Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/surveyoflondon02stow A Survey of London, WRITTEN IN THE YEAR 1598, B y J O H N STOW. " Plato was used to say, ‘ that many good laws were made, but still one was wanting ; viz. a law to put all those good laws into execution.' Thus the citizens of London have erected many famous monuments to perpetuate their memories : but still there wanted a monument to continue the memory of their monuments (subject by time and otherwise to be defaced), which at last, by John Stow, was industriously performed."— Fuller's Worthies. A NEW EDITION , WITH ILLUSTRATIONS, Edited by WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A. 14533 ? bonbon: CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 1876. INTRODUCTORY OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF JOHN STOW. If it were given to the reader to wield for a brief space the staff of Prospero, with power to conjure up a vision of London as it existed in some former period, there can be little doubt but that he would so employ his art that the London of Shakspeare should stand revealed before him. Happily, although Prospero’s staff is broken, the conjuration and the mighty magic necessary to call up this busy pageant were lodged in the untiring pen of honest John Stow. Fortunate indeed was it for the London of that age that one, born and bred within her walls, undertook as a labour of love a Survey which has enabled after generations “ to view the manners of the town. Peruse the traders, gaze upon the buildings and acquire a knowledge of Queen Elizabeth’s capital more intimate than we possess of the same city at any other period, or of any other city in any age of the world. How well, how faithfully, this worthy citizen performed the task his patriotism selected, one glance at his straight-forward, quaint, and most picturesque of narratives will serve to show. In every page of the Survey of London we meet with evidence ~of an unwearied patience, a devoted love of truth, and a kin dly fe eling towards his fellow- men—qualities which, after tEelapse of more than frx ffx entur ies, ha ve won for its author the honourable and well-deserved epithet of the Venerable Stow. The merits of our author, and the value of his interesting work, are too well known and too highly appreciated to call for further eulogy upon this occasion ; yet it seems but a proper tribute to the memory of John Stow, that the readers of this edition of his Survey of London should be presented with some notice of a life and labours devoted to preserve the memory of every thing which he thought likely to interest posterity. John Stow wa s born in London, in the parish of St. Michael, Cornhill, in the year 1525. His father and his grandfather were likewise citizens and residents in that parish. There carfbe little doubt of the supposition, that Stow followed the trade of a tailor, being well founded ; s ince we n ot only find him so described in a letter written by Grindal,then bishop of London, to the Privy C ouncil , but in a complaint made by Stow himself to the magistrates against one William Ditcher and his wife for abusing him, he states that the offenders reflected upon his Chroni cles and his trade as a_ tailor, and called him Prick-louse knave ; an epithet exclusively applied to those who follow the calling of honest Robin Starveling, who “ played Thisbe’s mother Let his calling however have been what it may, his life was devoted not to the busy pursuit of wealth, but to the study o f his country’s history ; and therefor e, like that of any other student, it exhibits few incidents calculated to startle or surprise the reader. Indeed, the principal events of it may almost be related in the words of the worthy antiquary himself—from the autobiographical fragments scattered throughout his works. Thus, after describing the abbey of nuns, of the order of St. Clare, called the Minories, he furnishes * Ben Jonson likewise calls him so (see note, page xii.); and if further evidence were necessary, we have that of Sir Henry Spelman, as recorded by Aubrey. “ He said to Sir William Dugdale, we are beholden to Mr. Speed and Stowe for stitching up for us our English history. It seems they were both tailors.” <1 LtZ- I S Z9 I NOTICE Cjrj. . 7, 1453 33 vi INTRODUCTORY NOTICE OF THE us with an anecdote of his boyish days, telling us,—“ Near adjoining to this abbey, on the south side thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery ; at the which farm I myself, in my youth, have fetched many a halfpenny worth of milk, and never had less than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor less than one ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, and afterwards Goodman, were farmers there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman’s son, being heir to his father’s purchase, let out the ground first for grazing of horses, and then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman thereby.” Injmother passageAve ard presented with an instance of overbearing conduct on the part of. Cromwell, —Wulsey/s‘‘good Cromwell’’—towards Stow’s father, which it is impossible to read without indignation : “ On the south side, and at the westTend of this church [of the Augustine Friars] many fair houses are built ; namely, in Throgmorton street, one very large and spacious, built in the place of old and small tenements by Thomas Cromwell, master of the king’s jewel-house, after that master of the rolls, then Lord Cromwell, knight, lord privy seal, vicar-general, Earl of Essex, high chamberlain of England, &c. This house being finished, and having some reasonable plot of ground left for a garden, he caused the pales of the gardens adjoining to the north part thereof on a sudden to be taken down ; twenty-two feet to be measured forth right into the north of every man’s ground ; a line there to be drawn, a trench to be cast, a foundation laid, and a high brick wall to be built. My father had a garden there, and a house standing close to his south pale ; this house they loosed from the ground, and bare upon rollers into my father’s garden twenty-two feet, ere my father heard thereof ; no warning was given him, nor other answer, when he spake to the surveyors of that work, but that their master Sir Thomas commanded them so to do ; no man durst go to argue the matter, but each man lost his land, and my father paid his whole rent, which was 6s. Grf. the year, for that half which was left. Thus much of mine own knowledge have I thought good to note, that the sudden rising of some men causeth them to forget themselves.” From a third (vide page 55), we learn that in 1549 he was dwelling near the well within Aldgate ; the bailiff of Romford, who there suffered the penalty of the law, having, to use Stow’s words, been “ executed upon the pavement of my door where I then kept house.” He afterwards removed to Lime street ward, where he continued to reside until his death ; and where, in the year 1585, when the city furnished Elizabeth with four thousand men and their arms, Stow acted as one of the collectors of the charges for the same. This appointment, which was probably bestowed upon him in return for those exertions in resisting the encroachments of Billingsgate ward, which he relates at page 61 of this volume, affords at least satisfactory proof that he was esteemed by his neighbours to be trustworthy. From other passages scattered throughout his works, it is evident that he suffered from the charges of false and perjured enemies ; and his indignation against such slanderers is vented whenever an oppor¬ tunity of alluding to their malice and wickedness presents itself. In 1544 he appears, according to Strype, to have been greatly endangered by a false accusation made against him by a priest, who, upon the discovery of his perjury, was adjudged in the Star chamber to stand upon the pillory, and to have the letters F. A. (for False Accuser) branded on his cheek. In 1568 he being, to use the words of Strype, “an admirer of antiquity in religion, as well as in history,” was reported to the queen’s council as a suspicious person, with many dangerous and super¬ stitious books in his possession. Upon this Grindal, bishop of London, caused Watts his chaplain, Bedel, clerk to the Ecclesiastical commission, and a divine, named Williams, to search our antiquary’s study *. Whether Stow was subjected to any other inconvenience upon this occasion is not known ; but two years afterwards, namely, in 1570, he was again accused before the Ecclesiastical commission by one * The following is Strype's Account of the Report which they made to the Bishop, as the result of their search :— “ That he had great collections of his own for the English Chronicles, wherein, as Watts signified to the bishop, he seemed to have bestowed much travel. They found also a great sort of old books printed ; some fabulous, as of Sir Gregory Triamour, &c., and a great parcel of old MS. Chronicles, both in parchment and paper. And that besides he had Miscel¬ laneous Tracts touching Physick, Surgery, and Herbs, and Medical Recipes; and also fantastical Popish books, printed in old time; and also others written in old English, in parchment. But another sort of books he had more modern : of which the said seaTchers thought fit to take an inventory, as likely most to touch him; and they were books lately set forth in the realm or beyond sea in defence of Papistry. Which books, as the Chaplain said, declared him a great fautor of that religion. Some of these books, the lists whereof so taken and sent to the bishop, were these:— A Parliament of Christ, made by Thomas Heskyns ; The Hatchet of Heresy , set out by Shacklock ; Exposition of the Creed, Ten Commandments, Paternoster and Are Maria, by Bishop Bonner; Certain Sermons, set forth in print by Edgeworth, D.D.; The Manerr of the List of Saints, an old printed book; Five Homilies, made by Leonard Pollard, Prebendary of Worcester; A Proof of certain Articles of Religion denied by II'. Juell \ A Book made by Dorman (? Dolman); with a great many more of that kind. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF JOHN STOW. vii who, when in his service, had despoiled him of his goods, and, what must have added to the bitterness of his grief, was his own brother. Stow escaped the danger which upon this occasion threatened to deprive him of liberty, perhaps of life ; but the impression it made upon his mind was too great for him to avoid frequent allusion to it * * * § . But great as these troubles must have been, and seriously as they must have interrupted the quiet tenor of his studies, they did not induce him to abandon the useful and honourable career which be had proposed to himself ; nor prevent the publication of those various works which have secured for him the affectionate remembrance of all lovers of English history, and of which we now propose to render some account to our re ad ere. His first publication was his Summary of English Chronicles, published originally in 1561 ; but of which there is a long series of editions, probably one for every year, all now however of exceeding rarity. A copy of the first edition, supposed to be unique, is in the valuable library of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville ; while the British Museum possesses copies of five editions, namely, those of 1567,1573, 1587, 1598, and 1604. These all differ somewhat from one another, and are severally dedicated to the Lord Mayor of London for the time being (by name +), to the aldermen his brethren, and to the commoners of the same city. The following dedication, which is prefixed to the edition of 1567, and addressed to Roger Martin £, is here reprinted, as being one of the earliest specimens of Stow’s writing § :— “Although, ryght honorable and worshipful, liras myself very ready to dedicate this my small trarayle of Englysh Chronicles unto you, to the intent that through your protection it might pass the snarlings of the ma¬ licious, which are always ready to hinder the good meanings of laborious men and studious writers; yet considering the occasions necessarily unto me offered, and dutifully to be considered, I thought good to begin with the right honorable the Earl of Leicester. For speakyng nothing of my own duty, the commodity of my own countrymen moved me hereunto, seeing they were deceived through his authority by the furnishing ^ of a frivolous abridgment in the fronture with his noble name, I thought good, and that after amendment S 5 promised and not performed, at vacant times, to take me to my old delectable studies, and after a ~ “ Summary of Englische Chronicles, faithfully collected, to acquire his Lordship's authority to the S;2 defence of that, wherein another had both abused his lordship and deceived the expectation of the | g_ common people. But nowe, at the request of the Printer and other of my loving friends, having ~ -• brought the same into a newe forme, such as may both ease the purse and the carriage, and yet nothing a omitted convenient to be known; and besides all this,hating example before my face to change my Patron (reserving still my Printer, as careful of his advantage rather than mine own), I am bold to submit it unto your honour and worships’ protections together, that through the thundering noise of empty tonnes and unfruitful graftes o/Momus’ offspring it be not (as it is pretended), defaced, and overthrowne. Truth's quarrel it is, I lay before you, the which hath been (if not hitherto wholly pretermitted) truly miserably handled, mangled I should say, and such an hotche potte made of truth and lies together, that of the ignorant in histories the one could not be discerned of the other. A strange case it is, and negligence shall I call it, In the Epistle or ignorance, that he, that was moved to write even for pity’s sake, to restore the truth to her Dedicatory. integrity, should commit so great errors, and so many, that he himself had need of a cor- * Vide his Annals under the years 1556 and 1576, and Survey of London , pages 96, 143, and 159, ^f this edition. t Thus the edition of 1567 is dedicated to Roger Martin; that of 1573 to Lionel Ducket; that of 15S7 to Sir George Barne; that of 1598 to Sir Richard Saltinstow; and that of 1604 to Sir Thomas Bennet, knight. X The following is the title of this edition :— The Summary of English Chronicles (lately collected and published), abridged and continued til this present Moneth of November , in the yeare of our Lord God 1567, by J. S. Imprinted at London in Flete Slrete, nere to St, Dunstone’s Church , by Thomas Marslie. § From these addresses we may get an insight into Stow’s study, and gather many little hints as to his literary history. Thus in the edition of 1573, after stating that those who “to their great costes and charges have brought hidden histories from dusky darkness to the sight of the world,” &c., “deserve at least thankes for their paines, and to be misreported of none, seeing they have laboured for all,” he proceeds, “ I write not this to complaine of some men’s ingratitude towards me, although justlye I mighte;” adding, “ It is now eight yeares since I, seeing the confused order of our late English Chronicles, and the ignorant handling of ancient affaires (leaving mine own peculiar gaines), consecrated myself to the search of our famous antiquities,” &c. In 1587, he speaks of its “ being now fully twenty-three years ” since he so consecrated himself, and in 1598 of its being “ now 36 yeares while in the edition of 1604 the passage runs as follows :— “ It is now nigh 45 yeares since I seeing the con¬ fused order of our late English Chronicles, and the ignorant handling of ancient affaires, as also (by occasion being per¬ suaded by the Earle of Leicester)and in a side-note he adds, “ I gave him a booke compiled by his grandfather Edmond Dudley” “ (leaving mine ow r ne peculiar gaines), consecrated myself to the search of our famous antiquities. What 1 have done in them, the former editions of my Summaries, Chronicles, and Annales, with my Survey of the Cities of London, West¬ minster, and Borough of Southwarkc, may well testify,” &c. INTRODUCTORY NOTICE OF THE rector, and truth of a new labourer. For me a heap of old monuments, witnesses of times, and bright beams of the truth, can testify that I hate not swerved from the truth ; the which,as lam ready at all times to show for mine own safe conduct against the adversaries, so am I most certain that he that pretendeth most hath had very small store of aucthors for himself before time, and now hath fraught his mannerly Manuell with such merchandize {as to you it shall be most manifest at your conference), that by the buying of my Summary he scoured newly, or cleanly altered his old Abridgment. What pre-occupation or what insolence is it then to transferthat unto me that am farthest from such dealing. And yet having much better precedents before mine eyes {even that excellent learned Dr. Cooper, that I name no ancienter, whose order and devise privately he condemnetk, and yet openly transformed into his own Abridgment), hee accuseth of counterfeiting his volume and order, whereas it might be well said unto him, “ What hast thou that thou hast not received of me.” But that I be not against my nature angry with my undeserved adversary, I will here surcease to trouble you any further at this time, most earnestly requiring your honour and ivorships all, once again to take the tuition of this little book upon you. The which, if I may perceive to be taken thankfully, and fruitfully used to the amendment of such gross errors as hitherto have been in The Great Abridgments, and presently are in the Manuell of the Chronycles of Englande, in The abridged Abridgement, in The briefe Collec- Too many names tion of Histories committed, I shall be encouraged to perfect that labour I have begun, and for a trifle. ?«c/t worthy works of ancient authors that I have with great pains gathered together, and partly performed in M. Chaucer and other, I sltall be much incensed by your gentleness to publish to the commodity of all the Queen's Majesty's loving subjects. “ Your most humble, “ JOHN STOW.” Bv the “ thundering noise of empty tonnes and unfruitful graffes of Momus’ offspring,” in the foregoing Dedication, Stow alludes to the labours of his contemporary, Richard Grafton, whose Abridgement, published in 1563, or Manual, as it was called in the edition of 1567, "'as a rival work to the Summary of our author. Grafton was no less ready than Stow at a punning and slighting allusion to the work of his brother chronicler, and accordingly sneered at “ the memories of supersticious foundations fables, and lyes foolishly Stowed together.” As may be supposed, the quarrel was “ a very pretty quarrel,” and how hot it waxed may be gathered from the following address “ To the Reader,” inserted by Stow in the edition of his Summary, published in 1573 :— “ TO THE READER. “ Calling to memory {gentle reader) with what diligence {to my great cost and charges) I have travailed in my late Summary of the Chronicles, as also the unhonest dealings of somebody towards me {whereof I have long since sufficiently written and exhibited to the learned and honorable), I persuaded with myself to have Setting (as it were) surceased from this kind of travail wherein another hath used to reap the fruit of my his mark on another l a l, 0 rs. But now for divers causes thereto moving me, I hare once again brieflu run over man s vessel. . J , this small abridgment, placing the yeare of our Lord, the yeare of the Kings, with the Sheriffs and Mayors of London, in afar more perfect and plain order than heretofore lutth been published. “ Touching Ri. Grafton his slanderous Epistle, though the same with other his abusing of me uxts answered by the learned and honorable, and by them forbidden to be reprinted, he hath since that time in his second impression placed his former lying preface, wherein he hath these words: —Gentle reader, this one thing offendeth In the first page the me so much, that I am inforced to purge mysel thereof, and show my simple and 16. 17. 18. 19. und t i r< . . . . 20 lines. plain dealing therein. One John Stow, of whom I will say none evil on, hath pub- the ‘ll- ‘"tines P “ 9e a hooke, and therein hath charged mee bitterly, but chiefly with two things. 4 . b. 6. Sfc. The one that I have made E. Hall’s Chronicle my Chronicle, but not without mangling, and (as he saith) without any ingenuous and plain declaration thereof. The other thing that he chargeth me withal is, that a Chronicle of Harding which he hath, doth much differ from the Chronicle which under the said Harding’s name was printed by me, as though I had falsified Harding’s Chronicle, &c. *and l plaii!‘deul'hig le “ For answer, / say* the offence by me committed requireth no such forced purgation, to the judgment of I have not so bitterly charged him as he hath plainly accused himself, f My tcords lx t "'recommending these. Some body (without any ingenuous and plain declaration (thereof) hatlie pub- mineauthors. lished, but not without mangling, Master Halles book for his own.’ 7 named tat Grafton. This is the frst. The second is thin :— LIFE AND WRITINGS OF JOHN STOW. I say not I have such a Chronicle as J. Harding , fyc. ix John Harding, <^c. exhibited a Chronicle of England, with a Map or Description of Scotland, to King Henry the Sixth, which Chronicle doth almost altogether differ from that which under his name was imprinted by Ri. Grafton. “ After this, in the same preface, he braggeth to have a Chronicle of John Harding's, written in the Latin tongue, which he assured himself I never saw, and doubteth whether I understand. If he have any such book, it is like he would allege * it, as he hath done many other authors, whereof I am better assured he t Ri. Graftonnever hath never seen so much as the outside of tlieir books i*. If there be no such Chronicle of John terye, °Th(hWa hing- Harding's, as he braggeth on,it is like I have not seen it, and must needs be hard to under- ham , H. of Leices- stand it. Be'rge, and many “ Then he saith my latter Summary differeth clean from the rest. To this I answer, I "allT eth'for ^thai he ha ™ n0t cllan 3 ed eit,ier work or title > lmt }iar « corrected my first book as I have found findeth them alleged better authors. But he himself hath made his last abridgment not only clean contrary to his my Summary, but the two impressions contrary the one to the other, and every one contrary to his meer history. For his true alleging of authors let men judge by those which are common in our vulgar tongue, as Policronicon, It. Fabian, Ed. Hall, Doctor Cooper. Look those authors in those years, and peradventure ye shall find no such matter. Try, and then trust." But as the limits assigned to us will not admit of our entering into many such details as these, we must content ourselves by referring those desirous of becoming acquainted with the history of this literary squabble, to the pages of Ames’ Typographical Dictionary, wherein it will be found duly set forth at pages 422—427 of the third volume of Dibdin’s edition, and proceed to notice Stow’s other claims to the grati¬ tude of posterity. Of his “ Annales" Stow published four editions, viz. in 1580, 1592, 1G01, and 1605 ; the last, which is the same as that of 1601, having only one sheet (Qqqq) reprinted, and the rest added being continued down to the 26th of March, 1605, only ten days before the author’s death ; thus proving how he persevered in his labours even in the midst of poverty, sickness, and old age. The “ Annales" are now generally known by the name of Stow’s Chronicle, having been re-edited under that title by Edmond Howes in folio, 1615 and 1631. In addition to these publications illustrative of the general history of England, for which we are indebted to John Stow, it must be remembered that he caused the Flores Ilistoriarum, compiled by Matthew of Westminster, to be printed in 1567, the Chronicle of Matthew Paris in 1571, and that of Thomas Walsingham in 1574, being strongly encouraged to this good work by the liberal patronage of Archbishop Parker ; and, lastly, that he himself had compiled “ a farre larger volume,” which as we learn from his continuator Howes, he “ purposed if bee had lived but one yeare longer to have put in print, hut being prevented by death, left the same in his studie orderly written, readie for the presse, but it came to nothing.” Of this unpublished Chronicle, described in his Annales (edit. 1592, p. 1295.) as a “ larger volume and historic of this iland,” “ readie for the presse,” he thus speaks, at the conclusion of the edition of that work published in 1605,and which, as we have already observed, is continued down to within ten days of his death. “ Thus, gapd reader, I desire thee to take these and other my labours in good part, like as I have pain¬ fully (to my great cost and charges) out of old hidden histories and records of antiquitie brought the same to light, and for thy great commoditie bestowed them upon thee ; so shalt thou encourage me (if God permit me life) to publish or leave to posterity a farre larger volume, long since by me laboured, at the request and commandement of the Reverend Father, Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury ; but he then deceasing, my worke was prevented, by printing and reprinting (without warrant or well¬ liking) of Raigne Wolfes Collection, and other late commers, by the name of Raphaell Ilolinshed his Chronicle.” The manuscript of this work, which, as we have seen, was “ orderly written,” is not known to he now in existence ; but it has been suggested that the book entitled, “ The Successions of the History of England,” by John Stow, folio, 1638, and of which an account will be found in Lowndes’ Bibliographer’s Manual, was a portion of this work. Among those works indirectly illustrative of English history, which owed their appearance to Stow’s talents, industry, and good judgment, the Works of Chaucer must not be forgotten; nor can the good service he rendered to the Father of English Poetry be better described than in his own words :—“ His * Quote. X INTRODUCTORY NOTICE OF THE works” (he says, vide p. 171 of this volume) were partly published in print by William Caxton, in the reign of Henry VI., increased by William Thinne, esquire, in the reign of Henry VIII.; corrected and twice increased through mine own painful labours, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to wit, in the year 1501 ; and again beautified with notes by me, collected out of divers records and monuments, which I delivered to my loving friend, Thomas Speght ; and he having drawn the same into a good form and method, as also explained the old and obscure words, &c. hath published them in anno 1597-” As the works of Chaucer were twice increased through our author’s own painful labours, so was that one to which he is perhaps indebted for the larger portion of his reputation, and which is now reprinted, The Survey of London. This work, which has been pronounced by a late writer as being “ now perfectly invaluable,” was first published by him in 1598 (some copies have the date of 1599 on the title page), and again in 1G03. From that time to the present the simple text of Stow has never been reprinted. A third edition of the work, with numerous additions, but no amendments, was published by Anthony Monday, who says he had the use of Stow’s papers, in 1G18, in quarto, as the others had been. A fourth edition by Munday and Dyson appeared in 1633. This was in folio. The fifth edition, edited by Strype, in two volumes, was published in 1720, and the sixth and last, by the same editor, appeared in 1754. The want of an edition of Stow’s work in its original state, with its simple unadorned picture of London at the close of the sixteenth and commencement of thejseventeeuth century, has long been felt; and the present is an attempt to supply such an edition of our author’s admirable work, accompanied simply by such notes illustrative of early manners, or explanatory of obsolete terms and usages, as might serve to bring Stow’s vivid portraiture of London life distinctly beneath the eye of the general reader ; for it is to be remembered, that for such, and not for the mere student of antiquities, this reprint is intended *. On this principle the editor has felt it right to modernize the orthography, and instead of encumbering the volume with notes explanatory of the numerous minute variations of the text to be found between the two editions, take as the basis of the present work the edition of 1G03, and give in the notes, the corresponding passages in the edition of 1598, wherever such variation gives a different version of the facts. One other point for which the memory of John Stow is to be honoured, remains to be mentioned—his care in preserving for posterity the labour of his predecessors. Thus, when Hearne undertook to print Leland, much of the original, which had been lost, was supplied by a transcript made by our author. This was, no doubt, the transcript alluded to by him at page 130 of the present work, and which he sold to Camden for an annuity of eight pounds a year. “ The fate and final disposal of Stow’s Manuscript Collections,” says one of his recent biographers f, “have never been exactly traced. It is satisfactory to know, that many of them have, in various ways, found a resting place in the British Museum J, where the historical inquirer, who meets with his uncom¬ monly neat hand-writiting, may rejoice for a time, as in a pleasant pasture, disencumbered of the briars and thistles of the court and current hands in which many of the manuscripts of the same period are disguised. In the Harleian MS. 3G7, are several papers more immediately relating to Stow’s private affairs, his quarrel with Grafton, his petition for relief, &c., many of them bearing the marks of having been retained for a considerable time in the old chronicler’s pocket.” * An accomplished friend of the editor of this volume, John Gough Nichols, Esq. F.S.A., has it in contemplation to put forth, for the use of the antiquarian reader, an edition ofStow's text, formed, as this has been, by a comparison of the first and second editions. When he does so, we trust he will accompany it by the notes which his extensive acquaintance with all matters connected with historical and genealogical literature would enable him to append: and by that life of John Stow which Mr. Bolton Corney has promised at his hands, and which, to use the language of that gentleman, his “ hereditary love of research, and minute acquaintance with our national antiquities, peculiarly qualify him to undertake.” t In the Gentleman’s Magazine for January, 1837, pp. 48—52, accompanying a fac simile of a contemporary engraving of Stow’s portrait, in which he is designated “ Anliquarius Anglia,” which was found pasted to the back of the title of the “ Survey," edit. 1603. Until this print was discovered, no other portrait of him was known besides the terracotta effigy on his monument. I Chiefly through the Collections of Sir Symond D’Ewes, among whose manuscripts, No 245, was “ Giraldus Cambrensis, translated by Mr. Stow, and wrote with his own hand.” No. 146, Florentius Wigorniensis, a Continuation of him from 900 to 1001; Aluredus Rievallensis, and Nicholas Trivet, all also translated and written by Stow. Smith’s Cat. MSS. Ang. ii. 387. These are now Nos. 551, 563. of the Harleian Collection, and many others may be traced in the Catalogue: see the index. To this it may be added, that the Harleian MS. No. 543, contains a volume of Stow’s transcripts, from the third of which, The Restoration of Edward the Fourth, the first publication of the Camden Society was derived. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF JOHN STOW. Such is a brief record of Stow’s various works, printed and manuscript—the busy labours of a long and well-spent life-works, which, to use his own words, had “ cost him many a weary mile’s travel, many a hard-earned penny and pound, and many a cold winter’s night’s study.” What think you then, reader, was the fate of him who travailed thus assiduously to preserve the history of his country’s great¬ ness ? It was—to be honoured when living by the esteem of the good and of the learned, by the patronage and favour of Archbishop Parker, by the friendship of Lambarde, by the respect of Camden ; yet, as in the pursuit of his favourite study he had neglected his worldly calling, the result was—but the sad story shall be told in the words of one of his most enthusiastic admirers *. “ Stow passed a prolonged life in the lore-making or wooing of truth f; and never had truth a more faith¬ ful admirer. England is indebted to him for the most elaborate coeval picture of the brilliant era of Elizabeth : and London, for the traces of her growth during six centuries ; but neither the nation nor the metropolis did him justice. Poverty was the unmeet companion of his latter years ; and when his claims were represented to the British Solomon, the British Solomon, in recompense of the toil of near half a century, and as an encouragement to others, graciously permitted him to become a Mendicant ! Behold, in proof, one of the Curiosities of Literature !— ‘ James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, fyc. To all our well-beloved Subjects greeting. ‘ Whereas our loving Subject John Stowe (a very aged and worthy member of our city of London) this fre and forty yeers hath to his great charge, and with neglect of his ordinary meanes of maintenance (for the general! good, as well of postcritie as of the present age) compiled and published diverse necessary bookes, and Chroni¬ cles ; and therefore we, in recompense of these his painful labours, and for encouragement to the like, have in our royall inclination ben pleased to graunt our Letters Patents under our great scale of England, dated the eighth of March, 1G03, thereby authorizing him, the sayd John Stowe, and his deputies, to collect amongst our loving subjects, theyr voluntary contribution and kinde gratuities; as by the sayd Letters Patents more at large may appeare : Now, seeing that our sayd Patents (being but one in themselves) cannot be shewed forth in diverse places or parishes at once (as the occasions of his speedy putting them in execution may require) ice have there¬ fore thought expedient in this unusuall manner, to recommend his cause unto you ; haring already, in our owne person, and of our speciaU grace, begun the largesse for the example of others. Given at our palace at Westminster.' “ The true d ate of the Lette rs Patent cited in this document is the 8th of March, 1804. Stow was then on the verge of his eightieth year, and closed a life of labour on the 6th of April 1605, leaving a name whi ch still acts as a charm on the lovers of English history.” T4o i; og hn fjoH in tl'g nlinivh of St, Andrew Undersh aft, where the affection of his widow ei’ected a monument to hia memory, which exhibits a terra cotta figure of him sitting in a chair and reading When the Great Fire of London committed so many ravages, among the noble relics of jforegone ages wlficlithc u adorned that city, the devouring element, as if pitying his fate, and honouring his labours, spared the monument of him who had so carefully preserved the history of London’s greatness. I am indebted to the kindness of my friend, Mr. J. Payne Collier, for directing my attention to an allusion to Stow’s poverty, written obviously in the interval between his death and the erection of his monument, which has hitherto escaped the notice of his biographers. It is contained in Warner’s Albion’s England, which was originally published in 1586, and printed again in 1592, 1597, 1606, and 1612. In 1602 was added for the first time, “ an Epitome of the whole history of England in prose;” and in 1606 was published “a Continuance of Albion’s England,” dedicated to Lord Chief Justice Coke. Some lines “ To the Reader,” which are prefixed to this ♦ Bolton Corney, in his Curiosities of Literature Illustrated , p. 55. f 44 As early as 1565,” observes Mr. Bolton Corney, “ he thus announced his views on the subject of historical compo¬ sition, 4 in hystories the chiefe thyng that is to be desyred is truthe and he added this caution on phrase-makers— “ Of smoothe and flatterynge speache, remember to take hede; For trouthe in playn wordes may be tolde, of craft a lye hath nede.' ” t We are sorry,” says Chalmers in his Biographical Dictionary, “ to add a very disgraceful circumstance to this account, which was not known to the editors of the edition of 1754, and which we have upon the authority of Maitland. After noticing this monument, and paying a just compliment to the deceased’s character, Maitland adds, 4 that neither that nor any other consideration was sufficient to protect his repository from being spoiled of his injured remains by certain men in the year 1732, who removed his corpse to make way for another.” INTRODUCTORY NOTICE. xii “ Continuance,” make interesting mention of the poverty of Spenser and Stow at the time of their deaths, though the passage in some places is rather obscure. “ The Musisls, though themselves they please, Their dotage els finds meede nor ease. Vouch Spencer, in that rank preferr’d, Per accident only interr’d. Nigh Venerable Chaucer, lost, Had not kind Bingham rear’d him cost; Found next the doore, church-outed neare, And yet a knight, arch-laureat heere. Add Stow’s late antiquarian pen, That annal’d for ungrateful men. Next-chronicler, omit it not, His licenc’t Basons little got; Lived poorely where he trophies gave, Lies poorely there in notelesse grave." But though, as we have seen, the world smiled not upon Stow, though his toil and study brought him no higher reward than the esteem of good men, and the approval of his own conscience, Providence, in its mercy, had gifted him with a humble, lowly, aud religious spirit. He knew full well that “gain” was not “ godliness,” but that “godliness with content is great riches ;” and that knowledge deprived his poverty of its sting, and his old age of its fretfulness, and enabled him to live not merely a cheerful but a “ merry old man.” Ben Jonson, in his Conversations with Drummond of Hawthomden, has told how he jested with his own poverty, asking two mendicants whom they met what they would have to take him to their order * ; and Holland’s Monumenta Sepulchraria Sancti Pauli (1614) furnishes another illustration of his lively temper :—“ Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Francis Walsingham have no tombes ; whereupon John Stow, saith a merry poet, wrote thus :— 1 Philip and Francis have no tomhe, For great Christopher takes all the roome.’ And no doubt but the merry poet was the merry old man Stow himself +.” But it is time to bring this notice to an end ; and we cannot find a better conclusion to it than the interesting sketch of his person and character, which has been handed down to us by his literary executor, Edmond Howes. “ He was tall of stature, leane of body and face, his eyes small and chrystaline, of a pleasant and cheerefull countenance ; his sight and memory very good ; very sober, mild, and courteous to any that required his instructions ; and retained the true use of all his senses unto the day of his death, being of an excellent memory. He alwaies protested never to have written any thing either for malice, feare, or favour, nor to seeke his owne particular game or vaine glory ; and that his only paines and care was to write truth. He could never ride, but travelled on foote unto divers cathedral churches, and other chiefe places of the land, to search records. He was very carelesse of scoffers, backbiters, and detractors. He lived peacefully, and died of the stone collicke, being four score yeares of age, and was buried the 8tli of April, 1605, in his parish church of Saint Andrewes Undershaft; whose mural monument neere unto his grave was there set up at the charges of Elizabeth his wife.” PEACE TO HIS MEMORY. * “John Stow had monstrous observations in his Chronicle, and was of his craft a tailor. He and I walking alone, he asked two cripples what they would have to take him to their order.”— Notes of Ben Jonson's Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthomden, edited by David Laing, Esq., for the Shakespeare Society. ^ *3Gr. t It should have been stated in the note to this couplet at p. 126, that it was written by Stow himself. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE ROBERT LEE LORD MAYOR OF THE CITY OF LONDON, TO THE COMMONALTY AND CITIZENS OF THE SAME, JOHN STOW, CITIZEN, WISIIETH LONG HEALTH AND FELICITY. Since the first publishing of the perambulation of Kent by that learned gentleman, William Lambert, Esq., I have heard of sundry other able persons to have (according to the desire of that author) essayed to do somewhat for the particular shires and counties where they were born or dwelt ; of which none that I know (saving John Norden, for the counties of Middlesex and Hertford) have vouchsafed their labour to the common good in that behalf. And, therefore, concurring with the first, in the same desire to have drawn together such special descriptions of each place, as might not only make up a whole body of the English chorography amongst ourselves, but also might give occasion and courage to M. Camden to increase and beautify his singular work of the whole, to the view of the learned that be abroad, I have attempted the discovery of London, my native soil and country, at the desire and persuasion of some of my good friends, as well because I have seen sundry antiquities myself touching that place, as also for that through search of records to other purposes, divers written helps are come to my hands, which few others have fortuned to meet withall ; it is a service that most agreeth with my professed travels ; it is a duty that I willingly owe to my native mother and country, and an office that of right I hold myself bound in love to bestow upon the politic body and members of the same. What London hath been of ancient time men may here see, as what it is now every man doth behold. I know that the argument, being of the chief and principal city of the land, required the pen of some excellent artizan, but fearing that none would attempt and finish it, as few have essayed any, I chose rather (amongst other my labours) to handle it after my plain manner, than to leave it unperformed. Touching the dedication, I am not doubtful where to seek my patron, since you be a politic estate of the city, as the walls and buildings be the material parts of the same. To you, therefore, do I address this my whole labour, as well that by your authority I may be protected, as warranted by your own skill and understanding of that which I have written. I confess that I lacked my desire to the accomplishment of some special parts*, which some other of better ability promised to perform ; but as I then professed, have since out of mine old store-house added to this work many rare notes of antiquity, as may appear to the reader, which I do afford in all duty, and recommend to your view, my labours to your consider¬ ation, and myself to your service, during life, in this or any other. * The Dedication of Ihe first edition is precisely the same, except in the concluding paragraph, which there stands as follows:— “ I confess that I lacked my desire to the accomplishment of some speciall partes: but I trust hereafter that shal be supplied, and I professe (if more touching this worke come unto me) to afforde it, in all dutie. In the meantime I recommend this to your view, my laboures to your consideration, and myself to your service (as I have professed during life) in this or any other.” A TABLE OE TIIE CHAPTERS CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK. PAGE ,-The antiquity of London ... 1 isthe wall about the city of London. 3 Of the ancient and present rivers, brooks, bourns, pools, wells, and conduits of fresh water serving the city ... 5 The ditch sometime compassing the wall of the same ... 8 Bridges of this city. 9 Gates in the wall of this city . 11 Jdi towers and castles. 17 J0f schools and other houses of learning . 27 Houses of students of the common law. 29 \Jd f orders and customs of the citizens . 30 Sports and pastimes of old time used in this city. 35 Watches in London ... 38 Honour of citizens and worthiness of men in the same . 40 The city of London divided into parts . 45 Portsoken ward . 46 Tower street ward. 49 Ealdgate ward. 52 Lime street ward. 57 Bishopgate ward. 62 Broad street ward . 66 Cornehill ward. 71 Langborne ward and Fenny about. 75 Billingsgate ward . 78 Bridge ward within . 79 Candlewike street ward.*. 81 Walbrooke ward. 84 Downegate ward. 86 Vintrie ward . 89 Cordwainer street ward. 94 Cheape ward . 97 Coleman street ward. 104 Basingshall ward . 107 PAGE Cripplegate ward... 109 Aldersgate ward... 113 Faringdon ward infra, or within. j X 6 Bread street ward . 128 Queenhithe ward... 131 Castle Bay 11 aid ward. 135 The ward of Faringdon extra, or without. 138 Bridge ward without (the 26th in number), consisting of I the borough of Southwark, in the county of Surrey ... 150 The suburbs without the walls of the city, briefly touched, as also without the liberties, more at large described . 156 Liberties of the duchy of Lancaster without Temple Bar 164 The city of Westminster, with the antiquities, monu¬ ments, bounds, and liberties thereof . 166 Spiritual, or ecclesiastical government. 177 Parish churches in the city of London, the borough of Southwark, the suburbs and city of Westminster. 181 Hospitals in this city and suburbs. 183 ^0f leprous people and lazar houses . 184 Temporal government of this city .. id. Aldermen and sheriffs of London . 196 Officers belonging to the lord mayor’s house . id. Sheriffs of London, their officers. id. Mayor and sheriffs’ livery. id. Companies of London placed at the mayor’s feast. 197 Liveries worn by citizens at triumphs. 198 An Apology, or Defence, against the opinions of, &c. ... 200 Singularities in the same expressed. 201 An Appendix, containing an Ancient Author who wrote in the reign of Henry the Second: his book, entitled Lidellum de situ et nobilitate Londini , never before imprinted. 208 Index. 217 A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Conteyning the Original!, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that City, written in the yeare 1598, by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Since by the same Author increased, with diuers rare notes of Antiquity, and published in the yeare , 1603. A Iso an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, contayning in Latine Libel turn de situ & nobilitate Londini: Written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Imprinted by Iohn Windet, Printer to the hono¬ rable Citie of London. 1603. THE SURVEY OF LONDON; CONTAINING THE ORIGINAL, ANTIQUITY, INCREASE, MODERN ESTATE, AND DESCRIPTION OF THAT CITY. As the Roman writers *, to glorify the city of Rome, derive the original thereof from gods and demi-gods, by the Trojan progeny, so Geoffrey of Monmouth, the Welsh historian, deduceth the foundation of this famous city of London, for the greater glory thereof, and emulation of Rome, from the very same original +. For he reporteth that Brute, lineally descended from the demi-god /Eneas, the son of Venus, daughter of Jupiter, about the year of the world 2855, and 1108 before the nativity of Christ, built this city near unto the river now called Thames,and named it Troynovant, or Trenovant. But herein, as Livy, the most fa¬ mous historiographer of the Romans, writeth, an- * How careful and painstaking Stow was in the revision of his Survey of London, and how great were the alterations and additions he made to the second edition of it, may be judged from the manner in which he re-composed and enlarged this introductory paragraph, which in the edition of 1598 is as follows :— “ As Rome, the chiefe citie of the world, to glorifie it selfe, drew her originall from the gods, goddesses, and demy gods, hy the Trojan progeny, so this famous citie of London for greater glorie, and in emulation of Rome, de- riveth itselfe from the very same originall. For, as Jeffreyeof Monmoth, the Welclie historian, reporteth, Brute descended from the demy god Eneas, the sonne of Venus, daughter of Jupiter, aboute the yeare of the world 2S55, the yeare before Christe’s nativitie, 1108, builded a citie neare unto a river now called Thames, and named it Troynovant, or Treno¬ vant.” And here it may be observed, that in every case in which the edition of 1598 gives a different version of fads , such variation will be found pointed out in the notes to the pre¬ sent edition. t Though Geoffrey of Monmouth is responsible for this fabulous story of the foundation of Trinovantum by Brute, which he has preserved in the 17th chapter of the 1st book of his British History (see Thompson’s translation, p. 37); the tradition of the descent of the Britons from Brute rests on much earlier authority ; that of the Historia Britonum, ascribed to Nennius, vide p. 9, of the edition published by the English Historical Society, under the editorship of Mr. Stevenson. tiquity is pardonable, and hath an especial privi¬ lege, by interlacing divine matters with human, to make the first foundation of cities more honour¬ able, more sacred, and, as it were, of greater majesty. King Lud (as the aforesaid Geoffrey of Mon¬ mouth noteth) afterwards not only repaired this city, but also increased the same with fair build¬ ings, towers, and walls, and after his own name called it Caire Lud *, as Lud’s town; and the strong gate which he built in the west part of the city he likewise, for his own honour, named Lud- gate. This Lud had issue two sons, Androgeus and Theomantius, who being not of age to govern at the death of their father, their uncle Cassibelan took upon him the crown ; about the eighth year of whose reign, Julius Caesar arrived in this land with a great power of Romans to conquer it; the man¬ ner of which conquest I will summarily set down out of his own Commentaries, which are of far better credit than the relations of Geoffrey Mon¬ mouth. The chief government of the Britons, and order¬ ing of the wars, was then by common advice com¬ mitted to Cassibelan, whose seigniory was separated from the cities towards the sea-coast by the river ea'led Thames, about fourscore miles from the sea. This Cassibelan, in times past, had made continual war upon the cities adjoining ; but the Britons being moved with the Roman invasion, had resolved in that necessity to make him their sovereign, and general of the wars (which continued hot between the Romans and them) ; but in the mean while the Troynovants, which was then the strongest city well near of all those countries (and out of which city a young gentleman, called Mandubrace, upon confidence of Cicsar’s help, came unto him into the main-land of Gallia, now called France, and thereby escaped death, which he should have suf- • Cair Lundein, in the list of ancient British cities, pre¬ served in Nennius. B Mandubrace and the Trinobants London most famous for merchants 2 yield to Caesar, who defends them. STOW’S SURVEY and intercourse. The Britons went Trinobantum, new London. naked, their bodies painted. fered at Cassibelan’s hand), sent their ambassadors to Caesar, promising to yield unto him, and to do what he should command them instantly, desiring him to protect Mandubrace from the furious ty¬ ranny of Cassibelan, and to send him into their city with authority to take the government thereof upon him. Caesar accepted the offer, and appointed them to give unto him forty hostages, and withal to find him grain for his army ; and so sent he Mandu¬ brace unto them. When others saw that Caesar had not only de¬ fended the Trinobants against Cassibelan, but had also saved them harmless from the pillage of his own soldiers, then did the Conimagues, Segontians, Ancalits, Bibrokes, and Cassians, likewise submit themselves unto him ; and by them he learned that not far from thence was Cassibelan’s town, fortified with woods and marsh ground, into the which he had gathered a great number both of men and cattle. For the Britons call that a town (saith Coesar), when they have fortified a cumbersome wood with a ditch and rampart, and thither they resort to abide the approach of their enemies ; to this place therefore marched Caesar with his legions ; he found it excellently fortified, both of nature and by man’s advice ; nevertheless, he resolved to assault it in two several places at once, whereupon the Britons, being not able to endure the force of the Romans, fled out at another part, and left the town unto him : a great number of cattle he found there, and many of the Britons he slew, and others he took in the chase. Whilst these things were doing in these quarters, Cassibelan sent messengers into Kent, which lieth upon the sea, hi which there reigned then four par¬ ticular kings, named Cingetorex, Carvill, Taxima- gull, and Segonax, whom he commanded to raise all their forces, and suddenly to set upon and as¬ sault the Romans in their trenches by the sea-side ; the which, when the Romans perceived, they sal¬ lied out upon them, slew a great sort of them, and taking Cingetorex their noble captain prisoner, retired themselves to their camp in good safety. When Cassibelan heard of this, and had formerly taken many other losses, and found his country sore wasted, and himself left almost alone by the defection of the other cities, he sent ambassadors by Comius of Arras to Caesar, to intreat with him concerning his own submission ; the which Caesar did accept, and taking hostages, assessed the realm of Britain to a yearly tribute, to be paid to the people of Rome, giving strait charge to Cassi¬ belan that he should not seek any revenge upon Mandubrace or the Trinobantes, and so withdrew his army to the sea again. Thus far out of Ctesar’s Commentaries concern¬ ing this history, which happened in the year before Christ’s Nativity, 54. In all which process there is for this purpose to be noted, that Caesar nameth the city of Trinobantes, which hath a resemblance with Troynova, or Trinobantum, having no greater difference in the orthography than changing b into v, and yet maketh an error whereof I will not argue ; only this I will note, that divers learned men do not think “ deltas Trinobantum'" to be well and truly translated, “ the city of the Trinobantes but it should rather be the state, commonalty, or seigniory of the Trinobantes ; for that Caesar in his Commentaries useth the word civitas, only for a people living under one and the selfsame prince and law ; but certain it is that the cities of the Britons were in those days neither artificially built with houses, nor strongly walled with stone, but were only thick and cumbersome woods, plashed within and trenched about. And the like in effect do other the Roman and Greek authors directly affirm, as Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Dion a senator of Rome, which flourished in the several reigns of the Roman emperors, Tiberius, Claudius, Domitian, and Severus ; to wit, that before the arrival of the Romans the Britons had no towns, but called that a town which had a thick entangled wood, defended, as I said, with a ditch and bank, the like whereof, the Irishmen, our next neigh¬ bours, do at this day call Fastness *. But after that these hither parts of Britain were reduced into the form of a province by the Romans, who sowed the seeds of civility over all Europe ; this city, what¬ soever it was before, began to be renowned, and of fame. For Tacitus, who first of all authors nameth it Londinum, saith, that in the 62nd year after Christ, it was, albeit no colony of the Romans, yet most famous for the great multitude of merchants, provision, and intercourse. At which time, in that notable revolt of the Britons from Nero, in which 70,000 Romans and their confederates were slain, this city, with Verulam, near St. Albans, and Mal- don, in Essex, then all famous, were ransacked and spoiled. For Suetonius Paulinus, then lieutenant for the Romans in this isle, abandoned it, as not then fortified, and left it to the spoil. Shortly after, Julius Agricola, the Roman lieu¬ tenant, in the time of Domitian, was the first that by adhorting the Britons publicly, and helping them privately, won them to build houses for them¬ selves, temples for the gods, and courts for justice, to bring up the noblemen’s children in good letters and humanity, and to apparel themselves Roman like, whereas before (for the most part) they went naked, painting their bodies, Ac. as all the Roman writers have observed. True it is, I confess, that afterwards many cities and towns in Britain, under the government of the Romans, were walled with stone, and baked bricks or tiles, as Richborrow or Ryptacester -f-, in the Isle of Thanet, until the channel altered his course, beside Sandwich in Kent; VerulamiumJ beside St. Albans, in Hertfordshire ; Cilcester § in Hamp¬ shire ; Wroxcester || in Shropshire ; Kencester in * “ The like whereof the Irishmen, our next neighbours, doe at this day call paces.’’ 1st edit. p. 4. A distinguished Irish antiquary, to whom I applied for an explanation of this passage, informs me that the word “paces” is not Irish, nor is its meaning known to him. t Richhorough, about one mile and a half from Sandwich, the Rutupium of the Romans, was a place of great import¬ ance until destroyed by the Danes in 1010. J On the banks of the river Verlam, opposite to St. Alban’s, which is supposed to have arisen out of its ruin. § Silchester, in Hampshire, seven miles from Basing¬ stoke ; the Caer Segont of the Britons, and Segontium of (he Romans, and Sitcester of the Saxons. Leland states its walls to have been two miles in compass. || Wroxeter, five miles from Shrewsbury. It? walls are stated to have been three yards in thickness, and to have extended for a circumference of three miles. 11 Kenchester, three miles from Hereford, supposed to be the Ariconium of the Romans. Of the wall about London.—The Britons unskilful of building with Romans left to govern Britain.— OF LONDON. stone.—Wall of stone built by the 3 Scots and Piets invade this land. Romans. Herefordshire, three miles from Hereford town ; Ribcester *, seven miles above Preston, on the water of Rible ; Aldburgh +, a mile from Boroughbridge, or Watling Street, on Ure river, and others ; and no doubt but this city of London was also walled with stone, in the time of the Roman government here, but yet very lately, for it seemeth not to have been walled in the year of our Lord 296, because in that year, when Alectus the tyrant was slain in the field, the Franks easily entered London, and had sacked the same, had not God, of - his great favour, at the very instant, brought along the river of Thames, certain bands of Roman soldiers, who slew those Franks in every street of the city J. WALL ABOUT THE CITY OF LONDON. In few years after, as Simeon of Durham, an ancient writer, reporteth, Helen, the mother of * Ribchester, six miles from Blackburn, in Lancashire, supposed to be the Rego-dunum of the Romans. f Aldborough, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the Isu- rium Brigantium of the Romans. t The following letter on the subject of “ Roman Remains in London,” appeared in the Times of the 14th of July, 1835, and as it deserves to be reprinted, not only on account of the information it contains, but for the sound antiquarian views of the writer (Mr. Akerman, author of the Numismatic Manual), we avail ourselves of it, as a fitting commentary upon Stow’s narrative. “ The discovery of animal remains beneath the foundation of the White Tower, to which your correspondent alludes, is well deserving the attention of the antiquary and local his¬ torian ; and it is to be regretted, that those who have written on the antiquities of London have frequently neglected to avail themselves of such facts. Not only the city, but the borough of Southwark and many other parts of the suburbs of the metropolis, abound in remains which clearly belong to the period when the Romans held dominion in this island. Tessellated pavements, urns, utensils, coins, and other ob¬ jects, are repeatedly discovered during the progress of exca¬ vations in London; even within these few days past similar relics have been disinterred in St. Olave’s parish by the workmen employed on the London and Greenwich Railway. During the formation of the great sewer in King William- street, previous to the opening of the new bridge, numerous Roman remains were disinterred. On the side of Crooked- lane, near the church, a large quantity of tessellated pave¬ ment, in good preservation, but of rude construction, was discovered, together with various articles of pottery, con¬ sisting of amphorae, paterae, and others, to which it would be difficult to assign a name and purpose. Two glass vessels, resembling those which our antiquaries term lachrymatories, were found at this spot, many feet below the foundations of the houses. Coins of Nero, Vespasian, Nerva, and Trajan, were found between Crooked-lane and Eastcheap; and near the walls of St. Michael’s church a deep cavity, resembling a well, was crammed with fragments of pottery and the bones and horns of animals, in all probability the remains of sacrifices during the Roman possession. From the latter circumstance, there appear to be strong grounds for conjec¬ ture, that a temple to some deity had once occupied the spot upon which the church lately stood. Our English antiqua¬ ries inform us that St. Paul’s and Westminster Abbey stand on the sites of temples to the Roman deities ; and it is not unworthy of remark, that excavations in the neighbourhood of our London churches have very frequently led to the discovery of the bones and horns of animals, mingled with fragments of Roman pottery. Thus it would appear, that upon the introduction of Christianity in England, the Pagan temples were in some cases either appropriated to the true worship, or destroyed to make room for more becoming structures. I m«y safely affirm, that a full description of all Constantine the Great, was the first that inwalled this city, about the year of Christ, 306 ; but how¬ ever those walls of stone might have been built by Helen, yet the Britons, I know, had no skill of building with stone, as it may appear by that which followeth, about the year of Christ 399, when Ar- cadius and Honorius, the sons of Theodosius Mag¬ nus, governed the empire, the one in the east, the other in the west ; for Honorius having received Britain, the city of Rome was invaded and destroyed by the Goths, after which time the Romans left to rule in Britain, as being employed in defence of their territories nearer home, whereupon the Bri¬ tons, not able to defend themselves against the invasions of their enemies, were many years toge¬ ther under the oppression of two most cruel nations, the Scots and Piets, and at the length were forced to send their ambassadors with letters and lament¬ able supplications to Rome, requiring aid and suc¬ cour from thence, upon promise of their continual fealty, so that the Romans would rescue them out of the hands of their enemies. Hereupon the Romans sent unto them a legion of armed soldiers, which coming into this island, and encountering with the enemies, overthrew a great number of them, and drove the rest out of the frontiers of the country ; and so setting the Britons at liberty, counselled them to make a wall, extending all along between the two seas, which might be of force to keep out their evil neighbours, and then returned home with great triumph. The Britons wanting masons built that wall, not of stone as they were advised, but made it of turf, and that so slender, that it served little or nothing at all for their defence, and the enemy perceiving that the Roman legion was returned home, forthwith arrived out of their boats, invaded the borders, overcame the country, and, as it were, bore down all that was before them. Whereupon ambassadors were eftsoon dis¬ patched to Rome, lamentably beseeching that they would not suffer their miserable country to be utterly destroyed : then again another legion was sent, which coming upon a sudden, made a great slaughter of the enemy, and chased him home, even to his own country. These Romans at their de¬ parture, told the Britons plainly, that it was not for their ease or leisure to take upon them any more such long and laborious journeys for their defence, and therefore bade them practise the use of armour and weapons, and learn to withstand their enemies, whom nothing else did make so the Roman remains which have been brought to light in this city during the last twenty years would occupy a good sized volume; and yet, strange to say, the Corporation of London have no museum as a depository for such relics ! I cannot conclude these hasty remarks without allusion to a remark¬ able fact; namely, that while we have but few vestiges of the antiquities of our ancestors, innumerable relics o 1 a people, whose seat of empire was far distant from this island, are perpetually discovered, to the delight of the antiquary and the confusion of the sceptical, who assert that the his¬ tories of past times are built on fable and conjecture.” Mr. Akerman’s opinion, that “on the introduction of Christianity into England, the Pagan temples were appro¬ priated to the true worship, or destroyed for the purpose of raising fitter structures upon their sites,” is one which is likewise entertained by the learned Dr. Jacob Grimm. See his Deutsche Mythologie , Introd. p. 31. B 2 STOW’S SURVEY The Britons given to gluttony, 4 &c.—Plagued for it.—The Sax- onssent for todefendthe Britons. strong as their faint heart and cowardice ; and for so much as they thought that it would be no small help and encouragement unto their tributary friends whom they were now forced to forsake *, they built for them a wall of hard stone from the west sea to the east sea, right between those two cities, which were there made to keep out the enemy, in the self¬ same place where Severus before had cast his trench. The Britons also putting to their helping hands as labourers. This wall they built eight feet thick in breadth, and twelve feet in height, right, as it were by a line, from east to west, as the ruins thereof remaining in many places until this day do make to appear. Which work, thus perfected, they give the people strait charge to look well to themselves, they teach them to handle their weapons, and they instruct them in warlike feats. And lest by the sea-side southwards, where their ships lay at har¬ bour, the enemy should come on land, they made up sundry bulwarks, each somewhat distant from the other, and so bid them farewell, as minding no more to return. This happened in the days of the Emperor Theodosius the younger, almost 500 years after the first arrival of the Romans here, about the year after Christ’s incarnation, 434. The Britons after this, continuing a lingering and doubtful war with the Scots and Piets, made choice of Vortigern to be their king and leader, which man (as saith Malmesbury +) was neither valorous of courage, nor wise of counsel, but wholly given over to the unlawful lusts of his flesh ; the people like¬ wise, in short time, being grown to some quietness, gave themselves to gluttony and drunkenness, pride, contention, envy, and such other vices, casting from them the yoke of Christ. In the mean season, a bitter plague fell among them, consuming in short time such a multitude, that the quick were not sufficient to bury the dead ; and yet the rem¬ nant remained so hardened in sin, that neither death of their friends, nor fear of their own danger, could cure the mortality of their souls, whereupon a greater stroke of vengeance ensued upon the whole sinful nation. For being now again infested with their old neighbours the Scots and Piets, they consult with their king Vortigern J, and send for the Saxons, who shortly after arrived here in Britain, where, saith Bede, they were received as friends ; but as it proved, they minded to destroy the coun¬ try as enemies ; for after that they had driven out the Scots and Piets, they also drove the Britons, some over the seas, some into the waste mountains of Wales and Cornwall, and divided the country into divers kingdoms amongst themselves. These Saxons were likewise ignorant of building with stone until the year 680 ; for then it is affirmed that Benet, abbot of Wirrall §, master to the reve¬ rend Bede, first brought artificers of stone houses and glass windows into this island amongst the Saxons, arts before that time unto them unknown, and therefore used they but wooden buildings. And to this accordeth Policronicon, who says, “ that then had ye wooden churches, nay wooden • Whitchendus. Whittichind, a monk of Corvav, who died aboutthe year 1000, wrote a History of the Saxons down to 973, which was published at Basle by Hervagius in 1532. t Malmesbury, Bede. t Whitchendus, Bede. § Benedict, abbot of Wearmoutli. Benet a monk brought in masons. City of London destroyed by the Danes and again repaired. chalices and golden priests, but since golden cha¬ lices and wooden priests.” And to knit up this argument, king Edgar in his charter to the abbey of Malmesbury, dated the year of Christ 974, hath words to this effect : “All the monasteries in my realm, to the outward sight, are nothing but worm- eaten and rotten timber and boards, and that worse is, within they are almost empty, and void of Divine service.” Thus much be said for walling, not only in re¬ spect of this city, but generally also of the first within the realm. Now to return to our Trinobant (as Caesar hath it), the same is since by Tacitus, Ptolemaeus, and Antoninus, called Londinium, Lon- gidinum ; of Ammiamus, Lundinum, and Augusta, who calleth it an ancient city ; of our Britons, Lundayne ; of the old Saxons, Lundeneeaster, Lundenbrig, Loudennir; of strangers Londra and Londres ; of the inhabitants, London ; whereof you may read a more large and learned discourse, and how it took the name, in that work of mv loving friend, Master Camden, now Clarencieux, which is called “ Britannia.” This city of London having been destroyed and burnt by the Danes and other Pagan enemies, about the year of Christ, 839, was by Alfred, king of the West Saxons, in the year 886, repaired, honourably restored, and made again habitable. Who also committed the custody thereof unto his son-in-law, Ethelred, Earl of Mercia, unto whom before he had given his daughter Ethelfled. And that this city was then strongly walled may appear by divers accidents, whereof .William of Malmsbury hath, that about the year of Christ 994, the Londoners shut up their gates, and de¬ fended their king Ethelred within their walls against the Danes. In the year 1016*, Edmund Ironsides reigning over the West Saxons, Canute the Dane bringing his navy into the west part of the bridge, cast a trench about the city of London, and then attempted to have won it by assault, but the citizens repulsed him, and drove them from their walls. Also, in the year 1052, Earl Goodwin, with his navy, sailed up by the south end of the bridge, and so assailed the walls of this city. William Fitzstephen, in the reign of King Henry II., writing of the walls of this city, hath these words : “ The wall is high and great, well towered on the north side, with due distances between the towers. On the south side also the city was walled and towered, but the fishful river of Thames, with his ebbing and flowing, hath long since subverted them.” By the north side, he meaneth from the river of Thames in the east to the river of Thames in the west, for so stretched the wall in his time, and the city being far more in length from east to west than in breadth from south to north, and also nar¬ rower at both ends than in the midst, is there¬ fore compassed with the wall on the land side, in form of a bow, except denting in betwixt Cripple- gate and Aldersgate ; but the wall on the south side, along by the river of Thames, was straight as the string of a bow, and all furnished w ith towers or bulwarks (as we now term them) in due distance every one from other, as wituesseth our author, and * Asser, Mariauus, Floreutius. The city of London walled round about by tile river of Thames.—Wall of London OF LONDON. repaired. ourselves may behold from the land side. This may suffice for proof of a wall, and form thereof, about this city, and the same to have been of great anti¬ quity as any other within this realm. And now touching the maintenance and repair¬ ing the said wall. I read, that in the year 1215, the 16 th of King John *,the barons, entering the city by Aldgate, first took assurance of the citizens, then brake into the Jews’ houses, searched their cof¬ fers to fill their own purses, and after with great diligence repaired the walls and gates of the city with stones taken from the Jews’ broken houses. In the year 1257, Henry III. caused the walls of this city, which were sore decayed and destitute of towers, to be repaired in more seemly wise than before, at the common charges of the city. Also in the year 1282 f, King Edward I. having granted to Robert Kilwarby, archbishop of Canterbury, license for the enlarging of the Blackfriars’ church, to break and take down a part of the wall of the city, from Ludgate to the river of Thames ; he also granted to Henry Wales, mayor, and the citizens of London, the favour to take, toward the making of the wall and enclosure of the city, certain customs or toll, as appeareth by his grant. This wall was then to be made from Ludgate west to Fleet bridge along behind the houses, and along by the water of the Fleet unto the river of Thames. Moreover, in the year 1510, Edward II. commanded the citizens to make up the wall already begun, and the tower at the end of the same wall, within the water of Thames near unto the Blackfriars, &c. 1528, the 2nd of Edward III., the walls of this city were repaired. It was also granted by King Richard II. in the tenth year of his reign, that a toll should be taken of the wares sold by land or by water for ten years, towards the repairing of the walls, and cleansing of (he ditch about London. In the 17th of Edward IV. Ralph Joceline, mayor, caused part of the wall about the city of London to be re¬ paired ; to wit, betwixt Aldgate and Aldersgate J. He also caused Moorfield to be searched for clay, and brick thereof to be made and burnt ; he like¬ wise caused chalk to be brought out of Kent, and to be burnt into lime in the same Moorfield, for more furtherance of the work. Then the Skinners to begin in the east made that part of the wall betwixt Aldgate and Bevis Marks, towards Bishops- gate, as may appear by their arms in three places fixed there : the mayor, with his company of the Drapers, made all that part betwixt Bishopsgate * Roger of Wendover, Matthew Paris, Ranul. Coggesliall. t Matt. Paris. t The reader desirous of information touching the old wall of the city, and indeed of its Roman remains generally, is referred to a very agreeable paper by Mr. Craik, entitled “ Roman London,” in Knight’s London , vol. i. p. 145, et seq.; and to the communications made to the Archaologia, on the subject of the Roman Remains which have been discovered during the great alterations and improvements which the city has undergone of late years, by Mr. C. Roach Smith, P.S.A., a gentleman, who adds to great ability for conducting similar inquiries, a spirit of perseverance which leads to the most satisfactory results. The perusal of these papers can scarcely fail to establish in the mind of the reader the very curious fact, that “ even during the period of the Roman occupation, the original Roman London had been in great part superseded by a new city built over it, and out of its ruins.” See also the note on Aldersgate, p. 14. Circuit of the wall from the east to the west.—Of ancient and present rivers, 5 brooks, pools, wells, and conduits. and Allhallows church,and from Allhallows towards the postern called Moorgate. A great part of the same wall was repaired by the executors of Sir John Crosby, late alderman, as may appear by his arms in two places there fixed : and other com¬ panies repaired the rest of the wall to the postern of Cripplegate. The Goldsmiths repaired from Cripplegate towards Aldersgate, and there the work ceased. The circuit of the wall of London on the land side, to wit, from the tower of London in the east unto Aldgate, is 82 perches ; from Aid- gate to Bishopsgate, 86 perches ; from Bishopsgate in the north to the postern of,Cripplegate, 162 perches ; from Cripplegate to Aldersgate, 75 perches ; from Aldersgate to Newgate, 66 perches ; from Newgate in the west to Ludgate, 42 perches ; in all, 515 perches of assize. From Ludgate to the Fleet-dike west, about 60 perches ; from Fleet- bridge south to the river Thames, about 76 perches ; and so the total of these perches amount- eth to 645, every perch consisting of five yards and a half, which do yield 5556 yards and a half, contain¬ ing 10.608 feet, which make up two English miles and more by 608 feet. OF ANCIENT AND PRESENT RIVERS, BROOKS, BOURNS, POOLS, WELLS, AND CONDUITS OF FRESH WATER, SERVING THE CITY, AS ALSO OF THE DITCH COMPASS¬ ING THE WALL OF THE SAME FOR DEFENCE THEREOF. Anciently, until the Conqueror’s time, and two hundred years after, the city of London was watered, besides the famous river of Thames on the south part, with the river of Wells, as it was then called, on the west; with the water called Walbrooke run¬ ning through the midst of the city in the river of Thames, serving the heart thereof ; and with a fourth water or bourn, which ran within the city through Langborne ward, watering that part in the east. In the west suburbs was also another great water, called Oldborne, which had its fall into the river of Wells ; then were there three prin¬ cipal fountains, or wells, in the other suburbs ; to wit, Holy well, Clement’s well, and Clarkes’ well. Near unto this last-named fountain were divers other wells, to wit, Skinners’ well, Fags’ well, Tode well, Loder’s well, and Rudwell. All which said wells, having the fall of their overflowing in the aforesaid river, much increased the stream, and in that place gave it the name of Well. In West Smithfield there was a pool, in records called Horsepoole, and one other pool near unto the parish church of St. Giles without Cripplegate. Besides all which, they had in every street and lane of the city divers fair wells and fresh springs ; and after this manner was this city then served with sweet and fresh waters, which being since decayed, other means have been sought to supply the want, as shall be shown. But first of the aforenamed rivers and other waters is to be said, as following : Thames, the most famous river of this island, beginneth a little above a village called Winch- combe, in Oxfordshire ; and still increasing, passeth first by the University of Oxford, and so with a marvellous quiet course to London, and thence breaketh into the French ocean by main tides, which twice in twenty-four hours’ space doth ebb and flow more than sixty miles in length, to the great commodity of travellers, by which all kind of Wherries on the Thames.—River of 0 Wells bare ships—Its decay.—Turn- STOW’S mill brook. merchandise be easily conveyed to London, the principal store-house and staple of all commodities within this realm f so that, omitting to speak of great ships and other vessels of burthen, there pertaineth to the cities of London, Westminster, and borough of Southwark, above the number, as is supposed, of 2000 wherries and other small boats, whereby 3000 poor men, at the least, be set on work and maintained. | That the river of Wells, in the west part of the city, was of old so called of the wells, it may be proved thus :—William the Conqueror, in his charter to the college of St. Marten le Grand, in London, hath these words : “ I do give and grant to the same church all the land and the moor with¬ out the postern, which is called Cripplegate, on either part of the postern ; that is to say, from the north corner of the wall, as the river of the Wells, there near running, departeth the same moor from the wall, unto the running water which entereth the city This water hath long since been called the river of the Weis, which name of river con¬ tinued ; and it was so called in the reign of Edward I., as shall be shown, with also the decay of the said river. In a fair book of parliament records, now lately restored to the Tower, it ap- peareth + that a parliament being holden at Carlile in the year 1307, the 35th of Edward I., “ Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, complained, that whereas in times past the course of water, running at London under Oldeborne bridge and Fleete bridge into the Thames, had been of such breadth and depth, that ten or twelve ships navies at once, with mer¬ chandise, were wont to come to the foresaid bridge of Fleete, and some of them to Oldbome bridge : now the same course, by filth of the tanners and such others, was sore decayed ; also by raising of wharfs ; but especially, by a diversion of the water made by them of the new Temple, for their mills standing without Baynardes Castle, in the first year of King John £, and divers others impediments, so as the said ships could not enter as they were wont, and as they ought: wherefore he desired that the mayor of London with the sheriffs and other discreet aldermen, might be appointed to view the course of the said water ; and that by the oaths of good men, all the aforesaid hindrances might be removed, and it to be made as it was wont of old. Whereupon Roger le Brabason, the constable of the Tower, with the mayor and sheriffs, were assigned to take with them honest and discreet men, and to make diligent search and enquiry how the said river was in old time, aud that they leave nothing that may hurt or stop it, but keep it in the same state that it was wont to be.” So far the record. Whereupon it followed that the said river was at that time cleansed, these mills re¬ moved, and other things done for the preservation of the course thereof, not withstanding never brought to the old depth and breadth ; whereupon the name of river ceased, and it was since called a brook, namely, Turnmill or Tremill brook, for that divers mills were erected upon it, as appeareth by a fair register-book, containing the foundation of the * “ This water hath been since that time called Tume mill broake; yet then called the river of the Wells, which name of river,” &c.—lit. edition, p. 11. t Parliament record. I Patent record. Fleet dike promised to be cleansed.— SURVEY The money collected, and the citizens deceived. priory at Clarkenwell, and donation of the lands thereunto belonging, as also by divers other re¬ cords. This brook hath been divers times since cleansed, namely, and last of all to any effect, in the year 1502, the 17th of Henry VII., the whole course of Fleete dike, then so called, was scowered, I say, down to the Thames, so that boats with fish and fuel were rowed to Fleete bridge, and to Oldborne bridge, as they of old time had been accustomed, which was a great commodity to all the inhabitants in that part of the city. In the year 1589 was granted a fifteenth, by a common council of the city, for the cleansing of this brook or dike ; the money, amounting to a thousand marks, was collected, and it was under¬ taken, that by drawing divers springs about Hamp¬ stead heath into one head and course, both the city should be served of fresh water in all places of want ; and also, that by such a follower, as men call it, the channel of this brook should be scow¬ ered into the river of Thames; but much money being therein spent, the effect failed, so that the brook, by means of continual encroachments upon the banks getting over the water, and casting of soilage into the stream, is now become worse cloyed and choken than ever it was before. The running water, so called by William the Conqueror in his said charter, which entereth the city, &. c. (before there was any ditch) between Bishopsgate and the late made postern called Moor- gate, entered the wall, and was truly of the wall called Walbrooke, not of Gualo, as some have far fetched : it ran through the city with divers wind¬ ings from the north towards the south into the river of Thames, and had over the same divers bridges along the streets and lanes through which it passed. I have read in a book * entitled the Customs of London +, that the prior of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate ought to make over Wal¬ brooke in the ward of Brodstreet, against the stone wall of the city, viz. the same bridge that is next the Church of All Saints, at the wall. Also that the prior of the new hospital, St. Mary Spittle without Bishopsgate, ought to make the middle part of one other bridge next to the said bridge towards the north : and that in the twenty-eighth year of Edward I. it was by inquisition found be¬ fore the mayor of London, that the parish of St. Stephen upon Walbrooke ought of right to scour the course of the said brook, and therefore the sheriffs were commanded to distrain the said pa¬ rishioners so to do, in the year 1300. The keepers of those bridges at that time were William Jordan and John de Bever. This water-course, having divers bridges, was afterwards vaulted over with brick, and paved level with the streets and lanes where through it passed; and since that, also houses have been built thereon, so that the course of Wal¬ brooke is now hidden under ground, and thereby hardly known. Langborne water, so called of the length thereof, was a great stream breaking out of the ground in Fencliurch-street, which ran down with a swift course, west, through that street, athwart Gra- street, and down Lumbard street, to the west end of ♦ “ In an old writing book.” —1 it edition, p. 14. t Liber Custom. Oldbourne.—Holywell.—Plays by the Parish Clerks at Clerk- OF LONDON, enwell. St. Mary Wolnothes church, and then turning the course down Shareborne lane, so termed of sharing or dividing, it brake into divers rills or rillets to the river of Thames : of this bourn that ward took the name, and is till this day called Langborne ward. This bourn also is long since stopped up at the head, and the rest of the course filled up and paved over, so that no sign thereof remaineth more than the names aforesaid. Oldborne, or Hilborne, was the like water, break¬ ing out about the place where now the bars do [ stand, and it ran down the whole street till Old- borne bridge, and into the river of the Wells, or Turnemill brook. This bourn was likewise long since stopped up at the head, and in other places where the same hath broken out, but yet till this day the said street is there called High Oldborne hill, and both the sides thereof, together with all the grounds adjoining, that lie betwixt it and the river of Thames, remain full of springs, so that water is there found at hand, and hard to be stopped in every house. There are (saith Fitzstephen) near London, on the north side, special wells in the suburbs, sweet, wholesome, and clear ; amongst which Holy well, Clarkes’ well, and Clement’s well, are most famous, and frequented by scholars and youths of the city in summer evenings, when they walk forth to take the air. The first, to wit, Holy well, is much decayed and marred with filthiness purposely laid there, for the heightening of the ground for garden-plots. The fountain called St. Clement’s well, north from the parish church of St. Clements, and near unto an inn of Chancerie called Clement’s Inn, is fair curbed square with hard stone, kept clean for common use, and is always full. The third is called Clarkes’ well, or Clarkenwell, and is curbed about square with hard stone, not far from the west end of Clarkenwell church, but close without the wall that incloseth it. The said church took the name of the well, and the well took the name of the parish clerks in London, who of old time were accustomed there yearly to assemble, and to play some large history of Holy Scripture *. And for example, of later time, to wit, in tile year 1300, the 14th of Richard II., I read, the pa¬ rish clerks of London, on the 18th of July, played interludes at Skinners’ well, near unto Clarkes’ well, which play continued three days together ; the king, queen, and nobles being present. Also in the year 1409, the 10th of Henry IV., they played a play at the Skinners’ well, which lasted eight days, and was of matter from the creation of the world. There were to see the same the most part of the nobles and gentles in England, &c. Other smaller wells were many near unto Clarkes * This precise definition of the nature of the performances of the parish clerks, “ some large hystorie of Holy Scripture,” does not occur in the first edition of the Survey, and has consequently escaped the notice of Mr. Collier, the accom¬ plished Editor of Shakspeare, who, in his valuable Annals of the Stage (I. 19), after quoting the more particular ac¬ count of these dramatic performances given by Stow in his Chronicle (p. 549, ed. 1615), adds, “ The expression used by Stow, that the great play was * of matter from the creation of the world,’ indicates sufficiently clearly that the perform¬ ances were a series of dramatic representations founded upon Scripture.” Plays at the Skinners’ well. — Pool with¬ out Cripplegate.—Water conveyed from Tyburn. well, namely, Skinners’ well, so called for that the skinners of London held there certain plays yearly, played of Holy Scripture, &c. In place whereof the wrestlings have of later years been kept, and is in part continued at Bartholomew' tide. Then there was Fagges well, near unto Smith- field by the Charterhouse, now lately dammed up, Todwell, Loder’s well, and Radwell, all decayed, and so filled up, that their places are hardly now discerned. Somewhat north from Holywell is one other well curved square with stone, and is called Dame An- nis the clear, and not far from it, but somewhat west, is also one other clear water called Perillous pond, because divers youths, by swimming therein, have been drowned ; and thus much be said for fountains and wells. Horsepoole, in West Smithfield, was some time a great water ; and because the inhabitants in that part of the city did there water their horses, the same was in old records called Horsepoole ; it is now much decayed, the springs being stopped up, and the land water falling into the small bottom, remaining inclosed with brick, is called Smithfield pond *. By St. Giles’ churchyard was a large water called a Pool. I read in the year 1244 that Anne of Lodburie was drowned therein ; this pool is now for the most part stopped up, but the spriug is pre¬ served, and was coped about with stone by the executors of Richard Wittington. The said river of the Wells, the running water of Walbrooke, the bourns aforenamed, and other the fresh waters that were in and about this city, being in process of time, by incroachment for build¬ ings and heightenings of grounds, utterly decayed, aud the number of citizens mightily increased, they were forced to seek sweet waters abroad ; whereof some, at the request of King Henry III., in the twenty-first year of his reign f, were, for the profit of the city, and good of the whole realm, thither repairing, to wit, for the poor to drink, and the rich to dress their meat, granted to the citizens and their successors, by one Gilbert Sanforde, with liberty to convey water from the town of Teyborne by pipes of lead into their city. The first cistern of lead, castellated with stone in the city of London, was called the great Conduit in West Cheape, which was begun to be built in the year 1285, Henry Wales being then mayor. The water-course from Paddington to James head hath 510 rods ; from James head on the hill to the Mewsgate, 102 rods ; from the Mewsgate to the Cross in Cheape, 484 rods. The tun upon Cornhill was cisterned in the year 1401 ; John Shadworth then being mayor. Bosses of water at Belinsgate, by Powle’s wharf, and by St. Giles’ church without Cripplegate, made about the year 1423. Water conveyed to the gaols of Newgate and Ludgate, 1432. Water was first procured to the Standard in West Cheape about the year 1285, which Standard was again new built by the executors of John Welles, as shall be shown in another place. King * “ Is but fowle, and is called Smithfield Pond.”—1st edition , p. 15. t Patent, 123. Thames water conveyed into men’s 8 houses in the east and west part of STOW’S SURVEY the city. Henry VI. in the year 1442 granted to John Hather- ley, mayor, license to take up two hundred fodders of lead for the building of conduits, of a common garnery, and of a new cross in West Cheape, for the honour of the city. The Conduit in West Cheape, by Powle’s gate, was built about the year 1442 ; one thousand marks were granted by common council for the building thereof, and repairing of the other conduits. The Conduit in Aldermanbury, and the Standard in Fleet street, were made and finished by the executors of Sir William Eastfield in the year 1471 ; a cistern was added to the Standard in Fleete street, and a cistern was made at Fleetbridge, and one other without Cripplegate, in the year 1478. Conduit in Grastreet, in the year 1491. Conduit at Oldbourne cross about 1498 ; again new made by William Lambe 1577- Little conduit by the Stockes market, about 1500. Conduit at Bisliopsgate, about 1513. Conduit at London wall, about 1528. Conduit at Aldgate without, about 1535. Conduit in Lothbury, and in Coleman street, 1546. Conduit of Thames water at Dowgate, 1568. Thames water, conveyed into men’s houses by pipes of lead from a most artificial forcier standing near unto London bridge, and made by Peter Moris, Dutchman, in the year 1582, for service of the city, on the east part thereof. Conduits of Thames water, by the parish churches of St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Nicolas Colde Abbey near unto old Fish street, in the year 1583. One other new forcier was made near to Broken wharfe, to convey Thames water into men’s houses of West Cheape, about Powle’s, Fleete street, &c. by an English gentleman named Bevis Bulmer, in the year 1594. Thus much for waters serving this city ; first by rivers, brooks, bourns, fountains, pools, &c. ; and since by conduits, partly made by good and charitable citizens, and otherwise by charges of the commonalty, as shall be shown in description of wards wherein they be placed. And now some benefactors to these conduits shall be remembered. In the year 1236 certain merchant strangers of cities beyond the seas, to wit, Amiens, Corby, and Nele, for privileges which they enjoyed in this city, gave one hundred pounds towards the charges of conveying water from the town of Teyborne. Ro¬ bert Large, mayor, 1439, gave to the new water conduits then in hand forty marks, and towards the vaulting over of Walbrooke near to the parish church of St. Margaret in Lothbery, two hundred marks. Sir William Eastfield, mayor, 1438, conveyed water from Teyborne to Fleete street, to Alder¬ manbury, and from Highbery to Cripplegate. William Combes, sheriff, 1441, gave to the work of the conduits ten pounds. Richard Rawson, one of the sheriffs, 1476, gave twenty pounds. Robert Revell, one of the sheriffs, 1490, gave ten pounds. John Mathew, mayor, 1490, gave twenty pounds. William Bucke, tailor, in the year 1494, towards repairing of conduits, gave one hundred marks. Benefactors towards water conduits. The town ditch without the city wall. Dame Thomason, widow, late wife to John Per- civall Taylor, mayor, in the year 1498 gave toward the conduit in Oldbourne twenty marks. Richard Shore, one of the sheriffs, 1505, gave to the conduit in Oldbourne ten pounds. The Lady Ascue, widow to Sir Christopher As- cue, 1543, gave towards the conduits one hundred pounds. David Wodrooffe, sheriff, 1554, gave towards the conduit at Bisliopsgate twenty pounds. Edward Jackman, one of the sheriffs, 1564, gave toward the conduits one hundred pounds. Barnard Randulpli, common sergeant of the city, 1583, gave to the water conduits nine hundred pounds *. Thus much for the conduits of fresh water to this city. TilE TOWN DITCH WITHOUT THE WALL OF THE CITY. The ditch, which partly now remainetli, and com¬ passed the wall of the city, was begun to be made by the Londoners in the year 121 If, and was finished in the year 1213, the 15th of King John. This ditch being then made of 200 feet broad, caused no small hinderance to the canons of the Holy Tri¬ nity, whose church stood near unto Aldgate ; for that the said ditch passed through their ground from the Tower of London unto Bishopsgate. This ditch, being originally made for the defence of the city, was also long together carefully cleansed and maintained, as need required ; but now of late neglected and forced either to a very narrow, and the same a filthy channel, or altogether stopped up for gardens planted, and houses built thereon ; even to the very wall, and in many places upon both ditch and wall houses to be built; to what danger of the city, I leave to wiser consideration, and can but wish that reformation might be had. In the year of Christ 1354, the 28th of Edward III., the ditch of this city flowing over the bank into the Tower ditch, the king commanded the said ditch of the city to be cleansed, and so ordered, that the overflowing thereof should not force any filth into the Tower ditch. Anno 1379, John Philpot, mayor of London, caused this ditch to be cleansed, and every house¬ holder to pay five pence, which was for a day’s work towards the charges thereof. Richard II., in the 10th of his reign, granted a toll to be taken of wares sold by water or by land, for ten years, towards repairing of the wall and cleansing of the ditch. Thomas Falconer, mayor, 1414, caused the ditch to be cleansed. Ralph Joceline, mayor, 1477, caused the whole ditch to be cast and cleansed, and so from time to time it was cleansed, and otherwise reformed, namely, in 1519, the 10th of Henry VIII., for cleansing and scowering the common ditch be¬ tween Aldgate and the postern next the Tower ditch. The chief ditcher had by the day seven pence, the second ditcher six pence, the other ditchers five pence. And every vagabond (for so were they termed) one penny the day, meat and drink, at charges of the city. £95. 3s. id. * In the first edition, Barnard Randulph’s gift is stated to be 7001. only. t Lib. Dunstable. Lib. Trinitat. Bridges of the City. Men went dry-shod under London First arched bridge at Stratford, Bow, OF LONDON. Bridge. 9. made by Matilda, wife of Henry II. London Bridge burnt. In my remembrance also the same was cleansed, namely the Moore ditch, when Sir William Hollies was mayor, in the year 1540, and not long before, from the Tower of London to Aldgate. It was again cleansed in the year 154!), Henry Amcotes being mayor, at the charges of the compa¬ nies. And again, 1509, the 11th of Queen Eliza¬ beth, for cleansing the same ditch between Aid- gate and the postern, and making a new sewer, and wharf of timber, from the head of the postern into the town ditch, £814. 15s. 8d. Before the which time the said ditch lay open, without wall or pale, having therein great store of very good fish, of divers sorts, as many men yet living, who have taken and tasted them, can well witness ; but now no such matter : the charge of cleansing is spared, and great profit made by letting out the banks, with the spoil of the whole ditch. I am not ignorant of two fifteenths granted by a common council in the year 1595, for the reforma¬ tion of this ditch, and that a small portion thereof, to wit, betwixt Bishopsgate and the postern called Mooregate, was cleansed, and made somewhat broader ; but filling again very fast, by reason of overraising the ground near adjoining, therefore never the better : and l will so leave it, for I can¬ not help it. BRIDGES OF THIS CITY. The original foundation of London bridge, by report of Bartholomew Linsted, alias Fowle, last prior of St. Mary Overies church in Southwark, was this : A ferry being kept in place where now the bridge is built, at length the ferryman and his wife de¬ ceasing, left the same ferry to their only daughter, a maiden named Mary, which with the goods left by her parents, and also with the profits arising of the said ferry, built a house of Sisters, in place where now standeth the east part of St. Mary Overies church, above the choir, where she was buried, unto which house she gave the oversight and profits of the ferry ; but afterwards the said house of Sisters being converted into a college of priests, the priests built the bridge (of timber) as all the other the great bridges of this land were, and from time to time kept the same in good repa¬ rations, till at length, considering the great charges of repairing the same, there was, by aid of the citi¬ zens of London, and others, a bridge built with arches of stone, as shall be shown. But first of the timber bridge, the antiquity thereof being great, but uncertain ; I remember to have read *, that in the year of Christ 994, Sweyn, king of Denmark, besieging the city of London, both by water and by land, the citizens manfully defended themselves, and their king Ethelred, so as part of their enemies were slain in battle, and part of them were drowned in the river of Thames, because in their hasty rage they took no heed of the bridge +. * Will. Malmsbury. t The statement of William of Malmsbury referred to by Stow, and which may be found, vol. i. p. 290, of the edition of the " Gesta Reguin Anglorum ," edited by Mr. Hardy, for the English Historical Society, only proves the existence of a bridge at London at the commencement of the eleventh century; but from a passage in Mr. Kemble's Introduction (p. lix.) to the first vol. of his “ Codex Diplomatics jEvi Moreover, in the year 1016, Canute the Dane, with a great navy, came up to London, and on the south of the Thames caused a trench to be cast, through the which his ships were towed into the west side of the bridge, and then with a deep trench, and straight siege, he compassed the city round about. Also, in the year 1052, Earl Goodwin, with the like navy, taking his course up the river of Thames, and finding none that offered to resist on the bridge, he sailed up the south side of the said river. Fur¬ thermore, about the year 1067, William the Con¬ queror, in his charter to the church of St. Peter at Westminster, confirmed to the monks serving God there, a gate in London, then called Buttolph’s gate, with a wharf which was at the head of Lon¬ don bridge. We read likewise, that in the year 1114, the 14th of Henry I., the river of Thames was so dried tip, and such want of water there, that between the Tower of London and the bridge, and under the bridge, not only with horse, but also a great num¬ ber of men, women, and children, did wade over on foot *. In the year 1122,the 22nd of Henry I., Thomas Arden gave the monks of Bermondsey the church of St. George, in Southwark, and five shillings rent by the year, out of the land pertaining to London bridge. I also have seen a charter under seal to the effect following :—“ Henry king of England, to Ralfe B. of Chichester, and all the ministers of Sussex, sendeth greeting, know ye, &c. I com¬ mand by my kingly authority, that the manor called Aleestone, which my father gave, with other lands, to the abbey of Battle, be free and quiet from shires and hundreds, and all other customs of earthly servitude, as my father held the same, most freely and quietly, and namely, from the work of London bridge, and the work of the castle at Pevensey : and this I command upon my for¬ feiture. Witness, William de Pontlearche, at Byrry.” The which charter, with the seal very fair, remaineth in the custody of Joseph Holland, gentleman. In the year 1136, the 1st of king Stephen+, a fire began in the house of one Ailewarde, near unto London stone, which consumed east to Aldgate, and west to St. Erkenwald’s shrine, in Powle’s church ; the bridge of timber over the river of Thames was also burnt, &c. but afterwards again repaired. For Fitzstephen writes, that in the reign of King Stephen and of Henry II., when pas¬ times were showed on the river of Thames, men stood in great number on the bridge, wharfs, and houses, to behold. Now in the year 1163, the same bridge was not Saxonici," in which he speaks of a woman, who being con¬ demned to death for aiming at the life of a nobleman, by means of witchcraft, and the sticking pins into a waxen image, was executed by drowning at London bridge, it is shown that a bridge was in existence there in the middle of the preceding century. While Mr. C. Roach Smith, in a paper on “ Roman Remains recently found in London," ( Archccologia , xxix. 145 ) has lately produced some most satisfactory arguments in support of the opinion of a bridge having existed on the site of the present London bridge during the settlement of the Romans in Britain. • Lib. Bermon. + Lib. Trinitat. London Bridge rebuilt of timber. Actions on London Bridge to be 10 The bridge of stone thirty-three STOW’S SURVEY noted years building. London Bridge perished with fire. only repaired, but newly made of timber as before, by Peter of Cole Church, priest and chaplain. Thus much for the old timber bridge, maintained partly by the proper lands thereof, partly bv the liberality of divers persons, and partly by taxations in divers shires, have I proved for the space of 215 years before the bridge of stone was built. Now touching the foundation of the stone bridge, it followeth :—About the year 117b, the stone bridge over the river of Thames, at London, was begun to be founded by the aforesaid Peter of Cole Church,' near unto the bridge of timber, but some¬ what more towards the west, for I read, that But- tolfe wharf was, in the Conqueror’s time, at the head of London bridge *. The king assisted this work : a cardinal then being legate here ; and Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, gave one thou¬ sand marks towards the foundation ; the course of the river, for the time, was turned another way about, by a trench cast for that purpose, beginning, as is supposed, east about Radriffe, and ending in the west about Patricksey, now termed Batersey. This work, to wit, the arches, chapel and stone bridge, over the river of Thames, at London, hav¬ ing been thirty-three years in building, was in the year 1209 finished by the worthy merchants of London, Serle Mercer, William Almaine, and Benedict Botewrite, principal masters of that work, for Peter of Colechurch deceased four years before, and was buried in the chapel on the bridge, in the year 1205 +. King John gave certain void places in London to build upon, the profits thereof to remain towards the charges of building and repairing the same bridge : a mason being master workman of the bridge, builded from the foundation the large cha¬ pel on that bridge of his own charges, which cha¬ pel was then endowed for two priests, four clerks, &e. besides chantries since founded for John Hat¬ field and other J. After the finishing of this cha¬ pel, which was the first building upon those arches, sundry houses at times were erected, and many charitable men gave lands, tenements, or sums of money, towards maintenance thereof, all which was sometime noted and in a table fair written for posterity remaining in the chapel, until the same chapel was turned into a dwelling house, and then removed to the bridge house, the effect of which table I was willing to have published in this book, if 1 could have obtained the sight thereof. But making the shorter work, I find by the account of William Mariner and Christopher Eliot, wardens of London bridge from Michaelmas, iu the 22d of Henry VII., unto Michaelmas next ensuing, by one whole year, that, all the payments and allow¬ ances came to £815. 17 s - 2)rf., as there is shown by particulars, by which account then made, may be partly guessed the great charges and discharges of that bridge at this day, when things be stretched to so great a price. And now to actions on this bridge. ♦ Liber Waverley. t “ For Peter of Colechurch deceased foure years before this worke was finished, and was buried in the cliappell builded on the same bridge, in the year 1205.”—1st edition, p. 21. t “ So that in the yeare 23 of Henrie the 6. there was 4 chaplens in the said cliappell.”—1st edition, p. 21. The first action to be noted was lamentable ; for within four * years after the finishing thereof, to wit, in the year 1212, on the 10th of July, at night +, the borough of Southwark, upon the south side the river of Thames, as also the church of our Lady of the Canons there, being on fire, and an exceeding great multitude of people passing the bridge, either to extinguish and quench it, or else to gaze at and behold it, suddenly the north part, by blowing of the south wind was also set on fire, and the people which were even now passing the bridge, perceiving the same, would have returned, but were stopped by fire ; and it came to pass, that as they stayed or protracted time, the other end of the bridge also, namely, the south end, was fired, so that the people thronging themselves between the two fires, did nothing else but expect present death ; then came there to aid them many ships and vessels, into the which the multitude so unadvisedly rushed, that the ships being drowned, they all perished J. It was said, that through the fire and shipwreck there were destroyed about three thousand persons, whose bodies were found in part, or half burnt, besides those that were wholly burnt to ashes, and could not be found. About the year 1282, through a great frost and deep snow, five arches of London bridge were borne down and canned away. In the year 1289, the bridge was so sore decayed for want of reparations, that men were afraid to pass thereon, and a subsidy was granted towards the amendment thereof §, Sir John Britain being custos of London. 1381, a great collection or gathering was made of all archbishops, bishops, and other ecclesiastical persons, for the reparations of London bridge. 1381, Wat Tyler, and other rebels of Kent, by this bridge entered the city, as ye may read in my Summary and Annals. In the year 1395, on St. George’s day, was a great justing on London bridge, betwixt David Earl of Crawford of Scotland, and the Lord Wells of England ; in the which the Lord Wells was at the the third course borne out of the saddle : which his¬ tory proveth, that at that time the bridge being coped on either side, was not replenished with houses built thereupon, as it hath since been, and now is. The next year, on the 13th of November, the young queen Isabell, commonly called the little, for she was but eight years old, was conveyed from Kenington besides Lamhith, through South¬ wark to the Tower of London, and such a multi¬ tude of people went out to see her, that on London bridge nine persons were crowded to death, of whom the prior of Tiptre, a place in Essex, w as one, and a matron on Cornhill was another. The Tower on London bridge at the north end of the draw-bridge, (for that bridge was then readily to be drawn up, as well to give passage for ships to Queenhithe, as for the resistance of any foreign force,) was begun to be built in the year 1426, John Rainwell being mayor. Another tower there is on the said bridge over the gate at the south end towards Southwarke, whereof in another place shall be spoken. * 11 Within 3 yeres.”—lit edition. t “ A marvellous terrible chance happened for the citie of London, upon the south side of the river of Thames.”— Ibid. J Liber Dunmow. Walter Covent. W. Packenton. § Patent of Edward II. Jack Cade entered the City by London Bridges over Walbrook. Bridge. OF LONDON. Gates of the City. J] Fleet Bridge.—Holborn Bridge. The Postern by the Tower. In the year 1450, Jack Cade, and other rebels of Kent, by this bridge entered the city : he struck his sword on London Stone, and said himself then to be lord of the city, but were by the citizens over¬ come on the same bridge, and put to Hight, as in my Annals. In the year 1471, Thomas, the bastard Fawcon- bridge, besieged this bridge, burnt the gate, and all ;he houses to the draw-bridge, that time thirteen in number. In the year 1481, a house called the common siege on London bridge fell down into the Thames ; through the fall whereof five men were drowned. In the year 1553, the 3rd of February, Sir Tho¬ mas Wyat, and the Kentish men, marched from Depeford towards London ; after knowledge whereof, forthwith the draw-bridge was cut down, and the bridge gates shut. Wyat and his people entered Southwarke, where they lay till the 0th of Febru¬ ary, but could get no entry of the city by the bridge, the same was then so well defended by the citizens, the Lord William Howard assisting, wherefore he removed towards Ivingstone, &c. as in my Annals. To conclude of this bridge over the said river of Thames, I affirm, as in other my descriptions, that it is a work very rare, having with the draw-bridge twenty arches made of squared stone, of height sixty feet,and in breadth thirty feet, distant one from another twenty feet, compact and joined together with vaults and cellars ; upon both sides be houses built, so that it seemeth rather a continual street than a bridge ; for the fortifying whereof against the incessant assaults of the river, it hath over¬ seers and officers, viz. wardens, as aforesaid, and others. Fleete bridge in the west without Ludgate, a bridge of stone, fair coped on either side with iron pikes ; on the which, towards the south, be also certain lanthorns of stone, for lights to be placed in the winter evenings, for commodity of travellers. Un¬ der this bridge runneth a water, sometimes called, as I have said, the river of the Weis, since Turne- mill brooke, now Fleete dike, because it runneth by the Fleete, and sometime about the Fleete, so under Fleete bridge into the river of Thatmes. This bridge hath been far greater in times past, but lessened, as the water course hath been narrowed. It seemeth this last bridge to be made or repaired at the charges of John Weis, mayor, in the year 1431, for on the coping is engraven Weis embraced by angels, like as on the standard in Cheape, which he also built. Thus much of the bridge : for of the water course, and decay thereof, I have spoken in another place. Oldbourne bridge, over the said river of the Weis more towards the north, was so called, of a bourn that sometimes ran down Oldbourne hill into the said river. This bridge of stone, like as Fleet bridge from Ludgate west, serveth for passengers with carriage or otherwise, from Newgate toward the west and by north. Cowbridge, more north, over the same water by Cowbridge street or Cowlane : this bridge being lately decayed, another of timber is made some¬ what more north, by Chick lane, &c. Bridges over the town ditch there are divers ; to wit, without Aldgate, without Bishopsgate, the pos¬ tern called Mooregate, the postern of Criplegate without Aldersgate, the postern of Christ’s hospital, Newgate, and Ludgate ; all these be over paved likewise with stone level with the streets. But one other there is of timber over the river of Weis, or Fleet dike, between the precinct of the Black Friers, and the house of Bridewell. There have been of old time also, divers bridges in sundry places over the course of Walbrook, as before I have partly noted, besides Horseshew bridge, by the church of St. John Baptist, now called St. John’s upon Walbrooke. I read, that of old time every person having lands on either side of the said brook, should cleanse * the same, and repair the bridges so far as their lauds extended. More, in the 11th of Edward III. the inhabit¬ ants upon the course of this brook were forced to pile and wall the sides thereof. Also, that in the 3rd of Henry V. this water-course had many bridges, since vaulted over with bricks, and the streets where through it passed so paved, that the same water-course is now hardly discerned. For order was taken in the 2nd of Edward IV., that such as had ground on either side of Walbrooke, should vault and pave it over, so far as his ground extended. And thus much for bridges in this city may suffice. GATES IN THE WITT. OF THIS CITY. Gates in the wall of this rty of old time were four ; to wit, Aeldgate for the east, Aldersgate for the north, Ludgate for the west, and the Bridgegate over the river of Thames for the south ; but of later times, for the ease of citizens and passengers, divers other gates and posterns have been made, as shall be shown. In the reign of Henry II. (saith Fitzstephen) there were seven double gates in the wall of this city, but he nameth them not. 11 may, therefore, be supposed, lie meant for the first, the gate next the Tower of London +, now commonly called the Postern, the next be Aeldgate, the third Bishops¬ gate, the fourth Ealdersgate, the fifth Newgate, the sixth Ludgate, the seventh Bridgegate. Since the which time hath been builded the postern called Moorgate, a postern from Christ’s hospital towards St. Bartholomewe’s hospital in Smithfield, Ac. Now of every of these gates and posterns in the wall, and also of certain water-gates on the river of Thames, severally somewhat may, and shall be noted, as I find authority, or reasonable conjecture to warrant me. For the first, now called the postern by the Tower of London, it showeth by that part which yet remain- eth, to have been a fair and strong arched gate, partly built of hard stone of Kent, and partly of stone brought from Caen in Normandy, since the Conquest, and foundation of the high tower, and * “ Should vaulte, or bridge, and dense the same.”—1st edition, p. 24. t “ Which then served as a posterne for passengers out of the east, from thence through Tower street, East cheape, and Candlewecke street to London Stone, the middle point of that highway, then through Budge row, VVatheling street, 1 and leaving Paul’s church on the right hand, to Ludgate in the west ; the next be Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aldersgate, Ludgate, and the Bridgegate over the Thames. Since the which time hath been builded Newgate,” Sic .— 1st edition, p. 25. Wall embattelled about the Tower. Thomas Lord Falconbridge assaults 12 Ditch about the Tower. STOW’S SURVEY Aldgate ; is defeated. Aldgate. Bishopsgate. served for passengers on foot out of the east, from thence through the city to Ludgate in the west. The ruin and overthrow of this gate and postern began in the year 1190, the 2d of Richard I., when William Longshampe, bishop of Ely, chan¬ cellor of England, caused a part of the city wall, to wit, from the said gate towards the river of Thames to the white tower, to be broken down, for the enlarging of the said tower, which he then com¬ passed far wide about with a wall embattled, and is now the outer wall. He also caused a broad and deep ditch to be made without the same wall, intending to have derived the river of Thames with her tides to have flowed about it, which would not be. But the southside of this gate, being then by undermining at the foundation loosened, and greatly weakened ; at length, to wit, after two hundred years and odd, the same fell down in the year 1440, the 18th of Henry VI., and was never since by the citizens re-edified *. Such was their negligence then, and hath bred some trouble to their successors, since they suffered a weak and wooden building to be there made, inhabited by persons of lewd life, oft times by inquest of Portsoken ward presented, but not reformed ; whereas of former times the said postern was accounted of as other gates of the city, and was appointed to men of good credit. Amongst other, I have read, that in the 49th of Edward III., John Cobbe was admitted custos of the said postern, and all the habitation thereof, for term of his life, by William Walworth, then mayor of London, See. More, that John Credy, Esq. in the 21st of Richard II., was admitted custos of the said postern and appurtenances by Richard Whit¬ tington, mayor, the aldermen, and commonalty, &c. AELDGATE. The next gate in the east is called Aeldgate, of the antiquity or age thereof. This is one and the first ' of the four principal gates, and also one of the seven double gates, mentioned by Fitzstephen. It hath had two pair of gates,though now but one ; the hooks remaineth yet. Also there hath been two port- closes ; the one of them remaineth, the other want- eth, but the place of letting down is manifest. For antiquity of the gate : it appeareth by a charter of King Edgar to the knights of Knighten Guild, that in his days the said port was called Aeldgate, as ye may read in the ward of Portsoken. Also Matilda the queen, wife to Henry I., having founded the priory of the Holy Trinity within Aeldgate, gave unto the same church, to Norman the first prior, and the canons that devoutly served God therein +, theportof Aeldgate,and the soke or franchises there¬ unto belonging, with all customs as free as she held the same ; in the which charter she nameth the house Christ’s church, and reportetli Aeldgate to be of his domain. More, I readj in the year 1215, that in the civil wars between King John and his barons, the Lon¬ doners assisting the barons’ faction, who then be¬ sieged Northampton, and after came to Bedford * “ Was never re-edified againe of stone, but an homely cottage, with a narrow passage made of timber, lath and loame, hath beene in place thereof set up, and so remaineth.” — 1st edition, p. 25. t Liber Trinitat. t Matt. Paris. castle, where they were well received by William Beauchampe, and captain of the same ; having then also secret intelligence that they might enter the city of London if they would, they removed their camp to Ware, from thence in the night coming to London, they entered Aeldgate, and placing guardians or keepers of the gates, they dis¬ posed of all things in the city at their pleasure. They spoiled the friars’ houses, and searched their coffers * ; wjjich being done, Robert Fitzwalter, Geffry Magnavile earl of Essex, and the Earl of Glocester, chief leaders of the army, applied all diligence to repair the gates and walls of this city with the stones taken from the Jews’ broken houses, namely, Aeldgate being then most ruinous, (which had given them an easy entry,) they repaired, or rather newly built, after the manner of the Nor¬ mans, strongly arched with bulwarks of stone from Caen in Normandy, and small brick, called Flan¬ ders tile, was brought from thence, such as hath been here used since the Conquest, and not before. In the year 1471+, the 11th of Edward IV., Thomas, the bastard Fawconbridge, having as¬ sembled a riotous company of shipmen and other in Essex and Kent, came to London with a great navy of ships, near to the Tower ; whereupon the mayor and aldermen, by consent of a common council, fortified all along the Thames side, from Baynard’s castle to the Tower, with armed men, guns, and other instruments of war, to resist the invasion of the mariners, whereby the Thames side was safely preserved and kept by the aldermen and other citizens that assembled thither in great num¬ bers. Whereupon the rebels, being denied passage through the city that way, set upon Aeldgate, Bishopsgate, Criplegate, Aeldersgate, London bridge, and along the river of Thames, shooting arrows and guns into the city, fired the suburbs, and burnt more than threescore houses. And fur¬ ther, on Sunday the eleventh of May, five thou¬ sand of them assaulting Aeldgate, won the bul¬ warks, and entered the city ; but the portclose being let down, such as had entered were slain, and Ro¬ bert Basset, alderman of Aeldgate ward, with the recorder, commanded in the name of God to draw up the portclose ; which being done, they issued out, and with sharp shot, and fierce fight, put their enemies back so far as St. Bottolph’s church, by which time the Earl Rivers, and lieutenant of the Tower, was come with a fresh company, which joining together, discomfited the rebels, and put them to flight, whom the said Robert Basset, with the other citizens, chased to the Mile’s End, and from thence, some to Popular, some to Stratford, slew many, and took many of them prisoners. In which space the Bastard having assayed other places upon the wator side, and little prevailed, fled toward his ships. Thus much for Aeldgate. BISHOPSGATE. The third, and next toward the north, is called Bishopsgate, for that, as it may be supposed, the same was first built by some Bishop of London, though now unknown when, or by whom ; but true it is, that the first gate was first built for ease of passengers toward the east, and by north, as into • Radul. Coggeshall. t tv. Dontliorn. Bisliopsgate repaired by the Hanse Postern of Crlpplegate. merchants. OF LONDON. Cripplegate a prison for tres- 13 The Postern of Moregate. passers. Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, &c. ; the tra¬ vellers into which parts, before the building of this gate, were forced, passing out at Aeldgate, to go east till they came to the Mile’s end, and then turning on the left hand to Blethenhall green * to Cambridge heath, and so north, or east, and by north, as their journey lay. If they took not this way, by the east out at Aeldgate, they must take their way by the north out at Aeldersgate, through Aeldersgate street and Goswel street towards Isel- don, and by a cross of stone on their right hand, set up for a mark by the north end of Golding lane, to turn eastward through a long street, until this day called Alder street, to another cross standing, where now a smith’s forge is placed by Sewer’s- ditch church, and then to turn again north towards Totenham, Endfield, Waltham, Ware, &c. The eldest note that I read of this Bisliopsgate, is that William Blund, one of the sheriffs of London +, in the year 1210, sold to Serle Mercer, and William Almaine, procurators or wardens of London bridge, all his land, with the garden, in the parish of St. Buttolph without Bishopsgate, between the land of Richard Casiarin, towards the north, and the land of Robert Crispie towards the south, and the high¬ way called Berewards lane on the east, &c. Next I read in a charter, dated the year 1235, that Walter Brune, citizen of Loudon, and Rosia his wife, having founded the priory or new hospital of our blessed Lady, since called St. Mary Spittle without Bishopsgate, confirmed the same to the honour of God and our blessed Lady, for canons regular. Also in the year 1247, Simon Fitzmarie, one of the sheriffs of London, the 29th of Henry III., founded the hospital of St. Mary, called Bethlem without Bishopsgate. Thus much for the antiquity of this gate +. And now for repairing the same, T find that Henry III. confirmed to the merchants of the Haunce, that had a house in the city called Guild- halla Theutonicorum, certain liberties and privi¬ leges. Edward I. also confirmed the same ; in the tenth year of whose reign it was found that the said merchants ought of right to repair the said gate called Bishopsgate ; whereupon Gerard Marbod, alderman of the Haunce and other, then remaining in the city of London, for themselves, and all other merchants of the said Haunce, granted two hundred and ten marks sterling to the mayor and citizens ; and covenanted that they and their successors should from time to time repair the same gate. This gate was again beautifully built in the year 1479, in the reign of Edward IV., by the said Haunce merchants. Moreover, about the year 1551, these Haunce merchants, having prepared stone for that purpose, caused a new gate to be framed, there to have been set up, but then their liberties, through suit of our English merchants, were seized into the king’s hand ; and so that work was stayed, and the old gate yet remaineth. POSTERN OF MOREGATE. Touching the next postern, called Moregate, I find that Thomas Falconer, mayor, about the year 1415, • “ Now called Bednal Green.’’—1 st edit. p. 26. t Lib. Trinitat. t Lib. Custom. London.. the third of Henry V., caused the wall of the city to be broken near unto Coleman streete, and there built a postern, now called Moregate, upon the moor side where was never gate before. This gate he made for ease of the citizens, that way to pass upon causeys into the field for their recreation : for the same field was at that time a parish. This postern was re-edified by William Hampton, fishmonger, mayor, in the year 1472. In the year also, 1511, the third of Henry VIII., Roger Acheley, mayor, caused dikes and bridges to be made, and the ground to be levelled, and made more commodious for passage, since which time the same hath been heightened. So much that the ditches and bridges are covered, and seemeth to me that if it be made level with the battlements of the city wall, yet will it be little the drier, such is the moorish nature of that ground. POSTERN OF CRIPPLEGATE. The next is the postern of Cripplegate, so called long before the Conquest. For I read in the his¬ tory of Edmond *, king of the East Angles, written by Abbo Floriacensis, and by Burchard, sometime secretary to Offa, king of Marcia, but since by John Lidgate, monk of Bury, that in the year 1010, the Danes spoiling the kingdom of the East Angles, Alwyne, bishop of Helmeham, caused the body of King Edmond the Martyr to be brought from Bedrisworth (now called Bury St. Edmondes), through the kingdom of the East Saxons, and so to London in at Cripplegate ; a place, saith mine au¬ thor, so called of cripples begging there : at which gate, it was said, the body entering, miracles were wrought, as some of the lame to go upright, prais¬ ing God. The body of King Edmond rested for the space of three years in the parish church of St. Gregorie, near unto the cathedral church of St. Paul. Moreover, the charter of William the Con¬ queror, confirming the foundation of the college in London, called St. Martin the Great, hath these words f : “ I do give and grant to the same church and canons, serving God therein, all the land and the moore without the postern, which is called Crip¬ plegate, on either side the postern.” More I read, that Alfune built the parish church of St. Giles, nigh a gate of the city, called Porta Contractoruin, or Criplesgate, about the year 1099. This postern was sometime a prison, wliereunto such citizens and others, as were arrested for debt or common trespasses, were committed, as they be now r , to the compters, which thing appeareth by a writ of Edward I. in these words : “ Rex vie. Lon¬ don. salutem : ex gram querela B. capt. detent, in prisona nostra de Criples gate pro x. 1. qua$ coram Radulpho de Sandwico tunc custod. ciui- tatis nostree London. <£ I. de Blackwell ciuis re- cognit. debit. 8^c.” This gate was new built by the brewers of London in the year 1244, as saith Fabian’s manuscript. Edmond Shaw, goldsmith, mayor in the year 1483, at his decease appointed by his testament his executors, with the cost of four hundred marks, and the stuff of the old gate, called Cripplesgate, to build the same gate of new, which was performed and done in the year 1491. • Abbo Floriacens, Burcharilus. f Liber S. Bartilmew. Aldersgate. 14 Postern out of Christ’s Hospital. STOW’S SURVEY Newgate. ALDERSGATE. The next is /Eklresgate, or Aldersgate *, so called not of Aldrich or of Elders, that is to say, ancient men, builders thereof ; not of Eldarne trees, grow¬ ing there more abundantly than in other places, as some have fabled *, but for the very antiquity of the gate itself, as being one of the first four gates of the city, and serving for the northern parts, as Aldegate for the east ; which two gates, being both old gates, are for difference sake called, the one Ealdegate, and the other Aldersgate +. This is the fourth principal gate, and hath at sundry times been increased with buildings, namely, on the south, or inner side, a great frame of timber hath been added and set up, containing divers large rooms and lodgings ; also on the east side is the addition of one great building of timber, with one large floor, paved with stone or tile, and a well therein curbed with stone, of a great depth, and rising into the said room, two stories high from the ground ; which well is the only peculiar note be¬ longing to that gate, for I have not seen the like in all this city to be raised so high. John Day, sta¬ tioner, a late famous printer of many good books, in our time dwelt in this gate, and built much upon the wall of the city towards the parish church of St. Anne. POSTERN OUT OF CHRIST’S HOSPITAL. Then is there also a postern gate, made out of the wall on the north side of the late dissolved cloister of Friers minors, commonly of their habit called Grey friars, now Christ’s church and hospital. This postern was made in the first year of Edward VI. to pass from the said hospital of Christ’s Church unto the hospital of St. Bartlemew in Smitlifield. NEWGATE. The next gate on the west, and by north, is termed Newgate, as latelier built than the rest, and is the fifth principal gate. This gate was first erected about the reign of Henry I. or of King Stephen, upon this occasion J. The cathedral church of St. * In a book, called “ Beware of the Cat.”— Stow. + It appears from an account, lately communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. Saull, of his observations on the foundations of the Roman wall of London, recently developed at several points, and especially on the site of the French church in Bull and Mouth street, that there was a gate, in the Roman period, at the spot which was afterwards called Aldersgate. The wall may thence be traced at intervals to Cripplegate churchyard, where a bastion still remains. Mr. Saull gave a minute description of the mate¬ rials of the wall, which remain little altered by time beneaih the surface of the soil. Its base is composed of small rough flints to the height of one foot six inches, resting on a fine loam, upon which are placed four feet six inches of rough Kentish ragstone (the green sandstone of geologists), with pieces of ferruginous sandstone irregularly interposed. Then come two courses of bricks, each measuring eighteen inches by twelve, and one and three quarters thick, on which is laid more of the ragstone, for two feet six inches : again, a dou¬ ble course of tiles, and above that one foot six inches of the ragstone. Total existing height, nineteen feet seven inches. It is nine feet six inches in width at the base, and two feet at the top. I “ About the raigne of Henry II. or Richard I.”— 1st edition , p. 30. Paul’s Church in London new built. Newgate first built, and the cause why. Paul, being burnt about the year 1086, in the reign of William the Conqueror, Mauritius, then bishop of London, repaired not the old church, as some have supposed, but began the foundation of a new work, such as men then judged would never have been performed ; it was to them so wonderful for height, length, and breadth, as also in respect it was raised upon arches or vaults, a kind of work¬ manship brought in by the Normans, and never known to the artificers of this land before that time, &c. After Mauritius, Richard Beamore did wonderfully advance the work of the said church, purchasing the large streets and lanes round about, wherein were wont to dwell many lay people, which grounds he began to compass about with a strong wall of stone and gates. By means of this increase of the church territory, but more by inclosing of ground for so large a cemetery or churchyard, the high and large street stretching from Aldegate in the east until Ludgate in the west, was in this place so crossed and stopped up, that the carriage through the city westward was forced to pass without the said churchyard wall on the north' side, through Pater noster row ; and then south, down Ave Mary lane, and again west, through Bowyer row to Lud¬ gate ; or else out of Cheepe, or Watheling street, to turn south, through the old Exchange ; then west through Carter lane, again north by Creede lane, and then west to Ludgate : which passage, by reason of so often turning, was very cumbersome and dangerous both for horse and man ; for re¬ medy whereof a new gate was made, and so called, by which men and cattle, with all manner of car¬ riages, might pass more directly (as afore) from Aldegate, through West Cheape by Paules, on the north side ; through St. Nicholas shambles and Newgate market to Newgate, and from thence to any part westward over Oldborne bridge, or turn¬ ing without the gate into Smithfielde, and through Iseldon to any part north and by west. This gate hath of long time been a gaol, or prison for felons and trespassers, as appeareth by records * in the reign of King John, and of other kings ; amongst the which I find one testifying, that in the year 1218, the 3rd of King Henry III., the king writeth unto the sheriffs of London, commanding them to repair the gaol of Newgate for the safe keeping of his prisoners, promising that the charges laid out should be allowed unto them upon their account in the Exchequer. Moreover, in the year 1241, the Jews of Norwich were hanged for circumcising a Christian child ; their house called the Thor was pulled down and destroyed ; Aron, the son of Abraham, a Jew, at London, and the other Jews, were constrained to pay twenty thousand marks at two terms in the year, or else to be kept perpetual prisoners in New¬ gate of London, and in other prisons. In 1255, King Henry III. lodging in the tower of London, upon displeasure conceived towards the city of London, for the escape of John Offrem, a prisoner, being a clerk convict, out of Newgate, which had killed a prior that was of alliance to the king, as cousin to the queen : he sent for the mayor and sheriffs to come before him to answer the matter ; the mayor laid the fault from him to the sheriffs, forasmuch as to them belonged the keeping of all • Close roll. The sheriffs of London prisoners in Ludgate new built from the Tower, for the escape of a OF LONDON, the spoil of the Jews’ 15 prisoner from Newgate. houses. prisoners within the city ; and so the mayor re¬ turned home, but the sheriffs remained there pri¬ soners by the space of a month and more ; and yet they excused themselves, in that the fault chiefly rested in the bishop’s officers ; for whereas the prisoner was under custody, they at his request had granted license to imprison the offender within the gaol of Newgate, but so as the bishop’s officers were charged to see him safely kept. The king, not¬ withstanding all this, demanded of the city three thousand marks for a fine. In the year 132C, Robert Baldoke, the king’s chancellor, was put in Newgate, the 3rd of Ed¬ ward III. In the year 1337, Sir John Poultney gave four marks by the year to the relief of pri¬ soners in Newgate. In the year 1385, William Walworth gave somewhat to relieve the prisoners in Newgate, so have many others since. In the year 1414, the gaolers of Newgate and Ludgate died, and prisoners in Newgate to the number of sixty-four. In the year 1418, the parson of Wrotham, in Kent, was imprisoned in Newgate. In the year 1422, the first of Henry VI., license was granted to John Coventre, Jenken Carpenter, and William Grove, executors to Richard Whit¬ tington, to re-edify the gaol of Newgate, which they did with his goods. Thomas Knowles, grocer, sometime mayor of London, by license of Reynold, prior of St. Bar¬ tholomew’s in Smithfield, and also of John Waker¬ ing, master of the hospital of St. Bartholomew, and his brethren, conveyed the waste of water at the cistern near to the common fountain and chapel of St. Nicholas (situate by the said hospital) to the gaols of Newgate and Ludgate, for the relief of the prisoners. Tuesday next after Palm Sunday, 1431, all the prisoners of Ludgate were removed into Newgate by Walter Chartesey, and Robert Large, sheriff's of London ; and on the 13th of April the same sheriffs (through the false suggestion of John Kingesell, jailor of Newgate) set from thence eighteen persons free men, and these were let to the compters, pinioned as if they had been felons ; but on the sixteenth of June, Ludgate was again appointed for free men, prisoners for debt ; and the same day the said free men entered by ordi¬ nance of the mayor, aldermen, and commons, and by them Henry Deane, tailor, was made keeper of Ludgate prison. In the year 1457, a great fray was in the north country between Sir Thomas Percie, Lord Egremond, and the Earl of Salis¬ bury’s sons, whereby many were maimed and slain ; but, in the end, the Lord Egremond being taken, was by the king’s counsel found in great default, and therefore condemned in great sums of money, to be paid to the Earl of Salisbury, and in the mean time committed to Newgate. Not long after, Sir Thomas Percie, Lord Egremond, and Sir Ri¬ chard Percie his brother, being in Newgate, broke out of prison by night, and went to the king ; the other prisoners took the leads of the gate, and de¬ fended it a long while against the sheriff's and all their officers, insomuch that they were forced to call more aid of the citizens, whereby they lastly subdued them, and laid them in irons : and this may suffice for Newgate. LUDGATE. In the west is the next, and sixth principal gate, and is called Ludgate, as first built (saith Geoffry Monmouth) by King Lud, a Briton, about the year before Christ’s nativity, 66. Of which building, and also of the name, as Ludsgate, or Fludsgate, hath been of late some question among the learned ; wherefore I overpass it, as not to my purpose, only referring the reader to that I have before written out of Caesar’s Commentaries, and other Roman writers, concerning a town or city amongst the Britons. This gate I suppose to be one of the most ancient; and as Aldgate was built for the east, so was this Ludsgate for the west. I read *, as I told you, that in the year 1215, the 17th of King John, the barons of the realm, being in arms against the king, entered this city, and spoiled the Jews’ houses ; which being done, Robert Fitz- water and Geffrey de Magnavilla, Earl of Essex, and the Earl of Gloucester, chief leaders of the army, applied all diligence to repair the gates and walls of this city, with the stones of the Jews’ broken houses, especially (as it seemeth) they then repaired, or rather new built Ludgate. For in the year 1586, when the same gate was taken down to be newly built, there was found couched within the wall thereof a stone taken from one of the Jews’ houses, wherein was graven in Hebrew characters these words following : prttr invi "i ntro 'in ntrra nt. Hcec est statio Rabbi J/osis, filii insignis Rabbi Isaac: which is to say, this is the station or ward of Rabbi Moyses, the son of the honourable Rabbi Isaac, and had been fixed upon the front of one of the Jews’ houses, as a note or sign that such a one dwelt there. Hn the year 1260, this Ludgate was repaired and beautified with images of Lud, and other kings, as appeareth by letters patent, of license given to the citizens of London, to take up stone for that purpose, dated the 25th of Henry III. These images of kings in the reign of Edward VI. had their heads smitten off, and were otherwise defaced by + such as judged every image to be an idol ; and in the reign of Queen Mary were repaired, as by setting new heads on their old bodies, &c. All which so remained until the year 1586, the 28th of Queen Elizabeth, when the same gate being sore decayed, was clean taken down ; the prisoners in the mean time remaining in the large south-east quadrant to the same gate adjoining ; and the same year the whole gate was newly and beautifully built, with the images of Lud and others, as afore, on the east side, and the picture of her majesty Queen Elizabeth on the west side jJ all which was done at the common charges of tne citizens, amounting to fifteen hundred pounds or more. This gate was made a free prison in the year 1378, the 1st of Richard II., Nicholas Brembar being mayorj. The same was confirmed in the year 1382, John Northampton being mayor, by a com¬ mon council in the Guildhall ; by which it was ordained that all freemen of this city should, for debt, trespasses, accounts, and contempts, be im¬ prisoned in Ludgate, and for treasons, felonies, and other criminal offences, committed to Newgate, &c. In the year 1431, the 10th of King Henry VI., John Wells being mayor, a court of common council • Roper Wendover, Matthew Paris. t “ By unadvised folkes.” — 1st edition. J Record, Guildhall. Water-gates. 1(5 Blackfriars stairs. STOW’S SURVEY Paddle wharf. Paul’s wharf. established ordinances (as William Standon and Robert Chicheley, late mayors, before bad done), touching the guard and government of Ludgate and other prisons. Also in the year 1463, the third of Edward IV., Mathew Philip, being mayor, in a common council, at the request of the well-disposed, blessed, and devout woman, Dame Agnes Forster, widow, late wife to Stephen Forster, fishmonger, sometime mayor, for the comfort and relief of all the poor prisoners, certain articles were established. Im¬ primis, that the new works then late edified by the same Dame Agnes, for the enlarging of the prison of Ludgate, from thenceforth should be had and taken as a part and parcel of the said prison of Ludgate ; so that both the old and new work of Ludgate aforesaid be one prison, gaol keeping, and charge for evermore. The said quadrant, strongly built of stone by the before-named Stephen Forster, and Agnes his wife, containeth a large walking-place by ground of thirty-eight feet and a half in length, besides the thickness of the walls, which are at the least six foot, makes all together forty-four feet and a half ; the breadth within the walls is twenty-nine feet and a half, so that the thickness of the walls maketh it thirty five feet and a half in breadth. The like room it hath over it for lodgings, and over it again fair leads to walk upon, well embattled, all for fresh air and ease of prisoners, to the end they should have lodging and water free without charge, as by certain verses graven in copper, and fixed on the said quadrant, I have read in form following :— “ Devout souls that pass this way, For Stephen Forster, late mayor, heartily pray j And Dame Agnes his spouse to God consecrate, That of pity this house made for Londoners in Ludgate. So that for lodging and water prisoners here nought pay, As their keepers shall all answer at dreadful doomsday.” This place, and one other of his arms, three broad arrow-heads, taken down with the old gate, I caused to be fixed over the entry of the said quadrant ; but the verses being unhappily turned inward to the wall, procured the like in effect to be graven outward in prose, declaring him to be a fishmonger, because some upon a light occasion (as a maiden’s head in a glass window) had fabled him to be a mercer, and to have begged there at Lud¬ gate, &c. Thus much for Ludgate. Next this is there a breach in the wall of the city, and a bridge of timber over the Fleet dike, betwixt Fleetebridge and Thames, directly over against the house of Bridewel. Thus much for gates in the wall. Water-gates on the banks of the river Thames have been many, which being purchased by private men, are also put to private use, and the old names of them forgotten ; but of such as remain, from the west towards the east, may be said as followeth :— The Blacke-friers stairs, a free landing-place. Then a water-gate at Puddle wharf, of one Pud¬ dle that kept a wharf on the west side thereof, and now of Puddle water, by means of many horses watered there. Then Powle’s wharf, also a free landing-place with stairs, &c. Then Broken wharf, and other such like. But, Ripa Regina, the Queene’s bank, or Queene Hanse merchants landed their corn between their house and the Black¬ friars. hithe, may well be accounted the very chief and principal water-gate of this city, being a common strand or landing-place, yet equal with, and of old time far exceeding, Belins gate, as shall be shown in the ward of Queen hithe. The next is Downe gate, so called of the sudden descending or down-going of that way from St. John’s church upon Walbrooke unto the river of Thames, whereby the water in the channel there hath such a swift course, that in the year 1574, on the fourth of September, after a strong shower of rain, a lad, of the age of eighteen years, minding to have leapt over the channel, was taken by the feet, and borne down with the violence of that nar¬ row stream, and carried toward the Thames with such a violent swiftness, as no man could rescue or stay him, till he came against a cart-wheel that stood in the water-gate, before which time he was drowned and stark dead. This was sometime a large water-gate, frequented of ships and other vessels, like as the Queene hithe, and was a part thereof, as doth appear by an in¬ quisition made in the 28th year of Henry III., wherein was found, that as well corn as fish, and all other things coming to the port of Downegate, were to be ordered after the customs of the Queene’s hithe, for the king’s use ; as also that the corn ar¬ riving between the gate of the Guild hall of the merchants of Cullen (the Styleyard), which is east from Downegate, and the house then pertaining to the Archbishop of Canterbury, west from Bay- narde’s Castle, was to be measured by the measui e, and measurer of the Queen’s soke, or Queene hithe. I read also, in the 19th of Edward Ill., that customs were then to be paid for ships and other vessels resting at Downegate, as if they rode at Queene hithe, and as they now do at Belings- gate. And thus much for Downegate may suffice. The next was called Wolfes gate ”, in the ropery in the parish of Allhallowes the Lesse,of later time called Wolfes lane, but now out of use ; for the lower part was built on by the Earle of Shrews- burie, and the other part was stopped up and built on by the chamberlain of London. The next is Ebgate +, a water-gate, so called of old time, as appeareth by divers records of tene¬ ments near unto the same adjoining. It standeth near unto the church of St. Laurence Pountney, but is within the parish of St. Marten Ordegare. In place of this gate is now a narrow passage to the Thames, and is called Ebgate lane, but more commonly the Old Swan. Then is there a water-gate at the bridge foot, called Oyster gate, of oysters that were there of old time, commonly to be sold, and was the chiefest market for them and for other shell-fishes. There standeth now an engine or forcier, for the winding up of water to serve the city, whereof I have already spoken. BRIDGE GATE. The next is the Bridge gate, so called of London Bridge, whereon it standeth. This was one of the four first and principal gates of the city, long be¬ fore the Conquest, when there stood a bridge of timber, and is the seventh and last principal gate • Liber Horne. Liber S. Alban. t Liber Trinitat. Liber S. A.ban. Record, E. 3. Gate at the Bridge Gate burned. Buttolph’s gate. — Billingsgate. Water gate by the Custom House. mentioned by W. Fitzstephen ; which gate being new * * * § made, when the bridge was built of stone, hath been oftentimes since repaired. This gate, with the tower upon it, in the year 143(5 fell down, and two of the farthest arches southwards also fell therewith, and no man perished or was hurt tl ;re- with. To the repairing whereof, divers wealthy citizens gave large sums of money ; namely, Ro¬ bert Large, sometime mayor, one hundred marks ; Stephen Forster, twenty pounds ; Sir John Crosbye, alderman, one hundred pounds, &c. But in the year 1471 +, the Kentish mariners, under the con¬ duct of bastard Fauconbridge, burned the said gate and thirteen houses on the bridge, besides the Beer houses at St. Katherine’s, and many others in the suburbs. The next is Buttolphe’s gate, so called of the parish church of St. Buttolph, near adjoining. This gate was sometime given or confirmed by William Conqueror to the monks of Westminster in these words : “ W. rex Anglite, &c. William, king of England, sendeth greeting to the sheriffes and all his ministers, as also to all his loving subjectes, French and English, of London : Know ye that I have granted to God and St. Peter of Westminster, and to the abbot Vitalis, the gift which Almundus of the port of S. Buttolph gave them, when he was there made monke : that is to say, his Lords court with the houses, and one wharf, which is at the head of London bridge, and all other his lands which he had in the same city, in such sort as King Edward more beneficially and amply granted the same ; and I will and command that they shall enjoy the same well and quietly and honourably, with sake and soke, &c.” The next is Bellinsgate, used as an especial port, or harbour, for small ships and boats coming thereto, and is now J most frequented, the Queene’s hithe being almost forsaken. How this gate took that name, or of what antiquity the same is, I must leave uncertain, as not having read any ancient re¬ cord thereof, more than that Geffrey Monmouth writeth, that Belin, a king of the Britons, about four hundred years before Christ’s nativity, built this gate, and named it Belin’s gate, after his own calling ; and that when he was dead, his body being burnt, the ashes, in a vessel of brass, were set upon a high pinnacle of stone over the same gate. But Caesar and other Roman writers affirm, of cities, walls, and gates, as ye have before heard ; and therefore it seemeth to me not to be so ancient, but rather to have taken that name of some later owner of the place, happily named Beling, or Biling, as Somar’s key, Smart’s key, Frosh wharf, and others, thereby took their names of their owners. Of this gate more shall be said when we come to Belin’s gate ward. Then have you a water-gate, on the west side of Wool wharf, or Customers’ key §, which is com¬ monly called the water gate, at the south end of Water lane. One other water-gate there is by the bulwark of • “ Weakly made.”—1st edition, p. 36. t W. Duntherne. t “ The largest water-gate on the river of Thames, and therefore most frequented.”—1st edition, p 36. § “ Which is now of late most beautifully enlarged and built.”— 1st edition, p. 37. Watergate by the Tower City gates to be kept and watched. Of Towers and Castles. the Tower, and this is the last and farthest water- gate eastward, on the river of Thames, so far as the city of London extendeth within the walls ; both which last named water-gates be within the Tower ward. Besides these common water-gates, were divers private wharfs and keys, all along from the east to the west of this city, on the bank of the river of Thames ; merchants of all nations had landing- places, warehouses, cellars, and stowage of their goods and merchandizes, as partly shall be touched in the wards adjoining to the said river. Now, for the ordering and keeping these gates of this city in the night time, it was appointed in the year of Christ 1258, by Henry III., the 42d of his reign *, that the ports of England should be strongly kept, and that the gates + of London should be new re¬ paired, and diligently kept in the night, for fear of French deceits, whereof one writeth these verses : “ Per noctem portae clauduntur Londoniarum, Mcenia lie forte fraus frangat Francigenarum.” OF TOWERS AND CASTLES. “The city of London (saith Fitzstephen) hath in the east a very great and a most strong palatine Tower, whose turrets and walls do rise from a deep foun¬ dation, the mortar thereof being tempered with the blood of beasts. In the west part are two most strong castles, &c.” To begin therefore with the most famous Tower of London, situate in the east, near unto the river of Thames : it hath been the common opinion, and some have written (but of none assured ground), that Julius Caesar, the first conqueror of the Britons, was the original author and founder, as well thereof as also of many other towers, castles, and great buildings within this realm ; but (as I have already before noted) Caesar remained not here so long, nor had he in his head any such matter, but only to dispatch a conquest of this barbarous country, and to proceed to greater matters. Neither do the Roman writers make mention of any such buildings created by him here ; and therefore leaving this, and proceeding to more grounded authority, I find in a fair register-book, containing the acts of the Bishops of Rochester, set down by Edmond de Hadenham, that William I., surnamed Conqueror, built the Tower of London ; to wit, the great white and square tower there,about the year of Cln-ist 1078, appointing Gundulph, then Bishop of Rochester, to be principal surveyor and overseer of that work, who was for that time lodged in the house of Edmere, a burgess of London ; the very words of which mine author are these : “ Gun- dulphus Episcopus mandato Willidmi Rafts magiti prafuit operi magnae Tunis London, quo tempore hospitatus est apud quendam Edmerum Burgensem London, qui dedit unum were Ecclesioe Rofen.” Ye have before heard that the wall of this city was all round about furnished with towers and bulwarks, in due distance every one from other ; and also that the river Thames, with his ebbing and flowing, on the south side, had subverted the said * Matthew Paris. t All these gates of the city have disappeared. Aldgate, Cripplegate, and Ludgate, were taken down in 1760. The materials of the former were sold for £177. IOj. ; those of Cripplegate for £91 ; those of Ludgate for £H8; the pur¬ chasers undertaking to remove the rubbish. c OF LONDON. Tower of London Bulwarks of the Tower built. 18 "White Tower built by William STOW’S SURVEY Henry the Third’s orchard with- the Conqueror. out the Tower. which the ditch had devoured, and the other part wall and towers there. Wherefore King William, for defence of this city, in place most dangerous, and open to the enemy, having taken down the second bulwark in the east part of the wall from the Thames, built this tower, which was the great square tower, now called the White Tower, and hath been since at divers times enlarged with other buildings adjoining, as shall be shown. This tower was by tempest of wind * sore shaken in the year 1090, the 4th of William Rufus, and was again by the said Rufus and Henry I. repaired. They also caused a castle to be built under the said tower, namely, on the south side towards the Thames, and also incastellated the same round about. Henry Huntington, libro sexto, hath these words : “ William Rufus challenged the investure of pre¬ lates ; he pilled and shaved the people with tribute, especially to spend about the Tower of Loudon, and the great hall at Westminster.” Othowerus, Acolinillus, Otto, and Geffrey Mag- naville, Earl of Essex, were four the first constables of this Tower of London, by succession ; all which held by force a portion of land (that pertained to the priory of the Holy Trinitie within Aldgate) ; that is to say, East Smithfield, near unto the Tower, making thereof a vineyard +, and would not depart from it till the 2nd year of King Stephen, when the same was abridged and restored to the church. This said Geffrey Magnaville was Earl of Essex, constable of the Tower, sheriff of London, Middle¬ sex, Essex, and Hertfordshire, as appeareth by a charter of Maud the empress, dated 1141. He also fortified the Tower of London against King Stephen ; but the king took him in his court at St. Albones, and would not deliver him till he had rendered the Tower of London, with the castles of Walden and Plashey in Essex. In the year 1153 the Tower of London and the castle of Windsor were by the king delivered to Richard de Lucie, to be safely kept. In the year 1155, Thomas Becket being chancellor to Henry II., caused the Flemings to be banished out of England J, their castles lately built to be pulled down, and the Tower of London to be repaired. About the year 1190, the 2nd of Richard I., William Longshampe, Bishop of Elie, Chancellor of England, for cause of dissension betwixt him and Earl John, the king’s brother that was rebel, in¬ closed the tower and castle of London, with an out ward wall of stone embattled, and also caused a deep ditch to be cast about the same, thinking (as 1 have said before) to have environed it with the river of Thames. By the making of this inclosure and ditch in East Smithfield, the church of the Holy Trinitie in London lost half a mark rent by the year, and the mill was removed that belonged to the poor brethren of the hospital of St. Kathe¬ rine §, and to the church of the Holy Trinitie afore¬ said, which was no small loss and discommodity to either part ; and the garden which the king had hired of the brethren for six marks the year, for the most part was wasted and marred by the ditch. Recompense was often promised, but never per¬ formed, until King Edward coming after, gave to the brethren five marks and a half for that part • W. Malmesbury, Matthew Paris, John London. t Ex charta. t Roger Wendover, John Bever. § “ St. Katherine’s mill stood where now is the Iron Gate of the Tower."— Slnw. thereof without he yielded to them again, which they hold : and of the said rent of five marks and a half, they have a deed, by virtue whereof they are well paid to this day. It is also to be noted, and cannot be denied, but that the said inclosure and ditch took the like or greater .quantity of ground from the city within the wall ; namely, one of that part called the Tower Hill, besides breaking down of the city wall, from the White Tower to the first gate of the city, called the I’ostcrn ; yet have I not read of any quarrel made by the citizens, or recompense demanded by them for that matter, because all was done for good of the city’s defence thereof, and to their good likings. But Matthew Paris writeth, that in the year 1239, King Henry III. fortified the Tower of London to another end ; wherefore the citizens, fearing lest that were done to their detriment, com¬ plained, and the king answered, that he had not done it to their hurt, but (saith he) I will from henceforth do as my brother doth, in building and fortifying castles, who beareth the name to be wiser than I am. It followed in the next year, saith mine author, the said noble buildings of the stone gate and bulwark, which the king had caused to be made by the Tower of London, on the west side thereof, were shaken as it had been with an earth¬ quake, and fell down, which the king again com¬ manded to be built in better sort than before, which was done ; and yet again, in the year 1247, the said wall and bulwarks that were newly built, wherein the king had bestowed more than twelve thousand marks, were irrecoverably thrown down, as afore ; for the which chance the citizens of Lon¬ don were nothing sorry, for they were threatened that the said wall and bulwarks were built, to the end that if any of them would contend for the liberties of the city, they might be imprisoned ; and that many might be laid in divers prisons, many lodgings were made that no one should speak with another : thus much Matthew Paris for this building. More of Henry III., his dealings against the citizens of London, we may read in the said author, in 1245, 1248, 1249, 1253, 1255, 1258, &c. But, concerning the said wall and bulwark, the same was finished, though not in his time ; for I read that Edward I., in the second of his reign, commanded the treasurer and chamberlain of the Exchequer to deliver out of his treasury unto Miles of Andwarp two hundred marks, of the fines taken out of divers merchants or usurers of London, for so be the words of the record, towards the work of the ditch then new made, about the said bul¬ wark, now called the Lion Tower. I find also re¬ corded, that Henry III., in the 4Gth of his reign, wrote to Edward of Westminster, commanding him that he should buy certain perie plants, and set the same in the place without his Tower of London, within the wall of the said city, which of late he had caused to be inclosed with a mud wall, as may appear by this that followeth : the mayor and com¬ monalty of London were fined for throwing down the said earthen wall against the Tower of London, the 9th of Edward II. Edward IV. in place thereof built a wall of brick. But now for the Lion Tower and lions in England, the original, as I have read, was thus. Henry I. built his manor of Wodstock, with a Lions in Woodstock Park. Sent to Henry III., and kept OF LONDON, in the Tower. park, which he walled about with stone, seven miles in compass, destroying for the same divers villages, churches, and chapels ; and this was the first park in England. He placed therein, besides great store of deer, divers strange beasts to be kept aud nou¬ rished, such as were brought to him from fur coun¬ tries, as lions, leopards, linces, porpentines *, and such other. More I read, that in the year 1235, Frederick the emperor sent to Henry III. three leopards, in token of his regal shield of arms, wherein three leopards were pictured ; since the which time those lions and others have been kept in a part of this bulwark, now called the Lion Tower, and their keepers there lodged. King Ed¬ ward II., in the 12 th of his reign, commanded the sheriffs of London to pay to the keepers of the king’s leopard in the Tower of London sixpence the day for the sustenance of the leopard, and three- halfpence a day for diet of the said keeper, out of the fee farm of the said city. More, in the 16th of Edward III., one lion, one lioness, one leopard, and two cat lions, in the said Tower, were committed to the custody of Robert, the son of John Bowre. Edward IV. fortified the Tower of London, and inclosed with brick, as is aforesaid, a certain piece of ground, taken out of the Tower Hill, west from the Lion Tower, now called the bulwark. His officers also, in the 5th of his reign, set upon the said hill both scaffold and gallows, for the execu¬ tion of offenders ; whereupon the mayor and his brethren complained to the king, and were answered that the same was not done in derogation of the city’s liberties, and thereof caused proclamation to be made, &c., as shall be shown in Tower street. Richard 111. repaired and built in this tower some¬ what. Henry VIII., in 1532, repaired the White Tower, and other parts thereof. In the year 1548, the 2 nd of Edward VI., on the 22nd of November, in the night, a Frenchman lodged in the round bul¬ wark, betwixt the west gate and the postern, or drawbridge, called the warders’ gate, by setting fire on a barrel of gunpowder, blew up the said bulwark, burnt himself, and no more persons. This bulwark was forthwith again new built. And here, because I have by occasion spoken of the west gate of this tower the same, as the most principal, is used for the receipt and delivery of all kinds of carriages, without the which gate divers bulwarks and gates, towards the north, Ac. Then near within this west gate, opening to the south, is a strong postern for passengers by the ward-house, over a drawbridge let down for that purpose. Next on the same south side, toward the east, is a large water-gate, for receipt of boats and small vessels, partly under a stone bridge from the river of Thames. Beyond it is a small postern, with a drawbridge, seldom let down but for the receipt of some great persons, prisoners. Then towards the east is a great and strong gate, commonly called the Iron gate, but not usually opened. And thus much for the foundation, building, and repair¬ ing of this tower, with the gates and posterns, may suffice. And now somewhat of accidents in the same shall be shown. In the year 1196, William Fitzosbert, a citizen of London, seditiously moving the common people to seek liberty, and not to be subject to the rich • Lynxes, porcupines. Justices sate in the Tower. Sheriffs of London imprisoned there. — Also the king’s justices. and more mighty, at length was taken and brought before the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Tower, where he was by the judges condemned, and by the heels drawn thence to the Elms in Smithfield, and there hanged. In 1214, King John* wrote to Geffrey Magna- ville to deliver the Tower of London, with the pri¬ soners, armour, and all other things found therein belonging to the king, to William, archdeacon of Huntingdon. In the year 1216, the 1st of Henry III., the said Tower was delivered to Lewis of France and the barons of England f. In the year 1206 pleas of the crown were pleaded in the Tower ; likewise in the year 1220, and like¬ wise in the year 1224, and again in the year 1243, before William of Yorke, Richard Passelew, Henry Brahe, Jerome of Saxton, justices. In the year 1222, the citizens of London having made a tumult against the abbot of Westminster, Hubert of Burge, chief justice of England, came to the Tower of London, called before him the mayor and aldermen, of whom he inquired for the prin¬ cipal authors of that sedition ; amongst whom one, named Constantine Fitz Aelnlfe, avowed that he was the man, and had done much less than he ought to have done : whereupon the justice sent him with two other to Falks de Brent, who with armed men brought them to the gallows, where they were hanged. In the year 1244, Griffith, the eldest son of Leo- line, Prince of Wales, being kept prisoner in the Tower, devised means of escape, and having in the night made of the hangings, sheets, Ac. a long line, he put himself down from the top of the Tower, but in the sliding, the weight of his body, being a very big and a fat man, brake the rope, and he fell and brake his neck withall. In the year 1253, King Henry III. imprisoned the sheriffs of London in the Tower more than a month, for the escape of a prisoner out of Newgate, as you may read in the chapter of Gates. In the year 1260, King Henry, with his queen (for fear of the barons), were lodged in the Tower. The next year he sent for his lords, and held his parliament there. In the year 1263, when the queen would have removed from the Tower by water towards Wind¬ sor, sundry Londoners got them together to the bridge, under the which she was to pass, and not only cried out upon her with reproachful words, but also threw mire and stones at her, by which she was constrained to return for the time ; but in the year 1265, the said citizens were fain to sub¬ mit themselves to the king for it, and the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs were sent to divers prisons, and a custos also was set over the city ; to wit, Othon, constable of the Tower, &c. In the year 1282, Leoline, prince of Wales, being taken at Bewlth castle, Roger Lestrange cut off his head, which Sir Roger Mortimer caused to be crowned with ivy, and set it upon the Tower of London. In the year 1290, divers justices, as well of the bench as of the assizes, were sent prisoners to the Tower, which with great sums of money redeemed their liberty. Edward II., the 14th of his reign, * Patent, the 15th of King John t Matthew Paris. c 2 The Mortimers imprisoned The sterling penny to weigh 20 in the Tower. STOW’S SURVEY fifty-two grains of wheat. Gold florins coined there. Origin of the penny sterling. appointed for prisoners in the Tower, a knight two¬ pence the day, an esquire one penny the day, to serve for their diet. In the year 1320, the king’s justices sat in the Tower, for trial of matters ; whereupon John Gifors, late mayor of London, and many other's, fled the city, for fear to be charged of things they had presumptuously done. In the year 1321, the Mortimers yielding them¬ selves to the king, he sent them prisoners to the Tower, where they remained long, and were ad¬ judged to be drawn and hanged. But at length Roger Mortimer, of Wigmore, by giving to his keeper's a sleepy drink, escaped out of the Tower, and his uncle Roger, being still kept there, died about five years after. In the year 1326, the citizens of London won the Tower, wresting the keys out of the constable’s hands, delivered all the prisoners, and kept both city and Tower to the use of Isabel the queen, and Edward her son. In the year 1330, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, was taken and brought to the Tower, from whence he was brought to the Elms, and there hanged. In the year 1314, King Edward III., in the 18th of his reign, commanded florences of gold to be made and coined in the Tower ; that is to say, a penny piece of the value of five shillings and eight pence, the halfpenny piece of the value of three shillings and four pence, and a farthing piece worth twenty pence ; Percevall de Port of Lake being then master of the coin. And this is the first coining of gold in the Tower, whereof I have read, and also the first coinage of gold in England. I find also recorded, that the said king in the same year ordained his exchange of money to be kept in Seme’s Tower, a part of the king’s house in Buckles- bury. And here to digress a little (by occasion offered), I find that, in times before passed, all great sums were paid by weight of gold or silver, as so many pounds or marks of silver, or so many pounds or marks of gold, cut into blanks, and not stamped, as I could prove by many good authorities which I overpass. The smaller sums also were paid in starlings, which were pence so called, for other coins they had none. The antiquity of this starling penny usual in this realm is from the reign of Henry II., notwithstanding the Saxon coins before the Conquest were pence of fine silver the full weight, and somewhat better than the latter ster¬ lings, as I have tried by conference of the pence of Burghrede, king of Mercia, Aelfred, Edward, and Edelred, kings of the West Saxons, Plegmond, Archbishop of C'auterbury, and others. William the Conqueror’s penny also was fine silver of the weight of the easterling, and had on the one side stamped an armed head, with a beardless face—for the Nor¬ mans woi'e no beards *—with a sceptre in his * The reader will probably remember, that the spies sent by Harold into the camp of William reported that his army contained more priests than soldiers, an error into which they had been led by the beardless faces and close-cut hair of the Norman soldiery.—See Roman de Ruu, tome ii. 174 : Matt. Paris, p. 2, Wats’ ed. This distinction in the personal appearance of the Norman and Saxon hosts is well preserved in the celebrated Bayeux Tapestry, which, in the opinion of M Prevost, a distinguished member of the Society of Antiquaries of Rouen, was most unquestionably the work of hand. The inscription in the circumference was this : “ Le Rei Wilam * on the other side, a cross double to the ring, between four rowals of six points. King Henry I. his penny was of the like weight, fineness, form of face, cross, &e. This Henry, in the 8th year of his reign, or¬ dained the penny, which was round, so to be quar¬ tered by the cross, that they might easily be broken into halfpence and farthings +. In the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and oth of King Richard I. his reign, and afterwards, I find commonly easterling money mentioned, and yet ofttimes the same is called ar¬ gent, as afore, and not otherwise. The first great sum that I read of to be paid in easterlings was in the reign of Richard I., when Robert, Earl of Leicester, being prisoner in France, proffered for his ransom a thousand marks caster- lings, notwithstanding the easterling pence were long before. The weight of the easterling penny may appear by divers statutes, namely, of weights and measures, made in the 51st of Henry III. in these words : “ Thirty two graines of wheat, drie and round,taken in the middest of the eare, slioulde be the weight of a starling penie, 20 of those pence should waye one ounce, 12 ounces a pound Troy.” It followeth in the statute eight pound to make a gallon of wine, and eight gallons a bushel of Lon¬ don measure, Ac. Notwithstanding which statute, I find, in the 8th of Edward I., Gregorie Rokesley, mayor of London, being chief master or minister of the Ivinge’s Exchange, or mintes, a new coin being then appointed J, the pound of easterling money should contain as afore twelve ounces ; to wit, fine silver, such as was then made into foil, and was commonly called silver of Guthurons lane §, eleven ounces, two easterlings, and one ferling or farthing, and the other seventeen pence ob. q. || to be alloy. Also, the pound of money ought to weigh twenty shillings and three-pence by account ; so that no pound ought to be over twenty shillings and three-pence, nor less than twenty shillings and two-pence by account ; the ounce to weigh twenty pence, the penny weight twenty-four grains (which twenty-four by weight then appointed were as much as the former thirty-two grains of wheat), a penny force twenty-five grains and a half, the penny deble or feeble twenty-two grains and a half, &c. IT Now for the' penny easterling, how it took that name I think good briefly to touch. It hath been said, that Numa Pompilius, the second king of the Romans, commanded money first to be made, of whose name they were called nummi ; and when a contemporary, and destined to ornament the cathedral of Bayeux, the bishop of which was a brother of the Con¬ queror. * W. Malmshury. t Roger Hoveden. J The great recoinage here referred to by Stow was per¬ haps the largest ever known up to the reign of William and Mary. The indenture with William de Turmire is extant in the Liber Rubeus. § Guthuron’s lane, now Gutter lane, leading out of Cheap- side. was a small lane, formerly tenanted by goldsmiths; the person who gave his name to the lane, was evidently of Saxon or Danish origin. || That is, seventeen pence halfpenny farthing to be alloy. H By the terms force and deble , it is presumed the maxi¬ mum and minimum weights are intended. Mints in England. More plenty of coin in gold Sterling money forbidden to OF LONDON. than in silver. 21 be transported. Rose nobles. copper pence, silver pence, and gold pence, were made, because every silver penny was worth ten copper pence, and every gold penny worth ten sil¬ ver pence, the pence therefore were called in Latin, denarii, and oftentimes the pence are named of the matter and stuff of gold or silver. But the money of England was called of the workers and makers thereof ; as the florin of gold is called of the Floren¬ tines, that were the workers thereof, and so the easterling pence took their name of the Easterlings which did first make this money in England, in the reign of Henry II. Thus have I set down according to my reading in antiquity of money matters, omitting the imagi¬ nations of late writers, of whom some have said easterling money to take that name of a star, stamped in the border or ring of the penny ; other some of a bird called a star or starling stamped in the circumference ; and other (more unlikely) of being coined at Strivelin or Starling, a town in Scotland, &c. Now concerning halfpence and farthings, the account of which is more subtle than the pence, I need not speak of them more than that they were only made in the Exchange at London, and no¬ where else : first appointed to be made by Edward I. in the 8th of his reign ; and also at the same time the said king coined some few groats of silver, but they were not usual. The king’s Exchange at London was near unto the cathedral church of St. Paul, and is to this day commonly called the Old Change, but in evidences the Old Exchange. The king’s exchanger in this place was to deliver out to every other exchanger throughout England, or other the king’s dominions, their coining irons, that is to say, one standard or staple, and two trussels or punchons ; and when the same was spent and worn, to receive them with an account what sum had been coined, and also their pix or bore of assay, and deliver other irons new graven, &c. I find that in the 9th of King John, there was besides the mint at London, other mints at Winchester, Excester, Chichester, Canterburie, Rochester, Ipswich, Norwich, Linne, Lincolne, York, Carleil, Northampton, Oxford, St. Edmonds- bury, and Durham. The exchanger, examiner, and trier, buyeth the silver for coinage, answering for every hundred pounds of silver bought in bul¬ lion or otherwise, ninety-eight pounds fifteen shil¬ lings, for he taketh twenty-five shillings for coinage. King Edward I., in the 27th of his reign, held a parliament at Stebenheth, in the house of Henry Waleis, mayor of London, wherein amongst other things there handled, the transporting of sterling money was forbidden. In the year 1351, William Edington, bishop of Winchester, and treasurer of England, a wise man, but loving the king’s commodity more than the wealth of the whole realm, and common people, (saith mine author *) caused a new coin, called a groat, and a half-groat, to be coined and stamped, the groat to be taken for four pence, and the half¬ groat for two pence, not containing in weight ac¬ cording to the pence called easterlings, but much less, to wit, by five shillings in the pound ; by rea¬ son whereof, victuals and merchandizes became the dearer through the whole realm. About the same • Thomas Walsingham. time also, the old coin of gold was changed into a new ; but the old florin or noble, then so called, was worth much above the taxed rate of the new, and therefore the merchants engrossed up the old, and conveyed them out of the realm, to the great loss of the kingdom. Wherefore a remedy was pro¬ vided by changing of the stamp. In the year 1411, King Henry IV. caused a new coin of nobles to be made, of less value than the old by four pence in the noble, so that fifty nobles should b'e a pound troy weight. In the year 1421 was granted to Henry V. a fifteenth, to be paid at Candlemas and at Martin¬ mas, of such money as was then current, gold or silver, not overmuch clipped or washed ; to wit, that if the noble were worth five shillings and eight pence, then the king should take it for a full noble of six shillings and eight pence, and if it were less of value than five shillings and eight pence, then the person paying that gold to make it good to the value of five shillings and eight pence, the king always receiving it for a whole noble of six shillings and eight pence. And if the noble so paid be bet¬ ter than five shillings and eight pence, the king to pay again the surplusage that it was better than five shillings and eight pence. Also this year was such scarcity of white money, that though a noble were so good of gold and weight as six shillings and eight pence, men might get no white money for them. In the year 14C5, King Edward IV. caused a new coin both of gold and silver to be made, whereby lie gained much ; for he made of an old noble a royal, which he commanded to go for ten shillings. Nevertheless, to the same royal was put eight pence of alloy, and so weighed the more, being smitten with a new stamp, to wit, a rose. He 1 likewise made half-angels of five shillings, and far¬ things of two shillings and sixpence, angelets of six shillings and eight pence, and half-angels of three shillings and four pence. He made silver money of three pence, a groat, and so of other coins after that rate, to the great harm of the commons. W. Lord Hastings, the king’s chamberlain, being master of the king’s mints, undertook to make the monies under form following, to wit,—of gold, a piece of eight shillings and four pence sterling, which should be called a noble of gold, of the which there should be fifty such pieces in the pound weight of the Tower ; another piece of gold of four shillings and two pence sterling, and to be of them an hundred such pieces in the pound ; and a third piece of gold, of two shillings and one penny ster¬ ling, two hundred such pieces in the pound ; every pound weight of the Tower to be worth twenty pounds,sixteen shillings, and eight pence, the which should be twenty-three carats, three grains and a half fine, &e., and for silver, thirty-seven shillings and six pence ; the piece of four pence to be one hundred and twelve groats and two pence in the pound weight. In the year 1504, King Henry VII. appointed a new coin, to wit, a groat, and half-groat, liicli bare but half faces ; the same time also was coined a groat, which was in value twelve pence, but of those but a few, after the rate of forty pence the ounce. In the year 152G, the 18th of Henry VIII., the angel noble being then the sixth part of an ounce Base money coined and cur- The French king a prisoner 22 rent in England. STOW’S SURVEY in the Tower.— The rebels Sterling moneys hoarded up. of Kent enter the Tower. troy, so that six angels were just an ounce, which was forty shillings sterling, and the angel was also worth two ounces of silver, so that six angels were worth twelve ounces of silver, which was forty shillings. A proclamation w r as made on the sixth of September, that the angel should go for seven shillings and four pence, the royal for eleven shil¬ lings, and the crown for four shillings and four- pence. And on the fifth of November following, again by proclamation, the angel was enhanced to seven shillings and sixpence, and so every ounce of gold to be forty-five shillings, and the ounce of silver at three shillings and nine pence in value. In the year 1544, the 35th of Henry VIII., on the 16th of May, proclamation was made for the enhancing of gold to forty-eight shillings, and silver to four shillings the ounce. Also the king caused to be coined base moneys, to wit, pieces of twelve pence, six pence, four pence, two pence, and a penny, in weight as the late sterling, hi show good silver, but inwardly copper. These pieces had whole, or broad faces, and continued current after that rate till the 5th of Edward VI., when they were on the 9th of July called down, the shilling to nine pence,the groat to threepence, &e. and on the 17th of August from nine pence to six pence, &c. And on the 30th of October was published new coins of silver and gold to be made, a piece of silver five shillings sterling, a piece of two shillings and five pence, of twelve pence, of six pence, a penny with a double rose, half-penny a single rose, and a farthing with a portelose. Coins of fine gold : a whole sovereign of thirty shillings, an angel of ten shillings, an angelet of five shillings. Of crown gold : a sovereign twenty shillings, half-sovereign ten shillings, five shillings, two shillings and six pence, and base moneys tp pass as before, which continued till the 2nd of Queen Elizabeth, then called to a lower rate, taken to the mint, and re¬ fined, the silver whereof being coined with a new stamp of her majesty, the dross was carried to foul high ways, to heighten them. This base money, for the time, caused the old sterling moneys to be hoarded up, so that I have seen twenty-one shil¬ lings current given for one old angel to gild withal. Also rents of lands and tenements, with prices of victuals, were raised far beyond the former rates, hardly since to be brought down. Thus much for base moneys coined and current in England have I known. But for leather moneys, as many people have fondly talked, I find no such matter*. I read f, that King John of France, being taken pri¬ soner by Edward the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, paid a ransom of three millions of florences, whereby he brought the realm into such poverty, that many years after they used leather money, with a little stud or nail of silver in the middle * A brief, but lucid and very accurate sketch of the history of our early coinage, will be found in the third section of Akerman’s valuable Numismatic Manual , where we read (p. 265), “ Ruding, in this place ( Annals , vol i. p 397), thinks the statement of an old writer respecting a leather coinage worthy of notice. The author in question says that Edward I. had coins ‘ bearing his name, stamp, and picture, which he used in the building of Carnarvon castle, to spare better bullion.’ These pieces, if really issued, must, as Ruding observes, be considered as counters or tokens.” t Philip Comines. thereof. Thus much for mint * and coinage, by occasion of this Tower (under correction of others more skilful) may suffice. And now to other acci¬ dents there. In the year 1360, the peace between England and France being confirmed, King Edward came over into England, and straight to the Tower, to see the French king then prisoner there, whose ransom he assessed at three millions of florences, and so delivered him from prison, and brought him with honour to the sea. In the year 1381, the rebels of Kent drew out of the Tower (where the king was then lodged) Simon Sudberie, archbishop of Canterbury, lord chancel¬ lor, Robert Hales, prior of St. John’s, and treasurer of England, William Appleton, friar, the king’s confessor, and John Legg, a sergeant of the king’s, and beheaded them on the Tower hill, &e. In the year 1387, King Richard held his feast of Christmas in the Tower. And in the year 1399, the same king was sent prisoner to the Tower.j In the year 1414, Sir John Oldcastell brake out of the Tower. And the same year, a parliament being holden at Leycester, a porter of the Tower was drawn, hanged, and headed, whose head u f as sent up, and set over the Tower gate, for consent¬ ing to one Whitlooke, that brake out of the Tower. In the year 1419, Friar Randulph was sent to the Tower, and was there slain by the parson of St. Peter’s in the Tower. In the year 1428, there came to London a lewd fellow, feigning himself to be sent from the Empe¬ ror to the young King Henry VI., calling himself Baron of Blakamoore, and that he should be the principal physician in this kingdom ; but his subtlety being known, he was apprehended, condemned, drawn, hanged, headed, and quartered, his head set on the Tower of London, and his quarters on four gates of the city. In the year 1458, in Whitsun week, the Duke of Somerset, with Anthonie Rivers, and other four, kept jousts before the queen in the Tower of Lon¬ don, against three esquires of the queen’s, and others. In the year 1465, King Henry VI. was brought prisoner to the Tower, where he remained long. In the year 1470, the Tower was yielded to Sir Richard Lee, mayor of London, and his brethren the aldermen, who forthwith entered the same, delivered King Henry of his imprisonment, and lodged him in the king’s lodging there ; but the next year he was again sent thither prisoner, and there murdered +. * The mint remained in the Tower until the commence¬ ment of the present century. The subject of the coinage, &c. having attracted the attention of the legislature, a Commission was issued by the King on the 7th of Feb. 1798. “ To take into consideration the state of the coins of this kingdom, and the present establishment and constitu¬ tion of His Majesty’s mint.” About 1806, in consequence of this commission, and the military departments in the Tower having greatly encroached upon the buildings origi¬ nally appropriated to coining, the Government directed the erection of the present mint upon Tower hill. Sir Robert Smirke was the architect employed, and the work was com¬ pleted in 1811, at an expense, including the machinery, of upwards of two hundred and fifty thousand pounds. t The death of Henry VI.— respecting which Fabian says, "diverse tales were tolde; but the most common fame Use of the Tower to defend Tower on the south of Lon- the city, &c. OF LONDON. don bridge. 23 The tower on London bridge. Baynard’s castle. In the year 1473, George Duke of Clarence was drowned with malmsey in the Tower ; and within five years after King Edward V., with his brother, were said to be murdered there. In the year 1485, John Earl of Oxford was made constable of the Tower, and had custody of the lions granted him *. In the year 1501, in the month of May, was a royal tourney of lords and knights in the Tower of London before the king. In the year 1502, Queen Elizabeth, wife to Henry VII., died of childbirth in the Tower. In the year 1512, the chapel in the high White Tower was burnt. In the year 1536 Queen Anne Bullein was beheaded in the Tower. 1541, Lady Katherine Howard, wife to King Henry VIII., was also beheaded there. In the year 1546, the 27th of April, being Tues¬ day in Easter week, William Foxley, potmaker for the Mint in the Tower of London, fell asleep, and so continued sleeping, and could not be waken¬ ed with pricking, cramping, or otherwise, burning whatsoever, until the first day of the term, which was full fourteen days and fifteen nights, or more, for that Easter term beginneth not before seventeen days after Easter. The cause of his thus sleeping could not be known, though the same was diligently searched after by the king’s physicians, and other learned men ; yea, the king himself examining the said William Foxley, who was in all points found at his awakening to be as if he had slept but one night. And he lived more than forty years after in the said Tower, to wit, until the year of Christ 1587, and then deceased on Wednesday in Easter week. Thus much for these accidents : and now to con¬ clude thereof in summary. This Tower is a cita¬ del to defend or command the city ; a royal palace for assemblies or treaties ; a prison of state for the most dangerous offenders ; the only place of coin¬ age for all England at this time ; the armoury for warlike provision ; the treasury of the ornaments and jewels of the crown ; and general conserver of the most records of the king’s courts of justice at Westminster f. TOWER ON LONDON BRIDGE. The next tower on the river of Thames is on Lon¬ don bridge, at the north end of the drawbridge. wente, that he was stykked with a dagger by the handes of the Duke of Gloucester,”— is one of those obscure events, the truth of which cannot fail to become matter of dispute. The Editors of The Restoration of Edward the Fourth, and of Warkwnrth's Chronicle, published by the Camden Society, have in the notes to their respective works collected, as far as possible, all the contemporary statements connected with this event. And here it may he well to notice, that the former of these documents is printed from a transcript made by Stow, now among the llarleian MSS. in the British Mu¬ seum. * Patent, 1st of Henry VII. t A very ample description of the Tower, viewed under these several aspects, and including interesting notices of the most remarkable personages who have ever sojourned within its walls, is contained in Mr. Bayley's History and Antiquities of the Tower of London . While in the first volume of the Vetusta Mnnumcnta , published by the Society of Antiquaries, will be found “ A Plan of the Tower Liber¬ ties," from a survey made under the direction of Sir John This tower was newly begun to be built in the year 1426. John Reymvell, mayor of London, laid one of the first corner stones in the foundation of this work, the other three were laid by the sheriffs and bridgemasters ; upon every of these four stones was engraven in fair roman letters the name of “ Ihesus.” And these stones I have seen laid in the bridge storehouse since they were taken up, when that tower was of late newly made of timber. This gate and tower was at the first strongly built up of stone, and so continued until the year 1577, in the month of April, when the same stone arched gate and tower being decayed, was begun to be taken down, and then were the heads of the traitors removed thence, and set on the tower over the gate at the bridge-foot towards Southwark. This said tower being taken down, a new foundation was drawn, and Sir John Langley, lord mayor, laid the first stone in the presence of the sheriffs and bridge masters, on the 28th of August ; and in the month of September, in the year 1579, the same tower was finished—a beautiful and chargeable piece of work, all above the bridge being of timber. TOWER ON THE SOUTH OF LONDON BRIDGE. Another tower there is on London bridge, to wit, over the gate at the south end of the same bridge towards Southwark. This gate, with the tower thereupon, and two arches of the bridge, fell down, and no man perished by the fall thereof, in the year 1 436 * ; towards the new building whereof divers charitable citizens gave large sums of money ; which gate, being then again newly built, was, with seventeen houses more on the bridge, in the year 1471 burnt by the mariners and sailors of Kent, Bastard Fauconbridge being their captain. baynard’s castle. In the west of this city (saith Fitzstephen) are two most strong castles, Ac. Also Gervasius Tilbury+, in the reign of Henry II., writing of these castles, hath to this effect :—“ Two castels,” saith he, “are built with walles and rampires, whereof one is, in right of possession, Baynardes ; the other the Barons of Mountfichet.” The first of these castles, banking on the river Thames, was called Baynard’s Castle, of Baynard a nobleman, that came in with the Conqueror, and then built it, and deceased in the reign of William Rufus ; after whose decease Geffrey Baynard succeeded, and then William Baynard, in the year 1111, who by forfeiture for felony, lost his barony of Little Dunmow, and King Henry gave it wholly to Robert, the son of Richard, the son of Gilbard of Clare, and to his heirs, toge¬ ther with the honour of Baynard’s Castle. This Robert married Maude de Sent Licio, lady of Bradham, and deceased 1134; was buried at St. Needcs by Gilbert of Clare, his father. Walter his son succeeded him ; he took to wife Matilde de Bocham, and after her decease, Matilde, the daugh¬ ter and co-heir of Richard de Lucy, on whom he Peyton, tlie then governor, in 1597, the very year preceding that in which Stow published the first edition of the present work. * W. Dunthorne. t Fitzstephen, Gerv. Tilbury. Baynard castle destroyed.—Rebuilt. 24 Keeping of Hertford castle belonged to Fitzwalter. begat Robert and other : he deceased in the year 1198, and was buried at Dunmow ; after whom succeeded Robert Fitzwater, a valiant knight. About the year 1213 there arose a great discord between King John and his barons, because Ma¬ tilda, surnamed the Fair, daughter to the said Robert Fitzwater, whom the king unlawfully loved, but could not obtain her, nor her father would consent thereunto, whereupon, and for other like causes, ensued war through the whole realm. The barons were received into London, where they greatly endamaged the king ; but in the end the king did not only therefore banish the said Fitz¬ water, amongst other, out of the realm, but also caused his castle called Baynard, and other his houses, to be spoiled ; which thing being done, a messenger being sent unto Matilda the Fair about t he king’s suit, whereunto she would not consent, she was poisoned * ; Robert Fitzwater, and other, being then passed into France, and some into Scotland, &c. + It happened in the year 1214, King John being then in France with a great army, that a truce was taken betwixt the two kings of England and France for the term of five years ; and a river, or arm of the sea, being then between either host, there was a knight in the English host, that cried to them of the other side, willing some one of their knights to come and joust a course or twain with him ; whereupon, without stay, Robert Fitzwater, being on the French part, made himself ready, fer¬ ried over, and got on horseback, without any man to help him, and showed himself ready to the face of his challenger, whom at the first course he struck so hard with his great spear, that horse and man fell to the ground ; and when his spear was broken he went back to the King of France ; which when the king had seen, “ By God’s tooth,” quoth he, (after his usual oath,) “ he were a king indeed that had such a knight.” The friends of Robert, hearing these words, kneeled down, and said :— “ 0 king, he is your knight ; it is Robert Fitz¬ water.” And thereupon, the next day he was sent for, and restored to the king’s favour ; by which means peace was concluded, and he received his livings, and had license to repair his castle of Bay¬ nard, and other castles. The year 1216, the 1st of Henry III., the castle of Hartford being delivered to Lewis the French prince, and the barons of England, Robert Fitzwater requiring to have the same, because the keeping thereof did by ancient right and title pertain to him, was answered by Lewis, “ that Englishmen were not worthy to have such holds in keeping, because they did betray their own lord,” &c. This Robert deceased in the year 1234, and was buried at Dunmow, and Walter his son that suc¬ ceeded him. 1258, his barony of Baynard, was in the ward of King Henry, in the nonage of Robert Fitzwater. This Robert took to his second wife, ^Elianor, daughter and heir to the Earl of Ferrars, in the year 1289 ; and in the year 1303, on the 12th of March, before John Blondon, mayor of London, he acknowledged his service to the same city, and sware upon the Evangelists, that he would be true to the liberties thereof, and maintain * “ Virginitie defended with the losse of worldly goods, and life of the bodie, for life of the soule.”— Stow. t Lib. Dunmow. Robert Fitzwalter castellan and ban¬ ner-bearer of London. The banner of St. Paul. the same to his power, and the counsel of the same to keep, &c. THE RIGHTS THAT BELONGED TO ROBERT FITZWALTER, CHASTALIAN OF LONDON, LORD OF WODEHAM, WERE THESE :- The said Robert, and his heirs, ought to be, and are chief bannerers of London, in fee of the chas- tilarie, which he and his ancestors had by Castle Baynard, in the said city. In time of war the said Robert, and his heirs, ought to serve the city in manner as followeth : that is, The said Robert ought to come, he being the twentieth man of arms on horseback, covered with cloth, or armour, unto the great west door of St. Paul, with his banner displayed before him of his arms ; and when he is come to the said door, mounted and apparelled, as before is said, the mayor with his aldermen and sheriffs armed in their arms, shall come out of the said church of St. Paul, unto the said door, with a banner in his hand, all on foot, which banner shall be gules, with the image of St. Paul, gold, the face, hands, feet, and sword, of silver ; and as soon as the said Robert shall see the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, come on foot out of the church, armed with such a banner, he shall alight from his horse, and salute the mayor, and say to him,—“ Sir mayor, I am come to do my service, which I owe to the city.” And the mayor and aldermen shall answer,—“ We give to you, as our bannerer of fee in this city, this banner of this city to bear, and govern to the honour and profit of the city to our power.” And the said Robert and his heirs shall receive the banner in his hands, and shall go on foot out of the gate with the banner in his hands ; and the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs, shall follow to the door, and shall bring a horse to the said Robert worth twenty pounds, which horse shall be saddled with a saddle of the arms of the said Ro¬ bert, and shall be covered with sandals of the said arms. Also they shall present to him twenty pounds sterling money, and deliver it to the chamberlain of the said Robert for his expenses that day. Then the said Robert shall mount upon the horse which the mayor presented to him, w ith the banner hi his hand, and as soon as he is up, he shall say to the mayor, that he cause a marshal to be chosen for the host, one of the city ; which marshal being chosen, the said Robert shall command the mayor and burgesses of the city to warn the commoners to assemble together, and they shall all go under the banner of St. Paul, and the said Robert shall bear it himself unto Aldgate, and there the said Robert and mayor shall deliver the said banner of St. Paul from thence, to whom they shall assent or think good. And if they must make any issue forth of the city, then the said Robert ought to choose two forth of every ward, the most sage per¬ sonages, to foresee to the safe keeping of the city after they be gone forth. And this counsel shall be taken in the priory of the Trinity near unto Aldgate. And before every town or castle which the host of London besiege, if the siege continue a whole year, the said Robert shall have for every siege of the commonalty of London an hundred shillings for his travail, and no more. These be the rights that the said Robert hath in the time of war.—Rights belonging to Robert Fitzwalter, and STOW’S SURVEY Rights belonging to Robert Fitz- Baynard’s castle burnt and rebuilt, waiter, castellan and banner- OF LONDON. Edward IV. elected king in St. 25 bearer of London. John’s field. to his heirs in the city of London, in the time of peace, are these : that is to say, the said Robert hath a soken or ward in the city, that is, a wall of the canonry of St. Paul, as a man goeth down the street before the brewhouse of St. Paul unto the Thames, and so to the side of the mill, which is in the water that cometh down from the Fleet bridge, and goeth so by London walls, betwixt the Friers preachers and Ludgate, and so returneth back by the house of the said Friars unto the said wall of the said canonry of St. Paul, that is, all the parish of St. Andrew, which is in the gift of his ancestors by the said seigniority. And so the said Robert hath appendant unto the said soken all these things underwritten,—that he ought to have a soke man, and to place what sokeman he will, so he be of the sokemanry, or the same ward ; and if any of the sokemanry be impleaded in the Guildhall, of any thing that toucheth not the body of the mayor that for the time is, or that toucheth the body of no she¬ riff, it is not lawful for the sokeman of the sokemanry of the said Robert Fitzwalter to demand a court of the said Robert, and the mayor, and his citizens of London, ought to grant him to have a court, and in his court he ought to bring his judgments, as it is assented and agreed upon in this Guildhall, that shall be given them, if any, therefore, be taken in his sokenly, he ought to have his stocks and imprisonment in his soken ; and he shall be brought from thence to the Guildhall before the mayor, and there they shall provide him his judgment that ought to be given of him ; but his judgment shall not be published till he come into the court of the said Robert, and in his liberty. And the judg¬ ment shall be such, that if he have deserved death by treason, he to be tied to a post in the Thames at a good wharf where boats are fastened, two ebbings and two flowings of the water*. And if he be condemned for a common thief, he ought to be led to the Elms, and there suffer his judgment as other thieves. And so the said Robert and his heirs hath honour that he holdeth a great franchise within the city, that the mayor of the city and citizens are bound to do him of right, that is to say, that when the mayor will hold a great council, he ought to call the said Robert, and his heirs, to be with him in council of the city, and the said Robert ought to be sworn to be of council with the city against all people, saving the king and his heirs. And when the said Robert cometh to the hustings in the Guildhall of the city, the mayor, or his lieutenant, ought to rise against him, and set him down near unto him ; and so long as he is in the Guildhall, all the judgment ought to be given by his mouth, • Though the punishment of death by drowning has ceased to be inflicted in this country for so long a period, that it is not, we believe, even mentioned by Blackstone in his Com¬ mentaries, it is equally certain not only that it obtained during the middle ages, but that instances of its infliction occurred on the continent during the last century’. We, of course do not allude to the Noyades of the French Revolu¬ tion. Thus in the Hannov. Mag 1797, Nos. 11, 12, we read : “ Jelian de Champin ravi et prist 4 force Jehanne de la Broce, pour lequel fait il a e s 16 noye.” See further upon this subject, Grimm’s Deutsche Rechts althcrthumer, pp. 696—699. In a preceding note, p. 9, mention has been made of the drowning of a woman at London bridge. Grimm, in his most learned and elaborate work, quotes an instance of a punishment precisely similar from Gregory of Tours. according to the record of the recorders of the said Guildhall ; and so many waifes as come so long as he is there, he ought to give them to the bailiffs of the town, or to whom he will, by the counsel of the mayor of the city. These be the franchises that belonged to Robert Fitzwalter in London, in time of peace ; which for the antiquity thereof I have noted out of an old record. This Robert deceased in the year 1305, leaving issue Walter Fitzrobert, who had issue Robert Fitzwalter, unto whom, in the year 1320, the citi¬ zens of London acknowledged the right which they ought to him and his heirs for the Castle Baynard ; he deceased 1325 ; unto whom succeeded Robert Fitzrobert, Fitzwalter, &c. More of the Lord Fitzwalter may ye read in my Annals in 51st of Edward III. But how this honour of Baynard’s castle, with the appurtenances, fell from the pos¬ session of the Fitzwalters, 1 have not read ; only I find, that in the year 1428, the 7th of Henry VI., a great fire was at Baynard’s castle, and that same Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, built it of new. By his death and attainder, in the year 1446, it came to the hands of Henry VI., and from him to Richard, Duke of York, of whom we read, that in the year 1457 he lodged there, as in his own house. In the year 1460, the 28th of February, the Earls of March and of Warwick, with a great power of men, but few of name, entered the city of London, where they were of the citizens joyously received ; and upon the 3rd of March, being Sunday, the said earl caused to be mustered his people in St. John’s field ; where unto that host was showed and pro¬ claimed certain articles and points wherein King Henry, as they said, had offended ; and thereupon, it was demanded of the said people, whether the said Henry was worthy to reign as king any longer or not : whereunto the people cried Nay. Then it was asked of them, whether they would have the Earl of March for their king ; and they cried, Yea, Yea. Whereupon, certain captains were appointed to bear report thereof unto the said Earl of March, then being lodged at his castle of Bay¬ nard. Whereof when the earl was by them adver¬ tised, he thanked God, and them for their election ; notwithstanding he showed some countenance of insufficiency in him to occupy so great a charge, till by exhortation of the Archbishop of Canter¬ bury, the Bishop of Excester, and certain noble¬ men, he granted to their petition ; and on the next morrow at Paul’s he went on procession, offered, and had Te Deum sung. Then was he with great royalty conveyed to Westminster, and there, in the great hall, set in the king’s seat, with St. Edward’s sceptre in his hand. ■ Edward IV. being dead, leaving his eldest son Edward, and his second son Richard, both infants, Richard, Duke of Glocester *, being elected by the nobles and commons in the Guildhall of London, took on him the title of the realm and kingdom, as imposed upon him in this Baynard’s castle, as ye may read penned by Sir Thomas More, and set down in my Annals. • Stow in his first edition says, “ there practised for the crown. . . ;” and the admirable scene in Richard the Third , (act III sc. 7.1, in which Gloucester is by Buckingham, the mayor, and citizens of London, “ enforced to a world of cares,” is laid by Shakspere with great historic truth in “ the court of Baynard’s castle.” Henry VII. lodged in Baynard's Tower of Mountfiquit. 26 Castle. STOW’S SURVEY Tower on the Thames, and one Mary there proclaimed queen. where Bridewell now stands. Henry VII., about the year 1501, the 16th of his reign, repaired, or rather new built this house, not embattled, or so strongly fortified castle like, but far more beautiful and commodious for the entertainment of any prince or great estate. In the 17th of his reign, he, with his queen were lodged there, and came from thence to Powles church, where they made their offering, dined in the bishop’s palace, and so returned. The 18th of his reign he w as lodged there, and the ambassa¬ dors from the king of the Romans, were thither brought to his presence, and from thence the king came to Powles, and was there sworn to the king of the Romans, as the said king had sworn to him. The 20th of the said king, he with his knights of the order, all in their habits of the Garter, rode from the Tower of London, through the city, unto the cathedral church of St. Paul’s, and there heard even song, and from thence they rode to Baynard's castle, where the king lodged ; and on the next mor¬ row, in the same habit they rode from thence again to the said church of St. Paul’s, went on procession, beard the divine service, offered, and returned. The same year the Icing of Castile was lodged there. In the year 1553, the 19th of July, the council, partly moved with the right of the Lady Mary’s cause, partly considering that the most of the realm were wholly bent on her side, changing their mind from Lady Jane, lately proclaimed queen, assembled themselves at this Baynard’s castle, where they communed with the Earl of Pembroke, and the Earl of Shrewsbury, and Sir John Mason, clerk of the council, sent for the lord mayor, and then riding into Cheap to the cross, where Garter King at Arms, trumpet being sounded, proclaimed the Lady Mary, daughter of King Henry VIII., and Queen Katherine, queen of England, &c. This castle now belongeth to the Earl of Pem¬ broke *. Next adjoiningto this castle wassometimeatower, the name whereof I have not read ; but that the same was built by Edward II. is manifest by this that followeth. King Edward III., in the second year of his reign, gave unto William de Ros, of Hamolake, in Yorkshire, a tower upon the water of Thames, by the castle of Baynard in the city of London, which tower his father had built ; he gave the said tower and appurtenances to the said Wil¬ liam Hamolake, and his heirs, for a rose yearly, to be paid for all service due, &c. This tower, as seemeth to me, was since called Legat’s inn, the 7 th of Edward IV. TOWER OF MOCNTFIQ1TT. The next tower or castle, banking also on the river of Thames, was, as is afore showed, called Mountfiquit’s castle, of a nobleman, Baron of Mountfiquit, the first builder thereof, who came in with William the Conqueror, and was since named Le Sir Mountfiquit. This castle he built in a place not far distant from Baynard’s, towards the west. The same William Mountfiquit lived in the reign of Henry I, and was witness to a charter then granted to the city for the sheriffs of London. Richard Mountfiquit lived in King John’s time ; and in the * It was destroyed in the Great Fire, before which time it had become the residences of the Earls of Shrewsbury. year 1213, was by the same king banished the realm into France, when peradventure King John caused his castle of Mountfiquit, amongst other cas- ’tles of the barons, to be overthrown ; the which after his return, might be by him again re-edified ; for the total destruction thereof w as about the year 1276, when Robert Kilwarby, archbishop of Can¬ terbury, began the foundation of the Fryers Preach¬ ers church there, commonly called the Blacke Fryers, as appeareth by a charter the 4th of Ed¬ ward I., wherein is declared that Gregorie de Rocksley, mayor of London, and the barons of the same city, granted and gave unto the said Arch¬ bishop Robert, two lanes or ways next the street of Baynard’s castle, and the tower of Mountfiquit, to be applied for the enlargement of the said church and place. One other tower there was also situate on the river of Thafnes near unto the said Blacke Fryers church, on the west part thereof built at the citi¬ zens’ charges, but by license and commandment of Edward I. and of Edward II., as appeareth by their grants ; which tower was then finished, and so stood for the space of three hundred years, and was at the last taken down by the commandment of John Shaw, mayor of London, in the year 1502. Another tow er, or castle, also was there in the west part of the city pertaining to the king. For I read, that in the year 1087, the 20th of William I., the city of London, with the church of St. Paul, being burned, Mauritius, then bishop of London, afterward began the foundation of a new church, whereunto King William, saith mine author, gave the choice stones of this castle standing near to the bank of the river of Thames, at the west end of the city. After this Mauritius, Richard his successor purchased the streets about Paul’s church *, com¬ passing the same w ith a wall of stone and gates. King Henry I. gave to this Richard so much of the moat or wall of the castle, on the Thames side to the south, as should be needful to make the said wall of the churchyard, and so much more as should suffice to make a way without the wall on the north side, &c. This tower or castle thus destroyed, stood, as it may seem, where now standeth the house called Bridewell. For notwithstanding the destruction of the said castle or tower, the house remained large, so that the kings of this realm long after were lodged there, and kept their courts ; for until the 9th year of Henry III. the courts of law and justice were kept in the king’s house, wheresoever he was lodged, and not elsewhere +. And that the kings have been lodged, and kept then- law courts in this place, I could show you many authors of record, but for plain proof this one may suffice. “ Here eat fin alls concordia, facta in Curia Domini reais apud Sanct. Brwbjid. London, a die Sancti Michaelis in * Vita Arkenwald. t Our author is not quite correct in this statement. One of the articles of Magna Charta expressly declares: “ Com¬ mon Pleas shall not follow our court, hut shall be holden in some certain place.” See Taylor’s Book of Rights, p. 20. On which Sir James Mackintosh, History of England, i. p. 220, remarks: “The provision which directs that the supreme civil court shall be stationary', instead of following the king's person, is a proof of that regard to the regularity, accessi¬ bility, independence, and dignity of public justice, of which the general predominance peculiarly characterises that ve¬ nerable monument of English liberty.” Bridewell a royal residence. Barbicans, burhkenuings, or OF LONDON, watch-towers. 15 dies, Anno regni regis Johannis 7- coram G. Fil. Petri. Eustachio y Edward IV , for ttieir good service done to him.’’ — 1st edition, p. 81. J The first edition of Fabian's Chronicle appeared in 1516. It has been said, on the authority of Bale, that Wolsey ordered many copies of the first edition to be destroyed, STOW’S SURVEY John Collet, citizen of London and dean of St. Paul’s, founds St. Paul's school. of France, which he published in English, to his great charges, for the honour of this city, and common utility of the whole realm. Sir John Percivall, merchant-taylor, mayor 1498, founded a grammar-school at Maeklefield in Cheshire, where he was born ; he endowed the same school with sufficient lands for the finding of a priest master there, to teach freely all children thither sent, without exception. The Lady Thomasine his wife founded the like free school, together with fair lodgings for the schoolmasters, scholars, and other, and added twenty pounds of yearly revenue for supporting the charges, at St. Mary Wike in Devonshire, where she was born. Stephen Gennings, merchant-taylor, mayor 1509, founded a fair grammar-school at Ulfrimhampton* in Staffordshire, left good lands, and also built a great part of his parish church, called St. Andrew’s Undershaft, in London. Henry Keble, grocer, mayor 1511, in his life a great benefactor to the new building of old Mary church, and by his testament gave a thousand pounds towards the finishing thereof; he gave to highways two hundred pounds ; to poor maids’ marriages one hundred marks ; to poor husband¬ men in Oxford and Warwick shires one hundred and forty ploughshares, and one hundred and forty coulters of iron ; and in London, to seven alms¬ men sixpence the week for ever. John Collet, a citizen of London by birth and dignity, dean of Paule’s, doctor of divinity, erected and built one free school in Paule’s churchyard, 1512, for three hundred and fifty-three poor men’s children to be taught free in the same school, appointing a master, a surmaster, and a chaplain, with sufficient stipends to endure for ever, and committed the oversight thereof to the mercers in London, because himself was son to Henry Collet, mercer, mayor of London, and endowed the mer¬ cers with lands to the yearly value of one hundred and twenty pounds or better. John Tate, brewer, then a mercer, mayor 1514, caused his brewhouse, called the Swan, near adjoin¬ ing to the hospital of St. Anthonie in London, to be taken down for the enlarging of the said church, then newly built, a great part of his charge. This was a goodly foundation, with alms houses, free school, &c. George Monox, draper, mayor 1515, re-edified the decayed parish church of Waltonstow, or Wal¬ thamstow, in Essex ; he founded there a free school, and alms houses for thirteen alms people, made a causeway of timber over the marshes from Walthamstow to J ock bridge, &c. Sir John Milborne, draper, mayor 1522, built alms houses, fourteen in number, by the Crossed Friers church in London, there to be placed four¬ teen poor people ; and left to the Drapers certain messuages, tenements, and garden plots, in the parish of St. Olave in Hart street, for the perform¬ ance of stipends to the said alms people, and other uses. Look more in Ealdgate ward. owing to tile freedom of some observations in it upon the clergy of the day; but there seems no good reason for this statement. The last and best edition of it is that which was published in 1810, under the editorship of Sir Henry Ellis. * Wolverhampton. Sir John Allen, mayor, gives a collar of gold to be worn 43 by the mayor Robert Thorne, merchant-taylor, deceased a bachelor in the year 1532, gave by his testament to charitable actions more than four thousand four hundred and forty pounds, and legacies to his pom- kindred more five thousand one hundred and forty- two pounds, besides his debts forgiven, &c. Sir John Allen, mercer, mayor of London, and of council to King Henry VIII., deceased 1544, buried in St. Thomas of Acres in a fair chapel by him built. He gave to the city of London a rich collar of gold to be worn by the mayor, which was first worn by Sir W. Laxton. He gave five hundred marks to be a stock for sea-coal ; his lands pur¬ chased of the king, the rent thereof to be distri¬ buted to the poor in the wards of London for ever. He gave besides to the prisons, hospitals, lazar houses, and all other poor in the city, or two miles without, very liberally, and long to be recited. Sir William Laxton, grocer, mayor 1545, found¬ ed a fair free school at Owndale in Northampton¬ shire, with six alms houses for the poor. Sir John Gresham, mercer, mayor 1548, founded a free school at Holt, a market-town in Norfolk. Sir Rowland Hill, mercer, mayor 1550, caused to be made divers causeways both for horse and man ; he made four bridges, two of stone, contain¬ ing eighteen arches in them both ; he built one notable free school at Drayton in Shropshire ; he gave to Christ’s hospital in London five hundred pounds, &c. Sir Andrew Jud, skinner, mayor 1551, erected one notable free school at Tunbridge in Kent, and alms houses nigh St. Helen’s church in London, and left to the Skinners lands to the value of sixty pounds three shillings and eight pence the year ; for the which they be bound to pay twenty pounds to the schoolmaster, eight pounds to the usher, yearly, for ever, and four shillings the week to the six alms people, and twenty-five shillings and four pence the year in coals forever. Sir Thomas White, merchant-taylor, mayor 1554, founded St. John’s college, Oxford, and gave great sums of money to divers towns in England for relief of the poor, as in my Summary. Edward Hall, gentleman, of Gray’s inn, a citizen by birth and office, as common sergeant of London, and one of the judges in the Sheriffs’ court ; he wrote and published a famous and eloquent chro¬ nicle, entitled, “ The Uniting of the Two noble Families, Lancaster and Yorke Richard Hils, merchant-taylor, 1560, gave five hundred pounds towards the purchase of a house called the manor of the Rose, wherein the mer¬ chant-taylors founded their free school in London ; he also gave to the said merchant-taylors one plot of ground, with certain small cottages on the Tower hill, where he built fair alms houses for fourteen sole women. About the same time William Lambert, Esq., born in London, a justice of the peace in Kent, founded a college for the poor, which he named of Queen Elizabeth, in East Greenwich. William Harper, merchant-taylor, mayor 1562, founded a free school in the town of Bedford, w here he was born, and also buried. * The first edition of Hall’s Chronicle appeared in 1548, and is a scarce and beautilully executed book. Tbe edition of 1809 is a reprint of if, carefully collated with that of 1550. OF LONDON. Sir Thomas Gresham built the John Fuller’s charity to poor 44 Royal Exchange. STOW’S SURVEY citizens. Randolph's testament not performed. Citizens’ wives deserving memory. Sir Thomas Gresham, mercer, 156G, built the Royal Exchange in London, and by his testament left his dwelling house in Bisliopsgate street to be a place for readings, allowing large stipends to the readers, and certain alms houses for the poor. William Patten, gentleman, a citizen by birth, a customer of London outward, justice of peace in Middlesex, the parish church of Stokenewenton being ruinous, he repaired, or rather new built. Sir Thomas Roo, merchant-taylor, mayor 15G8, gave to the merchant-taylors lands or tenements, out of them to be given to ten poor men, cloth- workers, carpenters, tilers, plasterers, and armour¬ ers, forty pounds yearly, namely, four pounds to each ; also one hundred pounds to be lent to eight poor men ; besides he enclosed with a wall of brick nigh one acre of ground, pertaining to the hospital of Bethlem, to be a burial for the dead. Ambrose Nicholas, salter, mayor 157G, founded twelve alms houses in Monke’s well street, near unto Creple’s gate, wherein he placed twelve poor people, having each of them sevenpence the week, and once every year five sacks of coals, and one quarter of a hundred faggots, all of his gift for ever. William Lambe, gentleman and clotliworker, in the year 1577, built a water-conduit at Oldborne cross to his charges of fifteen hundred pounds, and did many other charitable acts, as in my Summary. Sir T. Offley, merchant-taylor, mayor, deceased 1580, appointed by his testament the one half of all his goods, and two hundred pounds deducted out of the other half given to his sou Henry, to be given and bestowed in deeds of charity by his exe¬ cutors, according to his confidence and trust in them. John Haydon, sheriff 1588, gave large legacies, more than three thousand pounds, for the relief of the poor, as in my Summary. Barnard Randolph, common sergeant of London 1583, gave and delivered with his own hand, nine hundred pounds towards the building of water- conduits, which was performed. More, by testa¬ ment he gave one thousand pounds to be employed in charitable actions ; but that money being in hold fast hands, 1 have not heard how it was bestowed, more than of other good men’s testaments—to be performed. Sir Wolston Dixie, skinner, mayor 158G, founded a free school at Bosworth, and endowed it with twenty pounds land by year. Richard May, merchant-taylor, gave three hun¬ dred pounds toward the new building of Blackwell hall in London, a market-place for woollen cloths. John Fuller, Esq., one of the judges in the she¬ riffs’ court of London, by his testament, dated 1592, appointed his wife, her heirs and assigns, after his decease, to erect one alms house in the parish of Stikoneth *, for twelve poor single men, aged fifty years or upwards, and one other alms house in Shoreditch, for twelve poor aged widow women of like age, she to endow them with one hundred pounds the year, to wit, fifty pounds to each for ever, out of his lands in Lincolne shire, assured ever unto certain fiefs in trust, by a deed of feoffment. Item : more, he gave his messuages. lands, and tenements, lying in the parishes of St. Benet and St. Peter, by Powle’s wharf in Lon¬ don, to feoffees in trust, yearly for ever, to disburse all the issues and profits of the said lands and tene¬ ments, to the relieving and discharge of poor prisoners in the Hole, or two penny wards in the two compters in London, in equal portions to each compter, so that the prisoners exceed not the sum of twenty-six shillings and eight pence for every one prisoner at any one time. Thus much for famous citizens have I noted their charitable actions, for the most part done by them in their lifetime. The residue left in trust to their executors, I have known some of them hardly (or never) performed ; wherefore I wish men to make their own hands their executors, and their eyes their overseers, not forgetting the old proverb :— “ Women be forgetfull, children be unkind, Executors be covetous, and take what they find. If any body aske where the dead's goods became, They answere. So God me help, and holy dome, he died a poore man.” One worthy citizen merchant-taylor,having many years considered this proverb foregoing, hath there¬ fore established to twelve poor aged men, mer¬ chant-taylors,six pounds two shillings to each yearly for ever. He hath also given them gowns of good broad cloth, lined thoroughly with bays, and are to receive every three years’ end the like new gowns for ever. And now of some women, citizens’ wives, deserv¬ ing memory, for example to posterity shall be noted. Dame Agnes Foster, widow, sometime wife to ! Stephen Foster, fishmonger, mayor 1455, having enlarged the prison of Ludgate in 14G3, procured in a common council of this city, certain articles to be established for the ease, comfort, and relief of poor prisoners there, as in the chapter of gates I have set down. Avice Gibson, wife unto Nicholas Gibson, grocer, one of the sheriff's 1539, by license of her husband, founded a free school at Radclyffe, near unto London, appointing to the same, for the instruction of sixty poor men’s children, a schoolmaster and usher with fifty pounds ; she also built alms houses for fourteen poor aged persons, each of them to receive quarterly six shillings and eight pence the piece for ever ; the government of which free school and alms houses she left in confidence to the Coopers in London. This virtuous gentle¬ woman was after joined in marriage with Sir Anthony Knevet, knight, and so called the Lady Ivnevet ; a fair painted table of her picture was placed in the chapel which she had built there, but of late removed thence, by the like reason as the Grocer’s arms fixed on the outer wall of the school- house are pulled down, and the Coopers set in place *. Margaret Danne, widow to William Danne, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs of London, gave by her testament to the ironmongers, two thousand pounds, to be lent to young men of that company, paying after the rate of five pounds in the year for every hundred ; which one hundred pounds so * “ Cursed is hee that removeth his neighbors mark, have I read.”— Slow. Stepney. From the north to the south, the OF LONDON. city was of old time divided by 45 a fair brook of sweet water. John Lydgate, in praise of Londoners. The city divided into parts. rising yearly, to be employed on charitable actions, as she then appointed, but not performed in more than thirty years after. Dame Mary Ramsey, wife to Sir Thomas Ram¬ sey, mayor about the year 1577, being seised of lands in fee simple of her inheritance to the yearly value of two hundred and forty-three pounds, by his con¬ sent gave the same to Christ’s hospital in London towards the relief of poor children there, and other ways, as in my Summary and Abridgment I have long since expressed ; which gift she in her widow¬ hood confirmed and augmented, as is showed by monuments in Christ’s hospital erected. Thus much for the worthiness of citizens in this city, touching whom John Lidgate, a monk of Bury, in the reign of Henry VI., made (amongst other) these verses following :— “ Ofseaven things I prayse this citty. Of true meaning and faithful observance ; Of righteousnes, truth, and equity j Of stablenes aye kept in legiance; And for of vertue thou hast suffisance, In this loud here, and other londs all, The kinges chamber of custome, men thee call.’’ Having thus in generality handled the original, the walls, gates, ditches, and fresh waters, the bridges, towers, and castles, the schools of learning and houses of law, the orders and customs, sports and pastimes, watchings and martial exercises, and lastly, the honour and worthiness of the citizens. I am now to set down the distribution of this city into parts ; and more especially to declare the antiquities noteworthy in every of the same ; and how both the whole and parts have been from time to time ruled and governed. The ancient division of this city was into wards or aldermanries. And therefore I will begin at the east, and so proceed through the high and most principal street of the city to the west, after this manner. First, Through Aldgate street to the west corner of St. Andrewe’s church, called Undershaft, on the right hand, and Lyme street corner on the left ; all which is of Aldgate ward; from thence through Corn- hill street to the west corner of Leaden hall ; all which is of Lyme street ward. From thence, leaving the street that leadeth to Bishopsgate on the right hand, and the way that leadeth into Grasse street on the left, still through Cornhill street, by the conduit to the west corner against the Stocks ; all which is in Cornhill ward. Then by the said Stocks (a market-place both of fish and flesh standing in the midst of the city) through the Poultry (a street so called) to the great conduit in West Cheape, and so through Cheape to the standard, which is of Cheape ward, except on the south side from Bow- lane to the said standard, which is of Cordwayner street ward. Then by the standard to the great cross, which is in Cripplegate ward on the north side, and in Bred street ward on the south side. And to the little conduit by Paule’s gate, from whence of old time the said high street stretched straight to Ludgate, all in the ward of Faringdon within, then divided truly from east to west ; but since by means of the burning of Paule’s church, which was in the reign of William I., Mauricius, then bishop of London, laid the foundation of a new church, so far in largeness exceeding the old, that the way towards Ludgate was thereby greatly straitened, as before I have discoursed. Now from the north to the south this city was of old time divided, not by a large highway or street, as from east to west, but by a fair brook of sweet water, which came from out the north fields through the wall, and midst of the city, into the river of Thames ; which division is till this day constantly and without change maintained. This water was called (as I have said) Walbrooke, not Galus brook of a Roman captain slain by Aselepiodatus, and thrown therein, as some have fabled, but of running through, and from the wall of this city ; the course whereof, to prosecute it particularly, was and is from the said wall to St. Margaret’s church in Lothberrie ; from thence beneath the lower part of the Grocers’ hall, about the east part of their kitchen, under St. Mildred’s church, somewhat west from the said Stockes’ market; from thence through Buckels berry, by one great house built of stone and timber called the Old Barge, because barges out of the river of Thames were rowed up so far into this brook, on the backside of the houses in Walbrooke street (which street taketh the name of the said brook) by the west end of St. John’s church upon Walbrooke, under Horseshew bridge, by the west side of Tallowchandier’s hall, and of the Skinner’s hall, and so behind the other houses to Elbow lane, and by a part thereof down Greene- witch lane, into the river of Thames. This is the course of Walbrooke, which was of old time bridged over in divers places, for passage of horses and men, as need required ; but since, by means of encroachment on the banks thereof, the channel being greatly straitened, and other noy- ances done thereunto, at length the same by com¬ mon consent was arched over with brick, and paved with stone, equal with the ground, where through it passed, and is now in most places built upon, that no man may by the eye discern it, and therefore the trace thereof is hardly known to the common people. This city was divided from east to west, and from north to south. I am further to show how the same was of old time broken into divers parts called wards, whereof Fitzstephen, more than four hundred years since, writeth thus :—“ This city, (saith he) even as Rome, is divided into wards ; it hath yearly sheriffs instead of consuls. It hath the dignity of senators in aldermen,” &c. The number of these wards in London was, both before and in the reign of Henry III., twenty-four in all ; whereof thirteen lay on the east side of the said Walbrooke, and eleven on the west. Notwith¬ standing these eleven grew much more large than those on the east; and therefore in the year of Christ 1393, in the 17th of Richard II., Faringdon ward, which was then one entire ward, but mightily increased of buildings without the gates, was by act of parliament appointed to be divided into twain,and to have two aldermen, to wit, Faringdon within, and Faringdon without, which made up the number of twelve wards on the west side of Walbrooke, and so the whole number of twenty-five on both sides. Moreover, in the year 1550, the mayor, common¬ alty, and citizens of London, purchasing the liber¬ ties of the borough of Southwark, appointed the I--— The names of the wards in Portsoken ward. 46 London. STOW’S SURVEY Knighten Guild given to the canons Portsoken ward. of the Holy Trinity. same to be a ward of London, and so became the number of thirteen wards on the east, twelve on the west, and one south of the river Thames, in the said borough of Southwark, in the county of Sur¬ rey, which in all arise to the number of twenty-six wards, and twenty-six aldermen of London. Wards on the east part of Walbrooke are these :— 1 Portsoken ward without the walls. 2 Tower street ward. 3 Ealdegate ward. 4 Lime street ward. 5 Bisliopsgate ward, within the walls and without. 6 Brod street ward. 7 Coruehil ward. 8 Langboume ward. 9 Billingsgate ward. 10 Bridge ward within. 11 Candlewick street ward. 12 Walbrooke ward. 13 Downgate ward. Wards on the west side of Walbrook are these : 14 Vintry ward. 15 Cordwainer street ward. 16 Cheape ward. 17 Colman street warde. 18 Basinghall warde. 19 Cripplegate ward, within and without. 20 Aldersgate ward, within and without. 21 Farringdon ward within. 22 Bread street ward. 23 Queenliithe ward. 24 Castle Baynard ward. 25 Farringdon ward without the walls. One ward south the river Thames, in the borough of Southwark, by the name of 26 Bridge ward without. OF PORTSOKEN WARD, THE FIRST IN THE EAST PART. Seeing that of every of these wards I have to say somewhat, I will begin with Portsoken ward with- | out Aldgate. This Portsoken, which soundeth * the franchise at the gate, was sometime a guild, and had begin¬ ning in the days of King Edgar, more than six hundred years since +. There were thirteen knights or soldiers, well-beloved to the king and realm, for service by them done, which requested to have a certain portion of land on the east part of the city, left desolate and forsaken by the inhabitants, by reason of too much servitude. They besought the king to have this laud, with the liberty of a guild for ever. The king granted to their request, with conditions following : that is, that each of them should victoriously accomplish three combats, one above the ground, one under ground, and the third in the water ; and after this, at a certain day in East Smitlifield, they should run with spears against all comers ; all which was gloriously performed ; and the same day the king named it Knighten Guild, and so bounded it, from Aldgate to the place where the bars now are, toward the east, on both the sides of the street, and extended it towards Bisliopsgate in the north, unto the house then of William Presbiter, after of Giffrey Tanner, and then of the heirs of Colver, after that of John • “ As much as.”— Is/ edition , p. S5. t Lib. Trinitat. Easeby, but since of the Lord Bourchier, Ac. And again towards the south unto the river of Thames, and so far into the water, as a horseman, entering the same, may ride at a low water, and throw his spear * ; so that all East Smithfield, with the right part of the street that goetli to Dodding pond into the Thames, and also the hospital of St. Katherin’s, with the mills that were founded in King Stephen's days, and the outward stone wall, and the new ditch of the Tower, are of the said fee and liberty ; for the said wall and ditch of the Tower were made in the time of King Richard, when he was in the Holy Land, by William Longshampe, Bishop of Ely, as before I have noted unto you. These knights had as then none other charter by all the days of Edgar, Eihelred, and Cnutus, until the time of Edward the Confessor, whom the heirs of those knights humbly besought to confirm their liberties ; whereunto he graciously granting +, gave them a deed thereof, as appeareth in the book of the late house of the Holy Trinity. The said charter is fair written in the Saxon letter and tongue. After this. King William, the son of William the Conqueror, made a confirmation of the same liberties, unto the heirs of those knights, in these words : “ William, king of England, to Mau¬ rice Bishop, and Godffrey de Magum, and Richard de Parre, and to his faithfull people of London, greeting : Know ye me to have granted to the men of Knighten Guilde, the guilde that belonged to them, and the land that belonged thereunto, with all customes, as they had the same in the time of King Edward, and my father. Witnesse, Hugh de Buche, at Retliing.” After him, King Henry I. confirmed the same by his charter to the like effect, the recital whereof I pretermit for brevity. After which time, the church of the Holy Trinity, within Aldgate of Lon¬ don, being founded by Queen Matilda, wife to the said Henry, the multitude of brethren, praising God day and night therein, in short time so in¬ creased, that all the city was delighted in the be¬ holding of them ; insomuch, that in the year 1115, certain burgesses of London, of the progeny of those noble English knights ; to wit, Radulphus Fitalgod, Wilmarde le Deucreshe, Orgare le Prude, Edward Hupeornehill, Blaekstanus, and Alwine his kins¬ man, and Robert his brother, the sons of Leaf- stanus the goldsmith, Wiso his son, Hugh Fitz- vulgar, Algare Secusme, coming together into the chapter-house of the said church of the Holy Trinity, gave to the same church and canons serv¬ ing God therein, all the lands and soke called in English Knighten Guilde, which lieth to the wall of the city, w ithout the same gate, and stretched] to * This mode of defining the limits of a property which borders on a running stream, or rather how far the rights of the owner extend, is of the highest antiquity; and Grimm, in his Deutsche Rcchts Altherthiimer (s. 55—68), has collected much and very curious evidence upon the subject. Mr. Kemble, in his Codex Diplomatics -£ri Saxonici (tom. i. introd. 50). having quoted a charter of Cnut's, in which the following passage occurs : ita ut natante i tare in fiuminc cum plenum fueril, quam longius de navi potest securis parrula, quam Angli vocant taper-eax, super lerrom pr pci, ministri ecclesiee Chrisli rectitudines accipiant adds in a note : “ The instance of Hammer tcurf, w hich still subsists in some manors, is peculiarly interesting." t Liber Trinitat. Portsoken ward. Portsoken ward. Part of Knighten Guild withheld by OF LONDON. Prior of the Trinity an alder- 47 the Constables of the Tower. inan of London. the river of Thames ; they gave it, I say, taking upon them the brotherhood and participation of the benefits of that house, by the hands of Prior Nor¬ man. And the better to confirm this their grant, they offered upon the altar there the charter of Edward, together with the other charters which they had thereof; and afterward they did put the foresaid prior in seisine thereof, by the church of St. Buttolphe’s, which is built thereon, and is the head of that land. These things were thus done before Bernard, prior of Dunstable, John, prior of Derland, Geffrey Clinton, chamberlain, and many other clerks and laymen, French and English. Orgar le Prude (one of their company) was sent to King Henry, beseeching him to confirm their gift, which the king gladly granted by bis deed : “ Hen- rie, king of England, to Richard Bishop of London, to the shireffes and provost, and to all his barons and faithfull people, French and English, of London and Middlesex, greeting : Know ye mee to have graunted and confirmed to the church and canons of the Holy Trinitie of London, the soke of the English Knighten Guilde, and the land which per- taineth thereunto, and the church of St. Buttolph, as the men of the same guilde have given and granted unto them : and I will and straightly com- mauud, that they may hold the same well and ho¬ nourably and freely, with sacke and soke, toll and thea, infangthefe, and all customs belonging to it, as the men of the same Guild in best sort had the same in the time of K. Ed ward,and as King William, my father and brother, did grant it to them by their writs. Witnesse, A. the queene, Geffrey the chaun- cellor, Geoffrey ofClinton,and William of Clinton, at WoodstockeV’ All these prescribed writings(saith my book), which sometime belonged to the priory of the Holy Trinity, are registered in the end of the Book of Remembrances, in the Guildhall of London, marked with the letter C, folio 134. The king sent also his sheriffs, to wit, Aubrey de Vere, and Roger, nephew to Hubert, which upon his be¬ half should invest this church with the possessions thereof, which the said slieri (fs accomplished coming upon the ground ; Andrew Buchevite, and the fore- named witnesses, and other, standing by ; notwith¬ standing, Othowerus Acolivillus, Otto, and Geffrey, Earl of Essex, constables of the Tower by succes¬ sion, withheld by force a portion of the said land, as I have before delivered. The prior and canons of the Holy Trinity, being thus seised of the said land and soke of Knighten Guilde, a part of the suburb without the wall (but within the liberties of the city), the same prior was, for him and his successors, admitted as one of the aldermen of London, to govern the same land and soke : according to the customs of the city, he did sit in court, and rode with the mayor and his brethren the aldermen, as one of them, in scarlet or other livery as they used, until the year 1531, at the which time the said priory, by the last prior there, was surrendered to King Henry VI11., in the 23rd of his reign, who gave this priory to Sir Thomas Audley, knight, lord chancellor of Eng¬ land, and he pulled down the church ; since the • This charter is printed, with others relating to the same subject, in the new edition of the Faedera, i. 11. The accu¬ racy with which Stow has translated it is a guarantee for tile dependence which may be placed upon his statements de- riv.d from documents. which dissolution of that house, the said ward of Portsoken hath been governed by a temporal man, one of the aldermen of London, elected by the citi¬ zens, as the aldermen of other wards. Thus much for the out-bounds of Knighten guilde, or Portsoken ward, and for the antiquity and govern¬ ment thereof. Now, of the parts therein, this is specially to be noted. First, the east part of the Tower standeth there, then an hospital of St. Katherine’s, founded by Matilda the queen, wife to King Stephen, by license of the priory and convent of the Holy Tri¬ nity in London, on whose grounds he founded it. Helianor the queen, wife to King Edward I., a second foundress, appointed there to be a master, three brethren chaplains, and three sisters, ten poor women, and six poor clerks ; she gave to them the manor of Carlton in Wiltshire, and Upchurch in Kent, &c. Queen Philippa, wife to King Ed¬ ward III., 1351, founded a chantry there, and gave to that hospital ten pounds land by year ; it was of late time called a free chapel, a college, and an hospital for poor sisters. The choir, which of late years was not much inferior to that of Paules, was dissolved by Dr. Wilson, a late master there, the brethren and sisters remaining: this house was valued at 315/. 14s. 2c/., being now of late years in¬ closed about, or pestered with small tenements and homely cottages, having inhabitants, English and strangers, more in number than in some city in England. There lie buried in this church the countess of Huntington, countess of the March in her time, 1429 ; John Holland, Duke of Exeter .and Earl of Huntington, 1447, and his two wives, in a fair tomb on the north side the choir ; Tho¬ mas Walsingham, esquire, and Thomas Ballarde, esquire, by him, 14(i5 ; Thomas Flemming, knight, 14f»G, &c. * On the east and by north of the Tower, lieth East Smithfield and Tower hill, two plots of ground so called, without the wall of the city ; and east from them both was sometime a monastery, called New Abbey, founded by King Edward III. in the year 1359, upon occasion as followeth : In the year 1348, the 23rd of Edward III., the first great pestilence in his time began, and in¬ creased so sore, that for want of room in church¬ yards to bury the dead of the city and of the suburbs, one John Corey, clerk, procured of Ni¬ cholas, prior of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate, one toft f of ground near unto East Smithfield, for the burial of them that died, with condition that it might be called the churchyard of the Holy Tri¬ nity ; which ground he caused, by the aid of divers devout citizens, to be inclosed with a wall of stone. Robert Elsiug, son of William Elsing, gave five pounds thereunto ; and the same was dedicated by Ralph Stratford, Bishop of London, where innu¬ merable bodies of the dead were afterwards buried, and a chapel built in the same place to the honour of God : to the which King Edward setting his eye (having before, in a tempest on the sea, and peril of drowning, made a vow to build a monastery to the * The further history of this establishment will be found in Nichols’ History of the Hospital and Cullegiute Church of St. Katherine, near the Tower of London. t The Danish toft, Swedish torn/, properly signifies the ground upon which a house stands. See Grimm's Deutsche Rech Atiherthiimer, s. 539. Portsoken ward. Portsoken ward. 48 Merchant-tailors alms’ houses STOW’S SURVEY A farm by the Minories. on Tower hill. Parish church of St. Buttolph. honour of God, and our lady of grace, if God would grant him grace to come safe to land), built there a monastery, placing an abbot, and monks of the Cistercian, or White order. The bounds of this plot of ground, together with a decree for tithes thereof, are expressed in the charter, the effect whereof I have set down in another place, and have to show. This house, at the late general sup¬ pression, was valued at 546/. Os. 1 Ocf. yearly ; it was surrendered in the year 1530, the 30th of Henry VIII. ; since the which time, the said mo¬ nastery being clean pulled down by Sir Arthur Darcie, knight, and others, of late time in place thereof is built a large storehouse for victuals ; and convenient ovens are built there, for baking of biscuits to serve her majesty’s ships. The grounds adjoining, belonging to the said abbey, are employed in building of small tenements. For Tower hill, as the same is greatly diminished by building of tenements and garden-plots, &c. So it is of late, to wit, in the year of Christ 1593, on the north side thereof, and at the west end of Hog street, beautified by certain fair alms houses, strongly built of brick and timber, and covered with slate for the poor, by the merchant-tailors of Lon¬ don, in place of some small cottages given to them by Richard Hils, sometime a master of that com¬ pany, one thousand loads of timber for that use, being also given by Anthonie Radcliffe, of the same society, alderman. In these alms houses, fourteen charitable brethren of the said merchant-tailors yet living, have placed fourteen poor sole women, which receive each of them of their founder six¬ teen pence, or better, weekly, besides 81. 15s. yearly, paid out of the common treasury of the same cor¬ poration for fuel. From the west part of this Tower hill, towards Aldgate, being a long continual street, amongst other smaller buildings in that row, there was sometime an abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called the Minories, founded by Edmond, Earl of Lancaster, Leycester, and Darbie, brother to King Edward III. in the year 1293 ; the length of which abbey contained fifteen perches and seven feet, near unto the king’s street or highway, &.C., as appeareth by a deed, dated 1303. A plague of pestilence being in this city, in the year 1515, there died in this house of nuns pro¬ fessed to the number of twenty-seven, besides other lay people, servants in their house. This house was valued to dispend 418/. 8s. 5 d. yearly, and was surrendered by Dame Elizabeth Salvage, the last abbess there, unto King Henry VIII. in the 30th of his reign, the year of Christ 1539. In place of this house of nuns is now built divers fair and large storehouses for armour and habili¬ ments of war, with divers workhouses, serving to the same purpose : there is a small parish church for inhabitants of the close, called St. Trinities. Near adjoining to this abbey, on the south side thereof, was sometime a farm belonging to the said nunnery; at the which farm I myself in my youth have fetched many a half-penny worth of milk, and never had less than three ale pints for a halfpenny in the summer, nor less than one ale quart for a halfpenny in the winter, always hot from the kine, as the same was milked and strained. One Trolop, and after¬ wards Goodman, were the farmers there, and had thirty or forty kine to the pail. Goodman’s son being heir to his father’s purchase, let out the ground first for grazing of horses, and then for garden-plots, and lived like a gentleman thereby *. On the other side of that street lietli the ditch w ithout the walls of the city, which of old time was used to be open, always from time to time cleansed from filth and mud, as need required ; of great breadth, and so deep, that divers, watering horses where they thought it shallowest, were drowned, both horse and man. But now of later time the same ditch is inclosed, and the banks thereof let out for garden-plots, carpenters’ yards, bowling allies, and divers houses thereon built, whereby the city wall is hidden, the ditch filled up, a small channel left, and that very shallow. From Aldgate, east, lietli a large street and high¬ way, sometime replenished with few, but fair and comely buildings ; on the north side wdiereof, the first was the parish church of St. Buttolph, in a large cemetery or churchyard. This church hath been lately new built at the special charges of the priors of the Holy Trinity ; patrons thereof, as it appeareth by the arms of that house, engraven on the stone work. The parishioners of this parish being of late years mightily increased, the church is pestered with lofts and seats for them. Monu¬ ments in this church are few : Henry Jorden founded a chauntry there ; John Romany Ollarie, and Agnes his wife, were buried there about 1408 ; Richard Chester, alderman, one of the sheriffs, 1484 ; Thomas Lord Darcie of the north, knight of the garter, beheaded 1537 ; Sir Nicholas Carew, of Bedington, in Surrey, knight of the garter, be¬ headed 1538 ; Sir Arthur Darcie, youngest son to Thomas Lord Darcie, deceased at the new abbey on the Tower hill, was buried there. East from this parish church, there were certain fair inns for receipt of travellers repairing to the city, up towards Hog lane end, somewhat within the bars, a mark showing how far the liberties of the city do extend. This Hog lane stretchetli north toward St. Mary Spitle without Bishopsgate, and within these forty years f had on both sides fair hedge rows of elm trees, with bridges and easy stiles to pass over into the pleasant fields, very commodious for citizens therein to walk, shoot, and otherwise to recreate and refresh their dull spirits in the sweet and wholesome air, which is now within a few years made a continual building throughout, of garden- houses and small cottages ; and the fields on either sides be turned into garden-plots, tenter yards, bowling alleys, and such like, from Houndes ditch in the west, as far as White Chappell, and further towards the east. On the south side of the highway from Aldgate were some few tenements, thinly scattered here and there, with many void spaces between them, up to the Bars ; but now that street is not only fully replenished with buildings outward, and also pestered with divers alleys, on either side to the • In this pleasant little autobiographical digression, in which, as in many other parts of his history, our worthy au¬ thor shows, like Falstaff, a disposition to “ babble o' green fields,” the reader is presented with a view of what Good¬ man’s Fields once were, and informed how that densely po¬ pulated neighbourhood came to bear a name which contrasts so strongly with its present condition. f “ These fortie-four yeares last.”—1 si edition, p. 92. Portsoken ward. Tower street ward. Bed-ridden people at Houndsrtitch. OF LONDON A large scaffold and gallows of 49 Custom of relieving them. timber on Tower hill. bars, but to White Chappell and beyond. Among the which late buildings, one memorable for the commodity of that east part of this city is a fair water conduit, hard without the gate ; at the build¬ ing whereof in the year 1535, Sir John Allen being mayor, two fifteens were granted by the citizens for the making and laying of pipes, to convey water from Hackney to that place ; and so that work was finished. From Aldgate,norlh-west to Bishopsgate, lieth the ditch of the city called Houndesditch ; for that in old time, when the same lay open, much filth (conveyed forth of the city), especially dead dogs, were there laid or cast; wherefore of latter time a mud wall was made, inclosing the ditch, to keep out the laying of such filth as had been accustomed. Over against this mud wall, on the other side of the street, was a fair field, sometime belonging to the priory of the Trinity, and since by Sir Thomas Audley given to Magdalen college in Cambridge : this field (as all other about the city) was inclosed, reserving open passage thereinto for such as were disposed. Towards the street were some small cottages, of two stories high, and little garden-plots backward, for poor bed-rid people, for in that street dwelt none other, built by some prior of the Holy Trinity, to whom that ground belonged, f In my youth, I remember, devout people, as well men as women of this city, were accustomed often¬ times, especially on Fridays, weekly to walk that way purposely there to bestow their charitable alms ; every poor man or woman lying in their bed within their window, which was towards the street, open so low that every man might see them, a clean linen cloth lying in their window, and a pair of beads, to show that there lay a bed-rid body, unable but to pray only. This street was first paved in the year 1503. . About the latter reign of Henry VIII., three brethren that were gunt’ounders, surnamed Owens, got ground there to build upon, and to inclose for casting of brass ordinance. These occupied a good part of the street on the field side, and in a short time divers others also built there, so that the poor bed-rid people were worn out, and, in place of their homely cottages, such houses built as do rather want room than rent ; which houses be for the most part possessed by brokers, sellers of old ap¬ parel, and such like. The residue of the field was for the most part made into a garden by a gardener named Cawsway, one that served the markets with herbs and roots ; and in the last year of King Ed¬ ward VI. the same was parcelled into gardens, wherein arc now many fair houses of pleasure built. On the ditch side of this street the mud wall is also by little and little all taken down, the bank of the ditch being raised, made level ground, and turned into garden-plots and carpenters’ yards, and many large houses are there built ; the filth of which houses, as also the earth cast out of their vaults, is turned into the ditch, by which means the ditch is filled up, and both the ditch and wall so hidden that they cannot be seen of the passers by. This Portsoken ward hath an alderman and his deputy, common councillors six, constables four, scavengers four, for the wardemote inquest eigh¬ teen, and a beadle. To the fifteen it is cessed at four pounds ten shillings. TOWER STREET WARD. The first ward in the east part of this city within the wall is called Tower street ward, and extendeth along the river of Thames from the said Tower in the east almost to Belinsgate in the west. One half of the Tower, the ditch on the west side, and bulwarks adjoining, do stand within that part where the wall of the city of old time went straight from the postern gate south to the river of Thames, be¬ fore that the Tower was built. From and w ithout the Tower ditch, west and by north, is the said Tower hill, sometime a large plot of ground, now greatly straitened by incroachments (unlawfully made and suffered) for gardens and houses ; some on the bank of the Tower ditch, whereby the Tower ditch is marred, but more near unto the wall of the city from the postern north, till over against the principal fore-gate of the Lord Lumley’s house,&c.; but the Tower ward goeth no further that way. Upon this hill is always readily prepared, at the charges of the city, a large scaffold and gallows of timber, for the execution of such traitors or trans¬ gressors as are delivered out of the Tower, or other- wdse, to the sheriffs of London by writ, there to be executed. I read, that in the fifth of King Ed¬ ward IV. * a scaffold and gallows was there set up by other the king’s officers, and not of the city’s charges, whereupon the mayor and his brethren complained, but were answered by the king that the Tower hill w'as of the liberty of the city ; and whatsoever was done in that point was not in de¬ rogation of the city’s liberties, and therefore com¬ manded proclamation + to be made, as well within the city as in the suburbs, as foliowetli : “ Foras¬ much as, the seventh day of this present month of November, gallows were erect and set up besides our Tower of London, within the liberties and fran¬ chises of our city of London, in derogation and prejudice of the liberties and franchises of this city, the king our sovereign lord would it be cer¬ tainly understood that the erection and setting up of the said gallows was not done by his command¬ ment ; wherefore the king our sovereign lord will- eth, that the erection and setting up the said gal¬ lows be not any precedent or example thereby hereafter to be taken, in hurt, prejudice, or dero¬ gation of the franchises, liberties, and privileges of the said city, which he at all times hath had, and hath in his benevolence, tender favour, and good grace, &c. Apud Westminst. 9 die Novemb. anno regni nostri quinto.” On the north side of this hill is the said Lord Lumley’s house, and on the west side divers houses lately built, and other in¬ croachments along south to Chick lane J, on the east of Barking church, at the end whereof you have Tower street stretching from the Tower hill, west to St. Margaret Patten’s church parsonage. Now therefore, to begin at the east end of the street, on the north side thereof, is the fair parish church called Allhallows Barking, which standeth in a large, but sometime far larger, cemetery or churchyard ; on the north side whereof was some¬ time built a fair chapel, founded by King Richard L: some have written that his heart was buried there • Lib. 1 folio 40. t Proclamation. W. Dunthorn. t “ And to Berewardes lane.”— 1st edition , p. 95. E Tower street ward. 50 The king’s chapel of STOW’S Barking. under the high altar *. This chapel was confirmed and augmented by King Edward I. Edward IV. gave license to his cousin John, Earl of Worcester, to found there a brotherhood for a master and brethren ; and he gave to the custos of that fra¬ ternity, which was Sir John Scot, knight, Thomas Colte, John Tate, and John Croke, the priory of Totingbecke, and advowson of the parish church of Streatham, in the county of Surrey, with all the members and appurtenances, and a part of the priory of Okeborn in Wiltshire, both priors aliens, and appointed it to be called the king’s chapel or chantry, In cupella Bvatce Clarice de Barking. King Richard III. new built and founded therein a col¬ lege of priests, &c. Hamond de Lega was buried in that chapel. Robert Tate, mayor of London, 1488 t> and other, were there buried. This chapel and college were suppressed and pulled down in the year 1548, the 2nd of King Edward VI. The ground was employed as a garden-plot during the reigns of King Edward, Queen Mary, and part of Queen Elizabeth, till at length a large strong frame of timber and brick was set thereon, and employed as a store-house of merchants’ goods brought from the sea by Sir William Winter, &.c. Monuments In the parish church of Allhallows Barking, not defaced, are these :—Sir Thomas Studinham, of Norwich diocess, knight, 14(i!) ; Thomas Gilbart, draper and merchant of the staple, 1483 ; John Bolt, merchant of the staple, 1 459 ; Sir John Stile, knight, draper, 1500. Wil¬ liam Thinne, esq., one of the clerks of the Green cloth, and master of the household to King Henry VIII., 1540 ; Humfrey Monmouth, draper, one of the sheriffs, 1535 ; Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, beheaded 1540 ; Sir Richard Devereux, son and heir to the Lord Ferrers of Chartley ; Richard Browne, esq. 1546 ; Philip Dennis, esq. 1556 ; Andrew Evenger, salter ; William Robinson, mer¬ cer, alderman, 1552 ; William Armorer, cloth- worker, esquire, governor of the pages of honour, or master of the heance men J, servant to Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Queen Mary, buried 1560. Besides which there be divers tombs without in- * The body of Richard was buried at Fontevraud, at the feet of his father. “ His lion heart,” says Lingard, History of England, ii. 351, fourth edition, “the epithet had formerly flattered him, he bequeathed to the citizens of Rouen, in gratitude for their loyalty and attachment.” A point of rock, called by the peasantry of Limoges la pierre de Maulmont, is pointed out as the precise spot on which Richard was standing at the moment he received the fatal wound. See Marchangy, Tristan le Voyngeur, vi. 398. t “ When he deceased, 1501."—1st edition, p. 95. t These words of Stow completely bear out the definition of Henchmen given by Sir Harris Nicholas, in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, p. 327—31, where he says, “ No word has been more commented upon than Henxmeu or Henchmen. Without entering into the controversy, it may be sufficient to state, that in the reign of Henry VIII. it meant pages of honour. They were the sons of gentle¬ men, and in public processions always walked near the monarch’s horse,” &c. The William Armorer here referred to, is no doubt the “ William Armerer, the king’s footman,” mentioned in the Privy Purse Expenses, in which numerous payments for “ cambric for the king's shirts, for shirting for Master Wes¬ ton, Knevet, and the two Guillams, &c.,” are recorded as having been made to “ William Armerer, the king’s foot¬ man's wife.” Tower street ward. SURVEY Parish church of St. Olave. Mincing lane.—Galley men dwelt there. scription. John Crolys and Thomas Pike, citizens of London, founded a chantry there 1388. By the west end of this parish church and cha¬ pel, lieth Sidon lane, now corruptly called Sything lane, from Tower street up north to Hart street. In this Sidon lane divers fair and large houses are built, namely, one by Sir John Allen, sometime mayor of London, and of council unto King Henry VIII. ; Sir Francis Walsingham, knight, principal secretary to the queen’s majesty that now is, was lodged there, and so was the Earl of Essex, &c. At the north-west corner of this lane standeth a proper parish church of St. Olave, which church, together with some houses adjoining, as also others over against it in Hart street, are of the said Tower street ward. Monuments in this parish church of St. Olave be these :—Richard Cely and Robert Cely, fellmongers, principal builders and benefactors of this church ; Dame Johan, wife to Sir John Zouch, 1439 ; John Clarenciaulx, king of arms, 1427 ; Thomas Sawle; Sir Richard Haddon, mercer, mayor 1512; Thomas Burnell, mercer, 1548 ; Thomas Morley, gentleman, 1566 ; Sir John Radcliffe, knight, 1568 ; and Dame Anne his wife, 1585 ; Chapone, a Florentine gentleman, 1582 ; Sir Hamond Vaughan, knight ; George Stoddard, merchant; &c. Then have ye out of Tower street, also on the north side, one other lane, called Marte lane, which runneth up towards the north, and is for the most part of this Tower street ward ; which lane is about the third quarter thereof divided from Aldgate ward, by a chain to be drawn athwart the said lane, above the west end of Hart street. Cokedon hall, sometime at the south-west end of Marte lane, I read of*. A third iane out of Tower street, on the north side, is called Mincheon lane, so called of tene¬ ments there sometime pertaining to the Minchuns or nuns of St. Helen’s in Bishopsgate street. This lane is all of the said ward, except the corner house towards Fencliurch street. In this lane of old time dwelt divers strangers, born of Genoa and those parts ; these were commonly called galley men, as men that came up in the galleys brought up wines and other merchandises, which they landed in Thames street, at a place called Galley key ; they had a certain coin of silver amongst themselves, which were halfpence of Genoa, and were called Galley halfpence ; these halfpence were forbidden in the Kith of Henry IV., and again by parliament in the 4th of Henry V. It was, that if any person bring into this realm half¬ pence, suskinges, or dodkins, he should be punished as a thief ; and he that taketh or payeth such money shall leese a hundred shillings, whereof the king shall have the one half, and he that will sue the other half. Notwithstanding, in my youth, I have seen them pass current, but with some diffi¬ culty, for that the English halfpence were tlun, though not so broad, somewhat thicker and stronger. The Clothworkers’ hall is in this lane. Then at the west end of Tower street have ye a little turn¬ ing towards the north to a fair house sometime belonging to one named Griste, for he dwelt there in the year 1449. And Jack Cade, captain of the * “ Woodroffe lane towardes the Tower in this parish." — 1st edition, p. 97. Tower street ward. Grist’s house. Bakers’ hall. OF LONDON. Tower street ward. St. Dunstan in the East. Wool wharf. 51 rebels in Kent, being by him in this his house feasted, when he had dined, like an unkind guest, robbed him of all that was there to be found worth the carriage. Next to this is one other fair house, sometime built by Angell Dune, grocer, alderman of London, since possessed by Sir John Champneis, alderman, and mayor of London. He built in this house a high tower of brick, the first that I ever heard of in any private man’s house, to overlook his neighbours in this city. But this delight of his eye was punished with blindness some years before his death. Since that time, Sir l’ercevall Hart, a jolly courtier, and knight-harbinger * to the queen, was lodged there, &c. From this house, some¬ what west, is the parish church of St. Margaret’s Pattens ; to the which church and house, on the north side, and as far over against on the south, stretcheth the farthest west part of this ward. And, therefore, to begin again at the east end of Tower street, on the south side, have ye Beare lane, wherein are many fair houses, and runneth down to Thames street. The next is Sporiar lane, of old time so called, but since and of later time named Water lane, because it runneth down to the water gate by the Custom house in Thames street. Then is there Hart lane for Harpe lane, which likewise runneth down into Thames street. In this Hart lane is the Bakers’ hall, sometime the dwell¬ ing house of John Chichley, chamberlain of Lon¬ don, who was son to William Chichley, alderman of London, brother to William Chichley, arch¬ deacon of Canterburie, nephew to Robert Chichley, mayor of London, and to Henry Chichley, arch¬ bishop of Canterburie. This John Chichley, saith John Leland, had twenty-four children. Sir Thomas Kirrioll, of Kent, after he had been long prisoner in France, married Elizabeth, one of the daughters of this Chichley, by whom he had this Chichley’s house. This Elizabeth was secondly married to Sir Ralfe Ashton, knight-marshal, and thirdly, to Sir John Burchier, uncle to the late Burchier, Earl of Essex, but she never had child. Edward Poynings made part with Burchier and Elizabeth, to have Ostenhanger in Kent, after their death, and entered into it, they living. In Tower street, between Hart lane and Church lane, was a quadrant called Galley row, because galley men dwelt there. Then have ye two lanes out of Tower street, both called Church lanes, because one runneth down by the east end of St. Dunstan’s church, and the other by the west end of the same ; out of the west lane turneth another lane west towards St. Marie hill, and is called Fowle lane, which is for the most part in Tower streetward. This church of St. Dunstone is called, in the east, for difference from one other of the same name • Full particulars of the duties attached to the office which was filled by this “ jolly ” old courtier of the queen’s, may be gathered from the Ordinances made at Eltham by Henry VIII., and the other valuable documents of a similar nature which were printed by the Society of Antiquaries, under the title of A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household, Sfc. 4 to, 171)0. It may be stated that these duties consisted, as the name of the office implies, in providing for the proper accommodation and harbourage of the king and royal family when the court moved in Progresses. The gentleman-harbinger made the same provision for the great officers of state, and the yeoman- harbinger for the rest of the retinue. in the west; it is a fair and large church of an ancient building, and within a large churchyard ; it hath a great parish of many rich merchants, and other occupiers of divers trades, namely suiters and ironmongers. The monuments in that church be these : — In the choir, John Ivenington, parson, there buried 1374 ; William Islip, parson, 1382 ; John Kryoll, esq., brother to Thomas Kryoll, 1400 ; Nicholas Bond, Thomas Barry, merchant, 1445 ; Robert Shelly, esq., 1420 ; Robert Pepper, grocer, 1445 ; John Norwich, grocer, 1390 ; Alice Bronte, wife to John Coventry, sometime mayor of London, 1433 ; William Isaack, draper, alderman, 1508 ; Edward Skales, merchant, 1521 ; John Ricroft, esq , ser¬ geant of the larder to Henry VII. and Henry VIII., 1532 ; Edwaters, esq., sergeant-at-arms, 1558 ; Sir Bartholomew James, draper, mayor 1479, buried under a fair monument with his lady ; Ralfe Greenway, grocer, alderman, put under the stone of Robert Pepper, 1559 ; Thomas Bledlow, one of the sheriffs 1472 ; James Bacon, fishmonger, sheriff, 1573 ; Sir Richard Champion, draper, mayor 1508 ; Henry Herdson, skinner, alderman, 1555 ; Sir James Garnado, knight ; William Ha- riot, draper, mayor 1481, buried in a fair chapel by him built, 1517 ; John Tate, son to Sir John Tate, in the same chapel in the north wall ; Sir Christo¬ pher Draper, ironmonger, mayor 1500, buried 1580. And many other worshipful personages besides, whose monuments are altogether defaced. Now for the two Church lanes, they meeting on the south side of this church and church yard, do join in one, and running down to the Thames street, the same is called St. Dunstan’s hill, at the lower end whereof the said Thames street towards the west on both sides almost to Belin’s gate, but towards the east up to the water gate, by the bul¬ wark of the Tower, is all of Tower street ward. In this street, on the Thames side,are divers large landing-places called wharfs or keys, for craneage up of wares and merchandise, as also for shipping of wares from thence to be transported. These wharfs and keys commonly bear the names of their owners, and are therefore changeable. I read, in the 28th of Henry VI., that in the parish of St. Dunstone in the east, a tenement, called Passeke’s wharf, and another called Horner’s key, in Thames street, were granted to William Harindon, esq. I read also, that in the 6th of Richard II., John Church¬ man, grocer, for the quiet of merchants, did newly build a certain house upon the key, called Wool wharf, in the Tower street ward, in the parish of Allhallows Barking, betwixt the tenement of Paule Salisberrie on the east part, and the lane called the water gate on the west, to serve for tronage *, or weighing of wools in the port of London ; whereupon the king granted that during the life of the said John, the aforesaid tronage should be held and kept in the said house, with easements there for the balances and weights, and * The term troynage, or tronage, is obviously allied to that weight now called Troy, but formerly Trone weigh' ; and which it is stated in Strype's Stow, ii. p 369, was in the time of the Saxons called the Hustings weights of London, and kept in the Hustings. So an ancient record in the Bonk of Ramsay, sects. 32 and 127:— “I, Ethelgina Countess, do bequeath two silver cups of twelve marks of the Hustings weight of London.” E 2 I - - Tower street ward. Tower street ward. 52 Wool wharf by Customer’s key. STOW’S SURVEY Demon’s hospital for frenzied people. Tronage of wools. Aldgate ward. a counting place for the customer, controllers, clerks, and other officers of the said tronage, toge¬ ther with ingress and egress to and from the same, even as was had in other places, where the said tronage was wont to be kept, and that the king should pay yearly to the said John during his life forty shillings at the terms of St. Michael and Easter, by even portions, by the hands of his cus¬ tomer, without any other payment to the said John, as in the indenture thereof more at large appeareth. Near unto this Customer’s key towards the east, is the said water gate, and west from it Porter’s key, then Galley key, where the gallies were used to unlade and land their merchandises and wares ; and that part of Thames street was therefore of some called Galley row, but more commonly Petty Wales. On the north side, as well as on the south of this Thames street, are many fair houses large for stow¬ age, built for merchants ; but towards the east end thereof, namely, over against Galley key, Wool key, and the Custom house, there have been of old time some large buildings of stone, the ruins whereof do yet remain, but the first builders and owners of them are worn out of memory, where¬ fore the common people affirm Julius Caesar to be the builder thereof, as also of the Tower itself. But thereof 1 have spoken already. Some are of another opinion, and that a more likely, that this great stone building was sometime the lodging appointed for the princes of Wales, when they re¬ paired to this city, and that, therefore, the street in that part is called Petty Wales, which name remaineth there most commonly until this day, even as wljere the kings of Scotland were used to be lodged betwixt Charing cross and White hall, it is likewise called Scotland, and where the earls of Britons were lodged without Aldersgate, the street is called Britain street, &c. The said building might of old time pertain to the princes of Wales, as is aforesaid, but is since turned to other use. It is before noted of Galley key, that the galleys of-Italie, and other parts, did there discharge their wines and merchandises brought to this city. It is like, therefore, that the merchants and owners procured the place to build upon for their lodgings and storehouses, as the merchants of theHaunceof Almaine were licensed to have a house, called Gild a Teutonicorvm, the Guild hall of the Germans. Also the merchants of Burdeaux were licensed to build at theVintry, strongly with stone, as may be yet seen, and seemeth old, though often repaired ; much more cause have these buildings in Petty Wales, though as lately built, and partly of the like stone brought from Caen in Normandie, to seem old, which for many years, to wit, since the galleys left their course of landing there *, hath fallen to min, and been let out for stabling of horses, to tipplers of beer, and such like ; amongst others, one Mother Mampudding (as they termed her) for many years kept this house, or a great part thereof, for victual¬ ling ; and it seemeth that the builders of the hall of this house were shipwrights, and not house car¬ penters ; for the frame thereof (being but low) is raised of certain principal posts of main timber, fixed deep in the ground, without any groundsell,- * “ No gallies landed here in memorie of men living.” — Stow. boarded close round about on the inside, having none other wall from the ground to the roof, those boards not exceeding the length of a clap board, about an inch thick, every board lodging over other as in a ship or galley, nailed with ship nails called rough and clench, to wit, rough nails with broad round heads, and clenched on the other side with square plates of iron. The roof of this hall is also wrought of the like board, and nailed with rough and clench, and seemeth as it were a galley, the keel turned upwards ; and I observed that no worm or rottenness is seen to have entered either board or timber of that hall, and therefore, in mine opinion, of no great antiquity *. I read, in 44th of Edward III., that a hospital in the parish of Barking church was founded by Robert Denton, chaplain, for the sustentation of poor priests, and other both men and women, that were sick of the frenzy, there to remain till they were perfectly whole, and restored to good memory. Also I read, that in the 6th of Henry V. there was in the Tower ward a messuage, or great house, called Cobham’s inn ; and in the 37th of Henry VI. a messuage in Thames street pertaining to Richard Longvile, &c. Some of the ruins before spoken of may seem to be of the foresaid hospital, belonging peradventure to some prior alien, and so suppressed among the rest in the reign of Edward III. or Henry V., who suppressed them all. Thus much for the bounds and antiquities of this ward, w herein is noted the Tower of London, three parish churches, the custom house, and two halls of com¬ panies, to wit, the clothworkers and the bakers. This ward hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors eight, constables thirteen, scavengers twelve, wardmote men thirteen, and a beadle ; it is taxed to the fifteenth at six and tw r enty pounds f. ALDGATE WARD. The second ward within the wall, on the east part, is called Aldgate ward, as taking name of the same gate. The principal street of this ward beginneth at Aldgate, stretching west to sometime a fair well, where now a pump is placed ; from thence the way being divided into twain, the first and principal street is called Aldgate street, runneth on the south side to Lime street corner, and half that street down on the left hand is also of that ward. In the mid way on that south side, betwixt Aid- gate and Lime street, is Hart horn alley, a way that goeth through into Fenclmrch street over against Northumberland house. Then have ye the Bricklayers’ hall, and another alley called Sprinckle alley, now named Sugarloafe alley, of the like sign. Then is there a fair house, with divers tenements near adjoining, sometime belonging to a late dis¬ solved priory, since possessed by Mistress Corne- wallies, widow, and her heirs, by gift of Henry VIII., in reward of fine puddings J (as it was com- * “ But I leave every man to his own judgment, and pass to other matters.”—Ut ed'tion , p. 101. t “ It is taxed to the fifteene at forty-six pounds, and accounted in the Exchequer at forty-five pounds ten shil¬ lings.”—1st edition, p. 102. t This rumour, if not altogether confirmed by the entries in Henry’s Privy Purse Expenses , where we read, not only of rewards to my Lady Darrell’s servant for bringing capons and puddings to the king, and to Robert Shere for bringing brawn and puddings to the king from my Lady Weston ; hut Aldgate ward. Buries Marks, now Bevis Marks. Priory of the Holy Trinity. monly said) by iter made, wherewith she had pre¬ sented him. Such was the princely liberality of those times. Of later time Sir Nicholas Throg¬ morton, knight, was lodged there. Then, some¬ what more west is Belzettar’s lane, so called of the first builder and owner thereof, now corruptly called Billitar lane. Betwixt this Belzetter lane and Lime street was of later time a frame of three fair houses, set up in the year 1590, in place where before was a large garden plot, enclosed from the high street with a brick wall, which wall being taken down, and the ground dug deep for cellarage, there was found right under the said brick wall another wall of stone, with a gate arched of stone, and gates of timber to be closed in the midst towards the street ; the timber of the gates was consumed, but the hinges of iron still remained on their staples on both the sides. Moreover, in that wall were square windows, with bars of iron on either side of the gate. This wall was under ground about two fathoms deep, as I then esteemed it, and seemeth to be the ruins of some houses burned in the reign of King Stephen, when the fire began in the house of one Alewarde, near London stone, and consumed east to Aldgate, whereby it appeareth how greatly the ground of this city hath been in that place raised. On the north side this principal street stretcheth to the west corner of St. Andrewe’s church, and then the ward turneth towards the north by St. Marie street, on the east side to St. Augustine’s church in the wall, and so by Buries markes again, or about by the wall to Aldgate. The second way from Aldgate, more towards the south, from the pump aforesaid, is called Fen- clmrch street, and is of Aldgate ward till ye come to Culver alley, on the west side of Ironmongers hall, where sometime was a lane which went out of Fenchurch street to the middest of Lime street, but this lane was stopped up for suspicion of thieves that lurked thereby night. Again to Aldgate, out of the principal street, even by the gate and wall of the city, runneth a lane south to Crowched Friers, and then Woodroffe lane to the Tower hill, and out of this lane west a street called Hart street, which of that ward stretcheth to Sydon lane by St. (Have’s church. One other lane more west from Aldgate gocth by Northumberland house toward the Crossed Friers ; then have ye on the same side the north end of Mart lane and Blanch Apleton, where that ward endeth. Thus much for the bounds ; now for monu¬ ments, or places most ancient and notable. I am first to begin with the late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity, called Christ’s church, on the right hand within Aldgate. This priory was founded by Matilda, queen, wife to Henry I., in the same place where Siredus sometime began to erect a church in honour of the Cross and of St. Marie Magdalen, of which the Dean and Chapter of Waltham were wont to receive thirty shillings. The queen was to acquit her church thereof, and in exchange gave unto them a mill. King Henry also, uiuler date of the 2Gth Oct. 1530 :—“ Item, The same daye paid to the wife that made the king podings at Hamp¬ ton corte, vj*. viijd.” seems in conjunction with these entries, at least to establish the fact, that Henry liked “ fine pud¬ dings.” Aldgate ward. The priors of Christ church 53 aldermen of London. confirmed her gift. This church was given to Norman, first canon regular in all England. The said queen also gave unto the same church, and those that served God therein, the plot of Aldgate, and the soke thereunto belonging, with all customs so free as she had held the same, and twenty-five pound blankes, which she had of the city of Exces- ter, as appeareth by her deed, wherein she nameth the house Christ’s church, and reporteth Aldgate to be of her domains, which she granteth, with two parts of the rent of the city of Excester. Norman took upon him to be prior of Christ’s church, in the year of Christ 1108, in the parishes of St. Mary Magdalen, St. Michael, St. Katherine, and the Blessed Trinity, which now was made but one parish of the Holy Trinity, and was in old time of the Holy Cross or Holy Rood parish. The priory was built on a piece of ground in the parish of St. Katherine towards Aldgate, which lieth in length betwixt the King’s street, by the which men go towards Aldgate, near to the chapel of St. Michael towards the north, and contaiueth in length eighty- three ells, half, quarter, and half-quarter of the king’s iron eln, and lieth in breadth, Ac. The soke and ward of Aldgate was then bounded as I have before showed. The queen was a means also that the land and English Knighten Guild was given unto the prior Norman : the honourable man, Geffrey de Clinton, was a great helper therein, and obtained that the canons might enclose the way betwixt their church and the wall of the city', &c. This priory, in process of time, became a very fair and large church, rich in lands and orna¬ ments, and passed all the priories in the city of London or shire of Middlesex ; the prior whereof was an alderman of London, to wit, of l’ortsokenward. I read, that Eustacius, the eighth prior, about the year 1204, because he would not deal with temporal matters, instituted Theobald Fit/, 1 voids, alderman of l’ortsoken ward under him, and that William Rising, prior of Christ’s church, was sworn alderman of the said Portsoken ward in the 1st of Richard II. These priors have sitten and ridden amongst the aldermen of London, in livery like unto them, saving that his habit was in shape of a spiritual person, as I myself have seen in my child¬ hood ; at which time the prior kept a most bounti¬ ful house of meat and drink, both for rich and poor, as well within the house as at the gates, to all comers, according to their estates. These were the monuments in this church :— Sir Robert Turke, and Dame Alice his w ife ; John Tirell, esquire ; Simon Kempe, esquire ; James Manthorpe, esquire ; John Aseue, esquire ; Thomas Fauset, of Scalset, esquire; John Kempe, gentle¬ man ; Robert Chirwide, esquire ; Sir John He- ningham, and Dame Isabel his wife ; Dame Agnes, wife first to Sir William Bardolph, and then to Sir Thomas Mortimer; John Ashfield, esquire; Sir John Dedham, knight; Sir Ambrose Charcam; Joan, wife to Thomas Nuck, gentleman ; John llusse, esquire ; John Beringham, esquire ; Tho¬ mas Goodwinc, esquire ; Ralph Walles, esquire ; Dame Margaret, daughter to Sir Ralph Chevie, wife to Sir John Barkeley, to Sir Thomas Barnes, and to Sir W. Bursirc ; William Roofe ; Simon Francis ; John Breton, esquire ; Helling, esquire ; John Malwen and his wife ; Antho¬ nie Weis, son to John Weis ; Nicholas de Ave- OF LONDON. Aldgate ward. Aldgate ward. 54 Priory of the Holy Trinity STOW’S SURVEY St. Andrew Undershaft.—The shaft surrendered and suppressed. preached against at Paul’s Cross. sev, and Margarie liis wife ; Anthonie, son to John Milles ; Baldwine, son to King Stephen, and Ma- thilde, daughter to King Stephen, wife to the Earl of Meulan ; Henry Fitzalwine, mayor of London, 1218 ; Geffrey Mandevile, 1215 ; and many other. But to conclude of this priory : King Henry VIII., minding to reward Sir Thomas Audley, speaker of the parliament against Cardinal Wolsey, as ye may read in Hall, sent for the prior, commending him for his hospitality, promised him preferment, as a man worthy of a far greater dignity, which pro¬ mise surely he performed, and compounded with him, though in what sort I never heard, so that the prior surrendered all that priory, with the appur¬ tenances, to the king, in the month of July, in the year 1531, the 23rd of the said king’s reign. The canons were sent to other houses of the same order, and the priory, with the appurtenances, King Henry gave to Sir Thomas Audley, newly knighted, and after made lord chancellor. Sir Thomas Audley offered the great church of this priory, with a ring of nine bells well tuned, (whereof four the greatest were since sold to the parish of Stebunliith, and the five lesser to the pa¬ rish of St Stephen in Coleman street,) to the pa¬ rishioners of St. Katherine Christ church, in ex¬ change for their small parish church, minding to have pulled it down, and to have built there towards the street ; but the parishioners having doubts in their heads of after-claps, refused the offer. Then was the priory church and steeple proffered to whomsoever would take it down, and carry it from the ground, but no man would undertake the offer ; whereupon Sir Thomas Audley was fain to be at more charges than could be made of the stones, timber, lead, iron, &c.4 For the workmen, with great labour, beginning' at the top, loosed stone from stone, and threw them down, whereby the most part of them were broken, and few remained whole ; and those were sold very cheap, for all the buildings then made about the city were of brick and timber. At that time any man in the city might have a cart-load of hard stone for paving brought to his door for six-pence or seven-pence, with the carriage.y The said Thomas Lord Audley built and dwelt on Ibis priory during his life, and died there in the year 1544 ; since the which time the said priory came by marriage of the Lord Audley’s daughter and heir unto Thomas, late Duke of Nor¬ folk, and was then called the Duke’s place. The parish church of St. Katherine standeth in the cemetery of the late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity, and is therefore called St. Katherine Christ church. This church seemetli to be very old ; since the building whereof the high street hath been so often raised by pavements, that now men are fain to descend into the said church by divers steps, seven in number. But the steeple, or bell- tower thereof, hath been lately built, to wit, about the year 1504 ; for Sir John Percivall, merchant- tailor, then deceasing, gave money towards the building thereof. There be the monuments of Sir Thomas Fleming, knight of Rowles, in Essex, and Margaret his wife, 1404 ; Roger Marshall, esquire ; Jane Horne, wife to Roger Marshall ; William Multon, alias Burdeaux herald ; John Goad, esquire, and Joan his wife ; Beatrix, daughter to William Browne ; Thomas Multon, esquire, son to Burdeaux, herald ; John Cliiteroft, esquire ; John Wakefielde, esquire ; William Criswicke ; Anne and Sewch, daughters to Ralph Shirley, esquire ; Sir John Rainsford, knight of Essex ; Sir Nicholas Throkmorton, chief butler of England, one of the chamberlains of the exchequer, ambassador, &c., 1570, and other. At the north-west corner of this ward, in the said high street, standeth the fair and beautiful parish church of St. Andrew the Apostle ; with an addition, to be known from other churches of that name, of the knape * or undershaft ; and so called St. Andrew Undershaft, because that of old time, every year on May-day in the morning, it was used, that an high or long shaft, or May-pole, was set up tliere, in the midst of the street, before the south side of the said church ; which shaft, when it was set on end and fixed in the ground, was higher than the church steeple. Geffrey Chaucer, writing of a vain boaster, hath these words, meaning of the said shaft : “ Right well aloft, and high ye beare your lieade, The weather cocke, with flying, as ye would kill, When ye be stutfed, bet of wine, then brede, Then looke ye, when your wombe doth fill, As ye would beare the great shaft of Cornehill, Lord, so merrily crowdeth then your croke, That all the streete may heare your body cloke t.” This shaft was not raised at any time since evil May-day (so called of an insurrection made by ap¬ prentices and other young persons against aliens in the year 1517) ; but the said shaft was laid along over the doors, and under the pentises of one row of houses and alley gate, called of the shaft Shaft alley (being of the possessions of Rochester bridge), in the ward of Lime street. It was there, I say, hung on iron hooks many years, till the third of King Edward VI., that one Sir Stephen, curate of St. Katherine Christ’s church, preaching at Paulcs cross, said there that this shaft was made an idol, by naming the church of St. Andrew with the ad¬ dition of “under that shaft he persuaded there¬ fore that the names of churches might be altered ; also that the names of days in the week might be changed ; the fish days to be kept any days except Friday and Saturday, and the Lent any time, save only betwixt Shrovetide and Easter. I have oft times seen this man, forsaking the pulpit of his said parish church, preach out of a high elm-tree X in the midst of the churchyard, and then entering the church, forsaking the altar, to have sung his high mass in English upon a tomb of the dead towards the north. 1 heard his sermon at Paule’s cross, and I saw the effect that followed ; for in the afternoon of that present Sunday, the neigh¬ bours and tenants to the said bridge, over whose doors the said shaft had lain, after they had well * Knape, from the Anglo-Saxon Cntep, Ciuepp, which Bos worth in his Dictionary defines “ the top, cop, knop. button." Those who are of opinion that Happy the age, and harmless were the days, When every village did a Maypole raise, are referred for full particulars of this old custom to Sir Henry Ellis’ edition of Brand's Popular Antiquities, i. 135, et seq. t Stow, in his marginal note to these lines, says, “Chau¬ cer, Chance of Dice." No such poem, however, is attributed to Chaucer by his best editor Tyrwhitt, nor preserved among the additions which worthy John Stow himself included in his edition of the poet’s works published in 1561. J “ The said elm-tree, his preaching place, is lately taken down.” — Stow. Aldgate ward. Aldgate ward. Bailiff of Romford OF LONDON. Monuments in St. Andrew Undershaft. 55 executed. Tile Papey. \ 1 dined, to make themselves strong, gathered more help, and with great labour raising the shaft from the hooks, whereon it had rested two and-thirty years, they sawed it in pieces, every man taking for his share so much as had lain over his door and stall, the length of his house ; and they of the alley divided among them so much as had lain over their alley gate. Thus was this idol (as he * termed it) mangled, and after burned. Soon after was there a commotion of the com¬ mons in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and other shires ; by means whereof, straight orders being taken for the suppression of rumours, divers per¬ sons were apprehended and executed by martial law ; amongst the which the bailiff of Rorafort, in Essex, was one, a man very well beloved : he was early in the morning of Mary Magdalen’s day, then kept holiday, brought by the sheriffs of London and the knight-marshal to the well within Aldgate, there to be executed upon a gibbet set up that morning, where, being on the ladder, he had words to this effect: “ Good people, I am come hither to die, but know not for what offence, except for words by me spoken yesternight to Sir Stephen, curate and preacher of this parish, which were these : He asked me, ‘What news in the country?’ I an¬ swered, ‘ Heavy news.’ ‘ Why?’ quoth he. ‘ It is said,’ quoth I, ‘that many men be up in Essex, but, thanks be to God, all is in good quiet about us :’ and this was all, as God be my judge,” &c. Upon these words of the prisoner, Sir Stephen, to avoid repruach of the people, left the city, and was never heard of since amongst them to my know¬ ledge. I heard the words of the prisoner, for he was executed upon the pavement of my door where I then kept house. Thus much by digression : now again to the parish church of St. Andrew Under¬ shaft, for it still retaineth the name, which hath been new built by the parishioners there since the year 1520 ; every man putting to his helping hand, some with their purses, other with their bodies. Steven Gennings, merchant-tailor, sometime mayor of London, caused at his charges to be built f the whole north side of the great middle aisle, both of the body and choir, as appeareth by his arms over every pillar graven, and also the north isle, which he roofed with timber and sealed ; also the whole south side of the church was glazed, and the pews in the south chapel made of his costs, as appeareth in every window, and upon the said pews. He de¬ ceased in the year 1524, and was buried in the Grey friars church. John Kerkbie, merchant-tailor, sometime one of the sheriffs, John Garlande, mer¬ chant tailor, and Nicholas Levison, mercer, exe¬ cutor to Garlande, were great benefactors to this work ; which was finished to the glazing in the year 15211, and fully finished 1532. Buried in this church J : Philip Malpas, one of the sheriffs, 143!); Sir Robert Dennie, knight, and after him Thomas Dennie, his son, in the year 1421 ; Thomas Stokes, gentleman, grocer, I486. In the new church : John Nichell, merchant-tailor, 1537 ; William Draper, esquire, 1537 ; Isabell and Mar¬ garet, his wives ; Nicholas Levison, mercer, one of the sheriffs, 1534 ; John Gerrarde, woolman, mer- • “ As he, poore mail, tearmed it.”—1st edition, p. 108. t “The one halfe, to wit.” — 1 st edition, p. 109. t “ The monuments of the dead, buried in this church, are these.”—is/ edition, p. 109. chant of the staple, 1546 ; Henry Man, doctor of divinity, bishop of Man, 1550 ; Stephen Kyrton, merchant-tailor, alderman, 1553 ; David Wood- roff'e, haberdasher, one of the sheriffs, 1554 ; Ste¬ phen Woodroffe, his son, gave one hundred pounds in money, for the which the poor of that parish re¬ ceive two shillings in bread weekly for ever ; Sir Thomas Offley, merchant-tailor, mayor, 1556 ; he bequeathed the one half of all his goods to cha¬ ritable actions, but the parish received little benefit thereby ; Thomas Starkey, skinner, one of the she¬ riffs, 1578 ; Hugh Offley, leatherseller, one of the sheriffs, 1588 ; William Ilanbury, baker. Now down St. Mary street, by the west end of the church towards the north, stand divers fair houses for merchants and other ; namely, one fail- great house, built by Sir William Pickering the father, possessed by Sir William his son, and since by Sir Edward Wootton of Kent. North from this place is the Fletchers’ hall, and so down to the corner of that street, over against London wall, and against eastwards to a fair house lately new built, partly by Master Robert Beale, one of the c.ei k of the council. Then come you to the Papey, a proper house, wherein sometime was kept a fraternity or brother¬ hood of St. Charity and St. John Evangelist, called the Papey *, for poor impotent priests (for in some language priests are called papes), founded in the year 1430 by William Oliver, William Barnabie, and John Stafford, chaplains or chantry priests in London, for a master, two wardens, &c., chaplains, chantry priests, conducts f, and other brethren and sisters, that should be admitted into the church of St. Augustine Papey in the wall. The brethren of this house becoming lame, or otherwise into great poverty, were here relieved, as to have chambers, with certain allowance of bread, drink, and coal, and one old man and his wife to see them served and to keep the house clean. This brotherhood, among others, was suppressed in the reign of Ed¬ ward VI. ; since the which time in this house hath been lodged Master Moris of Essex ; Sir Francis Walsingham, principal secretary to her majesty ; Master Barret of Essex, &c. Then next is one great house, large of rooms, fair courts, and garden-plots; somet imes pertaining to the Bassets, since that to the abbots of Bury in Suffolk, and therefore called Buries markes, cor¬ ruptly Bevis markes, and since the dissolution of the abbey of Bury, to Thomas Henage the father, and to Sir Thomas his son. Then next unto it is the before-spoken priory of the Holy Trinity ; to wit, the west and north part thereof, which stretch- eth up to Aldgate, where we first began. Now in the second way from Aldgate, more * Though one can scarcely donlit the accuracy of Stow's derivation of the name Papuv, without incurring the risk of being considered ‘ fantasgue comnie la mule du Pape,' ne¬ vertheless, as priests are called paaps in no other modern language than the Dutch and Flemish, it would seem more reasonable to derive the name Papey from the Latin Pappus, or from the old French Papoage, which Roquefort, in his Glossaire de la Langue Remain, defines “ heritage, bien patri¬ monial.” t The following definition of the old French conducher, given by Roquefort, may serve to explain Stow's meaning : —“ Esp£ce du derc du Clianoines, et Chanoine du second rang.” Aldgate ward. Crutched Friars’ church. Monuments therein. STOW’S SURVEY Aldgate ward. Almshouses by Crutched Friars. Lord Lumley’s house. 5G toward the south from the well or pump aforesaid, lieth Fenue church street; on the right hand whereof, somewhat west from the south end of Belzetter’s lane, is the Ironmongers’ hall ; which company was incorporated in the 3rd of Ed¬ ward IV. Richard Fleming was their first mas¬ ter ; Nicholas Marshall and Richard Cox were custos, or wardens. And on the left hand, or south side, even by the gate and wall of the city, runneth down a lane to the Tower hill ; the south part whereof is called Woodroffe lane, and out of this lane toward the west a street called Hart street. In this street, at the south-east corner thereof, sometime stood one house of Crouched (or crossed) friars, founded by Ralph Ilosiar and William Sa- bernes about the year 1298. Stephen, the tenth prior of the Holy Trinity in London, granted three tene¬ ments for 13s. HI. by the year unto the said Ralph Ilosiar and William Sabernes, who afterwards be¬ came friars of St. Crosse ; Adam was the first prior of that house. These friars founded their house in place of certain tenements purchased of Richard Wimbush, the twelfth prior of the Holy Trinity, in the year 1319, which was confirmed by Edward III. the 17th of his reign, valued at 52 l. 13s. 4rL, sur¬ rendered the twelfth of November, the 30th of Henry VIII. In this house was huried Master John Times ; Nicholas, the son of William Kyriell, esquire ; Sir Thomas Mellington, baron of We- messe, and Dame Elizabeth his wife, daughter and heir of William Botelar, baron of Wome ; Robert Mellington, esquire, and Elizabeth his wife, daugh¬ ter to Ferreis of Ousley ; Henry Lovell, son to William Lord Lovell; Dame Isabel, wife to Wil¬ liam Edwarde, mayor of London, 1471 : William Narborough, and Dame Elizabeth his wife ; Wil¬ liam Narborough, and Dame Beatrix his wife ; Wil¬ liam Brosked, esquire ; William Bowes ; Lionel Mollington, esquire, son of Robert Mollington ; Nicholas Couderow, and Elizabeth his wife ; Sir John Stratford, knight ; Sir Thomas Asseldy, knight, clerk of the crown, sub-marshal of England, and justice of the shire of Middlesex ; John Rest, grocer, mayor of London, 151G ; Sir John Skeving- ton, knight, merchant-tailor, sheriff, 1520 ; Sir John Milborne, draper, mayor in the year 1520, was buried there, but removed since to St. Ed- mondes in Lombard street; Sir Rice Grifith, be¬ headed on the Tower hill, 1531. In place of this church is now a carpenters’ yard, a tennis court, and such like ; the friars’ hall was made a glass-house, or house wherein was made glass of divers sorts to drink in ; which house in the year 1575, on the 4th of September, burst out into a terrible fire, where being practised all means possible to quench, notwithstanding as the same house in a small time before had consumed a great quantity of wood by making of glasses, now itself having within it about forty thousand billets of wood, was all consumed to the stone walls, which nevertheless greatly hindered the fire from spread¬ ing any further. Adjoining unto this friars’ church, by the east end thereof in Woodroffe lane towards the Tower hill, are certain proper alms houses, fourteen in number, built of brick and timber, founded by Sir John Milborne, draper, sometime mayor, 1521, wherein he placed thirteen aged poor men and i their wives, if they have wives : these have their dwellings rent free, and 2s. 4d. the piece, the first day of every month, for ever. One also is to have his house over the gate, and 4s. every month : more, he appointed every Sunday for ever, thirteen penny loaves of white bread, to be given in the parish church of St. Edmonde in Lombard street, to thirteen poor people of that parish ; and the like thirteen loaves to be given in the parish church of St. Michael upon Cornhill, and in either parish every year one load of chare coal, of thirty sacks in the load ; and this gift to be continued for ever : for performance whereof, by the master and war¬ dens of the drapers in London, he assured unto them and their successors twenty-three messuages and tenements, and eighteen garden-plots, in the parish of St. Olave in Hart street; with proviso, that if they perform not those points* above-men¬ tioned, the said tenements and gardens to remain to the mayor and commonalty of the city of London. Next to these alms houses is the Lord Lumley’s house, built in the time of King Henry VIII. by Sir Thomas Wiat the father, upon one plot of groin id of late pertaining to the foresaid Crossed friars, where part of their house stood : and this is the farthest part of Aldgate ward towards the south, and joineth to the Tower hill. The other side of that line, over against the Lord Lumley’s house, on the wall side of the city, is now for the most part (or altogether) built even to Aldgate. Then have you on the south side of Fenchurcli street, over against the well or pump, amongst other fair and large built houses, one that some¬ time belonged to the prior of Monte Juves, or Mo¬ nastery Cornute, a cell to Monte Joves beyond the seas, in Essex : it was the prior’s inn, when he re¬ paired to this city. Then a lane that leadeth down by Northumberland house towards the Crossed friars, as is afore showed. This Northumberland house, in the parish of St. Katherine Colman, belonged to Henry Pereie, Earl of Northumberland, in the 33rd of Henry VI., but of late being left by the earls, the gardens thereof were made into bowling alleys, and other parts into dicing houses, common to all comers for their money, there to bowle and hazard ; but now of late so many bowling alleys, and other houses for un¬ lawful gaming, hath been raised in other parts of the city and suburbs, that this their ancient and only patron of misrule, is left and forsaken of her gamesters, and therefore turned into a number of great rents, small cottages, for strangers and others. At the east end of this lane, in the way from Aldgate tow ai d the Crossed friars, of old time were certain tenements called the poor Jurie, of Jews dwelling there. Next unto this Northumberland house is the parish church of St. Katherine, called Coleman ; which addition of Coleman was taken of a great haw-yard t, or garden, of old time called Coleman haw,in the parish of the Trinity, now called Christ’s church, and in the parish of St. Katherine and All Saints called Coleman church. Then have you Blanch Apleton ; whereof I read, in the 13tli of Edward I., that a lane behind the • “ These poyntes not performed. The Drapers have un¬ lawfully solde these tenements and garden plots, and the poore be wronged ”— Stow. t From the Anglo-Saxon Ort-geard,—an orchard, or garden. Aldgate ward. Basket-makers at Blanch Appleton. OF LONDON. Lime street ward. saitl Blanch Apleton was granted by the king to be inclosed and shut up. This Blanch Apleton was a manor belonging to Sir Thomas Iloos of Hamelake, knight, the 7th of Richard II., standing at the north-east corner of Mart lane, so called of a pri¬ vilege sometime enjoined to keep a mart there, long since discontinued, and therefore forgotten, so as nothing remaineth for memory but the name of Mart lane, and that corruptly termed Marke lane. I read that, in the third of Edward IV., all basket- makers, wire-drawers, and other foreigners, were permitted to have shops in this manor of Blanch Apleton, and not elsewhere, within this city or suburbs thereof; and this also being the farthest west part of this ward on that south side, I leave it, with three parish churches, St. Katherine Christ church, St. Andrew Undershaft, and St. Katherine Colemans ; and three halls of companies, the Brick¬ layers’ hall, the Fletchers’ hall, and the Ironmon¬ gers’ hall. It hath an alderman, his deputy, com¬ mon councillors six, constables six, scavengers nine, wardmote men for inquest eighteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in London at five pounds *. LIME STREET WARD. The next is Lime street ward, and taketh the name of Lime street of making or selling of lime there (as is supposed) ; the east side of this Lime street, from the north corner thereof to the midst, is of Aldgate ward, as is aforesaid ; the west side, for the most part from the said north corner, south¬ ward, is of this Lime street ward ; the south end on both sides is of Langborne ward ; the body of this Lime street ward is of the high street called Cornehill street, which stretcheth from Lime street on the south side to the west corner of Leaden hall, and on the north side from the south-west corner of St. Mary street to another corner over against Leaden hall. Now for St. Mary street ; the west side thereof is of this Lime street ward, and also the street which runneth by the north end of this St. Mary street, on both sides, from thence west to an house called the Wrestlers, a sign so called, almost to Bishopsgate. And these are the bounds of this small ward. Monuments, or places notable, in this ward be these :—In Lime street are divers fair houses for merchants and others ; there was sometime a man¬ sion-house of the kings, called the King’s Artirce, whereof I find record in the 14th of Edward I., but now grown out of knowledge. I read also of another great house in the west side of Lime street, having a chapel on the south and a garden on the west, then belonging to the Lord Nevill, which garden is now called the Green yard of the Leaden hall. This house, in the 9th of Richard II., per¬ tained to Sir Simon Bui-ley, and Sir John Burley his brother ; and of late the said house was taken down, and the forefront thereof new built of timber by Hugh Offley, alderman. At the north-west corner of Lime street was of old time one great messuage called Benbrige’s inn ; Ralph Holland, draper, about the year 1452 gave it to John Gill, master, and to the wardens and fraternity of tailors and linen-armourers of St. John Baptist in Lon¬ don, and to their successors for ever. They did set up in place thereof a fair large frame of timber, • “It is taxed to the fifteene in London at 46 li., and ac¬ counted in the Exchequer to 45 1. 10s.”— 1st edition, p. 113. Lime street ward. Philip Malpas robbed. 57 The Green gate, afterwards Matas'house. containing in the high street one great house, and before it to the corner of Lime street three other tenements, the corner house being the largest, and then down Lime street divers proper tenements ; all which the merchant-tailors, in the reign of Ed¬ ward VI., sold to Stephen Kirton, merchant-tailor and alderman : he gave, with his daughter Grisild, to Nicholas Woodroffe the said great house, with two tenements before it, in lieu of a hundred pounds, and made it up in money 306/. 13s. 4 d. This worshipful man, and the gentlewoman his wi¬ dow after him, kept those houses down Lime street in good reparations, never put out but one te¬ nant, took no fines, nor raised rents of them, which was ten shillings the piece yearly : but whether that favour did overlive her funeral, the tenants now can best declare the contrary. Next unto this, on the high street, was the Lord Sowche’s messuage or tenement, and other ; in place whereof, Richard Wethell, merchant-tailor, built a fair house, with a high towel-, the second in number, and first of timber, that ever I learnt to have been built to overlook neighbours in this city. This Richard, then a young man, became in a short time so tormented with gouts in his joints, of the hands and legs, that he could neither feed him¬ self nor go further than he was led ; much less was he able to climb and take the pleasure of the height of his tower*. Then is there another fair house, built by Stephen Kirton,alderman ; Alderman Lee doth now possess it, and again new buildeth it. Then is there a fair house of old time called the Green gate ; by which name one Michael Pistoy Lumbard held it, with a tenement and nine shops in the reign of Richard II., who in the 15th of his reign gave it to Roger Crophull,and Thomas Brome- flet, esquires, by the name of the Green gate, in the parish of St. Andrew upon Cornhill, in Lime street ward ; since the which time Philip Malpas, sometime alderman, and one of the sheriffs, dwelt therein, and was there robbed and spoiled of his goods to a great value by Jack Cade, and other rebels, in the year 1449. Afterwards, in the reign of Henry VII., it was seized into the king’s hands, and then granted, first, unto John Alston, after that unto William de la Rivers, and since by Henry VIII. to John Mutas, a Picarde or Frenchman, who dwelt there, and harboured in his house many Frenchmen, that ka- lendred wolsteds, and did other things contrary to the franchises of the citizens ; wherefore on evil May-day, which was in the year 1517, the appren¬ tices and other spoiled his house ; and if they could have found Mutas, they would have stricken of!' his head. Sir Peter Mutas f, son to the said John Mutas, sold this house to David Woodroffe, alderman, whose son, Sir Nicholas Woodroffe, alder- * Stow appears to have viewed with considerable dislike the erection of buildings calculated “ to overlook neighbours in this city;” and in this case, as in that of Alderman Cliamp- neys, who built “ a high tower of brick in Tower street,” and “the del gilt of whose eye was punished with blind ness,” (see ante, p. 51,) records the misfortunes which even tually befel the builders in a tone which bespeaks his feeling that their afflictions were visitations of Providence sent for the punishment of their pride. t Sir Peter Meautys w as the immediate ancestor of Sir Thomas Meautys, the secretary of Bacon, whose portrait by Vansomer has lately been engraved by the Granger Society. Lime street ward. STOW’S SURVEY Simon Lyre leaves legacies for three free schools, &c. I-iine street ward.—Leaden porch. 58 Simon Eyre builds a granary for the city at Leadenhall. man, sold it over to John Moore, alderman, that now possesseth it. Next is a house called the Leaden porch, lately divided into two tenements ; whereof one is a ta¬ vern, and then one other house for a merchant, likewise called the Leaden porch, hut now turned to a cook’s house. Next is a fair house and a large, wherein divers mayoralties have been kept, whereof twain in my remembrance ; to wit, Sir William Bowyar and Sir Henry Huberthorne. The next is Leaden hall, of which I read, that in the year 1309 it belonged to Sir Hugh Nevill, knight, and that the Lady Alice his widow made a feoffment thereof, by the name of Leaden hall, with the advowsons of the church of St. Peter upon Cornhill, and other churches, to Richard, Earl of Arundell and Surrey, 1362. More, in the year 1380, Alice Nevill, widow to Sir John Nevill, knight, of Essex, confirmed to Thomas Gogshall and others the said manor of Leaden hall, the advowsons, &.c. In the year 1384, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, had the said manor. And in the year 1408, Robert Rikeden, of Essex, and Margaret his wife, confirmed to Richard Whittington, and other citizens of London, the said manor of Leaden hall, with the appurtenances, the advowsons of St. Peter’s church, St. Margaret’s Pattens, &c. And in the year 1411, the said Whittington and other con¬ firmed the same to the maj or and commonalty of London, whereby it came to the possession of the city. Then in the year 1443, the 21st of Henry VI., John Hatherley, mayor, purchased license of the said king to take up two hundred fother of lead, for the building of water conduits, a common granary, and the cross in West Clieape, more richly, for the honour of the city. In the year next following, the parson and parish of St. Dunston, in the east of London, seeing the famous and mighty man (for the words be in the grant, cum nubilhs et potens vir ,) Simon Eyre, citizen of London, among other his works of piety, effectually determined to erect and build a certain granary upon the soil of the same city at Leaden hall, of his own charges, for the common utility of the said city, to the amplifying and enlarg¬ ing of the said granary, granted to Henry Frowicke, then mayor, the aldermen and commonalty, and their successors for ever, all their tenements, with the appurtenances, sometime called the Horsemill, in Grasse street, for the annual rent of four pounds, Ac. Also, certain evidences of an alley and tene¬ ments pertaining to the Horsemill adjoining to the said Leaden hall in Grasse street, given by William Kingstone, fishmonger, unto the parish church of St, Peter upon Cornehill, do specify the said gra¬ nary to be built by the said honourable and famous merchant, Simon Eyre, sometime an upholsterer, and then a draper, in the year 1419. He built it of squared stone, in form as now it showeth, with a fair and large chapel in the east side of the quad¬ rant, over the porch of which he caused to be written, Dextra Domini exaltacit me (The Lord’s right hand exalted me). Within the said church, on the north wall, was written, Honorandus famosm mercator Simon Eyre hujus operis, &c. In English thus :—“ The honourable and famous merchant, Simon Eyre, founder of this work, once mayor of this city, citizen and draper of the same, departed out of this life, the 18th day of September, the year from the Incarnation of Christ 1459, and the 38th year of the reign of King Henry VI.” He was buried in the parish church of St. Mary Wool- noth, in Lombard street: he gave by his testament, which I have read, to be distributed to all prisons in London, or within a mile of that city, somewhat to relieve them. More, he gave two thousand marks, upon a condition, which not performed, was then to be distributed to maids’ marriages, and other deeds of charity ; he also gave three thousand marks to the drapers, upon condition they should, within one year after his decease, establish per¬ petually a master or warden, five secular priests, six clerks, and two choristers, to sing daily Divine service by note for ever, in his chapel of the Leaden hall ; also*, one master, with an usher,for grammar, one master for writing, and the third for song, with housing there newly built for them for ever ; the master to have for his salary ten pounds, and every other priest eight pounds, every other clerk five pounds six shillings and eight pence, and every other chorister five marks ; and if the drapers refused this to do, within one year after his decease, then the three thousand marks to remain to the prior and convent of Christ’s church in London, with condition to establish, as is aforesaid, within two years after his decease ; aud if they refused, then the three thousand marks to be disposed by his executors, as they best could devise, in works of charity. Thus much for his testament, not performed by establishing of Divine service in his chapel, or free schools for scholars ; neither how the stock of three thousand marks, or rather five thousand marks, was employed by his executors, could I ever learn. He left issue, Tho¬ mas, who had issue, Thomas, &c. True it is, that in one year, 1464, the 3d of Edward IV., it was agreed by the mayor, alderman, and commonalty of London, that notwithstanding the king’s letters patent, lately before granted unto them, touching the tronage or weighing of wares to be holden at the Leaden hall, yet suit should be made to the king for new letters patent to be granted to the mayor of the staple for the tronage of wools to be holden there, and order to be taken by the discre¬ tion of Thomas Cooke, then mayor, the counsel of the city, Geffrey Filding, then mayor of the staple at Westminster, and of the king’s council, what should be paid to the mayor and aldermen of the city, for the laying and housing of the wools there, that so they might be brought forth and weighed,&c. Touching the chapel there, I find, that in the year 1466, by license obtained of King Edward IV., in the 6th of his reign, a fraternity of the Trinity, of sixty priests, besides other brethren and sisters, in the same chapel, was founded by William Rouse, John Risbie, and Thomas Ashby priests, some of the which sixty priests, every market-day in the forenoon, did celebrate Divine service there to such market-people as repaired to prayer ; and once every year they met all together and had Solemn service, with procession of the brethren and sisters. This foundation was in the year 1512, by a common council, confirmed to the sixty Tri¬ nity priests, and to their successors, at the will of the mayor and commonalty. In the year 1484, a great fire happened upon this Leaden hall, by what casualty I know not, but * “ Three schoolemaisters, with an usher, to wit.” — 1st edition , p. 1 ]8. Lime street ward. Lime street ward. The common beam kept at OF LONDON. Bread carts from Stratford le Jjy Leadenhall. Bow. much housing was there destroyed, with all the stocks for guns, and other provision belonging to the city, which was a great loss, and no less charge to be repaired by them. In the year 1503, the 18th of Henry VII., a request was made by the commons of the city, con¬ cerning the usage of the said Leaden hall, in form as followeth :—“ Please it, the lord mayor, and common council, to enact, that all Frenchmen bringing canvass, linen cloth, and other wares to be sold,and all foreigners bringing wolsteds,sayes,stai- mus,coverings, nails, iron work, or any other wares, and also all manner of foreigners bringing lead to the city to be sold, shall bring all such their wares aforesaid to the open market of the Leaden hall, there and no where else to be sold and uttered, like as of old time it hath been used, upon pain of forfeiture of all the said wares showed or sold in any other place than aforesaid ; the show of the said wares to be made three days in the week, that is to say, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday ; it is also thought reasonable that the common beam be kept from henceforth in the Leaden hall, and the farmer to pay therefore reasonable rent to the chamber ; for better it is that the chamber have advantage thereby than a foreign person ; and also the said Leaden hall, which is more chargeable now by half than profitable, shall better bear out the charges thereof; also the common beam for wool at Leaden hall, may yearly pay a rent to the chamber of London, toward supportation and charges of the same place ; for reason it is, that a common office, occupied upon a common ground, bear a charge to the use of the commonalty ; also, that foreigners bringing wools, felts, or any other merchandises or wares to Leaden hall, to be kept there for the sale and market, may pay more largely for the keeping of their goods than free men.” Thus much for the request of the commons at this time. Now to set down some proof that the said hall ha th been employed and used as a granary for corn and grain (as the same was first appointed), leaving all former examples, this one may suffice : Roger Achley, mayor of London in the year 1512, the 3rd of Henry VIII., when the said mayor entered the mayoralty, there was not found one hundred quar¬ ters of wheat in all the garners of the city, either within the liberties, or near adjoining ; through the which scarcity, when the carts of Stratford came laden with bread to the city (as they had been accustomed) there was such press about them, that one man was ready to destroy an other, in striving to be served for their money. But tins scarcity did not last long ; for the mayor in short time made such provision of wheat, that the bakers, both of London and Stratford, were weary of taking it up, and were forced to take up much more than they would, and for the rest the mayor laid out the money, and stored it up in Leaden hall, and other garners of the city. This mayor also kept the market so well, that he would be at the Leaden hall by four o’clock in the summer’s mornings ; and from thence he went to other markets, to the great comfort of the citizens. I read also that in the year 1528, the 20th of Henry VIII., surveyors were appointed to view the garners of the city, namely, the Bridgcliouse and the Leaden hall, how they were stored o grain for the service of the city. And because I have here before spoken of the bread carts coming from Stratford at the Bow, ye shall understand that of old time the bakers of bread at Stratford were allowed to bring daily (except the Sabbath and principal feasts) divers long carts laden with bread, the same being two ounces in the penny wheat loaf heavier than the penny wheat loaf baked in the city, the same to be sold in Cheape, three or four carts standing there, between Gutlie- ron’s lane and Fauster’s lane end, one cart on Cornhill, by the conduit, and one other in Grasse street. And I have read, that in the 4th year of Edward II., Richard Reft'eham being mayor, a baker named John of Stratforde, for making bread less than the assize, was with a fool’s hood * on his head, and loaves of bread about his neck, drawn on a hurdle through the streets of this city. More¬ over, in the 44th of Edward III., John Chichester being mayor of London, I read in the Visions of Pierce Plowman, a book so called, as followeth : 11 At Lomlone, I leve, Liketh wel my wafres ; Ami Iouren whan tliei lakken hem. It is noght longe y passed, There was a careful commune, Whan no cart com to towne With breed fro Stratforde ; Tho gonnen beggaris wepe, And werkmen were agast a 1 ite ; This wole be thought longe. In the date of oure Drighte, In a drye Aprill, A thousand and tlire hundred Twies twenty and ten, My wafres there were gesene Whan Clricliestre was maire f.” I read also in the 20th of Henry VIII., Sir James Spencer being mayor, six bakers of Strat¬ ford were amerced in the Guildhall of London, for baking under the size appointed. These bakers of Stratford left serving of this city, I know not upon what occasion, about thirty years since. In the year 1519 a petition was exhibited by the commons to the common council, and was by them allowed, concerning the Leaden hall, how they * Mr. Douce, in his Dissertation on the Clowns and Fools of Shakspere {Illustrationsof Shakspere, ii. p. 317.), speaking of this part of a fool’s costume, tells us, ‘‘a hood, resembling a monk’s cowl, which, at a very early period, it was certainly designed to imitate, covered the head entirely, and fell down over part of the breast and shoulders. It was sometimes decorated with asses’ears, or else terminated in the head and neck of a cock, a fashion as old as the fourteenth century. It often had the comb and crest only of the animal, whence the term cock'scomb , or coxcomb , was afterwards used to denote any silly upstart.” Several such hoods are engraved in Mr. Douce’s work, and in Du Tilliot’s Memoircs pour servir a VHistoire dc la Fete des Funs, while Flogel in his Hofnnrren, sec. 52, et seq., furnishes us with an elaborate dissertation on the costume of fools generally. t This passage is printed very incorrectly, and as prose, by Stow, who makes the date ” twice thirty and ten,” i.e. 1370 (which is certainly the date of Chichester's mayoralty), in¬ stead of “twice twenty and ten,” i.e 1350, which is the reading of the MSS. and of the two early printed edi¬ tions. A carefully edited edition of The Vision of Piers Ploughman has long been wanted ; and the reader is pre¬ sented in the above passage with a specimen of such an one, which is about to appear under the bibliopolic care of Mr. Picketing and the editorship of Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A. Lime street ward. Lime street ward. CO Petition concerning the use of the STOWS SURVEY Leaden hall meant to have been Leaden hall. made a burse for merchants. would have it used, viz. “ Meekly beseeching, show- eth unto your good lordship and masterships, divers citizens of this city, which under correction think, that the great place called the Leaden hall should, nor ought not to be letten to farm to any person or persons, and in especial to any fellowship or company incorporate, to have and hold the same hall for term of years, for such inconveniences as thereby may ensue, and come to the hurt of the common weal of the said city in time to come, as somewhat more largely may appear in the articles following. “ First, If any assembly or hasty gathering of the commons of the said city, for suppressing or sub¬ duing of misruled people within the said city, here¬ after shall happen to be called or commanded by the mayor, aldermen, and other governors and councillors of the said city for the time being, there is none so convenient, meet, and necessary a place, to assemble them in, within the said city, as the said Leaden hall, both for largeness of room, and their sure defence in time of their counselling toge¬ ther about the premises. Also, in that place hath been used the artillery, guns, and other armours of the said city, to be safely kept in a readiness for the safeguard, wealth, and defence of the said city, to be had and occupied at times when need re¬ quired. As also the store of timber for the neces¬ sary reparations of the tenements belonging to the chamber of the said city, there commonly hath been kept. Item, If any triumph or nobleness were to be done, or shown by the commonalty of the city, for the honour of our sovereign lord the king and realm, and for the worship of the said city, the said Leaden hall is most meet and convenient place to prepare and order the said triumph therein, and from thence to issue forth to the places therefore appointed. Item, at any largess or dole * of any money made unto the poor people of this city, it hath been used to be done and given in tne said Leaden hall, for that the said place is most meet therefore. Item, the honourable father, that was maker of the said hall, had a special will, intent, and mind, that (as it is commonly said) the market men and women that came to the city with victuals and other things, should have their free standing within the said Leaden hall in wet weather, to keep themselves and their wares dry, and thereby to encourage them, and all other, to have the better will and desire the more plenteously to resort to the said city, to victual the same. And if the said hall should be letten to farm, the will of the said honourable father should never be fulfilled nor take effect. Item, if the said place, which is the ♦ The word Largesse, which is here used for alms gene¬ rally, is more frequently applied to the present made to labourers at the conclusion of harvest, as a reward for their extra exertions. The Dale was a distribution of alms at funerals, originally given, as we learn from St. Chrysostom, for the purpose of procuring rest to the soul of the deceased, and that he might find his judge propitious. “ Offertories at burials did last to be frequent (if they were considerable funerals) to the middle of King James his reign, the ministers of parishes keeping up the profit of oblations as long as they could; and then offer¬ tories at funerals are spoken of in the first Liturgy of King Edward VI.” Sparrow, Rationale of Common Prayer, and Nichols in his History of Leicestershire, sec. ii. part i. p. .357, speaks of the existence of the practice so lately as the year 1790. chief fortress, and most necessary place within all tbe city, fur the tuition and safeguard of the same, should be letten to farm out of the hands of the chief heads of the same city, and especially to an¬ other body politic, it might at length by likelihood be occasion of discord and debate between the said bodies politic, which God defend. “ For these and many other great and reasonable causes, which hereafter shall be showed to this honourable court, your said beseechers think it much necessary that the said hall be still in the hands of this city, and to be surely kept by sad and discreet officers, in such wise, that it may alway be ready to be used and occupied for the common weal of the said city w hen need shall require, and in no wise to be letten to any body politic.” Thus much for the petition. About the year 1534, great means were made about the Leaden hall to have the same made a burse, for the assembly of merchants, as they had been accustomed in Lombard street ; many com¬ mon councils were called to that end : but in the year 1535, John Champneys being mayor, it was fully concluded that the burse should remain in Lombard street as afore, and Leaden hall no more to be spoken of concerning that matter. The use of Leaden hall in my youth was thus :— In a part of the north quadrant, on the east side of the north gate, were the common beams for weigh¬ ing of wool and other wares, as had been accus¬ tomed ; on the west side the gate were the scales to weigh meal ; the other three sides were reserved for the most part to the making and resting of the pageants showed at Midsummer in the watch ; the remnant of the sides and quadrants was employed for the stowage of wool sacks, but not closed up ; the lofts above were partly used by the painters in wording for the decking of pageants and other jevices, for beautifying of the watch and watch¬ men ; the residue of the lofts were letten out to merchants, the wool winders and packers therein to wind and pack their wools. And thus much for Leaden hall may suffice. Now on the north of Lime street ward in the high street are divers fair houses for merchants, and proper tenements for artificers, with an alley also called Shaft alley, of the shaft or May-pole sometime resting over the gate thereof, as 1 have declared in Aldgate ward. In the year 1570, partly at the charges of the parish of St. Andrew, and partly at the charges of the chamber of London, a water-pump was raised in Lime street ward, near unto Lime street corner; for the placing of the which pump, having broken up the ground, they were forced to dig more than two fathom deep* before they came to any main ground, where they found a hearth made of Britain, or rather Roman tile +, every tile half a yard square, and about two inches thick ; they found coal lying there also (for that lying whole will never consume) ; then digging one fathom into the main, they found water sufficient, made their prall, and set up the pump ; which pump, with oft repair¬ ing and great charges to the parish, continued not four-and-twenty years, but being rotted, was taken * “ Conihill street, in some place ray si’ll two fadome higher than of olde time, as appeared by buildings found so deepe.” — Stow. t “ As they call it.” —1st edition, p. 123. Lime street ward. Church of St. Augustin made a chapel to the Papey—pulled down. up and a new set in place in the year 1C00. Thus much for the high street. In St. Marie street had ye of old time a parish church of St. Marie the Virgin, St. Ursula, and the eleven thousand Virgins, which church was com¬ monly called St. Marie at the Axe, of the sign of an axe, over against the east end thereof, or St. Marie Pellipar, of a plot of ground lying on the north side thereof, pertaining to the Skinners in Lon¬ don. This parish, about the year 15(15, was united to the parish church of St. Andrew Undershaft, and so was St. Mary at the Axe suppressed and letten out to be a warehouse for a merchant. Against the east end of this church was sometime a fair wall, now turned to a pump. Also against the north end of this St. Mary street, was sometime one other parish church of St. Augustine, called St. Augustine in the Wall, for that it stood adjoining to the wall of the city, and otherwise called St. Augustin’s Papey, or the poor, as I have read in the reign of Edward III. About the year 1430, in the reign of Henry VI., the same church was allowed to the brethren of the Papey, the house of poor priests, whereof I have spoken in Aldgate ward. The parishioners of this church were appointed to the parish church of Allhallows in the wall, which is in Broad street ward, this brotherhood called Papey, being sup¬ pressed, the church of St. Augustin was pulled down, and in place thereof one Grey an apothecary built a stable, hay-loft, &c. It is now a dwelling- house*. Those two parish.churches, both lying in the ward of Lime street, being thus suppressed, there is not any one parish church or place for Divine service in that ward, but the inhabitants thereof repair to St. Peter in Cornliill ward, St. Andrew in Aldgate ward, Alhallows in the wall in Broad street ward, and some to St. Denis in Lang- borne ward. Now because of late there hath been some ques¬ tion, to what ward this church of St. Augustine Papey should of right belong, for the same hath been challenged by them of Aldgate ward, and without reason taken into Bishopsgate ward from Lime street ward, I am somewhat to touch it. About thirty years since the chamber of London granted a lease of ground, in these words: “ lying near Lon¬ don wall in the ward of Lime street, from the west of the said church or chapel of St* Augustine Papey towards Bishopsgate,” &c. On the which plot of ground the lease built three fair tenements, and placed tenants there ; these were charged to bear scot and lot, and some of them to bear office in Lime street ward ; all which they did willingly without grudging. And when any suspected or disordered persons were by the landlord placed there, the officers of Lime street ward fetched them out of their houses, committed them to ward, pro¬ cured their due punishments, and banished them from thence ; whereby in short time that place was reformed, and brought into good order ; which thing being noted by them of Aldgate Ward, they moved their alderman, Sir Thomas Offiey, to call in those houses to be of his ward ; but I myself showing a fair ledger book, sometime pertaining to the late dissolved priory of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate, wherein were set down the just bounds • “ Reserving tlie churchyard for a garden plot.”—ls( edition, p. 124. Lime street ward. Part of it unjustiy withheld by fij Bishopsgate ward. of Aldgate ward, before Sir Thomas Offiey, Sir Rowland Heyward, the common council, and ward¬ mote inquest of the same Lime street ward. Sir Thomas Offiey gave over his challenge, and so that matter rested in good quiet until the year 1570, that Sir Richard Pype being mayor, and alderman of Bishopsgate ward, challenged those houses to be of his ward, whereunto (without reason showed) Sir Rowland Heyward yielded. And thus is that side of the street, from the north corner of St. Mary street almost to Bishopsgate, wherein is one plot of ground, letten by the chamberlain of London to the parish of St. Martin’s Oteswich, to be a churchyard or burying place for the dead of that parish, &c., unjustly drawn and witliholden from the ward of Lime street. Divers other proofs I could set down, but this one following may suffice.—The mayor and aldermen of London made a grant to the fraternity of Papie in these words : “ Be it remembei’ed, that where now of late the master and wardens of the fraternity of the Papie have made a brick wall, closing in the chapel of St. Augustine called Papie chapel, situate in the parish of All Saints in the Wall, in the ward of Lime street, of the city of London ; from the south-east corner of the which brick wall is a scutcheon of twenty-one feet of assize from the said corner eastward. And from the same scutcheon there to a messuage of fifty- five feet and a half westward, the said scuiclieon breaketh out of line right southwax’d betwixt the measures afoi-esaid three feet and five inches of assize, upon the common ground of the said city aforesaid, Ralph Verney, mayoi', and the aider- men of the same city, the 22d day of October, the 6 th year of Edward IV., granted to John Hod, priest, and to Master John Bolte, and Thomas Pachet, priests, wardens of the fi'aternity of Papie aforesaid, and to their successors for evei’, Ac., yielding four pence sterling yearly at Michaelmas.” And this is, saith my book *, enrolled in the Guild¬ hall of London ; which is a sufficieixt proof the same plot of ground to be of Lime street ward, and never otherwise accounted or challenged. On the south side of this street, stretching west from St. Mary street towards Bishopsgate street, there was of old time one large messuage built of stone and timber, in the parish of St. Augustine in the Wall, now the parish of Allhallows in the same wall, belonging to the Earl of Oxford, for Richard de Vere, Earl of Oxford, possessed it in the 4th of Heni'y V. ; but in process of time the lands of the earl fell to females, amongst the which, one being married to Wingfieldeof Suffolke, this house with the appurtenances fell to his lot, and was by his heir, Sir Robert Wingfield, sold to Master Ed¬ ward Coke f, at this time the queen’s attorney- * Liber Papie. t Master Edward Coke, as Stow terms the celebrated lord chief justice, received the honour of knighthood in lGO.t, the same year in which the second edition of the Survey was pub¬ lished, as we learn .from the curious autobiographical notes preserved in what he used to term his Fade Mecum, an inter¬ leaved and annotated copy of Littleton's Tenures , of the edi tion of 1572, which now forms the Harleian MS. No GG87. The manuscript additions to this volume, which are all in Coke’s handwriting, are more than equal to twice the size of the original work, and, with the exception of some few genea¬ logical and autobiographical memoranda, relate principally to legal subjects, and form the germ and substance of Coke’s OF LONDON. STOW’S SURVEY Lime street ward. G2 Bishopsgate ward. Parish church of St. Buttolph. general. This house being greatly ruinated of late time, for the most part hath been letten out to poulterers, for stabling of horses and stowage of poultry, but now lately new built into a number of small tenements, letten out to strangers, and other mean people. One note more of this ward, and so an end. I find of record, that in the year 1371, the 45th of Edward III., a great subsidy of one hundred thou¬ sand pounds was granted towards the king’s wars in France, whereof the clergy paid fifty thousand pounds, and the laity fifty thousand pounds, to be levied to thirty-nine shires of England, containing parishes eight thousand six hundred, of every parish five pounds sixteen shillings, the greater to help the lesser. This city, as one of the shires, then containing twenty-four wards, and in them one hundred and ten parishes, was therefore assessed to six hundred and thirty-five pounds twelve shillings, whereof Lime street ward did bear thirty-four shillings and no more, so small a ward it was, and so accounted, as having no one whole parish therein, but small portions only of two parishes in that ward. This ward hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors four, constables four, scavengers two, wardmote inquest sixteen, and a beadle ; and is taxed to the fifteenth at one pound nineteen shillings and two pence three farthings. BTSHOPSGATE WARD. The next is Bishopsgate ward ; whereof a part is without the gate and of the suburbs, from the bars by St. Mary Spittle to Bishopsgate, and a part of Houndsditch ; almost half thereof, also without the wall, is of the same ward. Then within the gate is Bishopsgate street, so called of the gate, to a pump, where sometime was a fair well, with two buckets, by the east end of the parish church of St. Martin Oteswich, and then winding by the west corner of Leaden hall down Grass street to the comer over against Grass church ; and this is the bounds of that ward. Monuments most to be noted are these : The parish church of St. Buttolph without Bishopsgate, in a fair churchyard, adjoining to the town ditch, upon the very bank thereof, but of old time in¬ closed with a comely wall of brick, lately repaired by Sir William Allen, mayor, in the year 1571, because he was born in that parish, where also he was buried. An anchoress received 40s. the year of the sheriffs of London. Now without this churchyard wall is a causeye, leading to a quadrant, called Petty France, of Frenchmen dwelling there, and to other dwelling- houses, lately built on the bank of the said ditch by some citizens of London, that more regarded their own private gain than the common good of the city ; for by means of this causeye raised on the bank, and soilage of houses, with other filthiness cast into the ditch, the same is now forced to a celebrated Commentary upon Littleton, tbe most authorita¬ tive of all our legal treatises. From these autobiographical memoranda, which were extracted by Mr. Bruce, and com¬ municated by that gentleman to the Collectanea Topogra- phica et Genealogica, we learn the dates of Coke's various appointments and honours; and among others, that “ 22“ Mali, 1K03, a pud Greenwich, in privata camera, Rex Ja¬ cobus cx magno favore constitit me militem inter horas 1] et 12 die Solis.” Bishopsgate ward. The hospital of St. Mary of Beth¬ lehem for distracted people. narrow channel, and almost filled up with unsa¬ voury things, to the danger of impoisoning the whole city. Next unto the parish church of St. Buttolph is a fair inn for receipt of travellers : then an hos¬ pital of St. Mary of Bethelem, founded by Simon Fitz Mary, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year 1240 : he founded it to have been a priory of canons, with brethren and sisters ; and King Ed¬ ward III. granted a protection, which I have seen, for the brethren, 31 Uicice beatce Marice deBetlilem, within the city of London, the 14th year of his reign. It was an hospital for distracted people : Stephen Geninges, merchant-tailor, gave 40/. to¬ wards purchase of the patronage by his testament, 1523 ; the mayor and commonalty purchased the patronage thereof, with all the lands and tenements thereunto belonging, in the year 154G : the same year King Henry VIII. gave this hospital unto the city ; the church and chapel whereof were taken down in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and houses built there by the governors of Christ’s hospital in London. In this place people that be distraight in wits are, by the suit of their friends, received and kept as afore, but not without charges to their bringers in. In the year 15G1), Sir Thomas Roe, merchant-tailor, mayor, caused to be inclosed with a wall of brick about one acre of ground, being part of the said hospital of Bethelem ; to wit, on the west, on the bank of Deep Ditch, so called, parting the said hospital of Bethelem from the More field : this he did for burial and ease of such parishes in London as wanted ground convenient within their parishes. The lady his wife was there buried (by whose persuasion he inclosed it), but himself, born in London, was buried in the parish church of Hackney. From this hospital northward, upon the street’s side, many houses have been built with alleys back- w ard, of late time too much pestered with people (a great cause of infection) up to the bars. The other side of this high street from Bishops¬ gate and Hounds ditch, the first building a large inn for receipt of travellers, and is called the Dol¬ phin, of such a sign. In the year 1513, Margaret Ricroft, widow, gave this house, with the gardens and appurtenances, unto William Gam, R. Clye, their wives, her daughters, and to their heirs, with condition they yearly do give to the warden or governors of the Grey friers church within New¬ gate forty shillings, to find a student of divinity in the University for ever. Then is there a fair house, of late built by John Powlet. Next to that, a far more large and beautiful house, with gardens of pleasure, bowling alleys, and such like, built by Jasper Fisher, free of the goldsmiths, late one of the six clerks of the chauncerie and a justice of the peace. It hath since for a time been the Earl of Oxford’s place. The queen’s majesty Elizabeth hath lodged there. It now belongeth to Sir Roger Manars *. This house, being so large and sump¬ tuously built by a man of no greater calling, pos¬ sessions, or w ealth (for he was indebted to many) was mockingly called Fisher’s folly, and a rhythm was made of it, and other the like, in this manner : “ Kirkebyes Castell, and Fishers Follie, Spinilas pleasure, and Megses glorie.” • “ To Master Comewallos." — 1st edition, p. 128. Bishopsgate ward. Bishopsgate ward. Tastd close.—Artillery yard. OF LOXDON. The Spital sermons.—Their (J3 Priory of St. Mary Spittle. antiquity. And so of other like buildings about the city by citizens, men have not letted to speak their plea¬ sure. From Fisher’s Folly up to the west end of Ber- ward’s lane, of old time so called, but now Ilogge lane, because it meeteth with Hogge lane, which cometh from the bars without Aldgate, as is afore showed, is a continual building of tenements, with alleys of cottages, pestered, &c. Then is there a large close, called Tasel close, sometime for that there were tassels * planted for the use of cloth- workers, since letten to the cross-bow makers, wherein they used to shoot for games at the popin¬ jay + : now the same being inclosed with a brick wall, serveth to be an artillery yard, whereunto the gunners of the Tower do weekly repair, namely, every Thursday ; and there levelling certain brass pieces of great artillery against a butt of earth, made for that purpose, they discharge them for their exercise. Then have you the late dissolved priory and hospital J, commonly called St. Mary Spittle, founded by Walter Brune and Rosia his wife, for canons regular. Walter, archdeacon of London, laid the first stone in the year 1197, William, of St. Mary church, then bishop of London, dedicated to the honour of Jesus Christ and his mother, the per¬ petual Virgin Mary, by the name of D: “ Then into Com hyl anon 1 rode, Where was much stolen gere amonge ; I saw where honge myne owne hoode, That I had lost amonge the thronge: To by my own hoode I thought it wronge; I knew it well as I did my crede. But for lack of money I could not spede.” wax and tallow ; for candlewright is a maker of candles, or of wick, which is the cotton rr yarn thereof ; or otherwise wike *, which is the place where they used to work them, as Scalding wike by the Stocks market was called of the poulterers scald¬ ing and dressing their poultry there ; and in divers countries, dairy houses, or cottages, wherein they make butter and cheese, are usually called wicks. There dwelt also of old time divers weavers of woollen clothes, brought in by Edward III. For I read, that in the 44tli of his reign, the weavers, brought out of Flanders, were appointed their meetings to be in the churchyard of St. Laurence Poultney,and the weavers of Brabant in the church¬ yard of St. Mary Sommerset. There were then in this city weavers of divers sorts ; to wit, of drapery, ortapery, and napery. These weavers of Candle¬ wright street being in short time worn out, their place is now possessed by rich drapers, sellers of woollen cloth, &.C. On the north side of this ward, at the west end of Eastcheape, have ye St. Clement’s lane ; a part whereof on both sides is of Candlewick street ward, to wit, somewhat north beyond the parish church of St. Clement in Eastcheape. This is a small church, void of monuments, other than of Francis Barnam, alderman, who deceased 1575, and of Be- nedicke Barnam, his son, alderman also, 1598. William Chartney and William Overie founded a chantry there. Next is St. Nicholas lane, for the most part on both sides of this wal’d, almost to St. Nicholas church. Then is Abchurch lane, which is on both the sides almost wholly of this ward, the parish church there (called of St. Marie Abchurch, Ape- church, or Upchurch, as I have read it), standeth somewhat near unto the south end thereof, on a rising ground : it is a fair church. Simon de Winchcomb founded a chantry there the 19th of Richard II. ; John Littleton founded another, and Thomas Hondon another ; and hath the monu¬ ments of J. Long, esquire, of Bedfordshire, 1442 ; William Wikenson, alderman, 1519 ; William Jaw- drell, tailor, 1440 ; Sir James Hawes,mayor 1574 ; Sir John Branch, mayor 1580 ; John Miners; William Kettle, &c. On the south side of this ward, beginning again at the east, is St. Michael’s lane, which lane is almost wholly of this ward, on both sides down towards Thames street, to a well or pump there. On the east side of this lane is Crooked lane afore¬ said, by St. Michael’s church, towards New Fish street. One the most ancient house in this lane is called the Leaden porch, and belonged sometime to Sir John Merston, knight, the 1st of Edward IV. It is now called the Swan in Crooked lane, pos¬ sessed of strangers, and selling of Rhenish wine. The parish church of this St. Michael’s was some¬ time but a small and homely thing, standing upon part of that ground wherein now standeth the par¬ sonage-house ; and the ground there about was a filthy’ plot, by reason of the butchers in Eastcheape, who made the same their laystall. William de • “ Wike is a working place.” — Slow. It is the Anglo-Saxon JVic, IVyc, which Bosworth in his Dictionary defines — Dwelling - place, habitation, village, street; as a termination it signifies a dwelling, station, vil¬ lage, castle , or bag. Candlewick street ward. Sir William Walworth knighted — Founds a college. Burgo gave two messuages to that church in Can¬ dlewick street, 1317- John Lofkin, stock-fish- monger, four times mayor, built in the same ground this fair church of St. Michael, and was buried there in the choir, under a fair tomb, with the images of him and his wife, in alabaster. The said church hath been since increased with a new choir, and side chapels by Sir William Walworth, stock-fish¬ monger, mayor, sometime servant to the said John Lofkin : also the tomb of Lofkin was removed, and a flat stone of grey marble garnished with plates of copper laid on him, as it yet remaineth in the body of the church. This William Walworth is reported to have slain Jack Straw*, but Jack Straw being afterward taken, was first adjudged by the said mayor, and then executed by the loss of his head in Smithfield. True it is that this William Walworth, being a man wise, learned, and of an incomparable man¬ hood f, arrested Wat Tyler, a presumptuous rebel, upon whom no man durst lay hand, whereby he delivered the king and kingdom from most wicked tyranny of traitors. The mayor arrested him on the head with a sound blow, whereupon Wat Tyler furiously struck the mayor with his dagger, but hurt him not, by reason he was well armed. The mayor, having received his stroke, drew his basi- liard, and grievously wounded Wat in the neck, and withal gave him a great blow on the head ; in the which conflict, an esquire of the king’s house, called John Cavendish, drew his sword,and wounded Wat twice or thrice even to the death ; and Wat, spurring his horse, cried to the commons to revenge him : the horse bare him about eighty feet from the place, and there he fell down half dead ; and by and by they which attended on the king envi¬ roned him about, so as he was not seen of his com¬ pany : many of them thrust him in divers places of his body, and drew him into the hospital of St. Bar¬ tholomew, from whence again the mayor caused him to be drawn into Smithfield, and there to be beheaded. In reward of this service (the people being dispersed) the king commanded the mayor to put a bascinet on his head ; and the mayor request¬ ing why he should do so, the king answered, he being much bound unto him, would make him knight: the mayor answered, that he was neither worthy nor able to take such estate upon him, for he was but a merchant, and had to live by his mer¬ chandise only ; notwithstanding, the king made him to put on his bascinet, and then with a sword in both his hands he strongly stroke him on the neck, as the manner was then ; and the same day he made three other citizens knights for his sake in the same place ; to wit, John Philpot, Nicholas Brember, and Robert Launde, alderman. The king gave to the mayor one hundred pounds land by year, and to each of the other forty pounds land yearly, to them and their heirs for ever. After this, in the same year,the said Sir William Walworth founded in the said parish church of St. Michael a college of a master and nine priests, or chaplains,and deceased 1385, was there buried in the • “In Smithfield, and there to have been knighted by the king, but that is not true.”—1st edition , p. 172. t “ Fable of William Walworth and Jack Straw reproved. Praise of W. Walworth for his manhood in arresting of Wat Tyler. The mayor was well armed, and had on his head a basonet."— Stow. Candlewick street ward. Arms of the city not altered. Church of St. Michael, Crooked lane. north chapel by the choir ; but his monument being amongst other by bad people defaced in the reign of Edward VI., and again since renewed by the fish¬ mongers, for lack of knowledge of what before had been written in his epitaph, they followed a fabulous book, and wrote Jack Straw instead of Wat Tilar, a great error meet to be reformed there and else¬ where ; and therefore have I the more at large dis¬ coursed of this matter. 11 hath also been, and is now grown to a common opinion, that in reward of this service done by the said William Walworth against the rebel, King Richard added to the arms of this city (which was argent, a plain cross gules) a sword or dagger (for so they term it), whereof I have read no such re¬ cord, but to the contrary. I find that in the 4th year of Richard II.*, in a full assembly made in the upper chamber of the Guildhall, summoned by this William Walworth, then mayor, as well of al¬ dermen as of the common council, in every ward, for certain affairs concerning the king, it was there by common consent agreed and ordained, that the old seal of the office of the mayoralty of the city being very small, old, unapt, and uncomely for the honour of the city, should be broken, and one other new should be had, which the said mayor com¬ manded to be made artificially, and honourable for the exercise of the said office thereafter, in place of the other ; in which new seal, besides the images of Peter and Paul, which of old were rudely engraven, there should be under the feet of the said images a shield of the arms of the said city, perfectly gravedf, with two lions supporting the same, with two ser¬ geants of arms ; another part, one, and two taber¬ nacles, in which above should stand two angels ; between whom, above the said images of Peter and Paul, shall be set the glorious Virgin. This being done, the old seal of the office was delivered to Ri¬ chard Odiham, chamberlain, who brake it, and in place thereof was delivered the new seal to the said mayor, to use in his office of mayoralty, as occasion should require. This new seal seemeth to be made before William Walworth was knighted, for he is not here entitled Sir, as afterwards he was; and certain it is that the same new seal then made is now in use, and none other in that office of the mayoralty ; which may suffice to answer the former fable, without showing of any evidence sealed with the old seal, which was the cross and sword of St. Paul, and not the dagger of William Walworth. Now of other monuments in that church. Simon Mordon, mayor 13fi8, was buried there ; John 01- ney, mayor 1446; Robert March, stock-fishmonger, gave two pieces of ground to be a churchyard ; John Rad well, stock-fishmonger, buried 1415 ; George Gowre, esquire, son to Eduard Gowre, stock-fishmonger, esquire, 1470 ; Alexander Pur- poynt, stock-fishmonger, 1373 ; Andrew Burel, gen¬ tleman of Gray’s-inn, 1487 ; John Shrow, stock- fishmonger, 1487, with this epitaph : “ Farewell, my friends, the tide abideth no man, I am departed hence, and so shall ye. But in this passage the best song that I can, • Dunthorne. t “ The armes of this citty were not altered, hut remayne as afore; to witte, argent, a playne crosse gules,a sword of S Paul in the first quarter, and no dagger of W. Walworth, as is fabuled.”— Stow. G 2 OF LONDON. Candlewick street ward. (J4 Beauchamp's inn.—Churches of St. Mar- STOW’S tin Orgar and St. Laurence Poultney. Is requiem eelernam, now Jesus grant it me, When I have ended all mine adversitie, Grant me in Paradise to have a mansion, That sheddest thy blood for my redemption.” John Finkell, one of the sheriffs 1487, was knighted, and gave forty pounds to this church, the one half for his monument. John Pattesley, mayor 1441 ; Thomas Etven, grocer, bare half the charges in building of the steeple, and was buried 1501 ; William Combes, gentleman, of Stoke, by Guilford in Surrey, 1502 ; Sir John Brudge, mayor 1530, gave fifty pounds for a house called the College in Crooked lane ; he lieth buried in St. Nicholas Hacon. Wal- tar Faireford ; Robert Barre; Alexander Hey ban ; John Motte ; John Gramstone; John Brampton ; John Wood, stock-fishmonger, 1531 ; Sir Henry Amcots, mayor 1548, &c. Hard by this St, Mi¬ chael’s church, on the south side thereof, in the year 15G0, on the fifth of July, through the shooting of a gun, which brake in the house of one Adrian Arten, a Dutchman, and set fire on a firkin and barrel of gunpowder, four houses were blown up, and divers other sore shattered ; eleven men and women were slain, and sixteen so hurt and bruised, that they hardly escaped with life. West from this St. Michael’s lane is St, Martin Orgar lane, by Candlewick street, which lane is on both sides down to a well, replenished with fair and large houses for merchants, and it is of this ward ; one of which houses was sometime called Beachamp’s inn, as pertaining unto them of that family. Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canter¬ bury, commonly for his time was lodged there. The parish church of St. Martin Orgar is a small thing. William Crowmer, mayor, built a proper chapel on the south side thereof, and was buried there 1533 ; John Mathew, mayor 1490 ; Sir Wil¬ liam Huet, mayor 1559, with his lady and daughter, wife to Sir Edward Osburae ; Ralph Tabinham, alderman ; Alice, wife to Thomas Winslow ; Tho- rudon ; Benedicke Reding ; Thomas Harding ; James Smith ; Richard Gainford, esquire ; John Bold, &c. Then is there one other lane called St. Laurence, of the parish church there. This lane, down to the south side of the churchyard, is of Candlew ick street ward. The parish church of St. Laurence was in¬ creased with a chapel of Jesus by Thomas Cole, for a master and chaplain ; the which chapel and pa¬ rish church was made a college of Jesus and of Corpus Christi, for a master and seven chaplains, by John Poultney, mayor, and was confirmed by Edward 111., the 20th of his reign: of him was this church called St. Laurence Poultney, in Can- dlewick street ; which college was valued at 79/. 17s. 11J-, and was surrendered in the reign of Edward VI. Robert Rateliffe, Earl of Essex, and Henry Rateliffe, Earl of Sussex, were buried there ; Alderman Beswicke was buried there ; John Oliffe, alderman, Robert Browne, and others. Thus much for this ward, and the antiquities thereof. It hath now an alderman, his deputy, common councillors eight, constables eight, scavengers six, wardmote inquest men twelve, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen at sixteen pounds. WALBROOK WARD. Walbrook ward beginneth at the west end of Can¬ dlewick street ward. It runneth down Candlewick tValbrook ward. SURVEY St. Swithin’s church.—Houses in which Empson and Dudley resided. street west towards Budge row. It hath on the north side thereof St. Swithen’s lane, so called of St. Swithen, a parish church by London stone. This lane is replenished on both the sides with fair built houses, and is wholly of Walbrook ward. The said parish church of St. Swithen standeih at the south-west corner of this lane. License was procured to new build and increase the said church and steeple in the year 1420. Sir John Hcnd, dra¬ per, mayor, was an especial benefactor thereunto, as appeareth by his arms in the glass windows, even in the tops of them, which is in a field silver, a chief azure, a lion passant silver, acheveron azure, three escalops silver : he lieth buried in the body of this church, with a fair stone laid on him, but the plates and inscriptions are defaced. Roger Depham, alderman, Thomas Aylesbourgh, William Neve, and Matilda Caxton, founded 'chantries, and were buried there ; John Butler, draper, one of the sheriffs, 1420 ; Ralph Jecoline, mayor, a be¬ nefactor, buried in a fair tomb ; William White, draper, one of the sheriffs, 1482, and other. On the north side of this church and church¬ yard is one fair and large built house, sometime pertaining to the prior of Tortington in Sussex, since to the earls of Oxford, and now to Sir John Hart, alderman ; which house hath a fair garden belonging thereunto, lying on the west side thereof. On the back side of two other fair houses in Wal¬ brook, in the reign of Henry VII., Sir Richard Empson, knight, chancellor of the duchy of Lan¬ caster, dwelt in the one of them, and Edmond Dudley, esquire, in the other ; either of them had a door of intercourse into this garden, wherein they met and consulted of matters at their pleasures. In this Oxford place Sir Ambrose Nicholas kept his mayoralty, and since him the said Sir John Hart. On the south side of this high street, near unto the channel, is pitched upright a great stone called London stone *, fixed in the ground very deep, fast- ♦ This stone, of which a small fragment still remains en¬ cased in another stone, now stands against the south wall of St. Swithin’s church in Cannon street. Mr. Thomas Marden, of Sherbourn lane, printer, when that church was about to undergo a repair in 1/98, prevailed on the parish-officers to consent that the stone should be placed where it still re¬ mains, after it had been doomed to destruction as a nuisance. For before this it stood close to the edge of the kerb-stone on the same side of the street, to which it seems it had been removed from its original position on the opposite side in December 17-12. Camden considers this stone to have been the central Mil- liarium, or milestone, similar to that in the forum at Rome, from which the British high roads radiated, and the dis¬ tances on them were reckoned. Its foundations, which were uncovered during the opera¬ tions which took place after the great fire, were found to be so extensive that "Wren, who does not appear to have doubted that they were Roman, was inclined to think that they must have supported some more considerable monument than even the central Milliarium. ‘‘In the adjoining ground to the south,” says the Parentalia, “ were discovered some tesselated pavements, and other remains of Roman work¬ manship and buildings.” “ Probably,” adds the account, “ this might in some degree have imitated the Milliarium Aureum at Constantinople, which was not in the form of a pillar as at Rome, but an eminent building; for under its roof, according to Cedrenus and Suidas, stood the statues of Constantine and Helena, Trajan, an equestrian statue of Hadrian, a statue of Fortune, and many other figures and decorations.” Wallirook ward. London stone. Stocks market for fish and flesh. ened with bars of iron, and otherwise so strongly set, that if carts do run against it through negli¬ gence, the wheels be broken, and the stone itself unshaken. The cause why this stone was set there, the time when, or other memory hereof, is none, but that the same hath long continued there is manifest, namely, since (or rather before) the Conquest; for in the end of a fair written Gospel book given to Christ’s church in Canterburie, by Ethelstane, King of the West Saxons, I find noted of lands* or rents in London belonging to the said church, whereof one parcel is described to lie near unto London stone. Of later time we read, that in the year of Christ 1135, the 1st of King Stephen, a fire, which began in the house of one Ailward, near unto London stone, con¬ sumed all east to Aldgate, in the which fire the priory of the Holy Trinitie was burnt, and west to St. Erkenwald’s shrine in Paule’s church. And these be the eldest notes that I read thereof. Some have said this stone to be set as a mark in the middle of the city within the walls; but in truth it standeth far nearer unto the river of Thames than to the wall of the city ; some others have said the same to be set for the tendering and making of payment by debtors to their creditors at their appointed days and times, till of later time payments were more usually made at the font in Pont’s church, and now most commonly at the Royal Exchange ; some again have imagined the same to be set up by one John or Thomas London- stone dwelling there against ; but more likely it is, that such men have taken name of the stone than the stone of them, as did John at Noke, Thomas at Stile, William at Wall, or at Well, &c. Down west from this parish church, and from London stone, have ye Walbrooke corner ; from whence runneth up a street, north to the Stocks, called Walbrook, because it standeth on the east side of the same brook, by the bank thereof, and the whole ward taketh the name of that street. On the east side of this street, and at the north corner thereof, is the Stocks market, which had this beginning. About the year of Christ 1282, Henry Wales, mayor, caused divers houses in this city to be built towards the maintenance of London bridge, namely, one void place near unto the parish church called Woole church, on the north side thereof, where sometime (the way being very large and broad) had stood a pair of stocks for punish¬ ment of offenders ; this building took name of these stocks, and was appointed by him to be a market place for fish and flesh in the midst of the city. Other houses he built in other places, as by the patent of Edward I. it doth appear, dated the 10th of his reign. After this, in the year 1322, the 17th of Edward II., a decree was made by llamond Chickwell, mayor, that none should sell fish or flesh out of the markets appointed, to wit, Bridge street, East Cheape, Old Fish street, St. Nicholas’ sham¬ bles, and the said Stocks, upon pain to forfeit such fish or flesh as were sold, for the first time, and the second time to lose their freedom ; which act was made by commandment of the king under his letters patent, dated at the Tower the 17th of his reign, and then was this stocks let to farm for 46/. 13.i. 47. by year. This Stocks market was again begun to be built in the year 1410, in the • Lib. Trinitate. Wa,brook ward. St. Mary Woolchurch. g5 St Stephen’s Walbrook. 11th of Henry IV., and was finished in the year next following. In the year 1507, the same was rented 56/. 19s. 107. And in the year 1543, John Cotes being mayor, there were in this Stocks market for fishmongers twenty-five boards or stalls, rented yearly to 34/. 13s. 47., there were for butch¬ ers eighteen boards or stalls, rented at 41/. 16s. 47., and there were also chambers above, sixteen, rented at 5/. 13s. 47., in all 82/. 3s. Next unto this Stocks is the parish church of St. Mary Wool church, so called of a beam placed in the church yard, which was thereof called Wool church haw, of the tronage, or weighing of wool there used ; and to verify this, I find amongst the customs of London written in French in the reign of Edward II., a chapter intituled Les Customes de Woldiurch Haw, wherein is set down what was there to be paid for every parcel of wool weighed. This tronage or weighing of wool, till the 6th of Richard II., was there continued ; John Church¬ man then built the Custom house upon Wool key, to serve for the said tronage, as is before showed in Tower street ward. This church is reasonable fair and large, and was lately new built by license granted in the 20th of Henry VI., with condition to be built fifteen foot from the Stocks market, for sparing of light to the same Stocks. The parson of this church is to have four marks the year for tithe of the said Stocks, paid him by the masters of the Bridge house, by special decree made the 2d of Henry VII. John Winyar, grocer, mayor 1504, was a great helper to the building of this church, and was there buried 1505 ; he gave unto it by his testament two large basons of silver, and twenty pounds in money. Also Richard Shore, draper, one of the sheriffs 1505, was a great benefactor in his life, and by his testament gave twenty pounds to make a porch at the west end thereof, and was there buried ; Richard Hatfield of Steplemorden in Cambridgeshire, lieth entombed there, 1467 ; Ed¬ ward Deoly, esquire, 1467- John Handford, gro¬ cer, made the font of that church, very curiously wrought, painted, and gilded, and was there buried; John Archer, fishmonger, 1487 ; Anne Cawode founded a chantry there, &c. From the Stocks’ market and this parish church east up into Lombard street, some four or five houses on a side, and also on the south side of Wool church, have ye Bearbinder lane, a part whereof is of this Walbrooke ward ; then lower down in the street called Walbrooke, is one other fair church of St. Stephen, lately built on the east side thereof, for the old church stood on the west side, in place where now standeth the parsonage house, and therefore so much nearer the brook, even on the bank. Robert Chichley, mayor in the year 1428, the 6th of Henry VI., gave to this parish of St. Stephen one plot of ground, containing two hundred and eight feet and a half in length, and sixty-six feet in breadth, thereupon to build their new church, and for their church yard ; and in the 7th of Henry VI. the said Robert, one of the founders, laid the first stone for himself, the second for William Stoddon, mayor, with whose goods the ground that the church standeth on, and the housing, with the ground of the church yard, was bought by the said Chichley for two hundred marks from the Grocers, which had been letten before for six-and-twenty marks the year ; Robert OF LONDON. Walbrook ward. 66 Monuments in St. Stephen Walbrook. STOW’S Church of St. John upon Walbrook. Whittingham, draper, laid the third stone, Henry Barton then mayor, &c. The said Chichley gave more, one hundred pounds to the said work, and bare the charges of all the timber work on the procession way, and laid the lead upon it of his own cost; he also gave all the timber for the roofing of the two side aisles, and paid for the carriage thereof. This church was finished in the year 1439 ; the breadth thereof is sixty-seven feet, and length one hundred and twenty-five feet, the church yard ninety feet in length, and thirty-seven in breadth and more. Robert Whittingham (made Knight of the Bath), in the year 1432, purchased the patron¬ age of this church from John Duke of Bedford, uncle to Henry VI., and Edward IV., in the 2d of his reign, gave it to Richard Lee, then mayor. There be monuments in this church of Thomas Southwell, first parson of this new church, who lieth in the choir ; John Dunstable, master of astronomy and music, in the year 1453 ; Sir Ri¬ chard Lee, mayor, who gave the said parsonage to the Grocers ; Rowland Hill, mayor 1549 ; Sir Thomas Pope, first treasurer of the augmentations, witli his wife Dame Margaret ; Sir John Cootes, mayor 1542; Sir John Yorke, knight, merchant- tailor, 1549 ; Edward Jackman, sheriff 1564 ; Richard Aehley, grocer ; Dr. Owyn, physician to King Henry VIII.; John Kirby, grocer, 1578 ; and others. Lower down from this parish church be divers fair houses, namely, one wherein of late Sir Richard Baker, a knight of Kent, was lodged, and wherein dwelt Master Thomas Gore, a merchant famous for hospitality. On the west side of this Walbrooke street, over against the Stocks’ market, is a part of the high street called the Poultrie, on the south side west till over against St. Mildrede’s church, and the Skalding wike is of this ward. Then down again Walbrooke street some small distance, is Buckles bury, a street so called of Buckle, that sometime was owner thereof, part of which street on both sides, three or four houses, to the course of the brook, is of this ward, and so down Walbrooke street to the south corner ; from thence west down Budge row some small distance, to an alley, and through that alley south by the west end of St. John’s church upon Walbrooke, by the south side and east end of the same again to Walbrooke corner. This parish church is called St. John upon Wal¬ brooke, because the west end thereof is on the very bank of Walbrooke, by Horseshew bridge, in Horseshew bridge street. This church was also lately new built ; for about the year 1412, license was granted by the mayor and commonalty to the parson and parish, for enlarging thereof, with a piece of ground on the north part of the choir, twenty-one feet in length, seventeen feet and three inches in breadth, and on the south side of the choir one foot of the common soil. There be no monuments in this church of any account, only I have learned, William Cobarton, skinner, who gave lands to that church, was there buried 1410, and John Stone, tailor, one of the sheriffs 1464, was likewise buried there. On the south side of Walbrooke ward, from Candlewicke street, in the mid way betwixt Lon¬ don stone and Walbrooke corner, is a little lane w ith a turnpike in the midst thereof, and in the same a proper parish church, called St. Mary Walbrook ward. SURVEY Church of St Mary Bothaw. Dowgate ward. Bothaw, or Boatehaw by the Erber ; this church being near unto the Downegate on the river of Thames, hath the addition of Boathaw or Boat haw, of near adjoining to a haw or yard, wherein of old time boats were made, and landed from Downe¬ gate to be mended, as may be supposed, for other reason I find none why it should be so called. Within this church, and the small cloister adjoin¬ ing, divers noblemen and persons of worship have been buried, as appeareth by arms in the windows, the defaced tombs, and print of plates torn up and carried away : there remain only of John West, esquire, buried in the year 1408 ; Thomas Huytley, esquire, 1539, but his monument is defaced since ; Lancelot Bathurst, &c. The Erbar is an ancient place so called, but not of Walbrooke ward, and therefore out of that lane to Walbrooke corner, and then down till over against the south corner of St. John’s church upon Walbrooke. And this is all that I can say of Walbrooke ward. It hath an alderman, and his deputy, common councillors eleven, constables nine, scavengers six, for the wardmote inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in London to 33/. 5s.* DOWNEGATE WARD. Downegate ward beginneth at the south end of Walbrooke ward over against the east corner of St. John’s church upon Walbrooke, and descendeth on both the sides to Downegate on the Thames, and is so called of that down going or descending there¬ unto ; and of this Downgate the ward taketh name. This ward turneth into Thames street westward, some ten houses on a side to the course of Walbrooke, but east in Thames street on both sides to Ebgate lane, or Old Swan, the land side whereof hath many lanes turning up, as shall be shown when I come to them. But first to begin with the high street called Dowgate ; at the upper end thereof is a fair con¬ duit of Thames water, castellated, and made in the year 1568, at charges of the citizens, and is called the conduit upon Downegate. The descent of this street is such, that in the year 1574, on the 4th of September, in the afternoon, there fell a storm of rain, where through the channelssuddenly arose, and ran with such a swift course towards the common shores, that a lad of eighteen years old, minding to have leapt over the channel near unto the said con¬ duit, was taken with the stream, and carried from thence towards the Thames with such a violence, that no man with staves or otherwise could stay him, till he came against a cart wheel that stood in the said Watergate, before which time he was drowned, and stark dead. On the west side of this street is the Tallow- chandlers’ hall, a proper house, which company was incorporated in the 2d year of Edward IV. Somewhat lower standeth the Skinners’ hall, a fair house, which was sometime called Copped hall, by Downegate, in the parish of St. John upon Wal¬ brooke. In the 19th year of Edward II., Ralph Cobham possessed it with five shops, &c. + * “ In London to forty pound, and in the Exchequer to thirty-nine pound.” —1 st edition, p. 181. t The origin and history of the Skinners' Company are treated of at great length in Herbert’s Twelve Livery Compa¬ nies of London , ii. 2PU, et seq ; from which it appears that Dowgate ward. Dowgate ward. The Skinners’company. OF LONDON. Tile Steelyard for the merchants {J7 Jesus’ Commons.—The Erber. of Almaine. This company of Skinners in London were incor¬ porate by Edward III. in the 1st of his reign ; they had two brotherhoods of Corpus Christi, viz. one at St. Mary Spittle, the other at St. Mary Bethlem without Bishopsgate. Richard II., in the 18th of his reign, granted them to make their two brotherhoods one, by the name of the fraternity of Corpus Christi. Of Skinners, divers royal persons were named to be founders and brethren of this fraternity, to wit, kings six, dukes nine, earls two, lords one. Kings, Edward III., Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and Edward IV. This fraternity had also once every year, on Corpus Christi day afternoon, a procession passed through the principal streets of the city, wherein was borne more than one hundred torches of wax (costly garnished) burning light, and above two hundred clerks and priests, in surplices and copes, singing. After the which were the sheriffs’ servants, the clerks of the compters, chaplains for the sheriffs, the mayor’s sergeants, the counsel of the city, the mayor and aldermen in scarlet, and then the Skin¬ ners in their best liveries. Thus much to stop the tongues of unthankful men, such as used to ask, Why have ye not noted this, or that \ and give no thanks for what is done. Then lower down was a college of priests, called Jesus’ Commons, a house well furnished with brass, pewter, napery, plate, &c. besides a fair library well stored with books, all which of old time was given to a number of priests that should keep commons there, and as one left his place, by death or otherwise, another should be admitted into his room, but this order within this thirty years being discontinued, the said house was dis¬ solved, and turned to tenements. Down lower have ye Elbow lane ; and at the corner thereof was one great stone house, called Olde hall ; it is now taken down, and divers fair houses of timber placed there. This was sometime pertaining to William de Pont le Arch, and by him given to the priory of St. Mary Overy in South¬ wark, in the reign of Henry I. In this Elbow lane is the Innholders’ hall, and other fair houses ; this lane runneth west, and suddenly turneth south into Thames street, and therefore of that bending is called Elbow lane. On the east side of this Downe- gate street is the great old house before spoken of, called the Erber, near to the church of St. Mary Bothaw; Geffrey Scroope held it by the gift of Edward III., in the 14th of his reign ; it belonged since to John Nevell, Lord of Rabie, then to Richard Nevell, Earl of Warwick ; Novell, Earl of Salisburie, was lodged there 1457 ; then it came to George Duke of Clarence, and his heirs male, by the gift of Edward IV., in the 14th of his reign. It was lately new built by Sir Thomas Pullis'on, mayor, and was afterward inhabited by Sir Francis Drake, that famous mariner. Next to this great house is a lane turning to Bush lane, (of old time called Carter lane, of carts and carmen having stables there,) and now called Chequer lane, or Chequer alley, of an inn called the Chequer. In Thames street, on the Thames side, west from Downegate, is Greenewitch lane, of old time so called, and now Frier lane, of such a sign there the present acting charter of the company is that which was granted to them by James I. in the tth year of his reign. set up. In this lane is the Joiners’ hall, and other fair houses. Then is Grantham’s lane, so called of John Grantham, sometime major, and owner thereof, whose house was very large and strong, built of stone, as appeareth by gates arched, yet remaining. Raph Dodmer, first a brewer, then a mercer, maj or 1529, dwelt there, and kept his mayoralty in that house ; it is now a brewhouse as it was afore. Then is Dowgate, whereof is spoken in another place. East from this Dowgate is Cosin lane, named of William Cosin that dwelt there in the 4th of Richard II., as divers his predecessors, father, grandfather, &c. had done before him. William Cosin was one of the sheriffs in the year 1306. That house standeth at the south end of the lane, having an old and artificial convej’ance of Thames water into it, and is now a dyehouse called Lam- bard’s messuage. Adjoining to that house there was lately' erected an engine to convey Thames water unto Downegate conduit aforesaid. Next to this lane, on the east, is the Steelyard, as they term it, a place for merchants of Almaine, that used to bring hither as well wheat, rye, and other grain, as cables, ropes, masts, pitch, tar, flax, hemp, linen cloth, wainscots, wax, steel, and other profitable merchandises. Unto these merchants, in the year 1259, Henry III., at the request of his brother Richard, Earl of Cornewell, king of Al¬ maine, granted that all and singular the merchants, having a house in the citj' of London, commonly called Guilda Aula Tlieutonicorum, should be main¬ tained and upholden through the whole realm, by all such freedoms, and free usages, or liberties, as by the king and his noble progenitors’ time they had and enjoj'ed, &c. Edward I. renewed and confirmed that charter of liberties granted by his father. And in the 10th year of the same Edward, Henry Wales being mayor, a great controversy did arise between the said mayor, and the merchants of the Haunce of Almaine *, about the reparations of Bishopsgate, then likely to fall, for that the said merchants enjoj’ed divers privileges in respect of maintaining the said gate, which they now denied to repair ; for the appeasing of which controversy the king sent his writ to the treasurer and barons of his Exchequer, commanding that they should make inquisition thereof ; before whom the mer¬ chants being called, when they were not able to discharge themselves, sith they enjoyed the liber¬ ties to them granted for the same, a precept was sent to the mayor and sheriff's to distrain the said merchants to make reparations, namely, Gerard Marbod, alderman of the Haunce, Ralph de Cus- sarde, a citizen of Colon, Ludero de Denevar, a burgess of Trivar, John of Aras, a burgess of Tri- von, Bartram of Hamburdge, Godcstalke of Ilun- dondale, a burgess of Trivon, John de Dele, a bur- * The history of the Hanse merchants has hitherto received little attention in this country. They are said by their German historians to have succeeded in establishing storehouses in London as early as 1250; at Bruges in 1252; at Novogorod in 1272 ; and at Mons in 1278. See further, Sartorius, Geschichte des Ursprungs der Dcutschen Hansa . and its continuation by Dr. Lappenberg; a translation of whose learned and valuable History of England is preparing by Benjamin Thorpe, Esq., the distinguished editor of the Anglo- Saxon Laws and Institutes , and of that invaluable Anglo- Saxon MS.. Liber Exoniensis , lately published by the Society of Antiquaries. Dowgate ward. 88 Privileges enjoyed by the STOW’S SURVEY Hanse merchants. gess of Munstar, then remaining in the said city of London, for themselves and all other merchants of the Haunce, and so they granted two hundred and ten marks sterling to the mayor and citizens, and undertook that they and their successors should from time to time repair the said gate, and bear the third part of the charges in money and men to defend it when need were. And for this agree¬ ment the said mayor and citizens granted to the said merchants their liberties, which till of late they have enjoyed, as namely, amongst other, that they might lay up their grain which they brought into this realm in inns, and sell it in their garners, by the space of forty days after they had laid it up, except by the mayor and citizens they were expressly forbidden, because of dearth, or other reasonable occasions. Also they might have their aldermen as they had been accustomed, foreseeing always that he were of the city, and presented to the mayor and aldermen of the city, so oft as any should be chosen, and should take an oath before them to maintain justice in their courts, and to behave themselves in their office according to law, and as it stood with the customs of the city. Thus much for their privileges ; whereby it appeareth that they were great merchants of corn brought out of the east parts hither, insomuch that the occupiers of husbandry in this land were inforced to complain of them for bringing in such abund¬ ance when the corn of this realm was at such an easy price ; w hereupon it was ordained by parlia¬ ment, that no person should bring into any part of this realm, by way of merchandise, wheat, rye, or barley, growing out of the said realm, when the quarter of wheat exceed not the price of Cs. 8 d., rye 4s. the quarter, and barley 3s. the quarter, upon forfeiture the one half to the king, the other half to the seizor thereof. These merchants of Ilaunce had their Guildhall in Thames street in place aforesaid by the said Cosin lane. Their hall is large, built of stone, with three arched gates towards the street, the middlemost whereof is far bigger than the other, and is seldom opened, the other two be mured up ; the same is now called the old hall. Of later time, to wit, in the 6th of Richard II., they hired one house next adjoining to their old hall, which sometime belonged to Richard Lions, a famous lapidary, one of the sheriff's of London in the 49th of Edward III., and in the 4th of Richard II., by the rebels of Kent, drawn out of that house and beheaded in West Cheap. This also was a great house with a large wharf on the Thames, and the way thereunto was called Windgoose, or "Wild- goose lane, which is now called Windgoose alley, for that the same alley is for the most part built on by the stilyard merchants. The abbot of St. Alban’s had a messuage here with a key, given to him in the 34th of Henry VI. Then is one other great house, which sometime pertained to John Rainwell, stockfislnnonger, mayor, and it was by him given to the mayor and common¬ alty, to the end that the profits thereof should be disposed in deeds of piety ; which house, in the loth of Edward IV., was confirmed unto the said merchants, in manner following, namely :—“ It is ordayned by our soveraigne lord and his parlia¬ ment, that the said marchants of Almaine,being of the companie called the Guildhall Teutonicorum (or Dowgate ward. Allhallows the More, oi ad foenum. Allhallows the Less, or on the cellars. the Flemish gild), that now be, or hereafter shall be, shall have, hold, and enjoy, to them and their successors for ever, the said place called the Steel house, yeelding to the said mayor and connnunaltie an annuall rent of 101. 3s. 4 d. Ac.” In the year 1551, and the 5th of Edward VI., through complaint of the English merchants, the liberty of the steelyard merchants was seized into the king’s hands, and so it resteth. Then is Church lane, at the west end of Allial- lowes church, called Alhallowes the More in Thames street, for a difference from Alhallowes the Less in the same street ; it is also called Alhal¬ lowes ad faenum in the Ropery, because hay sold near thereunto at Hay wharf, and ropes of old time made and sold in the high street. This is a fair church, with a large cloister on the south side thereof about their churchyard, but foully defaced and ruinated. The church also hath had many fair monuments, but now defaced. There remaineth in the choir some plates on grave stones—namely,.of William Lichfield, D.D., who deceased the year 1 447 : he was a great student, and compiled many books, both moral and divine, in prose and in verse, namely, one intituled “ The Complaint of God unto Sinful Man.” He made in his time three thousand and eighty-three sermons, as appeared by his own handwriting, and were found when he was dead. One other plate there is of John Brickies, diaper, who deceased in the year 1451; he was a great bene¬ factor to that church, and gave by his testament certain tenements to the relief of the poor, &c. Nicholas Loven and William Peston founded chan¬ tries there. At the east end of this church goeth down a lane called Hay wharf lane, now lately a great brew- lmuse, built there by one Pot ; Henry Campion, esquire, a beer-brewer, used it, and Abraham his son now possesseth it. Then was there one other lane, sometime called Woolfe’s gate, now out of use ; for the lower part thereof upon the bank of Thames is built by the late Earl of Shrewsburie, and the other end is built on and stopped up by the chamberlain of London. John Bu'ler, draper, one of the sheriffs in the year 1420, dwelt there ; he appointed his house to be sold, and the price thereof to be given to the poor : it was of Alhal¬ lowes parish the less. Then is there the said parish church of Alhallowes called the Less, and by some Alhallowes on the Cellars, for it standeth on vaults ; it is said to be built by Sir John Poultney, sometime mayor. The steeple and choir of this church standeth on an arched gate, being the entry to a great house called Cold Harbrough. The choir of late being fallen down, is now again at length, in the year 1594, by the parishioners new built. Touching this Cold Harbrough, I find, that in the 13th of Edward II., Sir John Abel, knight, demised or let unto Henry Stow, draper, all that his capital messuage called the Cold Harbrough, in the parish of All Saints ad foenum, and all the appurtenances within the gate, with the key which Robert Hart¬ ford, citizen, son to William Hartford, had, and ought ; and the foresaid Robert paid for it the rent of thirty-three shillings the year. This Robert Hartford being owner thereof, as also of other lands in Surrey, deceasing without issue male, left two daughters his coheirs, to wit, Idonia, married Dow gate ward. Dowgate ward. Cold Harbrough, afterwards Poultney’s OF LONDON. The manor of the Rose. SO ; inn.— Dyers’ hall. Merchant-tailors’ school. to Sir Rapli Bigot, and Maude, married to Sir Stephen Cosenton, knights, between whom the said house and lands were parted. After the which, John Bigot, son to the said Sir Ralph, and Sir John Cosenton, did sell their moieties of Cold Har¬ brough unto John Poultney, son of Adam Poultney, the 8th of Edward III. This Sir John Poultney dwelling in this house, and being four times mayor, the said house took the name of Poultney’s inn. Notwithstanding this, Sir John Poultney, the 2I^f of Edward 111., by his charter, gave and con¬ firmed.to Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Essex, his whole tenement called Cold Har¬ brough, with all the tenements and key adjoining, and appurtenances, sometime pertaining to Robert de Hereford, on the way called Hay wharf lane, Ac. for one rose at Midsummer *, to him and to his heirs for all services, if the same were demanded. This Sir John Poultney deceased 1319, and left issue, by Margaret his wife, William Poultney, who died without issue,and Margaret his mother was married to Sir Nicholas Lovel, knight, Ac. Philip S. Cleare gave two messuages pertaining to this Cold Har¬ brough in the Roperie, towards the enlarging of the parish church and churchyard of All Saints, called the Less, in the 20th of Richard II. In the year 1397, the 21st of Richard 11., John Holland, Earl of Huntington, was lodged there, and Richard II., his brother, dined with him : it was then counted a right fair and stately house ; but in the next year following I find that Edmond, Earl of Cambridge, was there lodged, notwithstanding the said house still retained the name of Poultney’s inn, in the reign of Henry VI., the 26th of his reign. It belonged since to H. Holland, Duke of Excester, and he was lodged there in the year 1172. In the year 1185, Richard III., by his letters patent, granted and gave to John Writh, alias Garter, principal king of arms of Englishmen, and to the rest of the king’s heralds and pursuivants of arms, all that messuage, with the appurtenances, called Cold Harbrough, in the parish of All Saints the Little in London, and their successors for ever. Dated at Westminster the 2d of March, anno regni jjrimv, without fine or fee. How the said heralds departed therewith I have not read ; but in the reign of Henry VIII. the Bishop of Durham’s house near Charing cross, being taken into the king’s hand, Cuthbert Tunstal, Bishop of Durham, was lodged in this Cold Harbrough ; since the which time it hath belonged to the Earls of Shrews- burie, by composition (as is supposed) from the said Cuthbert Tuustall. The last deceased earl took it down, and in place thereof built a great number of small tenements now letten out for great rents to people of all sorts. Then is the Dyers’ hall, which company was made a brotherhood or guild, in the 4th of Henry VI., and appointed to consist of a guardian or warden, and a commonalty, the 12th of Edward IV. Then be there divers large brewhouses and others, till you come to Ebgate lane, where that • A payment somewhat more difficult to be rendered, viz., that of a red rose at Christmas, and a snowball at Mid¬ summer, was to be yearly made to Godfrey Bosville, esq., as the rent of a farm at Brook House in Langsett in the parish of Peniston in the county of York. See Blount’s Fragmenta Anliquitalis ] or, Ancient Tenures, p. 241, ed. Beckwith. ward endeth in the east. On the north side of Thames street be divers lanes also; the first is at the south end of Elbow lane, before spoken of, west from Downegate, over against Greenwich lane : then be divers fair houses for merchants and others all along that side. The next lane east from Downegate is called Bush lane, which turneth up to Candlewicke street, and is of Downegate ward. Next is SufFolke lane, Bitwise turning up to Candle¬ wicke street. In this lane is one notable grammar school, founded in the year 1561 by the master, wardens, and assistants, of the Merchant-Tailors, in the parish of St. Laurence Poultney ; Richard Hilles, sometime master of that company, having before given 50IM. towards the purchase of' a house, called the manor of the Rose, sometime belonging to the Duke of Buckingham, wherein the said schooj, is kept *. Then is there one other lane which turneth up to St. Laurence hill, and to the south-west corner of St. Laurence churchyard ; then one other lane called Poultney lane, that goeth up of this ward to the south-east corner of St. Lau¬ rence churchyard, and so down again, and to the west corner of St. Martin Orgar lane, and over against Ebgate lane ; and this is all of Downgate ward, the thirteenth in number lying east from the water-course of Walbrook, and hath not any one house on the west side of the said brook. It hath an alderman, his deputy, common councillors nine, constables eight, scavengers five, for the wardmote inquest fourteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen eight and-twenty pounds f. WARDS ON THE WEST SIDE OF WALBROOKE, AND FIRST OF VINTRY WARD. Now I am to speak of the other wards, twelve in number, all lying on the west side of the course of Walbrooke. And first of Vintry ward, so called of vintners, and of the vintry, a part of the bank of the river of Thames, where the merchants of Eur- deaux craned their wines out of lighters and other vessels, and there landed and made sale of them within forty days after, until the 28th of Edward I., at which time the said merchants complained that they could not sell their wines, paying poundage, neither hire houses or cellars to lay them in ; and it was redressed by virtue of the king’s writ, directed to the mayor and sheriffs of London, dated at Carlaveroke, or Carlisle, since the which time many fair and large houses, with vaults and cellars for stowage of wines, and lodging of the Burdeaux merchants have been built in place where before time were cooks’ houses ; for Fitzstephen, in the reign of Henry II., writetli, that upon the river’s side, between the wine in ships, and the wine to be sold in taverns, was a common cookery or cooks’ row, Ac., as in another place I have set down ; whereby it appeareth, that in those days (and till of late time) every man lived by his professed trade, not I any one interrupting another : the cooks dressed meat, and sold no wine, and the taverner sold wine, but dressed no meat for sale, Ac. This ward beginneth in the east at the west end • This school is for two hundred 3nd fifty boys, who are admitted at any age by presentation from the court of the Company. See further the History of Merchant-Tailors' School, published by Dr. Wilson in 1812. t “ In London at thirty-six pound, and in the Exchequer at thirty-four pound ten shillings."—1st edition, p. 1S9. Vintry ward. f the sheriffs, deceased 1579; Anthony Cage ; John Mabbe, chamberlain of London, &c. Allen at Condit, and Thomas War- lingworth, founded a chantry there. Sir Nicholas Twiford, goldsmith, mayor, gave to that church a house, with the appurtenances, called the Griffon on the Hope, in the same street *. From this Friday street, west to the Old Ex¬ change, a street so called of the king’s exchange * In the first edition, Sir Nicholas Twiford is described as having a monument in the church. Farringdon ward within. Farringdon ward within. Keepers of the King s Exchange. OF LONDON. St. Paul’s cathedral. 121 Parish church v of St. Augustine. Charter of William the Conqueror. there kept, which was for the receipt of bullion to be coined. For Henry III., in the Gth year of his reign, wrote to the Scabines and men of Ipre, that he and his council had given prohibition, that none, Englishmen or other, should make change of plate or other mass of silver, but only in his Exchange at London, or at Canterbury. Andrew Bukerell then had to farm the Exchange of England, and was mayor of London in the reign of Henry III. John Somercote had the keeping of the king’s Ex¬ change over all England. In the 8th of Edward I., Gregory Rockesly was keeper of the said Exchange for the king. In the 5th of Edward II., William Hausted was keeper thereof; and in the 18th, Roger de Frowicke, &c. • These received the old stamps, or coining-irons, from time to time, as the same were worn, and de¬ livered new to all the mints in London, as more at large in another place I have noted. This street beginneth by West Cheape in the north, and runneth down south to Knightriders street; that part thereof which is called Old Fish street, but the very housing and office of the Ex¬ change and coinage was about the midst thereof, south front the east gate that entereth I’aules churchyard, and on the west side in Baynard’s castle ward. On the east side of this lane, betwixt West Cheape and the church of St. Augustine, Henry Walles, mayor (by license of Edward I.), built one row of houses, the profits rising of them to be em¬ ployed on London bridge. The parish church of St. Augustine, and one house next adjoining in Watheling street, is of this ward called Faringdon. This is a fair church, and lately well repaired, wherein be monuments re¬ maining—of H. Reade, armourer, one of the she¬ riffs 1450 ; Robert Bellesdon, haberdasher, mayor 1491 ; Sir Townley William Dere, one of the she¬ riffs 1450 ; Robert Raven, haberdasher, 1500 ; Thomas Apleyard,gentleman, 1515 ; William Mon¬ caster, merchant-tailor, 1524 ; William Holte, mer¬ chant-tailor, 1544, Ac. Then is the north churchyard of Paules, in the which standeth the cathedral church, first founded by Ethelbert, king of Kent, about the year of Christ 810 : he gave thereto lands as appeareth * : “ xEdelbertus Rex, Deo inspirante, pro animee sues reinedio dedit episcopo Melito terrain quee appellatur Tillingeham, ad monaderii sui solatium, scilicet monas- terium Sancti Pauli: et ego Rex xEtlielbertus ita firmiter concedo tibi presu/i filelito potestatem ejus habendi <|- possidendi ut in perpetuum in monasterii utililate pennaneat,” Ac. Athelstan, Edgar, Ed¬ ward the Confessor, and others, also gave lands thereunto. William the Conqueror gave to the church of St. I’aule, and to Mauricius, then bishop, and his successors, the castle of Stortford, with the appurtenances, Ac. He also confirmed the * The only detailed account of this noble edifice to which the reader will refer with satisfaction is the History of St. Paul's Cathedral, published by Dugdale; and of which a new edition appeared in 1818, under the editorship of Sir Henry Ellis. Some expressions of these Charters, as printed by Stow, have been corrected by the copies in the Appendix to Sir Henry Ellis’s book, pp. 288, 298. The third Charter mentioned is partly in Latin and partly in Saxon, the pecu¬ liar franchises and general words being in the latter language, as was not unusual. gifts of his predecessors in these words : “ IF. Rex Angl. concedo Deo etS. Paulo in perpetuum, 24 Ilidas quas Rex xEtlielbert dedit S. Paulo juxta London .” Ac. The charter of King William the Conqueror, exemplified in the Tower, englished thus : “ William, by the grace of God, king of English¬ men, to all his welbeloued French and English peo¬ ple, greeting : Know ye that 1 do giue vnto God and the church of S. Paule of London, and to the rectors and seruitors of the same, in all their lands which the church hath, or shall have, within bo¬ rough and without, sack and sock, thole and theam, infangthefe and grithbriche, and all freeships, by strand and by land, on tide and off tide, and all the rights that into them christendome by rath, on morth sprake, and on unright hamed, and on unright work, of all that bishoprick on mine land, and on each other man’s land. For I will that the church in all things be as free as I would my soul to be in the day of judgement. Witnesses : Osmund, our Chancellor ; Lanfrank, the Archbishop of Can¬ terbury ; and T. Archbishop of York ; Roger, Earle of Shrewesbury ; Alane, the county ; Geffrey de Magnavilla ; and Ralph Peuerel.” In the year 1087, this church of St. Paule was burnt with fire, and therewith the most part of the city ; which fire began at the entry of the west gate, and consumed the east gate. Mauricius the bishop began therefore the foundation of a new church of St. Paule, a work that men of that time judged would never have been finished, it was to them so wonderful for length and breadth ; and also the same was built upon arches (or vaults) of stone, for defence of fire, which was a manner of work before that time unknown to the people of this nation, and then brought in by the French ; and the stone was fetched from Caen in Normandy. This Mauricius deceased in the year 1107- Ri¬ chard Beamor succeeded him in the bishopric, who did wonderfully increase the said church, purchas¬ ing of his own cost the large streets and lanes about it, wherein were wont to dwell many lay people ; which ground he began to compass about with a strong wall of stone and gates. King Henry I. gave to the said Richard so much of the moat (or wall) of the castle, on the Thames side, to the south, as should be needful to make the said wall of the church, and so much as should suffice to make a wall without the way on the north side, Ac. It should seem that this Richard inclosed but two sides of the said church or cemetery of St. Paule, to wit, the south and north side ; for King Edward II., in the 10th of his reign, granted that the said churchyard should be inclosed with a wall where it wanted, for the murders and robberies that were there committed. But the citizens then claimed the east part of the churchyard to be the place of assembly to their folkemotes, and that the great steeple there situate was to that use, their common bell, which being there rung, all the in¬ habitants of the city might hear and come together. They also claimed the west side, that they might there assemble themselves together, with the lord of Baynard’s castle, for view of their armour, in de¬ fence of the city. This matter was in the Tower of London referred to Harvius de Stanton, and his fellow justices itinerants ; but I find not the deci¬ sion or judgment of that controversy. True it is, that Edward 111., in the 17th of his STOW’S SURVEY Farrinpdon ward within. 122 St Paul’s cathedral. Benefactors to the building of It. reign, gave commandment for the finishing of that wall, which was then performed, and to this day it continueth ; although now on both the sides (to wit, within and without) it be hidden with dwelling- houses. Richard Beamer deceased in the year 1127, and his successors in process of time per¬ formed the work begun. The steeple of this church was built and finished in the year 1222 ; the cross on the said steeple fell down, and a new was set up in the year 1314. The new work of Pauls (so called) at the east end above the choir, was begun in the year 1251. Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, constable of Ches¬ ter, and custos of England, in his time was a great benefactor to this work, and was there buried in the year 1310. Also Ralph Baldocke, Bishop of London, in his lifetime gave two hundred marks to the build¬ ing of the said new work, and left much bv his testa¬ ment towards the finishing thereof : he deceased in the year 1313, and was buried in the Lady chapel. Also the new work of Paules, to wit, the cross aisles, were begun to be new built in the year 1250. The 1st of February,in the year 1444,about two of the clock in the afternoon, the steeple of Paules was fired by lightning, in the midst of the shaft or spire, both on the west side and on the south ; but by labour of many well-disposed people the same to appearance was quenched with vinegar, so that all men withdrew themselves to their houses, prais¬ ing God ; but between eight and nine of the clock in the same night the fire burst out again more fervently than before, and did much hurt to the lead and timber, till by the great labour of the mayor and people that came thither, it was tho¬ roughly quenched. This steeple was repaired in the year 1462, and the weathercock again erected. Robert Godwin winding it up, the rope brake,and he was destroyed on the pinnacles, and the cock was sore bruised ; butBurchwood (the king’s plumber) set it up again : since the which time, needing reparation, it was both taken down and set up in the year 1553 ; at which time it was found to be of copper, gilt over ; and the length from the bill to the tail being four feet, and the breadth over the wings three feet and a half, it weighed forty pounds ; the cross from the bowl to the eagle (or cock) was fifteen feet and six inches, of assize ; the length thereof overthwart was five feet and ten inches, and the compass of the bowl was nine feet and one inch. The inner body of this cross was oak, the next cover was lead, and the uttermost was of copper, red varnished. The bowl and eagle, or cock, were of copper, and gilt also. The height of the steeple was five hundred and twenty feet, whereof the stone-work is two hundred and sixty feet, and the spire was likewise two hun¬ dred and sixty feet: the length of the whole church is two hundred and forty tailors’ yards, which make seven hundred and twenty feet; the breadth thereof is one hundred and thirty feet, and the height of the body of that church is one hundred and fifty feet *. This church hath a bishop, a dean, a pre- • The following are similar particulars with regard to the present bui'ding:—From the ground without to the top of the cross three hundred and forty feet; the whole length of the church and porch is five hundred feet, and the breadth within the doors of the porticos two hundred and fifty feet. An agreeable sketch of the labours of Sir Christopher Wren Farringdon ward within. Pardon churchyard. The Dance of Death. center, chancellor, treasurer, and five archdea¬ cons ; to wit, of London, Middlesex, Essex, Col¬ chester, and St. Albans : it hath prebendaries thirty, canons twelve, vicars choral six, &c. The college of petty canons there was founded by King Richard II. in honour of Queen Anne his wife, and of her progenitors, in the 17th of his reign. Their hall and lands were then given unto them, as appeareth by the patent ; Master Robert Dokesworth then being master thereof. In the year 1406, the petty canons then building their college, the mayor and commonalty granted them their water-courses, and other easements. There was also one great cloister, on the north sale of this church, environing a plot of ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard ; whereof Tho¬ mas More, dean of Paules, was either the first builder, or a most especial benefactor, and was bu¬ ried there. Aboutjhis cloister was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Maehabray, or Dance of Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul’s ; the like whereof was painted about St. Innocent’s clois¬ ter at Paris, in France. The metres, or poesy of this dance, were translated out of French into English by John Lidgate, monk of Bury*, and with the picture of death leading all estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and at the dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry VI. In this cloister were buried many persons, some of worship, and others of honour ; the mo¬ numents of whom, in number and curious work¬ manship, passed all other that were in that church. Over the east quadrant of this cloister was a fair library, built at the costs and charges of Walter Sherington, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, in the reign of Henry VL, which hath been well furnished with fair written books in vellum, but few of them now do remain there. In the midst of this Pardon churchyard was also a fair chapel, first founded by Gilbert Becket, portgrave and principal magistrate of this city, in the reign of King Stephen, who was there buried. Thomas Moore, dean of Paul’s before named, re- edified or new built this chapel, and founded three chaplains there, in the reign of Henry V. In the year 1540, on the 10th of April, the said chapel, by commandment of the Duke of Somerset, was begun to be pulled down, with the whole clois¬ ter, the Dance of Death, the tombs and monuments ; so that nothing thereof was left but the bare plot of ground, which is since converted into a garden for the petty canons. There was also a chapel at the north door of Paules, founded by the same Walter Sherrington, by license of Henry VI., for two, three, or four chaplains, endowed with forty in building the present edifice will be found in Knight’s London , vol ii. p. 1 — 16. * Lydgate’s verses were first printed at the end of Tottell’s edition of the translation of bis Fall of Princes, front Boc¬ caccio, 1554, folio, and afterwards in Sir W. Dugdate’s His¬ tory of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Allusion has been made in a former note (p. 42) to the labours of Mr. Douce upon this subject. The reader curious of further information upon the point may consult Rosen- krantz, Deutsche Poesie im Mitlelaller, p. 591 ; Gerviltus, Poelisclie National Literalur der Deutschen, ii. 362; and Dr. Gruneisen’s Life of Niclaus Manuel, who was no less dis¬ tinguished as the painter of the celebrated Dance of Death at Berne, than as a poet, a soldier, a statesman, and a re¬ former of the sixteenth century. Farringdon ward within. Farringdon ward within. St. Paul's cathedral. OF LONDON. St. Paul’s school. 123 Chapels therein. Clochier in Paul’s churchyard. pounds, by the year. This chapel also was pulled down in the reign of Edward VI., and in place thereof a fair house built. There was furthermore a fair chapel of the Holy Ghost in Paules church, on the north side, founded in the year 1400 by Roger Holmes, chancellor and prebendary of Paules, for Adam Berie, alderman, mayor of London 1364, John Wingham and others, for seven chaplains, and called Holme’s college. Their common hall was in Paul’s churchyard, on the south side, near unto a carpenter’s yard. This college was, with others, suppressed in the reign of Edward VI. Then under the choir of Paules is a large chapel, first dedicated to the name of Jesu, founded, or rather confirmed, the 37th of Henry VI., as appeareth by his patent thereof, dated at Croydone, to this effect : “ Many liege men, and Christian people, having begun a fratemitie and guild, to the honour of the most glorious name of Jesus Christ our Saviour, in a place called the Crowdes of the cathedrall church of Paul’s in Lon¬ don, which hath continued long time peaceably till now of late ; whereupon they have made request, and we have taken upon us the name and charge of the foundation, to the laud of Almightie God, the Father, the Sonne, and the Holy Ghost, and espe¬ cially to the honour of Jesu, in whose honour the fratemitie was begun,” &c. The king ordained William Say, then dean of Paules, to be the rector, and Richard Ford (a re¬ membrancer in the Exchequer), and Henry Bennis (clerk of his privy seal), the guardians of those bro¬ thers and sisters ; they and their successors to have a common seal, license to purchase lands or tene¬ ments to the value of forty pounds by the year, Ac. This foundation was confirmed by Henry VII., the 22nd of his reign, to Doctor Collet, then dean of Paules, rector there, &c. ; and by Henry VIII., the 27th of his reign, to Richard Pace, then dean of Paules, &c. At the west end of this Jesus chapel, under the choir of Paules, also was a parish church of St. Faith, commonly called St. Faith under Paul’s, which served for the stationers and others dwelling in Paule’s churchyard, Paternoster row, and the places near adjoining. The said chapel of Jesus being suppressed in the reign of Edward VI., the parishioners of St. Faith’s church were removed into the same, as to a place more sufficient for largeness and lightsomeness, in the year 1551, and so it remaineth. Then was there on the north side of this church¬ yard a large charnel house for the bones of the dead, and over it a chapel of an old foundation, such as followeth. In the year 1282, the 10th of Edward I., it was agreed, that Henry Walles, mayor, and the citizens, for the cause of shops by them built, without the wall of the churchyard, should assign to God and to the church of St. Paul ten marks of rent by the year for ever, towards the new building of a chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and also to assign five marks of yearly rent to a chaplain to celebrate there. " Moreover, in the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI., license was granted to Jenkin Carpenter (ex¬ ecutor to Richard Whittington) to establish upon the said charnel a chaplain, to have eight marks by the year. Then was also in this chapel two bro¬ therhoods. In this chapel were buried Robert Barton, Henry Barton, mayor, and Thomas Mirfin, mayor, all skinners, and were entombed with their images of alabaster over them, grated or coped about with iron before the said chapel, all which were pulled down in the year 1549 : the bones of the dead, couched up in a charnel under the chapel, were conveyed from thence into Finsbery field (by report of him who paid for the carriage *), amount¬ ing to more than one thousand cart-loads, and there laid on a moorish ground ; in short space after raised, by soilage of the city upon them, to bear three windmills. The chapel and charnel were con¬ verted into dwelling-houses, warehouses, and sheds before them, for stationers, in place of the tombs. In the east part of this churchyard standeth Paules school, l ately new built, and endowed in the year 1512 by John Collet, doctor of divinity and dean of Paules, for one hundred and fifty-three poor men’s children, to be taught free in the same school ; for which he appointed a master, a sur- master, or usher, and a chaplain, with large sti¬ pends for ever, committing the oversight thereof to the masters, wai dens, and assistants of the mer¬ cers in London, because he was j- son to Henry Collet, mercer, sometime mayor. He left to these mercers lands to the yearly value of one hundred and twenty pounds, or better. Near unto this school, on the north side thereof, was of old time a great and high clochier, or bell- house, four square, built of stone, and in the same a most strong frame of timber, with four bells, the greatest that I have heard ; these were called Je¬ sus’ bells, and belonged to Jesus’ chapel, but I know not by whose gift : the same had a great spire of timber covered with lead, with the image of St. Paul on the top, but was pulled down by Sir Miles Partridge, knight, in the reign of Henry VIII. The common speech then was, that he did set a hundred pounds upon a cast at dice against it, and so won the said clochiard and bells of the king ; and then causing the bells to be broken as they hung, the rest was pulled down. This man was afterward executed on the Tower hill for matters concerning the Duke of Somerset, the 5th of Ed¬ ward VI. In place of this clochiard, of old times the com¬ mon bell of the city was used to be rung for the assembly of the citizens to their folke motes, as I have before showed. About the midst of this churchyard is a pulpit cross of timber, mounted upon steps of stone, and covered with lead, in which are sermons preached by learned divines every Sunday in the forenoon ; the very antiquity of which cross is to me unknown. I read, that in the year 1259, King Henry III. commanded a general assembly to be made at this cross, where he in proper person commanded the mayor, that on the next day following, he should cause to be sworn before the alderman every strip¬ ling of twelve years of age or upward, to be true to the king and his heirs, kings of England. Also, in the year 1262, the same king caused to be read at Paul’s cross a bull, obtained from Pope Urban IV., as an absolution for him, and for all that were sworn to maintain the articles made in parliament at Oxford. Also in the year 1299, the dean of • Reign Wolfe. t "Born in London, and son to Henry Collet.” —1 si edi¬ tion, p. 267. Farringdon ward within. 124 Paul’s cross. STOW’S St. Paul's steeple fired by lightning. Paules accursed at Paules cross all those which had searched in the church of St. Martin in the Field for a hoard of gold, &c. This pulpit cross was by tempest of lightning and thunder defaced. Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, new built it in form as it now standeth *. In the year 1561, the 4th of June, betwixt the hours of three and four of the clock in the after¬ noon, the great spire of the steeple of St. Paule’s church was fired by lightning, which brake forth (as it seemed) two or three yards beneath the foot of the cross ; and from thence it went downward the spire to the battlements, stone-work, and bells, so furiously, that within the space of four hours the same steeple, with all the roofs of the church, were consumed, to the great sorrow and perpetual remembrance of the beholders. After this mis¬ chance, the queen’s majesty directed her letters to the mayor, willing him to take order for the speedy repairing of the same : and she, of her gracious disposition, for the furtherance thereof, did pre¬ sently give and deliver in gold one thousand marks, with a warrant for a thousand loads of timber, to be taken out of her woods or elsewhere. The citizens also gave first a great benevolence, and after that three fifteens, to be speedily paid. The clergy of England likewise, within the province of Canterbury, granted the fortieth part of the va¬ lue of their benefices, charged with first fruits, the thirtieth part of such as were not so charged; but the clergy of London diocese granted the thirtieth part of all that paid first fruits, and the twentieth part of such as had paid their fruits. Six citizens of London, and two petty canons of Paules church, had charge to further and oversee the work, wherein such expedition was used, that within one month next following theburning thereof, the church was covered with boards and lead, in manner of a false roof, against the weather ; and before the end of the said year, all the said aisles of the church were framed out of new timber, co¬ vered with lead, and fully finished. The same year also the great roofs of the west and east ends were framed out of great timber in Yorkshire, brought thence to London by sea, and set up and covered with lead ; the north and south ends were framed of timber, and covered with lead, before • “ Alas ! for the mutability of human affairs ! ” as the worthy Baillie M’Candlish was wont to say. Paul’s cross, whose strange eventful history is written in Knight's Lon¬ don (i. p. 32 et seq.), no longer exists: nay, the very elm tree, which used to stand on the north-east side of the pre¬ sent cathedral, and mark its site, has ceased to exist. In April, 1633, while the cathedral was undergoing exten¬ sive repairs, and the churchyard was occupied with masons and building materials, the sermons usually delivered at Paul’s cross were moved into the choir; and it does not ap¬ pear that the old pulpit out of doors was ever again em¬ ployed. At last, by the votes of both houses of the Long Parliament, on the 10th and 11th of September, 1642, for the abolishing of bishops, deans, and chapters, “ the very foundation of this famous cathedral,” to quote the impressive words of Dugdale (p. 109, edit. 1818), “ was utterly shaken in pieces ... so that the next year following, 1643 (Isaac Pennington being lord mayor), the famous cross in the churchyard, which had been for many ages the most noted and solemn place in the nation for the gravest divines and greatest scholars to preach at, was, with the rest of the crosses about London and Westminster, by further order of the said parliament, pulled down to the ground.” Farringdon ward within. SURVEY St. Paul’s cathedral. Monuments therein. April, 1560. Concerning the steeple, divers models were devised and made, but little else was done, through whose default, God knoweth ; it was said that the money appointed for new building of the steeple was collected *. Monuments in this church be these : first, as I read, of Erkenwalde, Bishop of London, buried in the old church about the year of Christ 700, whose body was translated into the new work in the year 1140, being richly shrined above the choir behind the high altar. Sebba, or Seba, King of the East Saxons, first buried in the old church, since removed into the new, and laid in a coffin of stone, on the north side without the choirs ; Ethelred, King of the West Saxons, was likewise buried and removed ; William Norman, Bishop of London in the reigns of Edward the Confessor and of William the Con¬ queror, deceased 1070 , and is new buried in the body of the church, with an epitaph, as in my Summary I have shown ; Eustauchius de Faucon- bridge. Bishop of London 1228, buried in the south isle above the choir ; Martin Pateshull, Dean of Powle’s, 1239 ; W. Havarliul, canon ; the king’s treasurer, Hugh Pateshull, 1240 ; Roger Nigar, Bishop of London, 1241, buried in the north side of the choir ; Fulco Basset, Bishop of London, 1259, and his brother, Philip Basset, knight, 1261 ; Henry Wingham, Bishop of London, buried in the south aisle above the choir, 1262 ; Geffrey de Acra, chaplain, in the chapel of St. James, under the rood at north door, 1264 ; Alexander de Swarford, 1273 ; John Grantham, 1273 ; John Braynford, and Richard Umframuile, 1275 ; Roger de Iale, Archdeacon of Essex, 1280 ; Ralph Donion, canon, 1382 ; Godfrey S. Donstan, 1274 ; Fulke Lovell, 1298 ; William Harworth, clerk, 1302; Reginald Brandon, in the new Lady chapel, 1305 ; Richard Newporte, Archdeacon of Middlesex, 1309 ; Henry Lacie, Earl of Lincolne, in the new work of Paules betwixt the Lady chapel and St. Dunston’s chapel, where a fair monument was raised for him, with his picture in armour, cross-legged +, as one professed for defence of the Holy Land against the infidels, 1310, his monument is foully defaced ; Ralph Baldoke, Bishop of London, 1313, in the said Lady chapel, whereof he was founder. Some have noted f, that in digging the founda¬ tion of this new work, namely of a chapel on the south side of Paule’s church, there were found more than a hundred scalps of oxen or kine, in the year 1316 ; which thing (say they) confirmed ♦ “ And brought to the hands of Edmond Grendall, then Bishop of London.”—Is* edition, p. 269. t “ When the Templar died be was placed in a coffin in his habit, and with his legs crossed, and thus buried.”—See Mr. Keightley’s volume, published in the Library of Enter¬ taining Knowledge, under the title of Secret Societies of the Middle Ages.—The Templars. In this useful little work Mr. Keightley furnishes the English reader with a brief but satisfactory account of this powerful Order, whose history has employed the pens of Raynouard and Wilcke on the con¬ tinent, but had hitherto received little or no attention in this country. Raynouard’s Monumens Historiques relatifs a la Condemnation des Templiers. Paris, 1813, and IVilcke’s Geschichte des Tcmpleherrenordcns (3 ltd. Svo. I.eipsic, 1827— 33.) may be looked upon as the chief materials for such his¬ tory, and are well-deserving perusal. I W. Paston. Farringdon ward within. Farringdon ward within. A buck's* head borne before the pro- OF LONDON. Monuments in St. Paul's. 125 cession at St. Paul’s. Dining with Duke Humphrey. greatly the opinion of those which have reported, that of old time there had been a temple of Jupiter, and that there was daily sacrifice of beasts. Othersome, both wise and learned, have thought the buck’s head, borne before the procession of Paule’s on St. Paul’s day, to signify the like. But true it is, I have read an ancient deed to this effect. Sir William Baud, knight, the 3d of Edward I., in the year 1274, on Candlemas day, granted to Harvy de Borham, dean of Powle’s, and to the chapter there, that in consideration of twenty-two acres of ground or land, by them granted, within their manor of Westley in Essex, to be inclosed into his park of Curingham, he would for ever, upon the feast day of the Conversion of St. Paul in winter, give unto them a good doe, seasonable and sweet, and upon the feast of the commemoration of St. Paul in summer, a good buck, and offer the same upon the high altar ; the same to be spent amongst the canons residents. The doe to be brought by one man at the hour of procession, and through the procession to the high altar ; and the bringer to have nothing : the buck to be brought by all his men in like manner, and they to have paid unto them by the chamberlain of the church twelve pence only, and no more to be required. This grant he made, and for performance bound the lands of him and his heirs to be distrained on ; and if the lands should be evicted, that yet he and his heirs should accomplish the gift. Wit¬ nesses : Richard Tilberie, William de Wockendon, Richard de Harlowe, knights, Peter of Stauforde, Thomas of Waldon, and some others. Sir Walter Baude, son to William, confirmed this gift, in the 30th of the said king, and the wit¬ nesses thereunto were Nicholas de Wokendon, Richard de Rokeley, Thomas de Mandevile, John de Rochford, knights, Richard de Broniford, Wil¬ liam de Markes, William de Fulham, and other. Thus much for the grant. Now what I have heard by report, and have partly seen, it followetli. On the feast day of the commemoration of St. Paul, the buck being brought up to the steps of the high altar in Paul’s church, at the hour of procession, the dean and chapter being apparelled in copes and vestments, with garlands of roses on their heads, they sent the body of the buck to baking, and had the head fixed on a pole, borne before the cross in their procession, until they issued out of the west door, where the keeper that brought it Flowed the death of the buck, and then the horners that were about the city presently answered him in like manner ; for the which pains they had each one of the dean and chapter, four pence in money, and their dinner, and the keeper that brought it, was allowed during his abode there, for that service, meat, drink, and lodging, at the dean and chapter’s charges, and five shillings in money at his going away, together with a loaf of bread, having the picture of St. Paul upon it, &c. There was belonging to the church of St. Paul, for both the days, two special suits of vestments, the one embroidered with bucks, the other 'with does, both given by the said Bauds (as I have heard). Thus much for the matter. Now to the residue of the monuments :—Sir Ralph Hingham, chief justice of both Benches suc¬ cessively, buried in the side of the north walk against the choir, 1308 ; Henry Guildford, clerk at the altar of the Apostles, 1313 ; Richard Newport, Bishop of London, 1318 ; William Chateslehunt, canon, in the new work, J321, had a chantry there, Sir Nicholas Wokenden, knight, at the altar of St. Thomas in the new work, 1323: John Cheshull, Bishop of London, 1279 ; Roger Waltham, canon, 1323 ; Hamo Chikewell, six times mayor of London, 1328 ; Robert Monden, and John Monden his brother, canons, in the new work, 1332 ; Walter Thorpe, canon, in the new work, 1333 ; John Fable, 1334 ; James Fisil, chaplain, 1341 ; Wil¬ liam Melford, Archdeacon of Colchester, 1345 ; Richard de Placeto, Archdeacon of Colchester, 1345, before St. Thomas’ chapel; Geffrey Eton, canon, 1345 ; Nicholas Husband, canon, 1347 ; Sir John Poultney, mayor 1348, in a fair chapel by him built on the north side of Paule’s, wherein lie founded three chaplains ; William Eversden, canon, in the crowds, 1349 ; Alan Hotham, canon, in the new crowds, 1351 ; Henry Etesworth, under the rood at north door, 1353 ; John Beauchampe, con¬ stable of Dover, warden of the ports, knight of the Garter, son to Guy Beauchampe, Earl of Warwick, and brother to Thomas Earl of Warwick, in the body of the church, on the south side, 1358, where a proper chapel and fair monument remaineth of him ; he is by ignorant people misnamed to be Humfrey, Duke of Glocester, who lieth honourably buried at St. Albon’s, twenty miles from London, and therefore such as merrily or simply profess themselves to serve Duke Humfrey in Paule’s *, are to be punished here, and sent to St. Albon’s, there again to be punished for their absence from their lord and master, as they call him ; Michael Norborow, Bishop of London, 1381 ; Walter Nele, blader, and Avis his wife, 1381 ; Gilbert Brewer, dean of Paule’s, 1366 ; Richard Wendover, 1366 ; John Hiltoft, goldsmith, and Alice his wife, in the new works, St. Dunston’s chapel, 1368 ; Adam de Bery, mayor in the year 1364, buried in a chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, or of the Holy Ghost, called Holmes’ college, behind the rood at the north door of Paul’s, 1390 ; Roger Holmes, chancellor and prebend of Paul’s, was buried there 1400 ; John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 1399, buried on the * “ To dine with Duke Humphrey” is a phrase long used to signify going without a dinner. The following quotation from Anthony Munday’s edition of the Survey, p. 642, will serve to illustrate our author's text. “ Likewise on May day, tankard-bearers, watermen, and some other of like quality beside, would use to come to the same tombe early in the morning, and (according to the other) have delivered serviceable presentation at the same monument, by strewing hearbes, and sprinkling faire water on it, as in the dutie of servants, and according to their degrees and charges in oflice. But, as Master Stowe hath discreetly advised such as are so merrily disposed, or simply professe themselves to serve Duke Humphrey in Paul’s, if punishment of losing their dinners dayly there be not suffi¬ cient for them, they should be sent to St. Albon’s, to answere there for their disobedience and long absence from their so highly well-deserving lord and master, because in their merrie disposition they please so to call him.” In addition to this long note upon what Anthony Munday designates in the margin, as “ a due and fit penance for fond Duke Humphreyes idle servants,” it may be observed that “ this prince’s vault (to use the words of Granger, Biog. His¬ tory of England, i. 21.) in which his body was preserved in a kind of pickle, was discovered at St. Alban’s, in the year 1703.” STOW’S SURVEY Farringdon ward within. Monuments in St. Paul’s. Of Paternoster row. Farringdon ward within. 120 Monuments in St. Paul’s. The Countess of Shrewsbury's. north side the choir, beside Blanch his first wife, who deceased 1308 ; Sir Richard Burley, knight of the Garter, under a fair monument in the side of the north walk against the choir, a chantry was there founded for him, 1409 ; Beatrix his wife, after his death, married to Thomas Lord Rouse, was buried in the chapel of St. John Baptist (or Poultney’s chapel) near the north door of Battle’s, 1409 ; Thomas Evers, dean of Paule’s, in St. Thomas’ chapel, the new work, 1411 ; Th mas More, dean of Paule’s, in the chapel of St. Anne and St. Thomas, by him new built in Pardon churchyard, 1419 ; Thomas Ston, dean of Paule’s, by the tomb of John Beaucliampe, 1423 ; the Duchess of Bedford, sister to Philip Duke of Burgoyne, 1433 ; Robert Fitzhugh, Bishop of London, in the choir, 1435 ; Walter Sherington, in a chapel without the north door by him built, 1457 ; John Drayton, goldsmith, in Alhallowes chapel, 1450 ; William Say, dean of Paul’s, in the Crowds, or Jesus’chapel, 1468 ; Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, in the Crowds, or Jesus’ chapel, as appeareth by an inscription on a pillar there. Here before the image of Jesu lieth the worship¬ ful and right noble lady, Margaret Countess of Shrewsbury, late wife of the true and victorious knight and redoubtable warrior, John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, which worship died in Guien for the right of this land. The first daughter, and one of the heirs of the right famous and renowned knight, Richard Beauchamp, late Earl of Warwick, which died in Rouen, and Dame Elizabeth his wife, the which Elizabeth was daughter and heir to Thomas, late Lord Berkeley, on his side, and of her mother’s side, Lady Lisle and Tyes, which countess passed from this world the 14th day of June, in the year of our Lord 1468, on whose soul Jesu have mercy. Amen. John Wenlocke, by his last will, dated 1477, ap¬ pointed there should be dispended upon a monu¬ ment over the Lady of Shrewsbury where she is buried afore Jesus, one hundred pounds. He left Sir Humfrey Talbot his supervisor. This Sir Humfrey Talbot, knight, lord marshal of the town of Calais, made his will the year 1492. He was younger son of John Earl of Shrewsbury, and Mar¬ garet his wife ; he appointed a stone to be put in a pillar before the grave of his lady mother in Paul’s, of his portraiture and arms, according to the will of John Wenlocke, but for want of room and light¬ someness in that place, it was concluded, the image of Jesus to be curiously painted on the wall of Paul’s church, over the door that entereth into the said chapel of Jesus, and the portraiture also of the said Lady Margaret, Countess of Shrewsbury, kneeling in her mantle of arms, with her progeny ; all which was so performed, and remaineth till this day. In the chapel of Jesus, Thomas Dowcrey, William Lambe, 1578, and many other, have been interred ; John of London, under the north rood, 1266 ; John Lovell, clerk ; John Romane; John of St. Olave ; Waltar Bloxley ; Sir Alen Boxhull, knight of the Garter, constable of the Tower, custos of the forest and park of Clarendon, the forest of Brokholt, Grovell, and Melchet, buried beside St. Erken- wald’s shrine, and of later time Thomas Kempe, Bishop of London, in a proper chapel of the Tri¬ nity by him founded in the body of the church, on the north side, 1489 ; Thomas Linacre, doctor of physic ; John Collet, dean of Paule’s, on the south side without the choir, 1519 ; John Dowman, canon of Paule’s, 1525; Richard Fitz-James, Bishop of London, hard beneath the north-west pillar of Paule’s steeple, under a fair tomb, and a chapel of St. Paul, built of timber, with stairs mounting thereunto over his tomb, of grey marble, 1521. His chapel was burned by fire falling from the steeple, his tomb was taken thence. John Stokesley, Bishop of London, in our Lady chapel, 1539 ; John Nevill, Lord Latimer, in a chapel by the north door of Paule’s, about 1542 ; Sir John Mason, knight, in the north walk, against the choir, 1566 ; William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, knight of the Garter, on the north side of the choir, 15( 9 ; Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord-keeper of the great seal, on the south side of the choir, 1578 ; Sir Philip Sidney, above the choir on the north side, 1586 ; Sir Frances Walsingham, knight, principal secre¬ tary, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 1590 ; Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England, knight of the Garter, above the choir, 1591, under a most sumptuous monument, where a merry poet wrote thus :— “ Philip and Francis have no tombe, For great Christopher takes all the roome John Elmer, Bishop of London, before St. Thomas’ chapel, 1594 ; the Lady Heneage, and her hus¬ band, Sir Thomas Heneage, chancellor of the duchy, 1595 ; Richard Fletcher, Bishop of London, 1596. These, as the chief, have I noted to be buried there. Without the north gate of Paule’s church from the end of the Old Exchange, west up Paternoster row, by the two lanes out of Paule’s church, the first out of the cross aisle of Paule’s, the other out of the body of the church, about the midst thereof, and so west to the Golden Lion, be all of this ward, as is aforesaid. The houses in this street, from the first north gate of Paule’s churchyard unto ite next gate, was first built without the wall of the church yard, by Henry Walles, mayor in the year 1282. The rents of those houses go to the maintenance of London bridge. This street is now called Pater Noster row, because of stationers or text writers that dwelt there, who wrote and sold all sorts of books then in use, namely, A. B. C. with the Pater Noster, Ave, Creed, Graces, Ac. There dwelt also turners of beads, and they were called Pater Noster makers, as I read in a record of one Robert Nikke, Pater Noster maker, and citizen, in the reign of Henry IV., and so of other. At the end of Pater Noster row is Ave Mary lane, so called upon the like occasion of text writers and • The allusion to “ Great Christopher,” which gives the point to this epigram, was well understood in Stow’s time, when the Legends of the Saints were as familiar to the people as household words. The following passage from the Life of St. Christopher (see Warton’s English Poetry, i. 16. ed. 1840.) descriptive of his gigantic stature, will enable the reader to understand the couplet, and appreciate the wit of the “ merry poet “ Seynt Christofre was a Sarazin in the londe of Canaan, In no stude by his day me fond non so strong a man: Four-and-twenty feet he leas longe, and thik and broad inouyh. Such a man but he weore stronge, methinketh it weore wo.” Farringdoti ward within. Farringdon ward within. Church of St. Martin’s at Ludgate. OF LONDON. Parliaments at the Black Friars. 127 Church of the Black Friars. Monuments in the church. bead makers then dwelling there ; and at the end of that lane is likewise Creede lane, late so called, but sometime Spurrier row, of spurriers dwelling there ; and Amen lane is added thereunto betwixt the south end of Warwicke lane and the north end of Ave Mary lane. At the north end of Ave Mary lane is one great house, built of stone and timber, of old time pertaining to John Duke of Britaine, Earl of Richmond, as appeareth by the records of Edward 11., since that, it is called Rembrook’s inn, near unto Ludgate, as belonging to the earls of Pembrook, in the times of Richard II., the 18th year, and of Henry VI., the lltli year. It is now called Burgaveny house, and be- lougeth to Henry, late Lord of Burgaveny. Betwixt the south end of Ave Mary lane, and the north end of Creed lane, is the coming out of Paule’s church yard on the east, and the high street on the west, towards Ludgate, and this is called Bowyer row, of bowyers dwelling there in old time, now worn out by mercers and others. In this street, on the north side, is the parish church of St. Martin, a proper church, and lately new built ; for in the year 1437, John Michael, mayor, and the commonalty, granted to William Downe, parson of St. Martin’s at Ludgate, a parcel of ground, containing in length twenty-eight feet, and in breadth four feet, to set and build their steeple upon, Ac. The monuments here have been of William Sevenoake, mayor 1418; Henry Belwase and John Gest, 1458 ; William Taverner, gentleman, 14CC ; John Barton, esquire, 1439 ; Stephen Peacock, mayor 1533; Sir Roger Cliolmley, John Went, and Roger Paine, had chantries there. On the south side of this street is the turning into the Black Friers, which order sometime had their houses in Old borne, where they remained for the space of fifty five years, and then in the year 1270, Gregorie Itoksley, mayor,and the barons of this city, granted and gave to Robert Ivilwarby, Archbishop of Canterbury, two lanes or ways next the street of Baynard’s castle, and also the tower of Mount- fitchit, to be destroyed ; in place of which the said Robert built the late new church of the Black Friers, and placed them therein. King Edward I., and Elianor his wife, were great benefactors there¬ unto. This was a large church, and richly fur¬ nished with ornaments, wherein divers parliaments, and other great meetings, hath been holden; namely, in the year 1450, the ‘28th of Henry VI., a parliament was begun at Westminster, and ad¬ journed to the Black Friers in London, and from thence to Leycester. In the year 1522, the Empe¬ ror Charles V. was lodged there. In the year 1524, the 15th of April, a parliament was begun at the Black Friers, wherein was demanded a subsidy of eight hundred thousand pounds to be raised of goods and lands, four shillings in every pound, and in the end was granted two shillings of the pound of goods or lands that were worth twenty pounds, or might dispend twenty pounds by the year, and so upward, to be paid in two years. This parlia¬ ment was adjourned to Westminster amongst the black monks, and ended in the king’s palace there, the 14th of August, at nine of the clock in the night, and was therefore called the Black parlia¬ ment.. In the year 1529, Cardinal Campeius, the legate, with Cardinal Woolsey, sat at the said Black Friars, where before them, as legates and judges, was brought in question the king’s mar¬ riage with Queen Katherine, as unlawful, before whom the king and queen were cited and sum¬ moned to appear, Ac. whereof more at large in my Annals I have touched. The same year, in the month of October, began a parliament in the Black Friers, in the which Cardinal Woolsey was condemned in the premu- nire ; this house, valued at 104/. 15s. 5 d., was sur¬ rendered the 12th of November, the 30th of Henry VIII. There were buried in this church, Marga¬ ret Queen of Scots; Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, translated from their old church by Old- borne ; Robert de Attabeto, Earl of Beliimon ; Dame Isabel, wife to Sir Roger Bygot, earl mar¬ shal ; William and Jane Huse, children to Dame Ellis, Countess of Arundell ; and by them lieth Dame Ellis, daughter to the Earl Warren, and after Countess of Arundell ; Dame Ide, wife to Sir Waltar -, daughter to Ferrers of Chartley ; Richard de Brewes ; Richard Strange, son to Roger Strange ; Elizabeth, daughter to Sir Bar- thnl. Badlesmere, wife to Sir William Bohun, Earl of Northampton ; Marsh ; the Earls of Marsh and Hereford ; and Elizabeth Countess of Arundell ; Dame Joan, daughter to Sir John Carne, first wife to Sir Gwide Brian ; Hugh Clare, knight, 1295 ; the heart of Queen Helianor, the foundress * ; the heart of Alfonce, her son ; the hearts of John and Margaret, children to W. Valence ; Sir William Thorpe, justice ; the Lord Lioth of Ireland ; Maude, wife to Geffrey Say, daughter to the Earl of Warwick ; Dame Sible, daughter to Wil. Patte- liulle, wife to Roger Beauchampe ; and by her Sir Richard or Roger Beauchampe ; Lord St. Amand, and Dame Elizabeth his wife, daughter to the Duke of Lancaster ; Sir Stephen Collington, knight; Sir William Peter, knight ; the Countess of Hun¬ tington ; Duchess of Excester, 1425 ; Sir John Cornwall ; Lord Fanhope, died at Amphill in Bed¬ fordshire, and was buried here in 1443 ; Sir John Triptoste, Earl of Worcester, beheaded 1470 ; and by him in his chapel, James Tuochet Lord Aud- ley, beheaded 1497 ; William Paston, and Anne, daughter to Edmond Lancaster ; the Lord Bea- mount; Sir Edmond Cornewall, Baron of Burford ; the Lady Nevell, wedded to Lord Dowglas, daugh¬ ter to the Duke of Excester ; Richard Scrope, esquire; Dame Katheren Yaux,alias Cobham; Sir Thomas Browne, and Dame Elizabeth his wife ; Jane Powell ; Thomas Swinforth ; John Mawsley, esquire, 1432 ; John De la Bere, Nicholas Eare, Geffrey Spring, William Clifford, esquires ; Sir Thomas Brandon, knight of the Garter, 1509 ; William Stalworth, merchant-tailor, 1518 ; Wil- * This practice of directing the heart to be buried in some favourite spot doubtless had its origin in the idea, more closely allied to poetry than physiology, of the heart being the seat of the affections. Thus the heart andbrains of Henry I. were buried in Normandy, and his body in England. See his epitaph in Camden’s Remains concerning Britaine (p 314, ed. 1629); of which work a new edition is now preparing for the press by the editor of the present volume. This note furnibhes an opportunity of adding to the ob¬ servations relative to the heart of Richard Cceur de Lion, in p. 50, that a most interesting paper, by Albert Way, Esq., F.S.A., on the subject of the effigy of that king in Rouen cathedral, and of the discovery in 1838 of “ his heart withered to the semhlance of a faded leaf," will be found in the xxixth vol. of the Archeeologia , p. 202. Farringdon ward within. Farringdon ward within. 128 Church of St. Michael ad llladum. STOW’S SURVEY Warwick inn.—Warwick lane. The old cross in Westcheape. Mountgodard street, why so called. liam Courtney, Earl of Devonshire nominate, but not created, the 3rd of Henry VIII., &c. There is a parish of St. Anne within the precinct of the Black Friers, which was pulled down with the Friers’ church, by Sir Thomas Carden ; but in the reign of Queen Mary, he being forced to find a church to the inhabitants, allowed them a lodging chamber above a stair, which since that time, to wit, in the year 1597, fell down, and was again by collection therefore made, new built and enlarged in the same year, and was dedicated on the 11 th of December. Now to turn again out of the Black Frier's through Bowyer row', Ave Mary lane, and Pater Noster row, to the church of St. Michael ad Bladum, or at the corue, (corruptly at the querne,) so called, because in place thereof was sometime a corn market, stretching by west to the shambles. It seemetli that the church was new built * about the reign of Edward III. Thomas Newton, first parson there, was buried in the choir the year 14G1. At the east end of this church stood a cross, called the old cross in West Cheape, which was taken down in the year 1390 ; since the which time the said parish church was also taken down, but new built and enlarged in the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI. William Eastfield, mayor, and the common¬ alty, granted of the common soil of the city three feet and a half in breadth on the north part, and four feet in breadth toward the east. This is now a proper church, and hath the monuments of Thomas Newton, first parson ; Roger Woodcocke, hatter, 1475 ; Thomas Rossel, brewer, 1473; John Hulton, stationer, 1475 ; John Oxnev ; Roger North, merchant-haberdasher, 1509 ; John Lei- land, the famous antiquary ; Henry Pranell, vint¬ ner, one of the sheriffs 1585 ; William Erkin, one of the sheriffs 158C ; Thomas Bankes, barber- chirurgeon, 1598, &c. John Mundham had a chantry there in the reign of Edward II. At the east end of this church, in place of the old cross, is now a water-conduit placed. W. East- field, mayor the 9th of Henry VI., at the request of divers common councils, granted it so to be ; whereupon, in the 19th of the same Henry, one thousand marks w'ere granted by a common council towards the works of this conduit, and the repara¬ tions of other : this is called the little conduit in West Cheape by Paule’s gate. At the west end of this parish church is a small passage for people on foot through the same church ; and west from the said church, some distance, is another passage out of Pater Noster row, and is called, of such a sign, Panyar alley, which cometh out into the north over against St.'Martin’s lane. Next is I vie lane, so called of ivy growing on the walls of the prebend + houses ; but now the lane is replenished on both sides with fair houses, and divers offices be there kept by registers, namely, for the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the probate of wills, and for the lord treasurer’s remembrance of the exchequer, &c. This lane runneth north to the west end of St. Nicholas shambles. Of old time was one great * “Was first builderl about the reigne of Edward III. Thomas Newton, the first parson there, was buried in the quire, the year 1361, which was the 35th of Edward the Thirde.”—1st edition, p. 277. f “ Prebend almes houses.”— Ibid. house sometimes belonging to the Earls of Britain, since that to the Lovels, and was called Lovels’ inn ; for Mathild, wife to John Lovell, held it in the 1st of Henry VI. Then is Eldenese lane, which stretcheth north to the high street of New¬ gate market; the same is now called Warwicke lane, of an ancient house there built by an Earl of Warwicke, and was since called Warwicke inn. It is in record called a messuage in Eldenese lane, in the parish of St. Sepulchre, the 28th of Henry the VI. Cicille Duchess of Warwicke possessed it. Now again from the conduit by Paule’s gate on the north side is a large street running west to Newgate, the first part whereof, from the conduit to the shambles, is of selling bladders there, called Bladder street. Then behind the butchers’shops be now divers slaughter houses inward, and tip¬ pling houses outward. This is called Mountgodard street of the tippling houses there, and the god- dards * mounting from the tap to the table, from the table to the mouth,and sometimes over the head. This street goeth up to the north end of I vie lane. Before this Mountgodard street stall boards were of old time set up by the butchers to show and sell their flesh meat upon, over the which stallboards they first built sheds to keep off the weather ; but since that, encroaching by little and little, they have made their stallboards and sheds fair houses, meet for the principal shambles. Next is Newgate market, first of corn and meal, and then of other victuals, which stretcheth almost to Eldenese lane. A fair, new, and strong frame of timber, covered with lead, was therefore set lip at the charges of the city, near to the west corner of St. Nicholas’ shambles, for the meal to be weighed, in the 1st of Edward VI., Sir John Gresham being then mayor. On this side the north coiner of Eldenese lane stood sometime a proper parish church of St. Ewine, as is before said, given by Henry VIII., towards the erecting of Christ’s church ; it was taken down, and in place thereof a fair strong frame of timber erected, wherein dwell men of divers trades. And from this frame to Newgate is all of this ward, and so an end thereof. It hath an alderman, his deputy, common coun¬ cil twelve, constables seventeen, scavengers eigh¬ teen, wardmote inquest eighteen, and a beadle. And is taxed to the fifteen fifty pounds +. BREAD STREET WARD. Bred street ward beginnetli in the high street of West Cheape, to wit, on the south side from the standard to the great cross. Then is also a part of Watheling street of this ward, to wit, from over against the Lion on the north side up almost to Paule’s gate, for it laeketh but one house of St. Augustine’s church. And on the south side, from the Red Lion gate to the Old Exchange, and down the same exchange on the east side by the west end of Mayden lane, or Distar lane, to Ivnight- * Goddards are drinking cups, as appears from the follow¬ ing passage in the first edition of this work, p. 278:— “ This is called Mountgodard streete, by all likelihood of the tipling houses there, and the Goddards, or pots, mount¬ ing from the tap to the table, from the table to the mouth, and sometimes over the head.” t “ In London at fifty four pounds, and in the Exchequer at fifty-three pounds six shillings and eight pence.”— 1st edi lion, p. 345. Bread street ward. Bread street ward. A lair paved way found fifteen feet OF LONDON. Watting street. 129 deep in Cheap street. Church of Allhallows Bread street. riders street, or, as they call that part thereof, Old Fish street. And all the north side of the said Old Fish street to the south end of Bread street, and by that still in Knightriders street till over against the Trinity church and Trinity lane. Then is Bread street itself, so called of bread in old time there sold ; for it appeareth by records, that in the year 1302, which was the 30th of Edward I., the bakers of London were bound to sell no bread in their shops or houses, but in the market, and that they should have four hallmotes in the year, at four several terms, to determine of enormities belonging to the said company. This street giving the name to the whole ward, beginneth in West Cheap, almost by the Standard, and runneth down south through or thwart Wathe- ling street to Knightriders street aforesaid, where it endeth. This Bread street is wholly on both sides of this ward. Out of the which street, on the east side, is Basing lane, a piece whereof, to wit, to and over against the back gate of the Red Lion in Watheling street, is of this Bread street ward. Then is Fryday street beginning also in West Cheap, and runneth down south through Wathe¬ ling street to Knightriders street, or Old Fish street. This Friday street is of Bread street ward on the east side from over against the north-east corner of St. Matthew’s church, and on the west side from the south corner of the said church, down as aforesaid. In this Fryday street, on the west side thereof, is a lane, commonly called Mayden lane, or Distaffe lane, corruptly for Distar lane, which runneth west into the Old Exchange ; and in this lane is also one other lane, on the south side thereof, likewise called Distar lane, which runneth down to Knight riders street, or Old Fish street ; and so be the bounds of this whole ward. Monuments to be noted here, first at Bread street comer, the north-east end, 1595, of Thomas Tomlinson, causing in the high street of Cheape a vault to be digged and made, there was found, at fifteen feet deep, a fair pavement like unto that above ground, and at the further end at the chan¬ nel was found a tree sawed into five steps, which was to step over some brook running out of the west towards Walbrooke ; and upon the edge of the said brook, as it seemeth, there were found lying along the bodies of two great trees, the ends whereof were then sawed off, and firm timber as at the first when they fell, part of the said trees remain yet in the ground undigged. It was all forced ground until they went past the trees afore¬ said, which was about seventeen feet deep or bet¬ ter ; thus much hath the ground of this city in that place been raised from the main. Next to be noted, the most beautiful frame of fair houses and shops that be within the walls of London, or elsewhere in England, commonly called Goldsmith’s row, betwixt Bread street end and the cross in Cheape, but is within this Bread street ward ; the same was built by Thomas Wood, gold¬ smith, one of the sheriffs of London, in the year 1491. It contametli in number ten fair dwelling- houses and fourteen shops, all in one frame, uni¬ formly built four stories high , beautified towards the street with the Goldsmiths’ arms and the like¬ ness of woodmen, in memory of his name, riding on monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead, richly painted over and gilt: these he gave to the Gold¬ smiths, with stocks of money, to be lent to young men having those shops, &c. This said front was again new painted and gilt over in the year 1594 ; Sir Richard Martin being then mayor, and keeping his mayoralty in one of them, serving out the time of Cutbert Buckle in that office from the 2nd of July till the 28th of October. Then for Watheling street, which Leyland called Atheling or Noble street ; but since he showeth no reason why, I rather take it to be so named of the great highway of the same calling. True it is, that at this present the inhabitants thereof are w’ealthy drapers, retailers of woollen cloths, both broad and narrow, of all sorts, more than in any one street of this city. Of the Old Exchange, I have noted in Faringdon ward ; wherefore I pass down to Knight riders street, whereof I have also spoken in Cordwainers street ward ; but in this part of the said Knight riders street is a fish market kept, aucl therefore called Old Fish street for a difference from New Fish street. In this Old Fish street is one row of small houses, placed along in the midst of Knightriders street, which row' is also of Bread street ward : these houses, now possessed by fishmongers, were at the first but moveable boards (or stalls), set out on market-days, to show their fish there to be sold ; but procuring license to set up sheds, they grew to shops, and by little and little to tall houses, of three or four stories in height, and now are called Fish street. Walter Turke, fishmonger, mayor 1349, had two shops in Old Fish street, over against St. Nicholas church ; the one rented five shillings the year, the other four shillings. Bread street, so called of bread sold there (as I said), is now wholly inhabited by rich merchants ; and divers fair inns be there, for good receipt of carriers and other travellers to the city. On the east side of this street, at the corner of Watheling street, is the proper church of Alhal- lowes in Bread street, wherein are the monuments —of James Thame, goldsmith ; John Walpole, goldsmith, 1349 ; Thomas Beamount, alderman, one of the sheriffs 1442 ; Robert Basset, salter, mayor 1476 ; Sir Richard Chaury, salter, mayor 1509 ; Sir Thomas Pargitar, salter, mayor 1530 ; Henry Sucley, merchant-tailor, one of the sheriffs 1541 ; Richard Reade, alderman, that served and was taken prisoner in Scotland, 1542 ; Ro¬ bert House, one of the sheriffs 1589 ; William Albany, Richard May, and Roger Abde, merchant- tailors. In the 23rd of Henry VIII., the 17th of August, two priests of this church fell at variance, that the one drew blood of the other ; wherefore the same church was suspended, and no service sung or said therein for the space of one month after : the priests were committed to prison, and the 15th of October, being enjoined penance, went before a general procession, bare-headed, bare-footed, and bare-legged, before the children, with beads and books in their hands, from Paules, through Cheape, Cornehill, &e. More to be noted of this church, which had sometime a fair spired steeple of stone. In the year 1559, the 5th of September, about mid-day, fell a great tempest of lightning, with a terrible K Bread street ward. Bread street ward. 130 Church of St. Mildred the Virgin. STOW’S SURVEY Gerard’s hall restored to its old Gerard’s hall. name. clap of thunder, which struck the said spire about nine or ten feet beneath the top ; out of the which place fell a stone that slew a dog, and overthrew a man that was playing with the dog. The same spire being but little damnified thereby, was shortly after taken down, for sparing the charges of repa¬ ration. On the same side is Salters’ hall, with six alms houses in number, built for poor decayed brethren of that company. This hall was burnt in the year 1539, and again re-edified. Lower down on the same side is the parish church of St. Mildred the Virgin. The monuments in this church be—of the Lord Trenchaunt of St. Alban’s, knight, who was supposed to be either the new builder of this church, or best benefactor to the works thereof, about the year 1300 ; and Odde Cor¬ nish, gentleman, 1312; William Palmer, blader, a great benefactor also, 1350 ; John Shadworth, mayor 1401, who gave the parsonage-house, a re¬ vestry, and churchyard to that parish, in the year 1420 ; notwithstanding, his monument is pulled down ; Stephen Bugge, gentleman ; his arms be three water-bugs*, ill!) ; Henry Bugge founded a chantry there 1410 ; Roger Forde, vintner, 1440 ; Thomas Barnwell, fishmonger, one of the sheriffs 1434 ; Sir John Hawlen, clerk, parson of that church, who built the parsonage-house newly after the same had been burnt to the ground, together with the parson and his man also, burnt in that fire, 1405; John Parnell, 1510; William Hurst- waight, pewterer to the king, 1526 ; Christopher Turner, chirurgeon to King Henry VIII., 1530; Ralph Simonds, fishmonger, one of the sheriffs in the year 1527 ; Thomas Langliam gave to the poor of that parish four tenements 1575 ; Thomas Hall, salter, 1582 ; Thomas Collins, salter, alderman ; Sir Ambrose Nicholas, salter, mayor 1575, was buried in Sir John Shadworth’s vault. Out of this Bread street, on the same side, is Basing lane ; a part whereof (as is afore showed) is of this ward, but how it took the name of Basing I have not read : in the 20th year of Richard II. the same was called the bakehouse, whether meant for the king’s bakehouse, or of bakers dwelling there, and baking bread to serve the market in Bread street, where the bread was sold, I know not ; but sure I am, I have not read of Basing, or of Gerrarde the giant, to have any thing there to do. On the south side of this lane is one great house, of old time built upon arched vaults, and with arched gates of stone, brought from Caen in Nor¬ mandy. The same is now a common hostrey for receipt of travellers, commonly and corruptly called Gerrardes hall, of a giant said to have dwelt there. In the high-roofed hall of this house sometime stood a large fir pole, which reached to the roof thereof, and was said to be one of the staves + that Gerrarde the giant used in the wars to run withal. There stood also a ladder of the same length, which (as they say) served to ascend to the top of the staff. Of later years this hall is altered in building, and divers rooms are made in it. Notwithstanding, the pole is removed to one corner of the hall, and * Water Bougets — heraldic representations of the leathern bottles in which water was anciently carried. t “ A pole of forty foote long, and fifteen inches about, fabuled to be the iusting staffe of Gerrard a giant.” — Slow. the ladder hanged broken upon a wall in the yard. The liostelar of that house said to me, “ the pole lacketh half a foot of forty in length I measured the compass thereof, and found it fifteen inches. Reason of the pole could the master of the hostrey give me none, but bade me read the great Chro¬ nicles, for there he heard of it: which answer seemed to me insufficient, for he meant the de¬ scription of Britaine, for the most part drawn out of John Leyland his commentaries (borrowed cf myself), and placed before Reyne Wolfe’s Chronicle*, as the labours of another (who was forced to con¬ fess he never travelled further than from London to the university of Oxford) : he writing a chapter of giants or monstrous men, hath set down more matter than truth, as partly against my will I am enforced here to touch. R. G., in his brief collec¬ tion of histories (as he termeth it) hath these words : “ I, the writer hereof, did see, the 10th day of March, in the yeare of our Lord 1564, and had the same in my hand, the tooth of a man, which weighed ten ounces of troy weight ; and the skull of the same man is extant, and to be seene, which will hold five pecks of wheat ; and the shin-bone of the same man is six foote in length, and of a marvellous greatnes.” Thus far of R. G.f The error thereof is thus : He aftirmeth a stone to be the tooth of a man, which stone (so proved) having no shape of a tooth, had neither skull or shin-bone. Notwithstanding, it is added in the said description, that by conjectural symetry of those parts the body to be twenty-eight feet long, or more. From this he goeth to another like matter, of a man with a mouth sixteen feet wide, and so to Gerrard the giant and his staff. But to leave these fables, and return where I left, I will note what myself hath observed concerning that house. I read that John Gisors, mayor of London in the year 1245, was owner thereof, and that Sir John Gisors, knight, mayor of London, and constable of the Tower 1311, and divers others of that name and family, since that time owned it. William Gisors was one of the sheriffs 1329. More, John * “ Which aunswere seemed to me insufficient, for bee meant the description of Brittaine, before Reinwolfe’s Chro¬ nicle, wherein the author writing a chapter of Gyaunts, and having been deceived by some authours, too much crediting their smoothe speeclie, hath set down more matter than troth, as partly (and also against my will) I am enforced to touch.” — Ut edition, p. 283. The alterations which this passage has undergone in the second edition are somewhat curious, and call for a few re¬ marks. Tile allusion to Leland’s Commentaries, burrowed of myself, unquestionably refers to the copy of that work, which Stow sold to Camden for an annuity of eight pounds a year —Reyne Wolfe's Chronicle is that of Holinshed (see ante, p. 110); and the work compiled from Leland, placed before the Chronicle as the “ labours of another," is the very curious Description of the Island of Britain , with a brief Rehearsal of the nature and qualities of the people of England, and such Commodities as are to be found in the same, written by W il- liam Harrison, and printed in Holinshed. The whole passage, and the allusion to Richard Crafton, his rival as a chronicler, whom Nicholson ( English Historical Library, p 71, ed. 1714) describes as a “very heedless and unskilful writer,” would furnish materials for another chap¬ ter in the “ Quarrels of Authors.” t “ R. G. saw a stone, and said the same to bee a tooth, but being by my selfe proued a stone, there fayled both scull and shank-bone, and followed a cluster of lies together, yet since increased by other.” — Slow. Bread street ward. OP LONDON. Church of St. John Evangelist. ]^1 Cordwainers’ or Shoemakers’ hall. Bread street ward. Gisor’s hall. The Compter in Bread street. Gisors had issue, Henry and John ; which John had issue, Thomas ; which Thomas deceasing in the year 1350, left unto his son Thomas his mes¬ suage called Gisor’s hall, in the parish of St. Mil¬ dred in Bread street: John Gisors made a feoff¬ ment thereof, 1386, &e. So it appeareth that this Gisor’s hall, of late time by corruption hath been called Gerrard’s hall * for Gisor’s hall ; as Bosom’s inn for Blossom’s inn, Bevis marks for Buries marks, Marke lane for Marte lane, Belliter lane for Belsetter’s lane, Gutter lane for Guthuruns lane, Cry church for Christ’s church, St. Mihel in the quorn for St Mihel at come, and sundry such others. Out of this Gisor’s hall, at the first build¬ ing thereof, were made divers arched doors, yet to be seen, which seem not sufficient for any great monster, or other than man of common stature to pass through, the pole in the hall might be used of old time (as then the custom was in every parish), to be set up in the summer as May-pole, before the principal house in the parish or street, and to stand in the hall before the screen, decked with holme and ivy, all the feast of Christmas +. The ladder served for the decking of the may-pole and roof of the hall. Thus much for Gisor’s hall, and for that side of Bread street, may suffice. Now oil the west side of Bread street, amongst divers fair and large houses for merchants, and fair inns for passengers, had ye one prison-house per¬ taining to the sheriffs of London, called the compter in Bread street ; but in the year 1555 the prisoners were removed from thence to one other new compter in Wood street, provided by the city’s purchase, and built for that purpose ; the cause of which re¬ move was this : Richard Husband, pastelar, keeper of this compter in Bread street, being a wilful and headstrong man, dealt, for his own advantage, hard with the prisoners under his charge, having also servants such as himself liked best for their bad usage, and would not for any complaint be re¬ formed ; whereupon, in the year 1550, Sir Rowland Hill being mayor, by the assent of a court of alder¬ men, he was sent to the gaol of Newgate, for the cruel handling of his prisoners ; and it was com¬ manded to the keeper to set those irons on his legs which are called the widow’s alms. These he ware from Thursday to Sunday in the afternoon, and being by a court of aldermen released on the Tues¬ day, was bound in a hundred marks to observe from thenceforth an act made by the common coun¬ cil, for the ordering of prisoners in the compters ; all which notwithstanding, he continued as afore, whereof myself am partly a witness ; for being of a jury to inquire against a sessions of gaol delivery J, in the year 1552, we found the prisoners hardly dealt withal, for their achates and otherwise ; as also that thieves and strumpets were there lodged for four-pence the night, whereby they might be safe from searches that were made abroad ; for the which enormities, and other not needful to be re¬ cited, he was indighted at that session, hut did rub it out, and could not be reformed till this remove * “ Gerrard’s hall overthrowne with Gerrard the giant, and his great spear.”— Slow. t “ Every man’s house of old time was decked witli holly and ivy in the winter, especially at Christmas.”— Slow. t “ Quest of inquiry indiglit ttie keepers of the gayles for dealing hardly with their prisoners. They indighted the bon ling alleys, See."—Stow. of prisoners, for the house in Bread street was his own by lease, or otherwise, so that he could not be put from it. Note, that gaolers buying their offices will deal hardly with pitiful prisoners. Now in Friday street, so called of fishmongers dwelling there, and serving Friday’s market, on the east side, is a small parish church, commonly called St. John Evangelist: the monuments there¬ in be of John Dogget, merchant tailor, one of the sheriffs in the year 150!) ; Sir Christopher Askew, draper, mayor 1533 ; William de Aviuger, farrier, was buried there in the 34th of Edward III. Then lower down, is one other parish church of St. Margaret Moyses, so called (as seemeth) of one Moyses, that was founder or new builder thereof, The monuments there be of Sir Richard Dobbes, skinner, mayor 1551 ; William Dane, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs 1509 ; Sir John Allet, fish¬ monger, mayor 1591. There was Of older time buried, Nicholas Stanes, and Nicholas Braye ; they founded chantries there. On the west side of this Friday street, is May den lane, so named of such a sign, or Distaffe lane, for Distal 1 lane, as I read in the record of a brewhouse called the Lamb, in Distar lane, the 10th of Henry VI. In this Distar lane, on the north side thereof, is the Cordwainers, or Shoemakers’ hall, which company were made a brotherhood or fraternity, in the 11th of Henry IV. Of these cordwainers I read, that since the fifth of Richard II. (when he took to wife Anne, daughter to Vesalaus, King of Boheme), by her example, the English people had used piked shoes, tied to their knees with silken laces, or chains of silver or gilt, wherefore in the 4th of Edward IV. it was ordained and proclaimed, that beaks of shoone and boots, should not pass the length of two inches, upon pain of cursing by the clergy, and by parliament to pay twenty shillings for every pair. And every cordwainer that shod any man or woman on the Sunday, to pay thirty shillings. On the south side of this Distar lane, is also one other lane, called Distar lane, which runneth down to Knightriders’ street, or Old Fish street, and this is the end of Bread street ward ; which hath an alderman, his deputy, common council ten, consta¬ bles ten, scavengers eight, wardmote inquest thir¬ teen, and a beadle. It standeth taxed to the fif¬ teen in London, at 37/., and in the Exchequer at 30/. 18s. 2d *. QUEENE IIITIIE WARD. Next unto Bread street ward, on the south side thereof, is Queene Hithe ward, so called of a water gate, or harbour for boats, lighters, and barges ; and was of old time for ships, at what time the timber bridge of London was drawn up, for the passage of them to the said hithe, as to a principal strand for landing and unlading against the midst and heart of the city. This ward beginneth in the east, in Knightriders’ street, on the south side thereof, at the east end of the parish church called the Holy Trinity, and runneth west on the south side to a lane called Lambert hill, which is the length of the ward in Knightriders’ street, out of the which street are “ In the Exchequer tliirty-six pounds, ten shillings.”— 1 *7 edition, p. 285. K 2 I ----- Queen hitlie ward. Queen hitlie ward. 132 Churches of the Holy Trinity and STOW’S SURVEY Monuments in St. Nicholas Cold Abbey. St. Nicholas Cold Abbey. Paperstainers’ hall. divers lanes, running south to Thames street, and are of this ward : the first is Trinity lane, which runneth down by the west end of Trinity church ; then is Spuren lane, or Spooner’s lane, now called Huggen lane ; then Bread street hill ; then St. Mary Mountliaunt, out of the which lane, on the east side thereof, is one other lane, turning east, through St. Nicholas Olave’s churchyard to Bread street hill. This lane is called Finimore lane, or Fivefoot lane, because it is but five feet in breadth at the west end ; in the midst of this lane runneth down one other lane broader, south to Thames street, I think the same to be called Desbourne lane, for I read of such a lane to have been in the parish of Mary Summerset, in the 22nd year of Edward III., where there is said to lie between the tenement of Edward de Montaeute, knight, on the east part, and the tenement some time pertaining to William Gladwine on the west, one plot of ground, contain¬ ing in length towards Thames street, twenty-five feet, Ac. Last of all, have you Lambart-hill lane, so called of one Lambart, owner thereof; and this is the furthest west part of this ward. On the north side coming down from Knight- riders’ street, the east side of Lambart hill, is wholly of this ward ; and the west side, from the north end of the Blackesmiths’ hall (which is about the midst of this lane) unto Thames street ; then part of Thames street is also of this ward, to wit, from a cook’s house called the sign of King David, three houses west from the Old Swan brew- house in the east, unto Huntington house, over against St. Peter’s church in the west, near unto Paul’s wharf ; and on the land side, from a cook’s h nise called the Blue Boar, to the west end of St. Peter’s church, and up St. Peter’s hill, two houses north above the said church. And these be the bounds of this ward, in which are parish churches seven, halls of companies two,and other ornaments as shall be shewed. First in Knightriders’ street, is the small parish church of the Holy Trinity, very old, and in dan¬ ger of down falling : collections have been made for repairing thereof, but they will not stretch so far, and, therefore, it leanetli upon props or stilts. Monuments as followeth. John Brian, alderman in the reign of Henry V., a great benefactor ; John Chamber had a chantry there ; Thomas Rishby, esquire, and Alice his wife, within the chancel ; John Mirfin, auditor of the exchequer 1471 ; Sir Richard Fowler, of Ricks in Oxfordshire, 1528 ; George Cope, second son to Sir John Cope of Copasashby in Northamptonshire, 1572. Towards the west end of Knightriders’ street is the parish church of St. Nicolas Cold Abbey, a proper church, somewhat ancient, as appeareth by the ways raised thereabout, so that men are forced to descend into the body of the church: it hath been called of many Golden Abbey, of some, Gold Abbey, or Cold Bey, and so hath the most ancient writings *, as standing in a cold place, as Cold har¬ bour, and such like. The steeple or tall tower of this church, with the south aisle, have been of a later building : to wit, the 1st of Richard II., when * “ But I could never leanie the cause why it should be so called, and therefore I will let it passe.”-1st edition, p. 2S7. it was meant the whole old church should have been new built, as appeareth by the arching begun on the east side the steeple, under the which, in the stone work, the arms of one Buckland, esquire, and his wife, daughter to Beaupere, are cut in stone, and also are in the glass windows, whereby it appeareth he was the builder of the steeple anil repairer of the residue. The 26th of Edward III., An. Aubrey being mayor*, T. Frere, fishmonger, gave one piece of ground to the said parish church of St. Nicholas, containing eighty-six feet in length, and forty-three feet at one end, and thirty-four at the other, in breadth, for a cemetery or church¬ yard. The 20th of Richard II., Thomas Barnard Castle, clerke, John Sonderash, clerke, and John Nouncy, gave to the parson and churchwardens of the said church and their successors, one messuage and one shop, with the appurtenances, in Distaffe lane and Old Fish street, for the reparation of the body of the said church, the belfry or steeple, and ornaments. Buried in this church, John Calfe, and William Cogeshall, 142G ; Waltar Turke, fishmonger, mayor 134!) ; Rieharde Esastone, fishmonger, 1330 ;. Ni¬ cholas VVolberge, fishmonger, 1407 ; Thomas Pad- ington, fishmonger, 1485 ; Robert Hary, fish¬ monger, John Suring, 1490 ; Roger Darlington, fishmonger, 1557 > Richard Lacty, parson, under a fair tomb on the north side the choir, 1491 ; Richard Bradbrudge, 1497 ; William Clarke, 1501 ; James Pieman, 1507 ; Richard Farneford, 1525 ; Thomas | Nicholas, fishmonger, 1527 ; William Barde, fish¬ monger, 1528. On the north side of this church, in the wall thereof, was of late built a convenient cistern of stone and lead, for receipt of Thames water, con veyed in pipes of lead to that place, for the ease and commodity of the fishmongers and other inha- I bitants in and about Old Fish street. Barnard Randolph, common serjeant of the city of London, did in his lifetime deliver to the company of Fish¬ mongers the sum of nine hundred pounds, to be em¬ ployed towards the conducting of the said Thames water, and cisterning the same, &c. ; in the pa¬ rishes of St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Nicholas Colde Abbey, near unto Fish street, seven hundred pounds ; and other two hundred pounds to chari¬ table deeds : he deceased 1583, and shortly after this conduit with the other was made and finished. In Trinity lane, on the west side thereof, is the Painterstainers’ hall, for so of old time were they called, but now that workmanship of staining is departed out of use in England. Lower down in Trinity lane, on the east side thereof, was some¬ time a great messuage pertaining unto John, earl of Cornwall, in the 14th of Edward III. On Bread- street hill, down to the Thames on both sides, be divers fair houses, inhabited by fishmongers, cheese- * 11 There bee monumentes in this church of Andrew Aw- bery, grocer, mayor, and Thomas Fryar, fishmonger, in the yeare 1351, who gave to this church and parish one plot of ground, containing fiftie six foote in length, and fortie-three foote in breadth at both endes, to be a buriall place for the dead of the said parish, the twenty-sixt of Edward the third. Also Thomas Madefry, clarke, and John Pylot, gave to the wardens of that parish one shop and a house in Distar lane, for the continual repairing of the body of that church, the belles and ornaments, the twentieth of Richard II."—1 stedi- tion, p. 2S7. Queen liithe ward. Cueen hithe ward.—Churches of St. Mi- Churches of St. Nicholas Olave and OF LONDON. chael, St. Mary Somerset, and St. Peter 133 St. Mary Mounthaunt. Parva.—Edred’s hithe or Queen hithe. mongers, an'l merchants of divers trades. On the west side whereof is the parish church of St. Nicholas Olive, a convenient church, having the monuments of W. Newport, fishmonger, one of the sheriffs 1375 ; Richard Willowes, parson, 1391 ; Richard Sturges, fishmonger, 1470; Thomas Lewen, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs 1537, who gave his messuage, with the appurtenances, wherein he dwelt, with fourteen tenements in the said parish of St. Nicholas, to be had after the decease of Agnes his wife, to the ironmongers, and they to give stipends appointed to almsmen, in five houses by them built in the churchyard of that parish, more to poor scholars in Oxford and Cambridge, &c. Blitheman, an excellent organist of the Queen’s chapel, lieth buried there with an epitaph, 1591*, &c. The next is Old Fishstreet hill, a lane so called, which also runneth down to Thames street. In this lane, on the east side thereof, is the one end of Finimore, or Five foot lane. On the west side of this Old Fishstreet hill is the Bishop of Here¬ ford’s inn or lodging, an ancient house and large rooms, built of stone and timber, which sometime belonged to the Mounthauntes in Norfolk. Radul- phus de Maydenstone, Bishop of Hereford, about 1234, bought it of the Mounthauntes, and gave it to the Bishops of Hereford, his successors. Charles, both Bishop of Hereford and Chancellor of the Marches, about the year 1517, repaired it, since the which time the same is greatly ruinated, and is now divided into many small tenements ; the hall and principal rooms, are a house to make sugar-loaves, &c. Next adjoining is the parish church of St. Mary de Monte Alto, or Mounthaunt•(■ ; this is a very small church, and at the first built to be a chapel for the said house of the Mounthaunts, and for tenements thereunto belonging. The Bishop of Hereford is patron thereof. Monuments in this church of John Glocester, alderman 1345, who gave Salt wharf for two chantries there ; John Skip, Bishop of Hereford, 1539, sate twelve years, died at London in time of parliament, and was buried in this church. There was sometime a fair house in the said parish of St. Mary Mounthaunt, belonging to Robert Bclkenape, one of the king’s * The following is the epitaph from the edition of the "Survey" published by Anthony Munday in 1618. * “ Here Blitheman lyes, a worthy wight, Who feared God above; A friend to all, a foe to none, Whom rich and poore did love. Of Princes’ Chappell, gentleman, Unto his dying day, Whom all tooke great delight to heare Him on the organs play. Whose passing skill in musicke’s art A scholler left behind; Juhn Bull (by name), his master’s veine Expressing in each kind. But nothing here continues long Nor resting place can have ; His soul departed hence to heaven, His body here in grave.” He died on Whitsunday, anno Domini 1591. t This church having been destroyed in the fire of Lon- don, and not rebuilt, the parish was by act of parliament justices, but the said Belkertape being banished this realm, King Richard II. in the twelfth of his reign, gave it to William Wickham, Bishop of Win¬ chester. On the east side of this Old Fishstreet hill, is one great house, now let out for rent, which house sometime was one of the halls, pertaining to the company of Fishmongers, at such time as they had six hallmotes or meeting places : namely, two in Bridge street, or New Fish street ; two in Old Fish street, whereof this was one ; and two in Stockfish- monger row, or Thames street, as appeareth by a record, the 22nd of Richard II. Next westward is one other lane called Lambard hill, the east side whereof is wholly of this ward, and but half the west side, to wit, from the north end of the Blacksmiths’ hall. Then in Thames street of this ward, and on the north side over against the Queen’s hitli, is the parish church of St. Michaell, a con venient church, but all the monuments therein are defaced. I find that Stephen Spilman, gentleman, of that family in Norfolk, sometime mercer, chamberlain of London, then one of the sheriffs, and alderman in the year 1404, deceasing without issue, gave bis lands to his family the Spilmans, and his goods to the making or repairing of bridges and other like godly uses ; and amongst others in this church he founded a chantry, and was buried in the choir. Also Richard Marlowe, ironmonger, mayor 1409, gave twenty pounds to the poor of that ward, and ten marks to the church. Richard Gray, ironmonger, one of the sheriffs 1515, gave forty pounds to that church, and was buried there. At the west end of that church goeth up a lane, called Pyel lane. On the same north side, at the south end of St. Mary Mount¬ haunt lane, is the parish church of St. Mary Sum¬ merset, over against the Broken wharf; it is a proper church, but the monuments are all defaced. 1 think the same to be of old time called Summer’s hitli, of some man’s name that was owner of the ground near adjoining, as Edred’s hithe was so called of Edred owner thereof, and thence called Queene hithe, as pertaining to the queen, &c. Then is a small parish church of St. Peter, called parrefc or little, near unto Powle’s wharf ; in this church no monuments do remain. At the west end thereof, is a lane called St. Peter’s hill, but two houses up that lane on the east side is of this ward, and the rest is of Castle Baynarde ward. On the south side of Thames street, beginning again in the east, among the cooks, the first in this ward, is the sign of David the King ; then is Towne’s end lane, turning down to the Thames ; then is Queene hithe, a large receptacle for ships, lighters, barges, and such other vessels. Touching the antiquity and use of this gate and hithe,first, I find the same belongeth to one named Edred, and was then called Edred’s hithe, which since falling to the hands of King Stephen, it was by his charter confirmed to William De Ypre*; the farm thereof in fee and in heritage, William De Ypre gave unto the prior and convent of the Holy Trinity within Aldgate, as appeareth by this charter : — “ To Theobalde, by the grace of God, Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of England, and Legate * Lib. Trinitate. Queen hithe ward. 134 Ships of the Cinque ports forced to bring their corn there. Apostolike, to the Bishoppe of London, and to all faithful people, clarkes and layemen, William de Ypre sendeth greeting. “ Know ye me to have given and graunted to God, and to the church of the Holy Trinitie of London, to the prior and canons there serving God in perpetuall almes, Edred’s hith, with the appurtenances, with such devotion, that they shall send every yeare twentie pound unto the main¬ tenance of the hospital of St. Katherens, which hospitall they have in their hands, and one hundred shillinges to the moukes of Bermondsey, and sixty shillinges to the brethren of the hospitall of St. Giles, and that which remaynetli, the said prior and canons shall enjoy to themselves. Witnesses, Richard de Lucie, Raph Picot, &c.” This Edred’s hithe, after the aforesaid grants, came again to the king’s hands, by what means I have not read, but it pertained unto the queen, and, therefore, was called Rlpa regince, the Queene’s bank, or Queen’s hithe, and great profit thereof was made to her use, as may appear by this which followeth. King Henry III. in the Oth of his reign, com¬ manded the constables of the Tower of London to arrest the ships of the Cinque Ports on the river of Thames, and to compel them to bring their corne to no other place, but to the Queen’s hithe only. In the eleventh of his reign, he charged the said constable to distrain all fish offered to be sold in any place of this city, but at the Queene hithe. Moreover, in the 28th of the said king’s reign, an inquisition was made before William of Yorke, pro¬ vost of Beverley, Henry of Bath, and Ilieroiue of Caxton, justices itinerant, sitting in the Tower of London, touching the customs of Queen hithe, ob¬ served in the year last before the wars between the king and his father, and the barons of England, and of old customs of other times, and what cus¬ toms had been changed, at what time the tax and payment of all things coming together, and between Woore path and Anedehithe *, were found and ceased, according to the old order, as well corn and fish as other things: all which customs were as well to be observed in the part of Downegate, as in Queen hithe, for the king’s use. When also it was found, that the corn arriving between the gate of the Guildhall of the merchants of Cologne, and the soke of the Archbishop of Canterbury (for he had a house near unto the Blacke Fryers), was not to be measured by any other quarter, than by that of the Queene’s soke After this, the bailiff of the said hithe complained that, since the said recognition, fourteen foreign ships laden with fish, arrived at Belinge’s gate, which ships should have arrived at the same hithe; and, therefore, it was ordered, that if any foreign ship laden with fish, should in form aforesaid, arrive elsewhere than at this hithe, it should be at the king’s pleasure to amerce them at forty shil¬ lings. Notwithstanding, the ships of the citizens of London were at liberty to arrive where the owners would appoint them. After this, the said Henry III. confirmed the grant of Richard Earl of Cornwall for the farm of * It appears from Strype's Stow (i. p. 2H, ed. 1/20), that 11 Were path, or Wore path, is in the east part of the Flete of Burkins, about seven miles from London ; and Anedeheth is near Westminster, on the west part of London.” Queen hithe ward. Queen hithe let to farm to the mayor and commonalty of London. the Queen hithe unto John Gisors, then mayor, and to the commonalty of London, and their successors for ever, as by this his charter appearetli : “ Henry, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Guien, and Earl of Anjou, to all archbishops, &c. Be it known, that we have seen the covenant between our brother, Richard Earl of Cornwall, on the one part, and the mayor anil commonalty on the other part, which was in this sort. In the 30th year of Henry, the son of King John *, upon the feast of the Translation of St. Edward, at Westminster, this covenant was made between the honourable Lord Richard Earl of Cornwall, and John Gisors, then mayor of Lon¬ don, and the commons thereof, concerning certain exactions and demands pertaining to the Queen hithe of London. The said earl granted for him¬ self and his heirs, that the said mayor, and all mayors ensuing, and all the commons of the city, should have and hold the Queen hithe, with all the liberties, customs, and other appurtenances, repay- I ing yearly’ to the said earl, his heirs and assigns, fifty pounds, at Clarkenwell, at two several terms ; to wit, the Sunday after Easter twenty-five pounds, and at Michaelmas twenty-five pounds. And for more surety hereof the said earl hath set thereunto his seal, and left it with the mayor, and the mayor and commonalty have set to then - seal, and left it with the earl. Wherefore we confirm and establish the said covenant for us, anil for our heirs. Wit¬ nesses, Raph Fitz Xichol, Richard Gray, John and Wil. Brithem, Paulin Painter, Raph Wancia, John Cumbaud, and other, at Windsor, 26th of February, in the 31st of our reign.” The charge of this Queen hithe was then com¬ mitted to the sheriffs, and so hath continued ever since ; the profits whereof are sore diminished, so that (as writeth Robert Fabian) it was worth in his time little above twenty marks, or fifteen pounds, one year with another. Now for customs of this Queen hithe +. In the year 1302, the 30;h of Edward I., it was found by the oath of divers men, that bakers, brewers, and others, buying their o rn at Queen hithe, should pay for measuring, portage, and carriage, for every quarter of corn whatsoever, from thence to West Cheap, to St. Anthonie’s church, to llorshew bridge, and to Woolsey street, in the parish of Allhallowes the Less, and such like distances, one halfpenny farthing ; to Fleet bridge, to Newgate, Cripplegate, to Bircheovers lane, to Eastcheape, and Billingsgate, one penny. Also, J that the measure (or the meter) ought to have eight chief master-porters, every master to have three porters under him, and every one of them to find one horse, and seven sacks ; and he that so did not, to lose his office. This hithe was then so i frequented with vessels, bringing thither corn, (besides fish, salt, fuel, and other merchandizes,) that all these men, to wit, the meter, and porters, thirty-seven in number, for all their charges of horses and sacks, and small stipend, lived well of their labours ; but now J the bakers of London, and other citizens, travel into the countries, and buy their corn of the farmers, after the farmers’ price. King Edward II., in the 1st of his reign, gave to Margaret, wife to Pier's de Gavestone, forty-three • Lib Triiiitate. Lon. t Liber Constitut. t “ But now that case is altered.” — 1st edition, p. 253. STOW S SURVEY Queen hitlie ward. Queen liiilie to be more frequented of ships and boats than Billingsgate. pounds twelve shillings and nine pence halfpenny farthing, out of the rent of London, to he received of the Queen’s hitlie. Certain impositions were set upon ships and other vessels coining thither, as upon corn, salt, and other things, toward the charge of cleansing Roomeland there, the 41st of Edward 111. The 3d of Edward IV., the market at Queen hitlie being hindered by the slackness of drawing up London bridge, it was ordained, that all manner of vessels, ships, or boats, great or small, resorting to the city with victual, should be sold by retail ; and that if there came but one vessel at a time, were it salt, wheat, rye, or other corn, from beyond the seas, or other grains, garlic, onions, herrings, sprats, eels, whiting, plaice, cods, mackarel, Ac. then that one vessel should come to Queen hitlie, and there to make sale ; but if two vessels come, the one should come to Queen hithe, the other to Billingsgate ; if three, two of them should come to Queen hitlie, the third to Billingsgate, &c., always the more to Queen hithe ; if the vessel being great, coming with salt from the Bay, and could not come to these keys, then the same to be con¬ veyed by lighters, as before is meant. One large house for stowage of corn craned out of lighters and barges, is there lately built; Sir John Lion, grocer, mayor 1554, by his testament, gave a hundred pounds towards it ; but since increased and made larger at the charges of the city, in the year 1505. Against this Queen’s hithe, on the river Thames, of late years, was placed a corn mill, upon or betwixt two barges or lighters, and there ground corn, as water mills in other places, to the wonder of many that had not seen the like ; but this lasted not long without decay, such as caused the same barges and mill to be removed, taken asunder, and soon forgotten. I read of the like to have been in former time, as thus :—In the year 1525, the 10th of Henry VIII., Sir William Bayly being mayor, John Cooke of Glocester, mercer, gave to the mayor and commonalty of London, and theirs for ever, one great barge, in the which two corn mills were made and placed, which barge and mills were set in and upon the stream of the river of Thames, within the jurisdiction and liberty of the said city of London. And also he gave to the city all such timber, boards, stones, iron, Ac. provided for making, mending, and repairing of the said barge and mills, in reward whereof the mayor gave him fifty pounds presently, and fifty pounds yearly during his life ; and if the said Cooke deceased before Johan his wife, then she to have forty marks the year during her life. Next adjoining to this Queen hithe, on the west side thereof, is Salt wharf, named of salt taken up, measured, and sold there. The next is Stew lane, of a stew or hothouse there kept. After that is Timber hithe, or Timber street, so called of timber or boards there taken up and wharfed ; it is in the parish of St. Mary Somershithe, as I read in the 56th of Henry III., and in the 9th of Edward II. Then is Brookes wharf, and Broken wharf, a water gate or key, so called of being broken and fallen down into the Thames. By this Broken wharf remaineth one large old building of stone, with arched gates, which messuage, as I find, in the Queen hitlie ward. Bevis Bulmar erects an engine for con- [ veying water to the middle ot the city. reign of Henry III., the 43d year, pertaining unto Hugh de Bygot ; and in the 11th of Edward III., to Thomas Brotherton, the king’s brother, Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England ; in the 11th of Henry VI. to John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Ac. Within the gate of this house (now belonging to the city of London,) is lately, to w it, in the years 1594 and 1595, built one large house of great height, called an engine, made by Bevis Bulmar, gentleman, for the conveying and forcing of Thames water to serve in the middle and west parts of the city. The ancient great hall of this messuage is yet standing, and pertaining to a great brewhouse for beer. West from this is Trigge lane, going down to Thames. Next is called Bosse lane, of a bosse of water, like unto that of Billingsgate, there placed by the executors of Richard Whittington. Then is one great messuage, sometime belonging to the abbots of Chertsey in Surrey, and was their inn, wherein they were lodged when they repaired to the city ; it is now called Sandie house, by what reason I have not heard : 1 think the Lord Sands have been lodged there. And this is an end of this Queen hithe ward : which hath an alderman and his deputy, common council six, constables nine, scavengers eight, ward¬ mote inquest thirteen, and a beadle. It is taxed to the fifteen in London twenty pounds, and in the Exchequer at nineteen pounds sixteen shillings and two pence. CASTLE BAVNARD WARD. Tiie next is Castle Baynard ward, so named of an old castle there. This ward beginneth in the east on the Thames side, at a house called Huntington house, and runneth west by Paule’s wharf, by Bay- nard’s castle, Puddle wharf, and by the south side of Black Friers. Then turning by the east wall of the said Friers to the south-west end of Creed lane. Then, on the north side of Thames street, over against Huntington house, by St. Peter’s church and lane, called Peter hill, along till over against Puddle wharf, and then north up by the great Wardrobe to the west end of Carter lane, then up Creed lane, Ave Mary lane, and a piece of Pater Noster row, to the sign of the Golden Lion, and back again up Warwicke lane, and all the east side thereof, to the sign of the Crown by Newgate market ; and this is the farthest north part of this ward. Then out of Thames street be lanes ascending north to Knightriders street ; the first is Peter hill lane, all of that ward (two houses excepted, adjoin¬ ing to St. Peter’s church). The next is Paule’s wharf hill, which thwarting Knightriders street and Carter lane, goeth up to the south chain of Paule’s churchyard. Then is Adle street, over against the west part of Baynard’s castle, going up by the west end of Knightriders street and to Carter lane. Thus much for lanes out of Thames street. The one half of the west side of Lambard hill lane being of this ward, at the north-west end thereof, on the south side, and at the west end of St. Mary Magdalen’s church on the north side beginneth Knightriders street to be of this ward, and runneth west on both sides to the parish church of St. Andrew by the W ardrobe. Then at the east end of St. Mary Magdalen’s OF LONDON. d Cas le Baynard ward. Castle Baynard ward. 136 Beaumont’s inn. Huntingdon house. STOW’S SURVEY The mill of the Templars of the New Burley house. Bay nard’s castle. Temple. church goetli up the Old Exchange, all the west side whereof up to the south-east gate of Paule’s churchyard, and by St. Austen's church, is of this ward. About the midst of this Old Exchange, on the west side thereof is Carter lane, which runneth west to the east entry of the Blacke Friers, and to the south end of Creed lane, out of the which Car¬ ter lane deseendeth a lane called Do-little lane, and cometh into Knightriders street by the Boar’s head tavern ; and more west is Sermon lane, by an inn called the Paule head. Then out of Carter lane, on the north side thereof, the south chain of Paule’s churchyard, and the churchyard itself on that south side of Paule’s church, and the church of St. Gregorie, the bishop’s palace, and the dean’s lodging, be all of this ward ; and such be the bounds thereof. The ornaments in this ward be parish churches four. Of old time a castle, divers noblemen’s houses, halls of companies twain, and such others, as shall be shown. In Thames street, at the south-east end, is an ancient messuage, of old time called Beaumount’s inn, as belonging to that family of noblemen of this realm in the 4th of Edward III. Edward IV., in the 5th of his reign, gave it to W. Hastings, lord chamberlain, master of his mints. It is now called Huntington house, as belonging to the earls of Huntington. Next is Paul’s wharf, a large landing place, with a common stair upon the river of Thames, at the end of a street called Paule’s wharf hill, which runneth down from Paule’s chain. Next is a great messuage, called Scropes inn, sometime belonging to Scropes, in the 31st of Henry VI. Then is one other great messuage, sometime belonging to the abbey of Fiscampe, beyond the sea, and by reason of the wars, it coming to the hands of King Edward III., the same was given to Sir Simon Burley, knight of the Garter, and, therefore, called Burley house in Thames street, between Barnard’s castle and Paule’s wharf. Then have you Baynard’s castle, whereof this whole ward taketh the name. This castle banketh on the river Thames, and was called Barnard's castle, of Baynard, a nobleman that came in with William the Conqueror, of the which castle, and of Baynard himself, I have spoken in another place. There was also another tower by Baynard’s castle, built by King Edward II. Edward III., in the 2d of his reign, gave it to William Duke of llamelake, in the county of York, and his heirs, for one rose yearly, to be paid for all service, the same place (as seemeth to me) was since called Legate’s inn, in the 7th of Edward IV., where be now divers wood wharfs in place. Then is there a great brew house, and Puddle wharf, a Watergate into the Thames, where horses use to water, and therefore being defiled w ith their trampling, and made puddle, like as also of one Puddle dwelling there, it is called Puddle wharf, j Then is there a lane between the Blacke Fryers and the Thames, called in the 26th of Edward III. Castle lane. In this lane also is one great messuage, of old time belonging to the priory of Okeborne in Wilt¬ shire, and was the prior’s lodging when he repaired to London. This priory being of the French order, was suppressed by Henry V., and with other lands and tenements pertaining to the said priory, was by i Henry VI. given to his college in Cambridge, called now the King’s college. About this castle lane was sometime a mill or mills belonging to the Templars of the New Temple, as appeareth of record ; for King John, in the 1st year of his reign, granted a place in the Fleet, near unto Baynard’s castle, to make a mill, and the whole course of water of the Fleet to serve the said mill. I read also, that in the year 1247, the 2d of Ed¬ ward L, Ri. Raison, and Atheline his wife, did give to Nielio. de Musi ly, clerk, ten shillings of yearly free and quiet rent, out of all his tenements, with the houses thereupon built, and their appur¬ tenances, which they had of the demise of the master and brethren of Knights Templars, in Eng¬ land, next to their mill of Fleet, over against the houses of Laurence de Brooke, in the parish of St. Andrew, next to Baynard’s castle, which tenements lie between the way leading towards the said mill on the west part. Also in the rights belonging to Robert Fitzwater, and to his heirs, in the city of London, in the time of peace, it was declared in the year 1303, that the said Robert, castellan of Lon¬ don, and banner-bearer, had a soke (or ward) in the city, that was by the wall of St. Paule, as men go down the street before the brewhouse of St. Paule unto the Thames, and so to the side of the mill, which is in the water that cometh down from Fleet bridge, and goetli by London walls, betwixt Fryers preachers church and Ludgate ; and so that ward turned back by the house of the said Fryers unto the said common wall of the said canonry of St. Paul ; that is, all of the parish of St. Andrew, which is in the gift of his ancestors by seniority, as more I have shown in the Castles. Now here is to be noted, that the wall of London at that time went straight south from Ludgate down to the river of Thames ; but for building of the Blacke Fryers church, the said wall in that place was by commandment taken down, and anew ] wall made straight west from Ludgate to Fleet bridge, and then by the water of Fleet to the river of Thames, &c. In the year 1307, the 35th of Edward I., in a parliament at Carlisle,Henry Lacie, Earl of Lincoln, complained of noyances done to the water of the Fleet ; w hereupon it was granted that the said mill should be removed and destroyed. This ward ascendeth up by the east wall of the Black Fryers to the south-west end of Creed lane, where it endeth on that side. Then to begin again on the north side of Thames street, over against Huntington house, by St. Peter's church and lane, called Peter hill, and so to St. Benet Hude (or Hithe) over against Powle’s wharf, a proper parish church, which hath the monuments j of Sir William Cheiny, knight, and Margaret his ! w ife, 1442, buried there ; Doctor Caldw ell, physi- 1 eian ; Sir Gilbert Detliik, knight, alias Garter king at arms. West from this church, by the south end of Adle street, almost against Pudle w harf, there is ( lie ancient building of stone and timber, built by the lords of Barkley, and therefore called Barklies inn. This house is all in ruin, and letten out in several tenements, yet the arms of the Lord Bark- j leyremain in the stone work of an arched gate,gules, between a cheveron, crosses ten—three, three, and four. Richard Beauclianipe, Earl of Warwicke, was lodged in this house, then called Barklies inn, Castle Baynard ward. St. Andrew in the Wardrobe. The King’s Great Wardrobe. in the parish of St. Andrew, in the reign of Henry VI. Then turning up towards the north is the parish- church of St. Andrew in the Wardrobe, a proper church, but few monuments hath it. John Parnt founded a chantry there. Then is the king’s Great Wardrobe : Sir John Beauchamp, knight of the Garter, Constable of Dover, Warden of the Sinke ports, (son to Guido de Beauchampe, Earl of Warwicke,) built this house, was lodged there, deceased in the year 1359, and was buried on the south side of the middle aisle of Paule’s church. His executors sold the house to King Edward III., unto whom the parson of St. Andrewe’s complain¬ ing that the said Beauchampe had pulled down divers houses, in their place to build the same bouse, where through he was hindered of his accus¬ tomed tithes, paid by the tenants of old time, granted him forty shillings by year out of that house for ever. King Richard III. was lodged there in the second of his reign. In this house of late years is lodged Sir John Fortescue, knight, master of the wardrobe, chan¬ cellor and under-treasurer of the exchequer, and one of her majesty’s most honourable privy coun¬ cil. The secret letters and writings touching the estate of the realm were wont to be enrolled in the king’s wardrobe, and not in the chancery, as appeareth by the records. Claus. 18. E. 4. 1. Memb. 13. Claus. 33. E. 1. Memb. 3. Et liberat. 1. E. 2. Memb. 4, &c. From this wardrobe, by the west end of Carter lane, then up Creede lane, Ave Mary lane, a piece of Pater Noster row, up War¬ wick lane, all the east side, to a brewhouse called the Crown, as I said is of this ward. Touching lanes ascending out of Thames street to Knight- riders’ street, the first is Peter’s hill, wherein I find no matter of note, more than certain almshouses, lately founded on the west side thereof, by David Smith, embroiderer, for six poor widows, whereof each to have twenty shillings by the year. On the east side of this lane standeth a large house, of ancient building, sometime belonging to the abbot of St. Mary in York, and was his abiding house when he came to London ; Thomas Randolfe, esquire, hath lately augmented and repaired it. At the upper end of this lane, towards the north, the corner-houses there be called Peters key, but the reason thereof I have not heard. Then is Paules wharf hill, on the cast side whereof is Woodmongers’ hall. And next adjoining is Darby house, sometime belonging to the Stanleys, for Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby of that name, who married the Lady Margaret, Countess of Rich¬ mond, mother to Henry VII., in his time built it. Queen Mary gave* it to Gilbert Dethike, then Garter principal king of arms of Englishmen ; Thomas Hawley, Clarenceaux king of arms.of the south parts ; William Harvy, alias Norroy king of arms of the north parts, and the other heralds and • It liad come into the possession of the crown through tlie Karl of Derby, in the 6th of Edward VI., having given it to the king in exchange for certain lands in Lancashire. it was destroyed by the great fire in 1666, and rebuilt about three years afterwards. Sir William Dugdale erected the north-east corner at his own charge; and Sir Henry St. George gave the profits of some visitations towards the same purpose. Castle Baynard ward. Derby House — Heralds’ College. [37 Doctors' Commons. pursuivants of arms, and to their successors, all the same capital messuage or house called Derby house, with the appurtenances, situate in the parish of St. Benet and St. Peter, then being in the tenure of Sir Richard Saekvile, knight, and lately parcel of the lands of Edward, Earl of Derby, &e. to the end that the said king of arms, heralds, and pursuivants of arms, and their successors, might at their liking dwell together, and at meet times to congregate, speak, confer, and agree among them¬ selves, for the good government of their faculty, and their records might be more safely kept, &c. Dated the 18th of July, 1555, Philip anil Mary I., and third year*. Then higher up, near the south chain of Paules churchyard, is the Paule Head tavern, which house, with the appurtenances, was of old time called Paules brewhouse, for that, the same was so em¬ ployed, but been since left off, and let out. On the west side of this street, is one other great house, built of stone, which belongeth to Paules church, and was sometime let to the Blunts, Lords Mountjoy, but of latter time to a college in Cam¬ bridge, and from them to the doctors of the civil law and Arches, who keep a commons there ; and many of them being there lodged, it is called the Doctors’ Commons. Above this, on the same side, was one oilier great building over-against Paules brewhouse, and this was called Paules bakehouse, and was employed in baking of bread for the church of Paules. In Addle street, or lane, I find no monuments. In Lambart hill lane on the west side thereof, is the Blacksmiths’ hall, and adjoining to the north side thereof have ye one plot of ground, inclosed with a brick wall fora churchyard, or burying-plot for the dead of St. Mary Magdalen’s by Old Fish street, which was given to that use by John Iwarby, an officer in the receipt of the exchequer, in the 26th of King Henry VI., as appeareth by patent. John Iwarby, &e. gave a piece of land lying void in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, nigh to Old Fish street, between the tenement of John Philpot on the south, and the tenement of Bartholomewe Burwash on the west, and the tenement pertaining to the convent, of the Holy Well on the north, and the way upon Lambarde’s hill on the east, for a churchyard, to the parson, and churchwardens, Ac. Over-against the north-west end cf this Lam- bard hill lane in Knightriders’street, is the parish- church of St. Mary Magdalen, a small church, having but few monuments, Richard Woodroffe, merchant tailor, 1519 ; Barnard Randolph, esquire, 1583. On the west side of this church, by the porch thereof, is placed a conduit or cistern of lead, cas¬ tellated with stone, for receipt of Thames water, conveyed at the charges of the before named Bar¬ nard Randolph, esquire. By the cast end of St. * The first charter incorporating the heralds hears date tlie 2nd of March in the 1st of Richard III.; which charter was confirmed by Edward VI. in the third year of ids reign. Spelman, in ids Glossary (sub v. Heraldns), lias proved the division of them into tlie several classes of kings, heralds, and pursuivants, in the reign of King Henry III., and the Statutum Armorum made by Edward I. refers to these dif¬ ferent orders as then existing. OF LONDON. 138 Castle Haynard ward. College of Physicians. Lollards’ Tower at St. Paul’s. STOW’S SURVEY Castle Bavnard ward. The Bishop's Palace. The ward of Farringdon Without. Mary Magdalen’s church, runneth up the Old Ex¬ change lane, by the west end of Carter lane, to the south-east gate or chain of Paule’s churchyard, as is before shown. And in this part was the Ex¬ change kept, and bullion was received for coinage, as is noted in Faringdon ward within. In this parish-church of St. Mary Magdalen, out of Knightriders’ street up to Carter lane, be two small lanes, the one of them called Do Little lane, as a place not inhabited by artificers or open shop¬ keepers, but serving for a near passage from Knightriders’ street to Carter lane. The other, corruptly called Sermon lane, for Slieremoniers’ lane, for I find it by that name re¬ corded in the 14th of Edward I., and in that lane, a place to be called the Blaeke loft (of melting silver) with four shops adjoining. It may, there¬ fore, be well supposed that lane to take name of Sheremonyars, such as cut and rounded the plates to be coined or stamped into sterling pence ; for the place of coining was the Old Exchange, near unto the said Sheremoniars’ lane. Also I find that in the 13th of Richard II. William de la Pole had a house there. In Knightriders’ street is the College of Phy¬ sicians, wherein was founded in the year 1582 a public lecture in surgery, to be read twice every week, Ac. as is shown elsewhere. In the south churchyard of Paules, is the south side and west end of the said church ; in the which west end be three stately gates or entries, curiously wrought of stone : namely, the middle gate, in the midst whereof is placed a massy pillar of brass, whereunto the leaves of the said great gate are closed and fastened with locks, bolts, and bars of iron ; all which, notwithstanding, on the 24th of December in the year 15C5, by a tempest of wind then rising from the west, these gates were blown open, the bars, bolts, and locks broken in sunder, or greatly bended. Also on the 5th of January in the year 1589, by a like tempest of wind, then in the south-west, the lesser west gate of the said church, next to the bishop’s palace, was broken, both bolts, bars, and locks, so that the same was blown over. At either corner of this west end is, also of an¬ cient building, a strong tower of stone, made for bell towers : the one of them, to wit, next to the palace, is at this present to the use of the same palace; the other, towards the south, is called the Lowlardes’ tower*, and hath been used as the bishop’s prison, for such as were detected for opinions in religion, contrary to the faith of the Church. The last prisoner which 1 have known committed thereto, was in the year 1573, one Peter Burcher, gentleman, of the Middle Temple, for having despe¬ rately wounded, and minding to have murdered, a serviceable gentleman named John Hawkins, es¬ quire, in the high street near unto the Strand, who being taken and examined, was found to hold cer¬ tain opinions erroneous, and therefore committed thither, and convicted ; but in the end, by persua¬ sion, he promised to abjure his heresies ; and was, by commandment of the council, removed from thence to the Tower of London, Ac., where he committed as in my Annales I have expressed. * For Lowlardes’ Tower, read M. Foxe.— Stow. Adjoining to this Lowlardes’ * tower is the parish-church of St. Gregory, appointed to the petty canons of Paules. Monuments of note I know none there. The rest of that south side of St. Paules church, with the chapter-house, (a beautiful piece of work, built about the reign of Edward III.) is now de¬ faced by means of licenses granted to cutlers, budget-makers, and others, first to build low sheds, but now high houses, which do hide that beautiful side of the church, save only’ the top and south gate. On the north-west side of this churchyard is the bishop’s palace, a large thing for receipt, wherein divers kings have been lodged, and great house¬ hold hath been kept, as appeareth by the great hall, which of late years, since the rebatement of bishops’ livings, hath not been furnished with household menie and guests, as was meant by the builders thereof, and was of old time used. The dean’s lodging on the other side, directly against the palace, is a fair old house, and also divers large houses are on the same side builded, which y’et remain, and of old time were the lodgings of prebendaries and residentiaries, which kept great households and liberal hospitality, but now either decayed, or otherwise converted. Then is the Stationers’ hall on the same side, lately built for them in place of Peter College, where in the year 1549, the 4th of January, five men were slain by the fall of earth upon them, digging for a well. And let this be an end of Bay- nardes Castle ward, which hath an alderman, his deputy, common council nine, constables ten, sca¬ vengers seven, wardmote inquest fourteen, and a beadle. And to the fifteen is taxed at 12 l., in the exchequer 111. 13s. THE WARD OF FARIN'GDOX EXTRA, OR WITHOUT. Tiie farthest west ward of this city’, being the twenty-fifth ward of London, but without the walls, is called Faringdon Without, and was of old time part of the other Faringdon Within, until the 17th of Richard II., that it was divided and made twain, by the names of Faringdon infra and Faringdon extra, as is afore shown. The bounds of which ward without Newgate and Ludgate are these : first, on the east part thereof, is the whole precinct of the late priory of St. Bar¬ tholomew, and a part of Long lane on the north, towards Aldersgate street and Ducke lane, with the hospital of St. Bartholomew on the west, and all Smithfield to the bars in St. John Street. Then out of Smithfield, Chicke lane toward Turmile brook, and over that brook by a bridge of timber into the field, then back again by the pens (or folds) in Smithfield, by Smithfield pond to Cow lane, which turneth toward Oldborne, and then Hosiar lane out of Smithfield, also toward Oldborne, till it * The name Lollard is supposed by some to be derived from lolium, “ tares, darnel, or cockle growing among corn a derivation which is supported by the words of Chaucer’s Shipman : — “ This toller here wol prechen us somewhat. • * * * » He wol sowen some difficultee, Or springs cockle in our clene come.” While in Ziemann’s Mittel-hoch deutsches JVorterbuch, we find Lol-bruoder Lul-hart , —a lay brother. Ward of Farringdon Without. Boundaries of the ward. G.lt Spur, or Knightriders’ street. meet, with a part of Cow lane. Then Cocke lane out of Smithfield, over-against Pye corner, then also is Giltspur street, out of Smithfield to Newgate, then from Newgate west by St. Sepulchres church to Turnagaine lane, to Oldboorne conduit, on Snow hill, to Oldboorne bridge, up Oldboorne hill to the bars on both sides. On the right hand or north side, at the bottom of Oldboorne hill, is Gold lane, sometime a filthy passage into the fields, now both sides built with small tenements. Then higher is Litlier lane, turning also to the field, lately reple¬ nished with houses built, and so to the bar. Now on the left hand or south side from New¬ gate lieth a street called the Old Bayly, or court of the chamberlain of this city ; this stretcheth down by the wall of the city unto Ludgate, on the west side of which street breaketh out one other lane, called St. Georges lane, till ye come to the south end of Seacole lane, and then turning towards Fleet street it is called Fleete lane. The next out of the high street from Newgate turning down south, is called the Little Bayly, and runneth down to the east of St. George’s lane. Then is Seacole lane which turneth down into Fleet lane ; near unto this Seacole lane, in the turning towards Oldboorn conduit, is another lane, called in records Wind Againe lane, it turneth down to Turnemill brook, and from thence back again, for there is no way over. Then beyond Oldboorn bridge to Shoe lane, which runneth out of Oldboorne unto the Conduit in Fleete street. Then also is Fewtars lane, which likewise stretcheth south into Fleet street by the east end of St. Dunstans church, and from this lane to the bars be the bounds without Newgate. Now without Ludgate, this ward runneth by from the said gate to Temple bar, and hath on the right hand or north side the south end of the Old Bayly, then down Ludgate hill to the Fleet lane over Fleete bridge, and by Shooe lane and Fewters lane, and so to New street (or Chancery lane), and up that lane to the house of the Rolles, which house is also of this ward, and on the other side to a lane over against the Rolles, which entereth Ficquets’ field. Then hard by the bar is one other lane called Shvre lane, because it divideth the city from the shire, and this turneth into Ficquets’ field. From Ludgate again on the left hand, or south side to Fleet bridge, to Bride lane, which runneth south by Bridewell, then to Water lane, which runneth down to the Thames. Then by the White Fryers and by the Temple, even to the bar aforesaid, be the bounds of this Faringdon Ward without. Touching ornaments and antiquities in this ward, first betwixt the said Newgate and the parish-church of St. Sepulchre’s, is a w'ay towards Smithfield, called Gilt Spurre, or Knightriders’ street, of the knights and others riding that way into Smithfield, replenished with buildings on both sides tip to Pie corner, a place so called of such a sign, sometimes a fair inn for receipt of travellers, but now divided into tenements, and over against the said Pie corner lieth Cocke lane, which runneth down to Oldbourne conduit. Beyond this Pic corner lieth West Smithfield, compassed about with buildings, as first on the south side following the right hand, standeth the fair parish-church and large hospital of St. Bar- Ward of Farrinedon Without. The Hospital of St Bartholomew. 139 Monuments in the church. tilmew, founded by Rahere, the first prior of St. Bartilmewes thereto near adjoining, in the year 1102 *. Alfune, that had not long before built the parish- church of St. Giles without Criplegate, became the first hospitaller, or proctor, for the poor of this house, and went himself daily to the shambles and other markets, where he begged the charity of devout people for their relief, promising to the liberal givers (and that by alleging testimonies of the holy scripture) reward at the hands of God. Henry III. granted to Katherine, late wife to W. Hardell, twenty feet of land in length and breadth in Smithfield, next to the chapel of the hospital of St. Bartilmew, to build her a recluse or anchorage, commanding the mayor and sheriffs of London to assign the said twenty feet to the said Katherine, Carta 11 of Henry III. The foundation of this hospital, for the poor and diseased their special sustentation, was confirmed by Edward III. the 26th of his reign : it was governed by a master and eight brethren, being priests, for the church, and four sisters to see the poor served. The executors of II. Whitington, sometime mayor of London, of his goods repaired this hospital, about the year 1423. Sir John Wakering, priest, master of this house in the year 1463, amongst other books, gave to their common library the fairest Bible that I have seen, written in large vellum by a brother of that house named John Coke, at the age of sixty-eight years, when he had been priest forty-three years : since the spoil of that library, I have seen this book in the custody of my worshipful friend, Master ! Walter Cope. Monuments in this church of the dead, bene¬ factors thereunto, be these : Elizabeth, wife to Adam Hone, gentleman ; Bartilmew Bildington ; Jane, wife to John Cooke ; Dame Alis, wife to Sir Richarde I sham ; Alice, wife to Nicholas Bayly ; John Woodhouse, esquire ; Robert Palmar, gentle¬ man ; Idona, wife to John Walden, lying by her husband on the north side, late newly built, 1424 ; Sir Thomas Malifant, or Nanfant, Baron of Win¬ now, Lord St. George in Glamorgan, and Lord Ockeneton and Pile in the county of Pembroke, 1438 ; Dame Margaret his wife, daughter to Thomas Astley, esquire, with Edmond and Henry his chil¬ dren ; William Markeby,gentleman, 1438; Richard Shepley, and Alice his wife ; Thomas Savill, ser¬ jeant-at-arms ; Edward Beastby, gentleman, and Margaret his wife ; Waltar Ingham, and Alienar his wife ; Robert Warnar, and Alice Lady Carne ; Robert Caldset, Johan and Agnes his wives ; Sir Robert Danvars, and Dame Agnes his wife, daugh¬ ter to Sir Richard Delaber ; William Brookes, esquire ; John Shirley, esquire, and Margaret his wife, having their pictures of brass, in the habit of pilgrims, on a fair flat stone, with an epitaph thus:— “ Beholde how ended is our poore pilgrimage, Of John Shirley, esquier, witli Margaret his wife, That xii. children had together in marriage, Eight sonnes and foure daughters withouten strife, That in honor, nurtur, and labour flowed in fame, His pen reporteth his lives occupation, * A very chatty and pleasant sketch of the history of this establishment, hy Mr. Saunders, will be found in Knight's London, ii. p. 33—64. OF LONDON. Ward of Farringdon Without. Ward of Farringdon Without. Monuments in St. Bartholomew’s. STOW’S SURVEY The priory of St. Bartholomew. The King’s gift to the city. Boniface’s visitation ot it. Since Pier his life time, John Shirley by name, Of his degree, that was in Brutes Albion, That in the yeare of grace deceased front hen, Foureteene hundred winter, and sixe and fiftie, In the yeare of his age, fourescore and ten, Of October moneth, the day one and twenty.” This gentleman, a great traveller in divers coun¬ tries, amongst other his labours, painfully collected the works of Geffrey Chaucer, John Lidgate, and other learned writers, which works he wrote in sundry volumes to remain for posterity ; I have seen them, and partly do possess them. Jane, Lady Clinton, gave ten pounds to the poor of this house, was there buried, 1458 ; Agnes, daughter to Sir William St. George ; John Rogerbrooke, es¬ quire ; Richard Sturgeon; Thomas Burgan, gentle¬ man ; Elizabeth, wife to Henry Skinard, daughter to Cliincroft,esquire; William Mackley, gentleman, and Alice his wife ; W. Fitzwater, gentleman, 1166. This hospital was valued at the suppression in the year 153!), the 31st of Henry VIII., to thirty- five pounds five shillings and seven pence yearly. The church remaineth a parish- church to the tenants dwelling in the precinct of the hospital ; hut in the year 1546, on the 13th of January, the bishop of Rochester, preaching at Paules cross, declared the gift of the said king to the citizens for relieving of the poor, which contained the church of the Gray Fryers, the church of St. Bartilmew, with the hospital, the messuages, and appurtenances in Giltspurre alias Knightriders’ street, Breton street, Petal’ quay, in the parish of St. Mary Mag¬ dalen, in Old Fish street, and in the parish of St. Benet Buda, Lymehurst, or Limehost, in the parish of Stebunheth, Ac. Then also were orders devised for relief of the poor, the inhabitants were all called to their parish-churches, whereby Sir Richard Dobbes, then mayor, their several aldermen", or other grave citizens, they were by eloquent ora¬ tions persuaded how great and how many commo¬ dities would ensue unto them and their city, if' the poor of divers sorts, which they named, were taken from out their streets, lanes, and alleys, and were bestowed and provided for in hospitals abroad, Ac. Therefore was every man moved liberally to grant, what they would impart towards the preparing and furnishing of such hospitals, and also what they would contribute weekly towards their maintenance for a time, which they said should not be past one year, or twain, until they were better furnished of endowment : to make short, every man granted liberally, according to his ability ; books were drawn of the relief in every ward of the city, towards the new hospitals, and were delivered by the mayor to the king’s commissioners, on the 17th of February, and order was taken therein ; so as the 26th of July in the year 1552, the repairing of the Gray Fryers’ house, for poor fatherless children, was taken in hand ; and also in the latter end of the same month, began the repairing of this hospital of St. Bartilmew, and was of new endowed, and furnished at the charges of the citizens. On the east side of this hospital lieth Ducke lane, which runneth out of Smithfield south to the north end of Little Britaine street. On the east side of this Ducke lane, and also of Smithfield, lieth the late dissolved priory of St. Bartilmew, founded also by Rahere, a pleasant witted gentleman, and there- fore in his time called the king’s minstrel *, about the year of Christ 1102 ; he founded it in a part of the oft before-named morisli ground, which was therefore a common laystall of all filth that was to be voided out of tbe city ; he placed canons there, himself became their first prior, and so con¬ tinued till his dying day, and was there buried in a fair monument +, of late renewed by Pi'ior Bolton. Amongst other memorable matters touching this priory, one is of an archbishop’s visitation, which Matthew Paris hath thus :—Boniface (saith he) Archbishop of Canterbury, in his visitation came to this priory, where being received with procession in the most solemn wise, he said, that he passed not upon the honour, but came to visit them ; to whom the canons answered, that they having a learned bishop, ought not in contempt of him to be visited by any other : which answer so much offended the archbishop, that lie forthwith fell on the sub¬ prior, and smote him on the face, saying, ‘ Indeed, indeed, doth it become you English traitors so to answer me.’ Tlius raging, with oaths not to be recited, lie rent in pieces the rich cope of the sub- prior, and trod it under his feet, and thrust him against a pillar of the chancel with such violence, that he had almost killed him ; but the canons seeing their subprior thus almost slain, came and plucked off the archbishop with such force, that they overthrew him backwards, whereby they might see that he was armed and prepared to fight; the archbishop’s men seeing their master down, being all strangers, and their master’s countrymen, born at Provence, fell upon the canons, beat them, tare them, and trod them under feet ; at length the canons getting away as well as they could, ran bloody and miry, rent and torn, to the bishop of London to complain, who bade them go to the king at Westminster, and tell him thereof ; whereupon four of them went thither, the rest were not able, they were so sore hurt ; but when they came to Westminster, the king would neither hear nor see them, so they returned without redress. In the mean season the whole city was in an uproar, and ready to have rung the common bell, and to have hewn the archbishop into small pieces, who was secretly crept to Lambhith, where they sought him, and not knowing him by sight, said to themselves, Where is this ruffian ? that cruel smiter ! lie is no winner of souls, but an exactor of money, whom neither God, nor any lawful or free election did bring to this promotion, but the king did unlawfully intrude him, being utterly unlearned, a stranger born, and having a wife, Ac. But the archbishop conveyed himself over, and went to the king with a great complaint against the canons, whereas him¬ self was guilty. This priory of St. Bartholomew was again new built in the year 1410. * In the paper by Mr. Saunders, to which we have referred in a preceding note (p. 139), will be found an outline of the life of our jesting prior, in which is introduced much quaint and curious information from the Manuscript Account cf the Life, Character, and Doings of Rahere, written shortly aft r his death by a monk of the establishment, and now preserved among the MSS. in the Cottonian Library. Some notices of Rahere will also be found in an article communicated by the late Mr. Octavius Gilchrist to the London Magazine , for April, 1S24. t With the following inscription : “ Hie jacrl If after us primus canonicus, el primus prior islius Eeclesice." Ward of Farringdou Without. I'rior Bolton. Bartholomew Fair. OF LONDON. Bolton was the last prior of this house, a great builder there ; for he repaired the priory church, with the parish-church adjoining, the offices and lodgings to the said priory belonging, and near adjoining ; he built anew the manor of Canonbery at Islington *, which belonged to the canons of this house, and is situate in a low ground, somewhat north from the parish-church there ; but he built no house at Harrow on the Hill, as Edward Hall hath written, following a fable then on foot. The people (saith he) being feared by prognostications, which declared, that in the year of Christ 1524 there should be such eclipses in watery signs, and such conjunc¬ tions, that by waters and floods many people should perish, people victualled themselves, and went to high grounds for fear of drowning, and especially one Bolton, which was prior of St. Bartholomewes in Smithfield, built him a house upon Harrow on the Hill, only for fear of this flood ; thither he went, and made provision of all things necessary within him for the space of two months f, &c. : but this was not so indeed, as I have been credibly in¬ formed. True it is, that this Bolton was also parson of Harrow, and therefore bestowed some small reparations on the parsonage-house, and built nothing there more than a dove-house, to serve him when he had forgone his priory. To this priory King Henry II. granted the pri¬ vilege of fair, to be kept yearly at Bartholomew tide for three days, to wit, the eve, the day, and next morrow J, to the which the clothiers of all England, and drapers of London, repaired §, and * It is not possible to omit a note which may serve to remind the reader, that one of the apartments of this house was the scene of many of Goldsmith’s literary labours—nay more, is said to have been the room in which he wrote his inimitable Vicar of Wakefield. 1 ' At least, so some of his admirers have reported ; hut though he certainly resided at Canonbury in 17G3, it would appear ftom the Life of Gold¬ smith, prefixed hy the Rev. John Mitford to his edition of his Poems, that this admirable novel was written in Wine Office court. t Such predictions, of tempests, floeds, and earthquakes, have been frequently made and believed The reader of Chaucer will remember, how “ bendy Nicholas ” beguiled the carpenter, whose wife he loved, by telling him— “ I have yfound in min astrologie, As 1 have looked in the moone bright, That now on Monday next, at quarter night, Slial fall a rain, and that so wild and wood, That half so gret was never Noe’s flood ; This world, he said, in lesse than in an houre, Shal all be dreint, so hidous is the shoure: Thus shal mankinde drenche, and lese his lif." And Horace Walpole, in his inimitable letters to Mann, tells how the people of London got frightened about an earthquake in 1750 and 1756, when “several of the women made earth¬ quake gowns, that is, warm gowns to sit out of doors all night," while the visitors at Bedford House amused them selves as they returned home by hauling in the watchman's note, “ Past four o'clock, and a dreadful earthquake.” Lastly, have we not seen, in the month of March, 1842, the greatest alarm created in the minds of the poorer classes in London hy the pretended prophecy of Dr. Dee’s ? t A very curious collection of materials for illustrating the history of Bartholomew fair, from the time of Ben Jonson, through the last century, down to September, 1826, has been got together hy the industry of Mr. Hone in the first volume of his Every Day Bonk, pp. 1166—1251. § “ The forrens were licensed for three dayes; the freemen so long as they would, which was sixe or seven dayes.”— Stow. Ward of Farringdou Without. Court of Piepoudre. ] 41 Monuments in the priory. had their booths and standings within the church¬ yard of this priory, c'osed in with walls, and gates locked every night, and watched, for safety of men’s goods and wares ; a court of pie powders *, was daily during the fair holden for debts and con¬ tracts. But now, notwithstanding all proclama¬ tions of the prince, and also the act of parliament, in place of booths within this churchyard (only let out in the fair-time, and closed up all the year after,) be many large houses built, and the north wall towards Long lane taken down, a number of tenements are there erected for such as w ill give great rents. Monuments of the dead in this priory are these : of Kahere, the first founder ; Roger Walden, Bishop of London, 1400 ; John Warton, gentle¬ man, and Elizabeth his wife, daughter to William Scot, esquire ; John Louth, gentleman ; Robert Shikeld, gentleman ; Sir - Bacon, knight; John Ludlow and Alice his wife; W. Thirlewall,esquire; Richard Lancaster, herald-at-arms ; Thomas To- rald ; JohnRoyston; John Watforde ; John Carle- ton ; Robert, son to Sir Robert Willowby ; Gil¬ bert Ilalstocke ; Eleanor, wife to Sir Hugh Fen, mother to Margaret Lady Burgavenie ; William Essex, esquire ; Richard Vancke, baron of the exchequer, and Margaret his wife, daughter to William de la Rivar ; John Winderhall ; John Duram, esquire, and Elizabeth his wife ; John Malwaine ; Alice, wife to Balstred, daughter to Kniffe ; William Scarlet, esquire ; John Golding ; Hugh Waltar, gentleman ; and the late Sir Waltar Mildmay, knight, chancellor of the exchequer, &c. This priory at the late surrender, the 30th of Henry VIII., was valued at (553 1. 15s. by year. This church having in the bell-tower six bells in a tune, those bells were sold to the parish of St, Sepulchre’s ; and then the church being pulled down to the choir, the choir was, by the king’s order, annexed for the enlarging of the old parish- church thereto adjoining, and so was used till the reign of Queen Mary, who gave the remnant of the priory church to the Friers preachers, or Black Friers, and was used as their conventual church until, the 1st of our sovereign lady Queen Elizabeth, those friars were put out, and all the said church, with the old parish-church, was wholly as it stood * The lowest, and at the same time the most expeditious court of justice known to the law of England (says Black- stone, book iii. cap. 4. § 1.) is the Court of Piepoudre —Curia pedis pulverizati: so called from the dusty feet of the suitors, or, according to Sir Edward Coke, because justice is there done as speedily as dust can fall from the foot. “ But,” he continues, “ the etymology given us by a learned modern writer (Barrington, Observations on the Statutes, p. 337.) is more ingenious and satisfactory; it being derived, according to him from pied puldreaux, a pedlar, in old French, and, therefore, signifying the court of such petty chapmen as resort to fairs and markets. In confirmation of this latter derivation, and in illustration of the nature of the court, which was instituted to administer justice for all commercial injuries done in that very fair or market during which it is held, it may be observed, that Rabelais uses the expression, “ avoir lespiedspoudreux,” to signify one who cannot pay, or wishes to escape without paying; and that the same expression, used in the same sense, may be found in Le Roux, Dictionnaire Comique, & c. s. v. Poudreux; while Roquefort, in his Glnssaire de la Lanyue Romane, explains the word Pie poudreux, by “ Etranyer, Marchand forain, qui court les faircs." Ward of Farrington Without. Ward of Farringdon Without. 142 Smithfield — Tile Elms. STOW’S SURVEY Tournaments in Smithfield under Joustings in Smithfield. Richard II. in the last year of Edward VI., given by parliament to remain for ever a parish-chureli to the inhabit¬ ants within the close called Great St. Bartholo- mewes. Since the which time that old parish- church is pulled down, except the steeple of rotten timber ready to fall of itself. I have oft heard it reported, that a new steeple should be built with the stone, lead, and timber, of the old parish- church, but no such thing was performed. The parish have lately repaired the old wooden steeple to serve their turn. On the north side of this priory is the lane truly called Long, which reacheth from Smithfield to Alilersgate street. This lane is now lately built on both the sides with tenements for brokers, tipplers, and such like ; the rest of Smithfield from Long lane end to the bars is enclosed with inns, brewhouses, and large tene¬ ments ; on the west side is Chicken lane down to Cowbridge. Then be the pens or folds, so called, of sheep there parted, and penned up to be sold on the market-days. Then is Smithfield pond, which of old time in records was called Horse-pool, for that men watered horses there, and was a great water. In the 6th of Henry V. a new building was made in this west part of Smithfield betwixt the said pool and the river of the Weis, or Turnemill brooke, in a place then called the Elmes, for that there grew many elm-trees ; and this had been the place of execution for offenders ; since the which time the building there hath been so increased, that now remaineth not one tree growing. Amongst these new buildings is Cowbridge street, or Cow lane, which turneth toward Oldborne, in which lane the prior of Semperingham had his inn, or London lodging. The rest of that west side of Smithfield hath divers fair inns, and other comely buildings, up to Hosiar lane, which also turneth down to Oldborne till it meet with Cowbridge street. From this lane to Cocke lane, over against Pie corner. And thus much for encroachments and enclosure of this Smithfield, whereby remaineth but a small portion for the old uses ; to wit, for markets of horses and cattle, neither for military exercises, as joustings, turnings, and great triumphs, which have been there performed before the princes and nobi¬ lity both of this realm and foreign countries. For example to note :—In the year 1357, the 31st of Edward 111., great and royal jousts were there holden in Smithfield ; there being present, the Kings of England, France, and Scotland, with many other nobles and great estates of divers lands. 1362, the 36th of Edward III., on the first five days of May, in Smithfield, were jousts holden, the king and queen being present, with the most part of the chivalry of England, and of France, and of other nations, to the which came Spaniards, Cypri¬ ans and Arminiaus, knightly requesting the king of England against the pagans that invaded their confines. The 48th of Edward III., Dame Alice Perrers (the king’s concubine), as Lady of the Sun, rode from the Tower of London, through Cheape, accom¬ panied of many lords and ladies, every lady leading a lord by his horse-bridle, till they came into West Smithfield, and then began a great joust, which endured seven days after. Also, the 9th of Richard II., was the like great riding from the Tower to Westminster, and every lord led a lady’s horse-bridle ; and on the morrow began the joust in Smithfield, which lasted two days : there bare them well, Henry of Darby, the Duke of Lankester’s son, the Lord Beaumont, Sir Simon Bui-ley, and Sir Paris Courtney. In the 14th of Richard II., after Froisart, royal jousts and tournaments were proclaimed to be done in Smithfield, to begin on Sunday next after the feast of St. Michael. Many strangers came forth of other countries, namely, Valarian, Earl of St. Paul, that had married King Richard’s sister, the Lady Maud Courtney, and William, the young Earl of Ostervant, son to Albart of Baviere, Earl of Holland and Henault. At the day appointed there issued forth of the Tower, about the third hour of the day', sixty coursers, apparelled for the jousts, and upon every one an esquire of honour, riding a soft pace ; then came forth sixty ladies of honour, mounted upon palfreys, riding on the one side, richly- apparelled, and every lady led a knight with a chain of gold, those knights be ng on the king’s party, had their harness and apparel garnished with white harts *, and crowns of gold about the harts’ necks, and so they came riding through the streets of London to Smithfield, with a great number of trumpets, and other instruments of music before them. The king and queen, who were lodged in the bishop’s palace of London, were come from thence, with many' great estates, and placed in chamber's to see the jousts ; the ladies that led the knights were taken down from their palfreys, and went up to chambers prepared for them. Then alighted the esquires of honour from their coursers, and the knights in good order mounted upon them ; and after their helmets were set on their heads, and being ready in all points, proclamation made by the heralds, the jousts began, and many com¬ mendable courses were run, to the great pleasure of the beholders. These jousts continued many days, with great feasting, as ye may read in Froisart. In the year 1393, the 17 th of Richard II., cer¬ tain lords of Scotland came into England to get worship by force of arms ; the Earl of Mare chal¬ lenged the Earl of Notingliam to joust with him, and so they rode together certain courses, but not the full challenge, for the Earl of Mare was cast both horse and man, and two of his ribs broken with the fall, so that he was conveyed out of Smith- field, and so towards Scotland, but died by the way at Yorke. Sir William Darcll, knight, the king’s banner-bearer of Scotland, challenged Sir Percie Courtney, knight, the king’s banner-bearer of Eng¬ land ; and when they had run certain courses, gave over without conclusion of victory. Then Cooke- borne, esquire, of Scotland, challenged Sir Nicholas Hawberke, knight, and rode five courses, but Cooke- borne was borne over horse and man, &c. * Richard II. is said to have adopted this badge, which was certainly his most favourite device, from the White Hind, which is stated to have been borne by his mother, the Fair Maid of Kent; and in the Life of this monarch, printed by Hearne, he is said to have first employed it on the occasion of the tournament here referred to by Stow. See further a valuable paper by J Gough Nichols, Esq F.S.A. “ On the Heraldic Devices discovered on the Effigies of Richard II. and his Queen,” printed ill the Archaologia, vol. xxix. p. 32. Ward of Farringdon Without. Ward of Farringdon Without. Joustings in SmithGeld. OF LONDON. Joustings in Smithfield. 143 Trial by battle. Church of Sr. Sepulchre. In the year 1409, the 10th of Henry IV., a great play was played at the Skinners’ well, which lasted eight days, where were to see the same the most part of the nobles and gentles in England. And forthwith began a royal jousting in Smithfield between the Earl of Somerset, and the Seneschal of Henalt, Sir John Cornwall, Sir Richard Arrundell, and the son of Sir John Cheiney, against certain Frenchmen. And the same year a battle was fought in Smithfield between two esquires, the one called Glaucester, appellant, and the other Arthure, defendant; they fought valiantly, but the king took up the quarrel into his hands, and pardoned them both. In the year 1430, the 8th of Henry VI.,the 14th of January, a battle was done in Smithfield, within the lists, before the king, between two men of Fever- sham in Kent, John Upton, notary, appellant, and John Downe, gentleman, defendant ; John Upton put upon John Downe, that he and his compeers should imagine the king’s death the day of his coro¬ nation. When these had fought long, the king took up the matter, and forgave both the parties. In tlie year 1442, the 20th of Henry VI., the 30th of January, a challenge was done in Smithfield, within lists, before the king, there being Sir Philip la Beaufe of Aragon, knight, the other an esquire of the king’s house, called John Ansley or Anstley ; they came to the field all armed, the knight with his sword drawn, and the esquire with his spear, which spear he cast against the knight, but the knight avoided it with his sword, and cast it to the ground ; then the esquire took his axe, and smote many blows on the knight, and made him let fall his axe, and brake up his uniber three times, and would have smote him on the face with his dagger, for to have slain him, but then the king cried hold, and so they were departed. The king made John Ansley, knight, and the knight of Aragon offered his harness at Windsor. In the year 144G, the 24th of Henry VI., John David appeached his master Wil. Catur, of treason, and a day being assigned them to fight in Smith- field ; the master being well-beloved, was so che¬ rished by his friends, and plied with wine, that being therewith overcome, was also unluckily slain by his servant * ; but that false servant (for he falsely accused his master) lived not long unpun¬ ished, for he was after hanged at Teyborne for felony. Let such false accusers note this for exam¬ ple f, and look for no better end without speedy repentance. The same year Thomas Fitz-Thomas Prior of Kilmaine appeached Sir James Butlar, Earl of Ormond, of treasons; which had a day assigned them to fight in Smithfield, the lists were made, and the field prepared ; but when it came to the point, the king commanded they should not fight, and took the quarrel into his hands. In the year 1487, the 7th of Edward IV., the Bastard of Burgoine challenged the Lord Scales, • The readers of Shakspere will remember, that a similar incident is introduced into the Second Part of Henry VI., act ii. scene 3, where Horner, the armourer, who has been accused of treason by his apprentice Peter, is made drunk by his neighbours, and consequently beaten in the combat. t " John Davy, a false accuser of his master, of him was raised the by-word, — If ye serve me so, I will call you Davy." Slow. brother to the queen, to fight with him both on horse¬ back and on foot ; the king, therefore, caused lists to be prepared in Smithfield, the length of one hundred and twenty tailors’ yards and ten feet, and in breadth eighty yards and twenty feet, double- barred, five feet between the bars, the timber-work whereof cost two hundred marks, besides the fair and costly galleries prepared for the ladies and other ; at the which martial enterprise the king and nobility were present. The first day they ran together with spears, and departed with equal honour. The next day they tourneyed on horse¬ back, the Lord Scales horse having on his cliafron, a long spear pike of steel ; and as the two cham¬ pions coped together, the same horse thrust his pike into the nostrils of the Bastard’s horse, so that for very pain he mounted so high that he fell on the one side with his master, and the Lord Scales rode about him with his sword drawn, till the king commanded the marshal to help up the Bastard, who said, I cannot hold me by the clouds ; for though my horse fail me, I will not fail an en¬ counter companion ; but the king would not suffer them to do any more that day. The next morrow they came into the lists on foot with two pole-axes, and fought valiantly ; but at the last the point of t he pole-axe of the Lord Scales entered into the side of the Bastard’s helm, and by force might have placed him on his knees ; but the king cast down his warder, and the marshal severed them. The Bastard required that he might per¬ form his enterprise ; but the king gave judgment as the Bastard relinquished his challenge, &e. And this may suffice for jousts in Smithfield. Now to return through Giltspur street by New¬ gate, where I first began, there standeth the fair parish-church called St. Sepulchers in the Bayly, or by Chamberlain gate, in a fair churchyard, though not so large as of old time, for the same is letten out for buildings and a garden plot. This church was newly' re-edified or built about the reign of Henry VI. or of Edward IV. One of the Pophames was a great builder there, namely, of one fair chapel on the south side of the choir, as appeareth by his arms and other monu¬ ments in the glass windows thereof, and also the fair porch of the same church towards the south ; his image, fair graven in stone, was fixed over the said porch, but defaced and beaten down ; his title by offices was this, Chancellor of Normandy', Cap¬ tain of Vernoyle, Pearch, Susan, and Bayon, and treasurer of the king’s 1 ousehold : he died rich, leaving great treasure of strange coins, and was buried in the Charterhouse church by West Smithfield. The first nobilitating of these Pophames was by Matilda the empress, daughter to Henry I., and by Henry her son : one Pophame, gentleman, of very fair lands in Southamptonshire, died without issue male, about Henry VI., and. leaving four daughters, they were married to Fos- tar, Barentine, Wodham, and Hamden. Popham Deane (distant three miles from Clarendon, and three miles from Mortisliam) was sometime the chief lordship or manor-house of these Pophames. There lie buried in this church, William Andrew, Stephen Clamparde, Lawrence Warcam, John Dagworth, William Porter, Robert Scarlet, es¬ quires. Next to this church is a fair and large inn for Ward of Farringdon Without. 144 Holborn Conduit. Scrope’s inn. Ely place. receipt of travellers, and hath to sign the Sarasen’s head. There lietli a street from Newgate west to the end of Turnagaine lane, and winding north to Old- borne conduit. This conduit by Oldborne cross was first built 1498. Thomasin, widow to John Perei- val, mayor, gave to the second making thereof twenty marks, Richard Shore ten pounds. Thomas Knesworth and others also did give towards it. But of late a new conduit was there built in place of the old, namely, in the year 15/7, by William Lamb, sometime a gentleman of the chapel to King Henry VIII., and afterward a citizen and cloth- worker of London ; the water thereof he caused to be conveyed in lead, from divers springs to one head, and from thence to the said conduit, and waste of one cock at Oldborne bridge, more than two thousand yards in length ; all of which was by him performed at his own charges, amounting to the sum of fifteen hundred pounds. From the west side of this conduit is the high way, there called Snor hill; it stretcheth out by Old¬ borne bridge over the oft-named water of Turmill brook, and so up to Oldborne hill, all replenished with fair building. Without Oldborne bridge, on the right hand, is Gold lane, as is before shown ; up higher on the hill be certain inns, and other fair buildings, amongst the which of old time was a messuage called Scropes inn, for so I find the same recorded in the 37th of Henry VI. This house was sometime letten out to serjeants- at-the-law, as appeareth, and was found by inquisi¬ tion taken in the Guild hall of London, before William Purchase, mayor, and esclieator for the king, Henry VII., in the 14th of his reign, after the death of John Lord Scrope, that he died de¬ ceased in his demesne of fed, by the feoffment of Guy Fairfax, knight, one of the king’s justices, made in the 9th of the same king, unto the said John Scrope, knight, Lord Scrope of Bolton, and Ro¬ bert Wingfield, esquire, of one house or tenement, late called Sergeants’ inn, situate against the church of St. Andrew in Oldborne, in the city of London, with two gardens and two messuages to the same tenement belonging in the said city, to hold in bur¬ gage, valued by the year in all reprises ten shil¬ lings. Then is the bishop of Elie’s inn *, so called of belonging and pertaining to the bishops of Elye. William de Luda, bishop of Elye, deceased 1297, gave this house by the name of his manor, with the appurtenances in Oldborne, to his successor's, with condition his next successor should pay one thou¬ sand marks to the finding of three chaplains in the chapel there. More, John Hotham, bishop of Elie, did give by the name of six messuages, two cellars, and forty acres of land, in the suburbs of London, in the parish of St. Andrew in Oldborne, to the prior and convent of Elie, as appeareth by patent, the 9th of Edward III. : this man was bishop of Ely twenty years, and deceased 1330. Tho-nas Arundell, bishop of Elie, beautifully built of new his palace at Elie, and likewise his manors in divers places, especially this in Oldborne, which he did not only repair, but rather new-built, and augmented it with a large port, gate-house, or • “ Commonly called Ely place.” — 1 si edition, p. 323. Ward of Farringdon Without. Great and solemn feasts kept in Ely place. front, towards the street or highway ; his arms are yet to be discerned in the stone-work thereof : he sat bishop of Elie fourteen years, and was trans¬ lated to Yorke *. In this house, for the large and commodious rooms thereof, divers great and solemn feasts have been kept, especially by the serjeants-at-the-law, whereof twain are to be noted for posterity. The first in the year 14(54, the 4th of Edward IV., in Michaelmas term, the serjeants-at-law held their feast in this house, to the which, amongst other estates, Matthew Phillip, mayor of London, with the aldermen, sheriffs, and commons, of divers crafts, being invited, did repair ; but when the mayor looked to keep the state in the hall, as it had been used in all places within the city and liberties (out of the king’s presence), the Lord Gray of Ruthen, then lord treasurer of England, unwit¬ ting the serjeants, and against their wills (as they said), was first placed ; whereupon the mayor, aldermen, and commons, departed home, and the mayor made the aldermen to dine with him ; how- beit he and all the citizens were wonderfully dis¬ pleased, that he was so dealt with ; and the new serjeants and others were right sorry therefore, and had rather then much good (as they said) it had not so happened. One other feast was likewise there kept in the year 1531, the 23d of King Henry VIII. : the ser¬ jeants then made were in number eleven ; namely, Thomas Audeley, Walter Luke, I. Bawdwine, I. Hinde, Christopher Jennie, John Dowsell, Ed¬ ward Mervine, Edmond Knightley, Roger Cliomley, Edward Montague, and Robert Yorke. These also held their feast in this Elye house for five days, to wit, Friday the 10th of November, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. On Monday (which was their principal day) King Henry and Queen Katherine dined there (but in two chambers), and the foreign ambassadors in a third chamber. In the hall, at the high table, sat Sir Nicholas Lambard, Mayor of London, the judges, the barons of the exchequer, with certain aldermen of the city. At the board on the south side sat the master of the rolls, the master of the chancery, and worshipful citizens. On the north side of the hall certain aldermen began the board, and then fol¬ lowed merchants of the city ; in the cloister, cha¬ pel, and gallery, knights, esquires, and gentlemen, were placed ; in the halls the crafts of London; the serjeants-of-law and their wives, kept in their own chambers. It were tedious to set down the preparation of fish, flesh, and other victuals, spent in this feast, and would seem almost incredible, and, as to me it seemeth, wanted little of a feast at a coronation ; nevertheless, a little I will touch, for declaration of * Holinshed has recorded a fact, which to those who only know Ely place, as it now exists, appears somewhat apocry¬ phal ; namely, the excellency of the strawberries cultivated ill the garden there by Bishop Morton, and tells us that the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III., at the Council held in the Tower on the morning he put Hastings to death, requested a dish of them from the bishop,— an effective inci¬ dent which has not escaped Shakspere— “ My Lord of Ely, when I was last in Holborn 1 saw good strawberries in your garden there, 1 do beseech you send for some of them." STOW’S SURVEY -1 Ward of Farringdon without. Ward of Farringdon without. Provisions at the Sergeants'Feast. OF LONDON. Church of St. Andrew Holborn. |4 5 i Furnival’s inn. TV]onumerts therein. the change of prices. There were brought to the slaughter-house twenty-four great beefs at twenty- six shillings and eight pence the piece from the shambles, one carcass of an ox at twenty-four shil¬ lings, one hundred fat muttons, two shillings and ten pence the piece, fifty-one great veals at four shillings and eight pence the piece, thirty-four porks three shillings and eight pence the piece, ninety-one pigs, sixpence the piece, capons of grese, of one poulter (for they had three) ten dozens at twenty pence the piece, capons of Kent, nine dozens and six at twelve pence the piece, capons coarse, nineteen dozen at six pence the piece, cocks of grose, seven dozen and nine at eight pence the piece, cocks coarse, fourteen dozen and eight at three pence the piece, pullets, the best, two pence halfpenny, other pullets two pence, pigeons thirty-seven dozen at ten pence the dozen, swans fourteen dozen, larks three hundred and forty dozen at five pence the dozen, &c. Edward Nevill was seneschal or steward, Thomas Ratcliffe, comptroller, Thomas Wildon, clerk of the kitchen. Next beyond this manor of Ely house is Either lane, turning into the field. Then is Furnivalles inn, now an inn of chancery, but sometime belong¬ ing to Sir William Furnivall, knight, and Thomesin his wife, who had in Oldborne two messuages and thirteen shops, as appeareth by record of Richard II., in the (itli of his reign. Then is the Earl of Bathes inn, now called Bath place, of late for the most part new built, and so to the bars. Now again, from Newgate, on the left hand, or south side, lietli the Old Bailey, which runneth down by the wall upon the ditch of the city, called Iloundes ditch, to Ludgate. I have not read how this street took that name, but is like to have risen of some court, of old time there kept; and I find, that in the year 1356, the 34th of Edward 111., the tenement and ground upon Iloundes ditch, between Ludgate on the south, and Newgate on the north, was appointed to John Cambridge, fishmonger, Chamberlain of London, whereby it seemeth that the chamberlains of London have there kept their courts, as now they do by the Guildhall, and till this day the mayor and justices of this city kept their sessions in a part thereof, now called the Sessions hall, both for the city of London and shire of Mid¬ dlesex. Over against the which house, on the right hand, turneth down St. George’s lane towards Fleet lane. In this St. George’s lane, on the north side thereof,-remaiueth yet an old wall of stone, enclosing a piece of ground up Seacole lane, wherein by report sometime stood an inn of chancery ; which house being greatly decayed, and standing remote from other houses of that profession, the company removed to a common hostelry, called of the sign Our Lady inn, not far from Clement’s inn, which they procured from Sir John Fineox, lord chief justice of the king’s bench, and since have held it of the owners by the name of the New inn, paying therefore six pounds rent by the year, as tenants at their own will, for more (as is said) cannot be gotten of them, and much less will they be put from it. Beneath this St. George’s lane, the lane called Fleet lane, winding south by the prison of the Fleet into Fleet street by Fleet bridge. Lower down in the Old Bayly is at this present a standard of timber, with a cock or cocks, delivering fair spring water to the inhabitants, and is the waste of the water serving the prisoners in Ludgate. Next out of tile high street turneth down a lane called the Little Bayly, which runneth down to the east end of St. George’s lane. The next is Seacole lane, I think called Limeburner’s lane, of burning lime there with seacole. For I read in record of such a lane to have been in the parish of St. Sepul¬ cher, and there yet remaineth in this lane an alley called Limeburner’s alley. Near unto this Seacoale lane, in the turning towards Oldborne conduit is Turnagain lane, or rather, as in a record of the 5th of Edward III., Windagain lane, for that it goeth down west to Fleet dike, from whence men must turn again the same way they came, for there it stopped. Then the high street turneth down Snore hill to Oldborne conduit, and from thence to Oldborne bridge, beyond the which bridge, on the left hand, is Shoe lane, by the which men pass from Oldborne to Fleet street, by the conduit there. In this Shoe lane, on the left hand, is one old house called Oldborne hall, it is now letten out into divers tenements. On the other side, at the very corner, standeth the parish church of St. Andrew, in the which church, or near thereunto, was sometime kept a grammar school, as appeareth in another place by a patent made, as I have shown, for the erection of schools. There be monuments in this church of Thomas Lord Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, buried 1550 ; Raph Rokeby of Lincoln’s inn, es¬ quire, Master of St. Katherine’s and one of the masters of requests to the queen’s majesty, who deceased the 14th of June, 150C. lie gave by his testament to Christ’s Hospital in London one hun¬ dred pounds, to the college of the poor of Queen Elizabeth in East Greenwich one hundred pounds, to the poor scholars in Cambridge one hundred pounds, to the poor scholars in Oxford one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in the two compters in London two hundred pounds, to the prisoners in the Fleet one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in Ludgate one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in Newgate one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in the King’s Bench one hundred pounds, to the pri¬ soners in the Marshalsea one hundred pounds, to the prisoners in the White Lion twenty pounds, to the poor of St. Katherine’s twenty pounds, and to every brother and sister there forty shillings ; William Sydnam founded a chantry there. There was also of old time (as I have read in the 3d of Henry V.) an hospital for the poor, which was a cell to the house of Cluny in France, and was, there¬ fore, suppressed among the priories aliens. From this church of St. Andrew, up Oldborne hill be divers fair built houses, amongst the which, on the left hand, there standeth three inns of Chan¬ cery, whereof the first adjoining unto Crookhorn alley is called Thaves inn, and standeth opposite, or over against the said Ely house. Then is Fewter lane, which stretcheth south into Fleet street, by the east end of St. Dunstone’s church, and is so called of Fewters’ * (or idle people) lying there, as in a way leading to gardens ; but the same is now * Fewters, idle people, probably from the old French Fau tier, \\ liich Roquefort, GLossaire de la Lanyite Roman*, defines “ Criminel Coupable or from Fautleur, “ rempti de default et de muuvaises habitudes' 1 h Ward of Farringdon without. 146 Barnard’s or Mackworth’s inn. STOW’S SURVEY Staple’s inn. The Fleet prison. of latter years on both sides built through with many fair houses. Beyond this Fewter lane is Barnard’s inn, alias Mackworth’s inn, which is of Chancery, belonging to the dean and chapter of Lincolne, as saitli the record of Henry VI., the 32d of his reign, and was founded by inquisition in the Guildhall of London, before John Norman, mayor, the king’s esclieator ; the jury said, that it was not hurtful for the king to license T. Athens, citizen of London, and one of the executors to John Mackeworth, Dean of Lincoln, to give one messuage in Holborn in London, with the appurtenances called Mackeworth’s inn, but now commonly known by the name of Barnardes inn, to the dean and chapter of Lincolne, to find one sufficient chaplain to celebrate Divine service in the chapel of St. George, in the cathedral church of Lincoln, where the body of the said John is buried, to have and to hold the said messuage to the said dean and chapter, and to their successors for ever, in part of satisfaction of twenty pounds lands and rents, which Edward III. licensed the said dean and chapter to purchase to their own use, either of their own fee or tenor, or of any other, so the lands were not holden of the king in capite. Then is Staple inn, also of Chancery, but whereof so named I am ignorant ; the same of late is for a great part thereof fair built, and not a little aug¬ mented. And then at the bar endetli this ward without Newgate. Without Ludgate, on the right hand, or north side from the said gate lieth the Old Bayly, as I said, then the high street called Ludgate hill down to Fleet lane, in which lane standeth the Fleet, a prison house so called of the Fleet or water run¬ ning by it, and sometime flowing about it, but now- vaulted over. 1 read that Richard I., in the 1st of his reign, confirmed to Osbert, brother to William Long- shampe, Chancellor of England and elect of Elie, and to his heirs for ever, the custody of his house or palace at Westminster, with the keeping of his gaol of the Fleet at London ; also King John, by his patent, dated the 3d of his reign, gave to the Archdeacon of Welles, the custody of the said king’s house at Westminster, and of his gaol of the Fleet, together with the wardship of the daughter and heir of Robert Loveland, &c. Then is Fleet bridge pitched over the said water, whereof I have spoken in another place. Then also against the south end of Shoe lane standeth a fair water-conduit, whereof William Eastfield, sometime mayor, was founder ; for the mayor and commonalty of London being possessed of a conduit head, with divers springs of water gathered thereinto in the parish of Padington, and the water conveyed from thence by pipes of lead towards London unto Teyborne ; where it had lain by the space of six years or more ; the executors of Sir William Eastfield obtained licence of the mayor and commonalty for them, in the year 1433, with the goods of Sir William to convey the said waters, first in pipes of lead into a pipe begun to be laid besides the great conduit head at Maribone, which streteheth front thence unto a separall, late before made against the chapel of Rounsevall by Charing cross, and na further, and then from thence to convey the said water into the city, and there to make receipt or receipts for the same unto the Ward of Farringdon without. Conduit at the Standard at Fleet. St. Dunstan in the west. Clifford's inn. common weal of the commonalty, to wit, the poor to drink, the rich to dress their meats ; which water was by them brought thus into Fleet street to a standard, which they had made and finished 1471. The inhabitants of Fleet street, in the year 1478, obtained licence of the mayor, aldermen, and com¬ monalty, to make at their own charges two cisterns, the one to be set at the said standard, the other at Fleet bridge, for the receipt of the waste water ; this cistern at the standard they built, and on the same a fair tower of stone, garnished with images of St. Christopher on the top, and angels round about lower down, with sweet sounding bells before them, whereupon, by an engine placed in the tower, they divers hours of the day and night chimed such an hymn as was appointed. This Conduit, or standard, was again new built with a larger cistern, at the charges of the city, in the year 1582. From this Conduit up to Fewtars lane, and fur¬ ther, is the parish church of St. Dunstan called in the West (for difference from St. Dunstan in the East), where lietn buried T. Duke, skinner, in St. Ivatherin’s chapel by him built, 1421 ; Nicholas Coningstone, John Knape, and o.her, founded chan¬ tries there ; Ralph Bane, Bishop of Coventrie and Lichfieid, 1559, and other. Next beyond this church is Clifford’s inn, some¬ time belonging to Robert Clifford, by gift of Ed¬ ward II. in these words : “ The king granteth to Robert Clifford that messuage, with the appur¬ tenances, next the church of St. Dunstane in the West, in the suburbs of London, which messuage was sometime Malculines de Herlev, and came to the hands of Edward L, by reason of certaine debts which the said Malculine was bound at the time of his death to our sayde father, from the time that hee was escaetor on this side Trent; which house John, Earle of Riehmount, did liolde of our plea¬ sure, and is now- in our possession.”— Patent, the 3rd of Edward II. After the death of this Robert Clifford, Isabel, his wife, let the same messuage to students of the law, as by the record following may appear:— “ Isabel quee fuit uxor Roberti Clifford, Messuaqium unipartitum, quod Rubertus Clifford hahuit in parochia sci. Dunstonis West, in suburbio Londini, §c., tenuit, et illud dimisit post mortem diet. Roberti, Apprentice de banco, pro x. ti. annuatium, <§r. Anno 18 Eduardi Tertii, inquisitio post mortem Roberti Clifford .” This house hath since fallen into the king’s hands, as I have heard, but returned again to the Cliffordes, and is now let to the said students for four pounds by the year. Somewhat beyond this Clifforde’s inn is the south end of New street (or Chancelar lane), on the right hand whereof is Sergeantes’ inn called in Chauncerv lane. And then next was sometime the house of the converted Jewes, founded by King Henry III., in place of a Jewe’s house to him for¬ feited, in the year 1238, and the 17th of his reign, who built there for them a fair church now used, and called the chapel for the custody of the Rolles and Records of Chancerie. It standeth not far from the Old Temple, but in the midway between the Old Temple and the New, in the which house all such Jew-es and infidels, as were converted to the Christian faith, were ordained and appointed, Ward of Farringdon without. The Rolls' chapel. Palace of Bridewell. under an honest rule of life, sufficient maintenance, whereby it came to pass, that in short time there were gathered a great number of converts, which were baptized, instructed in the doctrine of Christ, and there lived under a learned Christian appointed to govern them ; since the which time, to wit, in the year 121)0, all the Jews in England were ba¬ nished out of the realm, whereby the number of converts in this place was decayed: and, therefore, in the year 1377) this house was annexed* by patent to William Burstall Clearke, custos rotulorum, or keeper of the Rolles of the Chauncerie, by Ed¬ ward III., in the 5th year of his reign ; and this first Master of the Rolles was sworn in Westmin¬ ster hall, at the table of marble stone ; since the which time, that house hath been commonly called the Rolles in Chancerie lane. Notwithstanding such of the Jewes, or other in¬ fidels, as have in this realm been converted to Christianity, and baptized, have been relieved there ; for I find in record that one William Piers, a Jew that became a Christian, was baptized in the fifth of Richard II., and had two-pence the day allowed him during his life by the said king. On the west side was sometime a house pertain¬ ing to the prior of Necton Parke, a house of canons hi Lincolnshire ; this was commonly called Ilere- fiete inn, and was a brewhouse, but now fair built for the five clerks of the Chancerie, and standeth over against the said house called the Rolles, and near unto the lane which now entereth Pickets croft, or Pickets field. Then is Shere lane, opening also into Pickets field, hard by the bars. On this north side of Fleet street, in the year of Christ 1595, I observed, that when the labourers had broken up the pavement, from against Chan¬ cerie lane’s end up towards St. Dunston’s church, and had digged four feet deep, they found one other pavement of hard stone, more sufficient than the first, and, therefore, harder to be broken, un¬ der the which they found in the made ground, piles of timber driven very thick, and almost close together, the same being as black as pitch or coal, and many of them rotten as earth, which proveth that the ground there (as sundry other places of the city) have been a marish, or full of springs. On the south side from Ludgate, before the wall of the city, be fair built houses to Fleete bridge, on the which bridge a cistern for receipt of spring water was made by the men of Fleet street, but the watercourse is decayed, and not restored. Next is Bride lane, and therein Bridewell, of old time the king’s house, for the kings of this realm have been there lodged ; and till the ninth of Henry III. the courts were kept in the king’s house, wheresoever he was lodged, as may appear by ancient records, whereof I have seen many, but for example set forth one in the Chapter of Towers and Castles. King Henry VIII. built there a stately and beautiful house of new, for receipt of the Emperor * The annexation of this estate to the Mastership of the Rolls having been found to stand in the way of certain public improvements, Parliament interfered in the year 1837, and by statute 7 William IV. and 1 Viet. c. 1 HI, vested the Rolls’ estate in the Crown, settling upon the Master of the Rolls an annual income of seven thousand pounds, in lieu of all pecuniary lines and rents received by him. Ward of Farringdon without. Emperor Charles V. lodged in Blackfriars, 1 47 his nobles in the palace of Bridewell, Charles V., who, in the year of Christ 1522, was lodged himself at the Blacke Friers, but his nobles in this new built Bridewell, a gallery being made out of the house over the water, and through the wall of the city, into the emperor’s lodging at the Blacke Friers. King Henry himself oftentimes lodged there also, as, namely, in the year 1525, a parliament being then holden in the Black Friers, he created estates of nobility there, to wit, Henry Fitz Roy, a child (which he had by Elizabeth Blunt) to be Earl of Nottingham, Duke of Rich¬ mond and of Somerset, Lieutenant General from Trent northward, Warden of the East, Middle, and West Marches for anenst Scotland ; Henry Court¬ ney, Earl of Devonshire, cousin-german to the king, to be marquis of Exeter ; Henry Brandon, a child of two years old, son to the Earl of Suffolke, to be Earl of Lincolne ; Sir Thomas Mannars, Lord Rose, to be Earl of Rutland ; Sir Henry Clifford, to be Earl of Cumberland ; Sir Robert Ratcliffe, to be Viscount Fitzwater; and Sir Thomas Boloine, treasurer of the king’s household, to be Viscount Rochford. In the year 1528, Cardinal Campeius was brought to the king’s presence, being then at Bridewell, whither he had called all his nobility, judges, and councillors, &.c. And there, the 8th of November, in his great chamber, he made unto them an ora¬ tion touching his marriage with Queen Katheren, as ve may read in Edward Hall. in the year 1529, the same King Henrie and Queen Katherine were lodged there, whilst the question of their marriage was argued in the Blacke Friers, &c. But now you shall hear how this house became a house of correction. I 11 the year 1553, the 7th of King Edward VI., the 10th of April, Sir George Baron, being mayor of this city, was sent for to the court at Whitehall, and there at that time the king gave unto him for the commonalty and citizens to be a workhouse for the poor and idle persons of the city, his house of Bridewell, and seven hundred marks land, late of the possessions of the house of the Savoy, and all the bedding and other furniture of the said hospital of the Savoy, towards the main¬ tenance of the said workhouse of Bridewell, and the hospital of St. Thomas in Southwark. This gift King Edward confirmed by his charter, dated the 26‘th of June next following ; and in the year 1555, in the month of February, Sir William Gerarde, mayor, and the aldermen entered Brid- well, and took possession thereof according to the gift of the said King Edward, the same being con¬ firmed by Queen Mary. The Bishop of St. David’s had his inn over against the north side of this Bridwell, as I have said. Then is the parish church of St. Bridges, or Bride, of old time a small thing, which now re- maineth to be the choir, but since increased with a large body and side aisles towards the west, at the charges of William Venor, esquire, warden of the Fleet, about the year 1480, all which he caused to be wrought about in the stone in the figure of a vine with grapes, and leaves, Ac. The partition betwixt the old work and the new, sometime pre¬ pared as a screen to be set up in the hall of the Duke of Somerset’s house at Strand, was bought for eight score pounds, and set up in the year 1557 ! one wilful body began to spoil and break the same l 2 OF LONDON. Ward of Farringdon without. Ward of Farringdou without. 148 Salisbury court. STOWS SURVEY Sergeants’inn. White Friars church. The new Temple. in the year 1596, but was by the high commis¬ sioners forced to make it up again, and so it rest¬ ed). John Ulsthorpe, William Evesham, John Wigan, and other, founded chantries there. The next is Salisburie court, a place so called for that it belonged to the Bishops of Salisburie, and was their inn, or London house, at such time as they were summoned to come to the parliament, or came for other business ; it hath of late time been the dwelling, first of Sir Richard Sackvile, and now of Sir Thomas Sackvile his son, Baron of Buck- hurst, Lord Treasurer, who hath greatly enlarged it with stately buildings. Then is Water lane, running down, by the west side of a house called the Hanging Sword, to the Thames. Then was the White Friers’ church, called Fra- tres beatce Maria: de Monte Carmeli , first founded (saith John Bale) by Sir Richard Gray, knight, ancestor to the Lord Gray Codnor, in the year 1241. King Edward I. gave to the prior and bre¬ thren of that house a plot of ground in l'leete street, whereupon to build their house, which was since re-edified or new built, by Hugh Courtney, Earl of Devonshire, about the year 1350, the 24th of Edward Ill. John Lutken, mayor of London, and the commonalty of the city, granted a lane called Crockers lane, reaching from Fleet street to the Thames, to build in the west end of that church. Sir Robert Knoles, knight, was a great builder there also, in the reign of Richard II, and of Henry IV. ; he deceased at his manor of Scone Thorpe, in Norffolke, in the year 1407, and was brought to London, and honourably buried by the Lady Constance his wife, in the body of the said White Friers’ church, which he had newly built. Robert Marshall, Bishop of Hereford, built the choir, presbytery, steeple, and many other parts, and was there buried, about the year 1420. There were buried also in the new choir. Sir John Mow- bery, Earl of Nottingham, 1398 ; Sir Edwarde Cortney ; Sir Hugh Montgomerie, and Sir John his brother; John Wolle, son to Sir John Wolle; Thomas Bayholt, esquire ; Elizabeth, Countess of Athole ; Dame Johan, wife to Sir Thomas Say of Alden ; Sir Pence Castle, Baron; John, Lord Gray, son to I 'eginald, Lord Gray of Wilton, 1418 ; Sir John Ludlow, knight; Sir Richard Derois, knight ; Rielnirde Gray, knight ; John Ashley, knight ; Robert Bristow, esquire ; Thomas Perry, esquire ; Robert Tempest, esquire ; William Call ; William Neddow. In the old choir were buried: Dame Margaret, &c. ; Eleanor Gristles ; Sir John Browne, knight, and John his son and heir ; Sir Simon de Berforde, knight ; Peter Wigus, esquire ; Robert Mathew, esquire ; Sir John Skargell, knight ; Sir John Norice, knight ; Sir Geffrey Roose, knight ; Ma¬ thew Hadocke, esquire ; William Clarell, esquire ; John Aprichard, esquire ; William Wentworth, esquire ; Thomas Wieham, esquire ; Sir Terwit, knight ; Sir Stephen Popliam, knight ; Bastard de Scales ; Henrie Blunt, esquire ; Elizabeth Blunt ; John Swan, esquire ; Alice Foster, one of the heirs of Sir Stephen Popliam ; Sir Robert Brocket, knight ; John Drayton, esquire ; John, son to Robert Cbanlowes, and his daughter Katherine ; John Salvin, William Hampton, John Bampton, John Winter, Edmond Oldhall, William Apple- yard, Thomas Dabby, esquires ; Sir Hugh Court¬ ney, knight ; John Drury, son to Robert Drurie ; Elizabeth Gemersey, gentlewoman ; Sir Thomas Townsend, knight; Sir Richarde Greene, knight; William Scot, esquire ; Thomas Federinghey, I. Fulforde, esquire ; Edward Eldsmere, gentleman ; W. Hart, gentleman ; Dame Mary Senclare daughter to Sir Thomas Talbot, knight ; Ancher esquire ; Sir William Moris, knight, and Dame Christian his wife ; Sir Peter de Mota, knight; Richard Ilewton, esquire ; Sir I. Heron, knight; Richard Eton, esquire ; Hugh Stapleton, gentle¬ man ; William Copley, gentleman ; Sir Ralph Saintowen, knight; Sir Hugh Bruineflete, knight ; Lord Vessey, principal founder of that order, the 6th of Edward IV., &c. This house was valued at 62/. 7s. 37., and was surrendered the 10th of November, the 30th of Henry VIII. In place of this Friers’ church be now many fair houses built, lodgings for noblemen and others. Then is the Sargeants’ inn, so called, for that divers judges and sargeants at the law keep a com¬ mons, and are lodged there in term time. Next is the New Temple, so called because the Templars, before the building of this house, had their Temple in Oldborne. This house was founded by the Knights Templars in England, in the reign of Henry II., and the same was dedicated to God and our blessed Lady, by Heraclius, Patriarch of the church called the Holy Resurrection in Jeru¬ salem, in the year of Christ, 1185. These Knights Templars took their beginning about the year 1118*, in manner following. Cer¬ tain noblemen, horsemen, religiously bent, bound by vow themselves in the bands of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, to serve Christ after the manner of regular canons in chastity and obedience, and to renounce their own proper wills for ever ; the first of which order were Hugh Paganus, and Geffrey de S. Andromare. And whereas at the first they had no certain habitation, Baldwin, king of Jeru¬ salem, granted unto them a dwelling place in his palace by the Temple, and the canons of the same Temple gave them the street thereby to build therein their houses of office, and the patriarch, the king, the nobles, and prelates gave unto them certain revenues out of their lordships. Their first profession was for safeguard of the pilgrims coming to visit the sepulchre, and to keep the highways against the lying in wait of thieves, &c. About ten years after they had a rule ap¬ pointed unto them, and a white habit, by Honorius II. then Pope ; and whereas they had but nine in number, they began to increase greatly. After¬ ward, in Pope Eugenius’ time, they bare crosses of red cloth on their uppermost garments, to be known from others; and in short time, because they had their first mansion hard by the Temple of our Lord in Jerusalem, they were called Knights of the Temple. Many noble men in all parts of Christendom, became brethren of this order, and built for them¬ selves temples in every city or great town in Eng- * In addition to the works mentioned in a preceding note (page 124), as containing the history of this once powerful order, there has since appeared in this country a handsomely illustrated work upon the subject, entitled “ The Knights Templars," called forth, it is stated, by the extensive restora¬ tions which the Temple church is at present undergoing. Ward of Farringdon without. Ward of Farringdon without. Treasure preserved in the Temple. OF LONDON. Parliaments, &c. held in the Temple. 149 Seal of the Templars. Inner and Middle Temple. land, but this at London was their chief house, which they built after the form of the temple near to the sepulchre of our Lord at Jerusalem ; they had also other temples in Cambridge *, Bristow, Canterbury, Dover, Warwick f. This Temple in London, was often made a storehouse of men’s treasure, I mean such as feared the spoil thereof in other places. Matthew Paris noteth, that in the year 12152, Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, being prisoner in the Tower of London, the king was informed that he had much treasure laid up in this New Temple, under the custody of the Templars ; whereupon he sent for the master of the Temple, and examined him straitly, who confessed that money being delivered unto him and his brethren to be kept, he knew not how much there was of it ; the king de¬ manded to have the same delivered, but it was answered, that the money being committed ui)to their trust, could not be delivered without the licence of him that committed it to ecclesiastical protection, whereupon the king sent his Treasurer and Justiciar of the Exchequer unto Hubert, to re¬ quire him to resign the money wholly into his bands, who answered that he would gladly submit himself, and all his, unto the king’s pleasure ; and thereupon desired the knights of the Temple, in his behalf, to present all the keys unto the king, to do his pleasure with the goods which he had com¬ mitted unto them. Then the king commanded the money to be faithfully told and laid up in his trea¬ sury, by inventory, wherein was found (besides ready money) vessels of gold and silver unpriceable, and many precious stones, which would make all men wonder if they knew the worth of them. This Temple was again dedicated 1240, belike also newly re-edified then. These Templars at this time were in so great glory, that they entertained the nobility, foreign ambassadors, and the prince himself very often, insomuch that Mathew Paris crieth out on them for their pride*, who being at the first so poor, as they had but one horse to serve two of them, (in token whereof they gave in their seal two men riding of one horse,) yet suddenly they waxed so insolent, that they disdained other orders, and sorted themselves with noblemen. King Edward 1. in the year 12fl.'i, taking with him Robert Waleran, and other, came to the Tem¬ ple, where calling for the keeper of the treasure house, as if he meant to see his mother’s jewels, that were laid up there to be safely kept, he en¬ tered into the house, breaking the coffers of certain * Matthew Paris. t “ And others in other places.”—1st edition, p. 325. t Tile pride of the Templars was proverbial, and is well illustrated by the following anecdote, told by Camden in his Remains, p. 226, ed. 1629. “ One Fulke, a Frenchman, of great opinion for his holinesse, told this King Richard that he kept with him three daughters, that would procure him the wrath of God, if he did not shortly ridde himself of them.—‘ Why hypo¬ crite (quoth the king), all the world knoweth that I never had child ' • Yea (said Fulke) you have as I said three, and their names are Pride, Covetousnesse, and Lechery.’ ‘ Is it so (said the king), you shall see me presently bestow them ; the Knights Templars shall have Pride ; the white monkes Covetousnesse; and the elergie, Lechery; and there have you my three daughters bestowed among you.' ” persons that had likewise brought their money thither, and lie took away from thence to the value of a thousand pounds. Many parliaments and great councils have been there kept, as may appear by our histories. In the year 1308, all the Templars in England, as also in other parts of Christendom, were appre¬ hended and committed to divers prisons. In 1310, a provincial council was holden at London, against the Templars in England, upon heresy anti other articles whereof they were accused, but denied all except one or two of them, notwithstanding they all did confess that they could not purge themselves fully as faultless, and so they were condemned to perpetual penance in several monasteries, where they behaved themselves modestly. Philip, king of France, procured their overthrow throughout the whole world, and caused them to be condemned by a general council to his advan¬ tage, as he thought, for he believed to have had all their lands in France, and, therefore, seized the same in his hands (as I have read), and caused the Templars to the number of four and fifty (or after Fabian, threescore) to be burned at Paris. Edward II. in the year 1313, gave unto Aimer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, the whole place and houses called the New Temple at London, with the ground called Ficquetes Croft, and all the tenements and rents, with the appurtenances, that belonged to the Templars hi the city of London and suburbs thereof*. After Aimer de Valence (sayeth some) Hugh Spencer, usurping the same, held it during his life, by whose death it came again to the hands of Edward III. ; but in the mean time, to wit, 1324, by a council holden at Vienna, all the lands of the Templars (lest the same should be put to profane uses) were given to the knights hospitalers of the order of St. John Baptist, called St. John of Jeru¬ salem, which knights had put the Turkes out of the Isle of Rhodes, and after won upon the said Turkes daily for a long time. The said Edward ill., therefore, granted the same to the said knights, who possessed it, and in the eighteenth year of the said king’s reign, were forced to repair the bridge of the said Temple. These knights had their head house for England by West Smithfield, and they in the reign of the same Edward Ill. granted (for a certain rent of ten pounds by the year) the said Temple, with the appurtenances thereunto adjoining, to the students of the common laws of England, in whose posses¬ sion the same hath ever since remained ; and is now divided into two houses of several students, by the name of inns of court, to wit, the Inner Tem¬ ple, and the Middle Temple, who kept two several halls,but they resort all to the said Temple church, in the round walk whei’eof (which is the west part without the choir) there remaineth monuments of noblemen buried *, to the number of eleven, eight * Patent 2 E. 3 Clasc. 18 E. 3. t In March 1841, in the progress of (he reparation and restoration which the Temple church is now undergoing, the important discovery was made of the ancient lead coffins containing the bodies of the knights. They do not appear to have been buried in their armour. The coffins, some of which were six feet eight inches, and some six feet ten inches long, were in a very corroded state, none of the orna- Ward of Farringdon without. Bridge ward without. 150 Monuments of the Templars. STOW’S SURVEY Extent of the ward. The Temple church. Antiquities therein. of them are images of armed knights, five lying cross-legged as men vowed to the lloly Land, against the infidels and unbelieving Jews; the other three straight-legged ; the rest are coped stones all of gray marble; the first of the cross- legged was \V. Marshall, the elder Earl of Pem¬ broke, who died 121!) ; Will. Marshall his son, earl of Pembroke, was the second, he died, 1231 ; and Gilbert Marshall his brother, Earl of Pem¬ broke, slain in a tournament at Hertford, beside Ware, in the year 1241. After this Robert Rose, otherwise called Fursan, being made a Templar in the year 1245, died and was buried there, and these are all that I can re¬ member to have read of. Sir Nicholas Hare, Mas¬ ter of the Rolls, was buried there in the year 1557- In the year 1381, the rebels of Essex and of Kent destroyed and plucked down the houses and lodgings of this Temple, took out of the church the books and records that were in hutches of the apprentices of the law, carried them into the streets, and burnt them ; the house they spoiled and burnt for wrath that they bare Sir Robert Halles, Lord-prior of St. John’s in Smithfield; but it was since again at divers times repaired, namely, the gate-house of the Middle Temple in the reign of Henry VI11., by Sir Amias Paulet, knight, upon occasion, as in my Annales 1 have shown. The great hall of the Middle Temple was newly built in the year 15/2, in the reign of our Queen Eliza¬ beth. This Temple church hath a master and four sti¬ pendiary priests, with a clerk : these for the minis¬ tration of Divine service there have stipends al¬ lowed unto them out of the possessions and reve¬ nues of the late hospital and house of St. John’s of Jerusalem in England, as it had been in the reign of Edward VI. ; and thus much for the said new Temple, the farthest west part of this ward, and also of this city for the liberties thereof ; which ward hath an alderman, and his deputies three. In Sepulchre’s parish, common council six, con¬ stables four, scavengers four, wardmote inquest twelve ; St, Bridgetes parish, common councillors eight, constables eight, scavengers eight, wardmote inquest twenty ; in St. Andrewes, common council two, constables two, scavengers three, wardmote inquest twelve. It is taxed to the fifteen at thirty- five pounds one shilling *. BRIDGE WARDE WITHOUT, THE TWENTY-SIXTH IN NUMBER ; CONSISTING OF THE BOROUGH OF SOUTH- WARKE, IN THE COUNTY OF SURREY. Having treated of wards in London, on the north side the Thames (in number twenty-five), I am now to cross over the said river into the borough of Southwark, which is also award of London without the walls, on the south side thereof, as is Portsoken on the east, and Farringdon extra on the west. This borough being in the county of Surrey, con- sisteth of divers streets, ways, and winding lanes, all full of buildings, inhabited ; and, first, to begin at the west part thereof, over against the west suburb of the city. meats upon them being of earlier date than the beginning of the thirteenth century. * “ And in the Exchequer at thirty-four pounds." — Is/ edition , p. 338. On the bank of the river Thames there is now a continual building of tenements, about half a mile in length to the bridge. Then from the bridge, straight towards the south, a continual street, called Long Southwark, built on both sides with divers lanes and alleys up to St. George’s church, and beyond it through Blackman street towards New town (or Newington) ; the liberties of which borough extend almost to the parish church of New town aforesaid, distant one mile from London Bridge, and also south-west a continual building almost to Lambeth, more than one mile from the said bridge. Then from the bridge along by the Thames east¬ ward is St. Olave’s street, having continual build¬ ing on both the sides, with lanes and alleys, up to Battle bridge, to Horsedowne, and towards Rother hi the ; also some good half mile in length from London bridge. So that I account the whole continual buildings on the bank of the said river, from the west towards the east, to be more than a large mile in length. Then have ye, from the entering towards the said Horsedown, one other continual street called Bermondes high street, which stretcheth south, likewise furnished with buildings on both sides, almost half a mile in length, up to the late dis¬ solved monastery of St. Saviour called Bermondsey. And from thence is one Long lane (so called of the length), turning w-cst to St. George's church afore named. Out of the which lane mentioned Long lane breaketli one other street towards the south and by east, and this is called Kentish street, for that is the way leading into that country : and so have you the bounds of this borough. The antiquities most notable in this borough are these : First, for ecclesiastical, there was Bermond¬ sey, an abbey of black monks, St, Mary Overies, a priory of canons regular, St. Thomas, a college or hospital for the poor, and the Loke, a lazar house in Kent street. Parish churches there have been six, whereof five do remain ; viz. St. Mary Mag¬ dalen, in the priory of St. Mary Overy, now the same St. Mary Overy is the parish church for tlie said Mary Magdalen, and for St. Margaret on the hill, and is called St. Saviour. St. Margaret on the hill being put down is now a court for justice ; St. Thomas in the hospital serveth for a parish church as afore ; St. George a parish church as before it did ; so doth St. Olave and St, Mary Magdalen, by the abbey of Ber¬ mondsey. There be also these five prisons or gaols : The Clinke on the Banke. The Compter, in the late parish church of St. Margaret. The Marslialsey. The Ivinges Bench. And the White Lion, all in Long Southwarke. » Houses most notable be these : The Bishop of Winchester’s house. The Bishop of Rochester’s house. The Duke of Suffolk’s house, or Southward place. The Tabard, an hosiery or inn. The Abbot of Hyde, his house. The Prior of Lewes, his house. The Abbot of St. Augustine, his house. The Bridge house. Borough of Southwark. The Bear gardens. Tiie Stews on the Bankside. OF LONDON. The Abbot of Battaile, his house. Battaile bridge. The Stewes on the bank of Thames. And the Bear gardens there. Now, to return to the west bank, there be two bear gardens, the old and new places, wherein be kept bears, bulls, and other beasts, to be baited ; as also mastiffs in several kennels, nourished to bait them. These bears and other beasts are there baited in plots of ground, scaffolded about for the beholders to stand safe. Next on this bank was sometime the Bordello, or Stewes, a place so called of certain stew-houses privileged there, for the repair of incontinent men to the like women ; of the which privilege I have read thus : In a parliament holden at Westminster, the 8th of Henry 11.*, it was ordained by the commons, and confirmed by the king and lords, that divers constitutions for ever should be kept within that lordship or franchise, according to the old customs that had been there used time out of mind : amongst the which these following were some, viz. “ That no stew-holder or his wife should let or stay any single woman, to go and come freely at all times when they listed. “ No stew-holder to keep any woman to board, but she to board abroad at her pleasure. “ To take no more for the woman’s chamber in the week than fourteen pence. “ Not to keep open his doors upon the holidays. “ Not to keep any single woman in his house on the holidays, but the bailiff to see them voided out of the lordship. “ No single woman to be kept against her will that would leave her sin. “ No stew-holder to receive any woman of reli¬ gion, or any man’s wife. “ No single woman to take money to lie with any man, but she lie with him all night till the morrow. “ No man to be drawn or enticed into any stew- house. “ The constables, bailiff, and others, every week to search every stew-house. “ No stewholder to keep any woman that hath the perilous infirmity of burning, not to sell bread, ale, flesh, fish, wood, coal, or any victuals, &c.” These and many more orders were to be observed upon great pain and punishment. I have also seen divers patents of confirmation, namely, one dated 1345, the 19th of Edward III.+. Also I find, that in the 4th of Richard II., these stew-houses be¬ longing to William Walworth, then mayor of Lon¬ don, were farmed by Froes of Flanders, and spoiled by Walter Tyler, and other rebels of Kent : not¬ withstanding, I find that ordinances for the same place and houses were again confirmed in the reign * The class of persons referred to in the text became the subject of legislative enactment in this country apparently at a much earlier period than in France, where their num¬ bers appear to have increased so greatly during the reign of St. Louis, as to have called forth an extremely severe ordi¬ nance for their regulation, which is quoted by Roquefort in his Gtossaire , s. v. Femmes Foies de leur corps. See also Legrand d’Aussy, Fabliaux on Contes (iv. p. 217, ed. 182!)). t “ Li. St. Mary Ehorum. English people disdayned to be baudes. Froes of Flaunders were women for that pur¬ pose.”— Slotv . Bridge ward without. Ordinances for their regulation. If)) The Clink. Church of St. Mary Overy. of Henry VI., to be continued as before. Also, Robert Fabian writeth, that in the year 150G, the ‘21st of Henry VII., the said stew-houses in South- wai’ke were for a season inhibited, and the doors closed up, but it was not long (saith he) ere the houses there were set open again, so many as were permitted, for (as it was said) whereas before were eighteen houses, from thenceforth were appointed to be used but twelve only. These allowed stew- lmuses had signs on their fronts, towards the Thames, not hanged out, but painted on the walls, as a Boar’s head, the Cross keys, the Gun, the Castle, the Crane,the Cardinal’s hat, the Bell, the Swan, &c. I have heard of ancient men, of good credit, report, that, these single women were forbidden the rites of the church, so long as they continued that sinful life, and were excluded from Christian burial, if they were not reconciled before their death. And therefore there was a plot of ground called the Single Woman’s churchyard, appointed for them far from the parish church. In the year of Christ 154G, the 37th of Henry VIII., this row of stews in Southwarke was put down by the king’s commandment, which was pro¬ claimed by sound of trumpet, no more to be pri¬ vileged, and used as a common brothel, but the in¬ habitants of the same to keep good and honest rule as in other places of this realm, &c. Then next is the Clinke *, a gaol or prison for the trespassers in those parts ; namely, in old time, for such as should brabble, frey, or break the peace on the said bank, or in the brothel houses, they were by the inhabitants thereabout apprehended and committed to this gaol, where they were straitly imprisoned. Next is the bishop of Winchester’s house, or lodging, when he cometh to this city ; which house was first built by William Gifford, bishop of Win¬ chester, about the year 1107, the 7th of Henry I., upon a plot of ground pertaining to the prior of. Bermondsey, as appeareth by a writ directed unto the bai’ons of the Exchequer, in the year 13GG, the 41st of Edward III. (the bishop’s see being void), for eight pounds, due to the monks of Bermondsey for the bishop of Winchester’s lodging in South¬ wark. This is a very fair house, well repaired, and hath a large wharf and landing-place, called the bishop of Winchester’s stairs. Adjoining to this, on the south side the roof, is the bishop of Rochester’s inn or lodging, by whom first erected I do not now remember me to have read ; but well I wot the same of long time hath not been frequented by any bishop, and lieth ruin¬ ous for any lack of reparations. The abbot of Maverley had a house there. East from the bishop of Winchester’s house, di¬ rectly over against it, standeth a fair church called St. Mary over the Rie, or Overie, that is over the water. This church, or some other in place thereof, was of old time, long before the Conquest, a house of sisters, founded by a maiden named Mary ; unto the which house and sisters she left (as was left to her by her parents) the oversight and profits of a cross ferry, or traverse ferry over the Thames, • It is now but little used; and it is understood that the persons who are at present confined therein for debt will, under a late act of parliament, shortly be removed to the Queen's Bench. Borough of Southwark. 132 Priory of St. Mary Overy. STOWS Gower's monument. there kept before that any bridge was built. This house of sisters was after by Switlien, a noble lady, converted into a college of priests, who in place of the ferry built a bridge of timber, and from time to time kept the same in good reparations, but lastly the same bridge was built of stone ; and then in the year llOGwas this church again founded for canons regulars by William Pont de la Arche and William Dauney, knights, Normans. William Gifford, bishop of Winchester, was a good benefactor also, for he, as some have noted, built the body of that church in the year 110(1, the 7th of Henry I. The canons first entered the said church then ; Algodus was the first prior. King Henry 1. by his charter gave them the church of St. Margaret in Southwarke. King Stephen confirmed the gift of King Henry, and also gave the stone-house, which was William Pont de le Arche’s, by DowTiegate. This priory was burnt about the year 1207, w herefore the canons did found a hospital near unto their priory, where they celebrated until the priory was repaired ; which hospital was after, by consent of Peter de la Koch, bishop of Winchester, removed into the land of Anicius, archdeacon of Surrey, in the year 1221!, a place where the water was more plentiful, and the air more wholesome, and was de¬ dicated to St. Thomas. This Peter de Rupibus, or de la Rocli, founded a large chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, in the said church of St. Mary Ovcrie ; which chapel was after appointed to be the parish church for the inhabi¬ tants near adjoining. This church was again newly built in the reign of Richard II. and King Henry IV. John Gower, esquire, a famous poet *, was then an especial benefactor to that work, and was there buried on the north side of the said church, in the chapel of St. John, where he founded a chantry + : lie lietli under a tomb of stone, with his image, also of stone, over him : the hair of his head, auburn, long to his shoulders, but curling up, and a small forked beard ; on his head a chaplet, like a coronet ol four roses ; a habit of purple, damasked dow n to his feet ; a collar of esses gold about his neck ; under his head the likeness of three books, which lie compiled. The first, named Speculum Meditan- tis, written in French ; the second, For C/amantis, penned in Latin ; the third, Confessio Amantis , written in English, and this last is printed. Vox C/amantis , with his Cron'ca Tripartita, and other, both in Latin and French, never printed, I have and do possess, but Speculum Jfcditantis I never saw, though heard thereof to be in Kent £. Be- * " John Gower was no knight, neither had he any garland of ivie and roses, hut a chaplet of foure roses onely."— Stow. t Berthelet, in his preface to the edition of the Confessio Jin antis, published by him in 1532, which is quoted by Todd in his Illustrations of Gower and Chaucer , when describing the monument, adds, “ And moreover he hath an obyte yerely done for hym within the same churche on Fryday after the feast of the blessed pope Saynte Gregory.” I The Speculum Medilan/is has never yet been seen by any of our poetical antiquaries. A description of the various MSS. extant of the poems of the ‘moral Gower,’ together with his will, will be found in Mr. Todd's volume already referred to, and likewise an engraving of his monument, which appears, from the words, " X miter const, uctum impensis Bridge ward without. SURVEY The priory made the parish church of St. Saviour. side on the wall where he lietli, there was painted three virgins crowned ; one of the which was named Charity, holding this device : “ En toy qui es Fitz de dieu le pere, Sauve soil, que gist souz cest piere.” The second writing, Mercy, with this device : " O bone Jesu, fait ta mercie, A1 alme, dont le corps gist icy.” The third writing, Pity, with this device : “ Pur ta pi 16 Jesu regarde, Et met cest alme en sauve garde.” II is arms a field argent, on a clteveron azure, three leopards’ heads gold, their tongues gules ; two an¬ gels supporters, on the crest a talbot: his epitaph, “ Armigeri scutum nihil a modo fert sibi tutum, Beddidit immolutum ntorti getterale tributum, Spiritus exutunr se gaudeat esse solutum, Est ubi rit tutum regnum sine labe statutum.” The roof of the middle west aisle fell down in the year 14(1!). This priory was surrendered to Henry VIII., the 31st of his reign, the 27th of October, the year of Christ 1539, valued at 624/. 6s. 6 f learning : of the orders and customs, sports, and pastimes: of the honour of citizens, and worthi¬ ness of men : and last of all, how the same city i- divided into parts and wards: and how tli same be bounded : and w hat monuments of antiquity, or ornaments of building, in every of them, as as in the borough of Southwarke : I am next to speak briefly of the suburbs, as well without the gates and walls as without the liberties, and of the monuments in them. C< nceming the estateof the suburbs of tl - city, in the reign of Henry II., Fitz Stephen hath these words : — " Upwards, on the west (said) he), is the king's palace, which is an incomparable building, rising with a vawmure and bulwark aloft upon the river, two miles from the wall of the city, but yet conjoined with a continual suburb. On ad sides, without the houses of the suburbs, are the citizens' gardens and orchards, planted with tre both large, sightly, and adjoining together. On the north side are pastures and plain meadows, with brooks running through them, turning water¬ mills with a pleasant noise. Not far off is a great forest, a well w ooded chase, having good covert for harts, bucks, does, boars, and wild bulls. Ti e’ com fields are not of a hungry sandy mould, but as the fruitful fields of Asia, yielding plentiful increase, and filling the bams w ith corn. There are near London, on the north side, especial w(. > in the suburbs, sweet, wholesome, and clear. Amongst which, Holywell, Clarkenwell, and St. Clemenrs well, are most famous, and most fre¬ quented by scholars and youths of the city in sum¬ mer evenings, when they walk forth to take the air.” Thus far out of Fitz Stephen for the sub¬ urbs at that time. The 2d of King Henry III. the forest of Middle¬ sex. and the warren of Staines, w ere disafforested ; since the w hich time the suburbs about London hath been also mightily increased with buildings : for first, to begin in the East, by the Tower of Suburbs without the walls. Lime hurst, or Lime house. Pirates in the Thames. London, is the hospital of St. Katherine, founded by Matilda the queen, wife to King Stephen, as is afore shown in Portsoken ward ; from this precinct of St. Katherine to Wapping in the west *, the usual place of execution for hanging of pirates and sea rovers, at the low-water mark, and there to remain, till three tides had overflowed them, was never a house standing within these forty years ; but since the gallows being after removed farther off, a continual street, or filthy strait passage, with alleys of small tenements, or cottages, built, inha¬ bited by sailors’ victuallers, along by the river of Thames, almost to Radeliff, a good mile from the Tower. On the east side, and by north of the Tower, lieth East Smithfield,Hogs’ street, and Tower hill ; and east from them both, was the new abbey called Grace, founded by Edward III. From thence Radcliffe, up East Smitlifield, by Nightingall lane (which runneth south to the hermitage, a brew- house so called of a hermit sometime being there), beyond this lane to the manor of Bramley (called in record of Richard II. Villa East Smitlifield,and Villa de Bramley), and to the manor of Shadwell, belonging to the Dean of Pauls, there hath been of late, in place of elm trees, many small tenements raised towards Radcliffe ; and Radcliffe itself hath been also increased in building eastward (in place where I have known f a large highway, with fair elm trees on both the sides), that the same hath now taken hold of Lime hurst, or Lime host, cor¬ ruptly called Lime house, sometime distant a mile from Ratcliffe. Having said this much for building at Wapping, East Smitlifield, Brambley, and Shadwell, all on the south side of the highway to Radcliffe, now one note on the north side, also concerning pirates. I read that in the year 1140, in the Lent season, certain persons, with six ships, brought from be¬ yond the seas fish to victual the city of London, which fish, when they had delivered, and were re¬ turning homeward, a number of sea thieves, in a barge, in the night came upon them, when they were asleep in their vessels, riding at anchor on the river Thames, and slew them, cut their throats, cast them overboard, took their money, and drowned their ships, for that no man should espy or accuse them. Two of these thieves were after taken, and hanged in chains upon a gallows set upon a raised hill, for that purpose made, in the field beyond East Smitlifield, so that they might be seen far into the river Thames. The first building at Rad¬ cliffe in my youth (not to be forgotten) was a fail- free school and alms houses, founded by Avice Gibson, wife to Nicholas Gibson, grocer, as before I have noted : but of late years shipwrights, and (for the most part) other marine men, have built many large and strong houses for themselves, and smaller for sailors, from thence almost to Poplar, and so to Blake wall. Now for Tower hill ; the plain there is likewise greatly diminished by mer¬ chants f for building of small tenements ; from • " To Wapping in the Wose, and Wapping itself, the usual place. &c.”—1st edition, p. 347. t “ Fayre hedges, long rowes of elme, and other trees."— 1st edition, p. 347. I “ By encroachments for building: of small tenements, and taking in of garden plots, timber yards, or what they Suburbs without the walls. Whitechapel church, called of St. J',7 Mary Matfellon. thence towards Aldgate was the Minories, whereof I have spoken. From Aldgate east again lieth a large street, re¬ plenished with buildings ; to wit, on the north side the parish church of St. Botolph, and so other buildings, to Hog lane, and to the bars on both sides. Also without the bars both the sides of the street he pestered with cottages and alleys, even up to Whitechapel church, and almost half a mile beyond it, into the common field ; all which ought to he open and free for all men. But this common field, I say, being sometime the beauty of this city on that part, is so encroached upon by building of filthy cottages, and with other purpressors, in¬ closures, and laystalls (notwithstanding all pro¬ clamations and acts of parliament made to the contrary), that in some places it scarce remaineth a sufficient highway for the meeting of carriages and droves of cattle ; much less is there any fair, pleasant, or wholesome way for people to walk on foot ; which is no small blemish to so famous a city to have so unsavoury and unseemly an entrance or passage thereunto. Now of Whitechapel church somewhat, and then back again to Aldgate. This church is, as it were, a chapel of ease to the parish of Stebinhith, and the parson of Stebinhith hath the gift thereof ; which being first dedicated to the name of God and the blessed Virgin, is now called St. Mary Matfellon. About the year 1428, the 6th of King Henry VI., a devout widow of that parish had long time cherished and brought up of alms a certain Frenchman, or Breton born, which most unkindly and cruelly in a night murdered the said widow sleeping in her bed, and after fled with such jewels and other stuff of hers as he might carry ; hut he was so freshly pursued, that for fear he took the church of St. George in Southwarke, and challenged privilege of sanctuary there, and so abjured the king’s land *. Then the constables (having charge of him) brought him into London, intending to have conveyed him eastward ; hut so soon as he was come into the parish, where before he had com¬ mitted the murder, the wives cast upon him so much filth and odour of the street, that (notwith¬ standing the best resistance made by the constables, they slew him out of hand ; and for this feat, it hath been said, that parish to have purchased that list. From this Tower hill towards Aldgate (being a long continuous street), amongst other buildings, was that abbey of nunnes called the Minorities, or Minories, whereof 1 have spoken. And on the other side of that streete lyeth the ditclie without the wall of the citie from the Tower unto Ablegate.”—1st edition, p. 347-8. • This abjuring the king’s land was an act of self-banish¬ ment, which any person claiming die privilege of sanctuary was called upon to put in force. Within the space of forty days he was to clothe himself in sackcloth, confess his crime before the coroner, solemnly abjure the realm, and taking a cross in his hand, repair to an appointed port, embark, and quit the country. If apprehended, or brought back on his way thither within foity days, he was entitled to plead his privilege of sanctuary, and to claim a free passage. The murderer mentioned in the text was obviously being conveyed by the constables to the port appointed for his embarkation, when he was visited by the summary justice of the friends and neighbours of the widow whom lie had slain. OF LONDON. Suburbs without the walls. Suburbs without the walls. 158 Holywell, a priory of St. John Baptist. STOW’S SURVEY Rotten row, now Russell row. The Curtain and the Theatre. St. Leonard’s, Shoreditch. name of St. Mary Matfellon ; but I find in record, the same to be called Villa beatne Maria; de Mat¬ fellon, in the 21st of Richard II. More, we read, that in the year 1336, the 10th of Edward III., the bishop of Alba, cardinal and parson of Stebinhith, procurator general in Eng¬ land, presented a clerk to be parson in the church of the blessed Mary called Matfellon, without Aid- gate of London, &c. Now again from Aldgate north-west to Bisliops- gate, lieth Houndsditeh, and so to Bishopsgate. North, and by east from Bishopsgate, lieth a large street or highway, having on the west side thereof the parish church of St. Buttolph. Then is the hospital of St. Mary of Bethelem, founded bv a citizen of London, and as before is showed : up to the bars without the which is Nor¬ ton fall gate, a liberty so called, belonging to the dean of Paules ; thence up to the late dissolved priory of St.John Baptist, called Holywell, a house of nuns, of old time founded by a bishop of Lon¬ don. Stephen Grausend, bishop of London, about the year 1318, was a benefactor thereunto ; re- edified by Sir Thomas Lovel * * * § , knight of the garter, who built much there in the reigns of Henry VII. and of Henry VIII. ; he endowed this house with fair lands, and was there buried in a large chapel by him built for that purpose. This priory was valued at the suppression to have of lands two hun¬ dred and ninety-three pounds by year, and was surrendered 1539, the 31st of Henry VIII. The church thereof being pulled down, many houses have been built for the lodgings of noblemen, of strangers born, and other +. From Holywell in the high street is a continual building of tenements to Sewers ditch J, having one small side of a field, already made a garden plot. Over against the north corner of this field, between it and the church of St. Leonarde in Shore¬ ditch, sometime stood a cross, now a smith’s forge, dividing three ways : forth right the highway is built upon either side, more than a good flight shot, towards Kinges land, Newington, Totanham, &e. On the left hand is Galde street, which reaeheth west to a stone cross, over against the north end of Golden lane §, and so to the end of Goswell street. On the right hand of this Galde street, not far from Sowers ditch, but on the north side thereof, is Hoxton, a large street with houses on both sides, and is a prebend belonging to Paules church in London, but of Suers ditch parish. • “ Brought up in Lincoln’s inn.” —1st edition, p 349. t “ And neare thereunto are builded two publique houses for the acting and shewe of comedies, tragedies, and histo¬ ries, for recreation. Whereof one is called the Couriein, the other the Theatre ; both standing on the south-west side towards the field."—1st edition, p. 349. Mr. J. P. Collier, in his valuable Annals of the Stage (iii. p. 293), was the first to point out the existence of this pas sage in the first edition of the Survey, and the importance of the information it contained; Malone having declared himself “ unable to ascertain the situation of the Theatre." and Chalmers, w ho confounded it with the Blackfriars, having said “it was probably situated in the Blackfriars, out of the Lord Mayor’s jurisdiction.” I Shoreditch. In the first edition, it is called Sors ditch, or Sewers ditch. § “Over against the north end of Grub street.” —lit edi¬ tion. p. 349. Ou the right hand beyond Soers ditch church toward Hackney are some late built houses upon the common soil, for it was a leystall, but those houses belong to the parish of Stebunhith. On the other side of the highway from Bishops¬ gate and Houndsditeh is the Dolphin, a common inn for receipt of travellers ; then a house built by the Lord John Powlet, then Fisher’s folly *, and so up to the west end of Benvardes lane, is a continual building of small cottages, then the hospital called St. Mary Spittle, bard within the bars, whereof 1 have spoken in Bishopsgate ward. From the which bars towards Soers ditchf on that side is all along a continual building of small and base tenements, for the most part lately erected. Amongst the which (I mean of the ancieutest building) was one row of proper small houses, w ith gardens for poor decayed people, there placed by the prior of the said hospital ; every one tenant whereof paid one penny rent by the year at Christ¬ mas, and dined with the prior on Christmas day : but after the suppression of the hospital, these houses, for want of reparations, in fe >. years were so decayed, that it was called Rotten row, and the poor worn out (for there came no new in their place) houses, for a small portion of money, were sold from Goddard to Russell, a draper, who new- built them, and let them out for rent enough, taking also large fines of the tenants, near as much as the houses cost him purchase and building ; for he made his bargains so hardly with all men, that both carpenter, bricklayer, and plasterer, were by that work undone : and yet, in honour of his name, it is now called Russell’s row. Now for the parish of St. Leonard at Soersditch, the archdeacon of London is always parson thereof, and the cure is served by a vicar. In this church have been divers honourable persons buried, as ap- peareth by monuments yet remaining : Sir John Elrington, w ith Margaret his wife, daughter and heir to Thomas Lord Itchiugliam, widow to Wil¬ liam Blount, son and heir to Walter Blount, the first Lord Mountjoy, which Margaret died 1481. Sir Ilumfrey Starkie, recorder of London, baron of the Exchequer ; John Gadde, shereman of London, and Anne his wife, 1 480 ; Sir Thomas Seymore, mayor of London, deceased 1535 ; Sir Thomas Ligh, doctor of law, 1545. Item, under one fair monument b'eth buried the Lady Katherine, daugh¬ ter to Edward, duke of Buckingham, w ife to Ralph Nevell, Earl of Westmoreland, who died 1553 ; also Elianor, daughter to Sir William Fasten, wife to Thomas Mannars, earl of Rutland, 1551 ; Mar¬ garet, daughter to Ralph Nevell, earl of Westmore¬ land, and wife to Henry Mannars, earl of Rutland, 1560 ; Katherine, daughter to Henry Nevel, earl of Westmoreland, and wife to Sir John Constable of Holderness, 1591 ; Anne, daughter to T. Man¬ nars, earl of'Rutland ; Sir T. Mannars, fourth sou to Thomas, earl of Rutland, 1591 ; Oliver Man nars, fifth son to Thomas, earl of Rutland, 1563, all under one monument ; Richard and Harry Young, 1545. Notw ithstanding that, of late one vicar there, for ♦ “ Next to that a large house, with gardens of pleasure, builded by Jasper Fisher, from this up to the west end of Hog lane. .Vc ” —1 st edition, p. 350. t “ Soerditch, so called more than four hundred yeares since, as 1 can prove by record.” — S. ow. Suburbs without the walls. Shoreditch. Morefields, or Moregate. covetousness of the brass, which he converted into coined silver, plucking up many plates fixed on the graves, and left no memory of such as had been buried under them, a great injury both to the living and the dead, forbidden by public proclama¬ tion, in the reign of our sovereign lady Queen Eli¬ zabeth, but not forborne by many, that either of a preposterous zeal, or of a greedy mind, spare not to satisfy themselves by so wicked a means. One note of Shoreditch, and so an end of that suburb. I read, that in the year 1440, the 18th of Henry VI., a fuller of Shoreditch appeached of treason many worthy esquires and gentlemen of Kent, but he being proved false, was attainted, con¬ demned, and had judgment to be drawn, hanged, and quartered ; which was done ; his head set on London bridge, and his quarters on the gates. This justice was done according to the xvith of Deuter¬ onomy : “The judges shall make diligent inquisi¬ tion, and if the witness be found false, and to have given false witness against his brother, then shall they do unto him as he had thought to do unto his brother,” &c. I read of the King’s Manor vocatur Shoreditch-place, in the parish of Hackney, but how it took that name I know not, and therefore I will turn back from Shoreditch cross to Bethelem cross, and so pass through that hospital into the Morefield, which lieth without the postern called Moregate. This field of old time was called the More, as appeareth by the charter of William the Conqueror to the college of St. Martin, declaring a running water to pass into the city from the same More. Also Fitzstephen writeth of this More, saying thus : “ When the great fen, or moor, which war tereth the walls on the north side, is frozen,” &e. This fen, or moor field, stretching from the wall of the city betwixt Bishopsgate and the postern called Cripples gate, to Fensbery and to Holy well, con¬ tinued a waste and unprofitable ground a long time, so that the same was all letten for four marks the year, in the reign of Edward II. ; but in the year 1415, the 3rd of Henry V., Thomas Fawconer, mayor, as I have showed, caused the wall of the city to be broken toward the said moor, and built the postern called Moregate, for the ease of the citizens to walk that way upon causeys towards Iseldon and Iloxton: moreover, he caused the ditches of the city, and other the ditches from Soers ditch to Deepe ditch, by Bethelem, into the More ditch, to be new cast and cleansed ; by means whereof the said fen or moor was greatly drained and dried ; but shortly after, to wit, in 1477, Ralph Joceline, mayor, for repairing of' the wall of the city, caused the said moor to be searched for clay, and brick to be burnt there, &c. ; by which means this field-was made the worse for a long time. In the year 1498, all the gardens, which had continued time out of mind without Moregate, to wit, about and beyond the lordship of Finsbery, were destroyed ; and of them was made a plain field for archers to shoot in. And in the year 1312, Roger Archley, mayor, caused divers dikes to be cast, and made to drain the waters of the said Morefielde, with bridges arched over them, and the grounds about to be levelled, whereby the said field was made somewhat more commodious, but yet it stood full of noisome waters ; whereupon, in the year 1527, Sir Thomas Senior, mayor, caused Suburbs without the walls. Three windmills at Finsbury. Enclosure of common grounds. divers sluices to be made to convey the said waters over the Town ditch, into the course of Walbrooke, and so into the Thames ; and by these degrees was this fen or moor at length made main and hard ground, which before being overgrown with flags, sedges, and rushes, served to no use ; since the which time also the further grounds beyond Fens- bury court have been so overheightened with lay- stalls of dung, that now three windwills are thereon set ; the ditches be filled up, and the bridges over¬ whelmed. And now concerning the inclosures of common grounds about this city, whereof I mind not much to argue, Edward Hall setteth down a note of his time, to wit, in the 5th, or rather 6th of Henry VIII. “Before this time,” saith he, “ the inha¬ bitants of the towns about London, as Iseldon, Iloxton, Shoreditch, and others, had so inclosed the common fields with hedges and ditches, that neither the young men of the city might shoot, nor the ancient persons walk for their pleasures in those fields, but that either their bows and arrows were taken away or broken, or the honest persons ar¬ rested or indicted ; saying, ‘ that no Londoner ought to go out of the city, but in the highways.’ This saying so grieved the Londoners, that sud¬ denly this year a great number of the city assem¬ bled themselves in a morning, and a turner, in a fool’s coat, came crying through the city, ‘ Shovels and spades 1 shovels and spades 1 ’ so many of the people followed, that it was a wonder to behold ; and within a short space all the hedges about the city were cast down, and the ditches filled up, and every thing made plain, such was the diligence of these workmen. The king’s council hearing of this assembly, came to the Gray Friars, and sent for the mayor and council of the city to know the cause, which declared to them the injury and an¬ noying done to the citizens and to their liberties, which though they would not seek disorderly to redress, yet the commonalty and young persons could not be stayed thus to remedy the same. When the king’s council had heard their answer, they dissimuled the matter, and commanded the mayor to see that no other thing were attempted, but that they should forthwith call home the younger sort ; who having speedily achieved their desire, returned home before the king’s council, and the mayor departed without more harm : after which time (saith Hall) these fields were never hedged, but now we see the thing in worse case than ever, by means of inclosure for gardens, wherein are built many fair summer-houses * ; and, as in other places of the suburbs, some of them like Midsummer pageants, with towers, turrets, and chimney-tops, not so much for use of profit as for show and pleasure, betraying the vanity of men’s minds, much unlike to the disposition of the ancient citizens, who delighted in the building of hospitals and alms-houses for the poor, and therein both employed their wits, and spent their wealths in preferment of the common commodity of this our city. But to come back again to Moregate, and from thence west through a narrow lane called the Pos¬ tern, because it hath at either end a door to be * “ Banqueting houses like banqueroutes, bearing great shew and little worth.”— Stow. OF LONDON. Suburbs without the walls. 1(50 Church of St. Giles', Cripplegate. STOWS Suburb without Cripplegate. shut in the night season, betwixt the More ditch inclosed with brick for tenter-yards, and the gar¬ dens of the said More field, to More lane ; a part of the suburb without Cripplesgate, without this postern, called Cripplesgate, also lay a part of the said More even to the river of the Wells, as in another place I have showed ; and no houses were there built till the latter end of the reign of Wil¬ liam the Conqueror, and of his son William Rufus ; about which times some few houses being there built along east and west, thwart before the said gate, one Alfune built for the inhabitants a parish church, which is of St. Giles, somewhat west from the said gate, and is now on the bank of the town ditch ; and so was there a street, since called Fore street, as standing before the gate. This Alfune, in the reign of Henry I., became the first hospitaller of St. Bartlemewe’s hospital in Smithfield, as in another place I have noted. And this parish church of St. Giles being at the first a small thing, stood in place where now standeth the vicarage-house, but hath been since at divers times much enlarged, according as the parish hath in¬ creased, and was at the length new ly built in place where now it standeth. But the same new church being large, strongly built, and richly furnished with ornaments, was in the year 1545, by casualty of fire, sore burnt and consumed, notwithstanding it was again within a short space of time repaired, as now it showeth. Some little distance from the east end of this church standeth a fair conduit, castellated, in Fore street. Then have ye a boss of sweet water in the wall of the churchyard, lately made a pump, but already decayed. Then have ye a fair pool of sweet water near to the church of St. Giles, wherein Anne of Lodbery was drowned, as I have before declared. In the east end of Fore street is More lane : then next is Grub street ; of late years inhabited, for the most part, by bowyers, fletehers, bow-string makers, and such like occupations, now little occu¬ pied ; archery giving place to a number of bowling- alleys and dicing-houses, which in all places are increased, and too much frequented. This street stretcheth north to Guerades Well street, which thwarteth it to White cross street ; the next from Fore street north is White cross street, likewise extending itself up to the west end of Guerades Well street, and from the end thereof to Eald street. From the west end of Fore street lieth Red cross street ; from the which cross on the right hand east lieth Beech lane, and reacheth to the White cross street. From Red cross north lieth Golding lane, which stretcheth up to a cross in Ealde street, which Golding lane on both the sides is replenished w ith many tenements of poor people. On the left hand, and west of the Red cross, lieth a street of old time called Iloundes ditch, and of later time named Barbican, of such cause as I have before noted. And thus have you all the suburb without Creplegate, being almost altogether in the parish of'St. Giles, which hath more than eighteen hundred householders, and above four thousand communicants. Without Aldersgate on the left hand is the pa¬ rish church of St. Buttolph ; on the north side of the which church lieth a way called Little Britane Suburbs without the walls. SURVEY Hospital without Aldgate, afterwards Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity. street, towards the priory of St. Bartholomew in Smithfield ; hut the highway without Aldersgate runneth straight north from the said gate unto Houndes ditch, or Barbican street, on the right hand, and Long lane on the left hand, which run¬ neth into Smithfield. Then from the farther end of Aldersgate street, straight north to the bar, is called Goswell street, replenished with small tenements, cottages, and alleys, gardens, banqueting-houses, and bowling- places. Beyond these bars, leaving the Charter-house on the left hand, or the west side, the way stretcheth up towards Iseldon, and on the right hand, or east side, at a Red cross, turneth into Eald street, so called, for that it was the old highway from Alders¬ gate, for the north east parts of England, before Bishopsgate was built, which street runneth east to a smith’s forge, sometime across before Shoreditch church, from whence the passengers and carriages were to turn north to King’s land, Tottenham, Waltham, Ware, &e. There was sometime in this suburb without Al¬ dersgate an hospital for the poor, but an alien of Clunie, a French order, and therefore suppressed by King Henry V., who gave the house, with lands and goods, to the parish of St. Buttolph, and a bro¬ therhood of the Trinity was there founded, which was afterward suppressed by Henry VI11. or Ed¬ ward VI. There is at tin farthest north corner of this suburb a windmill, which was sometime by a tem¬ pest of wind overthrown, and in place thereof a chapel was built by Queen Katherine (first wife to Henry VI11.}, who named it the Mount of Cal¬ vary, because it was of Christ’s passion, and was in the end of Henry VIII. pulled down, and a wind¬ mill newly set up as afore. Without Newgate lieth the west and by north suburb ; on the right hand, or north-side whereof, betwixt the said gate and the parish of St. Sepul¬ chre, turneth a way towards West Smithfield, called, as I have showed, Giltspurre street, or Knightriders street ; then is Smithfield itself com¬ passed about with buildings, as I have before de¬ clared, in Faringdon ward without. And without the bar of West Smithfield lieth a large street or way, called of the house of St. John there St. John’s street, and stretcheth toward Isel¬ don, on the right hand whereof stood the late dis¬ solved monastery called the Charterhouse*, founded by Sir Walter Manny, knight, a stranger born, lord of the town of Manny, in the diocese of Cambrey, beyond the seas, who for service dune to King Ed¬ ward III. was made knight of the garter : so his house he founded upon this occasion. A great pes¬ tilence entering this island, began first in Dorset¬ shire, then proceeded into Devonshire, Somerset¬ shire, Gloucestershire, and Oxfordshire, and at • A very pleasing sketch of this interesting spot— its chi¬ valrous projector. Sir Walter Manny — its ill-fated possissor, the Duke of Norfolk, beheaded in the reign of Klizabetli— and, lastly, of the munificent founder of what Fuller calls “ the masterpiece of Protestant English charity,” Sir Tho¬ mas Sutton, the man whose pious prayer was, “ Lord, thou hast given me a large and liberal estate; give me also a heart to make use thereof! ” —will be found in Knight's London, ii. 113—132. Suburbs without the walls. Suburbs without the walls. Pardon churchyard. OF LONDON. Monuments in the Charter-house. 1G1 The Charter-house. Priory of St. John of Jerusalem. length came to London, and overspread all Eng¬ land, so wasting the people, that scarce the tenth person of all sorts was left alive, and churchyards were not sufficient to receive the dead, but men were forced to choose out certain fields for burials; whereupon Ralph Stratford, bishop of London, in the year 1348, bought a piece of ground called No Man’s Land, which he inclosed with a wall of brick, and dedicated for burial of the dead, building there¬ upon a proper chapel, which is now enlarged and made a dwelling-house ; and this burying plot is become a fair garden, retaining the old name of Pardon churchyard. About this, in the year 1349, the said Sir Walter Manny, in respect of danger that might befall in this time of so great a plague and infection, pur¬ chased thirteen acres and a rod of ground adjoining to the said No Man’s Land, and lying in a place called Spittle cross, because it belonged to St. Bar- tilmewe’s hospital, since that called the New church haw, and caused it to be consecrated by the said bishop of London to the use of burials. In this plot of ground there were in that year more than fifty thousand persons buried, as I have read in the charters of Edward III. : also, I have seen and read an inscription fixed on a stone cross, sometime standing in the same churchyard, and having these words :— “Anno Domini 1349, re.g- nante magna pestilentia consccratum fuit hoo Ccemite- riutn, in quo et infra septa present is monasterii, sepulta fuerunt mvrtuorum corpora plusquam quinquaginta millia, prceter alia inulta abhinc usque ad presens, quorum animabus propitietur Deus. Amen.” In consideration of the number of Christian peo¬ ple here buried, the said Sir Walter Manny caused first a chapel to be built, where for the space of twenty-three years offerings were made ; and it is to be noted, that above one hundred thousand bo¬ dies of Christian people had in that churchyard been buried ; for the said knight had purchased that place for the burial of poor people, travellers, and other that were deceased, to remain for ever ; whereupon an order was taken for the avoiding of contention between the parsons of churches and that house ; to wit, that the bodies should be had unto the church where they were parishioners, or died, and, after the funeral service done, had to the place where they should be buried. And in the year 1371 he caused there to be founded a house of Carthusian monks, which he willed to be called the Salutation, and that one of the monks should be called prior ; and he gave them the said place of thirteen acres and a rod of land, with the chapel and houses there built, for their habitation : he also gave them the three acres of land lying with¬ out the walls on the north part, betwixt the lands of the abbot of Westminster and the lands of the prior of St. John (which three acres were purchased, inclosed, and dedicated by Ralph Stratford, bishop of London, as is afore showed), and remained till our time by the name of Pardon churchyard, and served for burying of such as desperately ended their lives, or were executed for felonies, who were fetched thither usually in a close cart, bailed over and covered with black, having a plain white cross thwarting, and at the fore end a St. John’s cross without, and within a bell ringing by shaking of the cart, whereby the same might be heard when it passed ; and this was called the friary cart, which belonged to St. John’s, and had the privilege of sanctuary. In this charter-house were the monuments of the said Sir Walter Manny, and Margaret his wife ; Marmaduke Lumley ; Laurence Brumley, knight ; Sir Edward Hederset, knight ; Sir William Manny, knight ; Dame Joan Borough ; John Dore ; Want Water, knight ; Robert Olney, esquire ; Katherine, daughter to Sir William Babington, knight; Blanch, daughter to Hugh Waterton ; Katherine, wife to John at Poote, daughter and heir to Richard de Lacie ; William Rawlin ; Sir John Lenthaine, and Dame Margaret his wife, daughter to John Fray ; John Peake, esquire ; William Baron, and William Baron, esquire ; Sir Thomas Thawites, knight ; Philip Morgan, bishop of Ely, 1434. In the cloister :—Bartholomew Rede, knight, mayor of London, buried 1505 ; Sir John Pophnm, &e. This monastery, at the suppression in the 29th of Henry VIII., was valued at six hundred and forty-two pounds and four-pence halfpenny yearly. A little without the bars of West Smithfield is Charterhouse lane, so called, for that it leadeth to the said plot of the late dissolved monastery ; in place whereof, first the Lord North, but since Thomas Howard, late Duke of Norfolk, have made large and sumptuous buildings both for lodging and pleasure. At the gate of this Charter-house is a fair water conduit, with two cocks, serving the use of the neighbours to their great commo dity. St. John’s street, from the entering this lane, is also on both the sides replenished with buildings up to Clerkenwell. On the left hand of which street lieth a lane called Cow cross, of a cross some¬ time standing there ; which lane turneth down to another lane called Turnemill street, which stretch- etch up to the w'est of Clerkenwell, and was called Turnemill street, for such cause as is afore de¬ clared. One other lane there is called St. Peter’s lane, which turneth from St. John’s street to Cow cross. On the left hand also stood the late dissolved priory of St. John of Jerusalem in England, founded about the year of Christ 1100 by Jorden Briset, baron, and Muriell his wife, near unto Clarkes well besides West Smithfield ; which Jorden having first founded the priory of nuns at Clarkes well, bought of them ten acres of land, giving them in exchange ten acres of land in his lordship of Wel¬ ling hall, in the county of Kent. St.John’s church was dedicated by Eraclius, patriarch of the holy resurrection of Christ at Jerusalem, in the year 1185, and was the chief seat in England of the re¬ ligious knights of St. Johil of Jerusalem ; whose profession was, besides their daily service of God, to defend Christians against pagans, and to fight for the church, using for their habit a black upper garment, with a white cross on the fore part thereof ; and for their good service was so highly esteemed, that when the order of Templars was dissolved, their lands and possessions were by par¬ liament granted unto these, who after the loss of Jerusalem recovered the isle of Rhodes from the Turks, and there placed themselves, being called thereof for many years knights of the Rhodes ; but after the loss thereof, 1523, they removed to the M Suburbs without the walls. STOW’S SURVEY Priory of Clerkenwell. Burials in the Chapter-house. Suburbs w ithout the walls. 1 l(i- Knights of St. John. Monuments in the priory. isle of Malta *, manfully opposing themselves against the Turkish invasions. The rebels of Essex and oi' Kent, 1381, set fire on this house, causing it to burn by the space of seven days together, not suffering any to quench it ; since the which time the priors of that house have new built both the church and houses there¬ unto appertaining ; which church was finished by Thomas Docwrey, late lord prior there, about the year 1504, as appeareth by the inscription over the gate-house, yet remaining. This house, at the sup¬ pression in the 32nd of Henry VIII., was valued to dispend in lands three thousand three hundred and eighty-five pounds nineteen shillings and eight- pence yearly. Sir W. Weston being then lord prior, died on the same seventh of May, on which the house was suppressed ; so that great yearly pensions being granted to the knights by the king, and namely to the lord prior during his life one thousand pounds, he never received a penny. The king took into his hands all the lands that belonged to that house and that order, wheresoever in England and Ireland, for the augmentation of his crown. This priory church and house of St.John was preserved from spoil or down pulling, so long as King Henry VIII. reigned, and was employed as a store-house for the king’s toils and tents, for hunting, and for the wars, &c. ; but in the 3rd of King Edward VI., the church, for the most part, to wit, the body and side aisles, with the great bell tower (a most curious piece of workmanship,graven, gilt, and enamelled, to the great beautifying of the city, and passing all other that I have seen), was un’dermined and blown up with gunpowder ; the stone thereof was employed in building of the lord protector’s house at the Strand. That part of the choir which remaineth, with some side chapels, was by cardinal Pole, in the reign of Queen Mary, closed up at the west end, and otherwise repaired ; and Sir Thomas Tresham, knight, was then made lord prior there, with restitution of some lands, but the same was again suppressed in the first year of Queen Elizabeth. There were buried in this church brethren of that house and knights of that order : John Botell ; William Bagecore ; Richard Barrow ; John Van- clay ; Thomas Launcelen ; John Mallory ; William Turney ; William Hulles, Ilils, or Hayles ; John Weston ; Redington ; William Longstrother ; John Longstrother ; William Tong ; John Wakeline. Then of other : Thomas Thornburgh, gentleman ; William West, gentleman ; John Fulling, and Adam Gill, esquires ; Sir John Mortimor, and Dame Elianor his wife ; Nicholas Silverston ; Wil¬ liam Plompton, esquire ; Margaret Tong, and Isabel Tong ; Walter Bellingham, alias Ireland, king of arms of Ireland ; Thomas Bedle, gentle¬ man ; Katherine, daughter of William Plompton, esquire ; Richard Turpin, gentleman; Joan, wife to Alexander Dikes ; John Bottle, and Richard Bottle, esquires ; Rowland Darcie ; Richard Sut- • The history of the Knights of St. John, afterwards called the Knights of Rhodes, and subsequently the Knights of Malta, has been related by Raushnick, in the German Taschenbuch, ' Forzeit,' and by Villeneuve Bargeinont, in his Monumens Historiques des Grand-Maitres de VOrdre de St. Jean de Jerusalem, published at Paris in 1829. ton, gentleman ; Richard Bottill, gentleman ; Sir W. Harpden, knight ; Robert Kingston, esquire, and Margery his wife ; JohnRoch ; Richard Ced- nor, gentleman ; Simon Mallory, 1442 ; William Mallory, Robert Longstrother, Ralph Astelev, William Marshall, Robert Savage, Robert Gondail, esquires, and Margery his wife ; William Bap- thorpe, baron of the Exchequer, 1442. North from the house of St. John’s was the pri¬ ory of darken well, so called of Clarkes well ad¬ joining ; which priory was also founded about the year 1100 by Jorden Briset, baron, the son of Ralph, the son of Brian Briset ; who gave to Ro¬ bert, a priest, fourteen acres of land lying in the field next adjoining to the said Clarkes well, there¬ upon to build a house of religious persons, which he founded to the honour of God and the assump¬ tion of our lady, and placed therein black nuns. This Jorden Briset gave also to that house one piece of ground, thereby to build a w indmill upon, &c. He and Muriall his wife were buried in the Chapter-house there. More buried in this church : John Wikes, esquire, and Isabel his wife ; Dame Agnes Clifford ; Ralph Timbleby, esquire ; Dame Jahan, baroness of Greystocke ; Dame Jahan, Lady Ferrars. And of later time in the parish church, Constances Bennet, a Greek born : he gave two houses, the one in St. John’s street, the other in Turnmill street ; the rents of them to be distri¬ buted in coals every year against Christmas to the poor of that parish. William Herne, a master of defence, and yeoman of the guard, 1580, gave lands and tenements to the clotliworkers in London ; they to pay yearly for ever fourteen pounds to the churchwardens of Clarkenwell, and fourteen pounds to the church- w'ardens of St. Sepulcher’s, towards reparations of these churches, and relief of the poor men ; more he gave after the death of one man, yet living, eight pounds the year for ever to the mending of highways. Thomas Sackeford, esquire, one of the masters of requests, gave to the poor of that parish forty shillings the year for ever, out of his alms-house at Woodbridge in Suffolk, where he is buried. Henry Stoke, gardener, buried there, gave twenty shillings the year for ever, towards reparation of that church. This priory was valued to dispend two hundred and sixty-two pounds nine shillings by the year, and was surrendered the 31st of Henry VIII. Many fair houses are now built about the priory, namely, by the highway towards Iseldon. So much of the church which remaineth (for one great aisle thereof fell down) serveth as a pa¬ rish church of St. John, not only for the tenements and near inhabitants, but also (as is aforesaid) for all up to Highgate, Muswell, &c. Near unto this church,beside Clarke's well lane, divers other wells, namely, Skinners well, Fags well, Tode well, Loder’s well, Rede well, &.C., now dammed up Now to return again to Giltspurre street, where I first began with this suburb, there standeth the parish church of St. Sepulchre in the Bayly, as is before showed ; from this street to Turnagaine lane, by Hosiar lane, Cow lane, and Holdborn con¬ duit, down Snore hill to Oldborne bridge, and up Oldborne hill, by Gold lane on the right hand, and Lither lane beyond it, to the bars; beyond the Suburbs without the walls. Suburbs without the walls. Porte pool, or Gray’s inn lane OF LONDON. Black Friars church in Holborn. JQ3 The Old Temple. Convocation of Black Friars. which bars on the same side is Porte pool, or Grayes inn lane, so called of the inn of court, named Grayes inn, a goodly house there situate, by whom built or first begun I have not yet learned, but seemeth to be since Edward III.’s time, and is' a prebend to Paule’s church in London. This lane is furnished with fair buildings and many tenements on both the sides, leading to the fields towards Highgate and Hamsted. On the high street have ye many fair houses built, and lodgings for gentlemen, inns for travel¬ lers, and such like up almost (for it lacketh but little) to St. Giles in the fields ; amongst the which buildings, for the most part being very new, one passeth the rest in largeness of rooms, lately built by a widow, sometime wife to Richard Alington, esquire ; which Richard Alington deceased in the year 1561. And thus much for that north side of Oldborne. Now from Newgate, on the left hand or south side, lieth the Old Bayly, and so down by Seacole lane end to Oldborne bridge, up Oldborne hill, by Shoe lane and Fewters lane, to the bars. Beyond the bars had ye in old time a temple built by the Templars, whose order first began in the year of Christ 1118, in the 19th of Henry I. This temple was left and fell to ruin since the year 1184, when the Templars had built them a new temple in Fleet street, near to the river of Thames. A great part of this old temple was pulled down, but of late in the year 1595. Adjoining to this old Temple* was sometime the bishop of Lincolne’s inn, wherein he lodged when he repaired to this city. Robert de Curars, bishop of Lincolne, built it about the year 1147- John Russell, bishop of Lincolne, chancellor of England, in the reign of Richard III., was lodged there. It hath of late years belonged to the earls of Southampton, and therefore called Southampton house. Master llopar hath of late built much there ; by means whereof part of the ruins of the old Temple were seen to remain built of Caen stone, round in form as the new Temple, by Temple bar, and other temples in England. Beyond this old Temple and the bishop of Lincolne’s house + is New street, so called in the reign of Henry III., when he of a Jew’s house founded the house of Converts, betwixt the old Temple and the new. The same street hath since been called Chancery lane, by reason that King Edward III. annexed the house of Converts by patent to the office of Gustos Rotulorum, or master of the rolls, in the 15th of his reign. In this street the first fair building to be noted on the east side is called the Coursitors’ office, built with divers fair lodgings for gentlemen, all of brick and timber, by Sir Nicholas Bacon, late lord keeper of the great seal. Near unto this Coursitors’ office be divers fair houses and large gardens, built and made in a ground sometime belonging to one great house on the other side the street, there made by Ralph Nevel, bishop of Chichester. This ground he had by the gift of Henry III., as appeareth. The king granteth to Ralph, bishop of Chichester, chancellor, that place, with the garden, which John Ilerlirum * “ The same was after the bishop of Lincoln’s inn.—1st I edition, p. 361. t “Beyond this Southampton house.”— Ibid. I forfeited in that street, called New street, over against the land of the said bishop in the same street ; which place, with the garden and appur¬ tenance, was the king’s escheat by the liberty of the city of London, as it was acknowledged before the king in his court at the Tower of London, in the last pleas of the crown of that city, cart. 11 Henry III. Then was the house of Converts, wherein now the rolls of Chancery be kept; then the Sergeants’ inn, &c. On the west side of New street, towards the north end thereof, was of old time the church and house of the Preaching Friers * ; concerning the which house I find, that in the year of Christ 1221, the friars’ preachers, thirteen in number, came into England, and having to their prior one named Gilbert de Fraxineto, in company of Peter de la Roche, bishop of Winchester, came to Canter¬ bury, where presenting themselves before the arch¬ bishop Steven, he commanded the said prior to preach, whose sermon he liked so well, that ever after he loved that order. These friars came to London, and had their first house without the wall of the city by Oldborne, near unto the old Temple. Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, was a great be¬ nefactor unto these friars, and deceasing at his manor of Bansted in Surrey, or, after some writers, at his castle of Barkhamsted in Hartfordshire, in the year 1242, was buried in their church ; unto the which church he had given his place at West¬ minster, which the said friars afterwards sold to Walter Grey, archbishop of York ; and he left it to his successors in that see for ever, to be their house, when they should repair to the city of Lon¬ don. And therefore the same was called York place ; which name so continued until the year 1529, that King Henry VIII. took it from Thomas Wolsey, cardinal and archbishop of York, and then gave it to name White hall. Margaret, sister to the king of Scots, widow to Geffrey, earl marshal, deceased 1244, and was bu¬ ried in this church. In the year 1250, the friars of this order of preachers through Christendom and from Jerusa¬ lem, were by a convocation assembled together at this their house by Oldborne, to intreat of their es¬ tate, to the number of four hundred, having meat and drink found them of alms, because they had no possessions of their own. The first day, the king came to their chapter, found them meat and drink, and dined with them. Another day the queen found them meat and drink ; afterward the bishop of London, then the abbot of Westminster, of St. Alban’s, Waltham, and others. In the year 1276, Gregory Rokesley, mayor, and the barons of London, granted and gave to Robert Kilwarbie, archbishop of Canterbury, two lanes or ways next the street of Baynard’s castle, and the tower of Muuntfichet, to be destroyed. On the which place the said Robert built the late new church, with the rest of the stones that were left of the said tower : * The Black Friars, or Dominicans, were a branch of the order of Friars Preachers ( Prerdicatores), founded at Thou- louse in 1215 by Dominicus de Guzman, from whom they took their name. Dominicus having enjoined the members of this order to repeat the Pater Nosier and Are Marin a stated number of times daily, has been by many regarded as the inventor of the rosary or beads. M 2 Suburbs without the walls. Suburbs without the walls. 1(J4 Bishop of Chichester’s house. STOW’S SURVEY Hospital of St. Giles in the Field. Lincoln’s inn. The duchy of Lancaster. and thus the black friars left their church and house by Oldbome, and departed to their new. This old friar house (juxta Holborne, saith the pa¬ tent) was by King Edward I., in the 16th of his reign, given to Henry Lacy, earl of Lineolne. Next to this house of friars was one other great house, sometime belonging to the bishop of Chiches¬ ter, whereof Mathew Paris writeth thus “ Ralph de Nova Villa, or Nevill, bishop of Chichester and chancellor of England, sometime built a noble house, even from the ground, not far from the new Temple and house of Converts ; in the which place he deceased in the year 1244. In this place, after the decease of the said bishop, and in place of the house of black friars before spoken of, Henry Lacy, earl of Lincoln, constable of Chester, and custos of England, built his inn, and for the most part was lodged there : he deceased in this house in the year 1310, and was buried in the new work (whereunto he had been a great benefactor) of St. Paul’s church betwixt our Lady chapel and St. Dunstan’s cha¬ pel. This Lincoln’s inn, sometime pertaining to the bishops of Chichester, as a part of the said great house, is now an inn of court, retaining the name of Lincolne’s inn as afore, but now lately in¬ creased with fair buildings, and replenished with gentlemen studious in the common laws. In the reign of Henry VIII. Sir Thomas Lovell was a great builder there ; especially he built the gate¬ house and fore front towards the east, placing thereon as well the Lacies’ arms as his own : he caused the Lacies’ arms to be cast and wrought in lead, on the louer* of the hall of that house, which was in the three escutcheons, a lion rampant for Lacie, seven maseules voided for Quineie, and three wheatsheafs for Chester. This louer being of late repaired, the said escutcheons were left out. The rest of that side, even to Fleet street, is replenished with fair buildings. Now the High Oldborne street, from the north end of New street, stretcheth on the left hand in building lately framed, up to St. Giles in the field, which was an hospital founded by Matilda the queen, wife to Henry 1., about the year 1117- This hospital, saith the record of Edward III., the 19th year, was founded without the bar : Veteris Templi London , et conrersormn +. This hospital was founded as a cell to Burton Lager of Jerusalem, as may appear by a deed • The architectural term “ loover” has already occurred (see page 102); where it is stated that “William Hariot, draper, mayor 1481, gave forty pounds to the making of two loovers in the said Guild hall ” It is from the Latin, Lobia, Lnuhia, Labium, a gallery. See Pucange's Glossarium, s. v., n hich again is derived from the German Luube. See Zie- mann’s MiUelhochdr’Utsches It'orterbuch. t “ Moreover (saith the same Recorde), in the 20th of Ed¬ ward 111., the said king sent commandement under his greate seale to the mayor and sheriffs of London, willing them to make proclamation in every ward of the citie and suburbes, that all leprous persons, within the saide citie and suburbes, should avoid within fifteen daies, and no man suffer any such leprose person to abide within his house, upon paine to forfeite his saide house, and to incurre the kinges further displeasure. And that they should cause the said lepers to be removed into some out places of the fieldes, from the haunt or company of all sound people; whereupon it followed that the citizens required of the guardian of St. Giles' hospitall to take from them, and to keep continually, the number of fourteene persons, according to the founda- dated the 24th of Henry VII. in these words : — “ Thomas Norton, knight, master of Burton Lager of Jerusalem in England, and the brethren of the same place, keepers of the hospital of St, Giles, without the bars of the old Temple of London, have sold to Geffrey Kent, citizen and draper of London, a messuage or house, with two cellars above, edi¬ fied in the parish of Alliallowes, Hony lane, in West Chepe, adjoining to the west part of a tene¬ ment called the Cote on the Hope, pertaining to the drapers of London, for thirty-one pounds.” At this hospital, the prisoners conveyed from the city of London towards Teybome, there to be executed for treasons, felonies, or other trespasses, were presented with a great bowl of ale, thereof to drink at their pleasure, as to be their last refresh¬ ing in this life. Now without Ludgate lieth the south end of the Old Bayly, then down Ludgate hill by Fleet lane, over Fleet bridge, up Fleet street, by Shoe lane, Fewtar’s lane, New street, or Chauncerie lane, and to Shire lane, by the bar on the right hand ; and from Ludgate on the left hand, or south side, by Bride lane, Water lane, Croker’s lane, Sergeants’ inn, and the new Temple, by the bar ; all which is of Faringdon ward, as is afore showed. LIBERTIES OF THE DUCHY OF LANCASTER. Next without the bar is the New Temple, and li¬ berties of the city of London, in the suburbs, is a liberty pertaining to the duchy of Lancaster, which beginneth in the east, on the south side or left hand, by the river Thames, and stretcheth west to I vie bridge, where it endeth ; and again on the north side, or right hand, some small distance without Temple bar, in the high street, from a pair of stocks there standing, stretcheth one large Middle row, or troop of small tenements, partly opening to the south, partly towards the north, up west to a stone cross, now headless, over against the Strand ; and this is the bounds of that liberty, which sometime belonged to Briane Lisle, since to Peter of Savoy, and then to the house of Lancaster, as shall be showed. Henry III., in the 30th year of his reign, did grant to his uncle Peter of Savoy all those houses upon the Thames, which sometimes per¬ tained to Briane de Insula, or Lisle, without the walls of his city of London, in the way or street called the Strand, to hold to him and to his heirs, yielding yearly in the Exchequer, at the feast of St. Miehaell the Archangell, three barbed arrows, for all services, dated at Reding, Ac. This Peter of Savoy built the Savoy. But first amongst other buildings memorable for tion of Mathilde the queen, which was for leprose persons of the citie of London and shire of Middlesex."— lit edition, p. 364. A frightful picture of the ravages inflicted by this dreadful malady, and of the extent to which it existed, may be seen in a long and curious note by Le Gland d’Aussy, in the fifth volume of his Fabliaux ou Conies (p. 102— 105, ed. 1529), in which it is stated that Louis the Young left legacies to no less than two thousand hospitals established for the recep¬ tion of lepers. This horrible disease, the memory of which long survived in the songs and popular poetry of the middle ages, has fur¬ nished them with some of their most touching passages. See upon this point Hoffman's Hurcc Bclgiccc, Pars 11. (Hoi- landische Vulkslieder), p. 127. OF LONDON. Liberty of durhy of Lancaster. Exeter house, since Paget house, after¬ wards Leicester house, now Essex house. greatness, on the river of Thames, Excester house, so called for that the same belonged to the bishops of Excester, and was their inn or London lodging : who was first builder thereof I have not read, but that Walter Stapleton was a great builder there in the reign of Edward II. is manifest ; for the citi¬ zens of London, when they had beheaded him in Cheape, near unto the cathedral church of St. Paule, they buried him in a heap of sand or rub¬ bish in his own house without Temple bar, where he had made great building. Edmond Lacie, bishop of Excester, built the great hall in the reign of Henry VI., &c. The same hath since been called Paget house, because William Lord Paget enlarged and possessed it. Then Leycester house, because Robert Dudley, earl of Leycester, of late new built there, and now Essex house, of the earl of Essex lodging there. Then west was a chapel dedicated to the Holy Ghost, called St. Sprite, upon what occasion founded I have not read. Next is Milford lane down to the Thames, but why so called 1 have not read as yet. Then was the bishop of Bathes inn, lately new built, for a great part thereof, by the Lord Thomas Seymour, admiral ; which house came since to be possessed by the earl of Arundel, and thereof called Arundel house. Next beyond the which, on the street side, was sometime a fair cemetery or churchyard, and in the same a parish church called of the Nativity of our Lady, and the Innocents of the Strand, and of some by means of a brotherhood kept there, called St. Ursula at the Strand. And near adjoining to tile said church, betwixt it and the river of Thames, was an inn of Chancery commonly called Chester’s inn (because it belonged to the bishop of Chester), by others, named of the situation, Strand inn. Then was there a house belonging to the bishop of Landaff; for 1 find in record, the 4th of Ed¬ ward II., that a vacant place lying near the church of our Lady at Strand, the said bishop procured it of Thomas, earl of Lancaster, for the enlarging of this house. Then had ye in the high street a fair bridge called Strand bridge, and under it a lane or way down to the landing-place on the bank of Thames. Then was the bishop of Chester’s (commonly called of Lichfield and Coventrie), his inn or Lon¬ don lodging : this house was first built by Walter Langton, bishop of Chester, treasurer of England in the reign of Edward I. And next unto it adjoining was the bishop of Worcester’s inn ; all which, to wit, the parish of St. Mary at Strand, Strand inn, Strand bridge, with the lane under it, the bishop of Chester’s inn, the bishop of Worcester’s inn, with all the tene¬ ments adjoining, were by commandment of Ed¬ ward, duke of Somerset, uncle to Edward VI., and lord protector, pulled down, and made level ground in the year 1519 ; in place whereof he built that large and goodly house, now called Somerset house *. • It is more than probable that the Protector, who was ex¬ ecuted in 1552, never enjoyed the use of this palace, which upon his death fell to the crown, and became the residence of Queen Elizabeth, Anne of Denmark, and Catherine of Braganza. The old palace, after undergoing extensive re¬ pairs, under the superintendence of Inigo Jones, was even¬ tually pulled down, and in its place the present building Liberty of the duchy of Lancaster. The Savoy —Its origin.—Burnt by 165 the rebels. In the high street, near unto the Strand, some¬ time stood a cross of stone against the bishop of Coventrie or Chester his house ; whereof I read, that in the year 1294, and divers other times, the justices itinerants sate without London, at the stone cross over against the bishop of Coventrie’s house, and sometime they sate in the Bishop’s house, which was hard by the Strand, as is aforesaid. Then next is the Savoy, so called of Peter, earl of Savoy, and Richmond, son to Thomas, earl of Savoy, brother to Boniface, archbishop of Canter¬ bury, and uncle unto Eleanor, wife to King Henry III. He first built this house in the year 1245 ; and here is occasion offered me for satisfying of some deniers thereof, to prove that this Peter of Savoy was also earl of Savoy : wherefore, out of a book of the genealogies of all the whole house of Savoy, compiled by Pliillebert Pingonio, baron of Guzani, remaining in the hands of W. Smith, alias Rouge- dragon, officer of arms, I have gathered this Thomas, earl of Savoy, had issue by Beatrix, daugh¬ ter to Aimon, earl of Geneva, nine sons and three daughters. Amades, his first son, succeeded earl of Savoy in the year 1253 ; Peter, his second sun, earl of Savoy and of Richmond, in 1208; Philip, his third son, earl of Savoy and Burgundie, 1284 ; Thomas, the fourth, earl of Flanders and prince of Piemont; Boniface, the eighth, archbishop of Can¬ terbury ; Beatrix, his daughter, married to Ray¬ mond Beringarius of Aragon, earl of Province and Narbone, had issue, and was mother to five queens : The first, Margaret, wife to Lewes, king of France ; the second, Eleanor, wife to Henry 111. king of England ; the third, Sanctia, wife to Richard, king of the Romans ; the fourth, Beatrix, wife to Charles, king of Naples ; the fifth, Johanna, wife to Philip, king of Navarre. To return again to the house of Savoy : Queen Eleanor, wife to king Henry III., purchased this place afterwards of the fraternity or brethren of Moutjoy* ; unto whom Peter of Savoy, as it seem- eth, had given it, for her son, Edmond earl of Lan¬ caster (as M. Camden hath noted out of a register- book of the dukes of Lancaster). Henry, duke of Lancaster, repaired, or rather new built it, with the charges of fifty-two thousand marks, which money he had gathered together at the town of Bridgerike. John, the French king, was lodged there in the year 1357, and also in the year 1363 ; for it was at that time the fairest manor in England. In the year 1381, the rebels of Kent and Essex burnt this house ; unto the which there was none in the realm to be compared in beauty and stateli¬ ness (saith mine author) +. They set fire on it round about, and made proclamation that none, on pain to lose his head, should convert to his own use any thing that there was, but that they should break such plate and vessels of gold and silver as was found in that house (which was in great plenty) into small pieces, and throw the same into the river of Thames : precious stones they should bruise in mortars, that the same might be to no use, and so it was done by them. One of their was commenced from the design of Sir William Chambers, in 1775. * “ Fratres de Monte Jovis, or Priory de Cornuto, by Havering at the Bower.”— Stow. t H. Knighton. — Stow. Liberty of tlie duchy of Lancaster. STOWS SURVEY Church of St. Clement Danes. Why so called. Liberty of the duchy of Lancaster. 1GG Savoy, an hospital of St. John Baptist. Russell, or Bedford house. companions they burnt in the fire, because he minded to have reserved one goodly piece of plate *. They found there certain barrels of gunpowder, which they thought had been gold or silver, and throwing them into the fire more suddenly than they thought, the hall was blown up, the houses destroyed, and themselves very hardly escaped away. This house being thus defaced, and almost over¬ thrown by these rebels for malice they bare to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, of latter time came to the king’s hands, and was again raised and beautifully built for an hospital of St.John Baptist by King Henry VII. about the year 1509, for the which hospital, retaining still the old name of Sa¬ voy, he purchased lands to be employed upon the relieving of a hundred poor people. This hospital being valued to dispend five hundred and twenty- nine pounds fifteen shillings, &c. by year, was sup¬ pressed the tenth of June, the 7th of Edward VI. : the beds, bedding, and other furniture belonging thereunto, with seven hundred marks of the said lands by year, he gave to the citizens of London, with his house of Bridewell, to the furnishing thereof, to be a workhouse for the poor and idle persons, and towards the furnishing of the hospital of St. Thomas in Southwarke, lately suppressed. This hospital of Savoy was again new founded, erected, corporated, and endowed with lands by Queen Mary, the third of November : in the 4th of her reign, one Jackson took possession, and was made master thereof in the same month of Novem¬ ber. The ladies of the court and maidens of ho¬ nour (a thing not to be forgotten) stored the same of new with beds, bedding, and other furniture, in very ample manner, Ac.; and it was by patent so confirmed at Westminster the 9th of May, the 4th and 5th of Philip and Mary. The chapel of this hospital serveth now as a parish church to the tenements thereof near adjoining, and others. The next was sometime the bishop of Carlisle’s inn, which now belongeth to the earl of Bedford, and is called Russell or Bedford house. It stretch- eth from the hospital of Savoy, west to Ivie bridge, where Sir Robert Cecill, principal secretary to her majesty, hath lately raised a large and stately house of brick and timber, as also levelled and paved the highway near adjoining, to the great beautifying of that street and commodity of passengers. Richard II., in the 8th of his reign, granted license to pave with stone the highway called Strand street from Temple bar to the Savoy, and toll to be taken towards the charges ; and again the like was granted in the 42ud of Henry VI. Ivie bridge, in the high street, which had a way under it leading down to the Thames, the like as sometime had the Strand bridge, is now taken down, but the lane remaineth as afore, or better, and parteth the liberty of the duchy and the city of Westminster on that south side. Now to begin again at Temple bar, over against it+. In the high street, as is afore showed, is one large Middle row of houses and small tenements built, partly opening to the south, partly towards the north ; amongst the which standeth the parish • “ Savoy brent: blown up with gunpowder. Rebels, more malitious then covetous, spoyle all before them.”— Stow. t “ In the high street standeth a pair of stocks.”—ls< edition, p. 3G9- church of St. Clement Danes, so called because Harold, a Danish king, and other Danes, were buried there. This Harold, whom king Canutus had by a concubine, reigned three years, and was buried at Westminster ; but afterward Hardiea- nutus, the lawful son of Canutus, in revenge of a displeasure done to his mother, by expelling her out of the realm, and the murder of his brother Allured, commanded the body of Harold to be digged out of the earth, and to be thrown into the Thames, where it was by a fisherman taken up and buried in this churchyard ; but out of a fair ledger- book, sometime belonging to the abbey of Cbartsey, in the county of Surrey, is noted, as in Francis Thin, after this sort. In the reign of king Ethel- dred, the monastery of Chartsey was destroyed : ninety monks of that house were slain by the Danes, whose bodies were buried in a place next to the old monastery. William Malmseberie saith, — “ They burnt the church, together with the monks and abbot ; but the Danes continuing in their fury (throughout the whole land), desirous at the length to return home into Denmarke, were by the just judgment of God all slain at London in a place which is called the church of the Danes.” This said middle row of houses stretching west to a stone cross, now headless, by or against the Strand, including the said parish church of St. Cle¬ ment, is also wholly of the liberty and duchy of Lancaster. Thus much for the bounds and antiquities of this liberty, wherein I have noted parish churches twain, sometime three, houses of name six ; to wit, the Savoy or Lancaster house, now a hospital, Somerset house, Essex house, Arundel house, Bed¬ ford or Russell house, and Sir Robert Cecil’s house; besides of Chester’s inn or Strand inn, sometime an inn of Chancery, &c. This liberty is governed by the chancellor of that duchy at this present, Sir Robert Cecill, knight, principal secretary to her majesty, and one of her majesty’s most honourable privy councillors ; there is under him a steward that keepeth court and leet for the queen ; givetb the charge and taketh the oaths of every under officer : then is there four burgesses and four as¬ sistants, to take up controversies ; a bailiff, which hath two or three under-bailiffs, that make arrests within that liberty ; four constables ; four wardens, that keep the lands and stock for the poor ; ft nr wardens for highways ; a jury or inquest of four¬ teen or sixteen, to present defaults ; four ale-con- ners, which look to assize of weights and measures, &c. ; four scavengers and a beadle ; and their com¬ mon prison is Newgate. There is in this liberty fifty men, which is always to be at an hour’s warn¬ ing, with all necessary furniture to serve the queen, as occasion shall require. Their charge at a fifteen is thirteen shillings and four-pence. Thus much for the suburb in the liberty of the duchy of Lan¬ caster. THE CITY OF WESTMINSTER, WITH THE ANTIQUITIES, BOUNDS, AND LIBERTIES THEREOF. Now touching the city of Westminster, I will begin at Temple bar, on the right hand or north side, and so pass up west through a back lane or street, wherein do stand three inns of chancery ; the first called Clement’s inn, because it standeth near to St. Clement’s church, but nearer to the fair foun- The city of Westminster. The city of Westminster. Drury lane. OF LONDON. Durham house. Igy Cecil house. Norwich house, afterwards York house. tain called Clement’s well ; the second, New inn, so called as latelier made, of a common hostery, and the sign of Our Lady, an inn of chancery for students than the other, to wit, about the begin¬ ning of the reign of Henry VII., and not so late as some have supposed ; to wit, at the pulling down of Strand inn, in the reign of King Edward VI. ; for I read that Sir Thomas More, sometime lord chancellor, was a student in this new inn, and went from thence to Lincolue’s inn, &c. The third is Lyon’s inn, an inn of chancery also. This street stretcheth up unto Drury lane, so called, for that there is a house belonging to the family of the Druries. This lane turneth north toward St. Giles in the field : from the south end of this lane in the high street are divers fair build¬ ings, hosteries, and houses for gentlemen and men of honour ; amongst the which Cieile house is one, which sometime belonged to the parson of St. Mar¬ tin’s in the field, and by composition came to Sir Thomas Palmer, knight, in the reign of Edward VI., who began to build the same of brick and tim¬ ber, very large and spacious, but of later time it hath been far more beautifully increased by the late Sir William Civile, baron of Burghley, lord treasurer, and great councillor of the estate. From thence is now a continual new building of divers fair houses, even up to the earl of Bed¬ ford’s house*, lately built nigh to Ivy bridge, and so on the north side to a lane that turneth to the pa¬ rish church of St. Martin’s in the field, in the li¬ berty of Westminster. Then had ye one house, wherein sometime were distraught and lunatic peo¬ ple, of vvliat antiquity founded or by whom I have not read, neither of the suppression ; but it was said that sometime a king of England, not liking such a kind of people to remain so near his palace, caused them to be removed farther of, to Bethlem without Bishops gate of London, and to that hos¬ pital : the said house by Charing cross doth yet remain. Then is the Mewse, so called of the king’s falcons there kept by the king’s falconer, which of old time was an office of great account, as appeareth by a record of Richard 11., in the first year of his reign. Sir Simon Burley, knight, was made constable for the castles of Windsor, Wigmore, and Guilford, and of the manor of Kenington, and also master of the king’s falcons at the Mewse, near unto Charing cross by Westminster ; but in the year of Christ 15114, the 28th of Henry VIII., the king having fair stabling at Lomsbery (a manor in the farthest west part of Oldborne), the same was fired and burnt, with many great horses and great store of hay : after which time, the fore-named house, called the Mewse by Charing cross, was new built, and prepared for stabling of the king’s horses, in the reign of Edward VI. and Queen Mary, and so re- maineth to that use : and this is the farthest build¬ ing west on the north side of that high street. On the south side of the which street, in the li- • “ Which is a goodly house, lately builded nigh to Ivy bridge, over against the old Bedforde house, namely, called Russell house and Dacres house, now the house of Sir Tho¬ mas Cecile, Lorde Burghley ; and so on the north side to a lane that turneth to the parish church of St. Martin in the Fielde, and stretcheth to St Giles in the Fielde."—1st edition, p. 370-1. berties of Westminster (beginning at I vie bridge), first is Durham house, built by Thomas Hatfielde, bishop of Durham, who was made bishop of that see in the year 1545, and sat bishop there thirty- six years. Amongst matters memorable concerning this house, this is one :—In the year of Christ 1540, the 32nd of Henry VIII., on May-day, a great and triumphant justing was holden at Westminster, which had been formerly proclaimed in France, Flanders, Scotland, and Spain, for all comers that would undertake the challengers of England ; which were, Sir John Dudley, Sir Thomas Seymour, Sir Thomas Ponings, and Sir George Carew, knights, and Anthonie Kingston and Richarde Cromwell, esquires ; all which came into the lists that day richly apparelled, and their horses trapped all in white velvet. There came against them the said day forty-six defendants or undertakers, viz., the earl of Surrey, foremost, Lord William Howard, Lord Clinton, and Lord Cromwell, son and heir to Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex, and chamberlain of England, with other ; and that day, after the justs performed, the challengers rode unto this Durham house, where they kept open household, and feasted the king and queen, with her ladies, and all the court: the second day, Anthonie Kingston and Richard Cromwell were made knights there: the third day of May the said challengers did tour- nay on horseback with swords, and against them came forty-nine defendants ; Sir John Dudley and the earl of Surrey running first, which at the first course lost their gauntlets ; and that day Sir Ri¬ charde Cromwell overthrew master Palmer and his horse in the field, to the great honour of the chal¬ lengers : the fifth of May the challengers fought on foot at the barriers, and against them came fifty defendants, which fought valiantly ; but Sir Ri¬ chard Cromwell overthrew that day at the barriers master Culpepper in the field ; and the sixth day the challengers brake up their household. In this time of their housekeeping they had not only feasted the king, queen, ladies, and all the court, as is afore shewed ; but also they cheered all the knights and burgesses of the common house in the parliament, and entertained the mayor of London, with the aldermen, and their wives, at a dinner, &c. The king gave to every of the said challengers, and their heirs for ever, in reward of their valiant activity, one hundred marks and a house to dwell in, of yearly revenue, out of the lands pertaining to the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Next beyond this Durham house is another great house, sometime belonging to the bishop of Norwich, and was his London lodging, which now pertaineth to the archbishop of York by this occasion. Iu the year 1529, when Cardinal Wolsey, archbishop of Yorke, was indicted in the Premunire, whereby King Henry VIII. was entitled to his goods and possessions : he also seized into his hands the said archbishop’s house, commonly called Yorke place, and changed the name thereof into White hall ; whereby the archbishops of Yorke being dispos¬ sessed, and having no house of repair about Lon¬ don, Queen Mary gave unto Nicholas Heath, then archbishop of Yorke, and to his successors, SufFolke house in Southwarke, lately built by Charles Bran¬ don, duke of Suft'olke, as 1 have showed. I The city of Westminster. The city of Westminster. 108 Hospital of St. Mary Roncesvalles. STOW’S SURVEY Scotland yard.— Whitehall. — Tennis Chari.ig cross.—St. James’ hospital. court.—Long ditch. This house the said archbishop sold, and bought the aforesaid house of old time belonging to the bishops of Norwich, which of this last purchase is now called Yorke house, the lord chancellors or lord keepers of the great seal of England, have been lately there lodged. Then was there an hospital of St. Marie Roun- civall by Charing cross (a cell to the priory and covent of Rouncivall in Navar, in Pampeliou dio¬ cese), where a fraternity was founded in the loth of Edward IV., but now the same is suppressed and turned into tenements. Near unto this hospital was a hermitage, with a chapel of St. Katherine, over against Charing cross; which cross, built of stone, was of old time a fair piece of work, there made by commandment of Edward I., in the 21st year of his reign, in me¬ mory of Eleanor, his deceased queen, as is before declared *. AVest from this cross stood sometime an hospital of St. James, consisting of two hides of land, with the appurtenances, in the parish of St. Margaret in AVestminster, and founded by the citizens of Lon¬ don, before the time of any man’s memory, for fourteen sisters, maidens, that were leprous, living chastely and honestly in divine service. Afterwards divers citizens of London gave five- and-fifty pounds rent thereunto, and then were adjoined eight brethren to minister divine service there. After this, also, sundry devout men of Lon¬ don gave to this hospital four hides of land in the field of AVestminster ; and in Hendon, Calcote, and Hampsted, eighty acres of land and wood, &c. King Edward I. confirmed those gifts, and granted a fair to be kept on the eve of St. James, the day, the morrow, and four days following, in the 18tli of his reign. This hospital was surrendered to Henry A’lII. the 23rd of his reign : the sisters being compounded with, were allowed pensions for the term of their lives ; and the king built there a goodly manor, annexing thereunto a park, closed about with a wall of brick, now called St. James’ park, serving indifferently to the said manor, and to the manor or palace of AVhite hall. South from Charing cross, on the right hand, are divers fair houses lately built before the park, then a large tilt-yard for noblemen, and other, to exer¬ cise themselves in justing, turning, and fighting at barriers. On the left hand from Charing cross be also divers fair tenements lately built, till ye come to a * “This,” says the Rev. Joseph Hunter, in the commu¬ nication to the Archeeologia , to which reference has already been made; “this was by far the most sumptuous of these works. It was in progress in 1291, and was not complete in 1294. It was begun by Master Richard de Crundale, cemen- turius, but he died while the work was in progress, about Michaelmas Term 1293, and it proceeded under the direction of Roger de Crundale. Richard received about 5001. for work, exclusive of materials supplied by him, and Roger 901. 17s. 5 d. The stone was brought from Caen, and the marble from Corf. The steps and other parts of the fabric were made of the marble, for which considerable sums were paid. Ralph de Chichester supplied the “ r irg capil. el anul." (which may possibly admit of being translated, “ rod, capital, and ring,’ and occur in the accounts for all the crosses), and Alexander Le Imaginator received four marks in part payment for statues which were intended for it.” large plot of ground inclosed with brick, and is called Scotland, where great buildings have been for receipt of the kings of Scotland, and other es¬ tates of that country ; for Margaret, queen of Scots, and sister to King Henry VIII., had her abiding there, when she came into England after the death of her husband, as the kings of Scotland had in former times, when they came to the parliament of England. Then is the said AA’hite hall, sometime belonging to Hubert de Burgh, earl of Kent, and justice of England, who gave it to the Black Friars in Old- borne, as I have before noted. King Henry VIII. ordained it to be called an honour, and built there a sumptuous gallery and a beautiful gate-house, thwart the high street to St. James’ park, &c. In this gallery the princes, with their nobility, used to stand or sit, and at windows, to behold all triumphant justings and other military exercises. Beyond this gallery, on the left hand, is the gar¬ den or orchard belonging to the said AVhite hall. On the right hand be divers fair tennis-courts, bowling-alleys, and a cock-pit, all built by King Henry VIII. ; and then one other arched gate, with a way over it, thwarting the street from the king’s gardens to the said park. From this gate up King’s street to a bridge over Long ditch (so called for that the same almost in- sulateth the city of AVestminster), near which bridge is a way leading to Chanon row, so called for that the same belonged to the dean and chanons of St. Stephen’s chapel, who were there lodged, as now divers noblemen and gentlemen be ; whereof one is belonging to Sir Edward Hobbey, one other to John Thine, esquire, one stately built by Ann Stanhope, duchess of Somerset, mother to the earl of Hartford, who now enjoyeth that house. Next a stately house, now in building by AVilliam earl of Darby ; over against the which is a fair house, built by Henry Clinton, earl of Lincoln. From this way up to the AVoolestaple and to the high tower, or gate which entereth the palace court, all is replenished with buildings and inha¬ bitants. Touching this Woolestaple, I read, that in the reign of Edward I., the staple being at AA r estmin- ster, the parishioners of St. Margaret and mer¬ chants of the staple built of new the said church, the great chancel excepted, which was lately be¬ fore new built by the abbot of AVestminster. Moreover, that Edward III., in the 17th of his reign, decreed that no silver be carried out of the realm on pain of death ; and that whosoever trails- porteth wool should bring over for every sack four nobles of silver bullion. In the 25th of his reign, he appointed the staple of wool to be kept only at Canterbury, for the ho¬ nour of St. Thomas ; but in the 27th of the same King Edward, the staple of wool, before kept at Bruges in Flanders, was ordained by parliament to be kept in divers places of England, AVales, and Ireland, as at Newcastle, A’orke, Lincolne, Canter¬ bury, Norwich, AVestminster, Chichester, AA'in- chester, Excester, Bristow, Carmardyn, &c., to the great benefit of the king and loss unto strangers and merchants : for there grew unto the king by this means (as it was said) the sum of one thousand one hundred and two pounds by the year, more than any his predecessors before had received ; The city of Westminster. The city of Westminster. The Wool staple. OF LONDON. Monastery at Westminster, 169 Staple at Calais let to farm. founded by Sebert. the staple at Westminster at that time began on the next morrow after the feast of St. Peter ad vincula. The next year was granted to the king by parliament, towards the recovery of his title in France, fifty shillings of every sack of wool trans¬ ported over seas, for the space of six years next ensuing ; by means whereof the king might dis¬ pend daily during those years more than a thousand marks sterling : for by the common opinion there were more than one hundred thousand sacks of wool yearly transported into foreign lands, so that during six years the said grant extended to fifteen hundred thousand pounds sterling. In the 37th of Edward III., it was granted unto him for two years, to take five-and-twenty shillings and eight-pence upon every sack of wool trans¬ ported ; and the same year the staple of wool (notwithstanding the king’s oath and other great estates) was ordained to be kept at Callis, and six- and-twenty merchants, the best and wealthiest of all England, to be farmers there, both of the town and staple, for three years : every merchant to have six men of arms and four archers at the king’s cost. He ordained there also two mayors, one for the town and one for the staple ; and he took for inala capta, commonly called Maltorth *, twenty shillings, and of the said merchants’ guar¬ dians of the town forty pence, upon every sack of wool. In the 44th of Edward III., Quinborough, King- ston-upon-Hull, and Boston, were made staples of wool ; which matter so much offended some, that in the 50th of his reign, in a parliament at Lon¬ don, it was complained that the staple of wool was so removed from Callis to divers towns in England, contrary to the statute, appointing that citizens and merchants should keep it there, and that the king might have the profits and customs, with the ex¬ change of gold and silver, that was there made by all the merchants in Christindome (esteemed to amount to eight thousand pounds by year), the exchange only ; and the citizens and merchants so ordered the matter, that the king spent nothing upon soldiers, neither upon defence of the town against the enemies ; whereas now he spent eight thousand pounds by year. In the 51st of Edward III., when the staple was sealed at Callis, the mayor of the staple did furnish the captain of the town upon any road with one hundred bilmen, twelve hundred archers of mer¬ chants and their servants, without any wages. In the year 1388, the 12th of Richard II., in a parliament at Cambridge, it was ordained that the staple of wools should be brought from Middlebo- rough in Holland to Callis. In the 14th of his reign, there was granted forty shillings upon every sack of wool, and in the 21st was granted fifty shillings upon every sack trans¬ ported by Englishmen, and three pounds by strangers, &c. It seemeth that the merchants of this staple be the most ancient merchants of this realm ; and that all commodities of the realm are staple merchandises by law and charter as wools, leather, wool fells, lead, tin, cloth, &c. King Henry VI. had six wool-houses within the staple at Westminster: those he granted to the • “I tllillke custome."—1st edition, p.376. It is from the Latin Mulluta, or Maltouta. See Ducange, s v. Tolta. dean and canons of St. Stephen at Westminster, and confirmed it the 21st of his reign. Thus much for the staple have I shortly noted. And now to pass to the famous monastery of Westminster : at the very entrance of the close thereof, is a lane that leadeth toward the west, called Thieving lane, for that thieves were led that way to the gate-house, while the sanctuary con¬ tinued in force. This monastery was founded and built by Sebert*, king of the East Saxons, upon the persuasion of Ethelbert, king of Kent, who having embraced Christianity, and being baptized by Melitus, bishop of London, immediately (to show himself a Chris¬ tian indeed) built a church to the honour of God and St. Peter, on the west side of the city of Lon¬ don, in a place which (because it was overgrown with thorns, and environed with water,) the Saxons called Thorney, and now of the monastery and west situation thereof is called Westminster. In this place (saith Sulcardus) long before was a temple of Apollo, which being overthrown. King Lucius built therein a church of Christianity. Sebert t was buried in this church, with his wife Athelgoda ; whose bodies many years after, to wit, in the reign of Richard II. (saith Walsingham), were translated from the old church to the new, and there entered. Edgar, king of the West Saxons, repaired this monastery about the year of Christ 958 ; Edward the Confessor built it of new, whereupon T. Clifford writeth thus : “ Without the walls of London (saith he), upon the river of Thames, there was in times passed a little monastery, built to the honour of God and St. Peter, with a few Benedict monks in it, under an abbot, serving Christ: very poor they were, and little was given them for their relief. Here the king intended (for that it was near to the famous city of London and the river of Thames, that brought in all kind of merchandises from all parts of the world,) to make his sepulchre : he com¬ manded, therefore, that of the tenths of all his rents the work should be begun in such sort as should become the prince of the Apostles. “ At this his commandment the work is nobly begun, even from the foundation, and happily pro- ceedeth till the same was finished : the charges bestowed, or to be bestowed, are not regarded. He granted to this church great privileges, above • “ Foundation of Westminster by Sebert, a Christian king, not onely in word, but in deed.” — Stow. t A curious painting, supposed to be a portrait of Sebert, tile founder of the church, is to be seen on the stalls on the altar, and has been very carefully engraved by Mr. G. P. Harding in his Antiquities in Westminster Abbey. Walsing¬ ham tells us, that when his sepulchre was opened for the purpose of translating his remains from the old church to the new, his right hand was found perfect, “ flesh, skin, nails, and bones, up to the middle of the arms," — a statement which is confirmed by Robert of Gloucester: — 11 Segbrit that I nemped was a right holy man, For the abbey of Westminster he foremost began ; He was the first king that thilke stete gan rere, And sithe at his ende day he was buried there. Seven hundred yere and six there were nigh agon Sithe that he was buried faire under a ston ; And som del of him was also booty found. As thilk day that he was first laid in the ground.” The city of Westminster. 170 Charter of Edward the Confessor. STOW’S SURVEY Benefactors to the church. all the churches in this land, as partly appeareth by this his charter :— Gbpeajth C yng jjiget Will in bij’ceope 7 Leofj’Cane 7 A Ijrj'ie Popvjepepen 7 ealle liiinpe buph^ejnonLunben ppeon- blice : Anb ic cy|?e eop -p haebbe peo gipra jypen 7 unnan Clipipc 7 b. Pe- cep Jtatn halijan Apopcel inco Wepv- minpcep, pulpa jijteobome opep ealle )?a lanb ]te ionjaJ? inco ]?aepe balijan j'Cop, &c. “ Edtvarde, king, greets William, bishop, and Leofstane, and Aelsie Portreves, and all my bur¬ gesses of London friendly, and I tell you, that I have this gift given and granted to Christ and St, Peter the holy Apostle, at Westminster, full free- dome over all the land that belongeth to that holy place, &c.” He also caused the parish church of St. Margaret to be newly built without the abbey church of Westminster, for the ease and commodity of the monks, because before that time the parish church stood within the old abbey church in the south aisle, somewhat to their annoyance. King Henry III., in the year of Christ 1220, and in the 5th of his reign, began the new work of our Lady’s chapel, whereof he laid the first stone in the foundation ; and in the year 1245, the walls and steeple of the old church (built by King Ed¬ ward) were taken down, and enlarging the same church, caused them to be made more comely ; for the furtherance whereof, in the year 1240, the same king (devising how to extort money from the citizens of London towards the charges) appointed a mart to be kept at Westminster, the same to last fifteen days, and in the mean space all trade of merchandise to cease in the city ; which thing the citizens were fain to redeem with two thousand pounds of silver. The work of this church, with the houses of office, was finished to the end of the choir, in the year 1285, the 14th of Edward I. : all which labour of sixty-six years was in the year 1299 defaced by a fire kindled in the lesser hall of the king’s palace at Westminster ; the same, with many other houses adjoining, and with the queen’s chamber, were all consumed ; the flame thereof also (being driven with the wind), fired the monastery, which was also with the palace consumed. Then was this monastery again repaired by the abbots of that church ; King Edward I. and his successors putting to their helping hands. Edward II. appropriated unto this church the patronages of the churches of Kelveden and Saw- bridgeworth in Essex, in the diocese of London. Simon Langham, abbot (having been a great builder there in the year 13C2), gave forty pounds to the building of the body of the church ; but (amongst others) Abbot Islip was in his time a great builder there, as may appear in the stone¬ work and glass windows of the church ; since whose decease that work hath staid as he left it, unper¬ fected, the church and steeple being all of one height. ! ___ The city of Westminster. Henry Vllth's chapel. Westminster a bishop’s see. King Henry VII., about the year of Christ 1502, caused the chapel of our Lady, built by Henry III., with a tavern also, called the White Rose, near ad¬ joining, to be taken down : in which plot of ground, on the 24th of January, the first stone of the new chapel was laid by the hands of Abbot Islip, Sir Reginald Bray, knight of the garter, Doctor Barnes, master of the Rolls, Doctor Wall, chaplain to the king, Master Hugh Aldham, chaplain to the coun¬ tess of Darby and Richmond (the king’s mother), Sir Edward Stanhope, knight, and divers other : upon the which stone was engraven the same day and year, &c. The charges in building this chapel amounted to the sum of fourteen thousand pounds. The stone for this work (as I have been informed) was brought from Huddlestone quarry in Yorkshire. The altar and sepulture of the same King Henry VII., wherein his body resteth in this his new chapel, was made and finished in the year 1519 by one Peter, a painter of Florence ; for the which he received one thousand pounds sterling for the whole stuff and workmanship at the hands of the king’s executors ; Richard, bishop of Winchester ; Ri¬ chard, bishop of London ; Thomas, bishop of Dur¬ ham ; John, bishop of Rochester ; Thomas, duke of Norfolke, treasurer of England ; Charles, earl of Worcester, the king’s chamberlain ; John Lineaux, knight, chief justice of the King’s bench ; Robert Reade, knight, chief justice of the Common Pleas. This monastery being valued to dispend by the year three thousand four hundred and seventy pounds, &c., was surrendered to Henry VIII. in the year 1539. Benson, then abbot, was made the first dean, and not long after it was advanced to a bishop’s see in the year 1541. Thomas Thirlby being both the first and last bishop there, who, when he had impoverished the church, was trans¬ lated to Norwich in the year 1550, the 4 th of Ed¬ ward VI., and from thence to Elie in the year 1554, the 2nd of Queen Mary*. Richard Cox, doctor in divinity (late schoolmaster to King Edward VI.), was made dean of Westminster, whom Queen Mary put out, and made Doctor Weston dean until the year 1556, and then he being removed from thence on the 2lst of November, John Feckenham (late dean of Paules) was made abbot of Westminster, and took possession of the same, being installed, and fourteen monks more received the habit with him that day of the order of St. Benedict ; but the said John Feckenham, with his monks, enjoy d not that place fully three years, for in the year 1559, in the month of July, they were all put out, and Queen Elizabeth made the said monastery a col¬ lege, instituting there a dean, twelve prebends, a schoolmaster, and usher, forty scholars, called com¬ monly the Queen’s scholars, twelve alms men ; and so it was named the Collegiate church of V cst minster, founded by Queen Elizabeth, who placed Doctor Bill f, first dean of that new erection ; after whom succeeded Doctor Gabriel Goodman, who governed that church forty yeai’s, and after Docto 1 ’ Lancelot Andrewes. * Thomas Thirleby, the first and only bishop of West¬ minster, with all Middlesex, except Fulham, for his diocese, surrendered his bishopric 29th of March, 1550. He was translated to Norwich, thence to Ely, and was one of the compilers of the Book of Common Prayer. t “ One of her majesties chaplens.” —1st edition, p. 381 The city of Westminster. Kings and queens crowned in Westminster abbey. Kings and queens crowned in this church : Wil- liam, surnamed the Conqueror, and Matilde his wife, were the first, and since them all other kings and queens of this realm have been there crowned. Kings and queens buried in this church are these * : Sebert, king of the East Saxons, with his wife Athelgede ; Harold, surnamed Harefoot, king of the West Saxons ; Edward the Simple, surnamed Confessor, sometime richly shrined in a tomb of silver and gold, curiously wrought by command¬ ment of William the Conqueror ; Egitha his wife was there buried also ; Hugolyn, chamberlain to Edward the Confessor; King Henry III., whose sepulture was richly garnished with precious stones of jasper, which his son Edward I. brought out of France for that purpose ; Eleanor, wife to Henry III. ; Edward I., who offered to the shrine of Ed¬ ward the Confessor the chair of marble, wherein the kings of Scotland were crowned, with the scep¬ tre and crown, also to the same king belonging. He gave also to that church lands to the value of one hundred pounds bv the year ; twenty pounds thereof Jearly to be distributed to the poor for ever. Then there lieth Eleanor, his wife, daughter to Ferdinando, king of Castile, 12113 ; Edward III. by Queen Philippa of Henault his wife ; Richard II. and Anne his wife, with their images upon them, which cost more than four hundred marks for the gilding ; Henry V., with a royal image of silver and gilt, which Katherine his wife caused to be laid upon him, but the head of this image being of massy silver, is broken off, and conveyed away with the plates of silver and gilt that covered his body ; Katherine, his wife, was buried in the old Lady chapel 1438, but her corpse being taken up in the reign of Henry VII., when a new foundation was to be laid, she was never since buried, but remaineth above ground in a coffin of boards be¬ hind the east end of the presbytery ; Henry VII. in a sumptuous sepulture and chapel before spe¬ cified, and Elizabeth his wife ; Edward VI. in the same chapel, without any monument; Queen Mary, without any monument, in the same chapel ; Ma¬ tilde, daughter to Malcolm, king of Scots, wife to Henry I., died 1118, lieth in the revestry ; Anne, wife to Richard III. ; Margaret, countess of Rich¬ mond and Darby, mother to Henry VII. ; Anne of Cleves, wife to Henry VIII. ; Edmond, second son to Henry III., first earl of Lancaster, Darby, and Leycester, and Aveline his wife, daughter and heir to William de Fortibus, earl of Albemarle. In St. Thomas’ chapel lie the bones of the children of Henry III. and of Edward I., in number nine. In the chapter-house,—Elianor, countess of Barre, daughter to Edward I. ; William of Windsor, and Blaunch his sister, children to Edward III.; John of Eltham, earl of Cornewell, son to Edward II. ; Elianor, wife to Thomas of Woodstoeke, duke of Gloucester ; Thomas of Woodstoeke by King Ed¬ ward III. his father ; Margaret, daughter to Ed¬ ward IV.; Elizabeth, daughter to Henry VII.; William de Valence,earl of Pembrooke ; Ayiuer de * The learned Camden published an account of the royal, noble, and distinguished persons buried in this church, under the title, “ Reges , Reginie , Nobiles el alii in Ecclesid Colle¬ gia B. elri Westmonaslerii sepulti , una cum ejusdem Ec- clesicc funda/ione prtefixd. London, 4to. 1600;” and an¬ other edition in 1606, bringing the work down to that year. The city of Westminster. Westminster abbey. 171 Monuments therein. Valence, earl of Pembrooke ; Margaret and John, son and daughter to William de Valence ; John Waltham, bishop of Sarum, treasurer of England ; Thomas Ruthal, bishop of Durham, 1522 ; Giles, Lord Dawbeny *, lord lieutenant of Callis, cham¬ berlain to King Henry VII., 1508, and Elizabeth bis wife, of the family of the Arundels in Cornwal, 1500 ; John, Viscount Wells, 1498 ; the Lady Katherine, daughter to the duchess of Norfolk ; Sir Thomas Hungerford, knight, father to Sir John Hungerford of Downampney, knight ; a son and daughter to Humfrey Bohun, earl of Hereford and Essex, and Elizabeth his wife ; Philippa, duchess of York, daughter to the Lord Mohun, thrice mar¬ ried, to the Lord Fitzwalter, Sir John Golofer, and to the duke of Yorke ; William Dudley, bishop elect of Durham, son to John, baron of Dudley ; Nicholas, Baron Carew, 1470 ; Walter Hunger¬ ford, son to Edwaixl Hungerford, knight; Sir John Burley, knight, and Anne his wife, daughter to Alane Buxull, knight, 1416 ; Sir John Golofer, knight, 1390 ; Humfrey Burcher, Lord Cromwell, son to Bourchier, earl of Essex, slain at Bar- net ; Henry Bourchier, son and heir to John Bourchier, Lord Earners, also slain at Barnet, 1471 ; Sir William Trussell, knight; Sir Tho¬ mas Vaughan, knight ; Finances Brandon, duch¬ ess of Suffolke, 1500 ; Mary Gray, her daughter, 1578 ; Sir John Hampden, knight ; Sir Lewis, Viscount Robsart, knight ; Loi-d Boui’chere of Henalt, 1430, and his wife, daughter and heir to the Loi’d Boui’chere ; Robert Bx’own, and William Biwne, esquires ; the Lady Johane To- kyne, daughter of Dabridge Court ; George Mor¬ timer, bastai’d ; John Felbye, esquii’e ; Ann, w ife to John Watkins ; William Southwike, esquii’e ; William Southcot, esquii’e ; Ralph Constantine, gentleman ; Ax’thurTi’oflbte, esquire; Robei’t Haw¬ ley, esquire, slain in that church f ; Sir Richarde Rouse, knight ; Sir Geffrey Maundevile, earl of Essex, and Atlielarde his wife ; Sir Foulke of New¬ castle ; Sir James Barons, knight; Sir John Salis¬ bury, knight ; Margaret Dowglas, countess of Len¬ nox, with Charles her son, earl of Lennox ; Henrie Scogan, a learned poet, in the cloister ; Geffrey Chaucer, the most famous poet of England, also in the cloistei’, 1400, but since Nicholas Brigham, gentleman, raised a monument for him in the south ci’oss aisle of the church : his woi’ks were partly published in print by William Caxtou, in the reign of Heni’y VI., increased by William Thinne, es¬ quire, in the reign of Henry VIII. ; corrected and twice increased, thi’ough mine own painful labours, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, to wit, in the year 1581 ; and again beautified with notes by me, col¬ lected out of divei’s records and monuments, which • “ Earle of Bridgewater.”—1st edition, p. 382. t Hawley bad been committed to the Tower by the duke of Lancaster, from which he escaped and took sanctuary at Westminster. Sir Alan Boxbuli, constable of the Tower, and one Sir Ralph Ferrars. following Hawley into the church, upon his resistance, killed him in the choir at the time of high mass. This occurred on the 11th of August, 1378. The church, as profaned by this murder, was closed for four months; Boxhull, Ferrars, and their followers, excommu¬ nicated ; and the abbot of Westminster, in the parliament shortly after held at Gloucester, having strenuously resisted this violation of sanctuary, his church’s privileges in that respect were confirmed. OF LONDON. The city of Westminster. 172 Westminster abbey. Its privileges of sanctuary. I delivered to my loving friend, Thomas Speght; and lie having drawn the same into a good form and method, as also explained the old and obscure words, &e., hath published them in anno 1597- Anne Stanhope, duchess of Somerset, and Jane her daughter ; Anne Cecill, countess of Oxford, daughter to the Lord Burgliley, with Mildred Burghley her mother ; Elizabeth Barkley,countess of Ormond ; Frances Sidney, countess of Sussex ; Francis Howard, countess of Hertford, 1598 ; Tho¬ mas, Baron Wentworth ; Thomas, Baron Warton ; John, Lord Russell ; Sir Thomas Bromley, lord chancellor ; Sir John Puckering, lord keeper ; Sir Henry Cary, Lord Hunsdon, and lord chamberlain, 1596, to whose memory his son, Sir George Cary, Lord Hunsdon, and lord chamberlain, hath created a stately monument. This church hath had great privilege of sanc¬ tuary within the precinct thereof, to wit, the church, churchyard, and close, &c. ; from whence it hath not been lawful for any prince or other to take any person that tied thither for any cause : which pri¬ vilege was first granted by Sebert, king of the East Saxons, since increased by Edgar, king of the West Saxons, renewed and confirmed by King Ed¬ ward the Confessor, as appearetli by this his char¬ ter following : “ Edward, by the grace of God, king of English¬ men : I make it to be known to all generations of the world after me, that by speciall connnaudement of our holy father, Pope Leo, I have renewed and honored the holy church of the blessed apostle St. Feter, of Westminster ; and I order and establish for ever, that what person, of what condition or estate soever he be, from whence soever he come, or for what offence or cause it be, either for his refuge into the said holy place, he be assured of his life, liberty, and limbs. And over this I forbid, under the paine of everlasting damnation, that no minister of mine, or of my successors, intermeddle them with any the goods, lands, or possessions of the said persons taking the said sanctuary ; for I have taken their goodes and livelode into my spe- ciall protection, and therefore I grant to every each of them, in as much as my terrestriall power may suffice, all maner freedom of joyous libertie ; and whosoever presumes or doth contrary to this my graunt, I will hee lose his name, worship, dignity, and power, and that with the great traytor Judas that betraied our Saviour, he be in the everlasting fire of hell; and I will and ordayne that this my graunt endure as long as there remayneth in Eng¬ land eyther love or dread of Christian name More of this sanctuary ye may read in our his¬ tories, and also in the statute of Henry VIII., the 32nd year. The parish church of St. Margaret, sometime * This sanctuary was taken down in 1750, for the purpose of erecting on its site a new market, as we learn from a communication made by Dr. Stukeley to the Society of Antiquaries in October 1755, containing a succinct history of the building, accompanied by illustrative en¬ gravings. The spirit of humanity, which here in a former age erected an asylum for those who were in peril and dan¬ ger, still seems to hover over the spot, though manifesting itself in a manner more congenial to the feelings of the times; where the sanctuary once stood, the Westminster hospital now offers its friendly shelter, and ministers to the wants of the sick and the afflicted. The city of Westminster. St Margaret’s church. King’s palace at Westminster. within the abbey, was by Edward the Confessor removed, and built without, for ease of the monks. This church continued till the days of Edward I., at which time the merchants of the staple and pa¬ rishioners of Westminster built it all of new, the great chancel excepted, which was built by the abbots of Westminster ; and this remaineth now a fair parish church, though sometime in danger of down pulling. In the south aisle of this church is a fair marble monument of Dame Mary Billing, the heir of Robert Nesenham of Conington, in Huntingdonshire, first married to William Cotton, to whose issue her inheritance alone descended, remaining with l.obert Cotton at this day, heir of her and her first husband’s family ; her second husband was Sir Thomas Billing, chief justice of England ; and her last, whom likewise she buried, was Thomas Lacy ; erecting this monument to the memory of her three husbands, with whose arms she hath garnished it, and for her own burial, wherein she was interred in the year 1499. Next to this famous monastery is the king’s prin¬ cipal palace, of what antiquity it is uncertain ; but Edward the Confessor held his court there, as may appear by the testimony of sundry, and, namely, of Ingulphus, as I have before told you. The said king had his palace, and for the most part remained there ; where he also so ended his life, and was buried in the monastery which he had built. It is not to be doubted but that King William I., as he was crowned there, so he built much at his palace, for he found it far inferior to the building of princely palaces in France : and it is manifest, by the tes¬ timony of many authors, that William Rufus built the great hall there about the year of Christ 1097- Amongst others, Roger of Wendover and Mathew Paris do write, that King William (being returned out of Normandy into England) kept his feast of Whitsontide very royally at Westminster, in the new hall which he had iately built ; the length whereof (say some) was two hundred and seventy feet, and seventy-four feet in breadth ; and when he heard men say that this hall was too great, he answered and said, “ This hall is not big enough by the one half, and is but a bed-chamber in com¬ parison of that I mean to make.” A diligent searcher (saith Paris) might find out the founda¬ tion of the hall, which he was supposed to have built, stretching from the river of Thames, even to the common highway. This palace was repaired about the year 1163 by Thomas Becket, chancellor of England, with ex¬ ceeding great celerity and speed, which before was ready to have fallen down. This hath been the principal seat and palace of all the kings of Eng¬ land since the Conquest ; for here have they in the great hall kept their feasts of coronation espe¬ cially, and other solemn feasts, as at Christmas and such like, most commonly : for proof whereof, I find recorded, that in the year 1236, and the 20th of Henry III., on the 29th of December, William de Haverhull, the king’s treasurer, is commanded, that upon the day of circumcision of our Lord, he caused six thousand poor people to be fed at West¬ minster, for the state of the king, the queen, and their children ; the weak and aged to be placed in the great hall and in the lesser ; those that were most strong, and in reasonable plight, in the king's chamber ; the children in the queen’s ; and when STOW’S SURVEY The city of Westminster. Westminster Hall. Royal feasts kept there. the king knowetli the charge, he would allow it in the accounts *. In the year 1238, the same King Henry kept his feast of Christmas at Westminster in the great hall ; so did he in the year 1241, where he placed the legate in the most honourable place of the table, to wit, in the midst, which the noblemen took in evil part: the king sat on the right hand, and the archbishop on the left, and then all the prelates and nobles according to their estates ; for the king himself set the guests. The year 1242 he likewise kept his Christmas in the hall, &c. Also, in the year 1243, Richard, earl of Cornewall, the king’s brother, married Cincia, daughter to Beatrice, countess of Province, and kept his marriage-feast in the great hall at Westminster, with great royalty and company of noblemen : insomuch that there were told (friginta millia) thirty thousand dishes of meats at that dinner. In the year 1256, King Henry sate in the ex¬ chequer of this hall, and there set down order for the appearance of sheriffs, and bringing in of their accounts : there were five marks set on every she¬ riff's head for a fine, because they had not dis¬ trained every person that might dispend fifteen pounds land by the year to receive the order of knighthood, as the same sheriffs were commanded. Also, the mayor, aldermen, and sheriffs of London, being accused of oppression and wrongs done by them, and submitting themselves in this place be¬ fore the king sitting in judgment upon that matter, they were condemned to pay their fines for their offences committed, and further, every one of them discharged of assise and ward. In the years 1268 and 1269, the same king kept his Christmas feasts at Westminster as before ; and also in the same 1269 he translated with great so¬ lemnity the body of King Edward the Confessor into a new chapel, at the back of the high altar : which chapel he had prepared of a marvellous workmanship, bestowing a new tomb or shrine of gold ; and on the day of his translation he kept a royal feast in the great hall of the palace. Thus much for the feasts of old time in this hall. We read also, that in the year 1236, the river of Thames overflowing the banks, caused the marshes about Woolwitch to be all on a sea, wherein boats and other vessels were carried with the stream ; so that besides cattle, the greatest number of men, women, and children, inhabitants there, were drowned : and in the great palace of Westminster men did row with wherries in the midst of the hall, being forced to ride to their chambers. Moreover, in the year 1242, the Thames over¬ flowing the banks about Lambhithe, drowned houses and fields by the space of six miles, so that in the great hall at Westminster men took their horses, because the w’ater ran over all. This palace was (in the year 1299, the 27th of Edward I.) burnt by a vehement fire, kindled in the lesser hall of the king’s house : the same, with many other houses adjoining, and with the queen’s chamber, were consumed, but after that repaired. • In the first edition, the passage relative to Henry II.’s command to Hugh Gifford and William Browne, to distri¬ bute alms ‘‘according to the weight and measure of the king's children” (see ante, pages 34 and 35), is inserted in this place. The city of Westminster. The king’s treasury robbed. 173 The great hall repaired. In the year 1313, the 31st of Edward I., the king’s treasury at Westminster was robbed ; for the which, Walter, abbot of Westminster, with forty-nine of his brethren and thirty-two other, were thrown into the Tower of London, and in¬ dicted of the robbery of a hundred thousand pounds ; but they affirming themselves to be clear of the fact, and desiring the king of speedy justice, a commission was directed for inquiry of the truth, and they were freed. In the year 1316, Edward II. did solemnize his feast of Penticost at Westminster, in the great hall ; where sitting royally at the table, with his peers about him, there entered a woman adorned like a minstrel, sitting on a great horse, trapped as minstrels then used, who rode round about the tables, showing pastime, and at length came up to the king’s table, and laid before him a letter, and forthwith turning her horse, saluted every one, and departed. The letter being opened, had these con¬ tents :—“ Our soveraigne lord the king, hath no¬ thing curteously respected his knights, that in his father’s time, and also in his owne, have put forth their persons to divers perils, and have utterly lost, or greatly diminished their substance, for honor of the said king, and he hath inriched abundantly such as have not borne the waight as yet of the busines, &c.” This great hall was begun to be repaired in the year 1397 by Richard II., who caused the walls, windows, and roof, to be taken down, and new made, with a stately porch, and divers lodgings of a marvellous work, and with great costs ; all which he levied of strangers banished or flying out of their countries, who obtained license to remain in this land by the king’s charters, which they had purchased with great sums of money ; John Boterell being then clerk of the works. This hall being finished in the year 1398, the \ same king kept a most royal Christmas there, with daily justings and runnings at tilt ; whereunto re¬ sorted such a number of people, that there was every day spent twenty-eight or twenty-six oxen, and three hundred sheep, besides fow l w ithout num¬ ber : he caused a gown for himself to be made of gold, garnished with pearl and precious stones, to the value of three thousand marks : he was guarded by Cheshire men, and had about him commonly thirteen bishops, besides barons, knights, esquires, and other more than needed ; insomuch, that to the household came every day to meat ten thousand people, as appeareth by the messes told out from the kitchen to three hundred servitors. Thus was this great hall, for the honour of the prince, oftentimes furnished with guests, not only in this king’s time (a prodigal prince), but in the time of other also, both before and since, though not so usually noted. For when it is said, the king held his feast of Christmas, or such a feast at West¬ minster, it may well be supposed to be kept in this great hall, as most sufficient to such a purpose. I find noted by Robert Fabian (sometime an al¬ derman of London), that King Henry VII., in the 9th of his reign (holding his royal feast of Christ¬ mas at Westminster), on the twelfth day, feasted Ralph Austry, then mayor of London, and his brethren the aldermen, with other commoners in great number, and after dinner dubbing the mayor knight, caused him with his brethren to stay and OF LONDON. The city of Westminster. The city of Westminster. 174 Parliaments held in Westminster STOW’S SURVEY The courts of Common Pleas. hall. King’s Bench and Chancery. behold the disguisings and other disports in the night following, showed in the great hall, which w as richly hanged with arras, and staged about on both sides ; which disports being ended in the morning, the king, the queen, the ambassadors, and other estates, being set at a table of stone, sixty knights and esquires served sixty dishes to the king’s mess, and as many to the queen’s (neither flesh nor fish), and served the mayor with twenty- four dishes to his mess, of the same manner, with sundry wines in most plenteous wise : and finally, the king and queen being conveyed with great lights into the palace, the mayor with his company in barges returned and came to Loudon by break of the next day. Thus much for building of this great hall, and feasting therein. It moreover appeareth that many parliaments have been kept there ; for I find noted, that in the year 1397, the great hall at Westminster being out of reparations, and therefore, as it were, new built by Richard II. (as is afore showed), the same Ri¬ chard, in the mean time having occasion to hold a parliament, caused for that purpose a large house to be built iu the midst of the palace-court, be¬ twixt the clock tower and the gate of the old great hall. This house was very large and long, made of timber, covered with tile, open on both the sides and at both the ends, that all men might see and hear what was both said and done. The king’s archers (in number four thousand Cheshire men) compassed the house about with their bows bent, and arrows knocked in their hands, always ready to shoot: they had boucli of court * (to wit, meat and drink), and great wages of six¬ pence by the day. The old great hall being new built, parliaments were again there kept as before + : namely, one in the year 1399, for the deposing of Richard II. A great part of this palace at Westminster was once again burnt in the year 1512, the 4th of Henry VIII. ; since the which time it hath not been re- edified : only the great hall, with the offices near adjoining, are kept in good reparations, and serveth as afore for feasts at coronations, arraignments of great persons charged with treasons, keeping of the courts of justice, &c. But the princes have been lodged in other places about the city, as at Bay- narde’s castle, at Bridewell, and White hall, some¬ time called York place, and sometime at St. James’. This great hall hath been the usual place of pleadings, and ministration of justice, whereof some¬ what shortly I will note. In times past the courts and benches followed the king wheresoever he went, as well since the Conquest as before ; which thing at length being thought cumbersome, painful, and chargeable to the people, it was in the year 1224, the 9th of Henry III., agreed that there should be * The reader desirous of more explicit information as to the nature of the allowance called Bouche of Court, is re¬ ferred to the Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household, published by the Society of Anti¬ quaries in 1790, p 102, where he will find “ A declaration of Bouche of Courte, of everie particular thing, to be served to everie person being of the ordinary of the kinges honourable house, everie one of them according to their degrees.” f ” I find of record, the 50th of Edward III., that the chapter-house of the abbot of Westminster was then the usual house for the commons in parliament."— Stow. a standing place appointed, where matters should be heard and judged, which was in the great hall at Westminster. In this hall he ordained three judgment seats ; to wit, at the entry on the right hand, the Common Pleas,where civil matters are to be pleaded, specially such as touch lands or contracts : at the upper end of the hall, on the right hand, or south-east corner, the King’s Bench, where pleas of the crown have their hearing ; and on the left hand, or south-west corner, sitteth the lord chancellor, accompanied with the master of the rolls, and other men, learned for the most part in the civil law, and called mas¬ ters of the chancery, which have the king’s fee. The times of pleading in these courts are four in the year, which are called terms : the first is Hil¬ lary term, which beginneth the 23rd of January, if it be not Sunday, and endeth the 12th of February ; the second is Easter term, and beginneth seventeen days after Easter day, and endeth four days after Ascension day ; the third term beginneth six or seven days after Trinity Sunday, and endeth the Wednesday fortnight after ; the fourth is Michael¬ mas term, which beginneth the 9th of October, if it be not Sunday, and endeth the 28th of November. And here it is to be noted, that the kings of this realm have used sometimes to sit in person in the King’s Bench ; namely, King Edward IV., in the year 1462, in Michaelmas term, sat in the King’s Bench three days together, in the open court, to understand how his laws were ministered and ex¬ ecuted. Within the port, or entry into the hall, on either side are ascendings up into large chambers, with¬ out the hall adjoining thereunto, wherein certain courts be kept, namely, on the right hand, is the court of the Exchequer, a place of account for the revenues of the crown : the hearers of the account have auditors under them ; but they which are the chief for accounts of the prince, are called barons of the Exchequer, whereof one is called the chief baron. The greatest officer of all is called the high treasurer *. In this court be heard those that are delators, or informers, in popular and pe¬ nal actions, having thereby part of the profit by the law assigned unto them. In this court, if any question be, it is determined after the order of the common law of England by twelve men, and all subsidies, taxes, and customs, by account ; for in this office the sheriffs of the shire do attend upon the execution of the command¬ ments of the judges, which the earl f should do, if * 11 Of England."—lit edition, p. 387. This great office, the importance of which may be judged from the fact, that it is high treason to kill the lord high trea¬ surer in the execution of his office, is now, and has been for nearly two centuries, executed by five persons, who are called lords commissioners for executing the office of lord high treasurer, viz., one who is called first lord of the trea¬ sury, and four others, who are styled lords of the treasury. The constitution of England recognizes no such officer as the prime minister or premier, but these titles are usually given to the first lord of the treasury as head of the admi¬ nistration. See Thoms' Book of the Court, or Court Direc¬ tory . p. 226 ei segq. t See further on the original nature of this title, p. 101, et seq , of the work referred to in the preceding note, where the reader will find a large collection of materials from Sel- den, Blackstone, Cruise, and other writers, illustrative of the The city of Westminster. The Court of Exchequer. The Star chamber. he were not attending upon the princes in the wars, or otherwise about him ; for the chief office of the earl was to see the king’s justice to have course, and to be well executed in the shire, and the prince’s revenues to be well answered and brought into the treasury. If any fines or amerciaments be extracted out of any of the said courts upon any man, or any arre- vages of accounts of such things as is of customs, taxes, and subsidies, or other such like occasions, the same the sheriff of the shire doth gather, and is answerable therefore in the Exchequer : as for other ordinary rents of patrimonial lands, and most commonly of taxes, customs, and subsidies, there be particular receivers and collectors, which do answer it into the Exchequer. This court of the Exchequer hath of old time, and, as I think, since the Conquest, been kept at Westminster, notwith¬ standing sometimes removed thence by command¬ ment of the king, and after restored again, as, namely, in the year 1209, King John commanded the Exchequer to be removed from Westminster to Northampton, &c. On the left hand above the stair is the Duchy chamber, wherein is kept the court for the duchy of Lancaster by a chancellor of that duchy, and other officers under him. Then is there in another chamber the office of the receipts of the queen’s revenues for the crown : then is there also the Star chamber, where in the term time, every week once at the least, which is commonly on Fridays and Wednesdays, and on the next day after the term endeth, the lord chancellor, and the lords, and other of the privy council, and the chief jus¬ tices of England, from nine of the clock till it be eleven, do sit. This place is called the Star chamber *, because the roof thereof is decked with the likeness of stars gilt: there be plaints heard of riots, routs, and other misdemeanors ; which if they be found by the king’s council, the party offender shall be cen¬ sured by these persons, which speak one after another, and he shall be both fined and commanded to prison. Then at the upper end of the great hall, by the King’s Bench, is a going up to a great chamber, called the White hall, wherein is now kept the court of Wards and Liveries f, and adjoining tliere- nature of this title of honour, respecting which a variety of conflicting opinions exist. • The name of this court, whose powers were so greatly ahnsed as to have led to its abolition, has been derived from many sources, which are duly recorded by Blackstone in his Commentaries (b. iv. c. 19. p. 266. ed. 1778). That learned Jurisconsult, however, with great show of probability, de¬ rives it from the starra, or starrs (the contracts and obliga¬ tions of the Jews). These starrs, by an ordinance of Ri¬ chard I., were commanded to be enrolled and deposited in chests, under three keys, in certain places; one and the most considerable of which was in the king’s Exchequer at Westminster; and no starr was allowed to be valid unless it were found in some of the said repositories. This room was probably called the Starr chamber, and when the Jews were expelled the kingdom, was applied to the use of the king’s council sitting in their judicial capacity, t The Court of Wards and Liveries, which had been in¬ stituted by 32 Henry VIII., c. 46, was abolished at the re¬ storation of Charles II., together with the oppressive tenures upon which it was founded. The city of Westminster. The court of Wards and Liveries. j The chapel of St Stephen. unto is the Court of Requests. Then is St. Ste¬ phen’s chapel, of old time founded by King Stephen. King John, in the 7th of his reign, granted to Bald- winus de London, clerk of his Exchequer, the ehapelship of St. Stephen’s at Westminster, &c. This chapel was again since, of a far more curious workmanship, new built by King Edward III. in the year 1347, for thirty-e : ght persons in that church to serve God ; to wit, a dean, twelve secular canons, thirteen vicars, four clerks, five choristers, two servitors, to wit, a verger and a keeper of the chapel. He built for those from the house of Re¬ ceipt, along nigh to the Thames, within the same palace, there to inhabit; and since that there was also built for them, betwixt the clock-house and the wool staple, called the Wey house. He also built to the use of this chapel (though out of the palace court), some distance west, in the little sanctuary, a strong clochard of stone and timber, covered with lead, and placed therein three great bells, since usually rung at coronations, triumphs, funeral of princes, and their obits. Of those bells men fa- buled that their ringing soured all the drink in the town : more, that about the biggest bell was writ¬ ten,— “ King Edward made me, Thirtie thousand and three; Take me downe and wey me, And more shall ye find me." But these bells being taken down indeed, were found all three not to weigh twenty thousand. True it is, that in the city of Rouen, in Normandie, there is one great bell, that hath such inscription as fol- loweth :— “ Je suis George de Ambois, Qui trente cinq mil a pois, Mes lui qui me pesera, Trente six mil me trouera. “ I am George of Ambois, Thirty-five thousand in pois ; But he that shall weigh me, Thirty six thousand shall find me.” The said King Edward endowed this chapel with lands to the yearly value of five hundred pounds. Doctor John Chambers, the king’s physician, the last dean of this college, built thereunto a cloister of curious workmanship, to the charges of eleven thousand marks. This chapel, or college, at the suppression, was valued to dispend in lands by the year one thousand and eighty-five pounds ten shil¬ lings and five-pence, and was surrendered to Ed¬ ward VI. ; since the which time the same chapel hath served as a parliament house. By this chapel of St. Stephen was sometime one other smaller chapel, called our Lady of the Pew, to the which lady great offerings were used to be made : amongst other things, I have read, that Richard II., after the overthrow of Wat Tyler and other his rebels, in the 4th of his reign, went to Westminster, and there giving thanks to God for his victory, made his offering in this chapel ; but as divers have noted, namely, John Piggot, in the year 1252, on the 17th of February, by negligence of a scholar appointed by his schoolmaster to put forth the lights of this chapel, the image of our lady, richly decked with jewels, precious stones, OF LONDON. The city of Westminster. 176 The Clock-house. STOW’S SURVEY The Gate-house. pearls, and rings, more than any jeweller could judge the price for, so saith mine author, was, with all this apparel, ornaments, and chapel itself, burnt ; but since again re-edified by Anthonie, Earl Rivers, Lord Scales, and of the Isle of Wight, uncle and governor to the Prince of Wales, that should have been King Edward V., &c. The said palace, before the entry thereunto, hath a large court, and in the same a tower of stone, containing a clock, which striketli every hour on a great bell, to be heard into the hall in sitting time of the courts, or otherwise ; for the same clock, in a calm, will be heard in o the city of London. King Henry VI. gave the keeping of this clock, with the tower called the clock-house *, and the appurtenances, unto William Walsby, dean of St. Stephen’s, with the wages of six pence the day out of his Exchequer. By this tower standeth a foun¬ tain, which at coronations and great triumphs is made to run with wine out of divers spouts. On the east side of this court is an arched gate to the river of Thames, with a fair bridge and landing-place for all men that have occasion. On the north side is the south end of St. Stephen’s alley, or Canon row, and also a way into the old wool staple ; and on the west side is a very fair gate, begun by Richard III. in the year 1184, and was by him built a great height, and many fair lodgings in it, but left unfinished, and is called the ; high tower at Westminster. Thus much for the ! monastery and palace may suffice. And now will I I speak of the gate-house, and of Totehill street, stretching from the west part of the close. The gate-house is so called of two gates, the one out of the College court towards the north, on the east side whereof was the bishop of London’s prison for clerks’ convict ; and the other gate, adjoining to the first, but towards the west, is a gaol or prison for offenders thither committed. Walter Warfield, cellarer to the monastery, caused both these gates, with the appurtenances, to be built in the reign of Edward Ill. On the south side of this gate, King Henry VII. founded an alms-house for thirteen poor men ; one of them to be a priest, aged forty-five years, a good grammarian, the other twelve to be aged fifty years, without wives: every Saturday the priest to re¬ ceive of the abbot, or prior, four-pence by the day, and each other two-pence halfpenny by the day fur ever, for their sustenance, and every year to each one a gown and a hood ready made ; and to three women that dressed their meat, and kept them in their sickness, each to have every Saturday sixteen • The origin of this building is thus related in the Collec¬ tion of A necdntes and Traditions published by the Camden Society: — “Justice Ingham, in the reign of Eduard I., paid eight hundred marks for a fine, for that a poor man being fined in an action of debt at thirteen shillings and fourpence, the said justice being moved with pity, caused the roll to be razed, and made it six shillings and eigblpence. This case Justice Southcute remembered, when Catlyn, chief justice of the King’s Bench, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, would have ordered a razure of a roll in the like case, which South- cote utterly denied to assent unto, and said openly that he meant not to build a clock-house ; ‘ for,' said he, ‘ with the fine that Ingham paid for the like matter, the clock-house at Westminster was builded and furnished with a clock, which continueth to this day .’" The city of Westminster. The Lady Margaret’s alms-houses. The Almonry.—Caxton’s press there. pence, and every year a gown ready made. More, to the thirteen poor men yearly eighty quarters of coal and one thousand of good faggots to their use, in the hall and kitchen of their mansion ; a discreet monk to be overseer of them, and he to have forty shillings by the year, &c. ; and hereunto was every abbot and prior sworn. Near unto this house westward was an old chapel of St. Anne ; over against the which the Lady Mar¬ garet, mother to King Henry VII., erected an alms-house for poor women, which is now turned into lodgings for the singing men of the college. The place wherein this chapel and alms-house standeth was called the Elemosinary, or Almonry, now corruptly the Ambry *, for that the alms of the abbey were there distributed to the poor. And therein Islip, abbot of Westminster, erected the first press of book printing that ever was in Eng¬ land, about the year of Christ 1471. William Cax- ton, citizen of London, mercer, brought it into Eng¬ land, and was the first that practised it in the said abbey ; after which time, the like was practised in the abbeys of St. Augustine at Canterbury, St. Al¬ ban’s, and other monasteries. From the west gate runneth along Totehil street, wherein is a house of the Lord Gray of Wilton ; and on the other side, at the entry into Totehill field, Stourton house, which Gyles, the last Lord Dacre of the south, purchased and built new, whose lady and wife Anne, sister to Thomas, the Lord Buckhurst, left money to her executors to build an hospital for twenty poor women, and so many chil¬ dren, to be brought up under them, for whose maintenance she assigned lands to the value of one hundred pounds by the year, which hospital her executors have new begun in the field adjoining. From the entry into Totehill field the street is called Petty France, in which, and upon St. Her¬ mit’s hill, on the south side thereof, Cornelius Van Dun (a Brabander born, yeoman of the guard to King Henry VIII., King Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth,) built twenty houses for poor women to dwell rent-free : and near here¬ unto was a chapel of Mary Magdalen, now wholly ruinated. In the year of Christ 1256, the 40th of Henry III., John Mansell, the king’s councillor and priest, did invite to a stately dinner the kings and queens of England and Scotland, Edward the king’s son, earls, barons, and knights, the Bishop of London, and divers citizens, whereby his guests did grow to such a number, that his house at Totehill could not receive them, but that he was forced to set up tents and pavilions to receive his guests, whereof there was such a multitude that seven hundred messes of meat did not serve for the first dinner. The city of Westminster for civil government is divided into twelve several wards ; for the which the dean of the collegiate church of Westminster, or the high-steward, do elect twelve burgesses, and as many assistants ; that is, one burgess, and one assistant, for every ward ; out of the which twelve burgesses two are nominated yearly, upon Thursday in Easter week, for chief burgesses to continue for * The corruption alluded to by Stow exists to the present day—the Almonry being styled by the lower classes in Westminster, the Ambry. The house said to have been Cax¬ ton’s is also we believe still remaining, though in a state of great dilapidation. Government of the city. Spiritual government. Introduction of Christianity. one year next following, who have authority given them by the act of parliament, 27th Elizabeth, to hear, examine, determine, and punish, according to the laws of the realm, and lawful customs of the city of London, matters of incontineucy, common scolds, inmates, and common annoyances ; and like¬ wise to commit such persons as shall offend against the peace, and thereof to give knowledge within four-and-twenty hours to some justice of peace, in the county of Middlesex. GOVERNORS OF THE CITY OF LONDON ; AND FIRST OF ECCLESIASTICAL BISHOPS, AND OTHER MINISTERS, THERE. Having thus run through the description of these cities of London and Westminster, as well in their original foundations, as in their increases of build¬ ings and ornaments, together with such incidents of sundry sorts as are before, both generally and particularly discoursed, it remaineth that somewhat be noted by me touching the policy and govern¬ ment, both ecclesiastical and civil, of London, as I have already done for Westminster, the order whereof is appointed by the late statute, even as that of Londonis maintained by the customs thereof, most laudably used before all the time of memory. And first, to begin with the ecclesiastical juris¬ diction : I read that the Christian faith was first preached in this island (then called Britaine) by Joseph of Arimathea *, and his brethren, disciples of Christ, in the time of Aruiragus, then governor here under the Roman emperor ; after which time, Lucius, king of the Britaines, sent his ambassadors, Eluanus and Meduvanus, two men learned in the Scriptures, with letters to Eleutherius +, bishop of Rome, desiring him to send some devout and learned men, by whose instruction he and his people might be taught the faith and religion of Christ. Eleutherius baptized those messengers, making Eluanus a bishop, and Meduvius a teacher, and sent over with them into Britain two other famous clerks, Faganus and Deruvianus, by whose diligence Lucius, and his people of Britaine, were instructed in the faith of Christ, and baptized, the temples of idols were converted into cathedral churches, and bishops w’ere placed where Flam- mines before had been ; at London, Yorke, and Car- leon upon Uske, were placed archbishops, saith some. The epistle said to be sent by Eleutherius to king Lucius, for the establishing of the faith, ye may read in my Annals, Summaries, and Chroni¬ cles, truly translated and set down as mine author hath it, for some have curtailed and corrupted it, and then fathered it upon reverend Bede, who never wrote word thereof, or otherwise to that effect, more than this as followeth J. * Joseph of Arimathea has been most extensively regarded as the British apostle. But the Rev. H. Soames, in his in¬ teresting History of the Anglo-Saxon Church , after showing that there are presumptions of some weight in favour of St. Paul himself having been the evangelist of Britain, con¬ cludes, “ that a native of this island may fairly consider the great apostle of the Gentiles as not improbably the founder of his national churchwhile the late Bishop of St. David’s considered the facts “ indisputable.” t “ Eleutherius died in the yeare 186, when he had sitten bishop 15 yeares."— Slow. I Beda’s statement is contained in the fourth chapter of Government of the city. Thean first archbishop of London. 177 Bishops of London. Iu the year 156, Marcus Aurelius Verus, the fourteenth emperor after Augustus, governed the empire with his brother Aurelius Comodus ; in whose time, Glutherius, a holy man, being pope of the church of Rome, Lucius, king of Britaines, wrote unto him, desiring that by his commandment he might be made Christian ; which his request w'as granted him ; whereby the Britaines receiving then the faith, kept it sound and undefiled in rest and peace until Dioclesian the emperor’s time. Thus far Bede, which may suffice to prove the Christian faith there to be received here. And now of the London bishops as I find them. There remaineth in the parish church of St. Peter upon Cornhill in London a table, wherein is written, that Lucius founded the same church to be an archbishop’s see, and metropolitan or chief church of his kingdom, and that it so endured the space of four hundred years, until the coming of Augustine the monk, and others, from Rome, in the reign of the Saxons. The archbishops’ names I find only to be set down by Joceline of Furnes, in his book of British bishops, and not elsewhere. Thean (saith he) was the first archbishop of Lon¬ don, in the time of Lucius, who built the said church of St. Peter, in a place called Cornhill in London, by the aid of Ciran, chief butler to King Lucius. 2. Eluanus was the second, and he built a library to the same church adjoining, and converted many of the Druids (learned men in the Pagan law) to the Christian faith. 3. Cadar was the tlm-d ; then followed, 4. Obinus. 5. Conan. C. Paludius. 7- Stephen. 8. Iltute. 9. Dedwin. 10. Thedred. 11. Hillary. 12. Guidelium. 13. Vodimus, slain by the Saxons. 14. Theanus, the fourteenth, fled with the Bri¬ taines into Wales, about the year of Christ 587- Thus much out of Joceline of the archbishops ; the credit whereof I leave to the judgment of the learned ; for I read of a bishop of London (not before named) in the year of Christ 326 *, to be the first book of his Historia Ecclesiastica , vide p. 16. c f the edition published by the English Historical Society, under the editorship of Mr. Stevenson, whose note upon this point is as follows :—“ The date of this event is by no means clear, nor is Beda’s chronology without difficulty. The reader may consult Usher’s Primord. cap. iii. and iv., for the different statements which have been made upon the subject.” * This should be a.d. 314. See Soames’ Anglo-Saxon Church, p. 10, where we read :—“ The care universally mark¬ ing primitive Christianity, to provide a bishop for every church, necessarily connects the stream of British prelacy with apostolic times. National confusions, by destroying evidence, have, indeed, prevented modern Britain from ascertaining the earliest links in the chain of her episcopal succession. But it is satisfactory to know, that her prelates presented themselves upon the first occasion likely to fur¬ nish an authentic record of their appearance. Constantine, desirous of terminating the Donatistic schism, convened a council at Arles. The signatures of three British bishops are appended to the canons there enacted.” These were, OF LONDON. Spiritual government. STOW’S SURVEY Chronological list of bishops of London. Spiritual government. Chronological list of bishops of London. present at the seconcUcouncil, holden at Arles, in the time of Constantine the Great, who subscribed thereunto in these words: Ex provincioe Brit a ma: Ciritate Londiniensi Restitutus Episcopus, a s plainly appeareth in the first tome of the councils, he writeth not himself archbishop, and therefore maketh the matter of archbishops doubtful, or rather, overthroweth that opinion. The Saxons being pagans, having chased the Britons, with the Christian preachers, into the mountains of Wales and Cornewall ; and having divided this kingdom of the Britons amongst them¬ selves, at the length, to wit, in the year 596, Pope Gregory, moved of a godly instinction, (sayeth Bede), in the 147th year after the arrival of the Angles or Saxons in Britaine, sent Augustine, Miletus, Justus, and John, with other monks, to preach the Gospel to the said nation of the Angles : these landed in the isle of Thanet, and were first received by Ethelbert, king of Kent, whom they converted to the faith of Christ, with divers other of his people, in the 34th year of his reign, which Ethelbert gave unto Augustine the city of Canter¬ bury. This Augustine, in the year of Christ 604, conse¬ crated Melitus and Justus bishops, appointing Miletus to preach unto the East Saxons, whose chief city was London ; and there King Sebert, nephew to Ethelbert, by preaching of Melitus, re¬ ceived the Word of Life : and then Ethelbert king of Kent, built in the city of London St. Paul’s church, wherein Melitus began to be bishop in the year 619, and sat five years. Ethelbert, by his charter, gave lands to this church of St. Paul, so did other kings after him. King Sebert, through the good life, and like preaching of Melitus, having received baptism, to show himself a Christian, built a church to the honour of God and St. Peter, on the west side of London, which church is called Westminster ; but the successors of Sebert being pagans, expelled Melitus out of their kingdoms. Justus, the second bishop for a time, and then Melitus again ; after whose decease the seat was void for a time. At length Sigebert, son to Sigebert, brother to Sebert, ruled in Essex ; he became a Christian, and took to him a holy man named Cedde, or Chadde, who won many by preaching, and good life, to the Christian religion. Cedde, or Chad, was by Finan consecrated bishop of the East Saxons, and he ordered priests and deacons in all the parts of Essex, but espe¬ cially at Ithaneaster* and Tilberie. This city of Ithaneaster (saith Raph Cogshall) stood on the bank of the river Pante, that runneth by Maldun, in the hundred of Danesey, but now is drowned in Pante, so that nothing remaineth but the ruin of the city in the river Tilberie (both the west and east) staudeth on the Thames side, nigh over against Gravesend. Wina, expelled from the church of Winchester by Cenewalche the king, was adopted to be the fourth bishop of London, in the reign of Wolferus king of Mercia, and sat nine years. Eborius, bishop of York— Restitutus, bishop of London—and Adelfius, bishop de civitate Colonia Londiniensum , by which Colchester is supposed to be meant. • According to Camden, near Maldon, Essex. According to Somner, a castle sometime standing about St. Peter’s in the Wall, in Dengy hundred, Essex. Erkenwalde, born in the castle or town of Stal- liugborough in Lindsey, first abbot of Crotesev, was by Theodore archbishop of Canterbury ap¬ pointed to be bishop of the East Saxons, in the citv of London. This Erkenwalde, in the year of Christ 677, before he was made bishop, had built two monasteries, one for himself, being a monk, in the isle of Crote in Surrey, by the river of Thames and another for his sister Edilburge, being a nun, in a certain place called Berehing in Essex ; he deceased at Berehing in the year 697, and was then buried in Paul’s church, and translated into the new church of St. Paul in the year 1148. Waldhere was bishop of London. Sebba king of the East Saxons at his hands received the habit of monk, for at that time there were monks in Paul’s church, as writeth Radulphus de Diceto, and others. To this bishop he brought a great sum of money, to be bestowed and given to the poor, reserving nothing to himself, but rather desired to remain poor in goods as in spirit, for the kingdom of heaven. When he had reigned thirty years he deceased at Paul’s, and was there buried, and lieth now in a coffin of stone, on the north side of the aisle next the choir. Ingwaldus bishop of London was at the conse¬ cration of Tatwine archbishop of Canterbury ; he confirmed the foundation of Crowland in the year 716, saith Ingulfus, and deceased in the year 744, as saith Hoveden. 7 46. Engulfe bishop of London. 754. Wichet, or Wigerus, bishop of London. 761. Eaderightus, or Edbrithe, bishop of Lon¬ don. 768. Eadgain, or Eadgarus, bishop of London. 773. Kenewallth bishop of London. 784. Eadbaldus bishop of London. 795. Heatbright bishop of London, deceased 802, saith Hoveden. 813. Osmond bishop of London ; he was witness to a charter made to Crowland in the year 833, saith Ingulplius. 835. Ethelmothe bishop of London. 838. Elbertus, or Celbertus, bishop of London. 841. Caulfe bishop of London. 850. Switliulfus bishop of London ; he likewise was witness to a charter of Crowland 851. 860. Edstanus bishop of London ; witness to a charter to Crowland 860. 870. Ulsius bishop of London. 878. Ethelwardus bishop of London. 886. Elstanus bishop of London, died in the year 900, saith Asser ; and all these, saith the author of F/ores Uistoriarum, were buried in the old church of St. Paul, but there remaineth now no memory of them. 900. Theodricus bishop of London ; this man confirmed King Edred's charter made to Win¬ chester in the year 947, whereby it seemeth that he was bishop of London of a later time than is here placed. 922. Welstanus bishop of London. 941. Brithelme bishop of London. 958. Dunstanus, abbot of Glastonberie, then bishop of Worcester, and then bishop of London ; he was afterwards translated to Canterbury 960. 960. Ealfstanus bishop of London ; the 28th in number. 981. Edgare bishop of London ; lie confirmed Spiritual government. Spiritual government. Chronological list of bishops OF LONDON. Chronological list of bishops 179 of London. of London. the grants made to Winchester and toCrowland 966, and again to Crowland 970, the charter of Ethelred, concerning Ulfrunhampton, 996. 1001. Elphinus bishop of London. 1010. Alwinus bishop of London ; he was sent into Normandy in the year 1013, saith Asser. 1044. Robert, a monk of Gemerisins in Nor¬ mandy, bishop of London seven years, afterwards translated from London to Canterbury. 1030. Specgasius, elected, but rejected by the king. 1051. William, a Norman chaplain to Edward the Confessor, was made bishop of London 1051, sate 17 years, and deceased 1070. He obtained of William the Conqueror the charter of liberties for the city of London, as I have set down in my Summary, and appeareth by his epitaph in Paul’s church. 1070. Hugh de Orwell bishop of London ; he died of a leprosy when he had sitten fifteen years. 1085. Maurice bishop of London ; in whose time, to wit, in the year 1086, the church of St. Paul was burnt, with the most part of this city ; and there¬ fore he laid the foundation of a new large church ; and having sat twenty-two years he deceased 1107, saith Paris. 1108. Richard Beame, or Beamor, bishop of London, did wonderfully increase the work of this church begun, purchasing the streets and lanes adjoining with his own money ; and he founded the monastery of St. Osytli in Essex. He sat bishop nineteen year’s, and deceased 1127 . 1127- Gilbertus Universalis, a canon of Lyons, elected by Henry I. ; he deceased 1141, when he had sat fourteen years. 1142. Robert de Segillo, a monk of Reading, whom Mawde the empress made bishop of London, where he sat eleven years. Geffrey de Magnavile took him prisoner at Fulham, and he deceased 1152. 1153. Richard Beames, archdeacon of Essex, bishop of London ten years, who deceased 1162. 1163. Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford, from whence translated to London, sat twenty-three years, and deceased 1186. 1189. Richard Fitz Nele, the king’s treasurer, archdeacon of Essex, elected bishop of London at Pipwel, 1189. He sate nine years, and deceased 1198. This man also took great pains about the building of Paul’s church, and raised many other goodly buildings in his diocese. 1199. William S. Mary Church, a Norman, bishop of London, who was one of the three bishops that, by the pope’s commandment, executed his interdiction, or curse, upon the whole realm of England ; but he was forced, with the other bishops, to flee the realm in 1208 ; and his castle at Stratford in Essex was by commandment of King John overthrown, 1210. This William, in com¬ pany of the archbishop of Canterburie, and of the bishop of Elie, went to Rome, and there complained against the king, 1212 , and returned, so as in the year 1215 King John, in the church of St. Paul, at the hands of this William, took upon him the cross for the Holy Land. He resigned his bishoprick of his own voluntary in the year 1221, saith Cogshall. 1221. Eustachius de Fauconbridge, treasurer of the exchequer (saith Paris), chancellor of the exchequer (saith Textor and Cogshall), bishop of London, 1223, whilst at Chehnesforde he was giving holy orders, a great tempest of wind and rain annoyed so many as came thither, whereof it was gathered how highly God was displeased with such as came to receive orders, to the end that they might live a more easy life of the stipend appointed to the churchmen,giving themselves to banquetting ; and so with unclean and filthy bodies (but more unclean souls) presume to minister unto God, the author of purity and cleanness. Falcatius de Brent was delivered to his custody in the year 1224. This Eustachius deceased in the year 1228, and was buried in Paul’s church, in the south side, without, or above, the choir. 1229. Roger Niger, archdeacon of Colchester, made bishop of London. In the year 1230 (saith Paris), upon the feast day of the Conversion of St. Paul, when he was at mass in the cathedral church of St. Paul, a great multitude of people being there present, suddenly the weather waxed dark, so as one could scantly see another, and a horrible thunder-clap lighted on the church, which so shook it, that it was like to have fallen, and therewithal out of a dark cloud proceeded a flash of lightning, that all the church seemed to be on fire, whereupon such a stench ensued, that all men thought they should have died ; thousands of men and women ran out of the church, and being asto- nied, fell upon the ground void of all sense and understanding ; none of all the multitude tarried in the church save the bishop and one deacon, which stood still before the high altar, awaiting the will of God. When the air was cleansed, the mul¬ titude returned into the church, and the bishop ended the service. This Roger Niger is commended to have been a man of worthy life, excellently well-learned, a notable preacher, pleasant in talk, mild of counte¬ nance, and liberal at his table. He admonished the usurers of his time to leave such enormities as they tendered the salvation of their souls, and to do penance for that they had committed. But when lie saw they laughed him to scorn, and also threat¬ ened him, the bishop generally excommunicated and accursed all such, and commanded straitly that such usurers should depart farther from the city of London, which hither towards had been ignorant of such mischief and wickedness, least his diocess should be infected therewithal. He fell sick and died at his manor of Bishops hall, in the lordship and parish of Stebunheth, in the year 1241, and was buried in Paul's church, on the north side of the presbytery, in a fair tomb, coped, of grey marble. 1241. Fulco Basset, dean of Yorke, by the death of Gilbert Basset, possessed his lands, and was then made bishop of London, deceased on the 21st of May, in the year 1259, as saith John Textor, and was buried in Paul’s church. 1259. Henry Wingham, chancellor of England, made bishop of London, deceased in the year 1262, saith Textor, and was buried in Paul’s church, on the south side, without or above the choir, in a marble monument, close at the head of Faucon¬ bridge. 1262. Richard Talbot, bishop of London,straight- ways after his consecration deceased, saith Evers- dcn. 1262. Henry Sandwich, bishop of London, de- n 2 Spiritual government. Spiritual government. ]80 Chronological list of bishops STOW’S SURVEY Chronological list of bishops of London. of London. ceased in the year $273, as the same author affirmeth. 1273. John Cheshul, dean of Paul’s, treasurer of the Exchequer, and keeper of the great seal, was bishop of London, and deceased in the year 1279, saith Eversden. 1280. Fulco Lovel, archdeacon of Colchester, elected bishop of London, but refused that place. 1280. Richard Gravesend, archdeacon of North¬ ampton, bishop of London. It appeareth by the charter-warren granted to this bishop, that in his time there were two woods in the parish of Stebun- liith pertaining to the said bishop. I have since I kept house for myself known the one of them by Bishops hall ; but now they are both made plain of wood, and not to be discerned from other grounds. Some have fabuled that this Richard Gravesend, bishop of London, in the year 1392, the Kith of Richard II., purchased the charter of liberties to this city ; which thing hath no possi¬ bility of truth, as I have proved, for he deceased in the year 1303, almost ninety years before that time. 1307- Raph Bnldocke, dean of Paul’s, bishop of London, consecrated at Lyons by Peter, bishop of Alba, in the year 1307 ; he was a great furtherer of the new work of Paul’s ; to wit, the east end, called our Lady chapel, and other adjoining. This Raph deceased in the year 1313, and was buried in the said Lady chapel, under a flat stone. 1313. Gilbert Segrave was consecrated bishop of London, and sat three years. 1317- Richard Newport, bishop of London, sat two years, and was buried in Paul’s church. 1318. Stephen Gravesend, bishop of London, sat twenty years. 1338. Richard Wentworth, bishop of London, and chancellor of England, and deceased the year 1339. 1339. Raph Stratford, bishop of London ; he purchased the piece of ground called No Man’s land, beside Smithfield, and dedicated it to the use of burial, as before hath appeared. He was born at Stratford upon Avon, and therefore built a chapel to St. Thomas there : he sat fourteen years, deceased at Stebunhith. 1354. Michael Norbroke, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1361, saith Mirimouth, sat seven years. 1362. Simon Sudbery, bishop of London, sat thirteen years, translated to be archbishop of Can¬ terbury in the year 1375. 1375. William Courtney, translated from Here¬ ford to the bishoprick of London, and after trans¬ lated from thence to the arehbishoprick of Canter¬ bury in the year 1381. 1381. Robert Breybrook, canon of Lichfield, bishop of London, made chancellor in the 6th of Richard II., sat bishop twenty years, and deceased in the year 1404 : he was buried in the said Lady chapel at Paul’s. 1405. Roger Walden, treasurer of the exche¬ quer, archbishop of Canterbury, was deposed, and after made bishop of London ; he deceased in the year 1406, and was buried * in Paul’s church, All- hallowes altar. • “ At Bartholomew's priory in Smithfield." — 1st edition, p. 304. 1406. Richard Bub with, bishop of London, trea¬ surer of the exchequer, translated to Salisbury, and from thence to Bathe, and lieth buried at Weis. 1407- Richard Clifford, removed from Worces¬ ter to London, deceased 1422, as saith Thomas Walsingham, and was buried in Paul’s. 1422. John Kempe, fellow of Martin college in Oxford, was made bishop of Rochester, from whence removed to Chichester, and thence to Lon¬ don ; he was made the king’s chancellor in the year 1425, the 4tli of Henry VI., and was removed from London to York in the year 1426 : he sat archbishop there twenty-five years, and was trans¬ lated to Canterbury ; he was afterwards made car¬ dinal in the year 1452. In the bishop of London’s house at Fulham he received the cross, and the next day the pall, at the hands of Thomas Kempe, bishop of London. He deceased in the year 1454. 1426. William Gray, dean of York, consecrated bishop of London, who founded a college at Thele in Hartfordshire, for a master and four canons, and made it a cell to Elsing spittle in London ; it had of old time been a college, decayed, and therefore newly-founded. He was translated to Lincolne 1431. 1431. Robert Fitzliugli, archdeacon of North¬ ampton, consecrated bishop of London, sat five years, deceased 1435, and was buried on the south side of the choir of Paul’s. 1435. Robert Gilbert, doctor of divinity, dean of York, consecrated bishop of London, sat twelve years, deceased 1448. 1449. Thomas Kempe, archdeacon of Richmond, consecrated bishop of London at York house (now Whitehall), by the hands of his uncle John Kemp, archbishop of York, the 8th of February, 1449; he founded a chapel of the Trinity in the body of St. Paul’s church, on the north side ; he sat bishop of London thirty-nine years and forty-eight days, and then deceased in the year 1489, was there buried. 1489. John Marshal, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1493. 1493. Richard Hall, bishop of London, deceased 1495, and was buried in the body of St. Paul’s church. 1496. Thomas Savage, first bishop of Rochester, then bishop of London five years, was translated to York 1501, where he sat archbishop seven years, and was there buried in the year 1507- 1502. William Warrliam, bishop of London, made keeper of the great seal, sat two years, was translated to Canterbury. 1504. William Barons, bishop of London, sat ten months and eleven days, deceased in the year 1505. 1505. Richard Fitz James, fellow of Merton college in Oxford, in the reign of Henry VI., was made bishop of Rochester, after bishop of Chi¬ chester, then bishop of London ; he deceased 1521, and lieth buried hard beneath the north-west pillar of the steeple in St. Paul’s, under a fair tomb of marble, over the which was built a fair chapel of timber, with stairs mounting thereunto : this chapel was burned with fire from the steeple 1561, and the tomb was taken down. 1521. Cuthbert Tunstal, doctor of law, master of the rolls, lord privy seal, and bishop of London, was thence translated to the bishopric of Durham in the year 1529. Spiritual government. Spiritual government. Chronologicallist of bishops OF LONDON. Chronological list of bishops J8J of London. of London. 1529. John Stokeley, bishop of London, sat thirteen years, deceased in the year 1539, and was buried in the Lady chapel in Paul’s. 1539. Edmond Boner, doctor of the civil law, archdeacon of Leycester, then bishop of Hereford, was elected to London in the year 1539, whilst he was beyond the seas, ambassador to King Henry VIII. On the 1st of September, 1549, he preached at Paul’s cross ; for the which sermon he was charged before the council of King Edward VI., by William Latimer, parson of St. Lawrence Poltney, and John Hooper, sometime a white monk, and being convented before certain commissioners at Lambith, was for his disobedience to the king’s order, on the 20th day of the same month sent to the Marshalsey, and deprived from his bishopric. 1550. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of Rochester, elected bishop of London, was installed in Paul’s church on the 12th of April. This man by his deed, dated the twelfth day after Christmas, in the 4th year of Edward VI., gave to the king the manors of Branketrie and Southminster, and the patronage of the church of Cogshall in Essex, the manors of Stebunheth and Hackney, in the county of Middlesex, and the marsh of Stebunheth, with all and singular messuages, lands, and tenements, to the said manors belonging, and also the advowson of the vicarage of the parish-church of Cogshall in Essex aforesaid ; which grant was confirmed by the dean and chapter of Paul’s, the same day and year, with exception of such lands in Southminster, Stebunheth, and Hackney, as only pertained to them. The said King Edward, by his letters patents, dated the 16th of April, in the said 4th year of his reign, granted to Sir Thomas Went¬ worth, Lord Wentworth, lord chamberlain of the king’s household, for, and in consideration of his good and faithful service before done, a part of the late received gift, to wit, the lordships of Stebun¬ heth and Hackney, with all the members and appurtenances thereunto belonging, in Stebunheth, Hackney way, Shorditch, Holiwell street, White- chappell, Stratford at Bow, Poplar, North street, Limehouse, Ratliffe, Cleve street, Brock street. Mile end, Bleten hall green, Oldford, Westhetli, Kingsland, Shakelwell, Newinton street alias Hack¬ ney street, Clopton, Church street, Wei street, Humbarton, Grove street, Gunstou street, alias More street, in the county of Middlesex, together with the marsh of Stebunhith, &c. The manor of Hackney was valued at sixty-one pounds nine shil¬ lings and fourpence, and the manor Stebunhith at one hundred and forty pounds eight shillings and eleven pence, by year, to be holden in chief, by the service of the twentieth part of a knight’s fee. This bishop, Nicholas Ridley, for preaching a ser¬ mon at Paul’s cross, on the 16th of July, in the year 1553, was committed to the Tower of London, where he remained prisoner till the 10th of April, 1554, and was thence sent to Oxford, there to dis¬ pute with the divines and learned men of the con¬ trary opinion ; and on the 16th of October, 1555, he was burned at Oxford for opinions against the Romish order of sacraments, &c. 1553. Edmond Boner aforesaid, being released out of the Marshelsey, was restored to the bishop- rick of London, by Queen Mary, on the 5th of August, in the year 1553, and again deposed by Queen Elizabeth, in the month of July 1559, and was eftsoones committed to the Marshelsey, where he died on the 5th of September, 1569, and was at midnight buried amongst other prisoners in St. George’s churchyard. 1559. Edmond Grindal, bishop of London, being consecrated the 21st of December, 1559, was trans¬ lated to York in the year 1570, and from thence re¬ moved to Canterbury in the year 1575. He died blind 1583 on the 6th of July, and was buried at Croydowne in Surrey. 1570. Edwine Stands, being translated from Worcester to the bishoprick of London, in the year 1570, was thence translated to Yorke in the year 1576, and died in the year 1588. 1570. John Elmere, bishop of London, deceased in the year 1594, on the 3d of June at Fulham, and was buried in Paul’s church, before St. Thomas chapel. 1594. Richard Fletcher, bishop of Worcester, was on the 30th of December in Paul’s church elected bishop of London, and deceased on the 15th of June, 1596 : he was buried in Paul’s church without any solemn funeral. 1597- Richard Bancroft, doctor of divinity, con¬ secrated at Lambeth on Sunday, the 8th of May, now sitteth bishop of London, in the year 1598 being installed there. This much for the succession of the bishops of London, whose diocese containeth the city of Lon¬ don, the whole shires of Middlesex and Essex and part of Hartfordshire. These bishops have for as¬ sistants in the cathedral church of St. Paul, a dean, a chaunter, a chancellor, a treasurer, five arch¬ deacons—to wit, London, Middlesex, Essex, Col¬ chester, and St. Alban’s, and thirty prebendaries ; there appertaineth also to the said churches for furniture of the choir in Divine service, and mini¬ stration of the sacraments, a college of twelve petty canons, six vicars choral, and choristers, Ac. This diocese is divided into parishes, every parish having its parson, or vicar at the least, learned men for the most part, and sufficient preachers, to I instruct the people. There were in this city, and within the suburbs thereof, in the reign of Henry II. (as writeth Fitz Stephens), thirteen great con¬ ventual churches, besides the lesser sort called parish churches, to the number of one hundred and twenty-six, all which conventual churches, and some others since that time founded, are now sup¬ pressed and gone, except the cathedral church of St. Paul in London, and the college of St. Peter at Westminster ; of all which parish churches, though I have spoken, yet for more ease to the reader l will here again set them down in manner of a table, not by order of alphabet, but as they be placed in the wards and suburbs. FARISH CHURCHES. In Portsoken ward, parish churches, three. The hospital of St. Katherine servetli for that liberty. Trinity, in the Minories, for precinct thereof. St. Bottolphe, by Aldegate, the only parish- church for that ward. 2. In Tower street ward, four. In the Tower, St. Peter, for the inhabitants there. Alhallowes Barking, by the Tower. List of parish churches in List of parish churches in 182 London, arranged accord- STOW’S SURVEY London, arranged accord¬ ing to wards, &c. ing to wards, See. St. Olave, in Hart street. St. Dunstone in the East. 3. In Aldgate ward, three. St. Katheren Christ’s church. St. Andrewes Undershafte. St. Katheren Colman church. \ 4. In Lime street ward none. There was St. Mary at the Axe, and St. Augustine in the Wall, both suppressed and united, the one to Alhallowes in the Wall in Brode street ward, the other to St, Andrewe Undershaft in Lime street ward. 5. In Bisliopsgate ward, three. St. Bottolphes, without Bisliopsgate. St. Ethelburge, within the gate. St. Helens’, adjoining the nuns’ priory. 6 . In Brode street ward, six. Alhallowes by the Wall. St. Peter’s the Poor. St. Martin’s Oteswitclie. St. Benet Fynke. St. Bartilmew, by the Exchange. St. Christopher, by the Stocks’ market. 7. In Cornliill ward, two. St. Peter, upon Comeliill. St. Michaell, upon Cornehill. 8 . In Langborne ward, seven. St. Gabriel Fenchurch. St. Dyones Backchureh. Alhallowes, in Lombard street. St. Edmond, in Lombard street. Alhallowes Staning, at Mart lane end. St, Nicholas Aeon, in Lombard street. St. Mary Wolnoth, in Lombard street. 9. In Billingsgate ward, five. St. Buttolpli, by Billingsgate. St. Mary, o» the hill. St. Margaret Pattens. St. Andrew Hubert, in Eastcheape. St. George, in Buttolpli lane. 10. In Bridge ward within, four. St. Magnus, at the bridge foot. St. Margaret, Bridge street. St. Leonard Milkchurch, Fish street hill. St. Benet Grasse church. 11. In Candlewike street ward, five. St. Clement’s, Eastcheape. St. Mary Abchureh. St, Michael, in Crooked lane, sometime a college. St. Martin’s Orgars. St. Laurence Pountney, sometime a college. 12. In Walbrooke ward, five. St. Swithen, by London stone. St. Mary Woolcliurch. St. Stephen, by Walbrooke. St. John, upon Walbrooke. St. Mary Bothaw. 13. In Downegate ward, two. Alhallowes, Hay wharf, in the Roperie. Alhallowes the Less, in the Roperie. 14. In the Vintry ward, four. St. Michael Paternoster, in the Royal), some¬ time a college. St. Thomas Apostles. St. Martin, in the Vintrie. St. James, in Garlicke hith. 15. In Cordwainer street ward, three. St. Anthonies, in Budge row. Aide Mary church, new Mary church, or Mary le Bow. 30. In Cheap ward, seven, and a chapel. St. Benet Sorlioge, or Syth. St. Pancreate, by 7 Sopar’s lane. St. Mildred, in the Poultrie. St. Mary Colchurch. St. Martin’s Pomerie, in Ironmonger lane. Alhallowes, Honie lane. St. Laurence, in the Jury. The Chapel in Guildhall, sometime a college. 17- In Coleman street ward, three. St. Olave Upwell, in the Old Jurie. St. Margaret, in Lothburie. St. Stephen, in Coleman street. 18. In Bassings hall ward, one. St. Michael, at Bassings hall. 19. In Cripplegate ward, six. St. Mary Aldermanburie. St. Alphage, sometime an hospital of Elsing. St. Mary Magdalen, in Milk street. St. Albon’s, in Wood street. St. Michael, in Hugen lane. St. Giles, without Cripplesgate. 20. In Aldersgate ward, six. St. John Zachary. St. Mary Staning. St. Olave, in Silver street. St. Leonard, in Foster lane. St. Anne, by Aldersgate. St. Buttolpli, without Aldgate. 21. In Faringdon ward within, the cathedral church of St. Paule, and parish churches nine. St. Peter’s, at the Cross in Cheape. St. Fauster, in Fauster lane. Christ church, made a parish church of the Gray Friers church, and of two parish churches, St. Nicholas and St. Ewin, and also an hospital for poor children. St. Mathew, in Fry-day street. St. Augustine, by Paules gate. St. Faith, under Paules church. St. Martin’s, at Ludgate. St. Anne, at the Blacke Friers. St. Michael at Come, by Paules. Chapel of St. James, by Cripplesgate. 22. In Bread street ward, four. Alhallowes, in Bread street. St. Mildred’s, in Bread street. St. John Evangelist, in Fryday street. St. Margaret Moses, in Fryday street. List of parish churches in Hospitals in the city of London, arranged accord- OF LONDON. London, and in the 183 ing to wards, See. suburbs thereof. 23. In Queene hitlie ward, seven. St. Trinitie, in Trinity lane. St. Nicholas, Cold abbey. St. Nicholas, Olave. St. Mary Mounthaunt. St. Michael, at Queene hitlie. St. Mary, at Sommers hithe. St. Peter’s, at Paules wharf. In Castle Baynard’s ward, four. St. Benet Hude, or liith, by Paules wharf. St. Andrewe, by the Wardrobe. St. Mary Magdalen, in Old Fish street. St. Gregorie, by Paules church. 25. In Faringdon ward without, seven. St. Sepulcher’s, without Newgate. St. Andrew, in Oldburne. St. Dunstone in the West. St. Bartlemew, by the priory. St. Bartlemew, the hospital. St. Briget, or Brides, in Fleet street. St. Parnell, in the Temple, for the students there. 26. In the borough of Southwarke, and Bridge ward without, four. St. Saviour’s in Southwarke, made of twain, viz., St. Mary Magdalen, and St. Margaret. St. George the Martyr. St. Thomas, the hospital. St. Olave, in Southwarke. Thus have ye in the twenty-six wards of London and borough of Southwarke parish churches to the number of one hundred and fourteen. And in the suburbs adjoining, parish churches nine, as followeth :— St. Mary Magdalen, at Bermondsey, in the bo¬ rough of Southwarke, diocese of Winton. St. Mary Matfellon, Whitechapel. St. Leonard, Shorditch. St.John Baptist, Clearken well. St. Giles in the Field, sometime an hospital. In the duchy of Lancaster : St. Clement Danes, without Temple bar. St. John Baptist, Savoy, an hospital. In the city of Westminster, that liberty, as followeth : The college of St. Peter, called Westminster. Parish churches twain : St. Margaret, a parish church, by Westminster. St. Martin in the Field, by Charing cross. Thus have ye in the wards of London, and in the suburbs of the same city, the borough of South¬ warke, and the city of Westminster, a cathedral church of St. Paule, a collegiate church of St. Peter in Westminster, and parish churches one hundred and twenty-three. • HOSPITALS IN THIS CITY, AND SUBURBS THEREOF, THAT HAVE BEEN OF OLD TIME, AND NOW PRE¬ SENTLY ARE, I READ OF THESE AS FOLLOWETH : Hospital of St. Mary, in the parish of Barking church, that was provided for poor priests and others, men and women in the city of London, that were fallen into frenzy or loss of their memory, until such time as they should recover, was since suppressed and given to the hospital cf St. Kathe¬ rine, by the Tower. St. Anthonies, an hospital of thirteen poor men, and college, with a free school for poor men’s chil¬ dren, founded by citizens of London, lately by John Tate, first a brewer and then a mercer, in the ward of Broad street, suppressed in the reign of Edward VI., the school in some sort remaining, but sore decayed. St. Bartlemew, in Smithfield, an hospital of great receipt and relief for the poor, was suppressed by Henry VIII., and again by him given to the city, and is endowed by the citizens’ benevolence. St. Giles in the Fields was an hospital for leprous people out of the city of London and shire of Mid¬ dlesex, founded by Matilde the queen, wife to Henry I., and suppressed by King Henry VIII. St. John of Jerusalem, by West Smithfield, an hospital of the Knights of the Rhodes, for main¬ tenance of soldiers against the Turks and infidels, was suppressed by King Henry VIII. St. James in the Field was an hospital for lep¬ rous virgins of the city of London, founded by citi¬ zens for that purpose, and suppressed by King Henry VIII. St. John, at Savoy, an hospital for relief of one hundred poor people, founded by Henry VII., sup¬ pressed by Edward VI. : again new founded, en¬ dowed, and furnished by Queen Mary, and so rc- maineth. St. Katherine, by the Tower of London, an hos¬ pital, with a master, brethren, and sisters, and alms women, founded by Matilde, wife to King Stephen ; not suppressed, but in force as before. St. Mary within Criplesgate, an hospital founded by William Elsing, for a hundred blind people of the city, was suppressed by King Henry VIII. St. Mary Bethelem, without Bishopsgate, was an hospital, founded by Simon Fitzmary, a citizen of London, to have been a priory, and remaineth for lunatic people, being suppressed and given to Christ’s hospital. St. Mary, without Bishopsgate, was an hospital and priory, called St. Mary Spittle, founded by a citizen of London for relief of the poor, with pro¬ vision of one hundred and eighty beds there for the poor : it was suppressed in the reign of King Henry VIII. St. Mary Rouncevall, by Charing cross, was an hospital suppressed with the priories aliens in the reign of King Henry V. ; then was it made a bro¬ therhood in the 15th of Edward IV., and again suppressed by King Edward VI. St. Thomas of Acres, in Cheape, was an hospital for a master and brethren (in the record called Militia) ; it was surrendered and sold to the mer¬ cers. St. Thomas, in Southwarke, being an hospital of great receipt for the poor, was suppressed, but again newly founded and endowed by the benevo¬ lence and charity of the citizens of London. An hospital there was without Aldersgate, a cell to the house of Cluny, of the French order, sup¬ pressed by King Henry V. An hospital without Criplesgate, also a like cell to the said house of Cluny, suppressed by King Henry V. A third hospital in Oldborne, being also a cell to Diocese of Winchester. Hospitals in London. \ 84 Of leprous people and lazar houses. the said house of Cluny, suppressed by King Henry V. The hospital, or alms-house, called God’s house, for thirteen poor men, with a college, called Whit¬ tington college, founded by Richard Whittington, mercer, and suppressed ; but the poor remain, and are paid their allowance by the mercers. Christ’s hospital, in Newgate market, of a new foundation in the Grey Fryers church by King Henry VIII. : poor fatherless children be there brought up and nourished at the charges of the citizens. Bridewell, now an hospital (or house of correc¬ tion), founded by King Edward VI., to be a work- house for the poor and idle persons of the city, wherein a great number of vagrant persons be now set a-work, and relieved at the charges of the citi¬ zens. Of all these hospitals, being twenty in num¬ ber, you may read before in their several places, as also of good and charitable provisions made for the poor by sundry well-disposed citizens. NOW OF LEPROSE PEOPLE, AND LAZAR HOUSES. It is to observed that leprous persons were always, for avoiding the danger of infection, to be sepa¬ rated from the sound, &c. ; God himself command¬ ing to put out of the host every leper *. Where¬ upon I read, that in a provincial synod lioldeu at Westminster by Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, in the year of Christ 1200, the 2nd of King John, it was decreed, according to the institution of the Lateran council, that when so many leprous peo¬ ple + were assembled, that might be able to build a church, with a churchyard, for themselves, and to have one especial priest of their own, that they should be permitted to have the same without con¬ tradiction, so they be not injurious to the old churches, by that which was granted to them for pity’s sake. And further, it was decreed that they be not compelled to give any tithes of their gar¬ dens or increase of cattle. I have moreover heard, that there is a writ in our law, de leproso amomido ; and I have read that King Edward III., in the 20th year of his reign, gave commandment to the mayor and sheriffs of London, to make proclamation in every ward of the city and suburbs, that all leprous persons in¬ habiting thercjjiould avoid within fifteen days next, and thatfno man suffer any such leprous per¬ son to abide within his house, upon pain to forfeit * “ Leviticus 13. Numbers 5. Leprose persons to be se¬ parated from the sound.’ — Slow. + Though the term leprosy was used indiscriminately by the older writers for all sorts of cutaneous disorders, it is more properly applied to a distressing and peculiar disease, which, according to some writers, was introduced into Europe at the time of the crusades, but disappeared at the end of the fifteenth century. From the period mentioned it attracted the attention of law-givers, and stimulated the charity of the benevolent; but such was the loathsomeness and disgust which it excited, that many of the ordinances enacted for the government of its victims are cruel in the extreme. In Marchangy’s Tristram 1“ Voyageur, tome i. pp. 94 and 350, are some curious illustrations of the nature of these enact¬ ments, while the subject is considered both in a medical and historical point of view in a work which we have unfortu¬ nately not been enabled to procure a sight of—Hensler’s Vom Abendlanditchen AussaUe in Miltelultcr ; Hamburgh, 1790. Of leprous people and lazar houses. The temporal go¬ vernment of London. his said house, and to incur the king’s further dis¬ pleasure ; and that they should cause the said lepers to be removed into some out places of the fields, from the haunt or company of sound people! whereupon certain lazar-houses, as may be sup¬ posed, were then built without the city some good distance ; to wit, the Locke without Southwarke in Kent street ; one other betwixt the Miles end and Stratford, Bow' ; one other at Kingsland. betwixt Shoreditch and Stoke Newington ; and another at Knightes bridge, west from Charing cross. These four I have noted to be erected for the receipt of leprous people sent out of the city. At that time, also, the citizens required of the guardian of St. Giles’ hospital to take from them, and to keep con¬ tinually, the number of fourteen persons leprous, according to the foundation of Matilde the queen, which was for leprous persons of the city of Lon¬ don and the shire of Middlesex, which was granted. More, the wardens, or keepers of the ports, gates, or posterns of this city, were sworn in the mayor’s court before the recorder, &c., that they should well and faithfully keep the same ports and pos¬ terns, and not to suffer any leprous person to enter the said city. John Gardener, porter of the postern by the Tower, his oath before the mayor and recorder of London, on Monday, after the feast of St. Bartle- mew, the 49th of Edward III. : That the gates and postern be well and faithfully kept in his office and baylywicke, and that he should not suffer any lepers or leper to enter the city, or to remain in the suburbs ; and if any leper or lepers force themselves to enter by his gates or postern, he to bind them fast to horses, and send them to be examined of the superiors, &c. Finally, I read that one William Pole, yeoman of the crown to King Edward IV., being stricken with a leprosy, was also desirous to build an hos¬ pital, with a chapel, to the honour of God and St. Anthony, for the relief and harbouring of such leprous persons as were destitute in the kingdom, to the end they should not be offensive to other in their passing to and fro : for the which cause Ed¬ ward IV. did by his charter, dated the 12th of his reign, give unto the said William for ever a certain parcel of his land lying in his highway of Highgate and Haloway, within the county of Middlesex, con¬ taining sixty feet in length and thirty-four in breadth. THE TEMPORAL GOVERNMENT OF THIS CITY, SOME¬ WHAT IN BRIEF MANNER. This city of London, being under the government of the Britons, Romans, and Saxons, the most an¬ cient and famous city of the whole realm, was at length destroyed by the Danes, and left desolate, as may appear by our histories. But Aelfred, king of the West Saxons, having brought this whole realm (from many parts) into one monarchy, ho¬ nourably repaired' this city, and made it again ha¬ bitable, and then committed the custody thereof to his son-in-law’ Adhered, earl of Mercia; after whose decease the city, with all other possessions pertaining to the said earl, returned to King Ed¬ ward, surnamed the Elder, &c. : and so remained in the king’s hands, being governed under him by portgraves (or portrevcs), which name is com- STOW’S SURYEY Temporal government. Portgraves named in early charters OF LONDON. Temporal government. Portgraves, provosts, and bailiffs. 185 to the city. The first mayor of London. pounded of the two Saxon words, porte and yerefe, or reve. Porte * betokeneth a town, and gerefe sig- nifieth a guardian, ruler, or keeper of the town. These governors of old time (saith Robert Fa¬ bian), with the laws and customs then used within this city, were registered in a book called the Dooms’ day, written in the Saxon tongue ; but of later days, when the said laws and customs were changed, and for that also the said book was of a small hand, sore defaced, and hard to be read or understood, it was less set by, so that it was em¬ bezzled and lost. Thus far Fabian. Notwithstanding, I have found, by search of divers old registers and other records abroad, namely, in a book sometime appertaining to the monastery of St. Alban’s, of the portgraves, and other governors of this city, as followeth : First, that in the reign of King Edward, the last before the Conquest, Wolfegare was portgrave, as may appear by the charter of the same king, in these words : “ Edward, king, greeteth Alfward, bishop, and Wolfegare, my portgrave, and all the burgesses in London.” And afterward that, in another charter, “ King Edward greeteth Wil¬ liam, bishop, and Sweetman, my portgrave.” And after, that in another charter to the abbey of Chertsey, to William, bishop, and Leofstane and Alsy, portgraves. In the reign of William the Conqueror, William, bishop of London, procured of the said Conqueror his charter of liberties, to the same William, bishop, and Godfrey, portgrave, in Saxon tongue, and corrected in English thus : “ William, king, greet William, bishop, and God¬ frey, portgrave, and all the burgeses within Lon¬ don, French and English. And I graunt that they be all their law worth, that they were in Edward’s dayes the king. And I will that each child bee his father’s heire. And I will not suffer that any man do you wrong, and God you keepe.” And then in the reign of the said Conqueror and of William Rufus, Gudfrey de Magnavile was portgrave (or sheriff), as may appear by their charters, and Ri¬ chard de Par was provost. In the reign of King Henry I., Hugh Buche was * Port, is translated city in Boswortli’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, on the authority of jElfric’s Grammar. But the best illustration of this passage in Stow will be found in the Glossary which Mr. Thorpe has appended to the second vo¬ lume of his valuable edition of the Ancient Laws and Insti¬ tutes of England, where, under the word Gerefa, reeve, we read as follows “ Of reeves, mention of the following classes occurs in these laws : 1. The Gerefa, by which simple denomination the same official seems to be meant who is elsewhere called the' 1 scir- gerefa,’ or sheriff. He was the fiscal officer of the shire, or county, or city, under the ealdorman, or comes. His duties were many, as a reference to the places where his name oc¬ curs, will abundantly testify. The king’s‘gerefa’was pro¬ bably identical with the ‘ scir-gerdfa.’ The court of the reeve was held monthly. 2. The Tungrevius, "X Inferior classes of fiscal officers, (Tun-geRfa,) f, o ThP Pnrt wrefa V emploj ed, as their names im- Port reive ’ } >" ,he P"»»- “ 4. The Wic gerifa, j (hamlets) of the kmg- ;Wick reeve,) J uom ’ Besides the above-mentioned, it appears that each bishop had his reeve, who could make oath for him, and was a kind of steward or bailiff, like the modern Scotch grieve. portgrave, and Leofstanus, goldsmith, provost, bu¬ ried at Bermondsey. After them Aubrey de Vere was portgrave, and Robert Bar Querel provost. This Aubrey de Vere was slain in the reign of King Stephen. It is to be noted, also, that King Henry I. granted to the citi¬ zens of London the shrivewick thereof, and of Mid¬ dlesex, as in another place is showed. In the reign of King Stephen, Gilbert Becket was portgrave, and Andrew Buchevet provost. After him, Godfrey Magnavile, the son of Wil¬ liam, the son of Godfrey Magnavile, by the gift of Maude, the empress, was portgrave, or sheriff of London and Middlesex, for the yearly farm of three hundred pounds, as appeareth by the charter. In the time of King Henry II., Peter Fitzwalter was portgrave ; after him John Fitznigel was port¬ grave ; after him Ernulfus Buchel became port¬ grave ; and after him William Fitz Isabel. These portgraves are also in divers records called vice¬ counties, vicounties, or sheriffs *, as being under an earl ; for that they then, as since, used that office as the sheriffs of London do till this day. Some authors do call them domesmen, aldermen, or judges of the king’s court. William Fitz Stephen, noting the estate of this city, and government thereof in his time, under the reign of King Stephen and of Henry II., hath these words : “ This city (saith he), even as Rome, is divided into wards ; it hath yearly sheriffs instead of con¬ suls ; it hath the dignity of senators and aldermen ; it hath under officers, and, according to the quality of laws, it hath several courts and general assem¬ blies upon appointed days.” Thus much for the antiquity of sheriffs, and also of aldermen, in se¬ veral wards of this city, may suffice. And now for the name of bailiffs, and after that of mayors, as followeth : In the first year of King Richard I., the citizens of London obtained to be governed by two bailiffs, which bailiffs are in divers ancient deeds called sheriffs, according to the speech of the law, which called the shire Balliva, for that they, like as the portgraves, used the same office of shrivewicke, for the which the city paid to fee farm three hundred pounds yearly as before, since the reign of Henry I., which also is yet paid by the city into the Exche¬ quer until this day. They also obtained to have a mayor, to be their principal governor and lieutenant of the city, as of the king’s chamber. 1180. The names of the first bailiffs, or officers, entering into their office at the feast of St. Michael the Archangel, in the year of Christ 1189, were named Henry Cornhill and Richard Reynere, bai¬ liffs or sheriffs. Their first mayor was Henry Fitz Alwin Fitz Liefstane, goldsmith, appointed by the said king, and continued mayor from the 1st of Richard I. until the loth of King John, which was twenty-four years and more. 11 DO. The 2nd of Richard I., sheriffs, John Hcrlion, Roger Duke ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. * “Since called shiriffes, and judges of the King's court, and have therefore under-shiriffes, men learned in the law, to sit in their courts. Domesmen, or judges of the King’s court."— Slow. Temporal government. 18G Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. 1191. The 3rd, sheriffs, William Haverill, John Bucknote ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1192. The 4th, Nicholas Duke, Peter Newlay ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1193. The 5th, Roger Duke, Richard Fitz Alwin; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1194. The 6th, William Fitz Isabel, William Fitz Arnold ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1195. The 7th, Robert Besaunt, John de Josue ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1196. The 8th, Gerard de Anteloelie, Robert Durant ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1197- The 9th, Roger Blunt, Nicholas Ducket ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1198. The 10th, Constantine Fitz Arnold, Ri¬ chard de Beaco ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. King John began his reign the 6th of April, 1199. 1199. The 1st of King John, sheriffs, Arnold Fitz Arnold, Richard Fitz Bartilmew; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. King John granted the sheriffwicke of London and Middlesex to the citizens thereof, as King Henry I. before had done, for the sum of three hundred pounds yearly. Also he gave them autho¬ rity to choose and deprive then.’ sheriffs at their pleasure. 1200. The 2nd, sheriffs, Roger Dorsit, James Bartilmew ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1201. The 3rd, Walter Fitz Alis, Simon de Al- dermanbury ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1202. The 4th, Norman Blundel, John de Glie ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1203. The 5th, Walter Browne, William Cham¬ berlain ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. Walter Brune, and Rose his wife, founded the hospital of St. Mary without Bishopsgate, com¬ monly called St. Mary Spittle. 1204. The 6th, ThomasHaverel,Hamond Brond ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1205. The 7th, John Walgrave, Richard Win¬ chester ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1206. The 8th, John Holland, Edmond Fitz Gerard ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1207. The 9th, Roger Winchester, Edmond Hardle ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1208. The 10th, Peter Duke, Thomas Nele ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. The king, by his letters patents, granted to the citizens of London liberty and authority yearly to choose to themselves a mayor. 1209. The 11th, Peter le Josue, William Blund ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1210. The 12th, Adam Whitley, Stephen le Grace ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1211. The 13th, John Fitz Peter, John Garland ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. 1212. The 14th, Randolph Giland, Constantine Josue ; mayor, Henry Fitz Alwin. This Henry Fitz Alwin deceased, and was buried in the priory of the Holy Trinity, near unto Aid- gate. 1213. The 15tli, Martin Fitz Alis, Peter Bate ; mayor, Roger Fitz Alwin. This year the ditch about London was begun to be made, of two hundred and four feet broad, by the Londoners. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. 1214. The 16th, Salomon Basing, Hugh Basing ; mayor, Serle Mercer. 1215. The 17th, John Travars, Andrew New- land ; mayor, William Hardel. King Henry III. began his reign the 19th of October, 1216. 1216. The 1st, sheriffs, Benet Senturer, William Bluntinars ; mayor, James Alderman for part, and Salomon Basing for part. 1217. The 2nd, Thomas Bokerel, Ralph Eiland ; mayor, Serle Mercer. 1213. The 3rd, John Viel, John le Spicer; mayor, Serle Mercer. The forest of Middlesex and the warren of Staines were this year disafforested. 1219. The 4th, Richard Wimbledon, John Viel; mayor, Serle Mercer. 1220. The 5th, Richard Renger, John Viel ; mayor, Serle Mercer. 1221. The 6th, Richard Renger, Thomas Lam- bart ; mayor, Serle Mercer. 1222. The 7th, Richard Renger, Thomas Lam- bart ; mayor, Serle Mercer. Constantine Fitz Aluf raised great troubles in this city, and was hanged with his nephew and other. 1223. The 8th, John Travars, Andrew Bokerel; mayor, Richard Renger. 1224. The 9th, John Travars, Andrew Bokerel ; mayor, Richard Renger. The king granted to the commonalty of London to have a common seal. 1225. The 10th, Roger Duke, Martin Fitz Wil¬ liam ; mayor, Richard Renger. 1226. The 11th, Roger Duke, Martin Fitz Wil¬ liam ; mayor, Richard Renger. This year the king confirmed to the citizens of London free warren or liberty to hunt a certain circuit about the city, in the warren of Staines, &c. And, also, that the citizens of London should pass toll-free throughout all England, and that the ked- dles, or wears, in the river of Thames and Med¬ way should be plucked up and destroyed for ever, &c. Patent, 16th Henry III. 1227- The 12th, Stephen Bokerel, Henry Coclt- am ; mayor, Roger Duke. The liberties and franchises of London were ra¬ tified ; and the king granted that either sheriff should have two clerks and two sergeants, also that the citizens should have a common seal. 1228. The 13th, Stephen Bokerel], Henry Coch- am ; mayor, Roger Duke. 1229. The 14th, William Winchester, Robert Fitz John ; mayor, Roger Duke. 1230. The 15tli, Richard Walter, John de Wo- borne ; mayor, Roger Duke. 1231. The 16th, Michael S. Helan, Walter de Bussell ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1232. The 17th, Henry de Edmonton, Gerard Bat ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1233. The 18th, Simon Fitzmary, Roger Blunt; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1234. The 19th, Rapli Ashwye, John Norman ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1235. The 20th, Gerard Bat, Richard Hardle ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1236. The 21st, Henry Cocharn, Jordan of Coventrie ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. STOW’S SURVEY Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. 1237- The 22nd, John Toloson, Gervais the cordwainer ; mayor, Andrew Bokerel, pepperer. 1238. The 23rd, John Codras, John Withal ; mayor, Richard Renger. 1239. The 24th, Roger Bongey, Rapli Ashwye ; mayor, William Joyner. This William Joyner, builded the choir of the Grey Friers church in London, and became a lay brother of that house. 1240. The 25th, John Gisors, Michael Tony ; mayor, Gerard Bat. This year aldermen of London were chosen, and changed, yearly, but that order lasted not long. Gerard Bat was again elected mayor for that year to come, but the king would not admit him, being charged with taking money of the victuallers in the precedent year. 1241. The 26th, Thomas Duresme, John Viel; mayor, Reginald Bongey. 1242. The 27 th, John Fitzjohn, Raph Ashwye ; mayor, Reginald Bongey. 1243. The 28th, Hugh Blunt, Adam Basing ; mayor, Raph Ashwye. 1244. The 29th, Raph Foster, Nicholas Bat; mayor, Michael Tony. 1245. The 30th, Robert of Cornehil, Adam of Bentley ; mayor, John Gisors, pepperer. 1246. The 31st, Simon Fitz Mary, Laurence Frowicke ; mayor, John Gisors, pepperer. Simon Fitz Mary founded the hospital of Mary, called Bethlem without Bishopsgate. Queene kith let to farm to the citizens of London. 1247- The 32nd, John Viel, Nicholas Bat ; mayor, Peter Fitz Alwin. 1248. The 33rd, Nicholas Fitz Josey, Geffrey Winchester ; mayor, Michael Tony. 1249. The 34th, Richard Hardell, John Thola- son ; mayor, Roger Fitz Roger. 1250. The 35th, Humfrey Bat, William Fitz Richard ; mayor, John Norman. The king granted that the mayor should be presented to the barons of the exchequer, and they should admit him. 1251. The 36th, Laurence Frowike, Nicholas Bat; mayor, Adam Basing. 1252. The 37th, William Durham, Thomas Wimborne ; mayor, John Tolason, draper. The liberties of this city were seized, the mayor charged that he looked not to the assise of bread. 1253. The 38th, John Northampton, Richard Pickard ; mayor, Richard Hardell, draper. 1254. The 39th, Raph Ashwie, Robert of Limon ; mayor, Richard Hardell, draper. 1255. The 40th, Stephen Doo, Henry Walmond ; mayor, Richard Handle, draper. The mayor, divers aldermen, and the sheriffs of London, were deprived, and others placed in their rooms. * 1256. The 41st, Michael Bockeril, John the Minor ; mayor, Richard Hardle, draper. 1257- The 42nd, Richard Owel, William Ashwie ; mayor, Richard Hardle, draper. The king caused the walls of this city to be re¬ paired and made with bulwarks. 1258. The 43rd, Robert Cornhill, John Adrian ; mayor, Richard Hardle, draper. 1259. The 44th, John Adrian, Robert Cornhill ; John Gisors, pepperer. Temporal government. Chronologicallist of sheriffs 187 and mayors. 1260. The 45th, Adam Browning, Henry Coven¬ try ; mayor, William Fitz Richard. 1261. The 46th, John Northampton, Richard Picard ; mayor, William Fitz Richard. 1262. The 47th, John Tailor, Richard Wal- brooke ; mayor, Thomas Fitz Richard. 1263. The 48th, Robert de Mountpilier, Osbert de Suflfolke ; mayor, Thomas Fitz Thomas Fitz Richard. The citizens of London fortified the city with iron chains drawn thwart their streets. 1564. The 49th, Gregory Rokesly, Thomas de Deford ; mayor, Thomas Fitz Thomas Fitz Ri¬ chard. 1265. The 50th, Edward Blund, Peter Angar ; mayor, Thomas Fitz Thomas Fitz Richard. The chains and posts in London were plucked up, the mayor and principal citizens committed to ward, and Othon, constable of the tower, was made custos of the city, &c. 1266. The 51st, John Hind, John Walraven ; mayor, William Richards. The earl of Gloucester entered the city with an army, and therein builded bulwarks, cast trenches, &c. 1267. The 52nd, John Adrian, Lucas de Baten- court; mayor, Alen de la Souch. This Alen de la Souch, being a baron of this realm, and also chief justice, was in the year 1270 slain in Westminster hall by John Warren earl of Surrey. Thomas Fitz Theobald and Agnes his wife, founded the hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon in Westcheap. 1268. The 53rd, Walter Harvy, William D 11 - resm, Thomas Wimborn ; mayor, Sir Stephen Edward. A variance fell in London between the gold¬ smiths and the tailors, wherethrough many men were slain. 1269. The 54th, Thomas Basing, Robert Corn¬ hill ; custos, Hugh Fitz Ottonis, custos of London, and constable of the tower *. 1279. The 55th, Walter Potter, Philip Tailor ; mayor, John Adrian, vintner. 1271. The 56th, Gregory Rocksley, Henry Waleys ; mayor, John Adrian, vintner. The steple of Bow church in Cheap fell down, and slew many people. 1272. The 57th, Richard Paris, John de Wode- ley ; mayor, Sir Walter Harvy ; custos, Henry Frowike, pepperer, for part of that year. Edward I. began his reign the 16th of Novem¬ ber, 1272. 1273. The first sheriffs, John Home, Walter Potter ; mayor, Sir Walter Harvy, knight. 1274. The 2nd, Nicholas Winchester, Henry Coventry ; mayor, Henry Walles. 1275. The 3rd, Lucas Batecorte, Henry Frowike ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley : chief say-master of all the king’s mints throughout England, and keeper of the king’s exchange at London. 1276. The 4th, John Horn, Rapli Blunt ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. 1277. The 5th, Robert de Aral’, Raph L. Fewre ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. * The first edition has “ mayor Hugh Fitz Thomas,” and does not make mention of “ Fitz Ottonis.” OF LONDON. Temporal government. 1(18 Chronological list of sheriffs STOW’S and mayors. 1278. The 6th, John Adrian, Walter Langley ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. 1279. The 7th, Robert Basing, William Mara- liver ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. 1280. The 8th, Thomas Eox, Raph Delamere ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. 12S1. The 9th, William Farindon, Nicholas Winchester ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley. This William Farindon, goldsmith, one of the sheriffs, was father to Nicholas Farindon : of these two, Farindon ward took that name. 1282. The 10th, William Maraliver, Richard Chigwel ; mayor, Henry Walleis. This Henry Walleis builded the tun upon Corn- hill to be a prison, and the stocks to be a market house. 1283. The lltli, Raph Blund, Anketrin de Betanil ; mayor, Henry Walleis. 1284. The 12th, Jordain Goodcheape, Martin Box : mayor, Henry Walleis. Laurence Ducket, goldsmith, murdered in Bow church, and the murderers hanged. 1283. The 13th, Stephen Cornliill, Robert Rocksley ; mayor, Gregory Rocksley ; custos, Raph Sandwiteh, and John Briton. It was ordained, that millers should have but one halfpenny for a quarter of wheat grinding, and the great water conduit in Cheap was begun to be made. 1286. The 14th, Walter Blunt, John Wade, custos, Raph Sandwiteh. Wheat was sold at London for sixteen-pence, and for twelve-pence the quarter. 1287. The 15th, Thomas Cros, Walter llaw- toune'; custos, Raph Sandwiteh. 1288. The 16th, William Hereford, Thomas Stanes ; custos, Raph Sandwiteh. 1289. The 17th, William Betain, John Canter¬ bury ; custos, Raph Sandwiteh, Raph Barnauars, and Sir John Britaine. This year a subsidy was granted, for the repara¬ tions of London bridge. 1290. The 18th, Falke S. Edmond, Salamon Le Sotel ; custos. Sir John Briton, knight. 1291. The 19th, Thomas Romain, William de Lier ; custos, Sir John Briton, knight, Raph Sand- witch. 1292. The 20th, Raph Blunt, Ilaino. Box ; cus¬ tos, Raph Sandwiteh. 1293. The 21st, Henry Bole, Elias Russel ; cus¬ tos, Raph Sandwiteh. Three men had their right hands cut off at the Standard in Cheap", for rescuing of a prisoner, arrested by a sergeant of London. 1294. The 22nd, Robert Rokesley the younger, Martin Amersbery ; custos, Sir Raph Sandwiteh. 1295. The 23rd, Henry Box, Richard Glou¬ cester ; custos, Sir Raph Sandwiteh. 1296. The 24th, John Dunstable, Adam de Halingbery ; custos, Sir John Briton. This year all the liberties of the city were restored, the mayoralty excepted. 1297. The 25th, Thomas of Suffolke, Adam of Fulham ; custos, Sir John Briton. 1298. The 26th, Richard Resham, Thomas Sely ; mayor, Henry Walleis. Certain citizens of London brake up the tun upon Cornhill, and took out prisoners, for the which they were grievously punished. Temporal government. SURVEY Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. 1299. The 27th, John Amenter, Henry Fingene ; mayor, Elias Russel. 1300. The 28th, Lucas de Havering, Richard Champs ; mayor, Elias Russel. 1301. The 29th, Robert Callor, Peter de Bo- senho ; mayor, Sir John Blunt, knight. 1302. The 30th, Hugh Pourt, Simon Paris; mayor, Sir John Blunt. 1303. The 31st, William Combmartin, John Buckford ; custos, Sir John Blunt. 1304. The 32nd, Roger Paris, John de Lincolne ; custos, Sir John Blunt. Geffrey Hertilepole Alderman was elected to be recorder of London, and took his oath, and was appointed to wear his apparel as an alderman. 1305. The 33rd, William Cosine, Reginald Thun- derlev ; custos, Sir John Blunt. 1306. The 34th, Geffrey Cuudute, Simon Bilet ; custos, Sir John Blunt. Seacoal was forbid to be burned in London, Southwark, Ac. Edward II. began his reign 7th of July, the year of Christ, 1307- 1307- The 1st, sheriffs, Nicholas Pigot, Nigellus Drury ; mayor, Sir John Blunt. 1308. The 2nd, William Basing, James Botenar ; mayor, Nicholas Farringdon, goldsmith. 1309. The 3rd, Roger le Paumer, James of St. Edmond ; mayor, Thomas Romaine. 1310. The 4th, Simon de Corpe, Peter Blakney ; mayor, Richard Reffam, mercer. The king commanded the mayor and commona¬ lity, to make the wall of London from Ludgate to Fleetbridge, and from thence to the Thames. 1311. The 5th, Simon Menvood, Richard Wil- ford ; mayor, Sir John Gisors, pepperer. Order was taken, that merchant strangers should sell their wares within forty days after their arrival, or else the same to be forfeited. 1312. The 6th, John Lambin, Adam Lutkin ; mayor. Sir John Gisors, pepperer. 1313. The 7th, Robert Gurden, Hugh Garton ; mayor, Nicholas Farrinaon, goldsmith. Prices set on victuals :—a fat stalled ox, twenty- four shillings ; a fat mutton, twenty-pence ; a fat goose, two-pence halfpenny ; a fat capon, two¬ pence ; a fat hen, one-penny ; two chickens, one- penny ; three pigeons, one-penny; twenty-four eggs, one-penny, Ac. 1314. The 8th, Stephen Abingdon, Hamond Chigwel ; mayor, Sir John Gisors, pepperer. Famine and mortality of the people, so that the quick might unneath bury the dead ; horse-flesh, and dogs-flesh, was good meat. 1315. The 9th, Hamond Goodcheap, William | Bodelay ; mayor, Stephen Abendon. 1316. The 10th, William Canston, Raph Belan- j eer ; mayor, John Wingrave. An early harvest, a bushel of wheat that had been sold for ten shillings, was now sold for ten-pence, Ac. 1317. The lltli, John Prior, William Furncis ; mayor, John Wingrave. Such a murrain of kine, that dogs and ravens that fed on them were poisoned. 1318. The 12th, John Pontel, John Dalling; mayor, John Wingrave. 1319. 13th, Simon Abindon, John Preston ; mayor, Hamond Chickwel, pepperer. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs OF LONDON, and mayors. John Gisors late mayor of London, and many other citizens, fled the city for things laid to their charge. 1320. The 14th, Renauld at Conduit, William Produn ; mayor, Nicholas Farindon, goldsmith. 1321. The 15th, Richard Constantine, Richard Hackney ; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, pepperer. 1322. The 10th, John Grantham, Richard Elie ; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, pepperer. Fish and flesh market established at the Stocks in the midst of the city. 1323. The 17th, Adam of Salisbury, John of Oxford ; mayor, Nicholas Farindon, goldsmith. Of this Nicholas Farindon, and of William Farindon, and of William Farindon his father, read more in Farindon ward. 1324. The 18th, Benet of Fulham, John Cawson ; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, pepperer. 1325. The 19th, Gilbert Mordon, John Cotton; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, pepperer. The citizens of London took the bishop of Exeter, and cut off his head at the Standard in Cheape. 1320. The 20th, Richard Rothing, Roger Chaun- teclere ; mayor, Richard Britaine, goldsmith. This Richard Rothing is said to new build the parish church of St. James at Garlicke hith. Edw'ard III. began his reign the 25th of January, the year 1326. This King Edward granted, that the mayor should be justice for the gaol delivery at Newgate, that the citizens of London should not be con¬ strained to go out of the city of London to any war. More he granted, that the liberties and the fran¬ chises of the city should not after this time for any cause be taken into the king’s hands, &c. More, he granted by his letters patents, dated the 0th of March, that no Escheater should be in the city, but the mayor for his time. 1327. The 1st sheriff’s, Henry Darcie, John Hauton ; mayor, Hamond Chickwell, pepperer. This year the walls of London were repaired. 1328. The 2nd, Simon Francis, Henry Comb- martin ; mayor, John Grantham. 1329. The 3rd, Richard Lazar, William Gisors ; mayor, Richard Swandland. This year, the king kept a great justing in Cheape, betwixt Sopars lane and the great Crosse. 1330. The 4th, Robert of Elie, Thomas Whor- wode ; mayor, Sir John Pultney, draper. 1331. The 5th, John Mocking, Andrew Auberie; mayor, Sir John Pultney, draper. 1332. The 6th, Nicholas Pike, John Husbond ; mayor, John Preston, draper. This year was founded Elsinges’ spittle, by W. Elsing, mercer, that became first prior of that hospital. 1333. The 7th, John Hamond, William Han¬ sard ; mayor, Sir John Pultney, draper. 1334. The 8th, John Ilingstone, Walter Turke ; mayor, Reginald at Conduct, vintner. 1335. The 9th, Walter Motdon, Richard Upton ; mayor, Nicholas Woton. 1336. The 10th, John Clark, William Curtis ; mayor, Sir John Pultney, draper This Sir John Pultney founded a college in the parish church of St. Laurence, by Candlewicke street. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs 189 and mayors. 1337. The lltli, Walter Nele, Nicholas Crane ; mayor, Henry Darcy. Walter Nele, bladesmith, gave lands to the repairing of the high ways about London. 1338 The 12th, William Pomfret, Hugh Mar- beler ; mayor, Henry Darcy. The king granted that the sergeants of the mayor, and sheriffs of London, should bear maces of silver and gilt with the king’s arms. 1339. The 13th, William Thorney, Roger Fros- ham ; mayor, Andrew Aubery, grocer. 1340. The 14th, Adam Lucas, Bartemew Maris ; mayor, Andrew Aubery, grocer. 1341. The 15th, Richard de Barking, John de Rokesley ; mayor, John of Oxenford, vintner. 1342. The 16th, John Louekin, Richard Killing- bury ; mayor, Simon Francis, mercer. The price of Gascoyn wines at London, four- pence, and Rheinish wine, six-pence the gallon. 1343. The 17th, John Steward, John Aylesham; mayor, John Hamond. 1344. The 18th, Geffrey Wiehingham, Thomas Leg ; mayor, John Hamond. 1345. The 19th, Edmond Ilemeuliall, John of Gloucester ; mayor, Richard Leget. 1346. The 20th, John Croyden, William Clop- tun ; mayor, Geffrey Winehingham. 1347- The 21st, Adam Brapsen, Richard Bas ; mayor, Thomas Leggy, skinner. King Edward won Calais from the French. 1348. The 22nd, Henry Picard, Simon Dolseby ; mayor, John Louekin, fishmonger. A great pest. Sir Walter Mannie, knight, founded the Charterhouse by Smithfield, to be a burial for the dead. 1349. The 23rd, Adam of Bury, Rapli of Lym ; mayor, Walter Turk, fishmonger. 1350. The 24th, John Notte, W. Worcester ; mayor, Richard Killingbury. 1351. The 25th, John Wroth, Gilbert of Sten- ineshorpe ; mayor, Andrew Aubery, grocer. 1352. The 26th, John Pecli, John Stotley ; mayor, Adam Francis, mercer. This mayor procured an act of parliament, that no known whore should wear any hood or attire on her head, except red or striped cloth of divers colours, &c. 1353. The 27th, William Wilde, John Little ; mayor, Adam Francis, mercer. This Adam Francis was one of the founders of the college in Guildhall chapel, &c., Henry Fowke was the other. 1354. The 28th, William Tottingliam, Richard Smelt ; mayor, Thomas Leggy, skinner. Aldermen of London were used to be changed yearly, but now it was ordained that they should not be removed without some special cause. 1355. The 29th, Walter Foster, Thomas Bran¬ don ; mayor, Simon Francis, mercer. 1356. The 30th, Richard Nottingham, Thomas Dossel ; mayor, Henry Picard, vintner. This Henry Picard feasted the kings of England, of France, Cypres, and Scots, with other great estates, all in one day. 1357. The 31st, Stephen Candish, Bartilmew Frostling ; mayor, Sir John Stody, vintner. This John Stody gave tenements to the vintners in London, for relief of the poor of that com¬ pany. Temporal government. Temporal government. 190 Chronological list of sheriffs STOWS SURVEY Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. and mayors. 1358. The 32nd, John Barnes, John Buris; mayor, John Louekin, stock-fishmonger. 1359. The 33rd, Simon of Benington, John of Chichester ; mayor, Simon Dolseby, grocer. 13G0. The 34th, John Denis, Walter Berny ; mayor, John Wroth, fishmonger. 1361. The 35th, William Holbech, James Tame ; mayor, John Peche, fishmonger. 1362. The 36th, John of St. Albans, James Andrew ; mayor, Stephen Gondish, draper. 1363. The 37th, Richard Croyden, John Litoft; mayor, John Not, pepperer. 1364. The 38th, John de Mitford, Simon de Mordon ; mayor, Adam of Bury, skinner. 1365. The 39th, John Bukulsworth, Thomas Ireland ; mayor, John Louekin, fishmonger, and Adam of Bury, skinner. 1366. The 40th, John Warde, Thomas of Lee ; mayor, John Lofkin, fishmonger. This John Lofkin builded the parish church of St. Michael in Crooked lane. 1367- The 41st, John Turngold, William Dike- man ; mayor, James Andrew, draper. 1368. The 42nd, Robert Cordeler, Adam Wi- mondham ; mayor, Simon Mordon, stock-fish- monger. This year wheat was sold for two shillings and six-pence the bushel. 1369. The 43rd, John Piel, Hugh Holdich ; mayor, John Chichester, goldsmith. 1370. The 44th, William Walworth, Robert Geyton ; mayor, John Barnes, mercer. i371 - The 45th, Adam Staple, Robert Hatfield ; mayor, John Barnes, mercer. This John Barnes gave a chest with three locks, and one thousand marks to be lent to poor young men. 1372. The 46th, John Philpot, Nicholas Brem- bar ; mayor, John Piel, mercer. 1373. The 47th, John Aubery, John Fished ; mayor, Adam of Bury, skinner. 1374. The 48th, Richard Lions, William Wood- house ; mayor, William Walworth, fishmonger. 1375. The 49th, John Hadley, William New¬ port ; mayor, John Ward, grocer. 1376. The 50ih, John Northampton, Robert Lannd ; mayor, Adam Staple, mercer. The Londoners meant to have slain John duke of Lancaster: Adam Staple, mayor, put down, and Nicholas Brembar elected. Also the aldermen were deposed, and others set in their places. Richard IT. began his reign the 21st of June, in the year 1377- 1377- The 1st sheriffs, Nicholas Twiford, An¬ drew Pikeman ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, grocer. John Philpot, a citizen of London, sent ships to the sea, and scoured it of pirates, taking many of them prisoners. 1378. The 2nd, John Boseliam, Thomas Corn- walis ; mayor, Sir John Philpot, grocer. This Sir John Philpot gave to the city, lands for the finding of thirteen poor people for ever. 1379. The 3rd, John Helisdon, William Barat; mayor, John Hadley, grocer. 1380. The 4th, Walter Doget, William Kniglit- coate ; mayor, William Walworth, fishmonger. This William Walworth arrested Wat Tyler the rebel, and was knighted. He increased the parish church of St. Michael in Crooked lane, and founded there a college. Other aldermen were also knighted for their service in the field. 1381. The 5th, John Rote, John Hend ; mayor, John Northampton, draper. 1382. The 6th, Adam Bamme, John Sely ; mayor, John Northampton, draper, or skinner, as I find in record. 1383. The 7th, Simon Winchcombe, John More ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, grocer. John Northampton, late mayor of London, was committed to perpetual prison, and his goods con¬ fiscated. 1384. The 8th, Nicholas Exton, John French ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, grocer, knighted with William Walworth. 1385. The 9th, John Organ, John Churchman ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Brembar, grocer. The foresaid John Churchman new-built the custom-house, near to the Tower of London, and did many other works for the commodity of this city. 1386. The 10th, W. Standone, W. More ; mayor, Nicholas Exton, fishmonger. This year the citizens of London, fearing the French, pulled down houses near about their city, repaired their walls, and cleansed their ditches, &.C. 1387. The 11th, William Venor, Hugh For- stalfe ; mayor, Nicholas Exton, fishmonger. Sir Nicholas Brembar, late mayor of London, was this year beheaded. 1388. The 12th, Thomas Austin, Adam Carllnil; mayor, Nicholas Tuiford, goldsmith, knighted with W. Walworth. 1389. The 13th, John Walcot, John Lovenay ; mayor, William Venor, grocer. 1390. The 14th, John Francis, Thomas Vivent; mayor, Adam Bamme, goldsmith. This Adam Bamme provided from beyond the seas corn in great abundance, so that the city was able to serve the country. 1391. The 15th, John Shadworth, Henry Varner; mayor, John Hend, draper. This mayor was for displeasure taken, sent to Windsor castle, and the king made wardens of the city, &c. 1392. The 16th, Gilbert Maglifield, Thomas Newington ; mayor, William Stondon, grocer. 1393. The 17th, Drew Barintin, Richard Whit- ington ; mayor, John Hadley, grocer. Faringdon ward was by parliament appointed to be divided into two wards, to wit, infra and extra. 1394. The 18th, William Branston, Thomas Knoles ; mayor, John Froshe, mercer. 1395. The 19th, Roger Elies, William Sevenoke ; mayor, William More, vintner. 1396. The 20th, Thomas Wilford, William Par¬ ker ; mayor, Adam Bamme, goldsmith. 1397- The 21st, John Wodcoke, William Askam ; mayor, Richard Whitington, mercer. 1398. The 22d, John Wade, John Warnar; mayor, Drew Barentin, goldsmith. Henry IV. began his reign the 29th of Septem¬ ber, the year 1399. Temporal government. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs OF LONDON. Chronological list of sheriffs 191 and mayors. and mayors. 1399. The 1st sheriffs, William Waldern, Wil¬ liam Hende ; mayor, Thomas Knoles, grocer. 1400. The 2nd, John Wakel, William Ebot ; mayor, John Francis, goldsmith. 1401. The 3rd, William Venor, John Freming- ham ; mayor, John Shadworth, mercer. The conduit upon Cornhill was this year made of an old prison house called the Tun. 1402. The 4th, Richard Marlow, Robert Chiche- ley ; mayor, I. Waleote, draper. 1403. The 5th, Thomas Falconer, Thomas Poole ; mayor, W. Ascham, fishmonger. 1404. The 0th, William Bouth, Stephen Spil- man ; mayor, John Hend, draper. This John Hend was a new builder of the parish church of St. Swithen, by London stone. 1405. The 7th, Henry Barton, William Grome ; mayor, John Wodcocke, mercer. This mayor caused all the weirs in the river of Thames, from Stanes to the river of Medway, to be destroyed, and the trinkes to be burned, &c. 1406. The 8th, Nicholas Wooton, Gefferey Brooke ; mayor, Richard Whittington, mercer. This year a great pestilence in London took away more than thirty thousand people. 1407. The 9th, Henry Pontfrackt, Henry Ilal- ton, mercer ; mayor, William Sandon, grocer. 1408. The 10th, Thomas Ducke, William Nor¬ ton ; mayor, Drew Barentine, goldsmith. This Drew Barentine built a part of the Gold¬ smiths’ hall, and gave them lands. 1409. The 11th, John Law, William Chichley ; mayor, Richard Marlow, ironmonger. A great play at Skinners’ well, which lasted eight days, and was of matter from the Creation of the world ; the most part of all the great estates of England were there to behold it. 1410. The 12th, John Penne, Thomas Pike ; mayor, Thomas Knoles, grocer. This Thomas Knoles began anew to build the Guildhall in London, &c. 1411. The 13th, John Rainwel, William Cotton; mayor, Robert Chichley, grocer. 1412. The 14th, Raph Lovinhinde, William Sevenocke ; mayor, William Waldren, mercer. Henry V. began his reign, the 20th of March, the year 1412. 1413. The 1st sheriffs, John Sutton, John Mi- chell ; mayor, William Cromar, draper. Sir John Oldcastle assembled a great power in Fickets field, by London, which power was over¬ come and taken by the king and his power. 1414. The 2nd, John Michell, Thomas Allen ; mayor, Th. Falconer, mercer. This mayor caused the postern called Moregate to be built, and he lent to the king ten thousand marks upon jewels, &c. 1415. The 3rd, William Cambridge, Alen Eve- rard ; mayor, Nicholas Wotton, draper. 1410. The 4th, Robert Whittington, John Coven- trie ; mayor, Henry Barton, skinner. This Henry Barton ordained lanthorns with lights to be hanged out on the winter evening betwixt Hallontide * and Candlemasse. * Hallontide,—or, as it was more generally designated, All Hallontide,—is the older designation of All Saints’ day, the 1st of November. 1417- The 5th, H. Read, John Gidney ; mayor, Richard Marlow, ironmonger. 1418. The 6th, John Brian, Raph Barton, John Parnesse ; mayor, William Sevenoke. This William Sevenoke, son to William Rum- sched of Sevenoke in Kent, was by his father bound an apprentice with Hugh de Bois, citi¬ zen and ferrer * of London, for a term of years, which being expired in the year 1394, the 18th of Richard II., John Hadley being mayor of London, and Stephen Spilman, chamberlain of the Guild¬ hall, he alleged that his master had used the trade or mystery of a grocer, and not of a ferrer, and therefore required to be made free of the grocers’ company, which was granted. This William Seven¬ oke founded in the town of Sevenoke a free school, and alms houses for the poor. 1419. The 7th, Robert Whitington, John Butler ; mayor, Richard Whittington, mercer. This mayor founded Whittington college. 1420. The 8th, John Butler, John Weis ; mayor, William Cambridge, grocer. 1421. The 9th, Richard Gosseline, William Weston ; mayor, Robert Chichley, grocer. This mayor gave one plot of ground, thereupon to build the parish church of St. Stephen upon Walbrooke. Henry VI. began his reign the 31st of August, the year 1422. 1422. The 1st sheriffs, William Eastfield, Robert Tatarsal ; mayor, William Waldern, mercer. This year the west gate of London was begun to be built by the executors of Richard Whittington. 1423. The 2nd, Nicholas James, Thomas Wind- ford ; mayor, William Cromer, draper. 1424. The 3rd, Simon Seman, John Bywater ; mayor, John Michel, fishmonger. 1425. The 4th, William Melreth, John Brokell ; mayor, John Coventrie, mercer. 1420. The 5th, John Arnold, John Iligham ; mayor, John Reinwell, fishmonger. This mayor gave tenements to the city for the discharge of three wards in London for fifteens, &c. U 27 . The 6th, Henry Frowicke, Robert Oteley ; mayor, John Gidney, draper. 1428. The 7th, Thomas Duffehouse, John Ab¬ bot ; mayor, Henry Barton, skinner. 1429. The 8th, William Russe, Raph Holland ; mayor, William Eastfield, mercer. Raph Holland gave to impotent poor, one hundred and twenty pounds, to prisoners eighty pounds, to hospitals forty pounds, &c. 1430. The 9th, Walter Chartesey, Robert Large ; mayor, Nicholas Wootton, draper. Waltar Chartesey, draper, gave to the poor one hundred pounds, besides twenty pounds to the hos¬ pitals, &e. 1431. The 10th, John Aderlev, Stephen Browne ; mayor, John Weis, grocer. • Ferrer, or Farrier, from the Latin Ferrarius. Strype, in bis edition of Stow (ii. bk. v. p. 226.), speaking of the Far¬ riers’ company, says, Henry de Ferrariis or Ferrers, a Nor¬ man monk, came over with William the Conqueror, who gave unto the said Henry de Ferrariis (as being his farrier or master of his horse) the honour of Tutbury, in the county of Stafford. Which was the first honour given to the Farriers in England. Temporal government. Temporal government. 192 Chronological list of sheriffs STOWS SURVEY Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. and mayors. This John Weis, a great benefactor to the new building of the chapel bv the Guildhall, and of his goods the standard in West Cheape was made. 1432 The 11th, John Olney, John Paddesley ; mayor, John Patneis, fishmonger. 1433. The 12th, Thomas Clialton, John Ling ; mayor, John Brokle, draper. 1434. The 13th, Thomas Barnewell, Simon Eyre; mayor, Roger Oteley, grocer. 1435. The 14th, Thomas Catworth, Robert Clop- ton ; mayor, Henry Frowicke, mercer. 1436. The 15th, Thomas Morsted, William Gre- gorie ; mayor, John Michel, fishmonger. 1437- The 16th, William Hales, William Chap¬ man ; mayor, Sir William Eastfield, mercer. This Sir William Eastfield, knight of the Bath, a great benefactor to the water-conduits. 1438. The 17th, Hugh Diker, Nicholas Yoo ; mayor, Stephen Brown, grocer. Wheat sold for three shillings the bushel ; but this man sent into Prussia, and caused to he brought from thence certain ships laden with rye, which did great relief. 1439. The 18th, Philip Malpas, Robert Marshal ; mayor, Robert Large, mercer. Philip Malpas at his decease gave one hundred and twenty pounds to poor prisoners, and every year for five years four hundred and three shirts and smocks, forty pairs of sheets, and one hundred and fifty gowns of frieze to the poor, to poor maids’ marriages one hundred marks, to highways one hundred marks, and to five hundred poor people in London every one six shillings and eight pence, &c. 1440. The 19th, John Sutton, William Wetin- hall ; mayor, John Paddesley, goldsmith, master of the works of money in the Tower of London. 1441. The 20th, William Combis, Richard Rich ; mayor, Robert Clopton, draper. 1442. The 21st, Thomas Beamont, Richard Mor- den ; mayor, John Hatherley, ironmonger. 1443. The 22nd, Nicholas Wilforde, John Nor¬ man ; mayor, Thomas Catworth, grocer. 1444. The 23rd, Stephen Forstar, Hugh Witch ; mayor, Henry Frowicke, mercer. This year Paul’s steeple was fired with lightning, and hardly quenched. 1445. 24th, John Darby, Godfrey Fielding ; mayor, Simon Eyre, draper. This Simon Eyre built the Leaden hall in Lon¬ don, to be a common gamer for the city, &c. 1446. The 25th, Robert Horne, Godfrey Bolaine ; mayor, John Olney, mercer. 1447. The 26th, William Abraham, Thomas Scot ; mayor, John Sidney, draper. 1418. The 27th, William Catlow, William Mar¬ row ; mayor, Stephen Browne, grocer. 1449. The 28th, William Hulin, Thomas Ca- ninges ; mayor, Thomas Chalton, mercer. This year Jack Cade, a rebel of Kent, came to London, entered the city, &c. 1450. The 29th, I. Middleton, William Deere ; mayor, Nicholas Wilforde, grocer. Soldiers made a fray against the mayor the same day he took his charge at Westminster. 1451. The 30th, Matthew Philip, Christopher Warton ; mayor, William Gregory, skinner. 1452. The 31st, Richard Lee, Richard Alley ; mayor, Godfrey Fielding, mercer, of council to Hinry VI. and Edward IV. This year was a great fray at the wrestling. 1453. The 32nd, John Waldron, Thomas Cooke ; mayor, John Norman, draper. This John Norman was the first mayor that was rowed to Westminster by water, for before that time they rode on horseback *. 1 454. The 33rd, John Field, W. Taylor ; mayor, Stephen Forstar, fishmonger. This Stephen Forstar enlarged Ludgate, for the ease of prisoners there, <5cc. 1455. The 34th, John Yong, Thomas Olgrave; mayor, William Marrow, grocer. The mercers’ servants made a riot upon the Lombards and other strangers. 1456. The 35th, John Steward, Raph Vemey ; mayor, Thomas Caning, grocer. 1457. The 36th, William Edwards, Thomas Reiner ; mayor, Godfrey Boloine, mercer. This Godfrey Boloine gave one thousand pounds to poor householders in London, &c. 1458. The 37th, Ralph Joceline, Richard Med- ham ; mayor, Thomas Scot, draper. 1459. The 38th, John Plommar, Johu Stockar ; mayor, William Hulin, fishmonger. 1460. 39th, Richard Fleming, John Lambard ; mayor, Richard Lee, grocer. Edward IV. began his reign the 4th of March, in the year 1460, after the account of the Church of England. 1461. The 1st sheriffs, George Ireland, John | Locke ; mayor, Hugh Witch, mercer. 1462. The 2nd, William Hampton, Bartholomew j James ; mayor, Thomas Cooke, draper, made knight of the Bath in the 5th of Edward IV. and had great troubles after. 1463. The 3rd, Robert Baslet, Thomas Mus- champe ; mayor, Matthew Philip, goldsmith, made knight of the Bath the 5th of Edward IV., and after in the field, the 10th of Edward IV. 1464. The 4th, John Tate, John Stone ; mayor, Raph Joceline, draper, knight of the Bath, and also j in the field. 1465. The 5th, Henry Waver, William Constan¬ tine ; mayor, Raph Verney, mercer. Henry Waver, one of the sheriffs, made knight of the Bath. 1466. The 6th, John Browne, Henry Brice ; mayor, John Yong, grocer, made knight in the field. This year began the troubles of Sir Thomas Cooke, and other aldermen, as ye may read in my Summary. 1467. The 7th, Thomas Stalbroke, Humfrey Heyford ; mayor, Thomas Oldgrave, skinner. 1468. The 8th, Symon Smith, William Hariot ; mayor, William Taylor, grocer. This mayor gave tenements to discharge Cord- wainer street ward of fifteens. * Fabian is the authority for this statement, who tells us, John Norman was “ the first o^all mayors who brake that ancient and old continued custom of riding to Westminster upon the morrow of St Simon and St. Jude's day. He was rowed thither by water, for whiclt the watermen made of him a roundel or song to his great praise, the which began,— “ ‘ Row the boat, Norman, row to thy leman.'" J Temporal government. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs OF LONDON. Chronological list of sheriffs 193 and mayors. and mayors. 1469. The 9:h, Richard Gardener, Robert Drope ; mayor, Richard Lee, grocer. This year the Tower of London being delivered to the mayor and his brethren, they delivered King Henry from thence. 1470. The 1 Oth, Sir John Crosbie, John Ward ; mayor, Sir John Stockton, mercer. Thomas the Bastard Fauconbridge, with a riot¬ ous company, set upon this city at Aldgate, Bish- opsgate, the Bridge, Ac., and twelve aldermen, with the recorder, were knighted in the field by Edward IV., to wit, John Stockton, mayor, Raph Verney, late mayor, John Yong, late mayor, William Tayler, late mayor, Richard Lee, late mayor, Mat¬ thew Philips, late mayor, George Ireland, William Stoker, William Hampton, since mayor, Thomas Stolbroke, John Crosbie, and Bartleinew James, since mayor, with Thomas Urswike, recorder. 1471. The 11th, John Allin, John Shelley; mayor, William Edward, grocer. The water-conduit at Aldermanburie, and the standard in Fleet street were finished. 147‘J. The 12.h, John Browne, Thomas Bedlow ; mayor, Sir William Hampton, fishmonger. This Sir William Hampton punished strumpets, and caused stocks to be set in every ward to punish vagabonds. 1473. The 13th, Sir William Sokar, Robert Be- lisdon ; mayor, John Tate, mercer. This year the sheriffs of London were appointed each of them to have sixteen serjeants, every ser- jeant to have his yeoman, and six clerks, to wit, a secondary, a clerk of the papers, and four other clerks, besides the under-sheriff’s clerks. 1474. The 14th, Edmond Shaw, Thomas Hill ; mayor, Robert Drope, draper. This Robert Drope increased the water-conduit upon Cornhill, Ac. 1475. The 15th, Hugh Brice, Robert Colwicli ; mayor, Robert Basset, salter. This Robert Basset corrected the bakers and other victuallers of this city. 1470. The 16th, Richard Rawson, William Horne ; mayor, Sir Raph Joceline, draper, knight of the Bath. By the diligence of this mayor the walls of the city were repaired. 1477- The 17th, Henry Collet, John Stoker; mayor, Humphrey Hayford, goldsmith. 1476. The 18th, Robert Harding, Robert Bifield ; mayor, Richard Gardener, mercer. Robert Bifield, sheriff, was fined by the mayor, and paid fifty pounds toward the water-conduits. 1479. The 19th, Thomas Ilain, John Warde ; mayor, Sir Bartholomew James, draper, made knight in the field by Edward IV. Thomas Ilam newly built the great conduit in West Cheape. 1480. The 20th, Thomas Daniel, William Bacon ; mayor, John Browne, mercer. 1481. The 21st, Robert Tate, William Wiking ; mayor, William Hariot, draper. 1482. The 22nd, William Whit, John Mathew ; mayor, Edmond Sha, goldsmith. This Edmond Sha caused the postern called Cripplesgate to be newly built, Ac. Edward V. begau his reign the Oth of April, in the year 1483. Richard 111. began his reign the 22nd of June, in the year 1483. 1483. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Norland, Wil¬ liam Martin ; mayor, Robert Bilisden, haber¬ dasher. 1484. The 2nd, Richard Chester, Thomas Brit- taine, Raphe Austrie ; mayor, Thomas Hill, grocer, Sir William Stoaker, draper, John Ward, grocer. Three sheriffs and three mayors this year by means of the sweating sickness, Ac. Thomas Hill appointed by his testament the water-conduit in Grasse street to be built. Henry VII. began his reign the 22nd of August, in the year 1485. 1485. The 1st sheriffs, John Tate, John Swan ; mayor, Hugh Brise, goldsmith. 'i bis Hugh Brise was keeper of the king’s mints at London. 1486. The 2nd, John Percivall, Hugh Clopton ; mayor, Henry Cellet, mercer. The cross in Cheap was new built in beautiful manner. 1487- The 3rd, John Fenkell, William Reming¬ ton ; mayor, Sir William Horne, salter. This William Horne made knight in the field by Henry VII., gave to the repairing of highways betwixt London and Cambridge five hundred marks, and to the preachers at Paul’s cross, Ac. 1488. The 4th, W. Isaack, Raph Tilney ; mayor, Robert Tate, mercer. 1489. The 5th, William Caple, John Brocke ; mayor, W. White, draper. 1490. The 6th, Henry Cote, Robert Revell, Hugh Pemberton ; mayor, John Mathew, mercer. 1491. The 7th, Thomas Wood, William Browne ; mayor, Hugh Clopton, mercer. Hugh Clopton built the great stone bridge at Stratford upon Haven in Warwickshire. 1492. The 8th, William Purchase, William Wel- beeke ; mayor, William Martin, skinner. A riot made upon the Esterlings by the mer¬ cers’ servants and other. 1493. The 9th, Robert Fabian, John Winger ; mayor, Sir Raph Astrie, fishmonger, made knight by Henry VII. Robert Fabian, alderman, made “ Fabian’s Chronicle,” a painful labour, to the honour of the city, and the whole realm. 1494. The 10th, Nicholas Alwine, John War¬ ner ; mayor, Richard Chawry, salter. 1495. The 11 th, Thomas Knesworth, Henry Somer ; mayor, Henry Colet, mercer. 1496. The 12th, Sir John Sha, Sir Richard lla,d- don ; mayor, Sir John Tate, the younger, mercer. The king made this mayor, Robert Shefield, recorder, and both the sheriffs, knights, for their good service against the rebels at Black Hith field. 1497. The 13 h, Bartlemew Read, Thomas Wind- out ; mayor, W. Purchase, mercer. All the gardens in the Morefield were destroyed, and made plain ground. 1498. Thomas Bradbury, Stephen Jeninges ; mayor, Sir John Percevall, made knight in the field by King Henry VII. 1499. The 15th, James Wilford, Thomas Brond ; mayor, Nicholas Alwin, mercer. Temporal government. Temporal government. 194 Clirunological list of sheriffs STOW’S SURVEY Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. and mayors. This Nicholas Alwin gave to three thousand poor people in London twelve pence the piece, and to three thousand in the town of Spalding, the like, Ac. 1500. The 16th, John Hawes, William Steede ; mayor, W. Remington, fishmonger. 1501. The 17th, Lawrence Ailmer, Henry Hede ; mayor, Sir John Sha, goldsmith, made knight in the field by Henry VII. This Sir John Sha caused his brethren the aider- men to ride from the Guildhall unto the water’s side, where he took his barge to Westminster ; he was sworn by the king’s council: he commonly in the afternoons kept a court alone, called before him many matters, and redressed them. 1502. The 13th, Henry Rebel, Nicholas Nines ; mayor, Bartlemew Reade, goldsmith. 1503. The 19th, Christopher Hawes, Robert Wats, Thomas Granger ; mayor, Sir William Ca- pell, draper, made knight by Henry VII. This Sir William caused a cage in every ward to be set for punishing of vagabonds. 1504. The 20th, Roger Acheley, William Brown ; mayor, John Winger, grocer. 1505. The 21st, Richard Shore, Roger Grove ; mayor, Thomas Knesworth, fishmonger. This Thomas Knesworth appointed the water- conduit at Bishopsgate to be built, Ac. 150G. The 22ud, William Copenger, Thomas Johnson, William Fitzwilliams, merchant-tailor, after of council to Henry VIII. ; mayor, Sir Rich¬ ard Haddon, mercer. 1507 The 23rd, William Butler, John Kirkby ; mayor, William Browne, mercer, for part, Law¬ rence Ailmer, draper. 1508. The 24th, Thomas Exmew, Richard Smith ; mayor, Stephen Jeninges, merchant-tailor. This Stephen Geninges built the greatest part of St. Andrewes church called Undershaft. He built a free-school at Ulfrunehampton in Staffordshire, Ac. Henry VIII. began his reign the 22nd of April, the year 1509. 1509. The 1st sheriff's, George Monoxe, John Doget; mayor, Thomas Bradbury, mercer, for part, Sir William Caple, draper. 1510. The 2nd, John Milborne, John Rest ; mayor, Henry Keble, grocer. This Henry Keble gave one thousand pounds toward the new building of his parish-church of Aldermary. 1511. The 3rd, Nicholas Shelton, Thomas Mir- fine ; mayor, Roger Achiley, draper. This Roger Achiley provided corn for service of this city in great plenty. He caused the same to be stowed up in the common garner called Leaden hall. 1512. The 4th, Robert Aldarnes, Robert Fenro- ther ; mayor, Sir William Copinger, fishmonger, for part, Richard Haddon, mercer, for the rest. Sir W. Copinger gave half his goods to his wife, and the other half to the poor that had most need. 1513. The 5th, John Dawes, John Bridges, Roger Bafford ; mayor, W. Browne, mercer, and John Tate, mercer. This John Tate new built the church of St. An¬ thonies hospital in London. 1514. The 6th, James Yarford, John Monday ; mayor, George Monoux, draper. 1515. The 7th, Henry Warley, Richard Grey, W. Bayly ; mayor, Sir William Butler, grocer. 1516. The 8th, Thomas Seimer, John Thurstone • mayor, John Rest, grocer. 1517. The 9th, Thomas Baldrie,Raph Simondes ; mayor, Sir Thomas Exmew, goldsmith. Sir Thomas Exmew made the water-conduit in London wall by Mooregate, Ac. 1518. 1 he 10th, John Alien, James Spencer; mayor, Thomas Mirfin, skinner. 1519. The 11th, John Wilkenson, Nicholas Par- trich ; mayor, Sir James Yarford, mercer. From this time the mayors of London, for the most part, have been knighted by courtesy of the kings, and not otherwise. 1520. The 12th, Sir John Skevington, John Kyme ; mayor, Sir John Bruge, draper. 1521. The 13th, John Breton, Thomas Pargetor ; mayor, Sir John Milborne, draper. This Sir John Milborne founded fourteen alms houses by the Crossed Fryers church, &c. 1522. The 14th, John Rudstone, John Cliamp- neis ; mayor, Sir John Mundy, goldsmith. 1523. 'ihe 15th, Michael English, Nicholas Jen- ines ; mayor, Sir T. Baldry, mercer. 1524. The 16th, Raph Dodmer, William Roch ; mayor, Sir W. Bayly, draper. 1525. The 17th, John Caunton, Christopher Askew ; mayor, Sir John Allen, mercer. 1526. The 18th, Stephen Peacocke, Nicholas Lambert ; mayor, Sir Thomas Seamer, mercer. 1527- The 19th, John Hardy, William Holies ; mayor, Sir James Spencer, vintner. 1528. The 20th, Raph Warren, John Long; mayor, Sir John Rudstone, draper. 1529. The 21st, Michael Dormer, Walter Cham¬ pion ; mayor. Sir Raph Dodmer, mercer. This year it was decreed that no man should be mayor of London more than one year. 1530. The 22nd, William Dauntsey, Richard Champion ; mayor, Sir T. Pargitor, salter. 1531. The 23rd, Richard Gresham, Edward Altham ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Lambard, grocer. 1532. The 24th, Richard Reynoldes, Nicholas Pinclion, John Martin, John Prist ; mayor, Sir Stephen Pecocke, haberdasher. 1533. The 25th, William Forman, Sir T. Kitson ; mayor, Sir Christopher Askew, draper. 1534. The 26th, Nicholas Levison, W. Denham ; mayor, Sir John Chamneis, skinner. 1535. The 27th, Humfrey Munmoth, John Cootes ; mayor, Sir John Allen, mercer. By the king’s appointment he was of his council. A man of great wisdom, and also of great charity. The forenamed sheriffs, Munmouth and Cootes, put away twelve Serjeants and twelve yeomen, but were by a common council forced to take them again. 1536. The 28th, Robert Paget, William Boyer ; mayor. Sir Raph Waren, mercer. 1537- The 29th, Sir John Gresham, Thomas Lewen ; mayor, Sir Richard Gresham, mercer. 1538. The 30th, William Welkenson, Nicholas Gibson ; mayor, William Forman, haberdasher. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs and mayors. 1539. The 31st, John Feiry, Thomas Huntlow ; mayor, Sir W. Holies, mercer. 1540. The 32nd, Sir William Laxton, Martin Bowes ; mayor, Sir William Rocli, draper. 1541. The 33rd, Rowland Hill, Henry Suckley ; mayor, Sir Michael Dormer, mercer. 1542. The 34th, Henry Habberthorne, Henry Amcotes ; mayor, John Cootes, salter. • 1543. The 35th, John Toleus, Richard Dobbes ; mayor, Sir W. Bowyer, draper, for part, Sir Raph Waren, mercer. 1544. The 36th, John Wilford, Andrew Jude, mayor, Sir W. Laxton, grocer. 1545. The 37th, George Barnes, Ralph Alley ; mayor, Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith. 1546. The 38th, Richard Jarveis, Thomas Cur- teis ; mayor, Sir Henry Hubbathorne, merchant- tailor. Edward VL began his reign the 28th of Janu¬ ary, in the year 1546. 1547. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas White, Robert Charsey ; mayor, Sir John Gresham, mercer. 1548. The 2nd, William Locke, Sir John Ailife ; mayor, Sir Henry Amcotes, fishmonger. 1549. The 3rd, Richard Turke, John Yorke ; mayor, Rowland Hill, mercer. 1550. The 4th, Augustine Hind, John Lyon ; mayor, Sir Andrew Jude, skinner. 1551. The 5th, John Lamberd, John Cowper ; mayor, Sir Richard Dobbes, skinner. 1552. The 6th, William Gerard, John Maynard ; mayor, Sir George Barnes, haberdasher. Queen Mary began her reign, the 6th of July, the year 1553. 1553. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Ofley, William Htiet ; mayor, Sir Thomas White, merchant- tailor. This Thomas White founded St. John’s college, in Oxford. He gave to the city of Bristow two thousand pounds. 1554. The 2nd, David Woodrofe, William Ches¬ ter ; mayor, Sir John Lion, grocer. 1555. The 3rd, Thomas Leigh, John Machil ; mayor, Sir William Gerard, haberdasher. 1556. The 4th, William Harper, John White ; mayor, Sir Thomas Ofley, merchant-tailor. 1557- The 5th, Richard Malorie, James Aitham ; mayor, Sir Thomas Curteis, fishmonger. 1558. 'I’he 6th, John liaise, Richard Champion ; mayor, Sir Thomas Legh, mercer. Queen Elizabeth began her reign, the 17th of November, in the year of Christ 1558. 1559. The 1st sheriffs, Thomas Lodge, Roger Martin ; mayor, Sir William lluet, clotliworker. 1560. The 2nd, Christopher Draper, Thomas Row ; mayor, Sir William Chester, draper. This year the merchant-tailors founded their notable free-school ffi? poor men’s children, Ac. 1561. The 3rd, Alexander Avenon, Humfrey Baskervile; mayor, Sir William Harper, merchant- tailor. Temporal government. Chronological list of sheriffs 195 ami mayors. 1562. The 4th, William Alin, Richard Chamber- laine ; mayor, Sir Thomas Lodge, grocer. 1563. The 5th, Edward Bankes, Rowland Hey¬ ward ; mayor, Sir John White, grocer. 1564. The 6lh, Edward Jackeman, Lionel Ducket ; mayor, Sir Richard Malorie, mercer. 1565. The 7th, John Rivers, James Hawes ; mayor, Sir Richard Champion, draper. 1566. The 8th, Richard Lambert, Ambrose Ni¬ cholas, John Langley ; mayor, Sir Christopher Draper, ironmonger. 1567. The 9th, Thomas Ramsey, William Bond ; mayor, Sir Roger Martin, mercer. 1568. The 10th, John Oleph, Robert Harding, James Bacon ; mayor, Sir Thomas Row, mer¬ chant-tailor. 1569. The lltli, Henry Becher, William Dane ; mayor, Alexander Avenon, ironmonger. 1570. The 12th, Francis Bernam, William Box ; mayor, Sir Rowland Heyward, clotliworker. 1571. The 13th, Henry Miles, John Braunch ; mayor, Sir William Allin, mercer. 1572. The 14th, Richard Pipe, Nicholas Wood¬ rofe ; mayor, Sir Lionel Ducket, mercer. 1573. The 15th, James Harvy, Thomas Pulli- son ; mayor, Sir J. Rivers, grocer. 1574. Tire 16th, Thomas Blanke, Anthony Ga- mage ; mayor, James Hawes, clotliworker. 1575. The 17th, Edward Osborne, Wolstane Dixie ; mayor, Ambrose Nicholas, salter. 1576. The 18th, William Kimpton, George Barne ; mayor, Sir John Langley, goldsmith. 1577- The 19th, Nicholas Backhouse, Francis Bowyer ; mayor, Sir Thomas Ramsey, grocer. 1578. The 20th, George Bond, Thomas Starkie ; mayor, Sir Richard Pipe, draper. 1579. The 21st, Martin Calthrope, John Hart; mayor, Sir Nicholas Woodrofe, haberdasher. 1580. The 22d, Ralph Woodcock, John Alate ; mayor, Sir John Branch, draper. 1581. The 23rd, Richard Martin, William Webbe; mayor, Sir James Ilarvie, ironmonger. 1582. The 24th, William Roe, John Hayden, Cuthbert Buckle ; mayor, Sir Thomas Blanche, haberdasher. 1583. The 25th, William Masham, John Spencer; mayor, Edward Osborne, clotliworker. 1584. The 26th, Stephen Slany, Henry Billings¬ ley ; mayor, Sir Thomas Pullison, draper. 1585. The 27th, Anthony Radclife, Henry Pra- nell ; mayor, Sir Wolstane Dixie, skinner. 1586. The 28th, Robert House, William Elkin ; mayor, Sir George Barne, haberdasher. 1587- The 29th, Thomas Skinner, John Katcher; mayor, Sir George Bond, haberdasher. 1588. The 30th, Hugh Ofley, Richard Salten- stall ; mayor, Sir Martin Calthorpe, draper, for part, and Richard Martin, goldsmith, for the rest of that year. 1589. The 31st, Richard Gumoy, Stephen Some; mayor, Sir John Hart, grocer. 1590. The 32nd,Nicholas Mosley, Robert Broke ; mayor, John Allot, fishmonger, for part, Sir Row¬ land Heyward, clotliworker, for the rest. 1591. The 33rd, William Rider, Benet Barn- liam ; mayor, Sir William Webb, salter. 1592. The 43th, John Garrard, Robert Taylor ; mayor, Sir William Roe, ironmonger. 1593. The 35th, Paule Banning, Peter Hauton ; o 2 OF LONDON. Temporal government. Temporal government. 196 Chronological list of sheriffs STOW’S SURVEY Officers belonging to Iht lord and mayors. mayor’s house, &c. mayor, Sir Cuthbert Buckle, vintner, for part, Sir Richard Martin, goldsmith, for the rest. 1594. The 36th, Robert Lee, Thomas Benet ; mayor, Sir John Spencer, clothworker. 1595. The 37th, Thomas Low, Leonard Holiday ; mayor, Sir Stephen Slany, skinner. 1596. The 38th, John Wattes, Richard Godard ; mayor, Thomas Skinner, clothworker, for part, Sir Henry Billingsley, haberdasher. 1597- The 39th, Henry Roe, John More ; mayor, Sir Richard Saltenstall, skinner. 1598. The 40th, Edward Holmeden, Robert Hampson ; mayor, Sir Stephen Some, grocer. 1599. The 41st, Humfrey Welde, grocer, Roger Clarke, salter ; mayor, Sir Nicholas Mosley, cloth¬ worker. 1600. The 42nd, Thomas Cambell, ironmonger, Thomas Smith, haberdasher, William Craven, mer¬ chant tailor ; mayor, Sir William Rider, haber¬ dasher. 1601. The 43rd, Henry Anderson, girdler; Wil¬ liam Glover, dyer ; mayor, Sir John Garrard, ha¬ berdasher. 1602. The 44th, James Pemberton, goldsmith, John Swinerton, merchant-tailor ; mayor, Robert Lee, merchant-tailor. Thus much for the chief and principal governors of this famous city ; of whose public government, with the assistance of inferior officers, their charges for keeping of the peace, service of the prince, and honour of this city, much might have been said, and I had thought to have touched more at large ; but being informed that a learned gentle man (James Dalton, a citizen born), minded such a labour, and promised to perform it, I have forborne and left the same to his good leisure, but he being now lately deceased without finishing any such work (a common fault to promise more than to perform), and 1 hear not of any other that taketli it in hand, I have been divers times minded to add certain chapters to this book, but being (by the good plea¬ sure of God) visited with sickness, such as my feet (which have borne me many a mile *) have of late years refused, once in four or five months, to con¬ vey me from my bed to my study, and therefore could not do as I would. At length,remembering I had long since gathered notes to have chaptered, am now forced to deliver them unperfected, and desire the readers to pardon me, that want not will to pleasure them. ALDERMEN AND SHERIFFS OF LONDON. There be in this city, according to the number of wards, twenty-six aldermen ; whereof yearly, on the feast day of St. Michael the Archangel, one of them is elected to be mayor for the year following, to begin on the 28th of October : the other aider- men, his brethren, are to him assistants in councils, courts, Ac. ♦ There is something very touching in this outbreak of natural feeling, and in the tone of pious resignation in which Stow speaks of those afflictions, on account of which he “ could not do as he would.” What he would and could do in the pursuit of his favourite studies he tells at the end of his Summary (ed. 1598), where he says, “It hath cost me many a weary mile’s travel, many a hard-earned penny and pound, and many a cold winter night’s study.” More, there is a recorder of London, a grave and learned lawyer, skilful in the customs of this city, also assistant to the lord mayor : hetaketh place in councils and in courts before any man that hath not been mayor, and learnedly delivereth the sentences of the whole court. The sheriffs of London, of old time chosen out of the commonalty, commoners, and oftentimes never came to be aldermen, as many aldermen were never sheriffs, and yet advanced to be mayor, but of late (by occasion) the sheriffs have been made aldermen before or presently after their election. Nicholas Faringdon was never sheriff, yet four times mayor of this city, and so of other, which reproveth a bye word, such a one will be mayor, or he be sheriff, &c. Then is there a chamberlain of London. A common clerk, or town clerk. A common sergeant. OFFICERS BELONGING TO THE LORD MAYOR’S HOl'SE. Sword-bearer, Common hunt, f . , r , ’ > esquires, four. Common crier, / 1 ’ Water bailiff. ) Coroner of London. Sergeant carvers, three. Sergeants of the chamber, three. Sergeant of the channel. Yeoman of the channel. Yeomen of the water side, four. Under water-bailiff. Yeomen of the chamber, two. Meal weighers, three. Yeomen of the wood wharfs, two. The sword-bearer’s man. Common hunt’s men, two. Common crier’s man. Water-bailiffs’ men, two. The carver’s man. Whereof nine of these have liveries of the lord mayor, viz., the sword-bearer and his man, the three carvers, and the four yeomen of the water side ; all the rest have their liveries from the chamber of London. Thus far after my notes delivered by an officer of the lord mayor’s house, but unperfected ; for I remember a crowner, an under-chamberlain, and four clerks of the mayor’s court, and others. THE SHERIFFS OF LONDON J THEIR OFFICERS. The sheriffs of London, in the year 1471, were ap¬ pointed each of them to have sixteen sergeants, every sergeant to have his yeoman, and six clerks; to wit, a secondary, a clerk of the papers, and four other clerks, besides the under sheriffs’ clerks, their stewards, butlers, porters, and other in house¬ hold many. OF THE mayor’s AND SHERIFFS’ LIVERIES SOME¬ WHAT. To follow precedent of former time, the clerks of companies were to inquire for them of their com¬ panies that would have the mayor’9 livery, their money as a benevolence given, which must be twenty shillings at the least put in a purse, with their names that gave it, and the wardens to de¬ gentlemen’s men, seven. Temporal government. Of the mayor’s and sheriffs' liveries. Temporal government. OF LONDON. Attendance of the Companies at 197 the lord mayor’s feast. liver it to the mayor by the first of December ; for the which every man had then sent him four yards of broad cloth, rowed or striped athwart, with a different colour to make him a gown, and these were called ray gowns, which was then the livery of the mayor, and also of the sheriffs, but each differing from others in the colours. Of older times 1 read, that the officers of this city wore gowns of party colours, as the right side of one colour and the left side of another ; as, for example, I read in books of accounts in the Guild¬ hall, that in the 19th year of Henry VI. there was bought for an officer’s gown two yards of cloth, coloured mustard villars (a colour now out of use), and two yards of cloth, coloured blue, price two shillings the yard, in all eight shillings. More, paid to John Pope, draper, for two gown cloths, eight yards of two colours, eux ombo deux de rouge (or red), med/e bune, and porre (or purple) colour, price the yard two shillings *. These gowns were for Piers Rider and John Bukles, clerks of the chamber. More, I read that in the year 1516, in the 7th of Henry VIII., it was agreed by a common council in the Guildhall that the sheriffs of London should (as they had been accustomed) give yearly rayed gowns to the recorder, chamberlain, common ser¬ geant, and common clerk, the sword-bearer, com¬ mon hunt, water-bailiff, common crier, like as to their own offices, Ac. 1525. More, in the 16th of Henry VIII., Sir William Bayly, then being mayor, made a request, for that clothes of ray (as he alleged) were evil wrought, his officers might be permitted (contrary to custom) for that year to wear gowns of one co¬ lour : to the which, in a common council, one answered and said, “ Yea, it might be permitted,” and no man said, “ Nay,” and so it passed. Thus much for party coloured and ray gowns have I read : but for benevolence to the mayor, I find that of later time that each man giving forty shil¬ lings towards his charges, received four yards of broad cloth to make him a gown, for Thomas White performed it in the 1st of Queen Mary ; but Sir Thomas Lodge gave instead of four yards of broad cloth, three yards of satin to make them doublets, and since that the three yards of satin is turned into a silver spoon, and so it lioldeth. The days of attendance that the fellowships do give to the mayor at his going to Patties were seven, as followeth:— 1. Alhallowen day. 2. Christmasse day. 3. St. Stephen’s day. 4. St. John’s day. 5. New Year’s day. 6. Twelfth day. 7- Candlemasse day. The 23rd of Henry VIII., these companies had place at the mayor’s feast in the Guildhall, in order as followeth ; I speak by precedent, for I was never feast-follower :— 1. Mercers, the wardens, and seventeen persons, five messes. 2. Grocers, the wardens, and sixteen persons, four messes. * Strype prints this passage " Medley brune and poire." 3. Drapers, the wardens, and twelve persons, four messes. 4. Fishmongers, the wardens, and twelve per¬ sons, four messes. 5. Goldsmiths, the wardens, and ten persons, three messes. 6. Skinners, the wardens, and eight persons, three messes. 7. Merchant-tailors, the wardens, and nine per¬ sons, three messes. 8. Vintners, the wardens, and six persons, two messes. 9. Ironmongers, the wardens, and four persons, four messes and a half. 10. Merchant-haberdashers, the wardens, and fourteen persons, four messes and a half. 11. Salters, the wardens, and eight persons, two messes and a half. 12. Dyers, the wardens, and six persons, two messes. 13. Leatliersellers, the wardens, and eight per¬ sons, three messes. 14. Pewterers, the wardens, and five persons, two messes. 15. Cutlers, the wardens and five persons, two messes. 16. Armourers, the wardens and three persons, one mess. 17. Waxchandlers, the wardens and six persons, two messes. 18. Tallow-chandlers, the wardens and three persons, two messes. 19. Shiremen, the wardens and five persons, two messes. 20. Fullers, the wardens and nine persons, two messes. 21. Sadlers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 22. Brewers, the wardens and twelve persons, four messes. 23. Scriveners, the wardens and six persons, two messes. 24. Butchers, the wardens and seven persons, three messes. 25. Bakers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 26. Poulterers, the wardens and one person, one mess. 27. Stationers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 28. Inholders, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 29. Girdlers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 30. Chirurgeons, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 31. Founders, the wardens and one person, one mess. 32. Barbers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. No Clothing. Upholders, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 34. Broiderers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 35. Bowyers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 36. Fletchers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. No' Clothing. Turners, the wardens and two per¬ sons, one mess. Temporal government. Of liveries worn by citizens 198 Attendance of the Companies at STOW’S SURVEY of London in time of tri- the lord mayor’s feast. umphs, &c. 38. Cordwainers, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 39. Painters-stainers, the wardens and five per¬ sons, two messes. 40. Masons, the wardens and one person, one mess. 41. Piumbers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 42. Carpenter’s, the wardens and four persons, two messes. 43. Pouch-makers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 44. Joiners, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 45. Coopers, the wardens and one person, one mess. No Clothing. Glaziers, the wardens and two per¬ sons, one mess. No Clothing. Linendrapers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. No Clothing. Woodmongers, the wardensand two persons, one mess. 49. Curriers, the wardens aird two persons, one mess. No Clothing. Foystors, the wardens and two per¬ sons, one mess. No Clothing. Grey Tanners, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 52. Tilers, the wardens and one person, one mess. 53. Weavers, the wardens and one person, one mess. 54. Blacksmiths, the wardens and one mess. No Clothing. Lorimars, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 56. Spurriers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. 57. Wiresellers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. / J No Clothing. Fruiterers, the wardens and two persons, one mess. No Clothing. Farriers, the wardens and two per¬ sons, one mess. CO. Bladesmiths, the wardens and two persons, one mess. These companies severally, at sundry times, pur¬ chased the king’s favour and license by his letters patents, to associate themselves in brotherhoods, with master and wardens for their government : many also have procured corporations, with privi¬ leges, Ac. ; but I read not of license by them pro¬ cured for liveries to be worn, but at their govern¬ or’s discretion to appoint, as occasion asketh, some time in triumphant manner, some time more mourning like, and such liveries have they taken upon them, as well before, as since they were by license associated into brotherhoods, or corpora¬ tions. For the first of these companies that 1 read of to be a guild, brotherhood, or fraternity, in this city, were the weavers, whose guild was confirmed by Henry II. The next fraternity, which was of St. John Baptist, time out of mind, called of tailors and linen-armourers of London ; I find that King Edward I., in the ’28th of his reign, confirmed that guild by the name of tailors and linen-armourers, and gave to the brethren there of authority yearly to choose unto them a governor, or master, with wardens, Ac. The other companies have since purchased license of societies, brotherhoods, or corporations, in the reigns of Edward III., Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and Ed¬ ward IV., Ac. SOMEWHAT OF LIVERIES WORN BY CITIZENS OF LONDON, IN TIME OF TRIUMPHS AND OTHERWaYS. 1236. The 20th of Henry III, the mayor, aider- men, sheriffs, and citizens of London, rode out to meet the king and his new wife, Queen Elianor, daughter to Reymond Beringarius of Aragon,earl of Provence and Narbone. The citizens were clothed in long garments, embroidered about with gold, and silk in divers colours, their horses finely trapped, to the number of three hundred and sixty, every man bearing a golden or silver cup in his hand, the king’s trumpets before them sounding, Ac., as ye may read in my Annales. 1300. The 29th of Edward I., the said king took to wife Margaret, sister to Philip Le Beau, king of France ; they were married at Canterbury. The queen was conveyed to London, against whom the citizens to the number of six hundred rode in one livery of red and white, with the cognizances of their mysteries embroidered upon their sleeves, they received her four miles out of London, and so conveyed her to Westminster. 1415. The 3rd of Henry V., the said king arriv¬ ing at Dover, the mayor of London with the aider- men and crafts-men riding in red, with hoods red and white, met with the king on the Blacke hith, coming from Eltham with his prisoners out of France. 1432. The 10th of Henry VI., he being crowned in France, returning into England, came to Eltham towards London, and the mayor of London, John Welles, the aldermen, with the commonality, rode against him on horseback, the mayor in crimson velvet, a great velvet hat furred, a girdle of gold about his middle, and a bawdrike of gold about his neck trilling down behind him, his three henxemen, on three great coursers following him, in one suit of red, all spangled in silver, then the aldermen in gowns of scarlet, with sanguine hoods, and all the commonality of the city clothed in white gowns, and scarlet hoods, with divers cognizances embroidered on their sleeves, &c. 1485. The 1st of Henry VII., the mayor, aider- men, sheriffs, and commonality, all clothed in violet, (as in a mourning colour) met the king at Shorditch, and conveyed him to Powles church, where he offered his banners *. Thus much for liveries of citizens in ancient times, both in triumphs and otherwise, may suffice, whereby may be observed, that the coverture of men’s heads was then hoods, for neither cap nor hat is spoken of, except that John Welles mayor of London to wear a hat in time of triumph, but dif¬ fering from the hats lately taken in use, and now • Strype adds, “ taken at the victory of Bosworth over Richard III.” A remnant of this custom, which exhibits a remarkable combination of the principles of religion with the observances of chivalry, still obtains. Many of the readers of this volume may remember the ceremony with which the “Eagles" won from Buonaparte during the war, were from time to time deposited at Whitehall, as trophies of the genius of Welling¬ ton, and the gallantry of the British army, and of thankful¬ ness to the God of battles. Of liveries worn by citizens Of liveries worn by citizens of London in time of tri- OF LONDON. of London in time of tri- I99 umphs, &c. umphs, &c. commonly worn for noblemen’s liveries. I read that Thomas earl of Lancaster in the reign of Edward II. gave at Christmas in liveries, to such as served him, a hundred and fifty-nine broad cloaths, alio whig to every garment furs to fur their hoods : more near our time, there yet remaineth the counterfeits and pictures of aldermen, and others that lived in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., namely aldermen Darby dwelling in Fenchurch street, over against the parish Church of St. Diones, left his picture, as of an alderman, in a gown of scarlet on his back, a hood on his head, &c., as is in that house (and elsewhere) to be seen : for a further monument of those late times, men may behold the glass windows of the mayor’s court in the Guildhall above the stairs, the mayor is there pictured sitting in habit, party- coloured, and a hood on his head, his swordbearer before him with a hat or cap of maintenance : the common clerk, and other officers bare-headed, their hoods on their shoulders ; and therefore I take it, that the use of square bonnets worn by noblemen, gentlemen, citizens, and others, took beginning in this realm by Henry VII. and in his time, and of further antiquity, I can see no counterfeit or other proof of use. Henry VIII. (towards his latter reign) wore a round flat cap of scarlet or of velvet, with a bruch or jewel, and a feather ; divers gentlemen, courtiers, and others, did the like. The youthful citizens also took them to the new fashion of flat caps, knit of woollen yarn black, but so light, that they were obliged to tie them under their chins, for else the wind would be master over them. The use of these flat round caps so far increased (being of less price than the French bonnet) that in short time young aldermen took the wearing of them ; Sir John White wore it in his mayoralty, and was the first that left example to his follewers ; but now the Spanish felt, or the like counterfeit, is most commonly of all men both spiritual and temporal taken to use, so that the French bonnet or square cap, and also the round or flat cap, have for the most part given place to the Spanish felt ; but yet in London amongst the graver sort, (I mean the liveries of companies) remaineth a memory of the hoods of old time worn by their predecessors : these hoods were worn, the round- lets upon their heads, the skirts to hang behind in their necks to keep them warm, the tippet to lie on their shoulder, or to wind about their necks, these hoods were of old time made in colours ac¬ cording to their gowns, which were of two colours, as red and blue, or red and purple, murrey, or as it pleased their masters and wardens to appoint to the companies ; but now of late time, they have used their gowns to be all of one colour, and those of the saddest, but their hoods being made the one half of the same cloth their gowns be of, the other half remaineth red as of old time. And so I end, as wanting time to travel further in this work. Now since that I have given you an outward view of this city, it shall not be impertinent to let you take an insight also of the same, such as a Londoner born discoursed about twenty years gone, for answer (as it seemeth,) to some objections that then were made against the growing greatness thereof. The author gave it me, and therefore, howsoever I conceal his name, (which itself pre- tendeth not) I think I may without his offence impart it to others, that they may take pleasure in the reading, as I doubt not but he did in the writing. Long may they (that list) envy, and long may we and our posterity enjoy the good estate of this city. A DISCOURSE OF THE NAMES AND FIRST CAUSES OF THE INSTITUTION OF CITIES AND PEOPLED TOWNS; AND OF THE COMMODITIES THAT DO GROW BY THE SAME; AND, NAMELY, OF THE CITY OF LONDON. WRITTEN BY WAY OF AN APOLOGY (OR DEFENCE) AGAINST THE OPINION OF SOME MEN, WHICH THINK THAT THE GREATNESS OF THAT CITY STANDETII NOT WITH THE PROFIT AND SECURITY OF THIS REALM. Cities and well-peopled places be called Oppida, in Latin ; either ab ope danda, or ab opibus, or ab opponendo sehostilrus. They be named also Civitates a coeundo, and urbes, cither of the word urbare, be¬ cause the first inclosure of them was described with the draught of a plough, or else ab orbe, for the round compass that they at the first had. In the Greek a city is termed either of the word iro\i>Q,inultu$, or of -KoXinno iro\tvtov*, id est, habitare, alere, gubernare. In the Saxon (or old English) sometimes Tun, which we now call town, derived of the word Ty¬ nan, to inclose or tyne, as some yet speak. But forasmuch as that word was proper to every village and inclosed dwelling, therefore our ancestors called their walled towns Utah or Byrg and we now Bury and Borough, of the Greek word Trip-yog (as I think), which signifieth a tower or a high building. The walls of these towns had their name of val- lum, because at the first they were but of that earth which was cast out of the trench, or ditch, where¬ with they were environed. But afterward, being made of matter more fit for defence, they were named a muniendo mania. By the etymology of these names, it may appear that common weals, cities, and towns, were at the first invented, to the end that men might lead a civil life amongst them¬ selves, and be saved harmless against their ene¬ mies ; whereupon Plato saith, “ Civitates ab initio utilitatis causa constitutce sunt.” Aristotle, 1. Politi- corum, 2. saith, “ Civitas a not urn pro/ecta est : homo enim animal aptum est ad ccetus, d proinde ci- vitatis origo ad viuendum, institutio ad bene viuendum refertur •” And Cicero, lib. primo de Inventione, in the beginning, saith, “ Fait quoddam tempus cum in agris homines passim bestiarum more ragabanlur, Syc. quo quidem tempore, qitidam {magnus, viz. rir et sa¬ piens) dispersos homines in agris, et tectis silrestribus abditos, ratione quadam compul.it in unum locum, at- que eos in unamquamq; rem induxit utilem et hones- tam. Urbibus rero constitutis fidem colere, et justitiam * Sic in Stow; Strype corrects it into rroXeilw. retinere discebant, et aliis parere sua voluntate consu- escebant,” &c. The same man discoursed! notably to the same effect in his Oration ProSestio, a little after the midst thereof, showing that in the life of men dispersed, vis, beareth all the sway ; but in the civil life, ars is better maintained, &c. This thing well saw King William the Conqueror, who in his laws, fol. 125, saith *, “ Burgi et civitates fun- data, et edifcata sunt, ad tuitionem gentium et popu- lorum Regni, et idcirco observari debent cum omni libertate, integritate et ratione.” And his predeces¬ sors, King Ethelstane and King Canutus, in their laws, fol. 62 and 106, had commanded thus : “ Op¬ pida instaurantur,” &c. Seeing, therefore, that as Cicero, 2. Ojjicior. saith, “ Proxime et secundum I)eos, homines hominibus maxi/me utiles esse possunt and that men are con¬ gregated into cities and commonwealths for honesty and utility’s sake, these shortly be the commodities that do come by cities, commonalties, and corpora¬ tions. First, men by this nearness of conversation are withdrawn from barbarous feritie and force to a certain mildness of manners, and to humanity and justice ; whereby they are contented to give and take right, to and from their equals and inferiors, and to hear and obey their heads and superiors. Also the doctrine of God is more fitly delivered, and the discipline thereof more aptly to be exe¬ cuted, in peopled towns than abroad, by reason of the facility of common and often assembling ; and consequently such inhabitants be better managed in order, and better instructed in wisdom : whereof it came to pass, that at the first, they that excelled others this way, were called astuti, of the Greek * The following more correct reading of this passage is taken from the valuable collection of Ancient Laws and In¬ stitutes of England , edited for the Record Commission by Benjamin Thorpe, Esq., F.S.A. “ Et ideo Castella et burgi et civitates site sunt, et fundate et edificate, scilicet, ad tuicionem gentium et populorum regni et ad defensionem regni, et idcirco observari debent cum omni libertate et integritate et racione.” (Vol. I p. 492-3. 8vo edition.) A Lwidonf f ° r ' he “ ty ° f STOW'S SURVEY OF LONDON. A Lwrtonf* lhe d,y ° f 201 word aorv, which signifieth a city, although the term be now declined to the worst part, and do betoken evil, even as tyrannus, sophista, and some such other originally good words are fallen ; and hereof also good behaviour is yet called urbanitas, because it is rather found in cities than elsewhere. In some, by often hearing men be better persuaded in religion, and for that they live in the eyes of others, they be by example the more easily trained to justice, and by shamefastness restrained from injury. And whereas commonwealths and kingdoms can¬ not have, next after God, any surer foundation than the love and good-will of one man towards another, that also is closely bred and maintained in cities, where men by mutual society and companying to¬ gether, do grow to alliances, commonalties, and corporations. The liberal sciences and learnings of all sorts, which be lumina, reipublicce, do flourish only in peo¬ pled towns ; without the which a realm is in no better case than a man that lacketh both his eyes. Manual arts, or handicrafts, as they have for the most part been invented in towns and cities, so they cannot any where else be either maintained or amended. The like is to be said of merchandize, under which name 1 comprehend all manner of buying, selling, bartering, exchanging, communi¬ cating of things that men need to and fro. Wealth and riches, which are truly called subsidia belli, et orname.uta pads, are increased chiefly in towns and cities both to the prince and people. The necessity of the poor and needy is in such places both sooner to be espied, and hath means to be more charitably relieved. The places themselves be surer refuges in all extremities of foreign invasion, and the inhabitants be a ready hand and strength of men, with muni¬ tion to oppress intestine sedition. Moreover, forasmuch as the force of the wars of our time consisteth chiefly in shot, all other sol¬ diers being either horsemen or footmen, armed on land, or mariners at the sea, it seemeth to me that citizens and townsmen be as fit to be employed in any of these services, that on horseback only ex¬ cepted, as the inhabitants that be drawn out of the country. Furthermore, even as these societies and assem¬ blies of men in cities and great towns are a con¬ tinual bridle against tyranny, which was the cause that Tarquin, Nero, Dionysius, and such others, have always sought to weaken them : so, being well tempered, they are a strong fort and bulwark, not only in the aristocracy, but also in the lawful kingdom or just royalty. At once the propagation of religion, the execu¬ tion of good policy, the exercise of charity, and the defence of the country, is best performed by towns and cities ; and this civil life approacheth nearest to the shape of that mystical body whereof Christ is the head, and men be the members ; whereupon both at the first, that man of God Moses, in the commonwealth of the Israelites, and the governors of all countries, in all ages since, have continually maintained the same ; and to change it were no¬ thing else but to metamorphose the world, and to make wild beasts of reasonable men. To stand longer upon this it were, in re non dubia, uti oratione non necessaria; and therefore I will come to Lon¬ don. THE SINGULARITIES OF THE CITY OF LONDON. Whatsoever is said of cities generally, maketli also for London specially : howbeit, these things are particularly for our purpose to be considered in it. The situation ; the former estimation that it hath had ; the service that it hath done ; the present estate and government of it, and such benefits as do grow to the realm by the maintenance thereof. This realm hath only three principal rivers, whereon a royal city may well be situated : Trent, in the north, Severn in the south-west, and Thames in the south-east; of the which Thames, both for the straight course in length reacheth furthest into the belly of the land, and for the breadth and still¬ ness of the water is most navigable up and down the stream ; by reason whereof London, standing almost in the middle of that course, is more com- modiously served with provision of necessaries than any town standing upon the other two rivers can be, and doth also more easily communicate to the rest of the realm the commodities of her own inter¬ course and traffic. This river openetli indifferently upon France and Flanders, our mightiest neighbours, to whose doings we ought to have a bent eye and special regard ; and this city standeth thereon in such convenient distance from the sea, as it is not only near enough for intelligence of the affairs of those princes, and for the resistance of their attempts, but also suffi¬ ciently removed from the fear of any sudden dan¬ gers that may be offered by them ; whereas for the prince of this realm to dwell upon Trent were to turn his back or blind side to his most dangerous borderers ; and for him to rest and dwell upon Severn were to be shut up in a cumbersome corner, which openeth but upon Ireland only, a place of much less importance. Neither could London be pitched so commo- diously upon any other part of the same river of Thames as where it now standeth ; for if it were removed more to the west it should lose the benefit of the ebbing and flowing, and if it were seated more towards the east it should be nearer to danger of the enemy, and further both from the good air and from doing good to the inner parts of the realm ; neither may I omit that none other place is so plentifully watered with springs as London is. And whereas, amongst other things, corn and cattle, hay and fuel, be of great necessity ; of the which cattle may be driven from afar, and corn may easily be transported. But hay and fuel, being of greater bulk and burthen, must be at hand : only London, by the benefit of this situation and river, may be sufficiently served therewith. In which respect an alderman of London reasonably (as me thought) affirmed, that although London received great nourishment by the residence of the prince, the repair of the parliament and courts of justice, yet it stood principally by the advantage of the situation upon the river ; for when, as on a time, it was told him by a courtier that Queen Mary, in her displeasure against London, had ap¬ pointed to remove with the parliament and term to Oxford, this plain man demanded whether she meant also to divert the river of Thames from Lon¬ don, or no ? and when the gentleman had answered •‘No,” “Then,” quoth the alderman, “by God's grace, we shall do well enough at London, what- An Apology for the city of ct'aiv’c CTTTJtri? v A ii Apology for the city of Loudon. oIUVV S SUlvVL .1 London. soever become of the term and parliament.” I myself being then a young scholar at Oxford, did see great preparation made towards that term and parliament, and do well remember that the com¬ mon opinion and voice was, that they were not holden there, because provision of hay could not be made in all the country to serve for ten whole days together, and yet is that quarter plentifully stored with hay for the proportion of the shire itself. For proof of the ancient estimation of London, I will not use the authority of the British history, nor of such as follow it, (although some hold it cre¬ dible enough that London was first Trinobantum civitas, or Troja nom, that famous city in our his¬ tories, and then Ludstoune, and by corruption Lon¬ don, as they report,) because they be not of suffi¬ cient force to draw the gainsayers. Neither will I stand much upon that honourable testimony which Gervas. Tilburiens. giveth to London in his book, De Otiis Impericdibus *, saying thus, concerning the blessing of God towards it:— “In Urbe London, ex¬ ceptions habet divulgatum id per wanes ceque gentes Lucani procerbium: “ Invida fatorum series summisque negatum Stare diu. “ JVam ea annis 354 ante Romani condita nunquam amisit principatum , nec bello consumpta est.” But I will rather use the credit of one or two ancient foreign writers, and then descend to latter histories. Cornel. Tacitus, lib. 4. Annul., saith, “ Londinum copia negociatorum, et comeatu maxime Celebris,” and Herodian, in the Life of Severus the emperor, saith, “ Londinum urbs magna et opulenta.” Beda, lib. Ecclesiastic. 10. chap. 29, showeth that Pope Gregory appointed two archbishops’ sees in England, the one at London, the other at York. King Ethelstane, in his laws, appointing how many mint-masters should be in each city, allotteth eight to London +, and not so many to any other city. The penner of those laws, that are said to be made by Edward the Confessor, and confirmed by William the Conqueror, saith, “ London est caput Regni, et Legum.” King Henry I., in the third chapter of his Laws, commandeth that no citizen of London should be amerced above one hundred shillings for any pecuniary pain J. The great charter of Eng¬ land, that Helena for which there was so long and so great war and contention, in the ninth chapter, saith, “ deltas London, habeat omnes suas Libertates antiqucis ,” &c. About the time of King John Lon¬ don was reputed “ regni firmata Columna,” as Alex¬ ander Neckham writeth ; and in the beginning of the reign of Richard II. it was called “Camera regis,” as Thomas Walsingham reporteth. I pass over the recital of the Saxon charter of King Wil- • Gervase of Tilbury was a nephew of Henry II. of Eng¬ land. His work, entitled Otia Imperialia , is addressed to the Emperor Otho IV., and contains his Commentarius de reynis Imperatorum Romtinorum , his Mundi Descriptio, and his Tractatus de Mirabilibus Mundi. t See Thorpe's Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. I. p. 206. I This enactment is contained in the charter granted by Henry I., confirmatory of the Laws of Edward the Confes¬ sor. Vide Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. I. p. 603. liam the Conqueror, the Latin charter of Henry 1. and II., of Richard I., of John, and of Edwai'd I., all which gave unto the citizens of London great privileges,and of Edward III., who reciting all the grants of his predecessors, not only confirmed but also increased the same, and of the latter kings, who have likewise added many things thereunto. Only I wish to be noted by them, that during all this time, all those wise and politic princes have thought it fit, not only to maintain London in such plight as they found it, but also to adorn, increase, and amplify it with singular tokens of their liberal favour and good liking. And whether there be not now the same or greater causes to draw the like, or better estimation and cherishing, let any man be judge, that will take the pains to compare the pre¬ sent estate of London, yet still growing to better, with the former condition of the same. It were too much to recite particularly the mar¬ tial services that this city hath done from time to time ; neither do I think that they be all committed to writing ; only for a taste, as it were, I will note these few following. Almost sixty years before the Conquest a huge army of the Danes (whereof King Sweyne was the leader) besieged King Etheldred in London (than the which, as the story saith, then he had none other refuge), but they were manfully repulsed, and a great number of them slain. After the death of this Sweyne, his son Canutus (afterward king of England) besieged London, both by land and water ; but after much labour, finding it impregnable, he departed ; and in the same year repairing his forces, he girded it with a new siege, in the which the citizens so defended themselves, and offended him, that in the end he went away with shame. In the dissension that arose between King Ed¬ ward the Confessor and his father-in-law, Earl Goodwin (which was the mightiest subject within this land that ever I have read of), the earl with a great army came to London, and was for all that by the countenance of the citizens resisted, till such time as the nobility made reconciliation between them. About seventy years after the Conquest, Maude, the empress, made war upon King Stephen for the right of the crown, and had taken his per¬ son prisoner ; but, by the strength and assistance of' the Londoners and Kentishmen, Maude was put to flight at Winchester, and her brother Robert, then earl of Gloucester, was taken in exchange, for whom King Stephen was delivered : I dispute not whose right was better, but I avouch the service, seeing Stephen was in possession. The history of William Walworth, the mayor of London, is well known ; by whose manhood and policy the person of King Richard II. was rescued, the city saved, Wat Tiler killed, and all his strag- lers discomfited ; in reward of which service, the mayor and other aldermen were knighted. Jack Cade also having discomfited the king’s army that was sent against him, came to London, and was there manfully and with long fight resisted, until that by the good policy of the citizens his company was dispersed. f inally, in the 10th year of the reign of King Edward IV., and not many days before the death of Henry VI., Thomas Nevill, commonly called the bastard of Fauconbridge, armed a great com- An Apology for the city of T n vrrv AM An Apology for the city of London. -L-UiN UU1>. London. pany against the king, and being denied passage through London, he assaulted it on divers parts ; but he was repulsed by the citizens, and chased as far as Stratford, with the loss of a great many. Thus much of certain their principal and per¬ sonal services in war only, for it were infinite to repeat the particular aids of men and money which London hath ministered ; and I had rather to leave it to be conjectured at, by comparison to be made between it and other cities, whereof I will give you this one note for an example. In the 12th year of the reign of King Edward II , it was or¬ dered by parliament that every city of the realm should make out soldiers against the Scots ; at which time London was appointed to send two hundred men, and Canterbury, being then one of our best cities, forty, and no more : and this pro¬ portion of five to one is now in our age increased, at the least five; to one, both in soldiers and subsidy. As for the other services that London hath done in times of peace, they are to be measured by con¬ sideration of the commodities, whereof I will speak anon. In the mean season, let the estate and go¬ vernment of this city be considered, to the end that it may appear that it standeth well with the policy of the realm. Caesar, in his Commentaries, is witness, that in his time the cities of Britain had large territories annexed unto them, and were several estates of themselves, governed by particular kings, or po¬ tentates, as in Italy and Germany yet be ; and that Mandubratius was king of the Trinobants, whose chief city London is taken to have been. And I find not that this government was altered either by Caesar or his successors, notwithstanding that the country became tributary unto them : but that it continued until at length the Britons themselves reduced all their peoples into one monarchy ; how- beit, that lasted not any long season, for upon Vor- tiger their king came the Saxons our ancestors, and they drave the Britons into Wales, Cornwall, and Bretagne in France, and in process of war di¬ vided the country amongst themselves into an hep¬ tarchy, or seven kingdoms ; of the which one was called the kingdom of the East Saxons, which having in manner the same limits that the bishop¬ ric of London now enjoyeth, contained Essex, Mid¬ dlesex, and a part of Hertfordshire, and so included London. Again, it appeareth, that in course of time, and about eight hundred yeai’s after Christ, Egbert (then king of the West Saxons), ut pisces saepe minutus magnus contest, overcame the rest of the kings, and once more erected a monarchy ; the which till the coming in of the Normans, and from thence even hitherto hath continued. Now I doubt not (whatsoever London was in the time of Ciesar), but that under the heptarchy and monarchy it hath been a subject, and no free city, though happily endowed with somelai'ge privileges, for King William the Conqueror found a portreeve there, whose name was Godfrey (by which name he greeteth him in his Saxon Charter), and his office was none other than the charge of a bailiff or reeve, as by the self-same name continuing yet in Gravesend, and certain other places, may well ap¬ pear : but the Frenchmen, using their own lan¬ guage, called him sometime a provost and some¬ time a bailiff: whatsoever his name and office were, he was perpetuus magistratus, given by the prince, and not chosen by the citizens, as it seemeth ; for what time King Richard I. needed money towards his expedition in the Holy Land, they first pur¬ chased of him the liberty to choose yearly from amongst themselves two bailiffs ; and King John, his successor, at their like suit, changed their bai¬ liffs into a mayor and two sheriffs. To these Henry III. added aldermen, at the first eligible yearly, but afterward by King Edward III. made per¬ petual magistrates and justices of the peace within their wards, in which plight of government it pre¬ sently standeth. This, shortly as I could, is the historical and outward estate of London ; now come I to the inward pith and substance. The estate of this city is to be examined by the quantity and by the quality. The quantity therefore consisteth in the number of the citizens, which is very great, and far ex- ceedeth the proportion of Hippodamus, which ap¬ pointed ten thousand, and of others which have set down other numbers, as meet stintes tn their opinions to be well governed ; but yet seeing both reason and experience have freed us from the law of any definite number, so that other things be ob¬ served, let that be admitted : neither is London, I fear me, so great as populous ; for well saith one, “ Non idem est magna cicitas et frequens, magna est enivn quee multos hcibet qui arma ferre possunt whatsoever the number be, it breedeth no fear of sedition ; forasmuch as the same consisteth not in the extremes, but in a very mediocrity of wealth and riches, as it shall better appear anon. And if the causes of English rebellions be searched out, they shall be found in effect to be these twain, ambition and covetousness ; of which the first reigneth in the minds of high and noble personages, or of such others as seek to be gra¬ cious and popular, and have robbed the hearts of the multitude ; whereas in London, if any where in the world, honos vere onus est, and every man rather shunneth than seeketh the mayoralty, which is the best mark amongst them ; neither hath there been any strong faction, nor any man more popular than the rest, forasmuch as the government is by a pattern, as it were, and always the same, how often soever they change their magistrate. Covetous¬ ness, that other sire of sedition, possesseth the miserable and needy sort, and such as be naughty packs, unthrifts, which although it cannot be chosen, but that in a frequent city as London is, there shall be found many, yet bear they not any great sway, seeing the multitude and most part there is of a competent wealth, and earnestly bent to honest labour. I confess that London is a mighty arm and instrument to bring any great de¬ sire to effect, if it may be known to a man’s devo¬ tion ; whereof also there want not examples in the English history. But forasmuch as the same is, by the like reason, serviceable and meet to impeach any disloyal attempt, let it rather be well governed than evil liked therefore; for it shall appear anon, that as London hath adhered to some rebellions, so hath it resisted many, and was never the author of any one. The quality of this city consisteth either in the law and government thereof, or in the degrees and condition of the citizens, or in their strength and riches. It is besides the purpose to dispute, whether the estate of the government here be a democracy or An Apology for the city of eT ,An Apology for the city of London. SlOW b oUlil hi London. aristocracy ; for whatever it he, being considered in itself, certain it is, that in respect of the whole realm, London is hut a citizen and no city, a sub¬ ject and no free estate, an obedienciary and no place endowed with any distinct or absolute power ; for it is governed by the same law that the rest of the realm is, both in causes criminal and civil, a few customs only excepted, which also are to be adjudged or forejudged by the common law. And in the assembly of the estates of our realm (which we call parliament) they are but a member of the commonalty, and send two burgesses for their city, as every poor borough doth, and two knights for their county, as every other shire doth ; and are as straitly bound by such laws as any part of the realm is, for if contribution in subsidy of money to the prince be decreed, the Londoners have none exemption ; no, not so much as to assess them¬ selves, for the prince doth appoint the commis¬ sioners. If soldiers must be mustered, Londoners have no law to keep themselves at home ; if provision for the prince’s household be to be made, their goods are not privileged. In sum, therefore, the government of London differeth not in-substance, but in ceremony, from the rest of the realm, as, namely, in the names and choice of their officers, and in their guilds and fraternities, established for the maintenance of handicrafts and labourers, and for equity and good order to be kept in buying and selling. And yet in these also are they to be con¬ trolled by the general law ; for by the statutes, 28 Edward III. chap. 10, and 1 Henry IV. chap. 15, the points of their misgovernment are inquirable by the inhabitants of the foreign shires adjoining, and punishable by such justiciars as the prince shall thereunto depute : to conclude, therefore, the estate of London, for government, is so agreeable a symphony with the rest, that there is no fear of dangerous discord to ensue thereby. The multitude (or whole body) of this populous city is two ways to be considered, generally and specially : generally, they be natural subjects, a part of the commons of this realm, and are by birth for the most part a mixture of all countries of the same ; by blood gentlemen, yeomen, and of the basest sort, without distinction, and by profession busy bees, and travailers for their living in the hive of this commonwealth ; but specially consi¬ dered,they consist of these three parts,—merchants, handicraftsmen, and labourers. Merchandise is also divided into these three sorts,—navigation, by the which merchandizes are brought, and carried in and out over the seas ; in- vection, by the which commodities are gathered into the city, and dispersed from thence into the country by land and negotiation, which I may call the keeping of a retailing or standing shop. In common speech, they of the first sort be called merchants, and both the other retailers. Handicraftsmen be those which do exercise such arts as require both labour and cunning, as goldsmiths, tailors, and haberdashers, skinners, &c. Labourers and hirelings I call those quorum opera non artes emuntur, as Tullie saith ; of which sort be porters, carmen, watermen, &c. Again, these three sorts may be considered, either in respect of their wealth or number : in wealth, merchants and some of the chief retailers have the first place ; the most part of retailers and all artificers the second or mean place ; and hire¬ lings the lowest room : but in number they of the middle place be first, and do far exceed both the rest; hirelings be next, and merchants be the last. Now, out of this, that the estate of London, in the persons of the citizens, is so friendly interlaced, and knit in league with the rest of the realm, not only at their beginning by birth and blood, as I have showed, but also very commonly at their end¬ ing by life and conversation, for that merchants and rich men (being satisfied with gain) do for the most part marry their children into the country, and convey themselves, after Cicero’s counsel, “ Veluti ex portu in agros et j ossessiones I do infer that there is not only no danger towards the com¬ mon quiet thereby, but also great occasion and cause of good love and amity. Out of this, that they be generally bent to travel, and do fly poverty, “ Per mare,per saxa, per ignes,” as the poet saith : 1 draw hope that they shall escape the note of many vices which idle people do fall into. And out ot this, that they be a great multitude, and that yet the greatest part of them be neither too rich nor too poor, but do live in the mediocrity, I con¬ clude with Aristotle, that the prince needeth not to fear sedition by them, for thus saith he : “ Mag¬ na urbes magis sunt a seditione liberce, quod in eis dominetur mediocritas ; nam in parris nihil medium est, sunt enim omnes tel pavperes Tel opulenti.” 1 am now to come to the strength and power of this city, which consisteth partly in the number of the citizens themselves, whereof I have spoken before, partly in their riches, and in their warlike furni¬ ture ; for as touching the strength of the place itself, that is apparent to the eye, and therefore is not to be treated of. The wealth and warlike furniture of London is either public or private, and no doubt the common treasure cannot be much there, seeing that the revenue which they have hardly sufficeth to main¬ tain their bridge and conduits, and to pay their officers and servants. Their toll doth not any more than pay their fee farm, that they pay to the prince. Their issues for default of appearances be never levied, and the profits of their courts of jus¬ tice do go to particular men’s hands. Arguments hereof be these two : one, that they can do nothing of extraordinary charge without a general contri¬ bution ; another, that they have suffered such as have borne the chief office amongst them, and were become bankrupt, to depart the city without relief, which I think they neither would nor could have done, if the common treasure had sufficed to cover their shame ; hereof therefore w e need not be afraid. The public armour and munition of this city remaineth in the halls of the companies, as it doth throughout the whole realm, for a great part in the parish churches ; neither is that kept toge¬ ther, but only for obedience to the law, which com- mandeth it, and therefore if that threaten danger to the estate, it may by another law be taken from them, and committed to a more safe armoury. The private riches of London resteth chiefly in the hands of the merchants and retailers, for arti¬ ficers have not much to spare, and labourers have need that it were given unto them. Now' how ne¬ cessary and serviceable the estate of merchandise is to this realm, it may partly appear by the prac- An Apology for the city of „ „ T oumov An Apology for the city of London. LOiMiUJN. of London. 205 tice of that peaceable, politic, and rich prince, King Henry VII., of whom Polidore (writing his life) sayeth thus : “ Mercatores ille scepenumero pe- cun'ux multa data gratuite juvabat, ut mercatura ars una omnium cunctis oeque mortalibus turn commoda, turn necessaria,in suo regno copiosioresset.” But chiefly by the inestimable commodities that grow thereby : for who knoweth not that we have extreme need of many things, whereof foreign countries have great store, and that we may spare many things whereof they have need : or who is ignorant of this, that we have no mines of silver or gold within our realm, so that the increase of our coin and bullion cometh from elsewhere ; and yet neverthe¬ less we be both fed, clad, and otherwise served with foreign commodities and delights, as plentiful as with our domestical ; which thing cometh to pass by the mean of merchandise only, which im- porteth necessaries from other countries, and ex- porteth the superfluities of our own. For seeing we have no way to increase our trea¬ sure by mines of gold or silver at home, and can have nothing without money or ware from other countries abroad, it followeth necessarily, that if we follow the counsel of that good old husband, Marcus Cato, saying, “ Oportet patron famllias ren- dacem esse, non emacem,” and do carry more com¬ modities in value over the seas than we bring hither from thence, that then the realm shall re¬ ceive that overplus in money ; but if we bring from beyond the seas merchandise of more value than that which we do send over may countervail, then the realm payeth for that overplus in ready money, and consequently is a loser by that ill husbandry ; and therefore in this part great and heedful regard must be had that symmetry and due proportion be kept, lest otherwise either the realm be defrauded of her treasure, or the subjects cor¬ rupted in vanity, by excessive importation of super¬ fluous and needless merchandise, or else that we feel penury, even in our greatest plenty and store, by immoderate exportation of our own needful commodities. Other the benefits that merchandise bringeth shall hereafter appear in the general recital of the commo¬ dities that come by London ; and therefore it rest- eth that I speak a word of retailers, and finally show that much good groweth by them both. The chief part of retailing is but a handmaid to merchandise, dispersing by piecemeal that which the merchant bringeth in gross ; of which trade be mercers, vint¬ ners, haberdashers, ironmongers, milliners, and all such as sell wares growing or made beyond the seas ; and therefore so long as merchandise itself shall be profitable, and such proportion kept as neither we lose our treasure thereby, nor be cloyed with unnecessary foreign wares, this kind of re¬ tailing is to be retained also. Now that merchants and retailers of London be very rich and great, it is so far from any harm, that it is a thing both praiseworthy and profitable ; for “ Mercatura (saith Cicero), si tenuis est, sordida pu- tanda est; sin magnaest et copiosa, non est rituperanda.” And truly merchants and retailers do not alto¬ gether intus canere, and profit themselves only, for the prince and realm both are enriched by their riches: the realm winneth treasure, if their trade be so moderated by authority that it break not proportion, and they besides boar a good fleece, which the prince may shear when he seeth good. But here, before I conclude this part, I have shortly to answer the accusation of those men, which charge London with the loss and decay of many (or most) of the ancient cities, corporate towns, and markets within this realm, by drawing from them to herself alone, say they, both all trade of traffic by sea, and the retailing of wares and exercise of manual arts also. Touching navigation, which 1 must confess is apparently decayed in many port towns, and ftourisheth only or chiefly at London, I impute that partly to the fall of the Staple, the which being long since a great trade, and bestowed sometimes at one town and some¬ times at another within the realm, did much en¬ rich the place where it was, and being now not only diminished in force, but also translated over the seas, cannot but bring some decay with it, partly to the impairing of havens, which in many places have impoverished those towns, whose estate doth ebb and flow with them, and partly to the dis¬ solution of religious houses, by whose wealth and haunt many of those places were chiefly fed and nourished. I mean not to rehearse particular ex¬ amples of every sort, for the thing itself speaketh, and 1 haste to an end. As for retailers, therefore, and handicraftsmen, it is no marvel if they abandon country towns, and resort to London ; for not only the court, which is now a days much greater and more gallant than in former times, and which was wont to be contented to remain with a small company, sometimes at an abbey or priory, sometimes at a bishop’s house, and sometimes at some mean manor of the king’s own, is now for the most part either abiding at London, or else so near unto it, that the provision of things most fit for it may easily be fetched from thence ; but also by occasion thereof, the gentlemen of all shires do fly and flock to this city ; the younger sort of them to see and show vanity, and the elder to save the cost and charge of hospitality and house-keeping. For hereby it cometh to pass, that the gentlemen being either for a good portion of the year out of the country, or playing the farmers, graziers, brew¬ ers, or such like, more than gentlemen were wont to do within the country, retailers and artificers, at the least of such things as pertain to the back or belly, do leave the country towns, where there is no vent, and do fly to London, where they be sure to find ready and quick market. And yet I wish, that even as many towns in the low countries of King Philip do stand, some by one handy art, and some by another ; so also that it might be provided here that the making of some things might (by discreet dispensation) be allotted to some special towns, to the end, that although the daintiness of men cannot be restrained, which will needs seek those things at London, yet other places also might be relieved, at the least by the workmanship of them. Thus much then of the estate of London, in the government thereof, in the condition of the citizens, and in their power and riches. Now follow the enumeration of such benefits as redound to the prince and this realm by this city : in which doing I profess not to rehearse all, but only to recite and run over the chief and principal of them. 206 An Apology for the city of London. STOW’S SURVEY An Apology for the city of London. Besides the commodities of the furtherance of religion and justice, the propagation of learning, the maintenance of arts, the increase of riches, and the defence of countries (all which are before showed to grow generally by cities, and be common to London with them), London bringeth singularly these good things following. By advantage of the situation it dispersetli fo¬ reign wares (as the stomach doth meat) to all the members most commodiously. By the benefit of the river of Thames, and great trade of merchandise, it is the chief maker of ma¬ riners, and nurse of our navy ; and ships (as men know) be the wooden walls for defence of our realm. It maintaineth in flourishing estate the countries of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Kent, and Sussex, which as they lie in the face of our most puissant neigh¬ bour, so ought they above others to be conserved in the greatest strength and riches ; and these, as it is well known, stand not so much by the benefit of their own soil, as by the neighbourhood and nearness which they have to London. It relieveth plentifully, and with good policy, not only her own poor people, a thing which scarcely any other town or shire doth, but also the poor that from each quarter of the realm do flock unto it, and it imparteth liberally to the necessity of the universities besides. It is an ornament to the realm by the beauty thereof, and a terror to other countries, by reason of the great wealth and fre¬ quency. It spreadeth the honour of our country far abroad by her long navigations, and maketh our power feared, even of barbarous princes. It only is stored with rich merchants, which sort only is tolerable ; for beggarly merchants do bite too near, and will do more harm than good to the realm. It only of any place in this realm is able to fur¬ nish the sudden necessity with a strong army. It availeth the prince in tronage, poundage, and other her customs, much more than all the rest of the realm. It yieldeth a greater subsidy than any one part of the realm ; I mean not for the proportion of the value of the goods only, but also for the faithful service there used, in making the assess, for no where else be men taxed so near to their just value as in London ; yea, many are found there, that for their countenance and credit sake, refuse not to be rated above their ability, which thing never hap- peneth abroad in the country. I omit that in an¬ cient time the inhabitants of London and other cities were accustomably taxed after the tenth of their goods, when the country was assessed at the fifteenth, and rated at the eighth ; when the country was set at the twelfth, for that were to awake a sleeping dog ; and I should be thought “ dicenda, tacenda, locutus ,” as the poet said. It only doth and is able to make the prince a ready present or loan of money. It only is found fit and able to entertain strangers honourably, and to receive the prince of the realm worthily. Almighty God (qui nisi cuslodiat oiritatem,frustrd rb/dat custos) grant, that her majesty evermore rightly esteem and rule this city ; and he give grace, that the citizens may answer duty, as well towards God and her majesty, as towards this whole realm and country. Amen. AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING THE EXAMINATION OP SUCH CAUSES AS HAVE HERETOFORE MOVED THE PRINCES EITHER TO FINE AND RANSOM THE CITI¬ ZENS OF LONDON, OR TO SEIZE THE LIBERTIES OF THE CITY ITSELF. These all may be reduced to these few heads ; for either the citizens have adhered, in aid or arms, to such as have warred upon the prince, or they have made tumult, and broken the common peace at home ; or they have misbehaved themselves in point of government and justice ; or finally, and to speak the plain truth, the princes have taken hold of small matters, and coined good sums of money out of them. To the first head I will refer whatsoever they have done, either in those wars that happened be¬ tween King Stephen and Maude the empress, being competitors of the crown, or between King John and his nobles, assisting Lewis, the French king’s son, when he invaded the realm ; for it is apparent by all histories that the Londoners were not the movers of these wars, but were only used as in¬ struments to maintain them. The like is to be said of all the offences that King Henry III., whose whole reign was a continual warfare, conceived against this city, concerning the bearing of armour against him ; for the first part of his reign was spent in the continuation of those wars that his father had begun with Lewis ; and the rest of his life he bestowed in that contention, which was com¬ monly called the Barons’ wars : in which tragedy London, as it could not be otherwise, had now and then a part, and had many a snub at the king’s hand for it: but in the end, when he had triumphed over Simon Montford at Evesham, London felt it most tragical ; for then he both seized their liber¬ ties and sucked themselves dry ; and yet Edictum Kenilworth, made shortly after, hath an honourable testimony for London, saying, “ Te London laud a- mils,” &c. As for the other offences that he took against the Londoners, they pertain to the other parts of my division. Next after this, against whom the Londoners did put on arms, followeth King Edward II., who in the end was deprived of his kingdom, not by their means, but by a general defection both of his own wife and son, and almost of the whole nobility and realm besides. In which trouble, that furious assault and slaughter committed by them upon the bishop of Excester, then treasurer of the realm, is to be imputed partly to the sway of the time where¬ with they were carried, and partly to a private dis¬ pleasure which they had to the bishop. Finally cometh to hand King Richard II. ; for these three only, in all the catalogue of our kings, have been heavy lords to London, who also had much contention with his nobility, and was in the end deposed. But whatsoever countenance and aid the city of London brought to the wars and up¬ roars of that time, it is notoriously true that Lon¬ don never led the dance, but ever followed the pipe of the nobility. To close up this first part, there¬ fore, I affirm, that in all the troublesome actions during the reign of these three kings, as also in all that heaving in and hurling out that afterward hap¬ pened between King Henry VI. and King Edward IV., the city of London was many times a friend An Apology for the city of ,. T An Apology for the city of London. tor LUJMAln. London. 207 and fautor, but never the first motive or author of any intestine war or sedition. In the second room I place a couple of tumultuous affrays that chanced in the days of King Richard I.; the one upon the day of his coronation against the Jews, which, contrary to the king’s own proclama¬ tion, would needs enter the church to see him sa¬ cred, aud were therefore cruelly handled by the common people. The other was caused by William with the long beard, who after that he had inflamed tne poor people against the richer sort, and was called to answer for his fault, took Bow church for sanctuary, and kept it, castle-like, till he was fired out. Here is place also for the stoning to death of a gentleman, servant to the half-brother of King Henry III., which had before provoked the citizens to fury by wounding divers of them without any cause, 1257 ; for the riotous fray between the serv¬ ants of the goldsmiths and the tailors, 1268 ; for the burly burly and bloodshed between the Lon¬ doners and the men of Westminster, moved by the young men upon an occasion of a wrestling on St. James’ day, 1221 ; and made worse by one Con¬ stantine, an ancient citizen, for the brawl and bu¬ siness that arose about a baker’s loaf at Salisbury place, 1391 ; for the which, and some other mis¬ demeanours, King Richard 11. was so incensed by evil counsel against the Londoners, that he deter¬ mined to destroy them and raze their city : and for the fight that was between the citizens and sanctuary men of St. Martin’s, 1454, under King Henry VI. : and finally, for the misrule on evil May-day, 1519, and for such other like, if there have been any. To the third head may be referred the seizure of their liberties, for a false judgment given against a poor widow, called Margaret Viel, 1246 ; the two several seizures in one year, 1258, for false packing in collections of money and other enormities ; and finally the seizure made by King Edward 1. for taking of bribes of the bakers, 1285. But all this security in seizing and resuming of the liberties, which was in old time the only ordinary punish¬ ment, was at length mitigated by King Edward III. and King Henry IV., in their statutes before re¬ membered. In the last place stand those offences, which I repute rather taken than given, and do fall within the measure of the adage, “ Ut canem ccedas, cito invenias baculum for King John, in the 10th of his reign, deposed the bailiffs of London, because they had bought up the wheat in the market, so that there was not to serve bis purveyors. King Henry III., his son, compelled the Londoners to pay him five thousand pounds, because they had lent to Lewis, the French king, the like sum, of a good mind to dispatch him out of their city and the realm, at such time as the protector and the whole nobility fell to composition with him for his depar¬ ture. And the same king fined them at three thousand marks for the escape of a prisoner out of Newgate, of whom they took no charge ; for he was a clerk, prisoner to the bishop of London, un¬ der the custody of his own servants ; and as for the place, it was only borrowed of the Londoners to serve that turn. Hitherto of these things to this end, that whatsoever misdemeanour shall be objected out of history against London, the same may herein appear, both in its true place and proper colour. THE AUTHOR TO THE READER. Because amongst others mine authors, I have often¬ times alleged Fitz-Stephens as one more choice than other, namely, for the ancient estate of this city, more than four hundred years since : and also the said author being rare, I have in this place thought good by impression to impart the same to my loving friends, the learned antiquaries, as the author wrote it in the Latin tongue ; and first to note in effect what Master Bale, in commendation of the said author, writeth : “ William Stephanides, or Fitzstephen, a monk of Canterbury, born of worshipful parents in the city of London, well brought up at the first under good masters, did more and more increase in ho¬ nest conditions and learning ; for ever in his young years there appeared in him a certain light of a gentleman-like disposition, which promised many good things, afterward by him performed. Such time as other spent in brawls and idle talk, he em¬ ployed in wholesome exercises for the honour of liis country, following therein the example of Plato, and was very studious both in humanity and di¬ vinity.” The city of London, his birth-place, the most noble of all other cities of this land, and the prince’s seat, situated in the south part of this island, he loved above all the other, so that at length he wrote most elegantly in Latin of the site and rights of the same. Leland, in divers of his books, commendeth him for an excellent writer. He lived in the reign of King Stephen, wrote in the reign of Henry 11., and deceased in the year of Christ 1191, in the reign of Richard I. 208 STOW’S SURVEY STEPHANIDES*. ] A DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST NOBLE CITY OF LONDON DESCUIPTIO NOBlLISSIMAs CIVITATIS LONDONIAE. De situ ejusdem. Inter nobiles urbes (a) orbis, quas fama celebrat, civitas Londonioe (t), regni Anglorum sedes, mia est, quae famam sui latius diffundit, opes et merces longius transmittit, caput altius extollit. Felix est aeris salubritate, Christiana religione, firmitate mu- nitionum, natura situs, honore civiura, pudicitia matronali ; ludis etiam quam (c) jucunda, et nobi- lium (d) fcecunda virorum : quae singula semotim libet inspicere. Z)t’ dementia aeris. Ibi siquidem “ Emollit animos le) hominuin dementia eoeli,” non ut sint in venerem putres, sed ne feri sint et bestiales, potius benigni et liberales. De religione. Est ibi in ecclesia beati Pauli episcopalis sedes ; quondam fuit metropolitana, et adhuc futura cre- ditur, si remeaverint eives in insulam : nisi forte beati Tltomte martyris titulus archiepiscopalis, et prsesentia corporalis, dignitatem illam Cantuariae, ubi nunc est, conservet perpetuam. Sed cum utramque urbium haruin (/) sanctus Thomas illus- traverit, Londoniam ortu, Cantuariam occasu ; ip- sius sancti intuitu, cum justitiae accessu, habet altera adversus alteram, quod amplius alleget. Sunt etiam, quod ad Christian® fidei cultum per- tinet, turn in Londonia, turn in suburbauo (/() arboribus consiti, spatiosi et speciosi, con- tigui habeutur. De pascuis et sationalibus. Item a Borea sunt agri pascui («) et pratorum grata planities, aquis fluvialibus Interfluis, ad quas molinorum (o) versatiles rotte citantur cum mur- mure jocoso. Proxime patet foresta ingens(p),sal- tus nemorosi, ferarum latebr®, cervorum, dama- rum, aprorum, et taurorum (7) sylvestrium. Agri urbis sationales non sunt jejunse glare®, sed pin- gues Asiae campi, qui faciant * loetas segetes, et suorum cultorum repleant hoiTea -“ Cerealis jugere (r) culmi.” De fontibus. Sunt et (s) circa Londoniam ab Aquilone subur- bani fontes prsecipui aqua dulci, salubri, perspicua, et -“ Per claros rivo trepidante lapillos inter quos fons Sacer, fons Clericorum, fons Sancti Clementis nominatiores habentur, et adeuntur cele- briori (<) accessu, et majori («) frequentia schola- rum (v), et urbaiuc juventutis in serotinis sestivis ad auram exeuntis. Urbs sane bona, cum (if) bo- num habeat dominum. De honore cirium. Urbs ista viris est honorata, armis decorata, multo habitatore populosa, ut, tempore bellicse cladis sub rege (,r) Stephano, bello apti ex ea ex- euntes ostentatui (y) haberentur viginti millia arma- Of its gardens. Of its pasture lands. 2011 Of its springs. castles strongly fortified ; the wall of the city is high and thick, with seven double gates, having on the north side towers placed at proper intervals. London formerly had walls and towers in like manner on the south, but that most excellent river the Thames, which abounds with fish, and in which the tide ebbs and flows, runs on that side, and has in a long space of time washed down, undermined, and subverted the walls in that part. On the west also, higher up on the bank of the river, the royal palace rears its head, an incomparable structure, furnished with a breastwork and bastions, situated in a populous suburb, at a distance of two miles from the city. Of the gardens. Adjoining to the houses on all sides lie the gar¬ dens of those citizens that dwell in the suburbs, which are well furnished with trees, spacious and beautiful. Of the pasture and tillage lands. On the north side too are fields for pasture, and a delightful plain of meadow land, interspersed with flowing streams, on which stand mills, whose clack is very pleasing to the ear. Close by lies an immense forest, in which are densely wooded thick¬ ets, the coverts of game, stags, fallow-deer, boars, and wild bulls. The tillage lands of the city are not barren gravelly soils, but like the fertile plains of Asia, which produce abundant crops, and fill the barns of their cultivators with “ Ceres’ plenteous sheaf." Of the springs. There are also round London, on the northern side, in the suburbs, excellent springs ; the water of which is sweet, clear, and salubrious, “ ’Mid glistening pebbles gliding playfully amongst which, Holywell, Clerkenwell, and St. Clement’s well, are of most note, and most fre¬ quently visited, as well by the scholars from the schools, as by the youth of the city when they go out to take the air in the summer evenings. The city is delightful indeed, when it has a good governor. Of the honour of the citizens. This city is ennobled by her men, graced by her arms, and peopled by a multitude of inhabitants ; so that in the wars under King Stephen there went out to a muster, of armed horsemen, esteemed fit (j) Thamesis, Lansdown MS. (At) Abluit, Lansdown MS. Hearne and Strype agree with Stow in reading alluit; abluit appears to be the more ■correct reading. I| (1) Suburbio, Lansdown MS. (m) Suburbanorum civium horti, Strype. (n) Pascuae, Lansdown MS. ( 0 ) Hearne says that both molinum and molendinum occur in old MSS.: Strype has molinarum. (j \p) Ingens foresta, Lansdown MS. (?) Ursorum, Lansdown MS. (r) Mergete, Lansdown MS. I Sunt etiam, Lansdown MS. (0 Celebriore, Lansdown MS., Hearne. («) Majore, Lansdown MS. (») Scholarium, Lansdown MS., Strype. (ic) Si, Lansdown MS. (a-) Jubente Stephano, Lansdown MS. \y) Ostentatui, ostentui haberentur, Lansdown MS.; ostentati haberentur, Strype. Perhaps we should read, ostentatui naberentur, et viginti millia, &c. • Both Stow and Strype have faciunt in this passage, although they concur in reading repleant in the succeeding portion of the sentence; the Lansdown MS. and Hearne give faciant, which is no doubt the correct reading. Fitz- stephen in this description appears to have had in view the verses, “ Quid faciat lretas segetes ?” Virgil. Georg. 1. i. v. 1 -“ aut Cerealis mergite culmi: Provcntuque oneret sulcos, atque horrea vincat." Virgil. Georg. 1. ii. v. 517-18. P 210 Fitzstephen’s Description of London. STOW’S SURVEY Of the honour of the citizens. Of the matrons. Of its schools. torum equitum, sexaginta (y) millia peditum esti- marentur. Gives Londoni:e ubicunque locorum pi'® omnibus aliis civibus ornatu morum, vestium et mens®, locutione (s), spectabiles et noti ha- beutur (a). De matronis. Urbis matron® ips® Sabin® * sunt. De scholis. In Londonia tres principales ecclesi® scholas celebres habent de privilegio et antiqua dignitate : plerunque tamen favore (6) person® alicujus, vel aliquorum doctorum, qui secundum pliilosophiam noti et pr®clari habentur (c), et ali® ibi sunt schol® de gratia et permissione. Diebus festis ad ecclesias festivas magistri conventus celebrantur (d). Disputant («) scholares, quidam demonstrative, dia- lectice alii ; alii (/) recitant enthymemata ; hi (g) melius perfectis utuntur syllogismis. Quidam ad ostentationem exercentur disputatione, qu® est inter colluctantes ; alii ad veritatem, ea qu® est perfectionis (A) gratia. Sophist® simulatores ag- mine et inundatione verborum beati judicantur. Alii paralogizantur (i). Oratores aliqui quandoque orationibus rhetoricis aliquid dicunt apposite (j) ad persuadendum, curantes artis pr®cepta servare, et ex coutingentibus nihil omittere. Pueri diversarum scholarum versibus inter se conrixantur ( k) ; et (l) de principiis artis grammatic®, regulis (m) pr®teri- torum vel futurorum (n) contendunt. Sunt alii, qui epigrammatibus (o), rithmis et metris utuntur ve- tere ilia triviali dicacitate, licentia Fescenuina so- cios, suppressis nominibus, liberius lacerant, l®do- rias jaculantur et scommata, salibus Socraticis sociorum vel forte majorum (p) vitia tangunt, vel (q) mordacius dente rodunt Theonino (r). Auditores, - “ multum ridere (s) parati Ingeminant tremulos naso crispante cachinnos t.” for war, twenty thousand, and of infantry sixt’ thousand. The citizens of London are respecte! and noted above all other citizens for the eleganci of their manners, dress, table, and discourse. Of the matrons. The matrons of the city are perfect Sabines. Of the schools. The three principal churches possess, by privi lege and ancient dignity, celebrated schools ; ye often, by the favour of some person of note, or o some learned men eminently distinguished for then philosophy, other schools are permitted upon suffer ance. On festival days the masters assemble tlieii pupils at those churches where the feast of the patron saint is solemnized ; and there the scholar; dispute, some in the demonstrative way, and others logically ; some again recite enthymemes, while others use the more perfect syllogism. Some, to show their abilities, engage in such disputation as is practised among persons contending for victory alone ; others dispute upon a truth, which is the grace of perfection. The sophisters, who argue upon feigned topics, are deemed clever according to their fluency of speech and command of lan¬ guage. Others endeavour to impose by false con elusions. Sometimes certain orators in their rhe¬ torical harangues employ all the powers of persua¬ sion, taking care to observe the precepts of the art, and to omit nothing apposite to the subject. The boys of the different schools wrangle with each other in verse, and contend about the principles of grammar or the rules of the perfect and future! n tenses. There are some who in epigrams, rhymes, and verses, use that trivial raillery so much prac¬ tised amongst the ancients, freely attacking their companions with Fescennine licence, but suppress¬ ing the names, discharging their scoffs and sar¬ casms against them, touching with Socratic wit the failings of their schoolfellows, or perhaps of greater personages, or biting them more keenly with a Theonine tooth. The audience, - “well disposed to laugh, With curling nose double the quivering peals.” (y) The Lansdown MS. has et before sexaginta j the conjunction appears to have been inserted since the MS. was copied. (z) Mens® lautione, Lansdown MS. (a) The Lansdown MS. adds the following passage : Habitatores aliarum urbium cives, hujus barones dicuntur: eis est finis omnis controversiae sacramentum. (A) Favore personali alicujus notorum secundum philosophiam, plures ibi scholae admittuntur, Lansdown MS. (c) Habeantur, Hearne. (dj Celebrant, Lansdown MS., Heame. Strype reads, magistri cum discipulis suis conventus gratia exercitationis celebrant. (e) Disputant ibidem scholares, Strype. (/) Hii rotant entimemata, Lansdown MS. lg) Hii perfectis melius, Lansdown MS. (A) Perspectionis gratia, Lansdown MS. It also omits ea before quae (i) Paralogizant, Lansdown MS. (j) Apposite is wanting in the Lansdown MS., Strype, and Hearne. (A) Inter se versibus corrixantur, Lansdown MS. (1) Aut de principiis, Lansdown MS., Strype. (m) Vel regulis, Lansdown MS. (n) Supinorum, Lansdown MS. (o) Qui in epigrammatibus, Lansdown MS. (p) Vitia majorum, Lansdown MS. ( g ) Ne mordacius dente rodant, Lansdown MS , Hearne, Strype. (r) Strype reads procaciori instead of Theonino, and adds audacioribus convitiis; the Lansdown MS. adds audacibus dithirambis. (s) Videre, Strype. This reading probably originated in a mistake of the transcriber. * The Sabine women were celebrated amongst the Romans for their chastity and good housewifery. Horace has, “ Quod si pudica mulier in partem juvans Domum, atque dulces liberos; Sabina qualis,-” Epod. ii. v, 39—41. and Juvenal, - “ intactior omni Crinibus diffusis bellum dirimente Sabinfi.” Sat. vi. v. 162-3. t “ Ingeminat tremulos naso crispante cachinnos.” Persius. Sat. iii. v. 87. sp hte: dem niui Fitzsteplien’s How the affairs Description of OF LONDON of the city are 211 London. disposed. De dispositions urbis. Singulorum officiorum exercitores, singularum rerum venditores, singularum operarum suarum locatores, quotidiano (t) mane per se sunt locis dis- tiucti omnes, ut officiis. Prseterea est in Londonia, supra ripam fluminis, inter vina in navibus et cellis vinariis venalia, publica coquina : ibi cotidie ( u) pro tempore est invenire cibaria, fercula assa (it), frixa, elixa, pisces, pisciculos, carnes grossiores pauperibus, delicatiores divitibus venationum, avium, avicularum. Si subito veniant ad aliquem civium amici fatigati ex itinere, nec libeat jejunis(io) expectare, ut novi cibi emantur, coquantur (x), “ Dant (y) famuli manibus limphas—panesque * interim ad ripam curritur, ibi praesto sunt omnia desiderabilia. Quan tali bet militum, vel peregri- norum, infinitas intrat (z) urbem, qualibet diei vel noctis hora, vel ab urbe exitura, ne vel hi (a) nimium jejunent, vel alii impransi exeant, illuc si placeat ( b ) divertunt, et se pro modo suo singuli reficiunt: qui se curare volunt molliter, accipen- serem (c) vel Afram f avem vel attagen Ionicum non quserant (d), appositis quse ibi inveniuntur de- liciis. Hsec equidem publica coquina est, et civi- tati (e) plurimum expediens, et ad civilitatem (/) pertinens : bine est quod legitur in Gorgia Platonis, Juxta medicinam esse coquorum officium, simulan- tium (y) et adulationem quart* particulse civilitatis. i 1 Est ibi extra unam portarum, statim in suburbio, quidam (/«) planus campus J re et nomine. Omni sexta feria, nisi sit major festivitas praeceptae so- rlemnitatis, est ibi (i) celebre spectaculum nobilium equoruin venalium. Spectaturi vel empturi ve- niunt qui in urbe adsunt (J), comites, barones, mi- lites, cives plurimi. Juvat videre gradarios suc- I eussatura nitente (k) suaviter amhulantes, pedibus lateraliter simul ex-ectis, quasi a subalternis, et demissis ; hinc equos, qui armigeris magis conve- uiunt, durius incedentes, sed expedite tamen, qui, quasi a contradictoribus (/), pedes simul elevant et . deponunt, hinc nobiles pullos juniores (ret), qui, non- dum fraeno bene (re) assueti, ‘‘ Altius incedunt, et mollia crura reponunt § Of the manner in which the affairs of the city are disposed. The artizans of the several crafts, the vendors of the various commodities, and the labourers of every kind, have each their separate station, which they take every morning. There is also in London, on the bank of the river, amongst the wine-shops which are kept in ships and cellars, a public eating- house : there every day, according to the season, may be found viands of all kinds, roast, fried, and boiled, fish large and small, coarser meat for the poor, and more delicate for the rich, such as veni¬ son, fowls, and small birds. If friends, wearied with their journey, should unexpectedly come to a citizen’s house, and, being hungry, should not like to wait till fresh meat be bought and cooked : “ The canisters with bread are heap’d on high ; The attendants water for their hands supply — Dryden. meanwhile some run to the river side, and there every thing that they could wish for is instantly procured. However great the number of soldiers or strangers that enters or leaves the city at any hour of the day or night, they may turn in there if they please, and refresh themselves according to their inclination ; so that the former have no occa¬ sion to fast too long, or the latter to leave the city without dining. Those who wish to indulge them¬ selves would not desire a sturgeon, or the bird of Africa, or the godwit of Ionia, when the delicacies that are to be found there are set before them. This indeed is the public cookery, and is very con¬ venient to the city, and a distinguishing mark of civilization. Hence we read in Plato’s Gorgias, “ Juxta medicinam esse coquorum officium, simu- lantium et adulationem quart* particulae civilita¬ tis.” There is, without one of the gates, imme¬ diately in the suburb, a certain smooth field in name and in reality. There every Friday, un¬ less it be one of the more solemn festivals, is a noted show of well-bred horses exposed for sale. The earls, barons, and knights, who are at the time resident in the city, as well as most of the citizens, flock thither either to look on or buy. It is pleasant to see the nags, with their sleek and (u) Quotidie, Strype, Hearne. {w) Jejuniis, Hearne. ! (() Cotidiano, Lansdown MS. (a) Assa, pista, frixa, Lansdown MS. (*) Et coquantur, Lansdown MS. | ly) Dent, Lansdown MS,, Strype, Hearne. The Lansdown MS. bas panesque canistris. | (z) Intrans, Lansdown MS. Intrarit, Hearne. («) Hii nimium, Lansdown MS.; hii minimum, Hearne. : (5) Placet, Lansdown MS. (c) Accipiunt anserem, Strype. (cf) Quoerunt, Lansdown MS. Non opus ut qui quaerant, Strype. (c) Civilitati, Strype. ! (/) Civitatem, Stow, Hearne, Strype ; civilitatem has been adopted on the authority of the Lansdown MS. (.) Ventres protument, Lansdown MS. (») Ad urbem hanc, Lansdown MS. (x) Scithes, Lansdown MS. Scites, Hearne. \y) Rusci, Lansdown Ms., Hearne. (z) Cronicarum, Lansdown MS. (а) Utitur, Strype. (б) Haec etiam regionibus similiter est illi distineta, Lansdown MS. ; illis regionibus, Strype. (с) Eluvies, Lansdown MS. {d) Judiciales, Strype. (ej Commercia, Lansdown MS. * Stow omits ilia; the pronoun has been inserted on the authority of the Lansdown MS., Strype, and Hearne. Fitzstephen’s Resemblance between Rome Description of OF LONDON. and London. 213 London. Sports of London. exequiis curandis et cadaveribus humandis. Sola; pestes Londini sunt immoderata stultorum pota- tio(/) et frequens incendium. Ad hsec omues fere Episcopi, Abbates (ij), et magnates Anglise quasi cives et municipes sunt urbis Londonise : sui (h) ibi babentes tedificia prseclara, ubi se reci- piunt, ubi divites impensas faciunt, ad consilia (i), ad conventus celebres in urbem (j) evocati a Do¬ mino rege, vel metropolitano suo, seu propriis tracti negotiis. De Ludis. Amplius et ad ludos urbis veniamus ; quoniam non expedit utilem tantum et seriam urbem esse (k), nisi dulcis etiam sit et jucunda (/). Unde et in sigillis summorum pontificum, usque ad tempora Leonis Papse (»«), ex altera (») parte Bullse, sculpto (o') per impressionem piscatore Petro, et supra eum clave, quasi manu Dei de coelis ei por- recta, et circa eum versu, “ Tu pro me navem liquisti, suscipe clavem.” Ex altera parte impressa erat urbs, et scriptura ista, Aurea (p) Roma. Item ad laudem Csesaris Au- gusti et Romte dictum est, “ Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacula mane, Divisum imperium cum Jove Caisar babes Londonia, pro spectaculis theatralibus, pro ludis scenicis, ludos habet sanctiores, repraesentationes miraculorum, quae sancti confessores operati sunt, seu repraesentationes passionum, quibus claruit constantia martyrum. Procterea, quotannis die, quae “ Arabia’s gold, Sabaea's spice and incense, Scythia’s keen weapons, and the oil of palms From Babylon’s rich soil, Nile’s precious gems, N> rway’s warm peltries, Russia’s costly sables, Sera's rich vestures, and the wines of Gaul, Hither are sent.” According to the evidence of chroniclers London is more ancient than Rome : for, as both derive their origin from the same Trojan ancestors, this was founded by Brutus before that by Romulus and Remus. Hence it is that, even to this day, both cities use the same ancient laws and ordinances. This,like Rome, is divided into wards ; it has annual sheriffs instead of consuls ; it has an order of sena¬ tors and inferior magistrates, and also sewers and aqueducts in its streets ; each class of suits, whe¬ ther of the deliberative, demonstrative, or judicial kind, has its appropriate place and proper court ; on stated days it has its assemblies. I think that there is no city in which more approved customs are observed—in attending churches, honouring God’s ordinances, keeping festivals, giving alms, receiving strangers, confirming espousals, contract¬ ing marriages, celebrating weddings, preparing entertainments, welcoming guests, and also in the arrangement of the funeral ceremonies and the burial of the dead. The only inconveniences of London are, the immoderate drinking of foolish persons, and the frequent fires. Moreover, almost all the bishops, abbots, and great men of England, are, in a manner, citizens and freemen of London ; as they have magnificent houses there, to which they resort, spending large sums of money, when¬ ever they are summoned thither to councils and assemblies by the king or their metropolitan, or are compelled to go there by their own business. Of the Sports. Let us now proceed to the sports of the city ; since it is expedient that a city be not only an object of utility and importance, but also a source of pleasure and diversion. Hence even in the seals of the chief pontiffs, up to the time of Pope Leo, there was engraved on one side of the Bull the figure of St. Peter as a fisherman, and above him a key sti’etched out to him, as it were, from heaven by the hand of God, and around him this verse— “ For me thou left’st thy ship, receive the key.” On the obverse side was represented a city, with this inscription, Golden Rome. It was also said in praise of Augustus Cresar and the city of Rome, " All night it rains, the shows return with day, Cassar, thou bear’st with Jove alternate sway.” London, instead of theatrical shows and scenic entertainments, has dramatic performances of a more sacred kind, either representations of the ( f) Immodiea, Lansdown MS. j Putatio, Strype’s MS. (4) Sua, Lansdown MS , Hearne. (j) The Lansdown MS omits in urbem. (/) Jocunda, Lansdown MS. (n) Alia, Lansdown MS, (g) Abbates, Lansdown MS., Hearne, Strype. (f) Concilia, Lansdown MS. (4) Tantum utilem urbem esse et seriam, Lansdown (m) Ultimi Leonis Papa;, Lansdown MS. (o) Scripto, Lansdown MS. \p) Aulrea, Lansdown MS., Ilearne’s MS. The epithet Aurea is applied to Rome on the authority of Ovid and “ Simplicitas rudis ante fuit, nunc Aurea Rnma est.” Ovid. Art. Am. 1. iii. v. 13. * All the MSS. agree in reading habes: Donatus in his Life of Virgil gives habet. MS. Martial. Fitzsteulien’s Sports of the city. 214 Description of London. STOW’S SURVEY Cock-fighting. Foot-ball. Military sports. dicitur Carnivale (q), ut a puerorum ludis (r) inci- piamus (omnes enim pueri fuiraus), scholarum singuli (s) pueri suos apportant magistro suo gallos gallinaceos pugnatores (f), et totum illud antemeri- dianum datur ludo puerorum vacantium spectare in scholis suorum pugnas gallorum. Post prandium exit («) in campos omnis juventus urbis ad lusum(o) pilse celebrem. Singulorum studiorum scliolares suam habeut pilam ; singulorum ofliciorum urbis exercitores suam singuli pilam (tr) in manibus. Majores natu, patres et divites urbis, in equis spec- tatum veniunt certamina juniorum, et modo suo inveniuntur (r) cum juvenibus, et excitari videtur in eis motus caloris naturalis contemplations tanti motus et participations gaudiorum adolescentiae liberioris. Singulis diebus dominicis in Quadra¬ gesima, post prandia (y), exit in campos (z) juve- num recens examen in equis bellicosis— “-in equis certamine primis * j” quorum quisque “ Aptus et in gyros («) currere doctus equus f.” Erumpunt a portis catervatim filii civium laici instructi lanceis etscutis militaribus ; juniores has- talibus, ferro dempto (A), praffurcatis, simulaclira belli cient et agonisticam exercent militarem. Adveniunt et plurimi aulici rege in vicino posito, et de familiis consulum (c) et baronum epliebi nondum cingulo donati, militise gratia concertandi. Accen- dit singulos spes victoi-ice. Equi feri adhinniunt, tremunt artus, frsenos mandunt, impatientes morse stare loco nesciunt. Cum tandem “-sonipedum rapit ungula cursum,” sessores adolescentes, divisis agminibus, hi (d) prse- cedentibus instant, nec assequuntur (e), hi socios (/) dejiciunt et prsetervolant. In feriis () The Lansdown MS. has suam fere singuli, omitting pilam in manibus; Strype’s MS. has polam, and Hearne’s MS. pelam, instead of pilam. (x) Juvenantur, Lansdown MS. (y) Prandium, Strype. (z) Campum, Strype. (a) Gyros est currere, Lansdown MS.; Strype reads, quique sit aptus in gyros currere doctus equo. (I>) Tile Lansdown MS. omits ferro dempto, and inserts campestria praslia ludunt after cient : Strype reads militiam instead of militarem. (c) Episcoporum, consulum et baronum, Lansdown MS. (d) Hii, Lansdown MS., Strype ; his Hearne’s MS. (e) assectuntur, Lansdown MS. (/) Hii socios consectuntur.’deiciunt, prcetervolant, Lansdown MS; deiciunt, Hearne. (y) Feris. Strype. (A) Multo remo, Lansdown MS , Strype ; malo remo, Hearne. (i) Celsa in puppi stantem, Lansdown MS. ( j j mum, Strype. (A-) The Lansdown MS. omits, et immotus persistat, and est after compos. (0 Fluvium deicitur, Lansdown MS.; amnem deicitur, Hearne ; Strype reads et per fluentem amnem dejicietur. (m) Strype omits scutum. (a) Absortum, Lansdown MS., Hearne’s MS. * “- Equum certamine primum Hor. Ep. ad Pis. v. 84. t “ -In gyros ire coactus equus.” Ovid. Art. Amat. 1. iii. v. 3S4. j “ - Et alto Demersus, Summa rursus non bullit in unda.” Pers. Sat. iil. vv. 33, 4. Fitzstephen’s Running at the Description of OF LONDON. quintain. 215 London. Sports on the ice. Supra pontem et in solariia supra fluvium, sunt qui talia spectent (o), “-mnltum ridere parati.” In festis tota restate juvenes ludentes exercentur in saliendo (p), in arcu, in lucta, jactu lapidum,amen- tatis * missilibus ultra metam expediendis, parmis duellionum. Puellarum Cytherea () Prtetenso is wanting in the Lansdown MS. (g) Lapsis, Lansdown MS. (a) Tenent, Lansdown MS. (c) lllidunt, Lansdown MS., Strype, Hearne. (p) Exercentur in arcu, cursu, saltu, lucta, &c., Lansdown MS. (r) Prominentibus, Strype. It) Aquilonia, Strype. (t>) Composita, Lansdown MS. (,r) Citatione lubrici motus, Lansdown MS. (z) Supposito, Lansdown MS., Strype, Hearne. (J) Quiscum, Lansdown MS. (d) Interdum a magna, Lansdown MS.; autem magna, Strype, Hearne. (<) Curritur, Strype (/) Excipit, Lansdown MS. (g) Iiabeat, Lansdown MS., Strype. (A) Exercetur, Lansdown MS., ! t mo meiSrifrihne of hn1 cm i\A i ( Hnhpnt rivps. Strype. (ij The Lansdown MS. omits nisis, accipitribus, et hujusmodi. (j) liabent cives, Lansdown MS. (t) Middlesex,:!, Lansdown MS.; Midelsexia, Hearne. (t) Ilertfordsira, Lansdown MS., Hearne. (m) Crayae, Lansdown MS.; Craiie, Strype; Graite, Stow, Hearne. (ti) Gaudebat habere vias, Lansdown MS. • The hastre amentatir were spears bound round the middle with a thong of leather, in which the hand was enfolded so as to balance the weapon.—Vide JEneid ix. v. 665. t Jam Cytherea choros ducit Venus, imminente luna. llor. 1. i. Ode v. ver. 5. “-nunc pede libero Pulsanda tellus - Hor. 1. i. Ode xxxvii. ver. 1, 2. According to the present reading (usque imminente luna), with which all the MSS. agree the dancing was not begun until the moon had risen: the correct reading perhaps was imminente luna, and the present reading might have originated in the transcriber overlooking the m thus indicated. 216 Fitzstephen’s • Description of London. STOW’S SURVEY. Sports on the ice. Field sports. Illustrious natives of London. Civitas Lundonia peperit aliquos (o), qui regna plurima et Romanum sibi subdiderunt imperium ; et plurimos alios, quos mundi dominos virtus evexit ad Deos*, ut fuerat in Apollinis oraculo Bruto promissum : “ Brute, sub oecasu solis, trans Gallica regna, Insula in Oceano est undique clausa mari; * a • • a a Hanc pete : namque tibi sedes erit ilia peretmls, Haec (p) fiet natis altera Troja tuis: Hie de stirpe tua reges nascentur, et ipsis Totius terrae subditus orbis erit.” In ( Bible, remarkable, 139. Billingsgate, or Belins gate, 16. Billingsgate ward, 78. Birchover, now Birchin lane, 75. Bishopsgate, 11, 12; repaired by the Hanse merchants, 13. Bishopsgate ward, 62. Bishop’s palace (St. Paul’s), 138. Bishops of London, chronological list of, 177—181. Black Bell hostelry, formerly the resi¬ dence of Edward the Black Prince, 81. Blackewall hall, 108. Black Friars, the, church and house of, 127. 163. Black Friars stairs, 16. Blacksmiths’ hall, 137. Bladers, cutlers so called, 92. Blanch Apleton, 56. Blitheman, the queen’s organist, his epitaph, 133. Blossoms, or Bosoms inn, 102. Bollein, Godfrey, mayor, his charities, 42. Boltas Mootes, the term explained, 29. Bones, remarkable thigh or shank, in church of St. Lawrence, Jewry, 103. -, one in church of St. Mary, Al¬ dermanbury, 110. Bonfires and banquetings in the streets, 39. Boniface’s visitation of priory of St. Bartholomew, 140. Bordello, or stews, regulation of, 151. Borough of Southwark, 150; its govern¬ ment, 156. Boss alley, 79. Bow hells, rung nightly, 96. Bow church, 95. Bow lane, formerly Hosier lane, 94. 101. Bow steeple, memorable incidents of, 96. Bowes, Sir Martin, mayor, his gift, 77. Bowling alleys erected, 40. Bowyers’ hall, 112. Bread carts from Stratford, 59. Bread streetward, 128. Brewers near the friendly water of Thames, 31. Brewers’ hall, 111. Brice, Sir Hugh, goldsmith, mayor, contributes to the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, 77 Bridewell a royal residence, 27. Bridewell, palace of, 147 ; made a house of correction, ibid. Bridgegate, 11. 16. 17. Bridge ward within, 79. Bridge ward without, 150. Bridges of London. 9. Bridges over the Town ditch. 11. Bridges, or Bride's, St., chuich of, 147. Britons given to gluttony, 4. Broad street ward, 66. Broken wharf, 16. Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, 160. Brotherhood of St. Fabian and Sebas¬ tian, 115. Brotherhood of St. Giles, 113. 218 INDEX. Brown, Stephen, grocer, mayor, sends to Prussia for corn, 42. Brune, Walter, and Rosia his wife, 40 ; found the hospital of St. Mary Spittle, 63. Buck’s head borne in procession at St. Paul’s, 125. Bucklesbury, 86 ; why so called, 97. Budge row, why so called, 94. Bugge, John, Esq., his charities and arms, 76. Burgavenny house, 127. Burghkennings, or watch-towers, 27. Burse, the, called the Royal Exchange, 73. Butchers, regulations of the, 71. Buttolpli, St., church of, 48. 78. 115. Buttolph, St., without Bishopsgate, church of, 62. Buttolph’s gate, 17. 78. Csesar and the Romans take possession of London, 2. Caire-Lud, or Lud’s town, 1. Cage, stocks, and pillory on Cornhill, 72. Calvary, mount of, chapel so called, 160. Camden’s Remains quoted, 105. Candlewick street ward, 81. Candlewright street famous for drapers, 82. Canonbury, 141. Cardinal’s Hat tavern, 77. Carpenter, Jenkin, causes the Dance of Death to be painted in the cloister of St. Paul’s, 122. Carpenter, John, town clerk, his cha¬ rities, 42. Carpenters’ hall, 66. Castle Baynard ward. 135. Caxton the printer, his house, 176. Cernet’s tower, 98. Champneis, Sir John, mayor, builds a tower of brick, and punished with blindness, 51. Chapel of our lady Mary Magdalen, and of All Saints, by Guildhall, 103. ^Charing cross, 168. Charitable alms in old time given, 34. Charterhouse, the, 160. - Chaucer’s tomb, 171; his works, ibid. Cheap, great conduit of, 99. Chester inn, 29. 165. Chichley, Robert, grocer, mayor, his charities, 42. 85. Chichester, bishop of, his house, 164. Chick lane, 49. Chirurgery, lecture on, 29. Choir of Katherine’s hospital, 47. Christ Church founded by Henry VIII. 19. Christ’s hospital founded, ibid. ^Christianity, its introduction into Eng¬ land, 177. Christmas sports and pastimes, 37. Christopher, St., parish church of, 70. Christopher, St., legend of, 126. Church, John, his bequest, 141. Cities, when first instituted, 200. Clement, St. Danes, church of, 166. Clement,St., in Eastcheap, church of, 82. Clement’s well, 5. 7. Clerks’ well, ibid. ; parish clerks enact plays there, 7. Clerkenwell, priory of, 162. Clement’s inn, 29. 167. Clifford’s inn, 29. 146. Clink, the, prison, 151. Clochard at Westminster, 175. Clock-house, the, at Westminster, 178. Clopton, Hugh, mercer, mayor, his great charity, 42. Clothworkers’ hall, 50. Cobham’s inn, 52. Cock-fighting on Shrove Tuesday, 35. Cock-fighting, 214. Coke, Sir Edward, 61. Cokedon hall, 50. Cold Harborough, 88, 89. Coleman haw, 56. Coleman street, 107. Coleman street ward, 104. College of physicians, 138. Collet, Henry, mercer, ancient pictures of him and his family, 95. Collet, Dr. John, endows St. Paul’s school, 43. 123. Columbars, Matthew, built the church of St. Martin in the Vintry, 93. Common beam kept at Leadenhall, 59. Common fields encroached upon, 157; such enclosures resisted by the citi¬ zens, 159. Common Pleas, court of, 174. Companies, their place at the mayor’s feast, 197. Compter in the Poultry, 99. Compter, the, in Bread street, 131. Conduits, benefactors towards the, 8. Conduit in Aldermanbury, 8. 110. Conduit at Aldgate without, 8. Conduit at Bishopsgate, ibid. Conduits by Cripplegate, 112, Conduit, the great, in Cheap, 7, 99. Conduit in Coleman street, 8, 107. Conduit in Cornhill, 71. Conduit at Dowgate, 8. 87. Conduit in Grass street, 8. 80. Conduit at London wall, 8. Conduit at Lothbury, 8. 106. Conduit by St. Mary Magdalen, 8. Conduit by St. Nicholas Colde abbey, ibid. Conduit at Oldbourne cross, ibid. Conduit, Little, by the Stocks market, ibid. Conduit in West Cheap, ibid. Convocation of Black Friars, 163. Conyhope lane, why so called, 99. Cooks in East Cheap, 31. 82. Cooks’ hall, 115. Cordwainers’ hall, 131. Cordwainer street ward, 94. Corn mill on the river Thames at Queen- hithe, 133. Cornette StowTe, or Cernet’s Tower, 98. Cornhill, old apparel and household stuff sold there, 82. Cornhill ward, 71. Cornwallis, mistress, Henry VUIth’s gift to her in reward of fine puddings, 52. Corpus Christi and St. Mary, chapel of, 99. Cosin lane, 87. Cow'bridge, 11. Cresset lights for the watch at Mid¬ summer, 39. Cripplegate, 13; re-built by Edmond Shaw, mayor, ibid. Cripplegate ward, 109. Cromwell’s, the Lord, house, 67. Crooked lane, 81, Crosby, Sir John, alderman, 17. 65. Crosby place, 65. Cross in the Strand, 166. Crosses erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor, 168. Crounsilde, 97. 102. Crutched friars, house of, 56. Curriers’ row, 66. Curtain theatre, the, 158. Customers’ key, 52. Customs of Billingsgate, ancient, 78. Customs of Grass church market, 80. Customs of Wool church haw, 85. Cutlers’ hall, 92. Dacre of the South, Lord, almshouses built by his lady, 176. Dagger in the city arms, not that of William Walworth, 83. Dalusse, Robert, barber, his epitaph, 93. Dame Annis the clear, a well so called, 7. Dance of Death, 42 ; history of, 122. Danne, Margaret, widow of William, sheriff, her charities, 43. Death by drowning, punishment of, 9.25 De la Pole, William, knight banneret and king’s merchant, 77. Denton’s hospital for frenzied people, 52. Derby house, 137. Dew r es, Giles, librarian to Henry VII. and VIII., and French master to Prince Arthur and Lady Mary, 106. Dies Commemorationis, or Mind day, explained, 42. Dionys, Back church, St., church of, 76. Dixie, Sir Wolstan, skinner, mayor, founds a free school at Bosworth, 43. Doctors’ commons, 137. Doles at funerals, 60. Dolphin inn, the, 62. Dowgate, or Downgate, 16. 86. Downgate ward, 86. Drapers’almshouses, 113. Drapers’ hall, 68; history of the com¬ pany, 68 n. Drewry house, 113. Drope, Robert, draper, mayor, enlarged the Conduit on Cornhill, 72; his cha¬ ritable bequests, 74. Duchy of Lancaster, court of, 175. Duchy of Lancaster, liberties of, 164. Dudley and Empson, houses in which they resided, 84. Duke Humphrey, dining with, 125. Dunstan’s, St., hill, 51. Dunstan, St., in the East, church of, 51. Dunstan, St., in the West, church of, 146. Dunthorne, William, town clerk, his epitaph, 111. Durham house, its history, 167. Dyers’ hall, 89. Eastcheap, a flesh market, 81; the sons of Henry IV. beaten there, 82. Eastcheap, butchers of; 79. Eastfield, William, mercer, his bene¬ factions, 42; builds the Conduit in Aldermanbury, 110; and at the Standard at Fleet, 146. East Smitlifield, 47. Ebgate, 16. Ebgate lane, 80. Ecclesiastical government of London, 177. Edred’s hithe, 133. Edmond, St., king and martyr, church of, 76. Elderton’s verses on the statues at Guildhall, 102. Eleemosynary, the, or Almonry, West¬ minster, 176. Elms at Smithfield, 142. Elsing, William, mercer, founds Elsing Spital, 41. 110. Elsing Spital, 110. Ely, bishop of, his inn, 144. Ely place, ibid. ; solemn feasts there, ibid. Embroiderers’ hall, 117. Epigram on Hatton’s tomb, 126. Erbar, the, 86, 87. Essex house, its history, 165. Ethelburge Virgin, St., church of, 64. Exchange, the Royal, 44. Exchequer, court of, 174. Executions at the Elms in Smithfield, 142. Execution of pirates, place of, 157. Executions at the Standard in Cheap, 100 . Eremew, Thomas, goldsmith, mayor, builds the Conduit in Coleman street, 107. Ewine, St., parish church of, 128. yEyre, Simon, draper, mayor, his cha¬ rities, 42. 72; his character, 5S. Fabian, Robert, his chronicle, 42; his monument and epitaph, 75. Fag’s well, 5. 7. INDEX. 219 Faith, St., under Paul’s, church of, 123. Falconar, Thomas, mayor, builds Moor- gate, 13; lends ten thousand marks to Henry VI., 41. Farringdon, William, goldsmith, pur¬ chases the Aldermanry of Farringdon ward, 116. Farringdon ward within, ibid. Farringdon extra, or without, ward of, 138. Fauster, St., church of, 117. Fellowships, their attendance on the mayor, 197. Fenchurch street, why so called, 76. Ferrers, earl, his brother murdered, 76. Filpot, John, mayor, his great worth and charity, 41. Finke’s lane, 69. Fisher’s folly, 62. 158. Fishmongers had six hall motes, 133. Fishmongers, stock and salt, 80; their six several halls, 80, 81. Fitzmary, Simon, sheriff, founds Betli- lem hospital, 41. ^Fitzstephen’s description of London, quoted passim, translated, 208 — 216. Fitzwalter, Robert, castellan and ban¬ ner-bearer of London, his rights, &c. 24, 25. 136. Fleet bridge, 6. 11. Fleet dike, ibid. Fleet prison, the, 146. Fleetwood, serjeant and recorder, his house, 114. Fools’ hoods, 59. ^Foot-ball, 214. Forster, Stephen, mayor, and Agnes his wife, their benefactions to Ludgate, 16 ; other gifts, 17. 44. Founders inhabit Lothbury, 104. Founders’ hall, 107. Four kings feasted in the Vintry in one day, 90. Fowle lane, 51. Fratres de Sacca, or De Penitentia Jesu, lot. Freemasonry in England, 80. Friday street, why so called, 131. Frosh wharf, now Fresh wharf, 17. Fuller, John, judge of the sheriff’s court, his bequests, 44. Furnivals’ inn, 29. 145. Gabriel, St., Fenchurch, 76. Gallard, Richard, Esq., citizen and painter stainer, his almshouses, 113. Galley half-pence, 50. Galleymen dwelt in Mincheon lane, ibid. Galley key, 52. Galley row, 51, Gardens of London, 209. Garland, the, in East Cheap, 79. Garlick hithe, or hive, why so called, 93. Garter house, 113. Gate-house, the, at Westminster, 176. Gates in the wall of the city, 11. Gates of the city to be kept and watched, 17. Gennings, Stephen, merchant-tailor, mayor, his bounty, 43. 55. George, St., in Buttolph lane, church of, 79. George, St., Southwark, church of, 153. Gerard’s hall, 130. Gerard the giant, 130. Gibson, Aviee, wife of Nicholas Gibson, grocer, sheriff, her gifts, 44 ; founds a free school at RadclilFe, 157. Gilda Teutonicorum, 52. Giles, St., almshouses, 113. Giles, St., Cripplegate, church of, 112. 160. Gilt spur street, 139. Girdlers’ hall, 107. Gisors’hall, 131. Goddards, the term explained, 128. Goldsmiths, provosts and mayors, 114. >Goldsmiths’ hall, ibid. Goodman’s fields, 48. Gore, Master Thomas, his hospitality, 86 . Government of the city, 176. •-Gower the poet, his monument, 152. Grace, the abbey so called, 157. x Grafton, Richard, Stow’s quarrel with, 130. Grammar schools commanded by par¬ liament, 74. Grass church market, 80. Grass street, ibid. Gray’s inn, 29. 163. Great cross in West Cheap, 100. Green gate, the, 57. Green yard, the, and the Leadenhall, 57. Gregory, St., parish church of, 138. Gresham, Sir John, mercer, mayor, founds a free school at Holt, 43. 113. Gresham, Sir Thomas, mercer, built the Royal Exchange, 44. 73; his house, 66; his almshouses, 67. Gresham lectures, 29. Grey Friars, their first arrival in Eng¬ land, 118. Grey Friars’ church, 118; contributions to the building of it, 118, 119. Grimm’s Deutsche Mythologie quoted, 42. Grimm’s Deutsche Rechtsalterthumer quoted, 25. 37, 38. 46, 47. 115. Grocers, or pepperers, 99. Grocers’ hall, ibid. Guildhall, the, 102. Guildhall of the Hanse merchants, 88. Guilda Aula Teutonicorum, 87. Guthron’s lane, 117. Haberdashers’ almshouses, 114. Haberdashers’, or hurrers, their hall, 112 . Hackney, Richard, and Alice his wife, 79. >Hall, Edward, gentleman of Gray’s inn, his chronicle, 43; his monument, 98. Hallmote, court of, 102. Hampton, W., mayor, repairs Moor- gate, 13. Hammerwurf, instance of, 46. Hanse merchants, 52. 87 ; their history, 87 n.; privileges of, 88. Harper, William, merchant - tailor, founds a free school at Bedford, 43. Hart lane, 51. Hatton’s, Sir Christopher, monument, 126. Haydon, John, sheriff, his bequests, 44. Heart of Richard Cceur de Lion, 127. Hearts, practice of separately burying, ibid. Helen’s, St., priory of, 65. Helen’s, St., nuns of, or Minchuns, 50. Henchmen, the term defined, 50. Hend, Sir John, draper, mayor, his be¬ nefactions, 84. Henry VI., death of, 23. Henry Vll.’s almshouses, 176. Henry Vll.’s chapel, 170. Henry VIII. visits the city, disguised as one of his yeomen of the guard, 97. Heralds* college, 89. 137. Herenden, John, mercer, his epitaph, 115. Hills, Richard, merchant-tailor, his be¬ quests, 43. Hill, Sir Rowland, mercer, mayor, his liberality, 43. Hill, Thomas, grocer, mayor, builds the Conduit in Grass street, 42. 80. Hinde, John, draper, mayor, rebuilds St. Swithin’s church, 41. Hog lane, 48. 63. Holinshed’s Chronicles, 110. Holy-well, 5. Holywell, a priory of St. John the Bap¬ tist, 158. Holy Trinity, dhurch of the, 132. Holy Trinity, priory of, called Christ s church, 53 ; suppressed, given to Sir Thomas Audley, 54. Holy Trinity within Aldgate, church of, 46; monuments therein, 53. Holy Trinity, prior of, an alderman of London, 47. 53. Honey lane, 102. Honour of the citizens, 209. Horne, Sir William, alias Littlesbery, mayor, why so called, 92; his be¬ quests, 92. Horse pool, 5. 7. 142. Horse-shoe bridge, 11. 86. Hospitals in London, 183. Hospital of St. Giles in the Field, 164. Houndsditch, 49. Households, great, kept in former times, 32, 33, 34. Houses decked with ivy at Christmas, 37. Huggen lane, 111. Hugh of Lincoln, the story of, 105. Huntlow, Thomas, haberdasher, she¬ riff, his charity, 114. Hustings, court of, 102. Ice, sports on the, 215. 11am, Thomas, sheriff, new builds the great Conduit in Cheap, 42. Innholders’ hall, 87. Inner Temple, 29. Inns of court, &c., ibid. Inquests, ringleaders of false ones pu¬ nished, 72. Ipres inn, 93. Ipres, William de, 93; his history, ibid. Ironmongers’ hall, 56. Ironmonger lane, 102. Jack Straw, not slain by Sir W. Wal¬ worth, 81. James, St., Garlickhithe, church of, 93. James, St., hospital of, 168. James, St., in the wall, hermitage or chapel of, 118. James, St., park, 168. James IV. of Scotland, his remains, 112 Jesus Commons, a college of priests, 87. Jews in England, history of, 105. Jews’ garden, once the only burial place of the Jews in England, 113. Jews, house of the converted, 116. Jews’ synagogue in Lothbury, 104. John at Nokes, 85. John the Evangelist, St., church of. 131. John, St., of Jerusalem, priory of, 161. John upon Walbrook, St., church of, 80. John’s, St., field, 25. John, Zachary, St., church of, 114. Johnson, prebend of Windsor, despoils St. Anthony's hospital, 70. Judd, Sir Andrew, skinner, mayor, his free school at Tunbridge, &c., 43 , his charities, 66. Katherine, St., chapel of, 168. Katherine Christ church, St., 54. Katherine, St., Coleman street, church of, 56 Katherine’s, St., hospital, founded by Matilda, wife of King Stephen, 47. Katherine’s mill. St. 18. Keble, Henry, grocer, mayor, his bene¬ factions to Aldermanbury church, 43. Kemble, J. M , his Anglo-Saxon Char¬ ters quoted, 9 n. 46. Kings and queens crowned in West¬ minster Abbey, 171. King’s beam or wey house, 73. King’s Bench prison, 153. King’s Bench, court of, 174. King’s Exchange, keept-rs of, 121. King’s Tre sury robbed, 173. King's great wardrobe, 137. Kirkebye’s castle, 62. 220 INDEX. Knesworth, Thomas, mayor, builds a conduit, 65, Knighten guild, 46. Knightrider street, why so called, 92. Knights of St. John, 162. S Knights Templars, their origin and his¬ tory, 124. 148, 149; their pride, 149. Knoles, Sir Robert, his charity, 41. Knoles, Thomas, grocer, mayor, his charity, 41 ; his monument and epi¬ taph, 94. Lambarde. William, the antiquary, 111. Lambe, William, gentleman and cloth- worker, his charities, 44. 11S. Lambert, William, esq., his charity, 43. Langbourne ward, and Fenny about, 75. Langbourne water, 6. Langley, Sir John, 23. Lan thorns on Bow steeple, 96. Large, Robert, mercer, mayor, 17; his great charities, 42. 106. Largesse, 60. Laurence Jewry, St., church of, 103. Laurence Poultney, St., parish church of, S4. Laxton, Sir William, grocer, mayor, founds a free school at Oundle, 43. Lazar houses, 184. ^ Leaden hall, 5S. >. Leaden porch, the, 5S. 82. Legat's inn, 26. Leigh, Sir John, his epitaph, 106. * Leland's Commentaries, 130. Leonard, St., Foster lane, church of, 114. Leonard Milke church, St., 80. Leonard, St., Shoreditch, church of, 158. Leprosy, its dreadful ravages, 164. Leprous people, 1S4. Lethbury, see Lothbury, 68. Lewen, Thomas, ironmonger, sheriff, his gift, 133. ^Library at Guildhall, 103. Library of St. Peter’s upon Cornhill, 74. Lichtield, William, D.D , the many ser¬ mons composed by him, 88. Lime street ward, 57. Lincoln’s inn, 164. Lion’s inn, 29. Lion’s key, 78. Lion tower, 19. Lions in Woodstock park, 19; trans¬ ferred to the Tower, ibid. Lions, Sir William, sheriff, a famous lapidary, beheaded by Wat Tyler, 8S. 94 ; his picture on his grave stone, 94. Little conduit in West Cheap, 128. Littlesberry, Sir William, mayor, called Horne from his skill in playing the horn, 92. Liveries, origin of, 32. Liveries worn by citizens in times of triumph, 197 — 199. Lock, the, a lazar house, 156. Loder’s well, 5. 7. Lofken, John, fishmonger, four times mayor, his great charity, 41; built the church of St. Michael, Crooked lane, 83 ; buried therein, ibid. Lolesworth, now called Spitalfields, 64. Lollard, the term explained, 138. Lollards’ tower at St. Paul’s, 138. Lombard merchants, their history, 76. Lombard street, 76. London, origin and early history of, 1. London destroyed by the Danes, 4. London bridge, original foundation and history of, 9, 10; of timber. 9 ; burnt, ibid.; rebuilt by Peter of Colecliurch, 10 ; built of stone, ibid.; actions on London bridge, ibid. London college, 103. London Lickpenny, 82. London Stone, 84. London Stone, John or Thomas. S5. Lord high treasurer, office of, 174. land mayor’s court, officers of, 196. Lord of Misrule, 37. Lothbury, Lothberie, Lathberie, or Loadberie, 68. 104. Lovel, Sir Thomas, his gift to the gro¬ cers, 73. Lovel’s inn, 128. Lydgate’s praise of Londoners, 45. Lydgate’s ballad of London Lickpenny, S2. Lucas (now Love) lane, 79. Lud, king, 1. Ludgate, 11; why so called, 15; made a free prison, ibid .; benefactions from Stephen Forster and Agnes his wife, 16. Lumley’s, Lord, house, 49. 56. Lyon, king of Armenia, 92. Machabray, dance of, 122. Mackworth’s inn, see Barnard’s inn, 146. Magistrates, ancient, 108. Malpas, Philip, sheriff, his great charity, 42 ; robbed by Jack Cade, 57. Mandubrace and the Troynobants yield to Caesar, 2. Manny, Sir Walter, founder of the Char¬ ter house, 161. Manor of Base court, 113. Manor of the Kose, $9. Mantle and ring, taking the, 70 n. Margaret, St., on Fish Street hill, church of, 80. Margaret, Lothbury, St., church of, 106. Margaret Patten’s, St., church of, 49. Margaret, St. (Southwark), church of, 153. Margaret, St. (Westminster), church of, 172. Martin, St., church of, 127. Martin de Beremand, St., church of, 93. Martin’s Le Grand, St., 6; college of, 115. Martin Oleswick, St., church of, 68. Martin Orgar, St., parish church of, 84. Martin Pomary, St., church of, 102. Martin, St., in the Vintry, church of, 93. Mary, St., hospital of, for frenzied peo¬ ple, 183. Mary, St., Abchurcli, church of, 82. Marv, St., Aldermanbury, church of, 11 * 0 . Mary, St., de Arcubus or le Bow, church of, 95. Mary Axe. Sr., church of, 61. Mary Botliaw, or Boatehaw, St., church of, S6. Mary Colechurch, St., church of, 99 Mary, St , on the Hill, church of, 79. Mary Hill, St., lane 79. Mary Magdalen, St., chapel of, 176. Mary Magdalen, St., church of, 111. Mary Magdalen, St., church of. 137. Marv Magdalen, St. (Southwark), church of, 156. Mary Matfellon, St., church of, 157. Mary, St., Mounthaunt or De Monte Alto, church of, 133. Mary, St., Oven* or over the rie, priory and church of, 151. Mary Pellipar, St., church of, 61. Mary, St., Rouncevall, hospital of, 168. Mary Spittal, 40. Mary Stayning, St., church of, 114. Man*, St., Summerset, church of, 133. Mary, St., Woolchurch, church of, 85. Mary Woolnoth, St., church of, 77 Marching watch, 39. Marslialsea prison, 153. Marte lane, 50. Masons brought into England by Benet, abbot of Wirrall, 4. Masons’ hall, 107. Matrons of London, 210. Maundav gifts, 33. May, Richard, merchant tailor, his gift towards Blackwell hall, 44. •May Day. Evil, 54. May games and Mayings, 38. Maypoles fetched in by the citizens, 38. Maypole in Cornhill, 38; by St. An¬ drew Undershaft, 54; broken up as an idol, 55. Mayors and sheriffs, chronological list of, 185, 196; their liveries, 196. Meautys, family of, 57. Meggs Glorie, 62. _ Mendicant friars, 104. Mercers and haberdashers in West Cheap, 31. Mercers’ chapel, 101. Mercers’ Company, 101. Mercers’ hall, 101. Mercery, the, in West Cheap, 102. Merchant tailors’ almshouses, 48. Merchant tailors’ hall, 68. Merchant tailors’ school, 89. Mewse, the, 167. Michael the Archangel, St., church of, 74. Michael, St., ad Bladum or at the Come, church of, 128. Michael, St., at Bassing’s hall, church of, 108. Michael's, St., Crooked lane, 82. Michael Paternoster, St., church of, 91. Michael, St., Wood street, church of, 111 . Middle Temple, the, 29. Milborne, Sir John, draper, mayor, builds almshouses, &*c., 43. 56. Mildness of climate, 208. Mildred, St., parish church of, 98. Mildred the Virgin, St., church of, 130. Military sports, 214. Mill of the Templars near Baynards’ castle, 136. Mincheons, see Nuns of St. Helens. Mincheon lane, 50. Mind Day, or Dies Commemorationis, explained, 42. Minories, nuns of the order of St. Clair, 48. Mint in the Tower, 20. 22; mints in England, 21. Monkswell street, why so called, 112. 118. Monox, George, draper, mayor, his charity, 43. Monte Joves, priory of, 56. Monuments and interments, 47, 48. 50, 51. 53, 54, 55, 56. 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70. 74. 76, 77, 78, 79, 80. 82, S3, 84, 85, 86. 88. 91. 93, 94, 95, 96. 98. 101. 103. 106, 107. 109, 110, 111. 114, 115. 117. 119, 120, 121. 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131. 136. 139. 141 143. 145, 146. 148. 152. 154. 158. 161, 162. 171, 172. Monuments of the Templars, 149. Moor ditch cleansed, 9. Moorfields, its history, 158. Moorgate, 11 ; built by Thomas Fal¬ coner, mayor, 13. Morris, Peter, a German, conveyed water into men’s houses, 71. Morsted, T., esq., sheriff, cliirurgeon to Henry IV., V., & VI. 106. Mountgodard street, 12S. Mountjoy, Lord, Charles Blunt, his epi¬ taph, 95. Natives, illustrious, of London, 216. Nennius Historia Britonum, 1. Newgate, 11. 14, used as a gaol, 14; sheriffs of London imprisoned there¬ in, 15. New inn, 29. New Mary church, 95. New Temple, the. 148. Nicholas, Ambrose, salter, mayor, his almshouses, 44. 112. Nicholas, St., church of. 118. Nicholas, St., guild of, 103. Nicholas Aeon, St., church of, 77. Nicholas, St., Cold Abbey, church of, 132. Nicholas Olave, St., church of, 133. A- INDEX. 221 No Man’s Land, 161. Norman, John, draper, mayor, his gifts Pool by St. Giles’church yard, 7. 112. Salters’ hall, 130. 160. Sanctuary, 157. to the drapers, 102. Poor Jewry, 56. Sanctuary, the, at Westminster, 172. Northumberland house, 56. 115. Pope’s Head tavern, its antiquity, 75. Sanctuary, privilege of, 115. Norwich house, afterwards York house, Popinjay, shooting at the, 63. Sanctuary violated, 171. Saracen’s Head, the, 143. Savoy, the, 165; made an hospital of 167. Porta Contractorum, 13. Portgraves of London, 185. Offley, Sir Thomas, merchant tailor, mayor, his bequest, 44. Portsoken ward, 46. 49, St. John the Baptist, 166. Postern, the, 11. Saxons sent for by the Britons, 4. Okeborne Wilts, priory of, 136. Postern, the, out of Christ’s hospital, Scalding alley, or Scalding wick, 71. Olave, St., parish church of, 50. 14. Schools and houses of learning, 27. 210. Oiave, St., church of, 154. Poultney’s inn, 89. School of St. Anthony, 28. 68; the boys Olave, St., Silver street, church of, Poultney, Sir John, four times mavor, called Anthony pigs, 28; famous men 114. his great charity, 41 ; his benefaction educated there, 29. Olave Upwtll, St., church of, 106. to the church of St. Laurence Poult- School at St. Bartholomew in Smith- Oldbourne conduit, 144. ney, 84. field, 28. Oldborne or Hilborne, 5. 7. Poultry, the, 71. School of St. Dunstan’s in the West, 28. Old borne bridge, 11. Poultry Compter, 99. School of the Holy Trinity, by Aldgate, Old Court Hall in Aldermanbury, 109. Preaching friars, or Dominicans, 163. 28. Old Cross, the, in Cheap, 100. predictions, periodical alarms occa- Schools at St. John, by Smithfield, 28. School of St. Martin’s le Grand, 28. Old Exchange, 120. sioned by, 141. Old Hall, 87. Prices of provisions, 71. 145. School of St. Mary le Bow, 28. School at St. Mary Overy in South- Old Jewry, 105. Priests, incontinent, punished by the > Old Swan, the, 80. citizens, 72. wark, 28. School of St. Saviour’s, Bermondsey, 28. Old Temple, the, 163. Priory of St. Helens, 65. Old Wardrobe, 106. Priory of St. Mary the Virgin, 110. Procession of the fishmongers, 37. Scogan, Henry, his ballad to the king’s Orchard within the Tower, formed by sons, 90. -Henry III., 18. Provisions, prices of, in 1533, 71. Scotland, (now Scotland yard,) 168. —Ordeals, their origin, 38. Provosts and mayors of London, 114. Scrope’s inn, 29, 144. Orders and customs of London, 30. 185. Seal of the city, a new one made, 83. Ormond place, 93. Pudding lane, 79. Seal of the Templars, 149. Our Lady of the Pew, chapel of, 175. Puddle dock, 16. Seldam, a shed in West Cheap so Our Lady inn, 145. Pulpit cross in St. Michael’s church called, 97. Oyster gate, 16. yard, 75. Sentlegar house, 155. Sepulchre’s, St., in the Bayly, church Packington, Lady Ann, her alms- Queen hithe, or Queen’s bank, 16; its of, 143. houses, 116. history, 133—135. Serjeants’ inn, 29. 146. 148. Seme’s tower in Bucklersburv, 27, Painted Tavern lane, 90. Queen hith ward, 131. Palace in the Old Jewry, 106. Queen’s wardrobe, 27. 92. Sevenoke, William, grocer, mayor, his Palace at Westminster, 172. Quintain on Cornhill, 35. charities, 41. Pancrate, St., church of, 98. Paperstainers’ hall, 132. Quintain, running at the, 36. 215. Shaft alley, 60. Shambles, St. Nicholas’s, 118. Shaw, John, goldsmith, mayor, his charity, 117. Papey, the, a brotherhood of St. Charity Radcliffe, free school at, 157. and St. John the Evangelist, 55. Radwell, 5. 7. Pardon church yard, 122. Rahere, first prior of St. Bartholomew’s, Shaw, Edmond, rebuilt Cripplegate, 13. Parish churches in London, 181 — 183. 140. 42. Parish clerks’ hall and almshouses, 64. Rain well or Reyn well, John, fislimon- Shelley house, 114. Parliaments held in the Temple, 149. ger, mayor, 23; his charities, 42, 78; his epitaph, 78. Sheriffs of London, list of, 185—196. Parliaments held in Westminster hall, Sheremoneyers, 138. 174. Ramsay, Dame Mary, wife to Sir Shirley, John, his epitaph, 139. Pastelars or cooks, company of, 115. Thomas Ramsay, mayor, her gifts, 45. Shooting with the long bow suppresses Pasture and tillage lands, 209. Paternoster lane, formerly called Randolph, Bernard, common serjeant, 40. his bequests, 44. 132. 137. Show by torchlight, 37. Arches, 91. Rawson, Richard, sheriff, his charities, Shore, Richard, draper, sheriff, his Paternoster row, why so called, 126. 42. benefactions, 85. Patton, William, customer of London, Reade, Bartholomew, goldsmith, mayor, Shoreditch, 158. • repairs Stoke Newington church, 43. Paul’s bakehouse, 137. his charity, 114 ; great feasts said to Shrow, John, stockfishmonger, his epi- have been given by him, ibid. taph, 83. Paul's, St., cathedral, 121. Red Rose lane, 79. Sidon or Sything lane, 50. Paul’s cross, its history, 123. Religion of London, 208. Singularities of London, 201. Paul’s cross, sermon at, against the Rents, amount of, in old times, 111. Sir Stephen the curate, 54. Mavpole, 54. Rich, Richard, mercer, sheriff, founds Sith, St., church of, 98. Paul’s, dance of, 122. almshouses at Hodsdon, 42; his epi- Situation of London, 208. Paul’s, St., school, 123. taph, 104. Skait, ancient, 35. Skinners’ hall, 86. Paul’s school, 27; the scholars called Richard Cceur de Lion, his death, 50. pigeons of Pauls, 28. Ripa Regina, or Queen hithe, 16. Skinners’ well, 5. 7; parish clerks enact Paul’s steeple burned, 122, 124. River of Wells, 5,6. 11; bare ships, 6. plays fTren?;^. Paul’s wharf, 16. Roap lane, 79. Smart's key, 17. 78. Paulet house, 66, 67. Robin Hood and his men shot before Smith, Alice, her bequests, 66. Pepperers in Soper lane, 98. Henry VIII., 38. Smithfield, 142. Pestilence, great, 47, 48. Roe, Sir Thomas, merchant tailor, 3Soap, prices and description of, 94. Peter the Apostle, St., church of, 117. mayor, his gifts, 44. Soler, the term explained, 101 . Somar’s or Sommer’s key, 17, 78. Peter, St., upon Cornhill, church of, 73. Rolls chapel, the 147. Peter, St., Parva, church of, 113. Roman Remains in London, 3 n. 5. Somerset house, 147, 165. Peter the Poor, St., church of, 67. 14 n. 60. 64. Soper’s lane, why so called, 94. Petty France, 62. Roman wall, 3. Spinila’s pleasure, 62. Petty Wales, 52. Rood, the, in the church yard of St. Spital cross, the, 63. Spital fields, or Lolesworth, 64. Philippa, Queen, fall of the scaffolding Margaret’s broken down, 79. in which she was, 101. Rood lane, 79. Spital sermons, 119; their antiquity, 63. Philpot lane, 77. Rothing, Richard, sheriff, new built the Spittle, St. Mary, hospital of, 63. Picard, Henry, vintner, mayor, his cha- church of St. James Garlickhithe, 93. Sporiar lane, 51. rity, 41 ; feasts four kings in one day, Royal Exchange, 69. 73. Sports and pastimes of the Londoners, 41. 90. Rudstone, Sir John, mayor, builds the 35. 213. Piepoudre, court of, explained, 141. pulpit cross in St. Michael’s church Sprite, St., chapel of, 165. Piers Ploughman, the Vision of, 59. yard, &c. 75. Spurrier row, 126. Pillory, ancient, 72. Pinners' hall* 111 • Pirates in the Thames, 157. Rumney sack, wine so called, 90. Stage plays at tUe Skinners’ well, 36. sraiiflnrtl ui Cheap, 9?. Sack wine, none sold but Rumney, 90. Standard (water) in Cornhill, 71. Plaisterers' hall, 111. Salisbury court, 148. Standard in Fleet street, 8. 146. INDEX. Standing watches, 39. Staple inn, 29. 146. >Star Chamber, court of, 175. Stationers’ hall, 138. Statues at Guildhall, 102. Steelyard merchants, see Hanse mer¬ chants. Stephanides, 208—216. Stephen’s, St., chapel, 168. 175. Stephen, St., parish church of, 107. Stephen Walbrook, St., church of, 85. Stews in Southwark, 151. Stocks market, 85. Stock Fishmonger row, 80. Stodie. John, vintner, mayor, his cha¬ rities, 41. 90. Stoddon, William, mayor, his benefac¬ tion, 85. Stow, Thomas, grandfather, and Thomas father of John Stow, 75. Strand bridge, 165. Stratford, bakers from, brought bread to London, 59. Street, Simon, grocer, his epitaph, 95. Strength of London, 208. Suburbs without the walls, 156. Suffolk house, 153. Sutton, Sir Thomas, his piety and cha¬ rity, 160. Swithin, St., church of, 84 Tabard inn, 154. Tailors and linen armorers, now mer¬ chant tailors, 68 n. Tallow chandlers’ hall, 86. Tamarsilde, 97. Tasel close, 63. Tate, John, mercer, mayor, his gifts, 43. 70. Templars, see Knight Templars. Temple church, the, 150. Temporal governments of London, 184. Tenures, curious, 89. 92. 105. 116. 125. Thames, the river, 5. Thames, oveillowings of the, 173. Thames water conveyed into men’s houses, 8. Thavies inn, 29. 145. Thean, first archbishop of London, 177 > Theatre, the, 158. Thirlby, Thomas, only Bishop of West¬ minster, 170. Thomas, St., of Aeon or Acars, hospital of, 101. Thomas Apostle, St, church of, 92. Thomas, St., hospital of, 154. Thorne, Robert, merchant tailor, his great bequests, 71. Three Cranes lane, 90. Throgmorton street, 67. Tode well, 5. 7. Tothill fields, grand feast there, 176. Tournament in Cheap, 101. Tournaments in Smithfield, 142. Towers and castles, 17. Tower on London bridge, 10. 23; on south of London bridge, ibid. Tower of London, 17 ; its origin and history. 17. 23. Tower of Mountfiquit, 26. Tower hill, 47, 48, gallows kept there, 49. Tower Royal, 27. 92. Tower street, 49. Tower street ward, 49—52. Town ditch without the city wall. 8. Trapis, Robert, goldsmith, his epitaph, 115. Trial by battle, 143. Trinitatis in Alto. St., chapel of, 113. Trinities, St., church of, 48. Trinovantum, Trenovant, or Troyno- vant, founded by Brutus, 1. Tronage, or weighing of wool, 51. Triumphs and shows, 36. Tun upon Cornhill, a conduit so called, 7. 71 ; a prison for night walkers, &c., 72 ; made a conduit, ibid. Turnmill or Tremill brook, 6, 11. Tusser, Thomas, his epitaph, 98. Twiford, Sir Nicholas, goldsmith, mayor, new built the church of St. John Zachary, 114. Twisted tree, or With, an emblem of au¬ thority, 37. Ugly shapes seen in St. Michael’s steeple, 74. Van Dun’s almshouses, 176. Vintners’ almshouses, 90. Vintners of London, ibid. Vintners’ hall, ibid. Vintry, the, house so called, ibid. Vintry ward, 89. Vow of chastity taken by widows, 70. Walbrooke, course of, 45. Walbrook, 5, 6 ; why so called, 7. Walbrook ward, 84. Wall about London, 3, 4; circuit from east to west, 5. Wallis, Henry, mayor, builds the Tun upon Cornhill, 41. 71 ; builds the Stocks market, 85. Walworth, Sir William, 41; his great merits, 81; slays Wat Tyler, 83; buried in St. Michael’s, Crooked lane, ibid. Wapping in the Wose, 157. Wards and aldermanries of the city, 45, 46. W’ards and liveries, court of, 175. Warwick lane, 128. Wasters and bucklers, 36. Wat Tyler slain by William Walworth, 83. Watches in the city, 38. THE END. Water conveyed from Tyburn to the city, 8. Water gates, 16. Water lane, 51. Watheling street, 94. 129. Wax chandlers’ hall, 112. Weavers’ hall, 107. Weight and measure of the king’s chil¬ dren to be distributed to the poor, 35. Wells, John, grocer, mayor, his chari¬ ties, 11. 42; his monument, &c., 103. Westcheap famous for sale of linen cloths, 82. West Cheaping, 99. Westminster abbey, 169. Westminster, city of, 166. Westminster hall, 173. Westminster school, 28. Wey house or King’s beam, 73. Wherries on the Thames, 6. Whifhers, 39. Whirlicotes, riding in, 32. Whitechapel church, 157. White Friars’ church, 148. Whitehall, 168. White Lion gaol, 153. White, Sir Thomas, merchant tailor, mayor, founds St. John’s college, Oxford, 43. Whittington, Richard, mercer, three times mayor, his charities, 41 ; his college and almshouses, 91 ; his con¬ tributions to Guildhall, 102; to the library, 103; to the church of the Grey Friars, 119. Whittington and his Cat, history of, 91. William of Malmsbury, 9. Winchester, bishop of, his house, 151. Winchester house, 66. Windmills, three, at Finsbury, 123. Windmill tavern, 105. Wine, its cheapness, 75. Wines, prices and nature of, &c., 90. Winyar, John, grocer, mayor, his bene¬ factions, 85. Wolf, Reyne, the antiquary, 110. Wood street, 111. Wood Street compter, ibid. Wood, Thomas, sheriff, his benefac¬ tions, 111. 117. Woodroffe, David, alderman, his gift, 65. Woodroffe lane, 56. Woolchurch Haw, 85. Woolstaple at Westminster, 168. Woolstaple let to farm, 169. Wool wharf or Customers’ key, 17. 51. Woolf’s gate, 16. 88. Woollen cloths, ordinances respecting, 107; to be sold only in Bakewell hall, 108. Wore path, or Were path, 134. ' Wrestling before the mayor, 40. Zouch’s, Lord, tenement, 57. J. OSDEN AJTD OO., PRINTERS, 173, 8T. JOHN STREET, B.O.