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DUKE 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/glanceataustraliOOfran 
 
A GLANCE 
 
 AT 
 
 AUSTRALIA IN 1880: 
 
 OB, 
 
 Food from the South: 
 
 SHOWING THE PRESENT CONDITION AND PRODUCTION OF SOME 
 OF ITS LEADING INDUSTRIES, NAMELY, 
 
 WOOL, WINE, GRAIN, DRESSED MEAT, 
 
 ETC. ETC., 
 
 THE AMOUNTS OF EACH PRODUCED AND EXPORTED. 
 
 TO WHICH IS APPENDED 
 
 THE KISE AND PROGRESS OF SOME OF THE LEADING 
 MERCANTILE HOUSES 
 
 IN MELBOURNE, SYDNEY, AND ADELAIDE. 
 
 AND ALSO A 
 
 PASTORAL & AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY 
 
 OF THE WHOLE OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
 By H. MORTIMER FRANKLYN : 
 
 Editor of " The Victorian Review." 
 
 JEdbournt : 
 
 THE VICTORIAN REVIEW PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED. 
 
 1881. 
 
MELBOURNE : 
 
 M'CARRON, BIRD AND CO., PRINTERS, 
 
 FLINDERS LANE WEST. 
 
33 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preface xi 
 
 Introduction xv 
 
 Chapter 1. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 First Settlement of the Colony 1 
 
 Its Area and Salubrity 2 
 
 Its Soil and Productions 4 
 
 Progress of Agriculture 5 
 
 Commerce of Victoria ---..---..- g 
 
 Manufactures - 7 
 
 Industry of the People 7 
 
 Why there is Poverty in the Country 7 
 
 Nine hundred thousand People spend £3,700,000 in Drink and Smoke - - 8 
 
 Thrifty Habits of the Present Classes 9 
 
 Mining in Victoria 9 
 
 Provision for Religious Worship --------- 9 
 
 Educational Institutions of the Colony -------- n 
 
 Literary, Scientific, and Recreative Associations - - - - - - 11 
 
 The Melbourne Race Course on the Cup Day - - 13 
 
 Parks and Pleasure Grounds of the Metropolis 13 
 
 The Fitzroy Gardens 14 
 
 Benevolent Institutions of Victoria 15 
 
 Transitory Nature of its Political Troubles . 16 
 
 Conservative Influences at work 16 
 
 Distribution of the Population 18 
 
 Rates of Wages on Farms and Stations 18 
 
 Prices of Provisions - ---19 
 
 Wages of Artisans and Labourers 19 
 
 Concluding Remarks 21 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 Discovery, Settlement, Extent and Physical Features of the Colony - - 22 
 
 Its Natural Resources 24 
 
 Its Political and Social Advantages - 28 
 
 Aspect of Sydney 29 
 
 Its beautiful Situation and lovely Surroundings 30 
 
iv A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN lS8o. 
 
 Chapter II. — New South Wales — continued. Page 
 
 Port Jackson ----- 31 
 
 The Blue Mountains - 33 
 
 Provincial Xew South Wales 34 
 
 Providence and Improvidence 35 
 
 Australia the Paradise of Domestic Servants 35' 
 
 A Country Town and its Features 36 
 
 The future Aristocracy 3S 
 
 Political Transformations which the Colony may undergo ... 39 
 
 Its Government 40 
 
 Its Railways 40 
 
 Its wonderful Progress during the last Decade 41 
 
 Its Prosperity under the fostering influences of Free-trade 41 
 Its External Commerce far greater in proportion to its Population than that of 
 
 Great Britain, Canada, or the United States 42 
 
 Wages, Hours of Labour, and Cost of Provisions in the Metropolis of New 
 
 South Wales, and in seven of the Principal Towns of the Interior - - 43 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 QUEENSLAND. 
 
 Area of the Colony 47 
 
 Its Geographical Divisions and Topographical Features 4S 
 
 Its Vegetation and Meteorology 45 
 
 Its Grazing Capabilities 50 
 
 Mistakes of the Early Pastoral Settlers 50- 
 
 Inaccurate Statistics 51 
 
 Stock and Prices 52 
 
 At what Rates Meat can be Raised for Exportation 53 
 
 Area of Land held under Pastoral Leases 54 
 
 Nature of the Country 55 
 
 Mineral Wealth of Queensland 56 
 
 Its Principal Goldfields and their Product 57 
 
 Tin, Copper, and other Metals CI 
 
 Coal Measures of the Colony 63 
 
 Agriculture, and its relatively Slow Progress 63 
 
 Liberal Land Laws ..--.-. 64 
 
 Sugar-planting : its Extent and Productiveness 64 
 
 Vine-growing qq 
 
 Other Crops 67 
 
 Small Area under Wheat 67 
 
 Cultivation of Cotton, Arrowroot, Tobacco, and Tropical Fruits ... 67 
 
 Timber and Miscellaneous Products 69 
 
 Condition of the People 70 
 
 Statistics 71 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Foundation of the Colony 72 
 
 Its Land Laws and their Operations 73 
 
 Eligibility as a Field of Settlement for Emigrants 74 
 
 Large Exports of Staple Products - 75 
 
CONTENTS. V 
 
 Chapter IV. — South Australia — continued. Page 
 
 German Colonists and the Secret of their Success 75 
 
 Commerce of South Australia greater per head than that of either of the other 
 
 Colonies 77 
 
 Lightness of Taxation - - 78 
 
 Devotion of its Population to Rural Industries 78 
 
 Mineral Resources 79 
 
 Flora of South Australia 79 
 
 Small Industries which may be profitably pursued there 80 
 
 Special Facilities offered by the Legislature for the Cultivation of the Olive - 80 
 
 Manufacturing Industries of the Colony 81 
 
 Statistics - - 81 
 
 Births, Marriages, and Deaths, 1879 82 
 
 Census 82 
 
 Immigration and Emigration 83 
 
 Imports and Exports - - 83 
 
 Live Stock 85 
 
 The Wallaroo and Moonta Mines, and their Management ... 86 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 Its Settlement from New South Wales 97 
 
 The Capua of Australia 98 
 
 Its Mountains and Lakes 98 
 
 Its Eligibility as a Place of Residence 99 
 
 Its Picturesque Scenery 100 
 
 Its thoroughly English Character 1 00 
 
 Mount Wellington, and the Prospect from its Summit 100 
 
 Launceston and its Environs 101 
 
 Population of the Island 101 
 
 Its Agricultural Products 102 
 
 Imports and Exports of the Island - 102 
 
 General and Widely Diffused Prosperity of its Inhabitants - - - 103 
 Well-to-do Condition of the Great Mass of the People throughout the whole of 
 
 Australia 103 
 
 Mineral Wealth of Tasmania 103 
 
 Large Yield of One of its Tin Mines 103 
 
 Total Live Stock on the Island -103 
 
 Accumulations of the People 103 
 
 Public Instruction 104 
 
 Places of Worship - 104 
 
 Vital Statistics of Tasmania, as an Evidence of its Extreme Salubrity - - 104 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Area of the Colony - 105 
 
 British Statesmanship should direct its efforts to promote systematic Coloni- 
 sation - 106 
 
 Capabilities of the Australian Colonies for absorbing the surplus Population of 
 
 the Mother- Country 106 
 
 The Impetus it would give to her Commerce ... ... 107 
 
VI 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Chapter VI.— Western Australia— continued. Page 
 
 Sparseness of People in Western Australia 107 
 
 Its Liberal Land Regulations - - - 108 
 
 A Farm for Nothing 108 
 
 Productions of the Colony ... - 109 
 
 Its Climate and general Salubrity 1° 9 
 
 Freedom from Epidemics 110 
 
 Mineral Resources 
 
 Want of Capital and Labour m 
 
 Who should Emigrate 112 
 
 Governments of the Colony 112 
 
 Current Pates of Wages and Prices of Provisions 113 
 
 ChaptePw VII. 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 "The Great Britain of the South" - - 114 
 
 Its Salubrity and Beauty - -115 
 
 Brief Sketch of its History - - - - 116 
 
 Its Political Life ------- 118 
 
 Why it is Free from Demagogism - - - - - - - - - 119 
 
 Vital Statistics of the Colony 119 
 
 Robustness of its Inhabitants 122 
 
 The Land System in Force 123 
 
 Free Trade in Land - - - - - - - - ' - - - * 126 
 
 How Farmers get on 126 
 
 Cost of Cultivation 127 
 
 Stock Raising -------- 128 
 
 Special Settlements ... - 128 
 
 Yield of Wheat per Acre - - - - - 129 
 
 Agricultural Statistics - - 130 
 
 Its diversified Industries ----- 131 
 
 Mineral Resources of the Country - 132 
 
 Population of New Zealand - - 132 
 
 Provision for their Education - - 132 
 
 Trade and Commerce of the Colony 133 
 
 Religion and Sects - 134 
 
 The Present and Future of New Zealand as portrayed by a local writer - - 134 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 THE FUTUEE OF AUSTEALIA. 
 
 The Probable Achievements of Science in expediting and facilitating Inter- 
 
 Communication 136 
 
 Their Effects upon Civilised Mankind generally 137 
 
 General Levelling-up of Society, and its Advantages - - - - - 137 
 
 Australia will largely participate in the Prosperity that is occasioned - - 138 
 A Population of Fifteen or Twenty Millions, under Free Institutions, in a 
 
 Country teeming with Wealth - • . - - - - - - - 138 
 
 Expansion of Trade with Great Britain, and Increased Productiveness of 
 
 Australia ....-- 139 
 
 Federation of the Colonies ---------- 140 
 
 Its Probable Results 140 
 
 The Great Northern Port of the Future - 140 
 
CONTENTS. VU 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 THE EXPORT TRADE IN FROZEN MEAT. 
 
 Page 
 
 The Strathleve?i Experiment 141 
 
 Tepid Enterprise 141 
 
 Limitations of the supply available 142 
 
 Stock of Cattle and Annual Increase 143 
 
 American Competition 143 
 
 Our Opportunities of Building up a Colossal Trade 144 
 
 Unoccupied and Understocked Country 144 
 
 Best Quality of Stock required 145 
 
 The Future of British Agriculture 145 
 
 A Change of System 145 
 
 Great Britain and the Australian Colonies will both Benefit in an equal degree 
 
 by this Trade 146 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 RAILWAYS AS FACTORS IN THE AUSTRALIAN EXPORT 
 TRADE IN MEAT. 
 
 The Railways of Victoria, and the Districts to which they give access - - 148 
 
 Her Live Stock 149 
 
 Similar Information with respect to New South Wales and Queensland - - 149 
 Projects for a Trans-Continental Line, and the Routes it is proposed they 
 
 should adopt 150 
 
 Distances from the various Capitals to the Gulf of Carpentaria- - - 150 
 
 Railways and Live Stock in South Australia 150 
 
 Another Trans-Continental Project 151 
 
 Splendid Pastoral Country in Western Australia 153 
 
 Tasmania and its Railways 153 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 AUSTRALIA THE VINEYARD OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Great variety of Wines it is capable of producing 154 
 
 The Vineyards of South Australia 155 
 
 One of them described 155 
 
 A Frenchman's visit to St. Hubert's, in Victoria 157 
 
 The Vine in Western Australia 158 
 
 The Pioneer of the Industry in New South Wales 159 
 
 Character and diversity of the Wines of that Colony 159 
 
 Cultivation of the Vine in Victoria and Queensland 160 
 
 The dying-out of the French Vineyards should act as a Stimulus to the 
 
 extension of the Industry in Australia 161 
 
 Ravages of the Phylloxera in France 161 
 
 The Vineyards of Australia contain mines of undeveloped Wealth - - - 162 
 The Anglo-Australians, being a Wine-producing people, will probably be a 
 
 Sober Population 162 
 
 Some French Statistics bearing on the subject - - - - - - - 162 
 
yiii A GLANX'E AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Page 
 
 Apathy on the Subject in England 163 
 
 Systematic Colonisation Wanted 164 
 
 A Career for all in Australia 165 
 
 Its Attractions and Advantages 165 
 
 A Land of Promise to the Manual Labourer 166 
 
 The Diversified Resources of the Colonies 167 
 
 Their Healthfulness 169 
 
 Each of them reproduces some of the Best Features of the Mother-Country - 170 
 
 Sketches of Victorian Life and Scenery 170 
 
 Melbourne on the Eve of the Cup-day 170 
 
 One of the Suburbs of the Victorian Metropolis 171 
 
 Up among the Vineyards at Yering and St. Hubert's 172 
 
 The Future belongs to Australia, as the Past does to the Old World - - 174 
 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 
 
 The Classes of Persons who Should and Should Not Emigrate - - - 176 
 
 The Colonies and their Products - 177 
 
 Ptoom and Abundance for All 177 
 
 Natural Endowments of the Country - 178 
 
 Its Social Life as Attractive as that of the Old World 179 
 
 A Salubrious, Bright, and Exhilarating Climate 18C 
 
 Opportunities for Husbandmen - 182 
 
 Condition of the Wage-earning Classes 182 
 
 Temptations to Dissipation and Discontent 183 
 
 Those who Succumb to Them 184 
 
 Anglo- Australians the Spoiled Children of Nature 185 
 
 Productive forces of Society in a New Country 186 
 
 Wealth of the Population .187 
 
 A Self-made Territorial Magnate 187 
 
 The Story of some Fortunate Diggers 187 
 
 Conclusion - 190 
 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 "Where England Buys her Breadstuff's, " Quantities of Wheat and Flour 
 
 Imported into the United Kingdom, 1861-1876 191 
 
 Statistical Summary of Population, Agriculture and Live Stock in the Austra- 
 lian Colonies, 1874 to 1878 inclusive 192-3 
 
 Statistical Summary of the Principal Exports, the Produce or Manufactures of 
 
 each Colony, from 1874 to 1878, inclusive 194-5 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING MERCANTILE HOUSES IN 
 
 MELBOURNE. 
 
 Allan and Co. 298 
 
 Alston and Brown 281 
 
 Apollo Stearine Candle Company, Limited 247 
 
 Australasian Mortgage and Agency Company 206 
 
 Australasian Agency and Banking Corporation, Limited 216 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Leading Mercantile Houses in Melbourne — continued. Page 
 
 Balfour (James) and Co. 222 
 
 Briscoe and Co. 240 
 
 British and Australasian Trust and Loan Company, Limited - - - - 212 
 
 Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society, Limited 286 
 
 Craig, Williamson and Thomas 288 
 
 Cuningham (Hastings) and Co. 206 
 
 Dalgety, Blackwood and Co. 245 
 
 De Castella and Rowan - - - - - - 261 
 
 Derham and Co. 275 
 
 Exchange, The - - 271 
 
 Fanning, Nankivell and Co. 214 
 
 Goldsbrough (R. ) and Co. - 196 
 
 Harper (Robert) and Co. 291 
 
 Kilpatrick and Co. 302 
 
 Mullen, S. 316 
 
 Munro (David) and Co. 294 
 
 M 'Arthur, Morrow and Brind 410 
 
 M'Culloch (William) and Co., Limited - - - 266 
 
 M'Ewan (James) and Co. - 237 
 
 M'Lean Bros, and Rigg 243 
 
 M'Meckan, Blackwood and Co. 226 
 
 National Mutual Life Association 249 
 
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, Limited- • - - 203 
 
 Nicholson and Co. 301 
 
 Paterson, Laing and Bruce 257 
 
 Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ..... 228 
 
 Permewan, Wright and Company, Limited - 269 
 
 "Red Cross" Preserving Company 283 
 
 Rocke (W. H.) and Co. 263 
 
 Rowlands, E. 306 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine Company 313 
 
 Sloane (William) and Co. 210 
 
 Smith (William Howard) and Sons 232 
 
 Stanway, John : 309 
 
 Swallow and Ariell 278 
 
 Synnot (Monckton D.) Bros. 223 
 
 Toohey (Thomas) and Co. 311 
 
 Trustees, Executors, and Agency Company 234 
 
 Turner (James) and Son 219 
 
 Victoria Ice Company, Limited 304 
 
 Welch (Henry P.) and Company 255 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING BANKS IN MELBOURNE. 
 
 Bank of Australasia 321 
 
 Bank of Victoria - 326 
 
 Colonial Bank of Australasia 330 
 
 London Chartered Bank of Australia 328 
 
 National Bank of Australasia 325 
 
 Oriental Bank Corporation 324 
 
 Union Bank 319 
 
X A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING BANKS IN SYDNEY. 
 
 Page 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank 337 
 
 Bank of New South Wales 332 
 
 City Bank 340 
 
 Commercial Banking Company 335 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING MERCANTILE HOUSES IN SYDNEY. 
 
 Alderson and Sons - - - f -412 
 
 Farmer and Co. 346 
 
 Goodlet and Smith 368 
 
 Hardie and Gorman 364 
 
 Hoffnung(S.) and Co. 352 
 
 Hudson Brothers 358 
 
 Maiden, Hill and Clark 350 
 
 Maddock, William 373 
 
 M 'Arthur and Co. 410 
 
 Prince, Ogg and Co. -- 343 
 
 Vickery, E. 362 
 
 Wright, Heaton and Co., Limited 371 
 
 Young and Lark 344 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING MERCANTILE HOUSES IN 
 ADELAIDE. 
 
 Darling (John) and Son 389 
 
 Dunn (John) and Co. 393 
 
 Elder, Smith and Co. 376 
 
 Faulding(F. H.) and Co. 400 
 
 Fowler, D. and J. 381 
 
 Gordon (W.) and Co. 408 
 
 Kent Town Brewery 403 
 
 Murray, D. and W. 386 
 
 Peacock (Wm.) and Son 396 
 
 Smith, E. T. 403 
 
 Stilling (Joseph) and Co. 379 
 
 Wigg (E. S.) and Son 405 
 
 Pastoral and Agricultural Directory of Australia - - - i— lvii 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The year 1880 promises to constitute what may be called an epochal 
 year in the history of the Australian colonies. We shall be greatly dis- 
 appointed if it does not mark a new departure in the industrial develop- 
 ment in all, or in the greater part of them. The International Exhibition 
 in Sydney closed and that in Melbourne opened, during the currency of 
 that period. Both are events of no ordinary importance to the inhabitants 
 of this part of the world, and are calculated to exercise no inconsiderable 
 influence upon our future welfare. It is not alone that they have fur- 
 nished the best of all evidences of what we are capable of producing ; it is 
 not alone that they have shown us the progress of other nations in the arts 
 and sciences, in manufactures, and in the useful pursuits of daily life; but 
 that they have had the effect of making these colonies known to the rest of 
 the world. Hitherto the word "Australia" has been little more than an 
 unmeaning sound to millions of people in Europe and America. They 
 knew that it was a large island situated somewhere in the South Pacific; 
 that some portion of it had been a penal settlement ; that gold was being, or 
 had been, found there in large quantities; that there were quantities of 
 sheep and cattle roaming over the face of the country; and that people 
 sometimes went out there and returned, in the course of a few years, with 
 large fortunes. But, beyond this, the sum of popular information on the 
 subject was extremely limited. Ask a college don, who could tell you all 
 about the Troad, and the Amphictyonic Council, and the Achaian League 
 and the route of Xenophon, what he knows concerning Australia, and he 
 would probably quote Sydney Smith's description of it, as a region in 
 which nature has been so capricious that "she makes cherries with the 
 stone on the outside, and a monstrous animal as tall as a grenadier, with 
 
Xii A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the Lead of a rabbit, and a tail as big as a bed-post, hopping along at the 
 rate of five hops to a mile, with three or four young kangaroos looking out 
 of its false uterus to see what is passing. Then comes a quadruped as big 
 as a large cat, with the eyes, colour, and skin of a mole, and the bill and 
 web-feet of a duck — puzzling Dr. Shaw, and rendering the latter half of his 
 life miserable, from his utter inability to determine whether it was a bird 
 or a beast. Add to this a parrot with the legs of a sea-gull; a snake with 
 the head of a shark; and a real bird of such monstrous dimensions that a 
 side-bone of it will dine three real carnivorous Englishmen." Ask 
 an ordinary man of letters, more addicted to reading books than news- 
 papers, what are his impressions about Australia, and he will very 
 likely make answer: — u Australia; ah! yes; Botany Bay, you know. 
 The 'Hades of Thieves,' as Charles Lamb described it in his letter 
 to Barron Field. Wait a moment, while I turn to the passage in 
 his Essays of Mia, and I'll tell you all about it. Look ! Here it is : — ' I 
 see Diogenes prying among you with his perpetual fruitless lantern. What 
 must you be willing by this time to give for the sight of an honest man 1 
 You must almost have forgotten how we look. The Kangaroos — your 
 aborigines — do they keep their primitive simplicity un-Europe tainted, with 
 those little short forepads, looking like a lesson formed by nature to the 
 pickpocket 1 We hear the most improbable tales at this distance. Pray is 
 it true that the young Spartans among you are born with six fingers, which 
 spoils their scanning 1 It must look very odd ; but use reconciles. For 
 their scansion, it is less to be regretted, for, if they take it into their heads 
 to be poets, it is odds but they turn out, the greater part of them, vile 
 plagiarists. Do you bleach in three or four generations 1 I have many 
 questions to put, but ten Delphic voyages can be made in a shorter time 
 than it will take to satisfy my scruples. Do you grow your own hemp 1 
 What is your staple trade — exclusive of the natural profession, I mean 1 
 Your locksmiths, I take it, are some of your great capitalists.' " Ask a 
 humourist his opinion of social life in Australia, and it is more than probable 
 he will assure you that it is a country in which the sexes are so unequal 
 in number that when a ship-load of female immigrants arrives in Port 
 Jackson, or Hobson's Bay, or the Derwent, the shores are lined with eager 
 bachelors, provided with telescopes and speaking trumpets, and bawling out 
 offers of marriage to the fortunate fair ones long before a single passenger 
 
PREFACE. Xlll 
 
 has left the deck of the vessel. And then, in confirmation of his statement, 
 he will refer you to Thomas Hood's " Letter from a Settler for Life in 
 Yan Diemen's Land," wherein Susan Gale writes as follows, to Mary, at 
 No. 45 Mount-street, Grosvenor Square : — "As soon as ever the Botes rode 
 to Land I don't agrivate the Truth to say their was half a duzzen Bows 
 apeace to Hand us out to shoar, and sum go as far as say they was offered 
 to thro Speeking Trumpits afore they left the Shipside. Be that as it may 
 or may not I am tould We maid a Verry pretty site all wauking too and 
 too in our bridle wite Gounds with the Union Jacks afore Us to pay 
 humbel Bespex to Kernel Arther who behaived very Gentlemanny and 
 Complemented us on our Hansom appearances and Perlitely sed he Wisht 
 us All in the United States. The Salers was so gallaunt as giv three Chears 
 wen We left there Ship and sed if so be they had not Bean without Canons 
 they wood have saluted us all round. Servents mite live Long enuff in 
 Lonnon without Being sich persons of Distinkshun. For my hone Part 
 cumming among strangers and Pig in Pokes prudence Dicktated not to be 
 askt out At the very fust cumming in howsumever All is settled And 
 the match is approved off by Kernel Arther and the Brightish govern- 
 ment who as agread to giv me away, thems wot I call Honners as we 
 used to say at wist." 
 
 These effusions of mere fun are, after all, no very great exaggerations 
 of the notions which were at one time widely prevalent, and which still 
 obtain considerable currency in England with respect to these colonies; 
 and we think the time is opportune for the publication of a work which 
 shall present, as far as possible, a faithful glance at "Australia in 1880." 
 In its preparation, the author has received the valuable co-operation and 
 assistance of writers conversant with some of the special subjects treated of 
 in its pages ; and it has been his endeavour to combine accuracy of state- 
 ment with agreeableness of narrative. Whether he has succeeded, he must 
 leave the reader to determine. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 There is a very old, a very solemn, and a very impressive injunction, 
 which warns us against hiding our light under a bushel. And if to do so 
 is censurable in the individual, it is still more so in the nation, which is, 
 after all, but an aggregation of individuals. Publicity is at once the soul 
 of business and the safeguard of political freedom. The shopkeeper who 
 does not advertise might as well put up his shutters ; and the Government 
 which has anything to conceal from the people over which it has been 
 appointed to rule, may be justly regarded with suspicion by those who have 
 entrusted it with supreme power. Thanks to the printing press and to the 
 electric telegraph, the affairs of the whole world are now being publicly trans- 
 acted in the presence of the whole world. And as nothing is sacred to the 
 French sapper, so also no seclusion is proof against invasion by the indomi- 
 table, the inevitable and irrepressible interviewer or reporter. He penetrates 
 to the cabinet of the statesman, the council chamber of the sovereign, the tent 
 of the commander-in-chief, the study of the successful authoi*, the boudoir 
 of the reigning beauty, the laboratory of the scientist, the dressing-room of 
 the actress, the atelier of the artist, and the condemned cell of the murderer. 
 Publicity, then, is one of the conditions of modern existence. Formerly to 
 be out of the fashion was to be out of the world. Nous avons change tout 
 cela. Now-a-days to be unnoticed is to be unknown ; and to be unknown 
 is to be non ens. Communities can as little afford to be overlooked as 
 individuals can, and we acknowledge, with the utmost frankness, that our 
 end and aim in writing this book, is to advertise the Australian colonies, 
 and to endeavour to present in it as faithful a picture as possible of their 
 present economic position, as well as to shadow forth their future prospects. 
 By showing the really wonderful results which have been accomplished in 
 this part of the world during the last half-century, we shall enable 
 readers at a distance to forecast the enormous strides which Australia is 
 bound to make during the succeeding one. Here, for example, are a few 
 figures which will prove to be more eloquent than any words. In the 
 year 1830 the total population of the Australian colonies — which then 
 consisted of New South Wales and Tasmania exclusively (for Western 
 
1830. 
 
 1880. 
 
 110,000 acres 
 
 ... 4,000,000 acres 
 
 18,000 ... 
 
 840,000 
 
 390,000 ... 
 
 ... 6,400,000 
 
 1,300,000 .. 
 
 ... 46,000,000 
 
 £65,000 ... 
 
 ...£16,000,000 
 
 57,000 tons 
 
 ... 6,000,000 tons 
 
 £155,000 ... 
 
 ...£14,000,000 
 
 Nil ... 
 
 2,600 miles 
 
 X vi A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Australia had only been settled the year before and contained a mere hand- 
 ful of pioneers) was 70,581 all told. To-day it is two millions and a 
 quarter. Fifty years ago, the entire commerce of Australia with other 
 countries was of the value of £1,000,000 sterling ; in 1880, it exceeded the 
 value of £80,000,000 sterling. Other items illustrative of progress may 
 be conveniently exhibited in the subjoined form : — 
 
 Land in Cultivation 
 
 Live Stock, Horses ... 
 
 Cattle 
 
 ,, Sheep 
 
 Exports of Wool, value 
 
 Shipping 
 
 Public Revenue 
 
 Miles of Railway 
 
 These statistics, taken from official records, tell their own story, they bear 
 testimony alike to the bounty of Providence, and the untiring industry and 
 invincible enterprise of the race to which we belong. And it must be 
 remembered that during the half century embraced by these returns, cities 
 have been built, towns and villages innumerable have been established and 
 enlarged; docks and harbours, bridges and piers constructed ; churches and 
 schoolhouses erected ; and all the means and appliances of a complex civilisa- 
 tion brought hither from the other end of the world. Fifty years ago, Victoria, 
 South Australia, the greater part of Queensland, all the Northern Territory, 
 and the centre of the continent, were little better than solitudes over 
 which various tribes of aborigines roamed ; and where any map of the 
 period would have exhibited an utter blank. To-day all this is changed, 
 
 and to-morrow ! "Who shall venture to predict the extent of its 
 
 advancement, or to estimate the magnitude of the resources which science 
 and industry will combine to develop within the four corners of the island- 
 continent 1 But in order to achieve these splendid possibilities, Australia 
 wants more and more of the two great factors of wealth — men and money. 
 For both, she offers illimitable opportunities of enterprise, and it is to 
 indicate these, and also to make known to the people of the old world the 
 magnitude and importance of the markets which these colonies open up for 
 the manufactures and the art products of Great Britain and the Continental 
 nations, that the compilation of this work has been undertaken. 
 
 Let us bring into juxtaposition two groups of contrasted facts. The 
 first of these may be formulated thus: The continent of Europe having 
 an estimated area of 3,800,000 square miles, supports a population of 
 500,000,000. It does so on a soil which, in so far as the countries peopled 
 by the Latin and Teutonic races are concerned, has been partially ex- 
 hausted by centuries of incessant culture, while its productiveness has been 
 diminished by the destruction of many of its mountain forests, and by 
 the disastrous climatic and meteorological changes to which this devas" 
 
INTRODUCTION. Xvii 
 
 tation has given rise. The whole of its principal rivers are more or less 
 tainted by drainage, and many of its cities were originally constructed and 
 continue to be built in utter disregard of the principles of political science. 
 Not only so, but the aggregation of human beings, in numbers ranging 
 from 100,000 to four millions, within the limits of a single town or 
 capital, under conditions eminently unfavourable to health, is productive 
 of alarmingly high rates of mortality. Moreover, in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood of all these centres of population are graveyards, in which have 
 been buried, only a few feet below the surface of the soil, generations upon 
 generations of decomposing corpses, the emanations from which rising 
 through the porous earth, must taint the air so that the living are being 
 poisoned by the dead. Then again, the enormous national debts of Europe, 
 amounting, in the whole, to upwards of £2,000,000,000 sterling, and the 
 maintenance of several millions of men under arms, involve so vast an 
 annual expenditure upon interest and upon military and naval establish- 
 ments, as to necessitate the imposition of so heavy a load of taxation by 
 the various governments as to fall with crushing weight on the great mass 
 of the people; and wherever these are most numerous, relatively to the area 
 of the country they inhabit, there is found to prevail a large amount of 
 poverty and wretchedness. These induce drunkenness, disease, vice, 
 physical, moral, and mental degeneration, insanity and crime, until the 
 ingenuity of the legist and the benevolence of the philanthropist are 
 taxed to the utmost in their endeavours to cope with the evils by which 
 they are confronted; and thus the highest developments of a complex and 
 artificial civilisation are found to coexist with the most serious of social 
 dangers, the most alarming of political discontents, so that, as Macaulay 
 once said of the United States, the day may come when some of the fairest 
 regions of Europe will be plundered and laid waste, not by foreign bar- 
 barians, but by the Huns and Vandals who have been engendered within 
 their own political and geographical limits. 
 
 Let us now turn to the other group of facts. Here is an island-con- 
 tinent with an area of 3,000,000 square miles, or only one-sixth less than 
 that of the United States, with a population which scarcely reaches 
 2,250,000, or below that of Switzerland, and not more than half that of 
 Ireland. Within its wide range of surface it includes an equally wide range 
 of climate, from that of the north of France, in the southern portion of 
 Victoria, to that of Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco, in Queensland, and in 
 the Northern Territory of misnamed South Australia. It is a virgin soil 
 girdled by the ocean, which tempers the heat of the tropical regions 
 of Australia, and increases the natural healthfulness of all. It 
 contains some of the finest pastures in the world ; it is exceedingly rich 
 in mineral wealth ; its wheat, its wine, and its wool have no superiors ; it 
 could clothe and feed sixty millions of people within its own limits, sup- 
 posing the density of population to be no greater than it is in Turkey at 
 
Xyiii A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the present time, and still leave a surplus available for export, adequate to 
 the wants of a hundred millions of people in the old world. Its public in- 
 debtedness, i.e., that of the whole of the colonies, excluding New Zealand, 
 does not exceed £50,000,000, and has been chiefly incurred in the execution 
 of reproductive works such as railways, docks, harbours, reservoirs, &c, and 
 there are no standing armies to constitute a permanent drain upon the 
 earnings of the people, and to draw from the pursuits of industry the very 
 flower of the population. Inconsiderable, in point of numbers, as that 
 population is, its wealth is very great indeed ; it raises a revenue 
 of upwards of seventeen millions sterling, of which, however, 
 rather more than a third only is obtained by taxation. It owns 
 70,000,000 acres of land, of which 6,000,000 have been brought under 
 cultivation. It does a total trade with other countries of the value, in 
 round numbers, of £95,000,000 sterling. It has constructed upwards of 
 4000 miles of railway, and 2600 miles of electric telegraph. Its com- 
 merce is transported by 16,000 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of seven 
 millions. It possesses one million horses, seven millions and a half of 
 cattle, sixty-one millions of sheep, and 800,000 pigs; and these accumula- 
 tions and achievements have all been the work of half a century only, as 
 will be apparent from some comparative figures which we have given 
 above. What, therefore, may not be accomplished during the next fifty 
 years, especially if we should receive any large accession to our population 
 by immigration'? Hitherto, our net gain in this respect has averaged some- 
 thing like 50,000 per annum; an altogether insignificant number as com- 
 pared with the magnitude of the human tide which pours upon the shores 
 of the United States. Only once since the year 1845 has this fallen as 
 low as 91,800 in any one period of twelve months; while in 1872 it reached 
 its maximum of 449,483, and it is not improbable that this will have been 
 equalled, if not exceeded, in 1880. Between the years 1819 and 1876, 
 America received 9,726,455 persons from Europe, who carried with them a 
 capital, en gros, of £112,000,000 sterling, while their value to the country 
 as wealth producers has been estimated at £1,800,000,000 by some statists, 
 and at £2,700,000,000 by others. The Australasian colonies could easily 
 absorb 200,000 immigrants per annum, especially if such immigration were 
 systematically conducted, and were, as it ought to be, a matter of imperial 
 concern in Great Britain, and of federal action in Australia. Unhappily, 
 at this end of the world, the very classes which would benefit most by 
 immigration, the operative masses who would be raised in the social scale 
 by the introduction of workers, of whom they would become the employers, 
 are so unenlightened, so little conversant with the principles of social science, 
 and so much accustomed to regard every fresh arrival as a competitor and 
 not as a co-operator, as an enemy to be feared, and not as a friend to be 
 welcomed, that State immigration has been stopped for many years in the most 
 populous of the colonies, namely, Victoria; and the result is that the other 
 
INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 colonies are rapidly overtaking it in population, and that New South Wales 
 will probably shoot ahead of it in two or three years' time. As all political 
 power is in the hands of the numerical majority, that majority dictates the 
 policy of the country, and instead of government by the people, we have 
 government by the populace, in so far as this particular colony is concerned; 
 hence the establishment of protection and the discontinuance of immi- 
 gration. The evil, however, is not incurable ; because, as agricultural 
 settlement extends, a countervailing political power will grow up, opposed 
 to the shortsighted selfishness and ignorant prejudices of urban democracies, 
 and impelled, by their own interests, to demand freedom of exchange, and 
 to insist upon the resumption of immigration. 
 
 To the uneasy classes in the mother- country, to British workmen out 
 of employment, and to all who feel that they are " cribb'd, cabin'd, and 
 confined " in the United Kingdom, or in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, 
 or Italy, we say, " Come." In one or other of the colonies you may confi- 
 dently calculate upon obtaining better remuneration for yourselves, and a 
 much more hopeful and prosperous career for your children, than is possible 
 in the overcrowded continent of Europe. There is room for all — for the 
 man with money, for the man with brains, and for the man of muscle. 
 You will not pick up gold in the streets. You must not suppose that the 
 conditions of success — industry, application, sobriety, frugality, and perse- 
 verance — can be dispensed with here, any more than they can elsewhere. 
 You must not expect to find the employment or opening you desire, imme- 
 diately on arrival. You must have patience, courage, and determination; 
 and with these you are bound to "get on" and to rise in life. And it must be 
 remembered as one of the advantages held out by the Australian colonies, 
 that not only are wages higher and living cheaper here than they are in 
 America, but that the hours of labour are shorter, and the days in the year 
 during which a man can work at his trade, more numerous than they are 
 in the United States. 
 
 For the information of all classes in the mother-country, it has been 
 our anxious endeavour to present, in the following pages, a truthful and 
 trustworthy photograph of "Australia in 1880," exaggerating and concealing 
 nothing. "We believe that each colony possesses special advantages, and 
 that all offer a desirable field for immigration. We have not consciously 
 exhibited any bias towards one or the other, because we regard them as integral 
 portions of one great whole, and believe that their prosperity is so inter- 
 related and inter-dependent, that whatever increases the population and 
 stimulates the progress of a single constituent of the group must conduce 
 to the benefit of all. We are firmly convinced that this portion of the 
 British Empire has a magnificent future before it, and the writer of this 
 work has no higher ambition than to co-operate, in however humble and 
 insignificant a degree, in contributing to proclaim its resources and to 
 promote its welfare. 
 
A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880, 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 FIRST SETTLEMENT OF THE COLONY — ITS AREA AND SALUBRITY — ITS SOIL AND- 
 
 PRODUCTIONS — PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE — COMMERCE OF VICTORIA 
 
 MANUFACTURES — INDUSTRY OF THE PEOPLE WHY THERE IS POVERTY IN 
 
 THE COUNTRY NINE HUNDRED THOUSAND PEOPLE SPEND .£3,700,000 IN 
 
 DRINK AND SMOKE — THRIFTY HABITS OF THE PRUDENT CLASSES — MINING 
 IN VICTORIA PROVISION FOR RELIGIOUS WORSHIP EDUCATIONAL INSTI- 
 TUTIONS OF THE COLONY — LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND RECREATIVE ASSO- 
 CIATIONS THE MELBOURNE RACECOURSE ON THE CUP DAY PARKS AND 
 
 PLEASURE GROUNDS OF THE METROPOLIS — THE FITZROY GARDENS — BENE- 
 VOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF VICTORIA — TRANSITORY NATURE OF ITS POLI- 
 TICAL TROUBLES CONSERVATIVE INFLUENCES AT WORK — DISTRIBU- 
 TION OF THE POPULATION RATES OF WAGES ON FARMS AND STATIONS 
 
 PRICES OF PROVISIONS — WAGES OF ARTISANS AND LABOURERS 
 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 Victoria has not yet reached the fiftieth year of its age as a British settle- 
 ment, nor the fortieth anniversary of its elevation to the dignity of a 
 separate existence as a colony, nor the thirtieth of its accession to the re- 
 sponsibilities and troubles of self-government. It is true that as far back 
 as 1828 Mr. William Dutton landed at Portland Bay, and afterwards built 
 a house there, established a whaling station at that place, and planted the 
 first garden ; but the first permanent settlement was effected in this part of 
 the Australian continent, by Mr. Edward Henty, in the year 1834. In the 
 year following, an association was formed in Yan Diemen's Land for colo- 
 nising a tract of country surrounding Port Phillip. Batman, one of the 
 party, ascended the Biver Yarra Yarra as far as the site of the present city 
 of Melbourne ; and in the same year five acres of land were planted with 
 wheat on a spot which is now covered with warehouses, wharves, and rail- 
 way lines. Next year, Mr. John Pascoe Fawkner, one of the founders of 
 the settlement, issued the first newspaper — a manuscript sheet entitled The 
 Melbourne Advertiser \ and, in the course of the same year, Major (after- 
 wards Sir Thomas) Mitchell, crossed the Murray from Sydney, explored 
 
 B 
 
2 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the whole of the country lying between that stream and the sea coast in the 
 south-west, and retraced his steps by a more easterly route to Port Jackson. 
 In the year following the infant settlement numbered 177 persons, all of 
 whom had migrated thither from Yan Diemen's Land, and by this time many 
 of the settlers were pushing out in all directions with the sheep and cattle 
 which they had brought with them in order to occupy the fine pastoral country 
 which was found to exist in the interior. On the 30th of April, 1837, the first 
 child was baptised in Melbourne, and the town was laid out with marvellous 
 foresight by Mr. Hoddle, who is still living, and the principal streets were 
 marked out 99 feet wide ; the first land sale was held, and the average 
 price realised was at the rate of £70 an acre. Each acre now is worth a 
 king's ransom. In the year after, a fortnightly mail was established over- 
 land between Melbourne and Sydney ; and in 1839, two adventurous 
 gentlemen started — the one in a tandem, and the other on horseback — 
 overland to Adelaide, successfully accomplishing the journey in 27 days. 
 From this time until the gold discoveries in 1851, the settlement continued 
 to make steady and rapid progress, although this was chequered at times by 
 seasons of adversity, resulting from drought, or from fluctuations in the 
 price of sheep and cattle, wool and tallow. The year before those remark- 
 able discoveries, the population of Port Philip, as the province was then 
 called, had risen to 76,162 ; the revenue was, in round numbers, £260,000; 
 and the general expenditure, £200,000 ; there were 52,341 acres of land 
 under cultivation ; the imports and exports were of the aggregate value of 
 one million and three quarters sterling ; and the live stock in the country 
 amounted to 21,219 horses, 378,806 head of cattle, 6,032,783 sheep, and 
 9,260 pigs. 
 
 The settlement of Port Phillip w r as detached from New South Wales 
 and formed into a separate colony in 1851, and in that year the auriferous 
 wealth of the new colony — which had been named Victoria, in honour of 
 Her Majesty — was first brought to light, and led to the influx of scores of 
 thousands of adventurers from all parts of the world, allured to the country 
 by the most potent of all attractions — gold. Towards the close of the year 
 1855, the new Constitution was proclaimed in Victoria, and in the year 
 following, the first Parliament, elected under a system of responsible 
 government, was opened on the 21st of November. There have been nine 
 Parliaments since then, and a total of eighteen administrations. 
 
 This brief sketch of the history of the colony may suffice as an 
 introduction to some account of the country and its resources. Its area in 
 square miles is 88,198, or very little more than that of England and Wales 
 and Scotland ; whilst its population may be set down, in round numbers, 
 at 900,000, of whom nearly one-third are congregated in Melbourne and its 
 suburbs. Lying within the same isothermal lines as the countries of 
 Southern Europe, it is favoured with a beautiful climate, the natural salubrity 
 of which is greatly increased by the peculiar character of the flora of the 
 
VICTORIA : ITS AREA AND SALUBRITY. 6 
 
 country, the eucalyptus predominating. Of this singular tree — probably 
 the most swiftly growing in the world — upwards of a hundred varieties have 
 already been figured and described, and the chemical contents of each are 
 more or less rich in a volatile oil, which, on being liberated by the combined 
 agencies of the plant and the atmosphere, exercises a most beneficial influence 
 on the latter. Not only so, but the eucalyptus is a preventive of marsh 
 fevers and miasma, because planted, or growing naturally, in places where 
 stagnant water would collect, and decayed vegetation might taint the air, 
 its roots absorb all such moisture, and the marvellous alchemy of nature 
 transforms these pestilential elements into health-giving foliage ; therefore, 
 the agues, which are so prevalent in the North American forests, are almost 
 unknown in the Australian bush. The leaves of this tree yield to the 
 chemist an essential oil, which is valuable as a febrifuge, and for its anti- 
 spasmodic and anti-asthmatic uses; and we feel justified in asserting that 
 the eucalyptus will prove to be a greater boon to mankind than even the 
 far-famed chinchona tree. It is being planted, for sanitary purposes, by 
 millions in Italy, in the South of France, in Algeria, and in California, and 
 the important hygienic role which it plays in Victoria may be inferred from 
 the following extract from a paper read before the Hoya-1 Society of Victoria 
 by Mr. Bosisto, M.L. A., a chemist of some local eminence. He said : — " The 
 mallee country plays a very important part in the climatic influences of 
 Australia. . . . The whole of these dwarf eucalypts consequently 
 retain in their leaves at one time 4,843,872,000 gallons of oil. ... If 
 we now take into consideration the extent of the mallee country in the 
 territory of New South Wales and South Australia, we have 96,877,440,000 
 gallons of oil held at one and the same time in a belt of country massed 
 together, over which the hot winds pass ; and considering also that the same 
 condition exists throughout the major part of Australia with the other 
 eucalypts as that which exists in Victoria, we cannot arrive at any other 
 conclusion than that the whole atmosphere of Australia is more or less 
 affected by the perpetual exhalation of these volatile bodies." The leaves 
 of one variety — the E. amygdalina — are so rich in this essential oil, that as 
 much as 500 ounces have been obtained from lOOOlbs. of fresh leaves, with 
 their stalklets and branchlets. And the activity of the respiration and 
 transpiration of the leaves of this remarkable tree is indicated, perhaps, by 
 the amazing number of stomata which they possess. These, in the E. 
 Cloczlana, reach the very high figure of 310,000 to the square inch; and of 
 eighteen varieties, microscopically examined by Baron von Mueller, the 
 distinguished botanist, only one was found to contain as low as 100,000 air 
 holes. In upwards of a hundred other varieties, the stomata were found on 
 both sides of the leaves, sometimes in equal quantities, and sometimes with a 
 preponderance on the lower surface. The eucalyptus is found in all parts of 
 the Australian continent, and its economic value is second only to its 
 hygienic importance. It often grows at the rate of from 12 to IS feet per 
 
 B2 
 
4c A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 annum, and a plantation of these trees in Algeria was found to have 
 attained an average altitude of 45 feet, and a circumference of three feet — 
 measured a yard above the ground — in the space of six years. 
 
 Geologically speaking, Victoria belongs to one of the older formations, 
 in proof of which it may be mentioned that its forests contain some fifty or 
 sixty genera of living plants resembling those which are fossilised in the 
 Eocene beds of the Tyrol. The bed rock, upon which the country rests, dates 
 from the Silurian epoch, and this bed rock is veined by auriferous quartz, to 
 the attrition of which, we are in all probability indebted for the rich deposits 
 of alluvial gold which have been found in this colony. Most of the best 
 land in Victoria is the product of a decomposition of the upper volcanic 
 rock. This soil is either of a dark chocolate colour, or of a deep black ; it 
 often extends to a great depth, and its fertility can scarcely be exaggerated. 
 According to a competent authority, who formed his estimate from a 
 personal inspection of the country, it contains about twenty-three millions 
 of acres of rich loams and alluvial flats ; eight millions of acres of rich 
 black and chocolate-coloured soils, and five millions of acres of light and sandy 
 soils. The choicest portions of this territory have no doubt passed into 
 private ownership already, but there are still 20,000,000 acres of lands 
 unalienated from the Crown, from which any person is free to select 320 
 acres, upon conditions which are almost equivalent to a free gift. Other 
 colonies, with a more spacious territory, can offer larger areas to the indivi- 
 dual settler on equally, or still more favourable terms; but, on the whole, the 
 indirect advantages which he acquires in regard to proximity to the largest 
 markets in Australia, and to the country being furnished with a railway 
 system which will soon bring every portion of it into connection with the 
 seaboard, are such as to compensate the farmer for the restrictions imposed 
 upon him as a selector ; and probably the day will come when his own 
 personal experience will convince him that an intensive method of husbandry 
 applied to a limited area is more profitable in the long run than a slovenly 
 mode of culture applied to a much larger one. 
 
 As the climate and soil of Victoria vary with the latitude and altitude 
 of the country, and with the proximity of the region to, or its distance 
 from, the Southern Ocean, the colony is well adapted for the production of 
 an exceedingly wide variety of plants. Besides the whole of the cereals, 
 the vine, the olive, the hop, the tea-plant, the orange and lemon, the 
 numerous fruits and the tubers and pulse familiar to the husbandmen of 
 the mother-country, the following plants may be enumerated, as suitable 
 for cultivation in Victoria : — The algaroba tree, arrow-root, bananas, 
 bamboos, broom corn and buckwheat, the butter-nut, camphor, candlenut 
 and carob trees, the caper plant, chicory, the castor oil plant, the cotton- 
 wood tree, the date palm, the earth chesnut and egg plant, flax, gamboge, 
 ginger, gram, guavas, the senna bush, hickory trees, Indian corn, 
 ipecacuanha, juce plants, the kumquat, lavender, liquorice, the mastic tree, 
 
VICTORIA I ITS SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 5 
 
 mustard, the nut pine, the paper mulberry, the chinchona tree, plantains, 
 the poppy, the quanclong, saffron, sumach, the tallow-tree, wormwood and 
 yams. In process of time, there is every reason to anticipate that the rural 
 population of the country, who generally own the land they till, will devote 
 their attention to those petites industries in the pursuit of which, their 
 wives and children will find light, pleasant and remunerative occupations, 
 and that Victoria will present something of the garden-like appearance of 
 the mother-country, especially when steps have been taken to store the 
 annual rainfall of the colony for irrigation purposes, which is now felt 
 to be a national want. 
 
 An almost unerring indication of the nature of the soil is presented by 
 the timber which grows upon it, and the old settler can tell at a glance the 
 character of the country by the indigenous trees which it produces. 
 "Where the red gum flourishes, cattle may generally find good pastur- 
 age, although if it be low-lying land on the banks of a creek the pro- 
 babilities are it will be subject to floods in the rainy season. Where the 
 blackwood thrives, the husbandman may expect to see his shining plough- 
 share open a rich furrow of deep black soil, while the natural grasses will 
 be succulent and fattening for cattle. In districts where the curiously 
 misnamed he-oak and she-oak prevail, the soil is generally too poor and 
 sandy to repay tillage. The honeysuckle tree is also an unfavourable 
 omen, as it is everywhere the product of a comparatively barren and 
 positively hungry soil. The habitat of the Murray pine should be likewise 
 shunned by the farmer and grazier. So, too, each of them would be wise 
 to avoid the ridges or ranges which appear to be most congenial to the 
 stringy and iron bark trees, while the " prospector " hails the appearance 
 of the last-named tree as one of the indices of a rocky soil which is probably 
 rich in auriferous quartz. Where the silver wattle grows, the land is 
 usually light in quality, and it may be suitable for grazing purposes, if only 
 sparsely timbered. As to the forests which clothe most of the ranges, and 
 in which the trunks of the trees rise like gigantic columns to a height of 
 two, three, and even four hundred feet, with a plume of foliage on their 
 lofty crests, they are frequently immensely rich in vegetable humus, the 
 gradual accumulation of thousands of years ; but the cost of clearing a few 
 acres of land under such circumstances is enormous, and in nine cases out 
 of ten the settler finds he has made a serious mistake in selecting such a 
 spot for his homestead. 
 
 Of the progress made by agriculture in Victoria, the following figures 
 will serve to give a good general idea. On the 31st of March, 1880, there 
 were in round numbers, 50,000 land owners whose holdings exceeded one 
 acre in extent; so that it may be fairly asserted that one adult male in every 
 five is a freeholder, or is in process of becoming so, as soon as he shall have 
 complied with the conditions of the Land Act, and be entitled to claim a 
 Crown grant of the land he occupies as a licensee or a lessee. But this is 
 
6 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 altogether exclusive of the many thousands of townsfolk, both in 
 Melbourne and its suburbs, and in the country districts, who own the 
 houses or cottages they inhabit, and we do not think we are forming an 
 extravagant estimate if we put these down at another 50,000, so that this 
 would give us 100,000 real property owners in a population of 900,000. 
 There are 1G,G14,9G7 acres of land alienated from the Crown, which are 
 being occupied for agricultural or pastoral purposes — rather more than one- 
 tenth of that area, or 1,687,400 acres, being under tillage. 
 
 Of this extent 708,738 acres were under wheat, 167,721 under oats, 
 41,600 under potatoes, and 201,169 under hay; the gross produce being 
 9,407,503 bushels of wheat, 4,024,962 bushels of oats, 167,986 tons of pota- 
 toes, and 291,781 tons of hay. Barley, maize, rye, peas and beans, turnips, 
 mangel wurzel. beet, carrots and parsnips, onions, chicory, grass seeds, hops, 
 and tobacco also figure in the list of products. Gardens are returned as 
 covering 12,841 acres, and orchards 7464. The vineyards of the colony 
 comprise 4285 acres, yielding 89,890 cwt. of grapes, converted into 
 574,143 gallons of wine, and 3284 gallons of brandy, while those consumed 
 as fruit are set down at 16,295 cwt. 
 
 Of the principal crops raised by the farmers, the average yield per acre 
 was 13*3 bushels of wheat, 2 40 bushels of oats, 4-0 tons of potatoes, and 
 1*5 tons of hay. This is rather above the average as regards every item but 
 wheat. From the foundation of the colony up till the year 1877, the 
 colony expended upwards of eleven millions sterling for the purchase of im- 
 ported breadstuff's; but, from this time forth, it is pretty certain that there 
 will be a large surplus of wheat and flour available for export. In 1879, 
 321,809 centals of Victorian wheat were thus disposed of, and a much 
 larger quantity will be exported this year. Up to the 9th August our 
 shipments were as follows: — 530,173 bags of wheat, containing 4J bushels 
 each, equal to 2,278,077 bushels; and 154,896 bags of flour, equal to 
 516,653 bushels; in all about 2,794,675 bushels. 
 
 It may be convenient in this place to speak of the external commerce of 
 the colony in connection with its productive interests generally. Its im- 
 ports for the year 1879 were of the value of £15,035,538, while the ex- 
 ports were of the value of .£12,454,170, showing an apparent balance of 
 upwards of £2,500,000 in favour of Victoria. But as wool of the value of 
 £1,700,000 grown in New South Wales, and gold of the value of £367,244 
 produced outside the colony, were shipped from the port of Melbourne, it 
 brings down the profit in the year's barter to half-a-million only. The 
 principal items exported were these : — 
 
 Gold, of the value of ... ... ... ... £857-294 
 
 Apparel and slops ... ... ... ... 188,113 
 
 Wheat .. ... ... ... 132,314 
 
 Leather ... ... ... ... 227,312 
 
 Specie ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,386,858 
 
 Wool , 3,564,721 
 
VICTORIA: INDUSTRY OF THE PEOPLE. 7 
 
 Articles of Victorian manufacture also make a creditable figure in these 
 returns. Under free trade, there had commenced a considerable export of 
 locally-fabricated commodities, and the statistics for 1863 show that Victoria 
 was then exporting seventy-two distinct articles of her own manufacture, 
 including furniture, carriages, agricultural implements, boots and shoes, 
 candles, wearing apparel, machinery, etc., etc. In fact, these industries 
 were so well established that it was out of the power of protection to retard 
 their progress and development. Consequently, we find the following items 
 of Victorian manufacture figuring in the exports for 1879 : — Agricultural 
 implements, apparel and slops, bags, sacks and woolpacks, biscuits, steam 
 boilers, boots and shoes, brushware, candles, carriages, carts and waggons, 
 confectionery, cordage, steam engines, flour, furniture and upholstery, hardware 
 and ironmongery, felt hats, jams and preserves, jewellery, leather, agricul- 
 tural machinery, malt, wrought marble, preserved meats, oilmen's stores, 
 paper bags, saddlery and harness, soaps, stationery, stearine, wine, wooden 
 ware, woollen piece goods. The articles thus enumerated will suffice to show 
 the diversified forms which manufacturing industry has assumed, and the 
 varied occupations provided for its people. No doubt, protection has re- 
 tarded the growth of enterprise in this direction, as all such artificial 
 obstacles necessarily do ; but it is extremely improbable that this will long 
 continue the policy of a country which must look abroad for outlets for the 
 yearly increasing surplus of its agricultural produce, and where the good 
 sense and practical experience of its population will convince them that 
 every barrier erected by legislative enactment against imports must also 
 operate as a barrier against the emission of exports. 
 
 In the mean time, the precise phase of industrial development, reached 
 by the colony is denoted to some extent by the occupations of the 
 people ; and these indicate that sub-division of labour which is only found 
 in highly-organised societies, possessing a complex civilisation, combined 
 with the enjoyment of a reasonable amount of security for the pacific 
 pursuit of labour, and the enjoyment of its accumulations, known as 
 property. In a colonial community of comparatively recent origin, it may 
 be said that all but an insignificant percentage of the population are 
 workers — that is to say, all who are not too young, or too old, or too feeble, 
 to be so among the male sex. And their industry is immensely productive ; 
 because, in a country where the soil is of great extent, and in many 
 instances, exceedingly fertile, and where the superabundance of light and 
 warmth — the two great elements of plant growth — stimulates the produc- 
 tiveness of the earth, nature co-operates so powerfully with human 
 labour in the creation of wealth as to ensure to every unit of the population 
 such an amount of the necessaries and comforts of life, as is necessarily 
 unattainable in old and thickly-peopled countries. And, therefore, para- 
 doxical as the statement may appear, there is a great deal of poverty and 
 distress in Victoria. For wherever there is abundance, there also is 
 
8 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 improvidence. Prudence and frugality are to be found in- the cottage of 
 the French peasant farmer, whose life is one of prolonged and persevering 
 toil. If you want to see waste and profusion, you must descend into the 
 kitchen of any of the mansions of Mayfair, where you will find as much 
 excellent food daily consigned to the waste-butt, by domestics who have 
 been brought up on coarse fare, and not too much of it, as would supply 
 the wants of a poor man's family. And so, too, in Victoria, and in the 
 colonies generally, there is an immense amount of that unthrift and self- 
 indulgence which accompanies the state of things popularly known as 
 ■" light come, light go." 
 
 Thus the account of the population — barely 900,000 — for fermented 
 liquors, tobacco and snuff, and malt stood as follows for the year 1879, ex- 
 clusive of what was expended upon spirits, malt, wine, and malt liquors 
 manufactured in the colonv, and of the tobacco grown there : — 
 
 Ale and Porter 
 
 Malt 
 
 Spirits 
 
 Tobacco and Cigars 
 
 Snuff 
 
 Wines 
 
 If we add only 33 J per cent, to this, for importers' and vendors' profits, 
 we reach a total of two millions sterling disbursed for the above-named 
 articles. But during the same year there were 15,370,745 gallons of beer 
 brewed in the colony ; and supposing this to average to the consumer no 
 more than two shillings a gallon, we have thus one million and a-half 
 expended in this way. Then, there were 410,333 gallons of wine made ; of 
 which one-half at the very least would find its wa}^ into consumption ; 
 and the market value of this may be put down at one tenth of a million \ 
 while the 15,662 cwt. of tobacco grown in the colony, may be put down as 
 costing the smokers £75,000. Here, then, is a total of £3,700,000 spent 
 by a community of less than 900,000 men, women, and children upon drink 
 and smoke ; and these figures, we submit, are both an evidence of prosperity, 
 and an explanation of the destitution that prevails. For, inasmuch as it 
 is not an intemperate community, and inasmuch as the various temper- 
 ance and total abstinence associations, are both numerous and strong in 
 members, and inasmuch as moderation may be said to be very generally 
 practised among the well-to-do classes of society, it follows that there must 
 be a section of the community which is given to hard drinking, and the 
 smaller this is in number the greater must be its habits of self-indulgence. 
 And this, we contend, sufficiently accounts for the poverty which is often 
 met with in the large towns ; and for much of the insanity which fills our 
 lunatic asylums with patients. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Duty. 
 
 Total. 
 
 £193,262 
 
 £26,591 
 
 £219,853 
 
 67,698 
 
 12,346 
 
 80,044 
 
 386,813 
 
 444,542 
 
 831,355 
 
 177,017 
 
 87,891 
 
 264,908 
 
 775 
 
 306 
 
 1,081 
 
 91,600 
 
 31,617 
 
 123,217 
 £1,520,458 
 
VICTORIA : THRIFTY HABITS OF THE PRUDENT CLASSES. 9 
 
 On the other hand, it is gratifying to point to the thrifty habits of the 
 better class — morally speaking — of the Victorian population. These are 
 shown by the deposits in the savings banks, amounting to £1,510,273, by 
 the income of the friendly societies, which reaches the sum of £78,863, 
 and by the annual payments to the building societies, which are given at 
 £1,097,475. But this is far from representing the total savings of the 
 people, much of which is lodged on deposit with the ordinary banks, and 
 with numerous financial associations, which lend money on mortgages of 
 real estate, while other sums are paid to life assurance companies, as annual 
 premiums upon policies, and numerous accumulations are applied to the 
 clearance, fencing, and cultivation of land taken up by free selectors. So 
 that while a strict regard for truth has led us to mention the existence of 
 a large amount of poverty, which is too often the result of personal 
 misconduct, we are bound to exhibit the per contra accounts, and to 
 show the virtues of the majority, while not concealing the vices of the 
 minority. 
 
 Besides agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, Victoria has long been 
 celebrated for her mining industries, albeit these have suffered a steady and 
 gradual decadence, owing to the fiscal policy of the Legislature, which by 
 taxing the machinery and implements, the oil, candles, and cordage, of the 
 miner, as well as everything he wears, from his felt hat to his heavy boots, 
 has imposed a heavy handicap upon this peculiarly native industry. Hence, 
 it is greatly to be regretted, that between 1871, when the Customs duties 
 were doubled, and 1879, the number of miners in Victoria decreased from 
 58,279 to 37,553, while the yield of gold fell from 1,368,942 ounces to 
 758,948 ounces during the same space of time. But as the area of 
 auriferous territory in the colony is known to be not less than 25,000 
 square miles, of which only 1,234 square miles have been worked over, and 
 as deep mining is only in its infancy, and there is every indication that 
 there are "leads" of gold — ancient river beds, in point of fact — lying many 
 hundreds of feet below those which were first discovered comparatively near 
 the surface, and were found to be richer in the precious metal than the 
 famous sands of Pactolus, we may anticipate a revival of this important 
 branch of industry in Victoria. Of metals and minerals other than gold, 
 the colony contains silver, tin ore, and black sand, copper, antimony, lead, 
 iron, gypsum, lignite, kaolin, granite, sand-stone, marble, slate, and coal ; 
 but, hitherto, the last-named mineral has not been found to exist in seams 
 of sufficient thickness to render the " winning " of it profitable. 
 
 Having thus glanced at the material resources of the colony, we will 
 proceed to speak of its religious, moral, and social aspects. Most people 
 who have "ever been where bells have knoll'd to church," and who may 
 be meditating the transference of themselves and their families to one of 
 the Australian colonies, in the well-founded hope of bettering their circum- 
 stances, and of providing their children with a career less crowded by 
 
10 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 competition than that which is open to them in the mother-country, will 
 naturally feel some anxiety as to the opportunities of spiritual and mental 
 instruction which are available in the new land. Well, in Victoria, no less 
 than in the old country, such opportunities are ample, and, as a general 
 rule, readily accessible. Although there is no State Church in any part of 
 Australia, and all denominations rest upon the voluntary principle, each is 
 liberally supplied with churches, and with ministers of religion. Thus, in 
 the colony under notice, there are 2,815 churches or chapels, or other 
 edifices used as places of worship, affording accommodation for 420,000 
 persons; the average attendance being close upon 300,000. Of these 
 buildings 657 belong to the Presbyterians, 653 to the Wesleyan Methodists, 
 482 to the Church of England, 454 to the Church of Eome, 116 to the 
 Primitive Methodists, 101 to the Bible Christians, 93 to the Independents, 
 and 78 to the Baptists, while the Jews have seven synagogues. Sixteen 
 other denominations possess 178 places of worship. There are also 1557 
 Sabbath schools in Victoria, with 13,450 teachers, and an average attend- 
 ance of 116,142 children. Taking them altogether, the colonial clergy will 
 be found to maintain a high average of ability, personal character, and 
 ministerial zeal. It is not to be expected that they should reach so elevated 
 a standard as in the old country, where the State Church holds out so many 
 and such brilliant prizes to those who enter holy orders, and where there is 
 nothing to prevent the poor curate from rising to be Archbishop of 
 Canterbury ; but, en revanche, we think we may claim for the Australian 
 clergy a greater breadth of view, superior liberality of sentiment, and a 
 greater disposition to break down the artificial barriers which separate sect 
 from sect, and to co-operate with their reverend brethren in other denonina- 
 tions, than is to be met with in countries where tradition, caste, pride, and 
 prejudice, are such potent forces. In a word, there is a not inconsiderate 
 element of lt broad" churchmanship in most of the Protestant churches, and 
 notably in the Episcopalian, Presbyterian, and Independent denominations. 
 Large sums of money are raised for church building purposes, and good 
 sites have been presented, upon which to erect ecclesiastical structures, by 
 the Government. The Boman Catholic Cathedral of St. Patrick, in Mel- 
 bourne, occupies one of the best of these, and promises, when completed, to 
 be one of the most prominent and imposing monuments of architecture in 
 the city. The most capacious Presbyterian and Independent churches are 
 also finely situated, and are standing evidences of the liberality of their 
 respective congregations ; and the Wesleyan Church, in Lonsdale-street, 
 almost assumes the dimensions of a cathedral. The inland towns and cities 
 can also point to their places of worship as among the handsomest buildings 
 in the place ; and every little village has usually one or more edifices in 
 which the population assemble on a Sunday, as their forefathers for genera- 
 tions back were accustomed to do, in the time-hallowed churches and 
 chapels of the mother-country. 
 
victoria: educational institutions. 11 
 
 And while abundant provision has been thus voluntarily made for 
 spiritual instruction and refreshment, the educational institutions of the 
 country open the avenues to intellectual culture to the poorest child in the 
 colony without money and without price. The State expends every year 
 upwards of half a million sterling upon elementary education, employing 
 for that purpose 3906 masters and mistresses, assistants and pupil teachers, 
 in 1664 schools. There are 231,169 children on the rolls of the State schools, 
 and the average attendance is 116,608. Then there are 596 private schools 
 in the colony, attended by 37,582 pupils ; six colleges and grammar schools, 
 containing 1099 students, and above these is the Melbourne University, with 
 its staff of able professors, its library, museum, and school of medicine, its 
 faculty of law, its 529 graduates, and its 252 matriculated, and six non- 
 matriculated students attending lectures. Nor must we omit to mention 
 the schools of mines, at Ballarat and Sandhurst respectively, with their 
 seventeen lecturers, and 250 students; and the 51 schools of art and design 
 scattered over the whole of the colony, and numbering upwards of 1600 
 pupils, to say nothing of the Industrial and Technological Museum in Mel- 
 bourne, where there are 27 students attending the class lectures on chemistry 
 and mineralogy, 23 those on engineering, and 50 those on telegraphy. Even 
 this enumeration would be incomplete were we to avoid referring to the 
 National Museum, visited on an average by 2000 persons a week, and the 
 National Gallery, with its 226 art students, and the Melbourne Public Li- 
 brary, with its 100,000 volumes of books, and its annual visits amounting to 
 256,400. This is open daily for unrestricted use to the people, and similar 
 institutions have sprung up in the country districts, to which loans are 
 made from the Melbourne one. Now, remembering that the population of 
 the whole of Victoria is only double that of the town of Liverpool, and 
 that during the first half-century of a colony's existence an immense amount 
 of money and energy has to be expended in rough preliminary work — in 
 making piers and harbours, in constructing roads, railways, and bridges, in 
 laying out and building towns, in clearing forests, and preparing land for 
 cultivation, and, in short, in acquiring hundreds of things indispensable to 
 civilisation — all of which England has inherited from bygone generations ; 
 we think the colony may be justly proud of what it has accomplished with 
 respect to the studies which inform the mind, and the arts which beautify 
 our daily lives. And before passing on to speak of her works of charity, it 
 will not be out of place to state that there are 168 mechanics' institutes, or 
 kindred bodies in Victoria, with an annual income of £25,589, and with 
 322,649 volumes of books in their possession. Only 95 of these institutions 
 keep a record of the number of visits paid, but these give a total of 1,698,880 
 for the year 1880. The population of the colony is undoubtedly a reading 
 one. In proportion to its numbers we have the authority of experts for 
 saying that more books are bought in Victoria, year by year, than in any 
 part of Her Majesty's dominions. In 1879, for example, 6297 packages 
 
12 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 were imported, of the value of £193,235, and deducting from these the 
 .£76,798 worth exported to the adjoining colonies, we have the sum of 
 £116,437 as the net amount, plus 25 or 30 per cent, received by the 
 vendors as profit, expended upon books by the people of Victoria. To be 
 sure nearly eight times as much was dissipated upon foreign spirits ; but we 
 believe the same painful disproportion between the sums spent upon food 
 for the mind and those wasted upon stimulants for the body will be found 
 to exist in most civilised countries. 
 
 All the newest books are to be found upon the counters of the leading 
 booksellers, such as Messrs. George Robertson, S. Mullen, M. L. Hutchinson 
 and others ; and the newest music may be found at Messrs. Nicholson and 
 Ascherberg and Messrs. Allan and Co., and the latest changes in fashion, 
 the freshest designs in furniture, are to be obtained in the greatest 
 variety at Messrs. W. H. Rocke and Co., as well as glass, china, and 
 so forth. There is nothing in Melbourne but the broader streets, 
 the warmer atmosphere, the brighter sun, and the newness of the public 
 and private buildings, to efface the impression that you are in an English 
 city. Lines of omnibuses converge upon two centres of traffic adjacent 
 to the railway station ; carriages, with their liveried coachmen and 
 footmen, are drawn up outside the principal linendrapers, jewellers and 
 music-sellers. Showy posters on the dead walls and hoardings announce 
 such and such operatic and dramatic performances for the evening at the 
 four theatres, with a concert at the Town Hall, perhaps, in which some 
 distinguished vocalist, pianist, or violinist, who has made the tour of 
 Europe and the United States, will exchange his or her foreign notes for 
 Victorian gold. Then, there are three or four concert halls, besides 
 spacious lecture rooms, and other places of public assembly. The associated 
 trades have their hall, the Oddfellows theirs, the Horticulturists theirs, the 
 Freemasons theirs, the Medical Society theirs, the Christian Young Men's 
 Association theirs, the Temperance Society theirs, the Presbyterian 
 Assembly theirs, the St. Patrick's Society theirs, the Congregational Union 
 theirs, and the Royal Society theirs. The architects of Victoria have an 
 Institute, the artists an Academy, and the two branches of the legal pro- 
 fession an Institute. There are associations of anglers, of Australian natives, 
 of canary and pigeon fanciers, of cricketers, of rowers, of bicyclists, of oars- 
 men, of licensed victuallers, of manufacturers, of old colonists, of pharma- 
 ceutists, of riflemen, of old blues, and of the promoters of acclimatisation. 
 There are in Melbourne and its suburbs seven rowing clubs, fifteen cricket 
 clubs, one hunt club, a coursing club, two or three amateur dramatic clubs, 
 two yacht clubs, several football clubs, besides bowling, lacrosse, base 
 ball, tennis, and rifle clubs. The study and practice of music are promoted 
 by a philharmonic society, two Liedertafels, three musical associations, 
 and a musical union. There are debating associations for those who are 
 ambitious to become orators, or to acquire facility and fluency in public 
 
VICTORIA: ITS RECREATIVE ASSOCIATIONS. 13 
 
 speaking, eight temperance societies, and eight organisations of a mis- 
 sionary character \ so that almost every form of religious, mental and phy- 
 sical activity is encouraged by specific combinations of men and women. 
 
 In few communities are holidays so frequent, or out-of-door recreations 
 so popular all the year round, for each season has its sports, and although 
 these are liable to be somewhat intermittent in the winter months, yet, in 
 a climate where evaporation is so rapid, twelve hours of sunshine will usually 
 suffice to make the bowling-green, the football ground, the wicket, or the 
 bicycle course firm enough for use. Melbourne admittedly possesses one 
 of the finest race courses in the world, and the spectacle which it presents 
 on the " Cup day," which usually takes place on the 9th of November, or 
 thereabouts, and brings together 70,000 people from all parts of Victoria 
 and from the neighbouring colonies, excites the admiration and surprise of 
 tourists fresh even from Epsom, Ascot, and Goodwood. The spectacle 
 from any point of the natural amphitheatre, by which about two-thirds of 
 the course is environed, seen from such a commanding position is a really 
 imposing one. The grand stand, thronged with a variegated mass of 
 human beings; the hill behind, black with its swarming thousands ; the 
 lawn, bright with the summer costumes of the ladies as they pace up and 
 down the green sward ; the dark fringe of people lining each side of the 
 course for upwards of half a mile, and the strange-looking encampment 
 which covers so large an area of the flat, are the constituents of a scene 
 upon which you look down as upon an enormous formicary. And when a 
 race has been run, and the crowd breaks in upon the track of the horses 
 and follows them up, and the whole of the immense concourse of people on 
 the hill, in the saddling paddock, on the lawn, and on the level, becomes 
 suddenly disintegrated, and falls into what looks like anarchical disorder, 
 the sight is a very curious one to witness, and enables you to comprehend 
 what must be the confusion and disorder of a great army which has under- 
 gone a total rout and debacle in the supreme moment of defeat, when the 
 cry of Sauve qui peut runs shuddering through its demoralised ranks. The 
 roar, too, of fifty thousand voices, when an outsider is landed winner of the 
 Cap, as it is borne in upon you at your " coign of vantage/' is as weird and 
 uncanny a sound as you can well imagine. 
 
 On Saturdays, business is suspended in the middle of the day, and in 
 the summer months the river Yarra is populous with boats, the cricket 
 grounds are alive with, competitors, and bowlers, football players and 
 bicyclists enter into their respective sports with the utmost zest. 
 
 Melbourne and its suburbs are abundantly supplied with " lungs." 
 There are no less than nine parks or public gardens in and around the city. 
 Of these, the most beautiful are the Botanical Gardens, which are prettily 
 situated, and, under the skilful direction of Mr. Guilfoyle, have been ren- 
 dered a charming place of resort, both for the botanist and the lover of 
 landscape gardening. These are a mile distant from the city; but the 
 
14 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Fitzroy Gardens are only separated from the best thoroughfare in 
 Melbourne by the equally bowery Treasury Gardens, adjoining which are 
 most of the public offices. A stroll through the former when the deciduous 
 trees are in full leaf, is, as the present writer has elsewhere observed, like 
 taking a refreshing bath. The elm avenues have just put forth a wealth of 
 foliage, and underneath are rich masses of shadow, into which the eye 
 plunges with a delightful sense of coolness and refreshment on a day of 
 cloudless sunshine ; and the sward hard by is green as an English meadow 
 in a genial spring. In the opposite direction the footpath embowered by 
 the sycamores resembles a splendid mosaic, with golden pencils of radiance 
 dropping through the lightly-woven leaves and branches, and tesselating 
 the ground with interspaces of gloom and lustre that flicker and waver as a 
 light breeze gently stirs the rustling canopy. Sometimes, as a female figure 
 flits across the path from one of the walks that bisect it, you catch a 
 glimpse of blue, orange, or crimson, that lends a new element of 
 picturesqueness to the scene, and you cannot help wondering why some of 
 the students in the public gallery do not desist from perpetually copying 
 the works of landscape artists, and do as Claude, and Constable, and Gains- 
 borough, and Turner did — come out into the open air, and endeavour to 
 reproduce some of the charming pictures of which the Fitzroy Gardens 
 would be found to offer an inexhaustible variety. For, besides the 
 innumerable objects which present themselves for study, it is to be 
 remarked that their aspects are constantly changing as the sun shifts his 
 position in the heavens, or as a passing cloud throws a tender veil over 
 some portion of the scene, or as a fitful wind lifts the leaves of the lightly- 
 stirred poplar, and causes them to glitter with an almost metallic sheen as 
 they shiver in response. Here is another avenue of elms, slower in growth 
 than the other, and of inferior altitude, but no ray of light penetrates the 
 closely-matted leaves, and you recognise the accuracy of Milton's observa- 
 tion of nature when he wrote the lines — 
 
 " Under the shady roof 
 Of branching elms, star-proof;" 
 
 for they construct by means of their over-arching boughs an impervious 
 cluster, through which no planet could send a luminous message to the lover 
 or the dreamer seated beneath this pillared aisle. 
 
 The Fern Tree Gully, which has been formed of a natural watercourse, 
 traversing the gardens from north to south, is a perfect thicket of trees and 
 shrubs, flowers and creepers — a sort of congress of the vegetation of many 
 countries and of many epochs, for the arborescent ferns, the araucarise, and 
 the tree-like varieties of the liliacese, belonging to the carboniferous period, 
 flourish side by side with plants of the geological age in which we live. 
 The place is the chosen haunt of the songbirds which have established them- 
 selves in this locality, and they build there and rear their young in perfect 
 security. If you want to hear the music of the wind you can turn into the 
 
VICTORIA : ITS BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 15 
 
 pine-tree avenue, where the sombre giants wear quite a funereal aspect, by 
 comparison with the vivid foliage and the brightly-coloured flowers in close 
 proximity to them. If there is any motion in the air, a dirge-like moan, 
 rising at times to a shrill cry, and occasionally subsiding into a low sob, 
 goes shuddering through the multitudinous spikes and spires of these grim 
 organs. In the neighbourhood of the great fountain and of the music 
 pavilion, the parterres are tapestried with flowers as fresh of hue as they are 
 diversified in form and character, and at times the air is heavily laden with 
 the scent of the heliotrope and the mignonette, Avhile the plash of the water, 
 as it descends in glittering drops from the jet d'eau above the stone giant, falls 
 pleasantly upon the ear, especially on a hot day. Altogether, Melbourne 
 has every reason to be proud of and grateful for such a charming rus in urbe 
 as the Fitzroy Gardens, and in laying them out and planting them, Mr. 
 Clement Hodgkinson established his indefeasible title to be held in affec- 
 tionate remembrance by after generations as one of our public benefactors. 
 
 The benevolent institutions of the colony are both numerous and 
 liberally supported. It contains thirty-three hospitals, the income of which 
 from Government aid, private contributions and other sources, is £100,000, 
 per annum in round numbers. There are six benevolent asylums, with an 
 aggregate expenditure of <£40,000 per annum, and seven orphanages, which 
 cost £20,000 for their maintenance. In addition, there are five lunatic 
 asylums, containing (we regret to say) 2816 inmates ; and the yearly outlay 
 upon these institutions exceeds £100,000. A private retreat for the insane 
 affords accommodation to an average number of 47 patients. To the fore- 
 going must be added nine industrial and reformatory schools, with 870 
 inmates ; a deaf and dumb institution ; an eye and ear hospital; an asylum 
 and school for the blind ; five female refuges ; four medical dispensaries ; a 
 free hospital for sick children ; a sailors' home ; a retreat for inebriates ; a 
 home and institute for governesses ; and thirty-seven benevolent societies, 
 which afford temporary relief to about ten thousand persons in the course 
 of the year, at an outlay of £13,000. There is, moreover, a society for the 
 assistance of persons of education in distressed circumstances, which is 
 doing much excellent work with very limited means. 
 
 We have thus endeavoured to show that in its religious, moral, social 
 and industrial aspects, Victoria is a reproduction of the mother-country, a 
 copy of its institutions, and a transcript of much that is best and most dis- 
 tinctively English in the organisation of society. And the same remark 
 will apply with equal force to all the other Australian colonies. Each 
 bears the strong impress of the race which founded it. Each exhibits the 
 unmistakable characteristics of its parent. Each maintains the habits, 
 usages and traditions of the old stock. Each, as a naturalist would say, is 
 true to species. And if there has been a disposition on the part of one or 
 two to run into political excesses, and to dishonour the sacred cause of 
 political freedom, it is attributable to the fact that power has sometimes 
 
16 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 fallen into the hands of undisciplined men, unaccustomed to its exercise, 
 intoxicated by its possession, and without an adequate, or without an} r , 
 sense of the responsibility which accompanies it; that the political 
 adventurer has occupied the position which belongs of right to trained 
 statesmen in older countries ; and that in Australia, as in the United 
 States, the demagogue who appeals to the passions, flatters the vanity, 
 fosters the prejudices, and foments the class jealousies and antipathies of the 
 multitude, is in a much more favourable position to gratify his ambition, 
 and fill his purse at the public expense, than the patriotic citizen who 
 addresses himself to the reason, judgment and experience of the educated 
 and thoughtful minority. These, however, are transitory evils, and 
 incidental to a period of national uncertainty, just as the eruption of 
 measles or the small-pox is incidental to the early life of the individual. 
 To the people of England, it would appear almost incredible that the first 
 Minister of the Crown, in any British dependency, should publicly declare 
 to a crowded meeting that a civil war was indispensable to the execution of 
 his policy, and should hold up to the ridicule of an excited throng the 
 heads of all the principal denominations ; that another should announce it 
 to be the intention of the Government to " burst up ; ' all the large estates 
 in the colony ; that a third should advocate the abolition of the offices 
 held by the heads of the public departments ; and that a fourth should 
 boast that he and his colleagues had their hands upon the throat of the 
 capitalist, and this, too, in a country where nine-tenths of the population 
 are capitalists ; but the political ascendancy of men of this stamp marks a 
 transitional stage of society, when the basis of power resides in the 
 democracy of the capital and a few large towns, and when a policy of 
 centralisation of bureaucracy, and of a lavish expenditure of money upon 
 public works, combine to enable a " people's Ministry " to become autocratic 
 for the time being. Not many years will elapse, however, before an 
 entirely different state of things will prevail in Victoria, which has been the 
 chief offender in this respect. The rapid settlement of the soil by tens 
 of thousands of freeholders is steadily creating a powerful body of 
 permanent colonists who are Conservatives in the best sense of the word ; 
 and who will be sufficiently strong in numbers to offer a successful resistance 
 to the policy, hitherto in force, of making the country tributary to the 
 towns. The centre of political gravity will shift from the latter to the 
 former. Most of the costly public edifices which have been erected at 
 so large an outlay of money in Melbourne, chiefly to provide employment 
 for the operative classes, who are so influential at the polls, are either 
 complete or approaching completion ; and " decentralisation " is pretty sure 
 to be the watchword of our Victorian " franklins," who want roads, rail- 
 ways, bridges, schoolhouses and other local improvements. Hence, while a 
 feeling of candour compels us to acknowledge the existence of a dangerous 
 amount of demagogism in that colony; we are bound, on the other hand, 
 
VICTORIA: ITS POLITICAL TROUBLES. 17 
 
 to point out that it is one of those diseases of political childhood which, 
 although painful and debilitating for the time being, passes away sooner or 
 later, and, if the patient possesses a robust constitution, leaves no sequeke. 
 And Victoria is undoubtedly endowed with vigorous stamina. Less 
 stalwart communities would have sustained lasting and irreparable injuries 
 by the political events of 1877-8-9 ; but although the effects were 
 undoubtedly severe, there is an amount of elasticity and resiliency in the 
 sufferer, which has enabled her to advance towards recovery with gratifying 
 speed. She has escaped the " broken heads " and " flaming houses " by 
 which she was menaced by the head of the then Government ; and a 
 majority at the next general election pronounced in favour of law and 
 order, peaceful reform and constitutional progress. And although the 
 "reds" have since returned to power, their claws have been pared, 
 and their sinister influence diminished. Then, again, the resources of 
 any one of the Australian colonies are so vast and so rich, that it is 
 almost out of the power of any amount of misrule to do more than 
 temporarily retard their development. For while the demagogue is making 
 incendiary speeches on the platform, or proposing additional taxes of an 
 oppressive character in Parliament, for the purpose of providing himself and 
 his party with the means of corruption, or of a prodigal expenditure in 
 order to propitiate political support out of doors ; boon nature is actively 
 engaged in preparing wealth for the whole community, in total disregard of 
 human ignorance, perversity and folly. Upon millions of acres of pasturage 
 cattle are transforming the succulent grasses into beef and hides; and 
 innumerable sheep are accumulating mutton and wool by the same subtle 
 alchemy. Upon hundreds of thousands of acres of arable land, crops of 
 wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and turnips are gathering from the soil, the 
 sunshine, and the atmosphere, the materials of man's future sustenance in 
 measureless abundance; and the sea, with its boundless harvest offish, the 
 forests, the quarries, the vineyards, the gold and copper mines, and the 
 gardens and orchards, yield up their several contributions to the sum 
 of public wealth with unstinted liberality. So that, just as desolating wars, 
 followed by the exaction of enormous indemnities, have altogether failed to 
 destroy the prosperity of a country like France, so neither has the 
 temporary reign of demagogism in Victoria done more than partially 
 arrest the progress of a country, to which may be fairly applied the lines in 
 which Lord Byron apostrophised Portugal : — 
 
 Oh, Christ ! it is a goodly sight to see 
 What Heaven hath done for this delicious land ! 
 What fruits of fragrance blush on every tree ! 
 What goodly prospects o'er the hills expand ! 
 
 At the present time, half the population of the colony resides in cities, 
 towns and boroughs, and half in the shires. There are about sixty of the 
 former, and about 110 of the latter, each having its local governing body, 
 
 C 
 
18 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 elected by the ratepayers. The aggregate value of the rateable property in 
 the colony falls little short of £80,000,000, yielding a revenue of 
 £1,000,000 in round numbers. Outside of Melbourne, there are four 
 cities — Ballarat, one of the handsomest in the colony, Collingwood, 
 Prahran and Sandhurst; and there are fifteen towns, each containing up- 
 wards of 4000 inhabitants. 
 
 Out of a population of 900,000, 103,520 persons are employed on farms 
 and stations, 708 in flour mills, 897 in breweries, 817 in woollen mills, 1531 
 in tanneries and fellmongeries, 922 in brickyards and potteries, 480 in stone 
 quarries, and 28,403 in other manufactories and works. The average rates 
 of wages on farms in 1879 were as indicated below. It must be remembered 
 that they are also accompanied by liberal rations, which generally include 
 meat three times a day : — 
 
 Ploughmen 
 Farm labourers 
 Married couples 
 Females . . . 
 Mowers ... 
 Reapers ... 
 Threshers 
 
 20s. lOd. per week. 
 17s. 6d. do. 
 25s. lOd. do. 
 10s. 3d. do. 
 28s. 6d. do. 
 29s. 4d. do. 
 6cl. per bushel. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 A 
 
 
 47 5 
 
 
 
 per annum. 
 
 40 9 
 
 
 
 do. 
 
 34 1 
 
 
 
 do. 
 
 28 3 
 
 
 
 do. 
 
 61 2 
 
 
 
 do. 
 
 27 16 
 
 
 
 do. 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 per week. 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 do. 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 per 100 sheep shorn 
 
 On stations, that is to say land held exclusively for grazing purposes, 
 the wages paid last year were as follows, also including rations : — 
 
 Stockmen 
 Boundary riders ... 
 Shepherds 
 Hutkeepers 
 Married couples 
 Females 
 
 Station labourers 
 Sheep washers ... 
 Shearers 
 
 The average price of machine labour on the different farms throughout the 
 country in 1879 was 4s. lOd. per acre for reaping, 4s. 8d. per acre for mow- 
 ing, and 24s. 4d. per 100 bushels for threshing. The average price of 
 agricultural produce was 4s. 2d. per bushel for wheat, and the same price 
 for maize, 4s. Id. for barley, and 3s. 6d. for oats; 75s per ton for hay, 92s. 
 4d. for potatoes, and 25s. 6d. for mangel wurzel. The average weight of 
 crops being from 60 lb. per bushel for wheat, 40 for oats, 50 for barley, and 
 56 for maize. 
 
 There were in the colony, on the 31st of March, 1880, the following 
 cpiantities of live stock : — 
 
 Horses ... ... ... ... ... 216,710 
 
 Milch cows ... ... ... ... ... 278,360 
 
 Other cattle ... .., ... ... ... 850,998 
 
 Sheep 8,651,775 
 
 Pigs 144,733 
 
4d. 
 
 to 6d 
 
 lid. 
 
 j> 
 
 Gd 
 
 Id. 
 
 ? ? 
 
 4d 
 
 4d. 
 
 >> 
 
 5d. 
 
 7d. 
 
 >> 
 
 8d. 
 
 6d. 
 
 ,, 
 
 lOd. 
 
 7d. 
 
 3 J 
 
 lOd. 
 
 4d. 
 
 J 3 
 
 Gd. 
 
 7d. 
 
 3 3 
 
 lOd. 
 
 GOs. 
 
 7 3 
 
 80s. 
 
 2s. 
 
 33 
 
 3s. 
 
 ,. Gd. 
 
 33 
 
 2s. 
 
 2£d. 
 
 3 3 
 
 7d. 
 
 4d. 
 
 ,, 
 
 5d. 
 
 5d. 
 
 > J 
 
 Gd. 
 
 6d. 
 
 33 
 
 Is. 
 
 30s. 
 
 33 
 
 35s. 
 
 10s. 
 
 ,, 
 
 12s. 
 
 VICTORIA: PRICES AND WAGES. 19 
 
 The quantity slaughtered for food in each year may be set down at 
 2,000,000 sheep and lambs, 200,000 cattle and calves, and 100,000 pigs. 
 These figures indicate the large consumption of meat by a population of 
 900,000, just as the following will serve to show the cheapness of articles of 
 food in general : — 
 
 Bread, per 41b. loaf 
 
 Beef, per lb. , retail 
 
 Mutton, do. do. 
 
 Veal, do. do. ... 
 
 Pork, do. do. ... 
 
 Butter, do. do. 
 
 Cheese, do. do. 
 
 Milk, per quart, retail ... 
 
 Eggs, per dozen, do. 
 
 Potatoes, per ton 
 
 Tea, per lb. 
 
 Coffee, do. 
 
 Sugar, do. 
 
 Rice, do. 
 
 Soap, do. 
 
 Candles, do. 
 
 Coals, per ton ... 
 
 Firewood, do. ... 
 
 Domestic servants command high wages ; general servants receive from 
 £30 to £35, housemaids from £25 to £30, nursemaids from £20 to £25, 
 laundresses £30, and cooks from £35 to £60 per annum. Hotel waiters 
 obtain from 25s. to 35s. per week, grocers' assistants from 15s. to 30s., and 
 assistants in general stores from 20s. to 40s. per week. Nursery gover- 
 nesses find engagements at from £30 to £40, and finishing governesses from 
 £60 to £80 per annum; but in Victoria, as elsewhere, there is a plethora of 
 educated persons seeking employment. What the country chiefly wants is 
 workers. 
 
 The following are the latest quotations in other branches of industry : — 
 
 Building Trades. — Stonemasons, 10s. per day; plasterers, bricklayers, slaters, 10s. 
 per do.; carpenters, 10s. per do. ; labourers, 7s. per do.; pick-and-shovel men, 6s. 6d. 
 per do. The day's work is eight hours. 
 
 Bootmakers. — The following are the nominal rates : —For making children's peg 
 boots the rate is Gd. per pair ; boys', lOd. ; women's, Is.; and men's, Is. 3d.; the same 
 rates are paid for finishing. In some of the best order shops the rates paid are : — 
 Wellingtons, 10s.; elastics, 7s. 6d.; closing, 8s. Higher rates are paid in first and 
 second class "bespoke shops." 
 
 Bakers.— First-class workmen (foremen) average £3 per week ; second hands, £2 to 
 £2 2s. In inferior shops the rates are slightly lower. 
 
 Butchers. — Shopmen receive from 35s. to 40s. per week ; boys, 15s. to 20s. per 
 week ; slaughtermen receive from 40s. to 50s. per week ; small-goods men (pork 
 buchers) receive 30s. to 40s. per week, all with rations. 
 
 Brassfinishers and Coppersmiths. — In the engine-fitting shops there is a fair supply 
 of workmen ; the wages are from 9s. to 12s. per day. The same rates are paid in the 
 fine brass-finishing shops. 
 
 C 2 
 
20 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Cabinetmakers. — The earnings of the men employed in this trade are very variable. 
 In some ot the best shops in Melbourne the "wages paid are as high as £3 10s. per week, 
 while in inferior establishments the men receive from £2 10s. to £3 per week. In the 
 country the wages paid are still less. 
 
 Clothing Factories.— Where the work is done on the premises, the wages earned 
 are as follows : — Tailoresses, £1 to £1 15s. per week; pressers, £2 to £2 15s., and 
 upwards. From 12s. to £1 is earned at shirt-making in factory hours, but the greater 
 portion is taken home. Clothing machinists earn from 15s. to 30s. per week in 
 factory hours. 
 
 Coopers. — Most of the work in this trade is done by the piece ; the wages fixed by 
 the trade are 10s. per day of 10 hours. Tallow casks are made at 5s. to 5s. 6d. for 
 thirds, and 4s. Gd. for fourths. 
 
 Coachbuilders, — Smiths receive from £2 10s. to £3 5s. per week. Bodymakers — 
 Most of this work is done by the piece ; the average earnings of good hands are from 
 £2 10s. to as high as £3 per week. Wheelers — Most of this work is done by the piece; 
 the wages made are from £2 10s. to £3 per week. Painters receive from 8s. to 10s. 
 per day. Trimmers get from £2 10s. to £3 10s. per week. Vycemen earn from £1 
 5s. to £1 10s. per week. The rate of labour in this trade is 10 hours per day. 
 
 Drapers. — In all the best establishments well-qualified drapers' assistants earn from 
 £2 10s. to £4 per week. Carpet salesmen obtain about the same rates. Upholsterers, 
 £2 10s. to £3 and £4 per week. Mantlemakers, 15s. to 20s. per week. Milliners, 
 from 35s. to £3 10s. per week. Needlewomen and dressmakers from 15s. to 20s. per 
 week. 
 
 Farriers. — First-class firemen get £2 15s. per week ; door-men receive from £1 10s. 
 to £2 per week. Farriers for the country receive from 20s. to 30s. per week, with 
 their board and lodging. 
 
 Grooms in livery stables get from 30s. to 40s. per week ; coachmen receive from 
 35s. to 50s. per do. 
 
 Gardeners. — The men in this trade are not well paid. In situations near town the 
 rates are from 30s. to 40s. per week without rations. The rates with rations are 15s. 
 to 20s. Very good men get 25s. per week. ■ 
 
 Hatters. — Bodymakers get 18s. to 20s. per dozen for regulars, and 12s. to 14s. per 
 dozen for low crowns. Finishers get 22s. to 24s. per dozen for silk hats ; 20s. per 
 dozen for pullover ; and 12s. to 14s. per dozen for low crown. 
 
 Iron Trades. — Fitters receive from 9s. to 12s. per day ; turners from 10s. per do.; 
 boilermakers and platers, from lis. to 13s. per do.; riveters from 9s. to lis. per do.; 
 blacksmiths, from 10s. to 13s. per do.; hammermen from 7s. to 8s. per do.; and 
 moulders from 10s. to 12s. 
 
 Jewellers. — In the manufacturing jewellers' establishments the workmen receive 
 from £2 15s. to £3 15s. For the finer work the wages range higher. Good tradesmen 
 can get full employment. 
 
 Miners. — The average rates for miners are £2 per week for surface miners, and 
 £2 5s. for underground work. In some outlying districts higher rates are obtained, 
 but only by a few men. 
 
 Navvies. — The rate paid the men employed on the Government railways is 6s. 6d. 
 per day. 
 
 Painters and Glaziers. — Fair tradesmen receive 9s. per day. 
 Plumbers and gasfitters receive £3 per week of eight hours per day. 
 Printers, &c. — The rate paid in this trade is Is. per 1000. In manufacturing 
 stationers' establishments lithographers are paid £2 10s. to £3 15s. per week ; binders, 
 £2 to £3 per week ; paper rulers, £3 to £3 10s. per week. The demand for labour in 
 these trades is limited, and is at present fully supplied ; good head men get higher 
 rates in the binding and lithographing departments. 
 
 Stevedores' Men, &c. — Lumpers' wages are 12s. per day at present. Engineers in 
 tug-boats and donkey-engine drivers receive £18 per month. 
 
 Ship Carpenters.— The rate paid in this trade is 13s. per day of eight hours. Work 
 is irregular. 
 
VICTORIA : CONCLUDING REMARKS. 21 
 
 Sailors on board ocean-going ships and steamers receive £4 10s. per month. In 
 coasting vessels the rate is £5 per month. Men receive £6 per month in coasting 
 steamers. Trimmers get £7, and firemen £9, in coasting steamers. 
 
 Saddlers. — The earnings are about £2 15s. per week. The commoner sorts of 
 work are not paid for so well, and wages vary from 25s. to 35s. per week. The work 
 in this trade is nine hours per day. 
 
 Tanners and Curriers. — Beamsmen receive 40s. to 50s. per week; shedsmen, 42s. 
 to 45s. per do.; tanners, 38s. to 45s. per do. — Time, 10 hours per day. Curriers, at 
 piecework, can earn from 50s. to 70s. per week. 
 
 Tailors. — In all order shops the rate paid is lOd. per hour. In second-class shops 
 the earnings are from £2 10s. to £3 per week. In factories the rates vary, the men 
 being often paid by the piece. Where wages are paid, the rate is 40s. per week in 
 factory hours. 
 
 Tinsmiths earn from £2 to £3 per week; ironworkers, £2 10s. to £3 per do.; 
 galvanisers, £3 per do. Most of the work in this trade is done by the piece. 
 
 Watchmakers earn from £3 10s. to £5 per week. The demand for labour in this 
 trade is fully supplied. 
 
 With these facts and figures before them, all of which have been 
 derived from official sources, our readers in England will be enabled to form 
 a j)retty accurate estimate of the advantages which Victoria holds out to the 
 capitalist and the industrious man, who may be dissatisfied with their posi- 
 tion and prospects in the mother-country, and who may contemplate better- 
 ing their circumstances by emigration. That emigration is not synonymous 
 with exile, we think, will be apparent to everyone who will diligently 
 examine the social condition of any one of these colonies. And that there 
 must be a much better career open to a man's children in a young country, 
 richly endowed by nature, than in an old one, where the growth of popula- 
 tion outruns the means of subsistence, and half the supplies of food have to 
 be drawn from abroad, must be patent to every reflective mind. Money is 
 not to be picked up in the streets in any part of Australia, and the same 
 conditions of success — industry, sobriety, application, and self-denial — have 
 to be observed here as elsewhere ; but what we confidently assert is this, 
 that by the exercise of these qualities any man may safely calculate upon 
 achieving a competence, if not upon making a fortune, in either of these de- 
 pendencies of the British Crown. And he may also calculate, with ordinary 
 temperance and prudence, upon enjoying better health, experiencing more 
 cheerfulness of mind, and having more frequent opportunities for rest and 
 recreation in Australia, than would be possible for him in the mother-coun- 
 try. The owner of a few thousands who does not wish to invest it in real 
 property or in business, can lend it on the very best security at seven or 
 eight per cent., and if house rent, wages, and wearing apparel are dearer 
 here than in England, he will find the account more than balanced by the 
 superior cheapness of all the necessaries, and many of the comforts of life. 
 
22 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 18S0. 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 DISCOVERY, SETTLEMENT, EXTENT, AND PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE COLONY 
 
 ITS NATURAL RESOURCES — ITS POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES — 
 ASPECT OF SYDNEY, ITS BEAUTIFUL SITUATION, AND LOVELY SURROUNDINGS 
 
 PORT JACKSON THE BLUE MOUNTAINS PROVINCIAL NEW SOUTH WALES 
 
 PROVIDENCE AND IMPROVIDENCE AUSTRALIA THE PARADISE OF 
 
 DOMESTIC SERVANTS A COUNTRY TOWN AND ITS FEATURES — THE 
 
 FUTURE ARISTOCRACY — POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS WHICH THE 
 
 COLONY MAY UNDERGO ITS GOVERNMENT ITS RAILWAYS ITS 
 
 WONDERFUL PROGRESS DURING THE LAST DECADE — ITS PROSPERITY 
 UNDER THE FOSTERING INFLUENCES OF FREE TRADE — ITS EXTERNAL 
 COMMERCE FAR GREATER IN PROPORTION TO ITS POPULATION THAN 
 
 THAT OF GREAT BRITAIN, CANADA, OR THE UNITED STATES WAGES, 
 
 HOURS OF LABOUR, AND COST OF PROVISIONS IN THE METROPOLIS 
 OF NEW SOUTH WALES, AND IN SEVEN OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF 
 THE INTERIOR. 
 
 The colony of New South Wales, the parent of the group of settlements 
 founded on this island -continent, dates its existence from 1788, just 
 eighteen years after its having been taken possession of, on behalf of Great 
 Britain, by Captain Cook, as the discoverer of the great Terra Australis. 
 Upon the 26th of January in that year, Captain Phillip landed on the 
 shores of Port Jackson and disembarked a thousand souls — the humble 
 beginnings of what will one day prove to be a mighty nation. In 1862, 
 there died at Launceston, in Tasmania, at the age of 102, an out-pensioner 
 of Chelsea Hospital, named John Dill, who came out as a private soldier in 
 the 102nd regiment of foot with that expedition, and whose memory of 
 the incidents connected with it was sound to the last. His animated descrip- 
 tion of them, as given, reminded one, in substance, although not in form, of 
 Livy's narrative of some of the circumstances associated with the founda- 
 tion of Rome. It constitutes a dark chapter in the history of colonisation, 
 and it may be passed over accordingly. The land was an earthly paradise, 
 and the Imperial Government committed the deplorable mistake of trans- 
 forming it, for a time at least, into a social pandemonium. But with the 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : ITS EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES. 23 
 
 increase of voluntary immigration, and the abolition of transportation, the 
 evils thus inflicted upon this fair and fertile region were gradually effaced, 
 and just as there arose upon the seven hills of the Latin city a magnificent 
 community, renowned alike in arts and arms, in statesmanship and juris- 
 prudence, in social polity and civic grandeur, which exhibited no trace of 
 its base beginnings, so, also, in New South Wales there is growing up a 
 race of Anglo-Australians who are pursuing, with distinguished success, 
 the industries that enrich, and the arts that adorn and beautify humanity. 
 From Sydney, the superbly-situated capital of New South Wales, geo- 
 graphical explorers have struck out in all directions, and the discoveries of 
 men like Hume, Sturt, Mitchell, Strzelecki, Leichhardt and Kennedy were 
 the forerunners of pastoral settlement, which was succeeded in due time by 
 the formation of fresh centres of population ; and these, after the lapse of a 
 few years, assumed such dimensions as to justify their erection into separate 
 political communities. It was thus that the colonies of Tasmania, Victoria and 
 Queensland were detached from the mother settlement, and started in life 
 on their own account, while South Australia and Western Australia, on the 
 other hand, were planted by Great Britain. 
 
 Originally, nearly one-third of the continent of Australia, or New 
 Holland, as it was then called, was included within the limits of New 
 South Wales; but its present territory may be roughly described as having 
 an extreme length of 900 miles, with an average breadth of 500; its total 
 area being 323,427 square miles. In other words, it is larger than 
 England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, Belgium and the Netherlands, 
 and Switzerland put together. It is nearly three times as great as Italy, 
 and half as large again as the empire of Germany. With a population no 
 denser than that of France, it could carry 48 millions of people ; while, 
 if there were as many to the square mile as there are in Belgium, New 
 South Wales would support 142 millions. But as it is, the estimated 
 number of its inhabitants is 750,000 all told. 
 
 With a coast-line of about 800 miles, indented by eighteen bays and 
 inlets, one of which has no superior in the world, the colony contains 
 three regions — that of the coast, the soil of which is alluvial, and runs back 
 about thirty miles from the sea ; that of the plateau, which traverses the 
 country from north to south, and rises to a considerable elevation, besides 
 being embossed by a grand chain of mountains ; and the vast plains of the 
 interior, which are thinly timbered and heavily grassed, and afford 
 pasturage to countless herds of sheep and cattle. Writing of the general 
 configuration and economic capabilities of these divisions of the country, 
 Mr. Reid remarks, in his excellent Essay on New South Wales, that four- 
 teen rivers discharge their water-shed into the sea, while the more 
 important of the streams — the Murray, which is 1120 miles long, the 
 Murrumbidgee, which is 1350, and the Darling, which is 1160 — take their 
 rise on the western side of the Great Dividing Range. Speaking of the 
 
24 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 soil, lie says: — "That of the flats of the coast district is alluvial, of 
 remarkable richness near the watercourses, and upon which there is 
 a variety of heavy timber and scrub. The soil of the immense western 
 and interior slopes available for agriculture is composed chiefly of red and 
 chocolate loam, well grassed but thinly timbered, generally with a species 
 of the eucalyptus known as box. The saltbush country succeeds, 
 stretching to our western and north-western boundaries. It consists of 
 red, loamy plains, of the same character as the slopes, but without timber ; 
 except \n those parts which are liable to floods in winter. The soil of the 
 plains is loose, and in very dry weather the grass nearly disappears ; but 
 as the country becomes stocked the tread of the animals binds the surface ; 
 the grass acquires closeness and strength, and the saltbush gives way to 
 the characteristics of the slopes. As a consequence, the rain that falls 
 begins to form watercourses, waterholes become creeks, and the streams 
 increase in volume. " 
 
 The climate is, upon the whole, a very fine one, bright, exhilarating and 
 salubrious. Along the coast line of country, the sea breeze tempers the 
 heat of summer ; and on the table-lands, where the altitude ranges from 
 2000 to 3000 feet above the sea level, the temperature is agreeable during 
 the hottest months of the year, and decidedly bracing and invigorating in 
 the winter. The town of Goulburn, for example, is 2071, that of Bathurst 
 2153, and that of Orange 2843 feet above the sea; and hence they enjoy, 
 in a latitude corresponding with that of Syria and Persia, a climate as 
 pleasant as that of the Riviera. In the coast line of country, the vine, the 
 olive, and the sugar-cane are cultivated with success — the latter yielded 
 18,278,736 lbs. in 1879 — as well as wheat, barley, oats, maize and the 
 ordinary root and fodder crops. Oranges, pine-apples, bananas, loquats, 
 lemons, peaches, nectarines and apricots thrive luxuriantly; while the 
 plateaux yield all the hardier fruits with which we were familiar in the 
 orchards and gardens of the mother-country. On an average, something 
 like 800,000 gallons of wine are annually made; and as the vineyards 
 were originally planted with the choicest varieties selected from the most 
 famous wine-growing districts in Europe, the produce is of the choicest 
 quality, and will one day astonish the world by the exquisite delicacy of its 
 flavour, its purity, and its fragrant bouquet. 
 
 The pastoral wealth of the country is enormous. It contains more 
 sheep than the whole of England (23,962,373), nearly three million head 
 of horned cattle, upwards of 330,000 horses, and nearly 220,000 pigs. It 
 raised in 1879 4,000,000 bushels of maize, 3,400,000 bushels of wheat, and 
 barley and oats in proportion. And under the fostering influences of free- 
 trade, the development of its manufacturing industries has been both sound 
 and rapid. These include iron and engineering w r orks, woollen and boot 
 factories, ship and boat building, breweries, meat and fruit preserving 
 establishments; chemical, glass, and smelting works; distilleries, sugar 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES :■ ITS NATURAL RESOURCES. 
 
 25 
 
 refiners, potteries ; carriage and waggon, ice, soap and candle, salt, 
 confectionery, kerosene oil, cordials, rope and cordage, basket, brush and 
 comb, mast and block, maizena, starch, glue, metallic paint, furniture, and 
 many minor factories. Exposed to free competition with the commodities 
 imported from Great Britain, America, and the neighbouring colonies, the 
 energetic and self-reliant manufacturers of New South Wales have gone on 
 extending their operations, and increasing their products year by year, and 
 the gratifying result has been strikingly set forth by Mr. Reid, in a com- 
 parison which he has instituted between the trade of the colony in the first 
 five years of the last decade and the corresponding half of the present one ; 
 the net import for each period being arrived at by deducting the exports- 
 Here are the figures : — 
 
 The Growth of the Home Industry of New South Wales. 
 
 
 Net import, 
 
 Net import, 
 
 According' to 
 
 Probable 
 
 
 1860-4. 
 
 1870-4. 
 
 population, net 
 
 growth of 
 
 Articles. 
 
 Mean pop., 
 
 Mean pop., 
 
 import, 1870-4, 
 
 Home 
 
 
 369,168. 
 
 541,157. 
 
 should have been 
 
 Industry. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 50,262 
 
 47,357 
 
 73,382 
 
 26,025 
 
 Apparel and slops, haber- 
 
 
 
 
 
 dashery, linen and drapery, 
 
 
 
 
 
 millinery, hats, caps, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 bonnets 
 
 6,532,140 
 
 5,914,390 
 
 9,536,924 
 
 3,622,534 
 
 Beer 
 
 1,030,549 
 
 1,029,902 
 
 1,504,602 
 
 474,700 
 
 Cordage and rope 
 
 130,437 
 
 51,545 
 
 190,438 
 
 138,893 
 
 Furniture 
 
 163,692 
 
 165,297 
 
 238,990 
 
 73,693 
 
 Flour, grain, and bread 
 
 1,794,748 
 
 1,397,935 
 
 2,620,332 
 
 1,222,397 
 
 Fruit (dried and bottled) 
 
 212,772 
 
 196,722 
 
 310,647 
 
 113,925 
 
 Hay 
 
 40,625 
 
 769 
 
 59,313 
 
 58,544 
 
 Leather, boots, and shoes 
 
 1,325,276 
 
 235,943 
 
 1,934,903 
 
 1,698,960 
 
 Oilmen's stores 
 
 421,601 
 
 141,151 
 
 615,538 
 
 474,387 
 
 Provisions 
 
 91,791 
 
 * 
 
 134,015 
 
 I 134,015 
 
 I *4S2,587 
 
 Saddlery and harness 
 
 209,159 
 
 163,000 
 
 305,372 
 
 142,372 
 
 Rum 
 
 270,915 
 
 163,749 
 
 395,536 
 
 231,787 
 
 Sugar 
 
 1,782,940 
 
 2,443,296 
 
 2,603,092 
 
 159,796 
 
 Treacle and molasses 
 
 4,183 
 
 * 
 
 6,107 
 
 j 6,107 
 
 \ *127,708 
 
 Timber ... 
 
 240,503 
 
 * 
 
 351,135 
 
 I 351,135 
 
 | *72,501 
 
 Tobacco (manufactured) 
 
 298,128 
 
 95,736 
 
 435,267 
 
 339,531 
 
 ~Vinegar ... 
 
 33,918 
 
 28,828 
 
 49,520 
 
 20,692 
 
 Wine 
 
 545,461 
 
 311,393 
 
 796,373 
 
 484,980 
 
 
 15,179,100 
 
 12,387,013 
 
 22,161,486 
 
 10,457,269 
 
 * Less actual excess of exports. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Provisions 
 
 
 482,587* 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Molasses and treacle ... 
 
 
 127,708* 
 
 
 
 Timber ... 
 
 
 72,501* 
 
 
 
 
 15,179,100 
 
 11,704,217 
 
 22,161,486 
 
 10,457,269 
 
 " This shows," he observes, " that although our population increased by 
 nearly half, say 46 per cent., our import of the 19 lines specified decreased 
 in actual amount by £2,792,087, and according to population by no less 
 a sum than £10,457,269. This is an evidence of progress in its best sense, 
 for being brought about by the free play of private enterprise, it means 
 advantage to all." 
 
26 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 The mineral resources of New South Wales, in so far as they are known, 
 which is but very imperfectly, are exceedingly rich and diversified. They 
 include gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, tin, coal, antimony, cinnabar, lime- 
 stone, and fire-clay; to say nothing of diamonds, emeralds, rubies, 
 amethysts, opals, sapphires, and garnets ; and as the geological surveyor has 
 officially declared, the mineral wealth of New South "Wales " is practically 
 inexhaustible." The area of its coal measures is simply enormous. It has 
 been traced for hundreds of miles along the coast, and has been worked at 
 various levels from 450 feet below, to 1500 feet above the sea. The lower 
 beds are geologically older than any that have been yet worked in Europe, 
 and the quality of the coal which is taken from these inferior strata is 
 therefore unsurpassed. Not only so, but in certain districts, immense 
 seams of this mineral are found in immediate juxtaposition with an 
 abundance of iron ores, lime-stone, and fire-clay. Hence nature seems to 
 have indicated New South Wales as the great manufacturing colony of the 
 group. Up to the present time, coal has been ascertained to exist over an 
 area of something like 25,000 square miles of country; and it is almost 
 everywhere within easy reach of water or railway communication. Now, 
 when it is remembered that the coalfields of Britain only cover one- 
 twentieth part of the area of the country, or about 4000 miles, and that 
 nevertheless the output of this mineral in the parent State is upwards 
 of 120,000,000 tons per annum, the export alone having been over 
 15,400,000 tons in 1878, it would be difficult to over-estimate the 
 magnitude of the proportions to which the coal trade of New South Wales 
 may be expected to grow hereafter. 
 
 (i Without any exaggeration," writes the Chief Inspector of Colleries in 
 that colony, '-'we can undoubtedly claim to be in possession of the richest, 
 most accessible, and most extensive coalfields in the Southern- Hemi- 
 sphere, which must ultimately make New South Wales the greatest and 
 richest of all the Australian colonies ; and we know the value of them and 
 how much as a nation Great Britain has to depend upon her collieries for 
 her great national prosperity. Our bituminous, semi-bituminous, splint, 
 anthracite, and cannel coals are equal in thickness and in quality to any 
 found in other parts of the world, and we have numerous deposits of 
 petroleum oil cannel coal, some of them superior to any yet found else- 
 where. During the last few years the growth of our coal trade has most 
 satisfactorily and rapidly increased ; and when the proposed extra shipping 
 appliances are completed at Newcastle, and vessels can have rapid dispatch, 
 our trade will undoubtedly increase at a much greater rate than it is even 
 now doing." 
 
 The forests of New South Wales cover the whole of her mountain 
 ranges, only a few of which rise above the snow line, as well as many of 
 the rich valleys which slope downward to the coast. The variety of the 
 timber they produce is not less remarkable than its magnitude and beauty. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : ITS NATURAL RESOURCES. 27 
 
 Unhappily, with the spread of settlement, the work of destruction by axe 
 and fire has proceeded with indiscriminating energy; and furniture and 
 building woods of great value have been swept away with as much 
 unconcern as if they were only so much worthless scrub. For constructive 
 purposes in dock yards, piers, bridges, house carpentry, coachmakers' and 
 wheelwrights' work, railway building, fencing, and piles, nearly the whole 
 of the Myrtacece, of which New South Wales possesses something like fifty 
 varieties, are extremely valuable, and certain of them incomparably so. For 
 the uses of the cabinetmaker and the house decorator, the timber familiarly 
 known as the black-apple, the Moreton Bay pine, the red cedar, coach wood, 
 Clarence light-yellow wood, turnip-wood, rose-wood, Illawarra mountain- 
 ash, tulip-wood, myall, cypress-pine, and others, is capable of being worked 
 up into furniture and panelling, beautiful in grain, rich in colour, and 
 susceptible of a high polish. The timber of the prickly-leaved ti-tree 
 (Melaleuca styphelioides ) is said to be incapable of decay; that of the white 
 tea-tree (Melaleuca leucadendron) is said to be imperishable under-ground; 
 that of the Turpentine tree (Syncarpia laurifolia) resists the attacks of the 
 teredo navalis in salt water ; and that of the brush-bastard, or white-box 
 (Tristania conferta) has been known to preserve its soundness, when 
 employed in building the ribs of a ship, for a period of thirty years. To the 
 carver and wood engraver the corkwood (Duboisia myoporoides) ; the rose- 
 wood ( Dysoxylon Frasernum), and the pittosporum (undidatum) commend 
 themselves as a serviceable substitute for European box ; while the cooper 
 finds in the native ash (Flindersia Australis), the silky oak (Grevillea 
 robusta), the stave-wood (Tarrietia actinodendron), the green and silver 
 wattle (Acacia decurrens and Acacia dealbata), and the swamp-oak 
 (Casuarina quadrivalvis ) excellent material for staves. Other kinds of 
 timber are specially adapted for oars, spokes and naves, tool-handles, 
 telegraph poles and turners' work. And thus it will be seen that the 
 economic value of the indigenous trees of New South Wales can scarcely be 
 over-estimated. To the medical botanist the forests present an almost 
 virgin field of exploration. Of the ascertained properties of the eucalyptus 
 it would be almost superfluous to speak. Partially discovered by Australian 
 chemists, like Mr. Bosisto, of Melbourne, they have been more fully 
 revealed by men of science in France, who have demonstrated the efficacy 
 of its leaves for the healing of wounds, and of preparations from it, as local 
 stimulants, as astringents, as disinfectants, as anti-septics, as a remedy for 
 certain uterine diseases, and as an anti-catarrhal agent. A dwarf shrub 
 commonly known as the wild hop, is stated to be an infallible specific for 
 dysentery; and the tonic qualities of the bitter principle contained in the 
 bark of the sassafras are well known and highly appreciated. Thence it would 
 be quite safe to predict that the Materia Medica of the civilized world will 
 be enriched, in years to come, by discoveries made in the Australian flora 
 to an extent undreamed of at the present time. 
 
28 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Let us now briefly review the industrial resources of New South Wales, 
 considered as a field of enterprise for the capitalist, and for the skilled or 
 manual labourer. The extent of country comprised within its limits, we 
 have shown to be enormous. Its pastoral wealth is on a scale of commen- 
 surate magnitude ; its agriculture embraces the cultivation both of the 
 cereals of the temperate regions and the plants which flourish under a 
 sub-tropical climate ; its horticulture is equally comprehensive ; its manu- 
 factures repose upon the solid basis of an unlimited supply of coal, iron, 
 and limestone, all lying in close juxtaposition, as also of the finest wool in 
 the world ; its commerce promises to cover the whole of the South Pacific, 
 and has already found profitable relations with the adjoining colonies, with 
 the island of Tasmania, with Fiji, with New Zealand, and with New 
 Caledonia, and the position of its capital and of its unrivalled harbour 
 seems to mark it as one of the chief entrepots of the Southern Seas. 
 
 All these advantages are enjoyed under the beneficent protection of 
 political institutions which guarantee the utmost freedom to every citizen, 
 which admit the poorest man in the community to a share of power, and 
 which do not debar him from entering the Legislature, or from aspiring to 
 and achieving the highest position in the State. There is no Established 
 Church ; there are no poor laws ; and, if everybody was sober and provident 
 there would be no poverty, and very little disease ; there is no privileged 
 class or caste ; and there is that freedom of transfer and bequest, in relation 
 to land, which the agrarian reformers of the mother-country set down 
 as the ideally perfect system of dealing with the soil. Education, free of 
 cost to the very poor, is within the reach of all ; and the higher schools of 
 the colony are the succursais of a University which has been built and 
 endowed at a cost of .£200,000, and receives £5000 a year from the State; 
 while its funds have just been augmented by the munificent bequest of 
 £100,000 from the late M. Challis, who was formerly a resident in Sydney, 
 where he laid the foundations of the fortune which enabled him to devise 
 this princely gift to so noble an object. The graduates of the University 
 are entitled to the same rank, title, and precedence, as graduates of British 
 Universities; and there are three colleges affiliated to it. The professors are 
 men of the highest attainments and distinction, and the standard of 
 instruction is an elevated one. Thus it will be seen that the educational 
 advantages enjoyable in New South "Wales are such as will bear favourable 
 comparison with those which are accessible to rich and poor in England ; 
 while social life presents much the same attractions in Sydney, as it 
 does in most cities of a corresponding size in Great Britain. A colonial 
 capital resembles, in fact, a block of civic England, detached from the parent 
 mass, and planted on a virgin soil, beneath a brighter sky, and in a far more 
 genial atmosphere. The public and private amusements are the same. 
 The opera house, the theatre, the concert room, the flowei-show, the garden- 
 party, and the ball-room, are as popular in the new as in the old country. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : ITS SOCIAL ADVANTAGES. 29 
 
 There is nothing to differentiate George-street, Sydney, from one of the 
 principal thoroughfares of York, or Liverpool, or Exeter, but the brighter 
 aspect of the buildings and the warm and lustrous quality of the air. The 
 highway is full of omnibuses, coaches, private carriages, cabs, drays, and 
 waggons. The pavement is alive with foot passengers ; and the shop 
 windows display the latest fashions in jewellery and dress, the newest books 
 and engravings, the freshest designs in furniture and ironmongery, and the 
 most recent novelty in quack medicines or cosmetics. Perhaps the one 
 point of dissimilarity between an Australian and an English, or indeed 
 any European city, is the absence of that extreme poverty and squalor 
 which cast such a dark and ominous shadow upon the chief centres of 
 population in the old world. Not that poverty and squalor are unknown 
 in the new ; but penury and wretchedness do not obtrude themselves upon 
 your notice, and it is tolerably certain that, in ninety-nine cases out of a 
 hundred, they are the result of misconduct and not of misfortune. Drink 
 and improvidence lie at the root of the evil ; and these contribute to fill the 
 gaols and to provide inmates for the lunatic asylums. 
 
 As to the out-of-door life in the neighbourhood of a city like Sydney, it 
 is altogether unique, because the surroundings of the place are also unique. 
 It would be difficult to exaggerate their loveliness. A recent visitor from 
 Victoria, who combines a quick perception of the beauties of nature with 
 the skill of a master of word-painting, has permitted us to incorporate with 
 the present chapter, the following description of his first impressions of 
 the capital of New South Wales, on approaching it from the sea : — 
 
 " Port Jackson is one of a few choice spots upon the earth's surface, which 
 amply fulfil your expectations, and justify the praises of preceding visitors. 
 It is, as Sannazaro said of Naples, ' TJn pezzo di cielo, caduto in terra.'' 
 Other places, of which the beauty has been incessantly lauded to you, 
 frequently disappoint you, when you come to see them for the first time. 
 Perhaps you look at them, under the influence of different emotions to those 
 experienced by your informant. Perhaps you see them at a different season 
 of the year, or under a different aspect, or arrive at them by a different 
 approach. Or perhaps they have been over-praised, and, in resentment of 
 the mild fraud that has been practised upon you, you are tempted to de- 
 preciate what has failed to charm you to the degree you had anticipated. 
 But you are under no such temptation with respect to Sydney Harbour and 
 its environments. The first sight of it is like the first sight of Venice from 
 the lagunes, the first sight of the Bernese Alps between Baden and Basle, 
 the first sight of Florence and the Val d'Amo from the gallery of the 
 monastery at Fiesole, or the first sight of Mount Cook at sunrise, when 
 steaming down the west coast of New Zealand. You hang it up, as it 
 were, in the picture gallery of your memory, as one of your permanent 
 treasures, there to be recurred to, as often as ' in the silent sessions of 
 sweet thought,' you desire to refresh your mind with pleasant remem- 
 
30 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 brances of the past. And its beauty grows upon you ; for you find that it 
 has that quality which Anthony attributed to Cleopatra's beauty — ' Age 
 cannot wither it, nor custom stale its infinite variety.' Nature, indeed, 
 possesses the precious gift of eternal youth, and nowhere has she exhibited 
 her ' infinite variety ' with a more lavish prodigality than in this favoured 
 spot of earth, with the climate of Sicily, and with more than the beauty of 
 the Bay of Naples, or the shores of Amalfi and Sorrento. 
 
 " Of the city itself, the impression produced upon a visitor, fresh from the 
 rectangular formality of a younger capital in a neighbouring colony, is that 
 it is uncolonial, and free from the dreadful newness and the garish rawness 
 which characterise most Australian centres of population. It reminds you, 
 in fact, of an English city, or rather of many such. It is like a bit of 
 Bristol and Clifton, of Bath, Exeter, and Southampton, with here and there 
 a reminiscence of Genoa and Spezzia, welded together in one harmonious 
 Avhole under the most picturesque conditions ; and interspersed with spaces 
 of luxurious greenery, to say nothing of leafy avenues, into which the eye 
 can plunge for the sweet solace of umbrageous shadow, with the certainty 
 of finding it, while there are, in the gardens and shrubberies, a loveliness of 
 colour, a diversity of plant structure, and a redundance of leaf and flower 
 which convince you of what the botanical taste and skill of three 
 o-enerations of colonists have accomplished in seconding the bounty of the 
 ' boon mother.' Let me add that, to a lover of old English cities, and of 
 curved lines in nature and art, there is something agreeable in the irregular 
 outlines of Sydney, and in the wayward directions taken by some of its 
 thoroughfares, although this liking may not be so liberally accorded to the 
 unevenness of its foot pavements, which are anything but * primrose paths 
 of dalliance.' 
 
 " As compared with those of Melbourne, a city fifty years its junior, the 
 principal streets of Sydney are narrow, because it was originally laid out by 
 English surveyors, without any forecast, in all probability, that, in less than 
 a century, a quarter of a million of inhabitants would be congregated on the 
 shores of Sydney Harbour. And we are not at all sure that, for the com- 
 fort of the inhabitants, and leaving out of sight such thoughts as convenience 
 of traffic and architectural effects, narrow thoroughfares are unsuitable to a 
 warm and brilliant climate. In high latitudes you want as much as possible 
 of the sun at all periods of the year, but in Australia, where it may be said 
 of that luminary, that it is ' unchangingly bright '— 
 
 Shining on, shining on, by no shadow made tender, 
 Till love falls asleep in its sameness of splendour — 
 
 you need shadow, and are glad to escape from the dazzling glare of an 
 almost vertical sun, and refresh your eyes with the half light, lying at the 
 bottom of a narrow street flanked by lofty warehouses, offices, or shops." 
 
 The public buildings of Sydney are not unworthy of its matchless posi- 
 tion. They are mostly constructed of a bright and easily- worked sandstone, 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : PORT JACKSON. 31 
 
 which is often quarried on the spot, and they comprise two cathedrals, with 
 numerous churches, and a Jewish synagogue; the vice-regal residence, the 
 town hall, and general post-office; the university, hospital, and museum; the 
 banks, and the various public offices. To these must be added the Inter- 
 national Exhibition building, with a dome resembling that of the cathedral 
 at Florence, occupying a commanding position in the Domain overlooking 
 the harbour, and constituting one of the chief ornaments of the city. But 
 after all, the environs of Sydney are its supreme distinction, and its never 
 failing charm. And these have been so vividly described by the writer we 
 have previously laid under contribution ; that we cannot do better than 
 transfer to these pages his graphic picture of the scene : — 
 
 " The visitor who explores a small portion of the waters of Port Jackson 
 for the first time is bewildered by the complexity and variety of their 
 shore outline, and fascinated by the never-ending beauty of the apparently 
 innumerable coves and inlets into which it breaks. It is a succession 
 of surprises, and the comparatively small area into which this astonishing 
 diversity of surface is crowded, is, perhaps, the greatest wonder of the 
 whole. The late Sir William Don once told me that he had seen nearly all 
 the most famous harbours and bays in the world, including Naples, Genoa, 
 Constantinople, San Francisco, and Rio Janeiro, and that each of them 
 must yield the palm to Sydney. ' It stands alone/ he said, ' peerless and 
 unapproachable.' Dunedin is picturesquely situated, and one must not 
 undervalue the noble position of Hobart Town, with the waters of the 
 Derwent lying at its feet, with the majestic form of Mount Wellington 
 rising behind it, and dwarfing all the neighbouring eminences by its 
 gigantic bulk and lofty altitude. But the unique charm and supreme 
 distinction of Port Jackson is the gracious amenity and perpetual variety 
 of its surroundings. There is a picture in the French gallery of the Fine 
 Arts collection, entitled ' Hymne au Createur': a young girl, in the infancy 
 of the world, is so impressed with the exquisite loveliness of fruit and 
 flower, of bird and blossom, is so full of a delicious sense of the preciousness 
 of existence, in the midst of so much sunshine and fragrance, abounding life 
 arid delicious colour, that, feeling the utter impotence of speech to express 
 the adoring emotion of her full heart, she spreads forth her hands towards 
 heaven, with a thank-offering of flowers in them, to the beneficent Creator 
 of all things. A feeling akin to hers takes possession of the mind, in 
 some of the more sequestered recesses which are accessible from so many 
 points in the neighbourhood of Sydney. For there are some spots upon 
 which the unsullied freshness and delicate bloom of virgin nature still rest, 
 and where you are conscious of influences such as Virgil felt, and Words- 
 worth described; while they enable you to fully comprehend the strength 
 and simple piety of the sentiment which actuated the primitive nations in 
 erecting altars to the personified agents of the Divine bounty. Looking 
 down, for example, upon two arms of the Middle Harbour from a rocky 
 
32 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN lS8o. 
 
 platform at a considerable elevation above the Spit, the scene which meets 
 the eye is one that is primeval in its wild beauty \ and that, in one direction 
 at least, breathes nothing but peace and tranquillity. The undulating 
 contour of the hills, and the graceful curve of the shores; the sea of foliage, 
 brightened in places by the spring leaves which have lingered upon the 
 young wood; the silent motion and soft shadows of the clouds, that flit 
 across the landscape; the picturesque greys and browns of the weather- 
 stained boulders which crop out of the herbage, richly tapestried, as this is, 
 with wild flowers; the calm surface of the water, which ranges in colour 
 from a pale green to a Tyrian purple ; and the changing aspect of cove and 
 promontory, as the sun varies his position, or shines out with summer 
 splendour, or veils his lustrous face in vapour, combine to make you feel 
 that there is a nearness and a dearness in nature — a power to soothe, to 
 elevate, to purify, and to delight, to which we are, as a general rule, 
 strangely and calamitously indifferent in this age of great cities. 
 
 "And scenes of this kind are so immediately accessible in Sydney. 
 Half-an-hour's ride by land or water conducts you to sylvan haunts as 
 secluded from observation as those in which the melancholy Jacques 
 moralize^ upon the wounded deer; or in which Titania fell in love with 
 Bottom the weaver, or in which Una rode forth ujjoii her lion, c in maiden 
 meditation, fancy free.' Some of these, with their tangled underwood, 
 their fern brakes, their charming waterfalls, and their natural bowers,, 
 remind one of certain portions of the New Forest and of Fontainebleau. In 
 all, there are endless themes for the Australian artists of the future. And 
 what motives for poems and pictures in the sinuous coves of the harbour, 
 and in the massive headlands and romantic bays along the ocean beach ! At 
 Manly, at South Head, and at Coogee, in the course of an hour or two's 
 saunter along the shore, you are presented with a whole gallery of sea-pieces, 
 exhibiting such charming accidents of light and shade, such fluctuations of" 
 colour, such grandeur of form and romantic beauty of outline, such incessant 
 changes in the aspects of shifting cloud and restless wave, of creamy ripple 
 and foaming breaker, of shimmering surface or dark expanse, that you are 
 tempted to break the Tenth Commandment, and to covet the possession of 
 artistic gifts like those displayed by Herr Weber in his splendid jucture of" 
 the iron-bound coast of Canada; by Mr. Mogford in his 'Eastern Broad ;*" 
 by Mr. Brierly in his grand ' Whaleboats Saving a Wrecked Crew ;' and by 
 Herr Eschke, in the lovely 'Sunrise at Whatcombe,' which adorn the 
 walls of the art gallery of the Exhibition. 
 
 " In the Middle Harbour, in Lane Cove, and in Mossrnan's Bay, you 
 are surrounded by sylvan scenery, of which the predominating character- 
 istic is the gracious amenity spoken of above, and upon which peace broods 
 like a heavenly benediction. There are tracts of forests, spreading from 
 the water's edge to the undulating ridges of the hills, which are rendered 
 august by their indefinite antiquity. During thousands of years, they may 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : THE BLUE MOUNTAINS. 33 
 
 be conceived of, as having worn their robes of verdure just as they wear 
 them now. During countless centuries, the spring has quickened the sap 
 in those stately trees ; the summer has flushed their plumed crests with its 
 luminous glory ; the autumn has mellowed their foliage ; and the winter 
 has brought its interval of repose to their vital activity. They are the 
 witnesses and monuments of a past that has no history in their secluded 
 quietude, save that of the silent processes, the divine order, and the 
 perpetual beneficence of nature. And hence the impression produced upon 
 the mind, in contemplating this glorious scenery, is of a twofold character. 
 It fascinates you by its beauty of form and colour, and at the same time it 
 awakens a series of emotions of a meditative character, inspired by the 
 consciousness that you are brought face to face with the silent inheritors of 
 an immense antiquity; that you, the spectator, are but a fugitive shadow — 
 
 1 A poor player, 
 That struts and frets his little hour upon the stage, 
 And then is seen no more ; 
 
 whereas those giants of the forest have been pursuing their calm growth in 
 these virgin solitudes during whole ages of time, while on the other side of 
 the globe, countless generations of human beings have come and gone, 
 empires have risen and fallen, dynasties have been established and swept 
 away, war, famine and pestilence have devastated some of the fairest 
 regions of the globe, and the sites of once vast and populous cities have 
 relapsed into the desert, where the lizard basks among the ruins of 
 sumptuous palaces, and the hysena prowls among the graves of forgotten 
 kings and heroes, or drags from their tombs the crumbling bones of 
 beauties, as renowned in their day as was that famous Helen of Troy, 
 whose alluring face, as an old poet says — 
 
 ' Launched a thousand ships 
 And burnt the topless towers of Ilium.' 
 
 u To live within half-an-hour's ride of landscapes and seascapes so 
 various and beautiful as these, so endless in diversity and so full of 
 contrasts in their loveliness, seems to me to be an advantage of which it 
 would be difficult to over-estimate the magnitude or the value. To look 
 upon them for the first time is an event in the life of the person who is so 
 fortunate as to do so J and to remember them hereafter will certainly be a 
 pleasure, comparable with that which the owner of a large picture gallery, 
 filled with the works of the best paysagistes, derives from the contemplation 
 of his art-treasures." 
 
 Sydney enjoys the advantage of being only forty miles distant from the 
 commencement of a chain or labyrinth of mountains not less remarkable for 
 their specific grandeur and beauty than is the harbour. A railway climbs 
 up their shaggy summits, and then winds around their majestic shoulders, 
 for a distance of sixty or seventy miles, presenting the tourist with a rapid 
 succession of landscapes of the most romantic character; the enjoyment of 
 
 D 
 
34 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 which is heightened by the fact that you are overlooking pathless forests 
 and virgin solitudes. 
 
 Mr. Henry James, in his recent monograph on Hawthorne, when 
 speaking of nature in the western world, remarks : — " The very air looks 
 new and young, the light of the sun seems fresh and innocent, as if it knew 
 as yet but few of the secrets of the world and none of the weariness of 
 shining. The vegetation has the appearance of not having reached its 
 majority. A large juvenility is stamped upon the face of things, and in 
 the vividness of the present, the past which died so young, and had time to 
 produce so little, attracts but scanty attention." And this air of primitive 
 freshness characterises the scenery of the Blue Mountains, as they are 
 called. The exquisite vapoury bloom which lies upon them, and from which 
 they have derived their name, appears to be so very delicate that a touch 
 might be expected to efface it, just as in the case of the down that covers 
 the surface of a purple plum or grape. When the railway has reached an 
 elevation of a thousand feet or so above the level of the sea, the air — in the 
 hottest months of summer — grows crisp and fresh, and possesses a trans- 
 parency and purity which render its respiration delightful ; while the foliage 
 of the saplings is singularly bright and green, and new kinds of vegetation 
 meet the eye. You obtain glimpses of depressions in the mountains so 
 heavily timbered as to present " a boundless contiguity of shade." Their 
 outlines heave and sink, like the waves of the sea when a heavy swell is on 
 it, just after the subsidence of a fierce tempest. On cleared plateaux near 
 the line of railway, some of the leading citizens of Sydney have erected 
 sylvan dwellings in which they keep their villegiatura, and these little 
 slabs of cultivation tesselating the enormous wilderness of primeval forest, 
 are in striking contrast with their majestic surroundings. In places, the 
 deep, silent, solitary valleys are flanked on either side by walls of rock 
 rising sheer up to the height of many hundred feet, but clothed with 
 timber to the very summit. Only here and there, where two jutting 
 headlands confront each other and seem to have constituted the gateway of 
 some long-forgotten inland sea, masses of laminated stone crop out, weather- 
 stained and often rich in colour, owing to the oxydisation they have under- 
 gone by exposure to the atmosphere. Through these stupendous cliffs, the 
 eye is carried on into a magnificent amphitheatre of verdure, covered with 
 that exquisite veil of blue gauze, which is the never-failing charm of this 
 noble range of mountains. At Blackheath, you look across just such a 
 foreground to a pastoral valley of great extent, with an imposing back- 
 ground of undulating ranges, rising tier on tier, until their faint outlines 
 almost blend with the delicate azure of the distant horizon. But every- 
 where, the prospects combine grandeur with loveliness, and remind you 
 now of the Pyrenees and now of the Appenines. 
 
 Provincial New South Wales differs from provincial England only as 
 provincial America does, namely, in its newness and brightness, and in the 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : PROVIDENCE AND IMPROVIDENCE. 35 
 
 absence of that extreme poverty in the lower strata of society, which seems 
 to be inseparable from a thickly peopled and highly civilized community, 
 in which, it is to be feared, habits of improvidence and intemperance have 
 been highly fostered by the poor law system on the one hand, and by a 
 superabundance of hospitals, almshouses, "doles," and other demoralising 
 forms of relief, on the other. Not that either of the Australian colonies is 
 free from the reproach of thriftlessness and of inebriety; although the 
 latter is not so much an indigenous as an imported vice, for the rising 
 generation in all parts of Australia, is more temperate than that which 
 emigrated from the mother -country. The chief danger to both the mental 
 and physical stamina of the Anglo- Australian race lies in its immoderate 
 addiction to tobacco, which insidiously poisons the sources of life in the 
 heart and brain, gives the face a pale and bloodless look, and impairs the 
 energy of the nervous system. The consumption of the weed in the whole 
 of the Australian colonies is enormous, and the waste of health and money 
 it entails is one of the most serious social and economic phenomena of the 
 day. The expenditure of the population of New South Wales upon 
 tobacco, is not less than one pound per head per annum, or three-quarters of 
 a million sterling. This would give an average of something like five 
 pounds per head for each smoker. At least it would do so, if smoking were 
 only indulged in by male adults. This, however, is very far from being 
 the case. Children begin to smoke at from ten to twelve, and you will see 
 little urchins standing at street corners, puffing away at a short pipe or a 
 cheap cigar, with pallid countenances and meagre forms, and busily laying 
 the foundations of dyspepsia, and a host of resultant ailments in later life, 
 by ejecting the saliva which is so essential to the efficient performance of 
 the processes of deglutition and digestion. 
 
 Of the improvidence which prevails, it may be remarked, that while it is 
 to be regretted under any circumstances and in any country, its effects are 
 not felt in a young and thinly-peopled country, as they are in an old and 
 densely-populated one. Nature is the chief, and human labour only a very 
 subordinate, factor in the production of wealth, and the rewards of industry 
 being so large, the consequent abundance prevents the absence of frugality 
 from being attended by its customary penalties. The weekly " rations " of 
 an Australian farm labourer would suffice to maintain the entire family of a 
 French peasant proprietor for a month. We have known cases in which 
 harvestmen have regarded it as a serious grievance that they have had to sit 
 down to a cold forequarter of lamb or saddle of mutton for breakfast, instead 
 of having hot rump-steaks provided for them at that meal. And it may b-j 
 remarked in passing that the most fastidious of complainants in this respect 
 are usually immigrants who have come out to Australia from districts of 
 Great Britain, in which the farm hand considered himself extremely fortu- 
 nate, if he could procure a dinner of rusty bacon on weekdays, and soma 
 " butcher's meat " on Sundays. Female domestics are likewise improvident 
 
 D 2 
 
36 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 and extravagant, although many of them, and this is more particularly the 
 case with the Irish, will regularly remit a portion of their earnings for the 
 sup2>ort of their aged parents in the mother-country, or in order to enable 
 their brothers and sisters to join them in Australia. A girl who has been 
 accustomed to receive an annual wage of £5 in Ireland, or of £10 in Eng- 
 land, and who earns, or rather is paid, £30 or £36 per annum in the colo- 
 nies, will think nothing of giving a couple of guineas for a bonnet or hat of 
 the latest fashion, and will array herself on her " Sunday out " in a velvet 
 mantle, for which she has given seven or eight pounds, and which is liable 
 to be ruined by a sudden dust-storm, followed by an equally sudden down- 
 fall of rain. 
 
 Australia is, indeed, the paradise of Bridget and Sarah Jane. Not 
 only are wages very high, but household labours are pursued under 
 conditions much more favourable than those which prevail in a cold and 
 and gloomy climate, like that of England. Numbers of the Australian 
 houses are of one story only, and few exceed two. Excepting in the 
 towns, where there is a good deal of dust, and very little smoke, the air is 
 pure and clear, and there is relatively little domestic cleansing to be per- 
 formed. For eight or nine months in the year there are no fires required, 
 except for domestic purposes, and in the j^rincipal cities the gas stove is 
 beginning to supersede the kitchen-range. There is no creeping dosvn 
 stairs in the cold and darkness of a winter morning with blue fingers and 
 shivering limbs to light a fire, thaw the frozen water-pipes, and holy-stone 
 a flight of front doorsteps, while everything is icy to the touch, and gloomy 
 to the vision. And there are very few of the restraints, wholesome or 
 otherwise, which are imposed upon the freedom of the female domestic in 
 most well-ordered households in Great Britain. In Australia, the 
 mistress's authority is exercised on sufferance, as it were, and she is 
 obliged to temper it with extreme discretion, lest her cook or housemaid 
 should abruptly leave her. But, in any case, the practice prevails pretty 
 extensively at Christmas time, when Bridget and Sarah Jane feel that 
 they would like a fortnight's holiday. There are the pantomimes at the 
 theatres, there are the outdoor sports which are held on Boxing-day, 
 there is a succession of pic-nics and al fresco festivities at this midsummer 
 season, and many a mater-familias finds herself compelled to cook her own 
 Christmas dinner, and to do her own " chores," because her cook and 
 parlourmaid gave her a week's notice to leave on the 17th of December. 
 By the end of the first week in January, however, there are plenty of 
 applicants for situations, and the holiday-makers prepare to settle down to 
 work again, until the approach of Easter causes them to become restless 
 once more. 
 
 A country town in New South Wales reproduces most of the architec- 
 tural features of an English country town ; wanting only the charm of 
 antiquity. There are no time-worn and weather-stained buildings ; because 
 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES I FEATURES OF A COUNTRY TOWN. 37 
 
 they are all apparelled, like Macbeth with his honours, " in their newest 
 <doss." There are no ancient inns, with balustraded staircases and intricate 
 corridors and passages, such as Washington Irving and Nathaniel Haw- 
 thorn loved to describe; no old gabled houses, no mouldering market cross, 
 no ruinous and ivygrown bridges, and nothing to link the present with the 
 past. Australia is the country of the future, with a history to make, and 
 its face set forward to the coming ages. In the place of endearing memories, 
 it cherishes large and glowing hopes. The ancestry of its population has to 
 be sought for in another land, and it looks to posterity to achieve the dis- 
 tinctions by which it may be rendered famous. 
 
 A provincial centre of population usually grows up either at some 
 halting place upon a main line of traffic, or in the heart of an agricultural 
 district, or on the edge of a good harbour, or in the midst of a gold-field. 
 A blacksmith's shop, two or three general stores, one or more public-houses, 
 a baker's shop, and a butcher's, form the nucleus of a hamlet which grows 
 into a village, and soon expands into a town. Commodious inns replace 
 the rude shanties in which liquors were formerly sold ; substantial brick 
 structures supersede the wooden zinc-roofed stores, and the place undergoes 
 a complete transformation in the course of a very few years. A munici- 
 pality is formed, a town-hall is built, and a police station erected. Mean- 
 while, each of the leading religious denominations has raised a place of 
 worship for itself; the State-school has opened its doors to all comers ; one 
 or two branch banks have been established ; a solicitor has settled down 
 and is gradually feeling his way into a good practice ; a couple of doctors 
 have set up a big lamp, with crimson bull's eyes, before their respective 
 doors, and each of them has started a buggy ; two newspapers have been 
 struggling into existence, and are advocating diametrically opposite views in 
 politics ; there is a circulating library, which has some difficulty in com- 
 peting with the mechanics' institute over the way ; and, in due time, the 
 iron-horse reaches the growing town ; and the opening of the railway is 
 celebrated by a public dinner, at which two or three members of the 
 Ministry are present, and as the district returns one of their supporters to 
 the Legislative Assemby, the Chief Secretary proposes the toast of " pros- 
 perity to] the town of Boonamundra," and prophesies that it will one day 
 become a place second only in importance to the capital, and that with a 
 population so energetic, so intelligent, so enterprising, and so far-seeing, as 
 that represented by the gentlemen he sees around him, there are no limits 
 to the greatness and no bounds to the prosperity which await the spirited 
 inhabitants of Boonamundra in the near future. 
 
 Rhetorical exaggerations apart, there is an element of truth in prognos- 
 tications of this kind. What political economists call the "unearned 
 increment " in the value of real property, increases very rapidly in a new 
 country ; so that the pioneers of settlement may calculate, by the exercise 
 of ordinary prudence and sagacity, upon arriving at independent circuni- 
 
38 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 stances, if not at affluence, in twenty or thirty years, by the mere operation 
 of natural causes, such as the steady growth of population, improved methods 
 of intercommunication, and the development of the resources of the district. 
 It is, at the same time, unfortunately true, that prosperity is occasionally a 
 great calamity to some of those who have been most successful in life. It 
 leads to the formation of habits of extreme parsimony on the one hand, or 
 of the most destructive dissipation on the other. Many a strenuously 
 industrious man, after having amassed a fortune and retired from active 
 life, has proceeded to "knock it down" in drink, has died in a fit of 
 delirium tremens, or ended his days in a lunatic asylum, bequeathing to his 
 widow and offspring a heritage of poverty and shame. Nor is the reason 
 far to seek ; for it may be found in the unfortunate man's destitution of 
 mental resources, resulting from his neglected education in the mother- 
 country. So long as he was occupied in the business of life, he was 
 tolerably happy ; but when he had earned the means to " rest and 
 be thankful," he had no intellectual pleasures and employments to fall 
 back upon. The vacuity of his mind must be filled, and he flew to the 
 stimulation which spirits are capable of affording it. The habit once 
 acquired, grew upon him with terrible celerity, speedily mastered, and 
 eventually slew him. 
 
 But it must be recorded to the credit of what are sometimes con- 
 temptuously called "the wealthy lower orders" in the Australian colonies, that 
 they are by no means unconscious of the defects of early training, and of 
 the inconveniences and disadvantages resulting from want of culture, and 
 that, as a general rule, they are liberal in their expenditure upon the 
 education of their children, and it may be anticipated that the inheritors of a 
 position of affluence will, in very many instances at least, impress it with 
 a due sense of the responsibilities which its possession entails; while we 
 may also expect to witness the effect of that refining process alluded to by 
 the author of "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," in the following 
 passage: — "Money kept for two or three generations transforms a race. I 
 don't mean merely in manners and hereditary culture, but in blood and 
 love. Money buys air and sunshine, in which children grow up more 
 kindly, of course, than in close back streets ; it buys country places to give 
 them happy and healthy summers, good nursing, good doctoring, and the 
 best cuts of beef and mutton . . . As the young females of each 
 successive season come on, the finest specimens among them, other things 
 being equal, are apt to attract those who can afford the expensive luxury of 
 beauty. The physical character of the next generation rises in consequence. 
 It is plain that certain families have in this way acquired an elevated type 
 of face and figure, and that in a small circle of city connections one may 
 sometimes find models of both sexes which one of the rural counties would 
 find it hard to match from all its townships put together." 
 
 Thus a steady levelling upwards is going on in New South Wales, as in 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS. 39 
 
 all the Australian colonies, and we should not be at all surprised, if it 
 eventually modifies the political institutions of each. These are democratic 
 in the first instance, e necessitate. Where there is no territorial aristocracy, 
 no State church, no old families, and nothing to connect the present with a 
 grand and imposing past, a theoretical equality is bound to prevail, especially 
 so long as the fluid elements of society are in a state of ferment, and before 
 they have begun to solidify. But when the crystallising process commences, 
 those institutions will undergo a change corresponding with the social 
 mutations. Human nature will assert itself in spite of political theories 
 and systems ; and human nature, in all English speaking countries, is fond 
 of titles and decorations, and distinctions. It loves superiority, sometimes 
 in others, always in itself. The " Druid," the Oddfellow, the Good Templar, 
 the ftechabite, the volunteer, and the member of almost any association, 
 likes to prefix an honorary epithet to his name, and to put some initials 
 after it. It gives him pleasure to wear a collar, badge, scarf, medal, or 
 symbol, and to fill a prominent position in his lodge or club. Bidicule is 
 impotent to destroy or weaken predilections of this kind, because they 
 appear to be innate and ineradicable. The colonial legislator covets the 
 appellation of " Honourable " to which he will be entitled on obtaining a 
 seat in the Upper House, or on his becoming a member of the 
 Government, and very few have been found capable of refusing a 
 knighthood, when it is offered them. When it is declined, it is probably 
 owing to the same feeling which induced Diogenes to trample on the 
 carpet — because his pride was greater than that of the monarch to whom 
 it belonged. 
 
 Looking, therefore, at what may be called the aristocratic tendencies of 
 human nature, and at the many causes which conspire to render equality 
 impossible — causes such as differences of mental and physical capacity, 
 differences of morale and habit, differences of circumstance and opportunity 
 — we might almost venture to predict that in less than a century, the 
 political institutions of the Australian colonies, will be found to have under- 
 gone a remarkable transformation- and that they will exemplify the opera- 
 tion of that law in virtue in which societies pass through certain stages of 
 development, which may be accelerated or retarded in their progress, but 
 cannot be affected in their order. As the elder colony, New South Wales 
 may be expected to take the lead in instituting the changes referred to; 
 we need not now stop to speculate upon the precise direction they are likely 
 to adopt. 
 
 It remains to say a few words with respect to the finances and the trade 
 and commerce of this colony. Its revenue in 1878 amounted, in round 
 numbers, to £5,000,000 sterling, and this more than covered the expendi- 
 ture; but of this amount little more than one-fourth was raised by taxation; 
 the principal part of the residue being derived from the sale and rental of 
 Crown lands, and the Government railways and other sources. On the 31st 
 
40 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 of December, 1878, it had a credit balance of no less than £3,872, 783. Its 
 imports are close upon £15,000,000 per annum, and its exports a little over 
 £13,000,000; so that its external commerce shows an annual profit of 
 £2,000,000. 
 
 The colony is governed by its own Legislature, consisting of two 
 Chambers; the one a nominee Council, of which the members are appointed 
 for life by the Government for the time being; and they number thirty- 
 seven at the present time. The Second Chamber, or Legislative Assembly, 
 consists of seventy-three members, who are elected by manhood suffrage, 
 under the protection of the ballot. No property qualification is required 
 on the part of candidates for a seat in the Assembly; and most of the 
 members of the Ministry are selected from that body. 
 
 The railways of New South Wales are the property of the Government, 
 and are substantially constructed and admirably equipped. The Southern 
 line is in operation from Sydney to Gerogery, a distance of 368 miles 
 and will be opened before the end of the present year to Albury, where it 
 will effect a junction with a line which is already completed from 
 Melbourne to the river Murray. A branch is also being pushed on from 
 Junee to Narrandra and Hay in a westerly direction. The Western line, 
 which crosses the Blue Mountains previously referred to, is open to 
 Wellington, 248 miles distant from Sydney, is being extended to Dubbo, 
 and will eventually reach Bourke, on the river Darling. A suburban line 
 runs to Richmond and Parramatta; while from the important sea-port of 
 Newcastle there is railway communication to Tarn worth, a distance of 
 182 miles, and to Gunnedah, a distance of 196; while extensions are 
 projected to Tenterfield in a northerly, and to Narrabri in a north-easterly 
 direction. 
 
 These great undertakings have been executed with money borrowed on 
 the security of the Government of the colony; and it is surely unnecessary 
 to point out to English investors in Australian securities, the superiority of 
 these over those of Continental nations, or of Central or South American 
 Republics. Here such loans are expended upon reproductive works, which 
 open up the country, stimulate the development of its resources, distribute 
 population, encourage agricultural industry, and promote trade and 
 commerce; whereas most of the national debts of other countries have been 
 contracted for the purpose of enabling the people of adjoining nations to 
 butcher each other; to waste, ravage, and destroy; to consume and dissipate 
 the thrifty accumulations of years ; and to " make a solitude and call it 
 peace." As a general rule, colonial railways defray pretty nearly the 
 interest on their original cost, besides covering all the working expenses; 
 and where they fail to do this, the indirect advantages they confer upon the 
 community far outweigh any demand they may happen to make upon the 
 revenue. But hereafter, with the growth of population and the rapid 
 expansion of every description of industry, these important undertakings may 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES I ITS WONDERFUL PROGRESS. 41 
 
 be expected to yield a handsome profit to the public exchequer, or to enable 
 the Government for the time being to make material reductions in pas- 
 senger fares and goods freight. 
 
 What New South Wales may be expected to become in 1888 may be 
 inferred from its progress during the last decade, which has been truly 
 astonishing. The following figures, however, may be left to speak for 
 themselves : — 
 
 
 1868. 
 
 1878. 
 
 Population 
 
 466,765 
 
 693,743 
 
 Schools ... 
 
 1,254 
 
 1,744 
 
 Scholars 
 
 66,835 
 
 118,788 
 
 Mills and manufactories ... 
 
 3,743 
 
 14,057 
 
 Acres under crop 
 
 434,756 
 
 613,642 
 
 Horses, sheep, and cattle . . . 
 
 ... 17,122,854 
 
 27,075,104 
 
 Coal raised (value) 
 
 ... £954,231 
 
 £1,575,497 
 
 Shipping (tonnage) 
 
 724,193 
 
 1,267,371 
 
 Wool (lbs.) 
 
 ... 25,721,632 
 
 111,833,017 
 
 Do. (value) 
 
 ... £1,879,751 
 
 £5,723,316 
 
 Imports 
 
 ... £8,051,377 
 
 £14,768,873 
 
 Exports ... 
 
 ... £7,192,904 
 
 £12,965,879 
 
 Revenue 
 
 ... £2,476,700 
 
 £6,708,047 
 
 We submit that, outside of Australia, there is no country in the world, 
 not even the United States, which can show so wonderful a progress in all 
 the elements of material well-being as is disclosed by the above statistics 
 taken from the official records. In a single decade, the population of New 
 South Wales has increased nearly 50 per cent., the number of children re- 
 ceiving instruction has more than doubled, the number of mills and manu- 
 factories has been quadrupled, agriculture has greatly expanded, nearly ten 
 millions have been added to the live stock of the colony, there has been an 
 increase of about 66 per cent, in the output of coal, the clip of wool is four times 
 as great as it was ten years ago, the external commerce of the country is 
 nearly double what it was then, and its revenue has risen " by leaps 
 and bounds." Truly, a wonderful record, as well as an impressive 
 testimony to the lavish bounty of Providence, and to the industry and 
 enterprise of the Anglo- Australian race settled in that part of this great 
 island-continent. 
 
 New South Wales has been additionally fortunate in having had, at the 
 head of its political affairs, statesmen who were fully impressed with the 
 inestimable advantages which free-trade is capable of conferring upon the 
 nascent industries of a young country. As Mr. G-. H. Reid has 
 observed in the Essay previously quoted from : — " Differing on most 
 other points, our Parliaments have always agreed that the best training 
 for manufacturing industry is free competition, and its best support that 
 earned by the sweat of its own brow. We have the sense to perceive that 
 in trade as in politics a free condition is the only healthy one ; and that 
 to make industry the creature of legislation is to unnerve and degrade it. 
 
42 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 We believe that in this, as in every country inhabited by Englishmen, 
 
 profitable openings for enterprise cannot long be neglected. We know, 
 
 too, that our advantages for commerce and manufactures are so great that 
 
 we need not distress ourselves by forced efforts to anticipate them. Such 
 
 will be the view of all able to see the true bearings of national policy, 
 
 much more is it the conviction of those who can see what is really 
 
 the interest of manufacturing industry itself. . . . Free trade 
 
 is considered to be now on its trial in New South Wales, and protection in 
 
 Victoria. Public opinion in the other colonies has not been clearly 
 
 pronounced. By a strange perversity, the colony which has fixed upon 
 
 herself the trammels of the restrictive policy, had the better start in 
 
 commerce, but the less chance in manufactures, because destitute of coal, 
 
 except as geological specimens, and, comjmred with New South Wales, 
 
 poor in all the other essential minerals. Were it not for the Riverina 
 
 trade, the evils of the policy of Victoria would already be too obvious to be 
 
 disputed. But the increase in the wool in the pastoral districts of New 
 
 South Wales on her south-west border conceals the full significance of the 
 
 change. The public of this colony can have no reason to be pleased by the 
 
 errors of a neighbour. Victoria is one of our best customers, and her 
 
 welfare is therefore our interest. Taking a broader view, every colonist 
 
 ought to look upon colonial topics as an Australian. The communities 
 
 settled upon this continent, and contending so zealously for their own 
 
 advancement, are really hastening the unification of the group as much as 
 
 their own progress. In this light we rejoice at the emulations which 
 
 animate them, and deplore divergences of policy which tend to dim the 
 
 prospect of federation." 
 
 New South Wales is reaping the rich reward of her loyal attachment 
 to sound principles of political economy, and her manufacturing industries, 
 resting upon more solid bases than the shifting quicksands of protection, 
 have a grand future before them. Sydney promises to become, in these 
 seas, what Tyre and Carthage, Genoa and Venice formerly were in the 
 Mediterranean. The palaces of her merchant princes will adorn the shores 
 of a harbour compared with which, that of Genoa herself "pales its 
 ineffectual fires;" and the commerce of this new Queen of the South will 
 cover half the surface of the globe. Its magnitude at the present moment 
 will be apparent from the following table of figures : — 
 
 Countries. Population at last 
 
 enumeration. 
 
 Austria and Hungary (1869) 35,904,435 
 
 France (1872) 36,102,921 
 
 Russia in Europe (1867) 63,658,934 
 
 Great Britain (1871) 31,817,108 
 
 The United States... (1870) 38,558,371 
 
 Canada (1871) 3,602,321 
 
 New South Wales (1878) 693,743 
 
 Trade. 
 
 Per head. 
 
 (1872) 
 
 £97,462,246 
 
 £2 14 3 
 
 (1873) 
 
 320,000,000 
 
 8 17 9 
 
 (1872) 
 
 113,875,000 
 
 1 15 9 
 
 (1873) 
 
 682,292,137 
 
 21 8 10 
 
 (1874) 
 
 230,737,876 
 
 5 19 8 
 
 (1873) 
 
 44,923,240 
 
 12 9 2 
 
 (1878) 
 
 27,734,752 
 
 40 18 If 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : WAGES IN THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 43 
 
 In other words, this young colony has an external trade, according to 
 population, upwards of three times that of Canada, nearly five times that 
 of France, nearly eight times that of the United States, more than sixteen 
 times that of Austria and more than twenty-five times that of Russia ; and 
 its average is already nearly double that of the mother-country, the 
 greatest of all commercial nations. 
 
 What, it may be asked, are the prospects held out to the immigrant to 
 New South Wales'? We will not answer this question by the ordinary 
 method of drawing an alluring picture of its attractiveness as a place of 
 residence, and of the advantages it offers to the manual labourer and the 
 artisan : for, although these are very great indeed, they are liable to be 
 over-estimated by the power of imagination ; and as they are seldom im- 
 mediately secured by the new-comer, his disappointment is sometimes as 
 unreasonable as his expectations were exaggerated. We shall therefore 
 submit for the information of our readers in the mother-country, the fol- 
 lowing tables of wages and prices; and leave them to tell their own 
 story : — 
 
 IN THE METROPOLIS. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Occupation. Wages per day. 
 
 Building trades (8 hours of labour). 
 
 Carpenters and joiners ... 8s. to 10s. 
 
 Bricklayers 10s. ,, lis. 
 
 Stonemasons 10s. ,, lis. 
 
 Plasterers 10s. ,, lis. 
 
 Painters 8s. ,, 9s. 
 
 Plumbers and gasfitters... 9s. „ 10s. 
 Shinglers and Slaters (any 
 
 hours of labour) ... 4s. ,, 6s. 
 
 per square of 100 ft. 
 Excavating labourers (10 
 
 hours of labour) ... 6s. , , 7s. 
 
 Brickmakers' labourers... 8s. ,, 10s. 
 Plasterers' labourers ... 7s. ,, 9s. 
 
 Iron trades (8 hours of labour). 
 Fitters and turners ... 8s. to 10s. 8d. 
 
 Boiler-makers 
 Pattern-makers ... 
 Blacksmiths 
 Coppersmiths 
 Iron-moulders 
 Iron-trade labourers 
 Brass-founders . . . 
 Shipwrights 
 
 8s. „ 12s. 
 
 8s. „ 10s. 8d. 
 
 8s. „ 12s. 
 10s. „ 12s. 
 
 8s. ,, 10s. 
 
 5s. „ 7s. 
 10s. „ 12s. 6d. 
 lis. ,, 12s. 
 
 Carriage ti 
 
 Wheel-makers 
 Body-makers 
 Trimmers ... 
 Painters . . . 
 Smiths 
 
 (8 to 10 hours of labour), 
 per week. 
 
 35s. to 65s. 
 
 35s. ,, 65s. 
 
 40s. „ 60s. 
 
 40s. „ 60s. 
 
 35s. to 70s. 
 
 Occupation. 
 Leather trades. 
 
 Wages per week. 
 
 Bootmakers (9 to 10 hours 
 
 of labour) 36s. to 70s. 
 
 Boot-finishers (10 to 13 
 
 hours of labour) ... 36s. ,, 70s. 
 
 Tanners (8£ to 10 hours of 
 
 labour) 36s. „ 40s. 
 
 Curriers (8^ to 9 hours of 
 
 labour) 63s. 
 
 General. 
 
 Saddlers (piecework) 
 Tailors (piecework) 
 Drapers' assistants 
 hours of labour) * 
 Grocers' assistants 
 Milliners' ,, ... 
 
 30s. 
 
 Barbers' , , 
 
 Ostlers 
 
 Coachmen 
 
 Waiters 
 
 Cooks 
 
 Laundresses 
 
 Housemaids 
 
 General servants 10s. ,, 16s.§ 
 
 Labourers, ordinary (8 
 
 hours of labour) ... 8s. per day. 
 
 Labourers, wharf (8 hours 
 
 of labour) 8s, ,, 
 
 ... 50s. 
 
 ... 60s. to 100s. 
 (8 
 
 ... 40s. , 
 .. 15s. , 
 ... 15s. , 
 ... 20s. , 
 ... 40s. J 
 ... 40s. 
 ... 15s.„ 
 ... 16s.§ 
 ... 16s. § 
 12s. § 
 
 100s. 
 50s. + 
 50s. 
 60s.t 
 
 * Half-holiday on Saturday in the large shops. 
 % With board and perquisites. 
 
 t With board, and sometimes lodgin 
 With board and lodging. 
 
44 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Rents of Cottages for Mechanics. 
 
 In the City. 
 
 N.B. — All taxes paid by landlord. 
 
 One or two miles from the Cityfcont.) 
 
 
 Per week. 
 
 
 Per 
 
 week. 
 
 House of 3 rooms 
 
 ... 7s. to 12s. 
 
 House of 5 rooms 
 
 8s. 
 
 ,, 12s. 
 
 5 > > > 
 
 ... 10s. ,, 15s. 
 
 >> 6 ,, 
 
 12s. 
 
 ,, 15s. 
 
 ,, ,, 
 
 ... 12s. „ 17s. 
 
 
 
 
 „ 6 „ 
 
 ... 14s. „ 20s. 
 
 Three miles from the City. 
 
 
 
 One or two miles from 
 
 the City. 
 
 House of 3 rooms 
 
 „ 4 „ 
 
 4s. 
 5s. 
 
 to 6s. 
 „ 7s. 
 
 House of 3 rooms 
 
 ... 5s. to 7s. 
 
 5 „ 
 
 7s. 
 
 „ 10s 
 
 „ 4 „ 
 
 ... 6s. ,, 9s. 
 
 » 6 „ 
 
 10s. 
 
 „ 14s 
 
 Prices. 
 
 Beef, per 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 ..4d. 
 
 Mutton ,, 
 
 ... 
 
 .. 3£d. 
 
 Corned beef, 
 
 per lb. 
 
 .. 3Jd. 
 
 Pork, 
 
 
 
 .. 6d. 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 
 
 .. Is. 
 
 Cheese, 
 
 
 
 .. Is. 
 
 Flour, 
 
 
 
 .. lfd. 
 
 Bread, 
 
 
 
 .. lfd. 
 
 Sugar, 
 
 
 
 .. 3d. to 4d. 
 
 Tea, 
 
 
 
 ..Is. 6d. to 2s. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 
 
 .. Is. to Is. 6d. 
 
 Butter, 
 
 
 
 .. 2s. 
 
 Milk, per 
 
 quart 
 
 , 8d. 
 
 Rice, per 
 
 lb. 
 
 
 ..3d. 
 
 Oatmeal, 
 
 per 
 
 lb" 
 
 ..3d. 
 
 Candles, 
 
 >> 
 
 .. 5d. 
 
 6d. 
 
 Kerosene oil, per quart 8d. 
 Tobacco, per lb. ... 3s. to 5s. 
 
 Beer (English), per pint 6d. 
 Beer (Colonial) „ 3d. 
 
 Rum, per pint 2s. 
 
 Brandy ,, ... ... 2s. 
 
 Gin, ,, 2s. 
 
 Prints, per yard ... 4|d. 
 
 Calico, ,, ... 6d. 
 
 Mole trousers, per pair 7s. 6d. 
 Rough jackets, each ... 15s. 
 Twilled shirts, „ ... 2s. lid. 
 Men's boots, per pair... 5s. 6d. to 9s. 
 Women's boots, per 
 pair, from ... ... 6s. 
 
 Children'sboots,perpair4s. to 4s. 6d. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Gold mines (8 hours 
 
 of labour) 7s. 6d. to 8s. 4d. 
 
 Coal mines (5 hours 
 
 of labour)* ... 9s. 5d. 
 
 Copper mines (8 hours 
 
 of labour) 8s. 4d. to 10s. lOd 
 
 Mining Industry in the Interior. 
 
 Wages per day. 
 
 Occupation. Wages per day. 
 
 Tin mines (8 hours 
 
 of labour) 7s. to 8s. 4d. 
 
 Iron mines (9 hours 
 
 of labour) 7s. to 14s. 
 
 * Average all the year round. The miners receive 5s. a ton for hewing. When the mine is in full 
 work the average earnings are 15s. a day. It is right to state that the coal miners complain just now 
 of slackness of employment. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES : WAGES IN COUNTRY TOWNS. 
 
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47 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 QUEENSLAND. 
 
 AREA OP THE COLONY — ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHICAL 
 FEATURES ITS VEGETATION AND METEOROLOGY ITS GRAZING CAPABILI- 
 TIES MISTAKES OF THE EARLY PASTORAL SETTLERS INACCURATE 
 
 STATISTICS STOCK AND PRICES — AT WHAT RATES MEAT CAN BE RAISED 
 
 FOR EXPORTATION AREA OF LAND HELD UNDER PASTORAL LEASES 
 
 NATURE OF THE COUNTRY MINERAL WEALTH OF QUEENSLAND — ITS 
 
 PRINCIPAL GOLDFIELDS, AND THEIR PRODUCT TIN, COPPER, AND OTHER 
 
 METALS — COAL MEASURES OF THE COLONY AGRICULTURE, AND ITS 
 
 RELATIVELY SLOW PROGRESS LIBERAL LAND LAWS — SUGAR-PLANTING, 
 
 ITS EXTENT AND PRODUCTIVENESS — VINE-GROWING OTHER CROPS 
 
 SMALL AREA UNDER WHEAT CULTIVATION OF COTTON, ARROWROOT, 
 
 TOBACCO, AND TROPICAL FRUITS TIMBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS 
 
 CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE STATISTICS. 
 
 Queensland is the youngest daughter of New South Wales, and the 
 dower she has received from nature is a most opulent one. Separated 
 from the mother colony in 1859, and endowed with the privileges and 
 responsibilities of self-government, this portion of the Australian continent 
 has advanced in material prosperity " by leaps and bounds " during the 
 one-and-twenty years which have elapsed since then. Its area is 669,520 
 square miles, with an extreme length of 1550 miles, an average breadth of 
 800, and a coast-line of 2550 miles. Although the larger half of the 
 territory lies within the tropics, the climate of Queensland is tempered and 
 modified by two important and providential causes. A great part of the 
 interior consists of elevated downs, or plateaux, stretching inland from the 
 Dividing Range, while the coast-line of country is exposed to the influences 
 of the sea breezes. As this question of climate is an important one in relation 
 to immigration from the temperate regions of Europe, which it is one of the 
 objects of this work to promote, by an honest and truthful picture of the 
 present position and future prospects of each of the Australian colonies, we 
 shall best discharge our duty to our readers by stating, upon the testimony 
 of residents of the most trustworthy character, that it is not only healthy, 
 but is such as to permit of out-of-door labour being pursued by Europeans 
 throughout the greater part of its extensive territory. 
 
48 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 In describing that territory, it is absolutely necessary to make divisions 
 corresponding roughly to the wide differences in character of country, soil, 
 and climate found in different parts of it, and the most convenient separation 
 will be into the interior, the tropical, and the sub-tropical coast districts. 
 The core, or interior of the colony, contains, at a rough estimate, about 
 300,000 square miles, and includes the districts of North and South 
 Gregory, Mitchell, Wan-ego, and part of the Maranoa. The remaining 
 3G9,000 square miles fall into the other two divisions. Of these, the sub- 
 tropical part includes the smaller moiety, consisting of part of the district 
 of Maranoa, the Darling Downs, East and West Moreton, Burnett, Wide 
 Bay, Leichhardt, Port Curtis, and part of South Kennedy. In the 
 tropical division are included the remainder of South and the whole of the 
 North Kennedy district, having a seaboard on the east coast of the con- 
 tinent. There is in it also the huge district of Cook, including the Cape 
 York Peninsula, and with a seaboard on the east coast as well as on the 
 Gulf, and the still larger district of Burke, entirely on the coast of 
 Carpentaria. 
 
 In the core, or interior of the colony, the climate is dry, the tempera- 
 ture high in summer, but cool in the winter months, when sharp frosts 
 occur, the thermometer often ranging several degrees below freezing point 
 during the night and early morning. The surface of the country is 
 generally open, very little of what is called forest — i.e., country covered 
 with trees not growing close enough to be designated scrub — being found 
 in it. At the heads of the main watercourses, the surface of the ground 
 rises into long rolling downs; in other places, it sinks into vast flat 
 plains, both downs and plains being nearly, if not quite, treeless. What 
 timber is found there, is generally confined to the main watercourses or 
 the ranges. The scrubs, which are extensive in some places, consist mainly 
 of stunted, gnarled trees of brigalow and gidya, yielding small logs of a 
 very hard heavy timber, the latter especially being of a dark colour, 
 showing a pretty golden grain. These scrubs are " open," having no 
 entangling vines and lianas, which are only found in the coast districts, and 
 the salt and other bushes growing thickly among the trees, are greedily 
 devoured by stock. The downs and plains are thinly covered with grasses 
 growing for the most part in tufts, capable of retaining vitality through very 
 prolonged droughts, and affording most excellent pasturage for stock, even 
 when apparently dry and withered. In a good — i.e., a moist — season, this 
 permanent pasturage is supplemented by an endless variety of nutritious 
 herbs, of which the seeds lurk in the ground, and which spring into 
 existence with almost miraculous rapidity after rain. What is known 
 strictly as " herbage " country is generally very thinly grassed, and occurs 
 among the plains bordering the lower courses of the rivers, but herbs grow 
 freely among the green tufts on the highest downs and all over the interior 
 of Queensland. Saline herbs and plants abound everywhere. The rivers 
 
QUEENSLAND : ITS VEGETATION AND METEOROLOGY. 49 
 
 and creeks are in all cases fed only by surface drainage, and there are con- 
 sequently no constantly running streams. The main defect of the interior 
 is the absence of a reliable water supply. Even in a moderately dry season 
 tracts measuring hundreds of square miles are left entirely destitute of 
 water. These are barren, sandy, and worthless stretches of country, but 
 as a rule the downs and plains are covered to the depth of several feet with 
 brown or black earth, rich in vegetable matter. Whenever a wet season 
 occurs, or wherever, as in gardens, the ground is regularly watered, its 
 great fertility is made evident by the abundance of its produce. 
 
 In the sub- tropical part of Queensland the rainfall is more evenly 
 distributed throughout the year, and the moisture of the atmosphere 
 increases as the coast is approached. In that portion of it which is nearest 
 the interior, open plains are still numerous, but "forest" is the rule, almost 
 without exception, in the districts near the sea. In a similarly gradual 
 manner the scrubs change their character till they become closely grown 
 jungles, filled with a great variety of tall trees, and thickly interlaced with 
 vines and parasitical creepers. Water is more abundant. Running streams 
 are often met with inland, and the rivers on the eastern slope of the main 
 range, as well as most of the creeks that feed them, are constantly running. 
 The soil varies greatly, but the greater part is good. The scrub soil every- 
 where is excellent, and so is the chocolate and black soil of the Darling 
 Downs, Burnett, Leichhardt, and Port Curtis districts. Great metalliferous 
 tracts occur, and many large coal basins. Timber is abundant, both cedar 
 and the various descriptions of pine, and the ordinary colonial hardwoods. 
 Throughout this region the temperature is more equable than in the 
 interior, the sun heat is lower in summer, and greater in the winter, but 
 frosts are everywhere experienced. Near the coast, however, and in 
 the northern part of this division, the winter frosts are very slight, so that 
 sugar cane and other tropical plants grow freely. As a rule the winter 
 months are dry, clear, and bracing, but on the whole the coast climate is 
 rather oppressive, the damper heat of summer being more enervating than 
 the dry sunshine of the interior. 
 
 In tropical Queensland the winter frosts disappear altogether, although 
 there is a well-marked cool season. On the east coast, the strong trade 
 winds temper the heat of the sun wherever they penetrate, while inland, 
 much of the country is at some considerable elevation above the level of the 
 sea, so that on the whole the average temperature is not so high as might 
 be expected from the latitude. The climate is distinctly healthy though 
 hot. In its general characteristics the country very much resembles sub- 
 tropical Queensland, with this exception, that the average rainfall being 
 much greater, there are many more running streams. In fact, it may 
 fairly be said that this part of Queensland is abundantly watered. The 
 scrubs partake more decidedly of the character of jungles, and palms and 
 other distinctly tropical trees are more frequently met with. Much of the 
 
 E 
 
50 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 soil is extremely rich. Great basaltic table lands occur inland, covered with 
 strong, tall, succulent grasses, and the soil of the cleared jungle is a rich 
 vegetable mould. Almost all the ranges are metalliferous, and gold is to be 
 found in so many places that it would not be inaccurate to describe northern 
 Queensland as one great goldfield. 
 
 This general description of the colony must be taken merely as a rough 
 outline sketch. The areas described are so great that no general description 
 can be literally accurate. It is in the interior that the greatest uniformity 
 prevails ; in both tropical and sub-tropical Queensland, the differing eleva- 
 tion of the land and the occurrence of great mountain ranges create wide 
 climatic differences. This feature ought, however, to be noticed in any 
 description of the colony. In spite of its huge extent, very little of the 
 country is absolutely worthless, the sterile patches are few in number and 
 of no great extent. Nearly the whole of it is valuable for agriculture, 
 grazing or mining. 
 
 The progress that Queensland has made in rearing sheep is not what it 
 ought to have been. On its separation from New South Wales, at the end 
 of 1859, the colony possessed a total stock of 3,166,802 sheep. For the 
 first few years of its existence, the squatters of Queensland devoted them- 
 selves to rearing sheep with far more zeal than knowledge. This description 
 of stock was put upon country, even in the purely tropical coast districts — in 
 fact, what is now known to be the best sheep country was then hardly 
 explored. A great number of young men from the old country, younger 
 sons of country gentlemen and others accustomed to out-door pursuits, came 
 to the colony intent upon becoming Queensland squatters. After a hasty 
 training on the established sheep stations, they pushed out north and west, 
 taking sheep to stock the country they acquired. The legislature of the 
 young colony enacted that leases should not be issued for bush tracts until a 
 certain proportion of stock to the square mile had actually been placed upon 
 it, and also prohibited the importation of sheep from across the border. 
 This compelled the pioneers, who would only take sheep, to purchase from 
 the established stations. The demand, acting on a limited market, raised 
 prices to an extraordinary height — as much as 20s. and 25s. being occasion- 
 ally paid for ewes. The high prices created a perfect furore for sheep, and 
 numbers rose rapidly. Wool also maintained a good price during these years. 
 The collapse inevitable from the purely artificial nature of the industrial 
 structure which the squatters were building up, was still further delayed 
 by a constant succession of purchasers, ready to buy newly-formed stations 
 at a price calculated per head of stock. The aim therefore of every pioneer 
 was to multiply sheep without regard to quality, so that, as numbers 
 increased, the breed degenerated. In 1866 the first note of destruction was 
 sounded, the numbers in the beginning of that year having been 7,278,778. 
 The process of multiplication still went on, and in 1867 they were 
 8,665,757. Then the evil day began to come swiftly down on the 
 
QUEENSLAND: ITS GRAZING CAPABILITIES. b\ 
 
 squatters. In the beginning of 1868 there was a slight increase in the 
 numbers recorded, but that year one of the severest droughts known in the 
 colony prevailed over the sheep districts. The whole speculative fabric 
 collapsed, and a wave of ruin passed over the pioneer sheep farmers. 
 From that year the sheep stock of the colony began to decline in numbers, 
 the declension being due to a rigorous culling out of inferior animals for 
 the boiling-down pots in the true sheep districts, and a progressive falling- 
 off among the nocks, still kept in the worst and unsuitable pastures of the 
 coast districts. The decline continued till 1872, when the numbers showed 
 a decrease of over two million sheep, and the export of wool an average 
 increase in weight, all over, of between four or five ounces — a very con- 
 siderable proportion in fine merino fleeces. Then a turn became noticeable, 
 and the recorded numbers disclosed an increase. But at the same time 
 a general movement westward set in. Not only were the sheep removed 
 entirely from the unsuitable coast lands, but the flock owners pushed out 
 into the far west — the country which experience had shown them to be 
 most suitable for their stock. The change has undoubtedly been beneficial. 
 But, as one minor effect, it has rendered the official statistics of the colony 
 absolutely worthless as a record of the flocks. The Registrar-Gener.il 
 complains yearly to Parliament of the inefficient means at his disposal for 
 collecting returns in the far interior. In a footnote attached to the sheep 
 returns in the Statistics of the Colony for 1878, he explains that the figures 
 from townships which are the official centres for the whole interior of the 
 colony, are imperfect, and in his report laid before Parliament in 1879, he 
 estimates the error for the previous year at something like 700,000. The 
 official sheep statistics are therefore worthless. But the Courier and 
 Queeaslaader, the leading papers of the colony, give as the result 
 of careful calculation, based on the export of wool, their belief that the 
 sheep stock of the colony has been gradually increasing since 1873, 
 although it experienced a check in the prolonged drought of 1877-78. If 
 the lambing of this year be as good as that of last, Queensland will 
 probably possess a stock of sheep at the close of it not far inferior in 
 numbers to the maximum of 1878 — about 8,G00,000 — the whole being 
 of much higher average quality. 
 
 The sheep country of the colony includes the whole of what has been 
 spoken of as the core or interior, besides much of the inland portion of the 
 sub-tropical division. Throughout the whole of this territory, about half 
 as large again as the colony of New South Wales, the frosts are sufficiently 
 sharp in winter to ensure the growth, and maintain the quality, of the 
 wool, while the native vegetation, largely intermixed with the saline herbs, 
 affords the most excellent pasturage for sheep. 
 
 If the squatters of Queensland have not used all their opportunities for 
 rearing sheep, they cannot be accused of neglecting cattle. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IX l88o. 
 
 The Registrar-General in liis official statistics for the year 1878 gives the 
 number of horned cattle at 2,469,555. This total is admittedly imperfect, 
 although it is not considered to he so much under the mark, as the recorded 
 number of sheep. But the imperfection of the record is, in being less than 
 the real number; there are certainly all the cattle figured in the statistics 
 and more. And the increase in the total number has been progressive since 
 the first separation of the colony of New South Wales — Queensland started 
 in 1859 with 432,890 head. By 1870 the annual increase remaining over 
 and above all used for home consumption and exportation was about 140,000 
 head. In 1877-8, in spite of general drought, it had risen to 240,000. It 
 is thought that in 1879, when the season was unusually favourable for breed- 
 ing, Queensland must have added at least 300,000 head to her horned stock. 
 And, if so, allowing for the imperfect record of our statisticians, it is pro- 
 bable that she began in 1880 with a stock of not much less than three 
 million head of cattle. 
 
 All Queensland is well adapted for cattle breeding; every pait of it has 
 advantages for the purpose, peculiar to itself. In the interior, or the core of 
 the colony, bullocks put on volumes of hard fat, and it is fat that will 
 "travel," suffering little diminution in a journey of many hundred miles. 
 As the coast districts of the southern part of the colony are reached, the fat 
 cattle do not attain such extreme weights, but on the other hand butchers 
 prefer the meat, alleging that the fat and lean are more evenly mixed than 
 in the western monsters, clothed as they are with an armour of adipose 
 matter. But coast cattle must be slaughtered near their stations — they lose 
 condition rapidly on a long journey. In the tropical part of the colony, 
 cattle thrive splendidly right to the shores of Carpentaria, and on the 
 peninsula of Cape York. The great basaltic plateaux of the Kennedy, 
 clothed with thick, springing, sweet grass, ought alone to support a cattle 
 stock equal to the whole of that now in the colony, and cattle country has 
 been taken up along the shores of the Gulf to the boundary of the northern 
 territory of South Australia. AVe know of no part of the colony of Queens- 
 land unsuitable for cattle, and nowhere has any natural impediment to their 
 increase been found. If no other stock were kept, we believe that Queensland 
 could easily "ran" from thirty to forty million head of cattle without 
 cultivating an acre of ground for fodder, or spending sixpence in the 
 improvement of the natural pasturage. In this direction its capabilities 
 may fairly be spoken of as unlimited. Prices of stock : — The average price 
 of fat cattle in Brisbane market for the last six months has been from £3 
 10s. to <£4 10s. per head for bullocks giving from 750 to 900 lbs. of dressed 
 meat. It would be more correct to say that the price is from 10s. to 12s. per 
 100 lbs. dressed. Lower figures have to be accepted by sellers in the more 
 northern towns. It is difficult to say what the fair value of a fat bullock is 
 in Queensland. The capital is situated at one end of a long coast line, and 
 can only claim to be at present the most considerable of many commercial 
 
QUEENSLAND : STOCK AND PRICES. 53 
 
 towns, each one the post and trading centre for a large tract of country. 
 Prices in each place are affected by a number of purely local causes, and the 
 markets being small the manner and cost of supplying them vary consider- 
 ably. In fact, the price of fat cattle depends mainly upon the demand, 
 altogether outside of the colony. Western bullocks, when lit for market, 
 were almost always travelled down to the southern colonies in search 
 of the high prices ruling there. When two or three years ago those prices 
 began to fall, and Queensland graziers were compelled to fall back on the 
 local markets, the prices ruling in Brisbane quickly gave way. During the 
 last two or three years they have fallen from £8 and £12 to £3 10s. and 
 £4 10s. And this figure is necessarily not the minimum. With a total 
 population of about 230,000 souls, of whom perhaps 20,000 are Chinese and 
 Polynesians — all adults, and not great consumers of meat — it is evident 
 that the annual output of fat cattle from all the stations and selections with 
 their total stock of about three million head, must largely exceed the 
 demand. Experienced salesmen have told us that an annual demand for 
 from 250,000 to 300,000 fats, in addition to the quantity required for home 
 consumption, would probably do no more than ward off a glut, and would 
 not raise the price to more than 12s. to 14s. per 100 lbs. of dressed beef. We 
 think the calculation a moderate one. There ought to be from 400,000 to 
 600,000 fats annually, according to the season. We do not think the 
 consumption is 75,000 head in the year, and the excess of fat stock will 
 increase year by year. 
 
 The average weight of prime bullocks in the colony, dressed, is from 
 750 to 900 lbs., those fattened in the interior averaging about 100 lbs. 
 heavier than those prepared for market in the southern coast districts. We 
 think we are justified in saying that with a certain market at the ports 12s. 
 per 100 lbs. will pay graziers very fairly, and that at even lower prices those 
 whose runs are not too remote can make both ends meet. A price equal 
 to 13s. or 14s. per 100 lbs. would leave an ample margin of profit on cattle- 
 breeding. The cost of travelling fat cattle, in average mobs of say 200, is 
 -about 2s. 6d. per head for each 100 miles. A mob was lately brought into 
 Brisbane from Tambo — the head of the Barcoo, a distance of about 600 
 miles — for 13s. per head, but this was an exceptionally low price. From 
 the Barcoo to Deniliquin the cost of travelling is about 25s. a head. The 
 centre of the Barcoo or Mitchell District is in about latitude 24, longitude 
 146, and the greater part of the cattle country lies to the north and west 
 of it. The Queensland Government is engaged in constructing lines of rail- 
 way running due west from Brisbane, Rockhampton, and Townsville. These 
 lines will collect the traffic from the interior, that from Brisbane taking all 
 between the 29th and 25th parallels of latitude, from Eockhampton between 
 the 25th and 22nd, and the Townsville line all north of it, except so much 
 as will go to the Gulf, and the Cape York Peninsula. From some portions 
 of the first-named belt, the cost of travelling cattle to Deniliquin would be 
 
51 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 less than the sum named, 25s. per head. From the second it would be that 
 and more, and from the third the charge would probably be double in some 
 cases. At present cattle are not trucked on the railways, the Government 
 having made no effort to secure this kind of traffic, probably because the 
 bulk of the fat cattle have been driven south, and not eastward, to the coasts. 
 But, if necessary, cattle could be quickly and cheaply brought to the coast 
 by these railways. The line from Brisbane is being made to a point 137 
 miles inland, and that from Bockhampton 230 miles, but the Townsville 
 railway is only just begun. The mob of fat cattle which were driven from 
 Tambo to Brisbane for 13s. per head could have been placed at the present 
 inland terminus of the Bockhampton railway for 2s. or 2s. 6d. 
 
 The price of sheep in the Queensland markets is maintained at a high 
 figure, although quite recently, it has shown signs of a falling-off. At 
 present the values are from 7s. 6d. to 10s. for wethers giving from 48 to 60 
 lbs., dressed carcases varying according to the value of the pelt. Most 
 of the fat sheep have followed the track of the cattle down south, but they 
 are likely to fall back on the local markets, and, although the stock is pro- 
 portionately far smaller than that of cattle, it is still largely in excess of 
 home requirements. There is much difficulty in arriving at the cost of 
 travelling sheep, but we should put it ; at from one penny to two pence each 
 for every hundred miles, according to the season and the size of the mobs 
 travelled. There is a considerable profit on sheep-breeding at the prices 
 quoted for fat wethers, and lower prices even would pay. Any large 
 demand on her sheep stock would however speedily raise prices. 
 
 We take from the last report of the Under-Secretary for Lands, pre- 
 sented to Parliament in May, 1870, the following particulars. It should be 
 remarked that very little additional country was taken up last year, in fact, 
 except in the great Burke District, lying round the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 there is not much good country left to take : — 
 
 Interior. Square Miles. 
 
 Gregory North ... ... ... ... ... 77,800 
 
 Gregory South ... ... ... ... ... 48,712 
 
 Mitchell ... ... ... ... ... ... 42,869 
 
 Warrego ... ... ... ... ... ... 58,660 
 
 (Part) Maranoa ... ... ... ... ... 16,83S 
 
 244,879 
 All this country is available for sheep breeding, but it is equally suit- 
 able for cattle. 
 
 Sub-tropical Division. Square Miles. 
 
 Burnett ... ... ... ... ... ,.. 9,755 
 
 Darling Downs ... ... ... ... ... 14,714 
 
 Leichhardt ... ... ... ... ... ... 23,111 
 
 (Part) Maranoa ... ... ... ... ... 16,83S 
 
 (Part) South Kennedy ... ... ... ... ... 5,763 
 
 70,181 
 Of this the greater part is suitable for sheep, and the whole will run cattle. 
 
QUEENSLAND : NATURE OF THE COUNTRY. 55 
 
 Tropical Division. Square Miles. 
 
 (Part) South Kennedy ... ... ... ... ... 5,763 
 
 North Kennedy ... ... ... ... ... 9,628 
 
 Cook 4,009 
 
 Burke ... ... ••• ••• ... ... 40,048 
 
 59,508 
 
 The whole of this is cattle country, none of it suitable for sheep. 
 
 Of this total area of 374,568 square miles, there are 99,640 miles 
 classed as " unavailable." A squatter is entitled to a considerable re- 
 duction in rent for country so classed, although included in the area for 
 which he holds a license. It is supposed to be thick scrub or broken 
 country, but as the runs are taken up in a wholesale manner, as much 
 as 1000 square miles being often included in a lease, and as the appli- 
 cants' own description is generally taken without verification in the 
 remote districts, it may fairly be supposed that not more than half the 
 country classed as unavailable, is unfit to depasture stock. In fact, the 
 existence of scrub by no means indicates barren country. In the interior, 
 the scrubs are full of saline bushes which afford the most excellent 
 pasturage. Nearer the coast, and especially in the north, the scrubs are 
 fertile tropical jungles which, if unavailable at present, could, if cleared, be 
 turned into pasture land of the best description. The word "scrub" is 
 applied to every stretch of thick-growing timber, from a thicket of bushes to 
 a forest of stately timber trees. 
 
 Besides the area held under lease, there are large tracts of inferior 
 country for which no person has applied, and many thousands of square 
 miles hardly yet explored in the Burke and Cook districts. There are also 
 the Settled Districts, near the coast, so called because within their 
 boundary the pastoral leases are held subject to the right of free selection. 
 In these districts there is an area of 87,220 square miles, divided, according 
 to the plan we have adopted, thus : — 
 
 Sub-tropical. Square Miles. 
 
 East Moretou... ... ... ... ... ... 3,030 
 
 West Moreton ... ... ... ... ... 4,490 
 
 Darling Downs ... ... ... ... ... 6,0S0 
 
 Wide Bay ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,740 
 
 Eraser's Island ... ... ... ... ... 520 
 
 Port Curtis ... ... ... ... ... ... 14,560 
 
 36,420 
 
 Tropical. Square Miles. 
 
 Kennedy ... ... ... ... ... ... 11,800 
 
 Cook ... ... ... ... ... ... 30,800 
 
 Burke ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,200 
 
 50,800 
 
56 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Of all this country, only a small portion of the Darling Downs is 
 available for sheep, the rest is cattle country. The area actually held under 
 pastoral lease is difficult to ascertain, as, owing to the expiry of one term 
 and some political complications concerning the rates at which they are 
 renewed, much of the country is occupied without any definite arrangement. 
 The area in 1877 was 6,599,596 acres, five-sixths of it being in the sub- 
 tropical division. About 5,718,206 acres had been selected and sold, and 
 of this nine-tenths was in the southern division. This accounts, in round 
 numbers, for about 20,000 out of the 36,000 square miles in the southern 
 part of the settled districts, as being in actual occupation for the purpose of 
 agriculture or pasturage. Of the 50,800 square miles in the north, it is 
 impossible to say how much is taken up by mountain and dense scrub, but 
 it may fairly be reckoned, that half of it is fitted for cattle. It should be 
 explained, that the line, dividing the settled from the unsettled districts, 
 runs at a distance of about thirty miles from the coast in the north. In 
 the south it is carried so far inland as to include the greater part of the 
 Darling Downs. 
 
 Summing up these, we have in actual occupation — 
 
 Square Miles. 
 Settled Districts (about) ... ... ... ... 20,000 
 
 Unsettled Districts ... ... ... ... ... 374,568 
 
 394,568 
 
 Of this the whole is good cattle country, and about two-thirds is well 
 suited for sheep. There are about 274,952 square miles in the colony not 
 occupied at all. Of this probably a third is actually available for cattle- 
 breeding, although from its remoteness it has hardly even yet been properly 
 explored. Of the remainder, some is no doubt sterile — actual desert — but 
 a good deal is merely second-rate, and not occupied because good country 
 is too abundant to render it worth even the small rent asked for a pastoral 
 lease. 
 
 In Queensland the metalliferous belts of country are of great extent, 
 and widely distributed throughout the sub-tropical and tropical divisions of 
 the colony. With the exception of the interior, or core of the colony, we 
 know of no district in which metallic ores have not been found. Here, as 
 elsewhere, pre-eminence must be given to gold. This has been found in the 
 southern part of the Darling Downs, but nowhere in quantity. Small 
 " rushes " have taken place, and one or two reefs have been, and are being, 
 worked in the neighbourhood of Warwick. Gold has also been found in 
 East Moreton, the district in which the capital of the colony, Brisbane, is 
 situated. These finds have been unimportant, although some little work is 
 going on at Ennogera. " Colours," as miners call the indications of gold, 
 have been found in many places, and there are people who yet hope that a 
 good reefing field may be found in the scrub-covered ranges at the head of 
 the Brisbane River. 
 
QUEENSLAND : ITS MINERAL WEALTH. 57 
 
 It is on the northern side of that same mass of broken country that the 
 first discovered goldfield of importance in Queensland, Gympie, was found. 
 This field is small, but rich. Discovered by accident in 1867, its rich 
 alluvial deposits attracted a considerable rush from the neighbouring 
 colonies, who, after working out the circumscribed patch, discovered and 
 exhausted other alluvial patches in the neighbourhood. It was soon found 
 that Gympie possessed a more permanent attraction than alluvial gold in 
 its reefs, and although these have maintained up to the present time a 
 population of three or four thousand souls, there is no appearance of 
 exhaustion about the field. Its return of gold for 1877 was 43,854oz.; for 
 1878, 40,435. The average per ton in the first year was 2oz. 5dwt. 8gr.; 
 in the second, loz. 16dwt. lgr.; and the ordinary value of the gold is 
 about .£3 15s. per ounce. Besides the field at Gympie, reef gold has been 
 found in many other parts of the same district (Wide Bay), and its 
 neighbour, the Burnett. But the Queensland miners are accustomed to 
 such high returns from quartz, and have such an enormous extent of 
 country over which to select their field of operations, that second and third 
 rate stone does not receive any attention. 
 
 Going northward, we come to the Port Curtis district, where, in the 
 neighbourhood of Gladstone, some highly metalliferous, but very disturbed 
 country exists. Auriferous quartz has been worked in several places, but 
 the erratic manner in which the metal is distributed in the stone, and the 
 numerous dislocations of the lodes or reefs themselves, discourage miners. 
 Some exceedingly rich stone has been found, and a good deal of money has 
 been spent at intervals in the locality, but the industry has only a 
 doubtful and flickering existence. It produced 2000oz. in 1877, and 
 1285oz. in 1878. Near Bockhampton, a little further to the northward, 
 are several small reefing patches, which are worked with a fair amount 
 of steadiness. They contain no great bodies of stone, and are not rich, 
 but they add an average of about 2000oz. yearly to the gold production 
 of the colony. West of Bockhampton, and about two hundred miles 
 inland, is the Peak Downs goldfield, one of the first to be discovered 
 and worked in the colony. It was never a field of much importance, and it has 
 only been mined in a very desultory fashion for many years past, serving 
 apparently as a resource for miners when work at the great copper mines 
 of the district is slack. It yielded 3000oz. in 1877, and 4000oz. in 1878. 
 
 Finally, we come to the main gold-producing areas of Queensland, those 
 of the north or tropical part of the colony. It might almost be said that all 
 Northern Queensland is auriferous, gold is so widely and generally dis- 
 tributed throughout the country. The goldfields, that we are about to enu- 
 merate, are in most cases provinces seamed with quartz reefs, and they do 
 not include many gold-producing areas which have not proved attractive 
 enough to induce miners to overcome the danger and difficulty attendant on 
 opening new workings in remote and inaccessible wild country. 
 
58 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Of those the best established, are the fields known as Charters Towers 
 and Ravenswood. The latter was the first opened, and at one time the most 
 important; the former is now the main field. Both are situated in the 
 Kennedy District. In those fields there has been no alluvial found of 
 any importance, mining has, therefore, been from the first a comparatively 
 settled industry; and in Charters Towers particularly it is carried on with 
 all the latest scientific appliances. 
 
 The town, which is of considerable size, and is about to have railway 
 communication with its port, Townsville, may be regarded as the mining 
 centre of this part of Northern Queensland. But gold-mining is carried on 
 for hundreds of miles to the west and north-west of the plain. The Cape 
 River, Etheridge, Gilbert, and Cloncurry are the principal subsidiary 
 mining centres, but it can hardly be said that the localities known by 
 these names are mined. Small groups of miners are congregrated round 
 favourite points in wide-stretching areas of auriferous country, of which 
 the greater part will some day be made to yield a profitable return. 
 The output of gold, for the districts which we have thus grouped, was 
 106,708 oz. in 1877, and 95,153 oz. in 1878. It is as well to explain 
 here that the difference between the gold-yield of 1877 and 1878, was due in 
 a great measure to the prevalence of an extremely dry season, which circum- 
 scribed the operations of miners in the latter year. Besides, as often 
 happens, the " luck," which is such an important factor in the success 
 of mining operations, was bad in the chief mining centres, several well- 
 known reefs happening to come on poor stone. However, 1879 has made 
 up the deficiency, we believe, especially in Charters Towers, although no 
 official statistics are attainable as yet. The question of exhaustion can- 
 not possibly arise in the northern goldfields, during any period of time 
 that is worth taking into calculation. The fields known as the Etheridge 
 and Gilbert cover about 12,000 square miles, and scattered over this 
 expanse of country, there are about 400 lines of reef proved to be auriferous. 
 The workings are only carried on in little selected spots, leaving the greater 
 part of the auriferous country untouched. Besides, while the present high 
 rate of wages and high price of working capital continues, it does not pay 
 to work any but rich reefs. The field for mining operations would be practi- 
 cally unlimited, if less than one ounce per ton were accepted as a sufficient 
 yield. The average yield per ton of quartz on Charters Towers was loz. 
 lOdwt. lgr. in 1878, and loz. 17dwt. 22gr. in 187G. 
 
 ]>st, but perhaps most important of all, there are the goldfields of the 
 Cook District. Of these, the first opened, generally known as the Palmer, 
 includes a great district, 2000 square miles in extent, ofiicially divided into 
 the Palmer, May town, Byerstown and Lukinville districts. The gold 
 yield for 1878 was 120,233 ounces, being a considerable reduction on that 
 of the previous year. This is due to a natural and inevitable cause. The 
 Palmer is the most important alluvial field found in the colony, and it is 
 
QUEENSLAND I ITS PRINCIPAL GOLDFIELDS. 50 
 
 undergoing the usual process of exhaustion. It was opened in 1874, and 
 the yield from alluvial workings is officially estimated as follows : — 
 
 ounces. 
 
 1874 ... ... ... ... 150,000 
 
 1875 ... ... ... ... 250,000 
 
 1876 185,000 
 
 1877 167,760 
 
 1878 112,000 
 
 The return for 1879 is not attainable yet, but it is known that the 
 decrease in alluvial continues. It should be noted, that the returns, in the 
 earlier years, do not probably account for all the gold won. The miners, 
 especially the Chinese, were very negligent in registering the amount of 
 gold taken away by them, and a large proportion always came down to port, 
 by private hands and not by Government escort. The most unsatisfactory 
 feature in the history of this field, is the absence of any development in 
 quartz-mining, for the alluvial workings are everywhere shallow and 
 were never expected to last long. But although the fields abound in 
 auriferous reefs, hardly any work has been done on them, the yield of gold 
 in 1877 from quartz being only 15,800 ounces, and this small amount 
 having decreased to 10,000 ounces in 1878, and a still smaller sum in 1870. 
 This falling-off is remarkable in face of the fact officially reported by the 
 warden, that the average yield of gold is 2 J ounces per ton, the metal being 
 of the unusual average value of £4 2s. 6d. It is probably due to the isola- 
 tion of the Palmer, its distance from port, the rough rugged country, and 
 the rival attraction of its more accessible neighbour, the Hodgkinson. 
 These disadvantages have deterred the few moneyed strangers, who pene- 
 trate so far north, from going to the Palmer, and the locally produced 
 capital, the gold won from the alluvial, has been for the last two or three 
 years monopolised by the Chinese, who send it all to China, and never 
 re-invest a penny in quartz-mining. As an instance of the kind of 
 difficulty that impedes the progress of the field, we may mention the case of 
 one reef, the Queen of the North, which was being worked by a party of 
 miners, who found that although they were raising stone containing over 
 two ounces of gold from a fairly large vein, they made no profit whatever. 
 Their imperfect pumping and other machinery, and the distance — two miles 
 of rough country — from the nearest crushing machine, caused expenses 
 which swallowed up all the proceeds. It was reckoned that about £6000 
 would supply them with efficient machinery, and place a crushing-mill on 
 their ground, thus halving the cost of working, which would of course leave 
 a large profit. They endeavoured to float a company in order to raise this 
 modest capital but failed. The handful of miners working on the claim sub- 
 scribed .£1000 ; but the small European community was too poor to raise the 
 balance, and not enough outsiders could be interested in the speculation. 
 It should be noted that this was a " proved " reef. It had given a small 
 
CO A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 fortune from surface stone to the first proprietors, and they had, with the 
 usual improvidence of miners, spent the money, leaving themselves 
 destitute when, on the the shaft reaching water-level, proper mining 
 machinery was needed. The reef or lode was well defined, the stone 
 steadily productive, and the mine presented every appearance of per- 
 manence. This incident, which occurred at the commencement of the 
 present year, will explain why a rich quartz field should be almost 
 abandoned. The few European residents have no capital, they can obtain 
 none from outside, and the mines, though rich, are so situated that they 
 can only be worked profitably by the aid of proper appliances. 
 
 In this respect, the Hodgkinson field is better off; situated to the south 
 of the Palmer, it is nearer the coast, and has comparatively cheap and easy 
 communication with the two little ports of Cairns and Port Douglas. The 
 country also is more level and far less rugged and rocky than the Palmer. 
 When first discovered, the amazing number of reefs astonished even the 
 northern miners, and quite a considerable rush took p lace, although there 
 was no alluvial ground. The over-sanguine expectation of the first comers 
 led to a reaction. It was found that although the reefs were large, 
 especially on the surface, the payable gold was often limited to " pipes " 
 or shoots of stone running through them. Therefore, although about 350 
 lines of reef have been proved to be auriferous, and about 800 distinct 
 claims taken up, yet no great progress has been made. 
 
 The reefs or lodes were attacked by men with very little capital who, 
 when disappointed by the capricious distribution of the gold, had not the 
 means to encounter the chances of following clown the reef. The value of 
 the gold also, was much lower than that found on the Palmer. Notwith- 
 standing these disadvantages, the output of gold is increasing. It was 
 33,818 ozs. in 1877, and 44,435 ozs. in 1878. In course of time the erratic 
 reefs that have been thrown up will, no doubt, be again explored by 
 moneyed men, and a large proportion will, no doubt, prove payable at a 
 moderate depth, for as yet the sinking on the field can only be described as 
 surface scratching. The immense number of reefs guarantees the future 
 prosperity of the field, as among so many there may be a considerable 
 number of what miners call "duffers," and yet enough permanent workings 
 remain to support a very large population. 
 
 In concluding this short sketch of the goldfields of Queensland, we must 
 repeat that we take no notice of innumerable localities in which the precious 
 metal has actually been found, though not in sufficient quantity to induce 
 miners to search or " prospect " thoroughly. Besides, Northern Queensland 
 is so generally auriferous, that it is believed that systematic prospecting 
 must discover many deposits not yet known. As it is, there are scores of 
 gullies or "likely plains" where a prospector, hurrying to a rush, or other- 
 wise prevented from remaining, may have noticed promising " colours," and 
 which he may any day return to examine, and thus disclose the existence of 
 
QUEENSLAND : COPPER, TIN AND OTHER METALS. Gl 
 
 a new and rich field. The fact is that the northern miners suffer from an 
 embarras de richesses. Promising fields are abandoned simply because the 
 men will not stay and persevere in the facing of difficulties, knowing that 
 they can go elsewhere and earn the same money more easily. And on the 
 Avhole they earn a great deal. The average yield of quartz gold, per miner 
 engaged, in 1878, was 57 ozs. 11 dwts. 8 h grs., which, calculated at an 
 average of <£3 10s. per oz., represents a very handsome return for labour; 
 and this, in spite of a general absence of mining appliances and rough 
 machinery, which must have made the proportion very much less than it 
 might have been. The field of operations is too large, and the capital and 
 labour engaged on it are frittered away over too many points. But this, 
 though a present disadvantage, is, of course, a guarantee of future pro- 
 ductiveness. In Queenland there are two fields, Gympie and Charters 
 Towers, where mining is carried on with adequate capital and proper 
 appliances, although in both places there are numerous lines of reef not yet 
 properly explored, and in neither would anything like really poor stone be 
 thought worth raising. In Northern Queensland at the close of 1878, 
 there were only 2245 quartz miners; but if all the known reefs in the 
 established fields in that part of the colony were worked, as the two places 
 we have mentioned are worked, at least twenty thousand miners would be 
 constantly and profitably employed. And, if all the disregarded patches 
 were searched, and the profitable reefs contained in them worked, the 
 number of miners would have to be greatly increased. And, as there is no 
 reason to suppose that the lodes would be less permanent there than else- 
 where, while there is good cause to believe that not half, we may say not a 
 tenth-part, of the auriferous veins in the country has as yet been even 
 seen, gold mining in the north must be a progressive industry for very 
 many years to come. 
 
 Queensland is very rich in metallic ores of all descriptions. Copper is 
 found in a great many places, and worked in two or three districts. Some 
 large rich lodes were discovered on the Peak Downs, in the Kennedy 
 District, in 1862, soon after the formation of the colony, and the mine of 
 that name, of which the metal is well known on the market, is still being 
 worked. Although large quantities of metal have been produced, the mine 
 has not been very profitable to the shareholders, the long land-carriage to 
 port, and the necessity of smelting with wood, having consumed much of 
 the profit. During the mining excitement of 1871-2-3, caused by the high 
 price of copper, the management paid a very large dividend — 75 per cent. 
 on the whole large capital stock ; but this was obtained by working out all 
 the ore "in sight," and neglecting exploration. The result has been that 
 when the speculative fever died out, and the price of copper fell, the 
 workings languished. They have never been worked with much energy 
 since. The mine is still kept open by tributors, and is said to contain 
 plenty of good ore yet. 
 
<52 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l8So. 
 
 Mount Perry, in the Burnett District, is the name of another mine, 
 opened during the excitement of 1872, and although also hampered by 
 long land-carriage, it produced a large quantity of copper, and repaid in 
 dividends about two and a-half times the cash capital invested in it. When 
 the price of copper fell, it ceased to pay dividends, and work is nearly 
 suspended now. The mine is, however, not worked out. In the 
 neighbourhood of Mount Perry, there is a great deal of country intersected 
 with copper lodes, and during the mining excitement some score of mines 
 were opened there, as well as at Kilkivan, near Gympie. These under- 
 takings were for the most part rather stock-jobbing than mining enterprises, 
 and although most of the lodes opened appeared to be payable, the cash 
 capital subscribed was in no case sufficient to put the mines in. proper 
 working order. The fall in copper stopping all speculation, also put an end 
 to the mining operations, and, indeed, most of the companies exhausted 
 their scanty capital in preliminary work. The lodes, however, were many 
 of them sufficiently promising, and some could no doubt be profitably 
 worked with adequate capital and proper appliances even at the present 
 price of copper. 
 
 Copper has also been found and worked near Rockhampton and Glad- 
 stone. A mine about twenty miles from Mackay, has only recently 
 been closed, owing to the low price of the metal. Copper ore is known also 
 to exist in several places near the north-eastern coast of the colony. On the 
 Cloncurry, a river emptying itself into the Gulf of Carpentaria, one of the 
 most remarkable deposits of native copper found in Australia, was discovered 
 by Captain Henry, in 1868. Attempts were made to work it and the 
 surrounding lodes, but although the deposits were exceptionally rich, 
 the long distances from port, and the high rates of provisions and labour in 
 that remote part of the colony, rendered it impossible for the miners to make 
 any profit by their work. 
 
 The greatest value of copper exported from the colony was £257,723 in 
 1872; it had sunk to £35,126 in 1878. 
 
 Tin was discovered on the New South Wales border of the colony in 
 1872, and the alluvial deposits attracted quite a rush, which resulted in 
 the foundation of the town of Stanthorpe. The productiveness of the field 
 reached its greatest height in 1873, when stream tin to the value of 
 £370,912 was exported. The rapid fall in the price of the metal and the 
 exhaustion of the more accessible deposits, changed the character of the 
 mining, which was ultimately abandoned to a few capitalists, who had the 
 means to counteract the decrease in value by improved mining appliances. 
 The productiveness of the field was greatly diminished by the severe 
 drought of 1877-78, but it is again on the increase. There is yet a great 
 deal of stanniferous ground to be worked. Tin has also been found in a 
 part of the Palmer field, and at the foot of the coast range near Cairns. 
 The deposits in both places are said to be extensive, but are only being 
 
QUEENSLAND : COAL MEASURES — AGRICULTURE. 03 
 
 worked on a small scale. The low price of tin, and the high rates of wages 
 and carriage in the north, militate against the successful prosecution of the 
 industry. 
 
 Antimony and cinnabar have both been found and worked ill the Wide 
 Bay District, the first at Neardie, and the second at Kilkivan. The 
 antimony lodes are productive, and the ore of good percentage ; but the 
 profits to be derived from working a low-priced metal did not seem 
 sufficiently attractive to Queensland miners or mining speculators. Good 
 antimony ore has also been found in the Burnett. The cinnabar lodes have 
 been worked on a small scale, but they were not found till after the mining 
 -excitement had died away, and it had become difficult to attract capital to 
 any mining enterprise. 
 
 Silver, zinc, lead, plumbago, and bismuth have been found. The silver 
 ore is apparently not very rich anywhere. A. vein is now being worked on 
 a small scale at Ravenswood. Opals of good quality have been found 
 in one or two places — in the Mitchell district especially. Iron abounds in 
 a great many places, and the ore is said to be very good in some localities. 
 It has nowhere been worked. 
 
 Coal is very abundant, or, at least, coal beds abound. The mineral is 
 worked pretty extensively in pits near the Brisbane River and its tributary, 
 the Bremer. These raised 50,000 tons in 1878, and the output is yearly 
 increasing. Coalfields exist further inland, but this mineral cannot, of 
 course, be worked, except in places where very cheap and easy transport is 
 possible. Another great coal basin extends from the May to the Burnett 
 Rivers in the Wide Bay district. This is being successfully worked near the 
 Burrum, a small stream emptying itself into the sea between the two rivers 
 mentioned above, and some New South Wales speculators are now 
 negotiating with the Government for the construction of a short line of 
 railway to connect the pits with the town of Maryborough, the Burrum 
 having only a shallow and very tortuous channel. Coal has been found on 
 the Dawson, near Bowen, and in several other localities; but these basins 
 have not been tested in any way. 
 
 The progress of agriculture in Queensland has not been very great. At 
 the end of 1878 — the latest date which the corrected official returns reach — 
 the area of land alienated, either conditionally, that is subject to the pay- 
 ment of instalments of purchase-money and fulfilment of certain specified 
 conditions, or granted in fee simple, was 5,935,496 acres. Of this large 
 area only 117,489 acres were broken up for cultivation, and 111,746 acres 
 actually in crop. A further deduction should be made of about 18,000 
 acres under sown grasses and other fodder plants cultivated solely for feed- 
 ing cattle. All the remainder of the alienated land was simply used by the 
 holders to depasture stock, just in the same manner as a pastoral lessee 
 uses his run. No attempt had been made to increase the productiveness of 
 this land, except in a few instances, by thinning the timber, although much 
 
64 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 of it had been enclosed by fences, and in some places water Lad been stored. 
 This neglect of agriculture does not arise from any want of fertility in the 
 soil, which is often very rich, nor is it due to the climate in the coast 
 districts, for the rainfall is usually abundant and fairly distributed through- 
 out the year. The backward condition of agriculture is certainly not due to 
 any lack of encouragement from the Government. Land is sold at very rea- 
 sonable rates, and the purchaser has ten years over which to spread the pay- 
 ment. A very fair quantity is always left open to selection in the various 
 coast districts, and the selector may choose a holding wherever he pleases 
 in the areas set apart for the purpose. And for years past there has been 
 a homestead law in operation by which a selector may take up a limited 
 holding and secure the grant in fee simple, on the sole condition of five 
 years' personal residence together with the payment of sixpence an aero 
 yearly. No intending selector could desire easier conditions, and the charge 
 of half-a-crown an acre, in five annual instalments, is almost equivalent 
 to a free grant of the land. The limit of a homestead used to be eighty 
 acres, but it was increased last year to 160 acres. The reason why settlers 
 in Quensland do not cultivate, is probably to be found in the variety of 
 profitable openings for the employment of labour during the decade — 
 between 1868 and 1878 — in which the colony made its greatest progress. 
 A succession of goldfields, the excitement of "flush times," consequent on 
 the rage for mining speculation, which occurred during the period, and the 
 constant and large expenditure of loan money on public works, have served to 
 keep up the price and demand for labour. Only a small proportion of the 
 labouring class, who elsewhere form the pioneer agricultural settlers of a 
 colony, have therefore turned to the land for a living. JThey found that 
 they could earn money more rapidly and surely by taking the high wages 
 offered than by engaging in the irksome, monotonous, and isolated toil of 
 the selector who wins with axe, hoe, and plough a farm from the wild bush. 
 The continuance of the same " good times" has had an unfortunate effect 
 even on those who have settled on the soil. Queensland agricultural 
 settlers have been in the habit of expecting quick and large returns. They 
 have, therefore, confined themselves mainly to the production of crops 
 which could be quickly grown, and for which they could get an immediate 
 payment; neglecting many products for which the soil and climate of the 
 colony is suitable, but which are not rapidly matured. 
 
 Among the agricultural products of the colony, sugar undoubtedly 
 takes first rank. As far back as 1862, a patch of twenty acres of sugar cane 
 was recorded in the official statistics. At first the pioneers of the industry 
 had much to contend with. The cane grew well enough, but the growers 
 were inexperienced, and they had all to learn in the art of making sugar. 
 Labour was also a great difficulty. European labourers were not only 
 dear, but they could not be depended on. They disliked the hot trouble- 
 some task of hoeing and trashing, i.e., stripping dead leaves among the tall 
 
QUEENSLAND ! SUGAR PLANTING. 65 
 
 growing rows of cane, sheltered from the breeze and exposed to the moist 
 summer heat of the coast districts. They therefore were ready to abandon 
 the work whenever an opportunity offered, and opportunities were 
 frequent, as has already been explained. This led to the introduction of 
 South Sea Islanders, engaged for three years, who proved quite capable of 
 performing the simple work of cane cultivation, and were found to be 
 fairly docile and industrious labourers. Experience was gained in the art 
 of sugar-making, and the industry prospered for a while to be met by 
 another unexpected difficulty. The Bourbon variety of cane, which grew 
 freely and yielded large quantities of juice, was generally planted, and it 
 was suddenly smitten with a disease, called rust, which destroyed field after 
 field. For a while the check was very disheartening, but it was overcome. 
 Varieties of cane from all sugar-growing countries were introduced, and it 
 was found that a great many species were proof against the disease. The 
 difficulty was completely overcome. So many descriptions of cane are now 
 grown, that a disease attacking one kind cannot cause any important check. 
 The planters have found out by experience how to adapt their cultivation 
 to the soil and climate. Men skilled in every department of cane-growing 
 and sugar-making abound, the best machinery is used, and local machinists 
 are constantly making improvements and experiments which will doubtless 
 lead to improvements. In fact, the industry is prosecuted with energy, it 
 has attracted and is attracting a good deal of capital, and those engaged in 
 it are constantly on the alert, to make or adopt any promising improve- 
 ments. Substantial progress has therefore been made. In 1878 there 
 were 68 sugar mills in operation, and those crushed the produce of 10,702 
 acres, which yielded 13,525 tons of sugar; and the 12 distilleries at 
 work turned out 216,395 gallons of rum. The rapidity with which the 
 industry was progressing was indicated by the breadth of land put under 
 cane, amounting to 16584 acres, an increase of 1364 acres on the previous 
 year, in spite of the prevalence of a severe drought from which Queensland, 
 in common with New South Wales, was suffering. The returns for last 
 year, 1879, are not complete, but it is believed that over 16,000 tons of 
 sugar were produced, and a very large additional area of land was prepared 
 for cane. The production of sugar, besides supplying the local demand, 
 gave rise to an export trade which is fast increasing. Queensland exported, 
 in 1878, sugar and rum to the value of about £130,000, and the export of 
 1879 was probably of not less a value than £200,000. 
 
 The main centres of sugar cultivation are the districts of Mackay, Mary- 
 borough, and Brisbane, their importance being in the order of their names. 
 In the two last-named districts the coolness of the winter and the occurrence 
 of occasional frosts are disadvantages. The cane does not make any growth 
 for at least two months out of the twelve, and the stools are sometimes 
 killed by the hoar frosts. These disadvantages are, however, not great 
 enough to make the industry unprofitable in localities where suitable 
 
 F 
 
66 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 soil is to be found. But Mackay is evidently destined to be the main 
 sugar district of the colony. Fairly Avithin the tropics, it escapes winter 
 frosts, and the cane grows throughout the year. The rainfall is so dis- 
 tributed as to be peculiarly advantageous to the planters. There is a 
 pretty well-defined rainy season, commencing in January, but instead of 
 the year being divided, as it is in many places further north, into about 
 four months of incessant downpour, followed by eight of almost unbroken 
 drought, the showers are prolonged till about August. From that month to 
 December the planters can depend on dry weather, and can carry on 
 crushing operations under the most favourable conditions. The soil also, 
 a deep, rich, friable loam, is very suitable for the growth of cane. The 
 area of cultivation, already considerable, is about to be largely increased, 
 some land in the neighbourhood having been recently thrown open to 
 selectors, and seized upon with avidity by intending canegrowers. Cane 
 has also been grown for many years on the Herbert River, near the little 
 northern port of Cardwell, but the industry has languished. The cause 
 of its want of success is probably to be found in the fact, that the pioneers 
 under-estimated the amount of capital required, and the difficulties atten- 
 dant on establishing such an industry in a remote locality, far from any 
 considerable centre of population. One or two plantations, however, are 
 carried on, and it is probable that cane-growing will again spread. There 
 are a great many rivers on the north-east coast having suitable soil on 
 their banks, and affording the necessary facilities for punting the bulky 
 crops of cane to the mills. On one of these, the Johnstone, a considerable 
 area of land has recently been taken up, and an old Queensland planter 
 is about to establish a large sugar -mill. In several other places in the 
 southern part of the colony cane-growing has been, or is about to be, com- 
 menced, and the development of the industry has received a great impetus 
 from the high prices lately ruling for sugars. 
 
 Viticulture in Queensland is not in a satisfactory condition. In 1878 
 there were 188 wine makers, who produced 64,407 gallons of wine. Of 
 these 158 were in the neighbourhood of Toowoomba, Warwick, and Brisbane, 
 and they produced about 55,000 gallons of the wine made. Ipswich comes 
 next as a wine-producing place, and there is one vineyard of some importance 
 in its neighbourhood. Not much can be said for Queensland wine as yet; it 
 is generally crude and ill- made, although one or two vignerons have 
 succeeded in winning prizes at the Sydney Exhibition. Not only is the wine 
 of indifferent quality, but it is dear, the vignerons having the full advantage 
 of a duty of 10s. and 6s. per gallon levied on all wines, according to 
 alcoholic strength, imported into the colony. An attempt made by the 
 Government about three years ago to enter into a ; reciprocity treaty with 
 South Australia was rigorously resisted by them, and they succeeded in 
 working up an agitation that discouraged the Ministry, who gave up 
 the attempt. The gradual increase in the quantity of wine produced, and 
 
QUEENSLAND : SMALL AREA UNDER WHEAT. 67 
 
 competition among vine growers, is beginning to reduce the price, and will 
 probably improve the quality of the wine made. The southern part of the 
 colony is well suited for the growth of vines, and it has been found 
 that they nourish vigorously, and produce most excellent fruit in the 
 neighbourhood of the inland town of Roma, on the boundary of the interior 
 or core of the colony. It is believed, and the belief seems to be well 
 founded, that this will be one of the main wine-producing districts of 
 the colony. The grape vine will mature its fruit far within the tropics in 
 Queensland ; but, of course, the grapes are not equal to those grown in the 
 more temperate regions. In fact, it is probably the sharp winter frosts of 
 the southern interior, that serve to invigorate the vines and cause them to 
 produce such excellent fruit. 
 
 Queensland settlers grow maize, potatoes, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, 
 oats, and lucerne for hay, besides other crops, such as are grown in 
 temperate and sub-tropical climates. Wheat is grown, but at present its 
 cultivation is confined to a very small locality — the Darling Downs. In 1878 
 there were 9617 acres under wheat, cut for grain, according to the official 
 statistics, and 2114 acres cut for hay. In 1879 the breadth of land under 
 wheat was more than doubled, but the crop was almost entirely destroyed 
 by an unprecedented outbreak of rust. This calamity is attributed to the 
 unusually moist, "muggy" winter and spring season, and there is a general 
 conviction that the country, lying further to the westward, will be better 
 suited to wheat as it has a climate which is drier and more similar to that 
 of South Australia. The Darling Downs farmers are endeavouring to meet 
 these difficulties, as the sugar planters did, by introducing different varieties 
 of grain, and also by adopting different methods of cultivation. The soil 
 of the district is extremely fertile — in fact, it has been called the garden of 
 Southern Queensland — and it is a pity that wheat cultivation should have 
 received a severe check just when it appeared about to expand. It is a 
 comparatively recent industry in the colony, only about 1100 acres being 
 returned as under wheat in 1870. The average yield had been, up to 1879, 
 over 20 bushels to the acre on land free from rust. Experimental patches of 
 wheat have been found to thrive in a great many parts of Southern Queensland. 
 Cotton cultivation was established in the first year of the separate 
 existence of the colony, and stimulated by Government bonuses; but it 
 never took root. While the bonus was paid, it was a favourite crop 
 in West Moreton, and some thousands of acres were devoted to it; but when 
 the Government grants were withdrawn, it was found that growing cotton 
 for the open market did not pay well enough to suit Queensland 
 expectations of profit. In 1878 only 37 acres were under this crop, and it 
 is now probably entirely given up. Both soil and climate were, however, 
 found very suitable for the production of cotton. 
 
 Arrowroot was attempted some years ago in the Southern Coast districts, 
 and partly given up because the local storekeepers were not ready to take the 
 
 F 2 
 
68 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 roughly got up product at once, and the farmers were not inclined to spend 
 the time or money necessary to perfect it. Some cultivators, however, in 
 the country immediately south of the capital, noticing with what luxuriance 
 the plant grew, persevered, and succeeded in producing a merchantable 
 article, equal in quality and "get up" to any imported. The industry 
 proved profitable, and the cultivation of the tuber is again increasing. In 
 1878, there were 124 acres devoted to arrowroot, and 232,3881bs. of 
 prepared product sent to market. In the same year 178,6721bs. were 
 exported, and as the export has been found profitable, and a great deal of 
 suitable land exists in the coast districts, it is probable that this branch of 
 agricultural industry will assume greater importance. 
 
 Tobacco cultivation does not progress. Only 71 acres were devoted 
 to it in 1878, and there is not much sign of any marked increase. The 
 plant thrives, but the cultivators are ignorant of the proper method of 
 preparing it for market. 
 
 No other field crops are grown in the colony. In fruits, Queensland 
 produces many bananas and pineapples, about 462 acres being devoted to 
 the former, and 184 acres to the latter, in 1878. The cultivation of bananas 
 received a severe check some years ago, the trees being attacked by a 
 worm that destroyed whole plantations. Some bananas grown in the Far 
 North have lately attracted attention, being of unusually fine flavour and, 
 for the species, large size. It may be mentioned that the blacks in the 
 Cook District were found by the whites to use the fruit of an indigenous 
 banana growing in the river-side scrubs. The list of Queensland 
 fruits is likely to be greatly increased, as the Brisbane Acclimatisation 
 Society is introducing a great variety of tropical and sub-tropical trees, 
 and distributing them among its members scattered throughout the colony. 
 By far the greater proportion are found to thrive. The custard apple 
 and mango are to be seen in the local fruit-shops now, and those grown 
 in the latitude of Bowen are very fine. In Southern Queensland the 
 tropical fruits are matured, but not in the full perfection of their flavour. 
 Cocoa-nut palms are now growing in quantity near Mackay and Bowen, 
 and are being planted in several localities. In fact, palms were found 
 growing on some of the islands that cluster inside the Barrier reef, off 
 the coast of the Cook District, and sound nuts are occasionally washed 
 ashore on the mainland. It has been stated as a reason why the palms 
 were not found on the northern coast, that the aborigines dig up the 
 young plants whenever they see them sprouting in the sand, and use the 
 roots and shoots as food, cooking them as they do native game. Such 
 fruits as apples, pears, and plums are only grown in the cooler districts 
 of the extreme southern part of the colony, and do not attain any remark- 
 able perfection there. Peaches are largely grown, and the trees bear pro- 
 fusely ; but that is about all that can be said for them. 
 
 Olives grow well in Southern Queensland wherever tried. Coffee-bushes 
 
QUEENSLAND : TIMBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 69 
 
 are growing vigorously in gardens in many parts of the colony. Experi- 
 mental patches of rice thrive. There has been no attempt, however, to pro- 
 duce any of these things for market. The sida retusa, introduced originally 
 because it yields a useful fibre, has never been grown for that purpose, 
 but has spread itself over the coast districts, becoming a dreaded pest to the 
 farmers, and destroying even the pasturage in places. The agricultural 
 capabilities of Queensland appear, in short, to be almost unlimited, but 
 there is as yet not much disposition on the part of the settlers to avail them- 
 selves of the power, which nature has bestowed upon them, of growing a wide 
 variety of crops, and thus securing themselves against the danger of over- 
 stocking their markets. 
 
 The timber forests of Queensland are large and valuable, and lumbering 
 has been a thriving industry in some localities since the formation of the 
 colony. Very little prudence has, however, been displayed in dealing with 
 the timber stock ; in fact, the lumberers have just cleared all before them 
 and wasted as they pleased, the only condition imposed on them being the 
 payment of a small annual license fee. In this manner the valuable pencil 
 cedar has been almost extirpated on the Southern Rivers, and the process 
 is in full swing in the far north, where it is abundant. Besides cedar, 
 hardwood and pine of two varieties, known as the Hoop and Kauri pine, are 
 cut. The timber-getters, beside supplying the needs of the colony, give rise 
 to a considerable timber export. It is simply impossible to give the actual 
 amount of cedar sent away, as it is shipped in the log at the mouths of 
 remote northern rivers, where no accurate official returns are procurable. 
 The official returns for 1878 record the shipment of 3,916,010 feet of log 
 cedar valued at £28,271, but this is an under-estimate. The recorded exports 
 of sawn pine may be relied on, as this is shipped at the southern ports of 
 Bundalery, Maryborough, and Brisbane, where the whole can be accurately 
 checked. In the year above mentioned, 3,421,422 feet, valued at £25,920, 
 were exported to the other colonies. 
 
 The pearl-shell fishery, carried on in the north, may be spoken of as an 
 industry m, but not of, Queensland, as it is mainly in the hands of Sydney 
 firms. The official value of shell exported in 1878 is given at £54,149, but 
 the amount is believed to be under-estimated. The resident magistrate at 
 Thursday Island, the head-quarters of the fishery, gives a much higher value. 
 Beche-de-mer is also gathered on the nothern reefs and exported to the 
 value of about £10,000 annually. A Chinese junk, built in Cooktown, is 
 engaged by the Chinese fishermen to gather the dried slug from their 
 fishing stations. 
 
 The dugong is caught in Moreton and Wide Bay by parties of fisher- 
 men provided with nets and harpoons, and a good deal of medicinal oil — 
 said to be superior to cod-liver oil — prepared from it. Despite the facts 
 that good leather of extraordinary thickness can be made from the hide of 
 the dugong, and that the bones of the skeleton are of unusual density, 
 which, together with the oil procured by boiling down the fat, make the 
 
70 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 animal of considerable value, the fishery has never been prosecuted 011 any 
 considerable scale. The dugong is found on all parts of the coast of the colony. 
 
 The estimated population of Queensland on the 31st December, 1878, 
 was 210,510. There has been no estimate published yet of the population 
 at the end of 1879, but there is reason to believe that the increase was very 
 slight, as although immigrant ships continued to arrive, the great depression 
 prevailing throughout the colony led, as is generally supposed, to a consider- 
 able exodus. It should be remarked, however, that up to the last recorded 
 date, the official calculations showed a gain to the colony in the interchange 
 of people by steamers trading along the coast. Out of this number, 
 60,458 were returned as living in municipalities. As yet, therefore, we 
 have not the disproportionately large town population to be found in 
 Victoria. There are no great manufactories in Queensland. A woollen 
 mill recently established in Ipswich and some large foundries in Brisbane 
 and Maryborough, are our principal industrial establishments, other than 
 those connected with the natural products of the soil. There are several 
 large saw-mills cutting up timber for export, and besides the sugar-mills 
 there is a large establishment at Gargarie, near Maryborough, where cane 
 juice is manufactured directly into high-class refined sugar. A considerable 
 number of small industrial establishments exist in the towns, including 
 breweries, tanneries, soap works, fellmongeries, biscuit factories, ropeworks, 
 brickworks, potteries, cooperage works, boat-building yards, and so on, but 
 these are not on a large scale. As yet " protection " is not the policy of 
 Queensland. The principle has never been admitted in the arrangement of 
 the Customs tariff, and although there is a protectionist party, it is very 
 small, and has not been able to attract sufficient popular support to be a 
 factor in local politics. 
 
 In the official statistics, the Chinese and Kanakas, amounting probably 
 to over 20,000 souls, nearly all adult males, are included in the general 
 population. The value of much of the Vital and Social Statistics, is 
 therefore destroyed. The existence of so large a number of adult males, 
 who are necessarily unmarried, affects both the births and marriage rates, 
 and the large number of deaths among the Kanakas, a race that is vitally 
 very feeble, swells abnormally the official death-rate. These facts must be 
 remembered in connection with the figures about to be quoted. 
 
 Proportion of births, marriages and deaths to every 1000 of the popu- 
 lation : — 
 
 
 Births. 
 
 Marriages. 
 
 Deaths. 
 
 1870 
 
 43.51 
 
 7.79 
 
 14.59 
 
 1871 
 
 43.25 
 
 8.06 
 
 14.83 
 
 1872 
 
 40.70 
 
 8.69 
 
 14.97 
 
 1873 
 
 40.82 
 
 9.66 
 
 16.06 
 
 1874 
 
 41.15 
 
 8.62 
 
 18.01 
 
 1875 
 
 38.89 
 
 8.62 
 
 23.80 
 
 1876 
 
 37.48 
 
 7.57 
 
 18.82 
 
 1877 
 
 36.74 
 
 7.57 
 
 17.29 
 
 1878 
 
 35.77 
 
 6.98 
 
 20.41 
 
QUEENSLAND \ STATISTICS. 7 1 
 
 It will be perceived that the effect of the " rush " to the North in 
 1874-75, attracted by the Palmer Gold Fields, had a speedy effect in 
 diminishing the proportion of births and marriages and increasing that 
 of deaths. This was due to the incoming of so many unmarried men, 
 followed by a flood of Chinese, when the northern fields were first 
 opened; also, the reckless exposure of the gold-seekers to the tropical sun, 
 and more especially to the tropical wet season, without either a shelter or a 
 sufficiency of food, caused a great mortality, which told on the returns. 
 But, about 1875, a " wave " of disease passed over the colonies generally. 
 As bearing on the effect produced by the opening of the northern goldfields 
 on the death-rate of the colony, it may be noted that what are grouped as 
 " Miasmatic Diseases " in the Registrar- General's returns, including fevers, 
 caused the following proportion of cases treated in the hospitals of the colony: — 
 
 1870 
 
 440 
 
 1873 
 
 487 
 
 1876 
 
 1140 
 
 1871 
 
 313 
 
 1874 
 
 754 
 
 1877 
 
 1497 
 
 1872 
 
 537 
 
 1875 
 
 .. 1781 
 
 1878 
 
 1913 
 
 Primary education in Queensland is " free, secular, and compulsory." 
 although the last provision is not actually enforced. Grants to non- vested 
 schools — i.e., schools not under the control of the Minister of Education, 
 mainly Roman Catholic institutions — are to be discontinued at the end of 
 the present year, 1880. The average daily attendance of children at the 
 primary schools in 1878 was — 
 
 
 Boys. 
 
 Girls. 
 
 Total. 
 
 State Schools 
 
 9,178 
 
 7,782 
 
 16,960 
 
 State Provisional Schools 
 
 824 
 
 758 
 
 1,582 
 
 State, Non-vested 
 
 981 
 
 1,471 
 
 2,452 
 
 
 10,983 
 
 10,011 
 
 20,994 
 
 Private Schools 
 
 848 
 
 1,569 
 
 2,417 
 
 Grammar Schools 
 
 
 
 290 
 
 The endeavour to follow up the scattered population of the colony with 
 schools is vigorously and persistently maintained, and with a fair measure 
 of success. The annual expenditure on State education is now over 
 £100,000 annually, and the Roman Catholics raise considerable sums to 
 maintain their own schools, most of those included under the head of 
 " private " belonging to that church. 
 
 In 1878, 197 persons were convicted of serious crimes before the higher 
 courts, and 6153 individuals were found guilty of lesser offences by the 
 magistrates. This last total is greatly swelled in the Queensland, as in all 
 colonial statistics, by the habit of counting, as a separate charge, each detail 
 of a drunkard's misdoings. A drunken man is generally violent, and uses 
 obscene language, and often assaults the policeman and tears his coat. 
 If he succeed in accomplishing all these exploits, he counts in the statistics 
 as three or four separate offenders. As 1947 cases of drunkenness were 
 punished in 1878, it will be seen how large a portion of the 6153 con- 
 victions may be accounted for in this manner. 
 
72 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 FOUNDATION OF THE COLONY ITS LAND LAWS AND THEIR OPERATION 
 
 ELIGIBILITY AS A FIELD OF SETTLEMENT FOR IMMIGRANTS LARGE EX- 
 PORTS OF STAPLE PRODUCTS — GERMAN COLONISTS AND THE SECRET OF 
 
 THEIR SUCCESS COMMERCE OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA GREATER PER HEAD 
 
 THAN THAT OF EITHER OF THE OTHER COLONIES LIGHTNESS OF 
 
 TAXATION — DEVOTION OF ITS POPULATION TO RURAL INDUSTRIES 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES — FAUNA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA SMALL INDUSTRIES 
 
 WHICH MAY BE PROFITABLY PURSUED THERE SPECIAL FACILITIES 
 
 OFFERED BY THE LEGISLATURE FOR THE CULTIVATION OF THE OLIVE 
 
 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF THE COLONY STATISTICS BIRTHS, 
 
 MARRIAGES AND DEATHS, 1879 CENSUS IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION 
 
 EXPORTS IMPORTS LIVE STOCK THE WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES 
 
 AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. 
 
 Unlike Victoria and Tasmania, South Australia was settled by a number 
 of enterprising gentlemen, who had formed themselves into an association, 
 under the authority of the Imperial Legislature, for the colonisation of the 
 country, upon the broad and liberal principle that it should not cost a 
 penny to Great Britain ; that there should be no state church, and no trans- 
 portation to its shores. The first settlers landed in Holdfast Bay, on the 
 28th of December, 1836; and soon afterwards, the site of the future capital 
 was selected, on the banks of the Torrens, and the incipient city received the 
 name of the then Queen, Adelaide. The infant settlement passed through 
 the usual vicissitudes incidental to young countries; but the first colonists 
 were composed of men of no ordinary force of character. They were not 
 daunted or disheartened by temporary reverses. They had an invincible 
 faith in the country, in its fine resources, and in its splendid future; and 
 most of them lived to witness the fruition of their hopes, and to participate 
 in the prosperity, which rewarded their energy, their perseverance, and their 
 dogged determination to succeed. And at this moment, fourty-four years 
 after the foundation of the colony, it may be confidently asserted that there 
 is no portion of Her Majesty's dominions, in which the average standard of 
 welfare is higher than it is in South Australia. 
 
 The first Constitution of the colon}'' was granted in 1851, and the second 
 in 1856. The latter conferred upon it the amplest powers of self-govern- 
 ment; and it must be recorded to the credit of its politicians, that these 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : ITS LAND LAWS AND THEIR OPERATION. I 6 
 
 powers have been exercised, as a general rule, with credit and discretion, 
 and to the advantage of the community. As the late Mr. Harcus wrote, in 
 his valuable work on South Australia: — "The bitter rancour of political 
 antagonism, which is seen in some countries, is comparatively unknown in 
 South Australia. It is not, that our public men do not feel strongly on 
 political questions, but we are so closely mixed up in social and business 
 life, that we cannot afford to allow political asperities to pass beyond the 
 region of politics." There, as elsewhere, the mere adventurer, with a glib 
 tongue, a face of brass, and an unlimited supply of impudent assurance, will 
 sometimes struggle to the surface of political life, and will make a great 
 disturbance, for the sake of attracting attention, but the notoriety and self- 
 importance of such persons are always short-lived, and they are betrayed, 
 sooner or later, into the commission of the sin which is unpardonable, — that 
 of being found out. They then drop out of sight, and are speedily forgotten. 
 South Australia is essentially an agricultural and pastoral country, and 
 much of its progress and prosperity is attributable to the facilities offered 
 by the Legislature to intending settlers for the acquisition of land, and to 
 the absence of any enactments — like the fiscal laws of Victoria — to prevent 
 the distribution of the people over the country, and to favour their concen- 
 tration in a few centres. Any person is at liberty to select G40 acres, that 
 is to say a square mile of land, on any surveyed areas south of the 26th 
 parallel of south latitude, at the upset price of £1 an acre; upon which he pays 
 a deposit of ten per cent, as interest for the next three years, during which 
 no demand is made upon him. At the end of that term, a further sum of 
 ten per cent, is required from him, as interest for the succeeding three years. 
 If he should be then unable to pay the whole of the purchase money, his 
 credit will be enlarged for a period of four years, on paying half the amount ; 
 interest at the rate of four per cent, per annum being charged on the balance. 
 It is needful to add that purchasers on credit must reside upon the land they 
 take up for nine months in the year, as an evidence of their bona fides as 
 settlers, and are called upon to make substantial improvements upon the 
 land, to the extent of 5s. per acre before the end of the second, of 7s. 6d. per 
 acre before the end of the third, and of lis. per acre before the expiration 
 of the fourth year. These regulations have been framed with a view to pre- 
 vent the Crown lands from falling into the hands of mere speculators and 
 " land sharks," and to promote genuine and beneficial settlement. The im- 
 provements may consist either of the erection of a dwelling-house, or farm 
 buildings, or the sinking of wells, the formation of water tanks or reservoirs, 
 or of fencing, draining, clearing, or grubbing the land. We believe there 
 are hundreds of farmers in Great Britain, with a moderate capital at their 
 disposal, who must be wholly unacquainted with the easy terms upon which 
 they can acquire estates in these colonies ; or else there would surely be a 
 large migration of persons of this class to Australia, where a few years of 
 strenuous exertion would place themselves and their families in a condition 
 of comparative affluence. Let us take the case of a yeoman, with three 
 
74 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 grown-up sons and daughters. By taking up four contiguous sections they 
 could secure 2560 acres in a ring fence, in South Australia, New South 
 Wales, or Queensland, or half that quantity in Victoria. The whole of their 
 available capital could be expended in bringing a portion of the block into 
 cultivation, in building a homestead, in fencing and stocking the farm, and 
 in permanent improvements ; and it would go hard indeed, if they could not 
 pay the whole of the purchase money out of the profits of cultivation in the 
 course of six years. 
 
 According to the testimony of a trustworthy writer, the present land 
 law of South Australia has worked with singular success. " Immense areas 
 of land in the north," he tells us, u have been surveyed and offered for sale 
 on credit. Half-a-dozen years ago, most of this land was used as sheep 
 runs, supporting a dozen or a score of persons, now it is covered with smiling 
 homesteads, and prosperous farms, in which many hundreds of families are 
 settled, with every prospect of future success. In the course of a few years 
 these farms will be the freehold estates of a steady and intelligent class of 
 farmers, farming their own land, who will constitute the pith and strength 
 of the colony. A few thousands of farmers, each farming his own freehold 
 estate of a square mile, or a thousand acres, would form an independent and 
 prosperous class, of which any country may well feel proud. The amount 
 of money due to the Government for these lands purchased on credit, which 
 will be due within the next six years, amounts to over £2,225,000. There 
 is reason to believe that most of the purchases will be completed; but if they 
 are not, the land, greatly improve d bythe erection of buildings and cultiva- 
 tion during the six years, will revert to the Government, and can be sold 
 again. I had an opportunity of visiting these northern areas just before the 
 last harvest, when they were loaded with magnificent crops of golden grain* 
 I had seen the country three years before, when only a small portion was 
 devoted to agriculture; the rest was still immense sheep-runs. I travelled 
 for miles, day after day, amongst the finest crops of wheat I ever witnessed. 
 In some places the reaping had commenced, and the farmers were cleaning 
 up from fourteen to eighteen bushels per acre. In other more favoured 
 spots, it reached from twenty-five to thirty bushels. I saw several towns 
 which had sprung up as if by magic, on sites where three years before there 
 was not a soul to be seen, and where my companions and I lighted a fire, 
 boiled our ' billy/ and made tea for our midday refreshment. A fine port 
 in Spencer's Gulf, for the outlet of the produce of the district, had risen up 
 from what used to be something like a dismal swamp. Wharfs were erected, 
 large stores built, banks and churches founded; and all this was the work 
 of less than three years ! And as far as can be seen, we are just tapping 
 that great agricultural district which lies to the north of the Burra and Clare. 
 The squatter has to give place to the agriculturist and move backward." 
 
 This was written four years ago, at which the latest agricultural 
 statistics then available showed that there were 1,330,484 acres of land 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : AS A FIELD FOR SETTLEMENT. 75 
 
 under cultivation. But, in the interim, this has increased to 2,011,319 
 acres, being an average of eight acres per head of population, no other 
 Australian colony reaching half that proportion. In the year 1878, the 
 exports of domestic produce in three items alone reached the magnificent 
 total of, in round numbers, four millions and a half, namely : — 
 
 Breadstuffs £1,672,628 
 
 Wool : 2,417,398 
 
 Minerals 409,749 
 
 Total £4,499,774 
 
 And two years previously, the exports of breadstuffs were within a fraction 
 of two millions in value ; this surplus remaining after abundant provision 
 had been made for the sustenance of the population of the colony. Hence- 
 forth, it may be confidently asserted that the yearly exports of South 
 Australia will be equivalent in value to <£20 per head of the population. 
 In other words, they are much greater relatively to the number of in- 
 habitants than the entire trade — both imports and exports — of Great 
 Britain ! Talk of a land flowing with milk and honey ; here is one which 
 is exuberant with the staff of life, with the golden fleece, and the juice of 
 the grape. And its flour deservedly enjoys the reputation of being some of 
 the best in the world, so that it is much sought after in the neighbour- 
 ing colonies for the manufacture of the choicer kinds of biscuits, the 
 different varieties of fancy bread, and the most delicate patisserie. We 
 believe it enjoys the same high repute in the mother-country. 
 
 South Australia alone could absorb the whole population of Great 
 Britain, and yet continue sparsely peopled. Its area is, in round numbers, 
 900,000 square miles ; that is to say, it is thirty times as large as Scotland 
 or Ireland, nearly sixteen times as large as England and Wales; four times 
 as large as Austria-Hungary, or as the whole of Germany, with Belgium, 
 Switzerland, and the Netherlands thrown in ; and nearly as large as the 
 whole of British India. At present, however, it contains fewer inhabitants 
 than the town of Birmingham, or the city of Dublin ; and its vast area 
 invites settlement by all the disinherited of fortune in the old world, who 
 have strong arms, stout hearts, and willing minds. A few years of perse- 
 vering effort, combined with sobriety and prudence, will suffice to trans - 
 form the farm labourer into a well-to-do land-owner ; and the skilful artisan 
 into a master tradesman. This, indeed, is the history of hundreds of 
 successful men in this, as in the other colonies. Many a German peasant 
 and many a bauer, has exchanged a life of struggle and privation in his 
 Fatherland, for one of comfort, competence, independence, and even afflu- 
 ence in South Australia, where there are whole communities of them, 
 settled in districts upon which they have bestowed such names as 
 Hahndorf, Lobethal, North and South Khine, Griinthal, Blumberg, 
 Rosenthal, etc., in affectionate remembrance of the country from which they 
 
76 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 migrated. We allude to these German colonists more particularly because 
 they exhibit, as a general rule — almost invariably, indeed — the best qualities 
 of a settler in a new country. The conditions of life are necessarily hard, 
 at the outset, just as the rewards of pertinacious industry and application 
 are most liberal in the sequel. The immigrant must "rough it" at first. 
 He must work very strenuously; practise vigorous self-denial; and meet 
 temporary difficulties and unforeseen reverses, if not with cheerfulness, at 
 any rate without despondency or dismay. His lot is not one of easy self- 
 indulgence, while he is grubbing his land, building his hut, fencing in his 
 " cultivation paddock," and getting together a cow, some pigs, and some 
 poultry. Until he has " turned the corner," and the proceeds of his first or 
 second crop have placed him in secure possession of the means of sub- 
 sistence for the next twelvemonth, he is not unfamiliar with anxiety, nor 
 unaccustomed to arduous struggles. But the German, with his quiet per- 
 severance, his stolid submission to the inevitable, his patient and plodding 
 habits, and his steady determination to succeed, rarely fails to do so. He 
 is frugal, even to penuriousness. His wife and children, as soon as the 
 latter are old enough, labour with him, and their joint exertions contribute 
 to the well-being of the family. The English immigrant is not unfrequently 
 an unreasonable malcontent; and the poorer his circumstances were in the 
 old country, the greater are his expectations and the more unreasonable his 
 demands, in the new one. The farm labourer who has been accustomed to 
 earn two shillings, or, at the utmost, half-a-crown, a day, in Hampshire or 
 Sussex, will refuse an offer of five or six shillings a day in one of the 
 colonies, and will prefer to "loaf" about the towns until his last earnings 
 have been spent, and then he will join in a meeting of "the unemployed," 
 and will clamour for work to be provided for him by the State, at six 
 shillings a day, and "the Government stroke." Of course, we are not 
 speaking of a whole class, but of individual members of it ; and what we 
 say will be readily borne out by employers of labour in the various colonies, 
 who have experienced how difficult it is to procure hands in some parts of 
 the country, at the very time that men were walking about the metropolis, 
 in a condition of self-impossd idleness, and of actual or pretended destitution. 
 Now the German, and, indeed, the Continental immigrant generally, 
 will take whatever work he can find, at the current rate of wages ; and he 
 will endeavour to support his family, while his crops are growing, by tak- 
 ing a job of fencing, or sheep- washing, or shearing, or shepherding, or dam- 
 sinking, from the neighbouring squatter or estate-owner. He does not care 
 much for political or social agitation. Everything the most advanced 
 liberal could have wished and striven for in the Fatherland, he enjoys as a 
 rational right in Australia. There is no privileged class — outside of Victoria ; 
 no standing army, and therefore no compulsory service in the landwehr 
 and the landsturin ; no bureaucratic tutelage and direction; no liability to see 
 his little property devastated by war, or his crops requisitioned by an invad- 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : ITS COMMERCE. 77 
 
 ing army ; no heavy taxes imposed to defray the interest on a national debt, 
 incurred to gratify the sanguinary ambition of military rulers, and to meet 
 the annual outlay upon bloated armaments ; and none of the evils incidental to 
 old and thickly peopled countries. He is entitled to exercise the franchise, 
 under protection of the ballot ; there is nothing to impede him from becom- 
 ing a member of the Legislature, if he is a naturalized subject of Her 
 Majesty, nor to prevent him from rising to the highest distinction which 
 the colony can offer. He can purchase, sell, encumber or release, real 
 property, with as much ease as if it were a chattel j and at a very trifling 
 cost. The protection of the law follows him wherever he goes, but does not, 
 as in Germany, limit his freedom of action, by a multitude of petty and 
 irritating restraints ; and in every settlement, the State takes care that the 
 schoolmaster shall not be far distant from it. The German appreciates these 
 manifold advantages, more warmly than the average Englishman does, with 
 his national propensity to grumble, and his dissatisfaction with what is 
 undeniably "better," because it does not happen to be the ideally "best." 
 He can bear adversity with a noble fortitude ; but prosperity is apt to 
 demoralise him. 
 
 South Australia is a really wonderful colony. It is not yet fifty years 
 of age ; while its population is about a quarter of a million only. Never- 
 theless the annual value of its trade, relative to the number of its inhabitants, 
 is greater than that of either New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, or 
 Queensland, the figures for 1878 being these : — 
 
 Total trade. 
 £ 
 South Australia... 11,074,632 
 New South Wales 27,734,752 
 
 Victoria 31,087,587 
 
 New Zealand 14,771,188 
 
 Queensland 6,626,496 
 
 It will be observed that the colony of Victoria, which formerly stood at 
 the head of the list, now occupies the third place only. This is attributable 
 to her protectionist policy, which, by artificially lessening imports, 
 diminishes exports pro tanto. And as it necessarily contracts the consum- 
 ing powers of the people, there is a falling-off in the imports, on this account 
 also. The South Australian legislature, which shapes its fiscal policy in 
 accordance with the principles of economic science and with a view to 
 promote the interests of the whole community, and not that of certain 
 privileged classes, aggregated in one or two centres of population, imposes 
 Customs duties for revenue purposes only, and the colony reaps the reward 
 of so patriotic and judicious a system, in the enjoyment of general and 
 widely distributed prosperity. During the cycle of depression, from which 
 the whole civilised world is now emerging, South Australia almost escaped 
 its contagious influences ; and there can be no question that there are in 
 that country, reserves of wealth to draw upon, like those which enabled 
 
 Imports per head. 
 
 Exports per head. 
 
 Total value per head. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 23 11 1 
 
 22 1 0£ 
 
 45 12 1± 
 
 21 15 8 
 
 19 2 6 
 
 40 18 2 
 
 18 11 11| 
 
 17 3 6 
 
 35 15 5| 
 
 20 15 3| 
 
 14 5 4 
 
 35 7^ 
 
 16 12 3| 
 
 15 8 6| 
 
 32 10i 
 
78 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 France to recover with such miraculous celerity from her unparalleled 
 reverses. For the same causes are at work in both countries to produce a 
 durable prosperity. In each a very large percentage of the population is 
 engaged in the pursuits of husbandry ; and those who till the soil are also 
 its owners. But while the peasant proprietor in France is heavily taxed, 
 the burdens of the South Australian wheat grower or vigneron are com- 
 paratively light. They are only about £2 per head per annum in the 
 colony, as compared with £2 12s. in the former country; while the local 
 taxation in France is very onerous as compared with what it is in South 
 Australia. Taking into consideration the difference in the value of money 
 in the two countries, and that wages are at least four times as high in the 
 colony as they are in France, where the workman rarely makes more than 
 280 clear days in the year, we shall be within the mark when we say that 
 the French husbandman, or ouvrier, is taxed five times as heavily as the 
 corresponding agriculturist or workmen in South Australia. 
 
 And this dedication of so much of the capital and industry of the colony 
 to the raising of flocks and the cultivation of the soil, is not merely conducive 
 to the material welfare of the population, but also to its morality and 
 virtue. Men who are engaged from morning till night in out-door pursuits, 
 have not the leisure even if they have the inclination to be vicious ; and the 
 occupation they follow induces a fatigue which makes sleep desirable, with- 
 out occasioning that exhaustion which drives men and women to the use of 
 stimulants ; while, on the other hand, any industry which brings people 
 into close and constant contact with the processes and phenomena of 
 nature, tends to awaken and to cause the exercise of the faculties of 
 observation and reflection ; so that the natural intelligence of the husband- 
 man is being educated and expanded by the object-lessons of his daily life. 
 At the same time his business is a healthy one, and when pursued under 
 conditions of independence, as it is by the yeomen of these colonies, it is 
 calculated to promote the physical development of the Anglo- Australian 
 race. " Compare," observes a French writer who has never ceased to extol 
 the advantages of a rural, over those of an urban life, " compare a troop of 
 children issuing from a factory with a troop of children brought up in the 
 country and accustomed to field labours ; their fresh animated complexions, 
 their somewhat stumpy but robust and agile bodies; their too sonorous 
 voices springing from well-filled lungs ; the health, gaiety, and carelessness 
 of their countenances. The work they perform is proportioned to their 
 age and strength, and is, besides, effected in the free and open ah*. They 
 learn almost unconsciously the duties they have to discharge, and are already 
 engaged in them. Entrusted with the care of animals, they contract an 
 intimate acquaintance with them. Employed in weeding, they begin to 
 distinguish the different characters of plants and soils. Young as they are, 
 they interest themselves in the signs of the weather ; and apply themselves 
 to prognosticate its changes according to the symptoms which their elders 
 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : ITS RURAL INDUSTRIES. 79 
 
 have taught them to observe. They see the corn germinate and the grape 
 ripen. They are interested in the progress of cultivation, and comprehend 
 the necessity for that toil of which the result is so immediate. They play 
 in the grass, while the factory children play in the mud." And the habits 
 of industry acquired in early life grow with their growth, and strengthen 
 with their strength. 
 
 That South Australia has a magnificent future before it, no one can 
 doubt who considers its magnitude ; its position, stretching from ocean to 
 ocean ; and its exceedingly rich and diversified resources. Besides its 
 wheatfields, its vineyards, and its vast pastures, it possesses stores of mineral 
 wealth, of which the extent and variety can only be matter for conjecture 
 at present. Some of its copper mines have yielded almost fabulous returns. 
 One mine, the Moonta, upon which no capital whatever was expended by 
 the fortunate shareholders, paid them £928,000 in dividends during the 
 fourteen years succeeding its discovery ; and the returns from the Burra 
 Burra, are as well-known in Lombard-street as they are in Adelaide. 
 Gold, silver, iron, silver lead, plumbago, bismuth, manganese, antimony, 
 cobalt, kaolin clay, marble, magnesia, nickel, ochre, platinum, native 
 sulphur, shale, dolomite, amethysts, emeralds, opals, sapphires, topazes, and 
 diamonds have also been found; and in the Northern Territory, gold is known 
 to exist over an area of 1700 square miles; from many parts of which, 
 large quantities have been taken, with very imperfect appliances. 
 
 Dr. B. Schomburgk, the highly accomplished Director of the Botanical 
 Gardens in Adelaide, describes the predominant orders of the South 
 Australian flora to be the Legiwiinosce, Myrtacece, Compositce, Proteacece, 
 Cruciferce, Rubiacece, and Graminece ; the eucalyptus and the acacia being 
 everywhere predominant. The same excellent authority remarks : — 
 
 " The South Australian cereals are considered to be the finest grown in 
 the world ; and it is a fact that, with the exception of the intra-tropical, all 
 fruits from other parts of the globe thrive most luxuriantly in South 
 Australia, and come to a perfection, in size and flavour, in the different 
 localities of the colony, hardly known in other countries ; and most fruits, 
 vegetables, and useful plants are found to improve materially by the change, 
 as the climatic conditions often succeed in modifying and improving their 
 condition. The finest grapes are grown on the plains; here they ripen to 
 great perfection, and the South Australian wine must soon obtain a high 
 character in the foreign markets. On the plains also grow apricots, peaches, 
 nectarines, oranges, citrons, lemons and shaddocks, plums, cherries, figs, 
 almonds, mulberries, olives, <fcc, &c, &c; while in the hills and gullies 
 are grown strawberries, raspberries, currants, walnuts, chestnuts, filberts, 
 &c, &c, of the best quality. In such gullies are also raised the finest 
 vegetables and other culinary herbs, at all seasons, in great abundance, 
 as also on the plains during the rainy season; cauliflowers, often two 
 feet in diameter, are not seldom seen; cabbage, turnips, asparagus, arti- 
 
80 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 choke, leeks, onions, beet, carrots, potatoes, endive, lettuce, radish, celery, 
 &c; cucumbers, the luscious fruits of the sweet and water melon, pump- 
 kins, &c, growing to a flavour and size which at home would be considered 
 an exaggeration when described." 
 
 In fact, we have seen, at horticultural shows in Melbourne and Adelaide, 
 vegetables and fruit of such dimensions as, if stated, would only subject us to 
 the suspicion of wishing to impose upon the credulity of readers at a distance. 
 
 With respect to the products capable of being raised with profit by 
 immigrants who are disposed to embark in what the French call small 
 industries, the following are enumerated on the authority of Dr. Schom- 
 burgk : — Silk, flax and hemp, beet-root, hops, tobacco, almonds, Zante cur- 
 rants, Sultana and other raisins, olives, the castor-oil plant, mustard, sun- 
 flowers, canary seed, grain and maize, caper, chicory, liquorice, osiers, broom 
 millet, esparto grass, opium, cochineal, and perfumes. With respect to the 
 cultivation of olives, for which the soil and climate of South Australia are 
 particularly well-adapted, we may mention that the latest Land Act con- 
 tains this clause for the encouragement of that branch of horticulture : — 
 
 "46. If any selector shall be desirous of engaging in the cultivation of 
 osiers, olives, mulberries, vines, apples, pears, oranges, figs, almonds, or hops, 
 or such other plants as the Governor-in-Council may define by proclamation 
 in the Gazette, the planting and cultivating in a husbandlike manner of 
 one acre of land with any of the above trees or plants shall, for all the pur- 
 poses of this Act, be deemed to be equivalent to the cultivation of six acres 
 of such land as hereinbefore defined : Provided that such cultivating be 
 bond fide continued and kept up to the satisfaction of the Commissioner 
 until full payment of the purchase-money, but not otherwise : Provided 
 that if such selector shall wish to grow artificial grass, as a rotation of crops, 
 he may, every third year, plant and cultivate lucerne or artificial grass for 
 such purpose, and in that case the planting of three acres of land with 
 lucerne or artificial grass during such third year shall be deemed to be 
 equivalent to the cultivation of one acre of cereal or root crops." 
 
 On the subject of growing flowers for perfumes, Dr. Schomburgk has 
 not omitted to point out that nearly all the flowers which yield the necessary 
 materialfor them,suchas mignonnette, verbena, jasmine, rose, laurel, lavender, 
 heliotrope, rosemary, peppermint, violets, wallflowers and oranges, grow 
 luxuriantly in South Australia, to say nothing of the wattle, myallwood, and 
 other native plants, which yield valuable scents. 
 
 And this reminds us that we have omitted to mention oranges and 
 lemons as among the choicest products of South Australian orchards. 
 Trees, upwards of forty years old, are to be seen in the neighbourhood of 
 Adelaide and elsewhere, laden with hundreds of dozens of these luscious 
 fruit, while the air is heavy with their faint perfume; and it is pretty cer- 
 tain, that, at no very distant period, a very large trade will spring up 
 between this colony and New South Wales on the one hand, and New 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. 81 
 
 Zealand and Tasmania on the other, in these fruits, which will not grow in 
 the cooler latitudes of these islands. 
 
 The manufacturing industries of South Australia are numerous and 
 various, and they possess that stability which results naturally and 
 necessarily from their having escaped being forced into a sickly growth, 
 under favour of a fiscal hot-house. Flour mills, meat-preserving establish- 
 ments, tanneries, ironfoundries, agricultural implement works, coach and 
 carriage, woollen, hat, boot and shoe, and brush factories, breweries, wine- 
 making establishments, olive oil, jam, dried fruits, tobacco, blacking, sauce 
 and pickle, salt, and confectionery manufactories, afford constant employ- 
 ment, at good wages, to about 7000 persons. Upwards of 3000 are 
 engaged in mining, and nearly 25,000 in husbandry. As the adult male 
 population of the colony is very little over 50,000 persons, of whom 4000 
 are occupied in trade, 3000 in the conveyance of men and goods, 2700 in 
 personal offices, and 1600 as dealers in food and drinks, it will be seen that 
 there are very few idlers in a community like this, except those who are 
 too young or too old, or are otherwise unable to participate in the active 
 business of life. In fact, the term " working classes" embraces every 
 grade of the community in a young country, and probably none labour 
 more strenuously, or more advantageously, for the whole community than 
 those who do not come within the category of what popularity-hunting 
 demagogues call " the horny-handed sons of toil." 
 
 With respect to the vital statistics of South Australia, it will suffice to 
 say that the excess of births over deaths is higher than in any other colony, 
 save that of New Zealand, and that the climate generally is favourable to 
 health and longevity, while even the tropical regions appear to possess a 
 salubrity for Europeans, which regions lying within the same isothermal 
 lines in other parts of the world do not enjoy. The religious and 
 intellectual instruction of the people of the colony is abundantly provided 
 for. It contains 938 places of worship belonging to the various denomina- 
 tions, 580 Sunday schools, besides 420 ordinary schools, to which Govern- 
 ment aid is afforded, and in which 34,491 children are receiving instruction 
 during the year, at an annual cost of .£150,000. Adelaide, the capital, can 
 boast of its University and its Literary Institute, the latter containing a 
 library of 21,600 volumes, while there are also 78 country institutes. 
 
 In conclusion, the live stock statistics of the colony furnish us with the 
 following figures : — 
 
 Horses 121,553 
 
 Cattle 251,802 
 
 Sheep 6,377,812 
 
 Pigs 103,422 
 
 Thus it will be seen that there is upwards of one head of cattle and 
 twenty-five sheep to every man, woman, and child in South Australia. 
 
 G 
 
82 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 We give the following information as matter of interest, not only to 
 those of our readers whose lives have been laid in the Australian colonies, 
 but for the advantage of those who, in other countries of the world, are 
 interested in the progress of the British dependencies. 
 
 The following vital statistics with which we have been favoured, show 
 the number of births, marriages, and deaths which were registered in South 
 Australia in the year 1879, and the proportion of births, marriages and 
 deaths to every thousand persons living. They are arranged under the 
 heads of metropolitan, that is Adelaide, and extra-metropolitan, that is the 
 whole of the colony exclusive of the metropolis : — 
 
 Total Number of 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Births. 
 
 Marriages. 
 
 Deaths 
 
 Metropolitan 
 
 1394 
 
 737 
 
 909 
 
 Extra-metropolitan. . . 
 
 8508 
 
 1501 
 
 2671 
 
 Total ... 9902 2238 3580 
 
 Proportion to every Thousand of the Population. 
 
 Districts. Births. " Marriages. Deaths. 
 
 Metropolitan ... 40 32 ... 2131 ... 26 30 
 
 Extra-metropolitan 35'58 ... 6'80 ... 12-11 
 
 Total ... 38-81 877 14-04 
 
 From this we see, that the proportion of births in the whole population is 
 nearly three times as many as that of deaths, and that the death-rate is 
 something like a small fraction over fourteen per thousand of the population 
 in the year. This speaks volumes for the climate, and nothing, we venture 
 to say, could be so great an incentive, combined with the temporal advan- 
 tages which are held out to new settlers, to the emigration of our surplus 
 population from home. 
 
 The following table will show at the date of the census of 1871 and of 
 1876 respectively, the number of persons of each nationality in South 
 Australia : — 
 
 
 1871. 
 
 1876. 
 
 South Australia 
 
 102,676 
 
 128,400 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 46,752 
 
 47 ; 346 
 
 Scotland 
 
 4,547 
 
 8,246 
 
 Ireland 
 
 14,255 
 
 14,053 
 
 Other British Possessions 
 
 3,469 
 
 4,592 
 
 Foreign States. 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 8,309 
 
 7,659 
 
 France ... :.. 
 
 162 
 
 247 
 
 Other Foreign States ... 
 
 1,194 
 
 2,045 
 
 Born at sea, ditto 
 
 519 
 
 503 
 
 Unclassified 
 
 123 
 
 180 
 
 Total 185,626 213,271 
 
 "We thus see that in half a decade there has been an increase in the popu- 
 lation of 27,645. We doubt not but that the next census will discover a 
 much larger proportionate increase, more particularly as the great natural 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : STATISTICS OF POPULATION. 83 
 
 wealth of the colony is becoming more widely known. It is gratifying to 
 know that so many nationalities are represented, and the several propor- 
 tions are not excessive one over the other. According to the population of 
 those countries which are known as Great Britain and Ireland, the emi- 
 gration is fairly representative ; that of Scotland being a little in arrear. 
 The sons of the Fatherland are considerably in excess of those of La Belle 
 France ; but the cultivation of the vine, which has so largely developed 
 during the last few years, will bring up the average more evenly, and the 
 next census will show a much larger advent of Frenchmen. However, we 
 are glad to see our German brothers in such large numbers, and we trust 
 that those numbers will go on increasing. They are thrifty, hard-working, 
 and sober, and the introduction of this modern Teutonic element deserves 
 the greatest encouragement. 
 
 The following table showing the estimated population of South Australia 
 at the end of the year 1879, as well as the increase during the year, will, to a 
 great extent, verify our prognostications of what the increase will be at the 
 next census : — 
 
 Males. Females. Total. 
 
 Population 1st January, 1879 ... ... 130,001 118,794 248,795 
 
 Increase by excess of births over deaths to end 
 
 of year ... ... ... ... 2,922 3,350 6,322 
 
 Increase by excess of immigration over emigra- 
 tion by sea to end of year ... ... 2,082 2,088 4,170 
 
 Population on 31st December ... ... 135,055 124,232 259,287 
 
 Increase during the year, 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. 5,054 5,438 10,492 
 
 There is, according to the two tables we have given, an estimated 
 increase in population in four years of something like 46,016 souls, or nearly 
 double the increase shown by the census taken in 1876, including a period 
 of five years. In this way, when the increase of another year is added, the 
 colony will most certainly be able to record during the five years intervening 
 between 1876 and 1881 more than double the increase which was recorded 
 at the census previously taken, i.e., between 1871 and 1876. 
 
 The following return of immigration and emigration by sea during the 
 year 1879, shows the excess of the former over the latter : — 
 
 Immigration 
 Emigration 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 8,962 
 
 4,518 
 
 13,480 
 
 6,737 
 
 2,400 
 
 9,137 
 
 Immigration in excess of emigration ... ... 2,225 2,118 4,343 
 
 From the table of returns showing the general imports into South Aus- 
 tralia for 1879 we find the value of the total amounting to the enormous 
 sum of £5,014,149 18s. ? while the gross amount of duty payable on this 
 sum was £502,839 13s. lid. This, of course, includes the imports from 
 nearly every civilised country in the world. In enumerating some of these, 
 which will give a general idea of the progress of the colony in commerce, 
 trade, and the various industries, we will give the value as well as the 
 
 G 2 
 
84 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 duty payable, and although it may give an approximate idea, yet we 
 must not forget that many of the articles are manufactured in the colony 
 itself. 
 
 The value of the agricultural implements proper imported from Victoria 
 
 was .£23, upon which no duty was payable. Here we notice a feature which 
 distinguishes South Australia from its sister colony — Victoria, that while 
 in the latter all agricultural implements are heavily burdened with duty, 
 in the former colony no duty is payable. Hence the great advantage of 
 South Australia over Victoria to those engaged in agricultural pursuits. 
 The value of imports in apparel and slops was £290,635, on which there 
 was a duty charged of .£29,023. An interesting feature of the imports is 
 the number of books which, during the year, have found their way into 
 South Australia, showing that while the commerce and trade are nourishing, 
 there is no lack of literary pabulum, and that the number of readers is as 
 large in proportion to the population as in any other country in the civilised 
 world. The value of the books was, in round numbers, £52,000, upon 
 which no duty was payable. Butter valued at £25,025, and cheese at 
 £25,879 2s., no duty being payable on the former article, while the duty 
 paid on the latter amounts to £6327 8s. 6d. These are two natural pro- 
 ductions which, with the increase of population and the development of the 
 agricultural resources, must soon cease to be an import, and in a short time 
 present, after supplying the demand of the colony, a sufficient surplus to 
 constitute a large export trade. The imports in grain are gradually de- 
 creasing, showing that this branch of commerce is largely cultivated, and will 
 soon itself be a source of wealth through the export trade, which only requires 
 encouragement to be developed to the largest proportions. Many more 
 articles, too numerous to mention, are at present imported which can be 
 grown or supplied to an almost unlimited extent by the colony itself, and 
 which, in a few years, will cease to appear in the table of imports into the 
 colony. We now turn to a more interesting feature, viz., the export trade, 
 presenting to us a fair estimate of the prosperity of the colony, as well as 
 the progress of the development of its own resources. We will start with 
 agricultural instruments manufactured in the colony itself. The value of these 
 articles exported in the year 1879 amounted to £262, or over £200 more 
 than the value of the imported article. The export of apparel amounted 
 in value to £1313, which was manufactured solely in the colony. The 
 amount of beef exported from the colony was valued at £1424 ; while the 
 value of the exported butter was £2195, and of cheese £220. The amount 
 of barley exported was 2215 bushels, the whole of which was grown in the 
 colony, while its value was £495. One of the most gratifying items in the 
 export trade is that of flour produced and manufactured in the colony 
 itself. There were 70,518 tons, valued at £809,028. This export 
 trade has been rapidly increasing, and is likely soon to be of great import- 
 ance in a commercial point of view. There were 9258 bushels of oats ex- 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : LIVE STOCK. 
 
 85 
 
 ported, which were the produce of the colony, the value of which was £1687- 
 The produce of the colony in wheat, which was exported, was 3,376,917 
 bushels, valued at £818,679 5s. Another gratifying feature in the export 
 trade is the great increase of wine over previous years, viz., 2068 gallons, the 
 total value of which was £984 10s. The growth of the vine is, in all 
 probability, destined to be a great feature amongst the natural productions 
 of South Australia. The total value of the goods exported from the colony 
 during 1877, and which were the productions of, and manufactured in the 
 colony, amounted to £3,957,853 14s. The increase of the exports of the 
 produce of the colony during the nine years intervening between 1870 and 
 
 1879, was as follows: — 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 £2,123,297 
 3,289,861 
 3,524,087 
 4,285,192 
 3,868,275 
 4,442,100 
 4,338,959 
 3,922,962 
 4.198,034 
 3,957,854 
 
 So that the increase of 1879 over 1870 was exactly £1,834,557. 
 
 The following is a return of the number of life stock imported into 
 and exported from the province of South Australia (overland) during 
 the year ended 31st December, 1879 : — 
 
 Colony. 
 Imported from 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Queensland... 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Total imported ... 
 Exported to 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 Queensland... 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Total exported ... 
 
 Excess of imports 
 
 The great increase between 1870 and 1879 of imported and exported 
 sheep, cattle, and oxen, may be seen from the following figures : — 
 
 Description. 
 
 Sheep. Cattle. 
 
 221,596 8,790 
 
 — 19,632 
 
 38,101 7,659 
 
 Horses. 
 455 
 360 
 
 1,173 
 
 259,697 
 65,476 
 25,766 
 
 36,081 
 234 
 
 234 
 
 1,988 
 
 91,242 
 
 — 
 
 168,455 
 
 35,847 
 
 1,988 
 
 1870 
 1879 
 
 Increase 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Imported. Exported. 
 
 85,470 88,555 
 
 259,697 91,242 
 
 Cattle. 
 Imported. Exported. 
 
 6,348 1,038 
 36,081 234 
 
 Horses. 
 Imported. Exported. 
 
 275 704 
 1,988 — 
 
 174,227 
 
 2,687 
 
 27,733 
 
 804 
 
 1,713 
 
 — 704 
 
86 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 On the 31st December, 1879, there were 559 miles of railway lines 
 opened out, with a rolling stock valued at £551,446 8s. 9d., and a 
 total of machinery and plant valued at £39,739 19s. The expenditure 
 on these items, including, at the same time, what is known technically 
 as way works and buildings, amounted in all to the enormous sum of 
 £4,103,501 4s. lOd. 
 
 The Savings Bank of South Australia, which was opened in 1848, conse- 
 quently giving it an existence of 31 years, is as flourishing an institution as 
 there is in the colony. The following returns for the years 1848 and 1879 
 will show the wonderful increase in the savings of the people. In the first- 
 named year, i.e., 1848, the number of accounts opened during the year was 
 293; while in the year 1879 'the number was 7246. The amount 
 deposited in 1848 was £6473 18s. 3d., while in 1879 it had increased to 
 £583,209 lis. lid. 
 
 We were much interested in the Wallaroo and Moonta copper mines, 
 and as they are of some importance, and are developing a great natural 
 wealth in South Australia, we purpose giving a somewhat full account of 
 our visit. 
 
 They are situated on the eastern side of Spencer's Gulf, at the northern 
 end of Yorke Peninsula. The Wallaroo copper mine is about six miles 
 east of Port Wallaroo, while the Moonta copper mine is about twelve miles 
 to the south of the same place. A tramway laid down by the Government 
 connects each mine with the port, and a railway connects the district with 
 Adelaide. 
 
 The Wallaroo smelting works at Port Wallaroo, and the Hunter River 
 copper works at Newcastle, New South Wales, are both the property of the 
 " proprietors of the Wallaroo mines," which we may remark is a mining 
 and smelting company, while the "proprietors of the Moonta mines" is a 
 mining company only. A better idea may be formed of the locality, and of 
 its adaptability for copper mining purposes, by a succinct description of its 
 natural features. The Peninsula lies between Spencer's Gulf and the Gulf 
 of St. Vincent, and is about 100 miles in length, with an average breadth of 
 a little more than 20 miles. Some twenty years ago, before the mines were 
 discovered, the northern part of the district, embracing within it the 
 principal mines of South Australia, was occupied by Mr. Walter Watson 
 Hughes as an outlying sheep run. The land for pastoral purposes was 
 inferior, and, in fact, much below the average. There is a level sweep 
 of country, gradually rising towards the centre, which is slightly elevated 
 above the surrounding plain. Some sandhills have been formed in some 
 places by the drifting of the surface soil, which is of the nature of a 
 light sandy loam. The subsoil is a limestone crust of varying 
 thickness, which in a solid mass stretches over the entire district. 
 We were led to suppose that the sea had at no remote period covered this 
 tract of country. Of course, the usual characteristics of Australian scenery 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA \ WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES. 87 
 
 known as scrub were to be found there, such as box, dwarf eucalyptus 
 and wattle, and this was varied by open flats at intervals, extending in some 
 cases to only a few hundred yards, while in others they extended to several 
 miles, and except during a few months in the rainy season, the herbage is as 
 a rule dry and scant, the rainfall being below the average. The primeval 
 character of the country still remains, except in those places which are in 
 the immediate neighbourhood of the mines and the townships, or where 
 agricultural settlement has taken place. Here the country has been 
 denuded of its timber and larger scrubs, for mining or fuel purposes, and 
 presents those features peculiar to the advance of civilisation. 
 
 The mines were discovered, in 1860, by two shepherds in the employ of 
 Mr. Hughes. Mr. Hughes had long been convinced from certain surface 
 indications that extensive and valuable deposits of copper ore would be 
 found, and that this great source of wealth was simply waiting exhumation. 
 Stones of copper ore had been found on the sea beach, evidently washed 
 down by the rains from the low cliffs near the head station, and though 
 attempts were made to trace them inland, these attempts were unsuccessful. 
 Mr. Hughes had not only noticed, but drawn attention to the fact that the 
 wood, which was cut from a particular spot and used for fuel in a shepherd's 
 hut, burned with a greenish-hued flame, such as might have arisen from the 
 presence of copper in the sap, and he consequently instructed his men to 
 bring to him any likely-looking stones which might be found. The hopeful 
 and enthusiastic spirit of Mr. Hughes stimulated his men, and this, 
 seconded by the hope of substantial benefit to themselves, caused a keen 
 watch to be kept, and small heaps of ore and ore-stained limestone were 
 found from time to time without, however, resulting in any discovery of 
 importance, until one day a shepherd, named James Boor, came across a 
 mound which had been thrown up by a native rat, and, on observing it, 
 discovered that it was strewn with small stones of ore. Taking the matter 
 somewhat coolly, he did not, until a day or two afterwards, whilst on a 
 visit to the head station, mention the fact of his discovery to Mr. Duncan, 
 the manager, who at once had a hole dug on the spot, and forwarded to Mr. 
 Hughes samples of the ore which was found. This resulted in Mr. Hughes 
 at once securing mineral leases, and testing the discovery, and this begin- 
 ning has now developed into what has since that time been known as the 
 Wallaroo mine. The Moonta mine, which is much more valuable, was 
 discovered some months later. This mine was found by another of Mr. 
 Hughes's shepherds named Patrick Ryan. The mineral wealth which lay 
 hid in this mine was evidenced by surface indications much more extensive 
 than at the Wallaroo. 
 
 The development of the mines has been greatly facilitated by their 
 proximity to Port Wallaroo, where there is an excellent harbour. There 
 smelting works were at once erected for the purpose of converting the ore 
 into copper. The construction and .economical working of tramways between 
 
88 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the mines and the port were considerably facilitated by the level nature of 
 the country. Separate joint-stock companies were formed. The Moonta 
 Mining Company undertook the working of the later discovery, while the 
 first discovery was developed by the Wallaroo Mining and Smelting Com- 
 pany, by whom smelting works were erected to reduce the ores of both 
 mines. It is a matter deserving of honourable mention that both companies 
 were carried on without the necessity of subscribing capital, although not 
 with such ease and facility in the one case as in the other, for while in the 
 case of the Moonta mine, one lode after another was discovered revealing 
 almost fabulous richness, and so making the working of it comparatively 
 easy, it was only through the indomitable perseverance and unwavering 
 faith of the principal proprietor, Mr. Hughes, and through the pecuniary 
 aid which was provided for him by the well-known commercial firm of 
 Elder, Stirling and Co. (now Elder, Smith and Co.), that the Wallaroo 
 was successfully brought through its first difficulties. The building of 
 smelting works at Port Wallaroo was followed some years afterwards by 
 the erection of similar works, but on a smaller scale, at Newcastle, New 
 South Wales. The works at Newcastle were erected because of the want 
 of coal or other suitable fuel in South Australia, and in this way a great 
 saving was effected in the cost of reducing the ores, a coal fleet being con- 
 stantly employed in bringing coal to Wallaroo to smelt the richer ores, and 
 carrying back the poorer ores to be smelted at Newcastle, which was 
 facilitated by the fact that the coal for that purpose could be procured on 
 the spot. 
 
 The mining leases are held from the South Australian Government, and 
 comprise 2098 acres in respect of the Wallaroo mine, and 2691 acres in 
 respect of the Moonta mine. These leases were granted originally for the 
 period of 14 years, at a low rental, with a right of renewal for the same 
 period on payment of a fine. However, they have now been exchanged and 
 consolidated under the Crown Lands Consolidation Act into leases for 99 
 years, at an annual rental of Is. per acre, and a royalty of 2 \ per cent, on 
 the realised or declared profits. 
 
 Although the proprietaries of the two mines are entirely distinct, it has 
 been found a matter of expediency and convenience to place them under the 
 superintendence of one and the same manager, with distinct sets of 
 subordinate officers. The combined management of the two mines has been 
 entrusted to Mr. H. It. Hancock, who was the superintendent of the 
 Moonta mine, and who proved himself in every way so able, as well as so 
 successful, in that position. We are glad to record that the present arrange- 
 ment works well and satisfactorily. The communication between the various 
 parts of the extensive works at the Moonta mine is facilitated by the use of 
 the telephone, and for the convenience of the management a wire has lately 
 been connected with the Wallaroo mine, a distance of 12 miles. 
 
 With regard to the nature of the copper ore, and ore-bearing strata of 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA : WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES. 89 
 
 the Moonta mine, we may mention that the lodes are formed as near as 
 possible in a line running in a northerly and southerly direction, and 
 traverse a porphyritic rock formation. The green ore (hydrous oxychloride 
 of copper) is not only found near the surface, but also from the surface to a 
 depth from 10 to 15 fathoms, and often in large masses. Below that depth, 
 only small quantities are occasionally found, which may, in fact, be regarded 
 as mere specimens. Native copper is found at a depth ranging from seven 
 to twenty fathoms, and is frequently to be found in company with rich 
 black ore in somewhat large quantities. Below that depth only occasional 
 patches are found. The red oxide of copper in a crystallised and massive 
 state is only to be found in occasional places at a depth of twelve fathoms, 
 where the lodes are intersected by cross courses. The grey sulphide is 
 usually found under the oxides, while the purple sulphide, and copper 
 pyrites of various classes, are found at all depths below the shallow levels. 
 We are told that some very rich copper pyrites, yielding 30 per cent, of 
 pure metal, and some very rich purple sulphide, yielding 50 per cent., have 
 recently been disclosed at the deepest level in the mine, viz., 200 fathoms. 
 The ores, we understand, when dressed, average 20 per cent, of fine copper. 
 
 A similar order respecting the ores obtains at the Wallaroo mines, but 
 they are not so rich in metal, the ores, when dressed, averaging only ten 
 per cent, of fine copper. In this mine there are altogether five ore-producing 
 lodes, some of which are nearly parallel, being however somewhat connected 
 by cross courses and oblique branches, which to a certain extent may be 
 regarded as a complete chain of mineral veins. They run in a direction 
 east and west, and the rock through which they pass may be chiefly charac- 
 terised as a chloritic schist. 
 
 With regard to the treatment of the ores in the Wallaroo mines, we may 
 state that the average of the output is about ten per cent., and the treatment 
 consists in greater part of classification, very little being done in the way 
 of dressing them to a higher standard. This arises chiefly from the diffi- 
 culties presented by the too nearly approaching specific gravities of the 
 ore and the gangue with which it is associated. The ores are hand picked 
 and broken to a size such as to admit of their passing through a three inch 
 ring, and in that form sent to the smelting works. Here they are prepared 
 for smelting by calcination and crushing. 
 
 At the Moonta mine a very small proportion of the ore as raised is 
 worth 20 per cent., the great bulk of it being vein-stuff of a very poor 
 quality as broken, which can only be profitably worked through the very 
 fine dressing machinery which is erected on the mine, a part of which, the 
 well-known Hancock's jigger, was invented and patented by the present 
 superintendent. Nearly the whole of the vein-stuff has to be lifted by means 
 of inclines and tram-waggons to what are called stonebreakers. It passes 
 through the jaws of these to the crusher-rolls, and thence to the jiggers, 
 from which it is discharged in different qualities, varying from 16 to 25 
 
90 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 per cent. The labour cost is reduced to a minimum, through the apparatus, 
 both for crushing and jigging, being for the most part automatic. One very 
 remarkable feature in the appearance of the mine, and which is worthy of 
 notice, is the immense hills of what are known as "tailings," which are 
 the results of years of accumulation from the various sets of crushing and 
 jigging machinery. We noticed that the largest of these piles was in the 
 neighbourhood of Kichman's engine-house, and that its height varied from 
 30 to 60 feet, the outside portion of the hill averaging about 59 perpendi- 
 cular feet. This hill alone covers an area of about three and one-third 
 acres. The hills consist of small pieces of quartz and other vein-stuff, being, 
 as stated, the waste from the jiggers, and present to the eye a pinkish hue 
 of great beauty, arising from the presence of the porphyritic rock. These 
 vast accumulations may be accounted for through much of the veinstone 
 raised from underground consisting of quartz and other waste, being in 
 great part intermixed with copper pyrites, with an occasional mixture of 
 purple sulphide. The stuff, however, is sometimes so poor that 20 tons, 
 and even 30 tons, have to be crushed and jigged to obtain one ton of 
 dressed ore of 20 per cent. This, through the admirable arrangement of 
 the operations, can be done profitably, which is a great desideratum. These 
 piles of tailings have been carefully sampled and tried by different assayers, 
 one pile giving three-quarters per cent, of fine copper, another pile one -half 
 per cent., while a third gave at the rate of one-fourth per cent. Occasionally, 
 assays have been made which have given over one per cent, of fine copper. 
 When the waste is found to contain as much as this, it is so placed in the 
 pile as to be convenient for further pulverising and turning to account in 
 the event of an advance in the price of copper rendering it profitable to do 
 so. Although the jigging machinery effectually separates in most cases all 
 the solid ore from the crushed veinstone, it is sometimes mixed up with the 
 rock in such minute particles that nothing but a thorough pulverising of 
 the waste will effect a separation. For this purpose, a battery of stamps 
 is used, and the copper remaining in the waste is extracted by an elaborate 
 and very perfect system of buddies, both Cornish and German. Water, led 
 from an artificial reservoir, feeds both the jigging machinery and buddies, 
 so that the stoppage of pumping operations does not cause a corresponding 
 stoppage of the dressing operations. 
 
 About 100 to 150 tons of stuff per diem can be worked by one of the 
 patent jiggers. We were given to understand that, a short time ago, an 
 experiment was made in the way of extracting copper from the waste by 
 the process of precipitation, with certain satisfactory results. 
 
 With regard to the buildings and machinery, we noticed that at both 
 the mines the offices, engine-houses, and surface appliances were, as a rule, 
 of the most complete and substantial character. Extensive workshops for 
 the mechanical department have been erected, and these are, at the Moonta 
 mine especially, on a most complete scale. All the latest and most approved 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA! WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES. 91 
 
 appliances for economising labour are to be found, and we noticed that all the 
 requirements for the mine, which it was found could be economically turned 
 out on the spot, were manufactured under the superintendence of Mr. Han- 
 cock, ranging from the largest castings and machinery, to the candle and 
 safety-fuse of the miner. A perfect forest of pulley-stands studs the grounds, 
 carrying the wire-hauling ropes from the winding-engines to the various 
 shafts from which the vein-stuff is drawn, and by which the miners ascend 
 and descend to their work. The pit work is maintained in most efficient 
 order both underground and on the surface. The men are conveyed to and 
 from their work underground by means of what are known as man-skips, 
 running between timber fitted in the shafts. In this way, a great amount 
 of energy and time is economised, which was formerly wasted in climbing 
 up and down the ladders. These man-skips are provided not only with self- 
 acting breaks, which are put into operation by the breakage of the rope, 
 but also with a powerful lever, which can be worked by the men inside and 
 made to grip the skip road on the least sign of danger. The water is 
 drained from the mines by powerful and well-acting machinery. At the 
 "Wallaroo mine, there are three Cornish pumping-engines, each having a 60 
 inch cylinder and 10 feet stroke, one of which only is required to work 
 ordinarily at anything approaching its capability. These are supplemented 
 by various engines of less power, which are also used for hauling the vein- 
 stuff, and supplying the mechanical shops with steam power. As there is 
 less influx of water at the Moonta mine, it has been found necessary to 
 erect only one large pumping engine, the pumping from the various shafts 
 throughout the mine being accomplished mainly by connection with this 
 one, as well as with the engines which are used for other purposes. Three 
 large crushing engines, with from 32 to 35 inch cylinders, do the crushing 
 of all the vein-stuff in connection with the dressing machinery. In addition 
 to these, there are six principal hauling engines, with others of less 
 power, in the shops and elsewhere. We were glad to observe that Dar- 
 lington's rock-boring machinery, which is worked by compressed air, has 
 been introduced at the Moonta mine in connection Avith the sinking of the 
 deepest of the main shafts, and has been successfully used for that purpose 
 for the last 40 fathoms of sinking. Some driving, we are told, has also 
 been done with it, simultaneously with the sinking, and with equal advan- 
 tage. The average rate of speed of sinking and driving has been double 
 that which could be obtained from hand-drills and manual labour. It is in 
 contemplation, we understand, to introduce the same kind of rock-boring 
 machinery at the Wallaroo mine. 
 
 During the past two or three years, the superintendent of the Wallaroo 
 and Moonta mines has introduced, in connection with their working, a 
 system of submitting all the underground work to public tender, including 
 such of the surface work as the system could be advantageously applied to. 
 Some of these contracts have embraced 50 or 100 fathoms of driving, or 
 
92 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the removal by stoping of an entire block of ore lying between the levels, 
 or the sinking of a considerable portion of a shaft. To complete each of 
 these sometimes requires a period of from 12 to 18 months. The advantages 
 of this system both to employer and employed are obvious, and it has been 
 found to work much more satisfactorily than the old system of letting short 
 contracts to the men. One proof of its superiority is that it is more popular 
 among efficient miners than among those who are less so. A percentage of 
 the work done, generally 12J per cent., is retained by the company from 
 each monthly pay of the men as a guarantee of the due fulfilment of the 
 contracts, which are all entered into by the tenderers, subject to the 
 general rules of the mine. These rules, we are glad to say, reflect great 
 credit upon the proprietaries, inasmuch as they are stringent in prohibiting 
 any acts or modes of working on the part of the men which might tend to 
 endanger either their own or the lives of others. No one, we are told, 
 against whom a breach of the rules can be proved, can, in cases of injury 
 received, claim relief from the club-fund. Accidents, especially fatal ones, 
 are very few in number. The wages earned by the miners under such a 
 system as this are, of course, unequal, varying according as the men are 
 good or inferior workmen, and as the contracts may go in their favour or 
 otherwise. Miners average from ,£1 15s. to £2 10s. per week, and surface 
 men from 5s. to 6s. per day, while mechanics receive full rates of wages, in 
 proportion to their calling and skill. In judging of these wages, we must 
 bear in mind that nearly all the men employed on the mines, by the circum- 
 stance of their residence on the mineral section, are exempt from rent, as 
 well as corporation rates. 
 
 One very interesting feature of the mines is what may be called the 
 provident institutions. A doctor fund and club fund have been estab- 
 lished from the commencement of the mines by both the companies, and 
 are exclusively for the benefit of the workmen, who are required by 
 the mine rules to subscribe to them, the deductions being made from their 
 wages by the mines' office, and credited to the funds. These funds are 
 administered by the mine authorities, payments being made from them 
 with all necessary precaution. Married men subscribe Is. per week to the 
 doctor fund; single men, 6d.; and boys, 3d. In return, they have free 
 medical attendance and medicine. One advantage is that the men can 
 choose their own medical man. The contributions to the fund are paid 
 once a month to the doctors in exact proportions, and this duty belongs to 
 the accountant. The subscriptions to the club fund are 6d. weekly by 
 all adult members, and 3d. per week by the boys. In return, they are 
 entitled to draw — the men 2s. and the boys Is. per day, in case of sick- 
 ness. In addition to this, in case of the death of the subscriber, or any 
 of his family, he is entitled to an amount sufficient to pay the funeral 
 expenses. There is a provision that no one can remain on the fund, 
 in case of sickness, more than 12 months. The men and boys are also 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA I WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES. 95 
 
 members of one or more of the friendly societies, from which sick pay and 
 other benefits are derived. Many of the workmen have a considerable 
 amount of money in the Savings Bank, proved from the fact that at the 
 close of last year the deposits in the Moonta Savings Bank alone amounted 
 to £18,296, while thousands of pounds are known to be out at interest on 
 other securities. The whole of these moneys are the savings of the miners. 
 In referring to the social and moral condition of the people, we can 
 scarcely dissociate them from the condition under which the settlement 
 of the district has taken place. At the last census, in 18 76, the total population 
 of those depending almost wholly on these two mines, and some smaller 
 ones, combined with a small agricultural element, was 15,899. About 
 5000 of these are resident in the Government towns of Moonta and Kadina, 
 adjacent to the Moonta and Wallaroo mines respectively, and at Port 
 Wallaroo, leaving 10,000 as the number resident on the mineral sections 
 of the various mining companies, the balance being farmers and others. 
 In consequence of the leases containing a clause prohibiting the carrying on 
 of any other business on the section than mining, the rapid development of 
 the mines led, as a matter of course, to the laying out and sale by the 
 Government, of townships in the neighbourhood, for the purposes of business 
 operations. But in spite of this, the greater proportion of those employed on the 
 mines preferred to squat on the mineral leases in close proximity to them. 
 This they did without any title other than the tacit consent of the Government 
 and the lessees, and thus the mining townships have gradually sprung up. 
 Very little was done in the early days to preserve regularity in the way in 
 which these townships were grouped, and consequently they present an 
 appearance wanting in order. The favourite building materials of the 
 miners were pines and battens, cut from the adjoining scrub, formed into a 
 framework, and filled in with mud and stones, all of which were to be found 
 close at hand. The covering of the cottage is of palings, and the whole 
 presents a certain homeliness of appearance and comfort, which are added 
 to by small plots of garden ground, tastefully laid out and carefully culti- 
 vated. The interior of the houses is, for the most part, ceiled and 
 plastered, and comfortably furnished, far beyond what one might expect 
 from their external appearance. This somewhat original mode of settle- 
 ment has had a most marked effect upon the social and moral well-being of 
 the people, especially from the fact that this population of 10,000 souls is 
 living under what is virtually a prohibitory liquor law, at least so far as 
 public-houses are concerned, the result of which has been most satisfactory. 
 The evidence of local magistrates, clergymen, and medical men, given 
 before a commission which was recently appointed by the Government to 
 inquire into the working of the liquor laws, is unanimous and most con- 
 clusive as to the benefits which have resulted from it. The Government 
 townships adjacent, with the usual number of public-houses, furnish 
 instances of drunkenness sufficiently numerous, while such cases in the 
 
94 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 mining townships are not only rare, but so much so, that we heard that 
 hundreds of the children have never seen a drunken man. The calendar 
 of crime is lighter in this district than any other in South Australia, the 
 convictions for crime in Moonta being 1 to 100 of the population, as against 
 1 to 25 for the whole of the province. Convictions for drunkenness are 1 
 to 180, as against 1 to 60 for the whole of the colony. One policeman is 
 found sufficient for the whole of the Moonta mine population, while at 
 Kadina and Wallaroo mine there has never been more than one policeman 
 for the whole population of both Government and mining townships. Be- 
 sides the usual proportion of churches, chapels, and an institute in each of 
 the corporate towns, there are on the mining townships numerous chapels, 
 some of them capable of seating more than 1000 people. Centrally situated 
 on each mine, are a reading-room and library, supported by the voluntary 
 contributions of the men, the proprietors having made a free gift of 
 the building and furniture. The libraries are only excelled by those in 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Sanitary matters have not been altogether so satisfactory as could be 
 wished. Since the appointment, however, of a local board of health, and 
 the construction of drains to carry off flood-waters, as well as the surplus 
 waters drawn from the mines, to such a distance as to render it innocuous, 
 the general health has much improved. No water other than that which 
 is very brackish or purely salt being procurable in the district, the water 
 supply has been for long a source of much anxiety. The miners depended 
 entirely on the rain-water, which was led from the surface of the ground, or 
 from the roofs of the houses, into rudely-constructed tanks, and the result 
 was sickness arising from its impurity, or a water famine in seasons of 
 drought. The usual resource was the water distilled from the engines, but 
 now a number of tanks or dams have been constructed by Government, where 
 rain water flowing into them over a clean surface is now stored for general 
 use and for contingencies. 
 
 Since the new Education Act has been in force, we noticed that good 
 schools had been erected in central positions on the mineral sections. The 
 one at Moonta mine is the largest State-school in the colony, and, judging 
 by the official returns, one of the most ably conducted. Another important 
 and interesting feature is the night schools, which are available for those 
 whose occupation does not admit of attendance at day schools. We must 
 not emit to mention that in this district the compulsory clauses of the Act 
 are in force. 
 
 The following statistics refer to the mines only, except in the case of 
 the dividends paid by the Wallaroo Company, which include the profits of 
 the smelting works as well : — 
 
 Total ore raised from — Wallaroo Mine. Moonta Mine. 
 
 1860 to 1879 inclusive 348,437 tons. 357,864 tons. 
 
 Average percentage ... ... 10 per cent. 20 per cent. 
 
 Representing in fine copper 33,250 tons. 71,572 tons. 
 
 
Wallaroo Mine. 
 
 Moonta Mine. 
 
 17,422 tons. 
 
 18,834 tons. 
 
 29,076 tons. 
 
 23,608 tons. 
 
 £1,489,649 
 
 £2,727,700 
 
 £74,482 
 
 £143,563 
 
 £4 2s. 9d. 
 
 £7 Is. lid. 
 
 800 
 
 1267 
 
 1003 
 
 1687 
 
 £372,256 
 
 £1,024,000 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA: WALLAROO AND MOONTA MINES. 95 
 
 Average yearly production of ore 
 
 The maximum output in one year .. 
 
 Total expenditure 
 
 Average annual expenditure ... 
 
 Average cost per ton of raising the ore, including 
 
 the amounts written off yearly for depreciation 
 
 of buildings, plant, &c 
 
 Number of hands employed when in full work ... 
 
 Maximum number in one year 
 
 Total amount divided amongst the shareholders... 
 
 The Wallaroo Smelting Works have twenty-one calcining kilns, one 
 Oxland and Hocking's mechanical calciner, and thirty-four reverberatory 
 furnaces, including six for refining. There are also two crushing engines, 
 with machinery and mechanical workshops, besides offices and a complete 
 laboratory. The ores smelted are those, as we have said, which are the 
 production of the Wallaroo and Moonta mines. The process employed is a 
 modification of the ordinary Welsh method of smelting. A portion of the 
 ore is calcined either in the mechanical calciners or in the kilns, the smalls 
 being treated in the former and the roughs in the latter. A mixture of raw 
 ore and calcined, with slag in proper proportion, is charged into the smelting 
 furnaces. When the charge is smelted, the slag is skimmed off, and 
 the regulus or metal is tapped out into moulds formed in sand. The slag is 
 thrown away, and the regulus is ready for further treatment. It is charged 
 into another furnace, and after suitable treatment by the combined action of 
 heat and air the result is attained in the form of rough copper, which 
 only requires to be refined and ladled into suitable moulds to render it 
 ready for shipment. The average number of charges per week for each 
 furnace in the first smelting operation, as described above, is 22 of about 
 three tons each, and for the second operation four charges of about seven 
 tons of regulus. For the refining process the charge is about nine tons 
 of rough copper per 24 hours. The regulus contains about 48 per cent, and 
 the rough copper about 81 per cent, of fine copper respectively. Nearly all 
 the furnaces work through a large culvert into one chimney 120 feet high 
 and 15 feet square. 
 
 The process employed at the Hunter River copper works is the ordinary 
 Welsh method, with but a few minor modifications. The ore treated con- 
 sists almost entirely of copper pyrites from the Wallaroo and Moonta 
 mines, intermixed more or less with iron pyrites, quartz, etc. A portion of 
 the ore is calcined in the ordinary single-bed calcining furnace, the charge 
 being about six tons, which remains in the furnace 24 hours. The charge 
 for the reducing furnace is made up of raw and calcined ore, slag, etc. 
 The result of the first smelting process is slag and metal in regulus, the 
 slag being thrown away. The regulus contains about 30 per cent, of copper. 
 The process of roasting which this now undergoes is, at this establishment, 
 conducted in two operations, the final result being rough copper of about 93 
 
96 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 per cent. This is then ready for refining, after which process it is ladled 
 out into ingot or cake moulds, and is then ready for shipment. The charge 
 for each reducing furnace is about three tons of ore, and 25 such charges are 
 smelted per week. The furnaces here for the most part work into separate 
 small chimneys. 
 
 Finally, we may state that the total number of men employed at both 
 smelting works is about 300, the maximum being in one year about 383. 
 The quantity of ore which has been treated in them since their erection 
 has been 618,081 tons, with a maximum in one year of 61,458 tons. 
 The quantity of copper which has been made is 84,802 tons, with a maxi- 
 mum in one year of 7280 tons. All the copper is of one quality, chiefly 
 made into cakes weighing about 1001bs., and ingots weighing 141bs. ; the 
 brand "Wallaroo." 
 
 We strongly recommend all visitors to South Australia to inspect these 
 works, which will astonish, instruct, and interest. 
 
97 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 ITS SETTLEMENT FROM NEW SOUTH WALES THE CAPUA OF AUSTRALIA 
 
 ITS MOUNTAINS AND LAKES — ITS ELIGIBILITY AS A PLACE OF RESI- 
 DENCE ITS PICTURESQUE SCENERY ITS THOROUGHLY ENGLISH CHAR- 
 ACTER MOUNT WELLINGTON, AND THE PROSPECT FROM ITS SUMMIT 
 
 LAUNCESTON AND ITS ENVIRONS — POPULATION OF THE ISLAND — ITS 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS — IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE ISLAND 
 
 GENERAL AND WIDELY DIFFUSED PROSPERITY OF ITS INHABITANTS 
 WELL-TO-DO CONDITION OF THE GREAT MASS OF THE PEOPLE THROUGH- 
 OUT THE WHOLE OF AUSTRALIA MINERAL WEALTH OF TASMANIA 
 
 LARGE YIELD OF ONE OF ITS TIN MINES — TOTAL LIVE STOCK IN THE 
 
 ISLAND — ACCUMULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE — PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 
 
 PLACES OF WORSHIP — VITAL STATISTICS OF TASMANIA. AS AN EVIDENCE 
 OF ITS EXTREME SALUBRITY. 
 
 Tasmania may be called the eldest daughter of New South Wales, from 
 whence it was originally colonised, as an auxiliary settlement, in the year 
 1803; so that, like its parent, it has a very respectable antiquity — as 
 antiquity goes in a part of the world where time is so pregnant with events, 
 and so fruitful of progress, that decades are equivalent to centuries else- 
 where. The garden-island — as it is affectionately termed by those who are 
 most familiar with its beauty, fertility, and salubrity — was discovered by 
 Tasman, in 1642, who named it in honour of the then Governor- General of 
 Batavia, " Antoni Van Diemen's Landt." Painful and humiliating associa- 
 tions eventually came to be associated with this appellation, and it was ex- 
 changed for the more euphonious one of Tasmania, by which, also, an appro- 
 priate compliment was paid to its adventurous discoverer. Captains Fur- 
 neaux and Cook both visited the island ; but no attempt was made to explore 
 the interior until the date of its settlement, seventy-seven years ago ; at which 
 time Lieut. Bowen landed at Risden, on the Derwent, when that river was 
 surveyed in the south, as the Tamar was soon afterwards in the north. A s 
 we are not writing a history of the island, we need not trace the progress 
 made in its colonisation, nor follow the fluctuations of its political and 
 social annals. Enough to say that it was, at a very early period, consti- 
 tuted a separate colony, and placed under a governor of its own; that 
 
 H 
 
98 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 representative institutions were conferred upon it in 1850; and that three 
 years afterwards, it was relieved of the reproach, and saved from the further 
 injury, of being a penal settlement, to the extreme delight, although to the 
 temporary injury, of the great bulk of the inhabitants, who had necessarily 
 benefited as well by the large expenditure of the Imperial Government 
 upon the convict establishments, as by the labour of the convicts themselves, 
 most of whom were employed in roadmaking, and in the execution of other 
 equally useful public works. As nearly thirty years have passed away since 
 the abolition of transportation to what was then Van Diemen's Land, the 
 convict element has been almost, and will soon be altogether, eliminated 
 from the population. Some day its very existence will have become a 
 va<^ue tradition, like that which made the Capitoline hill at Rome a sort of 
 Alsatia for the fugitive rogues and vagabonds of the thirty towns of 
 Latium. 
 
 The capital of Tasmania may never become another Rome, but in all 
 likelihood it will stand, hereafter, in the same relation to such cities as 
 Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Brisbane, which Pompeii and Baise once 
 did to the metropolis of Italy. An English tourist has denominated the 
 island " The Capua of the Australias ;" but accurate and felicitous as the 
 epithet is in some respects, it is inapplicable in others. A memorable 
 incident in the life of Hannibal has caused us to associate languid and 
 enervating influences with the place at which he wintered after annihi- 
 lating the Roman legions, but the inhabitants of the colonies on the main- 
 land repair to Tasmania, to be fortified and invigorated by its pure and 
 bracing air, as well as to delight their eyes with its picturesque and 
 charmingly diversified scenery. 
 
 The area of the island is nearly equal to that of Ireland, and its climate 
 is not unlike that of the Isle of Wight and Jersey. Its mountains resemble 
 those of Scotland, while its lake scenery will recall to the recollection of tlw 
 English tourist, similar features in the landscapes of Cumberland and West- 
 moreland. Of the mountains, the more conspicuous are Ben Lomond in the 
 north, and Mount Wellington in the south. The former attains an altitude 
 of 5010 feet, which is only 59 feet less than that of the Cradle Mountain, 
 the loftiest peak of Tasmania ; while Mount Wellington only reaches a 
 height of 4166 feet. But what the ranges of this island want in altitude they 
 make up for in massiveness of bulk and grandeur of outline ; and this applies 
 more especially to the huge giant which overlooks Hobart Town, and to 
 the grand mass which rises up from the valley of the South Esk, much as 
 Mount Soracte does from the surrounding plain, although it can only be 
 occasionally said of Ben Lomond that Stet nive candldwni. 
 
 Most of the lakes of Tasmania are to be found in the depressions of 
 elevated plateaux, where they form so many natural reservoirs, which will 
 prove of incalculable value for the irrigation of the more low-lying country, 
 hereafter. That which is known as the Great Lake is nearly thirteen miles 
 
 
TASMANIA : AS A PLACE OP RESIDENCE. 99 
 
 long ; and with an average width of about three miles, it sometimes broadens 
 into eight. Its superficial area is estimated at 28,000 acres. It is encircled 
 by forests, and the line of the horizon is broken by the undulating silhouettes 
 of a tier of mountains to the west. Lakes Sorell and Crescent, which are 
 connected by a stream, cover about 17,000 acres, while Lake St. Clair, the 
 next in magnitude, is roughly estimated to comprise 10,000 acres within its 
 limits. In point of picturesqueness, it may be said, perhaps, to bear away 
 the palm from all its rivals, as upon one side rises the august form of Mount 
 Olympus, and upon the other Mount Ida confronts the eye \ and a little to 
 the northward of this isolated eminence, a grand range of unexplored moun- 
 tains lends additional beauty to the scene. 
 
 We do not know any part of Australia more eligible as a place of 
 residence for the half-pay officer; the annuitant; the invalid who wishes to 
 escape from the cruel east winds, the fogs and the inclemency of English 
 winters; the Anglo-Indian, debilitated by a long residence in Hindostan; 
 the British farmer, with a limited amount of capital and a large family; or 
 the possessor of a modest competence, who finds himself unable to adjust 
 his income to the high standard of expenditure, which the growth of wealth 
 in the mother-country has imposed upon all persons in independent circum- 
 stances, than the island of Tasmania. Its picturesque scenery, its 
 salubrious climate, its natural products, the cheapness of living, the many 
 points of resemblance which it offers to Old England, and the numerous 
 opportunities of recreation it offers to the sportsman and naturalist, combine 
 to render it peculiarly attractive to immigrants of the better class. Its 
 towns and villages, its country mansions and farmhouses, its highroads and 
 green lanes, its orchards and its hop gardens, are all redolent of the mother- 
 country. " There is a green lane at New Norfolk," a village so called, 
 "than which/' writes Mr. James Smith, "I know of nothing more 
 thoroughly English in the pages of Mary Russell Mitford; or on the canvas 
 of Gainsborough, Constable, or Creswick; or in the beautiful county of 
 Kent itself. All the elements of the picturesque are there — the lofty 
 hedgerows, white with blossom in the spring, and crimson with berries in 
 the autumn; the luxuriant foliage, the winding lane, the sweet breath of 
 the new-mown hay, the sweep of the scythe through the long grass, and the 
 rustic bridge spanning a brawling brook. The hop-gardens, with their 
 long-drawn aisles of vivid green, the delicate curves and spiral movements 
 of the graceful vine, the sunshine dropping in golden rifts, and the shadows 
 falling in dark brown lines : all hint of good old Saxon Kent. So do the 
 gurgling runnels, that wind away in the secrecy and darkness among the 
 pollard willows, until they empty their waters into a stream, cool, shadowy, 
 transparent, and impetuous — such as Sir Humphrey Davy or Christopher 
 North would have delighted to angle in, and old Isaak Walton would have 
 loved to have written about. But the blue over-arching sky, and the 
 bright bland, balmy air are redolent of Italy; while the glorious mountains 
 
 H 2 
 
100 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l83o. 
 
 which enclose and frame this charming picture recall to recollection some of 
 the softer parts of Switzerland." Essentially English, too, are the names 
 of the counties; for these include another Kent, as beautiful as its 
 prototype, containing like it a seaside Eamsgate, Hythe, and Folkestone ; 
 another Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and Cornwall; another Buckingham, 
 Lincoln, and "Westmoreland; and another Pembroke, Monmouth, and 
 Glamorgan ; while the names of British worthies are commemorated by the 
 counties of Wellington, Russell, and Franklin. 
 
 What Mr. Martineau says of the island* is perfectly true : — " Without a 
 large income, Arcadian luxury of climate, scenery, and quiet may be enjoyed 
 in Tasmania. It is the perfection of retired country life. If there is in 
 general not much wealth, there are almost always comfort and plenty." And 
 after describing the really magnificent scenery to be met with in all direc- 
 tions in the immediate neighbourhood of Hobart Town, the southern capital 
 the same impartial writer proceeds to ask, " Can any country be more per- 
 fectly delightful 1 Once mounted (and, rich or poor, there are few who can- 
 not possess or borrow a horse of some sort in Tasmania), one is free with a 
 freedom known only in dreams to dwellers in the old country of hedges and 
 Enclosure Acts, where to quit the dreary flinty roads is to trespass and to 
 break the law. One's first reflection is on the astonishing folly of humanity 
 in neglecting to inherit it. Surely there must be many wearied with the 
 crowd, and strife, and ugliness of English cities, who, brought to a virgin 
 forest such as this (on the banks of the Huon), would be ready to sing their 
 Nunc Dimittis in thankfulness that it had been permitted them to exist in 
 such beauty, to have their dreams helped to the imagination of the glory of 
 the new heavens and the new earth." 
 
 Strangers to the scenery of Tasmania might suspect Mr. Martineau of 
 exaggerating its natural beauty, but every one who has explored the locali- 
 ties he has described, who has watched the sun rise from the summit of 
 Mount Wellington, and has followed the course of one of the springs which 
 are formed on its table top, through its stony channel, and alongside its 
 sounding cataract, and through its sylvan outfall into the Huon, will 
 acknowledge "the glory" of the varying landscape, and the wonderful 
 variety and freshness of its never-failing charms. The view from the cairn 
 erected by the trigonometrical surveyors — the pinnacle, as it is called — of 
 Mount Wellington has been thus described by a Victorian visitor : — " Of 
 the magnificence of the prospect from Mount Wellington one may say as 
 Mark Antony said of Cleopatra's beauty, 
 
 Age cannot wither it, 
 Nor custom stale its infinite variety. 
 
 The vastness of the field of vision, the lucid transparency of the atmosphere, 
 and the interchange of mountain, valley, sea, and river combine to fascinate 
 
 * Letters from Australia : By John Martineau. London, 1869. 
 
 

 TASMANIA : ITS PICTURESQUE SCENERY. 101 
 
 your gaze at tlie time, and to haunt your memory for ever afterwards. And 
 the very clouds which occasionally blur the scene confer additional beauties 
 on it; for sometimes as they break away to seaward they disclose one of 
 the islands in the estuary so completely detached from the line of the horizon 
 as to appear as if suspended in the heavens ; and sometimes a strong sun- 
 beam striking on the valley of the Huon, while all around is mist and 
 purple shadow, kindles the tract of country it illuminates into such a lustre 
 that it appears to be absolutely transfigured, and recalls to your recollection 
 the light which abode upon the Land of Goshen when impenetrable dark- 
 ness had settled upon the rest of Egypt. As it flashes in the sunlight, or 
 fades in the shadow, the Derwent gleams like a sheet of burnished silver, or 
 assumes the colour of a turquoise ; while the undulating country inland 
 seems to advance towards, or to recede from you, according as it vividly 
 reveals itself in the light, or grows indistinct in transitory gloom. The city 
 itself, sloping to the water's edge, looks like the collection of the tiniest of 
 toy houses dropped by a child in careless play; and the altitude at which 
 you stand, coupled with the amazing extent of country comprehended in the 
 view, enables you to realise the prospect visible from a balloon." 
 
 Mount Wellington, Mount Nelson, and Mount Knocklofty, are all within 
 walking distance of Hobart Town. Other points, remarkable for their 
 natural beauty, such as the Salvator Rosa Glen, the Fern Tree Valleys, the 
 Bower, and New Town, are equally easy of access to the pedestrian ; while 
 the equestrian can visit Brown's River, the Thorn, Rokeby, Richmond, 
 New Norfolk, Glenorchy, and the Salmon Ponds. 
 
 Launceston, the northern capital, has also some exceedingly romantic 
 and picturesque scenery in its immediate vicinity ; such as the Rocky Gorge 
 of the South Esk River, the Devil's Punch Bowl, and Corra Linn, a spot 
 which recalls, in many of its features, the famous cataract it is named after, 
 and described by Sir Walter Scott as having been the scene of the interview 
 between Morton and Balfour of Burley, in one of the concluding chapters 
 of "Old Mortality." The coast scenery of the island is full of grandeur and 
 sublimity, owing in a great measure to the columnar formation and huge 
 dimensions of the basaltic cliffs which form, in places, its massive sea-wall. 
 
 The electoral district of Hobart Town contains a population in round 
 numbers of 20,000, while that of Launceston is nearly 11,000; and there 
 are nearly 70,000 persons distributed in the towns and villages of the 
 interior ; so that an island which, as we have said, is almost as large as 
 Ireland, contains fewer inhabitants than the county of Kilkenny, or than 
 the town of Belfast, although it could with ease support a population of 
 three or four millions at the very least. Of the seventeen millions of acres 
 comprised within its geographical limits, less than one-fourth has been 
 alienated from the Crown. About two millions and a-quarter of acres are 
 held by pastoral or other tenants, under licenses or leases. There are 
 355,403 acres under cultivation for cereals, root crops, artificial grasses, 
 
102 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 orchards, hop gardens, and otherwise. The average produce of the soil 
 under anything but scientific methods of farming, was as under, during the 
 last five years : — 
 
 Wheat ... 17*68 bushels per acre. 
 
 Barley ... 24'07 „ 
 
 Oats ... 24-67 „ 
 
 Potatoes ... 3'42 tons ,, 
 
 Hay ... 126 „ 
 
 Hops ... 1318 lbs. 
 
 The orchard produce, in so far as it is enumerated, ranges from 130,000 
 to 170,000 bushels of apples, and from 10,000 to 30,000 bushels of pears per 
 annum; but a large amount of the smaller varieties of fruit is converted into 
 jam every year, and the export of this article, and of fruit and vegetables, in 
 1878, was of the value of £172,000. To European readers these figures — 
 like Australian statistics generally — may appear small, by comparison with 
 those which express the magnitude of national transactions in the old 
 world ; but, as all measures and dimensions are relative, so the productive 
 industries and the commercial exchanges of a new country must be measured 
 in relation to the number of its inhabitants ; and, when this is done, it will 
 be found that both are very considerable when they come to be divided by 
 the number of persons engaged in them. 
 
 The total value of the imports of Tasmania for the year 1878, reached 
 the respectable figure of £1,324,812, while that of the exports amounted to 
 £1,315,695 ; the excess of the former over the latter, showing a much 
 smaller profit than might have been anticipated; but during the five previous 
 years, the totals had shown thus : — 
 
 Imports ... £5,992,56S 
 
 Exports ... 5,452,815 
 
 Showing a profit balance of £539,753 
 
 And it is not improbable that, as the year 1878 was one of great 
 mercantile depression in every part of the civilised world, when there was 
 everywhere a considerable shrinkage of values, Tasmania's dealings with 
 other countries did not diminish so much in volume as in value. 
 
 We may also remark, in this place, that while the external commerce of 
 a colony is pretty satisfactory evidence of its general prosperity, it by no 
 means tells the whole story. A complete and accurate picture of the well- 
 being of any one of the Australian communities could only be drawn with 
 the aid of such information as is collected by the Bureau of Statistics at 
 Washington, for example, which are so comprehensive and minute as to 
 cover the whole field of domestic industry, so that an American knows 
 what is the manufacturing output of the country, as well as the annual 
 produce of its husbandry, its mines, its fisheries, and its forests ; and can 
 form an approximate estimate of the consuming powers of the whole of the 
 people. These particulars are wanting in the Australian colonies ; admir- 
 

 TASMANIA : WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE. 103 
 
 able as, in other respects, the system is which has been adopted by their 
 leading statists. But we are justified in asserting that, in no English- 
 speaking country, does the great mass of the people command a greater 
 abundance of nutritious food, wear better clothing, take more holidays, or 
 spend a greater sum of money, week by week, upon amusements, than they 
 do in Australia. In many respects, the condition of the colonies presents 
 a close parallel to that of the mother-country when it was known far 
 and wide as " merry England." The hours of labour for artisans and 
 labourers are limited to eight per diem; Saturday afternoon is observed as 
 a half-holiday; New Year's Day, Easter Monday, Whit Monday, St. 
 Andrew's, St. Patrick's and Boxing-day are devoted to recreations; and it 
 is observed that, as a general rule, the pit, gallery, and upper circles of 
 the theatres, or, in other words, those portions of them which are fre- 
 quented by the operative classes, are habitually the most numerously 
 attended. And the numbers of well-dressed, well-nourished, and well- 
 behaved persons who turn out in each centre of population to witness 
 horse races, regattas, cricket matches, football contests, or public ceremonials, 
 offer the most convincing testimony that could be afforded of the generally 
 flourishing condition of the great mass of the people. These remarks apply 
 with the greatest force, perhaps, to the colonies on the mainland, where 
 the pulse of industrial life beats quicker than it does in Tasmania; but 
 in that island there is an immense amount of solid, steady-going, safe 
 and sure prosperity which makes no great show, but is very real, and 
 promises to be very durable, for the resources of the country are exceed- 
 ingly rich and varied. Its product of gold in 1878 was of the value of 
 £100,000, irrespective of what left the island by private hands and 
 escaped official record at the Custom-house. The yield of tin was 6192 
 tons, one mine alone furnishing 2160 tons of this amount, which is said 
 to be the largest quantity yielded by any one mine in the world, during 
 the same period of time. From the coal mines in seven different locali- 
 ties 12,311 tons were obtained; while from the various freestone quarries 
 which are of so frequent occurrence in the island, 88,350 cubic feet and 
 800 tons of this valuable building material, so highly prized by architects, 
 was hewn in the year 1878; not to speak of blue-stone, flag-stone, lime 
 and lime-stone, of which there are large deposits. 
 
 The returns of live stock for the year just mentioned give the following 
 totals : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 24,107 126,276 1,838,831 39,595 
 
 Five banks, with numerous branches, transact the financial business of 
 the island, and have deposits to the amount of £1,873,003; and the 
 savings banks returns show that 12,764 — or one person in every eight of 
 the population — have a total of upwards of £300,000 standing to their 
 credit, the average balance being £24 3s. 2d. per head. 
 
104 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 There are 164 public schools in Tasmania, with an average daily 
 attendance of 6032 male and female children; and the colony devotes 
 £23,000 per annum to the laudable work of instructing the young. 
 Thirty-five lodges belonging to the various friendly societies have 3755 
 members enrolled on their books, and an accumulated capital stock of 
 £24,642. The island contains 316 places of worship, and Hobart Town is 
 the residence of a Bishop of the Episcopal, and of a Bishop of the Roman 
 Catholic Church; the former denomination comprehending 53, and the 
 latter 22 per cent, of the population. 
 
 The vital statistics for 1878 show the birth rate to have been 32*27 per 
 thousand of population, the marriage rate 7*98 per thousand, and the death 
 rate 15*66 per thousand. This is a lower average as regards the deaths 
 than that of any of the other Australian colonies; and is only about half 
 that of Austria, Spain, and Italy; while it is much below that of Sweden, 
 Denmark, and Great Britain, which are the healthiest parts of Europe. 
 With the exception, perhaps, of New Zealand, Tasmania is entitled to be 
 designated one of the most salubrious countries in the world. 
 
105 
 
 Chapter VI. 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 AREA OF THE COLONY — BRITISH STATESMANSHIP SHOULD DIRECT ITS EFFORTS 
 TO PROMOTE SYSTEMATIC COLONISATION — CAPABILITIES OF THE AUS- 
 TRALIAN COLONIES FOR ABSORBING THE SURPLUS POPULATION OF THE 
 
 MOTHER-COUNTRY — THE IMPETUS IT WOULD GIVE TO HER COMMERCE 
 
 SPARSENESS OF PEOPLE IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA ITS LIBERAL LAND 
 
 REGULATIONS — A FARM FOR NOTHING — PRODUCTIONS OF THE COLONY 
 
 ITS CLIMATE AND GENERAL SALUBRITY FREEDOM FROM EPIDEMICS 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES — WANT OF CAPITAL AND LABOUR — WHO SHOULD 
 
 EMIGRATE — GOVERNMENTS OF THE COLONY CURRENT RATES OF WAGES 
 
 AND PRICES OF PROVISIONS. 
 
 "Western Australia is the largest of the group of colonies to which it 
 belongs, for it comprises an area of 1,000,000 square miles : so that twenty 
 Englands, or a hundred Belgiums, or fifty Netherlands, or five Germanys, or 
 as many Frances could be carved out of its magnificent territory ; and yet 
 its population numbers less than 30,000, or not quite half that of the 
 borough of Plymouth. "What painful reflections do figures and comparisons 
 like these give rise to. In one corner of the empire millions of human 
 beings swarm like ants in an ant-hill ; the increase of population has long 
 ago outstripped the growth of the food supplies in the British Islands, and 
 the struggle for existence is yearly becoming fiercer and fiercer. In another 
 portion of Her Majesty's dominions there are countries which offer a home, 
 industrial employment, and abundance to all who can reach their shores ; yet 
 there is so little statesmanship at either end of the empire, that nothing 
 whatever is done to transfer the surplus population of the parent-hive to the 
 surplus food available for their sustenance, in the colonial dependencies of 
 Great Britain. This is the great colonising people of modern times ; 
 but beyond the discovery and occupation of virgin regions she does 
 nothing whatever, as a nation, to colonise them. She has the largest 
 navy in the world, and it is ready to transport her forces to any points at 
 which the honour or the interests of the country may happen to be assailed; 
 but if the First Lord of the Admiralty— be he Sir Joseph Porter, K.C.B., 
 or anybody else — were asked to put a number of ships into commission for 
 the transfer of an industrial army from the over-crowded markets of Great 
 
106 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Britain to the sparsely-peopled colonies of Australia, and to employ her 
 naval officers in organising new settlements, and superintending the first 
 beginnings of new societies, the official mind would probably stand aghast 
 at such a proposition. Yet it would relieve the tax and rate-payers of many 
 of their burdens; it would lighten the pressure of competition for employ- 
 ment ; it would diminish crime, vice, and disease : and it would convert 
 tens of thousands of unprofitable consumers into beneficial producers. 
 England would have fewer paupers and petty larcenists to support at home, 
 and more customers for her manufactures abroad. For such a policy, like 
 the quality of mercy, would be "twice blessed." It would bless the 
 emigrants, and bless the country which would send them forth from penury 
 and scarcity to prosperity and abundance. Not only would every pound 
 spent in this way be saved in poor and police rates; but it would be 
 eventually returned tenfold, by the augmentation of England's external 
 commerce, which would necessarily follow. Have our countrymen at 
 home sufficiently pondered over the fact that every man, woman, and child in 
 the Australian colonies annually consumes imports of the value, in round 
 numbers, of £20; most of these imports being drawn from Great Britain? 
 Think of it, ye statesmen, ye journalists, ye chambers of commerce, ye 
 poor-law guardians, ye influential men and woman in every grade of life ! 
 An Australian family of five persons, expends close upon £100 per annum 
 upon commodities, which are mostly of British manufacture ; and for these 
 they pay you in gold, tin, and copper, in wheat and meat, in wool and wine. 
 We can produce these so much more cheaply than you can ; and you can 
 manufacture many articles so much more reasonably than we can; and 
 the exchange of these furnishes employment to fleets of merchantmen, 
 in which are to be found the materials wherewith to man your 
 navy in the event of a maritime war. But perhaps it may be said that the 
 conduct of systematic emigration is no part of the duty of the British 
 Government. The question, at any rate, is an arguable one; and the 
 special circumstances of Great Britain are such as to demand exceptional 
 legislation. In no part of the world is population so dense as it is in 
 England and Wales, with the single exception of Belgium; and no nation 
 of modern times, unless it were Holland, when her commercial greatness 
 and political power had reached their culminating point, has ever been so 
 largely dependent upon foreign countries for the food of her people. This 
 is surely a position of insecurity, if not of danger, especially when it is 
 associated with a land system by which the great mass of the people is 
 dissociated from the soil on which, but not by which, they live. Would it 
 not be sound wisdom and patriotic policy for the mother-country to organise 
 emigration, to be the leader of her own people into her own vacant terri- 
 tories, thereto build up under her own guardianship, tutelage, counsel, and 
 direction, communities which should reproduce all that is best worthy of 
 reproduction in her political, social, and industrial life 1 ? The six colonies 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA : AS A FIELD FOR IMMIGRATION. 107 
 
 of -A ustralia and New Zealand could alone absorb 250,000 persons annually, 
 without taking into account the capabilities of Canada and South Africa in 
 this respect, which are probably quite equal to those of Australasia. Now, 
 this total of half-a-million would be equivalent to the natural increment of 
 population in Great Britain, and thus any increase of the pressure of popu- 
 lation upon the means of subsistence would be effectually guarded against ; 
 and we "may venture to affirm, with the utmost confidence, that the pros- 
 perity of all classes would undergo a steady augmentation. Wages would 
 rise, no doubt ; but so they did during that period of mercantile and manu- 
 facturing prosperity which was brought to a close in the year 1873; and at 
 the same time the profits of employers increased in a still greater ratio. 
 And so it would be, if half-a-million of English people were annually trans- 
 ferred to the colonial possessions of Great Britain ; for this would mean an 
 addition of £10,000,000 to the export trade of the mother-country, and of 
 £15,000,000 or £20,000,000 to her import trade. For these emigrants 
 whose productiveness — assuming them to have been all producers — could 
 not probably have been appraised at a higher value than £50 per head, per 
 annum — averaging agricultural with mechanical labour — representing in 
 the aggregate £25,000,000, would produce with the co-operation of nature 
 in a new country at least treble those values, or £75,000,000; and of this 
 amount a fifth or a fourth, consisting either of breadstuff's, or wool, or wine, 
 or meat, or timber, or tallow, or minerals, would be available for export to 
 England, from whence these colonists would draw, in return, the manu- 
 factured commodities which can be fabricated at a lower price, and of a 
 better quality, there than elsewhere. And supposing a scarcity of labour to 
 arise in Great Britain, which we regard as extremely improbable, inasmuch 
 as there is the neighbouring continent to draw upon, the inventive genius 
 of her mechanicians would come to her rescue, and would provide mechanical 
 substitutes for the handicraftsmen who would be no longer available. 
 
 We have been led to indulge in these remarks by reflecting on the 
 vastness of the area of Western Australia, and the ludicrous disproportion 
 of its population to that area. It would sustain tens of millions; and it 
 contains 28,166 persons of European birth or descent, all told. It is 
 larger than British India; and its population is only 3000 in excess of that 
 of the wretched little island of Aden. It could feed and clothe whole 
 nations; and it has only 51,674 acres under cultivation, out of an estimated 
 acreage of 626,111,323! There are hundreds of thousands of persons in 
 England, Ireland, and Scotland who are hungering after a little freehold 
 of their own, and who cannot acquire one even by purchase; and yet here 
 are millions of acres of fertile land which can be literally had for the mere 
 asking. In order that we may not be suspected of trifling with the credulity 
 of our readers in the mother-country, to whom the free gift of a fifty-acre 
 farm, on the simple condition of fencing the whole and cultivating a portion 
 of it within a given time, may appear to resemble a traveller's story, we 
 
108 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 will append two clauses of tlie Land Regulations of Western Australia as 
 issued by the Government in 1879: — 
 
 112. — Any immigrant on first arriving in this colony, whether introduced wholly 
 or partially at the expense of the Imperial or Colonial Government, or at their own 
 cost and expense, may select from any unimproved rural Crown Lands open for selec- 
 tion, if of the age of 21 years or over, 50 acres ; or between the ages of 14 and 21, 25 
 acres ; or under such age, if with parents, 12 £ acres. Provided that no greater 
 quantity than 150 acres be allotted to one family, and that every selection" be made 
 within three years after the arrival of the selector. 
 
 113. — "When selected, such lands may be allotted to such immigrants as may 
 immediately then occupy them, by occupation certificates, which shall only be deemed 
 transferable in case of death of the holder on application of the executors or adminis- 
 trators and on payment of a fee of ten shillings. These certificates may be exchanged 
 for Crown Grants after five years from date of each, provided that the land described 
 in such has been enclosed with a good and substantial fence, and at least one -fourth 
 shown to be in cultivation, and that if at the end of the said term of five years the 
 above conditions, or any of them, be not fulfilled to the satisfaction of the Commis- 
 sioner of Crown Lands, the lots in which default shall have been made shall revert to 
 the Crown, with any or all improvements that may be thereon. Provided, however, 
 that if the conditions as above mentioned, in regard to cultivation and fencing, be 
 complied with, at any time prior to the above term of five years, the Crown Grants 
 shall be issued. 
 
 The waste lands of the colony are divided into four classes — town, 
 suburban, country, and mineral lands. The two first can be purchased at 
 auction, an upset price for each being fixed upon by the Government. 
 Country lands are sub-divided into agricultural and pastoral lands, either of 
 which can be purchased for ten shillings an acre, or leased — the former for 
 eight years, at the nominal rental of one shilling per acre, with a pre- 
 emptive right of purchase; and the latter for one year, at an annual rental 
 of two shillings per hundred acres, with the privilege of renewing the 
 tenure; or for eight years at an annual rental of £5 per thousand acres with 
 certain pre-emptive rights attached. Mineral lands are leased in blocks of 
 not less than 80 acres, at £3 per acre, payable by three annual instalments. 
 Licenses for cutting timber are issued at £20 per annum for any quantity 
 not exceeding 6-10 acres of land; and at £40 per acre for any area of not 
 less than 640, and not more than 1280 acres. The forests of Western 
 Australia, we may here remark, are exceedingly rich in timber, some of it 
 being almost unique in value. Chief among the trees of this colony are the 
 jarrah (eucalyptus niargi-nata), which possesses the valuable property of 
 resisting the attacks of the white ant on land, and of the teredo navalis 
 under water, some of it having been exposed to the latter for nearly half a 
 century and having been found to remain intact; the sandal -wood, so well 
 known for its strong perfume throughout the East; and the white gum or 
 tuart. The latter is an exceedingly close-grained, hard and heavy wood, 
 and capable of sustaining great pressure. Besides these, there is the Kauri, 
 which nearly reaches the height of the eucalyptus amygdallna, and is so 
 hard that it is used, washed with iron, for driving piles; the raspberry jam 
 wood, so called on account of its scent resembling that of raspberry jam; 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: ITS CLIMATE AND SALUBRITY. 100 
 
 the casuarina, red-gum, she-oak, wattle, and many trees whose bark is very 
 rich in tannin. 
 
 "With respect to the capabilities of the soil in a country embracing 
 twenty degrees of latitude, it is enough to say that they are exceedingly 
 diversified. Mr. W. H. Knight, to whom we are indebted for a great 
 deal of the information to be found in this chapter, writes: — "In the 
 southern, and more settled portion of the colony, plants, fruits, and cereals 
 indigenous to cool and temperate climates, thrive best — grapes, peaches, 
 apricots, nectarines, oranges, lemons, apples, figs, plums, loquats, bananas, 
 and in some places, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, and cherries, cum 
 multis aliis, grow in the greatest luxuriance, while kitchen vegetables of 
 every description are produced in great abundance. Wheat, barley, oats, 
 maize, and tobacco, also grow well in nearly all parts of the colony. Much 
 more flour is now produced than is sufficient for home consumption, and 
 should the increased and less expensive means of transport from the 
 agricultural districts, now projected, be carried out, a considerable quantity 
 of flour will be exported in the course of a few years." The vine flourishes 
 luxuriantly in "Western Australia, and excellent raisins are furnished by the 
 grapes. Ultimately, too, the production of wine may be expected to become 
 an important article of industry when capital, skill, and experience shall 
 have been brought to bear on it. New Zealand flax thrives vigorously in 
 the soil of this colony, Avhile the olive grows luxuriously, and the castor-oil 
 plant is almost obnoxious, owing to the rapidity of its development. 
 
 With respect to the climate of Western Australia, it is necessary to 
 observe that it is modified by causes peculiar to the Southern Hemisphere. 
 For, as the researches of the scientists connected with the Challenger Expe- 
 dition have shown, the Antartic Ocean is an immense reserv oir of cold, the 
 influence of which upon the immense body of water which " tumbles round 
 the world " in these latitudes is very great indeed, and it is scarcely too 
 much to assert, that just as the gulf-stream is believed to temper the in- 
 clemency of the atmosphere during the winter months in the British Islands 
 and in the north-east coast of Europe, so the otherwise tropical heat which 
 would prevail during the summer months over a very large portion of the 
 Australian continent, is materially moderated by a cold sub-surface stream 
 flowing up towards the Equator from the South Pole. 
 
 " Speaking generally," writes Mr. Knight, whose assertions are confirmed 
 by the testimony of many trustworthy persons, " the climate of Western 
 Australia may be said to be one of the most healthy, invigorating, and de- 
 lightful climates in the world. 
 
 "In the northern portion of the colony, which falls within the torrid zone, 
 the average temperature is of course high, and the summer heat excessive ; 
 yet even there, the climate possesses the peculiar Australian characteristic 
 of extreme dryness of atmosphere, which renders it so unlike, and so superior 
 to, most tropical climates. 
 
110 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 " A temperature such as the thermometer frequently indicates in the 
 northern settlements would utterly incapacitate Europeans for all out-door 
 work in other tropical countries, yet there men are enabled to perform the 
 most laborious work, exposed to the fierce rays of an unclouded sun, with 
 perfect impunity, though of course the summer temperature of that district, 
 notwithstanding that it has no injurious effect on the constitution, is far too 
 hot to be agreeable. 
 
 " Towards the southern part of the colony, however, the climate is 
 superb; as compared with an English climate, that of Australia throughout 
 is, as might be expected, hot, yet the heat is of a kind which produces no 
 unpleasant effect. The emigrant from England soon becomes accustomed to 
 it, and after a short time learns to bear, not only without inconvenience, but 
 even with a large amount of positive gratification, a temperature which in 
 England, with its humid atmosphere, would be extremely enervating and 
 depressing. 
 
 u It is only during three months of the year that any unpleasantly hot 
 weather is experienced ; during that period hot land-winds occasionally pre- 
 vail, and during their continuance the air gets intensely heated, though 
 nothing like the hot winds known as ' brickfielders,' so common and so 
 oppressive in the other Australian colonies, is ever felt in Western 
 Australia. 
 
 " The prevailing winds in summer blow from the eastward and south, 
 west, the former being known as 'land winds,' and the latter as ' sea-breezes.' 
 They generally occur alternately — the land winds prevailing at night, and 
 sea-breezes during the day ; the heat of one being counteracted by the cool 
 refreshing influence of the other. 
 
 " The nights and mornings are nearly always cool, and there being so 
 little moisture in the atmosphere during the summer months, shepherds and 
 others frequently sleep in the open air for a great portion of the year without 
 suffering the slightest ill-effects." 
 
 The surgeon of H.M. Sloop Sutyhur, which was stationed there for three 
 years, has placed on record the following statement : — u Small-pox, measles,* 
 scarlatina, are unknown ; dysentery is a rare disease ; diarrhoea is also im- 
 frequent; disease of the liver is extremely rare." Vice- Admiral Sir James 
 Sterling, formerly Governor of Western Australia, was of opinion that it 
 was very suitable as a sanitarium for the Indian army, and remarked that 
 the climate " is formed and governed by a constant cause — the prevailing 
 westerly winds ; that it is essentially a sea-climate, fresh and invigorating, 
 temperate in point of heat, equable in point of temperature, free from sudden 
 chills, and with this remarkable circumstance attaching to it, that the sea- 
 son of greatest heat is also the driest season, and consequently malaria is 
 not produced to any appreciable extent. Hence, therefore, fever, dysentery, 
 
 * This immunity is no longer enjoyed, as the measles have been imported into the 
 colony. 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: ITS RESOURCES AND WANTS. Ill 
 
 cholera, and liver-complaints are almost unknown in Western Australia. 
 The causes which produce these diseases in India do not exist in the colony 
 — their climates are essentially and entirely the reverse of each other." 
 
 At present, the vast territory comprised within the limits of Western 
 Australia has only been partially explored, and the latest map of the coun- 
 try offers as many blanks as that of Africa did at the commencement of the 
 present century. But the expeditions of Messrs. John and Alexander 
 Forrest have done much to open up the interior of the continent, and a 
 journey which the latter undertook last year, and of which he contributed an 
 interesting narrative to the Victorian Review, was the means of discovering 
 the watershed of the Fitzroy, and other large rivers, as well as an available 
 pastoral country of not less than 20,000,000 acres in extent, well-grassed, 
 abundantly watered, and very suitable in places for the cultivation of sugar, 
 coffee, and rice. 
 
 As a matter of course, the extent and variety of the resources of Western 
 Australia, have been, as yet, but inadequately estimated. In a report 
 transmitted to the Secretary of State for the Colonies by Governor Weld, in 
 1874, that gentleman writes : — " The colony is extraordinarily rich in lead, 
 silver, copper, iron, plumbago, and many other minerals are found in various 
 localities, and indications of coal and petroleum are not wanting. What is 
 wanting is energy and enterprise to develop these riches." The forests, 
 the pearl and pearl-shell fisheries, the cultivation of silk, tobacco, and hops, 
 of coffee and cotton, and the preparation of dried fruits and preserves, are 
 all capable of adding very materially to the wealth of this little community, 
 which raises a revenue of £163,344, and maintains a civil establishment 
 costing £113,212 per annum, and has an import trade of £379,049, and an 
 export one of £428,491. 
 
 But the two great wants of Western Australia are capital and labour ; 
 for both of which there is a boundless field. To the industrious and sober 
 man it offers plenty of employment and liberal pay in the present, and 
 every opportunity of reaching an independence before he has passed the 
 prime of life. The rate of wages for carpenters, blacksmiths, saddlers, 
 coach builders, and painters is from 7s. to 10s. per day; for brewers and 
 printers, 6s. to 8s.; for boat-builders, Ss. to 10s.; for gardeners, 6s.; for 
 masons and navvies, 7s.; and for domestic servants, from £18 to £50 per 
 annum. The colony ceased to be a penal settlement upwards of ten years 
 ago, and many of the convicts who have been engaged as " predial " 
 servants have turned out satisfactorily. Western Australia offers the 
 same religious and educational advantages to the settler, which the other 
 colonies do, and the intending emigrant who is steady and self-reliant, need 
 not hesitate for a moment in exchanging privation at home for abundance 
 here. But, as has been well-observed: — He must give up the notion of 
 looking to others for the supply of his ordinary wants, and learn to depend 
 wholly and entirely upon his own exertions. No one should emigrate to 
 
112 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Western Australia who is not prepared to work, and to work hard — to 
 undertake, that is, solid bodily labour, to put forth his muscular powers, to 
 call his thews and sinews into action — to earn his living, in fact, by the 
 " sweat of his brow," and to forego, for some time at least, the superfluities 
 and luxuries of life. These are not to be found in the bush, or at any rate, 
 not until the preliminary labours of the first few years of toil, have 
 legitimately prepared the way for them. There is, of course, a limited 
 opening for the employment of intellectual as well as of physical labour, and 
 the demand for the former will no doubt increase as population extends, 
 and the various social wants of a community growing in intelligence and 
 refinement call for its more extended employment ; but, at present, the 
 great demand is for manual labour and handicraft skill, shepherds and 
 herdsmen, farm labourers, artisans of every description; — carpenters, 
 masons, sawyers, smiths, wheelwrights, tanners, bricklayers, and others — 
 together with domestic servants, are the classes which constitute the most 
 useful emigrants. These are the men that are wanted — not such as come 
 with the idea of making a fortune, or of saving their earnings merely 
 to move on to some other part of the world, or to return to the mother- 
 country to spend their gains — but such as come with a determination to 
 settle down permanently, and fully resolved to attain a position of 
 prosperity. 
 
 Western Australia was formerly a " Crown Colony," governed by Her 
 Majesty's representative, an Executive, and a Legislative Council, the 
 latter enacting laws, imposing taxes, and voting their expenditure. Half 
 its members were nominated by the Crown, and half by the people. But a 
 partly elective and partly nominee Council was substituted for that body 
 about ten years ago. It now consists of twenty-one members, two-thirds 
 of whom represent eleven electoral districts, while the other owe their 
 appointments to the Crown. Up to the present time, the colony seems to 
 have escaped the curse of the professional politician and the mercenary 
 demagogue, who are the bane of some of the more populous colonies, and it 
 is free from " crises " and deadlocks accordingly. 
 
 Perth, the capital, is picturesquely situated on the banks of the Swan 
 River, twelve miles inland from the port of Freniantle, and its aspect is 
 thus described by a resident : — "Cape lilac or neme trees have been planted 
 along the sides of some of the principal streets, after the manner of the 
 Boulevards of Paris, and they add greatly to the beauty of the place; 
 indeed the view, looking up St. George's Terrace, when these trees are in 
 full leaf and blossom, is one of the most lovely that can be conceived. The 
 bright green leaves glittering in a brilliant sunlight, the beautiful and 
 fragrant lilac flowers thickly interspersed through the foliage, and the ex- 
 quisite combination of light and shade, form a scene which attracts the 
 attention of every stranger. Many of the large native trees have been left 
 standing, and though they add much to the picturesque beauty of the place, 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA : PRICES OF PROVISIONS. 
 
 113 
 
 they hide many of the buildings, and shut out from view a large portion of 
 the town, the full extent of which can only be seen from the top of Mount 
 Eliza — a bill on the western side of the town, about 300 feet high. There 
 are, within the limits and in the outskirts of the town, some fine gardens 
 which yield an abundance of fruit and vegetables, and almost every 
 house in the town has more or less garden-ground attached to it." 
 
 Fremantle is the chief shipping port of the colony ; but Champion Bay 
 is also becoming a place of great importance, on account of its increasing 
 exports of wool and grain. Large quantities of timber find their way down 
 to Port Y assi ; and King George's Sound is the coaling station of the P. and 
 0. Company's steamers. York, Bunbury, Northam, Newcastle, Beverley, 
 and Guildford are all rising places; although their growth is necessarily slow 
 when compared with that of townships in more populous colonies. 
 
 Western Australia exports wool of the value of .£150,000, timber o'f the 
 value of £ 180,000, guano of the value of £66,000, lead ore of the value of 
 £43,000, pearls and mother-of-pearl shells of the value of £36,000, and 
 sandal-wood of the value of £35,000 per annum. It contains 32,701 horses, 
 56,158 head of cattle, 869,325 sheep, and 16,762 horses. Subjoined are 
 the average prices of various articles in general use : — 
 
 Wheaten Flour 
 
 Wheat ... 
 
 Wheaten Bread 
 
 Horned Cattle 
 
 Horses ... 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Goats 
 
 Swine 
 
 Milk 
 
 Butter, Fresh 
 
 Salt 
 Cheese 
 Beef 
 
 Mutton ... 
 Pork 
 Hice 
 
 Coffee ... 
 Tea 
 Sugar 
 Salt 
 Wine, Imported 
 
 ,, Colonial 
 Brandy . . . 
 Beer, Imported 
 
 , , Colonial 
 Tobacco ... 
 
 per bag of 2001bs. . . 
 per imperial bushel 
 per lb. 
 
 each 
 each 
 each 
 per lb. 
 per gall. ... 
 per lb. 
 
 per gall. 
 
 draught, 4s. ; bottled 
 
 per lb. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. d. 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 6 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 £5 to 25 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1 8 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 6 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 £1 and upward 
 4s. and ,, 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
114 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 •SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY ITS POLITICAL LIFE —WHY IT IS FREE FROM 
 
 DEMAGOGISM — VITAL STATISTICS OF THE COLONY — ROBUSTNESS OF ITS 
 INHABITANTS — THE LAND SYSTEM IN FORCE — FREE TRADE IN LAND — HOW 
 FARMERS GET ON — COST OF CULTIVATION — STOCK-RAISING — SPECIAL 
 
 SETTLEMENTS — YIELD OF WHEAT PER ACRE AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY — ITS DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES 
 
 POPULATION OF NEW ZEALAND PROVISION FOR THEIR EDUCATION 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE OF THE COLONY — RELIGION AND SECTS— THE 
 PRESENT AND FUTURE OF NEW ZEALAND AS PORTRAYED BY A LOCAL 
 WRITER. 
 
 No more felicitous, appropriate, or, we may venture to add, prophetic 
 epithet was ever bestowed upon a group of islands than that which the 
 illustrious Peel conferred upon those which constitute the colony of New 
 Zealand, when he designated them as the " Great Britain of the South." If 
 there is any part of the empire in which it may be expected that the youth 
 of the old country will renew itself, and where it is almost certain that some 
 of the best features of English life and character will be faithfully repro- 
 duced, and indefinitely perpetuated, that portion of the British dominions is 
 New Zealand. Soil, climate, geographical position, and configuration, 
 mineral wealth, and agricultural resources, all point to these islands as the 
 home of a race which will be as famous for its enterprise and progress as 
 the energetic peoples from whom it has descended, and whose best qualities 
 will be blended and commingled in its future population. The inhabitants of 
 New Zealand will be seafarers and mercantile adventurers in distant countries 
 from sheer necessity, even if they were not impelled thereto by their inherited 
 instincts. With so enormous a coast-line, and with their shores indented by 
 so many noble harbours and inlets, these islands seem to have been marked 
 out by the hand of nature for occupation by the descendants of the old 
 vikings of the far north. Writing of the mother-country, Emerson says : — 
 " As soon as the land thus geographically posted got a hardy people into it, 
 
NEW ZEALAND: ITS SALUBRITY AND BEAUTY. 115 
 
 they could not help becoming the sailors and factors of the globe. From 
 childhood they dabbled in water ; they swam like fishes ; their playthings 
 were boats. " And Fuller, more than two hundred years ago, was also 
 struck by the influence of insularity of position on the national character. 
 "England being an island," said he, "the very midland shores therein are 
 all to be accounted maritime ; the genius even of land-locked counties driv- 
 ing the natives with a maritime dexterity." And if this was so in the land 
 of Drake, and Hawkins, and Frobisher, of Blake, and Cook, and Nelson; how 
 much more so is it likely to be the case in the long and comparatively 
 narrow islands of New Zealand, upon either of which it is impossible to get 
 so far as a hundred miles away from the sea. 
 
 Then again, its coal mines, its large deposits of iron ore and iron sands, 
 its masses of limestone, its mineral oils and shales, its lead, zinc, copper and 
 antimony ores, and the nearness of every district to the sea, combine 
 to indicate, that this colony has a great manufacturing future before it, so 
 soon as capital and labour shall be more abundant than they are at present. 
 As we shall have occasion to show, by-and-bye, industries of this kind have 
 been already commenced; and those persons who are acquainted with the 
 climatic conditions of the islands will agree with us that, in so far as the 
 middle one more particularly is concerned, they are pre-eminently favourable 
 to the production of those textile fabrics, for the manufacture of which, a 
 certain amount of humidity in the atmosphere seems to be almost 
 indispensable. 
 
 We believe, too, that in a bracing and invigorating climate, like that of 
 New Zealand, the Anglo-Saxon will flourish vigorously, and will attain a 
 very high degree of mental and physical development. It is contended by 
 Buckle — and the facts of history lend a powerful countenance to his 
 argument — that climate, food, soil, and the general aspect of nature, are 
 highly important factors of civilisation ; that they have been attended with 
 the most important consequences in regard to the general organisation 
 of society; and that they have been productive of "those large and con- 
 spicuous differences between nations which are often ascribed to some funda- 
 mental difference in the various races into which mankind is divided." 
 Now, in each of these particulars, New Zealand is exceptionally fortunate. 
 It is no exaggeration to say that the climate is one of the finest in the 
 world, as temperate as, but more equable than, that of Great Britain. 
 There is only an average range of 20° throughout the year ; the mean 
 temperature during the season of spring being 55°, of summer 63°, of 
 autumn 57°, and of winter 48°; while the total rainfall varies 
 from 36 to 59 inches,* according to locality, in the North Island, and from 
 
 * For most of the statistics we shall have occasion to introduce we are indebted 
 to Dr. Hector's excellent Handbook oj New Zealand, prepared for the Melbourne 
 International Exhibition of 1880. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 25 to 111 inches per annum in the South Island. Hence the rich verdure 
 of each, and hence also, in some degree, the great number and volume of 
 the rivers which discharge their waters into the sea on each side of both 
 islands. As regards food, it will suffice to say that the country produces large 
 crops of excellent cereals, and that its pastures carry extensive flocks, and 
 herds of sheep and cattle of the choicest quality. With respect to soil, its 
 general richness is sufficiently attested by the magnificence of the timber 
 composing its indigenous forests. In many places, it is composed of fluviatile 
 drifts; in others, of volcanic deposits; in others, of decomposed calcareous 
 marls ; and in others, of stiff clay. As to the general aspect of the country, 
 it would be difficult to exaggerate its grandeur and beauty. Its mountain 
 scenery presents most of the imposing features of the more romantic 
 portions of Switzerland; while the various sounds, on the west coast of the 
 South Island, exceed in sublimity the finest of the Norwegian fiords. There 
 is one inlet — known as Milford Sound — to which it would be difficult for 
 the pencil of the artist, or the pen of the most skilful word-painter, to do 
 adequate justice. It is a chasm, ploughed by a stupendous glacier, which 
 gradually cut its way through a mountainous mass, leaving a vast wall 
 standing on either side, many hundreds of feet above, and as many hundreds 
 of feet below, the present level of the sea. Cataracts, fed by existing 
 glaciers, lying far up in the snowy recesses of the alps which girdle this 
 awful recess, plunge into its shattered waters; and after a heavy shower of 
 rain, thousands of glittering streams gush out from all the surrounding 
 eminences, and send down their tribute to the sea. Higher up, on the 
 same coast, the Mount Cook range rises up from the very edge of the sea, 
 crowned with eternal snows, and attaining an altitude, in some places, of 
 between 11,000 and 13,000 feet. It enfolds within its icy boundaries the 
 famous Tasman glacier, extending for a distance of eighteen miles, and 
 having a breadth of nearly two miles at its terminal face ; while four other 
 glaciers of grand dimensions serve as tributaries to this enormous sea of ice. 
 In the North Island are the wonderful geysers, and the no less wonderful 
 terraces of silicious deposits; the brilliantly yellow, pure white, and bright 
 scarlet hues of which contrast so vividly with the intensely blue colour of 
 the basins of boiling water, poured from the seething cauldron above. But 
 travel in almost any direction you will, in New Zealand, you cannot fail to 
 be charmed with the amazing beauty and the equally amazing variety of its 
 landscape scenery; and the lakes alone — those in the province of Otago 
 more particularly — possess all the characteristics of grandeur and beauty, 
 of amenity in themselves, and of sublimity in their surroundings, which are 
 to be found in those of Switzerland and the Tyrol. 
 
 A brief sketch of the history of New Zealand may suffice to introduce 
 some account of its social and industrial development. Discovered by 
 Tasman, in the year 1642, these islands were found to be inhabited by a 
 fine race of men, presenting many points of resemblance to the ancient 
 
NEW ZEALAND ; SKETCH OF ITS HISTORY. 117 
 
 Britons. They were not indigenous, however, and they seem to have 
 migrated thither, by accident or design, about the beginning of the fifteenth 
 century. In all probability they displaced an autochthonic and inferior race. 
 Tasman met with such a hostile reception from the Maoris that he refrained 
 from landing and taking possession of the country, which remained un- 
 noticed until Captain Cook visited it in the month of October, 1769, and 
 discerning in it a splendid field for colonisation, he added it to the British 
 dominions, and revisited it in 1773 and 1777. At a later period, it was 
 resorted to by whaling vessels from New South Wales, and trading ports 
 were established at the Bay of Islands, Hokianga, Tauranga, and other 
 places. It also become a favourite field of missionary enterprise, as the 
 Maoris were cannibals, and the risk of being killed and eaten seemed to 
 lend a certain zest to the adventurous efforts of the reverend gentlemen who 
 endeavoured to Christianise the Maoris. By the year 1833 a good many 
 white people had settled at various points along the coast of New Zealand 
 and the Imperial Government considered it advisable to appoint a commis- 
 sioner to reside among them, watch over their interests, and administer 
 their public affairs. Six years afterwards, an influential company was 
 organised in London for the systematic colonisation of these islands; and on 
 the 7th of February, 1840, New Zealand was proclaimed a British colony, 
 and the native chiefs signed a treaty, ceding the sovereignty of the country 
 to the Queen of England. In the meantime, some shiploads of immigrants 
 from Great Britain had reached Port Nicholson ; and almost simultaneously 
 two emigrant vessels from France had arrived in the colony, for the purpose 
 of taking possession of the South Island. They intended to form a settle- 
 ment on the shores of Akaroa Bay, but a British gun-brig, under the 
 command of Captain Owen Stanley, seizing time by the forelock, hastened 
 thither before the Frenchmen, hoisted the union-jack on a flagstaff, and 
 proclaimed the territoiw to be the property of Her Majesty. Thenceforth 
 the whole of New Zealand was recognised as constituting an integral 
 portion of the British Empire. Auckland was selected as the seat of 
 government and the future capital; and Wellington was chosen, at 
 the same time, as the nucleus of another province. A third settlement 
 was formed at Wanganui, and a fourth at New Plymouth. In due time, 
 the New Zealand Company extended its operations to the neighbouring 
 island, and Nelson was founded in one of the most charming districts of 
 New Zealand. We may pass over the native wars, which soon afterwards 
 threw a cloud over the prosperity of the settlers, and darkened their pros- 
 pects. It will be enough to say that we are still too near those disastrous 
 events, in point of time, to enable us to speak of them with judicial im- 
 partiality. Let us proceed, therefore, to trace the progress of civilisation. 
 During the governorship of Sir George Grey, he divided the islands into six 
 provinces — Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and 
 Otago ; but Hawke's Bay was subsequently carved out of Wellington, 
 
118 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Marlborough out of Nelson, and Southland out of Otago. The Canterbury 
 settlement was established by a body of English churchmen in 1850, and 
 that of Otago by members of the Free Church of Scotland, two years 
 prior to that date, the capital of the latter province having been fixed 
 at Dunedin, and that of the former at Christchurch. In the year 1852> 
 constitutional government was conferred upon the inhabitants of New 
 Zealand, and between 1857 and 1865 such important gold discoveries were 
 made as had the effect of attracting a large influx of population, and of 
 giving a marked and permanent impulse to the progress of the whole 
 colony, which is now governed by a single Legislature, having its seat at 
 Wellington, instead of by numerous provincial councils, and is one of the 
 most important possessions of the British Crown; peopled by immigrants 
 who are not surpassed in intelligence and enterprise by the inhabitants of 
 any other portion of Her Majesty's dominions. The only occasion of mis- 
 giving is that, which arises in connection with the public debt, amounting as 
 it does to £20,000,0^0, or upwards of £44 per head of the population ; but 
 large as this appears, we must not overlook the fact that a considerable 
 portion of it has been expended upon works, which, if not immediately re- 
 productive, may be expected to become so a few years hence, and that if 
 successive administrations resolutely adhere to an honest determination to 
 maintain an equilibrium of income and expenditure, and to conduct the 
 affairs of the country with as rigorous an economy as is consistent with 
 efficiency, the natural increase of population — which nearly doubles itself in 
 ten years — will lighten the public burdens, in so far as the individual tax- 
 payer is concerned, one-half during the next decade; while the same circum- 
 stance may be expected to double the returns from the various railways 
 constructed by the Government ; so that some of these which at present do 
 not yield a sufficient surplus after paying working expenses to cover the 
 interest on the loans contracted to build them with, will not only do so 
 hereafter, but yield a margin of profit to the State. 
 
 Thus, then, the only small cloud which darkens the bright prospects of 
 New Zealand is likely to be dissipated in a few years, and it may be confi- 
 dently asserted that the 1200 miles of railway, which have been constructed 
 with borrowed money will be increasingly powerful auxiliaries to the 
 development of the economic resources of New Zealand for all time to come. 
 And with respect to the financial administration of that country, it is right 
 to point out that there are not the temptations to extravagant expenditure, 
 jobbery and corruption, which exist in some of the other colonies. Take 
 the case of Victoria, for example, where one-fourth of the whole population 
 is concentrated in the capital and its suburbs, and 25 out of the 86 members 
 of the Assembly are elected by the metropolitan and suburban constituencies. 
 As the wage-earning classes are in a majority in most of the districts, this 
 class controls the stipendiary branch of the Legislature, and that branch 
 makes and unmakes Ministries. Now, these are, more often than not, 
 
NEW ZEALAND: ITS POLITICAL LIFE. 119 
 
 mainly or exclusively composed of professional politicians, with no other 
 means of support than their wages as members, or their salaries as Ministers 
 supply; and accordingly, office is opulence to them, and exclusion from it is 
 relative poverty. Therefore it must be obtained and retained, at all hazards 
 and at any cost. A majority must be kept together, and this is effected by 
 the Government of the day securing them a salary of £300 per head per 
 annum as the price of their fidelity. Such an income is sufficient to attract 
 into the political arena needy stump-orators and ambitious adventurers, 
 who, from want of industry or of principle, may have failed to make a 
 reputable living in any of the ordinary pursuits of life. And the easiest 
 method of obtaining the votes of the numerical majority in every con- 
 stituency, where the wage-earning classes predominate, is, by supporting a 
 policy of lavish expenditure upon public works, and by pledging the future 
 credit of the colony in order to raise the means of profusion in the present. 
 The country districts may, and do, resent and protest against an extravagant 
 and centralising policy of this kind ; but rural populations are scattered and 
 unorganised; whereas the artisans and labourers of the metropolis and its 
 environs are compact and associated, and no candidate would stand the 
 slightest chance of election if he had the courage, or the hardihood, to pro- 
 pose a material curtailment of the annual expenditure on public works. 
 Besides, he is urgently in want of £300 per annum, and the perquisites 
 attaching to a seat in the Legislative Assembly; and instead of thwarting 
 the popular will, he acquiesces in it with the utmost alacrity. 
 
 Fortunately for New Zealand, for the cause of good government, and for 
 the prudent and honest administration of its public finances, population is 
 more diffused than it is in Victoria. Strictly speaking, it contains no great 
 capital, for Wellington, which is the seat of the Legislature, resembles 
 Washington, in that it is not thickly-peopled when compared with the 
 other centres, of which there are eleven. The total number of Europeans 
 in New Zealand is estimated at 445,563, and this was the population of the 
 principal towns according to the census of 1878 : — 
 
 Dunedin and suburbs 
 
 Christchurch and suburbs 
 
 Auckland and suburbs 
 
 Wellington ... 
 
 Nelson 
 
 Oamaru 
 
 Invercargill ... 
 
 Timaru 
 
 Hokitika 
 
 Greymouth ... 
 
 New Plymouth 
 
 35,026 
 
 26,653 
 
 24,772 
 
 18,953 
 
 6,604 
 
 4,927 
 
 3,761 
 
 3,381 
 
 3,202 
 
 2,921 
 
 2,680 
 
 Thus it will be seen, that the largest place in New Zealand contains 
 less than one-twelfth of the entire number of inhabitants in the colony, 
 while Melbourne and its suburbs comprise one-fourth of the total population 
 
120 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 of the colony of Victoria. We cannot help regarding this excessive aggrega- 
 tion of people in one centre as a source of political and social danger in any- 
 country in which supreme power resides in the hands of the numerical 
 majority, and we have given some prominence to the phenomenon 
 in this chapter, because we are of opinion that the absence of it in New 
 Zealand will conduce to the stability of its institutions, to the maintenance 
 of its credit, to the preservation of a higher tone of political morality, to the 
 promotion of its industrial progress, and to a more equable distribution of 
 wealth. For nowhere do affluence and poverty exhibit such a tendency to 
 run into extremes as in great cities, nowhere do vice and crime flourish in 
 such rank luxuriance, nowhere do epidemics find so congenial a habitat, no- 
 where is the rate of mortality so high, and nowhere do the evils which seem 
 to be inseparable from a high civilisation manifest themselves so nakedly 
 and offensively as in a populous capital. 
 
 Of the eleven towns or cities enumerated above, the last five may be 
 fairly reckoned country places, so that we have something like three-fourths 
 of the inhabitants of New Zealand resident in localities where the conditions 
 may be said to be favourable to health and morality ; while, as regards the 
 situation and structure of Auckland, Dunedin, Wellington and Nelson, 
 they may both be compared to those of some of the most beautiful sea-side 
 resorts in Great Britain, or on the shores of the Mediterranean. Christ- 
 church, which lies inland, resembles a cathedral city in England, and recalls 
 in some of its features that famous Warwickshire town in which the 
 greatest poet of all time first saw the light. The romantically-picturesque 
 situation of each of the other provincial capitals must be seen to be appre- 
 ciated ; while the towns of New Plymouth, Timaru, Hokitika, and Grey- 
 mouth, all lie on the sea coast. 
 
 In confirmation of what has previously been said with respect to the 
 healthfulness of New Zealand, it will be necessary to quote some of the 
 vital statistics of the colony. The birth-rate may be put down at 46 
 per thousand of the population, which is nearly 11 per thousand higher 
 than that of Great Britain, while the marriage-rate is somewhat lower. 
 The death-rate is barely 1 1 per thousand of the population, or about half 
 the death-rate in England, taking the average of a decade. According to 
 the census of 1878, the total number of persons of fifteen years of age and 
 upwards, returned as suffering from sickness, accident, debility, or infirmity, 
 was 2673, or 111-63 per 10,000 persons living. Distinguishing between 
 the sexes, the proportion was greater of males, mostly on account of their 
 greater liability to accident, being 125*37 per 10,000 of males, and 91*38 
 per 10,000 of females. Of these, the sick males amounted to 87-03, and 
 the sick females to 80-63 per 10,000, respectively ; the males suffering 
 from accident to 31*19, and the females suffering from accident to 3*93 
 per 10,000. 
 
 The following figures, being proportions per 10,000 persons, males, and 
 
NEW ZEALAND: ITS AREA AND RESOURCES. 121 
 
 females, show the relative prevalence of sickness, accidents and debility for 
 the years 1874 and 1878 :— 
 
 
 Total 15 Years and 
 
 
 Debility and 
 
 
 
 upwards. 
 
 Sickness. 
 
 Infirmity. 
 
 Accident. 
 
 1874 
 
 ... 12645 ... 
 
 98-64 
 
 ... 6-55 .. 
 
 . 21-26 
 
 1878 
 
 ... 11163 ... 
 
 8445 
 
 ... 7*01 
 
 . 2017 
 
 1874 
 
 ... 13703 ... 
 
 99 40 
 
 ... 6.83 .. 
 
 3080 
 
 1878 
 
 ... 12537 ... 
 
 87 03 
 
 ... 7'15 .. 
 
 . 3119 
 
 1874 
 
 ... 109-35 ... 
 
 97 41 
 
 ... 6.12 .. 
 
 5-82 
 
 1878 
 
 9138 ... 
 
 80-63 
 
 ... 682 .. 
 
 3 93 
 
 Persons 
 
 Males 
 
 Females 
 
 Let us now proceed to speak of the area and resources of the three 
 islands, which constitute the colony of New Zealand. These are the North, 
 South and Stewart's Islands. The first contains 44,000 square miles, or 
 28,000,000 acres; the second, 55,000 square miles, or 36,000,000 acres; and 
 the third, 1000 square miles, or 640,000 acres. We have thus a total of 
 100,000 square miles, or 64,000,000 statute acres, or about 13,000,000 
 less than the area comprised within the boundaries of Great Britain and 
 Ireland. From Cape Maria Van Diemen, in the north, to South-West Cape, 
 at the extremity of Stewart's Island, the distance is about 1100 miles, and 
 the islands have an average breadth of 140 miles. They lie between the 
 same isothermal lines as France, but their geographical configuration 
 necessarily exercises a marked influence on the climate, which resembles 
 that of the south of Italy in the neighbourhood of Auckland, and does not 
 differ from that of Scotland during the winter months in Stewart's Island. 
 To be more circumstantial, Dunedin lies in the same parallel as Lyons, 
 Geneva, Odessa, and Astrakan in the northern hemisphere. Oamaru 
 corresponds with Venice ; and Auckland with Syracuse, Pekin, and San 
 Francisco; and although, as Mr. John Bathgate has pointed out, " changes 
 of weather and temperature are often sudden, the range is limited, the 
 extremes of daily temperature only varying throughout the year by an 
 average of 20°; whilst in Europe, in places of corresponding latitude, the 
 variation extends to 30° and upwards. London is 7° colder than the North 
 Island, and 4° colder than the South Island, and less moist. The mean 
 annual temperature of the South Island is 52°; that of London and New 
 York being 51°, and Edinburgh 47°. In summer, the heat is tempered by 
 cooling breezes, so that a fine day in summer is most enjoyable. A New 
 Zealand fine day has become proverbial, as something peculiarly pleasant 
 and agreeable. In 1877, the rainfall in Dunedin was 37 inches; Christ- 
 church, 24; Wellington, 52; and Auckland, 40. The greatest rainfall was 
 at Hokitika, on the west coast, 136 inches; and the least at Cape Campbell, 
 on the east coast, 16 inches. The west coast may be described as a wooded 
 fringe of the great Alpine Range, and is chiefly occupied by a mining 
 population. In New Zealand there is no suspension of work, either from 
 the heat or from the cold. Cattle do not require protection as in Italy 
 during the heat of summer, and in many places no shelter is deemed 
 
122 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l83o. 
 
 necessary even for tlie work-horses during night in the middle of winter. 
 It is stated, by Surgeon-major Thompson, to be the opinion of persons who 
 have sojourned in different parts of the world, that the Anglo-Saxon race 
 can work and expose themselves to the climate of New Zealand, without 
 injury, during more days in the year, and for more hours of the day, than 
 in any other country." 
 
 One of the results of the salubrity of the climate, and of the relative 
 humidity of the atmosphere, is, that the inhabitants of New Zealand, both 
 male and female, are "rounder and rosier" than those of the people on the 
 Australian continent, where the air is drier and the natural juices of the 
 system seem to be diminished by the dry heat of the summer, in Victoria 
 and South Australia more particularly. In a collection of photographs of 
 European settlers of all ages, displayed in the New Zealand court of the 
 Melbourne International Exhibition, we could not help being struck by the 
 fresh beauty of the young girls, the maturer charms of the matrons, and the 
 conformity of both to the British type. Nathaniel Hawthorne has 
 remarked upon the tenacity with which English ladies retain their 
 personal beauty until a late period of their lives; and this, we have good 
 grounds for believing, will be one of the characteristics of the ladies of New 
 Zealand, owing to the climatic influences previously alluded to. In the 
 Australian colonies, we may expect the British race to undergo some 
 important modifications, and to develop into something akin to the Anglo- 
 American. But no such change is probable in New Zealand, where the 
 descendants of English, Scottish and Irish settlers are likely to continue 
 "true to species," if not to exhibit still higher types of the old stock. And 
 as with the higher, so with the lower animals. Imported horses, sheep, 
 oxen, poultry, ground game and song birds thrive and increase mightily, 
 and appear to be singularly free from disease. 
 
 If it should be asked, what are the causes of this special salubrity, the 
 answer would be, that they are numerous. In the first place, the geographical 
 configuration of the two principal islands has to be taken into account. 
 They are, as we have said, long and narrow, and consequently from one 
 direction or the other, volumes of atmosphere charged with life-giving or 
 energising elements are being constantly blown inland from the circum- 
 jacent ocean. In the next place, the extensive forests which still clothe so 
 many parts of the country, and especially its lower ranges, are so many 
 reservoirs of oxygen, which are being incessantly poured into the air. And, 
 thirdly, the vast masses of snowy sierras, which lift up their icy peaks to so 
 great an altitude in both the north and south islands, temper the heat of 
 the summer by cooling the successive layers of air, which bathe their slopes ; 
 while the heat waves, by their action on the glaciers, provoke that evapora- 
 tion, which fills the air with clouds, and occasions that humidity to which 
 reference has previously been made. If our readers were to imagine Eng- 
 land and Scotland drawn out so as to cover twelve instead of nine 
 
NEW ZEALAND : THE LAND SYSTEM IN FORCE. 
 
 123 
 
 degrees of latitude, and shifted to a position a thousand miles due west of 
 Spain ; if they would picture England and Scotland as separated by a sea 
 as narrow as the Straits of Dover ; and if they would suppose both these 
 islands to be ridged by chains of mountains, equalling the Alps in massive- 
 ness and altitude; they would be able to form an approximate idea of the form, 
 situation, character, and climate of the "Great Britain of the South." It 
 is a possession of which the mother-country may be justly proud, and the 
 day will come when its inhabitants will be able to declare, that in this highly- 
 favoured region England has renewed her youth, and that her adventurous 
 children have founded another nation with the promise of a grandeur and 
 a glory equal to her own. 
 
 As a field of settlement, New Zealand vies with the colonies of 
 Australia in offering special advantages to men of enterprise and men of 
 means. On the 30th June, 1879, there were open for selection upwards of 
 thirteen millions of acres of land, irrespective of a much larger area at the 
 disposal of the local boards. The position of this land may be learned from 
 the following table : — 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Open for Selection, 
 30th June, 1879. 
 
 Remaining 
 
 at disposal of Land 
 
 Boards, exclusive 
 
 of Native Lands. 
 
 Total. 
 
 North Island. 
 Auckland... 
 Hawke Bay 
 Taranaki ... 
 Wellington 
 
 Acres. 
 15,417 
 33.800 
 5,139 
 22,244 
 
 Acres. 
 
 2,370,744 
 
 284,883 
 
 1,337,623 
 
 1,125,977 
 
 Acres. 
 
 
 76,600 
 
 5,119,227 
 
 5,195,827 
 
 South Island. 
 Nelson 
 Marlborough 
 Canterbury 
 Westland ... 
 Otago 
 Southland 
 
 5,847,004 
 1,096,593 
 4,458,653 
 246, 145 
 206,978 
 1,551,701 
 
 1,056,547 
 840,000 
 
 2,657,709 
 
 10,928,915 
 
 218,487 
 
 
 
 13,407,074 
 
 15,701,649 
 
 29,108,723 
 
 The mode by which land may be obtained, and the very liberal terms 
 conceded by the Legislature, are matters upon which we may naturally 
 anticipate, that our readers in the mother-country will desire the fullest and 
 latest information, and we may preface what follows by remarking that the 
 colony of New Zealand is divided into ten land districts, in each of which 
 there is a Land Board, and a Resident Commissioner, representing the 
 Government, and acting under the instructions of a responsible minister. In 
 1877 a Land Act was passed, applicable to the whole colony, and its leading 
 provisions are these : — 
 
 Clauses 4-6 give power to the Governor to declare residence optional on bush land 
 taken up on deferred payments ; also to fix the price at which any allotments of rural 
 or suburban land, open for sale on deferred payment, may be disposed of, the price, 
 however, being not less, in any case, than 
 
 20s. per acre for Rural land, and 90s. per acre for Suburban land, 
 and may increase the price of any allotments which he may consider to be of special value. 
 
124 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Clause G provides that several small sections, contiguous to one another, may be 
 grouped in one allotment. 
 
 Clauses 17 and 19 enable two or more selectors of land on deferred payment to 
 hold an allotment as tenants in common. 
 
 One very important section of the Act is that which makes provision for 
 the formation of village settlements, and to this we would call particular 
 attention, because it seems to us to offer such, special facilities for systematic 
 colonisation upon the old Greek plan, as described by Sisniondi, when a body 
 of emigrants, comprising a complete epitome of the body politic in the 
 parent state — a microcosm, as it were, of the microcosm — went forth and 
 planted a new community — a little model of the old — in some favoured spot 
 upon the shores of the Mediterranean. Each class of society was repre- 
 sented in it, and the colony reproduced, on a small scale, all the best features 
 of the social and industrial life of the mother-country. 
 
 Are there no younger sons of good family in Great Britain gifted with 
 sufficient enterprise to organise the constituents of a complete village, and 
 to charter a vessel to bring out four or five hundred immigrants, with their 
 furniture, tools, implements and household gods, and with habitations 
 ready to put up as soon as they reach their southern home? Such a 
 community might embrace two or three farmers, the village butcher, baker, 
 grocer, shoemaker, tailor, blacksmith and wheelwright, a carpenter, brick- 
 layer, brickmaker, slater and glazier, a number of farm labourers, and last, 
 though not least, a minister of religion, a doctor and a schoolmaster. If all 
 these had been neighbours and associates from childhood, they would 
 naturally pull together in a new country, where they would prolong the 
 feelings of good fellowship which they had cherished towards each other in 
 the old one. They would be mutually helpful, and knowing each other so 
 well, they would be mutually trustful. 
 
 For such a body of colonists, the following clauses of the New Zealand 
 Land Act seem to us to be particularly well adapted : — 
 
 20. The Governor, by proclamation, may from time to time set apart out 
 of any Crown lands, such blocks or allotments of land contiguous to any line 
 of railway or main lines of road, as he shall think fit, and declare the same open for 
 sale as village settlements ; and he may from time to time alter, amend, or revoke 
 any such proclamation. 
 
 21. The Governor in Council may fix the terms and conditions upon which the 
 lands comprised in any village settlement shall be disposed of, and the mode of pay- 
 ment for the same, subject to the rules following : 
 
 (1.) Every village settlement shall be surveyed, and divided into village allotments 
 not exceeding one acre each, and small farm allotments not exceeding fifty 
 acres each; or, if the Governor so direct, a village settlement may be 
 divided into village allotments only, or into small farm allotments only. 
 
 (2.) The Governor may fix a day on which any allotments within a village settle- 
 ment shall be open for application, and may appoint that any such allot- 
 ments shall be sold for cash immediately on purchase, or on deferred 
 payments subject to the conditions of the said Act ["Land Act, 1877."! 
 
 (3.) The price of village allotments shall be not less than Five pounds per allot- 
 ment, and of small farm allotments not less than One pound per acre : 
 Provided that in the case of inland districts not opened up by railway 
 
NEW ZEALAND : THE VALUE OF LAND. 125 
 
 communication, it shall be lawful to the Governor to proclaim a district a 
 special district for the opening of blocks of land as village settlements, and 
 from time to time to alter, amend, or revoke such proclamation ; and, in 
 the case of village settlements included within the boundaries of any such 
 special district, the price of village allotments shall be not less than Two 
 pounds Ten shillings per allotment, and of small farm allotments not less 
 than Ten shillings per acre. 
 
 (4.) All applications for land in village settlements shall be made in the same 
 manner as other applications for land are directed to be made under the 
 said Act. 
 
 (5.) If more persons than one apply for the same allotment on the same day, the 
 right to occupy the allotment shall be determined by lot amongst the 
 applicants in respect of small farm allotments ; but, in respect to village 
 allotments, the same shall be disposed of by public auction amongst tke 
 applicants at an upset price of not less than Five pounds for each allotment. 
 
 Land obtained upon such reasonable terms is bound to rise in value, 
 partly owing to the rapid increment of population, and partly to the large 
 expenditure by the Government upon local public works, such as roads, 
 bridges and railways. The latter have already, it is estimated, more than 
 doubled the value of real estate in the colony, while in some districts it has 
 quadrupled, and even decupled it. According to a very good authority on 
 this subject, " first-class agricultural land, fenced and improved, and con- 
 veniently situated, must be regarded as low in price estimated at .£20 an 
 acre. <£3 per acre, per annum, of clear profit is under the average. We 
 know of an instance of a settler purchasing 200 acres improved land at <£15 
 an acre, and clearing his whole purchase price from his first crop. But, 
 taking the low average mentioned, it is highly improbable that good land 
 will remain at its present value. As society progresses in population and 
 wealth, and as new branches of industry develop and prosper, so will the 
 value of land steadily increase. As has been well observed, land is the 
 natural deposit bank into which all the savings of the community gravitate. 
 Every improvement of a public nature, in the way of harbours, roads and 
 railways, goes to add to its value without effort on the part of the owner. 
 There is every reason to expect that land in New Zealand will touch a far 
 higher price than has yet been dreamt off. No one can believe that land 
 in a country occupied by less than half-a-million of people, will be pur- 
 chasable at present current prices when the country contains a population of 
 several millions. A capitalist is therefore dealing in safety when he advances 
 money, or becomes the actual owner of land, on the basis of present values. 
 In the one case his margin of security is always widening; and in the other 
 he is certain to find that in the course of twenty years he has at least 
 doubled his capital, while in the meantime he has been in the enjoyment of 
 a reasonable annual return. 
 
 " There is also a specialty in land in New Zealand which ought not to 
 be overlooked, and it is this — the area is limited in extent. There is none 
 of the boundless back-country which exists in the neighbouring colonies. 
 No part of New Zealand is above 100 miles from the sea-board; in the 
 South Island, 75 ; and when the Crown shall have parted with the last acre 
 
126 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 of its waste lands, then the value of freehold throughout the colony will 
 rise with a bound, to an amount to which it is difficult to assign a limit." 
 
 Nor must we omit to remind our readers in England that, under the 
 Land Transfer Act, which is almost a transcript of the admirable measure 
 introduced into South Australia by Sir Robert Torrens, and afterwards 
 adopted by the Legislature of Victoria, real estate can be bought, sold, or 
 encumbered by a very simple and inexpensive process. The Government 
 guarantees an indefeasible title, and all transactions relating to land are so 
 expeditiously and cheaply effected, that in the year ending the 30th of June, 
 1879, the cost of each of 17,422 registrations, purchases, sales and mort- 
 gages, covering property of the value of £7,585,291, was only 22s. 9d. 
 Let any one who knows anything of conveyancers' bills in the mother- 
 country ponder well upon the full force and meaning of these highly 
 significant statistics. By the New Zealand system of transfer, as has 
 been well observed, " the principles of feudal law are set aside, and land 
 can be dealt with as easily as a share in a ship or a joint-stock company, 
 and with the same security as regards title. Trusts are not recognised. 
 Instruments declaring trusts may, however, be deposited with the registrar 
 for safe custody. These deeds are binding between the parties to them, but 
 they in no way affect persons dealing with trustees who are registered pro- 
 prietors. Under the Land Transfer Act, it is not necessary to examine the 
 deeds in the abstract of title. These no longer exist. They have been 
 delivered up to the registrar, and w r hen a certificate of title is issued they are 
 cancelled. An investor, therefore, does not run the risk of a mistake or 
 blunder of his solicitor. Every transaction has in it finality and complete 
 security guaranteed by the State." 
 
 Not long ago the proprietors of the Otago Witness, a weekly newspaper, 
 issued from the office of the Otago Daily Times, instituted an inquiry into 
 the condition of agriculture in that province, and collected a mass of 
 valuable information illustrative of the enterprise and prosperity of the 
 farming class, no small proportion of whom are shrewd, thrifty, intelligent 
 and persevering Scotsmen. The story of one successful man's career will 
 suffice as a very fair sample of the whole :— He had been a shepherd in 
 Roxburghshire, and arrived in Dunedin with his wife and eight children in 
 1860. He found that the best of the land about Dunedin had been bought 
 up, and he visited Southland. He bought 60 acres at Ryal Bush, at £2 
 per acre. There were neither roads nor bridges, and the butter, eggs and 
 other produce were taken to Invercargill, a distance of twelve miles, by the 
 settler, in a large bag slit in the centre, slung over a horse ; often, when the 
 streams were high, at the risk of his life. He made money, however ; butter 
 selling as high as 4s. 6d. per pound, and eggs at 4s. 6d. per dozen, prices 
 being raised at that time, owing to the great rush of miners into the country 
 in consequence of the discovery of gold. Eighteen months after he started, 
 he bought GO acres more, at £2 5s. an acre. In two and a-half years more, he 
 secured 133 acres at £4 lis. 6d. an acre, and continued to make additional 
 
NEW ZEALAND ! COST OF CULTIVATION. 127 
 
 purchases from time to time. The land became his savings-bank, and it has 
 yielded him rich interest. He and his sons, who are settled near him, now 
 possess 2628 acres of freehold, worth at a moderate estimate £25,000. 
 The whole farm is managed judiciously, great care being exercised in the 
 breeding of stock. His 30 cows are noted for their excellent frames and 
 their milking qualities J and he sends to market beef which commands the 
 highest price. His wife and daughter are famous for their butter and 
 Dunlop cheese. Two or three years ago, one season's cheese at a shilling 
 per pound brought in £450. This season (1878-79) three tons sold at 
 sevenpence-halfpenny per pound. In connection with the dairy, a number 
 of pigs are fed yearly for the market. The sheep are the Leicester-Lincoln 
 breed, which yield a large carcase and a heavy fleece. Hoggets' fleeces 
 average 11 lbs., and ewes 8 lbs., in the grease. His shorn hoggets have 
 been sold averaging 68 lbs. weight. The machinery employed is of the 
 most improved kind, and the whole operations are conducted with spirit 
 and intelligence. This instance is but one of many which might be quoted 
 to illustrate the fact that New Zealand is a country in which a man with 
 small means for a start may in a few years by industry and thrift push his 
 way into a comfortable independence. All this has been the work of less 
 than twenty years, and it is quite competent for hundreds of others to go 
 and do likewise. 
 
 With respect to the profits of wheat growing, we may have recourse to 
 the estimates of a gentleman living- in the district of Oamaru, one of the 
 finest grain- producing tracts of country in New Zealand : — 
 " 1. Cultivation — namely: 
 
 Ploughing, double-furrow, done by contract, per acre 
 
 Three harrowings at 10d., usual rate 30 acres per day 
 
 Rolling once 
 
 Seed, 1£ bushels per acre 
 
 £0 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 £0 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 2. Harvesting : Cutting, binding, stooking and stacking, per acre 
 
 3. Threshing : Average crop of 32 bushels per acre, contract price 
 
 for machine, including all charges ... 
 
 4. Carting to railway station 
 
 Say an average of £3 per acre." £2 18 
 
 AVe now come to the returns, which are given as under : — 
 
 " Charges on wheat: Railway charges are at present 3d. per mile per ton. Taking 
 40 bushels of 60 lbs., equal to 10 bags to the ton, the grain can be placed on board a 
 vessel for London for — railway carriage, 3s. ; harbour dues, 2s. per ton — say 5s. 
 
 " The total charges to London, including the cost of putting on board at Oamaru, 
 amount to Is. 8d. per bushel. If wheat in London brings 45s. per quarter, this allows 
 the grower 4s. at the station on the land. Forty bushels to the acre is an ordinary 
 good crop, but 65 have been reaped. Assuming 30 bushels as a low average, this at 
 4s. per bushel gives a return of £6 an acre. Deducting £3 an acre as the expense of 
 cultivation, harvesting, &c, a free profit of £3 an acre is left at low prices. In some 
 seasons, £15 an acre has been cleared by settlers. This last year, a farmer adjoining 
 Elderslie has threshed out the crop of barley from a field of 60 acres. The yield was 
 80 bushels an acre. The market price is from 6s. to 6s. 6d. per bushel. He will 
 gross, say, £25 an acre, and after deducting all expenses, will net of clear profit at 
 least £21 an acre." 
 
128 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 With respect to a combination of wheat-growing with the breeding and 
 grazing of stock on a farm of 500 acres, the following calculations are 
 believed to be trustworthy, and if so they will be found to leave a handsome 
 balance of profit, namely, £1145 : — 
 
 " The tenant should have a capital of £3 per acre ; or, in all, £1500. This is a full 
 allowance for stocking. Divide the farm into 10 paddocks of 50 acres each. Keep 
 150 acres in white crop, 50 acres in roots, and 300 in grass. The flock of sheep should 
 consist of 1000 Lincolns or Leicester ewes. The tenant may begin with three-quarter 
 bred for the ordinary flock, which may be obtained at 8s. a head. Improve the stock 
 by keeping 15 pure rams, which may be got at £5 a head. 
 
 These sheep would average 10 lbs. wool per head. This, at the low 
 average price in the colony of 9d. per lb. , would yield 7s. 6d. each. 
 
 This gives a total for wool of £375 
 
 The usual average increase is 120 per cent. ; but, say, only 100 per 
 cent., or 1000 lambs. One-third of these maybe used to replace a 
 third of the flock culled and fattened. This leaves 700 lambs to 
 
 sell fat, after using the roots, say, 700 lambs at 10s. 350 
 
 300 ewes sold fat at 12s 180 
 
 Average profit of 100 acres wheat, at £3 per acre 300 
 
 50 acres oats, at £2 100 
 
 All straw and part of the turnips to be used for fattening off 40 head 
 
 of cattle to yield an average profit of £3 120 
 
 Total yearly income £1425 
 
 Deduct Expenses — namely : 
 1. White crop : Only the profit on this crop has been credited. 
 
 2. Root crop : If sown broadcast, say 15s. an acre ; but if drilled it 
 
 may be stated thus: 50 acres at 40s ... £100 
 
 3. Sheep-shearing : At the high cost of £20 per 1000 ; say with extras 25 
 
 4. Wages : The cost of the white crop has been already allowed for. 
 
 The cost of the root crop is charged above. 
 
 Cost of one shepherd — £60 wages, £25 rations ... ... ... 85 
 
 5. Repairs to fences, &c. ... ... ... 50 
 
 6. Rates and insurances ... ... ... ... ... 20 
 
 Total expenses £280 
 
 A good deal has already been done by public companies in the mother- 
 country in the way of purchasing large tracts of land in New Zealand, and 
 then breaking them up into farms of suitable size and convenient situations, 
 which are offered on easy terms to intending settlers. Twenty years are 
 allowed for the repayment of principal and interest, during which period the 
 purchaser will have paid twenty shillings per acre, per annum, and as it 
 is estimated that the annual average profit is £3 per acre, the arrange- 
 ment must be regarded as highly beneficial to the investor. 
 
 Special settlements have been also formed in this colony by private 
 gentlemen, and by incorporated societies. As a sample of these we may 
 refer to what is known as the Feilding Settlement, organised in 1871, 
 when 100,000 acres of bush land were taken up in the Manawata district, 
 in the northern island, at 10s. per acre. Under the conditions of this 
 settlement, writes Mr. Bathgate, " the immigrants have the right to take 
 up 40 acres of rural land at a rental of £5 per annum, or 2s. 6d. an 
 acre, with a right to purchase at £3 per acre at the ead of seven years* 
 
NEW ZEALAND: YIELD OF WHEAT. 129 
 
 On landing they were placed in possession of a two-roomed cottage and 
 an acre of town land, for which they paid a rent of seven shillings a 
 week, the payment of which for three years conferred a freehold right 
 upon them. The first settlers arrived in January, 1874. The settlement 
 has had to encounter various difficulties, many of the immigrants having 
 arrived with exaggerated expectations, which led them to be dissatisfied 
 with the hard bush-work, and a Maori tribe in the neighbourhood having 
 made heavy exactions for a right-of-way over their reserve. The settle- 
 ment is nevertheless making good way, and the immigrants who have 
 settled on their rural land are rapidly improving it. In August, 1877, there 
 was a settled population on the block of 1600, and the corporation had sold 
 21,501 acres for the total sum of .£67,563, being an average price of £3 2s. 
 lOd. an acre. If to this average be added the cost of clearing the land, each 
 acre may be estimated to have cost the settler from £6 to £10 an acre. 
 While we write (1879) the corporation have a large extent of their land 
 still to dispose of, affording an opportunity to any hard-working labourer to 
 obtain possession of 40 acres, and by his own industry eventually to attain 
 to a position of comparative comfort. Population now 3000." 
 
 Owing to the exceptional advantages of soil and climate, which are 
 enjoyed by New Zealand, wheat can be grown in any district possessing 
 cheap and ready access to the sea-board at Is. 8d. per bushel, and as 
 the average yield is higher than in any of the Australian colonies, farming 
 is much more profitable in the " Great Britain of the South " than in either 
 of the latter. Subjoined are the maximum yields of each between the 
 years 1869 and 1879 inclusive : — 
 
 New Zealand, 1876 ... ... ... 32 bushels per acre. 
 
 Queensland, 1875 
 Tasmania, 1864 
 Victoria, 1870 ... 
 New South Wales, 1877 
 South Australia, 1876 . 
 
 27 
 24 
 20 
 20 
 
 m 
 
 The American average during a series of years is, we may remind our 
 readers, only twelve bushels per acre. It may be interesting to give the 
 minima of the various colonies compared, during the same decade. They 
 were as follows : — 
 
 New Zealand, 1869 ... ... ... 23 bushels per acre. 
 
 Queensland, 1878 
 
 Tasmania, 1872 
 Victoria, 1879 ... 
 New South Wales, 1871. 
 South Australia, 1877 
 
 11 
 16 
 
 8h 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 Thus it will be seen that the minimum yield of wheat per acre in New 
 Zealand between 1869 and 1879 was considerably higher than the 
 maximum yield of either Victoria, New South Wales, or South Australia, 
 during the same period. But in order to enable our reader to form a more 
 accurate estimate of the agricultural capabilities and progress of the 
 country we subjoin the accompanying table, which we borrow from the latest 
 volume of statistics published by the Government at Wellington. 
 
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130 
 
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NEW ZEALAND : ITS DIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES. 
 
 131 
 
 Every description of industry that can be legitimately and profitably 
 pursued in a new country, has already found a firm footing in New Zealand, 
 and the following table exhibits the diversified employments of its popu- 
 lation, as well as the number of persons engaged in the various manu- 
 factories and works, in the month of March, 1878 : — 
 
 Description of Manufactory, Work, &c. 
 
 || 
 II 
 
 O co 
 
 E-<H 
 
 To- 
 
 a a - 
 
 111 
 111 
 
 Books and Stationery— Printing Establishments 
 
 77 
 
 1,268 
 
 £ 
 101,000 
 
 £ 
 112,528 
 
 Musical Instruments— Pianoforte Manufactories 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Machines, Tools, Implements— Agricultural Implement Manufactories . . 
 Machine Manufactories 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 208 
 111 
 
 13,050 
 8,970 
 
 9,710 
 4,920 
 
 Carriage and Harness— Coachbuilding, Painting 
 
 Railway Carriage 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 433 
 10 
 
 41,477 
 
 13,955 
 
 Ships and Boats— Ship. Boat Builders 
 
 Bloek, Pump Manufactories 
 Patent Slips 
 
 43 
 2 
 5 
 
 322 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 19,313 
 11,200 
 
 29,073 
 37,200 
 
 Houses, Buildings, &c— Lime Works 
 
 34 
 
 68 
 
 5,755 
 
 1,429 
 
 Furniture— Furniture Makers 
 
 Chair and Washboard Makers 
 
 11 
 1 
 
 87 
 3 
 
 12,950 
 
 4,485 
 
 Chemicals— Chemical Works 
 
 Cleaning and Dyeing 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 25 
 8 
 
 3,150 
 
 1,700 
 
 Textile Fabrics— Woollen Mills 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 7,500 
 
 18,000 
 
 Dress — Boot Manufactories 
 
 Clothing Factories 
 
 Oilskin Manufactories 
 
 Stocking Weaving 
 
 18 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 747 
 
 120 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 29,185 
 
 8,140 
 
 Fibrous Materials— Rope, Twine Works 
 
 Sail Factory 
 
 19 
 1 
 
 109 
 3 
 
 11,695 
 
 20,373 
 
 Animal Food— Meat Preserving (included with boiling down)— see Animal 
 Matters- 
 Bacon Curing Establishments 
 Fish Curing 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 35 
 17 
 
 1,100 
 
 550 
 
 Vegetable Food — Biscuit Manufactories 
 
 Grain Mills 
 
 6 
 102 
 
 52 
 325 
 
 4,170 
 166,611 
 
 4,075 
 126,274 
 
 Drinks and Stimulants— Breweries 
 
 Aerated Water, Cordial Manufactories— Steam, Gas 
 
 Coffee, Spice Works 
 
 Malt Houses 
 
 Sauce, Pickle Manufactories 
 
 Colonial Wine ,, 
 
 91 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 513 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 228,965 
 14,050 
 10,800 
 40.350 
 
 9,075 
 
 81,315 
 8,835 
 4,650 
 5,465 
 
 1,700 
 
 Animal Matters— Boiling Down and Meat Preserving 
 
 Bone Cutting Mills 
 
 Brush Manufactories 
 
 Glue 
 
 Portmanteau 
 
 Soap, Candle Works 
 
 Fellmongery, Tanning, Currying, Woolscouring 
 
 32 
 8 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 13 
 
 100 
 
 443 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 671 
 
 73,775 
 3,350 
 
 12,285 
 78,995 
 
 39,875 
 3,400 
 
 9.70G 
 42J58 
 
 Vegetable Matters— Chaff Cutting 
 
 Saw Mills, Sash and Door Factories 
 
 Paper Mills 
 
 Flax Mills 
 
 6 
 
 204 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 10 
 
 4,114 
 
 23 
 
 262 
 
 10,180 
 407,418 
 
 980 
 354,055 
 
 Coal— Collieries 
 
 Gasworks . . . . . . 
 
 40 
 12 
 
 518 
 145 
 
 224,888 
 48,149 
 
 51,055 
 175,144 
 
 Stone, Clay, Earthenware — Brick, Tile, Pottery Manufactories 
 
 Stone Quarries 
 
 124 
 14 
 
 620 
 90 
 
 57,775 
 5,190 
 
 25,908 
 3,325 
 
 Metals— Mining (Manganese) 
 
 Iron Foundries 
 
 Spouting and Ridging Manufactories 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 855 
 
 13 
 
 81,042 
 
 75,308 
 
 
 1166 
 
 12.710 
 
 1,75*4,694 
 
 1,289,028 
 
 * These amounts represent the total values, including the values of certain industries the particulars 
 of which are left blank in the table, not being published for sufficient reasons. 
 
 With respect to the live stock of the colony, it amounted, at the latest 
 date, to 137,768 horses, 578,430 cattle, and 13,069,338 sheep, besides the 
 
 K2 
 
132 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 animals in possession of the Maori population, of which no account can 
 be taken. Of wool, in the year 1878, there were 59,270,25 61bs. exported, 
 of the value of £3,292,807 j but this was below the export of 1877, and 
 will probably be found to have been exceeded in 1879. 
 
 The mineral resources of New Zealand are great and diversified. They 
 include coal, of which thirty mines are being worked — in one of which 
 the seam is 55 feet in thickness — with an annual output of 162,218 tons; 
 gold, of which 9,246,946 ounces, of the value of £36,110,490, had been 
 exported up to the end of December last; silver, of which the gross 
 export has been 338,581 ounces, valued at £90,457; iron ores, containing 
 from 63 to 97 per cent, of iron; iron sands, containing from 28 to 70 
 per cent, of iron ; chrome ore, of great richness, which is being largely 
 exported from Nelson ; copper, lead, zinc, antimony and manganese ores ; 
 mineral oils, oil shales and graphite; while the building stones and 
 materials include basalts, trachytes, and granites, numerous varieties of 
 limestone and sandstone, natural cement stones, or septaria, the 
 materials for Portland cement, and for bricks, pottery, porcelain and 
 terra-cotta. 
 
 The population of the colony on the 3rd of March, 1878, when the last 
 census was taken, was 414,442, exclusive of 42,819 Maoris. This showed 
 an increase since March, 1874, of 114,898, or 38*36 per cent. The rate of 
 increase was, therefore, much greater in the 4 years from March 1, 1874, to 
 March 3, 1878, than in the previous period from February, 1871, to 
 March, 1874, the increase during that period having only been at the rate 
 of 16 '82 per cent. 
 
 Of the above increase of 1 14,898 the natural increase by excess of births 
 over deaths amounted to 40,844, or at the rate of 13*64 per cent, for the 
 period. The balance, 74,054, consists of the excess of immigration over 
 emigration during the same period. With a natural increase at the rate of 
 13*64 per cent, every four years, the population of the colony, if during the 
 period there should be no excess of immigration over emigration, would in 
 1886 amount to about 535,000. 
 
 With respect to the educational status of the people, the census returns 
 give much useful information. They show that the proportion of those 
 who cannot read to every 100 living at the various ages, is least at the ages 
 13-14. At 9-10, 5-88 per cent, of those living at that age cannot read- 
 The proportion diminishes year by year, till at the age 13-14, 1*60 per cent, 
 cannot read. After that the proportion increases. At the age 20 to 21, 
 2*19 per cent, cannot read; and at each age-period afterwards the percentage 
 of those living who cannot read is greater: at 70-75 it is 6*58 per cent. 
 The proportion of those who can read and write is greatest at the period 
 15-20 years, amounting to 96*03 per cent., the proportion lessening with 
 age. At 65-70 only 85-61 per cent, could read and write, and the propor- 
 tions were again less with the older people. 
 
NEW ZEALAND I EDUCATION, TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 133 
 
 From childhood to 21 years of age there was not much difference 
 between the proportions of males and females who were able to read and 
 write. After 21 the proportion of females able to read and write diminishes 
 steadily, until at 55-60 the proportions are — males 90*65, and females 
 83-75; at 65*70, males 89*28, and females 80*34. Of the population at all 
 ages 72*11 of the males could read and write, and 66*33 of the females. 
 These are higher proportions than in 1874, when they were — males 71*40, 
 and females 63*94. In 1874, however, only 18*61 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion were between 10 and 21, but in 1878, 20*99 per cent, were at those 
 ages — the ages at which the proportions who can read and write are 
 
 greatest. 
 
 The colony expends upon public instruction something like £350,000 
 per annum, and besides the provision which is made for education in the 
 common schools there are colleges in Christchurch, "Wellington, Auckland 
 and Nelson, the University of Otago, having its local habitation at Dunedin, 
 the New Zealand University, which exists only as an examining body, a 
 school of agriculture at Christchurch, the New Zealand Institute, which has 
 its headquarters at Wellington, various Roman Catholic seminaries, and 
 271 public libraries. In fact, it may be truthfully affirmed that in point of 
 intelligence and culture the people of New Zealand have no superiors in 
 any of the Australian colonies. 
 
 With respect to trade and commerce, the latest statistics, which come 
 down to the end of last year, exhibit the astonishing progress, which both 
 have made since the colony was first established. Figures like these 
 speak for themselves : — 
 
 
 
 Exports, 
 
 Period. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 the 
 
 
 
 Produce of the Colony. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1841-5, average for 4 years 
 
 139,000 
 
 33,000 
 
 1845-9 „ 5 „ 
 
 193,000 
 
 77,000 
 
 1853-5 „ 3 „ 
 
 766,000 
 
 330, 000 
 
 1856-60 „ 5 ,, 
 
 1,188,000 
 
 438,000 
 
 1861-5 „ 5 „ 
 
 5,352,000 
 
 2,718,000 
 
 1866-70 „ 5 „ 
 
 5,168,000 
 
 4,335,000 
 
 1871-5 „ 5 „ 
 
 6,367,000 
 
 5,276,000 
 
 1876-7 „ 2 „ 
 
 6,939,000 
 
 5,783,000 
 
 1878 
 
 8,755,663 
 
 6,015,525 
 
 1879 
 
 8,373,233 
 
 5,563,245 
 
 The great bound exhibited in the above table, as taking place in the 
 quinquennial period 1861-5, was caused by the gold discoveries. The first 
 considerable export of this metal occurred in 1861, the value being £752,657, 
 increasing in the following year to £1,591,389; and the year subsequent, 
 1863, to £2,431,723. A more than corresponding large increase in the 
 imports took place in the same period, due to the great influx of miners and 
 immigrants from all parts of the world. 
 
134 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 The total import and export trade of the colony for the year 1878, in 
 proportion to population, stood thus : — 
 
 Imports —per head ... ... ... £20 13 6£ 
 
 Exports „ 14 4 1£ 
 
 Total £34 17 74 
 
 The great bulk of this large trade is transacted, we may add, with the 
 mother country, although there is, simultaneously, a considerable expansion 
 of the commercial relations of New Zealand with the United States. 
 
 From 1870 to 1878, £12,652,739 was expended on public works in the 
 colony, and there were on the 30th of June, 1879, 1140 miles of railway in 
 operation, and 142 in course of construction, besides 2356 miles of electric 
 telegraph. 
 
 Last, but not least, the spontaneous liberality of the people has made 
 abundant provision for places of public worship, and for the means of 
 religious instruction ; and it may be interesting to mention that the members 
 of the Church of England in New Zealand amount to 176,337, or 42-55 per 
 cent, of the population; the Presbyterians number 95,103, or 22*95 per 
 cent., and the Methodists number 37,879, or 9*40 per cent, of the popu- 
 lation ; the Roman Catholics number 58,881, or 14*21 per cent, of the 
 population. Of the principal denominations, the proportions to the 100 of 
 population were respectively in 1878 and 1874 as follows : — 
 
 Church of England 
 Presbyterians 
 Eoman Catholics .. 
 Methodists 
 
 The various religious bodies have erected about 600 churches, and make use, 
 in addition, of 156 schools for the purposes of public worship. 
 
 "We cannot conclude this chapter better than by quoting the words of 
 the district judge of Dunedin, with which our own knowledge of New Zea- 
 land enables us fully to concur : — 
 
 " In a country where self-government is of the freest and most popular 
 kind, there is no impediment in the way of ability taking any place to which 
 its possessor desires to attain. A family can be reared in comfort and 
 refinement. The means of excellent primary and high-class education are 
 scattered broadcast throughout the colony, under the administration of a 
 special department of the general government. Although there is no State 
 church, the blessings of religious ordinances are not wanting, numerous 
 churches, through the zeal of different denominations, having been erected 
 in every district, the members of which live in harmony with one another. 
 The days of hardship and difficulty have passed away. There is no exile. 
 The dreary six months' voyage has been superseded by an enjoyable six 
 weeks' passage in well-appointed steamers. We are linked to the world by 
 the ocean telegraph, and have the latest news and prices on our breakfast 
 
 1878. 
 
 1874. 
 
 42*55 
 
 42*46 
 
 22*95 
 
 24*20 
 
 14*21 
 
 13*48 
 
 9*40 
 
 8*42 
 
NEW ZEALAND: ITS PRESENT AND FUTURE. 135 
 
 tables every morning. The monotony of ordinary life can be varied by 
 ample sources of amusement. The sportsman lias abundance of game to 
 follow in the season, and the streams are now well filled with large trout rising 
 readily to the fly. Every township has its racecourse, and at the principal 
 meetings the population musters by thousands. The amount of added money 
 run for in the colony in 1878 was £30,500. Coursing matches are now 
 common, and the provinces strive together for victory on the cricket 
 ground. Our harbours have their annual regattas, and our volunteers their 
 encampments and prize-firing, at which the champion wins £100. A. keen 
 spirit of competition is manifested at our cattle shows, where animals of the 
 purest strain are exhibited. Numerous choral societies exist for the practice 
 of high -class music. 
 
 " With a climate which renders life positively enjoyable, with a fertile 
 and grateful soil to cultivate, with a country having all the elements 
 necessary to build up a free, a prosperous and a happy nation, the labours 
 of the colonist are a pleasure to him. There is no vista before him 
 shrouded with the dark shadows of an overgrown, under-fed population. 
 There are no political animosities rending friendships asunder. On every 
 side he perceives manifold signs of the rapid development of the varied 
 resources of his adopted country, and he is nerved for greater exertions 
 by the knowledge, that the fortunes of himself and his children must 
 advance with its increasing progress. There is no strife, no crowding 
 out, from the multitude of competitors in the struggle for existence. 
 There is room for all comers of the right sort for many generations. 
 He rejoices in his independence, and in feelings previously unknown to 
 him. Much as we love the land of our birth and manhood, numerous 
 as are the kind friends to whom we are attached, prickly as some of 
 the thorns in colonial life we have had to encounter have been, we 
 candidly declare we have never regretted for a single instant the choice 
 of New Zealand as a new home." 
 
136 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Chapter VIII. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
 THE PROBABLE ACHIEVEMENTS OF SCIENCE IN EXPEDITING AND FACILITATING 
 
 INTER-COMMUNICATION THEIR EFFECTS UPON CIVILISED MANKIND 
 
 GENERALLY GENERAL LEVELLING UP OF SOCIETY, AND ITS ADVANTAGES 
 
 AUSTRALIA WILL LARGELY PARTICIPATE IN THE PROSPERITY THAT IS 
 
 OCCASIONED A POPULATION OF FIFTEEN OR TWENTY MILLIONS UNDER 
 
 FREE INSTITUTIONS IN A COUNTRY TEEMING WITH WEALTH — EXPANSION 
 OF TRADE WITH GREAT BRITAIN, AND INCREASED PRODUCTIVENESS OF 
 
 AUSTRALIA FEDERATION OF THE COLONIES ITS PROBABLE RESULTS 
 
 THE GREAT NORTHERN PORT OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 In forecasting the future of Australia, we have very little guidance from the 
 past history, either of this group of colonies themselves, or of the United 
 States of America, for the twentieth century will resemble none of its 
 predecessors. We have entered upon an era of discoveries in science, 
 altogether without precedent, and the wildest predictions of the most 
 imaginative writer might altogether fall short of the most prosaic facts 
 which will be actually realised during the next fifty years. Steam may be 
 altogether superseded as a motive power. A fortnight may suffice for the 
 journey from London to Sydney, or Melbourne. It may be assumed, as a 
 matter of certainty, that a transcontinental line will connect the whole of 
 the southern or eastern cities of this continent with some northern port, and 
 that there will be a direct and uninterrupted line of overland railway 
 communication from Madras to Calais, and thence by submarine tunnel to 
 the capital of the British Empire. London will be in speaking communica- 
 tion with every city in the civilised world. The ideas of space and time, as 
 we now conceive, or receive, them, will be no longer current. The globe 
 itself, as a mental concept, will have shrunk into very small dimensions. A 
 voyage round it will have contracted to the proportions of a pleasure 
 excursion. The history of the whole world, as it is written day by day, in 
 the columns of its myriads of newspapers, will be epitomised each evening 
 in the great centres of intelligence, and published next morning by the 
 journals of all the principal cities of the earth. Science will have perfected 
 engines of destruction and implements of warfare, to such an extent that 
 the choice of two alternatives will be offered to makind — the abandonment 
 of war, or its pursuit under circumstances, which would involve something 
 
THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA. 137 
 
 like the mutual extermination of the peoples who engage in it. But before 
 that time arrives, in all probability, the huge military and naval establish- 
 ments of the great European powers will have broken down by their own 
 inherent weight and massiveness. States will have been rendered bankrupt 
 by the joint operation of these two causes — the stupendous cost of main- 
 taining those establishments, and the absorption into them of the productive 
 forces of the country. In the great political and social cataclysms, which 
 will result from these national insolvencies, the three military empires of 
 Continental Europe will probably collapse, and conservative republics will 
 be erected on their ruins. These will be federated, and Victor Hugo's 
 dream of the United States of Europe will be realised. All international 
 custom-houses will be abolished, and free-trade will cement and consolidate 
 the union brought about by financial ruin and political convulsion. The 
 national bankruptcies just spoken of will involve the extinction of national 
 debts; and as there will be no interest to be defrayed on these, and no 
 armies and navies to be maintained, taxation will be light, and capable of 
 being met by a small and inoppressive impost on the incomes of all classes 
 of society. And this will be borne with the utmost ease, because the ten 
 millions of men in the prime of life and the flower of their strength, who 
 are now withdrawn from the ranks of industry, and are being maintained 
 by the toil of their fellow-subjects in vicious idleness, while peace prevails, 
 and as slaughtermen and agents of destruction, when war commences, will 
 be then devoted to the pursuits of industry, and will be co-operators with, 
 instead of a burden upon, the rest of the community. The drunkenness and 
 disease which spring from ignorance, and the insanity, vice, and crime, 
 which are the results of drunkenness, will have undergone a material 
 diminution owing to the spread of knowledge, and the growth of the masses 
 in intelligence and self-control. "With the abolition of protection, a heavy 
 blow will have been administered to that new form of feudalism, known as 
 a manufacturing plutocracy; and the diffusion, by popular education, of 
 sound principles of political economy and social science among the handi- 
 craftsmen of each community, will prove an effectual antidote to the 
 pernicious teachings of the demagogue, the professional agitator, and all 
 such obnoxious parasites of society. 
 
 In the process of levelling up, which will necessarily follow these great 
 and, as we believe, inevitable changes, the condition of the great body of 
 the people will be approximate to that of the middle classes of to-day. 
 Scores of millions of pounds sterling will not be annually wasted, as at 
 present, upon the formation and maintenance of armaments, organised for 
 the purposes of human butchery,* and hundreds of millions will no longer 
 
 * The military and naval establishments of Europe are maintained at an annual cost 
 of £145,000,000 sterling, while the yearly interest upon the national debts of the Con- 
 tinental States and of Great Britain — mostly contracted for the purposes of mutual 
 destruction— amounts, in round numbers, to £120,000,000 sterling. 
 
138 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 be dissipated in drink. Instead of constructing barracks and fortifications, 
 Governments will found schools and colleges, libraries and industrial 
 museums, public parks and pleasure grounds, art galleries and popular 
 gymnasia. The ingenuity and inventive powers, which are now perverted 
 to the discovery of implements and machines for the wholesale destruction 
 of human life, for blowing up citadels, and for sending to the bottom of the 
 sea, at one mighty blow, an armoured vessel, which has cost half-a- 
 million sterling to construct, will then be directed to the preservation of 
 human life, to the extension of its term, to the removal or alienation of its 
 ailments, to the sanitation and improvement of people's dwellings, and to 
 rendering existence more beautiful, fuller of happiness, and in every way 
 more desirable. Science will banish epidemics ; peace, industry, and tem- 
 perance will diffuse prosperity through all classes of society, and wherever 
 population increases beyond the capacity of the soil to sustain it in 
 abundance, Governments will feel it to be their duty to promote, direct, and 
 superintend systems of colonisation resembling those of old Greece. 
 
 In the prosperity thus occasioned, Australia will largely participate. 
 The raw materials she produces in such great quantities and of such choice 
 qualities, will be more and more sought after by the manufacturers of the 
 old world; and the markets of Europe will be supplied, in addition, with 
 her cattle and sheep, her wheat and her wine, and with the cotton, sugar, 
 rice, tea, coffee, fruits, and spices, grown in her southern latitudes. 
 Commerce will be as free as the air, and a generation of statesmen will look 
 back with wonder and incredulity upon the strange freaks and follies of 
 amateur politicians and ignorant experimentalists in Victoria and elsewhere, 
 during the third and fourth quarters of the nineteenth century. The 
 stump-orator will have become a relic of the past, and the protectionist 
 will be as obsolete as the witch-finder. The idea of government by count 
 of noses, and of legislation by fluent gabble, will be classed among the other 
 delusions and hallucinations which mankind have outgrown, and the theory, 
 that the intellect of the body politic is lodged in its toes and not in its head, 
 and that the latter should be placed in subjection to the former, will be 
 discarded by all rational men, and scouted by even the least instructed 
 members of the community. 
 
 Fifteen or twenty millions of Anglo- Australians, living under political 
 institutions, which will guarantee freedom of conscience and freedom of 
 speech, freedom of commerce and freedom of person, freedom of the 
 press and freedom of public meeting, may be reasonably expected to 
 develop a high degree of material prosperity, and to reach an equally 
 high stage of moral and intellectual progress. Half-a-century hence, the 
 " common sense of most " will, in all human likelihood, have arrived at the 
 conclusion, that the concentration of great masses of people in a few large 
 cities is anything but conducive to public health, morality, or happiness; as 
 also, that no wise and benevolent government has the right, or should 
 
THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA. 139 
 
 exercise the power, of offering by class legislation special inducements to 
 certain highly-favoured capitalists to establish large manufactories, in which 
 are congregated large bodies of workmen, pursuing unhealthy occupations, 
 attended with this additional disadvantage, that they necessarily tend to 
 degrade the operative into a bit of human mechanism — a living wheel, or 
 screw, or pinion, in a vast and complicated machine, useful enough in its 
 particular place, and fulfilling its appointed function with methodical 
 regularity and creditable efficiency, but nothing more. 
 
 To promote the decentralisation and distribution of those huge aggrega- 
 tions of men and women which are now to be met with in all metropolitan 
 cities; to minimise the causes of excessive competition; to lessen the 
 prevalence of those diseases, and of that vice, poverty, insanity, crime, and 
 misery, which nourish so rankly in populous places; to encourage the 
 growth of a feeling in favour of rural life, of the pursuits of husbandry, and 
 of country sports and pastimes; and to popularise the fact, that those 
 industries are necessarily the most productive, and, therefore, the most 
 advantageous to be followed, in which nature is the chief co-operant — these 
 will form an essential portion of the policy of the true statesmen of the 
 future, when the provincial politics of the nineteenth century shall have 
 passed away, and when the enlargement of the political horizon in Australia, 
 resulting from the federation of the whole of the colonies, shall have been 
 attended by a commensurate and correlative expansion of the intellectual 
 outlook, mental grasp, and range of thought of those who shall then be 
 called to the administration of Australian affairs. 
 
 In the year 1930 it may be confidently predicted that the import and 
 export trade of Great Britain and Ireland with the Australian colonies, 
 will be of the annual value of £300,000,000 sterling, furnishing employ- 
 ment to an enormous mercantile marine, and conducing in as remarkable 
 a degree to the welfare of the outlying portions of the Empire, as to that 
 of the mother-country. Pastoral settlements will have extended to every 
 acre of the interior of this continent suitable for occupation by flocks 
 and herds; and large areas, that are now sterile, will have been made 
 available for cultivation by means of artificial irrigation, for science will 
 have detected and defined the course of the subterranean rivers, which 
 now discharge their waters into the Southern Ocean, and will have 
 tapped those rivers at innumerable points so as to ensure perpetual 
 verdure to tracts of country, which are periodically desiccated by drought 
 and to cause the desert to blossom like the rose. It will have been 
 discovered, that the annual rainfall of the Australian continent, when 
 prevented from running to waste, is as productive of wealth as if 
 it poured down gold instead of water; and that, what Valencia was 
 under the wise and beneficent rule of the Moors, these countries will 
 become by the agency of reservoirs, aqueducts, artificial canals, and arte- 
 sian wells. 
 
140 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Melbourne will have become the Paris, and Sydney the Pompeii or 
 Baiae of the island-continent. Both will reproduce the refined enjoyments 
 of the more populous cities of the old world. Art and music will be 
 cultivated with enthusiasm by a race of people, endowed with that 
 nervous, impressionable, and emotional temperament, which is so peculiarly 
 susceptible to, what is commonly called, the inspiration of genius; and 
 possibly the operatic "managers of the old world will seek in Australia for 
 the tenors, contralti, and soprani, whom they will require for the lyric 
 stage in Paris, London, Milan, Naples, Berlin, Vienna, and St. Petersburg. 
 
 In place of parish vestries and parish vestrymen at each provincial 
 capital, there will be a Federal Parliament, composed of real statesmen 
 drawn from each of the federated colonies. The trade of the professional 
 politician will have become extinct ; and those, who formerly pursued it, will 
 probably be dealt with summarily as rogues and vagabonds, and com- 
 pulsorily taught some honest occupation inside the walls of a prison. To 
 talk of the " great heart of the people," and to appeal to mere numbers in 
 proof of the wisdom of a given proposition, will be held to justify the 
 incarceration of the speaker in a lunatic asylum ; and gutter journalism will 
 have become obsolete. 
 
 Each colony will be careful to elect to the Federal Legislature its ablest 
 publicists, so as to maintain the credit of the people, whom they will 
 represent, to take an honourable and influential part in the debates, which 
 may arise, and to be qualified to enter the administration of a country which 
 will have an annual budget of fifty millions sterling, and will send to the 
 Parliament of the Empire, as many representatives as England herself. 
 And, in the year 1930, it may be fairly anticipated, that a great commercial 
 entrepot will have been established on the northern shores of this continent, 
 to which may be prophetically applied the lines which Erasmus Darwin 
 penned concerning Sydney, at the commencement of the present century : — 
 
 There shall broad streets their stately walls extend, 
 The circus widen, and the crescent bend : 
 There ray'd from cities o'er the cultured land, 
 Shall bright canals and solid roads expand. 
 There the proud arch, colossus-like, bestride 
 Yon glittering stream, and bound the chafing tide ; 
 Embellished villas crown the landscape scene, 
 Farms wave with gold, and orchards blush between ; 
 There shall tall spires and dome-capt towers ascend, 
 And piers and quays their massy structures blend ; 
 While with each breeze approaching vessels glide, 
 And northern treasures dance on every side. 
 
 
HI 
 
 Chapter IX. 
 
 THE EXPORT TRADE IN FROZEN MEAT. 
 
 THE " STRATHLEVEN " EXPERIMENT TEPID ENTERPRISE LIMITATIONS OF 
 
 THE SUPPLY AVAILABLE — STOCK OF CATTLE AND ANNUAL INCREASE 
 
 AMERICAN COMPETITION OUR OPPORTUNITIES OF BUILDING UP A 
 
 COLOSSAL TRADE UNOCCUPIED AND UNDER-STOCKED COUNTRY — BEST 
 
 QUALITY OF STOCK REQUIRED THE FUTURE OF BRITISH AGRICULTURE 
 
 A CHANGE OF SYSTEM GREAT BRITAIN AND THE AUSTRALIAN COLONIES 
 
 WILL BOTH BENEFIT IN AN EQUAL DEGREE BY THIS TRADE. 
 
 Rarely, indeed, in the history of these colonies, has the electric cable 
 flashed to them an item of intelligence of greater moment and importance 
 than that, which was received some months ago, announcing the safe arrival 
 of the Strathleven in England, with the first experimental shipment of 
 Australian meat, in excellent condition. No doubt the almost enthusiastic 
 feelings of satisfaction, which were excited by the gratifying success of the 
 preliminary enterprise, cooled down after a time; and the timid, the 
 penurious, the croakers and the prophets of evil found occasion to suggest 
 doubts as to the remunerative character of the undertaking. And it must 
 also be admitted, that a good deal of hesitation and lukewarmness was 
 exhibited by some of those, who were very properly appealed to, to subscribe 
 the capital requisite to organise a company, for the purpose of prosecuting 
 the business of preparing and exporting frozen meat, systematically, and on 
 a sufficiently large scale. In the United States, under similar circumstances, 
 an influential syndicate would have been immediately formed, the necessary 
 funds would have been provided in a very few hours, and operations would 
 have been commenced at once. But owing, perhaps, to an excess of caution 
 on the part of the large cattle-owners, who are chiefly interested in this new 
 branch of business ; or to a desire, on the part of some, to see others incur 
 the risk of launching an association for the purpose, while they themselves 
 would wait until its prosperity should have been assured, before embarking 
 their money in it ; the formation of a public company for the exportation 
 of frozen meat, proceeded much more slowly than the more sanguine friends 
 of this promising industry could have wished. Ultimately, however, the 
 project assumed a concrete form. A capital of .£100,000 was subscribed, 
 in one thousand shares of £100 each; and, as we write, a large refrigerating 
 
142 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 machine is approaching completion at the Melbourne Meat Preserving 
 Company's works, and it is expected that a cargo of frozen meat will be 
 despatched from Hobson's Bay, in sufficient time to enable it to appear in 
 company with "the roast beef of old England," upon many a table, at the 
 Christmas festival, in the mother-country. What the supply, available for 
 export from these Australian colonies, will be for the time to come, must 
 be, to a considerable extent, contingent upon the demand. For, although 
 this continent is only one-fifth less in area than the United States, and is 
 more than three-fourths the size of Europe, the quantity of cattle grazing 
 on its almost measureless pastures, is limited, by comparison with the 
 herds of other countries. This will be seen by the subjoined figures 
 derived from Maurice Block's V Europe Politique, et Sociale, and from 
 other sources : — 
 
 France ... 
 
 494 head of cattle to every 1000 inhabitants 
 
 Great Britain ... 
 
 514 
 
 Prussia ... 
 
 • 540 
 
 Bavaria ... 
 
 803 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 • 685 
 
 Saxony 
 
 . 345 
 
 Cis-Leithan Austria . . 
 
 552 
 
 Trans-Leithan Austria. . 
 
 71S 
 
 Spain 
 
 . 367 
 
 Portugal 
 
 • 316 
 
 Italy 
 
 . 291 
 
 Russia in Europe 
 
 693 
 
 Sweden ... 
 
 • 650 
 
 Norway .. 
 
 . 760 
 
 Denmark 
 
 1,202 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 492 
 
 Belgium... 
 
 402 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 500 
 
 Australasia 
 
 2,500 
 
 Now, when we take into consideration the density of population in all the 
 European countries enumerated above, and its sparseness in these colonies, 
 it will be seen, that our stock of cattle bears no proportion whatever to the 
 magnitude it is capable of assuming, if, as we anticipate, a large demand 
 should spring up in Great Britain and elsewhere for the frozen meat of 
 Australia. In the United Kingdom, in some parts of Germany, in the 
 Netherlands, and in Belgium, there are, on the average, two head of cattle 
 to every acre of land in the country. In Australasia, on the other hand, 
 there are 27,000 acres of land to every head of cattle; the total number, at 
 the present time, not exceeding 7,500,000. This includes the herds of 
 South Australia, West Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand. But, 
 as a writer on this question in the Argus, to whom we are under 
 considerable obligations for the statistics we shall make use of in this 
 chapter, observes, the supplies of frozen meat for exportation are likely to 
 be drawn, for some time to come, from Queensland, New South Wales, and 
 
THE EXPORT TRADE IN FROZEN MEAT. 
 
 143 
 
 Victoria chiefly, if not exclusively ; and it is interesting, therefore, to trace 
 the increase of cattle in each during the last six years. This is shown in 
 the annexed table, from which it will be seen that the increase has been 
 very unequally divided, it having been greatest in Queensland, and 
 smallest in New South Wales ; notwithstanding the fact, that the latter 
 colony is two and a-half times larger than Victoria. The extent of such 
 increment will be apparent by the subjoined statement: — 
 
 Increase of Cattle in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland 
 
 in Victoria, New South Wales, 
 
 BETWEEN 1873 AND 1878 :— 
 
 Victoria. 
 
 1878 — Number of cattle 
 
 1873— Do. do 
 
 Increase in 1878. 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 1878— Number of cattle 
 1873— Do. do 
 
 Increase in 1878 ... 
 
 1878 — Number of cattle 
 1873— Do. do 
 
 Increase in 1878... 
 
 Increase in the three colonies during the six years 
 
 1,184,843 
 
 883,763 
 
 301,080 
 
 2,771,583 
 2,710,374 
 
 61,209 
 
 2,433,567 
 1,343,093 
 
 1,090,474 
 
 1,452,763 
 
 
 The rates of increase have therefore been 10,000 a-year for New South 
 Wales, 50,000 a-year for Victoria, and 180,000 a-year for Queensland. 
 
 But as there are millions of acres of splendid natural pastures in the 
 interior of this continent, which could be stocked with cattle, if there were 
 an export market for them ; and as these could be transported overland 
 from their grazing grounds to the port of shipment at Melbourne, Sydney, 
 or Brisbane, there is abundant room for an immense expansion of this trade. 
 And we are appropriately reminded by the writer above referred to, that if 
 Australia does not secure the supply of the British market, the energetic 
 Americans will ; for they are now exporting in fresh meat and live bullocks, 
 the annual equivalent of 200,000 cattle, as appears from the latest 
 returns : — 
 
 Beef and Bullocks Exported from the United States for the Year ended 
 
 June 30, 1879. 
 
 Quantity. Value in dollars. 
 
 54,025,832 lbs. fresh beef 4,832,080 
 
 136,720 bullocks 8,379,200 
 
 Total value 
 
 13,262,280 
 
 " Nor should we," it is observed, " while scanning the foregoing figures, 
 overlook either of these facts : first, that this is a comparatively new enter- 
 
144 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 prise in the United States^ — not of more than five years' standing; secondly, 
 that the Americans are pushing it not only in England, but on the con- 
 tinent of Europe, especially since the arrival of the Strathleven in London 
 with frozen meat from Australia; and thirdly, that we have as great 
 facilities for the prosecution of the trade as the Americans have, particularly 
 since fast-steaming vessels of large tonnage have begun to trade constantly 
 and regularly between England and the Australian colonies. During the 
 quarter ended the 30th March, 1876, the Americans exported 24,080 cwt. 
 of fresh meat to England, which would be equivalent to 2,697,408 lbs., or at 
 the rate of 8,789,632 lbs. a year. But during the year ended the 30th June, 
 1879, they exported in fresh meat and live bullocks what would be 
 equivalent to 162,000,000 lbs. of fresh meat — a prodigious increase in so 
 short a time ! Why should we not then go and do likewise in proportion 
 to our supply? What is there to hinder us?" 
 
 Nothing — it may be answered — but a lack of energy, a want of fore- 
 sight, and an indisposition to provide the capital necessary for establishing 
 the export trade in frozen meat, upon a sound and durable basis. But we 
 cannot think so disparagingly of the people of these colonies, of the pioneers 
 of their pastoral settlement, of their merchants and capitalists, and of all 
 those, who have contributed by their enterprise, their industry, and their 
 courage, to build up the splendid fabric of their material prosperity, as to 
 assume, that they will allow a great undertaking of this kind to fail of its 
 accomplishment, by any deficiency of money or determination. The oppor- 
 tunity of founding a literally colossal trade, is now presented to them; a 
 trade, which will transform the pastures of this continent to a vast manu- 
 factory of food for the teeming millions of Europe, who will send us the 
 products of their looms, their mills, their foundries, their workshops, and 
 their ateliers in exchange, and the transport of these commodities will 
 furnish employment to whole fleets of merchantmen, and to tens of 
 thousands of shipwrights, sailors, stevedores, wharfingers, porters, carriers, 
 and operatives on both sides of the world ; so that it would be the height of 
 folly — it would be almost an act of criminality on our part — if we failed to 
 embrace the opportunity thus afforded, and to take, at its flood, that tide in 
 our affairs, which must inevitably lead on to fortune. The time will come, 
 we trust, when not one, but a dozen companies will find lucrative employ- 
 ment for their capital in this particular branch of commercial enterprise ; 
 and when it will have grown to dimensions more than equalling the magni- 
 tude of the export of wool from these colonies. 
 
 Meanwhile, let us glance for a moment at the stock-raising capabilities 
 of some portions of this continent, which pastoral settlement has scarcely 
 reached, and in others, where it has been but imperfectly developed. In 
 North- western Australia, a tract of country has been recently discovered by 
 Mr. Alexander Forrest, containing an area of 20,000,000 acres, well grassed 
 and abundantly watered, with a navigable river flowing through it, for 
 
THE EXPORT TRADE IN FROZEN MEAT. 145 
 
 upwards of 200 miles. On the plateaux of Queensland there are also vast 
 cattle runs, which cannot be fully stocked, for want of an outlet for the 
 natural increase, and the same state of things prevails, we are informed, in 
 many parts of Central Australia. Let a steady demand be once established, 
 and the production of meat for export will be engaged in, on a far larger 
 scale than at present, and run-holders will continue to improve their breeds 
 of cattle, well knowing that, inasmuch as the cost of refrigerating and 
 transporting a ton of beef of the best quality, is no more, than would be 
 incurred by freezing and conveying to Europe a ton of inferior meat, it will 
 pay better to raise the first than the second. According to the writer 
 previously quoted, Durhams or shorthorns are most suitable for the 
 purpose, and we are told " the age at which they can most profitably be 
 slaughtered is from 18 to 24 months old, when they can easily be made 
 fully ripe, and will weigh from 1200 lb. to 1500 lb. Still, they may be 
 kept till they are three years old, when they will weigh 2000 lb. or more, 
 or even till they are five or six years old, when they will attain, in some 
 instances, the extraordinary weight of from 3000 lb. to 4000 lb. But the 
 meat is not then so tender and j uicy, nor are the growers' profits so large, 
 owing to the extra fodder required, and other expenses in connection with 
 them. Next to Durhams or shorthorns, preference is given to Herefords, 
 which make as good beef, but have thicker hides and more bone and offal. 
 Moreover, they do not mature so early as the Durhams or shorthorns, and 
 are, consequently, less profitable to their breeder. For both these descrip- 
 tions of cattle, there is ample room in the vast prairie lands in the United 
 States. And they are produced in great perfection in the Western District 
 of Victoria, and in some other parts of the colony. The late Hon. Niel 
 Black's noted NB brand of Durhams, or pure shorthorns, is known all the 
 colonies over; and so is the Messrs. Robertson Bros.' FF brand of pure 
 Herefords, not to mention those of other breeders of the same description 
 of cattle. Devons are also spoken of, as suitable for this trade, and they 
 are said to make excellent beef if killed at the proper age." 
 
 At present these colonies have an annual surplus of about a quarter of 
 a million head of cattle available for export, but it would not be long 
 before this increased to a million, and a trade of this magnitude would 
 necessarily involve an export of British manufactures of corresponding 
 value; for we need not repeat the hackneyed truism, that all commerce 
 implies an exchange of commodities, and that Australian meat would be 
 paid for by British merchandise. 
 
 Perhaps some of our English readers will say, " But what is to become 
 of our own pastures and our own graziers, if the colonies flood the home 
 markets with cheap meat V We reply, that British farmers will have to 
 adapt themselves to the altered condition of the time, just as the New Eng- 
 land farmers have done. Wheat and meat can be raised in the Western 
 and North-western States of the Union, and transported to the Atlantic 
 
 L 
 
146 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 seaboard so cheaply, that the corngrowers and graziers of the Eastern 
 States have found it impossible to compete with their rivals on the other 
 side of the continent. At first, that is to say, soon after railway communi- 
 cation was perfected with the west, many farms were parted with in Massa- 
 chusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut, at a great sacrifice, to Irish and Ger- 
 man immigrants, while others actually went out of cultivation. But, after 
 awhile, Brother Jonathan began to "calculate," and to "figure it out," 
 and he very soon made the discovery, that corn-growing belonged to an early 
 stage of agricultural development ; and that, as population became denser, 
 it was more profitable to devote land to market-gardening, orchards and the 
 growth of dairy produce. This has been done with great advantage to all 
 parties concerned in the United States ; and we venture to predict, that it 
 will have to be done in Great Britain. Surely a country which imported 
 the following quantities, and values of the undermentioned articles, in the 
 year 1876, ought to be able to produce them at home, and thus save what 
 is now paid for them : — 
 
 Bacon and hams 
 
 3,181,569 cwts. 
 
 of the value of £8,611,329 
 
 Butter 
 
 1,659,492 „ 
 
 > j 
 
 9,718,226 
 
 Cheese 
 
 1,531,204 „ 
 
 >> 
 
 4,237,763 
 
 Eggs ... 
 
 ... 753,026,040 No. 
 
 >> 
 
 2,620,396 
 
 Lard ... 
 
 562,174 cwts. 
 
 >> 
 
 1,579,721 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 6,023,926 „ 
 Making a total of 
 
 j » 
 
 1,740,749 
 
 
 .. £28,508,184 
 
 And it must be remembered, that when the nominal price of the four-pound 
 loaf ranges, as it will do in England for the future, at from fourpence to six- 
 pence, and when the top price of excellent meat will not exceed sixpence 
 per pound, the great bulk of the community will have more money to spend 
 upon the articles, which are enumerated above, and which are still, in a vast 
 number of families, unattainable luxuries at present. Not only so, but the 
 producers of them will share in the increased prosperity of the country, 
 which will necessarily result from her steadily-expanding exports to Aus- 
 tralia. Half-a-century hence, the population of these colonies will have 
 risen to fifty millions. The discoveries of science will have abridged the 
 distance between the heart of the empire and her extremities, to a fort- 
 night, in all probability ; and no man would be daring enough to predict, to 
 what dimensions the commerce of the old country and the new, will have 
 swollen by that time. But, in the meanwhile, it will suffice to say, that 
 that commerce must go on increasing year by year, and that, for every 
 million's worth of wheat, or wine, or wool, which Great Britain im- 
 ports from Australia, she will export its value in those manufactures, 
 which can be prosecuted most advantageously in a densely-populated and 
 highly-civilised community. She can produce these with a much smaller 
 expenditure of capital and labour than we can, and therefore it is to our in- 
 terest to buy them from her. We can produce the great staples, we have just 
 
THE EXPORT TRADE IN FROZEN MEAT. 147 
 
 enumerated, at a smaller outlay of capital and labour than she can, and 
 it is therefore to her interest to obtain them from us. Each benefits by the 
 exchange, which also sets in motion a mass of industrial machinery in its 
 transaction. 
 
 In conclusion, it is not unreasonable to anticipate, that an opening will 
 be found for the frozen meat of Australia, in some of the countries of 
 Western Europe, where the consumption per head of this kind of food, is at 
 present extremely limited. As free-trade principles extend upon the 
 Continent, and as commerce is gradually emancipated from the trammels im- 
 posed upon it, by the ignorance or folly of monarchs and statesmen, 
 the condition of the wage-earning classes will improve pari jmssu. Better 
 earnings will lead to a better diet, and the importation of food-supplies from 
 abroad, will be necessarily accompanied by the exportation of manufactured 
 articles to pay for them • by an increasing commerce, and by the augmenta- 
 tion of the general prosperity. And thus, in their case, as in that of the 
 mother-country, there will be a reciprocity of benefits, and we may hope, 
 that the multiplication of the ties arising out of mutual intercourse, and the 
 influence of a common interest in prolonging such profitable relations, will 
 diminish the liabilities to any interruption of those relations by war, and 
 will constitute unanswerable arguments for the maintenance of peace. 
 
 L 2 
 
H8 
 
 Chapter X. 
 
 RAILWAYS AS FACTORS IN THE AUSTRA- 
 LIAN EXPORT TRADE OF MEAT. 
 
 THE RAILWAYS OF VICTORIA, AND THE DISTRICTS TO WHICH THEY GIVE 
 ACCESS — HER LIVE STOCK — SIMILAR INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO 
 NEW SOUTH WALES AND QUEENSLAND PROJECTS FOR A TRANS-CONTI- 
 NENTAL LINE, AND THE ROUTES IT IS PROPOSED THEY SHOULD ADOPT 
 
 DISTANCES FROM THE VARIOUS CAPITALS TO THE GULF OF CARPENTARIA 
 
 RAILWAYS AND LIVE STOCK IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA ANOTHER TRANS- 
 
 CONTINENTAL PROJECT — SPLENDID PASTORAL COUNTRY IN WESTERN 
 AUSTRALIA — TASMANIA AND ITS RAILWAYS. 
 
 In round numbers there are three thousand miles of railway open for traffic 
 in Australia, the whole of which converge upon seaport towns or cities. 
 The Victorian lines radiate from Melbourne in five directions. To the east, 
 a railway crossing the Dividing Range descends into the rich pastures of" 
 G-ippsland, where the soil and climate, under the combined influences of the 
 heavily-timbered mountains, which separate this district from the rest of the 
 colony, and of the ocean to the south, the winds from which blow inland, 
 surcharged with vapour, are both favourable to the production of succulent 
 natural grasses for fattening stock. A second line — the North-Eastern — 
 extends to the River Murray, near Albury, and gives access to the 
 extensive tract of country watered by the Upper Murray. A third — 
 running nearly north — touches the same river at Echuca, where a branch 
 line to Deniliquin penetrates almost to the very heart of the immense 
 pastoral plains of Riverina. A fourth — tending in a north-westerly direc- 
 tion — terminates for the present at Horsham, on the confines of another 
 large area of grazing country, known as the Wimmera ; while a fifth, taking 
 a south-westerly course, enters the fertile Western District, which may be 
 called the garden of Victoria, much of it being of volcanic origin and rich 
 in all the natural elements of productiveness. These trunk lines, together 
 with such extensions of or feeders to them, as are in progress or contempla- 
 tion, bring nearly the whole grazing area of the most southerly and compact 
 of the Australian colonies on the mainland, into communication with its 
 chief seaports. In addition to which, there is a railway from Portland, on 
 
 
RAILWAYS AS FACTORS. 149 
 
 the west coast, to Hamilton and Ararat, which likewise traverses a pastoral 
 country. The live stock in Victoria on the 31st of December, 1878, we 
 may add, was as follows : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 210,105 1,184,843 9,379,276 177,373 
 
 From Sydney two great trunk lines diverge, the one in a southerly, and 
 the other in a westerly direction. The former is already in operation as far 
 as "Wagga Wagga, a distance of 309 miles, and will be completed to 
 Albury, on the Murray, by the end of the present year. Its extension to 
 the westward from Cootamundra to Booligal, and thence to Pooneaira, in 
 one direction, and from Wagga Wagga to Deniliquin and Hay in another, 
 as merely a question of time ; and this will give the occupants of the vast 
 pastoral districts of the Lachlan, the Murrumbidgee, and the Darling, access 
 to the port of Sydney on the one hand, and to that of Melbourne on the 
 other; while the competition, which will be thus established for the traffic 
 in live stock, or in frozen carcases, will have a natural tendency to lower 
 the cost of transport. The Great Western line is finished as far as Orange, 
 a distance of 192 miles; and it will be pushed on sooner or later to Bourke, 
 on the Upper Darling, seventy or eighty miles from the northern boundaries 
 of the colony. This will also traverse two extensive areas of grazing country, 
 known as the Wellington and the Warrego pastoral districts respectively. 
 From the important port of Newcastle, situated in the midst of the 
 magnificent coal measures of New South Wales, a railway stretches to 
 Tamworth, a distance of 182 miles; and extensions have been surveyed to 
 Armidale in one direction, to Tenterfield, Casino, and Grafton in another, 
 and to Walgett, on the Barwon, in a third. By these, the produce of the 
 Liverpool Plains and the Gwyder, New England, and Clarence pastoral 
 districts will be conveyed to the nearest port of shipment. We have given 
 in another chapter the figures relating to the live stock of New South 
 Wales, but, for purposes of comparison, we may repeat them here : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 336,094 2,768,601 23,962,373 219,055 
 
 As little more than two decades have elapsed since Queensland was 
 separated from New South Wales and erected into a distinct colony, the 
 progress of railway construction there, has been relatively slow. There is a 
 railway from Brisbane to Dalby, a distance of 152 miles, which is being 
 carried on to Roma, about 330 miles from the capital. This will eventually 
 be extended, to the western boundary of Queensland, and will thus cross the 
 highly productive table-lands of the interior. Another line runs from the 
 port of Rockhampton to Blackwater, and will ultimately be carried to the 
 westward ; while a third line will connect the port of Townsville with the 
 country lying at the back of it. But each of these, it is proposed, shall be 
 articulated with a grand trunk line, which shall cross the continent from 
 south to north, and have its terminus at Burke Town, in the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria. By the liberality and enterprise of the proprietors of the 
 
150 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Queenslander, an admirable weekly paper published in Brisbane, an 
 exploring expedition was fitted out to survey the country between the 
 Diamantina, or Mueller Creek, at about the 141st meridian of east longitude, 
 and Port Darwin, and successfully accomplished its task. That expedi- 
 tion demonstrated the practicability of a portion of the scheme referred to; 
 and should it be carried into effect, the probabilities are, that another 
 Singapore would spring up not far from where Burke and Wills caught 
 sight of the sea at the end of their exciting race across the continent, and 
 that momentous changes would take place in the chief channels of trade 
 between Australia and Europe — changes, perhaps, hardly less important in 
 their character and consequences than those which ensued, when, to old 
 
 Venice, 
 
 The xinwelcome tidings came 
 That in the Tagus had arrived a fleet 
 From India, from the region of the sun, 
 Fragrant with spices ; that a way was found, 
 A channel opened, and the golden stream 
 Turned to enrich another. 
 
 The line thus projected would start from Deniliquin, in New South 
 Wales — to which place a railway runs from Melbourne, at the southern ex- 
 tremity of the continent — and, proceeding due north, would have its central 
 interchanging station at Bourke, upon which point the main lines from 
 Sydney and Adelaide would converge. Still pursuing a northerly direction 
 as far as Lansdown, on the 25th parallel of south latitude, and linking it 
 self with the line from Brisbane at the intermediate station of Charleville, the 
 trans-continental railway would then deflect its course to the north-west, 
 and would be joined by a line from Bockhampton, at the head of the Brver 
 Barcoo, and by one from Townsville at Cloncurry ; from whence its course 
 would again be almost northerly to its terminus at the Gulf, which would 
 be distant by this route :— 
 
 From Eockhampton ... ... ... ... 875 miles. 
 
 ,, Brisbane ... ... ... ... ... 1275 ,, 
 
 ,, Sydney ... ... ... ... ... 1440 ,, 
 
 ,, Adelaide ... ... ... ... ... 1600 ,, 
 
 ,, Melbourne ... ... ... ... ... 1650 ,, 
 
 The number of miles to be constructed would be, in round numbers, 
 1500. An alternative line has been proposed for adoption as more econo- 
 mical in construction, commencing at the 30th parallel of south latitude, up 
 to which a railway has been constructed from Port Augusta at the head of 
 Spencer's Gulf, in South Australia, and following the 140th meridian of 
 east longitude to the mouth of the Leichhardt, in the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 Both of these propositions emanate from the Government of Queensland 
 but there is yet another project for a trans-continental line, to which we shall 
 presently have occasion to refer. 
 
 With an area of 669,520 square miles, or more than double that of New 
 South Wales, Queensland possesses pastoral capabilities of which it would 
 
RAILWAYS AS FACTORS. 151 
 
 be difficult to over-estimate the magnitude. At present her stock returns 
 are these : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 147,076 2,433,567 5,564,465 50,301 
 
 The railways of South Australia have all been constructed so as to bring 
 the wheat-growing, mining and pastoral districts adjacent to the coast into 
 communication with the nearest sea-port, while the River Murray, which has 
 its embouchure in the South Australian territory, is also a valuable channel of 
 commerce for the country through which it flows. Adelaide, the capital, is 
 connected with the sea-board by two railways, one running to Glenelg in a 
 south-westerly, and the other to Port Adelaide, in a north-westerly direc- 
 tion. From the metropolis, a main trunk line proceeds to Gawler, a few 
 miles beyond which flourishing town it bifurcates, the right branch extending 
 to Kapunda, while the left stretches northward to the celebrated Burra 
 copper mines, a hundred miles distant from Adelaide. Another line con- 
 nects Port Wakefield, at the head of Gulf St. Vincent, with Blyth's Plains, 
 a distance of 42 miles ; a third crosses Yorke's Peninsula, from Port Wake- 
 field to Wallaroo Bay, in Spencer's Gulf, and thus avoids the detour of 
 about 200 miles, which the traffic between the upper part of that Gulf 
 and Adelaide would have to make, if it were sea-borne. Another railway 
 proceeds from Port Augusta, at the head of that gulf, to Parina, 
 following the line of telegraph, which crosses the continent. Another 
 connects Port Pirie with Gladstone ; another, Port Broughton with an 
 agricultural area fourteen miles distant from the Gulf ; another, Lacepede 
 Bay with Narracoorte ; another, Victor Harbour and Port Elliot with 
 Strathalbyn, about 30 miles inland from Encounter Bay ; and another, 
 Rivoli Bay with Gambier. 
 
 There yet remains to speak of the grand trunk-line, which will span the 
 continent at no distant date. The South Australians, who yield to none of 
 their neighbours in a sagacious spirit of enterprise, and whose magnificent 
 territory spreads from the Indian Ocean to the South Pacific, are naturally 
 anxious, that such a railway should be constructed within their own boun- 
 daries, and at their own cost. The enormous area of land which they 
 possess — 903,690 square miles — would render this a task easy of accomp- 
 lishment \ because capitalists could be readily found, who would undertake 
 the work, and accept payment in blocks of land lying contiguous to the 
 proposed line, which has been surveyed from its starting point in the south 
 to its terminus at Port Darwin in the north. The only consideration which 
 restrains immediate action in the matter is, that of how best to prevent the 
 creation of one of those gigantic land monopolies, which have been estab- 
 lished under similar circumstances in the United States; although, perhaps, 
 the word "monopoly" is scarcely applicable to the extensive ownership of 
 land in a country, where the supply is virtually inexhaustible, and where 
 the facilities for its acquisition are so great, that any sober and industrious 
 
152 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 working man can obtain possession of an eighty, one hundred and sixty, or 
 three hundred-acre farm, by the exercise of frugality and self-denial. 
 
 From a South Australian point of view, the central railway scheme is 
 the most desirable ; and it would open up and promote the settlement of 
 vast tracts of grazing land, much of which recent explorations have 
 demonstrated to be of the finest character. It would also afford an outlet, 
 and access to markets, for live stock to be raised hereafter in the northern 
 districts of Western Australia, where there is some splendid country 
 entirely unoccupied, because, until quite recently, altogether unknown. 
 Some idea of it may be formed from the following passages in an account of 
 its discovery contributed to the Victorian Revieio by Mr. Alexander Forrest, 
 in December last : — " On the 8th of May (he says) we struck the Fitzroy, a 
 magnificent river, four chains wide, running strongly, and with splendidly- 
 grassed banks. This noble stream is the main artery and outlet of a most 
 beautiful extent of territory, suitable in the highest degree for pastoral 
 
 purposes On the 1st June we re-crossed the Fitzroy, and next 
 
 day left it, having followed the course of this magnificent river for 240 
 miles. It is the longest river in Western Australia, its banks being 
 splendidly grassed for at least a breadth of 20 miles. I roughly calculate, 
 that there are here four millions of acres of excellent pastoral land, capable 
 of carrying at least a million and a-half of sheep, which is more than there 
 are in Western Australia altogether. The country along its banks is 
 seamed with creeks and gullies, all of which we found running. The water 
 supply of this region appears to be both abundant and constant." 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. Forrest states that the Fitzroy and other large 
 rivers flow through an available pastoral country of not less than 20,000,000 
 acres in extent, well-grassed and well watered, much of which would be 
 suitable for the cultivation of sugar, coffee and rice. 
 
 Regarded from a purely Australian point of view, the transcontinental 
 line, previously referred to as beginning at Deniliquin and having its 
 terminus at Burketown, would appear to be the more desirable of the two ; 
 but before either project is carried into effect, it is probable, that an inter- 
 colonial conference will be held on the subject; unless, indeed, the energetic 
 people of South Australia should resolve in the meantime on carrying out 
 their scheme single-handed and unaided. In any case, a railway bisecting 
 the continent, and throwing out branches to the right and left, to meet the 
 requirements of increasing settlement, cannot fail to communicate an 
 immense and enduring stimulus to the breeding and fattening of sheep and 
 cattle over vast areas of the interior, which are now virgin pastures, 
 while at the same time providing facilities for their export not merely to 
 Europe but to A sia, such as at present do not and can not exist. 
 
 The live stock of South Australia on the 31st of December, 1878, was 
 as under : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 121,553 251,802 6 ; 377 ; 812 103,422 
 
RAILWAYS AS FACTORS. 153 
 
 In Western Australia, owing to its geographical isolation and sparse 
 population, only three short lines of railway have been hitherto constructed, 
 from as many of its sea-ports to places a few miles from the coast; but the 
 enormous area of its territory, roughly estimated at a million square miles, 
 and the nature of its soil and climate, justify the prediction, that its contri- 
 butions to the food supplies of the world will one day assume gigantic pro- 
 portions. At present it depastures the following stock : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 32,801 56,158 869,325 16,762 
 
 Tasmania is traversed by a railway connecting its northern capital, 
 Launceston, lying at the head of the estuary of the Tamar, with its 
 southern capital, Hobart Town, seated on the shores of the Derwent. A 
 second line unites the former city with Deloraine, from whence, following 
 the valley of the Mersey, it extends to the port of Torquay, in Bass's 
 Straits. The island is so abundantly watered, and its valleys are so well 
 adapted for grazing purposes, that it ought to have a surplus of live stock 
 available for exportation. Hitherto, however, the imports have exceeded 
 the exports, and the official returns show the following to be the quantities 
 in the island : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 24,107 126,276 1,838,831 39,595 
 
 It only remains to give the totals of the various colonies, in order to 
 enable our readers to gauge the future capabilities of Australia to supply 
 the teeming millions of the old world with cheap and nutritious meat, 
 fattened on natural grasses, under purely natural conditions, and therefore 
 exempt from the diseases incidental to artificially fed and artificially 
 housed cattle, in thickly-peopled countries, where the very air, at certain 
 seasons of the year, and under certain states of the atmosphere, is impreg- 
 nated with disease germs. These totals are as follows : — 
 
 Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Pigs. 
 
 872,110 6,824,529 47,996,762 607,773 
 
 This represents but an insignificant fraction of the quantity of live-stock, 
 which the Australian pastures will carry hereafter, as pastoral settlement 
 spreads over the interior of the country, and the 2,000,000,000 acres 
 embraced within its area are covered with flocks and herds, always 
 excepting its desert patches, which artificial irrigation may, however, one 
 day reclaim and transform, when all the good land has been profitably 
 occupied. But this is a contingency too remote to concern us now. 
 Enough to say, that, under the Southern Cross, England has planted the 
 germs of future nations, on a continent capable of becoming the granary 
 and the stock-yard, the vineyard and the dairy of the old world ; and that 
 in the development of its incalculably vast and diversified resources there 
 is ample room and verge for the employment of the idle capital and the 
 surplus labour, not only of the mother-country, but of those continental 
 states which resemble her most closely in the industry, ingenuity, enter- 
 prise and persevering energy of their populations. 
 
154 
 
 Chapter XI. 
 
 AUSTEALIA, THE VINEYAKD OP THE 
 
 WOELD. 
 
 great variety of wines it is capable of producing the vineyards 
 
 of south australia one of them described — a frenchman's visit 
 
 to st. Hubert's, in victoria — the vine in western Australia — the 
 pioneer of the industry in new south wales character and di- 
 versity of the wines of that colony — cultivation of the vine in 
 
 victoria queensland the dying-out of the french vineyards 
 
 should act as a stimulus to the extension of the industry in aus- 
 tralia ravages of the phylloxera in france — the vineyards of 
 
 australia contain mines of undeveloped wealth the anglo-aus- 
 tralians being a wine-producing people will probably be a sober 
 population — some french statistics bearing on the subject. 
 
 By their geological formation, soil, and climate, large areas of this continent 
 are marked out by the hand of nature as the future vineyard of the world. 
 And practical experience has demonstrated, even at this early stage of viti- 
 culture in Australia, thac it is capable of producing wines, which already 
 closely approximate to, and will eventually rival, in quantity and quality, 
 the choicest vintages of Spain, Portugal, Madeira, France, Germany, 
 Hungary, and Italy. The colony of South Australia, which has taken the 
 lead in this branch of husbandry, lies bet ween the same isothermal lines as 
 the Spanish Peninsula, Italy, Sicily, Greece, and the Levant. The climate 
 is dry, the vintage season is usually rainless, and the character of the best 
 wines produced there resembles that of the strong, generous, and full-bodied 
 wines of Spain and Portugal. In the following list we have merely 
 enumerated the principal varieties : — 
 
 White Wines. 
 Verdeilho Gouais Sherry 
 
 Doradilla Belas Blanco Paolmina Blanco 
 
 White Tokay Kiesling Frontignac 
 
 Madeira Pedro Ximenes 
 
 Bed Wines. 
 Mataro Malbec Shiraz 
 
 Carbinet Burgundy Portugal 
 
 Grenache Espanoir Hermitage 
 
 Muscat 
 
AUSTRALIA, THE VINEYARD OF THE WORLD. 155 
 
 Tlie Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, writing from an intimate knowledge of the sub- 
 ject acquired during his residence in Portugal, and after an extended visit 
 to the vineyards of South Australia, says : — " The whole of the country 
 about the capital seems formed to be the home of those vines which nature 
 has destined to produce strong, generous, full-bodied wines. Several vine- 
 yards seem to want nothing but the experience and skill of the Portuguese 
 .feitor and Spanish cajritan to turn out as good wines of the port and sherry 
 character, as most of those now obtainable from Europe." And here we 
 may remark, by way of parenthesis, that to a palate not vitiated by spirit- 
 drinking, and not denaturalised by familiarity with the fortified and highly- 
 artificial beverages, which now find their way to the tables of even professed 
 connoisseurs under the name of port and sherry, the South Australian wines, 
 which correspond in flavour and origin with these, will commend themselves 
 as more delicate on the tongue, and as possessing a more exquisite bouquet 
 than the brandied and doctored compounds over which many worthy persons 
 smack their lips, under the impression that they are imbibing the pure juice 
 of the grape. " In South Australia," continues Dr. Bleasdale, " nature 
 herself is opposed to the production of those high-bouquet wines. Here she 
 demands consideration for body, sweetness, and the other high qualities of 
 generous wines. The Riesling and Verdeilho, when not tortured, yield 
 wines second only to the Bucellas of Lisbon, and the sweeter kinds of Ma- 
 deira ; while the Donzellinka, the Black Portugal, the Scyras, the Mataro, 
 and Grenache yield wines of the character of good Port, such as it is known 
 in Portugal, and the strongest of Hermitage, and that peculiar produce 
 known as Roussillon." In fact, South Australia may be described as a coun- 
 try beloved by the sun, who lavishes his fervour on the soil, which trans- 
 mutes it ; wherever the vine is grown, into the rich blood of the purple or 
 of the golden grape. 
 
 With respect to the present condition of this branch of industry in the 
 colony under notice, the statistics for 1878 furnish us with the following 
 particulars : — 
 
 Total number of acres under vines ... ... ... 4,297 
 
 Quantity of wine made (gallons) ... .,. ... 458,303 
 
 The more celebrated of the South Australian vignerons are : — Messrs. 
 Patrick Auld, Joseph Gilbert, Thomas Hardy, Smith and Sons, Penfold 
 and Co., and the South Australian United Vineyards Association. 
 
 The Auldana wines, produced in the vineyards of Mr. Auld, on the slopes 
 of the Mount Lofty Range, about five miles distant from Adelaide, are not 
 unknown in England, where the impending re-arrangement of the Customs 
 tariff upon imported wines, is likely to facilitate the introduction and con- 
 sumption of Australian vintages, which have hitherto been practically shut 
 out from consumption in the mother-country, owing to the fact of their 
 range in strength being above the 26 degrees of proof-spirit, which con- 
 stitutes the line of demarcation between wine liable to the duty of one 
 
156 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 shilling per gallon, and that chargeable with the duty of half-a-crown per 
 gallon. 
 
 As the Auldana vineyards are very good specimens of Australian 
 vineyards generally, the following description of them by a South 
 Australian may not be unacceptable to our readers : — " The vines are 
 planted from five to six feet apart, and six or seven feet between the rows. 
 In round numbers there are about 140,000 vines on the property. The 
 yield of wine varies with the season, the lowest being only about 110 gallons 
 per acre, and the highest nearly double as much. The vineyards are laid 
 out with roads intersecting them, to facilitate the passage of carts during 
 the vintage for conveying the grapes to the cellars. The cellars form two 
 sides of a square, and one portion measures 100ft. by 70ft., the other at 
 right angles with it, measuring 80ft. by 30ft. The other two sides of the 
 square are appropriated to the workmen's quarters, cooperage, and work- 
 shops, stables, cartsheds, and bottle- washing department. The water 
 supply at this elevated situation is derived from the rainfall collected from 
 the roofs in underground tanks, holding about 40,000 gallons. A perennial 
 creek or brook of excellent water, however, runs through the lower part of 
 the property. 
 
 " The cellars are only partly underground, being excavated from the slope 
 of the hill. The walls are fifteen feet in height, and over a portion of them 
 the roof is double, the greatest depth below the surface of the ground being 
 from ten to twelve feet. They afford ample accommodation for the storage 
 of 100,000 gallons of wine. One of the larger vats has a capacity of 3000 
 gallons, and there are six or seven of 2000 each, fourteen slate tanks of 
 from 500 to 800 gallons each, a number of casks of 500 and 300 gallons, 
 and numerous pipes and hogsheads. The large press has two powerful iron 
 screws worked by a fly-wheel; there are also smaller presses worked by 
 hand. 
 
 " During a recent visit to Auldana, I found 45,000 gallons of excellent 
 wine in the cellars, varying in age from eight months to eight years. At 
 different times during a week I sampled the whole, and from a long 
 experience with Australian wines, I can honestly say, that there was not a 
 single hogshead of wine in the cellars but what was sound and good, and 
 the great bulk of it of very superior quality. The wines of Auldana are 
 now of almost world-wide fame, having gained prizes and honourable 
 mention at every International and Intercolonial Exhibition for the past 
 eighteen years. London, Vienna, Paris, Philadelphia, Sydney, Melbourne, 
 and Adelaide have all given prize medals, cups ; or certificates and honour- 
 able mention to these pure and delicious wines, and the numerous prizes 
 and certificates form quite an art collection at Auldana." 
 
 As a companion picture to the above, we will do ourselves the pleasure 
 of quoting an account given by M. de Charnay, a scientific French traveller, 
 who recently visited Australia, of the impressions produced upon his mind 
 
AUSTRALIA, THE VINEYARD OF THE WORLD. 157 
 
 by one of the principal vineyards in Victoria; that, namely, of Messrs. De 
 Castella and Rowan, situated in the valley of the Upper Yarra, and in the 
 immediate vicinity of a part of the colony, which has been appropriately 
 called its Switzerland, by reason of the romantic beauty of its mountain 
 scenery. 
 
 The news and opinions of a foreign visitor on such a subject will be 
 necessarily free from the more or less unconscious bias, which might- 
 influence a Victorian, when speaking of one of the industries of his country, 
 and describing scenes and persons in which and whom, it is more than pro- 
 bable, he feels the warmest interest. M. de Charnay, who was the guest 
 of M. Hubert de Castella, a Swiss gentleman, whose Sovenirs d'un Sqioatter 
 Francais en Australie were published in Paris and very favourably received 
 about twenty years ago, writes as follows : — "I visited, in company with 
 my host, his fine property. It is the season of bloom (floraison). Two 
 hundred acres of vines in one compact block, spread their green and 
 vigorous foliage, and the air is perfumed with the mignonnette scent of the 
 vines in bloom. I doubt if there could be found in any part of France a 
 more careful cultivation. There is not a weed between the vines, and the 
 branches, all tied to sticks or trellised, disclose innumerable bunches. If the 
 weather is propitious, the forthcoming vintage must be abundant, for 
 I count up to sixty-two bunches on a single vine. Truly, it is a gladdening 
 sight, especially for a Burgundian; it brings back to my memory the 
 far away hill-sides of my own native land. Curious to say, here, in the 
 same vineyard, a variety of kinds are cultivated, which all succeed. It is 
 divided into large squares of these various kinds. Here the Sauvignon of 
 Bordeaux, the Pineau of Burgundy, and there the Chasselas of Eontaine- 
 bleau, which produces a delicious wine, and the Hermitage and the Riesling 
 of the Rhine. At first I thought that the planting of all these varieties was 
 in view of an extensive experiment, which would show the best kind to cul- 
 tivate afterwards; but no! M. de Castella tells me, that he keeps each 
 variety distinct, and that he makes Bordeaux wine, Burgundy wine, 
 Hermitage and Rhine wine; and what will surprise our vignerons is, that 
 all these wines have truly their distinctive bouquet, and that they have 
 perfectly preserved the character of their origin. We shall pass in review 
 the cellars. It is really Bordeaux, Burgundy, and Rhine wine which 
 I taste. I cannot express my astonishment. This is contrary to the law 
 of assimilation, it cannot remain so for ever. Every species of vegetation, 
 as well as every race of living beings, is modified by outward influences of 
 soil, climate, habits and food, and the transformation is the more rapid as 
 the organisation of the individual is less perfect, and as it belongs to a 
 lower order. It is evident, that this vineyard, producing to-day several 
 wines, each of perfectly distinct character, will eventually produce only two 
 types, one red and one white, which will bear uniform products, and will 
 no longer be similar to European wines, but will be Australian St. Hubert's 
 
158 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 wines. Be this as it may, these wines are delicious. But it was not in a 
 day that the grower obtained such results. At first, a virgin soil just 
 freed from gum-trees, cold as all land long covered with forest is, and also 
 a defective manipulation, had only given wines hard and retaining a strong 
 earthy taste. To-day, careful cultivation, a soil well worked, and ten years 
 of experience in the manufacture, have given these products which I found 
 perfect, and which will sell at a premium in the markets of Europe from 
 the day they become known there. The Australian wines have already 
 gained prizes at several international exhibitions, notably at Vienna and 
 Paris. Now, it behoves the Australians to show by their example the 
 esteem they have for their products. They must use them themselves ; they 
 must leave off in part tea, which they abuse, and the alcohols, which 
 pervert their taste; in a word, they must show by drinking them, that their 
 own wines are good. Wealthy people in Australia, as much by ostentation 
 as by taste, neglect the Australian wine. They would be ashamed of 
 drinking cheap wine ; it is expensive claret, burgundy, and champagne which 
 they offer to their guests. Perhaps, also, they find their own too strong. 
 For observe : I found at St. Hubert's an intelligent grower whose taste was 
 formed in Europe, whose palate was accustomed to the wines of France ; 
 this man tried to give to Australian wines a body and a bouquet similar to 
 ours, and he succeeded. So will others, for Australia is far from wanting 
 in intelligent men; but at present the colonists, who have known, as wine, 
 only foreign adulterated port and alcoholised sherries, have only one 
 ambition — to grow deep-coloured and strong wines, which are, un- 
 fortunately, a natural production in a dry and hot climate. How often in 
 my rambles about the Australian continent have I tasted these deplorable 
 burning beverages ! What wine ! How intolerably strong ! He used 1 
 tell me, the proud grower, that Europe produces nothing similar. Cer- 
 tainly it does not. Mais malheureux, that quality is a fault; your wine is 
 not drinkable, and, moreover, it is unwholesome. If you intend to supply 
 the world, you must alter your method. Do not make these extraordinary 
 wines, which everybody will refuse; but produce light wines, of an easy 
 digestion and fit for daily use. Leave off imitating Spanish wines, and 
 take French wines as a model, and you will dispose of a hundred times 
 more of your products than you now do !" 
 
 In Western Australia, which lies between warmer parallels than its 
 neighbour South Australia, but has a cooler climate on the whole, because 
 its temperature is modified by the sea-breezes, which sweep in upon its 2000 
 miles of coast-line facing the west, the vine flourishes luxuriantly, alike 
 upon its arenaceous, marl, and limestone soils. Its wines exhibit most of 
 the characteristics, which distinguish those of the South of Spain, and of the 
 island of Madeira ; but, at present, this form of industry is in a relatively 
 backward • condition, as the enterprise of a limited population finds abund- 
 ance of scope in developing those resources of the colony which yield a 
 
AUSTRALIA, THE VINEYARD OF THE WORLD. 159 
 
 larger and a more immediate return to capital and labour. But the growth 
 of a large wine-making interest is merely a question of time. 
 
 New South Wales, the mother-colony of the Australian group, was the 
 first to commence the cultivation of the vine ; and to Mr. John Macarthur, 
 of Camden, belongs the honour of having been the pioneer of an industry, 
 which is destined, perhaps, to overshadow all others by the magnificent 
 proportions which it will one day assume. That enlightened and far-seeing 
 man, after having laid the foundation of our vast export of wool by the 
 acclimatisation of a flock of pure-bred merino sheep in 1797, visited the 
 continent of Europe in company with his two sons in 1815, and remained there 
 for a twelvemonth, studying, among other subjects, the cultivation of the 
 olive and the vine. They collected cuttings from some of the most cele- 
 brated vineyards in France, and, returning to Camden, planted a vineyard 
 there. And in 1840, they sent an agent to Germany to make a second 
 collection ; which afterwards became the principal source of supply to the 
 other colonies, although at a much later period, immigrants from Germany 
 and Switzerland brought with them vine cuttings from both those countries, 
 and established them in South Australia and Yictoria. 
 
 The Messrs. Macarthur had many difficulties and prejudices to en- 
 counter, but they surmounted them all, and lived to witness Australian 
 wool bearing away the palm from all competitors, and Australian wines 
 extorting the eulogies of the best judges in Europe. Some day, perhaps, 
 the magnitude of their benefaction to Australia and the world will receive 
 its just, if tardy, recognition; but, in the meantime, any account of the 
 wines of these colonies would be incomplete, if it omitted to make mention 
 of the immense debt of gratitude due to the planters of the first vine in this 
 portion of the globe. 
 
 An accurate classification of the wines of New South Wales by analogy 
 with those of any particular country in Europe, would be extremely 
 difficult and possibly misleading. It is scarcely too much to assert, that the 
 choicest products of the most celebrated wine- growing districts in every part 
 of that continent have, or will have, their counterparts, in the mother- 
 colony. We say " or will have," because, in many instances, the colonial 
 processes and appliances, as well as the means of storage, are inferior to 
 those of older countries ; and much yet remains to be learned with respect 
 to the precise adaptation of varieties of the vine to soil, and also as to the 
 modifications which certain species of grape undergo in an Australian 
 climate. Certain it is, that these modifications do occur, and that they are 
 not unfrequently in a highly beneficial direction • the wine expressed from 
 a certain berry taking on new qualities, disclosing a finer aroma, and yield- 
 ing a more delicate flavour. 
 
 Broadly speaking, it may be asserted that, within the limits of New 
 South Wales, vineyards, or the sites of vineyards, are to be found, capable 
 of producing the wines of Spain and Portugal, of Mecloc and Bordeaux, of 
 
160 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN ii 
 
 Burgundy and Champagne, of Montepulciano, Orvieto, and Malvasia — 
 some of the richness of a liqueur, others the dainty delicacy of Chateau 
 Yquem, and others the seductive softness and subtle bouquet of Chateau 
 Lafitte. The following are the principal varieties : — 
 
 White Wines. 
 
 Verdeilho 
 
 Riesling 
 
 Aucarot 
 
 Blanquette 
 
 White Hermitage 
 
 Tokay 
 
 Madeira 
 
 Cawarra Hock 
 
 Muscatel 
 
 Pineau 
 
 Shiraz 
 
 Bebeah 
 
 Sherry 
 
 Cawarra 
 
 Kaludah 
 
 Pedro Ximenes 
 
 Tolle Blanc 
 
 Buculla 
 
 Dalwood 
 
 Champagne 
 
 Hock 
 
 Camden 
 
 Muscat 
 
 
 
 Red 
 
 Wines. 
 
 
 Pineau^Noir 
 
 Albury Port 
 
 Riesling 
 
 Muscat 
 
 Virdot 
 
 Hermitage 
 
 Isabella 
 
 Dalwood 
 
 Black Spanish 
 
 Shiraz 
 
 Malbec 
 
 Buculla 
 
 Claret 
 
 Burgundy 
 
 Carbinet 
 
 Grenache 
 
 Black Hamburg 
 
 Lambruscat 
 
 Camden 
 
 Lachryma Christi 
 
 Chateau Margaux 
 
 Verdeilho 
 
 
 
 The official returns for 1880, supply the following statistics : — 
 
 Total number of acres under vines ... 4,266 
 
 Quantity of wine made ... ... ... 733, 576 "gallons 
 
 Grapes consumed for table use ... ... 1,017 tons 
 
 The principal vignerons in New South Wales are Messrs. J. and W. 
 Macarthur, of Camden Park; J. T. Fallon, of Albury; J. Wyndham, of 
 Dalwood; Arthur Danes and Co., of Mount Huntly; J. P. Doyle, of 
 Kaludah; James Kelman, of Branxton; H. J. Lindeman, of Cawarra; 
 Carl Brecht, of Denman ; and A. Munro, of Singleton. 
 
 The cultivation of the vine in Victoria has made rapid progress of late 
 years, owing, it may be believed, to the greater number and density of the 
 population in that colony. It originated with some Swiss settlers near 
 Geelong, about ten years after the foundation of the colony, and received a 
 considerable stimulus from the enterprise of Messrs. Paul and Hubert de 
 Castella, also Swiss gentlemen, who established vineyards about thirty years 
 ago, at Yering, on the Upper Yarra. At the present time the wine-growing 
 districts of Victoria are pretty numerous, and each has a distinctive 
 character of its own. Those north of the Dividing Range assimilate in 
 their products to the wines of Southern Europe ; while those south of that 
 line of demarcation approximate to the vineyards of Rhineland and northern 
 and midland France. This generalisation, however, must not be accepted 
 in too literal a sense; because the quality of the vintages will be certainly 
 found to vary with the position of the vineyard — whether planted on a 
 hill-side and at a certain elevation above the sea, as at Sunbury, or laid out in 
 a valley as at Yering. Suffice it to say, however, that in the words of Dr. 
 Bleasdale, "between the Barrabool Hills, and the valley of the Murray, 
 Victoria possesses every variety of climate, exposure, and soil, that are to be 
 met with between Neufchatel and Lisbon." And it is only right to add, that 
 
AUSTRALIA, THE VINEYARD OF THE WORLD. 161 
 
 nearly every description of grape, that is popular among the vignerons of 
 France, has been introduced into Victoria, and has proved to be capable of 
 being cultivated with success south of the Dividing Range. Those 
 kinds, -which appear to find a peculiarly congenial habitation in this part of 
 Australia, are Hermitage, Burgundy, Carbinet, Sauvignon and Malbec ; but 
 in the opinion of Dr. Bleasdale, if ever Victoria gains a name in the world's 
 markets for any distinctive growths, Chasselas will take the first place, 
 Aucarot the second, and Shepherd's Riesling, or some blend of it, the third. 
 The official returns for the year 1880 give the following particulars: — 
 
 Total number of acres under vines ... ... 4285 
 
 Quantity of wine made (gallons) ... ,.. 574,143 
 
 Grapes consumed for table use ... ... 16,275 cwt. 
 
 The principal vignerons in Victoria are Messrs. de Castella and Rowan, 
 of St. Hubert's ; Mr. J. S. Johnstone, of Sunbury ; Mr. Carl Pohl, of 
 Strathfieldsaye ; Messrs. A. and R. Caughey, of the Murray ; Mr. C. 
 Brach6, of Sandhurst ; Mr. G. S. Smith, of Wahgunyah ; Messrs. Trouette 
 and Blampied, of Great Western ; and Mr. J . Davies, of Moonee Ponds. 
 
 The wine-growing industry in Queensland is at present too young to 
 enable us to speak with any degree of confidence and accuracy concerning 
 it ; but all the indications point to its becoming a large wine-producing 
 colony in the future. At the International Exhibition in Sydney, 1879-80, 
 six vignerons sent in samples of Espar, Verdeilho, Salvina, Mataro, 
 Hermitage, Isabella, Black Spanish, Tokay-Riesling, and other unnamed 
 varieties. The exhibitors were Mr. C. P. Chubb, of Ipswich ; Messrs. D. 
 J. Childs and Son, of Brisbane; Messrs. C. T. Gerler and Son, of Brisbane; 
 Mr. Jacob Kitchen, of Warwick; Mr. J. J. Lade, of Brisbane; and Mr. 
 Conrad Romer, of Warwick. These gentlemen had about 15,000 gallons in 
 stock, the selling price ranging from 6s. 6d. to 10s. per gallon. 
 
 In view of the deplorable ravages of the phylloxera in France, this 
 question of wine-growing in Australia is daily assuming greater importance; 
 because not merely are the capabilities of production virtually unlimited, 
 but the soil and climate are eminently favourable, as has been already 
 stated, to the growth of every one of the varieties of the grape, which are 
 so rapidly perishing in the country, from which the whole world has hitherte 
 been accustomed to draw its supplies of the choicest wines. In the year 
 1869, when the production of the French vineyards had reached their 
 maximum, it amounted — as we learn from the Annuaire de VEconomie 
 Politique— -to 70,000,000 hectolitres. In 1878 it had fallen to 48,720,553 
 hectolitres; and the particulars given with respect to the position of the 
 vignobles in the year following, by UAnnee Scientifique, show that the French 
 diminution of the yield is continuing to assume alarming proportions. Thus, 
 in the Departement du Gard, where there were 99,000 hectares of vineyards 
 ten years ago, there are now less than 9000 hectares. Out of 70,606 
 hectares in the arrondissement of Montpellier no less than 65,612 have 
 
 M 
 
162 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 been ravaged by the scourge. Out of 101,333 hectares in the arrondisse- 
 ment of Beziers only 57,376 remain intact. In that of Lodeve, 24,893 
 hectares out of 28,805 have been destroyed; and the full list of the 
 arrondissements in which the dreaded pest is extending its ravages, 
 comprehends no less than one hundred and twenty of these territorial 
 divisions; so that, in the words of the publication just referred to, "nearly 
 the whole of our wine-growing country is either invaded, or is about to be, 
 by the phylloxera ;" and it is now ascertained that at certain periods of the 
 year — and notably in June and July — the young insects emigrate from 
 localities in which the plant they feed upon has become scarce, and set out 
 in search of "fresh fields and pastures new." 
 
 Under these circumstances, and taking into consideration the fact that 
 maladies of this kind — as has been the case with respect to the potato 
 disease — when they have once established themselves in a country, seem to 
 take root there, and to become chronic, it does not require one to take 
 a very sanguine view of the prospects of Australian viticulture in order to 
 predict, that it has a great future before it. At present this industry is only 
 in its infancy, and the product of 1879, which was, in round numbers, 
 1,600,000 gallons only, was very little more than that of the smallest of the 
 French Departments, namely, that of Sarthe ; but we are convinced that 
 the day will come, when colossal fortunes will be made by syndicates of 
 French wine-merchants and vinegrowers operating in Australia, and 
 discovering in its vineyards mines of wealth far exceeding those, which were 
 laid bare by adventurous miners in the early days of the gold-fields. 
 
 Nor can we quit the subject without referring to the moral aspects of 
 the question. Reasoning from analogy, we may confidently expect to find 
 the Anglo-Australians a sober, because a wine-growing people. The 
 Spaniards are proverbially temperate, and it is a fact well established by 
 experience, observes a French writer, that an habitual drinker of light 
 wines rarely touches spirits, or is addicted to inebriety. Thus in the Haute 
 Garonne, Tarn, and Tarn-et-Garonne, that is to say, where the population 
 is accustomed to the regular use of wine, the annual consumption of 
 alcohol per head averages only 0*80, 0-83, and 0*64; while in the Nord, 
 the Pas-de-Calais, the Somme, and the Seine- Inferieure Departments, in 
 which the labouring classes do not drink wine, the average is 4-55, 6*47, 
 5*85, and 9*7'5. In 1873 the judicial statistics show, that in the first three 
 departments, not more than two or three persons were convicted of 
 drunkenness out of every thousand inhabitants, while in the last three the 
 number of convictions for this offence was at the rate of 17*20, and even 
 60 per thousand. 
 
163 
 
 Chapter XII. 
 
 IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 
 
 APATHY ON THE SUBJECT IN ENGLAND — SYSTEMATIC COLONISATION WANTED 
 
 A CAREER FOR ALL IN AUSTRALIA — ITS ATTRACTIONS AND ADVANTAGES 
 
 A LAND OF PROMISE TO THE MANUAL LABOURER — THE DIVERSIFIED 
 RESOURCES OF THE COLONIES — THEIR HEALTHFULNESS — EACH OF THEM 
 
 REPRODUCES SOME OF THE BEST FEATURES OF THE MOTHER-COUNTRY 
 
 SKETCHES OF VICTORIAN LIFE AND SCENERY — MELBOURNE ON THE EVE 
 
 OF THE CUP-DAY ONE OF THE SUBURBS OF THE VICTORIAN METROPOLIS 
 
 UP AMONG THE VINEYARDS AT YERING AND ST. HUBERT'S — THE FUTURE 
 
 BELONGS TO AUSTRALIA, AS THE PAST DOES TO THE OLD WORLD. 
 
 To an Anglo- Australian not devoid of human sympathies, few things appear 
 more inexplicable, than the indifference, not to say apathy, which prevails in 
 the minds of his fellow countrymen at home on the subject of emigration. 
 It is one in which all classes of society, and men and women belonging to 
 every grade in life, should feel a deep and vital interest. Nor can it be 
 denied, that Great Britain is overcrowded, and that notwithstanding the 
 enormous expansion, which every branch of industry has undergone since 
 the country was emancipated from the galling and debasing manacles 
 of protection, the struggle for existence continues to be an arduous one. 
 Indeed, it may be said to be more arduous than ever, because one effect of 
 free-trade has been to elevate, by the general prosperity it has diffused, 
 every stratum of the social edifice. The labouring man of to-day is better 
 off than the artisan of forty years ago; the artisan than the small shop- 
 keeper of the same period; the large trader than the merchant; the 
 merchant than the territorial magnate, and so on. But this remarkable 
 change has not been accompanied or followed by greater thrift. On the 
 contrary, the expenditure of all classes upon articles of food and clothing, of 
 comfort and luxury, has increased even more than commensurately with the 
 increase of their earnings or income; their artificial wants are greater and 
 more numerous than ever they were, and the result is, that the battle of life 
 has become increasingly severe, by reason of the higher standard of living 
 which has been established, and the extravagance which has attended upon 
 a lengthened period of unprecedented prosperity. 
 
 M 2 
 
164 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 It is customary to speak of China as a densely-populated country, but 
 the best estimates give it only 110 inhabitants to the square mile. In 
 England and Wales, on the other hand, population is upwards of three 
 times and a-half as dense, averaging 389 persons to the square mile. 
 Surely this is not a satisfactory state of things, more especially when we 
 take into consideration the fact, that the tendency of these masses of people 
 is more and more towards aggregation in large towns and cities, under con- 
 ditions necessarily unfavourable to health, physical vigour and morality. 
 The popular idea, that the power and greatness of a state are to be measured 
 by the number of its people, is proved by history to be an entirely erroneous 
 one. It is the quality of a nation, and not its quantity, which determines 
 its influence and potency, and secures its pre-eminence in the arts of war 
 and peace. Better a handful of Athenians, than a horde of Persians; 
 better the immortal three hundred, who fell under Leonidas, than a whole 
 legion of the followers of Xerxes. Britain is more likely to be weakened 
 than strengthened by the addition to her population of millions of manu- 
 facturing operatives, reared in the unwholesome atmosphere of a crowded 
 city, and following occupations, which transform man into a piece o^ 
 mechanism, and dwarf and enervate him by indoor confinement, while the 
 very monotony of his employment tempts him to have recourse to artificial 
 stimulants for excitement and for some exhilarating break in its dreary 
 uniformity. 
 
 England is now so thickly peopled, and her population has now so 
 completely outgrown the capacity of her soil to maintain it, that every 
 child born beneath an English roof increases her dependence upon distant 
 countries for her supply of food, and promises in after-life to become a 
 competitor with his or her contemporaries for employment in an already 
 crowded labour market. Every father of a family, from the estated noble- 
 man or gentleman down to the farm labourer, must contemplate with 
 anxiety the future of his children in a country, so thickly peopled as 
 England is. In ancient Greece, under similar circumstances, some of the 
 younger sons of the aristoi would have organised the elements of a 
 miniature State, its husbandmen, its artisans, its artificers, its law-givers 
 and its rulers, and would have gone forth in a body to found a colony on 
 the shores of the Mediterranean, where this compact and well-balanced 
 community would have reproduced a faithful copy of the society from 
 which it had detached itself. And what might not be accomplished in the 
 same way now, if some of the natural leaders of the people in the mother- 
 country were to follow the example of a Raleigh or a Baltimore, and 
 organise the materials for a complete settlement, composed of their old 
 friends and neighbours, tenants and workmen; first of all personally 
 selecting a suitable block of land in one of these colonies, then preparing 
 for the temporary shelter and maintenance of the immigrants; and then 
 chartering a vessel for the conveyance of themselves and families, their 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 165 
 
 ministers of religion and the parish doctor, their household goods, farming 
 implements, tools, stock-in-trade and the materials for their frame-houses 
 and their places of worship. Such colonies, animated by the neighbourly 
 feelings, which arise out of long and intimate association, could not fail to 
 thrive, just as the Russian Mennonites have thriven in the United States • 
 and they would also supply an element of unity and concord to our social 
 and political life, which is sadly wanting in both. For as society in these 
 colonies is literally " a fortuitous concourse of atoms " gathered together 
 from all parts of Great Britain, as also of the continent of Europe, there is 
 no homogeneity in the mass. Mutual repulsion is the rule, and not 
 mutual attraction, and such cohesion as does exist is the result of merely 
 class feelings, and too often takes the form of class antipathies, fomented by 
 professional demagogues, and by the disreputable section of the cheap press. 
 This is one of the penalties, we are called upon to pay for unsystematic 
 immigration in lieu of colonisation ; but at the same time, the evil is 
 a transitory one, for it will disappear with the growth of a generation born 
 upon Australian soil, educated in our State schools, grammar schools and 
 universities, habituated to mingle with each other in the playground and 
 the cricket-field, and to participate afterwards in the recreations and enjoy 
 ments of social and domestic life. 
 
 Meanwhile, we would earnestly impress upon the minds of all classes of 
 our fellow countrymen at home, that the Australian colonies offer a career 
 alike to the able, the ambitious, the opulent and the needy. The capitalist, 
 who invests his money in the English funds, in real estate, in railway 
 debentures or on mortgage, at rates of interest ranging from three to five per 
 cent., can obtain a return of from seven to ten per cent, by advancing it on 
 undeniable securities in almost any part of Australia. The energetic 
 agriculturist, with a few hundreds of pounds at his command, can easily 
 obtain a farm of his own, and can look forward, with something like 
 confidence, to its becoming more and more valuable year by year, as popula- 
 tion increases, and as improved means of inter- communication facilitate his 
 access to the largest local markets, or to the nearest sea-port for the sale or 
 shipment of his produce. The artisan, who can earn ten shillings a day by 
 eight hours' work, in a climate where the interruptions to out-door work are 
 few and far between, and who can obtain board and lodging for fifteen 
 shillings a week, has only to practise sobriety and thrift, in order to elevate 
 himself into the position of a director of other men's labour in the course of 
 a very few years. The necessaries of life are cbeap and abundant, and 
 although the cost of many articles of comfort and luxury, is artificially 
 enhanced in the colony of Victoria by the protective tariff, this relic 
 of barbarism is sure to be swept away sooner or later, by the advancing 
 intelligence of the people. 
 
 In the present stage of their social development, the Australian colonies 
 offer much that is attractive, even to those who have become wedded to the 
 
166 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 occupations and pleasures incidental to an older civilisation. We should be 
 disposed to place their climatic advantages in the first rank. This is 
 emphatically a land of sunshine and blue skies, of brightness and cheer- 
 fulness ; a land in which the nervous system is stimulated to great activity, 
 in which the incentives to effort, the motives for hope and the dissuasives 
 from depression and despondency, are powerful and unintermittent. Some- 
 thing of the light of the world's morning, and the elasticity of its youth, 
 seems to attach itself to the Australian landscape, and to make its subtle 
 and vitalising influence felt in the Australian atmosphere. As there is no 
 past for people's minds to dwell upon, no antiquities to ponder over, no 
 ancient legends to decipher, and no archaeological problems to vex their 
 thoughts, they turn with all the greater ardour and earnestness to the 
 present and the future. History is not a chequered rec ord of wars and 
 revolutions, of civil strife and foreign conflict, but a virgin page, upon which 
 each community may inscribe its honourable record of the conquest of the 
 wilderness, of the invasion of primeval solitudes by the ploughshare and 
 the pick-axe, of cities founded without blooodshed, of institutions 
 established without violence, and of the peaceful achievements of industry, 
 the unsullied triumphs of science and the noble victories of agriculture and 
 commerce. 
 
 The immigrant who quits old England for young Australia, soon dis- 
 covers that the latter is reproducing all that is most admirable in the former. 
 He leaves behind a State church, an hereditary peerage and an aristocratic 
 republic with an hereditary president, it is true ; but he makes the discovery, 
 that in these colonies all the aspirations of the most advanced politicians in 
 the mother-country have been already realised. Religion is free, the land 
 is free, instruction is free \ and the only trace of the spirit of feudalism is to 
 be found in the fetters, which one province has foolishly imposed on com- 
 merce. Instead of the soil of Australia being monopolised by a particular 
 class of the community, few in numbers, and carefully entrenched behind 
 fortifications composed of venerable statutes and ancient parchments, its 
 ownership is more widely distributed in proportion to the population, than 
 it is in any part of Europe. Land can be transferred or encumbered almost 
 as easily and inexpensively as chattel property. No working man, who is 
 prudent, temperate and industrious, need occupy a house that is not his 
 own. No farm-labourer need continue to be a wage-earner for more than a 
 few years, for it is quite within his power to acquire a small farm for him- 
 self, by the practice of anything but severe economy. 
 
 To the operative classes, Australia is a veritable land of promise. Other 
 countries have profited by the skill and labour of many preceding genera- 
 tions. In a new country, the work to be performed by willing hands is 
 endless ; and as the demand is almost incessant, the remuneration is 
 necessarily liberal. Roads have to be made ; forests to be cleared ; bridges 
 to be built'; docks and harbours to be excavated; piers and jetties and 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 167 
 
 lighthouses to be constructed; railways to be formed ; public edifices and 
 private residences to be erected; streets to be aligned, paved, and channelled ; 
 land to be fenced in, planted, stocked and cultivated; vineyards, orchards 
 and gardens to be laid out; churches, chapels and schoolhouses to be reared; 
 lines of electric telegraph to be run through the country; and reservoirs to 
 be dug and embanked; and all these operations give rise to numbers of a 
 correlative character — such as the quarrying of stone, the making of bricks, 
 the preparation of timber, the cartage of materials and so forth. These 
 furnish an immense variety of employments for handicraftsmen of every 
 description; while there grow up simultaneously therewith, and by a process 
 of natural development, numerous manufacturing industries, which, where- 
 ever the State has refrained from interfering with them, have acquired the 
 utmost vigour and robustness. 
 
 No better proof of this could be supplied, than is furnished by the 
 economic history of the colony of Victoria. From the year 1851, when 
 it was separated from New South Wales, up to the year 1864, it 
 enjoyed all the advantages of a free-trade tariff; and, in spite of the fact 
 that the labour market was completely deranged by the gold discoveries, 
 and that men were allured from settled employments, affording steady 
 wages, by the chances of making a large fortune by a mere lucky stroke of 
 the pick or shovel, numerous manufactories were successfully established by 
 men of enterprise and spirit, and in the year 1863 — the last of free trade — 
 seventy-two distinct articles of Victorian manufacture* figured in the list 
 of exports; and these manufactures have steadily increased in magnitude 
 and importance ever since, in spite of the hostile and repressive influences 
 of protection. 
 
 Thus, in the whole of the colonies, there prevails a wide diversity of 
 industrial occupations, and labour of every description is sure of a liberal 
 return; because, in the majority of cases, it is so productive, owing to the 
 bountiful cooperation of nature in providing the prima materia of human 
 wealth; and yet we are, at present, but superficially acquainted with the 
 nature, or the extent of the treasures which lie buried in the Australian 
 soil. Its mineral riches are literally incalculable. The area of the 
 ascertained auriferous territory in Victoria alone is 2 5,000 square 
 miles; in New South "Wales, it is still more extensive; in Queensland it 
 is probably far greater; and in the northern territory of South Australia 
 the precious metal appears to be distributed over a great expanse of 
 country, the limits of which are at present purely conjectural; while fresh 
 discoveries of gold are announced from time to time in the island of 
 Tasmania. It is unreasonable to conclude either, that the richest deposits 
 were first discovered and have all been exhausted, or that gold-mining may 
 
 * These included apparel, agricultural implements, bags and sacks, biscuits, boots 
 and shoes, carriages, candles, furniture, saddlery, soap, leather and leather-ware, iron 
 and wooden houses, machinery, &c. &c. 
 
168 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 not become as remunerative in the future, as it has been in the past. The 
 colony of Victoria has been most celebrated for the magnificent yield of its 
 gold-fields, out of which were taken, between 1851 and 1878, the enormous 
 amount of fifty million ounces, of the value of .£200,000,000 sterling. It is 
 true, the yield has been steadily declining for some years past ; but then it 
 must be remembered, that it has been the policy of the Legislature 
 to discourage that branch of industry by imposing heavy import duties 
 upon everything the miner consumes or requires — his implements and 
 machinery, his hauling tackle and candles, his food and clothing. The 
 tariff of 1871 seems to have been framed for the special object of crushing 
 mining enterprise, and the following official figures will serve to show 
 how successful it has been in this respect : — 
 
 
 Miners engaged. 
 
 Yield of gold. 
 
 1871 
 
 58,279 
 
 1,355,477 ounces 
 
 1872 
 
 52,965 
 
 1,282,521 „ 
 
 1873 
 
 50,595 
 
 1.241,205 ,, 
 
 1874 
 
 45,151 
 
 1,155,972 „ 
 
 1875 
 
 41,717 
 
 1,095,787 „ 
 
 1876 
 
 41,010 
 
 963,760 ,, 
 
 1877 
 
 38,005 
 
 809,653 „ 
 
 1878 
 
 36,636 
 
 775,272 „ 
 
 The yield of gold in Victoria is now just one-fourth of what it was 
 twenty-five years ago; but there is a reasonable prospect, that the fiscal 
 policy, which has contributed to bring about this deplorable decadence of 
 one of the native industries of that colony, will be reversed ere long ; and as 
 the approximate area of auriferous ground over which mining operations 
 have extended is only 1300 square miles out of 25,000 known to be 
 auriferous, and as gold, in quartz, is now discovered at depths, where 
 scientists formerly declared it was impossible it should be found, we may 
 look forward to a revival of this branch of industry in that part of 
 Australia, which is emphatically the land of nuggets. 
 
 But the eastern half of the continent, constituting, as it does, one 
 segment of that great volcanic circle, which surrounds the Pacific with what 
 M. Elisee Reclus calls " a ring of fire " — its course being marked in this 
 part of the world by extinct craters, as it is elsewhere by active ones — teems 
 with deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, stream tin, iron, antimony, coal, 
 kerosene shale, kaolin, cinnabar, lime-stone and fire-clays ; besides quarries 
 of marble, granite, slate, freestone and other minerals. In the soil itself, 
 and underneath its surface, lie " the potentialities of becoming rich beyond 
 the dreams of avarice." These await but the vivifying touch of capital and 
 labour in order to bring them forth and make them ministers to the material 
 prosperity of millions. Australia could absorb the entire population of 
 Great Britain, and it would still be as thinly peopled as the United States. 
 Its area is three fourths of that of the whole of Europe, and its entire popula- 
 tion is only half that of Belgium. It embraces all climates within its 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 169 
 
 geographical limits, from the tropical to the temperate ; and, consequently, 
 its products exhibit the same wide diversity, from the sugar, cotton and 
 coffee of Northern Queensland to the British fruits, which nourish in 
 Tasmania and in the southern parts of Victoria. In point of salubrity 
 Australia may be confidently pronounced to enjoy an enviable pre-eminence. 
 The mean death rate is only 17 in the thousand, as against 22*3 in Great 
 Britain, 24'6 in France, 27*6 in Russia, 30*2 in Italy and 31*1 in Austria. 
 Even in the colony of Queensland, we have the assurance of Mr. Carl A. 
 Feilberg, the editor of the Queenslander, that European settlers can live and 
 work as far north as Rockhampton, and he is of opinion, that, in the absence 
 of a servile class in those regions, no degeneration need be feared in those 
 regions ; because, wherever this has occurred, he argues, that it has resulted 
 from the dominant caste having isolated itself from, and become independent 
 of, the active habits of those around them. " Race degeneracy," he 
 observes, "has smitten every people that has maintained itself by the labour 
 of an alien and inferior caste, from the republics of old Greece to the Creole 
 planters of Mauritius ; they have withered, as plants wither, when their 
 roots are cut away. The prevailing faults of Europeans domiciled in the 
 tropics — want of perseverance and self-control, physical languor and 
 lack of mental energy — can, I think, be traced entirely to the fact, 
 that they have been completely relieved from the necessity of bodily 
 exertion by a servile caste of workers, who have also encouraged 
 them to throw off moral restraint by patient submission to their 
 caprices."* These influences will not be experienced in Queensland, where 
 the owners of the soil are exempt from the demoralisation, which 
 accompanies the habitual control over a horde of coloured labourers; and 
 Mr. Feilberg draws the following glowing picture of the future of the 
 Queensland settlers : — " Conceive of them growing in numbers and taking 
 possession of the material wealth lying around them — building cities, 
 clearing fields and planting gardens — a people to whom cold and hunger 
 would be unknown, and at whose hand would be almost every product of 
 nature, that serves to secure the comfort or add beauty to the life of man. 
 What palaces should be built under that blue sky ! what marvels of art 
 should emanate from the imagination of this happy people, living in a land 
 beautiful now in its wilderness, and which would be made ten times 
 more beautiful by the presence of civilised man ! What bounds, indeed, can 
 be set to the development of an offshoot of the most energetic of human 
 races, placed in the very lap of the teeming mother, and nourished with the 
 best of the good things, she dispenses to her human children, "t Be this as 
 it may, by far the larger half of the Australian continent — to say nothing 
 of the beautiful island of Tasmania — lies outside the tropics, and even 
 within their limits, there are extensive table-lands, which enjoy all the 
 advantages of a temperate climate. 
 
 * Victorian Review, No. 5. + Ibid. 
 
170 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Nor must we omit to remind the intending emigrant to Australia, that 
 his migration hither is not synonymous with exile. Instead of leaving 
 England, Scotland, or Ireland behind him, he soon makes the discovery, 
 that he has become a citizen of a country, which has reproduced or is 
 reproducing the social, industrial and political life of the land he has left. 
 He finds a popular form of government, under favour of which he him- 
 self may rise to be a Minister of the Crown, provided he possesses the re- 
 quisite fluency of speech and " push." He finds local affairs managed by 
 shire councils or municipalities elected by the ratepayers of the district. 
 He finds churches and school-houses springing up in every little township, 
 and police protection extending with the spread of settlement, while the 
 post office, with its savings bank and electric telegraph station, is established 
 in each small centre of population. He learns, with some degree of sur- 
 prise, perhaps, that a population of less than two millions and a-half raise a 
 revenue of nearly fifteen millions sterling, and transact a commerce of eighty 
 millions sterling, that they have close upon 3000 miles of railway in opera- 
 tion and 20,000 miles of telegraph open; that they own upwards of 
 50,000,000 acres of land, nearly a million horses, about 7,000,000 head 
 of cattle and upwards of 40,000,000 sheep ; that the capital cities of the 
 various colonies will compare favourably, in many respects, with the smaller 
 capitals of Europe, and with the provincial cities of England, and that there 
 is nothing to remind him, that he has quitted the old world, but the absence 
 of antiquities, the newness of the public and domestic architecture, the 
 purity, salubrity and brilliancy of the atmosphere, the different character 
 of the vegetation, the absence of poverty and squalor, the abundance and 
 cheapness of provisions, and the expression of alertness, vivacity, eager 
 activity and hopefulness, which he will read on the countenances of the 
 people he will meet with in the streets. 
 
 Let us suppose that our typical immigrant arrives in Melbourne, for ex- 
 ample, a few days before the Cup is to be run for on the Flemington race- 
 course — an event which usually occurs on or about the 9th of November — 
 and that during that time he has devoted himself to an exploration of the 
 principal thoroughfares. If he writes home to his friends in England, his 
 narrative to be truthful will be somewhat to the following effect: — " I have 
 enjoyed a round of sight-seeing during the last few days. The jewellers' 
 shops have been gleaming with gems, lustrous with gold, and lucent with 
 silver. Diamonds have flashed and sparkled in every variety of form 
 and setting, and the newest designs in necklaces, earrings, brooches, 
 lockets and bracelets have attested the taste, skill and inventive fertility 
 of local and foreign artificers. Erom the recesses of the largest furniture 
 warehouses have been brought out suites of dining, drawing room, boudoir 
 and library furniture, beautiful in material, elegant in form and choice in 
 workmanship, with the loveliest of ornaments for the mantelpiece, the 
 corner cupboard, the cabinet, the etagere, the china beaufet, and with such 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 171 
 
 carpets and curtains, chandeliers and looking-glasses, as opulence might 
 purchase and taste would approve. The dealers in glass and porcelain have 
 collected, from all parts of Europe, the best ceramic fabrics of the best manu- 
 facturers, and you might spend an hour or two in the inspection of these 
 with as much pleasure and profit as you would derive from a lengthened 
 visit to a picture gallery or a collection of sculpture. As to the drapers and 
 mercers, their windows have been blocked all day long for a week past by 
 admiring crowds, composed — need it be added — of women, both young and 
 old, who have looked with longing eyes upon those wonderful ' arrange- 
 ments' and * harmonies,' as Mr. Whistler might call them, in lilac, pale 
 blue, dove-colour, creamy white and cardinal ; those dainty Pompadour 
 prints ; those Watteau chintzes ; and those mysteries of millinery prepared 
 for the adornment of the female head, which possess such an irresistible 
 fascination for that sex, of which each member has been defined by a wicked 
 Frenchman to be un etre qui shabille, babille, et se deshabille. The shop 
 windows of the print-sellers have undergone an eruption of sporting pictures, 
 commemorative of famous contests at Epsom, Ascot and Goodwood, of re- 
 nowned steeplechases and of celebrated exploits in the hunting-field. Field- 
 glasses have come to the front with a rush in the opticians' display of sea- 
 sonable goods ; and the outfitters have reminded the public, that, whether the 
 Cup Day should prove to be one of storm or sunshine, dust or mud, they 
 were prepared for any emergency. The large ironmongery establishments, 
 which resemble oriental bazaars in the extent of ground they cover and in 
 the multiplicity of the articles they exhibit for sale, have regarnished their 
 windows and rearranged their stocks — out of which you might furnish 
 forth a score or two of expeditions setting forth to colonise a newly dis- 
 covered archipelago with everything they could possibly require — and have 
 constituted not the least attractive of the gratuitous sights of Melbourne 
 during the race-week, when the city is literally occupied by an invading 
 army of the most acceptable kind, whose liberal requisitions are all paid for, 
 and who, when they evacuate it, do so upon the best possible terms with its 
 permanent garrison." 
 
 Let us picture another immigrant arriving in Victoria, in the spring of 
 the year. We will assume that he has been brought up in the country at home, 
 and that he possesses a keen appreciation of those natural beauties which 
 confer such a charm upon the rural life of England. He is told that some 
 of its picturesque features have been reproduced in the environs of Mel- 
 bourne ; and he visits some of tts eastern suburbs ; concerning one of which 
 he finds occasion to write, as follows, to the members of his family at home : 
 — " Half an hour's ride in an easterly direction from the city takes you quite 
 into the country. You are among orchards white with blossom, as though 
 it had been snowing flowers all night; and the gorse hedges are all ablaze 
 with their gorgeous Persian yellow. Elm trees are tufted with pale-buff 
 catkins, and the vines are putting forth their first leaves, which are of that 
 
172 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 ' glad light green ' which Chaucer speaks of so affectionately. The air is 
 full of freshness and perfume, brightness and breeziness, for 
 
 ' A warm rain and gentle showers at night, 
 Have left a sparkling welcome for the light. ' 
 
 and the crispness of the atmosphere and the brightness of the verdure 
 remind you of an English spring. Reminiscent of England, too, are some 
 of these cottage gardens, which glow with colour and are heavy with the 
 fragrance of lilac, stocks and wallflowers. The flower-beds are bordered 
 with double daisies, and the white and purple iris, the scarlet geranium, the 
 bronzed leaves of the Sofranat rose and the tri-coloured loveliness of the 
 choicer varieties of the fuchsia, combine to weave such a web of tapestry as 
 art must despair of imitating. Whatever decorative work nature takes in 
 hand, the result is invariably a masterpiece. She covers up the ugliness of 
 human handicraft, hides its deformity, and never wearies of giving us 
 lessons of grace and beauty. Here is a weatherboard cottage of the most 
 primitive construction, with a wooden verandah and an unsightly chimney. 
 Yellow banksias have been planted near the posts, and they not only 
 envelop these with an intricacy of curved lines and spiral ornament, com- 
 pared with which the apprentice's pillar at Melrose is poor in design and 
 feeble in execution, but they festoon and garland the whole front of the 
 building with a lavish ornamentation, every line of which is free and 
 flowing, while every leaf and blossom would repay a separate study. As 
 to the chimney, it has been transformed into a column of verdure, 
 which will by-and-bye be resplendent in purple and crimson, when the 
 scarlet passion-flower turns its ardent bosom to the sun, and the daily 
 renewed loveliness of the ipomcea shall outvie the magnificence of a Tyrian 
 mantle. 
 
 " Every house hereabouts is set in a framework of greenery, and you 
 see how the beauty of the natural surroundings reacts upon the tastes, 
 habits and feelings of the inhabitants. They are not a rich people. They 
 are mostly wage-earners and market-gardeners and persons with salaries of 
 from three to six pounds a week. But in almost every instance their 
 dwellings have an air of neatness, comfort and brightness, in striking 
 contrast with what has been described above. These are emphatically 
 homes in which their owners take an honest pride and a legitimate delight. 
 You see by the chairs and tables in it, that the verandah becomes 
 an additional sittingroom in the summer evenings, and you may also infer, 
 that garden husbandry is a favourite occupation with every member of the 
 family." 
 
 Perhaps our imaginary immigrant travels into the country and obtains 
 employment in one of the vineyards of the Upper Yarra — in that, let us 
 say, which was planted by Hubert de Castella, whose Souvenirs oVun 
 Squatter Francais en Australie, contains so pleasant an account of bush life 
 in Victoria. From this point, after a few months' residence in the neigh- 
 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 173 
 
 bourhood of Yering, the new comer sends to his distant kindred the follow- 
 ing pen-picture of the scenery of rural Victoria : — " I am settled about 
 thirty miles from Melbourne. It is a part of the country, where cultivation 
 has crept up to the feet of a labyrinth of mountains, and where an amphi- 
 theatre of softly-rounded hills girdles a broad valley, through which a lazy 
 river, 'striking the ground with sinuous trace' winds more deviously, than I 
 should have thought it possible for any river to wind, without losing its 
 way or tying itself into an inextricable knot. And in the chain of 
 peninsulas thus formed, Nature, in a frolic mood and with a kindly thought 
 for the artists, who love her, has arranged groups of trees and patches of 
 underwood with such grotesque diversities of form, with such fantastic dis- 
 array of branch and spray, with such an intermingling of straight and 
 shapely silver shaft with ragged and distorted trunk, and with such 
 admirable provision for the reduplication of gnarled bough and rugged 
 stem, bare skeleton and leafy sapling in the languid water, that creeps about 
 their snake-like roots, that at each bend of the river, there are to be found 
 the materials for half-a-dozen cabinet pictures, in which nothing is left 
 for the painter to vary, to improve upon or to recompose. But these 
 peninsulas are only discoverable on a nearer survey. From the plateau upon 
 which the house at St. Hubert's stands, you only take in the salient features 
 of the landscape. In the foreground, a level lawn inlaid with beds of glow- 
 ing portulac and many-coloured petunias. Beyond is a gentle slope, over 
 which are deployed countless battalions of vines, purpling in the warm sun, 
 while ' autumn lays a fiery finger on their leaves.' At the foot of the 
 vineyard the wide valley spreads fanlike, and beyond are the encircling hills. 
 These rise tier on tier, and are so mutable in colour, so rich in sober greys 
 and russet greens and misty blues and solemn purples ; so chequered with 
 light and shade, with tint and demi-tint, with manifested form and veiled 
 mystery, that every hour they wear a novel aspect and disclose an 
 unexpected beauty ; and the flush of morning has nothing in common with 
 the refulgent lustre of the hot noon or the orange glow of the voluptuous 
 evening ; and wandering cloud-shadows stain them with Tyrian purple ; 
 and pencils of sunlight, dropping through rifts of feathery vapour and 
 smiting on groves of withered trees, transform the white skeletons into silver 
 fretwork. On a sudden there Hashes across the landscape a flight of 
 cockatoos, that look like snowflakes drifting before the wind, and the stead- 
 fastness of the mountains becomes all the more impressive by reason of the 
 swift motion of these restless birds. 
 
 "Looking out upon these mountains, morning after morning, until they 
 have become as familiar to you as the faces of old friends, until you have 
 come to feel glad when they smile in the sunshine, and overcast when they 
 seclude themselves behind a curtain of voluminous mist' — you begin to 
 imagine that you are hundreds of miles away from the dusty highways of 
 thought and action, along which you have been travelling, and to understand 
 
1 74 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the passion for mountains which Wordsworth felt, and Byron feigned — or 
 felt also, perhaps. There grows upon you a sense of the insignificance and 
 evanescence of even the greatest objects of concernment in the world of man, 
 as you stand in the presence of these venerable mountains. The overthrow 
 of a dynasty, or the foundation of an empire, appears a matter of trivial and 
 transitory moment, when you reflect that Media and Persia, Babylon and 
 Egypt, Greece and Rome, have risen and fallen during the lifetime of some 
 of those many-centuried trees, that fringe the summits of the everlasting hills 
 before you. To these giants of the forest the sullen yew tree of the finest 
 series of elegiac poems in any language, with all its 'thousand years 
 of gloom/ is 'but a thing of yesterday/ and 'the talking oak/ a mere 
 latter-day sapling, a modern antique. But if you ponder persistently upon 
 the duration of these huge relics of a pre-historic epoch, each a stately 
 column crowned with a plume of foliage, you feel oppressed by the sentiment 
 of solitude inspired by forests, which have stood for ages upon ages, and with 
 which no incident of history, no consecrating association with human love 
 and life, connects itself. You cannot people them with the graceful or 
 grotesque beings with whom the active imagination of the Greeks filled the 
 woods of Attica and Thessaly. You cannot hope 
 
 ' To catch a glympse of Fauns and Dryades 
 Coming with softest rustle through the trees ; 
 And garlands woven of flowers wild and sweet, 
 Upheld on ivory wrists, or sporting feet.' 
 
 You cannot even imagine, that these lofty aisles and vaulted roofs have ever 
 sheltered the beneficent elves and fairies of a later time, the sprightly 
 creatures, which ministered to Bottom, and fulfilled the bidding of dainty 
 Ariel, and spirited away bonny Kilmeny to 
 
 ' The lowermost vales of the storied heaven ; 
 From whence they can view the world below, 
 And heaven's blue gates with sapphires glow.' 
 
 Therefore from the past, upon which settles down such a depressing 
 and oppressive weight of solitude, your thoughts make a sudden leap into 
 the future, and you endeavour to picture to yourself, what these hills will be 
 like a century hence, when their slopes will be inlaid with squares of bro« T n 
 fallow, green vineyard, and yellow cornfield ; when the brightness of the 
 hop-garden will be contrasted with the sombre sameness of the olive planta- 
 tion ; when avenues of walnut trees will lead to bartons populous with the 
 spoils of autumn, and the wine-press, the oil-press, the cider-mill and the 
 magnanerie will constitute the appurtenances of every farm ; when the 
 warmest recesses of the mountains will be filled with orange groves, and the 
 fruits of chilly England will be gathered from orchards on the breezy 
 plateaux ; when the slopes will be scarped with roads, dotted with villages, 
 
IMMIGRATION TO AUSTRALIA. 175 
 
 and sprinkled with churches and schoolhouses, windmills and homesteads. 
 By that time, perhaps, the vineyards of the Upper Yarra will be as 
 celebrated as those of Barsac and Sauterne, and the names of the men, who 
 planted the first vines in this once sequestered region, will be canonised in 
 the recollections of a grateful and prosperous posterity ; while some Redi of 
 the twentieth century may indite a " Bacco in Victoria," and exclaim, 
 
 ' Benedetto 
 
 Quel Claretto 
 
 Che si sprilla in Sant' Uberto, — 
 
 Veramente di gran mer' to. 
 
 La Vernaccia linn si bella 
 
 Come '1 vino di Castella. 
 Manna dal ciel sulle tue trecce piove 
 Vigna gentil, che questa ambrosia infondi ; 
 Ogni tua vite in ogni tempo muove 
 Nuovi fior, nuovi frutti e nuove frondi.' " 
 
 Yes ; the future belongs to Australia, as the past does to the four great 
 
 continents of the globe. For the two Americas have witnessed the rise and 
 
 fall of civilisations as ancient, and almost as remarkable, as those which were 
 
 successively born, and severally passed away in Asia, Africa and Europe. 
 
 But the great island in the South Seas has been waiting for centuries to be 
 
 occupied, cultivated and developed by the Aryan race. It offers a home, a 
 
 career and an unlimited enterprise to the industrious, the enterprising and 
 
 the energetic, who feel themselves to be crowded out of the avenues to 
 
 competence or wealth in the old world by the ever-increasing throng of 
 
 competitors, and where 
 
 "Every gate is throng'd with suitors, all the markets overflow." 
 
176 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE 
 OF RESIDENCE. 
 
 THE CLASSES OF PERSONS WHO SHOULD AND SHOULD NOT EMIGRATE THE CO- 
 LONIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS ROOM AND ABUNDANCE FOR ALL — NATU- 
 RAL ENDOWMENTS OF THE COUNTRY — ITS SOCIAL LIFE AS ATTRACTIVE AS 
 THAT OF THE OLD WORLD — A SALUBRIOUS, BRIGHT, AND EXHILARATING 
 CLIMATE — OPPORTUNITIES FOR HUSBANDMEN — CONDITION OF THE WAGE- 
 EARNING CLASSES — TEMPTATIONS TO DISSIPATION AND DISCONTENT— THOSE 
 WHO SUCCUMB TO THEM — ANGLO-AUSTRALIANS THE SPOILED CHILDREN OF 
 THE FUTURE — PRODUCTIVE FORCES OF SOCIETY IN A NEW COUNTRY — 
 
 WEALTH OF THE POPULATION A SELF-MADE TERRITORIAL MAGNATE — THE 
 
 STORY OF SOME FORTUNATE DIGGERS — CONCLUSION. 
 
 The subject of this chapter, like the territory which falls within the de- 
 signation of " the Australian colonies," is a very wide one. For the advan- 
 tages, which a country presents to those who may contemplate taking up 
 their residence in it, are not only various in themselves, but they are 
 variously viewed by various persons belonging to the various classes of 
 society. The minister of religion, the barrister, the physician, the surgeon, 
 the solicitor, the mining speculator, the farmer, the small annuitant, the 
 merchant, the shopkeeper, the skilled artisan, and the labourer would each 
 regard the subject from a different standpoint, and would form his own par- 
 ticular estimate of the benefits, whether immediate or prospective, which 
 might appear to be held out to him by embracing a career in Australia. 
 And that estimate would be largely influenced, we may be sure, by indi- 
 vidual temperament. The sanguine man would look upon everything 
 through a rose-coloured medium, and would be pretty certain to form ex- 
 aggerated expectations of success, and to shut his eyes to the difficulties and 
 drawbacks inseparable from a new enterprise, which would be magnified, on 
 the other hand, by the timid, the desponding, and the self-distrustful. The 
 weak-willed and wavering man, again, would be liable to fluctuate in opinion 
 from day to day, and from hour to hour, as to the advisability or otherwise 
 of emigrating to Australia, while the cautious and reflective man would 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OP RESIDENCE. 177 
 
 weigh well all the authentic information he could gather, would test its 
 accuracy, as far as practicable, and, after careful deliberation, would arrive 
 at a final decision, from which he would not recede. 
 
 It is related of a celebrated actor, that he was accustomed to fix his own 
 attention upon some person in the stalls, whom he regarded as typifying the 
 average intelligence and susceptibility to emotion of the spectators, and that 
 he used to play at this person, and by the effect produced upon him, he was 
 enabled to infer to what extent he had been successful in absorbing the in- 
 terest and stirring the feelings of the audience. We should be glad if we 
 could fix our imagination upon some typical reader, and address him, as en- 
 couragingly as might be in our power, with respect to the advantages which 
 Australia holds out to the immigrant from the old world. But we fear this 
 is impossible, on account of the diversity of minds and classes spoken of 
 above. Nor must we omit to acknowledge that there are many persons to 
 whom a residence in these colonies would be unattractive and undesirable 
 in the extreme. To the "man about town," to the flaneur, to the West- 
 end dandy, to the habitue of clubs, drawing-rooms, receptions, kettle-drums, 
 picture galleries, English country mansions in the shooting season, garden 
 parties in the summer, and of a hired palazzo on the shores of the Mediter- 
 ranean in the winter, a new country must be altogether uninviting. They 
 might pay it a flying visit in search of a new sensation, and in order to 
 be able to say, that they had "done" Australia, and had found it "a 
 doosed kweeaw place, inhabited by doosed kweeaw people," but they would 
 be birds of passage only, and nobody would wish that they should be 
 anything else. 
 
 But there are tens and even hundreds of thousands of people in Great 
 Britain and Ireland, by whom no more judicious step could be taken, either 
 for themselves or for their families, or for their future descendants, than to 
 migrate to Australia. To them, it is a land of hope and promise, full of mag- 
 nificent possibilities, and teeming with elements of wealth, so varied in 
 character and so vast in extent, that to attempt to describe them with the 
 utmost sobriety of language, would subject one to the imputation of dealing 
 in hyperbole. 
 
 To speak, in the first place, of the area of Australia, and of the islands 
 of New Zealand. It embraces upwards of 3,100,000 square miles of terri- 
 tory, which is only 700,000 less than the area of the whole of Europe; but 
 while the population of the latter is estimated at nearly 300,000,000, that 
 of the Australasian colonies does not reach one-tenth of that 
 number. What an outlet does it present, therefore, for the surplus popula- 
 tion of the old world ! How many centuries must elapse before its waste 
 places can be filled up, and before the natural increase of its inhabitants 
 can overtake the productiveness of its soil! In the meantime, what a 
 superabundance of the necessaries of life is being possessed and enjoyed by 
 the handful of people, who are sparsely scattered over the enormous area of 
 
 N 
 
178 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 these highly favoured countries. These were their harvests, and the 
 muster-roll of their live stock, in the year 1878 : — 
 
 Wheat 
 
 26,041,482 bushels 
 
 Oats... 
 
 11,950,800 „ 
 
 Barley 
 
 1,588,874 „ 
 
 Maize 
 
 6,001,140 „ 
 
 Other cereals... 
 
 446,386 „ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 290,282 tons 
 
 Hay 
 
 734,731 „ 
 
 Wine 
 
 1,617,776 gallons 
 
 Horses 
 
 1,009,878 head 
 
 Cattle 
 
 7,402,659 „ 
 
 Sheep 
 
 61,066,100 „ 
 
 Pigs 
 
 815,110 „ 
 
 These figures are more eloquent than any words in the testimony they 
 bear to the material welfare of the people of Australia and New Zealand, 
 and if any further evidence were wanting, it would be supplied by the fact 
 that the total trade of this portion of the British empire was of the value 
 of £94,742,703 in that year. In other words, it is about two millions in 
 excess of the total value of the imports and exports of Great Britain and 
 Ireland in the year 1830, when the population of those islands was 
 24,000,000. At that time the revenue of the mother-country was 
 £50,000,000, or £2 Is. 8d. per head of the population; and the pressure of 
 taxation was greatly complained of in those days, materially aggravated, as 
 it was, by the iniquitous system of taxation, which then prevailed. In the 
 Australasian colonies the imposts average £2 8s. 3|d. per head — they are 
 much less in New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, and the 
 burden is but lightly felt. As to that portion of the revenue which is 
 applied in each country to meet the interest on the public debt, it is enough 
 to remark, that that debt was contracted for the execution of public works, 
 most of which are of a reproductive character, and 'that, at no distant date, 
 the return from the works themselves — railways, reservoirs, &c. — may be 
 expected to cover the interest on the capital expended, and perhaps prove 
 a source of revenue in addition. 
 
 The prosperity of colonies like these, it cannot be too frequently repeated, 
 or too strongly impressed upon the public mind, is attributable in an even 
 greater degree to the beneficence of nature, than to human industry. The 
 latter is only an auxiliary. The mines and quarries, the forests, the almost 
 measureless expanse of pasturage, the fertility of a virgin soil, the mar- 
 vellous influences upon vegetation of a warm and brilliant atmosphere, the 
 natural increase of the flocks and herds, which graze on the succulent 
 herbage of the country, and the enormous clips of wool yielded by the sixty 
 millions of sheep, owned by the squatters aud farmers of Australia and New 
 Zealand, combine to enrich the population, to increase its accumulations of 
 capital, and to communicate a perpetual impulse to the general prosperity 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 179 
 
 and progress. The industrial activity of the people is stimulated by 
 success, and new occupations are originated, new enterprises are engaged in, 
 and new channels of employment are provided for the rising generation. 
 The economic development of society proceeds according to the ancient 
 order, but the stages of growth, which once covered centuries in the process 
 of evolution, are now crowded into two or three decades. Succeeding the 
 aborigines, who lived by fishing and the chase, came the pastoral lessees of 
 the waste lands of the colonies ; then agriculture arose, then mining was 
 engaged in by tens of thousands of persons, allured to the country by the 
 marvellous gold discoveries ; then commerce assumed considerable propor- 
 tions; then manufactories were established, and this led up to that division 
 of labour, and that multiplicity of pursuits, which we find in older communi- 
 ties, and in more complex conditions of society. Hence a colonial popula- 
 tion closely resembles, in its industrial and social aspects, the population 
 of the nation out of which it originally went forth. It is not a graft from 
 the old tree upon a new stock, but a lusty sapling which has been trans 
 planted in a virgin soil, and rapidly grows up to maturity under more 
 favourable conditions of light and air. Divest an Australian city of its 
 freshness, rawness, and newness of appearance, soften the brilliancy of the 
 sky, draw a veil of filmy moisture over the surrounding landscape, and 
 lessen the activity of the people who fill the streets, and there is nothing to 
 remind the new arrival that he has quitted the shores of England. There 
 are the familiar churches, " pointing with silent finger unto heaven;" there 
 is the stately town hall, the centre of municipal life ; there are the com- 
 modious hotels, the banks, warehouses, auction marts, theatres, concert 
 halls, arcades, markets, restaurants, and shops of every description, not 
 forgetting the inevitable " loan and discount association," the pawnbroker's 
 omnium-gatberum, the lock-up, the police-court, and the gaol. Omnibuses 
 follow each other in quick succession, along the principal lines of thorough- 
 fare ; hansom cabs and waggonettes ply for hire at their appointed stands; 
 and trunk lines of railway connect the city with its suburbs and with the 
 chief centres of population in the interior. Morning newspapers record for 
 the colonist the history of the previous day, and bring to his breakfast-table 
 telegraphic messages from the capitals of the old world, descriptive of 
 events which happened yesterday. To the man of business, the broker, 
 and the speculator, the Hall of Commerce offers a rendezvous; to the 
 student the Public Library opens its hospitable doors, without the necessity 
 of an introduction or a certificate of character ; and in the evening there is 
 quite a varied list of amusements to choose from, including opera, the 
 legitimate drama, organ recitals, concerts, lectures, and scientific meetings. 
 There are philharmonic societies and Liedertafels for the musically inclined; 
 chess and whist clubs and billiard rooms for others, and a succession of 
 social entertainments for the enjoyment of the well-to-do classes of society. 
 And it may be confidently asserted that it is in the power of every 
 
 N 2 
 
180 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 energetic, persevering, sober and prudent man, to become a member of these 
 classes, by the exercise of industry and thrift during the early years of his 
 manhood. Nowhere are the avenues to fortune or a competence so freely 
 open to all comers as in Australia. Nowhere can a man rise in life so 
 surely or so speedily as in these colonies, where it is confessedly so much 
 easier to make money than to keep it after it has been made. For the 
 comparative facility with which success is acquired is apt to engender a 
 speculative spirit, while, on the other hand, wealth is occasionally amassed 
 by men whose mental resources are unfortunately limited, so that when 
 they have reached the goal of their ambition, and relinquish the occupation of 
 money-making, which had previously served to engross their minds, they 
 have no hobby or interesting pursuit to fall back upon, as a substitute for 
 the former business of their lives, and they fly to the bottle, in order to 
 procure for themselves the intellectual excitement, which they formerly 
 found in the conduct of their successful avocation. 
 
 Considering how much human happiness depends upon climate, and 
 that we are all consciously or unconsciously " servile to skiey influences," 
 we must not omit to include this among the advantages which Australia 
 holds out to the immigrant. The relations of climate to health of body 
 clearness and vivacity of thought, nervous energy, cheerfulness of niind, 
 and buoyancy of spirits, have not yet received the attention at the hands 
 of men of science which they deserve. Mr. Buckle has declared, that the 
 two primary causes of civilisation are fertility of soil and buoyancy of cli- 
 mate. Now, it may be claimed for a very large portion of the Australian 
 continent, and for the whole of New Zealand and Tasmania, that the cli- 
 mate they enjoy, is essentially benignant, and, for the greater part of the 
 year, extremely exhilarating. The air, as a general rule, is bright, dry, clear 
 and pure. The latter quality is attributable in part to the remarkable char- 
 acter of the indigenous timber of the country, to which we have elsewhere 
 alluded, and in part to the enormous expanse of ocean, by which this island 
 continent is surrounded. In the northern hemisphere, land predominates ; 
 in the southern, water. And as Europe and Asia form virtually one conti- 
 nent, and the British Islands are severed from the mainland by a mere 
 " silver streak of sea," it is easy to perceive how epidemics, having their 
 birthplace in the far East, where countless millions upon millions of people 
 have been committed to the earth, where the cities are contaminated by the 
 accumulated filth of centuries, where the rivers have been poisoned by the 
 sewage of incalculable generations of people living in open violation of the 
 laws of health, where the balance of nature has been destroyed by the demo- 
 lition of forests, the drying-up of rivers, and the formation of pestilential 
 marshes ; and where all the conditions are favourable to the genesis and 
 propagation of deadly diseases, it is easy to perceive, we say, how these epi- 
 demics, thus engendered, would travel westward, as the cholera and plague 
 have always done, and would come, in time, to ravage the mother-country, 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 181 
 
 and to compel her to yield her contribution to the terrible harvest of prema- 
 ture death. 
 
 Australia is isolated from these dangers. It cannot be said of her, that 
 the millions of living people, who walk on the surface of the soil, bear no pro- 
 portion to the hundreds of millions who have been deposited a few feet below 
 that surface. Its atmosphere is as virgin as its soil. Nature has specially- 
 prepared it for the healthful respiration of a vigorous and active race. Its 
 geographical position would render it the sanatorium of the world, even if 
 nature had not provided in its forests perennial distilleries of the purest 
 oxygen. Upon the Australian continent, the neighbouring island of Tas- 
 mania, and the remoter cluster known as New Zealand, are to be found all 
 the varieties of atmospheric temperature and of climate to be met with on 
 the shores of the Mediterranean — that favoured region of the earth, which 
 comprehends some of the finest portions of three continents, and has been 
 the seat of the greatest empires, and the grandest civilisations, the world has 
 ever seen. And, as a matter of course, while the climatic conditions of 
 Southern Spain and France, of Italy and Sicily, of Dalmatia and Bulgaria, 
 of Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco are reproduced in this 
 part of the world, all the products of those countries are capable of, and 
 numbers of them are, being cultivated in the Australasian colonies. In- 
 deed, it would be impossible to enumerate a single plant growing between 
 the 30th and 55th parallels of north latitude in the other hemisphere, which 
 could not be grown with advantage in some part of Australia or New Zea- 
 land. And the importance of this fact, in an economic point of view, will 
 readily commend itself to the minds of our readers in Europe, especially 
 when taken in connection with the consideration that, in each of the colo- 
 nies, land can be obtained upon terms not very far removed from a free gift. 
 The opportunities for the introduction of petites industries, in connection 
 with husbandry, are literally boundless, and remain almost intact. Here is 
 the land, but where is the people 1 When we read that land, eligible for 
 gardening purposes, is worth from <£200 to £2 40 an acre, and lets at from 
 £9 to .£12 an acre, in some parts of France, and when we bear in mind that 
 the winters are sufficiently cold in the northern departments of that country 
 to render it necessary to go to a considerable expense in providing protection 
 for many kinds of plants during that season of the year ; when we remember 
 the high price which small parcels of land suitable for culture by peasant 
 proprietors will fetch in Belgium, the Netherlands, and in Guernsey and 
 Jersey ; and when we come to think that there is not one of the Australian 
 colonies in which country land may not be obtained for a pound an acre, 
 and suburban land in the immediate vicinity of excellent markets, at from 
 £10 to £50 an acre, we are driven to the conclusion, that emigration from 
 the thickly-populated countries of Europe to this part of the world, 
 languishes, because so little is known of the advantages which are held 
 out to the immigrant in Australia. 
 
182 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Take the case of a man who is content to settle down upon 80 acres of 
 land, and who brings the whole of it by degrees into profitable cultivation. 
 If he has a wife and family, so much the better. They can assist him in a 
 variety of ways; and if he is moderately industrious, persevering, sober, 
 and lucky, he will soon be in a position of independence. His farm will 
 supply him with an abundance of food, and its surplus produce will be 
 available for exchange with the storekeeper, from whom he obtains the flour, 
 groceries, articles of clothing, and the miscellaneous commodities he requires. 
 His milch cows, his pigs and poultry, his garden and his dairy will yield 
 him the causas vivendi in liberal measure; and the value of his freehold 
 will increase year by year, in proportion to the growth of population 
 around him, and the improvements, which he effects by his own industry, 
 and by the expenditure upon them of a portion of his annual profit. His 
 children, growing up to man and womanhood, occasion him no anxiety, 
 as they would be apt to do in older countries, where land is so dear, 
 and the competition for employment is so eager. He knows that their 
 assistance and co-operation will be increasingly valuable, as they advance 
 towards maturity. He has no misgivings with respect to their future, 
 because he is well assured that labour and skill of every description will 
 be always greatly in demand, and always liberally remunerated in 
 territories where the amount of work, which can be profitably performed, 
 is so very much in excess of the number of hands available for its 
 performance. Nor is this disproportion likely to cease for some 
 generations to come, because a century or two must necessarily elapse 
 before population begins to press on the means of subsistence in any one of 
 the Australian colonies. 
 
 In no other part of the world, we believe, is the condition of the 
 wage-earning classes so enviable as it is here. Nowhere else, we imagine, 
 can the skilled artisan earn ten shillings a day by eight hours' labour, 
 and get excellent board and lodging for one-fourth of the money. Nowhere 
 are these fortunate classes so favourably situated and circumstanced as they 
 are in Australia. They are lightly taxed, and it may be unhesitatingly 
 declared, that the free education which they receive for their children is 
 really equivalent in value to their contributions to the Treasury. Politi- 
 cally, they are all-powerful; inasmuch as, under a system of manhood 
 suffrage, the numerical majority is absolutely supreme. There is nothing 
 whatever to prevent workmen from entering the Legislature, as many of 
 them have done; and, being there, the attainment of a seat in the Cabinet 
 is comparatively easy. Indeed, there have been several Premiers in the 
 various colonies who have risen to that post from the ranks of labour; and, 
 if they have sometimes made an arbitrary use of that power, and have 
 mistaken despotic authority for democratic freedom, considerable allowance 
 must be made for the weaknesses of men whose minds were never dis- 
 ciplined in early life by the virtual republicanism of the great schools in 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OP RESIDENCE. 183 
 
 England, and who had no opportunity of having the conceit knocked out of 
 them, by the salutary influences of a university career. 
 
 It must be frankly admitted that the advantages which the Austral- 
 asian colonies hold out to the operative classes are greater than are 
 presented to any other section of the community, because in new countries 
 there is so much manual and mechanical labour to be accomplished, and so 
 active a demand for this description of industry. But to the farmer with a 
 moderate capital, and a family of sons and daughters approaching maturity, 
 these colonies offer attractions which, we venture to think, are unequalled. 
 Other parts of the Empire possess as fertile a territory, but as a set-off, there 
 is in Canada a winter of almost arctic severity, and in South Africa, the in- 
 security arising from the neighbourhood of powerful tribes of indigenous 
 races, hostile to British rule. In Australia the agriculturist has not to 
 shelter his stock and to suspend all out-of-door work during four or five 
 months of the year; nor is he liable in New South Wales, Victoria, South 
 Australia, or Tasmania to defend his homestead against formidable 
 marauders like those who massacred 366 men, women and children, and 
 lifted 25,000 head of cattle in Natal, some years ago, as related by the Rev. 
 W. C. Holden in The Past and Future of the Kaffir Races. On the contrary, 
 he may, as good old Cranmer says — 
 
 Eat in safety, 
 Under his own vine, what he plants ; and sing 
 The merry songs of peace to all his neighbours. 
 
 He may enjoy the solid comforts so dear to Englishmen in a country which 
 combines all the advantages of soil and climate which are ordinarily 
 regarded as the precious privilege of the most beautiful regions of Southern 
 Europe, and may well exclaim with the shepherd in the eclogue, Deus nobis 
 ha3C otia fecit. There are only two temptations he will have to contend against 
 — drink and discontent. It may be asked, why should discontent arise in a 
 country where labour is so liberally rewarded, and where living is so cheap 1 
 Paradoxical as it may appear, the answer is, that discontent is engendered 
 by the very causes which ought to inspire satisfaction and gratitude. The 
 very men and women, who were most familiar with pinching poverty and 
 stern privation in the old world, are frequently those who are most 
 demoralised by relative prosperity in the new. Like Jeshurun, they "wax 
 fat and kick." Biddy O'Connor, who thought herself fortunate to obtain a 
 situation in the County Kerry, where she could get meat three times a week 
 for dinner, and a pound a quarter for wages, will turn up her " tip tilted " 
 nose at the offer of thirty pounds a year, and every other Sunday out, in a 
 respectable family ten or twenty miles from Melbourne, or Sydney, or 
 Adelaide ; and she will waste her time and spend her money in a lodging- 
 house, until she can meet with an engagement at £36 per annum, in one of 
 those cities, and dictate a number of minor conditions to the mistress of the 
 
184: A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 household. Biddy will array herself on Sundays in a two guinea hat 
 or bonnet, and an imitation seal-skin jacket, and she will lift up the skirts 
 of her silk dress to show the dainty frilling in her petticoat, and the costly 
 quality of her bronze-kid boots ; and she will ruffle it bravely on Easter 
 Sunday and Christmas Day, on Whit-Sunday, and St. Patrick's Day. But 
 she is nevertheless the victim of a secret sorrow. She is sometimes obliged 
 to sit down to cold meat, instead of grilled steak, fried sausages, or hot 
 rissoles, for breakfast, and her hand has not been asked in marriage by a rich 
 publican, or a richer squatter. The butcher, who calls for orders at the 
 house in which she professes the art of cookery, and helps to waste her 
 employers' substance, has made matrimonial overtures to her — for Biddy has 
 the dark violet eye of some of her countrywomen — but she flouts his 
 advances, and exclaims to the housemaid, " I do be shure I didn't come 
 16,000 miles to demane myself by takin' up with the likes of an omadhaun 
 like him." 
 
 Job Hedgestake is also discontented with the colonies. Down in the 
 Essex " Roothings " he was getting twelve shillings a week, and had a very 
 hard time of it, in the winter months, when for weeks together he 
 never earned a shilling. It is the dead season of the year in Victoria, and 
 the times are dull besides. He is offered six shillings a day for pick 
 and shovel work, the "day" consisting of eight hours. But Job resents the 
 offer as an insult to his manhood. He is not going to work for " starvation 
 wages" (N.B. — Bread is fourpence-halfpenny the four-pound loaf, and 
 mutton can be bought for a penny a pound ; while he can get either break- 
 fast, dinner, or tea for sixpence in a working-man's restaurant) ; and, 
 accordingly, he confers with several other down-trodden "sons of soil," and 
 they get up a meeting of " the unemployed," and form themselves into a 
 deputation, to wait upon the Minister of Public Works and obtain from him 
 the promise of being set to work at "the Government stroke." In the 
 evening, Job will be found refreshing himself with a pint of " two-ales " at 
 his favourite public-house, and confidentially informing a number of loafers 
 
 that, in his opinion, " this d d country is almost played out," and that 
 
 " he wishes he had never left England, or possessed the means of getting 
 back to it." He is a grumbling malcontent ; but if he should acquire the 
 wherewithal for his passage to the mother-country, you may depend upon it, 
 it is the very last place towards which he would turn his face. 
 
 Then there is the artisan, whose earnings averaged half-a-crown a day 
 — a day of ten hours — at home, and who receives ten shillings for eight 
 hours' work in Australia. He is discontented, because his pay is not double 
 what it is; and he contends that, if no apprentices were allowed to be 
 taken, and if all the Chinese were expelled from the colonies, and if a 
 prohibitive tariff were adopted, wages would very soon go up to the 
 maximum. And this kind of discontent prevails among all classes of 
 society, not as a general ride, but in so many individual cases, as to force 
 

 ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 185 
 
 itself into prominence, when you are examining the social aspects of Aus- 
 tralian communities. The simple truth of the matter appears to be, that, 
 broadly speaking, we are all too well off; and that, like the fortunate 
 husbandmen of Virgil, we are unaware of the true measure of the material 
 prosperity we enjoy in a country where 
 
 Procul discordibus armis, 
 Fundit humo facilem victum justissima tellus. 
 
 For if we have no such palaces as those which the Mantuan describes in his 
 sweet and stately verse ; we have, nevertheless, the 
 
 Secura quies, et nescia fallere vita, 
 Dives opum variarum ; at latis otia fundis, 
 Speluncae, vivique lacus ; at frigida Tempe, 
 Mugitusque bourn, mollesque sub arbore somni 
 Non absunt. 
 
 Indeed, as we read the second Georgic, we seem to be brought into contact 
 with rural life and scenery, with country occupations and pursuits, and 
 with conditions of climate, resembling those of some parts of Australia, 
 where tens of thousands of persons are thoroughly familiar with the u sub 
 arbore somni." 
 
 We are the spoiled children of nature. She comes to us, in our " secura 
 quies" with both hands full of lavish gifts, and she demoralises us by her 
 opulent bounty. The wealth she has stored up in her cellarage — the ingots 
 of gold and silver, compared with which the treasures of Aladdin's cave 
 sink into insignificance, she suddenly laid bare; while at the same time 
 disclosing pasturages, which were boundless, and magnificent areas of arable 
 land, the rich elements of which she had elaborated hundreds of thousands 
 of years ago, in the entrails of the volcanoes, which once belched forth their 
 fountains of ashen dust and fiery vapour, and their glowing streams of red 
 hot lava, During the lapse of countless centuries she had been robing the 
 mountain ranges with their superb garments of forest, and massing and 
 matting on the soil beneath successive layers of the richest humus, so that, 
 when we felled the timber for constructive or domestic uses, the earth would 
 be prepared to yield a succession of splendid harvests to the husbandman ; 
 and in one part of this great island-continent she had transformed the 
 forests of a remote geological epoch into coal measures, which are virtually 
 inexhaustible. Elsewhere she had hidden enormous deposits of copper, tin, 
 and iron ore, of marble, granite, porphyry, and sand-stone, of kaolin clay, 
 and of kerosene-shale; and when a few hundreds of thousands of people, 
 numbers of whom were fugitives from poverty and hardship in the mother- 
 country, came into possession of this magnificent property, it is not 
 altogether to be wondered at, that it should have had the effect of upsetting 
 their mental balance, in a great many instances, and that it should have 
 
186 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 stimulated the avidity of the acquisitive, encouraged the intemperance and 
 thriftlessness of the thoughtless and the self-indulgent, weakened the force 
 of old restraints, and strengthened the influence of new temptations ! 
 
 The history of colonisation in early times offers nothing at all resembling 
 or approaching the propitious circumstances under which the colonies of 
 South A ustralia, Victoria, and Queensland were settled, because science has 
 armed the modern pioneer with such mechanical and chemical appliances, 
 that his power is that of a giant, as compared with that of the Greeks, 
 for example, who founded new states and cities at various points on the 
 shores of the Mediterranean, or with that of the Pilgrim Fathers, who 
 landed on Plymouth Rock. The effectiveness of his labour has been in- 
 creased a hundredfold by the agency of steam, and by the invention of 
 labour-saving machinery, applicable to all the processes of human industry, 
 and the useful arts of life. Dynamite is the Orphean lyre, with which he 
 can move rocks and displace forests ; with the diamond drill he can pene- 
 trate the secrets of the earth, and bore through mountains ; and by the 
 aid of fuel, water, and mechanism he can accomplish, in a few days, results 
 which formerly would have tasked the efforts of a squad of men persistently 
 labouring for as many months. Hence, the productive power of each indi- 
 vidual, in a country where the " gratuitous utilities of nature" play so 
 enormous and beneficent a role as auxiliaries to man, is necessarily very 
 great indeed, and the accumulation of wealth proceeds very rapidly, although 
 that accumulation is not so obvious as in older countries, because it does not 
 take the shape of money lodged in banks and other institutions, but as- 
 sumes that of fixed values. In other words, it is being continually trans- 
 formed into real estate. It is represented by the reclamation, clearing, 
 fencing, and cultivation of millions of acres of land ; by the formation of 
 roads and bridges, piers and harbours, tramways and railways ; by the 
 erection of dwelling-houses, churches, schools, warehouses, shops, manu- 
 factories, mills, hotels, and public buildings of every description. All these 
 things, which have been the bequest of former generations of Englishmen 
 in the mother-country to the generation which now is, require to be pro- 
 vided in a British colony, by the first and second generations of its settlers ; 
 and, accordingly, the ratable value of the property they possess represents 
 approximately the accumulations of two, three, or four decades. At the 
 present time, the total value of the ratable property in the colony of Vic- 
 toria is £80,000,000, and as the valuation is generally about 20 per cent, below 
 the real value of the property assessed, we may put the latter down at 
 £100,000,000 in round numbers, and this does not include that of Govern- 
 ment buildings, railways (all of which are Government property), bridges, 
 reservoirs, churches, State schools, public libraries, public parks, markets, 
 etc. The railways alone have cost £14,000,000 ; and their value is in- 
 creasing year by year with the growth of population, and the consequent 
 expansion of traffic. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 187 
 
 It is estimated, that as regards agriculture alone, the value of the imple- 
 ments and machinery in use upon the various farms and stations in Victoria 
 is upwards of £2,000,000, and that of the improvements £17,000,000, 
 making a total of £19,000,000. 
 
 In such a colony — and what applies to one applies to all — men rise to 
 affluence before they have reached the prime of life; and the number of 
 those who have done so is larger perhaps, in proportion to the whole popu- 
 lation, than in any of the older countries. One of two brothers, owning 
 80,000 acres of land in Victoria, at a dinner and ball given to 800 of 
 his friends and neighbours, thus referred to his own career in returning 
 thanks for his health having been drunk : — 
 
 " He could assure his guests, that he had been no loafer, but a hard-work- 
 ing man, in his early career in the colony. When he first came to Victoria, 
 he had endured many hardships, and, in travelling with his sheep in search 
 of a run, he slept out many a night with his saddle for a pillow, the wide- 
 spreading branches of a gum tree for his covering, and the canopy of heaven 
 for his roof. When he left home to go to Australia, he promised his father 
 and mother, that he would be back to them again in five years, and he re- 
 deemed his promise so far, that he was back to them in the sixth year. He 
 only stayed at home a short time, when he returned to Australia again, and 
 coming to Victoria, which was then only a province of New South Wales, 
 he took up a run at a place then known as the Deep Creek, but now called 
 Climes. He afterwards took up some country at Mount William, the 
 farthest limit settlement had then reached, and he was happy to inform 
 them that the gentleman, who was his overseer then, was one of the guests 
 that night, and was also his equal in social station. To be a pioneer in those 
 times was, he could assure them, no child's play ; and now that fortune had 
 smiled upon him, and that his economy and determination to succeed in life 
 had been crowned with success far beyond his expectations then, he was 
 thankful for his success, inasmuch as it gave him the means of assisting to 
 promote the interests of the country that had done so much for him, and 
 which he loved so dearly." 
 
 Successful men of this stamp are to be met with in the whole of the 
 Australian colonies; and many of their biographies, if written, would 
 exemplify the romance of real life in a very striking manner, and would be 
 found to be full of dramatic incident. This has been more particularly the 
 case with respect to gold-mining, of which a couple of instances may suffice. 
 In the early days of the Dunolly gold-fields, two working miners, named 
 Oates and Deeson, after experiencing many vicissitudes of fortune, 
 found themselves, in the argot of their class, " dead-broke." Their credit 
 was exhausted at the neighbouring store, and one of them was actually in 
 want of bread. In sheer desperation they began digging for gold in a very 
 unpromising locality. "It seemed a very hopeless task, but the two men 
 worked on steadily, standing close to one another. Deeson plied his pick in 
 
188 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 some hard bricklike clay, around the roots of an old tree, breaking up fresh 
 earth and tearing away the grass from the surface of the ground. He aimed 
 a blow at a clear space between two branches of the root ; and the pick 
 instead of sinking into the ground rebounded, as if it had struck upon 
 quartz or granite. "Confound it!" he exclaimed; " I've broken my pick. 
 I wish I had broken it, if it had only been over some nugget." A 
 minute afterwards he called out to Oates, and told him to "come and 
 see what this was." It was a mass of gold cropping several inches out of 
 the ground, like a boulder on a hill. As each successive portion of 
 the nugget was disclosed to view the men were lost in amazement at 
 its enormous size. It was over a foot in length, and nearly the same in 
 breadth. The weight was so great that it was difficult for the two men to 
 move it. However, by dint of great exertion, they succeeded in carrying it 
 down the hill to Deeson's cottage, where they commenced to inspect their 
 wonderful treasure. It was so completely covered with black earth, and so 
 tarnished in colour, that an inexperienced person might have supposed it to 
 be merely a mass of auriferous earth or stone. But its weight at once 
 dispelled all doubt on that point, for it was more than twice as heavy as a 
 piece of iron of the same size. 
 
 Great was the rejoicing among Deeson's family. The wife piled up a 
 huge fire, and Deeson placed the nugget on top, while the rest of the family 
 stood around watching the operation of reducing the mass to the semblance 
 of gold. All through the Friday night, Deeson sat up before the fire, burn- 
 ing the quartz, which adhered to the nugget, and picking off all the 
 dirt and debris. This was so rich, that, on being washed in the puddling 
 machine, it yielded ten pounds' weight of gold. Meanwhile Oates had 
 procured a dray to convey the nugget to town, and on the Saturday morning 
 the two men set off for Dunolly."* They carried their treasure to the 
 London Chartered Bank, where it was weighed, and found to turn the scale 
 at 2,268 ounces, or nearly two hundredweight, and the sum of ten 
 thousand pounds was placed to their credit in that institution. 
 
 Among the pioneers of the once celebrated Woods Point gold-field, 
 situated high up among the mountain ranges, about a hundred miles due 
 east of Melbourne, were two brothers, named Colin and Duncan M'Dougal, 
 who applied themselves, with singularly primitive crushing appliances, to 
 the work of quartz-mining. With these they were enabled to satisfy 
 themselves that some of the rich quartz of the district was capable of yield- 
 ing as much as 44 ounces to the ton. 
 
 "The prospect of receiving £1 50 for every ton that they crushed, filled 
 their minds with ideas of immense wealth to come, and they were determined 
 not to lose it for want of energy. 
 
 " One of the M'Dougals was despatched to Melbourne, to order the 
 necessary machinery, and to direct the making of it; for this crushing 
 * " Tales of the Gold-fields." By George Sutherland, M.A. 
 
ADVANTAGES OF AUSTRALIA AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 189 
 
 machine was to be unique of its kind. The battery was to have eight 
 stampers, and yet, for convenience of carrying, no single piece was to 
 exceed 2001bs. in weight. All the ironwork was therefore cast in very 
 small portions, and new patterns had to be made for each piece. 
 
 "Meanwhile the other three men were working hard at alluvial digging, 
 in order to gain enough of money to pay for the machine, as it was being 
 constructed. They also cut a very long mill-race along the mountain sides 
 to supply the water-wheel; for the motive power was to be obtained 
 entirely from the mountain streams, and steam-engines were out of the 
 question. 
 
 " When the machinery, in pieces, was brought to the town of Jamieson, 
 about twenty miles to the north of Woods Point, an unexpected difficulty 
 arose. No a packers " would undertake to convey it over the ranges. 
 They said it would be absurd to expect, that horses, with a load of two 
 hundredweight each, could keep their footing on the sides of these moun- 
 tains. The four diggers were therefore obliged to procure horses and 
 to convey the machinery themselves. This work alone occupied them 
 over three months; it was fully a year, from the commencement, before 
 they had the machine erected, and yet the whole weight did not exceed 
 three tons. 
 
 u Having thus surmounted every obstacle, they gave to their reef the 
 name of the "Morning Star;" and very soon it justified the name, for the 
 brilliancy of its results for a year or two quite eclipsed all the other gold 
 mines of the colony. The little clumsy machine, with wooden shanks to the 
 stampers, with a wooden fly-wheel, and driven by an old-fashioned water- 
 engine, turned out more gold than the large steam-driven batteries of Balla- 
 rat and Sandhurst. 
 
 " At first the M'Dougals kept these splendid results a great secret. A 
 wild and lawless population had followed their footsteps up the mountains; 
 and in such a place there could be no protection but in secrecy. The 
 partners therefore concealed their good fortune from everyone, and hid all 
 their gold in secluded places, among the thick scrub. At night time, they 
 stole out from the settlement, and, taking the gold with them, they made 
 their way by moonlight over the ranges, to a little hut, that was erected 
 beyond the roughest country. Here a horse was kept in readiness to convey 
 one of them, with his precious cargo on to Jamieson. 
 
 "Up to the end of 1866, the produce of the claim of M'Dougal and 
 Company amounted to over £164,000, and several adjoining claims had also 
 yielded extraordinary returns."* 
 
 It must be admitted, however, that the old adage of "light come, light 
 
 go," has generally held good with most of the fortunes suddenly acquired 
 
 by gold-mining ; and that comparatively few, who have been exposed to a 
 
 heavy shower of the precious metal, have escaped being demoralised by it ; 
 
 * " Tales of the Goldfields." By George Sutherland, M. A. 
 
190 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 for prosperity is so much harder to bear than adversity; and a man usually 
 values his acquisitions, when they are the result of steady industry, of patient 
 application and of persevering thrift, much more highly than when his wealth 
 has fallen upon him in a copious cataract, by the caprice of fortune. But the 
 incidents we have quoted, and the information we have laid before 
 our readers in the foregoing chapter, will serve to exhibit the magnitude of 
 the rewards which are held out to the labourers and frugal emigrant on the 
 one hand, and the richness of the prizes which fall to the lot of a chosen 
 few in that great lottery of fortune known as gold-mining. 
 

 
 
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 e 
 
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192 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, 
 
 From 1874 t 
 
 
 
 Popula- 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 Total 
 Cultiva- 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 Other Cen 
 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres 
 
 Bub 
 
 3 a 
 
 /'Victoria 
 
 808,437 
 
 1,011,776 
 
 332,936 
 
 4,850,16c- 
 
 114,921 
 
 2,121,615 
 
 29,50c 
 
 ► 619,896 
 
 1,52; 
 
 ! 24,26? 
 
 17,26 
 
 1 N. S. Wales 
 
 584,278 
 
 464,957 
 
 166,915 
 
 2,148,394 
 
 17,97? 
 
 293,135 
 
 3,984 
 
 69,053 
 
 118,43 h 
 
 3,618,43C 
 
 1,351 
 
 ^ 1 S. Australia 
 
 204,623 
 
 1,330,484 
 
 839,636 
 
 9,862,69? 
 
 2,785 
 
 40,701 
 
 13,724 
 
 208,373 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 «--{ Queensland 
 
 163,517 
 
 70,331 
 
 3,595 
 
 No returr 
 
 175 
 
 No returr 
 
 361 
 
 No return 
 
 30,995 
 
 No return 
 
 387 Nor 
 
 S W. Australia 
 
 26,209 
 
 45,292 
 
 23,427 
 
 281,124 
 
 1,067 
 
 17,075 
 
 4,705 
 
 75,232 
 
 8i 
 
 1,32C 
 
 1,022 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 341,860 
 
 549,844 
 
 105,674 
 
 2,974,339 
 
 157,54c 
 
 5,548, 729 
 
 16,236 
 
 477,165 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . 
 
 ^Tasmania .. 
 
 104,176 
 
 326,486 
 
 57 ,63 J 
 
 1,066,861 
 
 32,704 
 
 877,242 
 
 5,12£ 
 
 125,469 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,714 I 
 
 
 2,233,100 
 
 3,799,170 
 
 1,529,815 
 
 21,183,576 
 
 327,173 
 
 8,898,49^ 
 
 73,641 
 
 1,575,185 
 
 151,046 
 
 3,644,019 
 
 25,740 4' 
 
 ^Victoria 
 
 823,272 
 
 1,126,831 
 
 321,401 
 
 4,978,914 
 
 124.10C 
 
 2,719,795 
 
 31,568 
 
 700,665 
 
 2,346 
 
 37,177 
 
 20,146 * 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 606,652 
 
 451,139 
 
 133,61C 
 
 1,958,64C 
 
 18,856 
 
 352,966 
 
 4,817 
 
 98,576 
 
 117,582 
 
 3,410,517 
 
 1,091 
 
 : 
 
 ^ 1 S. Australia 
 
 210,442 
 
 1,444,586 
 
 898,820 
 
 10.739,834 
 
 3,640 
 
 60,749 
 
 13,969 
 
 197,315 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,854 
 
 ! 
 
 *~ -{ Queensland 
 
 181,288 
 
 77,347 
 
 4,478 
 
 No return 
 
 114 
 
 No return 
 
 613 
 
 No return 
 
 38,711 
 
 No return 
 
 251 
 
 No 1 
 
 in 1 W. Australia 
 
 26,709 
 
 47,571 
 
 21,561 
 
 237,171 
 
 1,256 
 
 18,840 
 
 5,014 
 
 70,196 
 
 60 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,293 
 
 
 | New Zealand 
 
 375,856 
 
 607,138 
 
 90,804 
 
 2,863,619 
 
 168,252 
 
 6,357,431 
 
 27,656 
 
 993,219 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 M 
 
 ^Tasmania .. 
 
 103,663 
 
 332,824 
 
 42,745 
 
 700,092 
 
 32,556 
 
 827,043 
 
 5,939 
 
 165,357 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6,585 
 
 1 
 
 
 2,327,882 
 
 4,087,433 
 
 1,513,419 
 
 21,478,270 
 
 348,774 
 
 10,336,824 
 
 89,576 
 
 2,225,328 
 
 158,699 
 
 3,448,894 
 
 34,22C 
 
 7 
 
 /'Victoria 
 
 840,300 
 
 1,231,105 
 
 401,417 
 
 5,279,730 
 
 115.209 
 
 2,294,225 
 
 25,034 
 
 530,323 
 
 1,609 
 
 25,909 
 
 22,388 
 
 a 
 
 1 N. S. Wales 
 
 629,776 
 
 513,840 
 
 145,609 
 
 2,391,979 
 
 21,828 
 
 461,916 
 
 5,662 
 
 134,158 
 
 116,365 
 
 3,879,537 
 
 1,571 
 
 
 ^ 1 S. Australia 
 
 225,677 
 
 1,514,916 
 
 1,083,732 
 
 5,857,569 
 
 2,914 
 
 31,043 
 
 10,056 
 
 107.023 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,490 
 
 
 «£< Queensland 
 
 187,100 
 
 85,569 
 
 5,700 
 
 No return 
 
 162 
 
 No return 
 
 688 
 
 No return 
 
 41,705 
 
 No return 
 
 270 
 
 Nor 
 
 rH W. Australia 
 
 27,321 
 
 45,933 
 
 18,769 
 
 225,168 
 
 1,461 
 
 21,915 
 
 6,245 
 
 93,675 
 
 70 
 
 1,470 
 
 1,378 
 
 
 | New Zealand 
 
 399,075 
 
 787.824 
 
 141,614 
 
 4,054,377 
 
 150,717 
 
 4,707,836 
 
 22,679 
 
 801,379 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 ^Tasmania . . 
 
 105,484 
 
 332,558 
 
 38,977 
 
 752,070 
 
 23,609 
 
 571,485 
 
 6,258 
 
 147,537 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7.263 
 
 1; 
 
 
 2,414,733 
 
 4,511,745 
 
 1,835,818 
 
 18,560,893 
 
 315,900 
 
 8,088,420 
 
 76,622 
 
 1,814,095 
 
 159,749 
 
 3,906,916 
 
 37,360 
 
 6' 
 
 /'Victoria 
 
 860,787 
 
 1,420,502 
 
 564,564 
 
 7,018,257 
 
 105,234 
 
 2,040,486 
 
 19,116 
 
 378,706 
 
 1,215 
 
 22,050 
 
 18,361 
 
 •2 
 
 
 N. S. Wales 
 
 662,212 
 
 546,556 
 
 176,6871 2,445,507 
 
 18,581 
 
 358,853 
 
 5,055 
 
 99,485 
 
 105,510 
 
 3,551,806 
 
 1,465 
 
 : 
 
 . 
 
 S. Australia 
 
 236,864 
 
 1,828,115 
 
 1,163,646 
 
 9,034,692 
 
 3,515 
 
 42,039 
 
 11,991 
 
 143,586 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,832 
 
 J 
 
 00 " 
 
 Queensland 
 
 203,084 
 
 105,049 
 
 8,744 
 
 92,941 
 
 74 
 
 748 
 
 638 
 
 10,758 
 
 44,718 
 
 1,262,018 
 
 419 
 
 1 
 
 
 W. Australia 
 
 27,838 
 
 50,591 
 
 22,834 
 
 251,174 
 
 1,290 
 
 18,060 
 
 5,948 
 
 77,324 
 
 46 
 
 920 
 
 799 
 
 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 417,622 
 
 959,528 
 
 243,406 
 
 6,336,369 
 
 190,344 
 
 6,029,962 
 
 22,713 
 
 576,823 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 • 
 
 
 ^Tasmania . . 
 
 107,104 
 
 348,841 
 
 46,719 
 
 846,420 
 
 21,883 
 
 488,350 
 
 4,283 
 
 86,840 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,854 
 
 i 
 
 
 2,515,511 
 
 5,259,182 
 
 2,226,600 
 
 26,025,360 
 
 340,921 
 
 8,978,498 
 
 69,744 
 
 1,373,522 
 
 151,489 
 
 4,836,794 
 
 30,730 
 
 /'Victoria 
 
 879,442 
 
 1,609,278 
 
 691,622 
 
 6,060,737 
 
 134,428 
 
 2,366,026 
 
 22,871 
 
 417,157 
 
 1,939 
 
 40,754 
 
 16,932 
 
 2 
 
 j N. S. Wales 
 
 693,743 
 
 613,642 
 
 233,253 
 
 3,439.326 
 
 22,129 
 
 447,912 
 
 6,152 
 
 132,072 
 
 130,582 
 
 4,420,580 1,604 
 
 
 ojj | S. Australia 
 
 248,795 
 
 2,011,319 
 
 1,305,851 
 
 9,332,049 
 
 2,931 
 
 35,202 
 
 12,089 
 
 142,933 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,233 
 
 
 £j«( Queensland 
 
 210,510 
 
 117,489 
 
 9,618 
 
 130,452 
 
 132 
 
 1,274 
 
 1,065 
 
 16,904 
 
 53,799 
 
 1,539,510 
 
 548 
 
 N01 
 
 -• W. Australia 
 
 28,166 
 
 51,065 
 
 23,008 
 
 229,342 
 
 1,568 
 
 28,249 
 
 5,927 
 
 72,498 
 
 40 
 
 296 
 
 817 
 
 
 1 New Zealand 
 
 432,519 
 
 1,134,185 
 
 264,577 
 
 6,070,599 277,547 
 
 8,357,150 
 
 28,646 
 
 709,465 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 ^Tasmania .. 
 
 109,947 
 
 355,403 
 
 48,392 
 
 778,977 
 
 28,802 
 
 714,987 
 
 4,040 
 
 97,845 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5,099 
 
 4J 
 
 
 2,603,122 
 
 5,892,381 
 
 2,576,321 
 
 26,041,482 
 
 467,537 
 
 11,950,800 
 
 80,790 
 
 1,588,874 
 
 186,360 
 
 6,001,140 
 
 29,233 
 
 Totals, 1874 
 
 2,233,100 
 
 3,799,170 
 
 1,529,812 
 
 21,183,576 
 
 327,173 
 
 8,898,492 
 
 73,641 
 
 1,575,185 
 
 151,046 
 
 3,644,019 25,740 
 
 i\ 
 
 „ 1875 
 
 2,327,882 
 
 4,087,436 
 
 1,513,419 
 
 21,478,270 
 
 348,774 
 
 10,336,824 
 
 89,576 
 
 2,225,328 
 
 158,699 
 
 3,448,894 34,220 
 
 II 
 
 „ 1876 
 
 2,414,733 
 
 4,511,745 
 
 1,835,818 
 
 18,560,893 
 
 315,900 
 
 8,088,420 
 
 76,622 
 
 1,814,095 
 
 159,749 
 
 3,906,916 
 
 37,360 
 
 6 I 
 
 „ 1877 
 
 2 515,511 
 
 5,259,182 
 
 2,226,600 
 
 26,025,360 
 
 340,921 
 
 8,978,498 
 
 69,744 
 
 1,373,522 
 
 151,489 
 
 4,836,794 
 
 30,730 
 
 \\ 
 
 „ 1878 
 
 2,603,122 
 
 5,892,381 
 
 2,576,321 
 
 26,041,482 
 113.289.581 
 
 467,537 
 
 11,950,800 
 
 80,790 
 
 1,588,874 
 
 186,360 
 
 6,001,140 
 
 29,233 
 
 1 
 
 2.6 J 
 
 
 48,253,0341 
 
 8,577,004 
 
 21,837,7631 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, AND LIVE STOCK. 
 
 193 
 
 LIVE STOCK IN THE AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES. 
 
 1878 inclusive. 
 
 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 
 
 LIVE STOCK. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Vines. 
 
 Wino 
 
 Green 
 Forage. 
 
 Other 
 TUlage. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Gallons. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 
 
 
 
 35,183 
 
 124,310 
 
 119,031 
 
 157,261 
 
 4,937 
 
 577,493 
 
 254,329 
 
 102,145 
 
 180,254 
 
 958,658 
 
 11,221,036 
 
 137,941 
 
 13,604 
 
 38,564 68,088 
 
 93,440 
 
 4,308 
 
 684,258 
 
 40,589 
 
 29,711 
 
 346,691 
 
 2,856,699 
 
 22,872,882 
 
 219,958 
 
 4,552 
 
 17,046| 160,931 
 
 202,934 
 
 5,051 
 
 648,186 
 
 27,076 
 
 276,697 
 
 93,122 
 
 185,342 
 
 6,120,211 
 
 78,019 
 
 3,316 
 
 No return 1 5,. 554 
 
 No return 
 
 413 
 
 70,425 
 
 3,359 
 
 22,173 
 
 107,507 
 
 1,610,105 
 
 7,180,792 
 
 44,517 
 
 329 
 
 987 13,366 
 
 20,049 
 
 779 
 
 No return 
 
 — 
 
 512 
 
 26,636 
 
 46,748 
 
 777,861 
 
 13,290 
 
 12,154 
 
 63,685 62,216 
 
 52,2"2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 196,019 
 
 99,859 
 
 494,917 
 
 11,704,853 
 
 123,921 
 
 6,978 
 
 26,169 
 
 30,486 
 
 41,144 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 94,234 
 
 93,608 
 
 23,208 
 
 110,450 
 
 1,724,953 
 
 51,468 
 
 76,146 
 
 270,761 
 
 459,672 
 
 567,030 
 
 15,488 
 
 1,980,362 
 
 419,587 
 
 720,865 
 
 877,277 
 
 6,262,919 
 
 61,602,588 
 
 669,114 
 
 36,901 
 
 124,377 
 
 155,274 
 
 206,613 
 
 5,081 
 
 755,000 
 
 308,405 
 
 121,609 
 
 196,184 
 
 1,054,598 
 
 11,749,532 
 
 140,765 
 
 13,806 
 
 41,203 
 
 77,125 
 
 88.968 
 
 4,459 
 
 831,749 
 
 50.634 
 
 29,159 
 
 357,696 
 
 3,134,086 
 
 24,382,536 
 
 199,950 
 
 5,941 
 
 26,833 
 
 161,429 
 
 194,794 
 
 4,972 
 
 727,979 
 
 37,261 
 
 313,700 
 
 107,164 
 
 219,240 
 
 6,179,395 
 
 100,562 
 
 3,056 
 
 No return 
 
 8,531 
 
 No return 
 
 376 
 
 77,404 
 
 2,863 
 
 18,354 
 
 121,497 
 
 1,812,576 
 
 7,227,774 
 
 46,447 
 
 393 
 
 1,179 
 
 17,319 
 
 17,319 
 
 675 
 
 No return 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 29,379 
 
 50,416 
 
 881,861 
 
 14,420 
 
 14,655 
 
 71,599 
 
 49,537 
 
 72,184 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 30,883 
 
 225,351 
 
 99,859 
 
 494,917 
 
 11,704,853 
 
 123,921 
 
 6,906 
 
 24,455 
 
 34,758 
 
 49,217 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 103,167 
 
 100,168 
 
 23,473 
 
 118,694 
 
 1,731,723 
 
 47,664 
 
 81,658 
 
 289,646 
 
 503,973 
 
 629,095 
 
 15,563 
 
 2,392,132 
 
 533,213 
 
 808,341 
 
 935,252 
 
 6,884,527 
 
 63,857,674 
 
 673,729 
 
 40,450 
 
 134,082 
 
 147,408 
 
 180,560 
 
 4,765 
 
 481,588 
 
 362,554 
 
 110,271 
 
 194,768 
 
 1,128,265 
 
 11,278,893 
 
 175,578 
 
 14,171 
 
 42,939 
 
 111,946 
 
 159,661 
 
 4,457 
 
 799,709 
 
 61,516 
 
 30,715 
 
 366,703 
 
 3,131,013 
 
 24,503,388 
 
 173,604 
 
 5,091 
 
 14,463 
 
 91,937 
 
 178,866 
 
 4,554 
 
 493,217 
 
 35,268 
 
 276,874 
 
 106,903 
 
 219,441 
 
 6,133,291 
 
 102,295 
 
 3,928 
 
 No return 
 
 9,423 
 
 No return 
 
 523 
 
 93,841 
 
 4,821 
 
 18,349 
 
 133,625 
 
 2,079,979 
 
 7,315,074 
 
 53,455 
 
 370 
 
 1,110 
 
 16,856 
 
 i6,856 
 
 784 
 
 No return 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 33,502 
 
 54,058 
 
 899,494 
 
 18,108 
 
 16,204 
 
 86,922 
 
 49,760 
 
 65,060 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 32,459 
 
 369,391 
 
 99,859 
 
 494,917 
 
 11,704,853 
 
 123,921 
 
 7,954 
 
 27,290 
 
 29,664 
 
 35,907 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 114,978 
 
 103,855 
 
 23,622 
 
 124,459 
 
 1,768,785 
 
 60,681 
 
 88,168 
 
 306,806 
 
 456,994 
 
 636,910 
 
 15,083 
 
 1,868,355 
 
 611,596 
 
 909,455 
 
 958,982 
 
 7,232,132 
 
 63,603,778 
 
 707,642 
 
 37,107 
 
 115,419 
 
 176,951 
 
 208,151 
 
 4,419 
 
 457,535 
 
 390,330 
 
 103,205 
 
 203,150 
 
 1,169,576 
 
 10,117,867 
 
 183,391 
 
 13,862 
 
 34,958 
 
 125,778 
 
 154,076 
 
 4,184 
 
 708,431 
 
 65,073 
 
 30,360 
 
 328,150 
 
 2,746,385 
 
 20,962,244 
 
 191,677 
 
 5,367 
 
 13,452 
 
 223,905 
 
 253,374 
 
 4,164 
 
 339,277 
 
 36,265 
 
 375,430 
 
 110,684 
 
 230,679 
 
 6,098,35! 
 
 104,527 
 
 4,603 
 
 8,778 
 
 9,914 
 
 12,919 
 
 655 
 
 87,051 
 
 10,771 
 
 24,513 
 
 140,174 
 
 2,299,582 
 
 6,272,766 
 
 52,074 
 
 354 
 
 708 
 
 18,013 
 
 18,013 
 
 713 
 
 No re urn 
 
 — 
 
 594 
 
 30,691 
 
 52,057 
 
 797,156 
 
 18,942 
 
 17,564 
 
 94,478 
 
 45,090 
 
 58,671 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 440,411 
 
 99,859 
 
 494,917 
 
 11,704,853 
 
 123,921 
 
 8,336 
 
 27,106 
 
 29,440 
 
 33,331 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 120,376 
 
 111,950 
 
 22,195 
 
 126,882 
 
 1,818,125 
 
 55,652 
 
 87,193 
 
 294,899 
 
 629,091 
 
 738,535 
 
 14,135 
 
 1,592,294 
 
 622,815 
 
 1,086,463 
 
 934,903 
 
 7,120,078 
 
 57,771,370 
 
 730,184 
 
 36,527 
 
 98,958 
 
 172,799 
 
 209,028 
 
 4,434 
 
 410,333 
 
 401,427 
 
 126,299 
 
 210,105 
 
 1,184,843 
 
 9,379,276 
 
 177,373 
 
 16,725 
 
 53,590 
 
 104,096 
 
 172,407 
 
 ' 4,237 
 
 684,733 
 
 60,249 
 
 34,615 
 
 336,468 
 
 2,771,583 
 
 23,967,053 
 
 220,320 
 
 5 398 
 
 14,378 
 
 218,359 
 
 210,974 
 
 4,297 
 
 458,303 
 
 30,033 
 
 428,128 
 
 121,553 
 
 251,802 
 
 6,377,812 
 
 103,422 
 
 : 3,882 
 
 9,063 
 
 13,904 
 
 18,553 
 
 605 
 
 64,407 
 
 6,875 
 
 27,061 
 
 147,076 
 
 2,433,567 
 
 5,564,465 
 
 50,301 
 
 341 
 
 850 
 
 18,750 
 
 18,750 
 
 614 
 
 No return 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 32,801 
 
 56,158 
 
 869,325 
 
 16,762 
 
 17,299 
 
 86,186 
 
 53,022 
 
 64,520 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 49,187 
 
 443,907 
 
 137,768 
 
 578,430 
 
 13,069,338 
 
 207,337 
 
 8,079 
 
 27,257 
 
 33,933 
 
 40,499 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 118,478 
 
 105,580 
 
 24,107 
 
 126,276 
 
 ] ,838,831 
 
 39,595 
 
 88,251 
 
 290,282 
 
 614,863 
 
 734,731 
 
 14,187 
 
 1,617,776 
 
 666,249 
 
 1,165,590 
 
 1,009,878 
 
 7,402,659 
 
 61,066,100 
 
 815,110 
 
 70,146 
 
 270,761 
 
 459,672 
 
 567,^30 
 
 15,488 
 
 1,980,362 
 
 419,587 
 
 720,865 
 
 877,277 
 
 6,262,919 
 
 61,602,588 
 
 669,114 
 
 81,658 
 
 289,646 
 
 503,973 
 
 629.095 
 
 15,563 
 
 2,392,132 
 
 533,213 
 
 808,341 
 
 935,252 
 
 6,884,527 
 
 63,857,674 
 
 673,729 
 
 88,165 
 
 306,806 
 
 456,994 
 
 636,910 
 
 15,083 
 
 1.868,355 
 
 611,596 
 
 909,455 
 
 958,982 
 
 7,232,132 
 
 63,603,778 
 
 707,642 
 
 87,193 
 
 294,899 
 
 629 091 
 
 738,535 
 
 14,135 
 
 1,592.294 
 
 622,315 
 
 1,086,463 
 
 934,903 
 
 7,120,078 
 
 57,771,370 
 
 730,184 
 
 88,251 
 
 290,282 
 1,452,364 
 
 614,863 
 
 734,731 
 
 14,187 
 
 1,617,776 
 
 666,249 
 
 1,165,590 
 
 1,009,878 
 
 7,402,659 
 
 61,066,100 
 
 815,110 
 
 3,306,391 
 
 9.450,919 
 
 
194 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 CO tf 
 
 r-l O 
 
 Eh 
 
 o g 
 
 S o 
 
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 r-H 
 
 o 
 
 1—1 
 H 
 OQ 
 
 1— 1 
 
 S 
 
 DO 
 
 "3 
 
 c3"3 P, 
 PC 
 
 
 ~3 
 
 £ 
 
 107,581 
 106,463 
 125,460 
 138.771 
 204,525 
 
 
 Bark 
 
 and 
 
 Timber. 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 >• 
 
 >* co m t- t~ 
 
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 Leather. 
 
 <6 
 
 "3 
 
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 OS t*— CO CO t— 
 
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 C O^co_i-i_r^ co^ 
 
 ^ co"co"m" co" co" 
 
 
 Horned 
 Cattle, 
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 and 
 Sheep. 
 
 <6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1-1 os cs m co 
 
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 £ 00" •*"•*" t-Tco" 
 
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 bo 
 
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 •*CSCOCOCON 
 
 
 Confec- 
 tionery 
 
 and 
 Biscuits. 
 
 «5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 00 01 co co 
 
 NNOIOH 
 CO 00 NWH 
 
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 cS 
 
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 5 
 
 as 
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 rH CO in CO CO 
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 rHCO Oi 
 
 
 >> 
 
 .CI CO 00 O O 
 
 °2 00 I>- -* CO r-l 
 
 ^5 co_co_©_co_co^ 
 
 3 rHCO COOS 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 CO rH t- co m 
 
 CO i-l m r-l 1-1 
 
 ~*J cT m" i-T co" co" 
 
 CO rH r-l r-l 00 
 
 
 C 
 
 jNONHO 
 
 ,2 000 com 
 rt WHinHrt 
 
 "S cs"co"i>"cs"co 
 5 m co 1-1 in rH 
 
 ,HW 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 1 i/j OS ... ^j uu 
 -* CO CO CO C-J 
 l-^i-^ CO csco 
 
 cj co'^jTcsf ci"o* 
 ^t Ci Ci m !>• co 
 
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 ■^"^"■^"^TtjT 
 
 
 >> 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 co m co 00 Ci 
 
 Ci CO CO rH CO 
 
 . eo_o_co 00 
 
 S Co"cD"o"co"Ci* 
 
 •" Ci m l^- co co 
 
 ►-5 O_CD_C0_O_00 
 
 t~rco"i>r-*"co 
 
 CO CO t^t~l^ 
 
 
 
 
 «* 1ft cot>- CO 
 t- t^. j^ r^ t^ 
 
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 HrtrlHH 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 03 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 £ 
 52,841 
 67,341 
 27,701 
 29,337 
 40,243 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 
 
 3 
 EH 
 
 c 
 
 cS 
 
 c 
 H 
 
 0) 
 
 3 
 
 £ 
 419,322 
 436,920 
 379,638 
 508,510 
 395,822 
 
 
 
 3 
 3 
 & 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 98,386 
 111,126 
 109,157 
 161,079 
 144,190 
 
 
 
 *3 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 r— 
 
 £ 
 632,247 
 671,483 
 625,211 
 648,977 
 708,406 
 
 
 
 3 
 s 
 
 Tons. 
 872,980 
 927,007 
 868,817 
 915,727 
 1,008,420 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 "3 
 
 
 "3 
 
 r> 
 
 £ 
 1,875,081 
 2,097,740 
 1,589,854 
 1,824,188 
 1,699,953 
 
 
 
 r3 
 
 "3 
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 ooNinoM 
 
 CO -<* O CO CO 
 
 » ee m -* ,h 
 
 ^tlOOMHO 
 Ci O Ci Ci Ci 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 ."Si 
 
 P-l 0) fcrH 
 02 («*, 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 > 
 
 £ 
 92,939 
 56,473 
 83,954 
 126,382 
 42,581 
 
 
 r-l 
 
 w 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 ci 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 £ 
 104,151 
 112,072 
 124,834 
 147,790 
 96,076 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 is 
 
 w 
 
 o> 
 
 Cwts. 
 67,053 
 69,558 
 77,539 
 90,169 
 60,035 
 
 
 Live Stock — 
 Horned 
 
 Cattle, 
 Horses, and 
 
 Sheep 
 
 oi 
 "3 
 
 £ 
 88,265 
 
 90,740 
 
 81,805 
 
 892,122 
 
 733,721 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 o5 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 WHOINO 
 
 ®N-*OH 
 
 CfJ Ci CM CO lO OS 
 
 co"co"co"-* rjT 
 
 
 
 
 Ga Ions. 
 5,899 
 5,969 
 6,882 
 10,591 
 9,969 
 
 
 
 cS 
 
 so 
 
 3 
 
 02 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 o> 
 Cm 
 
 oi 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
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 £ 
 
 34,037 
 
 80,181 
 
 168,147 
 
 137,234 
 
 135,138 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Cwts. 
 21,143 
 49,761 
 104,255 
 80,124 
 84,072 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 r> 
 
 £ 
 5,010,125 
 5,651,643 
 5,565,173 
 5,256,038 
 5,723,316 
 
 
 
 3 
 cS 
 
 Lb . 
 
 75,156,924 
 87,534,280 
 100,736,330 
 102,150,246 
 111,833,017 
 
 
 
 
 
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 3 
 
 "£ co »o •>* c» 
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 £ 
 
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EXPORTS. 
 
 195 
 
 STATISTICAL SUMMARY of the Principal Exports the Produce or 
 Manufacture of each Colony. From 1874 to 1878 Inclusive. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Breadstuffs. 
 
 Wine. 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 Lbs. 
 35,593,805 
 39,723,249 
 36,435,346 
 47,199,928 
 56,710,851 
 
 £ 
 1,762,987 
 1,833,519 
 1,836,299 
 2,189,418 
 2,417,397 
 
 £ 
 1,230,331 
 1,680,996 
 1,988,716 
 1,184,368 
 1,672,628 
 
 Gallons. 
 59,179 
 45,879 
 36,299 
 37,966 
 49,691 
 
 £ 
 17,399 
 11,224 
 9,357 
 10,696 
 25,256 
 
 Tons. 
 1,283$ 
 
 1,409 
 591 
 808 
 
 1,668 
 
 £ 
 38,511 
 41,009 
 20,593 
 19,882 
 48,056 
 
 £ 
 700,323 
 762,386 
 602,772 
 565,091* 
 409,749 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sandal- 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Live- 
 stock. 
 
 Lead Ore. 
 
 Guano. 
 
 Pearls. 
 
 wood 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Timber. 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 Tons. 
 
 £ 
 
 Tons. 
 
 £ . 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1874 
 
 2,874,992 
 
 215,624 
 
 6,123 
 
 2,143| 
 
 25,725 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12,000 
 
 94,764 
 
 1875 
 
 2,428,160 
 
 182,112 
 
 2,852 
 
 2,289 
 
 27,468 
 
 — 
 
 — - 
 
 12,000 
 
 90,430 
 
 1876 
 
 2,831,174 
 
 165,151 
 
 11,272 
 
 2,19H 
 
 26,298 
 
 735 
 
 367 
 
 8,000 
 
 89,515 
 
 1877 
 
 3,992,487 
 
 199,624 
 
 9,168 
 
 3,955£ 
 
 47,466 
 
 1,212 
 
 6,060 
 
 10,000 
 
 68,829 
 
 1878 
 
 3,019,051 
 
 150,952 
 
 12,089 
 
 3,617£ 
 
 43,410 
 
 13,219 
 
 66,095 
 
 12,000 
 
 98,966 
 
 TASMANIA. 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Grain, 
 
 Flour, 
 
 Bran, and 
 
 Hay, 
 
 Fruit, 
 Jains, and 
 Vegetables. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Tin — Ore and 
 Smelted. 
 
 Timber. 
 
 Bark. 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 1S76 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 Lbs. 
 5,050,920 
 6,199,248 
 6,848,517 
 8,016,396 
 7,512,662 
 
 £ 
 350,713 
 433,550 
 439,603 
 522,885 
 479,165 
 
 £ 
 
 123,595 
 130,044 
 65,516 
 93,729 
 37,590 
 
 £ 
 132,321 
 144,546 
 157,993 
 176,286 
 171,971 
 
 £ 
 17,811 
 13,771 
 41,861 
 26,904 
 59,124 
 
 Tons. 
 142 
 366 
 
 1,616 
 
 5,747 
 5,947 
 
 £ 
 
 7,318 
 
 31,325 
 
 99,605 
 
 296,941 
 
 316,311 
 
 £ 
 75,422 
 88,645 
 65,151 
 72,909 
 72,989 
 
 £ 
 22,123 
 40,542 
 55,601 
 33,349 
 31,132 
 
 NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 
 Wool. 
 
 Grain 
 
 and 
 
 Flour. 
 
 Pre- 
 served 
 Meats. 
 
 Tallow. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 Kauri Gum. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Timber 
 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Qnty. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Qnty. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 
 Lbs. 
 46,848,735 
 54,401,540 
 59,853,454 
 64,481,324 
 59,270,256 
 
 £ 
 2,834,695 
 3,398,155 
 3,395,816 
 3,658,938 
 3,292,807 
 
 £ 
 321,315 
 243,938 
 360,022 
 309,635 
 571,9K 
 
 £ 
 100,245 
 
 7,180 
 21,933 
 53,401 
 74,225 
 
 £ 
 
 65,366 
 
 55,865 
 
 109,896 
 
 156,55'.: 
 
 178,50:. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 2,038 
 639 
 897 
 
 1,053 
 622 
 
 £ 
 37,690 
 11,742 
 18,285 
 18,826 
 10,666 
 
 Tons. 
 
 2,568 
 3,230 
 2,888 
 3,632 
 3,445 
 
 £ 
 
 79,986 
 138,523 
 109,234 
 118,348 
 132,975 
 
 £ 
 1,505,331 
 
 1,407,770 
 1,268,559 
 1,496,080 
 1,240,079 
 
 £ 
 44,450 
 40,046 
 49,847 
 50,901 
 39,074 
 
 O 2 
 
SOME OF THE LEADING MERCANTILE 
 HOUSES IN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 In giving a commercial history of the great resources of Australia, the 
 author has considered it judicious to introduce a few of the leading 
 mercantile houses in Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, in order to give 
 Englishmen and Americans who may not have an opportunity of visiting 
 Australia an idea of what the representative mercantile house is like there. 
 
 Some of the firms thus mentioned have taken a very prominent part in 
 the development of the colonies of Victoria, New South Wales, and South 
 Australia, and properly deserve notice in a commercial treatise of the 
 country's specialties, having, by their indomitable enterprise and energy, 
 assisted in bringing the colonies to the grand position they occupy to-day. 
 
 Judging the bulk of the mercantile interest of the whole country by 
 the Melbourne examples, we think it will be freely admitted that the 
 Australian average is a high one, and it is only right to add that, although 
 the majority of the mercantile houses of Sydney and Adelaide are not so 
 large as those of Melbourne, they are governed by the same energetic spirit, 
 enterprise, and intelligence, which form the guiding policy, and constitute 
 such prominent factors, of the world-wide reputation which the Melbourne 
 firms enjoy. 
 
 R. GOLDSBROUGH AND CO. 
 
 It has been said, and doubtless with truth, that every firm engaged in 
 the wool business — either in buying, selling, or manufacturing this staple 
 article of commerce — all over the civilised world, has heard of and knows by 
 repute R. Goldsbrough and Co. Not many of them, indeed, we venture to 
 say very few of them, while realising that " R. Goldsbrough and Co." is a 
 powerful name, and is synonymous with extensive transactions in wool, 
 grain, hides, and tallow, have a full conception of the large operations of 
 this firm. Nor do they know that this name is associated in the mind of 
 every true Australian with a respect almost akin to that which attaches 
 to the name of Mr. George Peabody in England and America. If the 
 historian desires to be truthful, he cannot accord to the enterprise of Mr. 
 
R. GOLDSBROUGH AND CO. 197 
 
 Richard Goldsbrough and his firm the entire credit due to them, nor a 
 full measure of the appreciation felt by most Australians, without 
 appearing to be lavish of compliment to a degree. But the facts cannot 
 be concealed, they have become too manifest and too well known to be 
 refuted. It is not too extravagant to say that what Sir Robert Peel and 
 Mr. Cobden did for the advancement of British manufacturing industries, 
 in the repeal of the corn law, Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co. have done, only 
 in a less degree, for the advancement of the Australian wool trade, by 
 advocating its steady development, until it has attained to an export of 
 over XI 2,000,000 per annum. The persistent manner in which the head 
 of this firm pushed the steady increment of the wool interest from his 
 advent in the colonies in 1847, at which time only 30,029 bales were 
 shipped from Melbourne, while now it is over 300,000 bales per annum, 
 will live long after him in the minds of all who know him, and he 
 will be recounted by the squatter to his son as the one man who 
 may be justly designated the Father of the Australian Wool Trade. 
 The history of the firm is briefly this: — In 1848, Mr. Richard Goldsbrough 
 started a wool business, which grew so satisfactorily that he soon 
 required larger premises for it. In 1851, he commenced his first bluestone 
 warehouse, off Market-street, but could not get it completed until 1853, on 
 account of the gold excitement producing an extraordinary exodus of all 
 workmen to the auriferous fields. In this year, Mr. Goldsbrough joined 
 Mr. Edward Row and Mr. George Kirk in the stock and station business. 
 In 1854, he took Mr. Hugh Parker into business with him, who remained 
 in the firm until his death, in 1878. In 1873, Mr. John S. Horsfall, who 
 for many years previously had shown himself to be an almost indispensable 
 adjunct to the business, became a partner; and on the 1st July, 1876, 
 Messrs. David and Arthur Parker, who had served in the business for 
 & very long period, were admitted into partnership, making the firm then five, 
 but now four. The manner and the rate at which their business has grown 
 will be most clearly indicated by a survey of their buildings. A glance at their 
 enormous premises, in Bourke-street, would instantly convey to the intelli- 
 gent mind that the nature of the operations conducted within their walls 
 must be very large indeed, and compare favourably with the fine physical 
 proportions of the head of the firm. But as everyone in whose hands this 
 book will fall has neither had the advantage nor will have the opportunity 
 of inspecting personally those huge piles of bluestone which rise so majes- 
 tically at the corners of their different streets, it is our intention to give 
 them a notice here, as we consider they have not only played an important 
 part in the building up of Melbourne's commercial importance, but also 
 not less so in that of Victoria — while indirectly affecting the whole 
 of Australia. Many a cultivated and intelligent man will be sur- 
 prised when he reads here that Melbourne can boast of a firm who 
 have been enterprising enough to put £150,000 into stone and mortar 
 
198 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 for the sole purpose of accommodating the enormous transactions which 
 come to their door in the shape of wool, grain, hides, tallow, &c, &c. I 
 venture to assert there are not many firms in London whose premises 
 occupy so large a superficial area as those of Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co.; 
 few, if any, who are larger. The tonnage and storage capacity of Messrs. 
 Goldsbrough's warehouses are so large that we give them as a matter of 
 history and useful information to those who are anxious to form an idea of the 
 colossal proportions which the wool business is acquiring in Melbourne, and 
 the enormous wool depot which Melbourne must ultimately become. 
 
 If we desired to produce an indisputable fact, as incontrovertible as is the 
 quality of our wool, that Melbourne is not only steadily but rapidly extend- 
 ing her tentacles of commercial enterprise to the great cities of the old 
 world, and gradually drawing the largest buyers of wool to Melbourne, we 
 should not require to look further for a proof than the huge piles of 
 bluestone warehouses owned by Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co. Year 
 by year this enterprising and public-spirited firm find their warehouse 
 accommodation too inadequate for the raw produce of their clients, and if 
 this does not mean " steadily growing trade for Australia generally," we 
 should like some one to give it a name. The fact that Messrs. Goldsbrough 
 and Co. have, up to this time, found it necessary to provide a storage cubic 
 measurement of over 2,000,000 feet, and a tonnage measurement of over 
 50,000 tons, is all we need say to put any intelligent mind upon a proper 
 footing with this splendidly-managed firm. Nor do the transactions of this 
 house lose by comparison, for the figures rush into millions. We find the gross 
 eujpic measurement of their storage capacity to be over two million feet; so, 
 also, do we find that the gross returns of their sales for the year ending 
 December, 1879, are over £2.000.000. The item of wool alone presumably 
 makes up the larger portion of this amount. Out of 78,512 bales 
 catalogued, they sold no less than 63,076 bales. It must be remembered 
 that 78,512 bales of wool represents over one-eighth of the whole amount 
 of wool produced in Australia last year, vvhich was about 611,853 bales, 
 and also represents an enormous sum of money, as well as many large 
 operations ; and argues that a singular mastery of commercial ethics must 
 pervade the conduct and management' of the business of a firm whose 
 transactions are more of the character of a huge banking corporation than 
 of a mercantile firm. Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co., after all, are, strictly 
 speaking, a mercantile house, and absolutely commission-men. The singu- 
 lar facility, ease, and utter noiselessness with which these large financial 
 transactions are consummated speaks well for the ability of each indi- 
 vidual member of this firm who dovetails his special department into so 
 harmonious a whole. 
 
 But it is in many more ways that we recognise that Messrs. Golds- 
 brough and Co. have been of permanent and substantial benefit to Mel- 
 bourne, Victoria, and Australia. They have done and are doing that which 
 
R. G0LDSBR0UGH AND CO. 199 
 
 every true historian must hand them down to posterity for, being not only 
 foremost in helping forward the development of the wool and grain 
 trade in the aggregate, but in developing its growth in Melbourne in 
 particular, and with this growth the inevitable growth of Australia. Some 
 little reflection is necessary to realise the extent that the enterprise of a firm 
 like this may exercise over the steady and permanent growth of a country. 
 In the first place, developing a large industry means the investment of a 
 large amount of capital in buildings and places of convenience for the 
 conduct of business. Next to this in importance, is the inducement held 
 out to immigrants to come and settle in such a country where their labour, 
 skill, and ability are so much more required than at home, and for all of 
 which a premium is offered in the shape of higher wages. Thirdly, follows 
 the influx of foreign capital to invest in real estate, and build places of 
 domestic accommodation for the many thousands who have been attracted 
 hither, and so by this enterprise is first a city, and finally a country, built, 
 developed, and settled. But it must not be forgotten that to the enterprise 
 of the pioneer firms is all this traceable, for they are the real fathers of 
 the country. 
 
 So far as the creating of Melbourne as a large centre for the sale of 
 Australian wools in the colonies, Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co. have had 
 little less than all to do with. The advantages to the colonies of Mel- 
 bourne speedily becoming, what it sooner or later must become, " the mart 
 of the world for fine wools," are many, and easily recognised. Nothing 
 more rapidly builds up a city or the surrounding country, than its becoming 
 a market for any particular staple of importance. It was the fact of 
 its being the grain centre and wheat market of the United States 
 which made Chicago the rapidly-developed and beautiful city it is to-day. 
 It came up almost like a mushroom, but no man who has seen the beautiful 
 and substantial structures which adorn Chicago can call it a mushroom 
 city. Of course, there were other natural resources, of a more ephemeral 
 nature, which also helped its growth, such as its being a large timber and 
 pork market. But the one great staple which made Chicago the attractive 
 point of commerce towards which so many people now gravitate — those 
 who come to buy, and those who come to sell — was the fact of her being the 
 wheat market of the West. Cotton did the same for New York before wheat 
 assumed the immense importance it now occupies in the exchange in New 
 York; and wool will do the same thing for Melbourne. It is for this we 
 recognise in these enterprising men who have been striving for so many 
 years, and so successfully it now appears, to make Melbourne a great wool 
 mart, such a philanthropical, as well as a commercial spirit. In 
 making Melbourne the wool market of the world they are attracting 
 people, capital, and commodity. They contribute to an increment of 
 the country's wealth, first making it an attractive and profitable centre, 
 towards which money will freely flow and remain ; also, by inducing 
 
200 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 buyers to become resident here for the acquisition of our staples. If Mel- 
 bourne continues to grow in importance in the future as it has done in the 
 past, it will be of paramount necessity to buyers of wool that they should 
 compete against one another for our fine Riverina clips on the spot, and 
 that will only be attainable in Melbourne, as it now appears there is a 
 greater demand for fine Riverina clips than there are clips to satisfy this 
 demand with. Again, wealthy men will be attracted to Melbourne as the 
 place gets better known and talked about, and this means a trip to the 
 principal cities in Australia. It is more than probable that many million 
 acres of our present land will be thus disposed of to parties whose abundant 
 capital is bringing them but 3 or 4 per cent, per annum. 
 
 The steady way in which Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co. have, by the 
 most persistent effort, established Melbourne as one of the large wool 
 marts of the world — ranking probably next to London — is clearly attested 
 by the regular augmentation of wool sales at their own warehouses, 
 and we shall give a table of these sales for the last five years, to 
 establish this fact clearly. It is important, however, to notice before pro- 
 ceeding to give this table, that a very decided change is likely to overtake 
 the Melbourne market hereafter, which may make its aggregate number of 
 bales sold next year reach a more respectable figure than even the highly 
 satisfactory one it reached this last year. We refer to the tendency in 
 America to reduce, if not entirely repeal, the enormous duty with which 
 wool is handicapped now, which means an increased outlet for Australian 
 wool, although, in our own belief, it means in a year or two an almost 
 greater inquiry for Australian wool than Australia will be able to supply. 
 I am of opinion that within two or more years the demand for Aus- 
 tralian wool will rapidly and steadily increase, instead of taking the fitful 
 jumps it has in the lasb few years; and I will adduce good reasons 
 for making this assertion. The tendency of the world is well known 
 by political and social economists to be becoming more and more extrava- 
 gant daily. People's tastes are most notoriously travelling at an inverse 
 ratio with their incomes. Strange as it may appear, it is nevertheless a 
 historical fact that the last quarter of the nineteenth century will record 
 more improvidence on the part of the world's millions of inhabitants than 
 any of the three quarters preceding it. It is, perhaps, the last part of the 
 last quarter which will develop the greatest excess. It is only a little over two 
 years ago, in passing through Providence, Rhode Island — the largest cotton 
 piece goods manufacturing state in the United States — that I met two of 
 the principal print manufacturers there. They complained sadly of the 
 state of trade in cotton, and upon interrogating them as to the cause of 
 the decline in this commodity, which had steadily lowered from 2s. 
 per lb. in 1873, to 9d. per lb. in 1878, they quite united in one 
 fact, that cotton goods were nothing like so much worn as for- 
 merly. Of course, an ephemeral cause was the general stagnation 
 
R. GOLDSBROUGH AND CO. 201 
 
 of trade. But the main facts in the menacing state of things that 
 was confronting them seemed to weigh more upon their minds than 
 did the transitory wave of depression then about to lift itself from 
 them. The homely way in which one of these gentlemen put the 
 condition of things amused me very much, and its apposite applica- 
 tion has been more than corroborated by the turn wool has since taken 
 in the United States. "The present dormant condition in cotton is to 
 be accounted for," said he, "through the 'world growing prouder 
 every day.' Girls and women, who in my time would consider them- 
 selves lucky to be clad in cotton, will not look at anything less 
 costly than a mixture of silk and wool, of all wool or of all silk." 
 However this feeling may be operating upon the minds of English people, 
 it is a notorious fact that it has already metamorphosed the tastes of the 
 American girl and woman. We see this very distinctly in the sharp inquiry 
 for Australian wools on the part of American buyers at the close of last 
 year, and Australian growers may be satisfied that this inquiry will be even 
 more brisk in future years. To show what a striking change the wool trade 
 with America has undergone this last year, we will quote some figures which 
 •are very suggestive. It appears that from October 1877 to October 1878, 
 there were some 5277 bales shipped from Melbourne to all American ports, 
 from October 1878 to October 1879 there were none, but from October 1879 
 up till this time, 17,451 bales have been disposed of in Melbourne alone for 
 American account, not to say anything about that which may have been 
 secured in Sydney, about 3000 bales more. It is very evident that Messrs. 
 Goldsbrough and Co. incline to the opinion of the writer concerning the 
 future of the Austral- American wool trade, for this is what they say in 
 their circular, issued February 19th, 1880: — 
 
 " The American demand has been a prominent feature this season, not so much on 
 account of the quantity purchased (17,451 bales) as for the general firmness imparted 
 to the market through the spirited operations of the buyers. They have secured 
 nearly all our best Riverine clips, and comparatively few of these will be offered in 
 London this year. They have, in fact, almost monopolised the best unwashed wools 
 that Australia can produce, and have undoubtedly displayed sound judgment in 
 doing so, as they will probably thus command to a considerable extent the manu- 
 facture of the fine goods for which these clips are specially adapted. The French and 
 German buyers competed against them with determination ; but being unwilling to 
 give equal prices, they could secure only a small proportion of the best lots. All that 
 is required in order to develop this important trade is a reduction or repeal of the 
 present almost prohibitory duties ; and now that America is coming to the front as a 
 manufacturing country, no doubt vigorous efforts will be made to free the raw ma- 
 terial. The question is being thoroughly ventilated and strongly agitated in the 
 United States, and a substantial reduction, if not a total repeal of the duties, so far as 
 they refer to Australian wool, is expected. If these efforts are successful, a large pro- 
 portion of the unrivalled combing descriptions grown here will undoubtedly be bought 
 in this market for direct transmission to the American mills." 
 
 To come back, however, to the importance Melbourne is assuming, year 
 by year, as a wool mart, we shall quote from Messrs. Goldsbrough's circulars 
 
202 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 for the last five years, the number of bales which have been offered for sale 
 in Melbourne and Geelong, and the number of them which have been taken. 
 The steady augmentation of each year's sales*, with the exception of any 
 one particular bad year, through exceptional drought, stamp this trade as 
 having received a positive installation in Melbourne, and as having taken 
 permanent seed not to be again uprooted, to gather strength and recogni- 
 tion from the increasing number of buyers from year to year, who will find 
 their interests so much better considered here than elsewhere. Of this fact, 
 Messrs. Goldsbrough and Co., are fully seized. We quote from their 
 circular once more to show the aspect of the coming changes. (Feb. 19, 1880.) 
 
 "In accordance with our usual custom at the close of the season, we now proceed 
 to review the business which has been transacted during the year, and in doing so we 
 have much pleasure in referring to the steadily increasing importance of this market. 
 During the past twelve months, 121,663 bales have been catalogued at the auction 
 sales in Melbourne, and 34,573 bales in Geelong; and 125,872 bales, representing an 
 approximate value of probably £2,500,000, have been sold. It will thus be evident that 
 the sales in this colony have acquired a first-class position, and from their rapidly- 
 increasing popularity, both with sellers and buyers, we have good grounds for antici- 
 pating that they will annually assume greater importance. The grower can here realise 
 the full value of his wool, and all further risk, so far as he is concerned, is avoided. 
 His clip at once becomes the property of the manufacturer or merchant, and he can 
 arrive at his exact returns without being dependent on the fluctuations of the London 
 market. The manufacturer, on the other hand, can by buying here gain a first 
 selection of our clips, and by taking advantage of the lines of steamers now available, 
 vid Suez, he can have the wool in his mills in seven weeks after he has purchased it 
 here. Instead of waiting for the new clip to be offered at the February and March 
 London sales, he can, by purchasing in Melbourne, place a good proportion of it in 
 his factory by the end of December; thus gaining two clear months in the pro- 
 duction of his new goods. The French, German, and American manufacturers and 
 dealers have been quick to perceive the chances thus opened out, and they are 
 present in this market each season in increasing numbers. The warehouses in Mel- 
 bourne are probably unequalled in the world for storing and showing wool, and the 
 natural advantages of its position as the seaport for the finest pastoral country in 
 Australia, have firmly established this city as the chief wool mart of Australia. 
 London has gradually monopolised the wool sales of Great Britain, until it has 
 become recognised as being almost the only mart for the trade, and in like manner 
 Melbourne is, we believe, destined to become the great depdt of Australia. The 
 advantages of a recognised centre are obvious ; the wool is concentrated in one place 
 ready for the buyers, their undivided competition is thus secured, and their time is 
 economised, instead of being lost in attending local sales in each colony. The great 
 superiority, quantity, and variety of the clips offered in Melbourne, have combined to 
 make it the leading wool dep6t in Australia, and a large quantity has this season 
 been diverted here from the adjoining colonies for disposal. The rates of freight per 
 steamers are in some instances almost nominal, consequently the extra cost of for- 
 warding wool here is comparatively trifling." 
 
 * Summary of Wool Sales in Melbourne and Geelong for the last five seasons : — 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 as Catalogued. 
 
 Bales Sold. 
 
 123,184 
 
 89,623 
 
 132,409 
 
 108,827 
 
 154,003 
 
 112,817 
 
 140,312 
 
 104,236 
 
 156,236 
 
 125,872 
 
R. GOLDSBROUGH AND CO. 203 
 
 As a final illustration of Melbourne's growing importance as a wool 
 mart, we must call the attention of our readers to a sale held at Messrs. 
 Goldsbrough and Co., on Wednesday, 27th October, 1880, at which 11,439 
 bales of wool were catalogued, and out of which the extraordinary number 
 of 9255 bales were sold. As far as we are aware, this is probably the 
 largest number of bales that has ever been offered at one sale in the 
 world, not excepting London, to which city, until of late years, the buying 
 and selling of Australian wools was considered to belong almost exclusively. 
 This is decidedly a red letter day in the history of wool selling in Australia, 
 and larger sales may yet take place in Melbourne this season. But 
 9255 bales in one day is sufficient to establish Melbourne's name as now 
 amongst the very largest wool marts in the world. Two important facts 
 may be drawn from these figures : Firstly, that Sydney's increase of business 
 in wool, is by no means diminishing that of Melbourne, and that the 
 latter's inportance as the great Australian wool centre is steadily 
 increasing. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND LOAN AND MERCANTILE AGENCY 
 COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 There is little doubt but that Melbourne is destined to be the principal 
 wool mart of Australia. The wool merchants of the Victorian capital are, 
 both with regard to wealth and extent of business operations, far in advance 
 of those engaged in the same branch of commerce in the other capitals of 
 Australasia. This obtains not only with regard to individual wool mer- 
 chants, but also with regard to those joint-stock companies which have been 
 formed for the purpose, promoting by pecuniary support the extensive 
 pastoral interests of the various colonies. Whatever may be the energy or 
 enterprise of an individual, or whatever wealth he may command, it is un- 
 likely that he can ever compete successfully with a company of gentlemen, 
 each possessing these qualifications, and by their unity giving such strength, 
 stability, and capital, as no single individual can possibly possess. Hence 
 success, in all its ramifications, attends the efforts of joint-stock companies, 
 but in few instances has it been so marked as in the case of the New Zealand 
 Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, Limited. The company was incor- 
 porated on the 6th April, 1865, under the Companies Act of 1862, with 
 the large capital of £3,000,000, in 120,000 shares of £25 each, of which 
 there is £2 10s. paid up, and which are now quoted at £5. The com- 
 pany has a reserve fund of £160,000, and carried quite a handsome surplus 
 to credit account after paying the last dividend. It was established 
 about 1864, for the purpose of stimulating the growth of wool, through 
 making advances to pastoral proprietors. The company is composed of 
 
204 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 gentlemen who have a keen insight into business, and whose commercial 
 experience enables them to see the requirements of the times, and so keep 
 pace with them, by taking advantage of whatever is calculated to develop 
 the business satisfactorily to their clients and their shareholders, and which 
 would not only sustain but increase the good reputation which they enjoy. 
 "With this view, the company operate with English capital, which they are 
 enabled to borrow at very low rates of interest, and are consequently in a 
 position to advance money to borrowers on much more advantageous terms 
 than they otherwise could do. This important factor, together with the not 
 less important one that the shareholders are satisfied with a very moderate 
 rate of interest, secures to them a very large clientele, and also as extensive 
 business transactions in wool as are carried on by any other firm or com- 
 pany in Australia, with but one exception. Their business operations are 
 co-extensive with Australasia, and are increasing year by year. 
 
 The following table, taken from the London wool market for 1878-9, of 
 Australasian and Cape wool importers of over 10,000 bales, will give an 
 adequate idea of the vast extent of their business and its importance over 
 other export houses in the wool trade : — 
 
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Co., Limited. 
 
 Dalgety, Du Croz and Co. ... ... 
 
 Australasian Mortgage Land and Finance Co 
 
 Sanderson, Murray and Co. ... 
 
 Young, Ehlers and Co. 
 
 A. L. Elder 
 
 F. HuthandCo 
 
 Leishman, Inglis and Co. 
 R. Brooks and Co. 
 Commercial Bank of Sydney ... 
 Redfern, Alexander and Co. .. . 
 
 Bank of New South Wales 
 
 National Mortgage and Agency Co. of New Zealand 
 James Morrison and Co. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank 
 
 R. Jowitt and Co. 
 A. Barsdorf 
 
 Mills Brother and Co 
 
 Blaine, Macdonald and Co. ... 
 
 Potter, Wilson and Co. 
 
 New Zealand and Australian Land Company 
 
 The head ofiice of the company in London is situated in those magnifi- 
 cent premises, known as No. 1 Queen Victoria street. The board of 
 directors in London is composed of gentlemen who are well known for their 
 commercial integrity and the influential position which they hold in the 
 financial world, as well as for their large business experience and distin- 
 guished social position. The following gentiernen form the home directorate: 
 — The Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, Bart., K.C.M.G., who was, until 
 his recent appointment in India, chairman of the board of directors ; the 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 Bales. 
 
 65,223 
 
 83,972 
 
 51,753 
 
 65,368 
 
 51,031 
 
 58,897 
 
 34,434 
 
 37,744 
 
 20,145 
 
 33,809 
 
 29,185 
 
 29,994 
 
 16,784 
 
 20,919 
 
 17,556 
 
 19,816 
 
 16,214 
 
 19,600 
 
 14,178 
 
 18,610 
 
 15,852 
 
 17,135 
 
 7,305 
 
 16,758 
 
 14,949 
 
 16,730 
 
 15,870 
 
 14,542 
 
 16,645 
 
 14,355 
 
 15,366 
 
 13,716 
 
 0,545 
 
 11,088 
 
 9,915 
 
 10,233 
 
 9,177 
 
 10,019 
 
 11,203 
 
 Nil 
 
 10,562 
 
 9,682 
 

 NEW ZEALAND LOAN AND MERCANTILE AGENCY COMPANY, LIMITED. 205 
 
 Right Hon. A. J. Mundella, M.P.; Thos. Russell, Esq., C.M.G.; Emanuel 
 Boutcher, Esq.; Falconer Lark worthy, Esq.; and Robert Porter, Esq. The 
 colonial directors embrace the following gentlemen, whose names are 
 familiar to all colonists for their business sagacity and financial repu- 
 tation, viz.: — Hon. James "Williamson, M.L.C.; Samuel Browning, Esq. 
 John Logan Campbell, Esq.; Josiah Clifton Eirth, Esq.; David Lomond 
 Murdoch, Esq.; George Burgoyne Owen, Esq.; and C. J. Stone, Esq. The 
 board of directors in London is well and ably conducted by F. Larkworthy, 
 Esq., while that in the colonies is undertaken by D. L. Murdoch, Esq., 
 whose large experience enables him to conduct the management to the 
 benefit of all concerned. The duties of secretary, in London, are in the 
 hands of Henry MoncriefT Paul, Esq., who spares neither time nor trouble, 
 and brings a large amount of commercial knowledge and good business 
 capacity to bear in the discharge of his important and onerous duties. "We 
 need scarcely say that the company has always occupied a prominent posi- 
 tion as shippers of wool, and for some time carried on their business at No. 
 46 "William-street, under the management of Mr. R. Murray Smith. With 
 the view of largely extending their business, and offering growers every 
 facility for the sale of wool, they have recently moved into their present 
 extensive premises situated in Collins-street, and known as the Melbourne 
 "Wool and Grain Warehouses. Although the Melbourne market is rapidly 
 rising into importance as a wool mart, it will be understood that it is a 
 mere matter of choice on the part of the grower — so far as this com- 
 pany is concerned, — whether he ships his wool to London, or sells it 
 in the Victorian capital. We understand that the company possesses 
 very excellent facilities for the safe custody of, and dealing with, wool 
 upon its arrival in London, as well as for its disposal; and that having 
 secured the services of some of the best experts in the trade, the busi- 
 ness there is conducted in such a way as to ensure to their clients 
 every possible advantage. We must here notice that, a few months prior 
 to their removal to their new premises, the mangement of the Melbourne busi- 
 ness was placed under the charge of Mr. David Elder, a gentleman well and 
 favourably known, in financial circles in Melbourne, for his business ability. 
 In order to ensure the best possible execution of the business in all its 
 branches, Mr. I. Younghusband was associated with Mr. Elder, and has 
 undertaken the immediate supervision and charge of the wool, station and 
 produce business. Mr. Younghusband has had many years' experience in 
 wool, having been an extensive grower, and possessing a good knowledge 
 of station property. The general manager for all the colonies is Mr. D. L. 
 Murdoch, of Auckland, who has the appointment of all colonial officers; and 
 much of the success which has attended the business operations of the com- 
 pany is due to that gentleman's ability and enterprise. 
 
 The company makes advances in the Australasian colonies on produce, 
 on station property, stocks, and the growing clip of wool; and receives the 
 
206 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 consignment of wool, grain, tallow, &c, &c, for sale in London or Mel- 
 bourne. It may be well, however, to state, that the company enters into no 
 mercantile ventures on its own account, nor does it buy goods of any 
 description on its own account; confining itself exclusively to the agency 
 business. This is decidedly advantageous to their customers, who thus 
 secure the undivided interest of the company. "We may also mention that 
 the company is prepared to execute indents in London, forwarded through 
 its agencies in the colonies. Prom the number of their branches they are 
 enabled to offer great facilities to growers or purchasers, on account of their 
 exchanges being made with little or no difficulty. 
 
 The net profits of the company for the year 1879, after deduction of all 
 -expenses and interests, and making ample provision for bad and doubtful 
 debts, shows a sum of £53,214 14s. 2d. In July last, an ad interim 
 dividend was paid at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, amounting, with 
 interest on calls paid in advance, to £14,358 12s. 10d.; so that there is 
 now left for distribution the sum of £30,686 lis. 2d. Owing to the steady 
 inflow of debenture money, the limit of the borrowing power of the 
 company under the articles of association has been reached. There has 
 been, we gather from their circular, a satisfactory increase of the amount of 
 the guaranteed mortgage investments in New Zealand, which form an 
 important branch of the agency business of the company. The consign- 
 ments of wool and other produce have likewise during the past year been 
 much augmented; and, notwithstanding the lower prices obtained for many 
 colonial products, have proved the source of large additions to the revenue 
 of the company. The information which we have been able to give, 
 concerning the extent of business transactions done by the company, must 
 be a matter of congratulation to the commercial world, not only of the home 
 country, but of the colonies generally, seeing that such substantial aid is 
 held out to those who have embarked in the business of wool growing. 
 
 THE AUSTRALASIAN MORTGAGE AND AGENCY 
 • COMPANY. 
 
 The development of the pastoral interests in Australia is so intimately 
 allied to the future commercial prosperity of the colonies, that any financial 
 project whose object is to foster and supplement this development cannot 
 but be favourably regarded by all who have the real welfare of the colonies 
 at heart. Capital is the nursing mother of commercial success, while in a 
 new colony it is the bone and sinew of its prosperous commercial develop- 
 ment. Whatever may be the resources of a new country, however un- 
 bounded may be its buried wealth, it is less than useless if not moved by 
 
THE AUSTRALASIAN MORTGAGE AND AGENCY COMPANY. 207 
 
 the mighty lever of capital. The primitive origin of capital is older than 
 that of labour. The one produces and germinates the other. The first 
 human capital is that which nature itself has given. This capital is 
 possessed by every normal individual of the human race. It is the human 
 mechanism made up of the various machines of intelligence, will, and phy- 
 sical power. These are the constituents of what we may call natural 
 capital, belonging as much to man at the creation of the world as to man 
 in the nineteenth century. This natural human capital is the basis of that 
 superstructed capital which we may denominate artificial, inasmuch as the 
 one is the natural sequence of the other. The combination of the two is 
 the point of universal material prosperity. It gives wealth to the indi- 
 vidual, and its national fruit is, internally, prosperity in every branch of com- 
 merce, trade, and industry ; externally, the respect, honour, and often fear 
 of the other nations of the world. Thus in every man may be found the 
 first principles of capital and labour. The first is represented by the mind, 
 the second by the body. Time develops and adds to the reproductive powers 
 of each. History has taught us that the greatness of a country depends 
 upon its natural resources plus the wealth it possesses for their development, 
 and the wealth which is amassed individually and collectively by this 
 development. The important factors of enterprise, energy, and indomitable 
 perseverance must be the characteristics of the people, if ultimate and per- 
 manent success be the object which is aimed at. Great Britain possesses all 
 these factors ; and what nation stands more pre-eminent among the nations 
 of the world % But we doubt whether the natural resources of the mother- 
 country are equal to those of Australia. We do not, in addition, hesitate to 
 say that what we have called the natural capital of the individual belongs 
 as much, if not more, to the population of this New Atlanta, as to the peo- 
 ple of that country from which it has migrated. The Australians possess, 
 in the very highest degree, the characteristics of energy, enterprise and per- 
 severance. There are several examples of great individual wealth. There 
 is, then, but the one thing wanting to make Australia one of, if not the 
 greatest modern country in the world, and that is artificial capital, which is 
 represented by money. This want has been recognised by keen-sighted 
 men of business as the greatest desideratum, more particularly, if we may 
 be permitted to say, with regard to the growth of the pastoral interests of 
 this great country. They have realised to themselves the pecuniary advan- 
 tages which will accrue to them individually, and in a greater degree have 
 they realised the greater advantages which will accrue to their newly- 
 adopted country. It is through the individual efforts of those enterprising 
 colonists, that we may look with confidence to a prosperous future for our 
 English colonies, but more particularly for Australia. The gentlemen who 
 compose the directorate of the company which is the subject' of our present 
 chapter, have keenly recognised that if the pastoral productions of Australia 
 have to compete successfully with those of other countries, they must be 
 
208 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 developed to their utmost extent, and means must be found to contribute 
 successfully to the accomplishment of this, what we must be permitted to 
 call, patriotic and praiseworthy object. They possess all the requirements 
 of success, i.e., financial ability, careful observation, commercial experi_ 
 ence, individual reputation for commercial integrity, and, last but not 
 least, the confidence of their fellow-colonists, more particularly the 
 squatters, with whom their business operations are transacted. Alive 
 to every exigency, and desirous of bringing the financial influence of the 
 home money market to co-operate with the financial interests of the 
 colony, in order that nothing may be wanting to ensure the most 
 complete success, they have established their head office in Scotland, and 
 secured a directorate whose names carry weight and confidence. The head 
 office of the Australasian Mortgage and Agency Company, Limited, is 
 situated at 10 Castle- street, Edinburgh, with a capital of .£1,000,000 
 sterling, and with power to increase it if necessary. In order to in- 
 form our readers of the standing of the company in Edinburgh, we 
 cannot do better than give the names of the gentlemen who compose 
 the Edinburgh board, viz.: — James Cowan, Esq., M.P.; John Inglis, 
 Esq.; H. Macduff Duncan, Esq.; Charles E. Mackinnon, Esq.; "W. J. 
 Menzies, Esq., and R. Erskine Scott, Esq. The gentlemen who com- 
 pose the Melbourne board, are well known to Victorians ; and their 
 reputation for financial sagacity and commercial experience, is thoroughly 
 established in the colony. The following gentlemen compose the direc- 
 torate in Melbourne: — Sir James McCulloch (chairman); J. L. Currie, 
 Esq.; Archibald Eisken, Esq.; Thomas Shaw, Esq.; Hastings Cuningham, 
 Esq., and John K. Smyth, Esq., the last two gentlemen being the 
 managing directors ; while the duties of secretary are fulfilled by Mr. W. 
 S. Mackenzie. The offices and warehouses are situated at Collins-street 
 west, and are known as the " Australasian Wool Stores." In giving an 
 epitomised history of the rise, progress, and present financial condition 
 of the Australasian Mortgage and Agency Company, Limited, we will give 
 a short account of the object of the operations. 
 
 In 1862, Mr. Hastings Cuningham, who is a well-known colonist, and 
 whose long establishment as a squatter is familiar to the squatting interest 
 of Victoria, originated the firm of Cuningham and Macredie, under which 
 style the business was carried on until the year 1868. At this time, Mr. J. 
 K. Smyth became associated with the firm, who with Mr. Cuningham 
 made the sole partners, and those gentlemen carried on a large and success- 
 ful business for a period of ten years, the firm being then known by the 
 name of Hastings Cuningham and Co. About this time, the formation of 
 joint stock companies became popular in the colony. These companies em- 
 ployed English capital, which they obtained at a lower rate of interest than it 
 could be procured for in the colony, and in this way afforded greater facilities 
 to woolgrowers who were desirous of enlarging their operations. Messrs. 
 
THE AUSTRALASIAN MORTGAGE AND AGENCY COMPANY. 209 
 
 Cuningham and Smyth, ever ready to keep pace, if not to be in advance 
 of the times, took advantage of the popularity which joint stock 
 companies enjoyed, to form their business into a limited company, 
 in August, 1878, with a subscribed capital of .£750,000, which was 
 divided into 150,000 shares of £5 each, of which £1 was paid up. 
 It will not be matter of surprise to our readers when they know that, 
 in a few days following the announcement of the project, the whole 
 number of shares reserved for allotment in the colony — viz., 100,000 — 
 was quickly taken up, the list of subscribers including the names of many 
 well-known gentlemen engaged in the pastoral interests. In order, how- 
 ever, to secure loans of British capital on the debentures of the company, it 
 was found necessary to establish a head office in Great Britain, for which 
 purpose Mr. Cuningham visited England, in February, 1880. Within 
 two months after his arrival there, a new company with the title as 
 described at the head of this chapter was successfully founded, with which 
 was incorporated on favourable terms the business and property of Hastings 
 Cuningham and Co., Limited. The number of shares is 100,000 of <£10 
 each, upon which £2 per share is paid, the colonial shareholders receiving^ 
 in exchange for their 100,000 shares in the late company, shares in the new 
 company to the amount of 50,000 of the first issue. Of the 50,000 reserved 
 for Great Britain, the number allotted was 35,000, beyond which it is 
 not at present proposed to increase. The paid-up capital of the Australasian 
 Mortgage and Agency Company, Limited, is therefore £170,000. We are 
 told that the shareholders belong to that desirable class which has taken up 
 the stock with a view to investment purposes solely. We understand that 
 already a considerable sum has been subscribed to the company's debentures 
 and remitted to Victoria. The financial position of the company has 
 realised the expectations of those gentlemen to whom its inception is due; 
 and it is now established on so substantial a basis as not only to become 
 one of the permanent institutions of the colony, but to be able to compete 
 with others of a similar nature. The active management in Melbourne, 
 controlled by the local board of directors, is conducted by Messrs. Cun- 
 ingham and Smyth, whose long experience has given them a practical 
 knowledge of the business which is invaluable. One feature of the business 
 transactions is worthy of notice, inasmuch as it secures to the clients the 
 undivided interest of the company, and that is, that it is conducted on the 
 commission principle solely, the company taking no other interest, direct 
 or otherwise, in the produce which passes through its hands. The auction 
 sales of the various articles coming under the head of station produce, are 
 held four times a week, and the extent of business passing annually through 
 the books of the company is second only to one wool-broking firm in the 
 Australian colonies. The warehouses, which are freehold, are valued at 
 upwards of £45,000, and cover an acre of ground, being contiguous to the 
 railway stations and wharves, and capable of holding a very large quantity 
 
 P 
 
210 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 of wool, and are in every way adapted to the business for which they were 
 specially erected. The show-rooms are well lighted for the display of 
 sample bales, and the utmost care is taken for the valuation by experts of 
 every lot offered for sale, be the clip large or small. The company receives 
 consignments of wool, sheepskins, hides, tallow, and grain, and makes 
 advances thereon for sale in the colonial market, or for shipment to London, 
 as well as making advances on stock and station property, and in fact, 
 except the sale of stock, transacts all business in connection with the 
 pastoral interest. The quantity of hides, sheepskins, tallow, &c, sold 
 during the year, is very large, the whole being disposed of by auction, a 
 system which we understand was introduced by the company's predecessors, 
 in 1869. Finally, we are glad to record that the business is growing to 
 greater proportions, which is due to the able and energetic management. 
 
 WILLIAM SLOANE AND CO. 
 
 Although Melbourne can boast of having developed its banking business 
 to a greater degree of strength and perfection than any other city of its size 
 in the world, and a mere survey of the exterior of its financial institutions 
 will establish this fact, while a glance at the huge columns of figures which 
 go to make its daily clearances will confirm it ; it appears that the banking 
 business of Australia is not confined exclusively to the banking 
 chambers of these institutions. One would imagine that, with such 
 enormous facilities for accommodating financial transactions as Mel- 
 bourne can boast, large loans on station property would be undertaken 
 exclusively by the banks, on account of their being beyond the ability 
 of private firms to grapple with. We find, however, that such financial ■ 
 operations as advancing on station property, and advancing on wool — 
 both on the sheep's back, and in the bale — are done to a very large extent 
 by private firms, calling themselves u financial agents and merchants." Of 
 this class Messrs. Wm. Sloane and Co. take rank as one of the first, both in 
 magnitude and standing. This firm offers every possible facility to wool- 
 growers, firstly, if necessary, by advancing the funds with which to purchase 
 station property — that is to say, the two-thirds of the original purchase, 
 which is generally closed by long- dated bills, one-third only being demanded 
 in cash. Secondly, they accept the consignment of their wool for foreign ship- 
 ment. Thirdly, consign it to their London agents, who supervise its sale at 
 the London Wool Sales. Fourthly, import, if necessary, any article of Euro- 
 pean produce in exchange for balance or part balance] and fifthly, they 
 become bankers, commission agents, exchange agents, and importers at 
 one r and the same time, which saves the client not only various com- 
 missions, but a deal of trouble. In addition to advancing on station 
 
WM. SLOANE AND CO. 211 
 
 property, Messrs. Wm. Sloane and Co. advance largely on sugar pro- 
 perties in Queensland and are prepared to take an interest in stations 
 with parties wishing to purchase. The advantage of this cannot be 
 over estimated as far as English investors are concerned. The whole 
 experience of Messrs. "Wm. Sloane and Co., is thus placed at the ser- 
 vice of those wishing to interest themselves and invest in station pro- 
 perties ; and the fact of this firm retaining an interest in said property 
 would be a sufficient guarantee of its efficient management. We cannot 
 dwell too strongly upon this point, believing it to be an opportunity not 
 generally afforded by the average run of houses in this line, and it should 
 prove a strong inducement to English capital to find its way out here, for 
 more profitable investments cannot be found anywhere than in Australia, 
 if well superintended. Now, independent of this firm's acting in the 
 capacity of financial agents for their clients, the advantages of being one of 
 their constituents are very great to the inexperienced squatter. In the first 
 place, this firm can offer the benefits of a large practical experience, from 
 the fact that some of its members are practical squatters. They are 
 thoroughly cognisant, one might say, of almost every mile of good country in 
 Australia. The value they place upon a property may be said to be as near 
 its actual value as men can accurately arrive at. Their advice as to whether 
 property is desirable to acquire or not, is oftentimes worth as much as the 
 property itself. It must be remembered that, amongst the huge blocks of 
 property that are occasionally sold, it sometimes occurs that a large portion 
 of the country is back country not easily attainable, and where it would 
 take weeks and sometimes months of constant travel to reach them. Of 
 oourse, if one were not buying such a property from a highly reliable firm 
 it would be rather a hazardous transaction to lay out thousands of pounds 
 upon the mere ipse dixit of the seller, and find when he had reached his 
 newly-purchased home and country that its carrying capacity had receded 
 from one sheep to the acre to four acres to the single sheep. This fact is 
 mentioned, for the information of men in England or elsewhere, who may 
 anticipate purchasing properties in Australia, to assure them that every 
 possible information will be afforded, to put them upon an intelligent 
 footing with the nature of the property they are buying. We recognise in 
 the names of such firms as Messrs. Wm. Sloane and Co., Messrs. Dalgety, 
 Blackwood and Co., and others, a certain guarantee against any deception 
 being practised with regard to the nature of the property. Firstly, in the 
 high respectability of such firms; secondly, in their personal knowledge of 
 the country they are disposing of. Again, the opinions of such houses are 
 often very valuable as to which way the market is likely to go — whether it 
 would be more judicious to ship to London or sell in Melbourne. It can be 
 easily understood that, with a long experience with figures and the necessary 
 data at their command, it becomes a matter of simple calculation about the 
 probability of the market being stronger or weaker in London than in 
 
 P 2 
 
212 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Melbourne. Allowing, of course, for contingencies which are bound to 
 crop up in every business, the judgment of these houses in the main is very 
 accurate. If we take this year as a precedent, we would invariably rely 
 upon the advice administered by these financial houses as to the probability 
 of the market ; for in almost every shipment they have made they have 
 had to hand over to the grower large cheques, being the difference between 
 the amount they advanced upon the wool and its subsequent realisation. 
 Firms of this class have certainly gained much knowledge in the many years 
 they have been engaged in buying, selling, and advancing upon station 
 property, and while much of this knowledge has been very costly to them, 
 owing to critical seasons and disastrous depressions they have passed through, 
 it is presented gratuitously to their constituents. The size of a transaction 
 does not appal Messrs. Win. Sloane and Co., for they are prepared to 
 advance either £1000 or £250,000 on a property, provided the security is 
 abundant ; and proposals to a larger extent could be entertained if desired. 
 Hence, the advantages offered by these firms are in every particular as great 
 and as good as those offered by banks, with frequently this advantage in 
 their favour, that "knowing the property personally," that is to say, know- 
 ing the character of its country, the carrying capacity, the available supply 
 of water, and the probable waterfall during the year, they are in a position 
 to appraise its value, if anything, more closely and accurately than the banks, 
 and they frequently give growers the advantages of this knowledge by ad- 
 vancing to them right up to the marginal edge of the property. This may or 
 may not be an advantage ; it depends on the season. But in a season like the 
 one now past, it is certainly an advantage. Messrs. Wm. Sloane and Co. 
 have been established twenty-five years. The firm has its house in London, 
 known under the name of John Young, Ehlers and Co., of Great St. Helens. 
 The resident partners in Melbourne are Mr. R, J. Jeffray and Mr. Donald 
 S. Wallace. 
 
 THE BRITISH AND AUSTRALASIAN TRUST AND LOAN 
 COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 This company has come into existence to fulfil a want which has been 
 long felt in the colony of Victoria, as well as in the whole of Australia. Such, 
 however, is the nature of the enterprise of capitalists in Melbourne, that 
 good security does not require to look long nor far for the circulating me- 
 dium, which encompasses either its exchange or improvement, ere it find it. 
 It is clear that in the van of progress, of which Melbourne is not only a 
 beautiful but a striking illustration of its universality and popularity 
 throughout the whole of Australia, monied institutions are as much to the 
 fore as any of the indigenous products which are making such a world-wide 
 
BRITISH AND AUSTRALASIAN TRUST AND LOAN COMPANY, LIMITED. 213 
 
 reputation for the excellence of their quality — particularly wool. We find 
 that capitalists, far from being slow to recognise the important part that 
 cheap money plays in the rapid development of a country, almost indes- 
 cribably rich with natural resources, anticipate the demand for it and for 
 mulate their institutions so that they may be ready when required. It is, 
 perhaps, owing to this lofty enterprise, that we have so many first-class 
 financial institutions in Melbourne to-day ; yet their number, far from 
 remaining in statu quo, is being augmented from time to time by the for- 
 mation of additional companies. Conspicuous amongst these of recent 
 growth, we may notice ' l The British and Australasian Trust and Loan 
 Company Limited." The object of this company is to lend money on real 
 and other property in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania and elsewhere, 
 and for such additional or extended objects as the company may from time 
 to time, by special resolution, elect to engage in. But we must notice in 
 passing, that much as this company may tend to promote speculation in 
 real property, and enhance its value by advancing the funds with which it 
 is to be improved, its operations are to be confined to those of a most cau- 
 tious character, and the risk taken by them is to be of at least a minimum 
 nature. This fact, while being an advantage to the shareholder in making 
 losses rare in their occurrence, is not without utility to the borrower, for, 
 the company which makes but few losses can surely afford to lend its money 
 at a minimum rate, when the security is unexceptionable. This is evident 
 from a clause in their articles of incorporation, from which it appears 
 that " in all loans freehold lands must be the basis of the operations, 
 and in the event of a larger advance being required than the value of the 
 freehold alone would justify,' other security, such as stock, stations, &c, 
 may be taken as collateral." This may appear pHmd fade to be a rather 
 discouraging outlook to the borrower, but it is certainly judicious in 
 financial operations of a large scale that, where the " minimum of interest 
 only, is demanded, the maximum of security should be a sine qua non." 
 Therefore, anyone applying for the money of the above company will do 
 well to remember that "tangible security must be offered which has an 
 ascertained value." The capital of the company is £2,000,000, with £100,000 
 already called up, being £2 10s. on the first issue of 40,000 shares of £25 each, 
 and power to increase by issue of fresh shares from time to time, as they 
 may deem it expedient. The capital stock is held both in London and the 
 colonies. They borrow their money in the London market on terms of 
 three and six years, at a very moderate interest, and are thus placed in a 
 position to lend it on very reasonable terms in the colonies. The company 
 came into existence in 1878, and has held one yearly meeting at which a 
 dividend was declared- of 5 per cent. At present it has the large sum of 
 £860,000 invested and in process of investment in the colonies; but this 
 must not be considered by any means as reaching the limit of its operations. 
 It is in a position to obtain and supply any amount of money which 
 
214 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 may be required, at very reasonable rates, good security always governing 
 such a loan. The company is governed by a board of directors in London, 
 and also by a local board in Melbourne. We are pleased to note that none 
 but responsible names compose the latter board, which of itself is a guarantee 
 of the cautious management which will characterise its operations. The 
 manager will be found at the office of the company, No. 55 Queen-street. 
 It is fair to presume that he will not object to our terminating this notice 
 of the company for which he acts, by inviting all gentlemen, who may be 
 desirous of raising money on good real security, to give him a call at the 
 above address. 
 
 FANNING, NANKIVELL AND CO. 
 
 It is certainly a highly commendable circumstance, and one of which Mel- 
 bourne may be justly proud, that for a city as young as she is, a thoroughly 
 conservative and dignified commercial tone pervades the management of many 
 of her leading mercantile houses which is curiously antithetical to their age. 
 The tone we speak of is, that unostentatious and unbustling exhibition in 
 the conduct of business transactions, so foreign to new cities, but so charac- 
 teristic of older ones, like London, Liverpool, and Manchester. There is no 
 one feature of mercantile tone and etiquette, in which Melbourne can emu- 
 late London with more honour to herself, and also to her merchants, than 
 in conducting her business in a manner not wholly calculated to impress 
 lookers on, that business is done for the sole purpose of overawing them, to 
 the exclusion of every other consideration. That there is something more 
 substantial, more permamentand material, in the aim of the true merchant, 
 than mere tall talk and display, to impress either his neighbours or others, 
 is patent, from the aversion the old houses in Melbourne have for anything 
 like notoriety. It is not our purpose in this work in noticing any merchant 
 whose name may appear here, to attract attention to him simply as a mer- 
 chant, nor to the volume of business he may be doing. We have, indeed, 
 a much more important reason for collecting and describing some of the 
 principal houses in Melbourne. It is principally to show that, as pioneer 
 houses in the early days of the colony, they have figured conspicuously in 
 the construction of a great commercial fabric, which has formed after com- 
 paratively few years — every minute of which has been improved by the 
 introduction of a most indomitable toil, an untiring energy, and a keen 
 sagacity — Melbourne's great commercial position in the scale of nations. 
 
 Small indeed is this position when compared with that of London, 
 Paris, or New York. But its greatness, to be understood, must be viewed 
 through the microscope of youth — indeed, one might say infancy; while its 
 real greatness lies in the promising future it has before it, as the principal 
 
FANNING, NANKIVELL AND CO. 215 
 
 port of what must become a great producing country for the old world. It 
 is difficult to discover in a community like Melbourne, whose business 
 habits have such a strong smack of Yankee shrewdness about them, whence 
 it inherited this quiet element of merchandising after the true old English 
 fashion. 
 
 We are fully aware that the founders of some of these houses were men 
 who came direct from the mother-country to establish branch houses in 
 Melbourne. But once transplanted here, it is difficult to understand how 
 they. have retained the old traditional habits with surroundings of such pro- 
 nounced heterogeneity. We know that the youth leaving his native soil, 
 which may have been of the secondary formation, and transplanting himself 
 to a country, the soil of which is of quaternary formation, after some years 
 partakes of the habits that such a soil produces in its inhabitants, whether 
 it be a nervous celerity of action characteristic of the inhabitants of the 
 United States, or the enervated lethargy of those of Chili and Brazil. It is 
 the preservation of this singularly conservative method of conducting trans- 
 actions so pre-eminently British, upon a soil and amid surroundings so dis- 
 similar, that strikes one as remarkable. Of the mercantile houses in 
 Melbourne who partake of this character, may be mentioned Fanning, 
 Nankivell and Co., general merchants, doing an import and ex- 
 port business with Mauritius, China, India, and London. About 
 1844, Griffiths, Gore and Co., of Sydney, which most New South 
 Wales' people will remember as one of the best-known firms of that place, 
 opened a branch in Melbourne, which in 1848, became Griffiths, Fanning 
 and Co., under the management of Mr. T. J. Nankivell ; the Sydney firm 
 also taking the same name a little earlier. In 1858, the Melbourne firm 
 changed the style of its name, and was thenceforth known as Fanning, 
 Nankivell and Co. The resident partners of the firm are now Mr. T. J. 
 Nankivell and Mr. Edward Fanning. About the time the South Austra- 
 lian trade developed such activity — now some ten years since — the above 
 house recognised the desirability of having a branch there to meet the 
 demands of their growing trade, which they subsequently opened and con- 
 ducted under the name of Fanning and Co., of which Mr. T. J. Nankivell is 
 the resident partner. This house has, from its earliest foundation in 1844, 
 always been prominently associated with the importation of Eastern produce 
 from India, China, and the Mauritius. They have invariably ranked 
 amongst the largest — at times being the largest in certain lines — houses of 
 the kind in Victoria. From present statistics, their importations of sugar 
 excel by far those of any other house ; while during their agency for the 
 well-known house of Dent and Co., of China, the same was the case con" 
 cerning their tea importation. In addition to their importing business, 
 Fanning, Nankivelland Co., like many otherleading merchants of Melbourne, 
 are squatters, owning runs in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. 
 As such, they are large shippers of wool, which is consigned to the charge of 
 
216 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN I5SO. 
 
 their London house, "VVm. Fanning and Co., and are consequently in a 
 position to make as liberal advances in this staple as any house which makes 
 it its special business to ship wool, and also to receive consignments, ship 
 them, and superintend their sale in London. Since Victoria has taken up 
 her position as a grain-producing country for England, they have largely 
 interested themselves in the shipment of wheat, and were the first house 
 to recognise the important position this cereal would ultimately occupy as 
 an export from Victoria. They followed up this opinion in a very material 
 and enterprising form by despatching the first whole cargo of Victorian- 
 grown wheat to England, some two years ago. They are also agents for the 
 Union Insurance Society, of Canton, and cover risks from Melbourne to 
 any part of the world. 
 
 
 THE AUSTRALASIAN AGENCY AND BANKING 
 CORPORATION (LIMITED). 
 
 The perseverance and energy which have been amongst the chief factors 
 in developing one of the richest and most productive resources of Australia, 
 have been in part recompensed by the confidence inspired in the minds of 
 English capitalists. When we consider the careful and keen eye to business 
 and its concomitant success which are characteristic of English financiers, 
 we have just reason to be proud of the splendid and triumphant efforts of 
 the Australian woolgrowers, who, through almost insuperable difficulties, 
 have at last established themselves permanently as a branch of commerce 
 in Australia, and at the same time introduced a confidence in their present 
 and continued success into the hearts of the commercial and financial world 
 of England. This result, though due in some measure to those who are 
 immediately engaged in the growing of wool, could never have been 
 attended with its present success, except through the enterprise and 
 financial knowledge of gentlemen who discovered a branch of business 
 necessarily growing out of that immediately connected with the production 
 of wool, and at once adapted themselves to its exigencies. They saw that 
 however great the supply, it was more than useless unless the demand for 
 it was coextensive. They further discovered that the supply might almost 
 be illimitable, certainly sufficient for the greatest demand that might by 
 any possibility arise. They consequently concentrated their efforts in 
 creating a demand. They found that the basis must be laid in bringing 
 buyers and sellers into personal relation with each other. They found that 
 capital must be supplied where it was wanting; and that if this could not 
 be found in the money markets of Australia, they must go further afield, 
 and, if necessary, seek it in the repleted markets of England. But to 
 succeed in this new field required more than colonial eloquence, supported 
 
THE AUSTRALASIAN AGENCY AND BANKING CORPORATION, LIMITED. 217 
 
 by mere figures or wild speculation. It required that the gentlemen who 
 made themselves its representatives, should be known for their high 
 commercial integrity and unimpeachable honour; and that their names 
 should stand high in commerce and finance. No others, whatever might 
 have been their reputation, if it did not include the conditions we have 
 named, were likely to succeed. Their attempt would have ended in 
 failure; their operations would have resulted in a miserable fiasco. But 
 gentlemen having all the necessary qualifications for success, entered 
 into the arena con amove. They plunged into the tide, which when 
 taken advantage of in the affairs of men leads on to fortune. The 
 success which has attended their efforts, has in every way been 
 equal to, if it has not exceeded, their expectations. English 
 capital has flowed through the channels which those gentlemen have 
 created. They have succeeded in opening wide the purse-strings of the 
 English money market, and the only necessary factor that remains for the 
 perfect development of their scheme, is that of time. The commercial 
 interests of Australasia owe them a debt of gratitude, which instead of 
 diminishing with years, must ever and ever increase, with the increase of 
 Australian wealth and Australian commerce. No effort has been wanting 
 to make their undertaking an unparalleled success. Feeling that individu- 
 ally they might not have that weight which was necessary to inspire un- 
 limited confidence, they saw the advisability of associating themselves 
 together, and by thus incorporating themselves as a company, to leave no 
 desideratum unprovided for, which seemed likely to be sought after by the 
 English capitalists, before they could be induced to embark their money in 
 a new and comparatively unknown country, and in a production which they 
 must have supposed was in its infancy, especially when they considered that 
 the country could only count its existence by a few decades of years. 
 Though we have individual gentlemen in all the colonies of Australia 
 who have embarked, and embarked successfully, in the business of 
 wool brokers, yet it is scarcely likely that their operations can 
 be carried on so extensively as those carried on by a corporation 
 of gentlemen, each one of whom stands as high in finance and com- 
 merce, as the individual gentlemen to whom we have referred. Not 
 only is unity strength, but the confidence it superinduces must be in exact 
 proportion to the confidence superinduced by individual efforts. If the 
 confidence inspired by the individuals be great, much greater must be the 
 confidence inspired by their association. Their names, their influence, their 
 position, when welded together, must be productive of all the necessary 
 requirements for unqualified success. It cannot then be matter of surprise 
 to our readers to know that the most sanguine expectations have been 
 realised. That an undertaking, carried out under such conditions, has met 
 with the recompense it deserves, and is worthy of being recorded amongst the 
 successful undertakings of this new country, cannot be matter of question 
 
218 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 to those whose interests are so mixed up that they have become synonymous 
 with the interests of the country which they have adopted as a new home. 
 Its progress and prosperity must be their dearest wish. We refer especially 
 to those who, having made their wealth, have invested it in their adopted 
 country. We refer indirectly to those to whom is given the opportunity 
 of investing their wealth in the development of the natural resources of a 
 country, which is so bright a gem in the diadem of English exploring enter- 
 prise, and so practically convincing of that indomitable pluck that seeks out 
 through almost impassable obstacles, other fields and pastures new for the 
 exercise of that commercial and industrial talent which is one of the most 
 marked idiosyncrasies of the Britisher. 
 
 The company whose name stands at the head of this chapter is a practi- 
 cal illustration of all we have said in our introductory remarks. It was 
 established in Melbourne, in the early part of 1877, for the purpose of 
 making advances on wool and accepting consignments, as well as for 
 making advances on station property. Its existence consequently extends 
 over a period of little more than three years. Its principal object is the in- 
 troduction of English capital to assist in developing to maturity the pastoral 
 resources of Australia. The first permanent board of directors consisted of 
 Messrs. F. P. Hines (who was chairman), H. J. S. Cattanach, W. T. Moffat, 
 and William Robertson. These gentlemen then laid the foundation of that 
 which we are justified in now pronouncing a prosperous and flourishing 
 company. Subsequently, the board was increased to six members, and is 
 now composed of such names as the Hon. Sir W. H. F. Mitchell (chairman), 
 the Hon. Sir Charles Sladen, the Hon. W. Campbell, Mr. J. S. Horsfall, 
 and two of the first-named gentlemen who were associated with it on its 
 first establishment, namely, Messrs. H. J. S. Cattanach and F. P. Hines. 
 A stronger board than this we cannot well imagine. These gentlemen, 
 j^ossessing all the qualifications we have before enumerated, are a guarantee 
 that the concern will be carried on in every way satisfactorily to those who, 
 in the ordinary course of business, are led to have recourse to the Austral- 
 asian Agency and Banking Corporation in all transactions which involve 
 the buying and selling of wool. In recording the history of this corporation, 
 it is gratifying to note that it was such as to necessitate the establishment, last 
 year, of an office in London. This will be more completely understood when 
 we mention that with the issue of shares there the present number allotted 
 is 114,235, something quite large when we consider the youthful existence 
 of the company. We understand that five -sixths of these shares are on the 
 Melbourne register, and at the same time in the hands of a most influential 
 proprietary, representing the whole of the Australian colonies, and holding, 
 in pastoral stock alone, an aggregate of some four million sheep, and from 
 a million and a-half to two millions of acres of freehold. We seldom have 
 been privileged in recording such success which at the same time is repre- 
 sented by such substantial results. Nothing but that essential business- 
 
THE AUSTRALASIAN AGENCY AND BANKING CORPORATION, LIMITED. 219 
 
 capacity, which is quick to see and quick to seize opportunity, could Lave 
 realised such a measure of success. Careful consideration, directed by 
 gentlemen with practical minds, must be part of that firm basis upon 
 which so successful a superstructure has been constructed. The operations 
 of the company, we are told, were marked by success from the moment of 
 the appointment of some two or three gentlemen who were very well 
 known, and particularly of one, who is a tried and experienced man in all 
 matters connected with wool ; this we can fully understand by their con- 
 tinued success up to the present time. Another evidence of their condition 
 can be gathered from one very important fact, and that is, that the reserve-fund 
 already in hand amounts to more than one-fifth of the paid-up capital, while 
 10 per cent, dividends have been paid for the last three half-years. The 
 company having secured, in connection with the London establishment, a 
 directorate equally powerful in the financial circles of England, as is the 
 Melbourne directorate in the financial circles of Australia, it may safely be 
 prognosticated that ultimate and permanent success will attend the under- 
 taking. 
 
 The London directorate, we are given to understand, is issuing deben- 
 tures, which must, as a matter of foregone conclusion, result in a large 
 increase of the colonial business. We are pleased to be able to record that 
 very good judgment was shown in the selection of its present manager, Mr. 
 Francis E. Stewart, late inspector of the National Bank of Australasia. Mr. 
 Stewart comes to the company equipped with all the knowledge and experi- 
 ence of an old banker, and if it is at all possible to add further strength to 
 this already very strong institution, this gentleman will accomplish it. 
 
 JAMES TURNER AND SON. 
 
 The generality of houses in Melbourne doing business with squatters, 
 either in making them advances, receiving their wool, buying for them, 
 or selling to them any sort of station property, call themselves financial 
 agents. Messrs. James Turner and Son, however, choose rather to designate 
 themselves " station and wool agents and commission merchants." That 
 they do so, is because their business embraces some particular branches 
 which the general run of financial agencies do not undertake, besides 
 embracing all the different business operations, of whatever nature, that they 
 do. This firm, now styled James Turner and Son (the present partners 
 being George Napier Turner and John Moodie) is one of the oldest firms in 
 Melbourne, having been originally founded, in 1841, by Mr. Andrew 
 Russell, an alderman, and one of the first mayors of Melbourne, who 
 arrived in the colony as far back as 1839. This gentleman, in conjunction 
 
220 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 with Mr. James Turner (father of one of the present proprietors), carried on 
 the business of importers and commission merchants, under the name of 
 Andrew Russell and Company, afterwards Rhind and Turner. The business 
 then came into the hands of Mr. G. Napier Turner, who carried on the 
 business at the old address for about two years. He, seeing the growing 
 importance of the wool interest, determined to turn his attention solely to 
 that branch of the business, and give up the importing. At that time, the 
 business of wool growing was in a most embryonic condition, and formed 
 the permanent occupation of but few sheep-farmers, compared with the 
 number who are engaged in it to-day. It was mainly due to this fact, that 
 Messrs. Russell and Co. paid more attention to their importing and con- 
 signment business, which was at that time a good paying one. With the 
 appearance of protection, however, the volume of their imports so steadily 
 declined, and consignments moved so slowly, that this firm quickly 
 perceived, that it was only a question of time before the bulk of the 
 importing trade would be gradually transferred to another colony, where 
 such disadvantageous pressure did not exist. Simultaneously with their 
 desire to cut loose from the fetters of protection and release their capital 
 from the importing business, the wool trade began to assume proportions 
 of importance, and received increased attention from all firms connected 
 either directly or indirectly with wool, sheep and station property. Messrs. 
 James Turner and Son, it would seem, were quick to perceive the new stimulus 
 wool was henceforward destined to receive, and the important position it was 
 bound to occupy as a future product of Australia. They clearly saw, in 
 promoting the growth of this staple, an ever-increasing stream of profit to 
 the grower, the commission agent and the country, which no vicious legis- 
 lation like protection could strangle. Recognising the prominence wool 
 would swiftly take as a staple in all sorts of manufactures in the mother- 
 country, together with its likelihood of becoming the main article of export 
 from Australia, they threw all their energies into the scale of fortune with 
 it, and the result is that the firm now ranks amongst the first firms in Mel- 
 bourne engaged in this line of business. Messrs. Turner and Son have now 
 an agency in Sydney, from which port they make large shipments of wool, 
 that may be consigned to their care from constituents near to that point, 
 whose interests can be better served by shipments direct from Sydney than 
 from Melbourne. In addition to the large experience that the wool and 
 station commission business has equipped them with, they are armed with 
 that more satisfactory weapon, now made more necessary by the sharp com- 
 petition for business, "practical experience." Possessing, as they do, an inti- 
 mate knowledge of most of the desirable districts in Australia, they are in 
 a position to act as agents in negotiating sales or purchases of station pro- 
 perty and produce, in a highly satisfactory manner, and can also give sound 
 advice to parties desiring to purchase stations which are the best districts to 
 embark in. Being largely interested in station property themselves, it is only 
 
JAMES TURNER AND SON. 221 
 
 natural that they should be in possession of accurate information as to the 
 value and production of the different properties in the country, and this 
 information, acquired only by a long experience, enables them to give to the 
 capitalist from the home country, who may be disposed to invest his money 
 in that profitable undertaking called squatting, many valuable points 
 relative thereto. 
 
 The fact of such an investor being ignorant of practical squatting should 
 not enter as a prejudicial factor against his purchasing squatting property, 
 because the main point after all is to have a reliable and good manager ; 
 and having secured this, together with a good agent who knows the yield 
 and almost exactly what the land can carry, a station owner might 
 be in England, and still nave his run as efficiently managed as 
 if he were living on it. Too great a stress, therefore, cannot 
 be attached to the importance of having a good agent; for it is he who 
 secures the manager, and renders account to the owner. It is natural, too, 
 that the agent should be fired with a desire to exercise great caution in 
 advising the purchaser of a property, hoping to secure in the event of a 
 purchase another constituent — an advantage not long enjoyed if the advice 
 proves bad. It must be an infinite source of pleasure to a firm of this kind, 
 to be able to state with truth that no property of which they have advised 
 the purchase has turned out badly. An idea which is growing in favour is ; 
 for a number of persons of limited means, who may be engaged in other 
 businesses, and who do not wish to withdraw their whole capital from such 
 business, to club together, and with their spare capital buy a station pro- 
 perty on joint account, secure, as previously indicated, a practical manager, 
 either with an interest in the whole property or to be paid a salary, and 
 work it on joint account. It will be seen that the opportunities thus 
 offered to business men, who can each withdraw, say, a thousand or fifteen 
 hundred pounds from their business, and invest it in a station property 
 upon the plan suggested above, are well worthy the consideration of those 
 in a position to take advantage of them, substantially, on account of the 
 small amount of capital invested, the large returns incidental thereto, and 
 the little risk involved ; the financial management of such property being 
 left in the hands of a reliable agent, who keeps a special set of books for 
 the owners of such property, which books are always open to the inspec- 
 tion of the owners, and a statement furnished from time to time to each 
 partner. 
 
 This branch Messrs. Turner and Son pay special attention to, and have 
 now the management of several large station properties bought upon this 
 plan. They also take charge of the management of the estates of deceased 
 persons, or absentees; and from large experience in the conduct of such 
 business, and an intimate knowledge of the value of town and country pro- 
 perty, they are specially fitted to take charge of such, enabled to bring to 
 bear the most efficient management wherever such trusts are confided to 
 
222 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 them; and the continued confidence they enjoy in the management of 
 several important estates of old colonists is of itself a sufficient guarantee 
 of the able manner in which this department is conducted. It may be here 
 mentioned, that this branch of their business is treated as a special depart- 
 ment, and a separate room is set apart for meetings of trustees, all records 
 of which are carefully kept. Messrs. Turner and Son also execute indents, 
 and receive consignments from Great Britain. 
 
 The firm is, in addition to the branches of business already pointed out, 
 entrusted with the agency of one of the oldest fire and marine insurance 
 companies in Australia. One, too, which has withstood many a shock in 
 the shape of an insurance claim, and still stands on a solid, granite basis. 
 This company, called the South Australian Insurance Company, was estab- 
 lished in Adelaide in the year 1846, and has, under the able management 
 of Mr. R. E. Tapley, and a no less able and influential board of directors, 
 composed of such men as the Hon. Sir William Milne, the Hon. Alexander 
 Hay, Hon. P. Santo, and others of similar standing, had a most successful 
 career; having, in addition to paying large dividends to its shareholders, 
 accumulated a very handsome reserve fund, every thousand pounds of 
 which offers an extra security to the insurer against fire and marine risks 
 in this company. Insurers cannot look too scrupulously into the security 
 offered them by fire and marine companies, as it not unfrequently happens 
 that a company's assets compared with its liabilities, are so immeasurably 
 below what they should be as to afford the insurer very little, if any, 
 guarantee against loss. The standing of the men connected with this com- 
 pany, and their fine business reputation, is a perfect surety against such 
 alarms. But, if these facts were not as they are, the solid reserve fund 
 would stand as a redeemer for the needy, when their wants were quickened 
 by either the fire or water fiend. 
 
 JAMES BALFOUR AND CO. 
 
 The firm whose name stands at the head of this chapter is comparatively 
 a new one in Melbourne, but it may be said to be more so nominally, than 
 in reality. 
 
 Mr. Balfour, the head of the firm, was for nearly a quarter of a century 
 an active partner in the well-known importing house of Messrs. James Henty 
 and Co., during which period, he twice re- visited England, and passed through 
 the leading cities of America. From Victorian Men of the Time we gather 
 most of the following particulars: — 
 
 Mr. Balfour, who had acquired the greater part of his early mercantile 
 training in London, arrived in Melbourne in 1852 as the representative of 
 
JAMES BALFOUR AND CO. 223 
 
 Messrs. Matheson and Co., of London, who were desirous of extending 
 their large eastern trade to the new gold colony of Victoria. In 1854, he 
 opened a branch of James Henty and Co.'s business at the port of 
 Geelong, which had a very considerable import trade before railway 
 communication was opened up with Melbourne and Ballarat. The firm 
 signalised its establishment in Geelong by loading the first large vessel for 
 London at the Geelong wharf. Previous to December, 1854, ships of any 
 considerable size were obliged to load and discharge their cargoes at Point 
 Henry, five miles from the town. 
 
 During Mr. Balfour's residence in Geelong, he was actively engaged 
 in the trade of the port, and filled several prominent positions, being at one 
 time chairman of the Chamber of Commerce, a trustee of the Savings Bank, 
 a director of the London Chartered Bank, and a member of the local board 
 of the Liverpool and London Insurance Company. Mr. Balfour has also, 
 since his return to the metropolis, been Chairman of the Board of Directors 
 of the Australian Deposit and Mortgage Bank since its establishment, and 
 one of the founders of the Trustees' and Executors' Company, of which he is 
 also a director. We must not omit to mention his career as a politician, 
 both in the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. He is at 
 present a representative for the Southern Province in the Upper House. 
 
 When Mr. Balfour returned to Melbourne, in 1863, he took an active part 
 in the management of the business of his firm, and only retired in 1878, when 
 the partnership of James Henty and Co. expired by effluxion of time. Early 
 in 1879, Mr. Balfour established himself under the new style of James 
 Balfour and Co., and continued to carry on business with his former cor- 
 respondents in London. The firm impo rts English manufactures, tea and 
 other Eastern produce, and executes indents for all description of goods. 
 Special attention is given to commission and agency business. Wool 
 also finds a place in the transactions of the firm, which, besides advancing 
 on consignments to its London agents, ships regularly the well-known 
 " Pound Hill " clip from Mr. Balfour's property in Piverina. It also 
 represents the following well-known insurance companies, viz.: — The 
 Guardian Fire and Life Assurance Company of London, fire branch; the 
 Triton Marine Insurance Company of Calcutta, and the City of Glasgow 
 Life Assurance Company. 
 
 MONCKTON D. SYNNOT BROS. 
 
 The most imposing structures of the metropolis of the Southern 
 Hemisphere are the banks and wool warehouses. The latter are the chief 
 adornment of the west end of Melbourne. They are convincing proof that, 
 amidst the money-making aims of life, the aesthetical taste of the Mel- 
 
224 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 bournians is far from being retrogressive. During our peregrinations 
 through the Victorian capita], our attention was directed to warehouses 
 recently erected at the west end of Bourke-street, which are occupied by 
 Messrs. Monckton D. Synnot Bros., wool-brokers. Their business had 
 previously been carried on in Flinders-lane, but their increasing require, 
 ments demanded more commodious premises. The front elevation of the 
 building is in the Roman style of architecture. It is 70ft. high, and up to- 
 the level of the first floor is built entirely of Malmsbury bluestone, patent 
 axed, and partly polished, with rusticated courses, and semicircular headed 
 windows, giving a bold and striking appearance to the front. The upper 
 portion is of brick and cement, having rusticated pilasters the full height of 
 the upper stories, capped by a dentilled and modillioned entablature. The 
 basement of the principal building comprises a spacious, well-lighted 
 cellar, 48ft. by 120ft., with asphalte floor. The first and second flats are 
 lofty, well lighted and ventilated, the floors being laid with narrow Kaurie 
 pine boards. On the top flat is the showroom, in which the wool is ex- 
 hibited by sample bales, prior to being submitted to public auction. The 
 apartments on the ground floor are approached by a vestibule leading to 
 a good-sized hall, which is environed by a suite of lofty offices, sample and 
 waiting rooms, with grained oak and glass wainscot partitions having glass 
 louvre ventilators, and all fitted with the latest improvements. In fact, the 
 warehouses are fitted up in a way that combines space and light with useful- 
 ness, being in every possible manner suited to the display and sale of wool 
 and other produce. We understand that they have the advantage of 
 receiving and delivering goods under cover. At the rear, and quite 
 distinct from the main buildings, are the hide, tallow and skin stores, 
 with every accommodation for that branch of the business. The build- 
 ings are conveniently situated, and altogether fitted for the purposes 
 of wool warehouses. Being near to Spencer-street and the Victorian rail- 
 ways, they are consequently convenient for those who are engaged in the 
 buying branches of the trade. We doubt whether there is any commercial 
 community in the world more ready to spend their capital in the building 
 of imposing structures, which serve at once the purposes of their owners and 
 the adornment of the city. They in this way become benefactors to the 
 community. Their recompense is that they are contributors to the 
 structural beauty of Melbourne, and aid in building up for it the well- 
 earned reputation of the metropolis of Australia. The pastoral interest 
 of Australia, which is already second to none, is year by year 
 increasing in importance. We know that all land which is within 
 the vicinity of any rainfall is capable of supporting sheep. Con- 
 sequently, the pastoral resources of Australia are almost illimitable. 
 It behoves then our wool-brokers to be in advance both for the more 
 than probable increased demand, and, therefore, the necessary increase of 
 supply. The Australian wool, and particularly that grown in the 
 
MONCKTON D. SYNNOT BROS. 225 
 
 colonies of Victoria and New South Wales, finds a ready sale in the 
 European markets. Its reputation has in no way diminished since its ex- 
 portation abroad. In the colony itself there is no source of wealth more 
 productive than wool-growing. No class of men do more for its ever- 
 increasing development than the wool-brokers. Through them there need 
 be no want of capital. Ever ready, where the security is sufficient, to aid 
 the energetic and persevering squatter ; his operations may be developed to 
 an extent co-extensive with his ambition. Through him a market is 
 found, and the very best prices are offered. "We wish those gentlemen all 
 success in the important position which they hold as media for the disposition 
 of the wool which the country produces. Messrs. M. D. Synnot Bros, are not 
 only wool-brokers, but also general station agents, and are at all times 
 prepared to make liberal cash advances on wool of any ensuing clip, 
 especially on clips for sale in Melbourne. They hold regular auction 
 sales of wool every Thursday throughout the season, and of skius, hides, 
 and tallow on three days in each week. This last is an important branch 
 of their business. We are given to understand, from their circulars, that all 
 account sales are rendered, with net proceeds, in cash, six days after the 
 sales. On wool offered, but not sold, the charge is only one shilling 
 per bale. Another branch of their business is the negotiation of 
 loans. They also sell privately, as well as by auction, any station or 
 other property which may be placed in their hands for disposal. The firm's 
 agents in Sydney are Messrs. Allen and Co., Macquarie-place, who receive 
 and forward wool to Melbourne, paying inland carriage, and all other 
 charges thereon. We have pleasure in calling the special attention of 
 farmers and others to the fact that Monckton D. Synnot Bros, have always 
 on hand the very best samples of seed wheat, oats, barley, and other grain 
 and grass seeds. They also give prompt attention to any orders for wool- 
 packs, twine, wire, and other station requisites, and they undertake to 
 furnish them at the lowest market rates. We notice, from their circular, 
 the recommendation to woolgrowers and farmers that the former should 
 adopt three letters, or some other distinguishing brand, and the latter two 
 letters, or other brand, that might be easily recognised. This, it appears, 
 would obviate endless trouble, confusion, and dispute, both with regard to the 
 wool as well as the grain which is consigned to the firm. There is no doubt 
 that the great practical experience of Monckton D. Synnot Bros, enables 
 them to suggest practical and useful advice, which, if followed, would 
 doubtless prove advantageous to the consigner and consignee, and 
 materially tend to expedite the conduct of business — not the least im- 
 portant factor of commercial life in this go-ahead age. 
 
 Q 
 
226 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l83o. 
 
 M'MECKAN, BLACKWOOD AND CO. 
 
 Closely identified with shipping in Australia, especially with the colony 
 of Victoria, must be mentioned the firm of Messrs. M'Meckan, Blackwood 
 and Co. The rapid manner in which their line became extended from one 
 ship to a large fleet speaks volumes for the growth of the colonial shipping 
 trade. If we may judge by results, and there is nothing so successful as 
 success, we cannot see how the operations of this firm, in their relation to 
 the general development of shipping in the colonies, can be pronounced any- 
 thing but a most unqualified success. It has taken them but few years to 
 accomplish that which sometimes takes a lifetime in the mother-country. 
 It is true they have enjoyed all the advantages which a new, rich, and 
 rapidly-developing country offers to the enterprising and the industrious. 
 But it is not so much as successful shipping merchants that we desire to 
 notice the firm in this book, as it is to point out to our readers the rapid 
 manner in which the shipping trade was developed in the colonies, and the 
 prominent part that certain firms have played in helping forward this 
 development, and with it no less the growth of the Avhole of Australia, by 
 bringing the several colonies into closer communication, and facilitating an 
 exchange of their produce, while also aiding the Post-office Department to 
 carry out some of the most important reforms in the mail service. In no 
 less a degree have they facilitated and relieved the over-crowded conditions 
 of some colonies, where labour was too plethoric, and hence poorly re- 
 munerated, by taking the ace retion of brawny sinew from a colony where 
 it was a drug, to one where it was steadily in demand, and we recognise 
 in this transmigration of capital's better-half — labour — a new motto. If 
 Quis separabit is the challenge issued forth by the P. and O. Company, 
 Junximus should be the answer expressed by the Union S. S. Com- 
 pany of New Zealand. It appears that Messrs. M'Meckan, Blackwood 
 and Co. commenced their shipping business in 1853, with the simple 
 agency of one steamer, called the Havilah, which was put into the Mel- 
 bourne and Adelaide trade. Her accommodation answered so scantily for the 
 requirements of this trade, that she was speedily supplemented by the Marion, 
 Queen, Burr a Burr a, and the White Swan. Up to this time, the firm 
 acted simply in the capacity of agents; but, in 1858 they had faith enough 
 in the permanency of the trade to build, on their own account, the s. s. Omeo, 
 which brought out from England the cable for the submarine telegraph 
 from Cape Otway to Tasmania. After performing this service, she was 
 placed by the owners upon the Melbourne and Adelaide trade. It 
 appeared to them that a steadily-increasing trade was about to be 
 established between the colony of Victoria and that of South Australia. 
 Subsequent events proved that their judgment upon this point was sound, 
 for the requirements of this trade developed into a demand for marine 
 
 
JVi'MECKAN, BLACKWOOD AND CO. 227 
 
 accommodation quite up to the ability of shipping companies to supply. Upon 
 the development of the New Zealand trade, the business of this firm showed 
 rather rapid extension, and they soon found that, to keep pace with it, 
 they required more steamers. The Oscar and Aldinga were then added; 
 and within a very short time of their addition, the Gothenburg, Alhambra, 
 and Coorong. The line now comprised six ships, and at that time it was 
 considered a substantial number for any one company to possess. But the 
 continued increase of trade, through the rapid growth of New Zealand, 
 made it necessary to still augment the carrying power of the line. A 
 further addition was then made of six first-class steamers, namely, the 
 South Australian, Tararua, Rangitoto, Claud Hamilton, Albion, and Otago. 
 The line, now strengthened very considerably by the accession of these six 
 steamers, profited at once by the great activity then displayed by the growing 
 trade of New Zealand with Victoria. The rapid manner in which these 
 two colonies unfolded their resources and manufactures to one another, and 
 gladly exchanged both, is very vivid in the minds of many merchants 
 and sea-faring men. In addition to the steamships already enumerated 
 as plying between Victoria and New Zealand, the west coast of the little 
 continent was served by the steam-tenders Uno, Persevere, and Yarra, 
 built in Melbourne specially for that trade. In 1875, the fleet had 
 assumed very respectable proportions, and was further augmented by the 
 two splendid and equally comfortable steamers called the Ringarooma and 
 Arawata. During the two years which followed this period, a most satis- 
 factory traific was worked up between Melbourne and Adelaide, and the 
 south-east ports of South Australia, by the Aldinga, Coorong, and occasion- 
 ally, when the trade required, one of the other steamers. Thus far, we 
 have only spoken of the prosperity of this firm, during a career which can- 
 not be pronounced anything but successful. We must not, however, fail to 
 mention that its losses have not been of a very light character. For 
 example, it lost in rather rapid succession the Oscar, the South Australian, 
 the Persevere, the Yarra, the Uno, the Rangitoto, the Gothenburg, and the 
 Otago. Except the Gothenburg, all of these were lost on the New Zealand 
 coast. Upon the formation of the two companies — the Adelaide S. S. 
 Company, and the Mount Gambier S. S. Company — overtures were made 
 to Messrs. M'Meckan, Blackwood and Co., resulting in their disposal of 
 the steamers Aldinga and Coorong to the above two companies respectively. 
 The following year, the New Zealand business was transferred to the 
 Union Steamship Company of that place, by their purchasing most of the 
 large steamers running in that trade. The former owners now act as the 
 Melbourne agents for the three companies. The Union Company, upon 
 succeeding to the business, strengthened their service by the addition of the 
 Rotorua, and subsequently added the two powerful screw-steamers Rotoma- 
 hana and Te Anau, of about 1800 tons each. Besides the lines mentioned 
 above, the firm of M'Meckan, Blackwood and Co. were engaged for many 
 
 Q 2 
 
228 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 years in the Northern Territory service, and ran their ships from Mel- 
 bourne and Adelaide to Port Darwin. In this trade, they employed the 
 Omeo, Claud Hamilton, Tararua, and Gothenburg. 
 
 It is worth while mentioning that, in giving our readers a succinct 
 history of the growth and progress of shipping in Australia, from its 
 earliest infancy, we have illustrated it so far by the efforts of one firm 
 only. Of others we shall speak later on. But it is quite worthy of notice 
 how the ramifications of one firm have contributed, within the past thirty 
 years, a very respectable quota to what is now a large shipping trade. As an 
 illustration of this, we may mention that the Union Company of New 
 Zealand, now working the Melbourne and New Zealand, and Sydney and 
 New Zealand trades, has a capital of five hundred thousand pounds sterling, 
 which would be a very respectable capital for an Atlantic or Pacific Ocean 
 s. s. company, plying distances of 2500 or 3000 miles. Their present fleet 
 consists of an aggregate tonnage of 14,000 tons, and a list of the ports to 
 which their steamess run will be found in our advertising pages. 
 
 PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION 
 
 COMPANY. 
 
 " Quis separabit," the motto of the P. & O. Company, is a challenge to 
 the powers of nature to prevent intercommunication between the inhabi- 
 tants of the civilised world. The P. & O. S.N. Company has accepted this 
 challenge, and up till now, we may say, successfully, if we judge of their 
 future enterprise by that which they have shown in the past. One hundred 
 years ago, the nations, whose manners and customs were then confined to 
 the regions of the unknown, and in many cases the fabulous, are now 
 brought into friendly, intimate, and even close connection with each other. 
 Distance and time are being gradually relegated to the shades of the past. Out 
 of this gradual, yet miraculous, annihilation of the two principal factors in 
 the sum of immobility, surely though slowly grows the civilisation, which 
 may not be improperly termed cosmopolitan. The effect of this must be 
 humanising to every race, in whatever clime, or under whatever condition, 
 they may live. It tends to establish peace, through the superinduction 
 ©f feelings ©f friendliness. This peace must one day reign triumphant between 
 every nation that has its seat between the cardinal points, because this 
 peace is the great end of amalgamated nationalities. It will be permanent, 
 and the discord of nationalities will cease to jar upon nature's nerve. Wars 
 and rumours of wars will no longer be parts of national history. The northern 
 is now joined to the southern hemisphere by links whose numbers are daily 
 diminishing. The facilities for travelling are now so great, and compara- 
 
PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. 229 
 
 tively so cheap, that nations and peoples are becoming as familiar with each 
 other as they are with the nations to which these people severally owe their 
 birth. Whether in one quarter of the globe or the other, the denizen of 
 each nationality is to be found, whose most conspicuous feature is assimi- 
 lation to the habits and language of the country in which he may tem- 
 porarily or permanently sojourn. Neither ocean nor mountain, nor nature's 
 most gigantic impediments, can stem the increasingly rapid tide that never 
 ebbs, but continually flows towards the point in which nation, race, 
 colour and creed, are becoming harmoniously, peaceably, and indissolubly 
 blended into each other. The limits and landmarks of distinctions are 
 being gradually forgotton and lost. Another hundred years, and who can 
 say what will be the distinctions of country and race. The mere features 
 of countries will be marked on the map, and the distinctions of nationalities, 
 and the differences of religious culture, will be known no more. No com- 
 mercial undertaking has been more instrumental in encompassing the results 
 mentioned than the P. & 0. S.N. Company. This company has, for upwards 
 of twenty-five years, with slight intermission, supplied the connecting link 
 between England and the Australian colonies, by regular mail communica- 
 tion. It has earned a reputation for efficiency and punctuality, which 
 reflects alike credit upon the directors and officers of the company, as well 
 as upon the various contracting governments. The latest agreement, which 
 was signed in August, 1879, and which came into operation on 1st Feb- 
 ruary, 1880, provides for a fortnightly communication between London and 
 Melbourne in 39 days outwards, and 40 homewards. This contract has 
 been entered into for a period of eight years, and the service is worked so as 
 to facilitate and fit into similar contracts, entered into with the Imperial 
 Government, for the conveyance of the India and China mails. We under- 
 stand that the company's steamers, in carrying out the several mail con- 
 tracts, have, for many years past, covered a distance of more than three miles 
 in every minute of time, and this with comparative immunity from serious 
 accident, during the forty years which have elapsed since it was first incor- 
 porated under Royal charter. Though the passenger traffic has not been, 
 during this long period, far short of a million souls, not more than half-a- 
 dozen casualties have been recorded. The company owes its origin to 
 Messrs. Willcox and Anderson, shipbrokers of London, who first started it 
 under the name of the Peninsular Company. They first entered into an 
 agreement with the Government for the conveyance of mails from England to 
 Gibraltar, calling at the intermediate ports of Vigo, Oporto, Lisbon and 
 Cadiz. The magnitude of the company's present operations may be gathered 
 from the fact that the subscribed share capital is £3,500,000 of which 
 £2,900,000 are paid-up, while the authorised debenture capital is £800,000, 
 none of which is at present availed of; and this enormous amount of money 
 is represented by a fleet of steam-ships, fifty in number, measuring by cus- 
 toms register, 143,646 tons, and fitted with machinery of 24,940 horse- 
 
"230 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 power, besides seventeen steam-tugs, &c, measuring 1217 tons, and 491 horse- 
 power in all ; also, property on shore consisting of freehold and leasehold 
 houses, offices, docks, wharves, coaling depots, factories and repairing 
 establishments in England and at Bombay, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singa- 
 pore, Calcutta, Point de Galle, Suez, Alexandria, Malta, and other places, 
 and stocks of coal, and marine victualling and other stores in depot and in 
 transit to these stations ; the whole showing a value of £3,827,939 17s. 2d., 
 as stated in the last annual report. 
 
 The question of steam communication with India, China and Australia 
 was referred, in 1851, to a Parliamentary committee, and in pursuance of 
 their report, a bi-monthly line between Singapore and Australia was estab- 
 lished. This service formed a part of the P. & 0. Company's contract, 
 which they entered into two years after. The sudden outbreak of the Rus- 
 sian war, eventuated in the withdrawal of several steamers from the regular 
 service for the transport-service of the Home Government, and the Aus- 
 tralasian branch service was then temporarily discontinued. As many as 
 eleven of their steamers were withdrawn for this purpose, and yet the com- 
 pany was able to work its other lines with regularity and success. Alter a 
 short interval, during which a contract was entered into with the European 
 and Australian Company, who failed in carrying it out, the mail service 
 again reverted, in 1858, to the P. &, 0. Company, when, after the lapse of 
 eight years, i.e., in 1866, a new and modified contract was entered into by 
 the company, after public tender. The new contract provided for a service 
 of 12, 13, 24, or 26 departures in the year, from each end of the line, and was 
 worked with very great success, until the commencement of 1874. The 
 opening of the Suez Canal, in 1869, led to the establishment of an enormous 
 fleet of cargo -carrying steamers, which quickly displaced the sailing-ship 
 traffic via the Cape of Good Hope, and necessitated, in a great measure, 
 the reconstruction of the company's large fleet. They were compelled, in 
 order to keep pace with the times, to employ steamers that would carry 
 cargoes at comparatively low rates of freight, instead of the light and valu- 
 able goods which had. up to this time, formed the staple commodities carried 
 by the mail steamers. We may adduce, as an instance of the energy of 
 purpose, and fertility of resource with w T hich they performed that task, that, 
 though in 1866 they had only six ships out of a fleet of fifry-two fitted with 
 compound engines, in 1878 they had added to their fleet no less than twenty- 
 two first-class steamers, of large tonnage, and had only one running vessel 
 not fitted with the new compound engine. 
 
 Owing to the want of unanimity existing between the Australian 
 colonies as to the best route for their respective mail communication with 
 the mother-country, and to the difficulty experienced in meeting the views 
 of so many conflicting interests, the Imperial Government suggested that 
 on the termination of the P. & O. Company's Australian contract in 1873, 
 the colonies in combination should undertake their own arrangements for 
 
PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY. 231 
 
 the conveyance of their English correspondence. The Victorian Govern- 
 ment entered, upon their own account, into a contract with the P. & O. 
 Steam Company for the unbroken continuance of the existing mail service 
 via Galle, on very favourable terms, one leading feature of the new contract 
 being that Melbourne, instead of Sydney, was to be made the terminus of 
 the line. The New South Wales Government, about the same time, con- 
 tracted with another company for a service between Sydney and San Fran- 
 cisco, and the Queensland Government for a line via Torres Straits, 
 to connect with the P. & 0. steamers at Singapore. The P. & O. 
 Company had, about the same time, arranged with the Imperial 
 Government, again under competition, for a continuance of their 
 India and China services, and their contracts were thoroughly conducted 
 throughout. It was necessary, by the terms of the agreements, that 
 two years' notice should be given of their discontinuance, and the requisite 
 notice was served upon the company by both the Imperial and Victorian 
 Governments. Very keen competition was the result for the India and 
 China service, but eventually the company's tender for an eight years' con- 
 tract was again successful, owing to its being the cheapest tender in point of 
 price, while it was also superior in the quality of the service it offered to 
 those sent in by other shipowners. It is worthy of note that, from the 
 inception of the company, the competition, against which it has fought for 
 the mail contracts, has been in nearly every instance very keen. The Vic- 
 torian Government issued specifications for — 1st, a direct service at a high 
 rate of speed between Plymouth, or Southampton, and Melbourne, with Mel- 
 bourne as the terminus; and 2nd, for a four- weekly, or bi-w^eekly, service, 
 at a similar speed, between Aden, or Ceylon, and Melbourne, with no re- 
 strictions as to the terminal point. The P. &, 0. Company sent in a tender 
 offering a fortnightly service between Ceylon and Melbourne, under the 
 second set of conditions, and for a subsidy less by ,£5000 per annum than 
 they had been receiving for a four- weekly service under the restrictions 
 of the former contract. No tender whatever was sent in for the direct 
 service, and theirs being the only one for the other service was accord- 
 ingly accepted, and came into force on the 1st February last. It is worthy 
 of notice that the contract will, from the estimates that have been made, 
 be the first agreement for the carriage of ocean mails to offer an almost 
 certain prospect of prone instead of loss to the contracting government. 
 The last annual report of the company shows that the balance at credit 
 of reserve account was £388,217. while the revenue for the year ending 
 30th September, 1879, was XI, 803, 496, but in some years it has been much 
 higher, the dullness of trade and depression in freights throughout the 
 world having led to a diminution of revenue in late years, which has 
 necessitated rigid economy in working. The P. & O. Company is one of 
 the wealthiest s.s. companies in the world. Its Australian business has 
 been very ably conducted for many years past by Mr. Franklin R. Kendall. 
 
232 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 This gentleman has recently been appointed to a position in the home office, 
 and has been succeeded in Melbourne as general manager by Mr. George 
 Withers, who is spoken of by those who know him as a very capable 
 manager, an efficient officer, and a courteous gentleman. 
 
 Subjoined is a table showing the revenue and expenditure of the com- 
 pany for the years 1856 to 1879. Some idea of the complicated nature of 
 the mail and other services which they are now performing may be 
 gathered from a perusal of one of the time-tables published in the hand- 
 books which they issue to passengers and shippers: — 
 
 Return showing the Annual Receipts and Expenditure of 
 the Company, from 1856 to 1879. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Expenditure, 
 
 Balance. 
 
 1856 
 
 1,691,589 
 
 1,494,435 
 
 197,153 
 
 1857 
 
 1,877,420 
 
 1,645,748 
 
 231,772 
 
 1858 
 
 1,884,493 
 
 1,714,374 
 
 170,119 
 
 1859 
 
 2,176,590 
 
 2,006,363 
 
 170,227 
 
 1860 
 
 2,350,361 
 
 2,247,328 
 
 . 103,033 
 
 1861 
 
 2,288,289 
 
 2,131,432 
 
 156,857 
 
 1862 
 
 2,223,969 
 
 2,064,865 
 
 159,104 
 
 1863 
 
 2,296,305 
 
 2,060,849 
 
 235,454 
 
 1S64 
 
 2,346,203 
 
 2,120.554 
 
 225,649 
 
 1865 
 
 2,136,076 
 
 1,976,999 
 
 159,077 
 
 1866 
 
 2,243,076 
 
 2,094,493 
 
 148,583 
 
 1867 
 
 2,084,393 
 
 2,261,440 
 
 177,047 deficiency. 
 
 1868 
 
 2,485,965 
 
 2,313,817 
 
 172,148 
 
 1869 
 
 2,559,627 
 
 2,390,518 
 
 169,109 
 
 1870 
 
 2,317,016 
 
 2,174.672 
 
 142,344 
 
 1871 
 
 2,092,656 
 
 1,923,881 
 
 168,775 
 
 1872 
 
 2,122,756 
 
 1,953,551 
 
 169,205 
 
 1873 
 
 2,173,371 
 
 2,007,761 
 
 165,610 
 
 1874 
 
 2,186,663 
 
 2,047,899 
 
 138,764 
 
 1875 
 
 2,099,334 
 
 2,021,159 
 
 78,175 
 
 1876 
 
 2,038,980 
 
 1,943,121 
 
 95,859 
 
 1877 
 
 2,134,627 
 
 2,003.4S5 
 
 131,142 
 
 1878 
 
 1,979,910 
 
 1,846,285 
 
 133,625 
 
 1879 
 
 1,893,396 
 
 1,758,588 
 
 134,808 
 
 WM. HOWARD SMITH AND SONS. 
 
 The shipping at the port of Melbourne, compared with that of Liverpool, 
 is very insignificant indeed. Considering that Liverpool is the largest port 
 in the world, it is natural that it should be so. But, to be able to make 
 the comparison at all, notwithstanding the many hundred times removed 
 that it is, is a great compliment to Melbourne. The rapid development 
 which has attended the shipping interest in Melbourne, and the continued 
 activity that it shows, promises well for its future as a port. At the same 
 time, it must not be forgotten that the Victorian Government must be to the 
 front, in aiding, as much as possible, masters of ships and s.s. navigation 
 
WM. HOWARD SMITH AND SONS. 233 
 
 companies, in inducing them to continue to call at Melbourne, and not 
 menace or harass them with conditions that cripple rather than second their 
 exertions to increase Melbourne's importance as a port. There are rumours 
 in the air that Sydney is diverting from Melbourne part of the shipping trade 
 she formerly held ; that the Government of that port is offering masters extra 
 inducements to call there, to the exclusion of Melbourne. We have no reason, 
 as yet, to believe that they have been influenced in any great degree to this 
 end. At least, our shipping here has not fallen off to any appreciable extent. 
 If it should, however, it will not be through any fault of our shipowners, 
 who, for the most, are wealthy, energetic, and most enterprising men. 
 Prominent among the leading wealthy corporations to the fore, who take 
 time by the forelock, and invest their means wherever there is the slightest 
 chance of getting a fair return, and developing any particular portion of new 
 water- carrying trade, may be mentioned, with credit, Messrs. Wm, Howard 
 Smith and Sons. In a very short space of time indeed, this firm has 
 developed a shipping interest, which commenced with a single craft, of but 
 120 tons register, to one which now embraces ten steam-ships, of an aggre- 
 gate tonnage of 7692 tons. Their business, which really commenced in 
 1854, virtually did not go into active operations until 1864, as the senior 
 member of the firm, Captain W. H. Smi th, passed a number of years in 
 England. The first ventures of Captain Smith were, however, confined 
 to the s.s. Express, of 120 tons, which he brought safely to Melbourne in 
 July, 1854, and which he owned in conjunction with the engineer. The 
 little steamer was employed in plying between Melbourne and Geelong, and 
 evidently did her work well, for in 1861 the owner returned to England — 
 having sold out his interest in the Express — to bring out something more 
 useful. In May, 1864, he arrived with the steamship You Tangs, of 457 
 tons, which he determined to put in the Sydney trade (in opposition to the 
 great A.S.N. Company). Finding this steamer too small for the require- 
 ments of his trade, he again visited England in 1867, and purchased the 
 Dandenong, of 762 tons, which he brought out to Melbourne; and this appears 
 to have been Captain Smith's last command. The owner of the Dandenong 
 found that his time was absolutely required on shore, and hence his retire- 
 ment from active marine service, in 1870. The Macedon was then built, and 
 in 1873, Mr. W. H. Smith, jun., went to England, and built the Barrabool, 
 of 1000 tons. Upon the arrival of this last ship, it was decided to extend 
 their shipping interests to Queensland ; in consequence of which the Edina 
 was purchased and placed in the trade between Sydney, Brisbane and 
 Maryborough. In 1876, the Cheviot was added to their line ; in 1878, the 
 Derwent, while the Leura arrived from England in October of the same 
 year, having made the passage in 46 days. This vessel was followed by 
 the Keilawarra, and subsequently, by the Rodondo. Before the accession of 
 the three last-named steamers to the fleet, Captain Smith saw the rapidity 
 with which Australian shipping was developing, and the necessity of hav- 
 
234 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 ing roomy and stout-built English vessels, for the purpose of accommodating 
 the trade. It was on this account he went again to England in 1877, to 
 personally superintend the building of these three fine steamers. Nor does 
 it seem that his experience did not serve him well, for these last ships have 
 been found eminently suited to the trade they are engaged upon. Upon 
 his return to Melbourne, to make the business, if possible, more efficiently 
 conducted, the head of this firm took into partnership his three sons ; of 
 whom, one has charge of the Melbourne office, and the other two Sydney 
 and Brisbane respectively. The firm has already decided to reopen the 
 Geelong trade. It is intimated that they will meet some opposition. But, 
 with their indomitable energy and business sagacity, it is fair to assume that 
 these agencies will not prejudice their operations very much. In addition 
 to being large steamship owners, Messrs. Wm. Howard Smith and Sons are 
 presumably the largest coal merchants in Melbourne. They are said to 
 load and discharge from their steamers more cargoes per month than any 
 other company, and this fact is gathered from the returns. They also own, 
 besides the 7692 tons of steamers, a number of sailing vessels; and their 
 ramifications, in the shape of offices, extend to Sydney, Newcastle, Bris- 
 bane, and Geelong, &c, and they employ about 700 men. They purpose 
 building two more large steam colliers, of about 1500 tons each, and also a 
 very powerful steel screw steamer, for the Sydney and Melbourne passenger 
 trade. Travellers and shippers cannot go astray in patronising this very 
 enterprising firm. 
 
 THE TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS AND AGENCY COMPANY, 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
 There is nothing more characteristic of the age in which we live, than 
 the conviction which is gradually, but surely, forcing itself upon the minds 
 of enterprising men, that whatever the exigencies of life or death require 
 to be done should be done well — 
 
 " iVe tentes aut perjiee." 
 ^Esthetics, sciences, and commerce have been developed far beyond the 
 most sanguine hopes or anticipations of our ancestors. Adornment is 
 by degrees being sacrificed to utility; and what is most sought for in the 
 nineteenth century is the greatest good, combined with the least incon- 
 venience, and the greatest pleasure, combined with the least pain, either 
 present or future, to the greatest number. The creative, or inventive, 
 faculties of men were never more strained. New wants are daily growing 
 and increasing; old ones are better supplied. So much is required of each in- 
 dividual who mixes himself with the affairs of men, that there are few who find 
 the allotted space of life sufficient to crush into it all that nineteenth-century 
 
THE TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS AND AGENCY COMPANY, LIMITED. 235 
 
 life exacts. There are still fewer who are able or willing to burden them- 
 selves with the affairs or concerns of others. If they do so, they seldom 
 succeed in discharging their duties to the entire satisfaction of themselves, 
 or of those for whom they act. One desideratum seems to be the decrease 
 of manual labour, as a necessary factor for the fuller and better progression 
 of other and higher aims of life. The concentrated sum of all energy seems 
 to be that machinery should supply the substitute for everything that is likely 
 to take away man from his legitimate destiny as a thinking being. Man's 
 great work in active life is to invent, direct, and control. There is scarcely 
 anything, with which man is brought into contact during life, that has not 
 from its first birth been subject to, and obeyed the law of progress. This 
 law has forced all living exigencies to adapt themselves to each successive 
 generation. Their progression has been development and adaptability to 
 the spirit of the age. But there is one domain which, for upwards of a 
 thousand years, has been little troubled with any progressive necessity 
 or adventitious aid. It has passed through three distinct ages — the 
 Fidei commissa of the Romans, the Statute of Uses of the Eighth 
 Henry, and the Statute of Trusts of the present reign. The salient 
 and almost only differences of the three stages are their dates. The 
 important question of what a man is to do with his worldly posses- 
 sions after death, and the still more important, though subordinate, 
 question of the fitness of the person, or persons, in whom 
 a trust is reposed, to carry out a testator's last wishes, has 
 hitherto not received that consideration, at the hands of the legislature, to 
 which, on account of its pressing importance, it is entitled. Though it is, 
 both by virtue and necessity, the last thing of which a man must think ere 
 he quits this mortal coil, yet, notwithstanding all this, it has hitherto been 
 relegated to the waste-paper basket of life. The importance of the proper 
 arrangement, and the consideration of the fittest person to carry out that 
 arrangement after death, has up till now been made subservient to the all- 
 absorbing interest that mankind has ever shown in the affairs of life. We 
 hesitate, either in business or professionally, to trust anyone, of whose ab- 
 solute competency, honesty, and skill, we are not, in every possible way, 
 assured. The only exception to this has generally been in the committal of 
 the office of trustee, or executor, the most sacred, the most onerous, and one 
 of the most important a man can undertake, to inexperienced men. The 
 only qualification we seek is, that the person we may wish to appoint 
 is friendly and willing. There is absolutely no guarantee to the 
 heirs, nor any absolute assurance to the testator, that the person 
 appointed is either capable of fulfilling the trust reposed, or if he be 
 so, that his interest will not flag, that he will not become indifferent, 
 or, in fact, will not seek in some way to shirk the responsibility. Or, 
 if he be as much or all we can expect under the circumstances, what 
 is the guarantee that the person appointed after his death will be the 
 
230 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 same. All these doubts and contingencies may now be avoided. The 
 same guarantee of competency and ability, as is expected in a professional 
 or a business man, is henceforth to be found in the trustee or executor. 
 This proficiency of administration in deceased persons' estates is to be found 
 in the Trustees, Executors and Agency Company, Limited. It supplies 
 one of the greatest, and probably one of the most sacred, difficult, and 
 onerous desiderata of the age. It is the development of the necessity and 
 the provision for the exigencies of death. It is a corporate body, which 
 never dies, empowered by Act of Parliament to take upon itself the offices 
 either of executor, trustee, administrator with will annexed, receiver, com- 
 mittee (that is, manager) of an estate under the Lunacy Statute, and attorney 
 under power. The Supreme Court is empowered to appoint this corporation a 
 trustee. A further clause permits a trustee, desirous of being discharged 
 from his trust, to delegate all his powers to the company, as he may, under 
 the 73rd section of the Statute of Trusts, delegate them to a private person. 
 The £10,000, which the Act requires to be deposited permanently with the 
 Treasurer of Victoria, is considered, by the Supreme Court, amply sufficient 
 for all purposes contemplated by the Statute of Trusts. Everything, so far 
 as we can see, has been provided to ensure safety and security to all con- 
 cerned. The Act passed last year to confer powers upon the Trustees, 
 Executors and Agency Company, Limited (of which the short title is "The 
 Executors' Company's Act") contained a proviso that it should not come 
 into full operation until the paid-up capital was increased by £20,000. It 
 will be seen from the subjoined extract from the Argus, of July 3rd,* that 
 the provision has been more than complied with ; and since that date the 
 Act has been brought into full operation, and the company is now em- 
 powered to act in its corporate capacity as executors, &c. 
 
 * We are informed that the whole of the new issue of shares of the Trustees, 
 Executors and Agency Company (Limited) have been taken up at a premium of 
 5s. each, or £25 per cent, on the amount called up on the shares. As the Executors' 
 Company's Act only required the capital of the company to be increased by £20,000 
 before the Act could be brought into operation, the directors did not contemplate 
 issuing more than 20,000 new shares (with £1 paid up) in the colony; but so many 
 applications came in during the last month from influential persons, whom it w r as 
 very desirable to have on the list of shareholders, that the directors determined to 
 issue up to the full number mentioned in the prospectus, viz., 25,000, and appli- 
 cations largely in excess of even this number were receiv ed before the time fixed 
 for closing. The directors will therefore be able to bring the Act into almost imme- 
 diate operation, and the company will start with a paid-up capital of £30,000 (of 
 which £10,000 will be invested in the name of the Treasurer of the colony in trust for 
 the company), a subscribed capital of £75,000, and the shareholders will be liable, 
 in case of liquidation, to a further sum of £75,000; and so the company will, in fact, 
 be under a pecuniary bond of £150,000 for the due performance of its duties. The 
 share-list now numbers, including original shareholders, 300, including representative 
 names of all classes, and an unusually large number qualified to act as directors, and 
 whom the public would at once recognise as eligible successors to the present board. 
 The directors have just completed an arrangement with Mr. F. W. Prell, by which 
 they will, on the 1st January next, secure permission, on a 14 years' lease, of the 
 
TRUSTEES, EXECUTORS AND AGENCY COMPANY, LIMITED. 237 
 
 centre block of the new buildings which he is erecting near the Union Bank, in 
 Queen- street ; and an important part of the agreement is that Mr. Prell is to build, 
 in the basement, a room 18ft. by 16ft., so strong as to be secure against everything 
 but an earthquake. In this strong room, or muniment room as it might be better 
 termed, the directors propose to lodge for safe keeping, any wills, deeds, policies of 
 insurance, or other valuable documents or records which may be left with them. 
 The want of such a place, where persons would, by paying a moderate charge, be 
 entitled to deposit their records and other valuables, has long been felt, and will, 
 no doubt, become more so as these records, etc., accumulate in private hands, and 
 the directors may therefore reasonably expect that their enterprise will not only 
 prove a lucrative one for the company, but will also confer a great benefit on the 
 public. 
 
 MESSRS. JAMES M'EWAN AND CO. 
 
 Foremost amongst the many extensive mercantile firms in the city of 
 Melbourne, stands that of Messrs. James M'Ewan and Co., wholesale and 
 retail ironmongers, whose towering and substantial warehouses, situated at 
 the intersection of Elizabeth-street and Little Collins-street west, present a 
 very imposing appearance, and strike the visitor to Melbourne for the first 
 time, as a real evidence of material prosperity. This, the first impression 
 from an outside view, is substantially confirmed by a careful inspection of 
 the vast and valuable stock displayed within the premises. Before, how- 
 ever, proceeding to details, it will be as well to give some slight sketch of 
 the rise and progress of the firm in question, whose ramifications extend all 
 over the civilised globe, and whose name has become almost a passport 
 to the ironmongery trade of the world, not only for the magnitude of their 
 operations, but also for the strict commercial integrity with which it is 
 associated. This is one of the oldest houses extant in the hardware trade 
 in the colony, and owes its origin to the late Mr. James M'Ewan, who 
 established the business in 1852 (a year conspicuous in the history of 
 Yictoria, as the one which ushered in the golden era), and shortly 
 afterwards associated with him, in partnership, Messrs. William Kerr 
 Thomson and Samuel Renwick. Mr. M'Ewan died in 1868; and 
 Messrs. Thomson and Renwick have, since that period, carried on the 
 business under the well-known name of James M'Ewan and Co. In 18G8, 
 the spacious premises referred to, were erected at 81 and 83 Elizabeth - 
 street, the firm having bought the property and stock of the late Mr. 
 Thomas Jackson, and the old building being pulled down to make room for 
 the new premises, of which we propose to give here a short description. 
 The retail shop, counting-house, and private offices, are on the ground floor. 
 Opposite the main entrance, a handsome staircase approaches capacious and 
 elegantly fitted show-rooms, the immediate effect of which is to excite amaze- 
 ment and admiration at the costly display, which surrounds one on all sides. 
 
238 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Here, anything, from the simplest necessary of household utensils to the 
 most superb adornments which embellish a gentleman's mansion, may be 
 found. But, to enter into particulars would serve no purpose ; " seeing is 
 believing," and the best plan is to adopt that course, when hours may be 
 pleasantly and instructively passed, with the knowledge of the fact before 
 one that the latest improvements and inventions, in connection with their 
 business, whether British, American, or Continental, are systematically 
 arranged and placed within our reach. On the next floor, will be found all 
 the articles requisite for dining-room, drawing-room, and bed-room furnish- 
 ing, including a magnificent display of bedsteads in brass, iron, &c; in fact, 
 everything that comes within the ironmongery and furnishing catalogue. 
 The firm strictly adhere to a judicious extension of every department of 
 their business, by paying it the most scrupulous and undivided attention. 
 
 The entire premises in Elizabeth-street are devoted simply to the sale 
 of goods in a retail manner, from articles of the smallest value to those 
 representing hundreds of pounds each. 
 
 Next in order of inspection, we come to the wholesale warehouses, 
 which almost adjoin the premises just described, and are situated at Nos. 
 4, 6, and 10, Little Collins-street West. They comprise five large three- 
 storey buildings, containing items in the hardware trade which go out in 
 large quantities to the country storekeepers, contractors, squatters, &c, 
 both in this and the neighbouring colonies. The stock in this department 
 is not surpassed in quantity, quality, or rarity by that of any other house 
 engaged in this trade in the Australias. It consists principally of what 
 may be denominated parcel goods, the more portable of manufacturing 
 appliances, and the larger kinds of tools, <fec, &c. But in this trade — 
 which, from a reproductive point of view, is essentially the basis of most 
 others — many articles are required whose size necessitates special facilities 
 for display, and the firm have provided all the desiderata for this 
 purpose, at 319 Elizabeth-street (north end), where they have a splendid 
 freehold of about 3 acres, on which is erected a very large and substantial 
 bluestone store, of handsome design, containing another retail shop, 
 machinery show-rooms, building material show-rooms, and offices, with 
 numerous buildings, conveniently situated on the land, for storage of heavy 
 packages received direct from the ships. The stock kept on these premises 
 is sufficiently large to meet any unforeseen demand, whether from an 
 agricultural, squatting, building, or mining source. There is also here a 
 very large and substantial iron rack, capable of holding 2000 tons of bar 
 iron of all descriptions ; whilst the yards are filled with steam engines for 
 various purposes, ploughs, and all kinds of labour-saving appliances, 
 whether of English, American, or Continental manufacture ; and that, too, 
 in the face of "protection to native industry," for really many things 
 specified above cannot be manufactured locally, and yet must be kept in 
 stock, in spite of fiscal restrictions. Here, too, is a marble-masons' work- 
 
MESSRS. JAMES M'EWAN AND CO. 239 
 
 shop, where a number of men are constantly employed in the manufacture 
 and fitting up of marble mantelpieces. 
 
 It might be thought that the distance (about half-a-mile) between this 
 establishment and the central offices, would interfere with despatch of 
 business, but this is not found to be the case, as the establishments are 
 connected by "telephone," and therefore within easy speaking distance for 
 any present inquiry, and there is regular communication carried on 
 personally between the representatives. 
 
 Messrs. James M'Ewan and Co. have also a branch office at Nelson, 
 New Zealand, equally distant from, and convenient for, the extremes of 
 both islands ; their representative there is the medium between New Zea- 
 land customers and their London and Melbourne houses, and thereby main- 
 tains a very important connection in that fair colony. 
 
 Within the last five years the firm have also established themselves in 
 the Fiji Islands, where they do a very large business, through their exten- 
 sive stores, situated at Suva, the capital, the stock held being of general 
 description, meeting all the requirements of planters and settlers. Their 
 establishment here has proved a very great boon to the producers, who find 
 in the firm a ready and responsible medium for realising the varied produce 
 of these magnificent islands, which, ere long, must become to these colonies 
 what Mauritius, and other tropical regions, have hitherto been ; and, ir 
 order to command this trade most effectually, the firm were the first to open 
 up regular steam communication between Melbourne and the Fijis, the 
 trade with the South Sea Islands, prior to their advent, having been almost 
 entirely in the hands of Sydney merchants. Messrs. James M'Ewan and 
 Co.'s own steamship, the Suva, is a regular and punctual trader, and has 
 become noted for her speed and good sea-going qualities. The brig Shannon 
 is also a regular trader, belonging to the firm. For the convenience of their 
 own, and other steamers, they have here a large coal depot; and they hold 
 the contract for supplying Her Majesty's men-of-war. 
 
 Fiji, the youngest of the British colonies, makes a capital display at 
 the Melbourne International Exhibition, and some of the exhibits are 
 submitted with thee clat attaching to successful competition in Exhibitions 
 of European note. Mr. W. K. Thomson (one of the members of the firm) 
 is the Commissioner appointed by the Government of Fiji to represent 
 that colony at the Great Melbourne Exhibition. 
 
 Having thus briefly, and inadequately, reviewed, in this epitome, the 
 magnitude of the transactions of Messrs. J. M'Ewan and Co., it may not be 
 out of place to state that the firm gives regular employment to about 150 
 hands, including, as may be imagined, a large and efficient counting-house 
 staff, commercial travellers, salesmen, draymen, &c. Many of the en^loyes 
 have been over twenty years in their situations, a fact which speaks 
 volumes on both sides, more especially in a young colony, where everything 
 is so much subject to change. But, apart from those who may be termed 
 
240 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 the direct employes of the firm, there are many local manufacturers, such as 
 brassfounders, whitesmiths, blacksmiths, ropespinners, saddlers, &c., who 
 largely employ labour, and find in the enterprise of the firm a very tangible 
 support to "native industry;" so that the benefits accruing to society 
 through the operations of such a firm are materially important. But in 
 order to best conserve these vast interests, the most important operations of 
 the firm come direct from the great centre, London, where their offices, at 
 27 Lombard-street, are managed by the resident partner there, Mr. A. J. 
 Malcolm, and an efficient clerical staff. The indent business transacted at 
 this office is of an important and extensive nature, having connection with 
 all the markets of the world. The facilities afforded by increased steam 
 communication, tends to bring the antipodes into much closer relationship; 
 whilst the electric telegraph is fully availed of to guide and guard the firm 
 in their operations, as well as enabling orders to be executed when required, 
 sometimes within forty-five days, from the other side of the world. 
 
 In conclusion, the great enterprise on which the colony of Victoria has 
 entered by holding a world's fair, will, in whatever measure of success 
 which may attend that undertaking, lack nothing from the individual efforts 
 of the firm referred to, as they have undertaken to represent the interests 
 of over one hundred manufacturers, whose exhibits aggregate many 
 hundreds of tons, involving a large money expenditure, which it is to be 
 trusted will eventuate in important and beneficial results to all concerned. 
 
 BRISCOE AND CO. 
 
 In a country where the interests embrace, at once, the pastoral, the 
 agricultural, and the mining, the business of hardwaremen is one of no little 
 consequence. This applies more particularly to a new country, where the 
 greater part of those goods which are comprised in an ironmongery store 
 requires to be imported. The careful and judicious selection of the various 
 implements, tools, &c, which are peculiar to the successful carrying on of 
 the interests named, requires a certain amount of discrimination, as also an 
 intimate knowledge of the wants which are required to be supplied. Much 
 interest is added to the business, when the supply of goods is extended to 
 the want of the various paraphernalia, which contribute to the games and 
 pastimes of those leisure hours, which, in the intervals of business, are 
 indulged in by the majority of those who, during the d;^, are devoted to 
 the serious pursuits of life. There is scarcely any calling in which men 
 may be engaged, that does not require, in a greater or less degree, some or 
 other of the articles sold by the hardwareman. He contributes to the com- 
 forts of home, the comforts also of those marts of business, where men spend 
 
BRISCOE AND CO. 241 
 
 the greater part of their lives, with the soul-absorbing aim of amassing 
 wealth. Ironmongery is one of the most useful, as well as one of the most 
 necessary wants of civilised life. Where this business is in a flourishing 
 condition, it is the indication that trade, and every kind of industry, are 
 fairly prosperous. There is no time, during the history of a colony, from 
 the earliest settlement up to its maturest development, when the various 
 articles which are to be found upon the business premises of an ironmonger 
 are not great and important desiderata. There is no region, however remote 
 from civilisation and the busy hives of the great emporiums of trade and 
 commerce, where the wants which can only be supplied by the dealer in 
 hardware goods, are not felt to a greater or lesser degree. 
 
 Probably the most complete stock of hardware goods in Australia is to 
 be found on the premises of Messrs. Briscoe and Co. They first commenced 
 business as general ironmongers, in 1854, at No. 68 Elizabeth-street. They 
 moved from Elizabeth-street to Collins-street, about the year 1860. It may 
 be somewhat interesting to know, that among the buildings at that time 
 existing in Melbourne, the premises occupied by Briscoe and Co. towered 
 above them all. In June, 1877, the building of the new establishment was 
 started, and was not completed until 1878. The total cost, including the 
 land and building, was somewhere about £55, 000. From this we may form 
 a very fair estimate of the size of the premises and the completeness, in 
 every respect, of the buildings for the purposes for which they were re- 
 quired. The buildings extend from Collins-street to Little Collins-street,, 
 comprising a length of about 200 feet, and a frontage in Collins-street of 
 66 feet. Anxious to obtain a central position, they did not hesitate to pay 
 the enormous price of £500 per foot, for a part of the land on which they have 
 erected their splendid premises. The retail shop is 66 by 73 feet and has 
 five floors of the same size. The basement contains such goods as wool- 
 packs, oils, wooden ware, bellows, and bulk packages of stock. The ground 
 floor contains what is generally understood as builders' and contractors' 
 ironmongery, and tools of every description. Besides these, are fire-arms, 
 cutlery, and plated ware. Above that, are large pieces of electroplate, and 
 marble mantelpieces, grates of all styles and descriptions, bronzes, gas 
 fittings and fixtures, and a large and varied stock of cricketing outfits, 
 footballs, lawn-tennis, and croquet, and a thousand and one other things too 
 innumerable to mention. The next floor is full of kitchen ranges, 
 American stoves, gas stoves, mangles, and a cheaper description of marble 
 mantels and register grates, together with all sorts and descriptions of 
 culinary utensils. The top floor comprises a large stock of brass and iron 
 bedsteads, in great variety, as well as bedding. This floor also contains a 
 great variety of marble and encaustic tiles, as well as elegant china dessert 
 services, and an assortment of table glass-ware, being of French, Venetian, 
 Bohemian, and English manufacture, of the best quality. 
 
 Messrs. Briscoe and Co. cordially invite all who are connected with 
 
 R 
 
242 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 their line of business to inspect their large and varied stock. Those who 
 visit their establishment for a specific purpose, as well as the public gene- 
 rally, will find that they can spend their time instructively and agreeably. 
 We can assure all who visit their establishment, that they will meet with 
 the utmost courtesy and attention, both from the head of the firm, and 
 their employes; and no trouble will be spared in giving the fullest informa- 
 tion, or in providing the exact article, which maybe required. We strongly 
 recommend our readers to pay a visit of inspection to the large and well- 
 conducted establishment of Messrs. Briscoe and Co. The access to the 
 upper stories is facilitated by a swift and powerful lift running to the top 
 floor, from basement to roof. A double suite of offices between the two 
 buildings, connect them together. The rear building is exclusively devoted 
 to the wholesale department, and leads to a right-of-way in Little Collins- 
 street. Its size is 120 feet by 54 feet, and it contains three floors. The 
 stock comprises every possible thing that could be called for in the iron- 
 mongery line. From the rapid growth of the business, it was found that the 
 premises, though large, were insufficient for the increased requirements. 
 The consequence was that the firm was compelled to rent premises, which 
 they specially devoted to general smiths' work. These premises are almost 
 contiguous to the main establishment, being in the same right-of-way. At 
 this place they fit up all their grates and ranges, and finish off their brass 
 work, bronze, and lacquer-ware in brass, copper, tin, and iron. At the pre- 
 sent time, the firm rents a large iron yard and premises, at 245 Elizabeth- 
 street, as well as a large yard in Franklin-street, in addition to the premises 
 already described. These premises are ostensibly required for the storage 
 of bar and rod, plate, angle, tee, galvanized, plain and corrugated iron, as 
 well as every description of steel used for the manufacture of tools, and 
 also the particular kind of steel used for miners' drills. There is, too, a 
 very large stock of fencing wire, both black and galvanized, tar and pitch, 
 agricultural implements, engines, reaping machines, chafFcutters, &c, &c. 
 The stock also includes axles for carts, mail phaetons, and buggies, as well 
 as springs, and every variety of American wooden ware, used in the 
 manufacture of buggies. 
 
 Messrs. Briscoe and Co. are sole agents in Victoria for the following 
 specialties, viz.: — Peacock and Buchan's non-corrossive paint, as well as 
 the non-poisoning composition paint, which is perfectly innocuous. They 
 are also agents for Noble and Co.'s genuine Hamburg dynamite, which is 
 said to be the strongest explosive known. It may not be generally known 
 that this establishment is a branch of the Wolverhampton firm of William 
 Briscoe and Son, which was established as long back as 1750. Towards the 
 end of the 18th century, Messrs. William Briscoe and Co. started branch 
 busine - at Jamaica, and at the island of St. Thomas. W need scarcely 
 say th the business at Wolverhampton is still flourishii ;. and the two 
 branch ,ich were established at the above-named plac , are in every 
 
BRISCOE AND CO. 243 
 
 way prosperous and successful. The very fact of Messrs. Briscoe and Co.'s 
 connection with such an old established firm as that at Wolverhampton, is 
 a guarantee to the public that all goods which they supply will be of the 
 very best quality, and remarkable for duration. It must be gratifying to 
 the citizens of Melbourne, to know that they have in their midst, a firm of 
 gentlemen of such long standing, both at home and in Australia, as those 
 who are at the head of the establishment of Messrs. Briscoe and Co. This 
 must be productive of implicit confidence in those who, being at a distance, 
 are obliged to send their orders by post, and so trust themselves entirely to 
 the probity of those with whom they deal. 
 
 In 1863, the New Zealand trade grew so rapidly that Messrs. Briscoe 
 and Co. were compelled, in order to meet the growing requirements, to open 
 a branch in that colony. This they accomplished by buying out the Carron 
 Iron Warehouse, then conducted by Cairns, Wilson and Amos. Their 
 buildings in New Zealand are very commodious, being three stories high, 
 and about 120 in length by 66 feet in breadth. They have the same 
 variety of stock there, as in their establishment at Melbourne; equally re- 
 markable for its quality and the fact that it satisfies the usual requirements 
 of their numerous customers. As the buildings of Messrs. Briscoe and Co. 
 in Melbourne are creditable monuments to business enterprise, so their 
 hardware store in New Zealand is one of the handsomest buildings that is 
 to be found in the colony. 
 
 We are sure that the success which attends the careful attention to the 
 wants of customers, will be a source of continued prosperity to the firm 
 whose business is the subject of this chapter. 
 
 MESSRS. M'LEAN BROS. AND RIGG. 
 
 The visit which we paid to the firm of Messrs. M'Lean Bros, and Rigg, 
 in the course of our peregrinations, supplied us with valuable information 
 on a feature of Victorian trade in which they have taken a most important 
 position. They are ironmongers and hardware merchants, on an extensive 
 scale, and second to no other house in the colonies for enterprise ; and the 
 energy and perseverance which they have introduced into their business 
 may be counted amongst the chief factors of their success. Though the 
 firm has not been established for more than eight years, we understand 
 that the partners have individually been associated with the trade, in 
 Melbourne, for upwards of a quarter of a century. This, we think, fully 
 entitles them to be considered as possessing a thoroughly practical know- 
 ledge of the requirements in their particular branch of business, not only of 
 Victoria, but of all the other colonies of Australia. The firm consists of 
 Messrs. William Rigg, William M'Lean, Oliver M'Lean, and Joseph H. 
 
 11 2 
 
244 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Wood. The last-nientioned gentleman manages the London house, which 
 the firm found necessary to open, not only for the purchase of goods for 
 their own business, but also that their indent trade, — now an extensive and 
 important department of their business, — might be attended to with greater 
 advantage to their clients in all parts of Australasia and New Zealand. 
 Many leading traders in New South Wales, Queensland, New Zealand, 
 and Tasmania, import their goods through the flourishing firm of M'Lean 
 Bros, and Bigg. The brand of the firm, familiar, no doubt, to those whose 
 business carries them to the various wharves of the different colonies, is 
 " the padlock," which, we assume, symbolises the care which is bestowed 
 on all goods entrusted to their charge, or imported under their auspices. 
 Their business already extends itself through the whole of Victoria, and 
 through a considerable portion of the sister colonies. The name of the firm, 
 and its high reputation, is equally familiar to the humble labourer and the 
 wealthy squatter, whether in Victoria or the neighbouring colonies. Much 
 of this reputation is due to the urbanity of the several partners, as well as 
 to their thorough knowledge of the business, and the exact requirements of 
 their numerous customers. The firm derives no inconsiderable kv8os 
 from the fact that the oval Samson wire, for fencing, has been invented 
 and patented by one of their number. Its utility over other wires, for 
 like purposes, is enhanced by its cheapness ; and where large tracts of 
 country, as in Australia, require to be fenced in for many miles of area, it 
 is likely to become a great desideratum. 
 
 The furnishing department is another specialty of this establishment, 
 and is carried on with equal care and attendance to the wants and neces- 
 sities of ail whose ambition leads them to aspire to households of which 
 they themselves may be lords and masters. We have particular pleasure 
 in directing the special attention of all ladies who have any latent desire to 
 become the heads of households — though we lament that the number in this 
 intellectual age is so limited — to the great choice and cheapness of useful 
 and elegant articles, which form, certainly, not the least important part of 
 house furniture, from various designs of kettles to useful, and not-to-be- 
 despised, nutmeg graters. If we judge from our own experience, Ave can 
 assure both large and small purchasers that they will meet with equal 
 civility and attention from the employes, as well as from the partners 
 of the firm themselves. This assurance is to be appreciated by all those 
 who have been disgusted at the insouciance and neglect that are some- 
 times met with amongst tradesmen who have no eye to the future. 
 
 The extensive business which is carried on by M'Lean Bros, and Bigg 
 requires large and conveniently-situated premises. The retail business is 
 conducted in premises situated at 69 Elizabeth-street. The counting-house 
 comprises a portion of this building. It consists of three lofty stories 
 running back to Collins Place, a distance of 130 feet. The building, in 
 which a portion of the wholesale business is conducted, is connected with 
 
M'LEAN BROS. AND RIGG. 245 
 
 the first-mentioned building by a very handsome lattice bridge. It has a 
 frontage of 66 feet, by a depth of 56, and is four stories in height. The 
 premises in Fleming Place have a frontage of 66 feet; goods are received 
 here, and hoisted at once to the respective flats by a hydraulic lift, working 
 on the outside of the building. The firm was compelled, some four years 
 ago, to provide further accommodation for the heavy portion of their trade, 
 and they caused to be erected very extensive stores, in Bourke-street West, 
 within a short distance of the Metropolitan Railway terminus, in Spencer- 
 street. The frontage to Bourke-street is 116 feet, and runs back 313 feet, 
 to Little Collins-street. The store occupies 58 feet frontage, and the other 
 58 feet is used as a yard, where are sheds for the storage of machinery, 
 cast-iron pipes, and other heavy goods. There is access for drays to almost 
 every part of the building, which necessarily effects a great saving in 
 removing packages. In the centre, and equidistant from each street, is a 
 travelling crane, for lifting heavy cases, &c, and which is so arranged that 
 it can easily be managed by one man. The new premises have been 
 evidently planned for convenience rather than for show, and they afford 
 storage accommodation for 10,000 tons. They are in close proximity to 
 the wharves, as well as to the principal railway station. The firm, 
 consequently, saves annually a handsome sum in the matter of cartage and 
 convenience. The number of hands employed by the company amounts to 
 70, which will give some idea of the size of their business. M'Lean Bros, 
 and Bigg, for several successive years, have had the contracts to supply 
 the Victorian Government with every description of ironmongery and 
 hardware, which, in itself, speaks highly for the quality of their goods. 
 About nine months ago, the firm purchased the old-established business of 
 G. Phillips and Co., of Adelaide, thereby extending their already large 
 connection to South Australia. The resident partners in Adelaide are Mr. 
 C. E. Deeley, and Mr. M. Eyres, late of Eyres Bros., of Ballarat. 
 
 DALGETY, BLACKWOOD AND CO. 
 
 This is one of the oldest and most solidly established firms in Melbourne, 
 dating as far back as the year 1846. Its title is " familiar in our mouths 
 as household words," owing to the fact of its long standing and high 
 character. Old colonists will remember it as having commenced operations 
 at a time when even the most sanguine settlers never ventured to antici- 
 pate that the commerce of the once obscure settlement of Port Phillip 
 would assume, within a quarter of a century of its foundation, those large 
 dimensions which it had attained between 1851 and 1860. With the 
 development of that commerce, the house of Dalgety, Blackwood and Co. 
 
246 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 lias grown pari jmssu, and its transactions have increased in a proportionate 
 scale. Indeed, when we come to look at the magnitude of the business 
 carried on by the various mercantile houses in Melbourne, and at the 
 fluctuations in values, which have occurred during the last thirty years, we 
 cannot avoid being struck by the sound principles by which that business is 
 regulated, and by the caution evinced at times and under circumstances 
 calculated to stimulate a speculative excitement in some instances, and to 
 inspire feelings of mistrust and apprehension of disaster in others. Yet 
 there have been no " wild-cat banks" started, as in the United States, and 
 remarkably few failures of any magnitude, such as have occurred in that 
 country, for example, whenever there has been a temporary arrest of its 
 progress and prosperity. We should not be very far wrong, perhaps, in 
 attributing the circumspection with which business on a large scale is con- 
 ducted in Melbourne, to the fact that the Scottish element has always been 
 an influential one in financial and mercantile circles; and the Scottish 
 character is proverbial for its wary caution. "In perseverance, in 
 self command, in forethought, in all the virtues which conduce 
 to success in life," writes Macaulay, " the Scots have never been 
 surpassed." And this eulogy has been fully justified by the career of 
 hundreds of prosperous Scotsmen in the Australian colonies. The firm 
 under notice has exemplified in its rise and progress, the valuable qualities 
 spoken of by the eminent historian, and has secured public confidence by 
 its commercial ability and integrity. Combining the functions of a finan- 
 cial agency with those of an ordinary mercantile house, dealing in money 
 as well as in merchandise, and extending its operations over a very wide 
 area, it is probably one of the best known firms in the Australasian 
 colonies. It makes advances upon stock and station property, as also on the 
 produce entrusted to it for shipment to Europe. It does a large import 
 business; and if some of our politicians and so-called statesmen had had the 
 advantage of a year or two's training, as book-keepers, in such an office as 
 that of Messrs. Dalgety, Blackwood and Co., they would have gained such 
 an insight into the arcana of exchange, and the sources of national wealth, 
 as might have prevented them from committing such egregious blunders 
 as have been perpetrated by the adoption of a system of protection on the 
 one hand, and a policy destructive of the pastoral interest on the other. 
 They would have learned how our exports are paid for by imports, and 
 would perceive that to check these, is to lessen those; that the produc- 
 tion of wool is an industry which should be encouraged and not repressed; 
 and that all classes are interested in turning the grazing land of the colony 
 to the best advantage, while making every reasonable provision for the free 
 growth and expansion of agriculture. Moreover, they would have dis- 
 covered, by familiarity with the widely -ramified transactions of a large firm 
 like this, that capital, instead of being the enemy of industry, as it is 
 commonly represented to be by lazy and penniless demagogues, is a great 
 
 
DALGETY, BLACKWOOD AND CO. 247 
 
 creative and fertilising instrument, and that the more peaceful and secure 
 the condition of society in any country, the cheaper and more abundant does 
 it become. The firm under notice has its head office in London, while it is 
 represented by branches and agencies throughout the whole of the Austral- 
 asian colonies. 
 
 THE APOLLO STEARINE CANDLE COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 Amongst the many representative and flourishing industries of Victoria, 
 the Apollo Stearine Candle Company is certainly entitled to take first 
 rank. Its marked development, under difficulties which were at first 
 apparently insuperable, reflects credit upon the enterprise and perseverance 
 of the proprietors. Though we are staunch believers in freedom, both 
 abstract and concrete, and specifically in the doctrine of free trade, Ave 
 cannot, without being ungenerous, withhold our praise of the success, so 
 marked, which has attended the practical exercise of opposite principles in 
 the case of the Apollo Stearine Candle Company. We recognise, in the 
 steady and progressive advancement of this company, an advantage 
 considerably more than ordinary to the commercial interests of Australia. 
 The first advantage is the permanent value which is given to a product 
 which, from the length of time that it has been acclimatised, may now 
 almost be said to have become indigenous. But a few short years ago, and 
 tallow was an article for which there was, comparatively speaking, no local 
 market. How to dispose of this commodity, except by export, was a 
 question which any tallow-melter at one time would have found difficult to 
 answer. This difficulty ceased to exist with the commencement of the 
 Apollo Stearine Candle Company. The pastoral interests of Australia owe 
 to this company a debt of gratitude that it is not easy to pay, for, through 
 them, an article at one time comparatively difficult of disposal, has become 
 a profitable production ; and the consumers of candles, by the large 
 operations of this company, are ensured an ample supply of a first-class 
 article, free from the fluctuations in prices consequent upon lower stocks 
 and speculation. There is no reason why we should not, in time, do a 
 large export trade with England in the various products manufactured 
 from tallow. The industry only requires efficient development. The past 
 history of the Apollo Company assures us that they will not let the grass 
 grow under their feet, and to them we look to create this export trade 
 with the mother-country, which, in time, must become a trade of great 
 importance to the pastoral interests of Victoria and the sister colonies. 
 Considering the factor that Australia is one of the great vantage grounds 
 of tallow, the extent of pastoral resources being second to none in the world, 
 we hope to see, through the instrumentality of the Apollo Company, a 
 
248 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 thriving and extensive export trade in candles carried on both with 
 England and India. 
 
 The Apollo Company is of purely Victorian origin. The headquarters 
 of the company are in Melbourne. The principal factory is at Footscray, 
 on the Saltwater River, and it has branch factories at Pyrmont, Sydney ; 
 at Stanley-street, Brisbane ; and an agency at Adelaide. The present 
 consumption of tallow is upwards of 3500 tons annually, which is 
 purchased in the markets of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, 
 and South Australia. 
 
 Since the company commenced work, it has turned out about 8000 tons, 
 equal to 720,000 boxes, of candles, and its present out-turn is over 176,000 
 boxes annually. Of course, this is susceptible of a large increase, and we 
 are glad to say that the company is extending its plant, so as to be equal 
 to the largest demand. The yearly payment in wages amounts to over 
 £14,000. This does not include the extensive direct and incidental 
 employment given to numerous other industries. 
 
 The utilisation of all by-products is not lost sight of by the company. 
 Machinery has been purposely erected to refine chemically pure glycerine, 
 one of the component parts of tallow. The Apollo glycerine has already 
 an extensive sale throughout the colony. It is exclusively used by the 
 Australian Lithofracteur Company for the manufacture of their explosive 
 compounds. This by-product is also utilised by the Apollo Company 
 themselves, in the manufacture of their various transparent glycerine 
 soaps, in which a large and increasing trade is carried on. The company 
 are the sole Australian makers of this excellent specialty, and may be 
 called the pioneers of this industry in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 The oleute, or oleic acid, is by far the largest residue of the tallow after 
 the extraction of stearine. The profitable disposal of this by-product was 
 an important problem to the company. But it was long before it was 
 solved. The great difficulty encountered in the disposal of oleic acid has 
 now been partly overcome by the enterprise and energy of the proprietors. 
 The company has introduced an entirely new Continental process for the 
 manufacture of household and wool-scouring soaps from this oil, which has 
 proved very successful. The soaps thus made are not only of superior 
 quality, being strongly detergent, but are also sold at a lower price than 
 the ordinary household soaps which are made from tallow. These latter 
 they are rapidly superseding. The soft and hard soaps made specially for 
 wool-scouring are stated to possess the valuable property of cleaning the 
 wool without diminishing its weight, a feature which results from the soap 
 being made exclusively from tallow oil, which possesses a natural affinity 
 for the yolk of the wool. 
 
 The gradual growth of the soap business, and of other branch trades that 
 may be crea.ted through the Australian consumption of tallow, may colla- 
 terally be developed into an importance only second to tallow itself. 
 
THE APOLLO STEARINE CANDLE COMPANY, LIMITED. 249 
 
 The company does not confine itself to the manufacture of ordinary 
 stearine candles. It is equally au fait in the making of every other 
 description of candle used. If an altar candle be wanted, of any size, or 
 any kind of fancy and coloured candles, made of the most varied material, 
 such as paraffin, wax, spermaceti, &c, the Apollo Company can readily 
 supply the want. Their stock ranges from the largest and most ornate 
 altar candle to the small coloured taper that adorned the Christmas trees 
 of our childhood, and which we now see adorning the Christmas trees of 
 our children. 
 
 The distance of the head factory from the Melbourne office is about 
 four miles. They are connected with each other by special telegraph wire, 
 and by telephone. There is no cessation of work, day or night. The 
 machinery never flags. At night the factory is lighted up with gas, 
 manufactured on the premises. In addition to this gas there is the bright 
 electric light produced by means of the Gramme machine, which, we 
 believe, is the only one in the whole of Australia. This machine has been 
 in use, night after night, for more than two years, and may be seen by 
 visitors, with the permission of the manager. 
 
 We may mention that, in addition to colonial awards, the company 
 obtained a bronze medal at Philadelphia, in 1876 ; a silver medal at Paris 
 (the home of the stearine industry), two years afterwards ; and has but 
 recently been awarded the first prize, in Sydney, for soap and candles. 
 
 In taking leave of the Apollo Company, we heartily wish them every 
 and all the success they so richly deserve, trusting that they will ever, 
 as they have been, be in the van of Australian development, and that their 
 practical motto will still be, " Advance Australia." 
 
 THE NATIONAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION. 
 
 One of the most remarkable features of the nineteenth century is the 
 gradual recognition that equal advantages are due to those who organise a 
 beneficial institution as to those who are its supporters, and that no undue 
 advantage should be exacted from either, but that as near an approach 
 should be made as possible to strict and impartial justice to each. Those 
 associations which are established by gentlemen on the basis named, no 
 matter for what object, must commend themselves to all classes of society, 
 if only on the abstract principle, that they offer to all concerned equal par- 
 ticipation in their success. Such principles, when they affect us indi- 
 vidually, cannot but be highly appreciated, but when they extend to those 
 nearest and dearest to us in the event of our decease, their good efforts 
 cannot be too highly prized or praised. Often amidst the business of 
 
250 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 life we are so bent upon the necessity of providing for present exist- 
 ence, as well as upon meeting ever-present liabilities, that we are 
 altogether oblivious of those duties which belong to all men, and which, 
 if not paramount, are certainly of as great importance, viz., to make 
 provision after our death for those who during life have looked upon 
 us as their sole support. All thinking men must have this brought before 
 them almost daily, through the often times absolute destitution which 
 some of their friends, who during the lifetime of the bread-winners have 
 been in comparative affluence, have experienced after their death. It has 
 often happened that, not through indifference, but through procrastination 
 or thoughtlessness, some of these have been left in the very depths 
 of poverty and helplessness. Intelligent and enterprising men recognised 
 this great drawback to the perfect happiness of social and domestic life ; 
 and at once set their energies to work to provide means whereby it might 
 be, if not wholly avoided, certainly materially modified. This they did 
 through the medium of life assurance ; and its history, since the idea was 
 first started, has been one which, though slowly, has surely progressed year 
 by year, both in the perfection of its principles and the extent of its rami- 
 fications through all grades of society. The principles which we have 
 enumerated in the beginning of this chapter gradually obtained amongst the 
 various associations for the assurance of life ; but a very perfect develop- 
 ment of them was first recognised, and has now been adopted, by the 
 association which is the subject of our present remarks. We were going to 
 say the old-fashioned policy, but as it still obtains in some assurance offices, we 
 prefer to speak of it as present with us — viz., that a policy should be null 
 and void if any premium remained unpaid for the space of thirty days 
 after it was due, — was first recognised as an injustice by the Insurance 
 Commissioners of the State of Massachusetts, who urged upon the legis- 
 lature the advisability of placing upon their statute-book a law which 
 would prevent the forfeiture of policies, for non-payment of premium, until 
 the policy-holder had been insured for the term equivalent to the value of 
 the premiums previously paid to the office. Mr. J. M. Templeton, who 
 drafted the first prospectus of the National Mutual Life Association, and 
 who had carefully studied the newest beneficial innovations in the system 
 of life assurance, discovered that though the Massachusetts law was 
 an improvement on the old system, yet that, by its operation, the 
 forfeiture of the policy was not prevented, but merely postponed. To 
 him is due the proposition of a principle which, when carried out, 
 places those insured on a much more satisfactory basis than had 
 hitherto prevailed. The idea was that a condition should be inserted 
 in the policies of the National Mutual, which would provide that when de- 
 fault is made in the payment of a premium, the directors shall then pay the 
 premium, and keep the policy in force for the benefit of the person assured, 
 the premium so remaining as a debt against the policy, to be repaid with 
 
THE NATIONAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION. 251 
 
 interest at the rate of 8 per cent, per annum, for the time during which it 
 remains a debt. This proposition was adopted by the gentleman who 
 originated this association, and thus a new and highly commendable era was 
 opened out and adopted by the National Mutual Life Association. Thus 
 was established the first office in the world which introduced into life policies 
 a really effective non-forfeiture clause for the protection of those who may 
 omit to pay their premiums. We need scarcely say, that up to the present 
 time, it has met with the success which it so richly deserves, which is a 
 signal proof of the soundness of its basis, and the equity of its principles. 
 The sole credit for the introduction of this liberal principle into life assur- 
 ance practice belongs to the gentleman whose name we have already men- 
 tioned, viz., Mr. J. M. Templeton, F.I. A., who is the able and enterprising 
 actuary and secretary of the National Mutual Life Association. The fol- 
 lowing illustration, which we have taken from a neatly-bound, well printed, 
 and instructive little book, called the Guide to Melbourne, which has been 
 printed and published by the National Mutual Life Association, is a striking 
 example of the beneficence of the non-forfeiture principle : — " J. M. assured 
 his life with the National Mutual Life Association, in 1869, and paid his 
 premiums regularly until March, 1877, by which time he had contributed 
 sixteen half-yearly payments, amounting to £ 9 7 13s. 4d. Owing, however, 
 to the failure of his crops in three successive years, he was unable to pay 
 any further premiums, and died on 27th April, 1880. Up to that date, 
 six half-yearly premiums had become due, and remained unpaid, but the 
 surrender value was sufficient to keep the policy in force, and at his death 
 his widow received payment of <£536 4s. 8d. as under : — 
 
 Sum assured 
 Bonus additions 
 
 Less overdue premiums 
 Interest thereon . . . 
 
 . 
 
 £500 
 76 18 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 £36 12 6 
 4 1 3 
 
 £576 18 
 40 13 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 
 £536 4 
 
 8 
 
 Thus, although no premiums had been paid to the office for three years, 
 the whole of the amount originally assured, and £36 4s. 8d. besides, was 
 paid to the widow." 
 
 A feature well worthy of notice, and which we must not omit to men- 
 tion, is, that the National Mutual Life Association, which was the first 
 mutual office in the colony of Victoria, is conducted on principles which 
 are perfectly in accordance with the true idea of mutual assurance. The 
 rule adopted by the National Mutual, and embodied in the articles of the 
 association, is, that the profits should be divided among the members in pro- 
 portion to their contribution thereto. The principles of mutual assurance 
 have been strictly observed from and since the first inception of the 
 association, no advantages being given to the first members, who were 
 
252 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 admitted on exactly the same terms as those upon which new members 
 may now enter. 
 
 The National Mutual was established in 1869, and is conducted by the 
 following directorate : — Matthew Lang, who is chairman ; G. D. Cai'ter, 
 Esq., M.P., who is vice-chairman; and James Fergusson, Esq., J.P. ; 
 the Hon. Edward Langton ; Thomas Moubray, Esq., J.P.; Andrew Newell, 
 Esq.; and M. H. Davies, Esq. The head office is at No. 1 Market 
 Buildings, Collins-street West, Melbourne. The business has now been 
 extended to the following Australian colonies, viz. : — New South Wales, 
 the following gentlemen being directors of this branch : Edward Chisholm, 
 Esq. (Messrs. Brown and Co.), chairman; D. G. E. Alsop, Esq., of the 
 firm of Messrs. Harbottle, Biddulph, and Alsop ; and A. A. Smith, Esq., 
 who is a well known merchant. The resident secretary is Mr. Henry F. 
 Francis, and the office is at 77 Pitt-street, Sydney. The directors of the 
 South Australian branch are : — The Hon. John Carr, chairman ; Alfred 
 Ballantyne, Esq. ; John Gordon, Esq. ; Wm. Magarey, Esq., M.P. ; and H. 
 C. E. Muecke, Esq., J.P. ; while the resident secretary is Mr. J. C. Minns. 
 The office is in Waymouth-street, Adelaide. The New Zealand branch has 
 the following gentlemen as a directorate, viz.: Edward Pearce, Esq., J.P., 
 chairman ; Hon. P. A. Buckley, M.L.C. ; R. M. Greenfield, Esq. ; Wm. 
 H. Levin, Esq., M.H.R. ; and James Smith, Esq. The office is at Temple 
 Chambers, Feathers ton-street, Wellington, where Mr. Thomas Swain, the 
 resident secretary, is to be found. 
 
 The following annual report of the directors will fully substantiate 
 all we have said. It was presented at the eleventh annual general 
 meeting of the members, which was held on Thursday, the 18th Novem- 
 ber, 1880 :— 
 
 During the Year 
 3446 proposals for assurance have been received, amounting to ...£876,102 
 1065 of these were declined or not completed, amounting to 301,065 
 
 Leaving 
 
 2381 proposals for which policies were issued, amounting to 575,037 
 
 101 proposals for endowments were also received, all of which were 
 
 accepted, and policies issued, amounting to ... 12,550 
 
 There were, therefore, 
 2482 new policies issued during the year, amounting to ... ... 587,587 
 
 Upon which 
 
 The new annual premiums amount to 18,9S9 18 6 
 
 Two annuities for the sum of £60 0s. 9d. have been granted during 
 
 the year, the consideration for which amounted to £350 
 
 36 deaths have occurred, involving claims to the amount of 9,650 15 2 
 
 After providing for all expenses and claims, the total funds at the 
 
 close of the year amounted to ... ... ... 129,698 4 6 
 
 The annual income of the Association now amounts to ... ... £67,295 12 10 
 
 An important special feature of the association is that of allowing all its 
 members to pay their premiums at minimum rates. The following extract 
 
THE NATIONAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION. 253 
 
 from the little book to wliicli we have already referred may explain this prin- 
 ciple succinctly and clearly: "Careful inquiry is made by the directors before 
 accepting proposals for life assurance, and every case is decided on its merits." 
 Should a proposal be accepted at a higher rate of premium than the ordi- 
 ary rate for age, the proposer will have the option of paying the premium 
 at the ordinary rate for age according to the tables ; his policy will then 
 be endorsed with a contingent debt equal to the present value of the extra 
 premium sought to be charged. This debt will be deducted from the sum 
 assured, if the member die under the average age, but if he attain the 
 average age, the debt will be expunged, and he will then be precisely in the 
 same position as if he had, in the first instance, been accepted without any 
 addition. By the operation of this feature, no member is under the 
 necessity of paying an extra premium throughout life, on account of some 
 physical defect, which he may outgrow, or some circumstance of family his- 
 tory, which may never affect him. A no less important characteristic of 
 the association is the liberality in settlement of claims. As there are no 
 shareholders to share in its profits, interests adverse to policy-holders cannot 
 possibly arise, the directors simply occupying the position of arbitrators 
 between the members, with no inducement to take from one or give to 
 another. 
 
 The progress of the National Mutual, since its establishment, is a good 
 illustration of the old Scotch saying, " Creep before ye gang," and in this 
 respect it forms a striking contrast to that of other offices. The National 
 Mutual, at its inception, had no capital. It was established absolutely 
 without funds, depending entirely upon the soundness of the grand prin- 
 ciple of Mutual Life Assurance — viz., that if the premiums charged be 
 sufficient to provide the sums assured under policies, then no capital is 
 necessary. The expenditure, in the early years, was necessarily small, for 
 the directors recognised the necessity of saving, and profitably investing, as 
 large a proportion as possible of the premiums received. Their object was 
 to make a good, substantial, foundation for the office, which nothing could 
 shake ; and, therefore, they would not spend more money, in seeking new 
 business, than they had in hand available for the purpose. Thus proper 
 reserves were made out of every year's receipts, and the interests of mem- 
 bers were not endangered by the efforts made to introduce new members. 
 
 During the first five years, the business transacted, and the amount of 
 funds accumulated, were as follow : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 No. of Policies Issued. 
 
 Amount Assured. 
 
 Funds Invested. 
 
 1869-70 
 
 202 
 
 £85,400 
 
 £781 3 5 
 
 1870-71 
 
 94 
 
 32,450 
 
 2,283 18 2 
 
 1871-72 
 
 161 
 
 60,670 
 
 3,873 4 11 
 
 187^-73 
 
 289 
 
 92,780 
 
 8,585 17 11 
 
 1873-74 
 
 395 
 
 108,200 
 
 15,464 16 6 
 
 At the end of this period, the first investigation was made, when it was 
 found that a large surplus existed, and the sum of £3098 13s. 4d. was 
 
254 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 divided among the members, who thus reaped the advantage of a prudent 
 and economical management. The members then had the right, if they 
 chose, to take their bonuses in cash, and some of them did so, but the 
 majority preferred to leave them to accumulate in the hands of the Asso- 
 ciation. The National Mutual is the only mutual office in the Australian 
 colonies which paid cash bonuses so early as its sixth year. Owing partly 
 to the profitable results of the first five years, and partly to the larger funds 
 available for expenditure in extending the business, the increase in the 
 next three years was most striking, especially in that immediately follow- 
 ing the bonus year. 
 
 Business of the Three Years forming the Second Period. 
 
 Year. No. of Policies Issued, Amount Assured. Funds Invested. 
 
 1874-75 ... 1023 ... £270,722 ... £22,768 8 10 
 
 1875-76 ... 672 ... 161,000 ... 33,159 15 10 
 
 1876-77 ... 818 ... 202,250 ... 53,470 8 10 
 
 As it had been arranged that, after the first five years, the investigations 
 and divisions of profits should be triennial, the second investigation was 
 now held, when the sum of £10,000 was divided among the members, and 
 a further sum of £1900 was reserved for the cost of establishing branch 
 offices in the other colonies, so as to carry out the intentions of the pro- 
 moters that the association should be for the whole of Australasia. 
 
 During the next period, the extension of the business was prosecuted 
 vigorously, and the office at once advanced to a front position, as regards the 
 new business transacted. 
 
 Business of the Three Years forming the Third Period. 
 
 Year. No. of Policies Issued. Amount Assured. Funds Invested. 
 
 1877-78 ... 1008 ... £245,565 ... £71,210 9 11 
 
 1878-79 ... 2291 ... 488,420 .. 95,210 16 10 
 
 1879-80 ... 2482 ... 587,587 ... 129,698 4 6 
 
 The new business of the last (the eleventh) year, was 60 per cent. 
 greater than the average annual new business of offices doing business in 
 the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, although most of them 
 had been over forty years in existence, and transacted business over a 
 much wider and more populous area. 
 
 The following table illustrates the progress of the association, during 
 the three investigation periods : — 
 
 Term. 
 
 Total Premiums 
 Received. 
 
 Claims and 
 Surrenders. 
 
 Saved and 
 Invested. 
 
 Profit Divided. 
 
 1st Period (5 years) 
 2nd ,, (3 years) 
 3rd ,, (3 years) 
 
 £ s. d. 
 28,671 10 
 71,935 3 10 
 
 128,682 8 
 
 £ S. d. 
 
 3,282 7 11 
 
 22,408 4 5 
 
 28,587 7 7 
 
 £ S. d. 
 15,464 16 9 
 38,005 12 1 
 76,227 15 8 
 
 £ s. d. 
 3.098 13 4 
 10,000 
 Not ascertained. 
 
 Total 
 
 229,288 5 4 
 
 54,277 19 11 
 
 129,698 4 6 
 
 Not ascertained. 
 
 The third investigation is now proceeding, and the members may fairly 
 expect that it will result in further augmentation of the amounts of their 
 policies. 
 
THE NATIONAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSOCIATION. 255 
 
 Iii conclusion, we may add that the National Mutual Life Association is 
 notable in the civic history of the colony, as having been the first mutual 
 *ife office established in Victoria, as also the first in the world to introduce 
 the principle of applying the surrender value of a policy in payment of the 
 premiums when default is made by the holder of it, thus keeping the policy 
 alive until the surrender value is exhausted. 
 
 HENRY P. WELCH AND COMPANY. 
 
 The facilities which the present age offers to purchasers of imported 
 manufactures of Continental and English make, through the highly syste- 
 matical and well organised condition of some of the leading commission 
 houses in Melbourne, are indeed great. So complete is the representation 
 of these, that merchant, squatter, and farmer has the opportunity pre- 
 sented, almost at his door, of viewing every conceivable line of goods 
 manufactured for and used in the colonies, with almost the same despatch 
 which introduces them to the world, from the showroom of the manufac- 
 turer. It is a most irrefutable sign of the progress which is fast belting 
 our vast colony of Australia, that we, 12,000 miles away from the door of 
 the manufacturer, offer his wares at almost an identical period at which 
 they are offered at home. We clearly see the indefatigable energy of the 
 Melbourne merchant at work in this, to promote the welfare of his country, 
 and likewise, that of himself. So restless is this spirit of enterprise in him, 
 that the merchant of to-day realises that he can only do the business of 
 his constituents satisfactorily by keeping a resident partner at home. We 
 need scarcely say that the business of this resident partner is to be ever 
 watching the productions of the home market, and secure to the colonies 
 the best of these productions — those most servicable to the geographical 
 grandeur as well as the peculiarity of its construction — with the utmost 
 despatch possible. The statement would have been subjected to ridicule 
 some fifty years ago, if one had ventured to suggest that he could stand in 
 the showroom, or office, of a Melbourne merchant, and without changing 
 positions, could survey surroundings embracing anything from a needle to an 
 anchor, which he could order and have in Melbourne within sixty days 
 from time of order. Nevertheless, the telegraph on the one hand, swift 
 steamer communication on the other, and colonial enterprise to cement the 
 two, have placed all these advantages within the reach of every one of us. 
 Of the firms who make special effort and have complete facilities for the 
 accomplishment of this business, Messrs. Henry P. Welch and Co. rank 
 as one of the foremost. So large and so varied is the nature of the agencies 
 which culminate in their showrooms in Queen-street, that almost anything 
 
256 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 t 
 
 
 of whatever nature, may either be bought there or indented with the least 
 possible delay. The ostensible business of this firm is that of commission 
 merchants and importers. They indent largely every conceivable kind of 
 merchandise, and especially do they give particular attention to all kinds 
 of mining and agricultural machinery. The extensive accommodation 
 which their warehouse in Queen-street supplies, enables them to keep a 
 very large line of those bulky, but useful, appliances, so necessary to our 
 agricultural and pastoral development, and as such, to the steady 
 development of our wealth. These accommodations are further aug- 
 mented by a yard for the erection and storage of machinery situ- 
 ated in Moray-street, on Yarra Bank. So numerous indeed are the 
 agencies that this firm represent, that their business has come to be 
 principally that of acting as agents for British, American, foreign, and 
 colonial manufacturers, receiving consignments of their various productions 
 and manufatures, and offering them to the colonial trade with a view 
 to permanently establish relations between the Australasian colonies, and 
 these foreign houses. The successful manner in which they have managed 
 this business may be judged from the long list of names which are 
 enumerated in their advertisements and for whom they act. In addition 
 to this already large list, its length is becoming steadily augmented; 
 and we could ask for no better proof of the manner in which they 
 conduct their business, both to client and agent, than this. Through 
 the residence of the senior member of the firm, Mr. Henry P. Welch, 
 in London, at 78 Lombard-street, E.C., who, by the way, is thoroughly 
 equipped with a knowledge of every Australian want, constant acces- 
 sions of samples are being received by the Melbourne house, from which 
 the trade is thoroughly canvassed for indent orders. But, notwith- 
 standing this, their business is not confined exclusively to lines they repre- 
 sent ; on the contrary, transactions are frequently consummated on lines 
 quite outside their ordinary business. It would take far too much of our 
 space to attempt to record all the different manufactures and wares that 
 this firm are agents for, but we will state some of them for the benefit of our 
 readers. They comprise: — ales, wines, spirits of various kinds, building 
 materials, contractors' ironmongery, cement (Portland), china (both rich 
 and common), earthenware, glassware, cutlery, chromos, oleographs, essences, 
 perfumery, electroplated ware, fencing, fencing wire, floor cloths, galvan- 
 ised iron, gates (iron) of handsome design for garden entrance and fields, 
 hollowware, general Birmingham ware, hops and malt, iron and steel ; pig, 
 bar, rod, and other irons ; printing and writing materials, and stationery, 
 of all kinds; marble flooring, lamp ware of various kinds, leather belting 
 for machinery ; oils, paints and varnishes, and putty ; oilmen's stores, 
 plaster of Paris, pianofortes, steel shutters for dwellings, shops, <fcc; scales, 
 and weighing machines, from half ounce to ten tons ; toys, fancy goods ; 
 window glass, sheet and plate of all descriptions; whiting, etc., &c, &c. 
 
HENRY P. WELCH AND CO. 257 
 
 These goods are either represented by stock or sample, at the Queen street 
 establishment. The firm's relation with foreign houses also presents the 
 advantage of constant receipt of novelties, and specialties, for offer to the 
 colonial trade. They also act as agents for absentees for the purchase and 
 disposal of property in the colonies. In addition to the very many articles 
 we have enumerated for which they act as agents, their extensive connec- 
 tion among station owners and farmers has given them increased 
 facilities for perfecting their relations with every class of machinery manu- 
 factured in the mother-country. For example, their line of farmers' and 
 selectors' machinery is most comprehensive and complete, embracing every- 
 thing from the clearing and ploughing of land, to the threshing of wheat, 
 and for which they have received honourable mentions at the different agri- 
 cultural shows. The same may be said of their line of machinery suitable 
 to squatters, and finally their pumping and mining machinery. Regarding 
 this last line, the item of steel ivire rope seems to take prominent place. 
 The signal success which has attended the application of this rope in mining 
 in place of the old flaxen or hemp rope, has now established not only its 
 economy in point of cost in the long run, but also its economy in the loss 
 of life, which last fact should recommend it to universality in employment, 
 and doubtless will, when its efficacy becomes known. In conclusion, we 
 must not omit to mention that the firm issues a finely illustrated catalogue 
 of all its principal wares, which contains some very valuable information 
 for those who use machinery largely. This catalogue may be had upon 
 application, and posted to any part of the colony. 
 
 MESSRS. PATERSON, LAING AND BRUCE. 
 
 The gigantic strides made by Melbourne, during its short existence, 
 must be a matter for wonder to every man of practical experience. Extra- 
 vagance of language, in speaking of commerce or trade, may appear, to 
 the business man, as fulsome or unnecessary, because impracticable ; but 
 no other style is commensurate with a true descriptive narrative of the 
 individual success of some of the merchants of Melbourne, as well as of 
 the city itself. Plain Saxon may convey a superficial idea, which neither 
 strikes nor arrests the attention ; and where the history of a city has 
 extended over centuries, and its present wealth has been amassed by 
 gradual growth, and as a natural result of lime, it may be perfectly appro- 
 priate ; but we wish to deliver, to the old world, a true and faithful 
 description of this new country, with its palatial cities of rapid 
 growth, and we must not hesitate, in order that we may do justice, to use 
 those words which will be the truest reflection of the results which have 
 
 S 
 
258 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 been created by the almost boundless enterprise, and astonishing energy, of 
 men whose history is the history of Melbourne, or the colony itself. There 
 is no branch of commerce, or trade, which has not been pursued with 
 success by most of those who have embarked therein their fortunes and their 
 time during their sojourn in Australia. This is common to every colony, 
 and to every principal town, and also, we might say, to every man of energy; 
 it is not, as in the old country, peculiar to a certain class of individuals, or 
 a certain class of large towns. The business man in England, who could 
 never aspire beyond the line of mediocrity, no sooner sets his foot on the 
 shores of the new country than he seems to be a changed man ; so much so, 
 that, instead of seeking that mediocrity of success which Avould have 
 contented him at home, he makes that point itself the first start of his 
 career, and his progress is so rapid that, in a few years, he is a wonder 
 to those who have known him all his life, and more than all a wonder 
 to himself. Is it that he has thrown off the trammels of English 
 prejudice, or that here he sees virgin fields of enterprise and wealth, 
 whose bounds stretch so far that they are more imagined than felt, 
 and where he feels that unfettered freedom which is only limited by the fact 
 that it is not unlicensed ? or is it that the air, the climate, or the soil, unloose 
 the chains which have hitherto fettered his latent powers, powers that only 
 required new fields and pastures, that they might in developing them- 
 selves develop the country of their adopted home? The individual men who, 
 in the old world, have made themselves a name by reaching the pinnacle of 
 success through a sea of difficulty, may be almost counted on the fingers ; 
 but such a history seems common to every merchant or tradesman who, 
 possessing energy and perseverance, makes Australia the field of their dis- 
 play. It has occurred to us that the flower of the commercial world of 
 England may have migrated to these distant shores, and hence the universal 
 history of success which belongs to so many of Melbourne's leading men. 
 For we must remember that, with regard to the greater part, they have, un- 
 helped except by their own talents, been the builders up of their own 
 fortunes. They have had the luck or foresight to seize on every opportu- 
 nity, to heed the smallest advantage and turn it to profit, and to see the 
 actual and possible demand, and to provide the necessary supply of the 
 demand as it existed and the demand which was likely to rise. Sharpened 
 by trusting to their own resources, they have been enabled to cope with 
 every possible and almost impossible difficulty, until at last they have 
 made difficulties subservient to them, in the place of being sub- 
 servient to difficulties. They have established their own fortunes, 
 and the foundation of businesses that will be the pillars of the 
 commercial future of Australia. They have found, unearthed, and utilised 
 the wealth that is destined, at no distant future, to make Australia facile 
 princeps amongst the nations of the world. The same features of success that 
 are peculiar to those who engage in pastoral, agricultural, or money interest, 
 
MESSRS. PATERSON, LAING AND BRUCE. 259 
 
 are peculiar to those who engage in commerce or trade, no matter what branch 
 of that commerce or trade it may be. The record of their success is the 
 history of the wool merchant, the grain merchant, the hardware merchant, 
 and the soft-goods merchant, and it is in this latter branch that Messrs. 
 Paterson, Laing and Bruce have achieved such splendid success from such 
 comparatively small beginnings. We ask our readers' attention while we 
 exemplify all that we have said in our prefatory remarks, by a short history 
 of the firm under notice. 
 
 In the year 1850, Mr. J. C. Young commenced business in Geelong, with 
 a stock of £3000 and a staff of four all told. In 1851, just one year 
 after this, circumstances arose which proved a check to the advance of their 
 business. Gold having been discovered in New South Wales, Geelong was 
 almost denuded of its population by the rush which was made to the newly 
 discovered goldfields. Fortunately, this was destined to be in a great 
 measure counterbalanced by a similar discovery in Ballarat. The depres- 
 sion gradually gave place to tenfold more prosperity in proportion, and Mr. 
 J. C. Young was not slow to take advantage of the favourable crisis. In 
 1852, he engaged Mr. Paterson to take charge of a branch which, under his 
 management, flourished successfully. But it was not until 1854 that the 
 decisive increase of business required increased business accommodation; 
 and with a man of Mr. Young's energy, the necessity had but to arise, to be 
 at once met. He forthwith erected a new warehouse, and immediately 
 after Mr. Palmer entered the concern as book-keeper. Another season of 
 depression ensued, but it simply stimulated to further energy. Mr. Young, 
 after his return from England, at once resolved to move his business to 
 Melbourne, and no sooner saw the opportune moment, than he carried his 
 intention into practice. Mr. Paterson was at this time taken into partner- 
 ship, and the firm, as then constituted, started business at the corner of 
 Flinders Lane and .Russell-street, under the style of J. C. Young and Co. 
 This was in the year 1856. The value of the stock at that time was esti- 
 mated at £25,000, and the number of hands about sixteen. The business 
 at once became successful, both as to amount and profit ; and two years 
 afterwards, the strength of the firm was increased by the admission of Mr. 
 Palmer. On the retirement of Mr. Young, in 1860, the business was pur- 
 chased by Messrs. Paterson and Palmer. These gentlemen having, at the 
 same time, purchased the business of Ray, Glaister and Co., and taken in 
 Mr. Briscoe Ray as partner, the two establishments were amalgamated 
 under the style of Paterson, Ray, Palmer and Co. It was at this time that 
 they removed from Russell-street to Flinders Lane West, opposite to Gibbs, 
 Bright and Co. Mr. J. R. Bailey was about this time associated with the 
 firm and subsequently entered as partner. It was at this period of the 
 firm's existence, that the most decisive move was made to meet the growing 
 requirements of the business. It was found that the rapid development 
 had outgrown what had then become far from adequate premises for the 
 
 S2 
 
260 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 business transactions of the firm. Thus, the necessity once more arising, 
 the energy of the new firm was equal to the occasion, and the result was the 
 erection of the present magnificent warehouses. We regret that the pride 
 and pleasure with which the firm must have seen the gradual rise of their 
 palatial premises was considerably modified by the premature, because un- 
 expected, death of Mr. Bailey, who had taken a most active part in the 
 construction. The history of the firm Avas one of advancement, and a dis- 
 solution took place in 1876, when Mr. Paterson purchased the interests of 
 his partners. He was then joined by Mr. J. P. Laing, a gentleman who 
 had retired, some years previously, from the well-known firm of Laing and 
 Webster, and subsequently by Mr. John M. Bruce, who had previously 
 been a partner of Mr. Laing's, and for many years the resident partner of 
 Messrs. George Webster and Co., formerly Laing and Webster, and under 
 whose management that business had been a grand success. The firm was 
 then altered to Paterson, Laing and Bruce, under whose auspices the busi- 
 ness increased so as to necessitate an extension of the premises, which was 
 done by putting on an additional story, thus completing what is one of the 
 largest and grandest warehouses in Australia. The trouble occasioned by 
 this change was indeed great. Thus the basis has been laid of one of those 
 great and increasing; houses of commerce, which we have no doubt is des- 
 tined to be, in the future, one of the pillars of strength of the reputation 
 of Melbourne as a flourishing centre of commerce. At present, the firm 
 carries on a trade as soft- goods merchants, which, if not more extensive, is 
 certainly second to no other house in that branch in the whole of Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 On our visit to the premises, we were courteously conducted through the 
 large warehouse of the firm, and during our stay we noted some of the 
 leading features both of the building and the stock. The building itself 
 would be an architectural ornament to any city, and in Melbourne, as a 
 warehouse, it stands pre-eminent. Its stately proportions attract the eye of 
 the visitor on his first visit to Melbourne. The basement of the building, 
 which is 110 feet by 100 feet, is used as a receiving and despatching room 
 for bulk packages. Adjoining this, is the entering room, which is divided 
 into three compartments, viz., town, suburban and country, and intercolonial. 
 The rest of the basement is occupied with Manchester goods, consisting of 
 calicoes, blankets, flannels, &c., &c. Here wen oticed three hydraulic 
 lifts which run right through the building. On the ground floor are woollens, 
 clothing, hats, caps, and the finer classes of Manchester goods. It is worthy 
 of remark that the Avhole of the clothing sold by them is manufactured by 
 the firm in the city. The first floor comprises a large stock of white 
 regatta shirts, ties, scarfs, belts, braces, hosiery, gloves, &c, of every style, 
 make, and variety, the better class of white shirts being made by the 
 firm's employes. On the same floor, are Bradford manufactured goods, 
 also French merinoes, silks, and silk mixed goods of every description, as 
 
MESSRS. PATERSON, LAING AND BRUCE. 261 
 
 well as ribbons comprising all degrees of shade, colour and quality. In the 
 ladies' department, we were struck with the admirable taste and elegance 
 with which all the goods were arranged, as well as with the goods them- 
 selves, comprising mantles, shawls, underclothing, &c. On the second floor, 
 were French and English millinery, gloves, feathers, plumes, straw hats, 
 and bonnets, of the very latest fashion, as well as umbrellas, parasols, 
 plain and fancy haberdashery, vases, pictures, ifec. The third floor com- 
 prises a package floor for bulk and bonded goods for package trade. The 
 advantage of this one floor is that it greatly facilitates the work of the firm 
 in dealing with bonded goods for home consumption and the intercolonial 
 trade, there being a Customs officer continually on the premises. The 
 building runs through from Flinders Lane to within 100 feet of Collins- 
 street, and covers an area of half-an-acre. There are eight commercial 
 travellers constantly employed by the firm throughout the colonies, 
 and they now employ about 100 hands. There are also, in addition, 
 large yard accommodation for carts, stables, <fcc, an outbuilding of brick for 
 additional bulk packages as they are delivered from the various steamers. 
 "We must not omit to draw attention to the splendidly- illustrated catalogue, 
 which may be had from the firm on application, and which contains a large 
 variety of information regarding the business and stock. The firm have 
 also a branch in London, at 7 and 8 Australian Avenue, where all pur- 
 chases are made, and from which all goods for the firm are shipped to Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 DE CASTELLA AND ROWAN. 
 
 The cultivation of the vine in Victoria is destined at no distant day to be 
 second only to the pastoral resources of the colony. Victoria possesses all 
 the requirements of a wine-growing country, which we doubt not each suc- 
 cessive year will confirm. It has all the advantages which climate, cheap- 
 ness of land, and great productiveness offer. There is no necessity for 
 manure ; the wood for the support of the vines is cheap, and there is a 
 general absence of spring frosts. Even with manual labour so much more 
 expensive here than in Europe, if we consider that food costs us a fourth of 
 what it costs there, and also the reduced cost of land, the price of cultiva- 
 tion in Victoria, all operations being carefully performed, can be set down 
 at £6 per acre in the cool, and £5 in the warm districts, where much less 
 weeding is necessary. The possession of these desiderata make it a source 
 of wealth that only requires the impetus of supply and demand. The cause 
 of its present undevelopment is simply want of market. There are two 
 conditions absolutely necessary to obviate this want. The first is large 
 supplies; the second, wine merchants abroad, and increased consumption in 
 
262 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 the colonies, whereby those supplies may be exhausted. The first condition 
 can only be met by an increase of our plantations, the attraction of skilled 
 labour from the old wine countries, and a continued improvement of our 
 vintages. There is at present a scarcity of wine in Europe, through the 
 ravages of the phylloxera, and if large supplies be grown here, the second 
 and important condition will be surely realised through the demand that 
 this scarcity will insure. 
 
 Victoria, perhaps, better than all the Australian colonies, can grow all 
 the varieties that the world produces. The liqueur wines, the strong wines 
 of Spain and Portugal, on the Murray, and other warm regions; the hocks, 
 sauternes, and clarets of France and Germany, in the many temperate 
 localities south of the Dividing Ranges. It is these latter kind which daily 
 gain ground in the markets of Europe, and which are, at the same time, 
 most diminished by the phylloxera. Victoria, on account of its climate, 
 can produce these wines better than either of the other colonies, the Cape, 
 California, or even than the French colony of Algiers. The consumption 
 of claret has increased in all countries. In England alone it has increased 
 by nearly two million gallons during a decade of years. The demand for 
 sherry has decreased proportionately. Many large vineyards have already 
 been established in Victoria, amongst them that of St. Hubert's, the property 
 of Messrs. de Castella and Rowan, is the largest in Australia, and an 
 example of the enterprise of our colonists. In a compact block of 210 acres 
 of vines are found the Sauvignon of Bordeaux, the Pineau of Burgundy, 
 the Chasselas of Fontainebleau, which produces a delicious wine, and the 
 Hermitage, and the Reisling of the Rhine. All these wines have the truly 
 distinctive bouquet, and preserve, in every respect, the character of their 
 origin. The vineyards, kept with all the care bestowed upon the most 
 celebrated ones in Europe, are supplemented by extensive cellars in the 
 centre of the city of Melbourne, where an excellent management bids fair 
 to prove, by the success already attained by the St. Hubert's wines in the 
 colony and abroad, the prosperous future which is in store for Victorian 
 wines. 
 
 It was acknowledged in an article in the Moniteur Vinicole, during the 
 Paris Exhibition, that the only possible wines which might rival those of 
 France were the wines of Australia, which had all the character 
 of French wines, and which were of good class and daily used. The 
 St. Hubert's vineyard alone had sent 150 dozen, which was partly sold 
 to the inquiring public, but for the most part offered as samples of Victorian 
 wines. It is to the temperate climate of the vicinity of Melbourne, to the 
 climate of the Upper Yarra especially, that this commendation of our light 
 wines was due. 
 
 The Australian wines have already gained prizes at several exhibitions, 
 especially at Vienna and Paris. One secret of their future success 
 will be as we have said, the increased consumption by the Australians 
 
DE CASTELLA AND ROWAN. 263 
 
 themselves. The difference in climate in the different colonies of Australia 
 demands that there should be an interchange of the commodity to suit the 
 different conditions of climate. For example, the heavy wines produced in 
 South Australia could be beneficially drunk by Victorians, and the light 
 wines which are produced to such perfection in Victoria would admirably 
 suit those living in a climate like South Australia. 
 
 We may here ask — what would be the result if the vine were cultivated 
 extensively in Victoria and other Australian colonies where, as a rule, 
 every produce soon oversteps the demand 1 Would the wine remain an en- 
 cumbrance in the hands of the grower] It is scarcely probable ! We are 
 daily brought nearer to the mother-country, and not only the markets of 
 England can be ours, but those of all northern Europe. A limited produc- 
 tion can never ensure an extensive reputation. Extensive commerce will 
 only be attracted by extensive markets. The better the market is supplied 
 the more widely it becomes known ; special excellence in the goods offered, 
 which shows diligent care, and scientific skill, will surely in time be re- 
 munerated by ever increasing demand. 
 
 MESSRS. W. H. ROCKE AND CO. 
 
 It is a matter of curious and interesting speculation to trace the 
 improvements in the comforts of life from their first humble and crude 
 beginning to the elegancies and requirements which characterise the comforts 
 of the 19th century. To indulge in this speculation in any part of Europe, 
 we must have recourse for assistance to the records of history. This, of 
 course, has a great interest for those who, in tracing through the pages of 
 history the gradual growth of the countries of the world, note how closely 
 the comforts of life have followed in the rear of civilisation. The greater 
 and more perfect in artistic taste as are the various articles and designs which 
 make up what we understand by the luxuries and comforts of life, the more 
 developed is the refinement of the civilisation which a nation possesses. 
 We could almost divine a nation's history, if the data which comprised the 
 rise and progress of its existence consisted of nothing else than a detailed 
 account of the first introduction of necessary conveniences, and the various stages 
 of their gradual development into the refinements, real comforts and luxuries 
 of life. But how much deeper is the interest, how much greater is the 
 pleasure, when from our own personal experience, and within the span of 
 our own lives, or even from the personal experience of others, we in the former 
 case watch, and in the latter case listen to every detail of a young nation's 
 history — we may say from the very beginning of a new country through 
 the whole up to our own day. How the first settlers were satisfied 
 
264 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 with the rudest structures and the rudest furniture, as well as with the 
 rudest embellishments. How, when their worldly wealth increased, these 
 were removed for something better, and with the advance of years and in- 
 creasing worldly circumstances, their comforts merely for their own sake 
 were compatible with their increased riches ; until after the lapse of years, 
 the desire of comforts for their own sake was supplanted with the desire of 
 comforts for the sake of appearance. How the progress was sometimes 
 steady, sometimes spasmodic ; and how, at last, it reached that stage which 
 placed them on a level with those countries of the old world which first gave 
 them birth. This has all happened in the various colonies of Australia 
 within as many decades as have taken centuries in the countries on the 
 other side of the line. It has all happened, and been personally experienced 
 by many old colonists who are still living, and who narrate their early ex- 
 periences with such graphic force and truth that you feel you are almost an 
 eye-witness of all they themselves saw and experienced ; and you are un- 
 wittingly carried away by their enthusiasm to feel the same deep personal 
 interest as is felt by the various speaking historians of this New Atlantis. 
 This peep behind the curtain of the past of Australia, enables you to 
 imagine, very fairly, what will be ultimately realised as you look through 
 the imaginary vista of the future. The poji illation increased ; no space of 
 land without a native or European ownership ; the federation of the colonies, 
 followed in time by independence, with a thrilling future history of 
 miraculous development in art, science, commerce, trade, and industry, and 
 a universal brotherhood amongst men. This is no Utopian view of Aus- 
 tralia's future, it is all within the range not only of possibility, but even 
 within the range of probability ; and though we may not live to see its 
 realisation, we will see signs of the times that will be convincing 
 proofs that they can only be followed by, because they will be the sure pre- 
 cursors of, all that has been prognosticated. We have great faith in the 
 innate powers of Australian colonists, and we have also great faith in the 
 inexhaustible wealth that yet lies hid in the various interests which have 
 already made a reputation for Australia throughout the world. One in- 
 teresting feature, which in this chapter we propose to trace, in the comforts 
 of life, is the beginning of the use of furniture by the earliest settlers, and 
 to trace it up to our day when the houses of the colonists may, with respect 
 to their furniture, be favourably compared both in artistic taste and design, 
 as well as quality and durability, with the best furnished houses of the 
 United Kingdom. We purpose quoting largely from the catalogue of 
 Messrs. W. H. Rocke and Co., who have probably the most extensive and 
 elegant stock of first-class furniture, as well as carpets and general furnish- 
 ings, that are to be found in the whole of Australia. Their furniture com- 
 prises every variety of style and design, and the very latest novelties in 
 drawing, dining, library, and bed-room furniture, as well as pier glasses and 
 cabinets. Few changes have been experienced by the firm since the year 
 
 
MESSRS. W. H. ROCKE AND CO. 265 
 
 1845, when part of the present warehouse was erected and business was begun. 
 Owin<T to the crude state of society in Melbourne at this early period of its 
 history, the furniture used was of a very primitive and common kind, having 
 no pretence whatever to grace or symmetry of form. In most residences in the 
 bush furniture was almost unknown ; in the place of chairs and tables rude 
 stakes were driven into the earthen floor, and to form the seat or top a deco- 
 rative slab of bark was nailed. Bedroom furniture, though somewhat after 
 the same style, was, in a few respects, a little more refined ; washstand and 
 toilet being comprised of empty cases piled on top of one another, and to shed 
 a lustre over the scene bottles took the place of candlesticks to hold the 
 lights. But Melbourne was progressing ; and in course of time the now 
 well-known colonial sofa and cedar-bottom chair came into fashion. As 
 people began to settle on the lands, a greater demand for furniture began to 
 spring up ; and Messrs. W. H. Rocke and Co. were equal to the occasion. A 
 good brick building (which in those days was considered a magnificent struc- 
 ture) was erected, and their present business at this time found its first great 
 impetus. Speculation as to the real wants of the people, convinced the firm that 
 it was now time to import largely from the mother-country. They first began 
 to import iron bedsteads, cane chairs, and other kinds of furnishing, suit- 
 able to the increased requirements of the people. Catering so ably for the 
 wants of their customers, was the basis of their grand success in business. 
 A new era now commences. Suddenly the country was thrown into a 
 state of wild excitement ; gold had been discovered, and the colony, which 
 is now known as Victoria, became transformed from a quiet grazing 
 country into a genuine Eldorado. Tens of thousands of the human race 
 swarmed into the golden land, in pursuit of its treasure; and Hobson's 
 Bay, from its hitherto quiet lake-like appearance and sleepy peace, became 
 thronged with the shipping of the nations of the world. Though gold 
 became a quick and prolific source of wealth, rapid fortunes were also made 
 in the various businesses which were necessary to provide for this enormous 
 influx of population; and it was then that Melbourne, as it is at present* 
 first commenced to advance and take its position as the largest and most 
 important town, not only of Victoria, but in the whole of Australia. The 
 furnishing trade naturally became very prosperous ; and when the fever of 
 the gold excitement had somewhat abated, cabinet-makers, who had been 
 drawn hither by the glitter, settled down to their usual occupation. Though 
 at this time, all the principal furniture came direct from Europe, the medium 
 and commoner kinds were largely made in Melbourne. The result was that 
 this important industry gradually took its legitimate position among the 
 other industries of the colony. Year after year, trade of all kinds increased, 
 and grew into vast proportions; and it was in the year 1860 that Mel- 
 bourne may be said to have been at the height of her prosperity. Ten 
 years later still, things were progressing so rapidly that, to provide for the 
 increasing wants of the colony, in the way of furnishing, the present ware- 
 
266 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 house of \V. H. Rocke and Co., was completed. The principal member of 
 the firm made a lengthened visit to Europe, in order to purchase furniture 
 and furnishing of the greatest variety, taste, and design, which, upon arrival 
 in Victoria, found immediate sale. In 1877, Mr. Rocke again visited 
 Europe, there to purchase novelties in furniture, as well as to secure designs, 
 and engage artists, and various skilled workmen. Mr. Rocke's object in 
 doing this was to push forward and guide the naturally gifted and forward 
 artisans engaged by the firm. Extensive strides were made in the manu- 
 facture of furniture, and the wealthy classes found it more to their advan- 
 tage to purchase all their requirements in art, and other furnishings, in 
 Victoria, than run the risk of the danger or damage and expense (and the 
 heavy duty) attendant upon importing for themselves ; hence, the present 
 extensive warehouse (which was considerably added to in 1878) and its 
 contents, representing the art of all nations, in the way of decoration and 
 furnishing. As proving the position now held by W. H. Kocke and Co., 
 we may state that recently they have had conferred upon them the appoint- 
 ment of first-class medallists, and holders of the diploma of the Grand 
 Council of the Society of Arts, Letters, Science, and Industry, of Naples. 
 The business, which is supervised strictly by the members of the firm, is 
 managed on the principle of giving satisfaction to all, and the buyer 
 whose orders are small, receives the same attention as the buyer whose 
 orders are large. Every class of furnishing is undertaken, from the house 
 of the wealthy citizen, to the cottage of the artisan. In the warehouse and 
 factories, which are situated in Collins-street east, there are over 150 
 employes, and no less than .£13,000 is annually paid in wages. The pre- 
 mises cover half an acre, and are valued at £40,000, in addition to which 
 there is a stock of £70,000, from which the public can choose. We feel 
 sure that a visit to this establishment will delight, as well as instruct, and 
 that all who go will be received with the utmost urbanity, and all their 
 wants in furniture fully and satisfactorily supplied. The stock comprises 
 every description of furniture to fulfil the requirements of kitchen, sitting- 
 rooms, and bedrooms, as well as every other additional room to be found in 
 the richest or poorest residence. In addition to what we have already men- 
 tioned, they have brass and silver bedsteads, and parquet flooring, together 
 with bronze statues, chandeliers, and other works of ornamental art. They 
 also undertake interior art decorations, such as the painting of walls and 
 ceilings, having a clever artist engaged specially for the purpose. 
 
 WILLIAM M'CULLOCH AND CO. (LIMITED). 
 
 A very important factor in seconding the enterprises of squatters, and 
 others engaged in the pastoral or agricultural interest, is the facility offered 
 for the transport of their products to the large and important towns, as well 
 
WILLIAM M'CULLOCII AND CO., LIMITED. 2G7 
 
 as to the sea-boards of the colony. A matter of equal consideration is that 
 of the conveyance of merchandise, including provisions, from the sea to the 
 inland parts of Australia. This applies equally to those who are engaged 
 on the inland gold-fields. None will understand this better than the 
 earlier colonists of Australia, who experienced the almost insurmountable 
 difficulties of transporting goods into the interior at a time when roads were 
 comparatively unknown, and when the dangers of personal encounters with 
 the aboriginal inhabitants were not infrequent. It often happened too, that 
 the expense of carriage was more than the goods themselves were worth. 
 Such impediments must have been discouraging, even to men of almost 
 indomitable enterprise and energy, while they must have been disheartening 
 to the last degree to men who were struggling, without extraneous aid, to 
 rise into a position of independence or to obtain even the ordinary comforts 
 of life. At this time, the business of carriers must have been second to none 
 in importance. The colonists must have hailed with joy the first signs 
 which showed that in time the difficulties of transport would be overcome, 
 and it was only through men Avho were incited to greater efforts according 
 to the greatness of the difficulties which they had to encounter, that the 
 hopes of the first and later colonists could ever be realised. Such hopes as 
 these gave the early colonists courage to push on further into the interior ; 
 the facilities of transport followed in their rear ; and countries which, thirty 
 years ago, were only known to the black man, are now explored and settled 
 upon, and stocked with many millions of sheep and cattle. We refer to 
 the country about the Murray, and to the vast territory to the north of that 
 river, which, about twenty-five years ago were, to a great extent, unex- 
 plored, and necessarily unknown, except to the tribes who claimed the 
 country as their own. The discovery of gold attracted to Australia many 
 enterprising men, both from the mother-country and America, avIio, finding 
 that greater wealth was to be obtained in providing for the comforts of 
 others rather than in the search for gold itself, devoted their energies to the 
 best and most expeditious means of transporting merchandise and wool. 
 Foremost amongst these was Mr. William M'Culloch, who first established 
 the system of contracting with squatters and others for the carriage of all 
 goods to and from the various stations in the interior. Mr. M'Culloch 
 quickly recognised that the inland rivers were the natural highways for the 
 transport of pastoral and agricultural products. He consequently con- 
 structed steamboats and barges, which were at once patronised by the wool- 
 growers and others who had settled in the district of the Murray River and 
 its tributaries. In this way the expense of carriage was considerably 
 reduced ; and this opened out brighter prospects of future wealth to the 
 squatters in those districts. Some three years ago, the business of Mr. 
 M'Culloch and his partners became so extensive, that it was considered ex- 
 pedient to carry it on in future as a company, with the head-quarters 
 in Collins-street, Melbourne. The premises which they caused to be 
 
268 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 erected, are in every way fitted for the very extensive business which is 
 now undertaken by the Company. The rapid development of their trans- 
 port business, aided by the opening out of the railways by the Government 
 of Victoria in the direction of the Murray, has given such a ready and 
 convenient mode for the conveyance of goods and every kind of supplies, that 
 Bourke and the surrounding districts, which had been previously considered 
 as almost inaccessible, are now brought within a distance of two to three 
 weeks' journey from Melbourne. This has considerably facilitated the 
 opening up the way for the settlement of millions of acres of country which 
 would otherwise have remained unproductive. The business of William 
 M'Culloch and Co. not only provides for the carriage of wool and every 
 other description of goods, but embraces many other branches, separate in 
 themselves, but all tending to form the most extensive carrying and for- 
 warding business south of the line. They are at present the sole owners of 
 a very large fleet of steamboats, trading on the inland rivers, carrying to and 
 fro products of the colonies of New South Wales, South Australia, and 
 Victoria. This enterprising and energetic firm has thus conferred inestim- 
 able advantage upon the commercial world of Victoria, in facilitating the 
 means for opening out and extending settlement in remote districts of the 
 colony. This more particularly applies to those engaged in pastoral and 
 agricultural industries, which are one day destined to be the source of the 
 greatest wealth that the colony holds out to men whose speculative enter- 
 prise may lead them to seek a home in the Southern Hemisphere. We 
 doubt not that, as occasion requires, the carrying business of William 
 M'Culloch and Co. will be developed to meet the emergency, and that their 
 past efforts are faithful presages of their ability to cope with whatever may 
 arise in the future, and which may require their active co-operation. We 
 may mention that William M'Culloch and Co. do not wholly confine their 
 operations to the carrying business, but that they also conduct an extensive 
 insurance business, which is carried on as a separate concern, and which is 
 known as the M'Culloch Insurance Company. The same energy and careful 
 attention are noticeable in this specialty as in their larger operations as 
 carriers. They are also agents for a well-known line of vessels trading 
 between London, Liverpool, and Melbourne. This, as an adjunct to their 
 business of general carriers, enables them to undertake the forwarding of 
 goods from the far interior of Australia, not only to Melbourne, but, if need 
 be, to the Northern Hemisphere. We must not omit to mention their 
 business as shipping agents, which is carried on with the same efficiency 
 which characterises their other branches. They are also the proprietors of 
 an Express business, which has agencies in every part of the world. By 
 this means, those who are anxious to forward presents to friends or consign 
 goods to any part of the civilised world, Avill find prompt and ready means 
 of accomplishing their object, through the Express business of William 
 M'Culloch and Co. The Company's Express waggons for suburban deliveries 
 
 
 

 WILLIAM M'CULLOCH AND CO., LIMITED. 269 
 
 are very largely patronised by the citizens of Melbourne and district. Tliey 
 are a source of great convenience, and are remarkable for their punctuality 
 and dispatch. In taking leave of William M'Culloch and Co. we cannot 
 but wish them every success, with the certainty that they will be found equal 
 to the growing requirements of this great colony. 
 
 MESSRS. PERMEWAN, WRIGHT AND COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 Previously to the introduction of railways into the Australian colonies, 
 the business of common carriers was not the least important branch of 
 commercial enterprise. It must necessarily have been a very lucrative one, 
 especially in a colony where the mode of transit of goods from town to town, 
 as well as outlying districts, was performed wholly through the means of 
 common carriers. At a time when roads were scarcely formed, and when 
 they were almost impassable, the traffic, and other means of communication, 
 must have been exceedingly limited. The exertions, and continued perse- 
 verance of enterprising men, gradually overcame the difficulties, and regular 
 means of communication were, in course of time, opened out. Remote dis- 
 tricts were supplied with the means of forwarding the results of their labour 
 to distant markets, and also with the regular supply of commodities neces- 
 sary for business purposes, as well as for the conveniences of life. As 
 commerce increased, the necessity for more rapid means of conveyance was 
 felt, as well as the necessity of greater facilities for transporting goods from 
 one place to another ; and though railway communication was gi-adually 
 introduced, there still remains much need for the services of carriers, 
 both in the towns as well as in those districts which steam has not 
 reached. The large and substantial storehouses which are to be seen in 
 Melbourne, are signs of the extent of trade which is done with other 
 countries. The ship-lined wharves are ever stirring, and busy with 
 traffic. The goods brought from other countries are transferred to the 
 most distant parts of the colony as much by road, in the far interior, 
 as by means of the railways near to and communicating with Melbourne. 
 Nor is the business of common carriers of less importance now than it 
 was a few years ago. True, as a more speedy mode of traffic is intro- 
 duced, the carrier is driven further into the interior, but he is as necessary 
 a factor there as railways are in the more thickly populated districts. 
 Amongst the firms engaged in the business of carriers not the least 
 enterprising and prominent is the firm of Permewan, Wright and Co., 
 Limited. Prom small beginnings they advanced to considerable import- 
 ance. The business was first begun in 1856, at Geelong, and their opera- 
 tions were, in the beginning, confined to the cartage of goods from the 
 
270 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 wharf to the town. In 1858, the storekeepers in the Western District 
 found that the best method of transit for goods from Melbourne was 
 by boat to Geelong, thence by horse and bullock teams to the respective 
 districts. The firm at once put themselves into a position to supply this 
 newly-discovered requirement. The rapid increase of the traffic to Ballarat 
 obliged the firm, in 1860, to put on an express line of waggons, leaving 
 Geelong at 12 a.m. and timed to reach Ballarat at 10 o'clock the next morn- 
 ing, a distance of 56 miles. These waggons carried seven tons of goods, 
 and were drawn by eight horses. The punctuality of the deliveries, and 
 the good condition in which the goods were found on arrival, compared 
 favourably with the same factor in railway traffic. It was not long before 
 the increasing trade and size of Ballarat made it necessary that railway 
 accommodation should be extended to the town. The railway was conse- 
 quently opened to Ballarat in 1862, but it did not wholly absorb the road 
 traffic. The business of the firm, which had up to this time been carried on 
 by Mr. Thomas Osborne, was now conducted under the firm of Browne, 
 Osborne and Co., and its operations were considerably extended. It was 
 carried on under this name for a period of ten years ; when the junior 
 partner purchased the whole concern, and continued to manage it as a pri- 
 vate firm until 1878. In this year it was registered as a limited liability 
 company, Mr. Wright taking an active part in its management. In spite 
 of the numerous changes which the proprietary has undergone, the business 
 has steadily and permanently increased. It has now absorbed other con- 
 cerns of a limited character at Echuca, Sandhurst, and Wodonga, as well 
 as many other important towns in the colony. This has all been accom- 
 plished within the last six years. No less than twenty branches have been 
 opened in various parts of the colony. In all the large towns you will see 
 well up-standing horses in lorries, &c, owned by the firm, taking delivery of 
 goods from the railway stations, and delivering them to the various stores ; 
 and the company has not only a large connection in Victoria, but also 
 throughout the Riverina district of New South Wales. They have a regular 
 line of steamers trading on the Murray, Murrumbidgee, and Edwards 
 rivers from Echuca, for carriage of stores and wool ; each boat having 
 carrying capacity of from 150 to 200 tons of stores, or from 1000 to 1500 
 bales of wool, each trip. During the wool season, the firm received from 
 the various stations in Riverina from 30,000 to 35,000 bales of wool. In 
 addition to a carrying trade, a good mercantile business is carried on, and 
 this with considerable success. This will be understood when we state that 
 the shareholders, at the last meeting, were paid 15 per cent, dividend out 
 of 18 J per cent, of net profits. The Hon. Henry Cuthbert, late Commis- 
 sioner of Trade and Customs, with Mr. Charles W. Gibson, of Messrs. 
 Fisken and Gibson, and the managing directors, constitute the board of 
 management. 
 
THE EXCHANGE. 271 
 
 THE EXCHANGE. 
 
 Perhaps there is no one man in Melbourne whose commercial enter- 
 prise deserves more honourable mention than that of Mr. H. Byron Moore. 
 The fact that it has furnished a long-felt want in commercial circles, and 
 produced a medium which will cement closer the entente cordiale existing 
 between our merchants, and put them au courant with the affairs of the world, 
 is sufficient to recommend it to the notice of every intelligent man in itself. 
 But we recognise, in the perfect manner in which the lessee of the Exchange 
 has carried out his pledge to the owners of the property, and likewise to the 
 public, in putting a building at their command which will facilitate all kinds 
 of commerce, a much greater advantage than the most sanguine of us could 
 have hoped for. It is true Mr. H. Byron Moore has had the advantages of 
 the experience of all the merchants' exchanges throughout the colonies, as 
 well as those throughout the United States, by which to gauge the require- 
 ments of the one in Melbourne, observe the points in which they were de- 
 ficient, and improve them in the Melbourne plan. That he has done this in 
 a highly satisfactory manner no one for a moment can doubt, who visits the 
 establishment, and glances at the thousand and one perfect arrangements, 
 each one of which, in a different way, facilitates the merchant's transacting 
 his business. Not many of our readers may be aware of the numerous 
 advantages this Merchants' and Commercial Exchange Club — for, in sooth, 
 in comfort it is more like a club than a rendezvous for the consummation 
 and exchange of mercantile ideas — of commerce accords to its members. 
 They are so varied and useful, that we owe it to the public not to pass over 
 them without minute mention. In the first place, we must state that the 
 Exchange has been erected by the enterprise of Mr. K. J. Jeffray, of Wm. 
 Sloane and Co., at a cost of over twenty thousand pounds sterling, upon the 
 earnest suggestion of the lessee, and upon plans devised by him. Mr. H. 
 Byron Moore conceived this idea some time ago, it having been experienced, 
 from time to time, that the other buildings, previously devoted to and used 
 for this purpose, were complete failures. Why they were failures does not 
 exactly transpire, except that they were situated in inconvenient places, 
 not easily accessible to merchants. The location of the present Exchange is 
 simply perfect, so far as position is concerned, for it is situated right in the 
 heart of commerce. It is, in fact, within speaking distance of every 
 merchant's office, one might say. Concerning the advantages offered by 
 this institution, they are really so numerous and so perfect that, while it 
 may appear a little extravagant, it is nevertheless true that, provided a mer- 
 chant did not want absolute cubic space for the depositing of his merchan- 
 dise, during the period which intervenes between purchase and sale, he could 
 to all intents and purposes conduct his business from the public room of 
 the Exchange. So perfect indeed are all the details which lead up to, and 
 govern the conduct of a first-class commercial house. It must not be for- 
 
272 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 gotten that these immense advantages are offered at an immoderately low 
 rent, in the shape of a subscription of two guineas per annum for town 
 members, and one guinea only for country members. The lessee, of 
 course, hopes, and deservedly so, that the Exchange will be liberally 
 supported, and the subscription list amply subscribed to. Without an immense 
 clientele, it is utterly impossible to permanently secure to the public all 
 the enjoyments, privileges, and conveniences which the subscriber to the 
 Exchange now enjoys, unless this list be very liberally responded to, for 
 the expense of obtaining the kind of different information which the 
 management is now giving subscribers multiplies with alarming rapidity. 
 Now, in order to keep pace with the large expenditure necessitated by the 
 many different departments in the Exchange, Mr. H. Byron Moore has had 
 to import into his scheme sufficient enterprise to make the investment 
 reproductive; and considering that no expense has been spared which might 
 contribute to the general convenience and comfort of subscribers, 
 the prompt and reliable information obtained for their use, and 
 the celerity with which telegraphic information is received from 
 all parts of the world, and at once becomes the common property 
 of those within the building, should commend it very highly. These 
 manifold agencies, which, like a thousand little streams, flow into the main 
 hall, and combine to make a perfect sea of information, are each one in 
 itself expensive. It is this fact which we wish to point out particularly to 
 the subscribers, and call their attention to a very important condition 
 intimately associated with the continued prosperity of this undertaking. 
 The expense of maintaining this Exchange, with its various functionaries, 
 can only be defrayed by a large and continually augmenting subscription- 
 list. Subscribers — especially those whose commercial undertakings are of 
 such a nature as to receive more benefit from its ramifications than others — 
 should exert themselves to get all their friends interested — substantially 
 interested, we mean — in its welfare. They should remember that, if they 
 are receiving a great benefit, by reason of its being particularly adapted to 
 the peculiarities of their business, they owe it to their own interests, to 
 work for its preservation. 
 
 Having thus reverted to the conditions which called this institu- 
 tion into existence, we will proceed to recount a few of the ad- 
 vantages which struck us as we made our peregrination through the large 
 hall. We cannot promise our readers more than a limited description, 
 as want of space prohibits the extended notice this undertaking deserves. 
 Entering the main hall, one finds himself in a handsomely decorated 
 chamber, well lighted, 80 feet by 32 feet, ornately paved with 
 tessellated pavement — which, being colonial, at once marks the progress 
 of aasthetical art in Victoria. Passing round the room from the left, 
 we find the walls are divided off into arches, each one of which is 
 devoted to a colony. Within the confines of each such archway are all the 
 
THE EXCHANGE. 273 
 
 leading papers of the colony whose name it bears. Further on is a hand- 
 some mahogany table, devoted exclusively to the members of the press, and 
 fitted up with every convenience for them. Facing this are rich mahogany 
 desks, with lock and key drawers — which may be rented at a trifle extra 
 expense — and used as a receptacle for letters, or valuable papers. A printed 
 notice in these informs the writer that he may have the advantage of 
 copying private letters for foreign or home circulation, and the necessary 
 paper, furnished free of cost, upon application to the manager. Weather 
 reports from all parts of the colonies, adorn the next pillar ; and ships' 
 manifests of their full cargo, which are posted immediately the vessels are 
 telegraphed off Cape Otway, are suspended from the next. 
 
 Merchants will immediately see the advantage in the saving of time 
 such a proceeding as this furnishes. They are able to discover, with no 
 loss of time whatever, the number of packages any ship may have in her 
 cargo consigned to their care. This arrangement is supplemented by 
 partial manifests, despatched from the ship's landing, as each lot of her 
 cargo is unloaded. The saving of clerks' time, and that of draymen, in 
 this latter arrangement, is sufficient in a season to more than pay the 
 member's subscription to the Exchange. Concerning railways, all goods 
 received at the Spencer-street sheds through the night, up to 8.30 a.m., 
 are posted in detail upon another pillar at 9 a.m.; a man being kept all 
 night at the sheds in order to prepare the Exchange manifests. Travelling 
 stock is reported by telegraph from the different crossing points, and is 
 posted upon one of the large blackboards. Of these boards there are three, 
 and the others are devoted to shipping telegrams, or any extraordinary des- 
 patch received from Reuter, or elsewhere. The number of sheep and cattle 
 receivable during the week by rail is anticipated upon another pillar, by 
 despatches, stating what trucks have been engaged. This gives dealers 
 the opportunity of knowing the number of stock to be offered during the 
 week. A number of tables here intercept the progress of the visitor and 
 the eye. These are liberally, and literally, strewn with European, English, 
 Indian, American, and Colonial papers, of all descriptions. Further on 
 is a counter, containing the shipping registers. The same system which 
 prevails at Lloyds' prevails here, namely, all ships spoken are entered 
 when and where. A Law Court bulletin, upon which all important pro- 
 ceedings at the different courts are reported hourly, or more frequently if 
 necessary, is conspicuous a little further on, and completes the main hall. 
 Passing through the main hall, into one second in size to it, though perhaps 
 not in importance, the visitor finds himself in a large and airy room, now 
 rented by the Corn Exchange Committee, and used for conducting their 
 operations in cereals. Opening off of this is a hairdresser's room, which 
 appears to be largely patronized. The days of sales are Tuesdays and Thurs- 
 days. Taking the southern stairway, and passing upstairs, a very fine billiard- 
 
 T 
 
274 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 room meets the eye, with every convenience and comfort for the scientific 
 pursuit of the game. Light is made an important adjunct in this room, 
 by a large skylight doing duty very effectively. Beyond this, are different 
 suites of rooms, arranged for almost every conceivable business purpose that 
 the necessities of a highly-developed mercantile community could demand, 
 and furnished with the same excellent judgment. The lavatories and bath- 
 rooms are equal to those in the most modern private residence, and will 
 be largely appreciated during the heat of the summer. In some of the 
 rooms on this floor, plans and specifications for all the large works in the 
 adjoining colonies are exhibited. This feature will be found useful to 
 Melbourne contractors. Another room worthy of notice is the shire and 
 muncipal councils' room, well-fitted with every convenience, and at a saving 
 of expense to such bodies, besides presenting them with the freedom of the 
 Exchange. In the basement, a luncheon-room has been fitted up, which, 
 it is said, is capable of satisfying the Epicurean taste which loiters in and 
 about the Exchange; and beyond that, a handsome little fernery, with 
 smoking lounge, etc., etc. Two more features, of not less importance than 
 the Exchange itself, is the accessibility of communication with the whole 
 world without going outside the building, Messrs. Heuter's offices 
 occupying a portion of the main building, and also Thos. Cook & Son's 
 tourists' office. Mr. Thomas Cook is the man who personally takes you 
 round the world and introduces you to the more important cities, giving 
 you his own experience at the same time. 
 
 In conclusion, we commend to the notice of all, this most useful addition 
 to Melbourne's already progressive institutions. That she marches with 
 the van of progress there can be no doubt, as in this case the Melbourne 
 Exchange not only embraces all the advantages offered by similar insti- 
 tutions, but a number of advantages which they do not. We suggest 
 to those merchants and commercial men who are not subscribers, to 
 speedily become such, for they cannot get similar advantages elsewhere 
 for five times the cost of a year's subscription to this Exchange. 
 
 Mr. Lloyd Tayler is architect for the building. 
 
 A Telephone Exchange is also established in the building, on the 
 upper gallery of the vestibule. Through this apartment — conducted by a 
 staff of young ladies — any subscriber to the Telephone Exchange can 
 converse with any other subscriber. A little ring from your telephone 
 calls the attendant; you then say, " Connect me with Messrs. James 
 Service and Co.," or anyone else you wish to speak with. In less time 
 than it takes to write this, you hear the clear Scotch accent of our friend 
 Mr. Service, who recognises your voice, and the business you desire is 
 transacted. A little ring is then given, to indicate that your talk is over, 
 and your wires are disconnected. The simplicity and usefulness of the 
 whole arrangements are truly admirable. About sixty of the leading 
 banks and firms are now connected, and the list is daily increasing. 
 
THE EXCHANGE. 
 
 A Telegraph office is established for the use of subscribers, and a pigeon 
 express is kept on the roof (this is used for coursing and regattas, and such 
 events as the wires cannot compass.) 
 
 DERHAM AND CO. 
 
 The agricultural resources of Australia are rapidly developing into im- 
 portance. They are, without doubt, destined to form a part of the export 
 trade of the colony. The part which they will form must of necessity be 
 spasmodic in nature, until we ascertain the exact price at which other 
 countries can afford to sell their wheat in England, and our relative 
 position as competitors for this trade. Though the production is as yet 
 comparatively limited, and consequently there is a limit in its volume 
 as an export, yet the wheat which has found its way into the European 
 markets, does not unsuccessfully compete with the wheat grown in England, 
 or exported from other countries. If the same enterprise and energy be 
 brought to bear upon the agricultural interests of the colonies, as have been 
 hitherto concentrated upon the pastoral and mining interests, we are 
 warranted in prognosticating that a future is in store in the near distance 
 for the cereal productions of this new country. The soil in many parts, as 
 well as the climate, are most favourable for the production of almost every 
 description of corn. The vast area which is now opened, and the almost 
 unlimited area which awaits settlement, are calculated, not only to supj^ly 
 all colonial consumption, but to leave a very large residue for exportation 
 to the home markets. America and Russia are the only large grain-growing 
 countries which export largely into the English markets ; and it is very 
 natural to conclude that, when the grain resources of Australia have been 
 more fully developed, she will be in a better position to attract from 
 England a greater part of the trade which is now done with the countries 
 named than she is now. It is a natural conclusion that, all other things 
 being equal, England will more willingly trade with this, one of her most 
 important dependencies, than with countries where no other inducement exists 
 for continued trading than the inducement which makes a virtue of neces- 
 sity. Indeed, in time we do not see why some considerable portion of the 
 import trade of England in cereals should not be chiefly carried on with her 
 Australian colonies, for it must be an interest common to both to transact 
 business with each other, on as large a scale as possible. The land laws of 
 Victoria and the other colonies, are specially advantageous for encouraging 
 the advancement of agricultural productions. With all those important 
 
 T 2 
 
276 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 factors which we have named, Australia is doubtless destined to become a 
 great wheat-growing country, provided that the economic conditions are 
 equal. The large population of the United Kingdom is sufficient to con- 
 sume the home produce as well as, for some time to come, the greater 
 part of the surplus of Australia. With such incentives as these, we 
 trust that those of our colonists who are engaged in agricultural pursuits, 
 as well as buyers who look hopefully for that successful future, which 
 is really in their own hands, and only requires that perseverance and 
 energy which are so largely imported into the other interests, such as the 
 pastoral and the mining, and which are consequently in a condition at once 
 nourishing and prosperous, will leave nothing undone to second an exten- 
 sion of the industry. The wheat trade, we are glad to say, has, 
 within the last year or two, made rapid strides, and the quality has been 
 such as to give great hopes that in time it may not be inferior to the very 
 best wheat grown in other countries. During the past year, the export 
 business in wheat has been carried on with considerable activity. A great 
 part of this export trade has passed through the hands of the firm whose 
 name will be found at the head of this chapter, Messrs. Derham and Co., 
 whose business premises are situated at No. -i Queen-street, in this city, 
 and who have done much to develop the wheat trade of Victoria. The 
 first vessel which left the shores of Australia for the United Kingdom, and 
 laden with this season's growth of Australian wheat, was the Loch Linnhe, 
 which left Victoria on 2nd February, this year, and carried something like 
 18,055 bags of wheat, the entire shipment being supplied by the firm of 
 Derham and Co. This vessel was quickly followed by several other vessels 
 carrying lesser quantities, and in this way, we may fairly say, that the 
 export trade in wheat has been duly inaugurated, and it only requires 
 to be more widely known that the export time has begun, in order to 
 ensure its continuance and rapid increase. Thus, the initiative has begun 
 in earnest, and in part through the firm whose business is under 
 consideration ; and we heartily wish them all the success which 
 their enterprising efforts so richly deserve. The following state- 
 ments of the various shipments of wheat and flour to the United 
 Kingdom, and to the continent of Europe, are worthy of careful attention, 
 and must possess considerable interest for those who have at heart the 
 general welfare of the Australian colonies. From these statements will be 
 shown the contributions of wheat to the various shipments which have 
 been made by Messrs. Derham and Co. From these we may gather how 
 important a part they take in this largely increasing new phase of Vic- 
 torian commerce. 
 
 In the month of February, of this year, 16 ships sailed from 
 Victorian, or neighbouring, ports, for England or the European conti- 
 nent. They carried a gross cargo of about 152,588 bags of wheat, and 
 
DERHAM AND CO. 277 
 
 about 4802 bags of flour, and out of this something like 46,294 bags of 
 wheat were contributed to the shipment by Messrs. Derham and Co., 
 or a little less than a third part of the whole shipment. In March, of 
 the same year, the gross export of wheat was 137,503 bags, together 
 with 6316 bags of flour, and out of this number Messrs. Derham and 
 Co. shipped about 46,053 bags of wheat, or a little more than a third 
 part of the whole quantity. These cargoes were carried to England by 
 the same number of ships as carried the entire cargoes in February. In 
 the month of April, the whole export trade of wheat amounted to 91,619 
 bags, together with 2283 bags of flour, Messrs. Derham and Co. supplying 
 26,147 bags of wheat, or a little less than a third of the whole of the 
 wheat exported during the month. Eleven ships were employed in 
 carrying these cargoes to England or the continent. In the month of 
 May, the following export trade in wheat and flour was done with the 
 countries named, viz., 38,045 bags of wheat, and 16,376 bags of flour, 
 out of which Messrs. Derham and Co. supplied 14,945 bags of wheat, 
 while nine ships were chartered to carry the entire cargo. In the month 
 of June, the number of ships employed in carrying cargoes of wheat and 
 flour to England or the continent was seven, laden with 36,231 bags of 
 wheat, and 17,111 bags of flour, of which 4901 bags of wheat were 
 supplied by Messrs. Derham and Co. In the month of July, the ex- 
 port of wheat amounted to 14,375 bags of wheat, carried by three 
 ships, the firm supplying 1804 bags. In the month of August, the good 
 ship Hydaspes started for England, laden with 2749 bags of flour, none 
 of which, as before, was supplied by the firm under review. The 
 total exports to 7th August were 530,123 bags of wheat, and 154,896 
 bags of flour; out of which this firm shipped 140,144 bags of wheat, 
 or more than a fourth of the whole number of bags of wheat exported. The 
 total receipts of wheat from the country districts to 7th August, amount 
 in gross to 797,398 bags of wheat, of which quantity Messrs. Derham and 
 Co. have received, as consignments to their firm, 189,036 bags of wheat 
 alone, besides large parcels of flour. In reviewing the extensive business con- 
 ducted by Messrs. Derham and Co. in breadstuff's, during the present year, 
 it must be borne in mind that their transactions are to a great extent 
 on account of the various country constituents, for whom they act as 
 Melbourne agents, in the disposal of their produce ; and the large proportion 
 the figures show them to have contributed to the gross export of breadstuff's 
 indicates clearly the facilities possessed by this firm for the disposal of grain 
 for export to Europe and elsewhere. 
 
278 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 MESSRS. SWALLOW AND ARIELL. 
 
 Mr. Swallow, the founder of this firm, commenced business as a biscuit 
 manufacturer, in Rouse-street, Sandriclge, in March, 1854. In the same 
 year, he exhibited, at the Exhibition held in Melbourne, the first biscuits 
 manufactured by machinery in Victoria. In 1861, the firm, then Messrs. 
 T. Swallow and Co., obtained the first-class certificate of merit for ship and 
 cabin biscuits at the Exhibition of that year, and at the one held in 1866? 
 they were awarded the medal for excellence of manufacture and quality of 
 ship, fancy, and dessert biscuits. The following is an extract from the 
 report then made: — " Biscuits. — The extensive variety of biscuits suitable 
 for all purposes and climates, all stages of life and constitution, gave a 
 pleasing proof of what Messrs. Swallow and Ariell, of Sandriclge, have 
 done, and continue to do, towards supplying the increasing demands of 
 civilised life of the present day." It would be tedious to enumerate all the 
 honours the firm has since obtained in colonial and intercolonial exhibitions, 
 but we may mention, as a proof of their ability to compete with manu- 
 facturers in any part of the world, that they were awarded medals at the 
 Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, and the Paris Exhibition of 1878. 
 
 The factory as at present existing was commenced in 1858, and since 
 then, wing after wing has been gradually added until it has attained its 
 present extensive proportions. The principal buildings are in the form of 
 a quadrangle, and inside the square are several accessory buildings, used for 
 such purposes as butter cellars, raisin and currant rooms, packing-rooms, 
 stables, etc., etc., the whole covering an area of about three acres. Situated 
 as the factory is, within a hundred yards or so from the bay, a plentiful 
 supply of water for condensing purposes, etc., can always be obtained, and 
 after it has served its purpose be returned again to its source with little 
 expense. The Sandridge railway-station is also within a stone's-throw, 
 and thus, whether for inland traffic or its sea-board and shipping trade, 
 the firm has advantages which are not easily superseded in such a com- 
 bination. 
 
 The office entrance is in Rouse-street, and there we called on Mr. 
 Swallow, with the object of inspecting the factory, and the various pro- 
 cesses of manufacture. Our request was cordially granted, and Mr. Swallow 
 courteously took the trouble to jDersonally explain to us the respective 
 missions of the several departments, which would otherwise have proved 
 a bewildering labyrinth. His explanations, as we passed from room to 
 room, and from wing to wing, reduced what might have appeared to us a 
 conglomeration of machinery, to an arrangement so well adapted to the 
 purposes of the business, and yet so simple, that the merest novice could 
 not fail to understand its combinations. Before leaving Mr. Swallow's 
 office, we noticed that it was fitted with telephonic apparatus, and 
 were informed that they were thus in communication with their city 
 
MESSRS. SWALLOW AND ARIELL. 279 
 
 depot in Queen-street. In the first room we examined, Mr. Swallow 
 pointed out to us a biscuit-machine, of which his firm had secured 
 the sole use in Australia, and when we state that, for the same right in 
 England, Messrs. Huntley and Palmer paid the sum of £10,000, it will be 
 seen that Messrs. Swallow and Ariell spare no expense to obtain the newest 
 and best mechanical appliances for the improvement of their manufactures. 
 In this, and several adjoining rooms, we were shown the process of manu- 
 facturing the several varieties of biscuits, cakes and puddings, for which 
 the firm have gained so well-known a reputation, and the automatic regu- 
 larity with which everything went on, seemed very striking. Here was 
 pointed out to us an elevator, which carried up the wheat to the higher stories; 
 there a receiver, into which it was returned in the shape of flour, and close 
 to this, apparatus by which it was mixed up, with all the necessary ingre- 
 dients, into dough, rolled out into sheets, passed under stamp presses, and 
 cut out into all imaginable shapes and sizes of biscuits. These are then 
 transferred to revolving trays, and, when the latter have circumnavigated 
 the centre of revolution, the biscuits are completed, baked, and, being met 
 by a bar placed at an angle across the path of the tray, are swept off into 
 receivers, and their place occupied by the next batch. The biscuits are 
 now transferred to elevators, which discharge them into receivers in the 
 rooms above, where another most interesting spectacle is presented to the 
 view. Room after room is fitted up with tables, at which are seated boys 
 and girls, busily engaged in imparting to the biscuits and comfits all those 
 finishing touches which are requisite before they are presented in such 
 tempting guise to the customer's view, in the windows of our confectioners. 
 Here a score of girls, with deft fingers and acquired celerity, are decorating 
 the biscuits with all manner of fanciful designs, pressed out from moulds, 
 there a number of boys arranging and packing them into tins and boxes. 
 From the packing-rooms, the loading and despatching is conducted 
 with the least possible amount of trouble. We have seen, in our time, 
 factories for the manufacture of all kinds of produce, both in the 
 colonies and in the old country, but we do not remember having 
 noticed lads of a more robust build, or girls of a more healthy appear- 
 ance than we found here. Everywhere it seemed work, work, but 
 nowhere any appearance of driving; and health, happiness and content- 
 ment, were reflected from every face. And, indeed, as regards health, it 
 was not to be wondered at. There is very little of the conventional idea, of 
 a factory to be found about that of Messrs. Swallow and Ariell. Windows 
 on both sides of the rooms, looking into the street on one side, and into the 
 square on the other, afford a plentiful supply of light and air, the latter 
 fresh and invigorating, owing to the contiguity of the Bay ; while every 
 requisite for the thorough ventilation of the premises is carefully supplied. 
 It was, indeed, quite refreshing to note the good feeling which existed be- 
 tween employer and employed. Everywhere the first had a cheery word for 
 
280 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the latter, especially for the boys and girls ; and this was reciprocated by the 
 respectful and unpresuming manner of their replies. Thus, we moved on 
 from one department to another j in one room, they were busy mixing up 
 all the ingredients — such as butter, eggs, fruit, &c. — necessary to give rich- 
 ness and taste to their cakes and puddings ; in another, artists were skill- 
 fully designing pieces of decorative art for wedding cakes. And so on ; 
 every room having some new feature of interest, or in which some process 
 hitherto a mystery to us was made clear. Throughout all our progress, one 
 thing has most forcibly struck us, and that is the exquisite cleanliness 
 which pervades the whole establishment; and to this is no doubt greatly 
 due the fact that Messrs. Swallow and Ariell's manufactures have found 
 their way into some of our first houses. 
 
 The enormous business here carried on gives employment to many 
 other trades. The firm employ their own carpenters, their own coopers, 
 and their own tinsmiths; and a sight of the rooms in which these trades are 
 carried on would alone repay a visit. We were more particularly inte- 
 rested by the process of making the tin cases. Each worker seemed to 
 have his particular part in the general division of labour. One cuts the 
 sides to their exact size, another punches out the top and bottom, a third 
 is employed in folding over the edge, when such is required to be done, and 
 a fourth is employed in soldering the parts together; each one the 
 director of a machine doing its work so perfectly that one would imagine 
 improvement impossible, and yet, Mr. Swallow informed us that improve- 
 ments were constantly being made and adopted. Our next stopping-point 
 was at the egg-cellars. Enormous tanks built round the walls, barrels on 
 barrels covering the space in the centre, all filled with eggs, and we are 
 told that the stock is not so large as it sometimes is. These eggs are capable 
 of being preserved for almost any period of time by being kept immersed in 
 lime water, and we were informed that only a few weeks ago some eggs which 
 had been thus packed twelve months before had been found as fresh as if 
 only a day old. The butter cellars, of which we inspected two, are equally 
 capacious and well-stored. 
 
 Messrs. Swallow and Ariell are also golden syrup and treacle refiners, 
 but it would require almost a chapter to describe adequately all the processes 
 through which the molasses, as received from the growers, has to pass 
 before it attains the beautifully-golden appearance it possesses when sold by 
 them. From notes taken in the various departments, we find the steam- 
 power is created by three furnaces, consuming on an average 200 tons of coal 
 per month, and is distributed through the factory and refinery by eight 
 engines, aggregating 75 horse-power. Some idea of the amount of goods 
 manufactured by the firm may be obtained from the fact that they use 
 about 30 tons of flour, 5 tons of butter, 5 tons of sugar, 2000 dozen of 
 eggs, and 3 tons of currants and sultanas every week, and give employment 
 to over 300 hands, about 50 of whom are females. 
 
MESSRS. SWALLOW AND ARIELL. 281 
 
 Messrs. Swallow and Ariell have not, as yet, attempted to export their 
 manufactures to the English markets, the colonial and ship-supplying trade 
 providing them with quite as extensive a business as they care to cultivate ; 
 but Mr. Swallow is, at the same time, of opinion that should the attempt be 
 made it could be done successfully. One of their biscuits would especially 
 be a boon to many a thrifty housewife, with a small income, in the old 
 country. We refer to the meat biscuit, a considerable percentage of which 
 is composed of meat, and which can easily be made into most nutritive and 
 tasty soup. Messrs. Swallow and Ariell's factory is one of the sights of 
 Victoria — we should say of Australia — which no visitor should neglect to 
 visit; and, judging from our own experience, we can promise a genial 
 welcome from the firm. 
 
 ALSTON AND BROWN. 
 
 Our attention is now directed to what we are told is the first brick 
 building in Collins-street. The age of the building, together with the long 
 -established respectability of the firm, makes it no unworthy compeer of the 
 many stately edifices which adorn a street that has now justly become the 
 pride of Melbourne. Our curiosity is naturally excited at the information 
 which we receive, though, as a general rule, we must plead guilty to a stolid 
 stoicism, the basis of which is to be astonished at nothing in this astonish- 
 ing age. Our manifest indifference on entering the premises is suddenly 
 and unexpectedly metamorphosed into surprise and admiration at the ex- 
 tensive and varied stock which meets our gaze as we are courteously and 
 attentively conducted through the establishment. The respect superin- 
 duced by the perfect management of any concern whose ramifications are as 
 numerous as must be those of the firm under review, impels us in the first 
 outset to establish the sympathy of our numerous readers, by informing 
 them that the house of Alston and Brown, general drapers, milliners, 
 dressmakers, tailors, outfitters, upholsterers, house furnishers, &c, &c, 
 has been in existence for nearly the fourth of a century, their pre- 
 decessors being Messrs. Charles Williamson and Co., of which firm the 
 present senior partner was for some years a member. In spite of 
 the numerous branches of human requirements for which Alston and 
 Brown are such successful caterers, the great Aristotelian dictum of the 
 necessity of division of labour is not by any means unheeded. We found 
 that separate rooms were devoted to the various departments, and that each 
 branch had its sanctum and presiding spirit. There are special rooms for 
 millinery, for dressmaking, mantlemaking, and for what is known by the 
 mysterious and never-to-be-explained-to-man expression of ladies' work of 
 
282 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 all kinds. A trade which must be coeval with the introduction into the 
 first language of the word deceiving, and is now, and has been for some time, 
 specifically known as tailoring, is duly and efficiently provided for by Alston 
 and Brown, by being placed under the superintendence of a responsible head. 
 Cabinet-making, a more recent introduction into the economy of human con- 
 venience, is equally well provided for, and upholstery and other et ceteras 
 are superintended with the same exclusive care. 
 
 More than half-an-acre is covered by the ground floor of the premises. 
 The frontage to Collins-street is 33 feet, while that to Little Collins-street 
 widens to 82 feet. The depth or distance from one street to the other, the 
 premises extending right through, cannot be less than 314 feet. The show 
 rooms for general drapery, &c, run back a considerable distance from 
 Collins-street. The measurement of the millinery and mantle room is 92 
 by 25. We were somewhat struck with the very elegant appearance of the 
 carpet room, more especially with the loftiness of its ceiling. It is well 
 lighted, and of its kind, we venture to say, is unsurpassed in the colonies. It 
 measures 80 feet by 35. The furniture rooms are on the ground and first 
 floors, the entrance being from Little Collins-street. The tailoring and out- 
 fitting department is on the first floor entering from Collins-street. 
 
 One of the great wants of the present day is, that well ventilated and 
 otherwise healthy rooms should be provided for those whose daily work 
 keeps them in close confinement for so many consecutive hours. This has 
 not been overlooked by Alston and Brown. Their work-rooms are on the 
 first and second floors. They are large, well-lighted, and thoroughly well 
 ventilated. The men, women, and girls who are at work seem to be con- 
 tented and happy. They are engaged in making up the various kinds of 
 goods required for stock and for special orders. We have no doubt that 
 orders, however large or however small, would be executed with equal care 
 and ability; and even those who are constitutionally dissatisfied with their 
 tailors and drapers would in all probability find their first satisfaction in the 
 result of their dealings with this firm. 
 
 There are also offices specially set apart for the clerks. The strong- 
 room, the packing-room, as well as the room for unpacking received goods, 
 seem admirably adapted to their several purposes. Near to these, but on 
 the other side of Little Collins-street, are the stables, &c. 
 
 The London branch is at 27 Wallbrook, E.C. It is under the superin- 
 tendence and management of Mr. Brown, who has been resident in Eng- 
 land for some time. He, with the assistance of a local staff, attends 
 to the execution of the orders sent from Melbourne. 
 
 We were told that the stock was always new and continually being 
 replenished with the newest and latest styles. 
 
 The show-rooms offer fascinating temptation to the homo in its 
 generic sense. We venture, with the utmost diffidence, to assert that the 
 ladies of Melbourne are passionately fond of elegant dresses, pretty bonnets. 
 
ALSTON AND BROWN. 283 
 
 and graceful mantles, and tliis must be our excuse to all husbands when we 
 recommend to the said ladies continuous and lengthened visits to the estab- 
 lishment of Alston and Brown as an antidote for domestic ennui. With 
 respect to gentlemen, we have much pleasure in recommending to their 
 immediate and special notice, the fact that they can have within an incredibly 
 short space of time any style of habiliment including the morning, evening, 
 and afternoon promenade dress, at once well-fitting, becoming, and stylish, 
 by visiting the establishment of Alston and Brown. In fact, there is very 
 little in the way of comfort and elegance which this large firm with its ex- 
 tensive and varied stock, could not supply to satisfy the most fastidious 
 taste. 
 
 THE "RED CROSS" PRESERVING COMPANY. 
 
 The progress of the colonial industries and the initiation of new ones 
 have been marked features in the progress of the colony during the past 
 decade. As a rule, the new industries which are introduced are not sub- 
 jected to colonial competition ; and so their prosperity and ultimate 
 success are almost ensured. But an industry which is introduced for the 
 first time into Victoria, and which has to compete with the supply which is 
 provided by a colony which has already become so famous in the same pro- 
 duction, and which has an established trade, requires to be undertaken 
 by men of enterprise and ability, who see in difficulties but the necessity 
 to overcome them, and whose perseverance is as untiring as their energy, 
 before it can have any chance of success. 
 
 Tasmania has long been noted as the seat of the manufacture of pre- 
 served fruit jams, and it is only recently that there has been discovered a 
 great decrease in the demand as compared with former years. At one time 
 the Victorian market for preserved jams was supplied, if not wholly, certainly 
 to a very great extent, by the Tasmanian manufacturers. Now, instead of 
 going out of the colony for the article, it is supplied by an establishment in 
 Victoria, which has already won a reputation for the quality of its jams in 
 no way inferior to that formerly enjoyed by Tasmania. We refer to the " Red 
 Cross" Preserving Company, which is situated in Chapel-street, South Yarra, 
 and which has steadily grown into importance both with regard to the quan- 
 tity as well as the quality of the article which it supplies ; and from the 
 large amount of labour which it employs, it has risen into an industry of 
 considerable importance. The factors which have tended to this success, and 
 to which we may say the success is really due, are unwearying energy, steady 
 and continued perseverance, and an earnest desire to supply the best possible 
 
284 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 article, all of which have been and are the characteristics of the present 
 courteous managing partner, Mr. Robotham. 
 
 The other partners in this large establishment are Messrs. Wright, 
 Payne and Co., of Flinders Lane. These large manufacturing premises are 
 the result of eight years' growth. Their history, like that of almost all 
 colonial industries, had a small beginning, and grew in eight years into their 
 present proportion. Mr. Marcus Robotham has been associated with that 
 history from its beginning to the present time. 
 
 The company began eight years ago in a comparatively small way, in 
 premises which they occupied in Fitzroy, and at that time their goods found 
 a ready market. Subsequently, they purchased land in Chapel-street, South 
 Yarra, not far from the Toorak road, and there erected premises which 
 were considered very roomy and spacious and likely to afford all the accom- 
 modation for jam -making which seemed likely to be required. The site was 
 well chosen for several reasons ; and in time the brand of the Red Cross 
 became so well known as to be associated with the very best jams which the 
 colonial markets could supply. This resulted in a steadily-increasing busi- 
 ness, until its proportions grew far in excess of the accommodation which 
 they had at their disposal ; and it was at last found necessary, in order to meet 
 their growing requirements, to find other and larger premises. They were 
 fortunate enough to secure a building known as the Brewery, which was im- 
 mediately opposite the Jam Factory, and this they did at a cost of between 
 £5000 and £6000. Such of the buildings as were suitable were enlarged and 
 adapted to the necessary purposes, and additions were made, the whole 
 of the alterations being from plans prepared by the manager, Mr. 
 Robotham. The whole was carried out at a cost between £7000 and 
 £8000, so that with the requisite plant for carrying on the business on a 
 very large scale, there has been about £15,000 invested, independent of the 
 old factory. We were struck with the cleanliness which, during our visit, 
 we noticed throughout the factory, but we ceased to be astonished on being 
 told how rigidly this cleanliness was daily enforced upon the work-people. The 
 building is of bluestone, with a frontage of 190 feet by a depth of 300 feet. 
 The store and packing-rooms, which are entered from the counting-house, 
 where several clerks were at work, are 1 60 feet long by 30 feet wide. This store 
 is full of goods ready to supply to orders as received, for pickles, jams, jellies, 
 sauces, &c. The sugar-room is a large and spacious store capable of con- 
 taining upwards of 400 tons of sugar. The tins for the jams are manufac- 
 tured on the premises and here, as elsewhere, the most improved labour- 
 saving machinery is employed. The next place we visited was the boiling- room, 
 in which are 1 2 circular pans, each capable of holding fruit and sugar sufficient 
 to turn out 4001bs. of jam. Leaving the boiling-room, we entered the engine- 
 room, and after that a room where candied peel and tart fruits are manufac- 
 tured. In a large store below the surface of the yard, the pickles, sauces, 
 vinegar, &c, are manufactured ; which branch of the business has been so 
 
 

 THE RED CROSS PRESERVING COMPANY. 285 
 
 successfully conducted as to have earned the company the right of being, in 
 this southern hemisphere, what the famous Crosse and Blackwell are in the 
 northern. As the company have entered somewhat largely into the manu- 
 facture of pickles, we may be excused for dwelling shortly on this branch of 
 industry. A patent lift delivers the vegetables, after having been cleansed 
 and stripped of all their waste leaves and other refuse, into the cellars, where 
 there are long ranges of vats and casks, scrupulously clean, in which they 
 are at once packed and covered with brine. In one part of the underground 
 region, there are enamelled and other boilers for various uses and in which 
 to scald the pickled vegetables for a brief period when taken out of the brine. 
 They are next laid on the first series of tables, and are there cut into the 
 sizes necessary for bottling, and then fall into the hands of the packers who 
 fill the bottles. At the succeeding tables the bottles are drained, filled with 
 vinegar, corked, waxed, capsuled, washed, labelled and papered, and are 
 then conveyed to the packers to be placed in cases ready branded for de- 
 livery. Varying the processes, the manufacture of sauces is also carried on, 
 in a like systematic manner and with equal care and attention to cleanliness. 
 We cannot overestimate the importance of such an industry as the " Red 
 Cross" Preserving Company, especially in Australia, where all varieties of fruits 
 and culinary vegetables find a congenial soil, and grow to a size, and become 
 prolific to a degree, unknown in the old country. There is now opening up 
 to us a vast trade in meat, not only with the European markets, but also 
 with the continent of India and its teeming millions, and it will be the 
 result of our own apathy alone, if in addition to meat, wool, &c, we do not 
 make a large addition to our exports in the way of horticultural produce. 
 And, in fact, should the present operations of the Frozen Meat Company be 
 successful, the "Red Cross" Preserving Company contemplate entering largely 
 into the export of fresh fruits, butter, and other perishable articles of food, 
 of which this country is capable of producing an almost inexhaustible supply. 
 Their influence on the fruit and vegetable production of Victoria is already 
 apparent to a very marked extent. Some years ago, with the view, primarily 
 of ensuring for themselves a constant supply of vegetables suitable to their 
 manufactures, the company imported seed of the most favorably known 
 varieties of onions (silver-skins), chilies, capsicums, &c, and distributed them 
 to Victorian market gardeners, who are now growing them in large quantities 
 with considerable profit to themselves. The supply of currants and rasp- 
 berries was also, until lately, drawn principally from Tasmania, the com- 
 pany having had always in use, employed in this traffic, a floating stock of 
 1000 barrels. But the large demand created by the company's operations, 
 encouraged the growth of these fruits in the most favourable localities of 
 Victoria, such as Macedon, Buninyong, Lilydale, Lai Lai, Fernshaw, 
 Dandenong, and Gippsland, where a very large quantity is now grown; and 
 in a year or so we may depend upon these districts, not only to satisfy our 
 local demands, but also to have a large surplus available for export purposes. 
 
286 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 The company use, as far as they can, all colonial-made articles, and this 
 is another source of increased employment to bottle-makers and to printers 
 — 1,000,000 labels having been required during the last season. Their cases, 
 their wrapping papers, and their corks and bungs, are all purchased in the 
 colony. Their steam plant, too, is of colonial manufacture, and in their 
 factory they give immediate employment to about 150 men. Certainly the 
 company has entitled itself to the support of all Victorians, and we trust 
 that its motto of " Ever foremost " may always, in the future, as in the pre- 
 sent, describe its position in the ranks of our representative Victorian 
 industries. 
 
 THE COLONIAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY 
 
 (LIMITED.) 
 
 Up to the year 1835, no British or other Life Assurance Society had 
 the temerity to effect a landing on the rugged shores of Australia, then sup- 
 posed to be a somewhat deadly climate, and peopled by a sparse population of 
 cannibal aborigines, and a few thousand nomadic criminals, some of whom 
 were worse than the blacks in the atrocity of their crimes, and a small handful 
 of officers and their families, and soldiers and police, all under the slow con- 
 trol of Downing-street. Slow it was in those days, when a despatch was 
 rarely less than ten months in receiving its acknowledgment. At that time 
 the Life Assurance offices at home confined their business within very 
 narrow limits of voyage and residence, and charged any person on their 
 books, desiring to go to Australia (token they granted him the permit at all) 
 not less than £2 per cent, on the amount assured, for the voyage, and a con- 
 tinuous annual extra of about the like amount so long as residing within the 
 then considered dangerous confines of Australia. Some of the settlers of 
 that period, seeing that life and property were, in the settled districts, as 
 safe as in any other part of the British Dominions, and finding, from their 
 own experience, the salubrity of the climate, established, some 45 years ago, 
 a Colonial Life Office. From its formation dates the history of Life Assur- 
 ance in Australia ; where, in the short period of an ordinary lifetime, it has 
 taken firmer root than in England, or even in America. 
 
 On the development of the discovery of gold in Australia, in 1851, the 
 companies then doing business in Australia refused any permit to their policy- 
 holders to go to the diggings ; although some few instances remain on record, 
 in which assured persons were permitted to go to the gold-fields, on paying 
 an extra premium of about 3 per cent. Times are strangely altered now ! 
 
 In 1854, there were not more than 600 lives assured in the whole of 
 Australasia. In 1880, there is an army of provident persons not less 
 than 80,000 in number doing battle (with proved health and stamina in 
 
THE COLONIAL MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, LIMITED. 287 
 
 their favour) against burtkening the State with needless poverty. 
 Day by day, hundreds of recruits of provident, healthy men, are joining 
 the ranks, while those who are improvident enough not to do so, may die in 
 harness, leaving no sort of provision for those they leave behind. There are 
 a few deserters from the ranks, who are indiscreet enough to surrender their 
 policies, or to allow them to lapse, but these few show a want of foresight 
 for the future in such miscalculations. 
 
 Some idea of the principles of mutual confederation, by which individual 
 loss became more bearable through the contributions of the many, may be 
 found in the very earliest records, preserved in the invaluable library of the 
 British Museum. Still earlier instances might even be traced to periods in 
 the historical books of Holy Writ. But being concerned principally with 
 the living, we may at once come to the beginning of the 18th century, when 
 the science of probabilities began to attract the attention of the mathemati- 
 cians of the period, helping alike to promote the failure of many bubbles, 
 originated perhaps as often in fraud as in ignorance, and to uncover their 
 gross trickery. The first legitimate Life Assurance office, was established 
 in 1706, and called "The Amicable." This institution has continued to 
 exist uninterruptedly, and without going through any severe crises, until 
 now its affairs are administered by another office of more recent date; but 
 it still maintains its proud supremacy of seniority. We learn that its rates 
 were considered, by other assurance societies, as rather haphazard, and it 
 possessed constitutional defects, which militated against its taking any active 
 part in Life Assurance as it is carried on to-day. 
 
 Since the establishment of this pioneer company, the number of offices 
 which have risen, and still maintain their honourable position, is very large, 
 while many mushroom companies, started by ignorant and designing men, 
 have disappeared. 
 
 As a representative Australian life assurance society, The Colonial 
 Mutual Life Assurance Society, Limited, stands prominent. It was pro- 
 jected as recently as the latter part of 1873, and through the indomitable 
 perseverance of its general manager, Mr. T. Jaques Martin, commenced 
 active business towards the middle of 1874. In the short period since then, 
 a business has been created exceeding £2,566,000 of assurances, while on foot 
 at the date of the last annual meeting, the income, from premiums alone, 
 exceeded £100,000 per annum. "We understand that to this office and its 
 energetic management, is due the practical abolition of all conditions of assur- 
 ance other than payment of premium, and the absolute nonforfeiture of the 
 policy, so long as a single day's surrender value remains unabsorbed. Thus, 
 supposing the surrender value of a policy on the day of default in paying the 
 premiums, was ,£50, and that sum were sufficient to maintain the risk for two 
 years and 135 days, if death occurred on the last day, the society would pay the 
 claims with equal alacrity as if the premiums had been regularly paid 
 up, deducting only the unpaid premiums, with moderate interest. Besides 
 
288 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 these advantages, it lias introduced the system of absolute assurance, by 
 which the assured are protected against any loss whatever, no matter 
 how adverse their personal circumstances may become hereafter. For 
 instance, a person assuring for £1000, under the 10-premium scale, is 
 assured for £1000 in the event of death within the first year of assurance, 
 and if he fail to pay the second premium he remains assured for £100 ; if, 
 however, he pays the second year's premium and die during that year, his 
 representatives receive the £1000, while if he fail to pay the third premium 
 his life continues to be assured for £200, and so on. 
 
 Space, however, does not permit us to dwell further on the special 
 features of this great institution, beyond mentioning that its first quin- 
 quennial investigation recently completed, has borne the most crucial tests 
 to which the affairs of any similar company have ever been submitted. 
 In this investigation, the work was conducted by the society's actuary, 
 Mr. Robert Thomson, F.I. A., and every figure of the results was submitted 
 to two of the greatest living actuaries of the mother-country, Mr. T. B. 
 Sprague and Mr. G. King, whose opinion corroborated in every respect his 
 valuation, the result of which was that while providing for every possible 
 liability, a very handsome percentage was carried forward to profit and 
 loss. 
 
 In our future of Australia, no more cheering evidence of the high 
 moral tone of our society can be found than in the progress of this, and 
 kindred institutions, showing, as it does, the strong hold that providence and 
 self-denial have obtained among all ranks. 
 
 Before closing this article, we must not omit to mention, that the 
 Colonial Mutual Society is practically one of the pioneers of colonial federa- 
 tion, each colony possessing a board of co-ordinate powers, all controlled by 
 a general committee of management, which committee we might style the 
 Federal Council. 
 
 
 CRAIG, WILLIAMSON AND THOMAS. 
 
 The age we live in, being particularly one of advancement, it necessi- 
 tates that our existing institutions should keep pace with it to maintain 
 their position in the van of progress. So imperial a dictator is the law 
 which governs progress, that all things, to hold their own, must bow to it. 
 Some of the merchants of Melbourne are evidently alive to this, and also 
 to the influence it exerts over commerce. Their recognition of it is seen 
 from the adaptability they evince, in all the departments of commerce, to 
 keep its path in sight, and then steadily follow in the track it leaves be- 
 hind. Amongst those who have been foremost in recognising the radical 
 
 
CRAIG, WILLIAMSON AND THOMAS. 289 
 
 changes which the progress of the times has demanded in the commerce of 
 soft goods, may be mentioned Messrs. Craig, Williamson and Thomas. 
 It appears that the depression of the last three years in Victoria, in com- 
 mercial affairs, can not be said to have left no trace of good. On the con- 
 trary, it is distinctly asserted, and especially by the above firm, that this 
 cycle of depression, so far as the general public is concerned, has been 
 productive of good results. But the most palpable good wrought by these 
 results is claimed to be more strongly arrayed on the side of the 
 purchasing public, than on the side of the merchants. For example, 
 some twelve months ago, when the depression in commercial affairs was, 
 perhaps, at its height, the above firm were endeavouring to solve 
 the best means by which they could recruit trade, primarily for 
 the expansion of their own business, under a new system. So suc- 
 cessful, however, were the means they adopted, that the new elasticity 
 imparted to the business soon surpassed their own expectations. Before 
 acting upon the determined new step, the firm realised that people had not 
 the plethora of money for investment in drapery, and general soft goods, 
 that they formerly had. Hence it was, they concluded that some means 
 must be devised which would give the purchaser a larger purchasing power 
 for his or her pound, than they formerly possessed. The only way in 
 which this step could be accomplished was, to sink the retail profit 
 entirely in the wholesale, and offer their whole stock — which is always 
 extensive — in any quantities and lengths, at wholesale prices. They 
 accordingly threw open their establishment, which was hitherto exclu- 
 sively wholesale, to the smaller requirements and greater caprices 
 of the retail trade. Whether this step will prove remunerative to 
 them, the future alone can answer. Certain it is, however, that it 
 must be an immense advantage to purchasers to be able to dictate their 
 own quantities and lengths to the merchant, and enjoy his wholesale 
 prices. The main object, it appears, is, to supply squatters, farmers, and 
 others, in large or small quantities as they may elect. To mothers of 
 families having only five pounds to spend where they formerly enjoyed ten, 
 it is particularly suggestive of economy. It will readily be seen, that such 
 a system as this firm have introduced would entail an immense amount of 
 risk to the proprietors, if carried on in the ordinary credit system. In fact, 
 it would be impossible to conduct it on any such basis ; for the loss of an 
 ordinary parcel sold on credit, would, perhaps, strip the profit from a whole 
 day's transactions, so fine are the profits now cut in the wholesale drapery 
 line. But Messrs. Craig, Williamson and Thomas shrewdly saw this, and 
 anticipated the evils which might accrue from a credit business, by 
 determining that their business should only be done for cash. They say 
 " we are prepared to exchange our goods with the public for their money 
 at the minimum of profit, but we must have the maximum of security for 
 it." They have in consequence resolved upon a strictly cash business, and 
 
 V 
 
290 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 find it working extremely well. This factor in the undertaking — the cash 
 system — seems to guarantee their ability to continue what they have begun ; 
 for, speaking for ourselves, we must confess that we could not perceive how 
 one firm could sell goods cheaper than another and make the " game worth 
 the candle," but if the percentage of risk is infinitely small, it becomes 
 simply a problem of volume, and if the prices are what these gentlemen say 
 they are, " unprecedentedly low," they will become most eloquent agents in 
 attracting new trade in addition to their old. It may at first produce 
 some prejudice against the firm who serves both wholesale and retail 
 customers alike, without the conservation of the customary profit for the 
 smaller retailer. But a little reflection will suggest the philosophy of the 
 nineteenth century, of which this is the outcome, that " every man is 
 trying to do the best he can for himself." The business of this firm (whole- 
 sale and family) is conducted in the one premises, one staff of salesmen 
 performing the requisite attentions to customers. This firm is also a large 
 importing house, having their own buyers in the English and Continental 
 markets, which arms them with extra expedients for the attraction of new 
 trade. They adhere to wholesale hours, namely, from 9 till 5 p.m. , and oirSatur- 
 day's until 1. Packages of any size are delivered with the utmost dispatch, 
 and free, to any of the suburbs and on board steamers or at railway stations. 
 The premises are also conveniently and centrally situated for buyers, either 
 from town, suburbs, or country, being in Elizabeth-street, near the Hobson's 
 Bay Railway Terminus. 
 
 The drawback received from the Government on all goods exported to 
 the other colonies, and which have paid duty, is allowed to buyers, when 
 the value reaches or exceeds the Customs limit of £5. 
 
 The firm have recently enlarged their premises by adding another story 
 to the building, for the convenience of their female workers. A hydraulic 
 lift, with patent safety gear attached, conveys visitors from the first to the 
 second and third floor show-rooms, and the labour of ascending stairs is 
 thus avoided. 
 
 The first floor is devoted to Manchester goods, such as blankets, flannels, 
 sheetings, calico, &c.j also woollens and clothing, hats, shirts, gents' and 
 boys' outfits, &c, &c. In the second floor, dresses, silks, mantles, costumes, 
 haberdashery, hosiery, and lace and fancy goods, are displayed. The third 
 floor accommodates the millinery show and sales-room, ladies' fitting-room, 
 and the wholesale departments. The fourth floor is occupied by milliners, 
 dressmakers, and mantle makers, placed in a comfortable, well lighted and 
 ventilated room, measuring 60 ft. by 50 ft. The exterior appearance of the 
 building, retaining as it does its original wholesale aspect, is likely to mis- 
 lead those who have been accustomed to make their purchases at retail 
 shops where a great display is made in the windows, and it is necessary to 
 bear this in mind when looking for the establishment ; but an inspection of 
 the interior and its varied contents will soon convince the visitor of the 
 
CRAIG, WILLIAMSON AND THOMAS. 291 
 
 many advantages to be obtained by making their retail purchases from this 
 enterprising firm. 
 
 In conclusion, we have simply to say, that all visitors to Melbourne, as 
 well as all metropolitan and suburban residents, should visit this unique 
 establishment before making purchases elsewhere, in order to discover at 
 what price goods are cheap, and where they are dear. 
 
 ROBERT HARPER AND CO. 
 
 An industry which will, in any way, contribute to make Melbourne a 
 large manufacturing centre is well deserving of the greatest encourage- 
 ment, and the highest meed of praise is due to those to whose inception the 
 industry owes its rise and progress. An important and considerable 
 factor in the development of the commercial importance of Melbourne, is 
 the number and extent of the various industries which are to be found in 
 its midst. According to the contributions of these industries to the grow- 
 ing necessities and requirements of the population, must we judge of the 
 wealth and prosperity of the population itself. When the resources of a 
 country are sufficient for its population, with the addition of a very large 
 surplus existing for the supply of other markets, the progress and develop- 
 ment of that country to a rank equal, and it may be superior, to the older 
 countries of the world, are but matters of time and opportunity. The 
 pastoral, agricultural, and mining wealth of Victoria must be apparent to 
 every experienced eye, and we can scarcely wonder when we see so many 
 enterprising men embarking their fortunes and their time in their develop- 
 ment; but when we see industries created which can only be fairly or 
 approximately judged with regard to their success, or the capabilities of 
 the country to contribute to their success, we certainly are disposed to give 
 a fair share of encouragement to those gentlemen whose keen insight into 
 business is so remarkable, and whose attention is ever on the alert to seize 
 and take advantage of the opportunities w T hich are presented, and whose 
 spirit of enterprise rises e^ual to every occasion which offers itself to their 
 notice. The competition which they have to encounter in the importation 
 of the several articles which they manufacture themselves, the prejudices 
 they must overcome, in the natural disposition of the people to patronise 
 what has long and successfully been before their notice, the almost in- 
 superable difficulties which are continually and unexpectedly cropping up, 
 can only be successfully mastered by men hopeful of the future, and re- 
 solved to be daunted by no amount of opposition in the accomplishment 
 of their scheme. There is another and very important factor to be con- 
 sidered in the creation and successful career of a new industry, and that is, 
 
 V 2 
 
292 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the amount of surplus labour which it swallows up. This factor cannot be 
 overestimated. When we consider the large and growing population of 
 Melbourne, with their equally large and growing requirements, we cannot 
 do less than accord to those who initiate an industry that absorbs so much 
 employment, and yields such great returns to so large a number of the 
 population, the honour which is their due. They become public benefactors, 
 and largely contribute to the welfare, not only of their adopted colony, but 
 also to the other colonies of their adopted country. There, is always a 
 large percentage of the people who are, so to say, not suited to the general 
 run of commerce and trade, and it is a source of difficulty to the political 
 economist to what branch of productive labour such as these must be rele- 
 gated. The question is at once practically answered by the continual intro- 
 duction of new industries. Gratefully are such enterprises interviewed by 
 those who have the prosperity of their adopted country at heart, and accept- 
 able indeed must be the starting of a new and paying industry to those whose 
 lives would otherwise be passed in the uncertainties that must ever be the 
 natural concomitant of occasional and fugitive employment. We have 
 every reason to hope, that with the rise of new branches in trade and 
 commerce, not only will the city of Melbourne or the colony of Victoria 
 be materially benefited, but that those benefits will extend to and be felt 
 in the other colonies of this new country, as well as in the countries which 
 are remote in name only. 
 
 Much of what we have said in this chapter can be applied to the busi- 
 ness of Messrs. Robert Harper and Co., and a description will, we know, be 
 not only interesting but instructive to our readers. We have taken some 
 of the following particulars of the industry carried on by the firm from 
 the exhibits of their productions made by them at the Melbourne Interna- 
 tional Exhibition, 1880. The exhibits of Messrs. Robert Harper and Co. 
 are intended to show the development and progress necessary to the pre- 
 paration for domestic use of the following articles: — Coffee and cocoa, 
 chicory, pepper, spices, rice, oatmeal, &c. The manufacture of most of 
 these goods are to a large extent separate trades, although carried on by one 
 firm, and may be divided into two classes. 1st. Those which involve the 
 manufacture and packing of foreign raw material. 2nd. Those which in 
 volve the manufacture and packing of raw material wholly or in part the 
 produce of Victoria. Of the first class, coffee, cocoa, peppers, spices and 
 rice are the chief; and of the second, oatmeal, mustard, and chicory are 
 most prominent. Each class, being arranged in series, showed first the raw 
 material and then the same at various stages of the process of manufacture, 
 and finally, the finished goods packed in tins, bags, or other packages, ready 
 for the grocer or storekeej^er. Raw coffees were shown from all the chief 
 producing countries, Ceylon, India, Java, &c; then, the beans roasted, and 
 finally, the same ground and packed in tins. Rice is shown in the husk or 
 as it is technically termed, in the "paddy;" then as rough rice, and lastly as 
 
 
ROBERT HARPER AND CO. 293 
 
 fine clean polished rice fit for the table. In oatmeal the raw and kiln- 
 dried oats are shown, then the same hulled, then ground into oatmeal of 
 various grades of fineness. So with mustard, pepper, spices, cocoa, chicory, 
 &c. The preparation and packing of all these goods involves the employ- 
 ment of a very large amount of labour, skilled, and unskilled, and the in- 
 dustries are from that point of view of great importance, besides which the 
 general use of these in nearly every household gives a special interest to 
 their careful and genuine preparation. Special interest in a Victorian point 
 of view attaches to the productions of Messrs. Robert Harper and Co., seeing 
 that they utilise the raw material which is the produce of the colony, for 
 instance : — Oatmeal, for the production of which Victoria has long been 
 celebrated. Mustard, from seed grown in Victoria, equal if not superior to 
 the well-known brands of Keene and Colman. Chicory, from root the pro- 
 duce of the Lancefield district, which is fully up to the best productions of 
 Parry and Co., and Taylor Brothers of London. 
 
 The manufacture of the canisters for coffee, pepper, cocoas, mustard, 
 &c, and the illuminated boxes for the same, is a large industry. All these 
 are made in the factory and by the workmen of the firm, and they very 
 fairly claim that their tin-canistered goods of every description, may in 
 quality and general style of get-up compare favourably with any produce 
 of Europe or America. 
 
 The firm was established in 1866 by Mr. Robert Harper, who was 
 formerly in the same business as a member of another firm, and was 
 subsequently joined by his brother. They are large importers of East 
 Indian produce, which, as our readers are aware, consists of coffee, rice, 
 and spices, &c, &c. In addition to importing and selling the raw material, 
 they manufacture and prepare it for use, and also for local consumption. 
 
 The business is very extensive, and shows not only a large but 
 increasing sale. It extends throughout the whole colony of Victoria, as well 
 as throughout the other colonies. The firm have branches at Sydney and 
 Adelaide, so that the supplies for New South Wales and South Australia 
 may be drawn from convenient centres. We have already mentioned that 
 the firm employs a large amount of labour, giving an instance of one new 
 and successful industry, which may be augmented as the colonies grow, 
 and of the occasion for employment offered to those skilled as well as 
 those unskilled in the Victorian new industries. The premises first 
 occupied by the firm were those in Flinders-lane East, which were 
 erected by the first steam laundry company in Victoria ; that business 
 having been unsuccessful, the premises were vacant, and were adapted 
 by Messrs. Harper and Co. to the requirements of their business. The ex- 
 tension of the operations of the firm led them to remove to more commodious 
 premises in Flinders-street, erected originally by the well-known George F. 
 Train, and at a later period occupied by the Oriental Rice Mill Company. 
 Messrs. Harper and Co. having bought the machinery and business of this latter 
 
294 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 concern, removed the machinery to their newly-built rice mills in West Mel- 
 bourne, and used the premises so vacated for their general coffee and spice 
 business. 
 
 The mills built and occupied by Messrs. W. Degraves and Co. subsequently 
 having come into the market, Messrs. Harper and Co. became the purchasers; 
 and the premises being very extensive, they adapted them not only to the 
 requirements of their general business, but made additions which enabled 
 them to carry on their rice-cleaning mills in a separate compartment of the 
 same building, thereby doing away with the inconvenience of separate estab- 
 lishments, and affording much greater effectiveness of supervision. These 
 premises were well known, the machinery first-class, the engine and boiler 
 by Fail-barn, of Manchester, being reckoned about the best in the colony. 
 
 DAVID MUNKO AND CO. 
 
 There is little doubt but that those persons who are capable of the 
 practical application of discoveries to the ever-increasing exigencies of 
 mankind are more important factors in the progressive civilisation of a 
 country than the discoverers themselves. This may appear, at the first 
 view, somewhat paradoxical, but it ceases to be so on reflection. A 
 discovery properly so called may be the result of a particular search, or it 
 may be accidental. In either case, when the discovery is once made, the 
 work of the discoverer virtually ceases. True, he places in the hands of 
 him who may be called the utiliser, the material for utilising. But it is to 
 the so-called utiliser, rather than to the discoverer, that is due the appli- 
 cation of the thing itself to the wants of man, either through the vehicles 
 of necessity, or art, or science. The man who combines, for the purposes 
 of utility, the productions of nature, or of man, so as to serve and satisfy 
 each newly discovered want, with the greatest economy of time ; money, 
 and labour, is certainly of more importance in the social or national fabric 
 than he who accidentally or designedly chances upon nature's arcana and 
 then stops. No discovery is of any practical use until practical applica- 
 tion has made it so. Of what use was the discovery of gold, silver, 
 copper, tin, lead, iron, or coal, until they were found desiderata in the 
 economy of human life. But it is to the two last named that the palm of 
 real and absolute usefulness must be undoubtedly assigned. The possession 
 of iron and coal to an almost unlimited extent has been the secret of 
 England's greatness and her exalted position in the scale of nations. No 
 nation of modern times can compete with the rapid advancement of art 
 and science that is so striking a feature of the nineteenth century unless 
 its mineral wealth embraces these two important factors. All other mineral 
 
DAVID MUNRO AND CO. 295 
 
 productions sink into insignificance when compared with the surprising re- 
 sults that have evolved through the discovery of coal and iron. They are 
 at once the sources of untold wealth, of a country's greatness, of the many 
 comforts and conveniences of life, and have been made the vehicles or 
 media of more remarkable discoveries, and have resulted in greater real 
 benefits and usefulness to mankind than all the other minerals put together. 
 The three landmarks or indications of successive stages of civilisation are 
 those respectively called the stone, the bronze, and the iron ages. They 
 were gradated developments, each one necessary to, and meeting the 
 increasing wants which proceeded from, the ever-increasing knowledge of 
 mankind. In the first two ages, the wants of man were few and com- 
 paratively unimportant, and the arcana which nature opened to human 
 requirements were fully equal to all the necessities which existed. But 
 immediately that man entered the vestibule of the iron age, new secrets 
 were laid bare, wants generated new Avants, until at last it has been forced 
 upon the human mind that nature's great design was to yield resources that 
 would in time almost obviate the necessity of all manual labour, and give 
 leisure to human intellect to fulfil its mighty and sole end, the development 
 and expansion of though t, until, in its lofty flight, it reached and made captive 
 the sublime and eternal realms of truth. We have only to read the great 
 practical benefits conferred upon our mother country by a Watt, a Stephen- 
 son, an Armstrong, and numerous others, in order to make the question 
 at once arise in our minds as to what was the instrument, the medium, or 
 the material through which these men laid an embargo of gratitude on all 
 mankind. It was the unlimited supply of coal and iron, ready at hand, 
 and works sufficiently large as to be capable of supplying wants co-extensive 
 with the requirements of the civilised world. We find it the more 
 remarkable then, in another hemisphere, 15,000 miles away from the 
 large coal measures and iron deposits of the mother country, but 
 equal to every exigency of a new country, that firms have risen in a little 
 over two decades of years, to an importance in Australia comparatively for 
 their requirements as great as the firms we have mentioned in preceding 
 chapters, have attained to at home. Of these the firm of David Munro and 
 Co., which has been associated with the various branches of the iron trade in 
 Victoria for more than half the period which covers the history of the 
 colony, takes rank as one. They are a fair illustration of what we have 
 preliminarily stated. They have adapted the discoveries of the old world to 
 the wants of their adopted country, and have given an impetus to the 
 development of the mining and pastoral wealth of Australia, which has con- 
 ferred benefits, and is likely to associate their names favourably with the 
 future history of Victoria. Prior to 1870, the firm was chiefly occupied with 
 Government contracts, and constructed a large number of railway bridges on 
 the Geelong, Ballarat, and Sandhurst lines. Their name, too, is associated 
 with the Moorabool Viaduct, which they constructed, as well as with many 
 
296 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 other equally large and skilful works of engineering. "When the railway- 
 main lines were concluded, so far as the Government exchequer would 
 permit, Messrs. Munro and Co. turned their attention to other fields and 
 pastures new. They devoted special attention to the wants of the selector, 
 and imported agricultural machinery, which they contrived to adapt to 
 the peculiar character of husbandry that obtains in Australia. We may 
 particularise the threshing machine of Ransomes, Sims and Head, which, 
 through some adaptation on the part of Mr. Munro, satisfactorily fulfils each 
 required function, and for particular purposes it now stands unique. 
 
 The adaptation of the portable engine, now generally used on farms 
 and stations, is another instance of what can be done by one who, with 
 the necessary practical knowledge, thoroughly studies the principles of 
 supply and demand. Amongst their introduction of improvements, we 
 may mention the colonial fire-box, the steam jacketted cylinder, the 
 variable expansion gear, the sliding crank shaft bracket, the three way 
 force-pumps, enlarged mud-holes, and extra-facilities for clearing out the 
 boiler, rendered necessary by the muddy and brackish water, which it 
 is sometimes unavoidably necessary to use. They supply portable en- 
 gines of from 2 to 25 horse-power, as well as double cylinder engines. The 
 latter are used principally for mining and sawing, and are frequently 
 placed, minus their wheels and undergear, in steamboats. The single 
 cylinder engines are used for threshing, pumping, chaffcutting, and a 
 variety of itinerant occupations. Many kinds of engines are manufactured 
 on the premises, and are not inferior to the best home productions. In 
 the show rooms may be seen marine, semi-portable, straw-burning, vertical 
 and horizontal engines, &c. An important department is the mining ma- 
 chinery for winding and pumping, for crushing the quartz, and for saving 
 the least trace of gold from the tailings. This they send to all parts of 
 Australia, wherever the ubiquitous gold-digger is to be found. The fre- 
 quent drought with which the Australian farmers and squatters are fami- 
 liar, only served as an occasion to develope still further the inventive faculties 
 of colonial mechanicians. They successfully supplied the best steam-pumps, 
 including the plunger and drawlift. They have also designed an effective 
 gear for working deep well force-pumps in an economical manner with a 
 small engine. Whims and whips, and similar contrivances, were largely 
 supplied, so that through their instrumentality some of the evil effects of 
 drought are reduced to a comparative minimum. They are also makers of 
 centrifugal pumps, of a simpler and stronger construction than the common 
 patterns, and capable of throwing a much greater body of water. Their 
 stock also comprises hand-pumps, rotary-pumps and chain waterlifters. 
 Mr. Munro is the patentee and manufacturer of an ingenious apparatus 
 known at home and abroad as " the Victory Self-adjusting Windmill." The 
 mill virtually looks after itself, it is comparatively inexpensive, and is a de- 
 cided improvement on many of those now in use. There are five distinct sizes 
 
 
DAVID MUNRO AND CO. 297 
 
 of windmills, ranging from one suitable to a cottage, to the larger machines 
 with sail-wheel 20 feet in diameter, capable of raising large quantities of 
 water to a height of 200 feet, and through many miles of piping. Each 
 mill is provided with a metal column, or support, so that no extra expense 
 is incurred in erection. The firm supplies ripping saw-benches, vertical 
 frames, and firewood cutting apparatus. They have also patented a self- 
 acting breaking down, travelling saw-bench, which combines the 
 rapidity of the circular saw with the capacity of the vertical 
 for taking large logs. It is self-acting, and, unlike the ordinary 
 vertical frame, does not require the excavation of a pit, but may 
 be set down on any level ground. It is also largely used by railway 
 contractors for the preparation of sleepers, as well as by station owners, 
 for cutting timber for fencing purposes. The firm has also introduced a 
 post boring-machine, which turns out 130 posts per hour, completely bored 
 for receiving wire. It may also be adapted to the preparation of the 
 mortice for rails, or for a top-rail and wire. An important branch of this 
 concern is that of contractors' plant for the removal of earth, as in rail- 
 way excavation, &c, for which purpose the firm manufactures a patent 
 automatic earth scoop, which is a decided improvement on some of 
 those formerly in use. They also have imported and supply a brick-making 
 machine, which is capable of making 10,000 bricks per day. Their 
 stock also embraces derrick cranes of their own manufacture, travelling 
 crane crab winches, pile driving machinery, stone breaking plants, Chilian 
 mills, and most other appliances for public work. The millwright's art has 
 also special attention, and many of the finest flour mills in the Australian 
 colonies have been supplied by the firm. David Munro and Co. have 
 introduced what they call the purchasing lease system, which accommodates 
 itself to the means of all, enabling an enterprising energetic man to become 
 in time the possessor of valuable plant. We commend this to the notice of 
 beginners, as well as to those who are not overburdened with a large supply 
 of capital. The head office and the No. 1 yard of the firm are situate at 
 No. 154 Queen-street, and occupy a large area of ground. Their No. 3 
 yard is in a'Beckett-street, and has some fine storage buildings erected on 
 it. The No. 4 yard, in Elizabeth-street, is of greater extent than the others. 
 This yard has a fine two-story building, with a very complete duplicate 
 workshop. The Queen-street premises are the head-quarters of the firm, 
 and the counting-house, private offices, draughtsman's office, and workshops 
 are all conveniently arranged. There are show-rooms containing the latest 
 inventions and appliances. The manufactory contains several large screw" 
 cutting lathes, one of the most effective planing machines in the colonies, 
 drilling machines, punching and shearin gmachines, forges, and every neces- 
 sary tool for executing the varied description of engineering work. A 
 powerful steam engine supplies the motive power. The firm have in con- 
 templation the concentration of their various depots on one or two central 
 
298 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 blocks of land, which will doubtless be found more convenient than present 
 arrangements. Their illustrated catalogue, a very commendable production, 
 will supply the most minute and comprehensive information to all who seek 
 to be supplied at the hands of this energetic and very enterprising firm. 
 
 In conclusion, we would call attention to their fine line of machinery, 
 the value of which is £3000, now being shown at the Melbourne Inter- 
 national Exhibition. These comprise vertical engine, with winding and 
 pumping gear, patent self-acting travelling circular saw bench, ripping 
 bench and trucks, &c, <fec. 
 
 ALLAN AND CO. 
 
 The people of Melbourne are essentially musical. This fact is evidenced 
 by the number and excellent quality of the musical entertainments held in 
 the city, and the enthusiastic reception they invariably accord to the artists, 
 who, in the course of their peregrinations, sojourn in Melbourne. This just 
 appreciation of music speaks well for the refinement and culture of the people. 
 It is highly creditable that in a city of such recent growth as Melbourne there 
 should be so large a portion of the population, at once ready and having time 
 and wealth enough, to encourage this department of aesthetics, and to do so 
 successfully. 
 
 In a colony, whose existence scarcely reaches the half of a century ; but 
 which, during that time, has increased to an importance which would 
 astonish the wildest dreams of the early settlers, and which has, at the same 
 time, extended its influence throughout the world, it is astonishing to find 
 that in the midst of all this feverish excitement the people should not be 
 too much engrossed with the practical cares of life to turn their attention 
 towards the cultivation of musical taste. But in Victoria, and especially in 
 Melbourne, music occupies no inconsiderable attention. We are glad that 
 this is so, music is either the precursor of refinement and elegance, or its 
 result. In either case it is an absolute essential of those qualities which 
 are the sunbeams of social life. 
 
 The music of a country bears the impress of the main characteristics 
 of its people. As the songs of a rude nation are barbaric and weird, so 
 the melodies and music of a civilised people are smoothly harmonious and 
 regular. The culture and civilisation of a nation may be judged as 
 accurately by its national music as the leading points in the character 
 and appearance of its people may be deduced from the physical features 
 and scenery of the country by which that people is surrounded. In 
 the early days of Melbourne, some 30 years ago, the theatres were 
 poor and insignificant, and the audience often more enthusiastic than 
 discerning. It is only within the last few years that theatres have 
 
 
ALLAN AND CO. 299 
 
 risen, well built, comfortable, handsome, and commodious ; and though there 
 are now three, each fairly large, yet they are fairly well patronised with 
 appreciative and critical audiences. The Town Hall of Melbourne, a very 
 handsome building, and covering a large piece of ground, is of recent date. 
 On its platform many of the most celebrated singers and musicians of the 
 present day have stood, and its walls have echoed with the applause of 
 audiences that filled it in every part. This is the more remarkable when we 
 know that the room itself is capable of holding, and accommodating com- 
 fortably, between two and three thousand people. There are few places in 
 Europe where a true artist is better received than in Melbourne. He may 
 be feted to his heart's content. No artistic sojourner in Melbourne can 
 leave its city audits people without a certain amount of regret, and invari- 
 ably, a great amount of gratitude, for the spontaneous and kind attention 
 which they all receive. Our readers then will not be astonished to find that 
 musical purveyors occupy a deservedly prominent position in the commercial 
 life of Melbourne. The number of musical warehouses in Melbourne must 
 be noticeable even to the most cursory observer. They are large and hand- 
 some, and occupy some of the most advantageous positions in the city. 
 
 One warehouse we must not omit to mention, and that is the musical 
 warehouse of the firm of Allan and Co. (late Wilkie, Webster and Allan). 
 This firm, we understand, is the oldest in Melbourne. It was established 
 30 years ago, by Mr. Joseph Wilkie. Its connection increased so con- 
 siderably as to render the old premises utterly inadequate for the proper 
 transaction of their largely additional business operations. The new premises 
 occupy one of the finest business positions in Melbourne. The entrance to 
 the ground floor is through glass doors, standing 12 feet back from the street 
 and approached between handsome plate-glass windows. This part of the 
 building, 90 feet by 27 feet and 17 feet high, is devoted to the music depart- 
 ment, counting-house, and offices. Cases of music occupy an immense range of 
 shelving, divided at intervals by electro pillars, from which spring gas brackets 
 of gothic design. The first floor forms the grand salon, nearly 100 feet in 
 length by 20 feet 6 inches high, for an imposing array of grand and cottage 
 pianos. In the salon, the firm holds its matinees, the sitting accommodation 
 being sufficient for upwards of 500 people. The second floor contains the 
 organ room, 28 by 25 feet. On this floor are a number of sound-proofrooms, 
 fitted up for teaching purposes, and on the door may be seen the names of 
 the principal members of the Victorian musical profession. The back pre- 
 mises consist of stores, workshops, packing room, &c. A lift, worked by 
 hydraulic power, conveys both customers and goods from one floor to another. 
 The present proprietor, Mr. Geo. L. Allan, joined Mr. Wilkie in 1863. His 
 knowledge of public taste, and his business capacity, account for the large 
 increase in the firm's business, which has been quite extensive since his advent 
 as sole proprietor. The firm was established in 1850, and is the leading 
 house in the music trade throughout Australia. Mr. Joseph Wilkie com- 
 
300 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 tnencedthe business in 1850, Mr. Webster joined as a partner in 1862, and 
 the year folloAving Mr. Allan came into the firm. Messrs. Wilkie and 
 Webster both died in the year 1875, and then Mr. Allan purchased the 
 interest of both parties. The new premises were built exactly to Mr. Allan's 
 design, and were opened in May, 1877. Since that date, the progress of the 
 firm has been one of prosperity. 
 
 The firm were the originators, in 1860, of the time-payment system, by 
 which pianos and organs can be bought by monthly payments, extending over 
 a term of one or two years. Wilkies' has been the box-office and business 
 centre for all the great artists who have visited Australia, viz. : — Catherine 
 Hayes, Madame Anna Bishop, Arabella Goddard, Ristori,Ilma de Murska,all 
 the Italian and English Opera companies, Carlotta Patti, Henry Ketten, &c. 
 Mr. Allan visited England, Germany, and France 10 years ago, and laid the 
 foundation of an extensive connection with Kapp, Ronisck, Lipp, Bliitliner, 
 Schmidt, Neumann, Schiedmayer, &c. About a year ago, Mr. Allan again 
 visited Europe, and established business relations with Westermayer, Bosen- 
 dorfen, Forster, Ecke, Ibach, Rosener, Radial, Brinsmead, &c. The firm have 
 for years represented the great houses of Broad wood, Collard, Erard (London 
 and Paris), besides many other makers of great and known reputation. Mr. 
 Allan is the representative of all the large London music publishing houses. 
 The Smith organs were introduced by Mr. Allan five years ago. Allan and 
 Co. now supply these organs throughout all the Australian colonies. These 
 organs are conceded by many to be the most perfect imitation of the pipe 
 organ, and the finest reed organs in the world. We understand that, at the 
 Melbourne Exhibition, Allan and Co. represent some of the first houses in 
 France, Germany, and America, viz. : — Erard, Schiedmayer, and the Smith 
 American Organ Company, besides a number of other houses of great repu- 
 tation. The firm have issued a handsome music catalogue, classified and 
 arranged by Mr. Allan himself. It contains the publications of all the 
 leading London houses. The firm's colonial publications include composi- 
 tions by Ketten, Giorza, Pratt, Zelman, Emmett, Alfred Moul, G. B. Allan, 
 Giammona, and a host of others. In the show-rooms are represented all 
 the finest pianoforte-makers in England, Germany, and France, Messrs. 
 Allan and Co. having been appointed sole agents in Victoria for many of the 
 best houses. We are informed by the firm that their stock of pianos and 
 cabinet organs kept, including those on hire, amounts to the large sum of 
 .£20,000 cost value, and the stock of musical instruments of other kinds, 
 music, etc., brings it up to a grand total of about £27,000 — a magnificent 
 stock, and, in fact, inferior in point of variety and excellence to few even of 
 the best establishments in the old country. Mr. Allan is ably assisted by a 
 large staff of clerks, salesmen, tuners, repairers, &c. &c, many of whom have 
 been in the firm's employ for a large number of years. 
 
 Mr. Allan certainly deserves credit for the efficient manner in which he 
 caters for the musical taste of Melbourne. 
 
NICHOLSON AND CO. 301 
 
 NICHOLSON AND CO. 
 
 One of the noteworthy features of Melbourne in the shape of the 
 development of culture is the establishment and business of Messrs. Nichol- 
 son and Co. "We do not propose to notice either of these in the same 
 spirit that has pervaded our remarks of preceding houses. The dissemina- 
 tion of the arts of the muses, and in particular Euterpe and her flute, cannot 
 be held to lend any active part in the material development of a city or 
 country. But the part they can be made to play, if not in the material, at 
 least in the social and sesthetical development of a country, is none the less 
 important in their department. They bring about that softening refinement 
 so necessary to a keen appreciation of the weal that a successful commercial 
 life has provided. They infuse into the homes, so bounteously provided 
 with all that money can buy, an element which makes all these surroundings 
 seem more beautiful. At least, they awaken the better nature — the soul — 
 which may be latent in the merchant while he is driving his bargain with 
 commercial life, and lead it into a temporary paradise it could not have 
 occupied before. Mr. J. C. W. Nicholson, one of the present proprietors of this 
 establishment, came to Melbourne in 1859, and commenced business on his 
 own account in 1875. In 1876, he took in Mr. Ascherberg as partner, who 
 retired from the firm in 1878. In 1876, they removed to the very hand- 
 some premises occupied by them now, in Collins-street East, where they pre- 
 sumably have one of the largest stocks of instruments and music of any house 
 in Australia. The size of their premises is 32 feet front by 130 feet in depth, 
 embracing a large gallery and numerous rooms for the instruction of music. 
 There is also an extensive basement for packing, repairing, and tuning instru- 
 ments, &c, &c. Their cottage piano room is capable of containing about 80 
 pianos, the organ room about 100 organs, and the grand piano gallery about 
 20 instruments. The fixtures in this establishment, for the accommodation 
 of the immense stock of music that is kept, cost no less a sum than £2000. 
 Adjacent to the counting-house is a theatre box-office, where seats may be 
 booked in advance. It is a common thing for matinees to be given here, 
 when the services of leading vocalists and instrumentalists are engaged. 
 Some extent of the business that this firm do in instruments may be imagined 
 when it is known that their stock in organs and pianos in the premises, 
 reaches the high figure of £5000. They have also £3000 worth on 
 hire, and about 1000 instruments of all kinds sold on the time-payment 
 system. The stock of music on hand is very large. The amount of 
 music sold yearly, at this and the Sydney establishment, is something 
 quite extensive, and a conspicuous item in this amount is the music 
 published here, composed by local men. Their enterprise in furthering 
 the musical taste of the community has extended to literature, in 
 publishing a musical magazine at intervals, price one shilling, larger and 
 
302 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 better finished than the one published in London. Of this they circulate 
 between 20,000 and 30,000 each number. The magazine contains original 
 copyrights, English compositions, &c. &c, purchased exclusively for it. Con- 
 cerning the stock of pianos kept by this firm, the German makes are preferred, 
 and of these the beautiful instruments made by Lipp, Schiedmayer, Ronisch, 
 Westermayer, Beibstein, Grotrian, Heifferich and Schutz, and Steinway, of 
 Germany. In addition to these they keep the well-known names of Erard, 
 Collard, Broadwood, Pleyel, Kinkman, Aucher, and Bord. In organs, the 
 Americans seem to have it all their own way, their instruments having almost 
 entirely displaced the Alexandre. The names of Geo. Woods, Burdett, and 
 others, seem to be most popularly known, especially the former, whose organs 
 are said to have attained the acme of volume and melody. A very fine illus- 
 trated catalogue has been issued by this firm at a cost of £250, with every pos- 
 sible information in it. This can be had on written or personal application, and 
 would greatly facilitate the purchaser's choice. Their Sydney house is con- 
 ducted on precisely the same principle as governs the one in Melbourne. No 
 expense is spared to make the stock new, novel, and complete. The variety 
 on hand there is precisely as large and good as it is at the Melbourne house, and 
 in this particular the enterprise of this concern must be applauded. They 
 are in direct communication with all the leading pianoforte-makers and 
 music-publishers, and are supposed to keep one of the largest stocks in Aus- 
 tralia. Their present exhibit at the Melbourne Exhibition is regarded with 
 interest, as the one they made at Sydney brought them much favourable 
 notice. Either of their establishments are well worth a visit, everything 
 being conveniently arranged for ladies, and for the facility of their purchases. 
 We would strongly recommend all those who have not visited their two 
 establishments, to do so at an early day, and all those who have visited 
 them to be constant in their renewals, for they are receiving new music by 
 every steamer. 
 
 KILPATRICK AND CO. 
 
 Among the idiosyncrasies of Australians, not the least important is the 
 penchant for jewellery. It is noticeable to the most cursory outside ob- 
 server,, It not only exists among those whose lines have fallen in pleasant 
 places, but it is even observable in the working digger, the agriculturist, 
 the cabby, the working man, and last, though not least prominent, among 
 the " larrikins" who infest the streets of the Australian towns and villages. 
 Amongst precious metals, gold seems the weakness ; while we often see rings, 
 and other ornaments of jewellery, made of silver, chiefly among the 
 rising generation. Diamonds, amongst the wealthy classes, seem to be the 
 favourite in the order of precious stones. Kings are worn, as a rule, by 
 
KILPATRICK AND CO. 303 
 
 every man, woman, and boy one meets. This characteristic is the sign-post, 
 though a humble one, of a latent sesthetical taste, which must, sooner or 
 later, be developed. As gold amongst metals, and diamonds amongst pre- 
 cious stones, seem to be the prevailing taste, it may not be uninteresting to 
 our readers to give a few succinct particulars about the one and the other. 
 If we estimate the yard of gold at £2,000,000, which it is in round numbers, 
 all the gold in the world might, if melted into ingots, be contained in a 
 cellar twenty -four feet square, and sixteen feet high. All the boasted 
 wealth obtained from California and Australia, would go into an iron safe 
 nine feet square, and nine feet high, so small is the cube of yellow metal that 
 has carried the immigration of population, peopled a new country larger than 
 the Continent of Europe, and roused the whole world to wonder. The late 
 Keeper of the Mining Records states that for the uses of the arts, not less 
 than 1000 ounces of fine gold are used in Birmingham alone every week, 
 and that in the United Kingdom the weekly consumption of leaf-gold is 
 as follows: — London, 400 oz.; Edinburgh, 35 oz. ; Birmingham, 70 oz.; 
 Manchester, 40 oz.; Dublin, 12 oz.; Liverpool, 15 oz.; Leeds, 6 oz.; Glas- 
 gow, 6 oz.; total, 584 oz. Of this, he states on the authority of an eminent 
 gold-refiner, that not one-tenth part can be recovered, and he adds, that for 
 gilding metals of the electrotype, and the water, or wash-gilding processes, 
 not less than 10,000 ounces of gold are required annually. We are curious 
 to know the consumption of gold in Victoria. It would be a matter of 
 interest to compare it with the production. The superiority of the diamond, 
 as an ornamental gem, depends, not only on its high reflective power, which 
 alone separates the colours of white light to a very great degree, but also on 
 its low dispersive power, which prevents them from being separated too 
 much and detained, one might say, within the stone, or rather prevented from 
 emerging from it after reflection. The word diamond is derived through 
 the French diamant, from the Greek word ddd/xas invincible, and this again 
 from a and sa/x&u to crush or subdue, from its supposed property of resisting 
 the action of fire, and the heaviest strokes of the hammer. The full-grown 
 diamond exceeds in value more than a hundred thousand times its mass in 
 gold; it is the most cherished possession, and the proudest ornament of 
 emperors and kings; it is the most esteemed and the brightest gem in the 
 chaplet of beauty, and yet it is but a lump of coal, which heat reduces to a 
 cinder, and dissipates into that insalubrious gas which ascends from the 
 most putrid marsh, and bubbles from the filthiest quagmire. Diamonds are 
 cut by a horizontal iron plate, about ten inches in diameter, called a schyf, 
 which revolves from 2000 to 3000 times per minute. The diamond is fixed 
 in a ball of lead, which is fitted to an arm, one end of which rests upon the 
 table, on which the plate revolves, and the other at which the ball contain- 
 ing the diamond is fixed, is pressed upon the plate by movable weights, 
 varying according to the size of the facets to be cut, from two to thirty 
 pounds. It is difficult to express in words, or in numbers, the commercial 
 
304 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 value of the diamond, but it has been said that a string of Koh-i-noors, a 
 furlong in length, would purchase the fee-simple of the globe, while a ring, 
 engirdling the Arctic zone, would buy up the whole of the planetary system. 
 We have been disposed to these particulars through a notice, which 
 we have before us, of the enterprising firm of Kilpatrick and Co., 
 goldsmiths, &c. They have establishments both at London and at Melbourne, 
 and their operations are on an extensive scale in both of these commercial 
 centres, the one of the northern and the other of the southern hemisphere. 
 It is upwards of a quarter of a century since they commenced business in 
 Melbourne. In 1853, their first start was as wholesale dealers only, and 
 this branch of their trade speedily developed into importance. Their im- 
 portations were exclusively confined to London-made goods, thus insuring 
 excellence and durability of workmanship combined with elegance of design, 
 always in the newest style. These goods were naturally of a character and 
 description superior to those which had been previously imported to the 
 colony. The result was a steady and increasing demand for the goods im- 
 ported by Kilpatrick and Co., and they were equal to the occasion. Two 
 years later, that is in 1855, they opened their present establishment, 
 in which they combined the wholesale with the retail business. They 
 then not only continued to supply their former customers, but they were 
 now able to cater for the tastes of Victorians generally and Melbournians 
 specially. The growing demand for the best, the newest, and most 
 artistic styles was readily and promptly met. By continuing to main- 
 tain their aim, of adding to their stock only high-class goods, of unques- 
 tionable taste, they have secured a clientele, second we believe, to none 
 in the colony. This principle of studying the growing tastes of the time, 
 combined with the facilities which the firm have of procuring goods of 
 such varied elegance, design, and at the same time durable, is, we 
 apprehend, the great secret of the success which has attended the 
 efforts of Messrs. Kilpatrick and Co. in supplying the growing demand 
 for jewellery of gold, and other ornaments inlaid with the precious metal. 
 A visit to their establishment would fully repay any time that might 
 be spent in inspecting their well chosen stock. 
 
 THE VICTORIA ICE COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 Among the many industries which now flourish in Victoria, and which 
 contribute to our comforts, our luxuries, and onr ailments at one and the 
 same time, none is more deserving of its meed of praise than the Victoria 
 Ice Company, Limited. The difficulties which were experienced during the 
 earlier settlement of the colony in importing ice, made it so expensive an 
 
VICTORIA ICE COMPANY, LIMITED. 305 
 
 article that few except the rich were able to have at hand a constant or 
 even at times an occasional supply. It was originally imported from 
 America at great risk, and often at great loss, so that the great expense 
 which was incurred before it reached the colonial market, made it an 
 article of luxury rather than one which could minister to comforts or 
 alleviate ailments. This great desideratum in a hot climate, and the great 
 expense of importing, naturally found its remedy, through men whose enter- 
 prise and aptitude enabled them to turn to account the resources which 
 science had placed at their disposal. It was found that artificial ice could 
 be manufactured at a less expense than the imported article, and would at 
 the same time answer every purpose as well ; and the result was that a com- 
 pany was formed for the manufacture of ice at a reasonable rate, under the 
 style of the Victoria Ice Company, Limited. Their object was, by its 
 cheapness, to bring it within the re ach of all, at the same time ensuring a 
 regular and almost unlimited supply. What was at one time a very expen- 
 sive luxury, may now, through the instrumentality of the Victoria Ice 
 Company, be found in almost every household where the existence of the 
 company is known. The supply being increased to such an extent, has 
 created a demand far exceeding, we may safely say, whatever the company 
 expected at its inception would ever be realised. It may be interesting to 
 our readers to be informed that the process of manufacture adopted by 
 the company is that of forcing briny water through copper tanks of various 
 sizes, until the water in these tanks is reduced to a freezing tempera- 
 ture. They have recently added powerful new machinery, by which they 
 are now producing crystal and the white or berg ice. We cannot 
 think that it is uninteresting to have inserted these remarks, especially 
 for those of our readers who are living in the colonies or in those 
 countries where the heat is so intense that any means of alleviating 
 pleasantly the thirst which is so often felt, will be welcomed with, we 
 might almost say, grateful pleasure. Our friends in England, even 
 during the hottest summer, can never understand or fully appreciate how 
 great a luxury ice is felt to be by those living in hot climates. The 
 heat is often so great that water and other liquids, however exhilarating 
 they may be themselves, are reduced to such a temperature as almost to be 
 productive of that thirst which they are meant to allay. It is in such cases 
 that ice is as necessary for health as it is for its cooling powers, producing, 
 as it does, so refreshing and delicious a beverage. We are glad that the 
 company, through its operations, has brought the supply as much within the 
 means of the employed as the employer; and we cannot but feel grateful that, 
 though a fair return is sought for the time and capital which are expended by 
 the gentlemen forming the company, they are not unmindful of the necessity 
 of contributing as largely as possible, and at a cheap rate, to the comforts, 
 and oftentimes necessities, of every graple of our population. Another, and 
 not less important factor, is the usefulness, as well as in many cases of sick 
 
 W 
 
306 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 ness, the absolute necessity, of ice as a cooling medicament, which, in this 
 respect, is largely used in our hospitals, as well as among the sick who are 
 to be found in our own houses. It often effectually allays or dissipates 
 pain, and many times life has been saved where it has been ready to hand 
 for use in cases of urgent necessity. The difficulties of limited supply, which 
 prevailed under the system of imported ice, have now disappeared, and no 
 one need be without a constant supply. 
 
 In addition to ministering to the comforts and luxuries of life, as well as 
 to the alleviation of many of its ailments, this new industry of ice manufac- 
 turing gives additional employment to capital and labour, and provides the 
 wherewithal for many families that might otherwise find it hard to obtain 
 employment in Jthe present condition of the labour market. Any augmen- 
 tation to the field of labour must be welcomed by every true philanthropist ; 
 and in this respect, as well as those others to which we have referred, is the 
 Victoria Ice Company deserving of the greatest encouragement. Wherever 
 there is a new industry brought into operation, it adds to the wealth and 
 importance of the colony, and finds employment for those who are already 
 in this new country, as well as for any surplus of population through emi- 
 gration from home. The works, which may be said to be on a fairly extensive 
 scale, are in Franklin-street, and they give employment to a great number 
 of workmen. The offices of the Company are situated at 77 Collins-street 
 west. The management is in the hands of Mr. C. W. Umphelby, whose 
 experience and knowledge of the business enable him to cater satisfactorily 
 for the very numerous cliental which the Company now enjoys. The 
 business is yearly increasing, and of course with this increase, the number 
 of the workmen employed is increased at the same time. 
 
 MR. E. ROWLANDS. 
 
 Among the many industries which have sprung up in Australia, that 
 for the manufacture of what we may designate temperance drinks, is one 
 deserving of the very greatest encouragement. It is an important desi- 
 deratum, not only in a social aspect, in such a climate as Victoria, where 
 very often such extreme heat prevails, but also for sanitary considerations, 
 seeing that the water supply of Melbourne is in every way so unsatisfactory. 
 There is probably no city in the world where, in proportion to its num- 
 bers, more intoxicating drinks are consumed than in Melbourne. Hence, 
 in the case of an industry, whose influence must tend to modify this 
 great and lamentable evil, by the introduction of pleasant as well as invigo- 
 rating beverages, we cannot but wish that it may be attended with unquali- 
 fied success. Although the principle of temperance is advocated with 
 
MR. E. ROWLANDS. 307 
 
 persevering energy and ability, and powerful appeals are made to the 
 masses to refrain from the excessive indulgence in spirituous and other 
 stimulants, yet unless they are supplemented by some provision for the sup- 
 ply of drinks at once exhilarating and pleasant to the palate, the efforts of 
 all philanthropists must be, to a very great extent, incomplete, and conse- 
 quently unsuccessful. Those who, while seeking a fair return for their 
 trouble and time, combine with this a real desire to contribute to the moral 
 and social welfare of their fellow-men, by educating a demand, through the 
 influence of the supply itself, are deserving of the highest praise from all 
 those who have the true welfare of the colony at heart. We believe these 
 last remarks are justly applicable to the gentleman whose industry, i.e., the 
 manufacture of soda-water, lemonade, and other equally pleasant drinks, is 
 the subject of the present chapter. It is now, we understand, twenty-six 
 years ago since Mr. Rowlands first started business for the manufacture 
 of aerated waters, in conjunction with Mr. Robert Lewis, under the 
 firm name of Rowland and Lewis. The firm first commenced opera- 
 tions at Ballarat, and erected a factory on a site situated on the edge 
 of Youl's Swamp, now known as Lake "VVendouree. The factory, like 
 all buildings at that time, was of canvas, and was erected on a spot now 
 known as View Point Esplanade. At this period, the firm had to contend 
 against the competition of thirteen other aerated water factories, which we 
 are glad to say rather stimulated than discouraged its efforts. During 
 those primitive times, hand labour took the place of what is now done by 
 the aid of machinery, and Messrs. Rowlands and Lewis, by the introduction 
 of what are called Taylor's No. 1 machines, at once placed the other factories 
 at a disadvantage. Their rolling-stock, at this time, was represented by one 
 horse and a delivery-cart. Determined as the firm was to manufacture the 
 very best article, it was soon found that success attended its efforts to 
 accomplish this praiseworthy object, which being supplemented by steady 
 energy and zeal, soon resulted in the abandonment of the primitive premises 
 for more suitable and commodious ones, situated at the intersection of Sturt 
 and Dawson-streets, Ballarat West. As business increased, it was found 
 necessary to increase the appliances, and consequently the firm purchased 
 an imported plant, which cost £1000 in England. The plant, which had 
 been in use at what was then termed Spring Hill (now Redan), Ballarat, 
 consisted of three of T. Boulton and Son's (of London) first-class ma- 
 chines, some of which we were told the firm retain to this day. As the 
 plant was added to, the business increased proportionately. All kinds of 
 mineral and other aerated waters, together with the cordials then in use, 
 were manufactured in the factory. The firm still continued to produce 
 drinks of the very best quality, and the result was the demand for a pure, 
 palatable, and wholesome beverage increased to such an extent that it was 
 found necessary to resort to steam power, which they did in 1858, or just 
 four years after the factory was started. Probably the most important 
 
 W 2 
 
308 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 factor in the manufacturing of aerated waters is the abundant or sufficient 
 supply of the purest water. The firm, recognising this, diligently sought for, 
 and were rewarded by finding a spring at Warrenheip, the waters of which 
 were proved to be rich in iron, lime, and other constituents peculiarly 
 adapted to the manufacture of the higher classes of mineral waters. This 
 naturally resulted in the supply of an article which met with approval on 
 all sides, and which created, through its superior quality, a very large de- 
 mand. The same history of continued prosperity, and increasing business, 
 necessitated the construction of larger premises, and the firm at once secured 
 a suitable site at the corner of Dana and Dofton-streets, and there erected, 
 at considerable outlay, the factory which they built in 1870. The appliances 
 and convenience for the carrying on of this important industry are probably 
 superior to any other establishment of the kind south of the line. No ex- 
 pense was spared by the enterprising firm, in fitting up each department 
 of the manufactory, so as to enable them to keep up an almost inex- 
 haustible supply of the purest and best articles. As the business developed, 
 and the reputation of the firm for the best quality of waters extended, it 
 was deemed advisable to open a branch in Melbourne, and to carry on the 
 same business of manufacturing waters in the metropolis of the colony. 
 The factory at Melbourne is situated at 116 Collins-street west. From 
 small beginnings, it has grown into an important metropolitan industry, and 
 the firm finds at present full employment for fourteen horses and nine wag- 
 gons, necessary for the efficient discharge of the present business require- 
 ments. The Ballarat factory still continued to supply the factory at Mel- 
 bourne with soda, and all other mineral waters. The necessity of this 
 arose from the fact that no water could be found superior, or even equal, 
 to that obtained from the Spring at Warrenheip. Other serated-waters 
 which do not require any special constituents in the water of which they 
 are made, were, and are now, manufactured for the use of the capital, at the 
 Melbourne factory. The soda-water, which bears the well-known trade- 
 mark of Mr. E. Rowlands, and which has earned so wide-spread a reputa- 
 tion for its superior quality, is still made at Ballarat. At the Dana-street 
 factory, the principal plant comprises three double-action soda-water 
 machines, worked by a powerful steam-engine. One machine is capable of 
 turning out 1500 doz. of soda-water daily, and the capabilities of the other two 
 in use are 1000 doz. per day each ; thus enabling the factory to produce 3500 
 doz. daily. The whole of the plant was made at Ballarat, by Mr. G. G. 
 Norman, of Wills-street, under the personal supervision of Mr. Rowlands ; 
 it contains all the latest improvements, and we question if, in adaptability 
 to the requirements of the business and excellence in working, it is surpassed 
 by that of any aerated manufactory in England, let alone in Victoria. 
 
 In the year 1876, Mr. Robert Lewis retired from the partnership, and 
 Mr. Rowlands became the sole proprietor. Mr. Rowlands being continually 
 alive to the necessity of improvement in every branch of the business, 
 
MR. E. ROWLANDS. 300 
 
 turned Lis attention to the soda-water bottles, and after careful study, 
 invented and patented an improvement on Codd's patent, and succeeded in 
 producing a bottle which for convenience and cleanliness (the latter always 
 being considered a most important factor by Mr. Rowlands) stands, perhaps, 
 unrivalled. We were informed that the present factory at Ballarat employs 
 workmen who have been in the business of the firm for the last 24 years. 
 The number of men employed by Mr. Rowlands is somewhere about 80, 
 and he also finds employment for 30 horses, all the year round. A 
 visit to the Dana-street factory would well repay in interest and instruc- 
 tion. The filtration of the water used is a most interesting and instructive 
 sight. Each bottle of the soda-water passes through no less than four 
 filtering processes, that purity, in all its completeness, may be ensured # 
 The Melbourne trade has recently increased to a very great extent, but 
 the tariff restrictions are severely felt by the industry; Mr. Rowlands 
 estimates that the protective system which obtains in Victoria, costs 
 him annually from £400 to £600. This, and the fact of Sydney having 
 lately been made the depot of the P. & O., and the Orient fleet of 
 steamers, tells heavily upon the outside and export business. A con- 
 siderable portion of the sum referred to above is paid by Mr. Rowlands 
 as duty on corks and bottles, and this, while it hampers his trade, is 
 not of the slightest use in the object for which the duty is nominally 
 imposed — the protection of native industry. Mr. Rowlands cannot ob- 
 tain in this colony the quality of corks necessary for his business, and 
 although he himself tried, at considerable outlay, the experiment of 
 manufacturing the corks from the imported raw material, in the hope 
 of being able to produce a more satisfactory article, he found it quite 
 impracticable. Heavily handicapped as this business thus is, in competing 
 in other colonial markets, it is the more flattering testimonial to the 
 excellence of the specialties made by the firm under notice, that they 
 have no inconsiderable number of customers outside the colony who 
 prefer to pay an extra price in order to obtain the best article. In 
 1876, Mr. Rowlands introduced the now famous ginger-ale to Victoria, 
 a great desideratum among the sons of temperance ; and this and other 
 drinks, have made his name a household word in the Australian 
 colonies. 
 
 MR. JOHN STANWAY. 
 
 It would occasion a little surprise, on the part of the London or Paris 
 crockery merchant, to be told that Melbourne can boast of a house in that 
 line, whose necessities compel it to carry a stock of forty thousand 
 pounds sterling. They might answer the statement by admitting that the 
 
310 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 amount in question was an enormous one to be invested in such ware, and 
 spoke volumes for the extravagance and elegance of the stock that repre- 
 sented it, although as much could not be said for the financial ability which 
 allowed a stock of crockery and glassware to eat into so much money. 
 However this may be, the point that we wish to notice, as appealing more 
 particularly to the critical observer, is this. If a house finds itself carrying 
 an enormous stock of forty thousand pounds in a fragile and capricious ware 
 like crockery and glassware, does this fact not produce an incontestable argu- 
 ment in favour of a refined and cultivated taste, which impels, if it does not 
 compel, the merchant to place a very large sum in his business, in order that 
 he may satisfy every demand that is made upon him, no matter how unfre- 
 quently it is made or how uncommon be the object sought for. If any 
 proof were needed to establish the inherent refinement of many of the 
 Melbourne people, we could not cite a clearer and a more irrefutable one 
 than this. Nothing but a most critical taste could have called into requisi- 
 tion such an infinite variety, in every considerable shade, shape, and sub- 
 stance, as is on exhibition at the large establishment of Mr. John Stanway, 
 situated at 175 Bourke-street east. To attempt to describe a stock so 
 varied in its excellence and elegance, and so dense in its ramifications of 
 pattern and purpose, would require much greater space than we have at com- 
 mand, hence we must confine ourselves to the briefest notice of it, recom- 
 mending our readers to go and judge for themselves by a personal inspec- 
 tion of the goods. The founder of this house, Mr. John Stanway, went 
 into business about the year 1852, and started in the premises he now 
 occupies. His early career was beset with many trials and difficulties, as 
 were many other merchants who went into commerce as early as '52. 
 These difficulties no more enfeebled his ambition, than did the different 
 crises incidental to them embarrass his ability to meet his engagements. 
 Both were fought with zeal and determination, and both were mastered in 
 that triumphant way which puts the youthful toiling merchant at compara- 
 tive ease in his declining years. The result is that now this firm is said to 
 have the largest and most desirable cliental of any house in Australia in 
 their line. It is also said by those who claim to know, that for variety, 
 quality and elegance, their stock will compare favourably with either Mort- 
 lock's or Phillips's, in London. In making our peregrinations, we inspected 
 the premises, and found the size of them to be 64 feet front with a depth of 
 200 feet, every foot of which is closely packed with stock. The warehouse 
 at the back contains three floors, each one being devoted to a special line of 
 merchandise, with very little room left for the buyer to inspect stock from, 
 so much of it is required for its accommodation. The entire capital in- 
 vested in the business, including building, is nearly fifty thousand pounds. 
 The firm do a large importing business and are weekly in receipt of con- 
 signments of the newest French, Dresden, Worcester, Minton, China, and 
 other ware. In Copeland and Wedgwood ware, they are also continually 
 
MR. JOHN STANWAY. 311 
 
 receiving parcels of new goods. They have a resident buyer on the Conti- 
 nent, whose good taste in the selection of novel designs has become pro- 
 verbial. For French and English vases, this house is no less remarkable, 
 frequently importing very costly and beautifully worked out designs in every 
 conceivable kind of ware. In English glassware they are looked upon as 
 little less than an English house, so complete and large is their line. Bric-a- 
 brac also claims a large share of their attention, and they are said to have 
 the finest all-round line of these that find their way into Melbourne. In 
 conclusion we have simply to say that, however graphic might be our des- 
 cription of their establishment, it could not thoroughly describe the complete- 
 ness of its stock, which nothing short of a visit will enable one to understand, 
 and we would suggest to those who are desirous of passing an instructive, as 
 well as an interesting, hour to call at this establishment. 
 
 THOS. TOOHEY AND CO. 
 
 There is scarcely a single branch of industry which does not flourish in 
 the Australian colonies. The industry may not be on so large a scale as in 
 the old country, but this is generally made up by the enterprise and energy 
 of the proprietors. Almost everything that is undertaken by the colonists 
 prospers. It may be because so many things they do are done well. No time 
 or trouble is spared, and all the requirements of their business are attended 
 to with special care. Ever on the alert in watching the progress of the times, 
 they quicklyseize every opportunity for extending their business and replenish- 
 ing their stock, as well as introducing the latest improvements. No sooner 
 do they hear of a new article which is popular at home, than it is intro- 
 duced, at the earliest moment possible, into their adopted country. They 
 educate the tastes of their customers, and when this taste is educated they 
 supply the demand which it has created. In this way they keep pace with 
 the latest improvements in the mother-country. The new chum, as a 
 fresh arrival is called, finds everything here in as great abundance and 
 almost as cheap as he finds it in his own country. He is astonished that 
 he sees comparatively little of what he has not been accustomed to in 
 Europe ; and it is only by the beautiful climate, which is varied, with little 
 exception, with few extremes of heat or cold, that he recognises that he has 
 been transplanted to another hemisphere. He finds the same stately 
 buildings, the same style of streets (broader if anything), the same kind of 
 shops, the same industries, the same commerce and the same trade, the 
 same institutions (from a hospital for the body to a library for the mind), 
 the same friendly societies for mutual help, and the same social intercourse ; 
 and oftentimes it is with difficulty that he realises, amongst those speaking 
 
312 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 his own vernacular, only with a little more purity, that he is not still in 
 the country and in the town in which he was born. This, from mere book 
 information, cannot be fully realised at home, and it is only to those who 
 are familiarised with it through personal exjDerience, that it is fully under- 
 stood, and by whom the truth of our statements can be fully appreciated. 
 If there be any qualification of what we have written, it is that the style 
 and manner of business, as well as of social life, partakes somewhat of that 
 which is peculiar to America. Though steadily progressive in its essential 
 characteristics, it is occasionally spasmodic, and to use an American phrase, 
 " go-ahead." Life seems to pass more quickly, the blood seems to circulate 
 more freely, and there is a general sensation of freedom, which sometimes 
 approaches to license, that certainly at moments reminds us that we are no 
 longer in the country from which the major portion of the population of the 
 Australian colonies has emigrated. Classes are so intermixed that there is 
 scarcely any distinction between the wealthy merchant and the wealthy 
 tradesman. The latter take a prominent position in the social ranks of 
 Australian society, which is due in a great degree to their thrift and com- 
 mercial integrity. To them also is due much of that prosperity which is so 
 characteristic of Australian commerce and trade. Mindful, it is true, of 
 their individul interests, they never forget the well-being and interests of 
 their newly-adopted country. The gentlemen whose names head our pre- 
 sent chapter are illustrations of what energy, perseverance, and enterprise 
 can do for individuals, and how, both directly and indirectly, they contri- 
 bute to the commercial development of the country. 
 
 The firm, which is composed of Messrs. Thos. Toohey, John Gleeson, 
 and James Toohey, was established about 1855, or about a quarter of a 
 century ago. The business embraces the selling of wines, spirits, groceries, 
 and general provisions, in which they do an extensive business with the 
 Australian colonies generally. One remarkable feature of the firm may 
 here be noticed on account of its infrequency, and that is, that the business 
 is in the same hands now as it was 25 years ago. They have experienced, 
 during this long period, all the crises through which trade and commerce 
 have passed since the settlement of Victoria, and this they have done 
 without any or the slightest deterioration to the reputation of the firm, 
 either commercially or with regard to the continued and increasing business 
 which they do. They have always been able to rely upon the business 
 capacity which they possess, and which has enabled them, in spite of diffi- 
 culties, to weather triumphantly all the adverse times, which, in so many 
 instances, have been fatal to others. This result must ever be the reward 
 of industry and unflagging perseverance, combined with strict attention to 
 all the requirements of their customers. Unsparing of time and trouble, 
 they have devoted their whole energies to the industry in which they are 
 engaged, and the outcome of these practical qualities is, that their establish- 
 ment may now be considered one of the permanent businesses of Melbourne. 
 
THOS. TOOHEY AND CO. 313 
 
 As the colonies have developed, so their business has kept pace ; and in this 
 particular branch, the extent of their transactions is equal to that of any 
 other house. "We have pleasure in recording this reward of steady attention 
 to business. 
 
 THE SINGER SEWING MACHINE COMPANY. 
 
 Amongst the inventions of the 19th century, and their name is legion, 
 none occupies a more deservedly prominent position than the invention of 
 the sewing machine. Its end and purpose embrace at once the useful, ex- 
 peditious, and the humanitarian in domestic economy. Whether the 
 pathetic and thrilling truthfulness of that homely poem, " The song of the 
 shirt," by Tom Hood, first gave an impetus to the philanthropic penchant 
 of the first inventor we know not ; but it is sufficient to know that the cele- 
 brated poeni to which we have referred, was a valuable lever destined to stir 
 up the minds of men of genius to serve at the same time the oppressed, and 
 hard working, and uncomplaining sisters who through sewing found bread 
 for themselves and for those near and dear to them, while it also served as 
 the basis of well-earned and colossal fortunes. We are right, we think, in 
 estimating the value of an invention according to the greatness of the 
 number that it benefits. If we were to admit that sentiment is a factor of 
 all human intelligence, we might also add that the usefulness of an inven- 
 tion is added to, when it enables the working artisans, be they seamstresses 
 or tailors, to accomplish the greatest amount of labour, with the least 
 trouble, and with the greatest profit to themselves, in the shortest time. If 
 we take those two data as standards of the excellence of an invention, then 
 we are justified in asserting that the sewing machine is almost primus inter 
 pares. The invention of the sewing machine, like many others, has been 
 claimed by various individuals; but we assume that it will not be control 
 verted that the original idea is not more due to the itinerant Frenchman 
 than to Walter Hunt, an American mechanic. Our cousins on the other 
 side of the Pacific are fertile in inventions, and none does them greater 
 credit than the invention of the sewing machine. We are here reminded 
 of the injustice which runs through the law of patents in almost every 
 nation where the law obtains. A poor man may be an inventor, but it is 
 the rich man to whom he sells the invention, sometimes for a mere song, who 
 becomes the patentee and ultimate millionaire. There is no provision 
 made by the law whereby lie can ever have his name enrolled as the first 
 inventor, however conclusive the proof may be which entitles him to be 
 considered as such. Could the law not make any provision which would 
 remove the possibility of this, what every one must unhesitatingly call an 
 injustice 1 ? Let the purchasing patentee have his full quid pro quo >, but do 
 
314 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 not put off the inventor with the bonus of a stone. It is seldom that the 
 man of genius, to whom the first conception of an invention may be due, has 
 any selfish aim. Indeed, it is questionable whether he ever looks further 
 than its accomplishment. Its necessity may, in the first instance, be to him 
 a motive power; but once the idea is conceived, he simply devotes himself to 
 materialise it, and leaves to his contemporaries or those who live after him 
 the practical application. In this, we seldom, if ever, are enabled to give 
 honour where honour is due. We are attracted to the man who carries the 
 invention into practice ; to him the honour is given, and he is generally quite 
 content to rest satisfied, and bear willingly the weight of his borrowed 
 plumage. We have, however, little doubt that for distinct, important, and 
 really useful improvements of the sewing machine, the credit is due to 
 Isaac Merrit Singer, a German by birth, and a man of enterprising energy 
 and wonderful resource. It is a question worthy of consideration whether 
 greater credit is due to the man who first applies an invention to practical 
 ends, or to him who discovers other ends and other means which it is cal- 
 culated to serve. We are inclined to yield the palm to the latter. In this 
 case, Singer's invention has earned it deservedly. This machine is now a 
 household word among housewives, as well as amongst those whose ambition 
 leads them to hope that at no distant day they will be admitted within 
 the magic circle, and we may also extend its adoption to those ladies who, 
 through strong-mindedness, build to themselves an exclusive fortress 
 which they dare any cavalier to storm successfully. One thing is pretty 
 certain, that the Singer sewing machine has had, since its introduction, 
 by far the largest sale and practical success of any sewing machine in 
 the world. As we understand that the Singer copartnery is by far the 
 largest company of existing sewing machine makers, a few particulars may 
 not be uninteresting. They have works in America and in Scotland. The 
 former are situated in James-street, Bridgeton, New York, while the 
 latter are to be found in Glasgow. From the data which we have before us, 
 we find that the company has very extensive works in both the countries 
 named. The fast-increasing demand for the machine, decided the Singer 
 Company to build a large factory in Glasgow in 1868. Though the Glas- 
 gow factory had a modest start, it speedily developed, under its energetic and 
 able management, into a great success. The make-up of machines for 1868 
 was only 8037. In 1877 it approached 140,000, while in the following 
 year it exceeded 160,000 machines, an enormous increase, which is all the 
 more remarkable when it is remembered that for the first two years the 
 machines were only " built," the shaped and milled parts having been 
 shipped over from New York, while the machines with all their etceteras are 
 now entirely manufactured in Glasgow. This factory gives constant em- 
 ployment to something like 1800 hands. The weekly make-up of machines 
 in Glasgow alone is on an average about 3500. This output is, we under- 
 stand, achieved by the Glasgow factory altogether independently of the 
 
 
THE SINGER SEWING MACHINE COMPANY. 315 
 
 company's gigantic works at Elizabeth Port, New Jersey, U.S.A., which 
 have, we are told, an average weekly produce exceeding even these large 
 figures. 
 
 The following extract from a letter, dated New York, Nov. 25th, 1879. 
 from the vice-president of the Singer manufacturing company, to a friend in 
 Melbourne, will give a very good idea of the rapid growth and enormous 
 magnitude of the concern: — "We were fairly started on the course of 
 prosperity, which has never yet been interrupted, when Mr. Singer returned 
 from Europe. His partner insisted upon making it (the business) into o 
 joint-stock company, and in 1863 it was organised, I remaining as manager 
 for the first year, and then becoming vice-president, a position I have held 
 ever since. Of the enormous growth and extension of the business you 
 have doubtless some idea from general repute. In 1862, we sold a little 
 over 12,000 machines, we are now turning out 11,000 every week, and will 
 increase production soon as we are far behind our orders. The actual sales 
 for this year will be about 430,000, and would have been more if we 
 could have filled all orders. I can remember when only four (4) men besides 
 myself were working in the factory, while now in manufacturing and dis- 
 tribution, directly and indirectly, we estimate about 40,000 are employed 
 by us." 
 
 The sales of the company during the last ten years are as follows : — 
 
 1870 127,833 Singer machines 
 
 1871 181,260 
 
 1872 219,758 
 
 1873 232,444 
 
 1874 241,679 
 
 1875 249,852 
 
 1876 262,316 
 
 1S77 282,812 
 
 1878 336,432 
 
 1879 431,167 
 
 These are not fictions, they are strong incontrovertible facts. They 
 show an extraordinary increase, and are infallible signs that the in- 
 creasing wants of the age, with respect to the age's improvement, 
 are being met satisfactorily. We have some interesting facts before 
 us as to the process of manufacture, which space only allows us to 
 deal with briefly. In the needle department, one man cuts the steel to 
 length, a second forges it to shape, a third dresses it, a fourth mills 
 it, a fifth drills it, a sixth buffs it, a seventh fits it, an eighth inspects it, 
 and so on. This is a division of labour that must make the shade of Adam 
 Smith smile with unqualified pleasure. The workers of the machine 
 needle are mostly females, and the present produce reaches 150,000 needles 
 per week. A great deal of attention is paid to the manufacture of this 
 important article, as unless it is perfect in temper, finish and fit, the whole 
 machine suffers in elficiency. The Singer sewing machine is in itself a 
 
316 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 most ingenious and interesting piece of mechanism to look at, but its 
 familiarity to the many by whom it is used, would render a description of 
 it somewhat tedious to the reader, more particularly to those who work, or 
 intend to work at it daily. The Singer company employ in the manufacture of 
 their machines, steam hammers, drop hammers, and trip hammers. The trip 
 hammer, we may mention, is a simply yet ingeniously constructed machine 
 which strikes some 300 blows per minute. It is the introduction, from time 
 to time, of the latest labour-saving aids and invention, which has enabled the 
 company to put their machine into the market at a lower price than 
 formerly, and with extended improvements and a higher style of finish, if 
 possible, than they could previously accomplish. By these arrangements 
 the public are the ultimate gainers. The Singer machine is exported to 
 almost every civilised and, we were almost going to say, uncivilised portion 
 of the habitable world ; and we believe it is the aim of the company to put 
 this machine, so indispensable to the family economy, into every house, in 
 which laudable object we earnestly wish them every success. The address 
 of the Singer manufacturing company in London is 39 Foster Lane, 
 E.C. 
 
 MR. S. MULLEN. 
 
 The advance of literature in Victoria has kept pace with the rapid 
 advancement of commerce and trade. Progress in the latter is as a rule 
 synonymous with the extension of the former. The introduction of 
 high-class literary works tends to cultivate and elevate the taste of the 
 population, and books which afford lighter and more digestible 
 pabulum fill up the leisure hours of those, the greater part of 
 whose time is taken up with the concerns of life. Such a result may 
 be with confidence regarded as the outcome — the one of those books 
 which are comprehended under the various heads of history, biography, and 
 travels; the other of lighter reading, such as historical and other novels. 
 To keep pace with the growing requirements of civilisation, necessitates so 
 large an amount of reading, that it is important to choose judiciously the 
 books of the most noted authors in order to avoid losing the time which 
 would otherwise be taken up, and is in most cases disadvantageously, in 
 going through an unnecessary amount of comparatively valueless literature. 
 The vast number of books which are published at the present day, 
 could never be even cursorily perused, much less carefully read, by the 
 majority of men ; and even where time hangs heavily on the hands, it is 
 impossible, whatever may be the amount of leisure, to read one-half of the 
 books that daily come teeming from the press. It is an incalculable boon to 
 have admission to the reading of the best authors, and this can only be fully 
 
MR. S. MULLEN. 317 
 
 appreciated by those who seek that advantage in vain. Even to the 
 wealthier classes, the advantages of a library, public or private, are inestim- 
 able. Whatever may be the faults of those who affect culture in Victoria, 
 a want of provision for the reading public is certainly not one of them , 
 as witness the splendid Public Library in Melbourne. It is certainly a 
 disadvantage that there is not in connection with this magnificent insti- 
 tution accorded the privilege of a lending-out library, combined with 
 a reading library, and this may be one reason why greater numbers of the 
 population do not take advantage of the privileges offered by a public 
 library. However, one gentleman has come to the fore, and in addition to 
 providing in part what is to be found at the Public Library, provides 
 wholly for all that cannot be obtained there, except in some very special 
 and favoured cases. The name of the gentleman to whom we refer stands 
 at the head of the present chapter, and we would recommend all who are 
 permanent or temporary sojourners in Melbourne to favour his large book 
 and stationery warehouse, as well as his circulating library, with a visit. 
 Established over 20 years, Mr. Mullen has succeeded in founding one of 
 the largest bookselling and stationery warehouses in the colony. This can 
 only be due to his diligence, his energy and enterprise, as well as careful 
 consideration of the varied requirements of the reading public, and last 
 though not least, the unwearying courtesy of himself and his assistants to all 
 their customers, without regard to rank or position, or to a large or small 
 demand. One thing we may be assured of, by the largeness and distin- 
 guished rank of their cliental, that they have maintained, and we doubt 
 not, will continue to maintain, their deserved reputation for the supply of 
 literature of the highest character. For from our own personal experience, 
 we can assure our readers that at this establishment will be found, side by 
 side with the latest fashionable travels, the classical productions of English 
 literature in various choice editions. In fact, there the refined taste of the 
 most cultivated mind can revel in the luxury of good editions of our most 
 cherished and time-honoured authors. The circulating library, known as the 
 Melbourne Mudie's, forms a special feature of the business. The library 
 numbers several thousand volumes, and in the selection of books placed on 
 the shelves, there is a comprehensiveness and variety which is not only un- 
 rivalled in the Australian colonies, but which may be most favourably com- 
 pared with the most renowned circulating libraries that are to be found in 
 the metropolis of Great Britain. We understand that about six weeks after 
 publication in London, the newest book is to be found displayed for the 
 perusal of all comers, on the table of this large library ; although novels 
 of every kind and by every author abound, the selection of books embraces 
 every branch of art, science, theology, voyages, travels, biography, &c, and 
 every other instructive class of books. The periodicals and magazines of any 
 European importance are also freely circulated in the library, and we only 
 wonder that, with such allurements, the subscription is not larger than that 
 
318 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 which obtains in the leading circulating libraries of the world. However, the 
 amount of subscribers is already large, and the increase has been conspicuously 
 rapid during the period it has been in existence. It is patronised by all 
 classes, and there, day by day, may be seen the elite of the literary and social 
 world of Melbourne. We must heartily congratulate the public of this 
 large and flourishing city on the possession of so great a desideratum, and 
 we must also accord to Mr. Mullen himself the just meed of praise which is 
 his due in providing so liberally and so completely for the reading penchant 
 of Melbourne. 
 
 The premises present as handsome an appearance as would be expected 
 from so large and important a business, and are situated in the best street in 
 Melbourne. The shop, we ascertained, is 110 feet in length by 21 feet 
 wide, and 15 feet high ; at the back of the shop is a special apartment, 28 
 feet by 21 feet, and 13 feet high, which is wholly devoted to educational 
 works, and in this branch we are given to understand that the firm does a 
 very extensive and profitable business. Above this, is a store of similar size, 
 to which is accorded its special branch. The bookshelves are faced with 
 polished Kauri pine, crowned by a Grecian cornice of the same material, and 
 these and other fittings contrasting with the generally dark covers of the 
 books, give a bright and pleasing look to the whole. Over the library is a 
 large skylight which gives an appearance of loftiness to the premises. The 
 east wall is covered with well-filled shelves of books classified and so 
 arranged as to invite the attention and interest of the book-hunter. 
 
 The stationery department is situated on the west side, adjoining the 
 library, while the centre is fitted up with glass cases containing handsomely 
 bound books and other articles de luxe. At the end of the shop a short staircase 
 leads the visitor to the educational department, where college and school- 
 books in endless variety are to be found, as well as a large and choice 
 assortment of books written in the various continental languages of Europe. 
 In this room also the counting-house is so arranged as to overlook the whole 
 premises. Over the educational department is a store for reserve stock, 
 which is conveyed thither by means of an American hoist, a simple machine 
 now coming into general use in Melbourne. A cellar below runs under the 
 whole length of the premises and affords ample room for opening consign- 
 ments of goods and for storing the library duplicates. These are sent up- 
 stairs by ingeniously contrived lifts, which deposit their burdens under the 
 counters above. A post-pillar box is erected near the entrance to the shop. 
 This is cleared by the post-office pillar-men five times a day, which is a great 
 convenience to the customers. We recommend those of our readers who 
 have the opportunity and who seek to be instructed and amused to pay a 
 visit to these interesting premises. 
 
SOME OF THE LEADING BANKS IN MELBOURNE 
 
 THE UNION BANK. 
 
 The handsomest buildings in Melbourne are its banks ; and nothing is 
 better calculated to impress a stranger, visiting the city for the first time, 
 with the stability and solidity of its financial institutions, than the massive 
 and impressive structures which have been erected by the various banking 
 corporations and companies, to transact their business in. They bear the 
 impress both of wealth and of permanence. There is an air of substantial 
 respectability about them, which is at once imposing and free from preten- 
 tiousness. They have been built with a due regard to the magnitude of the 
 operations now transacted inside their walls, and to the expansion which 
 those operations must necessarily undergo as the colony grows in population 
 and importance ; and also with a view to their long duration. The institu- 
 tion itself is one of the oldest in the colony ; and there was a time when the 
 premises it occupied for so many years, at the corner of Queen-street and 
 Collins-street west, were quite imposing by comparison with the neighbouring 
 edifices. Now they look mean when contrasted with the large and spacious 
 bank which occupies the site of the old Criterion Hotel — a famous 
 place of resort in the early days of the goldfields, when it was 
 thronged with visitors, and its " bridal chamber " was one of 
 the sights of the city. How the place gradually declined, and how the 
 tide of custom ebbed away from it and began to flow into a dozen new 
 channels, it is unnecessary to relate. Suffice it to say, that it was bought 
 by the directors of the Union Bank, pulled down, and replaced by the 
 well-proportioned building which now graces its site, and has been reared 
 at an outlay of £45,000, from the designs of Mr. M'Vicar Anderson, an 
 eminent London architect, and Messrs. Smith and Johnson, of this city. 
 The facade, which has a northerly aspect, is built in a style which combines 
 some of the features of the Italian Renaissance with those of the Doric and 
 Corinthian. A lower story of grey granite, with alternating courses of 
 plain and rusticated bands, is pierced by three arches, giving access to 
 a loggia, approached by a flight of steps, and opening into the vestibule, 
 connecting the entrance with the interior of the bank. On either side is a 
 bay, the massive walls of which mask and enclose a strong room, so 
 situated as that, in the event of the building being gutted by fire, they would 
 in all human probability remain intact, while their contents could 
 be rescued with comparative ease. A niche has been hollowed out from the 
 front of each, in which has been placed, on the one side a statue emblematic 
 of the mother-country, and in the other a figure typifying the colony of 
 Victoria; both of them relieving what might have otherwise been the sombre 
 uniformity of the basement story. Above this, rises an arcade of New Zea- 
 land freestone with a balustraded base, flanked by pavilions with sunk panels. 
 The upper loggia, corresponding in some of its dimensions with the lower one, 
 but loftier and more ornate in character, has a vaulted ceiling, and the space 
 
320 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 enclosed resembles one of those deep balconies which lend such a charm to 
 some of the Italian mansions erected from the designs of Vignola, Palladio, 
 and Scamozzi. The columns which intervene between the arches of the arcade 
 are of red granite, from Peterhead, highly polished, and thus introduce a 
 pleasant bit of light colour into the greys and whites of the fagade. 
 Surmounting this portion of it is a balustraded parapet in three divisions; 
 and on either side is one of those open turrets which the architects of 
 the Renaissance period introduced with such happy effect into their palazzi ; 
 and of which some examples are to be found in the "stately homes of England" 
 reared after the decline of the Tudor style of domestic architecture. Alto- 
 gether, the elevation of the building is a striking one, and the general 
 character of it may be regarded as suitable to a climate which has so much 
 in common with that of the south of Europe. Entering the bank, through 
 the vestibule previously spoken of, which is vaulted and panelled, we obtain 
 admission to the bank chamber, a quadrangle of about 64 feet square, with 
 a domed ceiling divided into glazed panels, and decorated with antique 
 masks encircled by acanthus wreaths. Clustered columns of the Roman- 
 Ionic order support this roof ; above which is a second one, also partially 
 glazed; and between the two is a considerable space, which, being filled witli 
 the non-conductive atmosphere, has 'the effect of moderating and equalising 
 the temperature of the air in the banking chamber below, so as to render it 
 free from extremes in both winter and summer. Independently of this, 
 however, every precaution that modern science could suggest, has been 
 adopted so as to secure the thorough ventilation of the whole premises. The 
 domed ceiling, it may be added, terminates in a lantern, the sides of which 
 are panelled, and fitted with ornamental gratings. Opposite the front 
 entrance of the chamber, is the door by which ingress is obtained to another 
 vestibule giving admission to the apartments occupied by the inspector, 
 manager, and other officers connected with the establishment. Above these 
 is a suite of rooms for the resident officers, in every respect complete ; and 
 in the rear of the bank, are the smelting house and assay office, which are 
 the necessary adjuncts of such an institution in a country where large quan- 
 tities of crude gold, the produce of its mines, are being constantly purchased 
 by the managers of the numerous country branches, which are scattered all 
 over the colony. Altogether, it will be seen, the new premises of the 
 Union Bank are worthy of the wealthy corporation by which they have 
 been erected, and of the great commercial city of which they constitute 
 one of the chief architectural ornaments. The total capital of this institu- 
 tion, with reserve funds, is £5,316,500. Of this sum £1,500,000 is the 
 paid-up capital, and the reserve fund runs into the large figures of £816,500. 
 To this must be added a reserve liability of proprietors of £3,000,000 to 
 complete the total capital. It is unnecessary to add any encomiums about 
 the management of the bank, as the above figures speak eloquently 
 enough. John F. M 'Mullen, Esq., is the inspector and general manager ; 
 and Mr. John Cur jay ne, manager of the Melbourne branch. 
 
THE BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 321 
 
 THE BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 We have said elsewhere in this book that Melbourne contains handsomer 
 banking institutions than any other city of its size and age in the world. 
 We cannot conscientiously except even the beautiful city of Chicago, in the 
 United States, which, although twice the size of Melbourne, is much 
 younger — if its age is considered to date from the re-building of the burnt 
 district, 1871. It is true than Chicago contains some handsome banking 
 establishments, but these are usually built of iron, and at an infinitely less 
 cost than Melbourne's substantial banking quarters. If the internal 
 solidity of these financial palaces compares with their outward solidity, 
 then nothing remains to be said, for a mere survey of their exterior carries 
 with it to the mind such abundant security, as to leave nothing unsatisfied 
 there on the part of the most sceptical stockholder or depositor, concern- 
 ing the careful management of the interior. 
 
 Of the many very handsome buildings which adorn Collins-street, that 
 of the Bank of Australasia is, perhaps, one of the handsomest. It is 
 situated in the north-west corner of Collins and Queen streets, and rises 
 grandly to a height of 67 feet from the street. It is constructed of white 
 freestone, and is very handsomely fitted up in the interior with every pos- 
 sible convenience to depositors and purchasers of foreign or domestic 
 exchange. A broad stone stairway on the right, as one enters the bank, 
 leads to a large suite of chambers up stairs, which are occupied by the 
 superintendent and his staff. This bank was, it appears, the first bank 
 established in Melbourne, being incorporated in 1835; but the capacious 
 and elegant premises the bank now occupies were not completed until March, 
 1876. The bank was opened by Mr. D. C. M' Arthur, who came from 
 Sydney to formally open the institution, and accept the position of super- 
 intendent, which he occupied for many years, finally retiring from any 
 active participation, as an officer of the bank, to the position of local 
 director, which post Mr. M'Arthur fills to this day. 
 
 The management of the bank has been carried out on the lines of that 
 old English conservatism which has made banking so successful in England 
 — London especially, and, following its example, we may now say Melbourne. 
 But, with all this conservatism, there has been a vigorously enterprising 
 system introduced by the colonial managers, quite foreign to the London 
 manager, which, while it has assured extra accommodation to the clients of 
 the bank, has done so to the profit of the shareholders, and without the 
 incurrence of bad debts. This system is subject to a twofold advantage, of 
 which one is the fine profit to the shareholder, and the other the substantial 
 amount carried yearly to the reserve-fund, to provide for any unforeseen 
 exigencies and bad debts. To eulogise the management of this bank would 
 
 X 
 
322 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 simply be accepted as our own opinion, notwithstanding the opinion is 
 formed from the figures taken from the bank's own balance-sheet, made up 
 13th October, 1879. But to republish t^hese figures will enable every one 
 of the tens of thousands of readers who may read this book, to form his own 
 estimate of this bank's management. 
 
 The forty-sixth annual report opens with the following remarks (stating 
 also that the capital paid up is £1,200,000 ; guarantee and reserve-funds, 
 £289,700; undivided profits, £151,624):— 
 
 The directors have the pleasure of congratulating the proprietors on the 
 outturn of the business of the bank for the year ending October, 1879, as 
 exhibited in the annexed accounts, from which it will be seen that the net 
 profit amounted to £174,624 19s, Id., after making ample provision forbad 
 and doubtful debts ; and that, after appropriating £6000 in reduction of 
 the cost of bank premises and £17,000 to the reserve fund, a sum of 
 £151,624 19s. Id. is available for distribution as dividend during the pre- 
 sent year. 
 
 The accounts have been, as usual, carefully examined by the directors, 
 and they beg to inform the proprietors that during the period under review 
 the business of the bank was well maintained, and that in spite of the 
 depression which prevailed, no serious losses were incurred. 
 
 The latest advices from the colonies are satisfactory, the harvest being 
 one of unusual abundance, and the season very favourable to the stock- 
 holder. The improvement in the price of wool at the recent London sales 
 will also exercise an important influence on the prosperity of the colonies 
 during the current year. 
 
 At the close of the financial year, Mr. Samuel Tomkinson retired 
 from the service of the bank, after having held the office of manager 
 at the Adelaide Branch for 29 years, and the directors will submit to 
 the proprietors a resolution for securing to him a suitable retiring allowance 
 on the usual conditions. 
 
 Since the last meeting, a supplemental Royal Charter has been granted 
 to the bank authorising the directors, with the consent of the proprietors, to 
 increase the capital up to £2,000,000 sterling by the issue of new shares. 
 When and to what extent this power should be exercised the directors are 
 not yet prepared to give an opinion ; but they consider that it will not be 
 consistent with the interests of the bank to call up additional capital unless 
 the new shares can be issued at a premium. The directors will, in due 
 course, submit to a special meeting the expediency of altering the provision 
 in the deed of settlement which prevents the issue of shares on such terms, 
 and the necessary resolution will require, if carried, the confirmation of a 
 second meeting. 
 
 The directors announce that they have declared a dividend for the half- 
 year of £2 10s. per share, being at the rate of 12J per cent, per annum, 
 which will be payable, free of income tax, in London on the 6th April next, 
 
 
THE BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 323 
 
 and in the colonies on such date as the superintendent may arrange. This 
 dividend will absorb £75 ,000, leaving £76,624 19s. Id. available for future 
 distribution. 
 
 PROFIT ACCOUNT, 
 
 From October 14, 1878, to October 13, 1879. 
 
 Undivided profit, October 14, 1878 
 Less dividends — 
 In April, 1879 
 October ,, 
 
 Profit for the year to October 13, 1879, after making 
 provision for bad and doubtful debts ... 
 Less Charges of Management — 
 Colonial — 
 
 Salaries and allowances to the 
 Colonial Staff, including the 
 Superintendent's Department, 
 and 83 branches and agencies .. . £81,297 10 
 General expenses, including re- 
 pairs, taxes, stationery, travel- 
 ling, &c 31,341 13 
 
 London — 
 
 Salaries 10,620 3 
 
 General expenses 3,115 5 
 
 £75,000 
 75,000 
 
 £302,331 17 
 
 II. Income Tax 
 
 £126,374 12 10 
 . 3,532 12 5 
 
 Total amount of unappropriated profit ... 
 
 Prom which deduct — 
 
 For reduction in cost of bank premises 
 For increase of Reserve Fund 
 
 Leaving available for dividend 
 
 129,907 5 3 
 
 £6,000 
 17,000 
 
 £152,200 7 4 
 
 150,000 
 £2,200 7 4 
 
 172,424 11 9 
 £174,624 19 1 
 
 23,000 
 £151,624 19 1 
 
 BALANCE-SHEET. 
 
 Octobor 13, 1879. 
 
 Liabilities. 
 
 Circulation 
 
 Deposits 
 
 Bills payable and other Liabilities 
 
 Capital 
 
 Guarantee Fund 
 
 Reserve Fund 
 
 Profit Account — undivided balance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 ... £300,523 
 ... 5,396,394 
 ... 1,228,678 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 £1,200,000 
 
 215,710 
 
 74,000 
 
 151,624 
 
 £6,925,595 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 fUl ^3-1 
 
 3 
 
 1!) 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 £8,566,930 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 X 2 
 
324 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Assets. 
 
 Specie, Bullion and Cash Balances £1,346,466 17 
 
 Bills receivable, Advances on Securities, and other Assets 6,782,099 14 
 
 Bank premises in Australia, New Zealand and London 222,653 10 9 
 
 Guarantee Fund Investments, as under 215,710 
 
 £166,850 Consols at 92 T V £153,820 
 
 £70,000 Reduced 3 per cent, at 88| 61,890 
 
 £215,710 
 
 £8,566,930 
 
 THE ORIENTAL BANK CORPORATION. 
 
 The Oriental Bank Corporation was first established, in London, in 
 1848, as the Oriental Bank. In 1851, it was incorporated by Royal 
 Charter, and at the same time took over the business of the two Eastern 
 banks then existing there, viz., the then "Western Bank of India and the 
 Bank of Ceylon. From this date the connection of the Oriental Bank 
 Corporation was rapidly extended throughout the East with most prosperous 
 results. 
 
 Their head office is in Threadneeclle-street, London ; and they have 
 branch establishments in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Colombo, Galle, Sin- 
 gapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Foo Chow, Yokohama and Hiogo. 
 
 The Melbourne branch was established in 1853, and their present offices, 
 situated in Queen-street, -were built in 1858, involving a very large 
 outlay. They present a handsome and massive exterior, and the interior is 
 commodious and ornamental ; but, following the general movement to cen- 
 tralise business in Collins-street, the Oriental Bank Corporation have 
 recently concluded arrangements which will, ere long, place them in occu- 
 pation of the best and most commanding site in the city, in a building 
 worthy both of the Corporation and of the site — the corner of Collins-street 
 and Queen-street ; thus evincing not only their satisfaction with their past 
 experience of the colony, but their faith in its future, and their determina 
 tion to keep pace with its progress. 
 
 Throughout all these years, the business of the Corporation in Australia 
 has been of an unusually extensive character for a branch bank ; and their 
 connection throughout the goldfields and agricultural districts has been 
 well maintained. They are represented by agencies at Beech worth, Bright, 
 Stanley, Castlemaine, Chewton, Newstead, Stawell, Dimboola, Sandhurst, 
 Eaglehawk and South Yarra. 
 
 They have also a branch at Sydney with inland agencies in New South 
 Wales, at Araluen, Braidwood, Burrowa, Grenfell, Murrumburrah and 
 Young. 
 
 
THE ORIENTAL BANK CORPORATION. 325 
 
 Their paid-up capital is £1,500,000 ; and their share lists show a large 
 and wealthy proprietary. The shares are £25 each, with liability limited 
 to as much more. A local register is kept in Melbourne and Sydney, shares 
 being held in both the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales. 
 
 The Melbourne branch and agencies in Victoria are under the manage- 
 ment of Mr. George Hamilton Traill, who has held that appointment for 
 about fifteen years. The Sydney branch and agencies in New South Wales 
 are under the management of Mr. James Balfour. 
 
 THE NATIONAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 The leading banks of Melbourne are all on such a firm basis that it is 
 difficult to say anything of one which would not apply to the others. The 
 impetus given to pastoral, agricultural and commercial industries within the 
 past decade — 1870 to 1880 — bv enterprising and energetic men engaged in 
 these pursuits, has called upon and compelled all the leading financial insti- 
 tutions to increase their banking facilities to meet this almost unexampled 
 elasticity in the development of natural resources. Especially has the 
 pastoral industry contributed largely to this growth, inasmuch as the com- 
 bined sheepfarmers of Australia have not only taken an average of about 
 .£12,000,000 sterling yearly off the sheep's backs, in the shape of wool, but 
 have in addition, and almost to the same extent, in their unbroken continuity 
 of extending the development of land, attracted new foreign capital, as year 
 by year they placed so many million new acres at the back of the country in 
 a productive condition, as collateral security, and gave it a marketable value. 
 It is a question whether any other country in the world, with the same 
 limited population as Australasia possesses, namely, 2,715,792, is armed 
 with such splendid banking facilities as is this vast continent, which has a 
 combined fiscal power of £64,535,477. That is to say that on the 30th 
 September, 1879, the advances of the combined banks of the seven colonies 
 amounted to this enormous sum. Their combined deposits, interest and 
 non-interest bearing, on the 30th June, 1880, were no less a sum than 
 £52,614,672. If this applies with force to Australia as a whole, it will apply 
 more strongly to Melbourne in proportion to its population. Cincinnati is 
 acknowledged to be the Queen city of the West in the United States, and is 
 noted for its handsome and massive stone edifices ; but even Cincinnati can- 
 not boast of such solid, permanent and prosperous-looking banking edifices as 
 Melbourne. Although there may be, and is, a very considerable difference in 
 the capital of the leading banking institutions of Melbourne, the difference 
 in the volume of their business is not so inversely great as the difference of 
 capital by comparison with other banks would lead people to suppose. 
 Hence it is that some banks, of which the National Bank of Australasia is 
 
326 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 one, with a capital of £800,000 and a reserve of £290,000, do not do so very- 
 much less business than the banks who have a capital of .£1,500,000 to 
 £2,500,000. This may be accounted for, perhaps, by some institutions, and 
 not always those possessing the largest capital, having a much larger line of 
 deposits than others. Whenever this is the case it is certainly a most cogent 
 evidence of the thorough confidence reposed in its management by the 
 public, and we are happy to find the National Bank of Australasia occupy- 
 ing this enviable position with the public of Australia. The building, which 
 is very spacious and handsomely decorated, is situated at Nos. 14 and 16 
 Collins-street east, and could not be more centrally located. The banking 
 chamber itself is a well-lighted room of about 65 feet square, with the admin- 
 istrative departments, such as receiving, paying, issuance of exchange, &c, 
 running round the chamber except at the intersection of the entrance, and 
 at the back of the bank, where access may be had to the manager and 
 higher officers. The bank went into existence under its original deed of 
 settlement, July 9, 1858, and was first opened on Monday, 4th October, 
 1858, with D. A. Hughes, Esq., as manager, who received his appointment 
 August 31st of the same year. Its first board of directors consisted of 
 Messrs. Andrew R. Cruikshank, Geo. W. Porter, John Houston, Alfred 
 Cumberland, Thomas Brown, jun., and Thomas H. Lempriere. These 
 gentlemen were subsequently replaced, either by retiring or from other 
 causes, by Messrs. O. H. Gillies, E. M. Young, A. Cunningham, Freclk. 
 Wright, and John Gulman. Their term of office varied from one year to six. 
 The present chief manager is Mr. Francis Grey Smith, who took charge of 
 the bank in 1872, and has shown fine business acumen in the management 
 of its affairs. This gentleman has had probably as large an experience in 
 bank matters as any manager in the Australias. He was at one time the 
 manager of the Bank of Australasia, Melbourne, and afterwards general 
 manager of the Bank of South Australia, whose head quarters are in 
 Adelaide. The board of directors now comprises Messrs. R. Murray Smith, 
 Hon. W. Wilson, Thomas Smith, and W. H. Cropper. The London office 
 was opened in 1863, with Mr. Fredk. Wright as manager. 
 
 
 THE BANK OF VICTORIA. 
 
 Conspicuous among the larger edifices which adorn the busy thorough- 
 fare of Collins-street east, is one which visitors to Venice recognise as 
 almost & facsimile of the fagade of a palace overlooking the Grand Canal in 
 that city ; only the rusticated basement opens on a broad footpath, instead 
 of upon the silent highway which flows through the Queen of the Adri- 
 atic. The Melbourne structure was erected on the site of the old Port 
 Phillip Club; and to it was removed the business of the Bank of Victoria, 
 which had long outgrown the limited accommodation available for it in the 
 
THE BANK OF VICTORIA. 327 
 
 old premises in Swanston-street south. Founded in the year 1852, that is 
 to say shortly after the gold discoveries in this colony, with a subscribed 
 capital of one million sterling in 20,000 shares of £50 each, of which 
 it was not found necessary to call up more than £28 per share, this 
 institution now possesses a reserve fund of £115,000, landed pro- 
 perty of the value of £844,455, and deposits to the amount of 
 £3,250,000. It has sixty-six branches, besides six agencies in the colony; 
 and ever since the date of its foundation, it has had the advantage 
 of the personal direction and supervision of the shrewd and experienced 
 financier who may appropriately be regarded as its founder, and who has 
 been very fortunate, or perhaps it would be more accurate to say, char- 
 acteristically sagacious in his choice of a manager, and of other responsible 
 officials. Without derogating from the ability, energy, and experience of 
 the board of directors, it may be fairly claimed for the Hon. Henry 
 Miller, that the Bank of Victoria is his offspring, and that its present dis- 
 tinguished position and conspicuous success, as well as the magnitude of its 
 transactions, are due, in part at least, to his sedulous devotion to its interests, 
 and his untiring watchfulness over its development. With the exception 
 of the Chemical Bank of New York, the shares of which rose in value, 
 during' a period of a quarter of a century, from 100 dollars to 1650 dollars 
 each, and a few other exceptionally favoured institutions of a similar char- 
 acter, in other parts of the world, we know of scarcely any financial asso- 
 ciation which has enjoyed a larger measure of prosperity than the Com- 
 mercial Bank in Sydney, and the Bank of Victoria in Melbourne. During 
 the period the latter has been in existence, the colony of Victoria has 
 not been exempt from vicissitudes, but these have had no effect whatever on 
 the stability, and very little on the steady growth and progress of the bank. 
 The large deposits lodged with it, which sometimes reach as high as 
 £4,000,000, are a pretty good indication of the confidence reposed in it, 
 and this has been certainly well deserved. When we come to investigate 
 the causes of this confidence, we find them to be numerous, and to arise 
 out of the respect entertained for the high character, long experience, and 
 financial abilities of the chairman of the Board of Directors and the 
 manager ; out of the knowledge of the fact that for nearly three decades 
 the business of the institution has been conducted with equal prudence, 
 circumspection and success ; and out of a well-founded assurance that a 
 wise economy is habitually exercised in its management. We learn, for ex- 
 ample, from the Insurance and Banking Record, that the expenses of 
 managing the head office and its seventy-two branches and agencies were 
 only £42,177 for the last year. When this is contrasted with the magni- 
 nitude of the business done, and with the largeness of the amount turned 
 over during that time, it must be admitted to denote unusually careful 
 administration. The dividend declared by this bank, at its last half-yearly 
 meeting, was at the rate of nine per cent, in spite of the unsatisfactory 
 
328 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 condition of trade and commerce in this country, the stagnation of enter- 
 prise brought about by political misrule, the accumulation of unemployed 
 capital in all the banks, and the unwillingness of its owners to invest it 
 either in the purchase or improvement of property, or in any reproductive 
 undertakings, in view of its possible confiscation by taxes avowedly im- 
 posed with that object. The gross profits of the Bank of Victoria 
 amounted to £66,347, of which £22,500 was appropriated to a dividend, 
 while £8644 was carried to the reserve fund. The resources of the in- 
 stitution are now nine times as great as its original capital, and its board 
 of directors is composed of the following gentlemen : — The Hon. H. 
 Miller, chairman, and Messrs. W. Hoffman, J. K. Freyer, Germain 
 Nicholson, E. Miller, and E. B. Wight. The general manager, Mr. John 
 Matheson, is a gentleman well-known in financial circles, and the assistant 
 manager is Mr. Richard Shann. 
 
 THE LONDON CHARTERED BANK OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Massive structures invariably give an appearance of strength, solidity, 
 and prosperity, to the commercial enterprises they environ. They do so, 
 because the generality of people judge the success of commercial undertakings 
 by the substantiality of the buildings, or the elegance of the offices in which 
 they are conducted. Either these or some other exterior forms of })rimd 
 facie prosperity will influence, rightly or wrongly, a large proportion of the 
 public. It is true, however, that the massive and commanding appearance 
 of an institution is often a very correct indication of its influence and power, 
 because the ability to erect handsome edifices could only generally be accom- 
 plished through a thriftiness and caution in the conduct of its affairs, which 
 have led up to a prosperity sufficiently assured to encourage the output of 
 some of its profits in this form of investment. In Melbourne especially, 
 does this form of investment find favour, and much to the credit of its pro- 
 jectors be it said, for in its prosecution employment is found for both capital 
 and labour, while the majesty of the city's appearance is not less conserved. 
 It must not, however, be supposed that unless a corporation put forth some 
 of the accrued profits of its successful business coups in an elegant and 
 imposing exterior, its prosperity or power is less potent than those who 
 have gone into more showy apartments. There are, in Melbourne, some 
 very solid concerns, whose influence and fiscal power are not one whit the 
 less, in their unostentatious quarters, than those who transact their 
 business in more pretentious and roomy ones, notwithstanding these 
 few conduct their affairs within a very much smaller superficial 
 area. Amongst these latter may be mentioned the London Chartered 
 Bank of Australia, which may fairly take rank with the oldest 
 established banks in Melbourne, it being now in the twenty-ninth 
 
THE LONDON CHARTERED BANK OF AUSTRALIA. 329 
 
 year of its existence. This bank was projected in 1851, which will 
 always be remembered as the year which ushered into the world the 
 first of those useful promoters of social culture, industrial progression, and 
 international goodfellowship — the Exhibition held in Hyde Park, London — 
 and was launched upon the waters of active operation in the following year. 
 Its founders were a number of influential colonists then residing in London, 
 among whom may be mentioned the late Mr. Duncan Dunbar, of Limehouse, 
 at that time the owner of a fine fleet of ships, engaged in the colonial trade, 
 and Mr. Wm, Fane de Salis, who is still a director, and was, for many years, 
 chairman of the Bank. In 1853, branches were established in Melbourne, 
 Sydney, and Geelong, under the general management of the late Mr. Chas. 
 Falconer, and the spot that this gentleman chose for the seat of his opera- 
 tions, in Melbourne, was adjoining the site upon which the Bank of Victoria 
 now stands. 
 
 It was during the stirring times of the gold excitement, which followed 
 shortly afterwards, that this bank made its influence felt, and accomplished 
 the solidarity of its interests, extending its branches to Ballarat, Maryborough, 
 Fiery Creek, Beech worth, Ararat, Dunolly, and elsewhere. Some of these 
 branches are still in existence, while others have disappeared with the ex- 
 tinguishment of the towns which were called into existence by ephemeral 
 alluvial leads, then so common. It may be thought, by some, that the policy 
 of this bank has been somewhat inelastic, in not having extended its branches 
 at the correlative pace of its contemporaries, but it appears to have been 
 actuated more by a desire to establish for itself a reputation for stability, in 
 the shape of sound and cautious banking, than any wish to append to its 
 main branch some 60 or 70 minor ones, and thus court a great popularity. 
 Its progress has, in consequence, been less rapid than that of some of its 
 rivals ; but has been less spasmodical and more permanent. Mr. Falconer's 
 successor was Mr. John Bramwell, who was identified with the Bank for 
 fourteen years, and subsequently retired in 1 866, to take the London 
 management of the Union Bank of Australia, which he held up to the time 
 of his death. Mr. Bramwell was succeeded by Mr. Edwin Brett, who has 
 recently retired from the service, after a tenure of office of about the same 
 period. A very noticeable feature about this bank, which argues most 
 potently for the harmony of its internal arrangements, is the unusually long 
 tenure of office its leading officers have qualified for upon retirement ; for 
 example, the manager now about to leave, to take charge of the Australian 
 Mortgage, Land and Finance Company, Mr. John Russell Boss, has been 
 with this bank no less than twenty-seven years. For one officer to be in a 
 bank over a quarter of a century, is an unheard-of thing, except in old 
 English banking establishments, and speaks volumes for the great amount 
 of experience this gentleman must carry with him to the company the 
 charge of whose business he is about to assume. The same may be said 
 with regard to the experience of the gentleman who is about to succeed 
 
330 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN I 
 
 >o. 
 
 Mr. John Ross, namely, Mr. John Young, for many years manager of 
 the City of Melbourne Bank. Mr. Young has evidenced his ability to 
 manage such a corporation successfully in many ways, most notably in the 
 manner in which he conducted the City of Melbourne Bank out of its 
 threatened difficulty, during the run made upon it, incident to the crisis of 
 1879. The prompt manner in which this bank met all the demands made 
 upon it in coin, showed conclusively its sound condition, and the good 
 management which supervised this condition. 
 
 The capital of the bank is £1,000,000 paid up, and a reserve fund of 
 £120,000. The soundness of the institution may be judged from the fact 
 that, notwithstanding the hard hits it, in common with kindred institutions, 
 experienced during the last two years, £42,000 were carried to the credit of 
 profit and loss account for the last half-year, out of which a dividend of 7 
 per cent, was paid to the shareholders. The time deposits of this institution 
 amount to nearly £2,000,000, and its capital, current accounts, time deposits, 
 reserved funds, and note circulation, together make no less a sum than 
 £4,000,000. Its principal offices are situated at No. 68 Collins-street West, 
 while it has two other important branches in Melbourne, of which one is in 
 Bourke-street, and the other in Carlton. These two branches are favoured 
 with a very good share of business, and their popularity is continually bring- 
 ing them into communication with fresh clients. The present Inspector- 
 General who succeeds Mr. Edwin Brett, is Mr. Charles Guthrie, who brings 
 with him the ability of a long experience in London. The directors at 
 Melbourne are gentlemen of position and ability. They consist of Sir 
 James M'Culloch, chairman, and the Hon. James Henty. 
 
 THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 If the banking institutions of a country are in a flourishing state, we 
 may safely judge that the country itself has a prosperous commerce and 
 trade, and that all branches of industry are in a fairly prosperous condition. 
 If we base our estimate of the commercial and industrial progress of the old 
 countries on the premises upon which we have set out, how much more must 
 it apply to a country which is as much remarkable for its youth 
 as for its extraordinarily rapid development. But 40 years ago, and 
 the city whose banks have now become permanent and flourishing factors 
 in the van of Australian progress, and whose commercial relations extend to 
 all the civilised countries of the world, was scarcely known by name to the 
 great banking houses of Europe. Now, after the lapse of but four decades, 
 their transactions have increased to such an extent, as to be a power, not 
 only in the commercial world of Australia, but also in those countries which 
 are celebrated for the extent of their wealth and commerce. The sojourner 
 n Melbourne must have been struck with the palatial appearance which is 
 
 
THE COLONIAL BANK OF AUSTRALASIA. 331 
 
 presented by almost every bank in the city, and we know not whether the 
 cursory observer or lover of architecture will be more pleased with our public 
 buildings, or with the stately proportions of the Melbourne banks. Not 
 only do the directorates seek to provide, in their buildings, all the require- 
 ments which are necessary for banking operations, but they, at the same 
 time, seem to be inspired with a love for beautifying the city which has 
 given such prosperity to their undertakings. We are proud to have 
 amongst us men of such exemplary spirit, who do not aim solely at making 
 money, but seek at the same time to improve the architectural appearance 
 of the city. Prominent amongst our banking institutions, stands the 
 Colonial Bank of Australasia. Those of our readers who are interested in 
 architecture, as well as those who are interested in the welfare of the colony, 
 and have, at the same time, a certain pride in the external beauty of the 
 important buildings of Melbourne, will feel some curiosity to know the style 
 and proportions of the new Colonial Bank of Australasia, which is about to 
 be erected on the site of the old banking premises, at the corner of Elizabeth- 
 street and Little Collins-street. The elevations to both streets are of three 
 stories in height, the lower being of chiselled bluestone masonry, extending 
 to the full height of the banking chamber, having a base rising to a height 
 of about five feet above the footway, finishing with a bold string course, 01 
 capping, with massive piers above and deeply-recessed windows, the whole 
 channelled into courses. The windows are square-headed and panelled under 
 the sills, with perforated masks allowing the admission of fresh air between 
 the double sashes. The cornice to this lowest stage of the structure, is carried 
 through without interruption, except where broken at the angle of the two 
 fronts. The story next above, as also the upper story, is decorated with 
 attached columns of the Corinthian order spanning the full height, having 
 the entablature broken over the columns. A balustrade crowns the whole 
 with urns over the several columns. The windows of the first floor have 
 balustraded pedestals and pediment heads. The top windows have projecting 
 sills, breaking along a continuous string course. The angle of the building 
 is rendered prominent by a boldly designed doorway, semi-headed with 
 panelled architrave ; the portion of the entablature before referred to, is 
 broken above the doorway into a curved pediment carried by " Terms " in 
 place of the ordinary cantilevers. Above the pediment, are two recumbent 
 figures, representing respectively " Labour " and " Commerce," grouped with 
 shields filled in with the seal of the company, <fcc. The window over the 
 pediment is triple, and the composition is extended upwards and connected 
 with a circlet containing inscriptions of the date of the institution of the 
 bank, surmounted with festoons and other ornamental appendages, the 
 whole combining together to mark this portion of the building, and to afford 
 some contrast to the often-repeated features elsewhere throughout the 
 fagades. The upper portion of the building, above the bluestone lower 
 story, is intended to be of brick, faced with cement. The height of the 
 
332 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 building will be about 70 feet above the footway. We understand that the 
 design which we have just described was selected out of 26, which were 
 recently submitted in competition ; the designers being Messrs. Smith and 
 Johnson, architects, of Melbourne. This bank was incorporated by Act of 
 Council, assented to 9th March, 1856, giving it an existence of nearly a 
 quarter of a century. It commenced business on the 14th April in the year 
 cited, at the banking-house situated on the site on which the new premises 
 are about to be erected. The nominal capital is £1,000,000 in 100,000 
 shares of £10 each, of which 62,500 have been issued. The paid-up capital, 
 at present, is £406,250, and the reserve fund amounts to £86,000. During 
 the years that the bank has been established, its history has been progres- 
 sive, and success has attended its operations. Beginning in Melbourne, it 
 gradually extended its business throughout the colony of Victoria, until 
 now branches have been opened out in almost every place where business is 
 carried on. At present, there are no less than 44 branches throughout the 
 colony in connection with the Colonial Bank of Australasia. The first 
 general manager of the bank, Mr. Thomas Elder Boyd, was a gentleman 
 well-known to the commercial community of Melbourne ; and the veteran 
 statesman, Sir John O'Shanassy, M.L.A., was the first governor of the 
 institution. To give our readers an idea of the rapid increase of business 
 from its first commencement and its continued increase and importance at 
 the present time, both at the head office and at the branches, we may men- 
 tion that in 1858 it became one of the six contracting banks with the 
 Government of Victoria. No better basis as an estimate of its importance, 
 prosperity, and extensive business, could be offered to those experienced in 
 banking affairs, than the facts which we have been privileged to place before 
 our readers. We may further state that it has had, from its first starting, 
 agencies in all the colonies of Australia, as well as in England, Scotland, 
 Ireland, and other principal places connected with the business of the colony. 
 The present governor, the Hon. W. J. Clarke, M.L.C., is a gentleman who 
 is favourably known throughout Australia, and the general management of 
 the bank is in the energetic and experienced hands of Mr. William Greenlaw. 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING BANKS OF SYDNEY. 
 
 THE BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 The year 1817, was a most important one in the history of Australian 
 progress. Twenty-nine years had passed since Captain Arthur Phillip, in 
 command of a little fleet of eleven sail, conveying somewhere about 1000 
 souls, had arrived in Port Jackson, and formed on the bank of the Tank 
 
THE BANK OP NEW SOUTH WALES. 333 
 
 Stream, that settlement which was to form the nucleus of Australian coloni- 
 sation. In that short time, however, enough had been effected, under 
 difficulties and discouragements ofno ordinary character, to prove that Anglo- 
 Saxon pluck and energy, which had rescued the prairies and forests of 
 America from their centuries of solitude, and turned them into fertile 
 provinces, had lost none of their vitality. The earth huts and tents scattered 
 in the forest brush surrounding Sydney Cove, and originally called the 
 Camp, had been replaced by a town of considerable pretensions, with its 
 streets regularly named, and with weekly markets fairly established ; while 
 the colonists were rapidly extending their farms and stations in every direc- 
 tion, and commerce had established its ramifications in every district. The one 
 great difficulty, at this time, was the extreme scarcity of gold or silver 
 coinage. The circulating medium consisted principally of the private notes 
 of the various merchants, traders, and publicans ; while the customary mode 
 of payment for labour, was one-third in produce, and the remainder in 
 money, and, in some cases, the small settlers paid entirely in kind. It 
 was under circumstances of this nature, so depressing to commercial enter- 
 prise, that, in the year 1817, the Bank of New South Wales was established, 
 under a charter for seven years, from the then Governor, Lachlan Macquarie, 
 Esq., as a bank of loan, discount, deposit, and issue ; the effect of which 
 was to lessen to a marked extent the difficulties of exchange hitherto 
 existing, the bank having from the first the confidence of the community, 
 and its notes affording a convenient and reliable currency. The capital was 
 limited to £20,000 in 200 shares of £100 each. At a general meeting 
 held on the 7th February, 1817, the rules and regulations for the manage- 
 ment of the bank, drawn up by a committee of fifteen, were approved, and 
 the first directors, seven in number, were elected by ballot, as follows : — 
 John Thomas Campbell, Esq., president; Darcy Wentworth, Esq.; John 
 Harris, Esq.; Robert Jenkins, Esq.; Thomas Wylde, Esq.; Alexander 
 Riley, Esq.; and William Redfern, Esq. 
 
 The original and, in many respects, quaint rules, bear evidence, not 
 only of the wise caution animating the founders of the bank, but also 
 of the scarcity of coinage as a circulating medium, already referred to as 
 one of the characteristics of the time. They include the following : — 
 
 That notes should be issued of no other value than 2s. 6d., 5s., 10s., 
 £1, or £5. That the advances on land or houses should not exceed one- 
 fifth of the capital; and that no such loan should be for longer than 
 twelve months. 
 
 That interest or discount should not exceed 10 per cent, per annum. 
 
 That not more than 8 per cent, should be paid on any deposit. 
 
 That no advance to any individual or company should exceed £500. 
 
 That no bill, note, or negotiable security should be discounted having 
 more than three months to run, and that preference should be given to 
 those having two months. 
 
334 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 From the middle of 1823 till the 1st January, 1826, when the use 
 of sterling was resumed, the accounts of the bank were kept, notes were 
 issued, and payments made in Spanish dollars, at a valuation of 5s. per dollar. 
 
 In 1850, the bank was reconstructed on a new basis and under a new 
 deed of settlement, made on the 23rd of August, the capital being fixed at 
 .£125,000 in shares of £20 each. An Act of the New South Wales Par- 
 liament, incorporating the company, was assented to on the 23rd November, 
 1850; and, under that Act, with some amendments, the bank now 
 exists. The original power of issuing notes for 21 years was extended 
 by an Act assented to on 27th April, 1870, for another 21 years. The 
 progress of the institution, since its reconstruction, and the intimate 
 relation of its affairs w~ith the growth and vicissitudes of the colony, will 
 be best illustrated by the following chronological view of its business : — 
 
 
 Paid-up 
 Capital. 
 
 Reserve. 
 
 Dividend 
 per cent. 
 
 Circulation. 
 
 Deposits. 
 
 Advances. 
 
 March 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1851 
 
 122,120 
 
 5,500 
 
 10 
 
 33,883 
 
 295,627 
 
 234,841 
 
 1852 
 
 150,000 
 
 12,507 
 
 10 
 
 143,332 
 
 624,693 
 
 401,197 
 
 1853 
 
 397,400 
 
 25,719 
 
 10* 
 
 376,110 
 
 1,558,161 
 
 543,841 
 
 1854 
 
 400,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 10 
 
 577,479 
 
 2,064,204 
 
 1,898,804 
 
 1855 
 
 500,000 
 
 80,317 
 
 10 
 
 640,313 
 
 1,859,547 
 
 2,207,720 
 
 1356 
 
 500,000 
 
 100,341 
 
 20 
 
 703,901 
 
 2,281,879 
 
 1,924,067 
 
 1857 
 
 500,000 
 
 126,946 
 
 20 
 
 682,414 
 
 2,492,255 
 
 2,866,636 
 
 1858 
 
 500,000 
 
 150,394 
 
 20 
 
 563,271 
 
 2,327,830 
 
 2,733,551 
 
 1859 
 
 500,000 
 
 178,321 
 
 20 
 
 535,828 
 
 2,350,741 
 
 2,999,914 
 
 1860 
 
 662,220 
 
 205,372 
 
 15 
 
 536,363 
 
 2,796,541 
 
 3,811,997 
 
 1861 
 
 750,000 
 
 210,482 
 
 15 
 
 483,814 
 
 2,757,489 
 
 3,900,035 
 
 1862 
 
 750,000 
 
 220,262 
 
 15 
 
 569,496 
 
 3,275,511 
 
 4,201,569 
 
 1863 
 
 750,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 15&2| 
 
 695,831 
 
 3,776,947 
 
 4,912,380 
 
 1864 
 
 750,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 15&2i 
 
 663,743 
 
 3.614,929 
 
 5,242,673 
 
 1865 
 
 976,080 
 
 325,360 
 
 15 e^ 
 
 598,574 
 
 3,815,444 
 
 5,330,733 
 
 1866 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 & 5 
 
 661,939 
 
 4,226,525 
 
 5,495.008 
 
 1867 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 & 5 
 
 622,803 
 
 4,643,799 
 
 5,855,215 
 
 1868 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 
 
 628,308 
 
 5,016,895 
 
 5,689,438 
 
 1869 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 
 
 630,364 
 
 5,083,826 
 
 6,212,532 
 
 1870 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 
 
 618,221 
 
 5,305,132 
 
 6,869,330 
 
 1871 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 300,000 
 
 10 
 
 588,340 
 
 5,037,036 
 
 5,609,576 
 
 1872 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 308,000 
 
 12| 
 
 537,787 
 
 5,822,947 
 
 5,922,961 
 
 1873 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15 
 
 655,254 
 
 7,269,945 
 
 6,979,986 
 
 1874 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 333,333 
 
 15&2£ 
 
 724,601 
 
 7,346,477 
 
 8,338,263 
 
 1875 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 363,333 
 
 15&2i 
 
 725,390 
 
 8,418,978 
 
 8,782,323 
 
 1876 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 15&2£ 
 
 713,857 
 
 8,956,476 
 
 8,667,736 
 
 1877 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 420,000 
 
 15&2J 
 
 717,244 
 
 8,591,690 
 
 8,711,328 
 
 1878 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 440,000 
 
 15&2i 
 
 736,719 
 
 8,709,881 
 
 9,436,844 
 
 1879 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 460,000 
 
 15&2J 
 
 668,854 
 
 8,709,524 
 
 9,454,540 
 
 1880 
 
 1,000,000 
 
 480,000 
 
 15&2* 
 
 656,323 
 
 9,661,460 
 
 8,440,144 
 
 * And £6 13s. 4d. per Share added to Capital. 
 
 The business of the Bank was first carried on in a small building: 
 standing back from George-street, in its own garden, which reached to the 
 Tank Stream, whence it was removed in 1823 to an adjoining house on the 
 site of the present Bank auction rooms. Here it remained until the increase 
 of business consequent on the gold discoveries, necessitated the erection of 
 the present commodious and handsome building on the opposite side of 
 George-street, at the corner of Wynyard-street. The new building was 
 
THE BANK OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 335 
 
 •entered in October, 1852, and here the business is conducted, two extensive 
 additions having been made by the purchase and alteration of the adjoining 
 properties. The premises now occupy 73 feet in George-street, and 167 
 feet in Wynyard-street. 
 
 The first branch was established at Brisbane, in the Moreton Bay dis- 
 trict, on the 14th November, 1850 ; followed by branches at Melbourne, in 
 March 1851; Geelong, in December 1852; and London, in April 1853. 
 Other branches were established as the wants of the various country districts 
 ■appeared to require them; and in 1861, business was commenced in New 
 .Zealand by the opening of seven branches. The total number of branches 
 at the present time is 149, spread all over the Australasian colonies, with the 
 exception of Western Australia and Tasmania, in both of which the bank's 
 business is conducted by agents. It has also agents in the United King- 
 dom, Hamburg, the United States, San Francisco, and throughout the East. 
 
 The number of officers in the service of the bank is at the present time 
 638. A fidelity guarantee and provident fund was established in January, 
 1863. It has received a grant of .£10,000 from the shareholders, and is 
 maintained by half-yearly subscriptions, according to salary, from every 
 officer. Any defalcations satisfactorily established are charged to the fund, 
 and the balance furnishes a retiring allowance, based upon salary and length 
 of service, to officers resigning after the age of 55, and a payment to the 
 widows and children of those who may die in the service after a certain 
 period of membership. 
 
 The present directors of the bank are Thomas Walker, Esq., president ; 
 Thomas Cadell,Esq.; William Laidley, Esq.; Thomas Buckland, Esq.; James 
 Milson, Esq., and Sir G. Wigram Allen, M.L.A. The board in London con- 
 sists of Donald Larnach, Esq., chairman; Sir Daniel Cooper, Bart., and 
 William Walker, Esq.; while that of Melbourne is formed by the Hon. J. 
 G. Francis, David Moore, Esq., and the Hon. Sir James M'Culloch. The 
 general manager of the bank is Shepherd Smith, Esq. 
 
 THE COMMEECIAL BANKING CO., OF SYDNEY. 
 
 The most successful bank in the Australasian colonies, is the Commercial 
 Banking Company, of Sydney, and it is indeed a question whether its suc- 
 cess has been exceeded, or equalled, in any part of the globe. The old 
 Commercial Bank was established in 1834, and it was wound up in 1848, 
 and reorganised and incorporated into the present bank, whose history 
 commences accordingly in that year. We give some figures, from the 
 balance-sheets presented from time to time, which will indicate the steady 
 advancement in business and in prosperity made by the bank ; but this 
 advancement is particular^ noticeable since the commencement of the third 
 decade of the bank's existence. 
 
336 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 First Half-yearly Report, to 30th December, 1848— 
 
 Capital paid up £71,565 
 
 Notes in circulation 25,601 
 
 Deposits 148,470 
 
 Profit for half-year 6,542 
 
 Coin 79,724 
 
 Advances 168,382 
 
 Twentieth Half-yearly Report, to 30th June, 1858 — 
 
 Capital paid up £239,735 
 
 Reserve 44,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 164,937 
 
 Deposits 767,643 
 
 Profits for half-year 32,064 
 
 Coin 333,677 
 
 Advances 823,872 
 
 Fortieth Report, to 30th June, 1868 — 
 
 Capital paid up £400,000 
 
 Reserve Fund 110,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 195,091 
 
 Deposits 1,798,054 
 
 Profits for half-year 47,405 
 
 Coin 239,456 
 
 Advances 1,871,316 
 
 Sixtieth Report, to 30th June, 1878 — 
 
 Capital paid up £500,000 
 
 Reserve Fund 450,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 360,698 
 
 Deposits 4,570,294 
 
 Profit for half-year 103,023 
 
 Coin 654,637 
 
 Advances 4,983,855 
 
 Sixty-fourth Report, to 30th June, 1880— 
 
 Capital paid up £600,000 
 
 Reserve Fund 570,000 
 
 Notes in circulation 324,813 
 
 Deposits 5,197,062 
 
 Profit for half-year 110,039 
 
 Coin 1,055,588 
 
 Advances 5,235,985 
 
 In 1868, the shares (=£25 paid up) were worth £50, and the capital 
 being £400,000, the total market value of the shares represented £800,000. 
 The shares are now worth £105, which represents a total market value of 
 £2,520,000 to the fortunate shareholders, the paid-up capital being £600,000. 
 The reserve fund in 1868 was£110,000. It is now £570,000. It is worthy 
 of note that the bank's dividend has never been reduced since 1862, when 15 
 per cent, was paid, and it has steadily increased up to 25 percent., which it 
 reached in 1876, and which has been maintained up to the present time. 
 
THE COMMERCIAL BANKING CO. OF SYDNEY. 337 
 
 If it be asked to what this extraordinary success is due, the answer will 
 be that the bank is exceedingly fortunate in its directors and management, 
 and it possesses a zealous and efficient staff, who work with a will to further 
 the interests of an institution which treats them with liberality and con- 
 sideration. The policy of the bank, also, has been of a nature calculated to 
 inspire a spirit of confidence on the part of its customers, whose interests 
 are recognised as identical with those of the bank; and when hard times 
 have arrived, the bank has been found prepared, and has not had to with- 
 draw its aid from those who have a right to expect it in time of need. 
 This is an important matter, as it has been well said that it is of more 
 consequence to carefully select the bank from whom you would borrow 
 than one to deposit your money with. 
 
 To the excellent administration and organisation of the bank, must then 
 fairly be attributed its great success, as it has had but the same opportuni- 
 ties, with the same trials, as its kindred institutions in the colonies. 
 
 Mr. T. A. Dibbs is the manager, and it is superfluous to make any com- 
 ment on his financial ability further than to call the attention of our readers 
 to the unprecedented growth of the bank's affairs since his advent, as 
 evidenced by the figures above. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN JOINT STOCK BANK. 
 
 Amongst the banking institutions of Australia, the Australian Joint 
 Stock Bank, whose head office is at Sydney, is deserving of special notice. 
 The Act of Incorporation was assented to by the Parliament of New South 
 Wales, on the 3rd of September, 1853, thus giving it an existence of more 
 than a quarter of a century. During the whole of this period, its history 
 has been marked by careful and steady development. Its capital, its share- 
 holders, and its business operations, have since its commencement been 
 steadily increasing, until it may now be looked upon as one of the per- 
 manent banking establishments of New South "Wales. There is, probably, 
 no better guarantee of the status, as well as of the past, present, and future 
 success, of a banking company, than the social and commercial position of 
 those gentlemen who form the directorate. It commands public confidence 
 and the assurance of careful supervision of every banking operation, how- 
 ever extensive or minute, which in the usual course of business comes 
 specifically within the province of private or public banks. The directors 
 of the Australian Joint Stock Bank are gentlemen well-known in the com- 
 mercial world of New South Wales, and their names are familiar to the 
 whole banking community of the colony. The chairman is Edward Lord, 
 Esq., while the other directors are Messrs. George A. Murray, Jeremiah R. 
 Bundle, William B. Walford, William A. Long, and Moses Moss. The 
 
 Y 
 
338 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 general manager of the Australian Joint Stock Bank is Mr. Vincent 
 Wanostrocht Giblin, and Mr. Francis Adams is the assistant manager. The 
 flourishing condition of the bank is due to the zeal, energy, and commercial 
 enterprise of this efficient executive. Prudent and careful management is 
 also an important factor in the increasing business of the bank. On the 
 5th of January, 1880, the Australian Joint Stock Bank had 67 
 branch banks, not including the head office in Sydney, viz., three suburban 
 branches, and 45 branches throughout New South Wales, embracing the 
 most important towns in the colony. They are also doing a very extensive 
 business in the colony of Queensland. The branch inspector at Brisbane 
 is Mr. H. P. Abbott, who is ably assisted by Mr. Alexander Kerr. In 
 Queensland alone, there are 1 8 branches of the Australian Joint Stock Bank, 
 including the office at Brisbane. The address of the London office is 18 
 King William-street, E.C. These figures are somewhat remarkable con- 
 sidering the time the bank has been in existence, and the great competition 
 it has to contend against both in the premier colony and in the colony 
 of Queensland. The paid-up capital of the company is £500,000, with 
 power to increase to £1,000,000, while the reserve fund is £175,000. No 
 better assurance of stability can be conveyed to shareholders and depositors 
 than through the medium of a large reserve fund. The reserve fund is the 
 bone and sinew of a prosperous banking institution, as well when the 
 operations are on an extensive scale as when they are limited. Few banks 
 in this respect are deserving of more congratulatory remarks than the Aus- 
 tralian Joint Stock Bank. The nominal amount of each share is £10 and 
 the amount per share paid-up is, we understand, £8, and the liability per 
 share is the sum equalling the original amount of shares. The following 
 figures will show the highest and lowest share prices quoted in the market 
 during the years 1878, 1879, and the present year : — 
 
 1878. 1879. Present price. 
 
 Highest price £14 2 6 £13 17 6 £16 
 
 Lowest do 13 7 6 13 14 17 6 
 
 These figures are, to say the least, satisfactory, and a decided proof of 
 public confidence. 
 
 We give below the dividend and bonus per cent, on capital during the 
 last seven years : — 
 
 23rd Jan. 1873, 30th June 1873, 31st Dec. 1873, 30th June 1874, 
 
 9| per cent. 9£ per cent. 10^ per cent. 10 £ per cent. 
 
 51st Dec. 1874, 30th June 1875, 31st Dec. 1875, 30th June 1876, 
 
 10^ per cent. 10£ per cent. 10£ per cent. 10J per cent. 
 
 31st Dec. 1876, 30th June 1877, 31st Dec. 1877, 30th June 1878, 
 
 11| per cent. Hi per cent. 12^ per cent. 12^ per cent. 
 
 30th Dec. 1878, 30th June 1879, 31st Dec. 1879, 
 
 12^ per cent. 12£ per cent. 12J per cent. 
 
AUSTRALIAN JOINT STOCK BANK. 
 
 339 
 
 This steadily progressive increase during the last seven years must be a 
 source of great satisfaction to all concerned. It shows the growing confi- 
 dence of the public in the business capacities of the Australian Joint Stock 
 Bank, and Ave are justified in assuming that its continued prosperity, may 
 now be said to stand on a firm and enduring basis. 
 
 "We may state that the amount of note issue authorised is to the extent 
 of amount of actual paid-up capital, and to any such further amount in excess 
 of the capital, as the corporation itself shall hold coin for, apart from such 
 as is reserved for ordinary operations. This, as a matter of solid information, 
 must be satisfactory to the clientele of the bank. It shows the adoption of 
 precautions which insure safety alike to the bank, as well as to its numerous 
 and ever increasing customers. 
 
 The means which are adopted for ascertaining by periodical inspection 
 or otherwise that the issue is not in excess of the amount authorised, and 
 that the bullion or securities (if any), held or required to be held specifi- 
 cally against such issue are really so held, are, that weekly statements are 
 sent in by the branches, which are examined, and sworn statements are 
 rendered to the Government at the end of every quarter. In this way, it 
 is very improbable that any great mistake can ever be made. 
 
 The following figures will show the actual note circulation : — 
 
 
 New South Wales. 
 
 Queensland. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 1878 March 31 
 
 £196,441 10 
 
 £77,824 10 
 
 £274,266 
 
 ,, June 30 
 
 195,477 
 
 78,108 10 
 
 273,585 10 
 
 ,, Sept. 30 
 
 184,906 10 
 
 81,775 
 
 266,681 10 
 
 „ Dec. 31 
 
 209,178 10 
 
 79,618 10 
 
 288,797 
 
 1879 March 31 
 
 180,180 10 
 
 74,360 10 
 
 254.541 
 
 „ June 30 
 
 173,722 10 
 
 67,636 10 
 
 241,359 
 
 „ Sept. 30 
 
 170,089 10 
 
 68,981 
 
 239,070 10 
 
 „ Dec. 31 
 
 208,133 
 
 73,466 
 
 281.599 
 
 The limitation which is imposed on the holding of land by the bank or 
 on the making of advances by the bank on merchandise, is that the bank 
 can only purchase land and buildings necessary for the carrying on of its 
 business, and is prohibited from making advances on landed property, &c, 
 but can take promissory notes collaterally secured by deeds, &c. This is a 
 further source of security to all concerned, and certainly not the least im- 
 portant. The qualification necessary to make a shareholder eligible for a 
 directorship is prima facie that he should be the holder of 100 shares. Of 
 course, it is understood, that this is only one test of fitness, and that 
 each gentleman who is elected to the directorate, should have considerable 
 experience in the commercial world, and at the same time, hold in a general 
 way, a responsible and important position. His business capacity must be 
 keen and observant, which must necessarily be important factors in the 
 estimation of those, in whose hands the election of directors is vested. 
 
 The balance-sheet of the Australian Joint Stock Bank ending 30th 
 June, 1880, shows that though the profits earned appear to have been about 
 £12,000 less than those of the previous six months, yet the usual 
 
 Y 2 
 
340 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 dividend at the rate of 12^ per cent., was declared and that, though no addi- 
 tion to the reserve fund was made out of accrued profits, yet that account 
 was credited with .£5000 recovered from debts previously written off as bad. 
 We notice too that Mr. Moses Moss, who is at the head of a firm long 
 established in Sydney, has been elected in the place of Mr. Walter Friend, 
 who vacated by resignation his position at the board of directors. 
 
 Every description of banking business is done by the Australian Joint 
 Stock Bank, such as the discounting of bills, making advances upon approved 
 security, negotiating produce bills and documents, granting drafts and 
 credits upon all its branches and agents, at current rates. Interest is also 
 allowed upon fixed deposits. The bank negotiates or collects bills payable 
 at any place where it has a branch or agent. It also collects dividends on 
 local stocks for its customers free of commission, as well as the interest on 
 debentures, and at the same undertakes their custody. 
 
 THE CITY BANK, SYDNEY. 
 
 Amongst the banking institutions of New South Wales, the City Bank, at 
 Sydney, is not the least prominent; for the time that it has been in existence, 
 it will not unfavourably compare with other banks, whose operations are 
 consequently on a more extensive scale. It has been before the public little 
 more than sixteen years, during which period, its history has been one of 
 steady and progressive development. This, without doubt, is due to the 
 able management of the bank, by the chairman, the directors, the manager, 
 and the bank officers. The whole burden of success rests upon the zeal,, 
 energy, and business acumen of these gentlemen, who are not sparing of time 
 and attention, in all that concerns the affairs of the bank. It must be 
 gratifying to them to be recompensed for their steady attention to their 
 respective duties, by the large amount of public confidence which they have 
 succeeded in securing. To have been the means of enlarging the business of 
 the bank to its present proportions, must be a source of satisfaction and self- 
 gratulation to each and all of the gentlemen in whose hands rests the respon- 
 sibility of success. We cannot be blind to the difficulties, which every 
 undertaking must, at its outset, encounter, the most onerous of which, is the 
 great competition, against which it has to fight its uphill battle. The con- 
 jectures of pessimists, who see nothing but barriers, which they feel sure will 
 be insurmountable, have a certain quiet, and in many cases an unseen, influ- 
 ence, which only great commercial experience, business capacity, and a hope- 
 ful disposition, as well as indomitable and unflagging perseverance, can ever, 
 by any possibility, overcome successfully. This remark applies, in a 
 pronounced way, to those gentlemen who are, and have been, connected with 
 
SYDNEY. 341 
 
 the bank from its first commencement ; and who have followed its successful 
 career with the greatest watchfulness. The chairman of the directors is the 
 Hon. James Watson, M.L.A., while the directorate is composed of the 
 following gentlemen : — John Alger, Esq., Robert Gray, Esq., Hon. George 
 Thornton, M.L.C., and Edmund Wrench, Esq., while the auditors are H. C- 
 D'Ardier, Esq., and the Hon. John Blaxland, M.L.C. Mr. William Neill is 
 the manager, Mr. Edward Rouse is the secretary, and the accountant is Mr. 
 Thomas T. Orton. Such names as these must be a satisfactory guarantee, to 
 the clientele of the bank, that their interests will be scrupulously attended to, 
 as well as that the varied business of the bank will receive the most careful 
 management. We understand that the paid-up capital of the bank is 
 £240,000, with power to increase to £500,000. This is a large sum, and is 
 a fair standard from which we may judge of the extent of the transactions in 
 which the bank engages. The amount to which the paid-up capital may be in- 
 creased is also a fair prognostication of what the bank management anticipates, 
 may be, in all likelihood, the amount of business done at no distant future. 
 The head-office is situated in Pitt-street, Sydney, a central and commanding 
 position, and wisely and well chosen, for its local advantages. The city 
 branches compose what is known as the Eastern and Western branch, 
 the former situated at 99 Oxford-street, under the management of Mr. 
 E. B. Croft, while the latter is situated in King and Sussex streets. 
 The bank has country branches at Young, Mr. A. G. H. Sandeman, 
 manager ; Bathurst, Mr. F. Strachan, manager ; at Kiama, Mr. T. J. 
 Fuller, manager ; at Carcoar, Mr. G. M, Marsh, manager ; and at Coota- 
 mundra, where the management is in the hands of Mr. G. R. M -Donald. 
 All of these branches are flourishing institutions, doing a very fair share 
 of the banking business carried on in the respective towns where they are 
 situated. This extension of the business of the City Bank, is a sure indica- 
 tion of its growing prosperity. It is a result in every way satisfactory to 
 all who are concerned. It is not of that character which is the characteristic 
 of hasty and premature speculation ; but of steady business capacity and 
 careful foresight, and well-weighed judgment brought to bear upon offered 
 opportunities. The bank has agents in the most important towns in the 
 northern and southern hemispheres. This must be a great boon, and source of 
 commercial convenience, to those clients whose business operations extend 
 beyond the colony of New South Wales. Of course, the City Bank, like its 
 more mature, and consequently successful rivals, extends its banking business, 
 not only to all places within the colony, and to those towns abroad where it has 
 agents ; but to every other place to which the transactions of their customers 
 extend. The following report of the board of directors of the City Bank, to 
 the proprietors, at the thirty-third half-yearly general meeting, held at the 
 banking-house of the company, Sydney, on Friday, 16th July, 1880, may not 
 be uninteresting to those of our readers who have an interest in banking 
 affairs. 
 
342 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 The net profits, after deducting rebate on current bills, interest on fixed 
 deposits, providing for bad and doubtful debts, and defraying all expenses of 
 management, amount to £17,571 3s. 9d., to which is to be added the balance 
 from last half-year, amounting to £2,893 19s. 3d., giving a total of 
 £20,465 3s., available for distribution; which, by the recommendation of 
 the directors, is appropriated as follows ; — 
 
 To dividend at rate of 10 per cent, per annum £12,000 
 
 ,, Eeserve Fund ... ... 5,000 
 
 ,, Balance to next half-year 3,465 3 
 
 20,465 3 
 
 £240,000 
 70,000 
 
 33,172 10 
 
 1,074,787 12 10 
 
 23,106 15 1 
 
 1.441,066 17 
 
 11 
 
 £192.464 7 
 
 121,487 17 
 
 1,107,114 13 
 
 20,000 
 
 S 
 1 
 2 
 
 
 1,441,066 17 
 
 11 
 
 The following figures show the liabilities and assets at 30th June, 1880 
 
 Dr. 
 
 To Capital paid up 
 ,, Eeserve Fund ... 
 , , Notes in circulation ... 
 
 „ Deposits and other liabilities 
 
 ,, Profit and loss 
 
 Cr. 
 
 By coin and bullion on hand 
 
 ,, Cash balance 
 
 ,, Bills discounted and other debts due to the bank 
 ,, Bank premises and furniture 
 
 This report, which was so highly satisfactory, together with the statement 
 of accounts, was ordered to be printed and circulated among the shareholders. 
 It is a matter of congratulation to us to be able to speak so commendatorily 
 of a comparatively young institution. We doubt not that, in the course of 
 time, it will be able to show a balance-sheet which may not unfavourably 
 compare with the other banks of the colony. So long as the same careful 
 management is observed, and the same business capacity is available, the 
 shareholders may be assured of a safe and steady progressive business, which 
 will be a source of still further profit to themselves. The number of share- 
 holders is 459, and amongst the names we notice many of those colonists 
 who have established an enviable and enduring reputation. Several of the 
 shareholders are inhabitants of the mother-country, an important factor in 
 the confidence with which the City Bank is generally favoured. Many, too, 
 are resident in the neighbouring colonies, which must contribute considerably 
 to the wide-spread reputation, which is enjoyed by the bank in the colony 
 of New South Wales. 
 
SOME OF THE LEADING MERCANTILE HOUSES IN SYDNEY. 
 
 PRINCE, OGG AND CO. 
 
 The soft-goods business has contributed, perhaps, more substantial 
 assistance to the rapid development of Australia and its resources than any- 
 other line of imports that we know of. To corroborate this assertion, we 
 are able to exhibit pretty substantial data. It is well-known, at least to 
 men who understand the force which equalises and controls exports and 
 imports, that the more any nation imports, the greater impetus do they give 
 their indigenous products and increase their value as exports. This is so, 
 because bankers' exchanges can be more facilitated, and the price of foreign 
 exchange made less feverish when the amount of merchandise vibrating 
 between two countries — whether in raw or manufactured material — is 
 nearly equal. There are, in consequence of this, secret forces invariably 
 struggling to keep the export up with the import trade, and vice versa, in 
 order to adjust the fiscal nerves of the market. If we wanted an example 
 of this reasoning beyond our own borders, we need not look further than 
 America. The United States was never the important commercial centre 
 it is now until it commenced to import largely, which was about 1860. 
 Following up its large volume of imports, bankers, of course, and other 
 financial agencies began to look for something they could export largely in 
 order to equalise exchanges, otherwise the withdrawal of such large amounts 
 of bullion, as would be necessary to make settlings with, would so im- 
 poverish the banks as to make the atmosphere panicky and the position for 
 the time dangerous. It is due, therefore, to those houses which have taken an 
 important part in the import industries of this country, that credit should 
 be given them in acknowledging the stimulus they have given our export 
 trade, by helping it into substantial existence. The soft-goods men have 
 naturally done more towards this accomplishment than any other trade that 
 we know of, simply because their volume of imports is so much larger 
 than any other branch of commerce. The sequence to this, following our 
 own argument, is that they have, in consequence, made necessary a much 
 larger line of exports to pay off our imports with. It is also in the nature 
 of things that any country from whom we may take manufactured goods 
 would cheerfully take in return raw material, especially if that material be 
 of a nature to suit their manufacturing industries. There are many im- 
 portant soft-goods firms in Sydney, the largest and most important one 
 perhaps being Messrs. Prince, Ogg and Company. The gentlemen who 
 compose this firm are Messrs. Henry Prince, Wm. Anderson Ogg, and John 
 Storey Jamieson. The firm came into existence in 1851, and their busi- 
 ness comprises the importing of every possible kind of silk, woollen, and 
 cotton goods, as well as drapery, millinery, and mercery. Their premises 
 
344 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 are situated in George-street, and run through to Pitt-street, covering about 
 2£ acres of land in their path. They do a business of between £500,000 and 
 £600,000 per annum, and formerly kept up a stock of £260,000. Owing 
 to communication with Europe being made so easily, through the use of the 
 telegraph, they have been enabled to reduce their stock £100,000 and now 
 require to keep up a stock varying from £160,000 to £180,000. This firm 
 makes it a practice to order indents, and have them landed at two months 
 from date of order; showing conclusively how well the internal workings of 
 the firm are conducted. Comparisons are invited with other firms, in order 
 to satisfy buyers of the advantages that this firm offers. 
 
 YOUNG AND LARK. 
 
 One of the characteristic features of Australian commerce is the amalga- 
 mation of the several branches of business, which is carried on by a single 
 firm. The origin of this dates, no doubt, from the earliest settlement of 
 the country, at a time when the exigencies of a sparse population were not 
 equal to the support of distinct branches of business, carried on by separate 
 establishments. The custom thus initiated by necessity has been carried on 
 ever since, and some of the largest business houses of Australia are those who 
 do not confine themselves to the buying and selling of articles belonging to 
 a specific business, but whose commercial transactions extend over the 
 widest imaginable range. We may lay it down as a safe guide, that where- 
 ever we find houses of commerce in any of the colonies who deal in a 
 variety of articles, and whose business operations are not confined to any 
 particular branch, that they are as a rule the oldest established businesses, 
 not only in the particular colony in which they may be found, but in Aus- 
 tralia generally. Their history is co-extensive with the history of the 
 colony, and they stand as landmarks of what the country is capable of 
 when energy, zeal, and perseverance are brought to bear upon its natural 
 resources. Whatever interest may be felt by what we may call our out- 
 side readers in the staple products of Australia, they cannot but be favour- 
 ably affected by the rapid and extensive growth of Australian commerce. 
 It is an evidence of the business capabilities of our colonists, which are in 
 no way inferior to those of the commercial men at home, as illustrated by 
 the extensive transactions which are carried on by individual firms. Indomi- 
 table pluck, great enterprise, and capacity to discover beforehand the most 
 pressing wants of the age, are the great characteristics of those merchants who 
 settled in Australia. Another idiosyncrasy of our business men is the size, 
 as well as the tasteful architecture, which distinguish the premises in which 
 they carry on their commercial transactions. This is noticeable to the 
 most cursory observer, and is a source of pleasure to all writers, but more 
 particularly to those whose tastes are sesthetical. We were struck, during 
 
YOUNG AND LARK. 345 
 
 our peregrinations in Sydney, with the imposing, and often stately build- 
 ings which dot the city in every part. We forget the narrow streets in our 
 admiration for the many fine business premises, which give an air of some- 
 thing of that which characterises the large cities of England, and for a 
 time forget that we are not traversing the streets of some English town 
 Sydney has many advantages which are not possessed by the sister cities of 
 Australia. The harbour is, with, perhaps, one exception, facile princeps 
 in the world ; the city is, in a commercial point of view, favourably 
 situated, and its central position in the Australian continent, may make it 
 one day the chief port of Australian commerce. 
 
 It is our purpose, in this chapter, to refer specially to the firm of Young 
 and Lark, of London, Sydney, and Launceston, as possessing, in a 
 great degree, the salient features to which we have drawn attention 
 in our previous remarks. The business premises of the firm are 
 situated in Moore-street, in close proximity to the new post-office and 
 neighbouring to the City Bank. They are somewhat plain, but at the 
 same time, imposing in their appearance, a striking feature being the 
 tower at the south-western corner. The firm whose offices and ware- 
 houses are comprised in this mass of buildings, is one of the oldest in Sydney. 
 The house of Young and Lark, formerly known as Young, Lark, and 
 Bennett, is the outcome of the amalgamation, in 1855, of the firms of Young 
 and Co., and Lark, Bennett and Co., of Sydney, and Watson, Tyrrell and Lark, 
 of London. One of these firms had already been in business for some 
 years, and had established a very wide and influential connection. The 
 firm of Young and Co. dates as far back as 1837. The business of the 
 present firm has been carried on since 1868, under its present title. Messrs. 
 Young and Lark carry on a very extensive and flourishing business as 
 merchants, ship, and commission agents, and warehousemen. Their ware- 
 house for soft-goods, in which they deal very largely, may be pro- 
 nounced primus inter pares when compared with the other warehouses in the 
 city. It consists of a basement and four floors, connected by handsome 
 staircases and hydraulic lifts. There being no high-pressure water supply 
 in Sydney, the hydraulic lifts have to be worked by steam-power, and to such 
 a state of perfection has the system been carried, that four lifts, each capable 
 of raising 15 cwt., can be put in motion at the same time. Some idea of 
 the undertaking may be formed when it is stated that it was necessary to 
 sink a shaft some 56 feet through some of the hardest rock which underlies 
 the city of Sydney. Each flat of this stately building measures 100 feet by 
 84, and as there are no dividing walls or other obstacles, the effect is 
 very striking. There is the very best and the most ample accom- 
 modation for the carrying on of a most extensive trade. This firm 
 is an example of what we have said about the amalgamation into one 
 of many branches of business. They not only import large quan- 
 tities of soft goods, but they trade extensively in general merchandise. 
 
346 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Amongst their agencies may be numbered that of one of the largest 
 exporters of Scotch ales to the colonies, we refer to Mr. Wm, McEwan, of 
 Edinburgh. As exporters, a good deal of their attention is given to wool, 
 tallow, copra, tin, and antimony. In the exportation of copra, a vessel is 
 regularly employed in trading to the islands where that production is to be 
 found. The London house accepted the agency of, and, at the same time, 
 introduced the Pacific Insurance Company to the London market, and tbey 
 succeeded in establishing so large a connection that it resulted in the for- 
 mation of a branch in the English metropolis. Discharging inward, and 
 loading or chartering outward-bound steamers and ships, and despatching 
 them to all ports, is a large factor in the business. The firm is in treaty 
 for the agency of a regular line of new steamers, which are being built for 
 the Australian trade. It is expected that these steamers will be specially 
 fitted up for the exportation of meat. Thus, it will be seen how varied is 
 the business which the firm carries on, and how thoroughly representative 
 it is of the trade of Australia. The branch at Launceston, in Tasmania, 
 has been established about three years. The present partners are Messrs. 
 J. K. Young, T. Lark, T. A. Strickland, F. B. Lark, and Fred. Lark. We 
 are glad to say that these gentlemen take a great interest in all matters 
 affecting the welfare of the colony. "We were told that the adjoining block 
 of buildings are the property of the firm, and truly they are evidence of 
 the tasteful architecture which adorns the city. 
 
 FARMER AND COMPANY. 
 
 One of the great evidences of the commercial prosperity of a city is the 
 number of stately buildings constructed at the instance of its citizens. 
 Buildings of colossal proportions, and which would do honour to any city in 
 Europe, have within the last few years made their appearance in Sydney. 
 They have aided considerably in beautifying the city and rendering it a 
 principal rival of Melbourne in architectural embellishment. It is a grati- 
 fying proof that the inhabitants of Sydney do not only look after their private 
 interests, but have at the same time at heart the interests of the city, both 
 aesthetically and commercially. We have the greatest pleasure in recording 
 instances of private enterprise and public spirit on the part of the citizens 
 of the colony. It is with this object that we feel called upon to devote a 
 chapter to the splendid establishment of Messrs. Farmer and Company, 
 general drapers, outfitters, and furnishers. No class of business men contri- 
 bute more to our personal and home comforts than those who are engaged 
 in the business of drapers. This remark applies in two ways, first in the 
 substantial comfort we derive from the kind of goods in which they deal, and 
 secondly in the domestic felicity which ensues from an unqualified permis- 
 
FARMER AND COMPANY. 347 
 
 sion on the part of paterfamilias to the lady members of their family, to visit 
 and make all suitable and necessary purchases in the way of summer or winter 
 clothing, or any other article which may be acceptable to, and desired by ladies 
 generally. No greater variety, we are assured, could be found in any establish- 
 ment in or out of Sydney. No greater courtesy and attention to the wants 
 of customers are to be met with, however far the peregrinations of customers 
 may extend. No greater convenience nor greater consideration for the 
 various wants which are sought to be supplied can be found in the Austra- 
 lian colonies, or even in the shops in the West End of London, or in the 
 fashionable quarters of Paris. The spacious dimensions of the business pre- 
 mises of Messrs. Farmer and Co., which are situated in Pitt-street, are 
 architecturally one of the greatest ornaments of the city of Sydney, and in 
 a business point of view, the largest establishment of the kind in New 
 South Wales, if not in Australia. A general idea of the size and character 
 of the edifice may be gathered from the following description. We must 
 mention at the outset that this imposing building was first contemplated in 
 1869, though it was not begun until 1873. It is composed of, probably, the 
 greatest variety of building stones that are to be found in any other struc- 
 ture, public or private, that adorns the streets of Sydney. There is granite, 
 black and grey marble from near Goulburn, white marble from Bathurst, 
 Milestone from Melbourne, white stone from Tasmania, and Sydney sand- 
 stone. We understand that special care and attention were given to the 
 foundation work; strata of cement concrete, varying from 18 inches to 3 feet 
 (known as "beton" by engineers), cover the whole area of the main 
 trenches. Upon this, as foundation for front and back main walls, brick and 
 cement inverts are built with hardest sandstone and Ballarat bluestone — 
 upon which the columns and piers rest. The Pitt-street front has for the 
 shop story an arcade carried by brick arches, having Melbourne bluestone 
 pedestals, polished granite columns and bases, with polished black marble 
 capitals, black piers having caps to match ; the back main walls are carried 
 on columns, with white marble shafts, grey marble caps and bases, all 
 polished. The whole of the Pitt-street front is of brick and marble con- 
 struction, enriched with bright coloured mural tiles from Worcester, Eng- 
 land. The arcade is closed by revolving iron shutters, fixed at the back of 
 the columns, to act, when required, as sun-blinds. The shop windows stand 
 back from the main front, or building line of street, some eight feet, thus 
 forming a colonnade, the whole length of the front, 140ft., and during 
 business hours, giving a footpath 22 feet wide. There are three entrances 
 from Pitt-street. The sashes of show windows returning into entrances are 
 made of curved plate glass, bent to one-eighth part of a circle 12 feet in 
 diameter. The whole of these sashes rest upon a base of white marble. 
 Special care has evidently been bestowed upon each department so that it 
 should be in every respect complete. A suite of rooms is provided on the first 
 floor for the use of lady customers, having easy access from the ladies' depart- 
 
348 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 merit on the shop floor by a grand staircase. It is also a matter of general com- 
 fort and convenience to all lady customers in a climate where the heat is so 
 intense as it sometimes is at Sydney. We do not remember to have heard 
 of similar arrangements before in Australia, and we cannot but wish that 
 the same innovation were common to all the business establishments of large 
 cities, more particularly those establishments which are principally visited 
 by ladies. This boon which has been conferred by Messrs. Farmer and Co. 
 on those customers who visit their place of business is one which, we doubt 
 not, is highly appreciated, and we feel sure must be productive of a great 
 increase of business. This result seems natural, for it is always more than 
 likely that people will be attracted most to those places where they find the 
 greatest attention paid to their wants and the greatest consideration shown 
 for their comforts. Every attention has also been paid to the gentlemen's 
 department, and further extra care has been taken to provide commodious, 
 well-ventilated, and well-lighted workrooms for the large staff of work-people 
 employed on the premises. There is a ground floor area exceeding three- 
 quarters of an acre, with an area of workroom flooring equal to half an acre, 
 with ample provision for light, ventilation and drainage. To prevent damp 
 arising from the foundation, the whole area of walling at the ground line 
 has a layer of asphalt three-quarters of an inch thick. We understand that 
 most valuable assistance was rendered to the architect by Mr. William 
 Farmer in designing and planning out the building. The character and 
 design are thoroughly different from anything else we have seen in Sydney. 
 It would scarcely be appropriate to designate either the one or the other as 
 novel, but nevertheless the difference when compared to other buildings in 
 the city will strike the most cursory observer. We may here call attention 
 to the fact that colonial-made bricks were used in the building of those 
 premises, of a superior character, and which, we further understand, had 
 never been used in the colony before. These bricks are the production of a 
 firm established at Newtown. 
 
 The business of Farmer and Company was established in 1840 by 
 Mr. Joseph Farmer, who retired from it in 1849. It was then carried on 
 by Messrs. Price, Favence and Gwynn to 1854, who were reported to have 
 amassed seventy-five thousand pounds during these five years. It must be 
 remarked that this covered the period of the gold excitement in New- 
 South Wales and Victoria. The business was then taken up by Messrs. 
 Farmer, Williams and Giles, (Mr. Farmer, the present senior partner), and 
 carried on to 1860, when Mr. Richard Painter succeeded Messrs. Williams 
 and Giles, whose term of partnership expired, and became partner with Mr. 
 W. Farmer. No change took place until 1865, when the present senior resident 
 partner in Sydney, Mr. John Pope, was admitted, and the business carried 
 ou under the style of Farmer, Painter and Pope, until Mr. Painter retired in 
 1869. At this time the last change in the name of the firm appeared to 
 have taken place, when in deference to the wish of Mr. Joseph Farmer, it 
 
FARMER AND COMPANY. 349 
 
 was mutually agreed that the names of all the members of the firm 
 should be merged into Farmer and Company, under which name the firm 
 are now universally known. 
 
 In 1874, on the occasion of Mr. W. Farmer's return to England, Messrs. 
 William Seaward and George Parker Fitzgerald were admitted to the firm, 
 and have since, in conjunction with Mr. Pope, managed the Sydney 
 business. 
 
 Mr. William Farmer's connection with Victoria House, the name which 
 has been given to the business premises of the firm, has extended over a 
 period of nearly thirty years ; he is now head of the firm of Farmer and 
 Company. His arrival in the colony dates from 1849, when the business of 
 the firm was of a comparatively limited character. A t that time, the premises 
 occupied a space of 24 feet by 75 feet ; small, indeed, when compared with 
 the space occupied by the present premises of the firm. Twenty hands were 
 then employed in the various departments of the business, and this was 
 found a sufficient number for the business as well as for the size of the 
 premises. They have now accommodation for 400 work people, independent 
 of those who are employed on the ground floor in disposing of goods ; 
 that is to say, that altogether they have ample accommodation at present for 
 550 hands. The steady but rapid progress which dates from the commence- 
 ment of the business, is entirely due to the enterprising spirit of the members 
 of the firm, as well as strict and conscientious attention to every 
 want of their vast number of clients. This, when added to their 
 general courtesy to all who visit their premises, combined 
 with strict integrity and zealous attention to business, is the 
 true basis of their remarkable success. Their employees, too, 
 are assiduous in their attention to customers, and we can ensure a pleasant 
 reception and profitable result to all those who may for business purposes, 
 or any other reason, wish to visit the drapery establishment of Messrs. 
 Farmer and Co. These gentlemen are illustrative of our preliminary 
 remarks. While seeking their own personal advancement in life, they have 
 not forgotten the consideration that is due to the progress of the city in 
 architectural beauty, nor yet have they been oblivious to the fact that the 
 people of Sydney are the builders up of their good fortune and success. It 
 is a pleasing fact that the attention paid by the heads of the firm to the 
 physical comfort as well as to the moral welfare of their employees is pro- 
 verbial. There will be no prouder or more gratifying reminiscence on the 
 eve of life than that their efforts were devoted, and devoted successfully, to 
 the moral advancement and personal comfort of those whom they employed. 
 May all fortune and success attend the efforts of gentlemen who consider 
 the comfort and convenience of their workpeople an important factor, and 
 who by their enterprise and energy have succeeded in erecting such splendid 
 premises. 
 
350 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 MAIDEN, HILL AND CLARK. 
 
 The staple product of Australia is wool, and so successfully lias 
 it been hitherto cultivated, that, with very few exceptions, whoever 
 engages, directly or indirectly, in its commerce, seems to have but one 
 history, which may be summed up in two words, success and pros- 
 perity. The public spirit which characterises those gentlemen who 
 have embarked their fortunes in the wool trade, is so well known 
 that it has now become proverbial. The most important factor in 
 their success and prosperity is apparent at the first glance, and that is a 
 thoroughly theoretical and practical study of the business in which they are 
 engaged, and, at the same time, a complete knowledge of all its requirements. 
 Such unqualified success could only have attended the efforts of gentlemen 
 possessing these desiderata. The tact and knowledge, in the various 
 departments of the wool trade, displayed, as a general rule, by the growers 
 and sellers of wool, ought to be matter of congratulation to all who have an 
 interest in the welfare and progress of the colonies of Australia. Those who 
 in any way contribute to the material and commercial prosperity of a young 
 country, are, without doubt, the country's benefactors. They must ever take 
 a prominent social and public position, so intimately do they become con- 
 nected with the country's weal. They must be, as they generally are, keen- 
 witted and alive to all the exigences of the colony, as well as men of strict 
 integrity and large business capacity and experience. Without such quali- 
 fications as these, the exportation of wool could never have been raised to the 
 large figures with which it is now accredited. At some future day, when a 
 Macaulay writes the history of Australia, the untiring and successful efforts 
 of those colonists who have done so much towards the extension of this 
 natural product of the country, and through whose endeavours the sure 
 basis of its future progress has been established, will form a bright and 
 enduring page in the annals of Australian history. The immense resources 
 for wool-growing, which are possessed by this rich country, are, as yet, but 
 imperfectly developed. Yet, we are enabled to say that, in spite of the 
 youth of the colonies, the largeness of the figures which mark the amount 
 of exportation, may not be unfavourably compared with the figures of 
 exportation of those countries who reckon their age by more decades than 
 Australia does by years. The only competition that has any chance to keep 
 pace with Australia, is America's. This refers more particularly to the 
 grain and dressed meat industries than to wool, for in this last product 
 Australia has at present substantially no competitor. The breed of sheep 
 has been so carefully and scientifically cultivated in Australia, that the 
 wool-growers are enabled to bring into the market such superiority of 
 fleece over other countries, that the trade must surely, in time, gravitate 
 more and more to these colonies, until it culminates in their becoming the 
 
MAIDEN, HILL AND CLARK. 351 
 
 great centre of the wool trade, for the world at large. In addition to 
 these advantages no other country offers such huge grazing facilities. As 
 the earliest settlements took place in the colony of New South Wales, so 
 to that colony belong the first small beginnings of the trade that is, no 
 doubt, destined to make Sydney, although not as large as Melbourne, one 
 of the great wool emporiums of Australia. In this branch of commerce, 
 it may make its competition felt by its much larger neighbour Melbourne. 
 Whatever may be the agricultural and mining resources of New South 
 Wales, we certainly know that the pastoral resources are not superior in 
 any part of the inhabited portion of this great continent. Besides, Sydney 
 is so centrally situated, that it must be naturally the port for a great part of 
 the produce of almost all districts lying inland. Its fine and commanding har- 
 bour, where ships of the largest tonnage may ride with safety, is not surpassed 
 by any harbour in the world. For those who prefer to take in a mass of natural 
 beauty, with all its surroundings, at one couji d'ceil, the Bay of Naples may 
 be preferred, but to those who prefer that beauties should unfold themselves 
 gradually, the Bay of Sydney must have the preference. The development 
 of the wool trade has given rise to a business which, in connection with the 
 trade itself, is of the very greatest importance. Not only has it done this, 
 but it has been the means of bringing forward gentlemen who, through 
 natural qualifications, have been enabled to make it a successful and, finan- 
 cially, a very remunerative specialty. It has also resulted in the employ- 
 ment of a large number of workpeople, who, through constant engagement 
 in the business, have become thoroughly adapted to, and perfectly au fait 
 in, their several departments. Thus has been established a unanimity and 
 entente cordiale between the growers, the auctioneers of wool, and the buyers, 
 such as must materially advance the interests of the pastoral wealth of the 
 various colonies. We are glad that it is in our power, so conscientiously to 
 record such gratifying facts with regard to the staple commodity 
 of New South Wales. The same may apply to other colonies of 
 the Australian continent. These remarks we have considered necessary, as 
 prefatory to the introduction to our readers of the firm of Maiden, Hill 
 and Clark, who are the proprietors of very large wool stores, which are 
 situated at Circular Quay. The offices are at 129 Pitt-street, Sydney. The 
 history of this firm is an illustration of a great part of what we have said 
 in our introductory remarks. From beginnings comparatively small when 
 compared to the extensive business which they do at present, they have 
 risen into an importance which may not unfavourably be compared with 
 other large houses in the wool trade. The commencement of their business 
 dates from 1874, thus giving them an existence of little more than six years. 
 Though a young house, their business grew so rapidly that they were 
 necessitated to take in an additional partner, whose practical knowledge 
 and wide experience in business would enable the firm to attend to, and 
 satisfy, the great increase in the number of their clients. The name of the 
 
352 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 gentleman who was introduced is a guarantee that nothing can be wanting 
 in energy and skill, to meet every practical exigency which may arise. Mr. 
 Clark, the name of the new partner, was at one time manager for Etter- 
 shank, Eaglestone and Co., which position he held for some years. There 
 he gained an experience which must result advantageously to the business 
 operations of the firm. Previously to Mr. Clark being associated with the 
 firm of Ettershank, Eaglestone and Co., he was managing the office and 
 finance of a large establishment in Sydney, which position he also held for 
 many years. The experience gained by the senior partner, Mr. Maiden, as 
 a store cattle buyer, which occupation he followed for several years, must, 
 too, be an important desideratum in the successful conduct of the business 
 of the firm. This, added to his experience in managing stations, which 
 gave him an opportunity of knowing the wool-growing country from 
 personal observation, must be a source of confidence to all those who have 
 dealings with the firm of Maiden, Hill and Clark. Mr. Hill, we believe, can 
 be credited with the same experience. The firm is also engaged as live 
 stock salesmen, and sell annually in the fat stock market about 180,000 
 sheep, and from 12,000 to 15,000 live cattle. They further do a large 
 business in selling station property and store stock. They sell and ship 
 about 20,000 bales of wool yearly, and during the same period dispose of 
 about 100,000 hides, and over 5000 casks of tallow, as well as doing a very 
 heavy business in sheepskins. The selling and buying of the live stock is 
 conducted by Mr. Geo. Maiden. The wool is supervised by Mr. W. C. 
 Hill, and the finances of the concern are administered by Mr. Wm. 
 Clark. 
 
 S. HOFFNUNG AND CO. 
 
 When the material wants of the population of a newly-settled country 
 have been fairly supplied, it is but natural that they should seek after the 
 gratification of those desires for comfort, convenience and ease, which are 
 collateral and inalienable from the growing exigencies of the nineteenth 
 century civilisation. To be confined to the pure necessities of existence^ 
 considerably modifies any pleasure or satisfaction that may be felt, even by 
 pioneer settlers; but to have a continued prospect of the permanence of such 
 an existence, must be pre-eminently distasteful. Such a mode of life as 
 this is not uncommon where individual settlements are at a distance from 
 each other; but it ceases to exist where settlers are congregated together, 
 and naturally cultivate the amenities of social life. Beginning as unimportant 
 villages, they gradually develop into important towns, vying in architect- 
 ural beauty, opulence, and importance, with the larger towns of the United 
 Kingdom. It is at this stage of progress that it becomes as much a neces- 
 sity to satisfy the desire for comfort and elegance, and the refinements of 
 

 S. HOFFNUNG AND CO. 353 
 
 life, as in the earlier period it was to have the merely material wants sup- 
 plied. This necessity to which we have referred, is noticed by men who 
 have a keen and practical insight into business, combined with energy of 
 enterprise, and a desire to supply the growing and imperative wants of the 
 public — and, of course, expecting a quid pro quo for their trouble. But 
 what is particularly noticeable among the merchants of New South Wales is, 
 that no expense or trouble is spared in erecting buildings of such stately 
 proportions that they not only reflect credit upon the unusual success and 
 desired prosperity of the colonists, but also prove the existence of a strong 
 public spirit for the welfare, progress, and adornment of the towns or cities 
 in which they have become located. In referring to the splendid premises of 
 S. Hoffnung and Co., as an illustration of one feature of our remarks, and 
 to the heads of the firm as an illustration of the other, we cannot do 
 better than give a brief description of their establishment, and of the multi- 
 farious assortment of their stock. 
 
 The business was established in Sydney, in the year 1852, by Mr. Sig- 
 mond Hoffnung, now residing in London, in conjunction with Mr. Henry 
 Nathan, of Birmingham, England, and was originally started in premises 
 situated in Wynyard Lane. It was afterwards carried on for some few years 
 in a more commodious building in George-street, which now forms portion of 
 the Commercial Bank and of the Bank of New South Wales; and from 
 thence was removed to Wynyard-street, where the firm carried on a large 
 and successful business for a number of years, until the demands of their 
 growing business necessitated the erection of their present palatial establish- 
 ment in Pitt-street. This extensive warehouse, designed by Mr. T. Howe, 
 architect, which has replaced some of the oldest houses in the city, is one of the 
 largest, and forms another architectural addition to the noble structures of 
 Sydney. The site is sixty-two feet to Pitt-street, and terminates at the back 
 by the Tank-stream, or main sewer, which, in the time of Governor Phillip, 
 was a pleasant rivulet, overshadowed by a wood, and not more than a hun- 
 dred yards from the then Government House. The disposition of plan 
 shows an extensive warehouse with tram passage, or gateway, at the north 
 side, to a back court, and large store-house in rear communicating on the 
 upper floors with the front warehouse by means of enclosed bridges. The 
 basement floor is devoted to the reception and forwarding of merchandise, 
 or what is known as the packing and entry department. This is fitted with 
 an excellent box-lift, made by Messrs. Burnett and Co., of London, on the 
 most approved principle, for the purpose of carrying goods to and from the 
 various departments. The basement and the ground-floor, on which the 
 offices are situate, also contain the strong rooms. This treasury, so to speak, 
 is built of brick and cement, with foundation on basement of solid stone; 
 and gives two strong rooms, one on the basement and the other on the 
 ground floor, with arched roofs and cemented floors. These are furnished 
 with fireproof iron doors, manufactured by Messrs. Cotterell and Co., of 
 
 Z 
 
354 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Birmingham. The doors are secured with the celebrated double acme locks, 
 having keys of the most intricate construction — so singularly are they made 
 that to take an impression of any of the keys has been found impossible. 
 The strong room on the basement floor is devoted to the storage of the whole 
 of the account-books, correspondence, and the many other documents which 
 must be connected with the operations of such an extensive business. The 
 upper strong room, on the ground-floor, is solely used for the custody of a 
 large, diversified, and valuable stock of gold and silver jewellery and watches. 
 The variety and value of these can only be estimated by dealers with the firm 
 in this department, after having inspected the stock and examined the firm's 
 printed catalogue, which, by the way, is one of the most useful works of 
 the kind in Australia. It contains a hundred and eighty quarto pages, pro- 
 fusely and elegantly illustrated, and is supplied gratuitously on application. 
 However, it may be stated, the watches and jewellery comprise a wonderful 
 assortment — from the cheapest possible description up to those of the most 
 costly material and workmanship. The ground-floor of the front warehouse 
 is shelved, and specially fitted up with counters and show-cases for the dis- 
 play of their samples of stationery. Here will be found the usual variety 
 of all descriptions of account-books, printed books, memorandum and pocket- 
 books, writing paper, envelopes, wrapping paper, paper bags, and stationer's 
 sundries. On this floor, the musical world will observe a large collection of 
 pianofortes, by Bord, Aucher Freres, Neumeyer, Collard and Collard, Erard, 
 Lipp, Ascherberg, Erhardt, and other celebrated makers ; harmoniums, 
 church organs, and musical boxes, can also be seen in many varieties, all the 
 production of some of the best makers of the age. Ascending to the first 
 floor, which is shelved throughout and fitted with extensive polished cedar 
 glass cases, will be seen an elegant display of clocks of English, French and 
 American make ; optical instruments, papier-mache, bronze and marble occa- 
 sional tables, and jardinieres; samples of fancy jewellery; tobaccoes, cigars, 
 pipes, and other tobacconist's goods; fancy goods, perfumery, combs and 
 brush ware ; patent and proprietary medicines, haberdashery, and Berlin wool 
 goods, all in extraordinary variety. 
 
 The second floor, also elegantly fitted with polished cedar glass cases 
 and shelved throughout, is devoted to the display of fourteen separate divi- 
 sions of merchandise: American products; wooden ware, chairs, &c; hardware 
 and ironmongery; hollo ware, tinware and galvanized ironware; cordage 
 and twines, mats and matting ; oils and colours, paperhangings ; firearms, 
 ammunition and sporting goods; fishing tackle; bedsteads and bedding; pier 
 and looking glasses, mirrors; cutlery; electro-plated and metal goods; brush- 
 ware ; saddlery and saddlers' ironmongery, whips, &c; and an extensive 
 assortment of English, American, and Australian manufactured goods too 
 numerous to mention, all of the most saleable description. On this 
 floor are also displayed samples of their colonial-manufactured saddlery and 
 harness. Messrs. Hoffhung and Co. have a large manufactory in the 
 
S. HOFFNUNG AND CO. 355 
 
 city, giving employment to over sixty hands in the execution of their 
 extensive orders for saddlery and harness, which have carried highest 
 honours at colonial, intercolonial and Philadelphia Exhibitions. 
 
 The third floor, or fifth story, is no exception to the others in point of 
 variety and excellence of display. Here are exhibited specimens of engrav- 
 ings and oil-paintings, basket-ware, English and colonial billiard and baga- 
 telle tables with fittings, cricketing goods and other indoor and outside 
 games, toys, dolls, perambulators, walking-sticks, and thousands of other 
 samples which must be overlooked by those who pass through the various 
 compartments in this huge establishment, and which only represent the for- 
 midable bulk stock kept in the several stores of the firm. 
 
 The front of the main building, in Pitt-street, is built of Pyrmont stone, 
 which abounds on the shores of Port Jackson and is of a yellow tint, in the 
 Italian-Gothic style. The facade consists of a deeply recessed and moulded 
 round arch, ornamented in the angles (as are all the piers of doors and win- 
 dows, though different in detail) with the bullet-mould. The piers through- 
 out have carved caps and moulded bases. The doorway, formed by richly- 
 decorated folding doors with ornamental iron-work, is reached by a flight of 
 six steps. At each side of the entrance there are two round-arched windows, 
 richly moulded, supported on piers enriched as above, slated and surmounted 
 by pointed gables on bosses. Beyond these, at each end of the front, is a larger 
 semicircular arch, differing in detail from the others ; the one on the south 
 is fitted up with large plate glass panes in cedar sashes, with mullion in centre 
 transom, and ornamental wrought-iron tympanum; the one on the north 
 rests on columns and corbels carved, and fitted up with wrought-iron tym- 
 panum and folding gates, which are most elaborate in design and construc- 
 tion. The windows on this floor have moulded dadoes, carved, resting on a 
 richly moulded base running unbroken along the front ; below are the 
 basement windows. At each side of the gateway and large windows, are 
 piers projecting from the wall face and retiring, by means of water 
 tables and goblets, at each story, around which the entablature is broken. 
 Each story is marked by bold moulded strings, stopping against the piers, 
 carved at the points of junction. The windows of the first, second, and 
 third floors, preserve the same disposition, but differ considerably in detail. 
 The first-floor openings are round arches, moulded, and surmounted by Gothic- 
 arched labels with medallions, and rest on piers with cusped cups. The 
 weatherings of the windows terminate in a string course. Over the large 
 end window and archway are Gothic-arched couplets on central shafts carved. 
 The second-floor windows differ in detail and height, and have round-arched 
 tables with ornamental string course above. The third-floor windows 
 have square heads, carved and moulded with square labels over, and sup- 
 ported by carved pier. The whole is crowned by a well-designed and 
 moulded cornice with cusped medallion in frieze, and around piers a heavily 
 moulded cornice, supported on ornamental corbels with mouldings between. 
 
356 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 Over this there is a crowning feature consisting of a parapet broken by 
 ornamental piers, and in centre a large gable rises with carved finial. In 
 the gable is inscribed in a flowing band the words, " S. Hoffnung and Co., 
 1870." 
 
 These handsome and extensive premises are devoted solely to the dis- 
 play of samples and open stock ; the bulk stock being kept in nine other 
 stores situated in the immediate neighbourhood. The extensive store at the 
 rear is occupied as a show-room for the display of a large and varied stock 
 of earthenware, china, glass and lampware, which comprises a full assort- 
 ment of all goods of this description in general use, giving every facility to 
 the trade, storekeepers, and dealers in this line, to sort up their require- 
 ments either for open stock or bulk packages to suit their convenience. 
 
 The large and varied importations of this firm consist of all descriptions 
 of British, Continental and American manufactures and products — the 
 efforts of the firm being devoted towards supplying the wants of the retail 
 traders, storekeepers, squatters, and dealers, with the numerous articles com- 
 prised in the fifty-two separate departments into which the business is 
 divided. The following is a list of importations : — 
 
 I. 
 
 1. American Products. 
 
 2. Woodenware. Chairs, &c. 
 
 3. Hardware and Ironmongery. 
 
 4. Holloware, Tinware, and Galvanised 
 
 Ironware. 
 
 5. Cordage and Twines, Mats, &c. 
 
 6. Oils and Colours, Paperhangings. 
 
 7. Firearms, Ammunition, and Sporting 
 
 Goods. 
 
 8. Fishing Tackle. 
 
 9. Bedsteads, Bedding, &c. 
 
 10. Pier and Looking-glasses, Mirrors. 
 
 11. Cutlery. 
 
 12. Electroplated and metal goods. 
 
 13. Brush ware. 
 
 14. Saddlery and Saddlers' Ironmongery 
 
 Whips. 
 
 15. Account Books. 
 
 16. Memorandum and Pocket Books. 
 
 17. Stationers' sundries. 
 
 II. 
 
 18. Writing Paper and Envelope 
 
 19. Wrapping Paper and Bags. 
 
 20. Printed Books. 
 
 21. Earthenware, 
 
 Stone-ware. 
 
 22. Glassware. 
 
 III. 
 
 China, Granite and 
 
 23. Ornaments and Vases. 
 2-t. Lampware. 
 
 25. 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 29. 
 30. 
 31. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Patent and Proprietary Medicines. I 32. 
 Perfumery, Combs, and Brushware. j 33. 
 Cabinet-ware and Fancy Wooden 34. 
 Goods. I 35. 
 
 Papier-mache Goods. 
 
 Fancy Leather Goods. 36. 
 
 Portmanteaus and Travelling Bags. 1 37. 
 Haberdashery and Berlin Wool Goods. ' 38. 
 
 Albums and Fancy Goods. 
 
 Fancy Jewellery. 
 
 Vestas and Matches. 
 
 Tobacconists' Goods, Cigars, Tobacco, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Clocks: English, French and American. 
 
 Optical Goods. 
 
 Musical Instruments. 
 
 39. Engravings and Pictures. 
 
 40. Basket-ware. 
 
 41. Billiard and Bagatelle Tables. 
 
 42. Cricketing Goods, In and Out-door 
 
 Games. 
 
 43. Toys and Dolls. 
 
 44. Perambulators. 
 
 45. Walking Sticks and Canes. 
 
 46. Stove Ornaments, Shell Goods, Fire- 
 
 works, &c. 
 
S. HOFFNUNG AND CO. 357 
 
 VI. 
 
 47. Sewing Machines and Fittings, Knitting Machines. 
 
 VII. 
 
 48. "Watches : English, Geneva and Ame- 
 
 rican. 
 
 49. Gold Jewellery and Chains. 
 
 50. Silver Jewellery and Chains. 
 
 51. Silver Plate and Fancy Articles. 
 
 52. Jewellers' Cases and Sundries. 
 
 In the year 1871, Messrs. S. Sinauer and D. Marks were admitted as 
 partners into this firm. In 1872, a branch establishment was opened in 
 Brisbane, Queensland, and the firm have recently erected new and com- 
 modious premises in Charlotte-street, in that city, which rank in the first line 
 amongst the great warehouses erected in the principal cities of Australia. In 
 points of elegance, convenience, and accommodation, it surpasses any in 
 Queensland, and lias the distinction of being the first five-storied edifice 
 built in that colony. The description of the building is almost &fac simile 
 of that of the Sydney house, and the interior arrangements of stock similarly 
 carried out. While the Brisbane house contains supplies of every article 
 displayed in the firm's illustrated catalogue, the Sydney establishment is the 
 most extensive of the kind in the southern hemisphere, and affords employ- 
 ment, both directly and indirectly, to the greatest number of hands. The 
 freetrade policy of the people and Parliament of New South Wales must 
 always render Sydney the headquarters of the manufacturing and import 
 ing industry, or in other words, make Port Jackson the emporium par 
 excellence of Australia. 
 
 The vast area over which Messrs. Hoffnung and Co.'s mercantile trans- 
 actions extend, is as diversified as their goods are multifarious — their 
 business embracing the whole of the colonies from Port Darwin, in the 
 north, to Albany in Western Australia, including Queensland, South Aus- 
 tralia and New South Wales, and extending also to the neighbouring 
 colonies of New Zealand, Tasmania and Fiji, and even as far as Honolulu 
 and New Caledonia. To work up the trade over this extensive area, twelve 
 commercial travellers are constantly employed by the firm, and it is neces- 
 sary to retain ninety-nine hands in Sydney, and forty in Brisbane, for the 
 receipt of merchandise and for despatching goods to the interior and for 
 shipment. English merchandise is supplied by their London house, Messrs. 
 H. Nathan and Co., who occupy extensive premises, 13 Basinghall-street, 
 and whose duty it is to purchase and superintend the shipment of goods 
 destined for the Australian market. Agents are specially employed at 
 New York and San Francisco to operate with American manufacturers ; 
 and in Paris, Vienna, Berlin, Hamburg, and other manufacturing centres 
 in Europe, the firm has representatives to watch over and guide their 
 interests. The sale of Australian manufactured goods also forms a great 
 feature in their business — a fact which is a credit to their discernment — 
 and, indeed, they are themselves large manufacturers in New South Wales. 
 The London house is under the personal supervision of an old and esteemed 
 
358 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 colonist, Mr. S. Hoffnung, assisted by the senior and junior resident 
 partners, Messrs. H. Nathan and S. Sinauer, with an efficient staff of 
 experienced clerks and packers, all of whom, from the principal down, have- 
 been more or less identified with the trade of the colonies and the special 
 requirements of Australians. The business in the colonies and the whole 
 operations of the firm, are controlled by the resident managing partner, Mr. 
 D. Marks; the Brisbane branch is under the able management of Mr. B. F. 
 Marks, who has been connected with the business of the firm for the past 
 twelve years. The main establishment is situated at 1 17 Pitt-street, Sydney, 
 and the branch establishment is at Charlotte-street, Brisbane. Messrs. Hoff- 
 nung and Co. style themselves general merchants, warehousemen, importers, 
 and shipping agents. 
 
 HUDSON BROTHERS. 
 
 "We have often wondered how, in practice, the individual prosperity of 
 the few is absolutely adopted by the majority; while in theory, the general 
 prosperity of the many, is adopted as self-evident by the whole human race. 
 The doctrine of protection illustrates the former proposition, that of free- 
 trade the latter. What we mean may be adduced by what follows. Take 
 half-a-dozen individuals, each engaged in the same branch of trade, and let 
 us suppose that there is a protective duty of, say 20 per cent., on every 
 article, in that branch of trade, which is introduced into the colony. Now, 
 it is clear that the article can be bought in the home market for 20 per cent, 
 less than that for which it can be bought here. Therefore, to compete suc- 
 cessfully against importations subject to protective duty, the colonial article 
 must be sold at something less than the imported article can be bought at. 
 However much less the selling price may be, say 2 per cent., eighteen per 
 cent, more than the real value must come out of the people's pockets. But 
 it may be sold at exactly the same figure, and in this case the people pay 
 exactly 20s. for that, the real value of which is about 1 6s. It is clear that the 
 six individuals mentioned reap the benefit, while the loss is felt by every 
 individual person who deals with them. The numbers may directly or in- 
 directly be hundreds or thousands. But it may be said, that if protection 
 be extended to every branch of trade, each branch is mutually benefited. 
 Granted. But upon whom does the loss fall 1 Upon the large majority 
 of the whole people. But it may again be said that they reap the benefit 
 indirectly by increased wages. So far we admit this. But is the increase 
 of wages equivalent to the increased price of every commodity that runs in 
 the wake of protection % We will show, not only that it is not so, but 
 that it cannot be so. Take a dozen articles which are used by the working 
 man, and if there be a duty of 20 per cent, upon each article, he must 
 
HUDSON BROTHERS. 359 
 
 absolutely pay, on buying the whole twelve articles, 48s. more than they are 
 really worth, if they are sold, say at £1 each, i.e., he pays £12 for what 
 is only really worth £9 12s. Hence, when he receives a pound sterling 
 in wages, that pound, under the system of protection, is only worth 1 6s. 
 In this way the tinselled substance is dangled before him by the few, and 
 it is only when he examines it that it is found to be but a shadow. This 
 cannot happen in the case of free trade, for then every market is open to 
 the buyer, instead of only the market represented by the six individuals. 
 Competition is the natural sequence, the articles sink to their real value, 
 and in buying them we get the exact quid pro quo for our money, minus 
 the bogus that protection means increased wages, while the important factor 
 of the spurious value laid upon the protected article entirely swamps, not 
 only the apparent increase of wages but often much more. The first pro- 
 position in the opening part of our chapter is a symbol of Victorian policy, 
 while the truth of the second part is not, and cannot be, denied by a single 
 Victorian protectionist. Another source of wonder, during our sojourn in 
 Australia, is the jealousy existing between the colonies, especially those of 
 New South Wales and Victoria. We know that in nothing except their 
 fiscal policy, do they differ from each other. They belong to the same race, 
 they speak the same language, they have the same laws, they both claim a 
 common fatherland, and yet on crossing from one border to the other your 
 passage is arrested, as though you came, if not from the country of an 
 enemy, certainly from the country of a foreigner. It is the protective policy 
 of Victoria that has been provocative of this anomaly. The federation of 
 the colonies will destroy it ; the adoption of free trade in Victoria will be 
 its death knell. One or the other will be welcomed by all those who have 
 the true welfare of Australia at heart. There is no more remarkable in- 
 stance in any colony of Australasia, of the most complete success attending 
 indomitable energy, enterprise, and perseverance, opposed by all imaginable 
 difficulties and obstacles, than is evidenced by the very successful career of 
 Messrs. Hudson Brothers, of Sydney, New South Wales, who carry on the 
 business of rail way -carriage builders, together with extensive steam joinery 
 and cabinet works, and saw-mills, under the flag of free trade. They are 
 patronised largely by their own colony, and are contractors for the supply of 
 all rolling-stock for the New South Wales Government for the next five years, 
 and can successfully compete with any like article manufactured in the 
 home trade. There is nothing like the same amount of work done in the same 
 time in any other manufactory engaged in this branch of trade, in any 
 part of Australia. Victoria is far behind. And yet Victoria, as well as 
 South Australia, Queensland, and New Zealand, prefers to go to its home 
 markets, though, in less time, with equal quality, it can have the 
 same work done by its neighbours. This cannot last long, and we 
 are sure the day is not far distant when the manufactures of Messrs. 
 Hudson Brothers will meet with that appreciation in all the Australian 
 
360 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 colonies which they so richly and justly deserve. A short account of 
 their earliest beginnings, and their steady, though rapid, progress to their 
 present premier position, will, we feel sure, not only be a matter of 
 interest, but of wonder to our readers. We may preface our remarks, 
 by reminding our readers that a native industry of this kind, to a rising 
 colony, is of the very greatest importance. Mr. W. H. Hudson, the 
 father of the gentlemen who constitute the present firm, commenced busi- 
 ness in a small shop, on the present site, about 25 years ago, built by 
 his two apprentices — one of the apprentices being Mr. Kobert Hudson, 
 one of the firm of the present Hudson Brothers. His first undertaking 
 of any magnitude, was the building of St. Paul's Church, in Cleveland- 
 street, and he afterwards supplied the woodwork of Sydney University. 
 Twelve years later, the present firm of gentlemen took over the business 
 from their father. The premises, at that time, covered an area of some- 
 thing under 40 feet by 30 feet. At the end of three or four years, the 
 increase in their business necessitated the introduction of steam power, 
 for the purpose of reducing the larger pieces of timber into required 
 sizes for buildings — Henry and Robert Hudson, at that time, being con- 
 tractors for buildings under the architects of the city. A boiler and 
 engine of 12-horse power, previously used by Pennell, and believed to be 
 the first made in Sydney, was accordingly purchased. Not more than twelve 
 months had elapsed when they were further obliged to purchase a 25-horse 
 power engine, boiler, and shafting, as well as a planing-machine. We need 
 scarcely say that, as the business grew, the premises were enlarged. Within 
 two years from this, to meet the still growing requirements of their busi- 
 ness, they ordered two engines of an aggregate power of between 70 and 
 100 horses, to be manufactured by Mort's Dock Company. Their business 
 still rapidly increasing, it required the utmost energy and enterprise of the 
 firm to keep pace with the increase. Machine followed machine in endless 
 variety, till, at the present time, there is scarcely room to thread your way 
 through them, although they are so arranged that each machine has its own 
 clear space for working economically, with the aid of a sufficient staff of men 
 constantly suppljdng and removing the timber to and from the many 
 machines ; and the sight is quite interesting, when looking at the mass of 
 belts moving in all directions, and the various lines of shafting carrying 
 the motion to the various and very useful labour-saving machines. 
 The first contract entered into by Messrs. Hudson with the Govern- 
 ment, for rolling stock, was at the beginning of 1876, when 200 D waggons 
 were required ; so that, at the present time, this particular industry is not 
 five years old. Ten waggons per month for the first hundred, and 15 
 waggons per month for the second hundred, were stipulated for in the con- 
 ditions. At that time, there was not a blacksmith's forge on the premises, 
 nor one bar of iron, and the site of the present smith's shoj) was occupied 
 with stacks of timber, all of which had not only to be cleared away, but a 
 
HUDSON BROTHERS. 361 
 
 shop had to be built in which to cany on the work. The smith's work 
 was started about March, and soon after an engineer's shop was erected 
 and fitted with lathes, drills, &c. The first 14 waggons were delivered during 
 May, and the whole of the 200 were completed by the end of the year, 
 which was 11 months under contract time. During their last engagement 
 with the Government for supplying rolling stock, the firm turned out no 
 less than 90 D waggons in one month; and this wonderful feat was accom- 
 plished to meet the demand for the carriage of wool by railway ; in fact, 
 from the commencement to the finish of the contract, 300 waggons were 
 supplied in less than four months. It may be better understood by those 
 who do not practically understand this branch of industry, when we explain 
 that 726,0001b. weight of iron and about 300,000ft. of timber were used in 
 building these waggons, the gross weight of manufactured materials passing 
 through the hands of workmen amounted to about 1,800 tons. From 1876 
 to March 1879, there have been built in the establishment 700 waggons, 12 
 carriages (saloon, first and second class, and composite), 100 cattle, four 
 sheep, 26 coal waggons, and 100 coal skips, altogether amounting in value 
 to something like £76,000. The premises have now been so enlarged, the 
 machinery increased to such an extent, that the firm is fully able to supply all 
 the rolling stock for the railways of New South Wales, and, we might almost 
 say, the railways of the rest of Australia. Since March 1879, to the present 
 time, October 1880, more than twice the value of rolling stock has been 
 delivered, than was done in the first three years. Certainly if such a 
 demand were made we feel that the enterprising firm of Messrs. Hudson 
 Brothers would be equal to the occasion. All that we have mentioned 
 has been accomplished in the incredibly short space of four years. During 
 the past year, over 6,000,000 feet of timber has been worked up or passed 
 through the establishment in one shape or another ; when the works are in 
 full operation, employment is given to about 550 men, so that it will pro- 
 bably be within the mark to assert that at least 1500 persons are dependent 
 for their living upon this establishment. Wages to the amount of about 
 £44,000 were paid during the past year. A branch establishment also exists 
 at the Myall Lakes, where locomotive tramways, horses, punts, and sailing 
 vessels, are brought into requisition for the carriage of timber. The site of 
 the carriage works embraces an area of 380 feet by 292 feet. The buildings, 
 which are built of brick, timber, and galvanised iron, vary from one to three 
 stories in height. A railway siding runs alongside the mill, where trucks 
 bring immense logs from the interior. These are hauled up by the travel- 
 lers and carried to the gang frames, where they undergo the first process of 
 preparation. Independent of the carriage and waggon shops, is the spacious 
 joinery department from whence so many builders draw their supplies, 
 rendering contracting for buildings a very easy matter ; as contractors merely 
 consult the price lists for the price of all wood-work, prepared ready for 
 fixing, and by consulting the pattern book in connection with the 
 
362 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 monthly price list, they know what each article will cost, and merely have 
 to add the cost of fixing. We understand that Messrs. Hudson Bros, are 
 about to remove their workshops to Granville, late Parramatta Junction, 
 having purchased in that neighbourhood, 100 acres of land, upon which they 
 are about to build forthwith. Mr. Henry Hudson is about to proceed to 
 England, through America, for the purpose of seeing the newest designs 
 in railway cars, in order to suggest any alterations tending to the comfort 
 and convenience of railway travellers. Mr. Hudson will also patent in 
 England a new automatic safety coupler which will preclude the possibility 
 of accident to men who are engaged in making up the trains. 
 
 Messrs. Hudson Bros, are always pleased to show visitors through 
 their works ; and they are ever ready to accept any suggestions which may 
 be offered. There is invariably one of the firm to be found on the premises, 
 and he is very frequently in the workshop. From the fact of all of them 
 being practically acquainted with their business, they are usually to be found 
 working amongst their operatives, endeavouring to carry out their motto, 
 " to persevere is to succeed." 
 
 
 MR. E. VICKERY. 
 
 There is probably no country in the world where self-made men are 
 more numerous in proportion to the population than they are in Aus- 
 tralia. This may be ascertained from a study of the history of a few of 
 the leading men in the Australian colonies. Not only have these 
 men been the pioneers of a new country; but by the force of character 
 which they have introduced into all their undertakings, they have 
 been the founders of an entirely new order of things, which is singu- 
 larly peculiar to the colonists of their adopted country. Though wealth is 
 a great factor in our general estimate of men, and such estimation is com- 
 mon to every country of the world, yet here perseverance and energy 
 are regarded as no less valuable factors in the estimate which we form 
 of our leading citizens. Such a basis as this must be invaluable in our 
 judgment of men's characters. It is the foundation of that reputation for 
 commercial integrity which seems to follow Englishmen in whatever country 
 they may settle. It establishes a confidence amongst those with whom they 
 daily come in contact, and it extends its signal influence even outside of the 
 world of commerce. It is the foundation of those mutual amenities and 
 pleasant intercourses which characterise a flourishing and prosperous com- 
 munity. Its influence is felt not only within the community where it is 
 practised, but also amongst the distant nations with which the co' y has 
 transactions. It produces a healthy emulation, and is more than likely to 
 
 
MR. E. VICKERY. 363 
 
 leaven, to a greater or lesser degree, the whole population. It contributes, in 
 a very large degree, to the moral, the social, and the national welfare of a 
 people, and it is the most lasting basis of true progressive development in 
 every part of public and private life. Fortunate, indeed, is that country 
 which, amongst its inhabitants, possesses men whose zeal, energy, persever- 
 ance and commercial integrity extend their influence through all the ramifi- 
 cations of society. Their character for careful speculation and business 
 talents becomes so firmly and so quickly established, that their success is a 
 foregone conclusion. Such men are the truest benefactors of humanity at 
 large. Their whole lives are devoted, with a remarkable singleness of aim, 
 to the accomplishment of their great purposes. Such concentration of 
 energies must precede and be followed by success and general advance- 
 ment. We cannot but admire the lives which are passed in such laudable 
 efforts, and our admiration, though natives of another country, can never 
 be accompanied even with the shadow of envy. Cosmopolitan as we are in 
 our judgment of men and manners, we become signally one-sided when re- 
 cording the lives of such men as those who have become creditors in the 
 account- book of the colony's prosperity. They take captive our sympathies, 
 and superinduce the conviction that no truer aphorism was ever introduced 
 into our language than the one which tells us that honesty is the best policy. 
 If this be used in a specific sense, then we must add to honesty, integrity of 
 purpose and singleness of aim. Mr. Yickery, whose business is the subject 
 of this chapter, is a true representative of the class of men which we have 
 singled out. He arrived in the colony of New South Wales at a compara- 
 tively early age. He then began to wrestle with the battle of life, and he 
 has succeeded in fighting that battle manfully and successfully. He has also 
 repeatedly identified himself with the social, industrial, and commercial pro- 
 gress of his adopted country. We believe that we are justified in stating 
 that it is to Mr. Yickery that Sydney owes the initiative of the great series 
 of buildings remarkable for their architectural beauty, which now adorn 
 the streets of Sydney. These improvements bid fair, at no distant date, to 
 make the capital of New South Wales one of the finest cities in the world, 
 and in every respect worthy of the magnificent site which it occupies. Mr. 
 Vickery does not dabble much in public matters ; but like most real public 
 benefactors, he is contented to discharge his duties as a citizen, leaving to 
 others the struggle for popular applause and honours, which, though they 
 may be well deserved, are after all but of little value when compared with 
 the satisfaction experienced in having done one's duty to one's fellow-man. 
 None of the colonists of New South Wales is more deserving than Mr. 
 Yickery, who does, as a matter of fact, enjoy the respect and esteem of all 
 who value true manliness and public spirit. 
 
 The buildings in which Mr. Yickery carries on the business of general 
 mere* at, commission agent, and importer of boots, shoes, and leather, are 
 palatial in their appearance, and form one of the chief ornaments of Pitt- 
 
364c A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l83o. 
 
 street, which is remarkable for its stately and spacious edifices. We may 
 here mention that this gentleman is the proprietor of the Greta Coal Mine, 
 which is situated at Newcastle, in New South Wales. Mr. Yickery, 
 in 1851, succeeded to the business of his father as a boot and leather 
 merchant, since which time, his career, in that branch, has been one 
 of continued and marked success. Like all men of speculative pro- 
 clivities, he did not confine himself to this business ; but, in course of time, 
 extended his efforts to other branches of commerce. In the year 1866, he 
 visited the mother-country, and was induced to spend part of his capital in 
 the building of the well-known ship Parramatta, and subsequently became 
 part owner in the Sobraon, the Hawkesbury, and the La Hogue. As pioneer 
 in the improved architecture of Sydney, he started, in 1864, the building 
 of the magnificent pile in Pitt -street, known as Yickery's buildings. During 
 the year 1866, Mr. Vickery, in conjunction with other gentlemen, started 
 the manufactory of iron from the rich hematite iron ores of the Fitzroy 
 mines. The company imported skilled labour and plant at great cost, and 
 produced over 3000 tons of the best of iron ; but not having perfected their 
 plant, and being obliged to have recourse to men who required training in 
 the business of manufacturing from iron ore, they were not able to turn out 
 iron at a remunerative profit, such as to warrant them in continuing the 
 business. Yet they manfully struggled on against the competition of 
 European prices, until the shareholders were unwilling, or unable, to con_ 
 tribute further, and the venture came to an untimely end. This we 
 extremely regret, not only for the colony itself, but also for the sake of Mr. 
 Yickery ; for we doubt not that had he been ably seconded, both financially 
 and in the supply of skilled workmen, he might have developed another 
 industry, which might have been of great commercial importance to New 
 South Wales, and which was calculated to raise her above the rest of the 
 colonies, both in wealth and commercial reputation. We mention this, 
 inasmuch as there is abundance of the raw material in New South Wales, 
 favourably situated, and which only requires energy and zeal, supplemented 
 by capital, to work successfully. Mr. Yickery is one of the largest squatters 
 in the colony. He has not only made his money in the colony, but there 
 has he also invested all his savings, thus associating himself more closely 
 with its present and future. 
 
 HARDIE AND GORMAN. 
 
 A very accurate estimate of the commercial prosperity of any community 
 can be formed from the success which attends the sale of real property. Ac- 
 cording to the number of those who are owners of freehold estate, are we able 
 to form a fair estimate of the individual success of the citizens of a small or 
 
HARDIE AND GORMAN. 365 
 
 large city. From individual affluence it necessarily follows that we can realise 
 the approximate wealth of the collective population. But the basis of all our 
 calculations must rest upon the extent of business operations carried on by 
 those in whose hands the selling of real estate is vested. If those whose 
 calling in life is the auctioneering of houses and land, have a large and ever- 
 increasing custom, we may be sure that the portent is commercial prosperity 
 and general solvency. For it is scarcely possible that their business can be con- 
 fined exclusively, or even in great part, to the sale of large landed estates, par- 
 ticularly when we know that in and about Sydney, the number of large landed 
 estates is rapidly becoming limited. This is further confirmed by the fact 
 that whatever large estates there may be in the suburbs of Sydney, they are, 
 for the most part, day after day being brought into the market, for the 
 purpose of being sold in small building allotments. This is specially 
 applicable to land on the shore of Port Jackson, along the railway 
 line, in the direction of Botany Bay, and in suburbs which stretch towards the 
 coast, betwixt the South and Botany Heads. The increase of population, which 
 necessarily results in the increase of commerce, creates a want for additional 
 buildings, the outcome of which is that a special line of business grows into 
 existence, at once important and prognosticative of accumulating wealth. 
 The business we refer to is that of auctioneers of real estate, &c; and amongst 
 the few leading firms, whose transactions in the sale of real estate in Sydney and 
 its suburbs are on an extensive scale, none is deserving of a more prominent 
 notice than the firm of Messrs. Hardie and Gorman. This firm has been 
 established about eight years, but the property branch has been carried on 
 for not more than five years, during which time their zeal and energy, as well 
 as careful attention to the details of their business, have steadily developed the 
 concern to its present extensive transactions and flourishing condition. The 
 business of selling property successfully in order that purchasers may not 
 regret their investments, requires large experience as well as native acumen, 
 a nice sense of honesty and honour, a clear discrimination of value, together 
 with high personal qualifications. The buyer is comparatively at the 
 mercy of the salesman, for while one is a professional expert the other is a 
 mere novice, and hence the possession of the qualifications we have enume- 
 rated is a sine qua non, if the wish be to superinduce unlimited confidence and 
 to establish a large and increasing business. "What we have just said, is, we 
 believe, the secret of the success which has attended the increasing efforts 
 of Messrs. Hardie and Gorman to establish a permanent and successful 
 business as auctioneers of real property. Sydney, as the commercial centre 
 of Australia, must sooner or later take a position, not even second to its 
 prosperous and splendid rival, Melbourne. Increasing population, fol- 
 lowed by increase in the number of buildings, and so resulting in the exten- 
 sion of the city and suburbs, have necessarily caused a large amount of both 
 improved and unimproved property to change hands by the subdivision and 
 otherwise of suburban estates, and in this way fulfilling the desire of those, 
 
366 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 an ever increasing number of the population, whose ambition it is to become 
 the owners of freehold estates. The number of freeholders in and around 
 Sydney may not be unfavourably compared with the number of freeholders in 
 any other city in the world having the same population and age. Hitherto 
 the business transactions of the firm have succeeded in securing 
 a very large proportion of the public confidence, and we have no 
 hesitation in saying that the future of the concern may fairly be 
 judged by its business operations in the past. We understand that 
 Messrs. Hardie and Gorman have laid down as a basis of all their opera- 
 tions, the important principle of confining themselves entirely to a commis- 
 sion and agency business ; and they propose steadily to set their faces 
 against all dabbling or speculations in properties, which we regret to say is 
 done so often in the case of those whose business it is to sell land, &c. 
 No better or more satisfactory principles could have been adopted by Messrs. 
 Hardie and Gorman to secure the confidence of their clients. In this way 
 they are enabled to give themselves entirely up to the interests of their cus- 
 tomers. Success must attend those whose whole study is to give satisfac- 
 tion to the persons whose business they transact, and whose principle is to 
 devote the whole of their time and attention to all the transactions with 
 which they are entrusted. 
 
 Five years ago, Messrs. Hardie and Gorman removed to the premises 
 which they at present occupy, on the ground floor of Bell's Chambers, oppo- 
 site the City Bank. During this time, the steady increase of business has 
 clearly proved that the premises which they originally occupied were in 
 every way insufficient for their increasing requirements. Negotiations were 
 opened for the purchase of other and larger premises, but eventually 
 arrangements were made with the proprietor of Bell's Chambers, whereby 
 Messrs. Hardie and Gorman leased, for a long term of years, the whole of 
 the buildings known as Nos. 129, 131, and 133, Pitt-street. They were 
 thus enabled to make such alterations in their rooms as the growing exi- 
 gencies of their business required. This was accomplished by the pulling 
 down of party- walls, and the building of additional office accommodation 
 at the rear. Their auction-rooms and offices were thus enlarged, and the 
 best lighted and ventilated sale-rooms in the city was the result. The posi- 
 tion occupied by these premises is very central. It is close to the banks, 
 as well as to the Government and mercantile centres. Each member of the 
 firm has his separate office, and there is ample and convenient accommoda- 
 tion for the accountant and clerks. The whole is well and compactly 
 arranged on the ground floor. Weekly auction sales of houses and land are 
 held on Wednesdays, at the rooms. From Messrs. Hardie and Gorman's 
 " Property Circular," which we have before us, we notice that properties 
 of high value are entrusted to them. No better instance of the confidence 
 placed in the firm could be adduced than the fact, that estates comprising 
 valuable interests, should be placed in their hands. We must not omit to 
 
HAKDIE AND GORMAN. 367 
 
 mention, that sales of property are also held on other days, if there is a 
 special arrangement. The out-door sales of subdivided estates are con- 
 ducted on Saturday afternoons. "We understand that particulars of properties 
 for sale are inserted in their " Property Circular" free of charge. Of course, 
 if any property, so inserted, be sold, the ordinary commission becomes pay- 
 able. Such an advantage as this merely requires to be known, for it must 
 be the interest of all to advertise as largely as possible any intended sale. 
 They also undertake the collection of rents, as well as the entire manage- 
 ment of estates, at a commission on the weekly, monthly, quarterly, or 
 yearly rents, while for the management of large estates, special terms may 
 be arranged. 
 
 As a striking illustration of the condition, of not only this firm's business, 
 but of the activity in real property transactions in Sydney, at this moment, 
 we must not omit to give our readers a few figures, which are so significant 
 in their importance, that we need not comment upon them. It will be 
 admitted by all that no truer thermometer of the state of commerce, 
 finance, and prosperity, could exist, than the real estate market. The bond 
 fide sales which take place from Monday to Saturday in each week, mean, 
 if anything at all, that, from the banker down to his messenger, from the 
 merchant down to his porter, from the manufacturer down to his packer, 
 each one is, according to his means and requirements, securing land, either 
 for permanent investment on the one part, or a local habitation on the other. 
 The consequence is, that the ever augmenting increment of profits and labour 
 is being continually re-invested in the city of Sydney and its suburbs. This 
 course has a twofold advantage to the state or city in which it occurs. 
 Firstly, by keeping the money in the country in which it is made, and prevent- 
 ing its enforced emigration to more disadvantageous centres of investment ; and 
 secondly, by creating a healthy increment in the value of real property by 
 renewed inquiry for it, and thereby contributing to a permanent advance of 
 every kind of property which is directly or indirectly affected. Concomi- 
 tant with these advantages, may be mentioned the salubrious effect it exerts 
 over the wage-earning mind, in steadily, if slowly, transforming it into a more 
 conservative type. This influence is shown in the most practical manner 
 by the following remarks, which we gather from the November circular 
 issued by this firm : — 
 
 We have again to report a very heavy business in real estate — indeed, a far larger 
 amount of attention has been paid to the property market by capitalists, investors, 
 and speculators, during the past month than for any similar period for a long time. 
 The amount of accumulated money in all hands, seeking safe as well as profitable 
 investment, no doubt is the chief cause of this ; but a sounder reason may be found in 
 the fact that the investing public have a great faith in the future of Sydney, increas- 
 ing, as it most undoubtedly is, in every quarter, and extending its suburbs north, 
 south, east, and west. 
 
 City properties are promptly placed as they come into the market, at advancing 
 rates ; the favour in which such investments are held being very marked. 
 
368 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 Suburban residences and villas have found ready buyers, and many purchasers are 
 unsupplied. 
 
 Terrace properties and dwellings on the railway line and tramway routes are much 
 impaired for, and those offering, if of good value, are soon disposed of. 
 
 Several large properties in the immediate suburbs have changed hands during the 
 month, and we are now negotiating the sale of three or four extensive estates. 
 
 Small dwellings and mechanics' houses are much sought after, caused probably, by 
 the increase of population from the United Kingdom, as well as from most of the 
 neighbouring colonies. 
 
 We have many inquiries for good country properties, but few are offering. 
 
 The tramway to the eastern suburbs has been commenced, and within a few months 
 the suburbs of Paddington, Woollahra, Waverley, Coogee, and Bondi, will have the 
 advantage of rapid communication with the city. 
 
 We have sold the "Warren property" at Marrickville, well-known as the residence 
 and extensive estate of Hon. Thomas Holt, M.L.C., for the sum of £50,000. 
 
 The same circular reports the almost astounding fact that their total sales 
 during the month of October, were £139,200. 
 
 GOODLET AND SMITH. 
 
 The indigenous timber which is to be found in Australia, is so varied 
 and, at the same time, growing in such considerable quantity, that there is 
 no branch of trade in which wood is required, that it is not, and will not 
 be, able to supply ad nauseam. Not only is there sufficient for native industry 
 for years to come, but it is fully equal to the supply of a large export trade. 
 Some of the wood, such as the ironbark and others of this species, possesses all 
 the durability and strength of the English oak, and serves the same purposes 
 in this new country, as the oak is used for in the countries of Europe. 
 Hence, the timber trade is coeval in age with the other industries of the 
 the colonies, and is gradually developing into an important and useful and 
 paying industry. Since the introduction of brick and stone buildings, there 
 is not so much timber used in that branch of the business as formerly, but still 
 the demand is considerable. The rapid increase of population, requires a 
 proportionately rapid increase in the construction of buildings ; and where the 
 demand for the building of wooden houses has decreased, it has been fully 
 made up by the amount of wood material required for the increased number of 
 dwellings, shops, warehouses, and other structures, that are daily rearing 
 their heads in the city and its suburbs, as well as in the towns of minor 
 importance in the interior, and those situated near the coast. Thus, 
 though one specific branch of the trade is not so nourishing, the 
 new branch which has been the natural outcome, that is the supply 
 of timber for the new species of building, has more than made up for the 
 decrease in the number of wooden houses that are at present constructed. 
 Among the largest and most complete establishments of the kind in the 
 colony, are the Victoria Saw Mills, belonging to the gentlemen whose names 
 
GOODLET AND SMITH. 369 
 
 stand at the head of this chapter. The works are admirably situated, having 
 a large extent of water frontage, which gives great facility for the shipping 
 trade of this firm, and allows their log timber from the coast districts, to be 
 landed at the mills with the greatest ease. Vessels being moored alongside 
 the wharf, the logs are lifted out of the hold by means of steam travelling- 
 cranes, and are carried direct to the sawing machines without any trouble, 
 there being roller tramways laid down, leading to the saws, and with these acces- 
 sories, logs of two or three tons' weight are handled easily by a couple of men. 
 There are here two large saw frames, one a breaking-down frame, by which 
 the first slices are taken off the outside of the rough logs, the other is a 
 boarding frame, in which any number of saws can be placed to work simul- 
 taneously, so as to reduce the whole of the log, at one operation, into as 
 many planks as may be desired, and of any thickness. Their frames, as 
 well as all the other machinery in the place, are worked by steam power. 
 The engines used are on the horizontal principle, and are of 60-horse power. 
 They have an enormous fly-wheel, 16 feet in diameter. The steam is sup- 
 plied by three large boilers, set in brick-work, and furnished with all the 
 modern appliances for economising heat. No coal is used for generating 
 the steam, the only fuel employed being saw-dust, shavings, chips, and 
 other refuse from the works, of which more than sufficient is produced for 
 that purpose, and indeed, large quantities have to be carted away during the 
 course of the year. There is an ingenious automatic contrivance, for con- 
 veying the saw-dust to the stoke-hole. Next to the frame saws, is one of 
 Fay's large re-sawing machines, consisting of an endless band saw, by means 
 of which timber can be cut of any thickness, from the 16th of an inch by 
 30 inches wide, and the action being continuous, this machine turns out the 
 work with astonishing rapidity and unerring accuracy, between cylindrical 
 rollers, which can be set to any gauge, and all the workman has to do is to 
 keep on passing up the pieces of timber to be sawn, and the machine does 
 all the rest, turning out the planks without further trouble. Among the 
 other labour-saving contrivances on this floor, there is a number of sawing 
 and planing machines, including eight circular saws, for ripping and cross- 
 cutting, and two machines for grooving and tongueing. There is also an 
 engineer's shop, with forge, lathes, and other apparatus, where all repairs 
 required for the machinery are effected. There are two machines for sharp- 
 ening the many saws used in the establishment. The carpenters' shop is 
 on the floor above, a magnificent room 100 feet square, without a parti- 
 tion, and, therefore, open to the view to the fullest extent, except where the 
 industry of the workmen has raised piles of doors, sashes, or other manu- 
 factured articles. Here, as below, every contrivance that modern science 
 and skill can devise, is put into practice in order to save labour, and produce 
 superiority of workmanship. Very naturally, there always remains a large 
 amount of finishing and putting together to be done by hand, after the parts 
 have been constructed by machinery, and a number of skilful joiners are 
 
 2 A 
 
370 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 kept constantly at work. Of course, the carpenters and joiners use their own 
 
 special tools in the process of their finishing operations, and we find they can 
 
 sharpen these tools, when necessary, on a series of emery wheels, turned by 
 
 steam power, and which grind them as effectually, and much more rapidly, than 
 
 the old-fashioned and laborious grindstone could do. Before leaving this 
 
 floor, we find that there are patent lifts of novel and ingenious construction, 
 
 which enable the timber to be carried up, and the manufactured article to 
 
 be lowered down, with the smallest possible amount of trouble or labour to 
 
 the men. There is yet another story to the building, which is chiefly 
 
 devoted to the sash department, and the finishing of the work done below. 
 
 Here, in fact, the various articles receive the final touches which are to render 
 
 them fit for immediate use, and we see piles of sashes, doors, and other 
 
 manufactured goods, in astonishing variety, both as to size and form. There 
 
 are four turning lathes on this upper floor, and three sand-papering machines, 
 
 the latter being a new idea, and only just added to the collection. We find 
 
 here the glazing department, where the wooden sashes are glazed, and we 
 
 notice large quantities of this material cut up into squares or panes ready for 
 
 use, as well as cases upon cases of glass as yet unopened. Messrs. Goodlet and 
 
 Smith have erected a new drying shed, which is 43 feet long and 22 feet 
 
 6 inches wide, with a height, from floor to ceiling, of 10 feet. There are 
 
 over 150 men employed by the firm at the Victoria Saw Mills. The firm 
 
 has a powerful steam launch which is used in connection with the works, 
 
 for the purpose of conveying timber or manufactured goods about the 
 
 harbour, whenever required. The trade of the firm extends all over the 
 
 colony, and large quantities of their goods are shipped coastwise, as well 
 
 as sent by train. The wages paid at this establishment vary, according to 
 
 the kind of labour, from about £2 weekly for rough and unskilled 
 
 labour, to Is. 6d. per hour for skilled hands. The eight-hours' system 
 
 prevails among the carpenters, but most of the other trades work nine 
 
 hours a day. The mechanical resources of these mills enable them to 
 
 cut up over 100,000 feet of timber per week, a good proportion of which 
 
 is made up into articles requiring a considerable amount of taste and 
 
 skill, and involving a good deal of labour. Such results can only be 
 
 realised, even in so large an establishment, by means of a thorough and 
 
 well-organised system of working. Every man must know his work, 
 
 and must be able to do it. This is carried out in these mills under 
 
 the superintendence of Mr. Spalding, to whom Messrs. Goodlet and Smith 
 
 have confided the management of the works. 
 
 The firm has six establishments altogether : the head-office, Brick- 
 field Hill ; a branch yard in Parramatta-street, Victoria Saw Mills at 
 Pyrmont, and a bush saw-mill near Ulladulla ; the other two are for 
 the manufacture of bricks and sewerage drain-pipes, in which branch 
 they also do a large trade. The above works, with the exception of 
 the bush saw-mill, are connected by a telegraph wire; they also have 
 the Bell-Edison telephone in use. 
 
WRIGHT, HEATON AND COMPANY, LIMITED. 371 
 
 WRIGHT, HEATON AND COMPANY, LIMITED. 
 
 The business of general carriers is one that contributes as much as, if not 
 more than any other, to the opening out and development of a new country. 
 However rich the resources of a country may be, unless provision is made 
 for their carriage to and fro, those resources are of little avail. One incen- 
 tive to the pioneer squatter is that he should be followed up by ways and 
 means of transportation of the results of his industry and enterprise. The 
 certainty that means of carriage will ever follow in his rear, gives him 
 courage in opening out new country, however far it may be removed from 
 the haunts of men. The enterprising squatter, supplemented by the 
 assistance of the general carrier, are the two factors which, in the com- 
 mencement of Australian history, gave an impetus to its general advance- 
 ment, of which the beneficial effects are evidenced by the present general 
 prosperity of the colonies. 
 
 At a time when the various carriage appliances of modern civilisa- 
 tion were unknown in Australia, the inestimable advantages of carriers 
 who were reliable and trustworthy, can only be appreciated by those 
 early settlers in the colony, who remember the great and almost insur- 
 mountable difficulties presented by impassable roads and other attendant 
 dangers, which at this early period were associated with the carriage of 
 goods to and from those stations which were far distant from the emporiums 
 of commerce and trade, or even from the small villages which have now 
 developed into large towns. Our knowledge of the great pastoral, agricul- 
 tural and mining wealth of Australia, would have been limited indeed, but 
 for the valuable services of those persevering and energetic carriers who 
 surmounted every obstacle which presented itself, in the conveyance of 
 merchandise, and vigorously followed in the wake of the Australian squat- 
 ter, as well as the wake of the agriculturist and gold-digger. No matter 
 how distant or how remote from civilisation these embodiments of Australian 
 wealth might go, the carrier soon found his way into their neighbourhood, 
 introducing many of the comforts of civilised life, and making that bearable 
 which, through deprivation, was enervating their minds and weakening 
 their bodies ; and after supplying them with the necessaries, and in many 
 cases the luxuries, of existence, were ready to convey their produce to markets 
 where it found a ready sale. Thus, in encouraging the opening out of new 
 runs, the selection of new farms, and the development of new goldfields, the 
 general carrier was materially aiding the progress and increasing the wealth of 
 this new country. As population increased, unattended, as it was in some 
 cases, by the introduction of steam power, the business of general carrier 
 assumed wide importance as well as greater proportions, and it necessitated 
 increasing energy and earnestness to meet the exigencies of the growing require- 
 ments. Men were readily found possessing the necessary capabilities, but 
 
 2 A 2 
 
372 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 none more so than the company which stands at the head of our present 
 chapter. The date of their establishment goes far back in the history of New 
 South Wales, the business having been first started in 1862, under the name 
 of Wright, Barber and Co., at 485 George -street, Sydney. The business 
 having increased to such vast proportion, and requiring so great an amount 
 of capital, the proprietary was merged into a Joint Stock Company (Limited), 
 of which the present managing directors are Mr. F. A. Wright and Mr. 
 Edward Heaton, gentlemen who are ever on the alert to satisfy the growing 
 requirements of a rapidly-growing business, and whose qualifications as 
 directors are in every way equal to their position. In the commencement 
 of the firm's career they confined themselves to the carrying business 
 entirely; the limit of their transactions being Penrith, which was then the 
 terminus of the Western Railway, and about 32 miles from Sydney. On 
 the Southern line, their ramifications extended as far as Picton only, 
 about 52 miles from Sydney. The increase of their business has 
 been simultaneous with the extension of railways, until now they have 
 reached proportions which are commmensurate with the great increase of 
 population. They have no less than 25 branches of their own, as well as 
 agencies in the principal towns. The great progress in their business of 
 general carriers is an important chapter in the history of the colony. Fol- 
 lowing it from its commencement to the present time, is to follow and know 
 the history of the colony with which it has been so closely associated. We 
 perceive in its gradual development, the causes which have contributed to 
 this result, and the groundwork of the colony's present prosperity. On 
 inquiry, we found that the first year's business in wool was limited to 
 the carriage of 10,000 bales; while this year it is no less than 120,000 
 bales. Thus, in little more than a decade and a half, the increase in 
 the carrying branch of the business was exactly 12 times the amount 
 of bales carried in the first year. We understand that the bulk of the 
 wool carrying is done by contract, and the arrangements for this purpose are 
 entered into beforehand. This firm contracts to take the wool from the shed 
 of the grower, and convey it to any part of Australia, principally to Mel- 
 bourne or Sydney, or at the option of the grower, direct, at a through rate, to 
 docks in London. All the incidental expenses are defrayed by the company, 
 including insurance. Their dealings in grain are not confined to the mere 
 carrying, but they also carry on at the same time, a large trade as buyers of 
 that staple article. The carriage of minerals is also an important branch of 
 their business as general carriers. All the copper which is transported from the 
 Cobar mines — about 3000 tons annually — is conveyed through their agency. 
 This is undertaken by contract, which seems to extend over a period of five 
 years, two years of which we are informed have expired. The distance 
 traversed in carrying the copper is something like 330 miles, all being done 
 by what is understood as land carriage. The importance of this particular 
 branch of carrying will be more perfectly understood by our readers, when 
 

 WRIGHT, HEATON AND COMPANY, LIMITED. 373 
 
 we mention that no less than 140 teams are employed constantly in this 
 particular work. The company owns about 800 horses, which are con- 
 stantly employed in the large teaming business which they do throughout 
 the colony of New South Wales. Another, and no less important branch 
 of their business, is what is technically known as the Intercolonial parcel 
 trade. Having facilities at their command for the conveyance of the 
 smallest packages, they are largely patronised by the general public 
 throughout Australia, and, consequently, do an extensive trade in this de- 
 partment. They guarantee the prompt despatch of all parcels entrusted to 
 their care, not only to all parts of Australia, but Europe and America. 
 Their agencies are almost co-extensive with civilisation, and besides the work 
 they do on their own account, they, through these means, bring the rest of 
 the world into direct communication with Australia. 
 
 The Advance op Literature in New South Wales. 
 
 WILLIAM MADDOCK. 
 
 The natural and inordinate desire for information which characterises 
 the nineteenth century, is not confined nor is it peculiar to the old world. 
 It is a plant which is nourished and watered by education, and which has 
 spread its roots to the furthermost bounds of civilisation. The spirit of 
 inquiry has penetrated into all classes of the human race; and there is no 
 subject to which it does not extend. Information is the natural sequence 
 of inquiry, and education is its nursing* mother. Whatever opinion may 
 be held as to the bases upon which the mind should be superstructed, there 
 can be no doubt that the materials of mind building should be the best 
 possible within our reach. Hence the desideratum of a healthy class of 
 literature; and the equally necessary desideratum of the facilities which are 
 supplied in order to ensure its propagation amongst all classes of the popu- 
 lation. The public taste for reading deserves all the encouragement which 
 can be offered; but the no less important factor of educating that taste to as 
 high a standard as possible, should not be lost sight of. The majority of 
 the reading public may be said to be devoted, in a great measure, to that 
 class of literature which is known as sensational, and which forms the chief 
 plot and incident of the popular novels of our day. This demand has re- 
 sulted in a supply of a spurious, and ofttimes meretricious and prurient 
 class of books, which administer pabulum to the baser passions of our 
 nature, and give a superficial impetus to the practical development of what 
 was before a mere latent, undefined existence. We must look forward to 
 the introduction of books equally interesting, if not so sensational, which 
 
374 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 rouse the dormant faculties and feelings of our higher nature, and which 
 supply the safeguard, and modify, and we hope in time will sup- 
 plant, the baser literature which is now so increasingly prevalent. The 
 higher class of literature such as biography, history, travels, and know- 
 ledge-giving essays, when introduced prominently before the reading public, 
 educates the taste, and acts as a corrective in the proper choice of the 
 books which should be read. To educate the public taste up to this 
 degree, is a work of some considerable difficulty, and ought only to be 
 undertaken by wise, judicious, and well-informed men who see in difficul- 
 ties but the incentives to perseverance. Such a work as this is of the very 
 greatest importance, second to no other walk in life, and is well worthy of a 
 life's devotion. He who undertakes it is the schoolmaster of the maturer 
 life of humanity or of the world's school. This sphere is one which, when 
 carried out on a high moral basis, is as noble and good producing to a nation, 
 as the incipent instruction and education are to those who are the fathers 
 and mothers of the future generation. To those of our readers who are 
 dwelling in the other hemisphere, the notion of a high literature, a high 
 education, and the possession of every publication of note in the old or new 
 world, being a strong feature of the Australian colonies, may seem too roman- 
 tic and ideal to be accepted as a fact. We trust that these ideas may be 
 dispelled in great part, through the information we have striven to give of 
 Australia and its adjuncts, in the present publication. The colonists possess 
 the advantages of a free education, and that up to a very fair standard, 
 which are not surpassed in any country in the world j they are not only 
 great readers but deep thinkers, and, though the indigenous literature is 
 somewhat limited, it is supplemented by the demand and supply of every 
 class of literature which obtains in older countries. 
 
 "We have daily and weekly papers, conducted by men of talent and ex- 
 perience, and there are monthly reviews, which reflect the opinions of the 
 people on every possible question. We have large public libraries, open to 
 every class of the population without money and without price, and we have 
 large circulating libraries, conducted by enterprising and intelligent men. 
 Amongst those of the latter which are deserving of note, is that conducted 
 by Mr. Wm. Maddock, at 381 George-street, Sydney, and known to 
 Sydneyites as " Maddock's Select Library." The strong impression that is 
 so prevalent in the minds of a large majority of the population of Great 
 Britain, more especially among the working classes, that Australia has 
 undergone comparatively little change since the rushes that followed the dis- 
 covery of gold some thirty years ago, will we trust be completely dispelled 
 after a careful perusal of this work. Though there is yet a certain amount 
 of " roughing " to be undergone by those who find themselves in the gold- 
 fields, or who engage in agricultural pursuits in the more isolated parts of 
 the colony, the life in the cities and towns of this new country is in no 
 respect different, with regard to physical comforts and even luxuries, as well 
 
WILLIAM MADDOCK. 375 
 
 as all the amenities of civilisation, to what it is in the oldest established and 
 most civilised portions of the old world. How erroneous are the impressions 
 of Australia will, we trust, be discovered far and wide, and wherever this 
 book may find circulation. Our great object is to throw a correct light through 
 which as yet undiscovered advantages may be widely known, and to supply 
 accurate information with regard to this, the fifth section of the globe, its 
 customs, and its peoples. "What must first strike the " new chums," or, in 
 other words, the fresh arrivals, must be the resemblance, in almost every 
 respect, between the towns and cities they have left behind, and the towns 
 and cities of their newly adopted home. They note the same extensive ware- 
 houses, the same magnificent shops, the same public buildings, and the grace- 
 ful and ofttimes ornate dwellings of our citizens, and see at a coup oVozil 
 that civilisation has made such rapid strides in this New Atlantis, as to be 
 abreast of the civilisation that has taken as many centuries to develop as 
 its existence here may be counted by decades. In addition to this, what 
 must strike them as really wonderful, is that in most districts there are 
 schools of art, mechanics' institutes, and public and circulating libraries, 
 which are patronised certainly as largely as they are in the mother-country. 
 As an instance of the rapid development of the love of literature amongst 
 the colonists of New South Wales, the proportions reached by Maddock's 
 Select Library are such that it may with justice be called the Mudie's of 
 Sydney. It is probably the most notable institution of its kind in the 
 colonies. It has been established for about eighteen (18) years; and in 
 addition to the extensive patronage which it enjoys, of the elite of Sydney, 
 and of very many of the wealthy landed proprietors throughout the country, 
 it has also been patronised by the various representatives of Royalty who 
 in succession have found themselves the occupiers of Government House. 
 We understand that, some little time ago, the proprietor, Mr. Maddock, in- 
 terested himself with the Commissioner of Railways, to obtain a reduction 
 in the rates of carriage per rail on library exchanges, and the commissioner, 
 after duly considering the application, was pleased to reduce the charge to 
 one-fourth of ordinary parcels' rate. This must be a great boon to country 
 residents living within rail communication of the city ; and we hope, in no 
 very long time, to see a similar process every morning from Maddock's, as 
 there is from Mudie's, when boxes of new books are sent off by rail all over 
 England. We do not see that such a result may not be realised, and that 
 shortly, for our reading-loving population is increasing in the ratio of the 
 supply of new publications. By means of this library, which has supplied a 
 long-felt want, the best and most readable books, in all departments of 
 literature, are selected by an agent at home, and despatched by the over- 
 land mails directly they are published. Thus books are often in circulation 
 from this institution long before they can be purchased in the shops. Be- 
 sides the current literature of the day, the library contains many hundred 
 volumes of standard works. English and American periodicals are also 
 
376 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 issued to the subscribers. Visitors, who intend to remain in Sydney for a 
 limited time, may have the advantage of this library, by joining for as 
 short a period as one month, the terms being in every respect extremely 
 reasonable. The front part of Mr. Haddock's establishment is employed as 
 a book and stationery warehouse, in which a large trade is carried on, the 
 premises being well stocked with every article that may be required in this 
 branch of the business. At the rear of the shop is a large room which forms 
 the library, and which, on our visit, we found filled with what we should 
 consider la creme de la creme of the reading society of Sydney. The ladies 
 were there in greater numbers than the sterner sex j and we were glad to 
 note their selection of high-class novels and other branches of light 
 literature. Nothing certainly is more conducive to the pleasure of life — 
 nothing seems to be so much linked to every form of the most advanced 
 civilisation, especially for those who are buried in the dull, retired, and 
 isolated stations of the interior — than a constant change of new books and 
 magazines, and in this way inter-communicating with the advanced thought 
 of the rest of the world. We certainly must congratulate the city on the 
 possession of this great desideratum of life, a large select library, which, at 
 the same time that it educates the desire for reading, supplies the educated 
 taste with the required pabulum. 
 
 SOME OF THE LEADING MEKCANTILE HOUSES IN ADELAIDE, 
 
 ELDER, SMITH AND CO. 
 
 It is an interesting question, which of the colonies in Australia is 
 likely, in the future, to take the foremost position in the production of 
 wool, both in regard to quantity as well as quality. This, to us, seems to 
 depend mainly upon three conditions; firstly, the amount of land which may 
 be available in every way for grazing purposes; secondly, the breed of sheep 
 which may be introduced and cultivated; and lastly, a plethora of capital in 
 the hands of enterprising and energetic pastoral tenants. The last condition, 
 if limited in its volume of supply, might be supplemented through the hands 
 of Australian or European capitalists. The colony where these conditions 
 are to be found in the most complete stage, will undoubtedly hold the sway 
 in the extent of the development of pastoral interests. Each of the factors 
 mentioned would be doubtlessly incomplete if they stood alone ; but with 
 

 ELDER, SMITH AND CO. 377 
 
 regard to the first of these, nature, in this new country, has made ample 
 provision. The second depends, in a great degree, upon individual efforts, 
 which must be combined with great discrimination and thorough knowledge 
 of ovine qualities. The supply of the third depends wholly upon the two 
 preceding. However, we may say that whatever may be the extent of 
 grazing country in a colony, it is comparatively valueless unless it is sup- 
 plemented by a good breed of sheep and unlimited capital for its develop- 
 ment. In the early history of the colonies, the great desiderata of breed 
 and capital were wants but ill supplied. But as time progressed these 
 wants were gradually minimised, until now the breed of sheep cultivated 
 in the Australian colonies is not exceeded by any country in the world. 
 The fine and silky texture of the wool has made it so famous in the 
 home market, that there is no scarcity for its demand, nor want of 
 capital for its development. Whatever may be the unknown resources 
 of this great country, which in time may be brought to light, we know 
 not, but we do know that in no branch of commerce is she likely to 
 become more famous in the eyes of the world, than in the important one 
 of wool productions. The resources in this respect are almost unlimited, 
 and those which have already been made available are capable of supply- 
 ing a very considerable part of the demand of the markets of the world. 
 Though gold is always associated with Australia in the minds of the 
 6e toWol, the country is as well known, for its wool-producing power, to the 
 men of commerce and trade, as it is known for its splendid gold discoveries 
 to the rest of the world. Gold, except in some few instances, has been 
 what may be denominated a spasmodic product, rushes being made from 
 one district to another, which is no sooner worked out than another exodus 
 is made, seldom leaving behind it a permanent population, or even a per- 
 manent settlement. One feature of that part of the population whose 
 wealth has been derived through the discovery of gold is, that they seldom, 
 if ever, remain in the country ; and if they do, they certainly, with only 
 some exceptions, never take up their abodes on the spot from which their 
 riches have been drawn. We are not depreciating the gold-mining interest, 
 but rather pointing out what we would term its drawbacks to the general 
 progress, moral as well as social, of those districts where it has been found 
 in small quantities, as well in some instances of those districts where the 
 yield has been larger. Now, with regard to the pastoral interests, those 
 drawbacks are considerably modified. In order to develop them to that 
 degree of perfection which is likely to result in profitable return, it is neces- 
 sary to settle for several years on the runs taken up, to give time for the 
 perfection of breed, and to acquire that reputation for quality which alone 
 can secure a permanent and large demand. Once a station is entered 
 upon, we must conclude that judgment, perfected by experience, has been 
 brought to bear in its selection, and hence there is neither necessity nor 
 desire to remove. In this way we consider that the pastoral interest, if 
 
378 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 not superior to all others, is certainly second to none. There is another 
 and not unimportant factor, which we must be permitted to mention, and 
 that is that the class of men who engage in it is, as a rule, far superior in 
 intellectual and social qualifications to those who are engaged in mining. 
 This is another and important reason why this interest should be as widely 
 encouraged as possible. We mean that a colony where the population is 
 supplemented by enterprising men whose social position gives them an 
 interest in the true welfare of the colony, is infinitely more likely to be 
 prosperous and to have a higher commercial reputation than where the 
 colonists are men of little culture or experience, and where wealth is not, 
 as a rule, acquired by length of time, but spasmodically and accidentally, 
 which is invariably the case with those who engage in gold-mining opera- 
 tions. Second, if not equal, in importance to those who are immediately 
 engaged in wool-growing, are those who are engaged in wool-selling, and 
 one of the most important firms in this branch of business in South Aus- 
 tralia, is that of Elder, Smith and Co. Through difficulties which are 
 generally the concomitants of those who have engaged in the development 
 of the wool-selling business, the firm of Elder, Smith and Co. have success- 
 fully laboured until now that their standing in Adelaide is somewhat similar 
 to the standing of the great firm of Goldsbrough and Co. in Melbourne. 
 Sir Thomas Elder, who is the head of the firm, is a director in the Wallaroo 
 Mine, and chairman of the Moonta Directorate. The business was begun, 
 in 1840, by Mr. A. L. Elder, now a merchant in London, and has been 
 continued by various members of the family up to the present time. We 
 may mention that the present senior partner has, what is perhaps, the most 
 complete establishment for the breeding and training of thoroughbred 
 horses which is to be found in Australia. The number of foals, yearlings, 
 horses, and mares, which comprise the breeding stock, &c, cannnot be 
 less than 100. The training stables are at Glenelg, about six miles from 
 Adelaide. Sir Thomas purposes to forward to the old country, as an 
 experiment, two of his best-bred yearlings, with a view to being trained and 
 entered for the Derby and Oaks. This fact we have great satisfaction in 
 recording as a conclusive proof of the interest and taste which are so 
 universally cultivated, both in field sports and in the breed of stock ; and 
 it is through gentlemen like Sir Thomas Elder, that the capabilities of 
 Australian horses will become known at large. 
 
 The introduction of camels has also been carried out by this gentle- 
 man, a ship-load having been imported from India, in 1863, which have 
 now increased to upwards of 600. These animals are found extremely 
 useful as beasts of burden on sheep stations, and are also occasionally 
 employed in exploring the interior. 
 
JOSEPH STILLING AND CO. 379 
 
 JOSEPH STILLING AND CO. 
 
 The commercial progress of Adelaide is a feature in the development of 
 the colony of South Australia which is deserving of more than passing 
 notice. The trade and industry of the colony have already been adverted 
 to in our pages. We will now direct our attention more particularly to the 
 intercommunication between Adelaide and other parts of the world to which 
 her commerce has already extended. Whatever may be the internal wealth 
 of a colony, it remains invariable until a market has been created for its 
 demand. This can only be done successfully by men of enterprise and 
 energy, as well as large business capabilities, who are ever on the alert 
 to seize and take advantage of every opportunity which is presented to their 
 notice. They must, as a matter of course, have a pretty extensive connection 
 in the commercial circles of other countries, and they must, at the same 
 time, possess the confidence of those with whom they have business trans- 
 actions. It is the possession of such important factors as we have named 
 that, as a rule, commands success in commercial undertakings. They are 
 enabled to place those who possess the supply in communication with those 
 who have the means of indicating the channels of demand, and thus com- 
 mercial relations are originated, and the first seeds of progressive develop- 
 ment are sown. The gentlemen who have taken up this branch of commerce 
 occupy a very important position in a young colony, more important, 
 perhaps, than those who are immediately engaged in pastoral, agricultural, 
 or mining pursuits. 
 
 It is in one or other, or all of these, that South Australia, and 
 particularly Adelaide, where most of the exports are shipped for London 
 and other parts of Europe, will, at no distant date, occupy an important 
 position in the commercial world. The business we refer to is that of com- 
 mission agents, which is carried on by the gentlemen who comprise the firm 
 whose name heads the present chapter. They have been successful in their 
 efforts, and have succeeded in acquiring that confidence which has resulted in 
 a large and increasing business. They have contributed materially to the 
 development of the various branches of colonial products, and done much 
 towards increasing the export trade of South Australia. Another and very 
 important branch in which they are engaged, is that of ship agents, and the 
 extent of business and connection which they have secured enables us to 
 gauge, at least approximately, the extent of the commercial transactions 
 which are carried on between South Australia and Europe. We understand 
 that the business hasbeen established during the long period of thirty-five years ; 
 and that during the whole of that time it has been steadily advancing to its 
 present proportions. Its first commencement is due to Mr. Joseph Stilling, 
 who was ably seconded for some years by his partner, Mr. H. Noltenius. 
 In 1849, Mr. H. Charnock joined the firm as a junior partner, and after the 
 death of Messrs. Stilling it was considered advisable to carry on the business 
 
380 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 under the style of Joseph Stilling and Co., as previously, and so it has 
 remained until the present day. Mr. W. H. Charnock has had considerable 
 mercantile experience, both at home and in the colonies, and this is evidently 
 appreciated from the fact that the previous large connection and confidence 
 which the firm enjoyed, has not only been retained but considerably added 
 to since Mr. Charnock has undertaken the active management of the business. 
 The firm act as agents for Anderson, Anderson and Co.'s line of sailing 
 packets between South Australia and London. They are also agents for 
 the direct line of steamers calling at the Semaphore, off Port Adelaide. 
 Their business as ship agents comprising, as it does, the two lines which we 
 have named, also embraces the other ships carrying exports or passengers 
 from the colonies, as well as the various articles of import with which those 
 ships are laden on their arrival at Adelaide. The great respect in which 
 Mr. W. H. Charnock is held, is evidenced by the important positions which 
 he has filled, one of which was the chairmanship of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and of the Adelaide Underwriters' Association. When our citizens' 
 success in their own business has been deemed so adequate that they are 
 justly considered to be entitled to fill those public positions, where not only 
 business capabilities but also the strictest integrity are necessary qualifica- 
 tions, we are certainly justified in assuming that the success of the commer- 
 cial progress of the colony has been, in a great measure, due to their 
 exertions. Not confining themselves to the business which is immediately 
 connected with their own success in life, they place their talents and 
 experience at the disposal of their fellow townsmen, and in this way secure 
 the regard and respect of those amongst whom they live. It is to the philan- 
 thropic disposition of such gentlemen that the support and, we may say, 
 continued existence of our eleemosynary institutions are due. Mr. Charnock 
 is president of the Prince Alfred Sailors' Home, an institution which is a 
 credit to Adelaide, and which all our colonies would do well to emulate. 
 He is also connected with several companies, being chairman of the Spencer's 
 Gulf Steamship Company, as well as chairman of the Commercial Union 
 Assurance Company. In addition to those important offices, he also holds 
 the position of a director of the Bushmen's Club, and a trustee for the 
 Savings Bank at Adelaide. 
 
 No better guarantee of the success with which Mr. Charnock has 
 carried on his business as general commission merchant and ship agent, 
 could be offered than the fact of his fulfilling so many and such important 
 public positions. It is a further guarantee to those commercial circles at 
 home that all business conducted through the firm of Stilling and Co., of 
 which Mr. Charnock is the principal representative, will be transacted on a 
 firm and satisfactory basis. It is on grounds such as these that a great com- 
 mercial future may be built up by the various Australian colonies. The 
 unlimited resources which Australia possesses can only be made current 
 through her merchants, and the more energy and perseverance which mer- 
 
JOSEPH STILLING AND CO. 381 
 
 chants possess, the more certain are those resources to be developed, and that 
 at no very distant period. It is matter of astonishment the prominence 
 which, through their efforts, has been given to Australian products in the 
 markets of Europe. We need not here refer to the Australian wool, 
 which now takes so decided a stand amongst the other wool-growing countries 
 of the world ; but we would refer more particularly to the grain, which is 
 daily increasing both in the amount grown and the amount exported. Much 
 has been done in the colony of South Australia to develop this important 
 commerce, and we cannot conceal from ourselves that much still remains to 
 be done. The same remark may apply to the trades and industries of the 
 colonies, as well as to the cultivation of the vine, which is destined to take a 
 foremost position. The firm of Joseph Stilling and Co. negotiates between 
 the sellers and the buyer in almost every branch of Australian production, 
 and their widespread connection enables them to bring together the very 
 best sellers and buyers who are to be found either in the colonial or 
 English markets. They are further able to secure the safe and speedy 
 carriage of all goods through their business as ship agents. 
 
 
 D. AND J. FOWLER. 
 
 The number, size, and architectural beauty of the buildings of any large 
 city, must be the first attraction to the ordinary visitor, while to a 
 man of business it is the principal basis on which he calculates the 
 extent of its commercial prosperity. To one who has visited the colony 
 for the first time, it presents a further, and not less interesting index of 
 the prosperity and advancement of the colony at large in the various 
 branches of industry and commerce. The business premises and the dwell- 
 ing-houses of a city are visible data to the passing traveller or temporary 
 sojourner. They afford him the fairest and most reliable premises from 
 which he can deduce conclusions, which, on the whole, must be fairly 
 accurate, as to the condition of its present and past, for trade, commerce, 
 and industry. The number of business buildings gives him an idea 
 approximately near of the general condition of the population, their size 
 furnishes him with data as to the individual prosperity of the citizens, at 
 the same time characterising their enterprise and energy, while the archi- 
 tectural beauty of the structures enables him to judge of the sesthetical 
 taste of their owners, which, when indulged in to any extent, shows the 
 large and more praiseworthy element of practical interest and pride in the 
 appearance as well as in the continued welfare and prosperity of the city itself. 
 Such observations as these are not only interesting to the last degree, but 
 instructive in whatever light they may be regarded. They add considerably 
 
382 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 to our knowledge, not only of men's minds, but also to the more practical 
 element of men's works, and increase our respect both for the one and the 
 other. Men who aim not only at the building of their own fortunes, but at 
 the same time extend their aim to the improvement of their native or 
 adopted city, are amongst the most valuable elements which contribute to 
 its internal advancement, and to the external estimate which is formed, not 
 only by visitors, but by the world at large. They are deservedly looked 
 upon as benefactors to the city directly, while indirectly they contribute in 
 no small degree to the general welfare of the colony or country in which the 
 city may be situated. If the branch of industry, trade, or commerce in 
 which they are engaged be in a nourishing condition, it is due to their 
 energy, perseverance, and business capacity. This must be judged of 
 relatively according to the success which attends their efforts individually or 
 in co-operation, in the particular branch in which they are engaged. The 
 greater the difficulties which they have encountered, the greater the meed 
 of their success ; but when they have succeeded in developing any special 
 branch to such an extent as to make it an important factor in the progres- 
 sive history of the city or colony in which the business is carried on, they 
 at once establish themselves as important instruments in the present and 
 future development of the commercial interests of the whole population. 
 Much of what we have said must occur to a reflective mind on its first visit 
 to Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. But one important item of 
 interest, which is wanting to the old-established cities and towns of the 
 mother-country, is the incredibly short space of time that it has taken to 
 place Adelaide, with respect to the number and size of its buildings, the 
 flourishing condition of its trade, its commerce, and its industry, and the 
 general wealth of its citizens, upon an equality with any city having the 
 same population in any part of the world. The gentlemen whose names 
 stand at the head of this chapter have succeeded in developing, to a large 
 extent, a branch of business which, through their efforts, has risen into 
 signal importance. The firm of Messrs. D. and J. Fowler, who carry on the 
 business of importing and indenting merchants and wholesale grocers, has 
 succeeded in making the extent of its business operations second to no other 
 which is carried on in Adelaide. So great has the business progressed since its 
 commencement, that premises which when first occupied were ample for 
 their requirements, have more than once been found wholly inadequate to 
 meet the rapidly-increasing trade which their energy and perseverance has 
 created. 
 
 "Figures in relation to commerce are frequently the most accurate 
 thermometrical indication of its condition; we wish to give a few in relation 
 to the business of this firm, prefacing them with one or two remarks. 
 
 The firm of Messrs. D. and J. Fowler was established in 1854, as whole- 
 sale and retail grocers. The retail branch was disposed of in 1865, when the 
 firm moved into large and, for the time, commodious premises, at 18 King 
 
D. AND J. FOWLER. 383 
 
 William-street, Adelaide, and the senior partner, Mr. D. Fowler, established 
 a London office in the same year. After this date, their business grew at a 
 very rapid rate, necessitating the erection of buildings over all the unoccupied 
 ground at the rear of their stores. Being still cramped for room, they, in 
 1873, decided to establish stores at Port Adelaide ; and entered into 
 possession of a building on M'Laren Wharf, affording 7500 square feet of 
 floor area, which it was considered would afford ample room for the storage 
 of the quantity of both bonded and free goods necessary to their business at 
 that time. In 1874 they were enabled to secure additional land at the rear 
 of their stores in town, and immediately proceeded to erect new buildings, 
 affording about 12,000 feet floor space ; and the convenience of storage at 
 Port Adelaide being found increasingly useful, they, towards the end of 1875, 
 added 6000 feet to their stores on M'Laren Wharf. The growing require- 
 ments of the business urging still further expansion, they, in 1877, acquired 
 two other buildings in St. Vincent-street, Port Adelaide, giving 13,000 feet 
 of additional floor area. The bond was removed to one of these buildings, the 
 other being used for free goods. The inconveniences attendant upon their 
 having their merchandise scattered in several warehouses, now began to be 
 felt, and called for a remedy ; and the opening of the New Port Dock in 
 1880, affording an opportunity of acquiring land in a convenient position, 
 they again decided to build, and are now erecting stores upon such an 
 extended scale that, when finished, they will be unequalled for size in the 
 colony of South Australia, and will probably afford more storage space than 
 any other building, erected for private storage only, in any of the Australian 
 colonies. The enterprise and business capacity that alone could develop a 
 business of the kind to such proportions, are among the secrets to which 
 Adelaide is indebted for its wonderfully rapid rise and progress, in the short 
 space of less than half-a-century. Our attention was directed to these stores, 
 and the size of the building which is being erected excited our interest. 
 We at once saw the important position which the owners of such large 
 premises must occupy in the ranks of commerce, and we further felt that 
 they were to be added to the long list of names with which history will 
 associate the future greatness of Australia. An account of a building on 
 such a large scale, and significant of such enterprise and energy, may not 
 be uninteresting to our readers in Australia, nor to those who, in other parts 
 of the world, feel an interest in this new country. The following particulars 
 will give a fair idea of the appearance which will be presented by the building 
 when completed. It has a frontage of 150 feet to South Parade (the 
 southern frontage to the dock), by a depth of 244 feet ; at the other end it 
 has a frontage of 150 feet to St. Vincent-street. In this street are situated 
 the railway station, and very many, if indeed nqt the greater part, of the 
 principal buildings of Port Adelaide. It is intended to use about one-fourth 
 of the building as a bonded store, the remaining three-fourths being available 
 for free goods. It may be technically described as a bulk store, only whole 
 
384 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 packages, as received from the various import vessels, being dealt with on 
 these premises. To facilitate the handling of the immense quantity of goods 
 that will annually pass through these stores, they are arranged so that a 
 line of railway communicating with the Government lines from the wharves 
 and connected with the main lines of the colony, is laid down through the 
 centre of the store. This admirable convenience is largely added to by five 
 hydraulic lifts, placed at suitable intervals along the branch line, and by which 
 very considerable facility is given for the rapid and safe transit of goods to and 
 from the railway trucks. These hydraulic liftsare arranged to deliver at a consi- 
 derable height above the platform, if required for stacking goods or for lifting 
 bales or cases to the second tier of a partially loaded truck or waggon, or 
 will deliver at the platform level, or in the cellars at any level required. 
 The cellarage is of great capacity, extending under three-fourths of the 
 building — the remaining fourth being solidly built up to the level of the 
 rail and road-ways — and is used for the storage of rough or very heavy 
 goods. A roadway enters at the middle of this side, and as the railway is 
 planked flush, there is thus every facility given for the passage of horse 
 waggons as well as railway trucks. The cellars have a height of 7 J feet 
 in the clear, and are provided with sub-ways under the railway line, to 
 facilitate transfer of goods from side to side. The main floors are very 
 strong, heavy rolled girders being used to carry the joists, which fit into 
 them nearly flush on the underside, and thus space is economised. The 
 girders are supported by 120 cast-iron columns, which give an appearance 
 of substantial endurance, without the bulk and heaviness of the timber 
 supports generally seen in this class of building. The floor is raised four 
 feet above the roadways, so as to be level with the floor of the railway trucks. 
 The height from the ground floor to the beams of the roof, is 18 feet, and 
 the total area of flooring, including the cellars, is about an acre and one- 
 third, giving a storage capacity of some 21,000 tons, although at present 
 built only one story above the cellars. No convenience or requisite is 
 wanting, to facilitate and fulfil every possible requirement which the 
 exigencies of the business demand. This, amongst other and more varied 
 appliances, is evidenced by the provision of a travelling crane of 25-feet 
 span, which is used to facilitate the handling of heavy goods. This crane, 
 which travels from one side of the store to the other, is easily and conve- 
 niently worked from the floor. In addition to this, there is a hydraulic 
 hoist for lifting in various parts of the floor. The offices face the dock and 
 occupy the greater part of one side of the frontage. The provision made for 
 lighting is abundant, and in every possible way adequate to the require- 
 ments. In addition to tbe windows provided in the two fronts, lights have 
 been inserted the entire length of the roof, so that nothing in the important 
 desideratum of light should be wanting. The walls, which are most sub- 
 stantially built, aiming at durability as well as architectural taste, are of a 
 hard stone from Dry Creek quarries, and, with the columns in the basement, 
 
D. AND J. FOWLER. 385 
 
 are constructed to carry a second floor when the exigencies of the business 
 warrant the increase. The dressings, which are Italian in character, are 
 in imitation of freestone. A more approximate idea of the attention which 
 has been paid, not only to the general conveniences and requirements of 
 such an extensive store, but also to more minute and less important points, 
 which are, nevertheless, as necessary as all those which at once meet the eye 
 on entering the store, may be formed from the fact that, when completed, 
 their cost will be somewhere about .£14,000, exclusive of the cost of the 
 land on which the stores are built. The contract for the builders' work 
 alone, which has been undertaken by Mr. Honey, is £9663. The designing 
 and carrying out of the building is under the able and careful supervision 
 of Mr. Cumming, the well-known architect, who has left nothing undone 
 that could tend to insure a substantial structure, fitted in every respect for 
 rapid and convenient handling of goods. The possession of such premises 
 indicates a proportionally large and flourishing business ; some idea of the 
 extent of which may be gathered, when it is stated that this firm have, for 
 the past year or two, paid more than one-tenth of the whole of the custom 
 duties collected in South Australia, being the fee simple of duties on 
 imports for their own trade. Even this large proportion does not cover 
 the whole of their imports, a large quantity of goods being shipped under 
 bond to the neighbouring colonies, on which duty is not paid. They have 
 recently added a shipping department to their business ; and during the 
 past season, negotiated charters, on behalf of owners, for fully one-fourth 
 of the large grain export of South Australia. 
 
 The limited space of the premises in Adelaide, render them impractic- 
 able for other use than as offices and sale and sample rooms, further than 
 serving as a store-house for a small stock for town and suburban trade, 
 and for sales where less than a bulk package is required. This, however, 
 is not a disadvantage ; the bulk stores being at Port Adelaide, in imme- 
 diate proximity to the wharves for coastwise trade, and from whence railway 
 charges are as low as they are from Adelaide city, they can unload goods 
 immediately from the import vessels, and run them right through into 
 the interior — as far as the railways penetrate — or ship them to the numer- 
 ous ports with which the coast-line of South Australia is indented, without 
 extra labour or cost to themselves — which simply means, without extra 
 charge to their clients. The partners of the firm are Messrs. David 
 Fowler, George Swan Fowler, and Edwin Yaughan Joyner ; the former 
 having charge of the business in London, the two latter of its extensive 
 ramifications in South Australia. 
 
 2 B 
 
386 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 D. AND W. MURRAY. 
 
 Adelaide, since its first establishment as the capital of the large tract 
 of country which is comprehended in South Australia, has made astonishingly 
 rapid progress, industrially as well as commercially. Though its backward 
 date does not extend to more than half a century, its forward advancement 
 may be not unfavourably compared to any town or city in Europe whose age 
 covers twice the period during which Adelaide, as a city, has been in exist- 
 ence. Adelaide, like the other capitals in the colonies of Australia, has 
 been fortunate in drawing to it men of vast energy, enterprise, and per- 
 severance. It is to such men that this city, as well as other cities of this 
 new country, owe their remarkable prosperity and their steady, though 
 rapid, advancement. Establishing themselves in the various branches of 
 business which were necessary to meet the growing requirements of the 
 population, they have, as a rule, succeeded beyond what could have been 
 their most sanguine expectations. As commerce and trade and industry 
 were developed, they were followed in their wake by wealth, with its 
 natural outcome — the demand for the concomitants of civilised life. The 
 result is that in Adelaide at the present day there is ample provision 
 for every comfort which characterises the nineteenth century; and one 
 striking feature of this provision is the well and fashionably dressed men 
 and women that one meets with in a day's peregrination. This feature, as 
 much as any other of the population, generally carries a certain amount of 
 connection to the mind that civilisation is not only behind, but has followed 
 closely in the steps of the material welfare of the colony. We were struck 
 with its prominence on our visit to Adelaide, and were pleased to see that 
 it was accompanied by a refined taste. It naturally occurred to our minds, 
 that the branch of trade which so fully contributed to this important 
 feature, must be in the hands of men who were in every way equal to the 
 requirement, and who were doing a flourishing business. On inquiry we 
 were directed to the establishment of Messrs. D. and W. Murray, the 
 general idea evidently being that they were the principal representatives of 
 the soft goods trade, and we were certainly not disappointed with our visit. 
 There we found every description of soft goods that could be imported, with 
 a combination of quantity and quality that to no little degree excited our 
 astonishment. There were goods to satisfy the largest demand, and suitable 
 to every taste and every requirement of youth, middle, and old age of both 
 sexes. The catering of this branch of the people's wants, requires experi- 
 ence, judgment, taste, and a just appreciation of what will exactly suit the 
 people who are living under the influence of a new climate, and so require, 
 in some cases, patterns and materials that may be somewhat different to 
 those required in such a country as England. There is no doubt that 
 Messrs. D. and W. Murray owe their success in great part, if not wholly, 
 
D. AND W. MURRAY. 387 
 
 to the possession of these desiderata which we have just enumerated. 
 There is another important fact which we must not omit to mention, and 
 that is their courtesy and attention to the several wants of their customers. 
 When we think that not only within the Australian city of Adelaide, but 
 also in the far bush, the people are in possession of most, if not all, the 
 requirements, and in the city itself of the luxuries of the most advanced 
 civilised life which are to be found in the most civilised countries 
 of the world, we cannot but express our astonishment and, at the same 
 time, feel what an important factor in this feature is the soft goods which 
 are supplied by the firms engaged in that branch of business. Our atten- 
 tion at this moment being taken up with the establishment of Messrs. D. 
 and \V. Murray, we will give a description of the premises and a history of 
 the concern, and at the same time enumerate the other branches of business 
 in which they are engaged. 
 
 The premises occupied by the firm stand in a central position in King 
 William-street. It is a plain but handsome building of two stories, with a 
 capacious cellar floor on which are stored heavy linen and cotton goods. 
 The frontage of the building is 60 feet, and the extreme length 210 feet. 
 The whole building is admirably suited to the soft goods trade, a large 
 amount of money having been spent from time to time in extending, 
 improving, and rebuilding the premises. The interior arrangements are 
 very compact and convenient, having a broad central flight of stairs, from 
 which radiate, through open archways, the eleven departments into which 
 the warehouse is divided. 
 
 The existence of the firm dates from October, 1853. At that time, 
 David and William Murray commenced business as retail drapers, in a 
 shop at the corner of Gilbert Place, in King William-street. These gentle- 
 men had been thoroughly well trained in their business, and as a conse- 
 quence their energetic efforts, combined with this training, resulted in a 
 prosperous and well-established business. The father, Mr. Wm. Murray, 
 senior, has been identified with the business from the first, being for many 
 years the buyer, financier, and general agent at home. The firm has 
 adopted as a trade mark the arms of their native town — a triangle on a 
 shield, on the three sides of which are severally a fishing boat, an anchor, 
 and three fish — Anstruther, in Scotland. At the end of two years the 
 business was removed to Grenfell-street. A wholesale department was 
 now added to the retail trade, and this department was carried on at the 
 rear of the shop. In course of time the business so increased that they 
 were obliged to secure additional premises, neighbouring to their own. It 
 was at this juncture, in the year 1862, that the retail portion of the 
 business was given up, and the firm gave their undivided attention to the 
 trade of wholesale warehousemen, sending out their representatives to the 
 various country districts, and increasing their English agency as the 
 business enlarged. From this time the progress of the business was very 
 
 2 B 2 
 
388 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 rapid, so that in 1866, their premises were again exchanged for larger and 
 more suitable ones. The present warehouse was then secured and occupied 
 in its original form, and has since been largely extended and improved. 
 We have to record one drawback in the progress of this extensive business. 
 In February, 1868, a most disastrous fire occurred, by which nearly the 
 whole of the stock (over £70,000 worth) was destroyed by fire or badly 
 damaged by water. This entailed a heavy loss, and for a time brought 
 business to a standstill. There was, however, a counteracting advantage in 
 the entire clearance of the old stock and the necessary repurchasing of new 
 foods, which fortunately resulted in an increase of business. Two years 
 after this the firm was strengthened by the introduction of Mr. John Gor- 
 don and Mr. Richard Searle, as partners. The amount of trade done at 
 this time showed an annual return of £150,000, but so rapid was the 
 advance of the colony, so prosperous were the following six years, that in 
 1877 the trade of the house had more than trebled. The first clothing 
 factory in South Australia was started by Mr. David Murray in 1867. 
 This industry was in itself so successful a venture, that shortly afterwards 
 a shirt factory and boot factory were established in the same premises, 
 Wayinouth-street. This department is still carried on, and in it some 200 
 hands find constant employment. There is one feature in this business that 
 we record with very much pleasure. We refer to the provision which 
 the firm has made for the comfort of their employees. There is a lavatory, 
 and there are also library and reading rooms, and the ventilation and 
 lighting are all that could be desired. In 1874 another branch was added 
 to the business, viz., an indenting and general merchandise department. 
 A separate entrance is provided to this part of the building. Orders are 
 taken on commission for any and every kind of merchandise. In this way 
 a very extensive bulk business has been secured. The homeward business 
 consists, mainly, of colonial produce, such as gum, wax, bark, wheat, and 
 wool. These shipments are sometimes made on account of the firm; but as 
 a general rule they are made for clients, who gladly take advantage of this 
 channel of commerce. The extensive premises in London at 12, 13, and 
 14 Barbican, provide all necessary facilities for carrying on so large an 
 import and export trade. The latest change in the history of the firm, is 
 the admission of two new partners, viz., Mr. James Martin, the head of the 
 London buying staff, and Mr. Robert Knowles, one of the leading depart- 
 ment managers in Adelaide. May the future of this firm be as prosperous 
 as the past, is our heartiest wish. 
 
JOHN DARLING AND SON. 389 
 
 JOHN DARLING AND SON. 
 
 South Australia is essentially a wheat-producing colony. This cereal 
 is grown there to such an extent already as during the last season to have 
 given an available surplus for export of about 300,000 tons. When we 
 consider the youth of the colony, the comparatively small population, and 
 the limited extent of land taken up for wheat-growing purposes, we mean 
 when compared to the land area of the whole colony, we cannot but be 
 astonished at such great results in so short a time. When markets have, 
 from almost time immemorial, been supplied from regular and unfailing 
 sources, there is always an amount of prejudice to contend against in the 
 introduction and acceptance of any new source of supply, which nothing 
 but indomitable perseverance, combined with equal or superior quality in 
 the article offered, can ever successfully and permanently overcome. The 
 difficulties are certainly not decreased by the greater distance of the new 
 source of supply. W T hen we remember that such have been the impedi- 
 ments which the South Australian wheat-growers have had to encounter, 
 we cannot but think that there is some resource which is now only opened 
 out, and which, when fully developed, will make the colony equal in time 
 to any wheat-growing country of equal area in the world. We naturally 
 ask ourselves what this resource, or these resources, can be which have 
 accomplished such beneficial results in so short a time. This question can 
 only be answered from personal experience arising from attentive observa- 
 tion. Our object in the publication of this book being to afford our readers 
 all available information, we have in each production of the colony care- 
 fully studied the cause of their present success and its most probable ulti- 
 mate results. We have discovered the following factors in the case of South 
 Australian wheat-growing, which are not confined to those who are there, 
 but which are open to every new colonist whose occupation is agricultural. 
 The first is the appropriateness of the soil, and its extraordinary productive 
 powers; the second is the cheapness of land and the great facilities which 
 are afforded for its acquirement; the third is the wonderful energy and 
 agricultural skill of the wheat-growers, who leave nothing undone to ensure 
 both quantity and quality in their crops; and the last, and a very important 
 factor, is the enterprise and zeal of the export grain merchants of the colony. 
 Under the last comes the firm whose business of exporting wheat merchants 
 we are now discussing. 
 
 The average yield of wheat per acre has been this last season exactly 
 9*47 bushels, giving an export surplus, as we said, of over 300,000 tons, 
 the greater part of which has been shipped to Europe. Though the new 
 season's prospects are in defect, when compared with the last yield, yet 
 there is no reason to be discouraged, seeing that the surplus for export, in 
 
390 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 spite of the unusually bad season, is likely to be somewhere about 150,000 
 tons, which will be equal to an average yield of six bushels per acre (not 
 at all bad when compared to some of the wheat-growing farms in the north 
 of England, where every improvement has been introduced, and where 
 the newest inventions for enriching land have been availed of). The 
 following return of the export of wheat and flour will show the quantity 
 which has been shipped to England and the Continent by this extensive 
 firm during the season of 1880. The shipments are from the following 
 ports, namely, Port Adelaide, Port Broughton, Port Victoria, Wallaroo, 
 Port Pirie, and Port Wakefield. The number of ships which were loaded 
 by the firm at Port Adelaide was in round numbers 16, which carried 
 3,772 bags of flour, and the large quantity of 557,099 bushels of wheat. 
 There were six ships loaded by the firm at Port Broughton, which carried 
 away exactly 294,455 bushels. From Port Victoria they loaded four ships 
 with 143,911 bushels of wheat. From Wallaroo two ships left with 86,611 
 bushels of wheat, which had been loaded by the firm. From Port Pirie 
 there was the largest shipment by the firm, viz., 24 ships carrying 9530 
 bags of flour, and 1,203,288 bushels of wheat; while from Port Wakefield 
 the firm shipped 149,311 bushels of the cereal in three ships. With 
 regard to the ensuing harvest, the critical period, as we are writing, is 
 now at hand, and a great deal depends upon the weather within the next 
 month, as to the result of the harvest; we sincerely trust that it may be 
 propitious. The price at the opening of the past season was very remunera- 
 tive to the growers, opening about 5s. 4d. per bushel, at which many of the 
 farmers were wise enough to sell ; but early in the year the price gradually 
 declined, in sympathy with the English markets, until sales were made at 
 4s. Id. per bushel, and which those who held were very reluctant to accept. 
 After a season of depression a slight improvement has been experienced 
 in the English markets, which has had the desired effect here ; and with the 
 advanced price there is some disposition to sell, and some large parcels have 
 been placed at 4s. 6d. to 4s. 8d. per bushel ; the latter price is not now obtain- 
 able, a reaction having taken place. With an average yield of eight bushels 
 per acre, the South Australian farmers can secure a fair return for their la- 
 bour if 4s. 6d. per bushel can be obtained. At least this calculation will be 
 found approximate. We understand that all the grain is reaped, cleaned, 
 and bagged in the field, and taken from thence to the shipping ports or rail 
 way stations. It is estimated that to bag a crop of about 250,000 tons, 
 9000 bales cornsacks are required, which are imported from Calcutta at a 
 cost of about 7s. 6d. per dozen. The wheat harvest in the early districts 
 commences about the first week in November, and towards the end of the 
 month becomes general. The shipping season commences about the middle 
 to end of December, and continues until the end of March, after which time 
 shipments are only made on a moderate scale and freights generally recede 
 somewhat from opening rates. The freights to the United Kingdom opened 
 
 

 JOHN DARLING AND SON. 391 
 
 at 50s. per ton, but rapidly advanced to 60s. and 62s. 6d., at which a large 
 quantity of tonnage was secured; as the season advanced a gradual decline 
 took place, until 40s. and 42s. 6d. was the highest obtainable, which is, 
 we believe, at present the ruling rate. If the coming season give a surplus 
 of 150,000 tons, it is quite probable that freights may advance to 50s., in 
 any case there is little prospect of last season's rates being repeated. 
 
 The principal shipping ports in South Australia are those named, in 
 addition to the following, viz., Ardrossan, Port Parham, Edithburgh, 
 Stansbury, M'Leod Bay, Noarlunga, Point Turton, Port Augusta, Franklin 
 Harbour, Beachport, Kingston, Port Vincent and Port Victor. 
 
 Port Adelaide, which at one time was the only direct shipping port to 
 the United Kingdom, has been deprived of much of the wheat trade, in 
 consequence of the rapid development of the country and the opening up 
 of many other ports on the coast. From being the principal port of ship- 
 ment, Adelaide now only holds second rank, its place having- been taken by 
 Port Pirie. This last-named port of shipment, is now the largest in South 
 Australia, and this is mainly due to the large back country which gives the 
 supply, and there is little doubt but that it will maintain its premier posi- 
 tion for some years to come. It is situated a short distance up a river (an 
 inlet from the Gulf), which is perfectly safe for large vessels, when drawing 
 12 to 13 feet, to which draught they generally load and proceed to the 
 anchorage to receive balance of their cargo. We are glad to say that the 
 dredger is now at work, and in about 12 months it is expected that vessels 
 will be able to go in and out, at a draught of 16 feet. It is at this port 
 that early deliveries are made, new wheat having been shipped here by 5th 
 November; but the coming season will, in all probability, be later, and it is 
 not anticipated that any wheat will come to hand until the middle of 
 November. The exports of wheat and flour from this port, amount to 
 about 95,000 tons. The shipments from Port Broughton are generally 
 made direct to the United Kingdom, which this season amounted to about 
 11,000 tons. Port Victoria, which is situated at the north end of Hard- 
 wick Bay, is a new port for shipment of wheat, and being the outlet of a 
 large tract of country, the shipments are likely to increase. The exports 
 this season were about 10,000 tons. Wallaroo has during the last season 
 come to the fore, this year being the first in which large shipments of wheat 
 and flour can be recorded, and we have no doubt that with fair seasons the 
 shipments will continue to increase. We are justified in prognosticating a 
 considerable development in the export trade of this new port, considering 
 that about 16,000 tons have been shipped from here during the season of 
 1880. Port Wakefield, in St. Vincent's Gulf, is situated to the north of 
 Port Adelaide, and one great desideratum for ships is to be found here, viz., 
 a safe anchorage. We might add that most of the ports, as mentioned 
 herein, have been thus favoured by nature. The export of wheat and flour 
 per season is averaged at about 25,000 tons. Kingston exports 2500 
 
392 
 
 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 tons, but will probably increase considerably within a few years. The other 
 ports named have also their fair share. 
 
 In order that our readers may see at a glance the extensive character 
 of this firm's shipments of wheat, we append the following : — 
 
 LIST OF VESSELS LOADED BY MESSRS. JOHN DARLING & SON FOR 
 UNITED KINGDOM AND CONTINENT DURING SEASON 1880. 
 
 Port of Loading. 
 
 Vessel. 
 
 Bags of 
 Flour. 
 
 Bushels 
 of Wheat. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 Date of Sailing. 
 
 Port Adelaide ... 
 
 Excelsior 
 
 
 20211 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Nov. 5, 1879. 
 
 > > 
 
 Mary Stenhouse ... 
 
 
 53282 
 
 j » 
 
 Jan. 15, 1880. 
 
 j > 
 
 Ellerbank 
 
 
 59966 
 
 5 » 
 
 Feb. 5 
 
 }> 
 
 Alice Piatt 
 
 
 6C659 
 
 Havre 
 
 March 15 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 City of Paris 
 
 
 49793 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 April 15 ,, 
 
 J> 
 
 Nordenskjold 
 
 
 37008 
 
 »> 
 
 June 1 ,, 
 
 J> 
 
 Castle Holme 
 
 2222 
 
 47933 
 
 London 
 
 July 21 „ 
 
 J» 
 
 Brier Holme 
 
 1550 
 
 41198 
 
 Liverpool ... 
 
 Sept. 2 
 
 J5 
 
 Glanpadarn 
 
 
 60318 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Oct. 11 
 
 J) 
 
 Aconcagua, s.s. ... 
 
 
 6772 
 
 London ... 
 
 Oct. 25 
 
 5> 
 
 Dunkeld 
 
 
 23717 
 
 > > 
 
 Oct. 29 
 
 J> 
 
 Oaklands 
 
 
 22230 
 
 > > 
 
 Nov. 7 
 
 J> 
 
 Astracan 
 
 
 11000 
 
 
 
 J> 
 
 Lindores Abbey ... 
 
 
 46952 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 
 >» 
 
 Hesperus 
 
 
 11340 
 
 London 
 
 
 5» 
 
 South Australian 
 
 
 4620 
 
 }> 
 
 
 >> 
 
 Argus 
 
 
 25000 
 
 j > 
 
 
 Port Pirie 
 
 Derbyshire 
 
 
 4094 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Oct. 25, 1879. 
 
 i> 
 
 Cedric the Saxon 
 
 
 84790 
 
 9) 
 
 Dec. 17, 1879. 
 
 j » 
 
 Saron ... 
 
 
 18161 
 
 » > 
 
 Jan. 5, 1880, 
 
 j> 
 
 Lady Kinnaird . . . 
 
 
 35568 
 
 5 j 
 
 Jan. 16 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Delphine Melanie 
 
 
 21122 
 
 Bordeaux . . . 
 
 Jan. 22 ,, 
 
 5 > 
 
 Dunedin 
 
 
 61880 
 
 Belfast ... 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 >> 
 
 RokebyHall ... 
 
 
 56744 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Feb. 28 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Kilmeny 
 
 
 44710 
 
 ? > 
 
 March 10 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Seiriol Wyn 
 
 
 60868 
 
 >» 
 
 April 2 ,, 
 
 jj 
 
 Loweswater 
 
 
 31113 
 
 > > 
 
 April 14 ,, 
 
 j j 
 
 China ... 
 
 
 39324 
 
 >> 
 
 April 20 ,, 
 
 »> 
 
 Callixene 
 
 2800 
 
 63440 
 
 Liverpool .. 
 
 May 16 ,. 
 
 5> 
 
 Excelsior 
 
 
 36914 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 May 16 
 
 J> 
 
 Argyleshire 
 
 
 41190 
 
 ,, 
 
 May 27 ,, 
 
 J> 
 
 Rydalmere 
 
 1767 
 
 60771 
 
 Hull 
 
 June 10 ,, 
 
 J J 
 
 Woodville 
 
 
 39413 
 
 Dublin .. 
 
 July 5 ,, 
 
 JJ 
 
 Mirzapore 
 
 
 66354 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 July 11 „ 
 
 J> 
 
 Iron Duke 
 
 
 77776 
 
 » » 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 > J 
 
 City of Athens ... 
 
 
 63186 
 
 
 Aug. 21 „ 
 
 • » 
 
 Firth of Dornoch 
 
 
 54459 
 
 » » 
 
 Aug. 31 „ 
 
 J> 
 
 Melanesia 
 
 
 71582 
 
 Dublin ... 
 
 Sept. 23 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Shakespeare 
 
 
 44282 
 
 Hull 
 
 Nov. 2 ,, 
 
 }> 
 
 The Frederick ... 
 
 4963 
 
 28050 
 
 > j 
 
 Nov. 16 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Jane Sproth 
 
 
 37500 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 
 Port Broughton 
 
 Taranaki 
 
 
 58934 
 
 
 March 16 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Mountain Laurel 
 
 
 38638 
 
 
 April 6 
 
 j> 
 
 Japan ... 
 
 
 34006 
 
 > > 
 
 April 16 ,, 
 
 »> 
 
 India 
 
 
 46000 
 
 }} 
 
 May 20 „ 
 
 ,, 
 
 Kepler ... 
 
 
 66279 
 
 1 > 
 
 June 25 , , 
 
 »> 
 
 Renfrewshire 
 
 
 50598 
 
 
 Aug. 15 ,, 
 
 Port Victoria ... 
 
 Fusilier... 
 
 
 20519 
 
 lf 
 
 March 1 ,, 
 
 >> 
 
 Sarah Bell 
 
 
 45872 
 
 >t 
 
 April 30 ,, 
 
 »> 
 
 Bengal ... 
 
 
 37892 
 
 Calais 
 
 June 4 ,, 
 
 »> 
 
 Selim 
 
 
 39628 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Aug. 3 
 
 Wallaroo 
 
 Bankfields 
 
 
 47700 
 
 » j 
 
 Sept. 30 „ 
 
 >> 
 
 Spirit of the Dawn 
 
 
 38911 
 
 
 Oct. 6 
 
 Port Wakefield 
 
 Talisman 
 
 
 63259 
 
 
 Jan. 30 
 
 >> 
 
 Gainsborough 
 
 
 45115 
 
 Havre 
 
 March 6 ,, 
 
 j> 
 
 Wigton... 
 
 
 40937 
 
 U.K. orders 
 
 Oct. 13 
 
JOHN DUNN AND CO. 393 
 
 JOHN DUNN AND CO. 
 
 Russia has, for some years past, carried on a large, if not the largest, 
 export trade with Great Britain of any other country in the world. The 
 natural resources of America in the way of extensive grain-growing, brought 
 that country largely into competition, in the exportation of grain, with the 
 country before named. Up to forty years ago, England was to a great ex- 
 tent entirely dependent upon Russia and America, for the grain she re- 
 quired in excess of that grown on her own soil. But, at this time, a new 
 era in the supply of grain was opened out, which has been developed already 
 to a great extent, and which in the future is likely to supplant the almost 
 gigantic demand of English capitalists for grain in the foreign markets. 
 The emigration to Australia of men inured to agricultural pursuits, the 
 energy with which they applied themselves to the growth of grain, the per- 
 severance which they brought to bear in preparing the virgin soil so rich in 
 grain-growing power, and the success which has crowned their efforts, have 
 opened up for England a market which may be illimitable in its power of 
 supplying all the grain that may be required by the mother-country. South 
 Australia, with natural resources unsurpassed by any other country in the 
 world, possesses at the same time an army of settlers which is determined 
 that the grass shall not be allowed to grow under its feet, and which 
 has set to work with a sternness of will, that means that those natural 
 resources shall not languish through any want of effort on its part. That 
 this colony, in the comparative infancy of its existence, should yet be able 
 to supply the demand of its own population, and at the same time have a 
 surplus such as to make its production an important factor in the markets 
 of Europe, is a phase in the rapid and wonderful growth of her agriculture 
 that should be a source of justifiable pride, not only to the colonists, but 
 to that country which has sent them forth from its shores. It must be more 
 gratifying to Great Britain to have commercial relations with a country 
 whose inhabitants are allied to it by ties of kindred, a common government, 
 and the common life of a common fatherland, than to depend for their im- 
 portations upon a country which on the one hand has separated itself from 
 England and generated distinct interests, and with a country which, on the 
 other hand, is alien in race and diverse in interest. It must, too, be a matter 
 of self-gratulation and honest pride to the colonists of this new country, that 
 in so short a time they have been enabled by their enterprise to accom- 
 plish all that was foreseen by the representative men in England when they 
 advocated the colonisation of Australia. The proportions to which the 
 pastoral, agricultural, and mining interest of this country may one day be 
 developed, will, we prognosticate, far exceed the wildest dreams of the most 
 enthusiastic lover of this New Atlantis. The encouragement held out to 
 
394 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 the South Australian farmers through the ready demand for all the grain 
 they may be able to grow, will act as a powerful incentive towards that con- 
 centration of energy of purpose which seeks to combine quality with 
 quantity. Already the superiority of South Australian wheat is evidently 
 appreciated, as evinced by its commanding the highest price in the great 
 wheat markets of the world, and its reputation for quality exceeds that 
 enjoyed by the oldest grain-growing countries. Besides, the advantages 
 which are possessed by the farmers of this colony are far in excess of those 
 enjoyed by the farmers of older countries. First there is the climate, which is 
 obtained in almost every variety; next the soil, the natural qualities of which 
 are suitable in the highest degree to the cultivation of every species of grain, 
 more especially wheat; then the great and incalculable benefit of, in many 
 cases, no rent, and in many more of rent that is merely nominal ; the com- 
 parative immunity from taxation; and last, though not least, the small ex- 
 pense, in some cases none at all, to which they are put for the manuring of 
 the soil. "With important factors such as these, why should they not suc- 
 cessfully compete in the exportation of grain to Europe, and ultimately suc- 
 ceed in supplying much of the demand of the grain markets of the old 
 world 1 ? Since the introduction of steam, the length of the voyage between 
 England and Australia has been considerably diminished, and the opening 
 of the Suez Canal has tended to decrease it still more, so that now instead 
 of months it takes but weeks to load cargo in Australia, carry it over, and 
 deliver it in the mother-country. Facilities, then, for the exportation of 
 grain or any other produce to the Northern hemisphere, are daily becoming 
 greater and greater. But not only in the exportation of raw produce is 
 the trade increasing, but there is also a daily increasing export trade doing 
 in flour. This is a branch of industry which, from its great importance, 
 not only deserves every and the greatest encouragement, but which, by its 
 very nature, must force itself in a short time into the vanguard of exported 
 merchandise. For it is natural to suppose that there must be a greater de- 
 mand in the markets for an article that is already prepared for use, than for 
 that same article in its raw state, and which on arrival must go through a 
 process of grinding before it is really ready for consumption, or with regard 
 to the major quantity before it is really ready for use. This, then, has 
 created an industry of importance to the national wealth, as well as of im- 
 portance to the future of Australian agricultural interests. It has combined 
 itself with the export of the raw material, and has already grown into some 
 importance. This result, it is only just to say, is in a great measure due to 
 those gentlemen whose names stand at the head of this chapter. Their 
 history has been one of unflagging perseverance attended with almost unex- 
 ampled success in this branch of industry, namely, flour and grain mer- 
 chants. Until now they stand at the head of that branch of commerce in 
 Australia. They have been established for about forty years, thus making 
 their existence almost coeval with the existence of the colony of South 
 
JOHN DUNN AND CO. 395 
 
 Australia, or at least of Adelaide, its capital. The flour mills which they 
 have established, are the most complete of their kind in Australia. 
 
 In 1841, the senior member of the firm commenced as a miller near 
 Adelaide. He carried on the business on his own responsibility for some- 
 thing like eleven years, until, in 1852, his son was admitted as partner. The 
 number of partners during the ensuing thirteen years, was increased by the 
 admission of others. At the present time, the following gentlemen consti- 
 tute the firm, viz.: — John Dunn, Esq., senior (who was the founder of the 
 firm); the Hon. John Dunn, jun.; W. Hill, Esq.; and George Shorney, Esq. 
 We need not say that with the exigencies of increasing business, the mill 
 power was increased also. The last mill, we understand, which was built 
 by the firm was at Port Augusta, and was completed in February of the 
 present year. We are indebted for several particulars which are contained 
 in this chapter to the South Australian Register for that month, and here 
 we will give an extract from a speech delivered by the Mayor of Port 
 Augusta, on the occasion of the mills first opening. This extract will 
 furnish our readers with particulars that will be found at once interesting 
 and instructive. He said : " Mr. John Dunn, senior, was one of their oldest 
 colonists, and had by his industry and integrity succeeded in establishing 
 one of the greatest enterprises in South Australia. The firm of which Mr. 
 J. Dunn, senr., was the head, is not only the largest milling firm of the 
 colony, but they are also very large exporters of grain, and the largest ex- 
 porters of grain and flour combined in South Australia. It was a matter of 
 extreme satisfaction that through the enterprise of the firm of John Dunn 
 and Co. they now had in their town the most complete flour mill in all the 
 Australian colonies. It was a great contrast to look back through the past 
 years, and note the small beginning made by the firm of Dunn and Co., and 
 then compare it with the extensive proportions their commercial operations 
 had attained that day. About forty years ago, Mr. Dunn, senr., started 
 business near Mount Barker with a windmill. Cautious and industrious, 
 he had risen step by step, until he became the proprietor of the Mount 
 Barker Mill, then the Bridgewater Mill, worked by steam and water, and 
 of the Nairne Mill, and now they had mills at the three most important 
 ports of the colony, in addition to those at Quorn and Wilmington. The 
 mill in which they were then assembled was the best of its kind in all Aus- 
 tralia. However much they might respect Mr. Dunn, senr., he was sure 
 that his worthy son, Mr. John Dunn, jun., who was that day present with 
 them, was no less respected. To testify to that gentleman's ingenuity, they 
 were there that day. He had planned the whole of the mill. The engines 
 had been selected in England by him, and of their quality and utility there 
 could be little doubt." We may supplement this by saying that the largest 
 mills of the firm are at Port Adelaide, Port Pirie, and Port Augusta. The 
 grinding machinery in connection with these mills is driven by 10 steam 
 engines besides the water power, and when all are at full work is capable of 
 
396 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 converting upwards of eighteen hundred tons of wheat into flour every week. 
 Their international prize medal flour is now well-known in all parts of the 
 world. They employ agents in all the grain-producing districts of the colony, 
 who purchase the wheat direct from the farmers, and send it forward to the 
 mills, or wharves for shipment as required. The facilities for carrying on 
 their business as exporters of grain, are very complete, their wharves and 
 jetties being all connected by branch lines with the main lines of railway 
 of the colony, so that no time is lost, and the utmost despatch is given to the 
 large number of vessels which they have in their service. 
 
 WM. PEACOCK AND SON. 
 
 The development of the wool trade, the staple product of Australia, 
 must ever be matter of the deepest interest to those who are concerned 
 with the welfare of the country. Second only to this in importance, are 
 the appliances which enterprising men have succeeded in introducing into 
 the colony, whereby the value of the wool has been increased to such an 
 extent as to create a greater demand, and so augment materially what would 
 have been the natural output, into an ever-increasing supply. Amongst 
 the appliances to which we refer are those which have been introduced in 
 the art of wool-scouring, accompanied by a great saving of time and labour, 
 and resulting in the utilisation of thousands of skins, which could not have 
 been so profitably employed without this process. In fact, improvements 
 in this branch of the wool industry are continually coming to the fore, by 
 whose aid the business of wool-scouring is not only growing in importance 
 as an industry, but in its efficacy as a channel of supply to a consuming 
 manufacturing world of no mean insignificance. 
 
 Important as is the business of wool-growing, hardly less important is 
 the business of properly preparing that wool for the various markets of the 
 world. An idea may be formed of the large amount of wool the fellmonger- 
 ing and wool-scouring establishments contribute to the main supply, when 
 it is stated that this one firm, during the season of 1879-80, scoured 
 nearly 4000 bales. This shows how important an adjunct the business of 
 fellmongers and wool-scourers is to the general wool trade of Australia. 
 They have, in fact, been the minor channels which have helped forward the 
 present world-wide reputation of the clean condition in which Australian 
 wool reaches the London market. The pastoral interests of Australasia 
 have been developed from the smallest beginnings, to their present extra- 
 ordinary proportion, in some measure, by the enterprising spirit of men 
 who have introduced, at considerable expense, the very newest inventions 
 for the scouring of the raw material, as well as by those who have taken up 
 large tracts of country exclusively for the purpose of wool-growing. The 
 
WM PEACOCK AND SON. 397 
 
 efforts of the wool-grower, however energetic they might have been, would 
 have been of less avail had they not been ably seconded by those who have 
 devoted their capital and energies to the important branch of wool-scouring 
 and wool-cleansing, whereby it is introduced into the European markets 
 under the most favourable conditions. Through the efforts of Messrs. 
 Peacock and Son, we may say that, with regard to the improvements which 
 they have introduced, regardless of expense, in the art of wool scouring 
 and cleansing, advantages have been secured for the increased development 
 of wool-growing in the colony of South Australia, that are not possessed to 
 a greater degree by Victoria, New South Wales, or Queensland. The 
 colony, generally, is indebted to them for their enterprise, which has 
 surmounted the greatest difficulties, and overcome every imaginable 
 obstacle in the accomplishment of their praiseworthy and commendable 
 object. We did not know whether the ordinary rules of the establishment 
 were transgressed in admitting us to the factory while it was in operation, 
 but we were speedily assured of the contrary by the courtesy of our recep- 
 tion, and the evident pleasure of the proprietor and others, in showing and 
 explaining to us the whole operation, in its minutest detail, of wool-scouring 
 and wool-cleansing ; while we found that time and trouble, important 
 factors with most men of business, were lavishly distributed during the 
 whole of our most instructive, most interesting, and most pleasurable visit. 
 We would certainly recommend all travellers to Adelaide, however import- 
 ant a factor time may be in their sojourn, to visit this, we understand, the 
 largest wool-scouring establishment in South Australia. The interest 
 which will be excited, the instruction which will be reaped, and the utter 
 disregard to trouble shown by the proprietors or their employees, whose 
 obliging and courteous demeanour takes one by storm, will well repay even 
 a lengthy visit to their extensive premises, in which is carried on this very 
 interesting branch of industry. We have much pleasure in reproducing, 
 for the benefit of our readers, some of the details which we gathered during 
 our visit to the establishment. 
 
 The present firm was established by the late Mr. William Peacock, on 
 the present site of the tannery, in Grenfell-street, in the year 1839. The 
 original wooden house, with brick foundation, all brought from England, is 
 still standing. The business premises stand on portions of three acres, a 
 large yard being required for the reception of wattle bark during the season. 
 At the time of our visit, we understood that 200 ox-hides were put in to 
 work weekly, with calf, kangaroo, wallaby, &c, and over 100 dozen sheep- 
 skins. The sole tanning material is Mimosa-bark, which is produced in 
 large quantities in South Australia, and forms a staple of export, both to 
 Great Britain and New Zealand. Messrs. Peacock and Son, alone, have 
 exported as much as 1038 tons during one year. The best of the leather 
 manufactured is sold for local consumption, and the lighter qualities are 
 sent to Europe, as also are the basils, or tanned sheepskins, and the brand 
 
398 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 of the firm is favourably known in the London markets. It is a noticeable 
 fact in this old-established business, that a large proportion of the employees 
 have been with the firm for a great number of years, and eight or ten (some 
 of them now middle-aged men) entered the employ as lads, and have never 
 left it. Very shortly after settling at Grenfell-street, the founder of this 
 firm turned his attention to wool- washing ; but for many years the ex- 
 tremely limited number of sheep in the colony made the industry a very 
 small one. The W.P. brand was originally sent via Sydney, as no direct 
 vessels were laid on from the infantine colony of South Australia, and the 
 shipments were very small. The wool was washed on the river Torrens, on the 
 skins, from which it was afterwards removed by the old process of sweating. 
 As years advanced, premises were secured at Hindmarsh, a suburb to the 
 westward of the city, in the direction of the port, and here the wool- 
 scouring ^and fellmongering portion of the business of the firm has been 
 carried on for the past twenty-seven years. Until 1874, all the washing 
 and cleansing of wool was done in the bed of the river Torrens, men wash- 
 ing in crates in a somewhat similar method to that pursued on the Yarra 
 at the present day. During the latter part of 1873, inconsequence of a 
 lawsuit by the riparian proprietors, a perpetual injunction was granted by 
 the Supreme Court against any pollution of the stream, and forbidding 
 during the summer months any water to be taken from the stream 
 for wool-washing purposes. This simply incited the firm to per- 
 severance in their efforts. They sent to England for the newest 
 and most complete wool-washing machines that could be procured. They 
 then erected suitable buildings for the machinery, and sank a large well 
 at the bottom of which they bored for water, with such success, that after 
 striking the gravel at about 140 feet, water, of excellent quality, rose 
 to within 40 feet of the surface, and this well now gives a supply of 60,000 
 gallons daily, when it is required. At the time of our visit the wool season 
 of 1880 had not opened, but the fellmongery operations were in full force. 
 Sheepskins are procured from produce sales four or five times a week. On 
 their arrival at the yard, if fresh they are at once painted over on the flesh 
 side with a composition which has the effect of so loosening the wool that 
 it readily slips off at the expiration of an hour or so, the skins being placed 
 over a beam in the usual way, and the wool classed and sorted as it is re- 
 moved. If skins are dry, from stations or country butchers, they are 
 soaked for two or three days in large concrete tanks provided for the pur- 
 pose, and then painted with the composition as in case of fresh ones. This 
 process is an immense advantage over the old system, in which wool was 
 removed by sweating the skins in close rooms, till the wool detached itself by 
 decay of the outer cuticle. In addition to great saving of time, all the skins 
 so treated are fit for tanning, and none except the very cut or weevil eaten 
 ones are thrown away or sent to the glue factory. When wool has been 
 thus removed, it is taken to the scouring room, which is the ground floor of 
 
WM. PEACOCK AND SON. 399 
 
 a fine two-storied building and contains the machinery, and engine power, 
 which are kept in the best order. The wool is first placed in a hot lye com- 
 posed of water, soap, soda, and other necessary ingredients, where it is 
 allowed to remain about two minutes, and is then fed on to a moving apron 
 or brat, which conducts it between two indiarubber-covered rollers, which 
 squeeze out the lye, returning it to the tank, whilst the wool falls into the 
 first washing trough, where it is immersed by an ingenious revolving brass 
 drum, and is then taken on by forks, which work with remarkable precision, 
 one picking up the wool at the moment the other one leaves it, to another 
 pair of rollers similarily covered to the first. Passing through these, under 
 a douche of clear water, the wool, now nearly clean, falls into a trough, No. 
 2, where it is similarly hauled, and then passed through another pair of 
 rubber-covered rollers, from which it is thrown off by a rapidly revolving 
 fan, ready for drying. The wool is now spread on sheets, on a prepared 
 floor, opening off machine room, and partially dried. From here it goes to 
 the drying room, the floors of which are heated by flues, passing under the 
 lower one w T hichis of iron. A short time here finishes the drying operation, 
 and the wool is then conveyed to the upper floor of the packing shed, through 
 a pneumatic tube, the air for which is supplied from a Boston blower, which 
 runs at the rate of 2160 revolutions per minute, and causes such a rush of 
 air that the wool is most easily conveyed up the tube, and by a clever ar- 
 rangement of the intelligent foreman of the works, Mr. Burnell, it is dis- 
 tributed to any one of the ten bins, which is destined to receive it. From 
 these bins the wool is put into the press, which is on the rack and pinion 
 principle, and of great power, four men exerting a pressure of over 21 tons 
 vertically with second purchase. The bales are taken out of the press in 
 restrainers, which fasten to a false top and bottom of iron. Thus, a saving 
 of time is effected by bales being sewn outside the press, and the bales are 
 uniform at the ends, and vary slightly, besides being treated as dumped by 
 ships. The W.P. and S. brand of wool is now well-known in the London 
 market, and the prices realised during several of the past years have equalled, 
 where not exceeding, any prices obtained for similar sorts at same sales. 
 During the season 1879-80, nearly 4000 bales were turned out of this 
 establishment, and the appliances are capable of a much larger number. 
 During the summer months the premises are most busily occupied, the 
 winter operations being, as we understand, almost entirely, if not wholly, 
 confined to sheepskins. 
 
 The present proprietor of the business, Mr. Caleb Peacock, is a gentle- 
 man very widely and favourably known, not only in South Australia, but 
 also in Victoria. He is the managing partner of the firm, which consists of 
 himself and the widow of his eldest brother. Mr. Peacock was born on the 
 site of the present tannery, during the early history of the colony, was Mayor 
 of his native city in 1876-7, and now represents a most important constitu- 
 ency in Parliament, namely, the northern district in the heart of Adelaide. 
 
400 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 F. H. FAULDING AND CO. 
 
 The firm which we have at present under notice is the largest of its 
 kind in South Australia. Its existence extends over a period of thirty-five 
 years, a very considerable part of half a century. Prosperity and success 
 have attended its history during the whole of that long period. It has 
 succeeded in inspiring an amount of public confidence, which has resulted 
 in continued extended operations, and which necessitated improvements in 
 the premises to meet the growing demands of the increasing business. 
 The history which we have recorded of the various establishments that 
 have come under our notice in the other colonies of Australia, attended as 
 they have been with such marked and signal success, is in reality the 
 history of the firm whose name stands at the head of this chapter, but 
 they, from the very business which they follow, have had opportunities 
 which do not belong to others who have had to meet created or at least 
 growing wants, while the articles supplied by Messrs. F. EL Faulding and 
 Co., are synchronous with the greatest desideratum of human life, namely, 
 the necessity of health. Such wants are coeval with the birth of mankind, 
 as with the birth of a colony. Whatever may be the climate of a new 
 country, and however robust the health of the new settler, yet the advis- 
 ableness of having at hand those medicaments which minister to health or 
 alleviate disease or sickness is apparent even to the most absent minded, 
 and if it be not, no length of time, as a rule, elapses before it forces itself 
 into notice as an absolute necessity of a continued healthy existence. Next 
 to food and drink and clothing, medicine is the most important factor in a 
 household. The other necessaries of life may, under certain conditions, be 
 dispensed with, certainly the luxuries; but the necessity of preserving 
 health creates the necessity of having within reach the medicine adapted 
 to that end. In view of all this, it is evident that Messrs. F. H. 
 Faulding and Co., have not had the same difficulties to contend with 
 as are common to, and inalienable from other branches of busi- 
 ness. The necessary factors are ordinary skill, intimate knowledge of 
 drugs, together with strict integrity, close attention to business, and a 
 recognition of the wants which require to be supplied. This business 
 was founded in 1845 by the late Mr. F. H. Faulding, who originally came 
 from Yorkshire, and who died in 1869. The present senior partner, Mr. 
 L. Scammell, was admitted into the concern in 1861, and was shortly after- 
 wards joined by Mr. K. Foale, and Mr. Phillip Dakers. The latter gen- 
 tleman took up his residence in London, and took charge of the London 
 office, which is situated at Gresham Buildings, Basinghall-street. The busi- 
 ness was begun at No. 5 Bundle-street, where the present retail branch is 
 still carried on. Mr. Scammell was in business at Port Adelaide when he 
 first joined the firm. Here the largest business in the port is still carried 
 
F. H. FAULDING AND CO. 401 
 
 on, and all the shipping business is also transacted here. Since 1861, the 
 business has been under the charge of Mr. Hustler. Unlike many other 
 firms in the colonies, each member has been brought up to the business, 
 which must be advantageous alike to themselves and their customers. 
 The advantage to themselves consists in the skill and knowledge which they 
 are enabled to import into their business ; that to their customers is the con- 
 fidence it must, as a matter of course, inspire. When the retail transactions 
 became extensive, it was thought advisable to enter into more extended 
 operations, and the wholesale branch was entered into, and was carried on 
 in a warehouse in Clarence Place, off King William-street, but the increas- 
 ing requirements of trade requiring larger premises, those at present occupied 
 by the firm were erected by them in 1875. The old warehouse, however, 
 is still in the occupation of the firm. We noticed a gas-engine which is 
 always at work in the various processes required in the trade. The 
 present buildings of the firm present a frontage to the best part of 
 King William-street, opposite the Bank of South Australia. The style 
 in which the premises are built is such as to harmonise with the large 
 edifice occupied by the bank. The new building used by the firm covers an 
 area of 90 feet by 38 feet, and consists of three floors and basement. 
 The appearance is enhanced by the material of which it is built, being chiefly 
 freestone, which gives an air of solidity and endurance to the structure. 
 There is noticeable an hydraulic lift for transferring heavy goods to the 
 various floors. The appliances at the disposal of the firm enable them to 
 manufacture many specialties which are in daily use, and a large number of 
 chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured on the premises. 
 Messrs. F. H. Faulding and Co. undertake assays of all descriptions of 
 organic or inorganic substances. The business premises at the Port were 
 also rebuilt in 1877, and are now about the best and most commodious 
 which are to be found in Port Adelaide. The wholesale business consists 
 in supplying retail dealers throughout the colony, and the reputation which 
 the drugs imported and manufactured by the firm have acquired is alike 
 remarkable for quality as for variety. The conveniences which they possess 
 for manufacturing purposes enable them to ensure to their customers 
 regular supplies, an important desideratum in the selling of drugs and other 
 chemicals. 
 
 Another and important branch of business which has been started by 
 Messrs. Faulding and Co., and carried on in a separate warehouse and cellar 
 in Morphet-street, Adelaide, is the manufacture of sparkling wines, which 
 they began eighteen months ago. We will quote the exact words of Mon- 
 sieur Bourband, whose reputation as a wine-grower may be gathered from 
 the following extract from the report of the Adelaide Chamber of 
 Manufactures, 1876. After mentioning that through the co-operation of 
 the Agent-General, several French families have been introduced into the 
 colony, it goes on to say, " They congratulate the Government upon having 
 
 2C 
 
402 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 in this way secured for the province the services of so talented a gentleman 
 as M. Bourband, whose practical experience has been largely availed of by 
 our vignerons, and whose useful contributions on subjects of much interest 
 have been disseminated by the press throughout the country." M. Bourband 
 states "that the manufacture of sparkling wines started eighteen months ago 
 in Adelaide, by Messrs. F. H. Faulding and Co., has been attended with the 
 greatest success that could be expected, and fully confirms the statements 
 made by him before the Vignerons' Club of South Australia on the 23rd 
 February, 1871, that all classes of wines, from the strong and sweet to the 
 lighter ones, can be produced in this colony." Indeed, the best kind of 
 grapes required for champagne — with which specialty Messrs. F. H. 
 Faulding and Co. particularly occupy themselves — are cultivated on a large 
 scale in South Australia, which possesses in many parts of the vast tract of 
 its territory land suitable for vine-growing. The nature of the soils is very 
 similar to that which is to be found in some of the most renowned wine 
 districts of Champagne, Rhine, and Mosel, and offers to any practical vine- 
 grower, either in the hills or in the plains, places the most suitable as to 
 situation and exposure, and which cannot in any country be surpassed. 
 These wines, which have met with the greatest esteem and favour of the 
 South Australian connoisseurs, and which may bear a very favourable 
 comparison with many European brands, have been made under the super- 
 vision of Mons. Ed. Bourband, who has devoted his time for a period of 
 over twenty-two years to the study and progress of viti-culture and 
 wine trade development in France, Spain, and latterly in South Aus- 
 tralia, where his practical experience has been largely availed of by our 
 vignerons; and who, as manager for an important firm in France, has had 
 opportunities of making large quantities of wine as specially required, 
 and for the use of the champagne district manufacturers. The South 
 Australian champagne, which is principally manufactured by F. H. 
 Faulding and Co., is a blend of selected wines, amongst which are the 
 best types that are made in the colony. This blend has been treated with 
 the same care and in a similar manner to that in use in the French 
 champagne district, and bottled according to the system recommended by 
 the eminent chemist, Monsieur Maumere, of Reims, whose excellent 
 method has been approved and adopted by several respectable firms in 
 Champagne and other countries where well-known sparkling wines are 
 manufactured and exported. The firm obtained a medal and certificate at 
 the Sydney Exhibition for their champagne; and they are now exhibiting 
 at Melbourne. They also hope shortly to supply the public with sparkling 
 hock, moselle, and burgundy, for each of which very desirable blends 
 have been obtained from the vineyards of the colony. In 1864, they, 
 in connection with Messrs. Sinnett and Tocchi, established the manufacture 
 of olive oil, making about 400 gallons the first year, the production of 
 which has since considerably increased. 
 
THE KENT TOWN BREWERY. 403 
 
 THE KENT TOWN BREWERY. 
 
 The subject of our present chapter, namely, the Kent Town Brewery, 
 owes its, we may say, entire success to the enterprise and energy of the 
 present proprietor, E. T. Smith, Esq., M.P. This industry, into which 
 Mr. Smith has thrown so much of his time and capital, has attained such 
 large proportions that the Kent Town Brewery may fairly be considered 
 the largest and most complete in the Australian colonies. A measure of its 
 success is also owing to the celebrated quality of the ales which are brewed, 
 and which may be said to compete successfully with those imported from 
 the mother country. We are glad to notice this feature in the South 
 Australian Brewery, for we do not see why ale equally as good as that 
 brewed in England should not be produced in the colonies. This industry 
 deserves encouragement, and we fail to see why English ale should be so 
 much sought after, when the beer which is sent out by the Kent Town 
 Brewery is of such superior quality. The Kent Town Brewery beer is well 
 known throughout South Australia, and its fame is gradually extending 
 further. Its consumption, as compared with the imported article, is 
 greatly on the increase, and its introduction into so many households speaks 
 well of its repute as a drinking beverage. The prejudice which exists 
 against colonial beer in Australia is a strange feature of the English 
 character, exhibiting as it does that national vanity which even long 
 residence in another country is not sufficient to abate. However, we are 
 glad to note that amongst the Australians proper, that is, those born in 
 Australia, the spirit of nationalities is gradually growing up together with 
 an appreciation of ale which their native country produces, in preference 
 to anything that may be imported. It is amongst those that the consump- 
 tion of colonial beer is the largest, while its qualities are being gradually 
 recognised even by those who have not yet forgotten English hearts and 
 English homes. A description of the buildings in which so large a business 
 is carried on may be a matter of interest to our readers, especially when it 
 is remembered that they have risen to their present fine proportions in spite 
 of the powerful competition which colonial beer has up till now been 
 obliged to encounter. The brewery buildings measure 216 feet by 210 feet. 
 The front elevation is to De Quettville Terrace, the centre of which is the 
 principal gateway, 14 feet wide and 15 feet high, with bold pilasters, 
 cornice, and pediments in the Grecian order of architecture, finished with 
 Portland cement dressings. Passing through the principal gateway, the 
 quadrangle, 150 feet by 92 feet, is reached. The brewery proper is situated 
 at the south-eastern angle, and is 34 by 34 feet clear of walls, and 72 feet 
 high to the floor of the look-out, consisting of five stories. On the north 
 side of the quadrangle is the barley store, beneath which is the malt floor, 
 each 160 feet by 34 feet. The kiln is situated in the north-eastern corner 
 
 2C2 
 
404 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 between the malt and malt stores, is 35 feet by 34 feet clear of walls, and 
 covered with cast-iron perforated tiles. It is 58 feet high to the cowl. The 
 buildings are from one to five stories, according to the requirements of the 
 different departments, and contain, in addition to the above, English 
 and Colonial malt stores, 104 feet by 33 feet each, sugar and 
 hop stores, fermenting rooms, cooling floors, commodious offices, &c. 
 In the yard, at the rear of the main buildings, are large roomy sheds, 
 outhouses, stables, &c. ; stables and loose boxes are provided for sixteen 
 horses. The cellarage, which is 213 feet by 34 feet, will contain about 600 
 hogsheads, and is covered with 2-inch Mintaro slate. The walls of the 
 whole are of Glen Osmond stone, 2 feet and 2 feet 6 inches thick. The 
 plant and machinery are of the latest and most approved principle, and 
 complete in every respect. The workmen's buildings are built on land at 
 the rear of the brewery, and are large, lofty, and replete with every comfort. 
 "We understand that the Hon. Thomas English was the architect, and the 
 works under his able superintendence were completed in a most satisfactory 
 manner by Messrs. Brown and Thomson, contractors, at a total cost of 
 from £17,000 to £18,000. A short sketch of the career of a gentleman 
 who has raised this new industry into such a prominent position, against 
 such great odds, is, we feel, well worthy of a place in our book. Mr. E. 
 T. Smith, the proprietor of the Kent Town Brewery, was born at Walsall, 
 in Staffordshire, nearly fifty years ago, and is descended from an old and 
 respectable family. We are induced to go back thus early in Mr. Smith's 
 career, as it was destined to be associated somewhat intimately with the 
 politics and politicians of the time. The various branches of Mr. 
 Smith's family had long taken a deep interest in political questions, especi- 
 ally when the agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws caused such excite- 
 ment, which was, doubtless, the origin of Mr. Smith's love for political life. 
 At twenty years of age he was appointed chairman of the non-electors' com- 
 mittee when Sir Charles Foster, Bart., was first elected in the liberal 
 interest for South Staffordshire, and delivered his maiden speech in the 
 presence of Cobden, Bright, Villiers and others, in response to the toast of 
 "The Non-Electors' Committee," at the banquet given to celebrate the 
 great liberal victory. Two years later, in 1853, he arrived in South 
 Australia and commenced business in Blyth-street as an importer in the 
 South Staffordshire general ironmongery line. Shortly after, questions of a 
 highly important and momentous character were agitating the public mind, 
 viz., manhood suffrage, the ballot, abolition of state aid to religion, etc. 
 Mr. Smith threw his whole heart and soul into these matters, especially 
 during the years 1853-4 and 5. In 1860 he joined the late Mr. E. Logue 
 at the Old Kent Brewery, and on that gentleman's decease, two years 
 afterwards, the whole business fell into Mr. Smith's hands. In 1875 he 
 built the extensive and commodious premises which we have, in a preced- 
 ing part of the chapter, described. He was elected Mayor of Kensington 
 
THE KENT TOWN BREWERY. 405 
 
 and Norwood without opposition daring the several municipal years of 
 1867-8-9, and largely contributed to the progress of those rising suburbs. 
 In 1870 he paid a visit to England, and on his return was again elected to 
 the office of mayor. In the same year he entered Parliament as member 
 for East Torrens, and has since continued to represent that constituency. 
 Mr. Smith has refused many offices and appointments which have been 
 offered him daring his parliamentary career, the most notable being that of 
 Chairmanship of Committees under the Blyth Administration. As a mark 
 of respect both Houses of the Legislature united in giving him a banquet 
 on his leaving the colony for Europe in 1877. Many local institutions 
 owe their existence to his instrumentality, and he may be truly designated 
 "the father of Australian tramways." He is connected either as patron, 
 president, or vice-president, with twelve associations and clubs in and 
 round the city. He has been connected with the Hospital, Savings Bank, 
 Deaf, Dumb and Blind Asylum, and other Boards, and has ever shown his 
 readiness to assist in religious and charitable works. 
 
 The Advance of Literature in South Australia. 
 E. S. WIGG AND SON. 
 
 A desire for knowledge and information must ever follow in the train of 
 civilisation. Even in a young colony, among a people in a state of almost 
 semi-civilisation, the want of books is felt; though, perhaps, of a very 
 inferior kind. There is always a certain number among the population, 
 who require some relaxation, different from what the very primitive 
 amusements of the place can supply, from the daily routine of work. This 
 they must find in reading; and hence, the necessity for books. A taste for 
 literature will be found in all lands and among all nations; among the 
 lower classes of society, though naturally to a lesser degree, as well as 
 among the educated. With increased education, the demand for books 
 becomes necessarily greater. In great cities and among a wealthy popula- 
 tion, the number of books yearly published and sold is enormous. Literature 
 of every description is required suitable to the various tastes, understandings 
 and purses of the numerous classes resident in a populous city. To this 
 Southern land, so lately discovered, the literature of the old world has 
 found its way. The gold mines were its earliest sources of wealth. Magnifi- 
 cent gold discoveries, and fortunes drawn suddenly from, what then seemed, 
 never-failing sources of riches, raised large cities as if by magic and sum- 
 moned luxuries from the four quarters of the globe. Some few of the 
 libraries and the picture galleries of England were soon to be found in 
 miniature in the cities of Australia. The children of the old world quickly 
 gathered round them the comforts and the luxuries that their native land 
 
406 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 possessed. It was not long before books ceased to be a luxury and became 
 a necessity. Booksellers' shops were established, and circulating libraries 
 soon instituted. Amongst those which were established in the early exis- 
 tence of the colony, that of Messrs. E. S. Wigg and Son may be considered 
 to stand in the front rank. Begun in 1849, by Mr. E. S. Wigg, the 
 business has during the intervening years steadily increased. The first 
 premises occupied were at No. 4 Bundle-street, Adelaide. The early 
 beginnings were small, and the business comprised that of bookseller, 
 stationer, and acccount-book manufacturer. Mr. Wigg, however, speedily 
 made a good connection in commercial stationery, besides opening up a 
 branch, new to the colony, in Sunday-school books and requirements; 
 having received the support of the London School Union and Beligious 
 Tract Society. At this time, communication with Europe was exceedingly 
 tedious, steam not being then in the ascendant, and supplies of stock were 
 largely drawn from the auction mart. The paper duty at this time existed 
 in England, and for every hundredweight of paper, whether in the form of 
 books or stationery, the exporter experienced a considerable drawback. 
 In 1858, increase of business necessitated the removal of the firm to larger 
 premises. The old auction mart then existing at No. 12 Bundle-street 
 was demolished, and a new building erected, which, from time to time, has 
 been extended. Very shortly afterwards, Mr. Wigg had his attention 
 attracted to Homeopathy, and, becoming a convert to its principles, was 
 gradually drawn into the sale of medicines. The new system of medicine 
 gained such a hold upon the colonists that Mr. Wigg found it necessary to 
 transfer the new business to 34 King William-street, and since this time 
 he has there carried on the business of Homeopathic chemist and medical 
 bookseller. We may mention that this business is entirely carried on by 
 Mr. Wigg himself, and is in no way connected with the original book and 
 stationery trade. In 1871, Mr. Wigg took his eldest son, Mr. C. N. Wigg, 
 who had been absent for two years in Europe, into partnership. Through 
 the purchase of the stock and business of Mr. Piatt, the oldest established 
 bookseller in Adelaide, the firm obtained a large increase in their magazine 
 and retail trade. This business is now the oldest bookselling house in 
 Adelaide. The new departments of fancy goods and cricketware were soon 
 opened, and these immediately supplemented by the addition of pictures 
 and picture-frame mouldings, which, of course, necessitated the services of 
 picture-framers on the premises, and this department has developed into 
 one of the most important branches of the business. Growing requirements 
 demanding more warehouseroom, temporary arrangements were made in 
 Peel-street and other places, followed by the erection of a large and sub- 
 stantial store immediately in the rear of 12 Bundle-street, and in Apollo 
 Place. In 1877, a circulating library of a high class was added to the 
 business, and has been steadily and increasingly supported by the public of 
 Adelaide and suburbs. About this time, as the outcome of the fine art 
 
E. S. WIGG AND SON. 407 
 
 department, frequent representations were made to the firm that the 
 Society of Arts being entirely dormant, and the Government inert, art was 
 languishing and amateurs helpless to obtain assistance. As a preliminary 
 step and tangible aid to a better state of things, as well as an advertisement 
 for their large stock of pictures, the firm decided upon a large and popular 
 display of imported pictures, engaging the Town Hall for a fortnight, anc! 
 introducing the attractive feature of promenade organ recitals, by the 
 eminent Signor Giorza, both the organ and artist being new to the 
 public. A part of the establishment was reserved for colonial amateurs, 
 and though the pictures were, as might be expected, crude attempts, the 
 scheme was very successful, both as a pecuniary venture — the outlay being con- 
 siderable — and as a means of attracting public attention to the necessity 
 for establishing public picture galleries and schools of art. In 1878, 
 a similar exhibition was held, and it is noticeable that since that time 
 the formation of a public collection has been kept prominently before 
 the public, and the first steps have been taken by the purchase of £2000 
 worth of pictures at the Melbourne Exhibition. In 1878, the firm under- 
 took the collection and publication, as far as practicable, of the best and 
 most reliable records and works on the South Australian aborigines. Many 
 of the tribes had entirely passed away, others were fast going, and death 
 was speedily thinning the ranks of those who had been most intimately 
 connected with them. Consequently, much valuable information was being 
 irretrievably lost to men of science. This work was contributed to by Dr. 
 Wyatt and others, and was published as a handsome volume. No profit 
 was expected, but, though not a remunerative work, good service has been 
 done by its publication ; the records, traditions, habits, and customs of these 
 races having been thus secured and written by those who were alone able 
 to do it. The rapid and increasing growth of education has caused a con- 
 siderable increase in the business of Messrs. E. S. Wigg and Son. The 
 school trade has been speedily developed into a large and important branch. 
 Owing to the special requirements of this new and improved state of 
 things, the firm has issued two maps of the colony, a large one, for which 
 a second edition was speedily called, a smaller and more convenient one 
 for travellers and small offices ; outline maps of Australia and South Aus- 
 tralia for public school teaching ; and various educational works and helps. 
 The firm has attained to and maintains the leading position in this impor- 
 tant branch. They are also contractors and booksellers to the South Aus- 
 tralian Sunday School Union, and Church of England Sunday School 
 Union. Their connection as legal, commercial, and professional stationers, 
 and artists' colourmen, is very considerable. They represent many of the 
 best London and foreign manufacturers. Their premises are commodious, 
 and extend to a depth of over 200 feet, divided into the various departments 
 referred to in this chapter. A further change in the firm is immediately 
 contemplated, by the retirement of the senior partner, after a career of 
 
408 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l83o. 
 
 something over thirty years. Mr. W. L. Davidson, brother-in-law of the 
 junior partner, and who has, for some years, been connected with the busi- 
 ness, will then join the firm. 
 
 Thus, we see, that from the very smallest beginnings, the firm has not 
 only reached its present business proportions, but has added many impor- 
 tant and interesting branches, which they have succeeded equally well in 
 developing and bringing before the Adelaide public. None does them 
 greater credit than that branch which has given an impetus to the taste for 
 tine arts. 
 
 W. GORDON AND CO. 
 
 One of the great necessities for the development of the wool trade has 
 grown naturally out of the requirements that supply and demand have 
 exacted. The intervention of a third distinct business between wool- 
 growing and wool-buying, viz., that of wool broker, has done more for the 
 development of the wool trade in Australia than is commonly imagined. Not 
 only are producers of wool and wool merchants brought together, but the 
 pastoral tenants are enabled through the wool brokers to obtain all reason- 
 able pecuniary aid in cases where such aid is absolutely necessary. This 
 necessity is often felt by those who are struggling into a business, and who 
 have to contend against the frequent droughts, which are peculiar to the 
 Australian climate. It is also felt by those who, though in comparatively 
 affluent circumstances, are desirous of extending their business to greater 
 dimensions. The wool broker not only has a store for the wool which is 
 consigned to his care for sale in the colonial or home markets, but he is 
 prepared at all times to advance money on the consignment, which is found 
 in many cases to be a very great convenience. The firm which is the sub- 
 ject of our present chapter is one that has long existed in Adelaide, and 
 that has deservedly acquired a distinguished reputation in the branch of 
 business referred to. It was established in 1868, and was, on the 6th 
 June, 1878, assigned to and carried on by the Hon. J. Crozier, and we 
 understand that it is one of the few firms in Adelaide which have suc- 
 ceeded well in that particular branch of business. 
 
 In addition to being stock and station commission agents, the firm also 
 undertakes the sale of sheep and cattle. This also is a very important 
 branch of trade in Australia, more particularly since the country has com- 
 menced to export frozen meat. The number of sheep and cattle grazing on 
 the extensive plains of Australia, would be a matter of wonder and aston- 
 ishment to those who have only seen, at the most, droves of one hundred or 
 a thousand. Ample for the supply of the whole population, there is, in addi- 
 tion, a very considerable surplus available for export; but until means were 
 
W. GORDON AND CO. 409 
 
 discovered to export the meat in a fresh state to the home markets, the value 
 of stock in Australia was considerably below what it ought to have been. 
 Though many thousands of sheep and cattle were slaughtered for meat preserv- 
 ing purposes, for the purpose of exportation, yet preserved Australian meat has 
 never become very popular amongst the working classes of the home 
 country. A great prejudice prevailed against it from its first beginning, 
 but we are glad to say that this prejudice is gradually giving way before 
 the superior quality which is now being sent abroad. However, what with 
 the stock changing hands for pastoral or slaughtering purposes, the firm 
 does a very extensive business as salesmen of sheep and cattle. Their 
 place of business is situated at Cowra Buildings, Grenfell-street, Adelaide. 
 We understand that their auction sales for live stock are held every Mon- 
 day and Wednesday in each week. Another branch of business, in which 
 the firm deals largely, is the sale of hides, skins, and tallow. The sales for 
 these commodities, including wool, are every Tuesday, Thursday, and Satur- 
 day, in each week. The development of these industries has, of late years, 
 made great and rapid strides in South Australia, as well as in other colonies 
 of this new country. The resources which are presented through the im- 
 mense flocks of sheep, and herds of cattle, are calculated, at no distant 
 time, to make the hide, skin, and tallow industries of great importance, not 
 only for colonial requirements, but also for exportation abroad. There is 
 abundant material, and any amount of demand, which only requires the 
 energy and business capacities of enterprising men, to develop to an almost 
 unlimited extent in the way of abundant supply. The importation of 
 these articles, in the raw state or manufactured, is gradually diminishing, a 
 good sign that Australia is gradually supplying from its own resources, 
 these great desiderata of civilised life. And we believe that Australian 
 leather is quickly rising in the estimation of the buyers, not only in Aus- 
 tralia, but also at home. This estimation of Australian-manufactured 
 leather may be increased; and to accomplish such a result, only rests with 
 those who give their whole time and attention to its manufacture, and who 
 take advantage of the newest appliances in its production. Tallow, too, 
 may become, and is to a certain extent already, an industry of great impor- 
 tance. The almost inexhaustible resources which Australia offers for the 
 successful development of this branch of trade, are unsurpassed by any 
 country in the world. The firm of Gordon and Co. has contributed greatly 
 in Adelaide to the creation of an export trade in wool, hides, skins, and 
 tallow, themselves shipping these articles direct to London. One other im- 
 portant fact we must mention, and that is, the firm is always prompt in its 
 cash settlements. 
 
410 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN 1880. 
 
 MAHTHUR AND CO., 
 Sydney, Auckland and London. 
 
 M'ARTHUR, MORROW AND BRIND, 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Whatever credit may be due to the energy and ability of men who have 
 risen from the position of insignificance in the commercial world to opulence 
 and po wer in the dictates of business transactions in their particular sphere, 
 it would be difficult to find an illustration more cordially deserving such 
 praise than Mr. Alexander M 'Arthur of the above firm. Nothing short of 
 sincere admiration will be produced in the minds of our readers who peruse 
 the history of M 'Arthur and Co., since its first initiation in Sydney up to 
 the present time, together with its extensive ramifications throughout the 
 Australian group. " Virtue has its own reward" is not a mere abstract 
 sentence, framed for the purpose of materialising what many practical men 
 place under the category of Utopianisms ; but it is a reality of a practicable 
 and tangible nature, illustrated in all truth by the history of the gentlemen 
 whose names constitute the firm which is the subject of the present chapter. 
 Australia is a country whose history is a combination of more facts and 
 fictions, within the domain of individual lives, than most of the newly- 
 discovered lands that have now taken their places amongst the civilised 
 nations of the world. The stern realities of life develop latent powers and 
 produce effects that shape the existence and fortune of enterprising and 
 talented men, which results, in the majority of instances, in ample competency 
 for themselves, oftentimes combined with the realisation of fair competency 
 for those who are associated with them, additional progress and develop- 
 ment of their adopted country, and, in the instance of some, of honour 
 and wealth and position in their native land. Whatever might have 
 been the chances of success in life, had their talents found no other field for 
 action than that offered in the country of their birth, we are justfied in 
 advancing the opinion that, in all probability, they would never have reached 
 so high a step on the ladder of specific and general success had they not 
 sought "other fields and pastures new." 
 
 About 40 years ago, when Melbourne was comparatively unknown, 
 when cities whose commercial reputation now reaches every part of the 
 habitable globe, were scarcely known out of Australia, when Sydney, then 
 Jacile j)rhiceps when compared with any other city in Australia, was just 
 emerging into intermundane commercial communication, a gentleman landed 
 in New South Wales who was destined, from small beginnings, to be the 
 founder of a business on a basis of high commercial integrity, which was not 
 only to take if not the first position, certainly one not inferior to any other 
 business undertaking amongst the establishments of the New South Wales 
 metropolis, but at the same time to extend its ramifications throughout the 
 
M'ARTHUR AND CO. 411 
 
 adjacent colonies, as well as to the more distant one of New Zealand. We 
 refer to the gentleman who, at present, in the old country, represents the 
 town of Leicester in the British House of Commons, and who is the brother 
 of the gentleman who at present occupies the civic chair of London, the 
 metropolis of the world, and at the same time represents in the House of 
 Commons the important borough of Lambeth, not second to any other of 
 the great metropolitan constituencies. 
 
 Mr. Alexander M' Arthur, who is the founder of the firm of M< Arthur 
 and Co., served his apprenticeship with his brother, the present Lord Mayor 
 of London, who was then in business in the town of Londonderry im- 
 mortalised in history through the bravery, in circumstances of great national 
 danger, of its apprentices ; and being naturally ambitious, found that the 
 scope that was there offered to his enterprise, his energy, and ability, was 
 too limited. He embarked for New South Wales, and on arrival, with an in- 
 tuitive capacity for the inception of great undertakings, at once initiated a 
 business which the necessities and exigencies of a new colony disclosed to 
 him as calculated not only, at no short time, to recompense him individually 
 with wealth, but to serve the wants of the settlers, and in this way to give an 
 impetus to the development of the colony, which is felt at the present day. 
 This first undertaking was not on a large scale, but by the exercise of that 
 industry and strict integrity for which his name is now proverbial, he suc- 
 ceeded in extending the sphere of his operations, until with the assistance of 
 Messrs. Little and Atkinson, he was enabled to remove to more extensive 
 premises in Pitt-street, Sydney, where under the style of M 'Arthur, Little 
 and Atkinson, a business was established on so firm a basis, that there was 
 no possible anxiety with regard to its permanent and ultimate success. In 
 1854, after a well-earned competency, Mr. Little retired from the business 
 and returned to England, and thenceforth the firm was carried on and 
 known as the firm of M' Arthur and Atkinson. The firm now extended 
 its business to the wholesale department, which was really the begin- 
 ning of its present large local and intercolonial trade. A succes- 
 sion of branch establishments was founded firstly at Adelaide under 
 the style of M' Arthur, Kingsborough and Co., then at Melbourne, which 
 still exists under the style of M'Arthur, Morrow and Brind, and which is one 
 of the handsomest and most capacious soft-goods warehouses in Melbourne 
 — the resident partners of this branch being Messrs. John James Morrow 
 and George Frederick Brind. The establishment at Adelaide was 
 ultimately wound up and the premises disposed of. The last effort 
 of Mr. M'Arthur, before finally leaving the colonies, was to establish 
 another branch at Auckland, which, after various changes, is now doing a 
 large business, in newly-built premises, under the style of Wm. M'Arthur 
 and Co. Up to within two years ago, the business in Sydney, since Mr. 
 M'Arthur's withdrawal to London, was managed by Mr. A. H. C. Macasie, 
 to whose business talent, enterprise, and high sense of commercial honour, 
 the firm owes the extraordinary progress which of late years has attended 
 
412 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 its history, no less than its reputation for fair and straightforward dealing. 
 The lamentable death of Mr. Macasie necessitated new arrangements, and 
 the duties of managing partners now devolve upon Messrs. M'Millan and 
 Munro, who were previously employes of the firm, but are now partners. 
 
 The head office of W. and A. M 'Arthur, situated in Silk-street, Cripple- 
 gate, London, represents all the colonial houses in the English and European 
 markets. This firm was the first to initiate the building of those palatial 
 warehouses suitable to the trade of the colonies, which now form one of the 
 chief embellishments of Sydney. Their example was soon followed by 
 others, but to them belongs the first inception, to them belongs the estab- 
 lishment of a business second in importance and extent of operations to 
 no other in the colonies, and which has been the great means of familiarising 
 the rest of the world with the great natural resources of Australia. 
 
 ALDERSON AND SONS, 
 Sydney and Brisbane. 
 
 "Architect of his own fortune" has come into a proverb when spoken 
 of the great mass of successful men in Australia. The general success 
 which has attended those of the early settlers of Australia who possessed 
 enterprise, energy and integrity, must be matter of astonishment to our 
 readers in the old world, when compared with the slow and uniform mode 
 and manner of success which characterises the various industries and trades 
 which are carried on at home. There is scarcely a single settler in this 
 new country, who, starting with the factors mentioned above, in whatever 
 trade or industry he has embarked, has not succeeded beyond what could 
 have been his most sanguine hopes. But the most successful industrialist 
 or tradesman, as a rule, has been the man who possessed sufficient fore- 
 sight and discrimination to notice the abse nee of, and at once to supply not 
 only the most necessary wants of the colonists, but to discover and at once 
 to set to work to develop the rich resources of the country, whether through 
 the initiation of new industries, or the manufacture of the indigenous and 
 raw article, not only for the supply of the colonial market, but for exporta- 
 tion to the markets of Europe and the rest of the world. An industry in 
 Australia must be estimated according to the impetus, the progress, and the 
 increased demand it creates for the staple products of the country, and 
 according to its success in this respect must it stand pre-eminent. 
 Pastoral pursuits, probably more than any other, are those which are 
 destined to be developed to the great and almost unlimited extent 
 of which in this country they are capable, and any industry which 
 supplements the pastoral interest, is of the very greatest importance 
 in the commercial world of the colony. The industry of the firm which stands 
 at the head of this chapter may rank as second to none in importance, and 
 this will at once be recognised when we state that their business embraces 
 
ALDERSON AND SONS. 
 
 413 
 
 that of tanners, curriers ; patent enamel, fancy coloured, dyed, and levant 
 leather-dressers ; boot, shoe and upper manufacturers; and also manufacturers 
 of saddlery, harness, and bridles, as well as mill belt, fire and suction hose ; 
 and last, though riot least in personal usefulness, portemanteaus, trunks, 
 satchels, and bags. The estimated value of the plant and works of the 
 firm is somewhere about £10,000, and the following summary of hides, 
 skins, &c. used by Alderson and Sons, whose business is carried on in the 
 neighbourhood of Sydney, may give some idea of the large and exten- 
 sive operations of the firm. It extends over a period of seven years, 
 from 1873 to 1879, inclusive : — 
 
 
 Bullock Hides. 
 
 Horse Hides. 
 
 Calf Hides. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 No. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1873 
 
 17,288 
 
 £21,513 18 
 
 8 
 
 2,459 
 
 £1,175 16 
 
 4,113 
 
 £891 3 
 
 1874 
 
 17,886 
 
 20,121 15 
 
 
 
 5,012 
 
 2,081 5 4 
 
 5,072 
 
 636 16 
 
 1875 
 
 17.776 
 
 19,339 19 
 
 4 
 
 3,528 
 
 1,374 9 
 
 8,340 
 
 1,893 17 10 
 
 1876 
 
 16,860 
 
 14,331 
 
 
 
 2,338 
 
 818 16 
 
 8,338 
 
 1,493 17 10 
 
 1877 
 
 17,529 
 
 16,068 5 
 
 
 
 2,255 
 
 770 8 10 
 
 2,987 
 
 373 7 6 
 
 1878 
 
 16,244 
 
 12,386 1 
 
 
 
 996 
 
 352 15 
 
 2,069 
 
 189 13 2 
 
 1879 
 
 10,580 
 
 7,670 10 
 
 
 
 731 
 
 255 17 
 
 1,994 
 
 174 9 6 
 
 
 114,103 
 
 £111,431 9 
 
 
 
 17,319 
 
 £6,829 7 2 
 
 32,913 
 
 £5,653 4 10 
 
 The number of yearlings' hides used during the seven years was 3899, valued 
 
 at £1302 Is. lid., while that of goats for the same period amounted to 15,061, 
 
 valued at £621 7s. lid. The value of sheep hides during the seven years 
 
 is estimated at £40,914 0s. 6d., averaging £5845 yearly. We also give a 
 
 summary of the produce purchased within the same period of time: — 
 
 1873 to 1879. Yearly Average, 
 
 weight. value. 
 
 tns. cwt. qrs. lbs. £ s. d. 
 
 Bark... 4,845 6 2 20 ...28,340 6 
 
 Tallow 104 2 1 10 ... 2,842 4 
 
 Kangaroo ... 10,580! doz. ... 8,723 14 4 
 
 Pelts ... 35,816 ,, ... 5,337 4 6 
 
 Oil 30,694 gals.... 4,369 19 11 
 
 Lime ... 30,720 bshls... 1,456 13 8 
 
 tns. cwt. qrs. 
 
 Shumac ... 758 2 10... 898 12 
 Dyes, Blues, ) 
 
 Lampblack \ 2,961 1 5 
 
 Coal 4,106 
 
 The average number of weekly employes is 365, and the average yearly 
 wages for the last seven years have been £28,848. From these figures it 
 will be seen how large and important the industry is in New South Wales; 
 it is, in fact, the very largest of its kind in the Australian colonies. The 
 firm has a large connection in Queensland, and, in order to consolidate and 
 enlarge it, they purchased the establishment of the late firm of J. and G. 
 Harris and Co., of Brisbane, where, having considerably enlarged and im- 
 proved the premises, they carry on the business of tanning, currying, wool- 
 washing, and fellmongering. 
 
 The following is the yearly average of the number of hides and other pro- 
 ducts purchased by their Queensland branch, together with their respective 
 values: — 5800 hides, valued at £5755 ; 50 horse hides, vaiue £25; 172 year- 
 
 WEIGHT. 
 
 tns. cwt. qrs. lbs. 
 
 VALUE. 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 Bark ... 692 3 3 ... 
 
 4,048 12 
 
 6 
 
 Tallow 14 17 1 25 ... 
 
 406 
 
 
 
 Kangaroo ... l,511Jdoz. ... 
 
 1,246 5 
 
 
 
 Pelts ... 5116 ,, ... 
 
 762 9 
 
 
 
 Oil 4,385 gals. ... 
 
 624 5 
 
 
 
 Lime ... 4,390 bshls ... 
 
 208 2 
 
 
 
 tns, cwt. qrs. 
 
 
 
 Shumac ... 108 6 0... 
 
 128 7 
 
 6 
 
 Dyes. Blues, ) 
 
 
 
 Lampblack \ 
 
 423 
 
 
 
 Coal 
 
 586 11 
 
 6 
 
414 A GLANCE AT AUSTRALIA IN l88o. 
 
 lings, value £42 16s.; and 500 calfskins, value £27 12s. Under the head of pro- 
 ducts purchased we find 250 tons of bark, valued at £1750; 1860 bushels lime, 
 value £93 ; tallow, £59 8s. 8d.; 2650 dozen pelts, valued at £397 10s. The 
 yearly wages in Brisbane amount to £3113 10s. 6d.; and there are about 
 thirty workmen employed weekly. The business extends to every estab- 
 lished colony in the Southern Hemisphere. The firm has been the first to 
 introduce into the colony a new branch of the business, viz., coloured 
 morocco enamel hides, which has been largely patronised by the Govern- 
 ment for railway carriages. The firm has been carrying on for many years 
 the business of wool-washing and fellmongering in Waterloo, a suburb of 
 Sydney, which has been supplementary to their general business. 
 
 The various vicissitudes and ultimate success of the senior partner of 
 the firm, Mr. William Maddison Alderson, extending from his apprentice- 
 ship, which he served in Newcastle-on-Tyne, up to and including his 
 embarkation and voyage to Australia, where he landed nearly 40 years 
 ago, is as strange and eventful as the fictions which, by their variety, 
 succeed in establishing the reputation of writers. We have not space in 
 the present chapter to follow his varied fortunes, which may rank amongst 
 the most remarkable of the very remarkable examples of final success from 
 small beginnings, which Australia affords in such great abundance. Diffi- 
 culties and obstacles were but incentives to his perseverance and energy, 
 and no opportunity offered which was not at once seized and there and then 
 taken advantage of. Mr. Alderson was the first to properly dress in Aus- 
 tralia, the first colonial calf-skin, black gram kips, and harness leathers. 
 He has the same claim with regard to the first enamel hide which was dressed 
 in Australia. His first partner was Mr. T. B. Hall, to whom he proposed 
 and who accepted a joint business on the terms that Mr. Hall should find 
 the capital and Mr. Alderson the general knowledge and working of the 
 business. In 1857, the firm of Hall and Alderson exhibited their leathers 
 and saddlery at the Horticultural Society Show held in the Botanical 
 Gardens, Sydney, where they were awarded a gold medal. Henceforth the 
 history of the firm was one continued success, as evidenced by the prizes 
 which they have taken at the various exhibitions which have been held, 
 both in and outside of the colonies, notably at the late Sydney International 
 Exhibition, where they were awarded a special first-class prize. The 
 factory, which was carried on at Surry Hills, ultimately passed, together 
 with other parts of the business, into the hands of Mr. Alderson and his 
 sons, Mr. Hall having retired from the business and left for England, and 
 from this time the style of the firm has been Alderson and Sons. The 
 large business experience possessed by Mr. Alderson, and his technical 
 knowledge of the industry, all of which he has ably communicated to his 
 sons, are fair guarantees that the operations of the firm are likely to increase 
 with the increasing wants of the colonial and export trade. The firm is 
 constituted at present of William Maddison Alderson, Thomas Alderson, 
 and Lancelot Alderson. 
 
PASTORAL 
 
 AND 
 
 AGRI CULTURAL 
 
 DIEEOTOET 
 
 OF 
 
 VICTORIA, 
 
 NEW SOUTH WALES, 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 
 
 QUEENSLAND, 
 
 AND 
 
 WESTERN AUSTRALIA 
 

PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY 
 
 OF AUSTRALIA. 
 
 VICTORIA. 
 
 Aberline Bros., Wangoorn, Warrnambool. 
 
 Absolon, William, Mortlake. 
 
 Acock, Mrs. C. E , Wangaratta. 
 
 Adam, John, Stoney Creek, Talbot. 
 
 Adam Bros., Mountain Creek, Moonambel. 
 
 Adams, Captain T., Sunday Creek, Seymour. 
 
 Adams, W., Mountain Creek, Moonambel. 
 
 Adams and M'Kinnon Bros., Allansford. 
 
 Adamson, John, Hill Plains, via Benalla. 
 
 Adcock, Wnv, Terang. 
 
 Addnesell, J. D , Murphy's Creek, Hamilton. 
 
 Ahearn Bros., Kanabaal. 
 
 Airey and Kerr, Killing-worth, Yea. 
 
 Aitchison, J., Chesterdale, Sutherland's Creek. 
 
 Aitken, David Breakfast Creek, Macarthur. 
 
 Aitken, D., Stanhope, Rushworth. 
 
 Aitken, James, Banyenong Station, Donald. 
 
 Aitken, James, Tooan. 
 
 Alexander. James, Woodhouse, Penshurst. 
 
 Alexander, W., Lake Bolac. 
 
 Allan, Richard, Pannoobamawn. 
 
 Allan, W. B., Ashmore, Winslow. 
 
 Allanson, R. K., Strathbogie. 
 
 Allen, A. E. M., Lara Boort. 
 
 Allen, Charles, Colac. 
 
 Allen, James, Wail, via Horsham. 
 
 Allen, Richard, Commeredghip, Rokewood. 
 
 Allen, William, Colautet, Tunderook P. 0. 
 
 Allen, William, Violet Town. 
 
 Allen, W. T., and C, Warrior's Hill, Colac. 
 
 Allen, William, Cowwarr Station, Cowwarr. 
 
 Allfleck, C. S., Nerranda, Allansford. 
 
 Allfrey, E. H., Fernihurst, Inglewood. 
 
 Allfrey, Robert, Edgar's Plains, Durham Ox. 
 
 Allingham, J., Rees, Stawell. 
 
 Ambler, Thomas, Toolleen. 
 
 Amos, J. C, The Nook, Terrick. 
 
 Amos, A. A. Gunnewarre, Kerang. 
 
 Anderson, A, E., Woodleigh Farm, Rupanyup 
 
 North. 
 Anderson, A. T., Runnymede Station, Digby. 
 Anderson, A. and Co., Mokepillie Station, Stawell. 
 Anderson. Charles, Montajup. 
 Anderson, C. J , a'Beckett Plains, Loddon. 
 Anderson, D. K., Springvale, Lockwood. 
 Anderson, Dr. H . Netherwood Bass. 
 Anderson. J., Ghin Ghin, Doogalook. 
 Anderson, James, Ta man Cottage, Ceres. 
 Anderson, James, Tarranginnie. 
 Anderson, James, Pimpinio. 
 Anderson. James, Bullock Creek. 
 Anderson. M., Durham Ox. 
 Anderson. R., Cape Schanck, Dromana, 
 Anderson, Thomas, Griffith's Point. 
 Anderson, William, Ghin Ghin, Doogalook. 
 Anderson Brothers, Pmeaton. 
 Anderson and Cox, Kennypaniel. 
 Anderson, James, and Stewart, Dimboola. 
 Andrew, — , Finnis, Mount Williams, Pyalong 
 
 Junction. 
 Andrew, John, Kingoner, via Inglewood. 
 Andrew, Joseph, High Plains, Pyalong. 
 Andrews, J., Ballan. 
 
 Andrews, Joseph, Pentland Hills, Bacchus Marsh. 
 Angus, J. A., Pyramid Hill. 
 Angus, Jos., Mount Pyramid. 
 Angus, T., Mount Hope, Terrick. 
 Anthony, James, Colac. 
 Anthony, William, Sandford, Casterton. 
 Anthony, S., Currapook, near Casterton. 
 Anthony and Co., Fernihurst, near Wedderburn. 
 
 Archibald, J. H., Moolorfc. 
 
 Archer, J. R., Mannima, QueensclifF-road. 
 
 Archer, M. A., Casterton. 
 
 Archer, W., Maryborough. 
 
 Arden, Alfred, Claude Lorraine, Tahara. 
 
 Arelett, John, Birregurra 
 
 Armitage, Mrs. S. E., Wimmera Park. Eversley. 
 
 Armstrong, Alexander, Warrenheim Station, Half- 
 way House, near Shelford. 
 
 Armstrong, A., Kewell. 
 
 Armstrong, James, Keilamhite. 
 
 Armstrong, R. G., Salt Creek, Woorndoo. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas, Mount Gellibrand. 
 
 Arnolds, Joseph, Ashens. 
 
 Atcheson, B., Dennington. 
 
 Atkinson and Co., Reedy Creek Station, Kerang. 
 
 Atkinson, Messrs., Ballan. 
 
 Attenborough, — , Lake Boya Station, Kerang. 
 
 Attenborough, Thomas, Tooan. 
 
 Attenborough, W. and Co., Murrabil Station, 
 Kerang. 
 
 Austin, A., Eilyer, Lake Bolac. 
 
 Austin, J. E., Yeo, Colac. 
 
 Austin, Josiah, Leigh wood, Toorak. 
 
 Austin, S. and A. A., Barwon Park, Winchelsea. 
 
 Austin, Sydney, Brisbane Hill, Hamilton. 
 
 Austin, W. J., Greenvale, Wickcliffe. 
 
 Austen and Bullivant, Longerenong, Horsham. 
 
 Ayrey, Charles, Warranooke, Glenorchy. 
 
 Backholy, Lewis, Deep Creek, Macarthur. 
 
 Backie, James, Sandy Creek, Maldon. 
 
 Baglin, Samuel, Montajup. 
 
 Bailie, John, Mount Taurus, Koroit. 
 
 Bailie, Nicholas, Pitfield. 
 
 Bailey, Benj., Corop. 
 
 Bailey, James, White-street, Coleraine. 
 
 Baillie, T. C, Milloo, Runnymede. 
 
 Baird, H. M. , Linton. 
 
 Baird, James, Macorna, via Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Baird, S. and M., Kangatong, Hawkesdale. 
 
 Bakey, — , Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Baker Brothers, Kolora, Terang. 
 
 Baker Brothers, Taararak, Camperdown. 
 
 Baker, John, Cavendish. 
 
 Baker, John, Kanawalla, Hamilton. 
 
 Baker, R. C, Lillymur, Dimboola. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, Noorat. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, Campaspe Inn, Mount Pleasant 
 Creek, via Runnymede. 
 
 Balderson, Thomas, Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Balding. N. S., Wharparilla. 
 
 Baldwin, Henry, Gunbower P. 0. 
 
 Baldwin, James, Gre Gre. 
 
 Ballantyne, — , Benalla. 
 
 Ballenger, Arthur, Narrabiel. 
 
 Ballier, William, Dereel. 
 
 Bailment and Aitken, Ararat. 
 
 Bamford, — , Benalla. 
 
 Bandy, W., Mount Jeffcott. 
 
 Bankin, Ellis, Long Acre, Avon Plains. 
 
 Banks, Jos., Eaglehawk, North Gipps Land. 
 
 Banks, Robert, Bungeeltap, Ballan. 
 
 Barber, C. H., Gundouriry, Yackandandah. 
 
 Barber, G. P., Stay wood, Wangoom, Warrnambool. 
 Barber, R., Warranooke, Glenorchy. 
 Barber, R., Wickliffe. 
 Barber, Thomas, Dimboola. 
 Barber, William, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Barker, D., Landsborough. 
 
 Barker, James, Mount Camel, Redcastle. 
 
 Barker and Son, Cape Schanck, Dromana. 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Barge and Scamble, Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Barnes, E. and J., Donald. 
 
 Barnes, J. C, I*aen,by McDonald. 
 
 Barnes, M., Boort, P. 0. 
 
 Barnett, George, Emu Creek. 
 
 Barr, Robert, Hill Plains, via Benalla. 
 
 Barnngton, P., Maud P. O., Steiglitz. 
 
 Bartrop, John James, Wharparilla. 
 
 Barrow, M., Boort P.O. 
 
 Barr, John, Ondit. 
 
 Barclay, Isaac, Boort. 
 
 Basley, W. M., Rush worth. 
 
 Batey, Isaac, Sunbury. 
 
 Bates, Mrs. E., Cannum. 
 
 Bath, John, Hesse. 
 
 Bath, Thomas, Ceres, Learmonth. 
 
 Batson, E., Lake Town. 
 
 Bautch, J., Macarthur. 
 
 Bayles and Melville, Weerangourt, Byaduk. 
 
 Bayly, Alexander, Kerang. 
 
 Bazeley, W., Mona, by Elmore. 
 
 Beal, Charles, Bleak House, Birregurra. 
 
 Beard and Little, Lancefield. 
 
 Beasliey, John, Kirkstall. 
 
 Beattie, Henry, Mount Aitken, Diggers' Rest. 
 
 Beatty, J., Tarwin Station, Stockyard Creek. 
 
 Beggs, C, Violet Town. 
 
 Beggs, G., Mount Cole, Beaufort. 
 
 Begg, James, Bamgamie P. O., via Meredith. 
 
 Beggs, H. L. M., Brushy Creek, Wickliffe. 
 
 Beggs, Jno., Mt. Camel Station, Redcastle. 
 
 Beggs, Thomas, Mogolimby, Violet Town. 
 
 Beggs, Thomas, Condah. 
 
 Behrens, D. Barjarg, Mansfield. 
 
 Belcher, Joseph, Smeaton. 
 
 Bell Brothers, Werrigai, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Bell, Edward S., Werracknabeal. 
 
 Bell, H. E., Werracknabeal. 
 
 Bell, J., Dunolly. 
 
 Bell, J., Barunah Plains, Hesse. 
 
 Bell, James, Cherry Mount, Wickliffe. 
 
 Bell, Joseph, Burmewang, Elmore. 
 
 Boll, R. L., Mount Mercer. 
 
 Bell, R. N., Wonwondah, South Horsham. 
 
 Bell, William, Morago 
 
 Bell, W., Mitiamo. 
 
 Bell, William, Pannobarnawn. 
 
 Bemworth, Denis, Macarthur. 
 
 Benjamin, E., Wail, via Horsham. 
 Bennet, H. G., Linton. 
 Bennet, Mrs. L., Kyneton. 
 Bennet, T., Kewell, via Horsham 
 Benton, B., Schnapper Point. 
 
 Berndt, Charles, Devenish. 
 Berndt, C. and W., Major Plain. 
 Bergin, William, Pimpinio, near Horsham. 
 Berret, P., Green Hill, via Horsham. 
 Berthou, Major, Inverleigh. 
 Betts, T. and G., Torrumbarry. 
 Beveridge Brothers, Clunes. 
 Beveridge, G. S., Woodbourne, Kilmore. 
 Bice, L., Bridgewater. 
 Bicket, Hugh, Benalla. 
 Bickley, J., South Tylden. 
 Bielby, James, Bangerong, Tarkedia. 
 Biggin, H., Horsham. 
 Biggs, W. G., Glenmore, Buchan P. O 
 Bingham, B., Coorington. 
 Bingham, B., Yambuck. 
 Binney, George, Bacchus Marsh. 
 Bird, J., Ballan. 
 
 Birmington, Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 Birney, Robert, Romsey. 
 Birrel, R., Baynton. 
 Bishop, W., Terrick Terrick East 
 Bisset, W., New Hope Park, Serpentine. 
 Black, James, Benalla. 
 Black, Hon. Niel, Mount Noorat P. O. 
 Black, William, Traralgon. 
 Black, W. J., Durham Ox. 
 
 Blackham, — , c/o R. Dixon and Co., William- 
 street, Melbourne. 
 Blackley, William, Munyip. 
 Blackwood, T., Morrisons. 
 Blain, J., Clunie, Harrow. 
 Blake and Co., E., French Island, Hastings. 
 Blake, T.. Mount Camel. 
 Bland, James, Ceres. 
 Bland, James H., Kewel East. 
 Bland, T. and H., Minyip P. 0. 
 Blaney, Thomas, Nagambie. 
 
 Blaynev. John, Avenel. 
 
 Bligh, W, Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 
 Bliss, W., Torrumbarry. 
 
 Block, N.M.. Ararat. 
 
 Bloomfield, R., Hamilton. 
 
 Blosset, J., Preston Vale. 
 
 Blume, C. A., Karabeal P. 0., Dunkeld. 
 
 Blunden Bros., Eurella, Durham Ox. 
 
 Boag, J. C, Boort. 
 
 Boden, E. H., Strathfieldsaye. 
 
 Bolden, W., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Bolger, A., Mortlake. 
 
 Bolger, Martin, Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Bolliston, John, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Bond, John, Horsham. 
 
 Bond, W., jun., Eddington. 
 
 Bond, T. and H., c/o John Bond, Horsham. 
 
 Bone, David, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Bon, Mrs. J., Wappan Station, Doon. 
 
 Bonning, W., Ballan. 
 
 Booley, Edward, Lake Bolac. 
 
 Booley, George, Gheringhap. 
 
 Booth, Abraham, Coburg. 
 
 Booth, S., and Co., Mount Hope, Bald Rock. 
 
 Borgett, A., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Boucher, James, Condair. 
 
 Bourke, James, Comandai. 
 
 Bourke, Mrs., Wooronooke P. O. 
 
 Bourke, Mrs. M. A., East Charlton. 
 
 Bourke, Patrick, Mitiamo. 
 
 Bowe, J. M., Lexington, via Stawell. 
 
 liowe, M., Watgania, Ararat. 
 
 Bower, D. D., Comandai. 
 
 Bowie, J., Yea. 
 
 Bowman, J. W. and C, Ridge Estate, Rosedale, 
 Gippsland. 
 
 Bowman, M., Ballan. 
 
 Bowyer, E., Carlsruhe. 
 
 Box, B., Dean's Marsh. 
 
 Boyd, — Benalla. 
 
 Boyd, A., Newtown Hill, Geelong. 
 
 Boyd and Henderson, Commeralghip. 
 
 Boyd, Hugh, Skene-street, Colac. 
 
 Boyd, H. E., Gooramadda, Wahgunyah. 
 
 Boyd and M'Naught, Cargarie P. O., via Elaine. 
 
 Boyd, W., Mickleham. 
 
 Boyes, J. and H. A., P. 0., Rushworth. 
 
 Boyle, E., Mitiamo. 
 
 Boys, R., Inglewood. 
 
 Bradshaw, J., Glenlyon. 
 
 Brady Bros., Gisborne. 
 
 Brady, E., Dunkeld. 
 
 Brady, J. H., Minyip. 
 
 Braid, Charles, Byaduk. 
 
 Braim, A. W., Hawkesdale. 
 
 Braim, — , Kilmory, Woolsthorpe. 
 
 Braine, Isaac, Kolora. 
 
 Bramley, W. H., Pyramid. 
 
 Brandt, C, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Branston, W., Kinneypaniel. 
 
 Branstone, II., Half-way House, Powlett Plains. 
 
 Brayshay, D. W., Hamilton. 
 
 Breen, Jeremiah, Dargalong. 
 
 Breed, H., Traralgon. 
 
 Bree, Dickens and Co., Hamilton. 
 
 Breaden, William, Traralgon. 
 
 Bremmer, Thomas, Mepunga. Allansford. 
 
 Brennan, John M., Langli Logan, Ararat. 
 
 Brennan, M., Emu Creek. 
 
 Brennan, P., Winton. 
 
 Brennan, T., Emu Station, near Benalla. 
 
 Bretag, F., Dimboola. 
 
 Bretag and Kruse, Natimuk. 
 
 Briggs, Thos., Woodstock on Loddon. 
 
 Brien, Henry, Macorna. 
 
 Brien, H., Freshwater Creek. 
 
 Brien, Sproul, Freshwater Creek. 
 
 Brien, W., Tahara P. O. 
 
 Brian, Jno., Wangaratta. 
 
 Brilliant, — , Mochpilly Hotel, Kewell. 
 
 Brimacombe, Jno., Yuppekiar, Glenthompson. 
 
 Brimston, James, jun., Glenorchy. 
 
 Bristow, E., Allansford, Warrnambool. 
 
 Brit, John, Terang. 
 
 Britnell, J., Violet Town. 
 
 Britt, Dennis, Murtoa. 
 
 Brock, R., Kinloch. 
 
 Brommell, Thos., Hensley Park, Hamilton. 
 
 Brooks, G. W., Tarkedia. 
 
 Brooks, Jas., Eaglehawk, N. Gippsland. 
 
 Brooinfield, A., Newlyn. 
 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 Broomfield, — , Green Hills, Camperdown. 
 Broughton, J. B., Lemon Spring, Apsley. 
 Broughton and Son, Kout Narin, Harrow. 
 Broughton, R. B., Mount Kerim, Harrow. 
 Broughton, W. E., Bunyip, Dimboola. 
 Brown, Andrew, c/o W. Bailie, Parkfoot, Den- 
 
 nington. 
 Brown Bros., Boort. 
 Brown, D., Hamilton. 
 Brown, Edward, Winchelsea. 
 Brown, E., Nattie Yallock. 
 Brown, G., Berwick. 
 Brown, J., Ledcourt. 
 Brown, J., Curyo South, Morton Plains. 
 Brown, J as., Bacchus Marsh. 
 Brown and Hunt, Melool, Swan Hill. 
 Brown, J., Natimuk. 
 Brown, J. M., Anakie Park, Anakie. 
 Brown, John, Framlingham. 
 Brown, Joseph, Hamilton. 
 Brown and Roy, Catto's Run, Bridgewater on 
 
 Loddon. 
 Brown, Robert, Natimuk. 
 Brown, William, Framlingham. 
 Browne, A. J., Navarre Station, Navarre. 
 Browning, A., Wangaratta. 
 Browning, W., Doctor's Creek. 
 Bruce, E. H., Yea. 
 Bruder, T., Lawloit. 
 Bruhn, A., Emu Creek. 
 
 Brumley, William, Mount Shadwell, Mortlake. 
 Bruntin, Robert, Toongabbie. 
 Bryant and Co., M., Baringhup. 
 Bryant, James, Kensington. 
 Bryant, R., Victoria Lagoon, Cavendish. 
 Bryant, W. S., Ararat. 
 Bryce, James, Newham. 
 Bryden, — , Arndo West, via Lindsay. 
 Bryden, J., Arndo West, Strathdownie E., via 
 
 Casterton. 
 Buchan Brothers, Woorndoo, near Mortlake. 
 Buchanan, Alexander, Titanga, Lismore. 
 Buchanan, — , Benalla. 
 Buchanan, Norman, Ninyeunook. 
 Buckholy, S., Hamilton. 
 Buckingham, Thomas, Mount Cole, Warrack, via 
 
 Buckland, C. W., Shelbourne West. 
 
 Buckland, E. H., Shelbourne. 
 
 Buckley, James, Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Buckley, M., Mount Pyramid via Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Buckley and Nunn, Melville Forest, Coleraine. 
 
 Bucknall, A., Rodborough Vale, Majorca. 
 
 Bucknall, F., Cotswood, Majorca. 
 
 Bucknall, H., Kilgobbin, Majorca. 
 
 Bucknill, Chas., and Co., Narraport, Morton Plains. 
 
 Bulger, M., Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Bull, — , near Saltwater Lake. 
 
 Bull, George, Ballan. 
 
 Bull, H. T., Darlington. 
 
 Bull, Samuel, Campaspe P. O., Runnymede. 
 
 Bullivant, W. H., Avalon, Lara. 
 
 Bullock, John, Corindhup. 
 
 Buhner, John, Mission Station, Lake Tyers, Gipps- 
 
 land. 
 Bunting, J., Pompapeil, Serpentine. 
 Bunworth, Peter, Oxford. 
 Bunyan, John, Smeaton. 
 Bunyan, John, Moorookyle. 
 Buler, Thomas, Deighton, Fernbank. 
 Burekner, C. W., Yan Yan Gart, Wurdie, Bolac. 
 Burdett, R. A., Kyneton. 
 Burgoyne, Thomas, Rochester. 
 Burley, Johnson, Toongabbie. 
 Burnham and Arthur, Nicholson River, Bullum- 
 
 waal P. O. 
 Burnie, J. D., Nirranda. 
 Burns, — , Huntley. 
 Burns, G. T., Durham Ox. 
 Burris, J. H., Laen, by M'Donald. 
 Burrows, J., Hughes' Creek, near Avenel. 
 Buscombe, J. H. K., Kyneton. 
 Butcher, E., Wickliffe. 
 Butler, J., St. Arnaud. 
 Butler, M., Kellalac. 
 Butler, William, Rokewood. 
 Byrne, Edward, Avon Plains P. O. 
 Byrne, J., Glen Thompson. 
 Byrne, P., Wangaratta. 
 Caddy, — , Berrybank, near Lismore. 
 Caffray, M., Casterton. 
 
 Cahill, — , near Foxhow. 
 
 Cain, Thomas, jun., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Calvert, J., Truwara, Colac P. O. 
 
 Callaghan, Mrs. Dennis, Pleasant Banks, via 
 Horsham. 
 
 Callaghan, Robert. Yan Yan Gart, Birregurra. 
 
 Calder, Robert. Polkemet, Horsham. 
 
 Callinan, — , dairy and farm, Sheepwash. 
 
 Cameron, A., Balleston. 
 
 Cameron, A., Springfield, Towaninnie. 
 
 Cameron, A., Wanayure, near Hamilton. 
 
 Cameron, A., Cranbourne. 
 
 Cameron, Alexander, Bald Hill. 
 
 Cameron, Alexander O, Casterton. 
 
 Cameron, Allan, Avoca Forest, Burke's Flat. 
 
 Cameron, Archibald, Byaduk. 
 
 Cameron Bros., Wattle Dale, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Camer<>n and Co., Mortlake. 
 
 Cameron, 1)., Mortlake. 
 
 Cameron, D.. Kewell West. 
 
 Cameron, D., Kerarig. 
 
 Cameron, D., Oakbank, Heywood. 
 
 Cameron, Donald, Kilgay, Coleraine. 
 
 Cameron, Donald, Oakbank, Heywood. 
 
 Cameron, Donald, South Branxhohne. 
 
 Cameron, Donald, Lake Mundi. 
 
 Cameron, Donald. Lake Meran, Kerang. 
 
 Cameron, Dugald, Bald Hill, Dunkeld. 
 
 Cameron, Ewen, Dalymong, Stuart Mill. 
 
 Cameron, John, Strathfillan, Peter's Diggings. 
 
 Cameron, J., Fort Cameron P. O. 
 
 Cameron, J. H., Lake Goldsmith, Beaufort. 
 
 Cameron, Lewis, Mount Wycheproof. 
 
 Cameron, Mrs. E., Rokewood. 
 
 Cameron, Mrs. Donald, Barcaldine Farm, Roke- 
 wood. 
 
 Cameron, Mrs. Christina, Arradoorong, Hamilton. 
 
 Cameron, S. Macarthur, Natte Yallock. 
 
 Cameron, — , Natte Yallock. 
 
 Campbell, A., Glenorchy. 
 
 Campbell, A. M., Ellingerrin, Inverleigh. 
 
 Campbell Bros., Oakfields, Gisboi-ne. 
 
 Campbell, Colin, GlenBucky, CargarieP.O., via 
 Elaine. 
 
 Campbell, Dugall, Traralgon Park, Grangies. 
 
 Campbell, Finlay, Archmore, Kamarooka. 
 
 Campbell, Hugh, Cobram, via Benalla. 
 
 Campbell, H. and J., Cobram, via Benalla. 
 
 Campbell, H., Woolshed Farm, Mia Mia. 
 
 Campbell, John, jun., Glenorchy. 
 
 Campbell, John, Meredith. 
 
 Campbell, John, Woolshed Farm, Mia Mia. 
 
 t ampbell, John, Trio Farm, Kyneton. 
 
 Campbell, John, Roseneath, Coleraine. 
 
 Campbell, John and H., Ensay, Ensay 
 
 Campbell, J. S., Oaklee, Rupanyup. 
 
 Campbell, James, Kinloeh. 
 
 Campbell, James, Farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 Gippsland. 
 
 < "ampbell, James, Woolshed Farm, Mia Mia. 
 
 Campbell, L., Romsey. 
 
 Campbell, Nichol, Traralgon Park, Grangies. 
 
 Campbell, Robert, Farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 Gippsland. 
 
 Campbell, Ronald, Longerenong. 
 
 Campbell, Ronald, Reefs, Pleasant Creek. 
 
 Campbell, W., Woolshed Farm, Mia Mia. 
 
 Camen, John E., Corindhap. 
 
 Camp, W. J. Wateheim, Morton Plains. 
 
 Cantwell, P., Hunter's Town, Ballan. 
 
 Cantwell, P. and M., farmers, Corop. 
 
 Cantwell, Patrick, Mount Egerton. 
 
 Cantwell, Richard, Bullingrook, near Bacchus 
 Marsh. 
 
 Cantwell, T., Ballan. 
 
 Carme. A., Riddell's Creek. 
 
 Carta Brothers, Glenisla, Cavendish. 
 
 Carrol, Francis, Ballark, Egerton. 
 
 Carmichael, George, Retreat. Casterton. 
 
 Carmichael, G. J., Burnbank, Macarthur. 
 
 Carmichael, — , Terang. 
 
 Carter, J., Ross's Bridge. 
 
 Carter, J., Bower Creek, Talbot. 
 
 Carter and Sons, Rosebrook, Cavendish. 
 
 Carter, William, North Brighton, Horsham. 
 
 Carr, John, Frankston. 
 
 Carr, William, jun.. Corindhap, Rokewood. 
 
 Carr, Walter, Swan Hill. 
 
 Carey, Martin, grazier, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Carey, M., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
 Carey, M., Torrumbarry. 
 
IV 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Carme, J.,Tallarook. 
 
 Carrolan, John, Tatyoon. 
 
 Carry, W., fanner. Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 
 Carr'uthers, W., Durham Ox. 
 
 Cathcart, James, Donald. 
 
 < . );., Ehnsford, Newbridge. 
 
 < Robert, Woodstock-on-Loddon. 
 Chalmers Brothers Wychetella. 
 Chareley, E. W., Beaeonsfield, Buln Buln. 
 
 Frederick, Linton. 
 Chapman, G., and Co., Clunes. 
 Charlesworth, J., farmer, Bullock Creek. 
 
 \orth, J., farmer, Upper Sheepwash. 
 Chappell, J., Treeve, Rochester. 
 Chappell, John J., Bardsey, Yarawalla, Durham Ox. 
 Chambers. John, Rokewood. 
 Charlton, Mrs. R.. squatter, Sebastian. 
 Chaffey, R.. Little River. 
 Chapman, R., Swan Hill. 
 Chatterton, — , Coco Dain, Dimboola. 
 Cheetham, R., French Island. 
 Chirnside, F. and A., Werribee Park, Wyndham. 
 Chirnside, Robert, Monyong, Little River. 
 Chirnside and Watson, West Charlton, Yowen 
 
 Hill. 
 Childe, John, Reefs, Pleasant Creek. 
 Chivers, J., Benalla. 
 Chisholm, Mrs., Kariah, Camperdown. 
 (Jhristensen, C, Eagiehawk, North Gippsland. 
 Christensen, Yae. Eagiehawk, North Gippsland. 
 Chrystal, J. H., Droopsmor, Seymour. 
 Churchill, Henry, Emu Park, Warragul Park. 
 Church, — , Sutton Grange. 
 Clarke, A., Pine Grove, via Rochester. 
 Clarke, Adolphus. Leura, Camperdown. 
 Clarke, G. H., Cowwarra. 
 Clarke, John, Terrick Terrick. 
 Clarke, — , Ingleston, Ballan. 
 Clarke, — , Emu Hill, Happy Valley. 
 Clarice, P., Terrick Terrick. 
 Clarke, R., sen., J. P., Horsham. 
 Clarice, R., Maree, Casterton. 
 Clarke, T., vineyard proprietor, and market 
 
 gardener, Axe Creek. 
 Clarke, Thomas, Toongabbie. 
 Clarke, W. J., Numeralla, Sunbury. 
 Clarice, W. J., Tildersly, Sunbury. 
 Clarke, William, Minyip. 
 Clarke, W., Maffra. 
 
 Clarke, — , Mount Sturgeon, Dunkeld. 
 Clapperton, C. J., Amphitheatre. 
 Clapham, H., Coleraine. 
 Gay, M., Bagshot. 
 Clancy, — , Tooan. 
 Cleary, Jas., Wycheproof. 
 Cleary, Michael, Mount Wycheproof. 
 Clements, Jno., Woodford, Warrnarribool. 
 Clements, Thos., Sutherlands, Gunbower. 
 Clough, Jno., Moyston. 
 Clyne, Geo., Lake Rowan. 
 Clyde, J., Howlong. 
 Coates, S., St. Arnaud. 
 Coates, W., Bamganie P. O., via Meredith. 
 Coates, E. C, Casterton. 
 Cocks Bros., Wild Duck. 
 Cocks, R. and J., Langwooner. 
 Cochran, Chas., Dargalong. 
 Cochrane, J. C, Highton. 
 Cochrane, J., Hazelwood, Bourke-road, South Cam- 
 
 berwell. 
 Coffey, M., Kewell. 
 Coffee, P., Riversdale P. 0., Avoca. 
 Coghill, J. L., Dookie South. 
 Cole, A., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Cole, Mrs. Eliz., Darlington. 
 Cole, Mrs. Nicholas, Cloven Hills, Darlington. 
 Collins, Francis, Pyke's Flat, M. Ballan. 
 Collins, Henry, Ballyrogan, Tatyoon. 
 Collins, Patrick, Minyip. 
 Collins, Samuel, Devon Farm, Bridgewater. 
 Collins, Samuel, Bridgewater. 
 Collins, Thos., Colac. 
 Collins, W. P., Co'ac. 
 Coldham, John, Grassdale, Tahara. 
 Collier, R. H., Powlett Plains. 
 Col clough, Thos., Deep Creek, Talbot. 
 Oolledick, — , farmer, Traralgon. 
 Compston, Arthur, Pleasant, via Horsham. 
 Comelly, John, Leigh Road. 
 Combridge, John, Shelford. 
 Conign Brothers, Murtoa. 
 
 Connor, George, Kewell. 
 
 Connor, Henry, Lake Bolac. 
 
 Connor, J. H., Ryrie-street East, Geelong. 
 
 Connor, J., Eldorado, Clear Creek. 
 
 Connor, Morris, Tarrawingee. 
 
 Conway, Thomas, Upper Emu Creek. 
 
 Conway. J., Kilmore. 
 
 Conisber. James, Bonegulla via Wodonga. 
 
 Condon, W. Jindwick, Buln Buln. 
 
 Cooper, A.. Bridgewater. 
 
 Cook, Archibald. Colac. 
 
 Cook, G. W., Horsham. 
 
 Cooke, Cecil Pybus, Green Hills, Branxholme. 
 
 Coombs, G. E., Mangalore. 
 
 Cook, J., Emu Creek. 
 
 Cook, P., White Hart Hotel, Pyalong. 
 
 Cooper, O., Bridgewater. 
 
 Cooper, P., Tooborac Station, P. 0. 
 
 Cooper, Robert, Laen. 
 
 Cooper, W.. Lake Rowan. 
 
 Cope, A., Macarthur. 
 
 Copeland, James, Buln Buln. 
 
 Corker, James. Meredith. 
 
 Cornish, Thomas, Powlett Plains. 
 
 Costello Brothers, Timor. 
 
 Cotter, E., Murtoa. 
 
 Cotter, J., Werracknabeal. 
 
 Cottish. Mrs.,Roxby, Gnarwarre. 
 
 Coutts Brothers. Powlett, Inglewood. 
 
 Coutts, James, squatter, Mitiamo. 
 
 Coutts, James, Mitiamo. 
 
 Coutts, Peter. Mitiamo. 
 
 Courick, P., Koroit. 
 
 Cowell, A. A., Brippick, Apsley. 
 
 Cowan, James, Myrniong. 
 
 Cowper, John, Westgarth. 
 
 Cox, James, Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Cox, John, Karabeal, Dunkeld. 
 
 Cox, John, Casterton. 
 
 Cox and Son, Hamilton. 
 
 Cox, Thomas, Barrapoort, via Boort. 
 
 Cox, Uriah, Lake Rowan. 
 
 Cox, W. J., Lucknow, Bullunwad. 
 
 Cozens, Ebenezer B., Mount Cairn, Little River. 
 
 Crawford, John, Murchison. 
 
 Crawford, John, Pine Grove, via Rochester. 
 
 Crawford, John, jun., Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 Crawford, John, Karabeal, Dunkeld. 
 
 Crawford, James, Benalla. 
 
 Crawford, Robert, Roseneath, Casterton. 
 
 Crawford, R., Warrock, Coleraine. 
 
 Crawford, William, Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 Crawford and Dyring, Wagra, Tallangatta. 
 
 Craig, Mathew, Ondit. 
 
 Craig, S. E., Corack, Donald. 
 
 Cranwell, W., Dookie South. 
 
 Cranage, W. H., Edenhope. 
 
 Creed, James, Cargarie P.O., via Elaine. 
 
 Creed, Stephen, Barmonside, Gnarwarre. 
 
 Crossley, Edward, Kenilworth, Hamilton. 
 
 Crossley, Edward and Eli, Tatyoon, Streatham. 
 
 Crossley, James, Kilmore. 
 
 Croslie, P., Balmattum. 
 
 Crockett, A. T. P., Mansfield. 
 
 Crofts, C, Murchison. 
 
 Croad, George, Moyston, via Ararat. 
 
 Crouch, G. G., Lower Crawford, Hey wood. 
 
 Crook, J. R., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Crooke, James E., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Crowe, John J., Jingellic, Upper Murray, via 
 Wodonga. 
 
 Crow, John, Powlett Plains, P.O. 
 
 Crouch, John, Westgarth, via Ararat. 
 
 Crouin, Mrs., Westgarth, via Ararat. 
 
 Crow, W., Ballan. 
 
 Crook and Sons, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Crocker, W. D., Honeysuckle, Violet Town. 
 
 Cross, W. A., Chatsworth. 
 
 Crossthwaite and M'Caul, Buffalo Station, Myrtle- 
 ford. 
 
 Cruickshank, G., Macarthur. 
 
 Cullinane, C, Montajup. 
 
 Culnane, E., Mowen. 
 
 Cumming Bros., Avon Plains. 
 
 Cumming, T. C, Stoney Point, Darlington. 
 
 Cumming, William, Toorak. 
 
 Cummings, Thomas F., Toorak. 
 
 Cummings, — , Mount Fyans, Darlington. 
 
 Cunningham, F., Mitiamo. 
 
 Cunningham, P., Heathcote. 
 
 Cunningham, T., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Cunningham and Hardy, Ranges, Redbank. 
 
 Currie, D., c/o. A. Wilson. Esq., Creswick. 
 
 Currie, G., Strathmerton, West Shepparton. 
 
 Currie, J. L., Lara, Derinallum. 
 
 Curdie, Doctor, Tunderook, Camperdown. 
 
 Curtain, Thomas, Kiversdale P.O., Avoca. 
 
 Cusack, J., jun., Euroa. 
 
 Cust, W., Hupanyup. 
 
 Cussen, W., Merino. 
 
 Dabson, H., Burrumbeet. 
 
 Daffray, L., fanner, Mitiamo. 
 
 Dahlenuerg and Sons, Dimboola. 
 
 Dalgleish. A J., Woorndoo. 
 
 Dalgleish Bros., Lake Bolac. 
 
 Dalgleish, Peter, Woorndoo. 
 
 Daly, Anthony, Kcwell. 
 
 Daly, P.,Springbank, Natirauk. 
 
 Daley, J no., Karabeal. 
 
 Daley, J no., Terrick Tcrrick. 
 
 Daigety, Ibbotson and Co., Geelong. 
 
 Daniel and Co., Acheron. 
 
 Daniel, Joseph, Invcrlcigh. 
 
 Dandus, Jas., Mansfield. 
 
 Dalton, Pat., Hopkins, Warrnambool. 
 
 Darragb, J., Ballan. 
 
 Dardel, J. H., Batcsford. 
 
 Darcy, A. V., Sandhurst P. O. 
 
 Darcy, Jno., Ondit. 
 
 Davon, P., Euroa. 
 
 Davidson, A. B., Fanvrick. 
 
 Davidson Bros., Quinteile Kinloch, near Clen- 
 
 lochy. 
 Davidson, J. L., Hurd'e Creek, Whorowly. 
 Davidson, J., Serpentine. 
 Davidson, W.. Hurdle Creek, Wangaratta. 
 Davies, Captain W., Echuca. 
 Davies, Tbos., Rochester. 
 Davies, W. E., Eehuca. 
 Davcy, Joseph, Slawell. 
 Day, Fredk., Tarrangine, Dimboola. 
 Day, James, Pimpino. 
 Day, James, Ondit. 
 Day, Mrs. Ann, Murchison. 
 Day, Wm., Traralgon. 
 Day, Wm., Boort. 
 
 Dawson, J.. Basin Banks, Camperdown. 
 Dawson, Thos., Condair. 
 Dawson, Thos., Corop. 
 Dean, Thos., Goornong. 
 Dean, W., Phillip Island. 
 Dean, W., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 De Bcare, Warrack P. O. 
 De Boos, J. and C. L., Ellcrslee Estate,Euroa. 
 De Bollt, — , Bacchus Marsh. 
 Dee, M. and T., Mount Pyramid. 
 Deefcy, D., Tarrawingee. 
 Delahay, H., Bacchus Marsh. 
 Dclahunty, Jas., Murtoa. 
 Delahunty, R., Murtoa. 
 Dempsey, Edward, Mount Wycheproof. 
 Dennis, Alexander, jun., Enjulse, Mort^ake. 
 Dennis, R. V., Tarndwarnecourt, Birregurra. 
 Dcnsley, — , East Ballan. 
 Dcradin, J. F., farmer, Upper Sheepwash. 
 Devine, A., Curlewis. 
 
 / Deighton East. 
 
 Desaillv T T J Emu Va,e - 
 
 .uesaiuy, j. j. < Sai)dy . s Creek) Fern tj ank POj 
 
 \Faberbera. 
 Dicldson, Joshua, P. O., Donald. 
 Dickson, P., Bacchus Marsh. 
 Dickson, T., Indigo Creek, Yackandandah. 
 Dillon, John, Terrick Terrick. 
 Dinan, John, Warrnambool. 
 Dittcnich, J., Warrajrul. 
 Dixon, H. R., Gisborne. 
 Dixon, J. E., Chiltern. 
 Dixon, Jno., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Doake. T., Axe Creek. 
 Dobson H., Burrumbeet. 
 Docker, F. G. and B., Wangaratta. 
 Dodds, Thomas, Pol goleet" Darlington. 
 Dodd. William, Wangaratta. 
 Doherty, A., Seymour, Mangalore. 
 Doig, J. G., Bobinawarrah. 
 Donald, George, Bungeeltop, via Morrisons. 
 Donald, James. Bungeeltop, via Morrisons. 
 Donaldson, J., Harrow. 
 Donaldson, John Natimuk. 
 Donaldson, W.. Hughes' Creek, near A vend. 
 Donoghue, P., farmer, Mount Cotterell. 
 
 Donoghue, Patrick, Morton Plains, via Donald. 
 
 Donelan, Robert, Karabeal, Dunkeld. 
 
 Donahue, T., Maude. 
 
 Doogan, Hugh, Pyalong. 
 
 Doody, J.. Bear's Lagoon, Serpentine. 
 
 Dorward, Captain George, Echuca. 
 
 Doroderain. M., Bridgewater. 
 
 Douglas and Co., A., Geelong. 
 
 Douglas, H.,and Co., Wallan Wallan, Germantown. 
 
 Douglas, J., Laaneeoorie. 
 
 Douglas, William, Boort. 
 
 Douse, J., Callawadda. 
 
 Dowie, A. F., Lake Side, Moolort. 
 
 Dow ling, F., Sale. 
 
 Dowling, H., Caramut. 
 
 Doyle, John, Grassy Gully, Rokewood. 
 
 Doyle, John, Dereel. 
 
 Doyle, James. Carapook, Casterton. 
 
 Drane, Alexander, farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Drane, John, farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Drane, Thomas, farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Draffin, J. W.. Dimboola. 
 
 Drayton, Jos., Panmure. 
 
 Drake, P., Axedale. near Sandhurst. 
 
 Draper, T., farmer. Raywood. 
 
 Drabseh, — , Dimboola. 
 
 Drapeby, — , f armer, Upper Emu. 
 
 Dreyer, Augrat, South Branxholme. 
 
 Drewry, J., Winchelsea. 
 
 Drewitt, Thomas, Heathcote. 
 
 Drummond, James, Merino. 
 
 Drummond, Mrs., Bookham. 
 
 Drury, J., Myrniong P. 0. 
 
 Duell, Henry, Merton P. O. 
 
 Duff, John, Baringhup. 
 
 Duff, R. E. C, Maindample. 
 
 Duffus, William, Turkeith. 
 
 Dugdale, L., Myrniong. 
 
 Duke, John, farmer, Eaglebawk, North Gippsland. 
 
 Duke, Lewis, Callawadda, Glenorchy. 
 
 Dundas, F. A., Mansfield. 
 
 Dundas, James, Buffalo River, Myrtleford. 
 
 Dunne, M. J., Koroit. 
 
 Dunne, Michael, Winslow. 
 
 Dunne, Thomas, Mortlake. 
 
 Dunne, William, Wooroonooke, East Charlton. 
 
 Dunn, Edmund, Boweya. 
 
 Dunn, E.. Springs. 
 
 Duncan Gordon, Benalla. 
 
 Duncan, John. Yuppeekiar Glen, Thompson. 
 
 Duncan. William, Sandhurst Road, Heathcote. 
 
 Dunbar, William, Pentland Hills. 
 
 Dunster, James, Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Dwyer, E. J. and J., Dwyer<tead, Buln Buln. 
 
 Dwyer, J. J., Bahgallah, near Casterton. 
 
 Dwyer, John, Mochamboro, Dwyer's Creek. 
 
 Dwyer, Michael, Emu Flat, Lancefield. 
 
 Dwyer, Michael, Tahara P.O., near Branxholme. 
 
 Dyer, L., Glenlyon. 
 
 Eadie and Phillips, Boort. 
 
 Eagan, M., Woorndoo, Mortlake. 
 
 Eager, F., Carisbrook. 
 
 Eagle, C, Newlyn, via Creswick. 
 
 Earls, John, Penshurst. 
 
 East, G. S., Penhurst. 
 
 East, W., Penshurst. 
 
 Eastman, Alexander, Goornong. 
 
 Eddington, A. C, Ballangeich. 
 
 Edelston, S. J., Carapoore. 
 
 Edgar, D., Pine Hills Harrow. 
 
 Edgar, J., Koolomert, Casterton. 
 
 Edgar, J., Kadnook, Harrow. 
 
 Edgar, J. and D., Cannum, Horsham. 
 
 Edgar, Samuel, c/o J. Bond, Horsham. 
 
 Edgar, W., Koolomert, Casterton. 
 
 Edkins, H., Lochiel, via Horsham. 
 
 Edmondson, William, Mortat, via Horsham. 
 
 Edmundson, William, Elliminook, Birregurra. 
 
 Edols, Thomas, Morongoo, Geelong. 
 
 Edols and Francis, Tatonga, via Wodonga. 
 
 Edrick, O., Serpentine P. O. 
 
 Edwards, Edgar H., Kewell. 
 
 Edwards, Robert, Mortlake. 
 
 Edwards, Benjamin, Hamilton, P.O. 
 
 Egan, Anthony, Ondit. 
 
 Egan, M., Merton P.O. 
 
 Egan Bros., Greendale. 
 
 Elder, R. M., Fort Cameron P.O., via East Charl« 
 
 ton. 
 Elliot, E., sheep farmer, Eddington. 
 Elliot, R., Mount Elliot, Wickliffe Road. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Elliot, R., Watgania, Kiora. 
 
 Ellwood, Thomas, Bungeeltop, Ballan. 
 
 Emerson, James, Armstrong's. 
 
 Enders, J. B., Corop. 
 
 Enders, J. B., Union Saw Mills. Trentham. 
 
 Ennis, Thomas, Pentland Hills. 
 
 Enright, Michael, Carrio. Traralgon. 
 
 Eriven, William, Wirchilleba, via Glenorchy. 
 
 Ettershank and Eagleston, East Loddon, Serpen- 
 tine. 
 
 Evans, B.. Whitefield, West Moyhu. 
 
 Evans, Isaac, farmer, Pentland Hills. 
 
 Evans, J. R., Warrnambool. 
 
 Evans, James, Benalla. 
 
 Everett, R. J., Euroa. 
 
 Ewance, James, Clover Hill, Warrnambool. 
 
 Fabrian, David, Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Fallon. M.. Condah. 
 
 Fanning. Joseph, North Crack, St. Arnaud. 
 
 Faneco, F. R., Myrtle Grove, Tatyoon, via Ararat. 
 
 Farie, Dr., Dunmore, Oxford. 
 
 Faris, W. J., Fern Hills Estate, Balmattum. 
 
 Farmers, — , Tarranginie, Dimboola. 
 
 Farquar, A. and Son, farmers, Sheepwash. 
 
 Farrell, William, New Gisborne. 
 
 Fawcett, Joseph, Farmer, Smeaton. 
 
 Fay, James. Shirley. 
 
 Featherly, H. Mon'tajup, Dunkeld. 
 
 Fechner, Ernest, Dimboola. 
 
 Feehati, Richard, Powlett South. Wedderburn. 
 
 Feighey, James, Kewell West, Horsham. 
 
 Fell, John, Reserve Hotel, Conangalt. 
 
 Ferguson, Donald, Flowerdale, Broadford. 
 
 Ferguson, G. C, Natmiuk. 
 
 Ferguson, T. L., Runnymede. 
 
 Ferrier, John, Carapook. Casterton. 
 
 Ferry, — , Kewell West, Horsham. 
 
 Fick, H. M., Goornong. 
 
 Field, John, Violet Town. 
 
 Field, John, Ballan. 
 
 Field, William, Wordiebolne, near Winchelsea. 
 
 Fielding, Samuel, Morton Plains. 
 
 Findlay, James, Towong, Tintaldra P. 0., via 
 Yackandandah. 
 
 Finlay Brothers, Tarcombe, LongwooJ. 
 
 Finlay, C. and A., Bethanga. 
 
 Finlay, C. and A., Glenormiston, Camperdown. 
 
 Finlay, James, Glenmore, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Finlayson, M., Gunbowar P. 0. 
 
 Finlayson, P., farmer, Smeaton. 
 
 Finn," D., Pleasant Banks, via Natimuk. 
 
 Finn, P.. Pleasant Banks, via Natimuk. 
 
 Finn, Patrick, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Finn, Patrick, Mortlake. 
 
 Finn, Michael. Mortlake. 
 
 Firmin, George, Hazelwood, Gippsland. 
 
 Fischer, — , Emu Creek. 
 
 Fisher, C. B., Maribyrnong. 
 
 Fisher, M., farmer. Emu Point, Raywood. 
 
 Fisher, William, Walla Walla. 
 
 Fisken, G. B.. Buangor. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Brvan, Carapook, Casterton. 
 
 Fitzgerald, G.*S., Mortlake. 
 
 Fitzgerald, J., Lake Mowania, Streatham. 
 
 Fitzgerald — , sheep farmer, Wareek. 
 
 Fizelle, T., White Hills. 
 
 Flack and Son, Ballan. 
 
 Flaming, E. Deep Creek. 
 
 Flat, George, and Sons, Parkside, Ballan. 
 
 Flattely, Thomas, Cathcart. 
 
 Flemimr A., Creswick. 
 
 Fleming, J., Terrick P. O. 
 
 Fleming, James, Echuca. 
 
 Fleming, James, Macorne, via Mount Pyramid 
 
 Flett, D., Pentland Hills. 
 
 Fletcher, Robert, Ravenswood, Duneed. 
 
 Fletcher, William, Gnarwarre. 
 
 Flinn, Barbara, Germantown. 
 
 Flood. M., Mount Gellibrand. 
 
 Flottman, — , Dimboola. 
 
 Flynn, J., and Co., Kilmore. 
 
 Flynn, James, farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Fogarty, Cornelius, Drysdale. 
 
 Foley, Herbert, Hollymount, Pyalong. 
 
 Forbes and Co. . Burnumbeep, Ararat. 
 
 Ford, William, Echuca. 
 
 Forest, F., Belfast. 
 
 Forrest, John, Mansfield. 
 
 Forster, James. Rangeworth, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Forsyth, Archibald, Twin Hill, Rochford. 
 
 Forsyth, J., Belfast. 
 
 Forsyth, Messrs., Kerabeel. 
 
 Forsytb, R., and Sons, Mamtoongoon, Mansfield. 
 
 Foster, Mrs. Margaret, Wabdallah. 
 
 Fowler, — , Glenlyon. 
 
 Fox, A. W., Emu Creeek. 
 
 Frampton, Jacob, Kewell East. 
 
 Francis, Charles, Tatonga, Tallangatta. 
 
 Franklin, P., Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Fraser, A., Toolong, Belfast. 
 
 Fraser, C, and Co., Benalla Station, Benalla. 
 
 Fraser, C. F., Pemberley, Malinsbury. 
 
 Fraser, Charles, Nalinga. 
 
 Fraser, Donald, Moyston, P.O.. 
 
 Fraser, P. P., Dimboola. 
 
 Fraser, Peter, Evansford. 
 
 Fraser, Peter, Dunach Forest. 
 
 Fraser, Robert, Lovat Dale, Strathmore. 
 
 Fraser, T. C, Lausberg House, Pentland Hills. 
 
 Fraser, William, Tallagaroopna, Shepparton. 
 
 French, A. E., Bawowgill, Skipton. 
 
 Freeman, Michael, Ararat. 
 
 Fry, James. Bullarook Estate, Newlyn. 
 
 Fry, James, Minnieboro, Glenorchy. 
 
 Fry, James, Ballarat. 
 
 Fuge, Frederick, Eaglehawk. 
 
 Furphy, Isaac, Rushworth. 
 
 Gadd, W. B., Avenel. 
 
 Gall, J.. Balmattum. 
 
 Gallagher, J., Warrisral. 
 
 Galletty, R., Half-way House, Glenorchy. 
 
 Gamble, Frederick, Mitiamo P.O. 
 
 Gardener, William, Durham Ox. 
 
 Gardiner, A. M., Baangal. Skipton. 
 
 Garratty, Patrick, Tarranginnie, Mount Elgin 
 
 Gash, William, jun., Glanmire, Harrow 
 
 Gavan. E., Tatooke, Broadford. 
 
 Gay, James, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Gearing, Bung Bong. 
 
 Geddes, James, Woorndoo, Mortlake. 
 
 Gee Wah, Dimboola. 
 
 Gcmmell, J. J., Taripta, via Mooroopna. 
 
 Gemson, G. , Nooriline. 
 
 Georani, — , Upper Emu Creek. 
 
 George, G., Yackandandah. 
 
 Gerrand, J. F., Rushworth. 
 
 Gibb, M. G., Brid^ewater. 
 
 Gibb, Se])timus, Majorca. 
 
 Gibbins. W., Macarthur. 
 
 Gibbons, Stephen, Inglewood. 
 
 Gibbs, J.. Berwick. 
 
 Gibby, W. B., Carabost. Kiamba. 
 
 Gibson. H. R., Malara, by Wentworth. 
 
 Gibson, John, Euroa. 
 
 Gibson and M'Arthur, Glenample, via Camper- 
 down. 
 
 Giddings, J. E., Newbridge. 
 
 Gillahan, John. Rochford. 
 
 Gillespie, A., The Meadows. Rokewood. 
 
 Gillespie, A. and J., Stockyard Hill, Beaufort. 
 
 Gillespie, John, Shelford. 
 
 Gillespie, John, Four Post. 
 
 Gillespie, John, Ellerslie, Jarklin. 
 
 Gillespie, J., Rokewood. 
 
 Gillespie, Peter and I). C, Shelford. 
 
 Gillies, John, Jackson's Creek, Ararat. 
 
 Gilligan, John, Rochford. 
 
 Gillott, Charles, Warrambone, Shelford. 
 
 Glancey, James, Bahgallab, Casterton. 
 
 Glassford, H. G., Mewburn Park, Maffra, Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Gleeson, Martin, Kiora. 
 
 Glen, A., Kariah, Camperdown. 
 
 Glenny, Thomas, Ballan. 
 
 Gloster, A., Barnedown. 
 
 Glover, — , Marong. 
 
 Glover, — , Bung Bong. 
 
 Glover and Edwards, Kerrisdale, via Talk rook. 
 
 Glover. W., and Co., Woodend. 
 
 Goddard, Arthur, Corop. 
 
 Godfrey, William, Gnarwarre. 
 
 Golding, — , Benalla. 
 
 Golding Bros., Branxholme. 
 
 Gooch, John, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Good, Edward, Torrumbany. 
 
 Good, John, lngumera, Wins ow. 
 
 Goodall, Alexander, Corindhap. 
 
 Goodall, W., sen.. Warrnambool. 
 
 Goode, Joseph, farmer, East Ballan. 
 
 Gordon, David, Victoria Valley P.O. 
 
 Gordon, Henry, Warragul. 
 
 Gordon, Hugh, Ballyrogan. 
 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Gordon, James, Beckwith P. O. 
 
 Gordon, Messrs., Bung Bong. 
 
 Gorrie. Alexander, Avon Plains. 
 
 Gottard, Jacob, Corindhap. 
 
 Gould, E. Maria, Cannum, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Goullett, Charles, Dunolly. 
 
 Graham Bros., Mount Mercer. 
 
 Graham Bros., Lalvaluk, Mount Mercer. 
 
 Graham, John, Kialla West. 
 
 Graham, Joseph, Mooralla P. O., via Cavendish. 
 
 Graham, Mary Ann, Sandy Creek, Jungellie, via 
 
 Germantown. 
 Graham, R. H., Euroa. 
 Graham, — , Greendale. 
 Grano, G. W. H., Ararat. 
 Grant, Alexander. Ingliston, Ballan. 
 Grant, Donald, Moolort. 
 Grant, George, Pentland Hills. 
 Grant, George, Metung. 
 Grant, J., Pentland Hills. 
 Grant, J. S., Bahgallah, Casterton. 
 Grant, James, Myrniong. 
 Grant, James, Raglan. 
 Grant, John, Hesse. 
 Grant, John, Myrniong. 
 Grant, Joseph, Pentland Hills. 
 Grant, L. A. , Mount Cameron. 
 Grant, Lachlan, Ballyrogan, via Buangor. 
 Grant, Neil, Rupanyup. 
 Grant, Peter, Pentland Hills. 
 Grant, Peter, Egerton. 
 Grant, R., Tooan. 
 Grant and Co., Portland. 
 Grant and Co. , Belfast. 
 Grant, Childe and Co., Corack, St. Arnaud. 
 Grattan, Humphrey, Gowangardie, Nalinga. 
 Graves, J. H., M.P., Vaucluse, Richmond. 
 Graves and Murchison, Chintern Grange, Darra- 
 
 weit. 
 Gray, Andrew, Terrick Terrick. 
 Gray, Charles, Nareeb Xareep, Wickliffe. 
 Gray, P., Coco Dam, Dimboola. 
 Greaves. Edward, Booryallock, Skipton. 
 Green, R. and Sons, Springfarm, Baynton. 
 Green, Geo., Upper Sheepwash. 
 Green, G. R., Colonial Bank, Branxholme. 
 Green, H., Black Swamp, Mansfield. 
 Green, Jas., Upper Sheepwash. 
 Greene, M. R., Greystanes, Bacchus Marsh. 
 Green well. Geo., Corindhap. 
 Greenwood, — , Coco Dam, Dimboola. 
 Greeves, E. G., Borryallock, Skipton. 
 Gregerson, J., Benalla. 
 Grieffenhagan, T.. Upper Axe Creek. 
 Grieve, John, Mortlake. 
 Griffin, P., Arcadia P. O. 
 Griffiths, G., Werracknabeal. 
 Griffiths, George. Mangalore. 
 Griffiths, John, Strathmore. 
 Griffiths, John J., Mangalore. 
 Griffiths, Richard, Cannum, Werracknabeal 
 Griffiths, Thomas, Boort, Wedderburn. 
 Griffiths, Thomas, Mangalore. 
 Grimes, Henry, North Barnawartha 
 Grinter, C, Moolap. 
 Grist, J., Skipton. 
 Grylls, Thos., and Son, Laanecoorie 
 Guilfoyle, Jno., Powlett Plains. 
 Gundry, Edward, Willow Grove, Wharparilla, 
 
 Echuca. 
 Gunivan, W., Benalla. 
 Gunn, — , Benalla. 
 Gunn, Donald, Burrumbeet. 
 Gunn, W., Ray wood. 
 Gunyon, — , Myrniong, Pentland Hills. 
 Gupp}-, W., Yonurrang, via Benalla, 
 Guthridge, R., Sale. 
 Guthrie, H. M., Wallan Wallan. 
 Guthrie, Thos., Brim, via Horsham. 
 Guthrie and Co.. Ballarat. 
 Habel, Carl, Murtoa. 
 Kackerman, William, Walbundrie. 
 Hadden, C, Cavendish. 
 Haddock, John, Tamanick. 
 Hadland, Charles, Ararat. 
 Haidhaugh, — Belfast. 
 Haines, Robert, Rochester. 
 Hair, Thomas, Warrambean, Shelf ord. 
 Haitwick, August, Freshwater Creek. 
 Haley, W. H., Strathbogie. 
 Haligan, fanner, near Goornong. 
 
 Hall, B. L., Yass. 
 
 Hall, David, Rokewood. 
 
 Hall, J. M., Anakies. 
 
 Hall, Joseph, Park Hill, Kyneton. 
 
 Hall, Michael, Break 0' Day, Rokewood. 
 
 Hall, T. A., Cressy. 
 
 Hall, W. and A., Anakies. 
 
 Hall and Whiteman, Geelong. 
 
 Hallam, F. J., care of Mr. Wilks, Albion Hotel, 
 
 Stawell. 
 Hambrock, B., farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 
 land. 
 Hambrock, Stephen, farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 
 Gippsland. 
 Hamilton, David, Inverleigh. 
 Hamilton, F. M., Wanjjoon, Warrnambool. 
 Hamilton, J. B., Doogalook, Tallarook. 
 Hamilton, M., Clareiiclon. 
 Hamilton, R., Terrick Terrick. 
 Hamilton, Thomas, Sandon. 
 Hamilton, Thomas, Greenvale. 
 Hamilton, Hon. T. F., Riddell's Creek. 
 Hamilton, W., Durham Ox. 
 Hamilton, W. D., Tullicli, Casterton. 
 Hamilton, William, Moorodue, Mornington. 
 Hamilton and Humphrey, Mount Taylor, ISairns- 
 
 dale. 
 Hamling, Thomas, Oak Hill Farm, Bridgewater. 
 Hammond, George, Winchelsea. 
 Hannah, A., Boort. 
 Hannah, Samuel, Lai Lai, Rupanyup. 
 Hannan, Daniel, Natimuk. 
 Hansen, H., farmer, Heathcote. 
 Harbison, W., Phillip Island. 
 Harborn, — , Doncaster. 
 Hardiman, James, Mitiamo. 
 Hardiman, John, Mitiamo. 
 Hardus, Heinrich, Dimboola. 
 Hardy, G., farmer, Emu Creek. 
 Hardy, W. F., Bridgewater. 
 Hare, Thomas, Half way House, near Shelford. 
 Harmer, H., Flora Hill," Connella. 
 Harper, Joseph, Snugborough Park, Woodend. 
 Harris, D., Concongilla Creek, Great Western. 
 Harris, F., Buangor P. 0. 
 Harris, J., Casterton. 
 Harris, James, Lethbridge. 
 Harrison, H. R., Melton, Elmore. 
 Harvey, Frederick, Morrison's Diggings P. 0. 
 Harvey, James, St. Arnaud. 
 Harvey, R. and J., Poplar Flat, Murgheboluc. 
 Hassett, John, Minyip. 
 Hassett, Martin, Minyip. 
 Hastie, John, Ballan. 
 Hasty, John H., Ballan. 
 Hawlock, Benjamin, Condah. 
 Hay Brothers, Kamarooka. 
 Haycroft, — , Tarranginnie. 
 Hayes, Edmund, Strathmore. 
 Hayes, Sarjeant, Echuca. 
 Hayes, W., Dunolly. 
 Hazel, James, farmer, Toongabbie. 
 Heaney, Robert, Condah. 
 Heard, J. T., Ceres. 
 Heard, J. T. C, Lake Banks, Tooan. 
 Heard, G., Natimuk. 
 
 Heard, S., and Sons, St. Mary's Lake, Horsham. 
 Hearn, Eli, Rokewood Junction. 
 Hearn, Humphrey, Colac. 
 Hearne, Edward, Lake Wallace. Apsley. 
 Heath, — , Cobran Station, Hill Plain. 
 Heaton, William. Rokewood Junction. 
 Hedley. — , Oxford. 
 Hefferman, W., Axedale. 
 Helmes, Joseph, and Sons, Terrick Terrick. 
 Helyar, George, Kewell. 
 Henderson Bros., Egerton. 
 Henderson, C. V., Rosedale. 
 Henderson, H. C, Mount Pyramid. 
 Henderson, J., farmer. Bum,' Bong. 
 Henderson, John, Tongala. Echuca. 
 Henderson, John, Benalla. 
 Henderson, John, South Branxholme. 
 Henderson, John, Tooan. 
 Henley, — , Clear Creek. Wangaratta. 
 Henne, William, Divong. 
 Hensley, J., Mount Moriac. 
 Hensley, John, Geelong. 
 Hentv, Edward, Casterton. 
 Hepple, W., Gunbower P. 0. 
 Herbertson, A., Chapman's, Moyston. 
 
Vlll 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Hcrbertson, W., Chapman's, Moyston. 
 
 Herrick, P. M., Pyramid. 
 
 Hetherill, — , Yambuck. 
 
 II ether ington. S., Balmoral. 
 
 Hetherington, W. S., Elizabeth-street, Melbourne. 
 
 Hewatson, James Watcbill. 
 
 Hewitt, W., Dookie South. 
 
 Hewitt, v\ '., and Son, Rujanyup North. 
 
 Heyward, T.. Boarman's Forest. 
 
 Hibbett. — , farmer, Emu Creek. 
 
 Hick, John, Ardonachie, Macarthur. 
 
 Hickey. John. Killawara. 
 
 Higgins. James, Winchelsea. 
 
 Highett, J. M., Mitiamo. 
 
 Highett, Hon. William, Maindample. 
 
 Hill, A. G., Stratford Lodge, Medcalf. 
 
 Hill, E.. Wareek. 
 
 Hill, G. H., Noradjuha. 
 
 Hill, H. Murchison. 
 
 Hill, John, Tarnagulla. 
 
 Hill, Theo., Crossover Junction. 
 
 Hill, Thomas, Maude. 
 
 Hill, W., Kewell. 
 
 Hindhough, J. R., Boojorie, Moe. 
 
 Hine, W., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Hines, F. P., Newarpurr, Apsley. 
 
 Hinley, J., Milawa, Oxley. 
 
 Hinsh, H. T., Baringhup. 
 
 Hinton, Captain, Clear Creek, Eldorado. 
 
 Hirtb Brothers, Dimboola. 
 
 Hoar, M. , Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Hobart, William, Nagambie. 
 
 Hobbs, John, Waurn Ponds. 
 
 Hobbs, John. Belmont. 
 
 Hobbs, William, Green Hills. Horsham. 
 
 Hobby, W., Campbell's Creek. 
 
 Hobson, E., Tooleybuc. 
 
 Hocking, R., Gordon. 
 
 Hoddinot, James, grazier, Toongabbie. 
 
 Hoddinot, W., Castle Hill. 
 
 Hodgett Bros., Land -borough. 
 
 Hogan, F., Wallan Wallan. 
 
 Hogan, Thomas, Kellalac. 
 
 Hogan, — , Kewell. 
 
 Hogg, W., Strathbogie. 
 
 Hole, Thomas, Winchelsea. 
 
 Holland. B., Kewell West, Horsham. 
 
 Holloway, Edward, Tragonell. 
 
 Holloway, George, and Co., Duck Swamp Station, 
 
 Durham Ox. 
 Holloway, George, and Co., Boort Station, Boort. 
 Holloway. Seward, Tyntyndyer, Swan. 
 Holmes, Andrew. Casterton. 
 Holmes, E. R., Sutherland. Gunbower P. O. 
 Holmes. John, farmer. Strathfieldsaye. 
 Holmes, Robert, Lake Rowan. 
 Holmes, S. B.. Winchelsea. 
 Holmes, William, East Charlton. 
 Holten, Thomas, Greenfell. 
 Home, J., Claremont Cambrian Hill, Ballarat. 
 Hona, .Martin, Portland. 
 Honeyehurch, J., farmer, Goornong. 
 Hood. Robert, Merriang. Hexham. 
 Hood, W. W., Barton, near Ararat. 
 Hope. George Darriwil. Moorabool. 
 Hope, R. A., Fernside Apsley. 
 Hope. Dr. T. C. Inverleigh. 
 Hopkins, Arthur, Murdeduke, Winchelsea. 
 Hopkins, J. R., Wormbeti, Winchelsea. 
 Hopwood, Robert, Macorna, via Pyramid. 
 Home, John, Myrniong. 
 Home, W., Mitiamo. 
 Home, William, farmer, Traralgon, South Gipps- 
 
 land. 
 Horwood, J.. Sandhurst. 
 
 Horwood, Joel. Bridge water Park, Bridgewater. 
 Hoskins, Thos.. Violet Town. 
 Houlahan, -, Ballyrogan, Buangor. 
 Hou'eston John. Derby. 
 Hourigan, Jas. Cr< >ssley near Koroit. 
 Houston. J., Newbridge-un-Loddon. 
 How, Michael, Ondit. 
 Howe, J. G., Dayltoford. 
 Howe, Martin. Macarthur. 
 Howe Wm„ Pig Hill, Mount Cole. 
 Howell Thomas, Greenhills, Penshurst. 
 Howell W. T., Strathbogie. 
 Howell and Purch Amphitheatre, Avoca. 
 Hudson. W. ( Bowman's Forest. 
 Hughes, Thomas, Durham Ox. 
 Hume, Thomas. Dallarbum, Buln Bum. 
 
 , Hume, D.. Moyston. 
 I Hiune and Goodwin, Rupanyup. 
 Humphries, Fred., Toongabbie. 
 Humphries, P., Toongabbie. 
 Hunt, Hugh, South Brighton. 
 Hunter, James, Wordiebolne, Winchelsea. 
 Hunter, Thos., Windieboluk, Winchelsea. 
 Huntley, J. L.. Gien Huntly, Macarthur. 
 Huon, Wm„ De Kerrilian/Wodonga. 
 Hurnall, John, Garden Gully, Armstrongs. 
 Hurst, E.. Eumerelia East, Macarthur. 
 Hurst, Henry. Carisbrook. 
 Hurst, John, Romsey. 
 Hurst, Jno., Lancefield Road. 
 Hurstfield, Randal, Ararat. 
 Husband, A., Lake Rowan. 
 Hutchins Bros., Glywillen. Stawell. 
 Hutchinson, Archd., Goornong. 
 Hutchinson. H.. c/o J. Bond. Horsham. 
 Hutchinson. J., farmer, Mitiamo. 
 Hutchinson, John, Murchison. 
 Hutton Bros., Belfast. 
 Hutton Bros., Clear Creek. Eldorado. 
 Hutton, D. and J.. Rhymnev Reef, Ararat P. 0. 
 Hutton, J. A. and T., Cheviot Hil s, Mount Rouse. 
 Hutton, R., Bruk Bruk, Coleraine. 
 Hyatt, John M., Mitiamo. 
 Hyem, W., Beech worth. 
 Hymers, Thos., Yamirp. 
 Iliffe, John, Dixon's Swamp. 
 Ingham, M., Quarry Hotel Axedale. 
 Ingham, N., farmer. Axedale. 
 Inglis, J., Tangambalanga. Kiewa. 
 lnglis, J. 0., Ingliston. Ballan. 
 Inglis and M'Dona d, Buchan, Buchan. 
 Ingram, E., Book Book, Tarcutta. 
 Irving, Charles, Bald Hill, Dunkeld. 
 Jacob, Joseph, Kialla W T est. 
 Jackson, F. B., Sandford, Casterton. 
 Jackson,John, Sandford, Casterton. 
 Jackson, J. H., Sandford. 
 Jackson, W., Argoon. 
 James and Brooks, Drysdale. 
 James, John, Panoobamawn. 
 James, W., Runnymede. 
 James, Rich., Crowlands. 
 James, W. Colles. Spring Hill, Moe. 
 Janetsky and Sons, Dimboola. 
 Jarret, J. and H., Kyneton. 
 Jarret, Job, Mangalore. 
 Jasper, Thomas. Hyanimi P. O. 
 Jasper, Thomas, Mitiamo P. 0. 
 Jasperson, J. H., Lake Rowan. 
 Jeffrey, John, Lowsdale P. 0. 
 Jeffrey, William, Coimadai P. 0. 
 Jenkins, Allan, Cooramook, Woodford. 
 Jenkins, David, Sheephill. 
 Jenkins, Dougal, Cooramook, Woodford. 
 Jenkins, Duncan, Cooramook, Woodford. 
 Jenkins, Jenkin, Woodford, Warn lambool, 
 Jenkins, John, Wintercrali, Buckland. 
 Jennings, George, Woodside, Casterton. 
 Jewell, Edwin, Clovelly Farm, Bridgewater. 
 Jobson, R. and A., Kyneton. 
 John, John, Bridgewater. 
 Johns, Edward, Condair. 
 Johnson, A., The Gums, Carapook, Casterton. 
 Johnson, Alfred, Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 Johnson, Archibald, Tahara. 
 Johnson, B., Quira (grazmg-right), Bairnsdale 
 Johnson, D., Boolahpool. 
 Johnson, David, Strangways. 
 Johnson, Henry, Condair. 
 Johnson, James. Shelbourne. 
 Johnson, John, Fernihurst. 
 Johnson, Joseph, Bradford Creek. Laanecoorie. 
 Johnson, R., Nog Nog, W. A., Myrtle Creek. 
 Johnson, R., Myrniong. 
 Johnson, R. H., Alexandra. 
 Johnson, G. W.. Ellison, Lauriston. 
 Johnstone, E., Easton, Colac. 
 Johnstone, John, Tower Hill. Illowa. 
 Johnstone, Thomas, Pyramid Creek, Kerang. 
 Johnstone, W., Neoyong, Ensay. 
 Johnstone, W. W., Purnim, Woodford. 
 Jones, Arthur, Camperdown. 
 Jones, Wononga Creek. 
 Jones, E. A., Ellangowan, Heywood. 
 Jones, Edward, farmer, Cowwarr. 
 Jones, G., Upper Macedon. 
 Jones, J., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 IX 
 
 
 Jones, John, Goornong. 
 
 Jones. John, Coorainuck, Warrnambool. 
 
 Jones Joseph, Kerang. 
 
 Jones. LlovJ Avenel. 
 
 Jones, Th "mas Sandy Creek North, Stratford. 
 
 Jones William, Sheepwash. 
 
 Jones. William, Cooramuck, Warrnambool. 
 
 Junoe, D., Giaborne. 
 
 Joyce, Alfred. Norwood, Maryborough. 
 
 Kane, W. C, Warrabiel. 
 
 Kaufmann, L., Dunkeld. 
 
 Kaye, J., Maryborough. 
 
 Ready, Pat.. Nagambie. 
 
 Kearney, Michael, Noorilim. 
 
 Kearney, William, Glenthompson. 
 
 Keath, D., St. Arnaud. 
 
 Keefe, A. O , farmer, Axedale. 
 
 neefte, H., Horsham. 
 
 iveenan, Patrick, Coromby, near Murtoa. 
 
 Kelly, Henry, Kddington P. 0. 
 
 Kelly, James, Minyip. 
 
 Kelly and Mortimer, Hridgewater. 
 
 Kelly, Phillip, Mangdore, via Seymour. 
 
 Kelly, P. J., Burrowije, Upper Murray, via Wo- 
 
 donga. 
 Kelly, R., sheepfarmer, Powlett Plains. 
 Kelly, Thomas, Warrambine, Hesse. 
 Kelly, Thomas, Nekeya Moyston. 
 Kelly, T. J. D., Lang'.ey Yale, Langley. 
 Kelsall, J., Buninyong. 
 Kelsali, J., Werracknaheal. 
 Kemp James, Costerfield. 
 Kemp, R., Durham Ox. 
 Kennedy, — , Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Kennedy, — , jun., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Kennedy, David, Union, Woolsthorpe. 
 Kennedy, J., Gienorch}'. 
 Kennedy, Messrs., sheep-farmers, Bungeeltop, 
 
 Ballan. 
 Kennet, John, Dookie South. 
 Kerby, H., Tarkedia. 
 Ker, W. L., Killingworth, Yea. 
 Kerr, James, farmer, Liacehus Marsh. 
 Kerr, James, Kockbank Farm, Gisborne. 
 Kerr, John, Kerang. 
 Kerr, Michael, Ondit. 
 Kerr, Robt. , Parwan, Bacchus Marsh. 
 Kettyle, Geo., Corindhap. 
 Keyte, — , Natimuk. 
 Kej'te, H. R., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Kiernan, Robert, Longwood. 
 Kilby, D., Branxholme. 
 Kilby, James, Elderslie, Apsley. 
 Kilgarriff, M., Kellalac. 
 
 Kil patrick, A. and A., Macorna, via Mt. Pyramid. 
 Kilpatrick, John, Green Hills, Winche'sea. 
 Kimpton, Thos. W., Watgania, near Ararat. 
 Kimpton, W. T., Kalymna, Moyston. 
 King, Charles A., Casterton. 
 King, E., Minyip. 
 King, George, Kinq-ston. 
 King, Hugh, Minyip. 
 King, Michael, Mount Shad well, Mortlake. 
 King, Robert, Tatook (Grazing-right), Bruthen. 
 King, T., farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 King, W., farmer, Kaylehawk, North Gippsland. 
 King, William, Gorunni, Ararat. 
 Kinghorn, F., Byaduk. 
 Kininmonth, James, Barunah Plains, Hesse. 
 Kinsella, P. J., Muroon. 
 Kipping, Thomas, Merton. 
 Kipping, W., Merton. 
 Kirby, James, Sheephills, Minyip. 
 Kirby.W., Blakeville, near Ballan. 
 Kirchner, Heinrich, Tarkedia. 
 Klows. John, Dimboola. 
 Knaggs, James, Berachah, Hamilton. 
 Knight, John,Tooan. 
 Knight, John, Westbrook, Lake Bolac. 
 Knight, Thomas, Goornong. 
 Knight and Lydiard, Koorongah, Belfast. 
 Knott, Joseph, farmer, Lockwood. 
 Krieg, Charles, Dimboola. 
 Kyne, Owen, Major Plains, Benalla. 
 Lacey, J., Buln Buln. 
 Laidlaw, W., Mundara, Edenhope. 
 Laidlaw, W. G., Ozenkadnook. 
 Laidlaw, W., and Co., Newlands, Apsley. 
 Laing, J., sen., Echuca. 
 Lalor, W., St. Hubert's. 
 Lamb, W., Camperdown. 
 
 Lambell, W., Strathboaic. 
 
 Lambrick, J., Major Road, Benalla. 
 
 Lamont, J., Darlington. 
 
 Lane, Alfred, Gone Station, near Kerang. 
 
 Lane, F., Mary vale, Harrow. 
 
 Lane, John, Warranooke Lake, East Charlton. 
 
 Lane, Joseph, Marnoo. 
 
 Lane, Martin, Woorndoo. 
 
 Lane, Richard, Warrnambool. 
 
 Lanyon, H. S., Lake Boort. 
 
 Lanyon, R., Boort. 
 
 Lanyon, T., Tarnagulla. 
 
 Larkie, Michael, a'Beckett Plains, Inglewood. 
 
 Larkins. — , sheep-farmer, Bridgewater. 
 
 Laurie, J. P. D., Moulamein, via Swan Hill. 
 
 Lavender, Thomas, Woolville, Mia Mia. 
 
 Lawlaw, William, Allansford. 
 
 Lawler, Thomas, Tin keith. 
 
 liawson, A., Kewell. 
 
 Lay, John, East Ballan. 
 
 Lay, W., Ballan. 
 
 Leahy, Alfred, Shepparton Park, Shepparton. 
 
 Leak, John, Winchelsea. 
 
 Leake, John, Merino. 
 
 Learmonth, A. and R., Tarkedia (Aregrea loose 
 bag). 
 
 Leason, James, Lillymar Cove Dimboola. 
 
 Ledden, John, Yambuc!:. 
 
 Ledwell, George, Hawthorne Hill, Bamganie Flat, 
 via Meredith. 
 
 Ledwell, James, Rokewood. 
 
 Lee, John, sen., St. Mary's, Warrnambool. 
 
 Leech, H. A., Bridgewater. 
 
 Leech, H. F., Lake Boort. 
 
 Lees, James, Runnymede. 
 
 Legg, Thomas T., Kyneton. 
 
 Lehman, — , Dimboola. 
 
 Leich, H. T., The Grange, Woolobee, Lake 
 Boort. 
 
 Leijo, Peter, Rokewood. 
 
 Leishman, John, Kingston. 
 
 Le Louef, A., Gembrook. 
 
 Lellicoe, Andrew, Worndoo, Mortlake. 
 
 Lemont, Farquhar, Mount Fyans, Darlington. 
 
 Lennon, James, Rokewood. 
 
 Lsnnox, Marshall, Moyston. 
 
 Leslie, — , Swan Hill. 
 
 Leslie, Alexander, Pimpinio, Horsham. 
 
 Lethbridge, R. O, Toongabbie. 
 
 Lett, W., Williamsvale, Merriman's Creek, Strat- 
 ford. 
 
 Leverett, William, Point Henry. 
 
 Lewers, S., Bank N.S.W., Linton. 
 
 Lewington, J., Bundalong. 
 
 Lewis, George, farmer, Emu Creek. 
 
 Lewis, Hugh, Merino. 
 
 Lewis, J., Yambuk. 
 
 Lewis, J., Moyhu. 
 
 Lewis, Lewis, Boort. 
 
 Lewis, Owen, Mount Duneed. 
 
 Lewis, Thomas, Jackson's Creek, Ararat. 
 
 Lewis, W., Moyhu. 
 
 Lewis, W., Stoneleigh, Beaufort. 
 
 Lewis, W. H., Pine Lodge, Benalla. 
 
 Liddy, P., farmer, near Goornong. 
 
 Light, Thomas, Tooan. 
 
 Limbley, Thomas, farmer, Traralgon, South Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Lindsay, — , Nattie Yallock. 
 
 Lindsay, P.. Macarthur. 
 
 Lindsey, James, Quamby, Woolsthorpe. 
 
 Lintott, E., Buln Buln. 
 
 Liston, Thomas, Shirley P. 0. 
 
 Little, J., Eversley. 
 
 Livingstone, D., Argyle Park, Kellalac. 
 
 Lloyd. T., Stratford. 
 
 Lloyd, W. H., Dimboola. 
 
 Lloyd and Atkinson, Wimeani, via Dimboola. 
 
 Locke, J., Oakleigh. 
 
 Loeman, ML, Bulla. 
 
 Loffell, J. P., Dimboola. 
 
 Loyan, John, and Co. . Mount Elephant, Lismore. 
 
 Logan, J. M., and Co., Black Logan P. 0., St. Ger- 
 main. 
 
 Logie, Thomas, Kilmore. 
 
 Logie, W., Kilmore. 
 
 Loney, James, Darragon 
 
 Loney, J., Kewell. 
 
 Long, John, St. Arnaud. 
 
 Lord, W., Karabeal. 
 
 Loughran, Mrs. B., Wordiebolne, Winchelsea. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Loveil, o&mes, rarmer, xoongaDtne. North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Low, William, Mornington. 
 
 Lowe, Joseph, Mortlake P. O. 
 
 Lowe, Thomas, farmer. Upper Sheepwash. 
 
 Lowe, W. and T.. Nurriong, Ensay. 
 
 Lueff, H. A. W.j Terrick Terrick East. 
 
 Luff, E.. Kewell. 
 
 Lumsden, Alexander, sen., Mepunga, Warrnam 
 bool. 
 
 Lush, Robert, Woolegal Road, Tarnagulla. 
 
 Luxton, Thomas, Kangaroo Flat. 
 
 Luxton, W. , Mount Eccles, Macarthur. 
 
 Lyall, James, He.vwood. 
 
 Lyell, John, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Lynch Brothers, Kewell. 
 
 Lynch, Matthew, Mitiamo. 
 
 Lynch, Thomas, Watgania P. 0., near Moyston. 
 
 Lyon, C. H., Ballan Ballan. 
 
 Lyon, P., Laanecoorie. 
 
 Mack, Austin, The Prairie, Rochester. 
 
 Mack, Joseph, Berry Bank, Cressy. 
 
 Mackintosh, A., and' Son, Carr's Plains, Glenorchy. 
 
 Mackintosh, C, Condah. 
 
 Mackintosh, M., South Branxholme. 
 
 Mackintosh, Murdoch, Cuiqmundie, Stratford. 
 
 Macrae, Alex., Horse Shoe Bend, Noorat. 
 
 Macrae, Farquhar, Glenormiston, Terang. 
 
 Mackay, Jno., Gunbower P. O. 
 
 Mackay, J., Baringhup. 
 
 Mackay, J., Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Mackay, I., Torrumbarry. 
 
 Mackay, Wm., Greenville. 
 
 Mackie, Jno., Baringhup. 
 
 Mackie, Jno., Powlett Plains, Inglewood. 
 
 Macbean, Alex., Howlong, via Chiltern. 
 
 Mackredie Bros., Piangie, Swan Hill. 
 
 Maconochie, Jas., Westbank, Camperdown. 
 
 Mackin, Josh., grazier, Powlett Plains. 
 
 Macarthur, John, Croxton. 
 
 Macabe, Mrs., Moyston. 
 
 MacDonald, Horseshoe Bend, Noorat. 
 
 Madden, S., Kewell. 
 
 MagiU, Wm., Rokewood. 
 
 Mahoney, Geo., Ann Vale, Dunkeld. 
 
 Maher, M., Minyip. 
 
 Malcolm, Alex., Sheepfields, Kinloch. 
 
 Malone Bros., Jane Vale, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Malcolm, James, Mount Ridley P. O., Craigie- 
 burn. 
 
 Malone, Jas., Moorooky. 
 
 Malone, James, Smeaton. 
 
 Maloney, Pat., Terang. 
 
 Maltby, T. K.. Barnedown. 
 
 Malone, Wm., Dobie's Bridge. 
 
 Manti, A. farmer, Upper Sheepwash. 
 
 Mandeville, A. and Co., Lake Coorong, via Hor- 
 sham. 
 
 Mann Bros., Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Mann, Ephraim, Sheep Hills. 
 
 Manning, G., Merrigum P.O. 
 
 Manifold, J. and P., Camperdown. 
 
 Managhan, John, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Managhan, Maurice, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Mankey, Tobias, Cargarie P.O., via Elaine. 
 
 Martin, A., Minthill, Bairnsdale. 
 
 Martin, Charles, Chiltern. 
 
 Martin, F. and M., Kerang. 
 
 Martin, James P., Brown's Plains. 
 
 Martin, J. F., Chiltern. 
 
 Martin, James, sheep-farmer, Yea. 
 
 Martin, Michael, Smeaton. 
 
 Martin, Norman, near Shelford. 
 
 Martin, Sam., farmer, Strathfieldsaye. 
 
 Martin, William, Milloo, Runnymede. 
 
 Martin, William, farmer, Strathfieldsaye. 
 
 Marshall, D., Baringhup. 
 
 Marshall, George, Violet-street, Sandhurst. 
 
 Marshall, Robert, Wild Duck P.O. 
 
 Marshall, R. F., Ballan. 
 
 Marfleet, J., Lincoln Grange, Durham Ox. 
 
 Manabel, J. C. Brandy Creek. 
 
 Marebant, John J., Werracknabeal. 
 
 Marong, P., Hughes Creek, near Avenel. 
 
 Marchant, Samuel, Cannum, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Mason Bros.. Clifton, Hamilton. 
 
 Mason, F. Watgania. 
 
 Mason, R., Moyston. 
 
 Mason, W., farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Mathieson, Alexander, Coleraine P.O. 
 
 Mathieson, E., Mia Mia. 
 
 Mathieson, E., Mia'Mia. 
 
 Mathieson, Murdoch, Dwyer's Creek, near Cas- 
 
 terton. 
 Mathieson, Quambatook. 
 Matheson Bros., Ullswater, Apslev. 
 Matheson, Donald, Lai Lai, Rupanyup. 
 Matheson, George, Winchelsea. 
 Mathews, J. H., Point Henry. 
 Mathewsj P., Mortat. 
 Mathews, W., Jalukar, Moyston. 
 Mathews, William, Noorat. 
 Mathews, William, Myrtle Grove, Terang 
 Mathews, W. J., Point Henry. 
 Matchett, J., Sandhurst. 
 May, Andrew, Mayfield Park, Fernihurst. 
 May, John, sheep farmer, Joyce's Creek. 
 Mayberry, D., Tooan. 
 Mayberry, William, Natimuk. 
 Meallin. G. R., Swan Hill. 
 Meery, John, Kilmore, Bruthen. 
 Meery, John, Deighton, West Bruthen. 
 Meedham, P., Yea. 
 Meldrum, T., Heywood. 
 Menzies, William, Haugh, Skipton. 
 Meredith, Gilbert, Inverleigh. 
 Merriman, George, Yass. 
 Messer, W. C, Yarrock. 
 Messer, W. C, Bonginni, Hamilton. 
 Michael, Hans, Goornong. 
 Michael, James, Hughes Creek, via Avenel. 
 Michael, J., farmer, Newbridge. 
 Midglu, A. and E., Durham Ox. 
 Midgby, R., Durham Ox. 
 Middleton, J., Mount Pyramid. 
 Milner, C. H. , Freshwater Creek. 
 Mill, David, sheep-farmer, Yea. 
 Mills, George, Glenmona Park, Bung Bong. 
 Milwain, H., Doulach Park, Malmsbury. 
 Miller, F. G., Dimboola. 
 Miller, James, Nooriline, Murchiaon. 
 Miller, John, Morton Plains. 
 Miller, John, Jallukar, Moyston. 
 Miller, Mrs. H. Ellen, Beaufort. 
 Miller, Will., Koolamart, Casterton. 
 Miller, William, farmer, Merri, VVarrnambooL 
 Mills, S. F., Goornong. 
 Millear, Thomas, Edgarly, Maroona. 
 Ming, S., Pyalong. 
 
 Missen, John, sen., Warrion, Cundare. 
 Missen, John, Warrion. 
 Mitchell, A. and D., Natimuk. 
 Mitchell, Josiah, Skilemergh Hall, Kyneton. 
 Mitchell, J., farmer, Newbridge. 
 Mitchell and Kennedy, Glenorchy. 
 Mitchell, P., Milloo, Elmore. 
 
 Mitchell, Robert, Macorme, via Mount Pyramid. 
 Mitchell, Sir W. H. F., Barfold, Kyneton. 
 Mitchell, Thomas, Rupanyup. 
 Mitchell, T., Bungeeluke. 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas, Bringembrong, Upper Murray. 
 Moffat, Robert, Ravenswood. 
 Moffat, William, Bunyang, Rochester. 
 Mogg, V. N., Swan Water, St. Arnaud. 
 M oiler, P., Dimboola. 
 Moncrief, A., Avenel. 
 Monk, J., Grandville. 
 Monckton, J. R., Redesdale, Benalla. 
 Monohan, P., Lake Town. 
 Moore, Alexander, Bald Hill, Dunkeld. 
 Moore Brothers, Lawloit, Dimboola. 
 Moore, James, sheep-farmer, Joyce's Creek. 
 Moore, S., Mount Mercer. 
 Moore, W., Buffalo River, Egerton. 
 Moore, W., Myrtle. 
 
 Mooney, J. and L., Mooney's Gap, Ararat. 
 Mooney, John, Torrumbarry. 
 Mooney, John, Torrumbarry. 
 Mooney, W. and J., Wando Vale, Casterton. 
 Morris, Alex., Minyip, Horsham. 
 Morrison, D., Glen lei th, by East Charlton. 
 Morrison, G., Craigie, Avenel. 
 Morrison, G. H., Meloul, Swan Hill. 
 Morrison, H. C. Myrniong. 
 Morrison, Jno., Towanmire, East Charlton. 
 Morrison, Jas. D., Mangalore. 
 Morrison, J., Oxley Plains. 
 Moran, Edw., Mount Tournes, Koroit. 
 Morgan, Edward, Inverleigh. 
 Morgan, F. J., Mitiamo. 
 Morgan, J. P., Hughes Creek, via Avenel. 
 Morrisy, D., Terrick Terrick. 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Morey, E., c/o T. Young 1 , Danagon. 
 
 Morton, G., Labona, Ballarat. 
 
 Morrissy, J, P., Nagambie. 
 
 Morris, S., Bealiba. 
 
 Mortray, S., Yambuk. 
 
 Moreton, Saml., Lake Bolac. 
 
 Motherwell, A.. Woodfield, via Longwood. 
 
 Motherwell, A., Woodfield, Doon. 
 
 Motherwell, C, Woodford. Doon. 
 
 Mote, Joseph, sheep-farmer, Hamilton. 
 
 Mountjoy Bros., Wharparilla. 
 
 Mountjoy, Caleb, Wharparilla. 
 
 Moylan, John, Mount Koroit. 
 
 Muir, J., Myrniong. 
 
 Mullins, J.,*Echuca. 
 
 Mullins, J., and Sons, Eddington. 
 
 Mumford, Coles. Hush worth. 
 
 Mummery, C, Bowman's Forest. 
 
 Munro Brothers, Fair View, Burrereo. 
 
 Munro, D. McG., Woorndoo. 
 
 Munro, E. and P. , Sandhurst. 
 
 Murray, A. S., Dumolun, Casterton. 
 
 Murray, A. and M., Colac. 
 
 Murray, A., Campbell-street, Ararat. 
 
 Murray, D., Toolamba. 
 
 Murray, J. S., Casterton. 
 
 Murray, James, farmer, Moorookyle. 
 
 Murray, Robert, Freshwater Creek, 
 
 Murray, T. C , Warrions, Larpent. 
 
 Murray, William, Dunrobin, Casterton. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, Murtoa P. 0. 
 
 Murphy, D., Oxley. 
 
 Murphy, H., Hawkesdale. 
 
 Murphy, James, Casterton. 
 
 Murphy, Martin, Kewell. 
 
 Murphy, Mrs., Mount Egerton Hotel, Egerton. 
 
 Murphy, Patrick, Terrick Terrick East. 
 
 Murrell, E., Pyramid Hill P. O. 
 
 Murrowood, G., Wilduck P. O. 
 
 Musgrave, William, Yarrarara, via Gerrnantown. 
 
 Myers, J. and J., Myrniong. 
 
 McAdam, George, Lethbridge. 
 
 McAdam, R. , East Charlton. 
 
 McAllister and Sons, Callawadda. 
 
 McAndrew, J., Greendale. 
 
 McAndrew, J., Kangaroo Grounds. 
 
 McAndrew, W. , Kangaroo Ground, Tallangatta. 
 
 McArthur, Dugald, Watgania. 
 
 McArthur, Duncan, Wychetella. 
 
 McArthur, P., Menningworth, Camperdown. 
 
 McArthur, Peter, Merringorret, Camperdown. 
 
 McArthur and Sons, Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 McBride, — , St. Arnaud. 
 
 McCabe, Edward, Moyston. 
 
 McCall, Allen, Molesworth Park. Darlington. 
 
 McCallum, D., Ardgartcn, Branxholme. 
 
 McCallum, Mrs., Dean's Marsh. 
 
 McCailum, Neil, Wychetella. 
 
 McCann, C. A., Casterton. 
 
 McCard, William, Little River. 
 
 McCarthy, D., farmer, Waterhole, Murphy Creek, 
 
 Laanecoorie. 
 McCarthy, John, Lake View, Corop. 
 McCarthy, Michael, grazier, Green Hills, Winslow. 
 McCarthy, Richard, Condah. 
 McCarthy, W., Mount Jeffcott. Donald. 
 McClure, James, c/o J. Fry and Co., Horsham. 
 McClure, John, Natimuk. 
 McClusky, P., Myrniong. 
 McColl, James, Yat Nat. Balmoral. 
 McConachie, G., Burrum View, Glenorchy. 
 MeConachie, J., Lismore. 
 McConachie, John, Burrum, Glenorchy. 
 McConachy, R., Mirnie, Winchelsea. 
 McConne 1, — , Mysia. 
 McCormack, J., Beveridge. 
 McCormack, J., Mount Mistake, Buangor. 
 McCormack O., Terrick Terrick P. O. 
 McCormack, T., Dooan. 
 McCormack, Francis, Lake Rowan. 
 McCrae, Kenneth, Tooan, via Horsham. 
 McCredie, H. A., Piangil, Swan Hill, 
 McCuish, C. Natimuk. 
 McCulloch, W. G, Maryborough. 
 McCullough, A., sheep-dealer/Kangaroo Flat. 
 McCullough, F., Clunes. 
 McDonald, A., Werracknabeal. 
 McDonald, A., Condah. 
 McDonald, — , May Bank, Goornong. 
 McDona'd. Angus, Giedewood, Rupanyup, 
 McDonald Bros., Rocky Point, Ararat. 
 
 McDonald Bros., Oak Hills, Werracknabeal. 
 
 McDonald, Chas., Mooroopna. 
 
 McDonald, D., Carapooee, Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, D. M., and Co., Murtoa. 
 
 McDonald, Donald, Cargarie. 
 
 McDonald, D. and M., Toorak, Mortlake. 
 
 McDonald, D. W., Narrabiel. 
 
 McDonald, Ewen, Warrion. 
 
 McDonald, Ewen, Terang. 
 
 McDonald, G. R., farmer, Heathcote. 
 
 McDonald, G , Carapooee. Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, G., Der.rang, Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, Geo., Carapook. 
 
 McDonald and Greenwell, Corindhap. 
 
 McDonald, Hugh, Cannum School, via Horsham. 
 
 McDona'd, Hugh, Mount Ararat, Cathcait, 
 
 McDonald, Jno., grazing right, Glenaladale North, 
 Coongulmerang. 
 
 McDonald, Jno., Fern Bank, Panmure. 
 
 McDonald, Jno., Bahgallah, Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, J. and K., Banyena, via Glenorchy. 
 
 McDonald, J., Deurang, Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, J., Panmure. 
 
 McDonald, J., Kerang. 
 
 McDonald, John, Carooc. Panmure. 
 
 McDonald, Murdoch, Noorat. 
 
 McDonald, M. and T., Mount Fyans, Darlington. 
 
 McDonald, M., Wallalo, Glenorchy. 
 
 McDonald, Neil, Echuca. 
 
 McDonald, P., Mount Egerton. 
 
 McDonald, R., Dowding, Coleraine. 
 
 McDonald, S., Noorat, Terang. 
 
 McDonald and Sons, Toorak, Mortlake. 
 
 McDonald, Wm., Dimboola. 
 
 McDonald, W. H,, Corindhap. 
 
 McDonald, Wm., Parwan. 
 
 McDougall, A., Lcrnefield, Tahara. 
 
 McDougall, A. C, Spring Bank, Hedi, Moyhu. 
 
 McDougall, Allan, Parupa Park, Lake Bolac. 
 
 McDougall, Arch., Corack, St Arnaud. 
 
 McDougall, Archd., Spring Bank, Glen Rowan. 
 
 McDougall, J., Bundalong, near Wangaratta. 
 
 McDougall, Jno.. Kinneypaniel. 
 
 McEachran, Wm., Wilkin, Casterton. 
 
 McElvie, W., Mount Wycheproof. 
 
 McEvoy, Thos., Carrapooee. Coleraine. 
 
 McEvoy, Thos., Bajgallah. near Casterton. 
 
 McEwan, James, Arapiles, Horsham. 
 
 McFarland, J., Glenaladale, South Coongulmerang. 
 
 Mc Far lane, D., Maldon. 
 
 McFarlane, Malcolm. Minyup, via Horsham. 
 
 McFarlane, Walter, Long Lake, Kerang-. 
 
 McFarland, Wm. and H3'., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 McFeters, Wm., Corop. 
 
 McFighe, — , Jackson's Creek, Westgarth, Mount 
 
 Ararat. 
 McGann, Wm., Kiora. 
 McGeoch, — , Mount Jeffcott, Donald. 
 McGeorge, Bros.. Gisborne. 
 McGhie, Matthew, Dry Lake, Warrnambool. 
 McGillivray, A., Terrick Terrick. 
 McGilph, A., Rupanyup North. 
 McGilph, D., Rupanyup North. 
 McGilph, N., Rupanyup North. 
 McGinnis, Jas., Werracknabeal. 
 McGinniskin, — , Tarkedia P. O. 
 McGonigal, S., St. Arnaud. 
 McGrane, R., Bacchus Marsh. 
 McGregor, D., Milawa. 
 McGrigor, D., Branxholme. 
 McGrigor and Malcolm. Callawadda. 
 McGuffie, — , Kinneypaniel. 
 McGuinness, Jas., Purnim, Warrnambool. 
 McGuiness, Jas., Dookie North. 
 McGuinness. — , Mount Cole. 
 McHalley, D. Kinneypaniel. 
 Mclltree, H., Biggera, Upper Murray. 
 Mclncrow, — , farmer, Upper Emu. 
 Mcllvena, Robt., Horsham. 
 Mclnnes, D. and Co., Wychetella. 
 Mclnnes, J., Mount Elgin, Dimboola. 
 Mclnnes, S., Bukrabanyule. 
 Mcintosh, Angus. Tragweli. 
 Mcintosh, Evan, Bungeeltop, Morrison's. 
 Mcintosh, Jno. , Kewell West. 
 Mcintosh, N., Beaufort. 
 Mcintosh and Sons, Callawadda, Glenorchy. 
 Mclntyre, A., Koolamart, Casterton. 
 Mclntyre, A., Mount Moriac. 
 Mclntyre, John, Kilnaborris, North Hamilton. 
 Mclntyre, J. J., Green Hills. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Mclntyre, John, Meadow, via Bowna. 
 
 Mclntyre, J. P., Macorna, via Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Mclntyre, J. S., Jallukar, Rhymney Reef. 
 
 Mclntyre, Mrs., Glenroe, Penshurst. 
 
 Mclntyre, Matthew, Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 Mclntyre, Mrs. Janet, Kerabeal, Dunkeld. 
 
 Mclntyre, Peter, Kewell West. 
 
 Mclntyre, P., Mawailock, Beaufort. 
 
 Mclntyre and Scott, Victoria Valley. 
 
 Mackay, A. B., Warrnambool. 
 
 Mackay, W. S., The Grange, Everton. 
 
 McKay, Alexander, Glendonald, Creswick. 
 
 McKay, Andrew, Joyce's Creek. 
 
 McKay, Charles, Wirchilliba. 
 
 McKay, Hugh, Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 
 McKay, James, Gunbower. 
 
 McKay, John, Terrick Terrick. 
 
 McKay, Miss, Larpent. 
 
 McKay and Sons, Clarendon. 
 
 McKee Bros., Mount Wallace, Ballan. 
 
 McKellar, N. P., Elmore. 
 
 McKellar, Archibald, Hesse. 
 
 McKellar Bros., Tarrone, Koroit. 
 
 McKellar, D., Kirkella, Stawell. 
 
 McKellar, Thomas, Strathkellar, Hamilton. 
 
 McKel ar, T. John, Tarrone, Kirkstall. 
 
 McKenna, Laurence, Montajup P. O. 
 
 McKenney, W. G., Euroa. 
 
 McKenzie, A., Connewarran, Mortlake. 
 
 McKenzie, Alexander, Moy Park, Kellalac. 
 
 McKenzie, C. A., Worrough, Tallarook. 
 
 McKenzie, D., Kolora, Terang. 
 
 McKenzie, Donald, Wabaloo. 
 
 McKenzie, D. and T., Burnt Creek, Horsham. 
 
 McKenzie, Dona d, Lismore. 
 
 McKenzie. Donald, Chepstowe. 
 
 McKenzie, Duncan. Allendale, Durham Ox. 
 
 McKenzie, F. and J., Dimboola. 
 
 McKenzie, G., Yea. 
 
 McKenzie, G. and R., Dimboola. 
 
 McKenzie, J., Wyuna. 
 
 McKenzie, J., Bundalong. 
 
 McKenzie, James, Wallaloo. Glenorchy. 
 
 McKenzie, John, Thalia, Mount Wycheproof. 
 
 McKenzie, John, Rupanyup North. 
 
 McKenzie. John, Flodden Field, Cressy. 
 
 McKenzie, Kenneth, Dunmunkle, Minyip. 
 
 McKenzie, Kenneth, Clonbumane Station, Wan- 
 dong. 
 
 McKenzie, Roderick, Dimboola. 
 
 McKenzie, William, Honeysuckle Swamp, Win- 
 
 chelsea. 
 McKewer, James, farmer, Terrick Terrick. 
 McKillop, P., Melrose, Lara. 
 McKin, John, Kinneypaniel. 
 McKinnon, Daniel, Maridayallock, Terang. 
 McKinnon, J. and M., Mount Shadwell, Mortlake. 
 McKinnon, L., Werracknabeal. 
 McKinnon, M., Moorabbee, Heathcote. 
 McKinnon, N. and J., Mortlake. 
 McKinnon and Sons, Wallaloo, Glenorchy. 
 McKnight, P., Glenmore, Bacchus Marsh. 
 McLachlan Bros., Kellalac. 
 McLachlan. Dugald, Kellalac, via Horsham. 
 McLachlan, Hugh. Branxholme. 
 McLachlan Jas., farmer, Terrick Terrick. 
 McLachlan, Peter. Rokewood. 
 McLaren, D., Russell's Station. Mount Mercer. 
 McLaren, John, Purnim. Woodford. 
 McLaren, Wm., Kialla West. 
 McLarkin, — , a'Beckett Plains. 
 McLarty. Alex., Tuoan. 
 McLay, James, Moolort. 
 McLay, John, Moolort. 
 McLean, A.. Coleraine. 
 McLean Bros.. Boort. 
 McLean, Cowen Pimpinio. 
 McLean. Donald, Werracknabeal. 
 McLean. Hector. Pigeon Ponds, Harrow. 
 McLean, Jno., Kewell. 
 McLean, Jno., Branxholme P. O. 
 McLean, L., Burnside, Kialla West. 
 McLeish, D. and D, Glenmore, Muddy Creek, 
 
 Yea. 
 McLellan, C, Glenloth. Wedderburn. 
 McLellan, D., Manor House, Hamilton. 
 McLellan, D. and N., Cooe, Lockhart, via Dim- 
 boola. 
 McLelhn. N. and D., Cooe, via Horsham. 
 McLelland, W., Yea. 
 McLennan, J., Glenthompson. 
 
 McLennan, J. W. , Avon Plain?. 
 
 McLennan, J. W., Marnoo, via Glenorchy. 
 
 McLennan, K., Kellalac. 
 
 McLennan, L., Clunes. 
 
 McLennan, Murdock, Rokewood. 
 
 McLennan, R., Warrambine. 
 
 McLennan, Roderick, Half-way House, near Shel 
 
 ford. 
 McLennon, F., Carapooe, Coleraine. 
 McLenncn, J. R., Carapooe, Coleraine. 
 McLeod, A., Marnoo. 
 McLeod, Archibald, Wallaloo, Glenorchy. 
 McLeod, Chas., Marnoo. 
 McLeod, Ewan, Buangor. 
 McLeod, H. L., Benayer, Apsley. 
 McLeod, Malcolm, Minyip, via Horsham. 
 McLeod, Martin, Dunmunkle, Minyip. 
 McLeod, R and N., Condah. 
 McLeod, Roderick, Bald Hills. Dunkeld. 
 McLeod and Son, Dunmunkle, Minyip. 
 McLoughlin, Owen, Colivel, via Terang. 
 McMahon, Jas., Camperdown. 
 McMahon, Martin, Pirron Yaloak. 
 McMahon, Michael, Ondit. 
 McMahon, Pat., Camperdown. 
 .McMahon, Patrick, Stoneyford, near Colac. 
 McMartin, Archd., Pine Lodge. 
 McMaster Bros., Kiata, Dimboo'a. 
 McMillan, Alex., Rhymney Reef. 
 McMillan, Alex., Lake Leagheur, near Boort. 
 McMillan, D., Hexham, 
 McMillan, F. , Ararat. 
 
 McMillan, Godfrey, Sheep Hills, Horsham. 
 McMillan and Mcbonn, Kerang. 
 McMurtrie, — , c/o J. Chadwick, Stawell. 
 McMurtrie, Wm., Moyston. 
 McNair, D., Fir Grove, Moutajup. 
 McNaught and Boyd, Nambool, Clarendon. 
 McNaughten, Geo., Cargarie P. O., via Elaine. 
 McNaughton, A., Lake Gower, Durham Ox. 
 McNaughton, P., Strangways. 
 McNeal, Angus, Argyle Park, Meredith P. 0. 
 McNeal, Dugald, Ondit. 
 McNeil, Hector, farmer, Traralgon, South Gipps- 
 
 land. 
 McNeil and Purcell, Yea. 
 McNeill, A., c/o A. and D. Mitchell, Natimuk. 
 McNeill Bros., Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 McNeill and Carr, Avon Plains. 
 McNeill, D., c/o A. and D. Mitchell, Natimuk. 
 McNeill, J., c/o J. Costin, Esq., Lydiard-street, 
 
 Ballarat. 
 McNeill, James, Avon Plains. 
 McNicholl, Donald, Ben Borrey, Camperdown. 
 McNutt, B., Wild Duck Creek P. O. 
 McPhail, A., St. Arnaud. 
 McPhee, Donald, Corea, Penshurst. 
 McPhee, J., Vieteo. 
 
 McPherson, Angus, Waterloo Inn, Tahara. 
 McPherson, A., Durham Ox. 
 McPherson, A W., Wangeeta, Casterton. 
 McPherson, A. W., Woodlands near Casterton. 
 McPherson, A. L., Rochester. 
 McPherson Bros., Nerrim Nerrim, Streatham. 
 McPherson, D., Bungeeltap, Ballan. 
 McPherson, John, Tahara. 
 McPherson, L., and Co.. Sandhurst. 
 McQuilkin, Isaac, Sylvannia, Sale, Gippsland. 
 McKae, Alexander, Noorat. 
 McRae, F. , Wallup. 
 McRae, Farquhar, Noorat. 
 McRae, John, Buangor. 
 McRea and Sons, Katryil. 
 McRorie, D., c/o J. Westcott, Boort. 
 McRorie, P., c/o J. Westcott, Smeaton. 
 McRorie, William, c/o J. Westcott, Boort. 
 McTavish, John, North Wonnondah. 
 McTurish, — , Horsham. 
 McVean, — , Strath vean, Cressy. 
 McVean, John, Kerang P. 0. 
 McWilliam, D., and Son, Fair View, Terang. 
 Najorka, C, Hamilton. 
 Nalder, Geo., Tottintrton, Navarre. 
 Nalone Bros. , Jane Vale, Laanecoorie. 
 Nangle, George, Cargarie, Meredith. 
 Napier, C, Carisbrook. 
 Napier, Wm., Majorca. 
 Naples, Charles, Dooan. 
 Nash and Buchanan. Ballangeich. 
 Nash, J. B., Woodburn. Yea. 
 Nason, G. S., Armstrongs 
 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 National Bank, Cudgewa. 
 
 Nattrass, J. and W., 12 Mile Kalkee. 
 
 Nay lor and Co., Warrnanibool. 
 
 Newcomen, — , Tammick Station, via Benalla. 
 
 Need, H., Nirranda, Allansford. 
 
 Nelson, John, near Cressy. 
 
 Nelson, Peter, near Cressy. 
 
 Newham, W., Seymour. 
 
 Newman, Sam., farmer, Traralgon. 
 
 Newton and Robinson, Banyena P. 0., via Glen- 
 
 orchy. 
 Nice, J., Benalla. 
 
 Nichol and Sous, Bukwith Court, Clune3. 
 Niehol, Robt., Yowen HilL 
 Nichol and Telford, Yarrawonga, Wangaratta. 
 Nichol, T., Conover, Charlton East. 
 Nichol, Thos., Spring Bank, Yowen Hill. 
 Nicholas, J., Barnedown. 
 Nicholas, Robt., Torbeck Station, Darlingford. 
 Nicholls, S., Tarnagulla. 
 Nicholls, W. E., Ararat. 
 Nicholson, J. A., McCallum's Creek, Talbot. 
 Nicholson, Wm., Newbridge. 
 Nickells, S., Moe. 
 Nickols, — , Ararat. 
 Nicol, Gideon, Panmure. 
 Nitschke, Mary, Tarkedia. 
 Noble, J., sheep farmer, Connewarre. 
 Noble, J. C, Mount Maria Station, Modewarre. 
 Nolan, B. T Merton. 
 
 Nolan, James, Ganoo Ganoo, Castertou. 
 Norman, J., Terrick Terrick. 
 Norrie, David, Cudgewa. 
 Northfield, H., Natimuk. 
 Noske, T., Dimboola. 
 Noyster, P., Berwick. 
 Nugent, J., Kiimore. 
 Nurke, VV., Macarthur. 
 Nurus, P., Burnt Creek. 
 Nutchell, F., Spring Bank, Creswick. 
 Oakes, C, Belfast. 
 Oakley, A., Milloo, via Elmore. 
 O'Brien, C, Dookie. 
 O'Brien, Denis, grazier, Cowwarra. 
 O'Brien, John E., Swan Reach, Swan Reach 
 O'Brien, K., Crowlands. 
 O'Brien, M., Crowlands. 
 O'Brien, Michael, Stonyford. 
 O'Brien, P., Mount Eccles, Macarthur. 
 O'Brien, Patrick, grazier, Cowwarra. 
 O'Brien, Terence, Springfield, near Hamilton. 
 O'Brien, Terence, Penshurst. 
 O'Callaghan, T., Minyip. 
 O'Callaghan, T., Werracknabeal. 
 O'Connor Bros., Morton Plains. 
 O'Connor, J., Pimpinio, Horsham. 
 O'Connor, J., Yea. 
 O'Connor, J., Waurn Ponds. 
 O'Connor, J., grazier, Berwick. 
 O'Connor, J., Patrick's Vale, Ballan. 
 O'Connor, John, Muddy Creek. 
 O'Connor, M., Belfast.' 
 O'Connor, P., Mangalore. 
 O'Connor, Thomas, farmer, Torrumbarry. 
 O'Connor, — , Mount Pyramid. 
 Oddie and Rodgers, Freehold Land Bank, Ballarat. 
 Oddie, T. R., Pretty Tower, Carngham. 
 O'Donnell, M., Dederang East, Yackandandah. 
 O'Donnell, P., Bamgamie. 
 O'Donnell, Patrick, Goornong. 
 O'Dwyer, John, Mangalore. 
 O'Dwyer, M., Mangalore. 
 Officer, C, Toorak. 
 
 Officer, C. S., Mount Talbot, Balmoral. 
 Officer, John J. P., Koroit. 
 Officer, S. H., Murray Downs, via Swan Hill. 
 O'Gorman, John, Terrick Terrick East. 
 Ogram, George, Burrereo P. 0. 
 O'Halloran, — , Dunkeld. 
 O'Halloran, E., VVarrabkoop, Byaduk. 
 O'Keefe, A., Barnedown P. O. 
 O'Keefe, D., Bacchus Marsh. 
 Oliver, Andrew, Diggora. 
 Oliver, W., Yea. 
 Olney, -"ohn, Lai Lai. 
 Oman, Mrs. J., Streatham. 
 Oman. William, Lismore. 
 O'Meara, D., Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 O'Meara, Edward, farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 
 Gippsland. 
 O'Meara, James, sen., Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 
 O'Meara, James, jun., Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 O'Meara, William, farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 Gippsland. 
 
 O'Meara, William, sen., Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 O'Neil, B., Avenel. 
 
 O'Neil, Joseph, Buln Buln. 
 
 O'Neill, Bernard, Nasumbie. 
 
 Opie, James, farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Oram, John, Rupanyup North. 
 
 Orchard, Thomas, Winchelsea. 
 
 Orine, William W., Seymour. 
 
 Orr, C. B., Rochester. 
 
 Orr, Edward, Wood park, Heathcote. 
 
 Orr, F., fanner, Axe Creek. 
 
 Orr, Jackson, Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 
 Orr, John, Mia Mia. 
 
 O'Reilly, — , Woodburn, near Casterton. 
 
 O'Reilly, Bernard, Altdoy. Freeburgh. 
 
 O'Reilly, O., Wando, Casterton. 
 
 O'Reilly, Owen, Steep Bank, Casterton. 
 
 O'Rourke, C, Ingee^obie, Buchan. 
 
 O'Rourke, E., Gu«gan Buggan, Buchan. 
 
 O'Rourke, Edward. Tarkedia. 
 
 O'Rourke, Edwin, Black Mountain, Buchau. 
 
 O'Rourke, Edwin, Little River, Buchan. 
 
 O'Rourke, Thomas, Wingilgoodbin. 
 
 Osborne, H., farmer, Emu Creek. 
 
 Osborne, J., Yackandandah. 
 
 Osborne, John, Ballarat. 
 
 O'Shanassy, Sir John, Tara, Hawthorn. 
 
 O'Shannessy, J no., Banyena. 
 
 O'Shanessy, Thos., Lake Rowan. 
 
 O'Shea, John, Doctor's Creek, Greendale. 
 
 O'Shea, John, Greendale. 
 
 Owen, David, Kin och, via Glenorchy. 
 
 Padgett, Geo. , Mount Cole, Buangor. 
 
 Page, J. H., Framlingham. 
 
 Pagles, Louis, Wickliffe. 
 
 Palmer, E. J., Goulburn's Downs, Echuca. 
 
 Palmer, H., farmer, Marong. 
 
 Palmer, Mrs. M. A., Rokewood. 
 
 Palmer, T. M., Sand Geek South, Fernbank. 
 
 Parfrey, Jas.,Cannum. 
 
 Pari«h, James, Wensleydale, Winchelsea. 
 
 Parker, — , Quiamong, Conargo. 
 
 Parker, F. G., Rokewood. 
 
 Parker, H. S., Oak Farm, Rokewood. 
 
 Parker, T. P., Rokewood. 
 
 Parkinson, E., Roseneath. Coleraine. 
 
 Parkinson, J. G., Deep Creek, Macarthur. 
 
 Parry, R. H., Lismore Park, Conargo. 
 
 Pascoe. J. H., Mitiamo. 
 
 Paterson, A., Wailup. 
 
 Paterson, D., Macorna. 
 
 Patience and Lee, Marnoo, Glenorchy. 
 
 (Noorongong W., Benalla. 
 Noorongong, MittaMitta 
 Tallandoon, MittaMitta. 
 Paton, Wm., Woodford. 
 
 Paton, James, Sailor's Water Hole, Lancefield. 
 Patson, «., grazier, Pyalong. 
 Patterson, Alex., Nangeeta, Casterton. 
 Patterson, D., Bowman's Forest. 
 Patterson, J., Wedderburn. 
 Patterson, Robt., Murcbison. 
 Patterson, R. C, Tallarook. 
 Patterson, W., Cape Schanck. 
 Patterson, W., Fernihurst. 
 Patton, J., Yarrawonga, via Wangaratta. 
 Paul, R., Green's Creek, via Stawed. 
 Payne, F., Echuca. 
 Payne, H. M., Rokewood. 
 Peachey, J. S. W., Casterton. 
 Peachey, E., Casterton. 
 Peacock, M., Kerang. 
 Pearce, T., Gisborne. 
 Pearce, James, Cressy. 
 Pearson, Joseph, Tara, Streatham. 
 Pearson, John, Muntham, Coleraine. 
 Pearson, J. G., Mount Ridley, Craigieburn. 
 Pearson, J. S., Wonsra Lake, via Horsham. 
 Peck, R., French Island. 
 Peiper, — , Axe Creek. 
 Penrose, W. T., Brunbool. 
 Pentreath, N. F., Mitiamo P. 0., via Rochester 
 Petering, C. and W., Minyip. 
 Peters, E., St. Arnaud. 
 Peters, James. Gart Station, Newham. 
 
XIV 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Peters, Mrs., Broadmeadows. 
 Peterson, G., Martha Vale, Bairnsdale. 
 
 Petschiell, August, Dimboola. 
 
 Pettes, W. H. and G. E., Streatham. 
 I'll il lips, C, C^utenscliffe. 
 
 Phillips, E., Springs. 
 
 Phillij)s, Henry, Bryan O'Lynn, via Warrnambool. 
 
 Phillips and Hill, Mooroopna. 
 
 Phillips, J., St. Mary's Lake, Horsham. 
 
 Phillip, John, Harrow. 
 
 Phippa, C, farmer, Heathcote. 
 
 Phipps, Charles, Custerfield. 
 
 Pickens, T. and J., Wharparilla. 
 
 Pike, Sarah, Ballan. 
 
 Piltz, Adolph, Wallan Wallan. 
 
 Pilver, C, Hamilton. 
 
 Pimblet, Richard, Noorat. 
 
 Pimblet, Richard, Clover Hills, Darlington. 
 
 Pink, Mrs. Rebecca, Ondit. 
 
 Pittock, — , Hamilton. 
 
 Plant, Mrs. R., Laketown. 
 
 Player and Kitchen, Mansfield. 
 
 Playford, W., Heathcote. 
 
 Pliers, Lewis, sheep farmer, Marong. 
 
 Pocklington, Thos., Bungil, Upper Murray. 
 
 Podger, Charles, Noorat. 
 
 Podger, Charles, Terang. 
 
 Pod more, R., Woomargoona. 
 
 Pollock and Ebis, Inglewood. 
 
 Polly, Isaac, Toorak, Mortlake. 
 
 Poole, F., Cranbourne. 
 
 Pope, William, Woodside. 
 
 Porter, J., Natinmk. 
 
 Torter, William, Natimuk. 
 
 Powell, Cornelius, Glenthompson, via Hamilton. 
 
 Powell, Cornelius, Woodlands, Kewell. 
 
 Powell, H., Wangoon, Warrnambool. 
 
 Powell, John, Kellalac. 
 
 Powell, Mrs. Margaret, Kellalac. 
 
 Powell, Thomas, Corop. 
 
 Powell, T. S., Saniana, via Benalla. 
 
 Powell, William, Baringhup. 
 
 Powell, W., Newry Lands, Glenthompson. 
 
 Power Brothers, Rupanyup P. 0. 
 
 Power, W. E., Power's Court, Maffra. 
 
 Poynton, E., Macarthur. 
 
 Pratt, Thos., farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Prendergast, P., Maude. 
 
 Prentice, J., fanner, Romsey. 
 
 Prewett, J., Bald Hock, via Durham Ox. 
 
 Price, J., Terrick Terrick P. O. 
 
 Prideaux, — , Dookie South. 
 
 Pring, W. and C, Ballan. 
 
 Proctor, Charles, Green's Creek, near Pxeasan: 
 
 Creek. 
 Prosser, David, Co'ac. 
 
 Prosser, N., Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Prowse, S. R., Corop. 
 
 Pugh, W. T., Bruinbool. 
 
 Pullen, R. W., Woodlands, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Pureed and Pearce, Myrniong. 
 
 Pyers, Geo , Lawler, Donald. 
 
 Pyle, J. and P., Elmore. 
 
 Pyle, James, Murroon. 
 
 Quarred, Jno., Break o' Day 
 
 (^uarrell. Jno.. Corindhap. 
 
 t^uild, Jno., Seymour. 
 
 Quinlan, Win,, Mount Pyramid. 
 
 Radley, S., Grey-street, Hamilton. 
 
 Raliegh, John, Tandura, Rayvvood, 
 
 Ramage, A., Crowlands. 
 
 Ramey, Jno., Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 
 Ramey, James, Mepunga. 
 
 Ramsay, J. B. F., Boort. 
 
 Rankin Bros., Condair. 
 
 Rankin Bros., Bombowlee, Tumut. 
 
 Rankin, J., Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 Rankin, J D., Jerilderie. 
 
 Raper, Chas., Pamcoo Milloo, via Rochester. 
 
 Rasmussen, G. E., Horsham. 
 
 Rathgen, EL, Colbinabbin. 
 
 Rattray, W., Bael Bael, Kerang. 
 
 Read, W., farmer, Goornong. 
 
 Read, W., Weatherboard, Burrumbeet, via Balla- 
 
 rat. 
 Reddie, Duncan. Beeac. 
 Keddie, Danl., Ondit. 
 
 Redwood, Richard, Barton Farm, Bridgewater. 
 Redwood, R., Inglewood. 
 Redford, T.. and Co., Warrnambool. 
 
 Reeves, Edwd.. Western Grove, Boort. 
 
 Reeves, John, Boort. 
 
 Reeves, Mrs. E., Wordieboluc. 
 
 Reeves, Mrs., Winchelsea. 
 
 Reeves, T. T., Milloo, Runnymede, 
 
 Reeves, T. T., Milloo, via Elmore. 
 
 Rees, J. E., Noradjuha. 
 
 Reedy, Thos., Wodonga. 
 
 Reegan, — , farmer, near Goornong. 
 
 Regan Bros., Benalla. 
 
 Reily, Bernard, Banyena. 
 
 Reily and Colac, Pheasant Park, Dargo. 
 
 Reily, F. and A., Banyena. 
 
 Reily, — , near Saltwater Lake, Corop. 
 
 Reid, D., Phi lip Island. 
 
 Reid, J., Fryerstown. 
 
 Reid, Stuart, Eddington, Camperdown. 
 
 Reid, W., Hazelton. 
 
 Reynolds, Mrs., Winchelsea. 
 
 Reynolds, R., Rokewood. 
 
 Reynolds, Thomas, Chipman, by Moyston. 
 
 Rhodes, W., Carapooee, Coleraine. 
 
 Rhodes, Wm., Dwyer's Creek, near Casterton. 
 
 Richards, Alf., Rochester. 
 
 Richardson, Andrew, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Richardson, Hy., Barnawartha, Wodonga West. 
 
 Richardson, John, farmer, Newlyn. 
 
 Riehardson, J., Creswick. 
 
 Richardson, James, Gorrinu, Dobie's Bridge. 
 
 Richardson, Joseph, Cowes, Phillip Island. 
 
 Richardson, Thos., North Oorack, St. Arnaud. 
 
 Richertson, Henry, Gelantipy, Buchan. 
 
 Rice, James, grazier, Cow war. 
 
 Rice, W., Gunnewarre, Kerang. 
 
 Richey, W., Pleasant Hill, Kyneton. 
 
 Rich, — , Allan vale, Great Western. 
 
 Ridge Bros., Inglewood. 
 
 Riddle, Chas., Murgheboluc. 
 
 Riddell, James, Gillangall, Buchan. 
 
 Rigby, M'Kellar and Co., Elmore. 
 
 Riggal, Edw., Joyce's Creek. 
 
 Riiy, Albert, Monax Vale, Hamilton. 
 
 Rippon, Wm., Irrewillipe. 
 
 Ritchie Bros., Gororie Park, Tullamarine. 
 
 Ritchie, Geo., Warrambine, Shelford. 
 
 Ritchie, John, Blackwood. Penshurst. 
 
 Robinson, Alex., North Mount Fyans, Darlington. 
 
 Robinson, Angus, Mount Emu, Skipton. 
 
 Robertson, A. W., Tallarook, Seymour. 
 
 Robertson Bros., Co'ac. 
 
 Robertson, Charles, Minyip. 
 
 Robertson, David, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Robertson, D. Engiefield, Balmoral. 
 
 Robertson, D., Myrniong. 
 
 Robertson, Ewan, Whittlesea. 
 
 Robertson, E., Halfway House, Glenorchy. 
 
 Robertson, F., Myrtle Creek, near Goornong. 
 
 Robertson, F. O., Mount Moriac. 
 
 Robertson, George, Warrock, Apsley. 
 
 Robertson, G, Hilton, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Robertson, G., Barnooleat, Casterton. 
 
 Robertson, G, Warrock, Coleraine. 
 
 Robertson, G. P., Colac. 
 
 Robertson, Henry, Dry Creek, Broadford. 
 
 Robertson, Henry F., Essendon. 
 
 Robertson, James, Aberieldy. 
 
 Robertson, James, Colac. 
 
 Robertson, John, Elderslie, near Edenhope. 
 
 Robertson, John, Victoria Valley, Dunkeld. 
 
 Robertson, John, Carlsruhe. 
 
 Robertson, J., Carlsruhe. 
 
 Robertson, J., Kangaroo Ground. 
 
 Robertson, J., Bar won, Echuca. 
 
 Robertson, J., Baun, Shepparton. 
 
 Robertson, Neil and Duncan, Wallalloo. 
 
 Robertson and Sons, Gargette, Penshurst. 
 
 Robertson and Sons, Yarram Yarram, Dunkeld. 
 
 Robertson, Thomas, Clare Inn, Goornong. 
 
 Robertson and Tossel', Thornton. 
 
 Robertson, William, Woollen Farm, NewGisborne. 
 
 Robertson, William, Corangamorah, Colac. 
 
 Robertson, — , Mayor's Line Station, Graytown. 
 
 Robertson, — , Lochart, Dimboola. 
 
 Robins, J., Oak Hill, Pimpinio. 
 
 Robins, Richard, Hill Plains, via Benalla. 
 
 Robinson, James, Purnim, Warrnambool. 
 
 Roberts, John, Dookie South. 
 
 Roberts, Mrs., Gunnewarre, Kerang. 
 
 Robinson, R. N., Oxley. 
 
 Robbie, William, Woorndoo. 
 
 Roche, Edward, Garvoc. 
 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 XV 
 
 Rochfort, J. A. , Yellerwoode, Kerang. 
 
 Rochfort, J., Gunnewarre, Kerang. 
 
 Rodgers, Baillie, Kellalac. 
 
 Rodgers, James, jun., farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 Gippsland. 
 
 Rodgers, James, sen., farmer, Eaglehawk, North 
 Gippsland. 
 
 Rodgers, Mrs., Pimpinio, Horsham. 
 
 liodger, James, Kellalac. 
 
 Roe, R., Roe's Park, Benalla. 
 
 Rogers, Joseph, Kvneton. 
 
 Rogers, John, Glen wood, Buln Buln. 
 
 Rogers and Sons, Morella, via Cavendish. 
 
 Rogers, W., Camellia Creek. 
 
 Rogers, — , farmer, near Goornong. 
 
 Rolla, Alexander, Mangoon, Warrnambool. 
 
 Roman, August, Mt. Egerton. 
 
 Roper, Frederick, Mt. York, Beechworth. 
 
 Ross, C. and F., Natte Yallock. 
 
 Ross, Charles, Bridgewater. 
 
 Ross, Donald, Meadow Valley, Wilduck. 
 
 Ross, H. W., Benalla. 
 
 Ross, William, The Gums, Caramut. 
 
 Ross, John George, Woodlea, Kyneton. 
 
 Rose, D., Buln Buln. 
 
 Rose, H., Ballan. 
 
 Rose, H., Ballan. 
 
 Rosendale, J., Barwon, Echuca. 
 
 Rossal, T., Kingston. 
 
 Rourke, Hugh, Oak Park, Rochester. 
 
 Rowe, Charles, Wilderness, Coleraine. 
 
 Rowe and Stodart, Miller's Ponds, Alexandra. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, Leigh Road P. O. 
 
 Rowe, W., Naringle, via Ballarat. 
 
 Kowe, William Thomas, Glenfine, Cape Clear. 
 
 Rowlett, J., Ballan. 
 
 Roware, John, Casterton. 
 
 Rowitt, James, Ballan. 
 
 Ruddle, George, Kyneton. 
 
 Rundle, J., farmer," Upper Emu Creek. 
 
 Rundell, M., farmer, Sheepwash. 
 
 Rundell, Thomas, farmer, Upper Emu Creek. 
 
 Russell, C. and J., Lancefield Road. 
 
 Russell, George, Golf Hill, Shelford. 
 
 Russell, Hon. P., Carngham. 
 
 Russell, John, Winslow. 
 
 Russell, Thomas, and Co., Baroona Plains, Hesse. 
 
 Russell's Station, Yarrima, Cressy. 
 
 Ruthledge Brothers, Farnham Park, Warrnam- 
 bool. 
 
 Ruthledge, — , farmer, Corop. 
 
 Rutherford and Guthrie, Mambatook, Towaninnie. 
 
 Rutherford, James, Eurobin, Bright. 
 
 Rutherford, James, Mapara, via Echuca. 
 
 Rutherford, William, Goornong. 
 
 Ryan, D., Benalla. 
 
 Ryan, Innetty, farmer, Corop. 
 
 Ryan, James, Morton Plains. 
 
 Ryan, John, Green Hills, Camperd)wn. 
 
 Ryan, J., Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Ryan, J., Kerish, Camperdown. 
 
 Ryan, J., Horsham. 
 
 Ryan, W., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
 Ryan, P., Goomalibee, Benalla. 
 
 Ryan, P., Koolomart, Casterton. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Goldie, Kilmore. 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, Bahgallah, near Casterton. 
 
 Ryan, William, Green Hills, Horsham. 
 
 Ryan, W., Dookie South. 
 
 Ryley, G. F., Wangaratta. 
 
 Ryley, Michael, Mitiamo. 
 
 Salinan, Matthias, Dimboola. 
 
 Salisbury, R. J., Spottiswoode, Springsure. 
 
 Sampey, C. J., Chetwynd. 
 
 Sanger, J. M., Wanamong, Corow r a. 
 
 Sanderson, John, Lake Clear, via Horsham. 
 
 Sanderson, James, Boort. 
 
 Sanderson, Thomas, Archdale, Bealiba. 
 
 Sanford, W., Minyip, Dunmunkle. 
 
 Sargeant, C. W., Glenrowan. 
 
 Saunders, J. M., Inglewood. 
 
 Savill, William, Macarthur. 
 
 Scale, W., Alexandra. 
 
 Schuter, Q., Hacchus Marsh. 
 
 Schmidt, F. W., Kiata, Dimboola 
 
 Schultz, — , Kiata Dimboola. 
 
 Scliger, Ernest, Dimboola. 
 
 Scott, Andrew, jun., v, oolbrook, Teesdale. 
 
 Scott, Andrew. Edenhope. 
 
 Scott, Andrew, Carrica, Hawthorn. 
 
 Scott, D., and Son, Torrumbarry. 
 
 Scott, Daniel, Dcloin, Fernbank. 
 
 Scott, Henry, Natimuk. 
 
 Scott, Robert, Tarkedia House, East Melbourne. 
 
 Scott, R. D., Camperdown. 
 
 Scott. Spence and Co., Tullvnea, Dimboola. 
 
 Scoullan, — , Rose Hill, Stawell. 
 
 Secombe, John, West Charlton. 
 
 Seward, S., Ringwood. Rochester. 
 
 Sej'mour, Sydney, Romsey, Burton Romsey 
 
 Shaw, Angus, Coleraine. 
 
 Shaw, F. C, Port Albert. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, Edgecombe. Ceres. 
 
 Shaw, J. R., Quambv. Dobie's Bridge. 
 
 Shaw, J. and T. J., Table Top, Wangaratta. 
 
 Shaw, — , farmer, Goornong. 
 
 Shannon, D., Wilkin, Casterton. 
 
 Shameahan, M., Molka, Euroa. 
 
 Shalders, Henry, Moyton. 
 
 Shawhorn, Andrew, Rushworth. 
 
 Shawhorn, A., Black Hill, Kyneton. 
 
 Sherwood, C, Natimuk. 
 
 Sherwood, R. W. and F., Natimuk. 
 
 Shelton, E., Avenel. 
 
 Shea, John, Doctor's Creek, Greendale. 
 
 Shea, John, Purnim. 
 
 Sheppard, J., Sus-sex, St. Linton's. 
 
 Shephenson, J., Bass River, Bass. 
 
 Shepherd, Selina, Swan Bay, Queenscliff. 
 
 Shegogg, Robert, c/o J. Shodt, Minyennook. 
 
 Sheffields, Samuel, Glenthompson. 
 
 Sherrin, William, Birregurra. 
 
 Shearer, W., Donald P. 0. 
 
 Sheehan, W., Nagambie. 
 
 Sheridan, — , St. Arnaud. 
 
 Shangles, E., farmer, Sebastian. 
 
 Shiel and Helier, Scrubby Forest, Traralgon. 
 
 Shiels, Patrick, Murchison. 
 
 Short, J., Strathbogie. 
 
 Shuter, C, Greendale. 
 
 Siamering, W., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Sides, John, Mount Mercer. 
 
 Silk, Henry, Murphy's Creek, Tarnagulla. 
 
 Simpson Bros., Wangoon, Warrnambool. 
 
 Simpson, J., Dergholm. 
 
 Simpson, W. and T., Terrick Terrick East. 
 
 Simpson, — , Dry Lake, Warrnambool. 
 
 Simmie and Craig, Cornelia Creek, Rochester. 
 
 Sims, D. D., Charlotte Plains, near Maryborough 
 
 Sims, D., Heathcote. 
 
 Sims, J. S., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
 Simson, Hon. Robert, Melbourne. 
 
 Simson, James, Geelong. 
 
 Simmonds, W., Noradjuha. 
 
 Simmonds, — , Waurn Ponds Junction, Colac. 
 
 Simmons,—, Stawell. 
 
 Singleton Bros., Annandale, Upper Murray, via 
 Kiewa. 
 
 Sinnott. Michael, Armstong's, Mount Ararat. 
 
 Sinnott, J., Armstrong's. 
 
 Sinclair, P. A., Arcadia, Murchison. 
 
 Skene, Thomas, Bassctt, Branxholme. 
 
 Skene, William and D., Skene, Hamilton. 
 
 Skeggs, George, Tarranginnie. 
 
 Skilbeck, R., Koroit. 
 
 Skinner, — , farmer, near Waldon. 
 
 Slaperty, J. and P.. farmers, near Goornong. 
 
 Slater, James, publican and farmer, Toongabbie. 
 
 Slater, James, farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gipps- 
 land. 
 
 Slee, Charles, sheep farmer, Strangways. 
 
 Slee, Edgar, Newstead. 
 
 Sloan, Thomas, grazier, Bridgewater. 
 
 Smart, J. J., Morton Plains. 
 
 Smallman, R. C, Millot, Bairnsdale. 
 
 Smale, Thomas, Edgecombe, Ceres, 
 
 Smith. Alexander, Marloo, Coongulmerang. 
 
 Smith, Alexander, Ballan. 
 
 Smith, A., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Smith, Charles, Russell's Creek, Warrnambool. 
 
 Smith, C. G., Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Smith, Duncan, Branxholme. 
 
 Smith, David, near Corop. 
 
 Smith, D., Bundalong. 
 
 Smith. Francis, Dimboola. 
 
 Smith, F., Swan Hill, Murray Downs. 
 
 Smith, P., Swan Hid. 
 
 Smith, George, Port Albert. 
 
 Smith, Henry, farmer, Gunbower. 
 
 Smith, H. P., farmer, Sheepwash. 
 
 Smith, John, fellmonger, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Smith, Joseph, Benalla. 
 
XVI 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Smith, J. D., Lindenow. Bairnsdale. 
 
 Smith, J., Dinil>oo!a. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Alice, Lagoon Farm, Burrumbeet. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, Tweedside, Essendon. 
 
 Smith, William, Green's Creek, Stawell. 
 
 Smith, W., Burramine. 
 
 Smith, - , farmer, Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 
 Smyth, R. J., Ryan's Peak, Bullumwaal. 
 
 Snell, E., Avoca. 
 
 Someville and Sons, Strathfieldsaye. 
 
 Sorrigan, Owen, Seymour. 
 
 Speedie, A., Woodside Farm, Panoobamawn. 
 
 Spelling, Honoia. Glenorchy. 
 
 Spedding, James, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Spears, Matthew, Moystou. 
 
 Spears, R., Watgania. 
 
 Spe rs, W., Watgania. 
 
 Speed, William, Derrinal, Heathcote. 
 
 Spier, James, Mysia. 
 
 Splatt, Mrs. S. A... Hesse. 
 
 S)X>wart, Thomas, Macorna. 
 
 Stan ey, Alexander, Wild Duck P. 0. 
 
 Stanley, G. H , farmer, Axedale. 
 
 Stanley, R , Moyhu. 
 
 Stangton Bros., Eynsbury, Melton. 
 
 Stangton, H. W., Erford, Melton. 
 
 Stangton, S. F., Brisbane Ranges, Anakies. 
 
 Stangton, S. F., Little River. 
 
 Stanhope, Stephen, Niranda, Warrnambool. 
 
 Slanbrook, G. H., Quambatook. 
 
 Starbruck, J. W., Hamilton. 
 
 Stapleton, John, West Charlton. 
 
 Stafford, William, Jackson's Creek, via Ararat. 
 
 Stewart, Andrew, Devenish, Major Plains. 
 
 Stewart, A., Nanapumelah, Wyckliffe, 
 
 Stewart, Alexander, Tholoyolong, Wodonga. 
 
 Stewart Bros., Warrong, via Hawkesdale. 
 
 Stewart Brothers, Carapooee. 
 
 Stewart, Charles, Carisbrook. 
 
 Stewart, D., Tiegothuan. 
 
 Stewart, D., Ballan. 
 
 Stewart, Ewen, Wychetella. 
 
 Stewart, G., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
 Stewart, James, Mount Fyans, Darlington 
 
 Stewart, John, Rochester. 
 
 Stewart, J. S., Talbot. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, Burramine. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, farmer, Dookie South. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, Burramine. 
 
 Stewart, R., and Co., Corop. 
 
 Stewart, T., Devenish P.O., Stewarton. 
 
 Stewart, William Lyne, Branxholme. 
 
 Stephen, G., Dimboola. 
 
 Stephen, — , Rushes' Bridge, Eddington. 
 
 Stephens, James, Kangaroo Flat, Koroit. 
 
 Steane, J., farmer, Emu Creek. 
 
 Steen, J., fanner, Axe Creek. 
 
 Steel and Sons, Wedderburn. 
 
 Stevenson, Thomas C, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Stevens, Thomas, Bolinda, Riddell's Creek. 
 
 Stevens, William, Ross's Bridge. 
 
 Sterton, W., Dookie South. 
 
 Stehn, W., Natimuk. 
 
 Sterling T T { Lake T y ers > Snowy River, 
 sterling, 1. 1. j Tamb0( Nowa Nowa 
 
 Stoneham Brothers, Wangoon, Warrnambool. 
 
 Storie, Edward, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Stock, John, Carapork. 
 
 Stock, William, Concongella, Armstrong's. 
 
 Storer, Joseph. Branxholme. 
 
 Stokes, J., Waurn Ponds. 
 
 Stoop, W. . Tullagaroopna. 
 
 Stratford Brothers, Avon Plains. 
 
 Stratford, John, Roseneath, Casterton. 
 
 Strickland, C, Wensleydale, Winchelsea. 
 
 Strachan, J. F., Ripple Vale, Birregurra. 
 
 Street, W., Barandudah, via Wodonga. 
 
 Stuart, Archibald, Wongan, Streatham. 
 
 Sturton, William, Major Plains. 
 
 Stuck ey, W. H., Bungoona, via Wodonga. 
 
 Sweet and Sweeting, Shelbourne. 
 
 Sugden, A., Kilmore. 
 
 Sullivan, F., Major Plains. 
 
 Sullivan, — , Benalla. 
 
 Sullivan, — , sheep farmer, Allansford. 
 
 Sullman, F. P., Kewell East. 
 
 Sutherland, Benjamin, Stawell. 
 
 Sutherland, C. F., Tatyoon. 
 
 Sutherland, D., farmer, Gunbower. 
 
 Sutherland, D., near Cressy. 
 
 Sutherland, G., Ballan. 
 
 Sutherland, James, Bamganie P. 0. 
 
 Suiterley, Thomas, Moolap. 
 
 Swann, David, Tarnairulla. 
 
 Swanson. D., Ross's Bridge, Eiora. 
 
 Swallow and Sous, Shepparton. 
 
 Swanston, Wills, and Stephen, Geelong. 
 
 Sweet, -, farmer, Bradford Creek, Laanecoorie. 
 
 Sylvester, T. W., Themio. 
 
 Summons, Herman, Noradjuha. 
 
 Symmons, William, Noradjuha. 
 
 Symington, John, Craigton, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Symes, W., Lake Rowan. 
 
 Tacka, John, Rokewood. 
 
 Tait, James, East Charlton. 
 
 Talbett, H., Wakool. 
 
 Talbot, S., Birregurra. 
 
 Tanner, R. W.. Mount Egerton. 
 
 Tansey, T., Ganoo Ganoo, Casterton. 
 
 Tapps, Peter, Moitlake. 
 
 Tarran, A. S., Dimboola. 
 
 Tarrant, William, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Taylor, A., Fairlie Farm, South Grenville. 
 
 Taylor, Adam, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Taylor, A. J., Azwarby, Yea. 
 
 Taylor, A., Morabee, Heathcote. 
 
 Ta.\lor, George, Montajup. 
 
 Taylor, George, Newley, Piper's Creek. 
 
 Taylor, John, Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 
 Taylor, Samuel, Macarthur. 
 
 Taylor, Walter, Larpent. 
 
 Taylor, William, near Saltwater Lake, Corop. 
 
 Taylor, W. D., Timmering, Rochester. 
 
 Telford, John, Lawloit. 
 
 Tellett, George, Half-way House, near Shelford. 
 
 Templeton, J., Terrick Terrick. 
 
 Templeton, M., Bogalaro, Coleraine. 
 
 Thacker, George, Glenthompson. 
 
 Thistle waite, W., Smeaton. 
 
 Thorn, J., and Sons, Burramine, Wangaratta. 
 
 Thomas, J., Ballan. 
 
 Thomas, Mrs., Sutton Grange P. 0. 
 
 Thomas, R., Dimboola. 
 
 Thomas, W. , Penrose Farm, Grenville. 
 
 Thomber, James, Minyip. 
 
 Thomson, B., Kyneton. 
 
 Thomson, Geo. W, Challicum, Buangor. 
 
 Thomson, J. B., Boynton. 
 
 ThoniSon, Patrick, Lai Lai, Yendon. 
 
 Thomson, W., Prospect, Kyneton. 
 
 Thomson, W., Dolical, Werracknabeal. 
 
 Thomson, W., Edenhope. 
 
 Thomson, — , Pierre Point, Hamilton. 
 
 Thompson, — , Powlett Plains. 
 
 Thompson, G., Green Hills, Kyneton. 
 
 Thompson, James, Pieracli, via Hamilton. 
 
 Thompson, J., Pyke's Flat. 
 
 Thompson, J., Momair, Hamilton. 
 
 Thompson, P., Sprejden, Ballan. 
 
 Thompson, P., Broadmeadows. 
 
 Thompson, R. and J., Cove, Dimboola. 
 
 Thompson, T.,and Co., Alexandra. 
 
 Thompson, W., Myrniong. 
 
 Thompson, William, Green Creek, via Stawell. 
 
 Thorn, A., Alexandra. 
 
 Thorne, Henry, Murchison. 
 
 Thorne, James, Burramine. 
 
 Thorne, Robert, Burramine. 
 
 Thornley, George, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 
 Thornton, John, Mount Myrtoon, ('amperdown. 
 
 Threlfall, -, Ellerslie, Warrnambool. 
 
 Thrupp, W., Sutton Grange. 
 
 Thurgood, H. J., Montajup, near Dunkeld. 
 
 Thwaites, E., Winslow. 
 
 Thwaites, J., Allansford, Warrnambool. 
 
 Thwaites, Simon, Koroit. 
 
 Thyers, E., Wychetella. 
 
 Tidboald, Thomas, Dargalong. 
 
 Timms Brothers, Mount Hesse, Winchelsea. 
 
 Tindale, Thomas, Beaufort. 
 
 Tinker and Davey, Dora Dora. 
 
 Titley, G< orge Thomas, Glenthompson. 
 
 Tlett, William, Warrion Park, via Ondit. 
 
 Tobin, A., Panmure. 
 
 Tobin, P., Upper Emu. 
 
 Todd, Colin, Bacchus Marsh. 
 
 Todd, James. Caramut. 
 
 Toleman, — , Mortlake. 
 
 Toll, George, Gunbower. 
 
 Tolmie, E , Denvean, Mansfield. 
 
 Tomlinson, Cargarie P. O. 
 
 Toohey, M., Breakwater, Geelong. 
 
VICTORIA. 
 
 XV11 
 
 Toose, Frederick, c/o F. Westcott, Ullina, P. O. 
 
 Smeaton. 
 Toose, L. E., Boort. 
 Toose, VV. J., Smeaton. 
 Towart, Robert, Casterton. 
 Towell, George, Torrumbarry. 
 Townsend, A., Mitiamo. 
 Townsend, W., Heathcote. 
 Tozer, T., Wangoon Park, Warrnambool. 
 Tracy, W., Tatyoon. 
 Travers, George, Terrick Terrick. 
 Treacy, M. M. , Terricks. 
 Trerarchus, T. S. and Co., Castlemaine. 
 Tremayne, J., Yea. 
 Trethowan, E., Drysdale. 
 Trethowan, N. and Co., Dunn's Town. 
 Trevaskis, J., Heathcote. 
 Trewin, John, Newlyn. 
 Trigger, S., Macarthur. 
 Trimble, James, Rochester P. 0. 
 Troy, Michael. Ondit. 
 Tucker Bros., Linton. 
 Tucker, C. and J. L., Woodstock, Bungeeluke, via 
 
 East Charlton. 
 Tucker, George, Noradjuha, Natimuk. 
 Tucker, S. W., Bungeeluke, via East Charlton. 
 Tucker, T., and Son, Bald Rock, via Durham Ox. 
 Tuckett, R., Bushes Bridge, Eddington. 
 Tuckett, R. G., Burnt Creek. 
 Tuffnell, Robert, Nangeeta, Casterton. 
 Tulley, Stephen, Kiora, near Ararat. 
 Tullogh, H., Tallarook. 
 Tupper, William, Eddington. 
 Tunibull Bros., Emu Plains, Benalla. 
 Turnbull, James D., Kotupna, Shepparton. 
 Turnbull, Mark, Kilcunda, Bass. 
 Turner, A., Dergholm. 
 Turner, R., Corindhap. 
 Turner, Thomas, Serpentine. 
 Tweedie, William, Rupanyup. 
 Twigg, G., Wingfield Park, Derby. 
 Twomey, E., Langulac, Penshurst. 
 Twomey, T., Mount Rouse, Penshurst. 
 Twy cross, S.. Mooroopna. 
 Uebergang, C, Allansford, Warrnambool. 
 Uncles, R. E., Yambuk. 
 Underwood, H., Glenthompson. 
 Underwood, Thomas, Muddy Creek, Yea. 
 Upham, William, Jackson's Creek, Ararat. 
 Urquhart, A. and R., Yangery, Warrnambool. 
 Vandenburg, Charles, Framlingham. 
 Vancy, Alfred, Eaglehawk, North Gippsland. 
 Vanrennan, Mrs., Yarra-street, Geelong. 
 Vanrennan, H. P., Lethbridge. 
 "Vanston, William, Moyston. 
 Varcoe, C, Tomarro, Echuca. 
 Vaughan, Josh, sheep farmer, Byaduk. 
 Vaughan, Samuel, Larpent. 
 Vaughan, S., and Co., Ballarat. 
 Vaughan, S., and Co., St. Arnaud. 
 Vaughan, Thomas, Mark Tree Line, Elmore. 
 Vaughan, W. and C, Warrenbayne, Violet Town. 
 Vearing, T., Hughes' Creek, near Avenel. 
 Veale Brothers, Lake Bolac. 
 Veitch, Walter, Pine Grove, Rochester. 
 Vernon, Joseph, Mount Mercer. 
 Verrey, F. P., Camperdown. 
 Vian, John, Kensington. 
 Vicker Brothers, Hill Plain, Benalla. 
 Vickers, Robert, Panmure. 
 Vigar, J. D., Yeo, Colac. 
 Virtue, G., Woodford, Warrnambool. 
 Vogh, E., farmer, Sebastian. 
 Waddell, William, North Hamilton. 
 Wakeman, R. G., c/o Mr. Langford, Durham Ox. 
 Walker, Charles, Montajup, Dunkeld. 
 Walker, E. K., Melool, Swan Hill. 
 Walker, George, Kiata, Dimboola. 
 Walker, George, sen., Lake Baker, Swan Hill. 
 Walker, John, Darlington Station, Baynton. 
 Walker, P. W., Mansfield. 
 Walker, W., Serpentine. 
 Walker, W. O., Glen Pedder, Grundale. 
 Walker, W. M., Powlett P. 0. 
 Wall, John, Teesdale P. O. 
 Wall, M., Teesdale. 
 Wall,T.,Ballan. 
 Wallace, — t Bung Bong. 
 Wallace, D,S., Bullane, Morrisons. 
 Wallace, J., Bullane, Morrisons. 
 Wallace, J., Mount Hope, Pyramid. 
 
 Wallis, A. R., Studley Park, Kew. 
 
 Wallis, J., St. James. 
 
 Wallsgot, G., Dimboola. 
 
 Walsh, J., Glenthompson, Wickliffe. 
 
 Walsh, James, Stawell East. 
 
 Walsh, M., Ararat. 
 
 Walsh, T., Duck Ponds. 
 
 Walsh and O'Brien, Mount Ararat Creek, Paken- 
 
 ham. 
 Walter, Joseph, Yuppeckiar, Glenthompson. 
 Walters, A. W., Noradjuha. 
 Wallers, E. and O, Noradjuha. 
 Walters, J. H., Tarranginie, Dimboola. 
 Walters, W., North Hamilton. 
 Walton, A. L., Deringal, Wild Duck Creek. 
 Walton, Thomas, Tarween, Crossover. 
 Ward Bros. , Taranginle, Dimboola. 
 Ward, M., Bungeeltap, Ballan. 
 Ward, Martin, innlewood. 
 Wardlaw. W., Grassmere, Warrnambool. 
 Wardle, Thomas, Watgania. 
 AVardrop, — , Benalla. 
 Ware, B., Joyce's Creek. 
 Ware, J., Yalla-y-poora, Streatham. 
 Ware, J. G., Koort Koort Neng, Camperdown P.O. 
 Warne, Elias, Wycheproof. 
 Warner Bros., Warrion Hill, Colac. 
 Warner, Charles, Winchelsea. 
 Warrington, Michael, Booseybranch. 
 Watt, David, Murchison. 
 Watt, G. A., Buhl Buln. 
 Watt, Messrs., Dookie South. 
 Watt and Barratt, Major Plains. 
 Watt and Bennett, Benalla. 
 Watts, W., Dimboola. 
 Watts and M'Bean, Benalla. 
 Watson, A., Ballarat. 
 Watson, A., Lindsay. 
 Watson, A. M., Wychetella. 
 Watson, C. M., Lydiard-street, Ballarat. 
 Watson and Fell, Toolern. 
 Watson, H., Ardno East, Macarthur. 
 Watson, Joseph, Panoobamawn. 
 Watson, Sydney G., Tintaldra. 
 Watson, Thomas, Green Valley P. 0., Conangalt. 
 Watson, W. W., Kirkstall. 
 Waugh, John, Conover P. O., near St. Arnaud. 
 Weaver, E., c/o Thomas Westcott, Lake Boort. 
 Webster, D., Katandra. 
 Webster, E. G., Yea. 
 Webster, John, Cob ram, via Benalla. 
 Webster, William. Bidura, Alma-road, St. Kilda. 
 Wehl, Carl, Stawell West. 
 Weight, — , Joyce's Creek. 
 Weight, Thomas, Moolort. 
 Weiss, Edward, Tatyoon. via Ararat. 
 Weldon, Geo., Tourangabby, Boundary, Echuca. 
 Weldon, J., Daylesford. 
 Wells, James, Baynton. 
 Wennyss, Charles, Murchison. 
 AVeppnex, Henry. Colbinabbin. 
 West, AA'illiam, Barrudge, near Beechworth. 
 West, W., Myrtleford. 
 AVestblade, G., and Co., Mia Mia. 
 AVestcott and Son. Isaac, Moorabool Creek. 
 AVestcott. Thomas and H. S., Lanyon, Maynard 
 
 Park, Boort. 
 AVeston Bros., Ballan. 
 
 Westrop, AV. AV., Upper Morwell, Traralgon. 
 AVeymess, AVm., Laanecoorie. 
 AVhale, George, Ballan. 
 AVbaley and Bedford, Stratford-on-Avon, North 
 
 Gippsland. 
 AVhaley, T., and Son, Traralgon. 
 AVhaley and AVilliams. Bairnsdale. 
 AVheeler, J., Colac Colac, Upper Murray. 
 Whelan, J., Drysdale. 
 AVhicher, T., Cape Clear. 
 AVhite, Andrew, Hillside, Mount Duneed. 
 AVhite, C, Yambuk. 
 
 AVhite, E., AVinnicott, Carapook, via Coleraine. 
 AA 7 hite, E., Cavendish. 
 AVhite, E. R., Springvale, Coleraine. 
 AVhite, E. T., Traralgon. 
 AVhite, James, Springbank, Casterton. 
 AVhite, James. Montajup, Dunkeld. 
 AA'hite, John, Joyce's Creek. 
 AVhite, Thomas, Bacchus Marsh. 
 AVhite, AVilliam, Bacchus Marsh. 
 AVhite, AV., Bushy Park, Mooroopna. 
 AVhite, AV., Mortl'ake P. 0. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Whitehead, F., Kialla West. 
 
 Whitehead, J. R., Burrabunnia. 
 
 Whitehead, Robert, Goodwood, Caramut. 
 
 Whitehead, Thomas, Wabba, Camperdown. 
 
 Whitehead, W. R., Belfast. 
 
 Whittaker, James, Fern Hill, Traralgon. 
 
 Whittaker. W., Fern Hill, Traralgon. 
 
 Whitson, William, Mortlake. 
 
 Whyte, J., Gisborne. 
 
 Widerman, H., Dimboola. 
 
 Widger, F. C, Kellalac, Horsham. 
 
 Wight, E. B., Kensington. 
 
 Wight, Ernest, Meltham, near Geelong. 
 
 Williams, David, Woodford. 
 
 Williams, Edward, Wingall, Shelford P. 0. 
 
 Williams, E., and Co., Avenel. 
 
 Williams, George, Mount Duneed. 
 
 Williams, J., St. Arnaud. 
 
 Williams, J. H., Donnybrook. 
 
 Williams, J., Morone Park, Maffra. 
 
 Williams, J., Morone Park, Maffra. 
 
 Williams and Mills, c/o J. Bond, Horsham. 
 
 Williams, S., Yangery, Woodford. 
 
 Williams, T. S., Kilmore Estate, Heathcote. 
 
 Williams, W., Nalinga. 
 
 Williamson, Charles, Decameron, St. Arnaud. 
 
 Williamson, D., Alberton. 
 
 Williamson, Dr., Decameron, Elmshurst. 
 
 Williamson, E. D., Wychetella. 
 
 Williamson, John, Glenthompson. 
 
 Williamson, James, Yea. 
 
 Williamson, R., Ballan. 
 
 William, P. C, Gunbower. 
 
 Willis, D., Koolomert, Casterton. 
 
 Willis, Edward, Moree, Harrow. 
 
 Willis, H. S., Shad well Park, Mortlake. 
 
 Willis, Richard, Meredith. 
 
 Willis, Richard, Borhoneyghurk North, Morrison'3 
 
 Diggings. 
 Willis, William, Commercial Hotel, Colac. 
 Wilkinson, Thomas, Trangway, Traralgon. 
 Wilkinson, T., Bacchus Marsh. 
 Wilkinson, T., Kialla West. 
 Wilmore, J. B., Meering, Cressy. 
 Wilson, Alexander, Mount Emu, Skipton. 
 Wilson, Alexander, Mokepillie, Stawell. 
 Wilson, A. C, Tarraberb, Sebastian. 
 Wilson, A., Creswick. 
 Wilson, A. L., Derinall, Heathcote. 
 Wilson, C. A., Wareek. 
 Wilson, Donald, Milool, Swan Hill. 
 Wilson, David, Mount Egerton. 
 Wilson, D.. Swan Hill. 
 Wilson, Geo., Marmion, Cavendish. 
 Wilson, Henry, Wildwood Farm, Conaiogalt. 
 Wilson, John, Wharparilla. 
 WMson, John, Wychetella. 
 Wilson, John, Woodlands, Ararat. 
 Wilson, John, Gala, Lismore. 
 Wilson, Mrs., Murchison. 
 Wilson, S., and Co., Luna, Benalla. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Samuel, Corangamite, Pirron Yaloak 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, Oxley. 
 
 Wilson, T. and R., Warrnambool. 
 
 Wilson, William, Glenthompson. 
 
 Wilson, W. H., Braemore. 
 
 Wilson, — , Craigieburn. 
 
 Wilson, — , Tarranginnie, Dimboola. 
 
 Wills, Thomas, Sailors' Home, Kewell West. 
 
 Wiltenhall, H. H., Carro Plains, Glenorchy. 
 
 Wiltshire, Geo., Winchelsea. 
 
 Wiltshire, G., Winchelsea. 
 
 Wimmera Fellmongery Co., Horsham. 
 
 Wingfield and Sons, Bridgewater. 
 
 Winterbottom, W. H., Kyan Goom Station, 
 
 Kerang. 
 Winter, W. J., Noorilim, Dargalong. 
 Wiseman, L., sen., Newham. 
 Wood Bros, and Co., Lalbert, Towaninnie, East 
 
 Charlton. 
 Wood, James, Myan farm, Mitiamo. 
 Wood, Mrs., Baringhup. 
 Wood and Sons, C, Woodlands, Duriiam Ox. 
 Woods, John, Woodlands, Moe. 
 Woods, John, Terrick Terrick. 
 Woods, J. R., and Co., Portland. 
 Woodburn, John, Dunkeld. 
 Woodhead, J., Dunkeld. 
 Woodley and O'Brien, Uro. Bairnsdale. 
 Woodside, James, Happy Valley, Myrtleford. 
 Woodside, Job, Kiewa, Yackandandah. 
 Woolcott, R. R., View Hill Station, Yarra Flats. 
 Woohvood. Samuel, Tullygampna. 
 Wolstenholme, J., Mitiamo. 
 Worth, Geo., J. P., Shepparton. 
 Wotherspoon Bros., Beaufort. 
 Wright, A. J., Waterloo, Gippsland. 
 Wright, Geo., Majorca. 
 Wright, James, Majorca. 
 Wright, S., Pimpinio, Horsham. 
 Wyatt, Charles, Fyansford. 
 Yates, David, Kornong, Streatham. 
 Young, A., Kewell. 
 Young, Andrew, Pettavel. 
 Young, Andrew, Willartook, Wawnambool. 
 Young Bros., Kewell. 
 Young, David, Woodlands. Echuca. 
 Young, J., farmer, Upper Emu. 
 Young, James, Bournont, Tatyoon. 
 Young, T., Preston vale. 
 Young, Thomas, Horsham. 
 Young, W., Bamerside, near Gordons. 
 Young, W., Malmsbury. 
 Younger, Richard, Hamilton. 
 Younghusbaud, J., Kileen, Longwood. 
 Younghusband, J. C, Terrick Terrick, RaywoodV 
 
 via Sandhurst. 
 Yuille, Geo., Lake Bolac. 
 Zeppell, William, Bungallaby, via Horsham. 
 Ziebell, C, Craigieburn. 
 
 1 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 
 
 Aarons, Jos., Nanima, Wellington. 
 
 Abbott, B., Cuerindi North, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Abbott, James, Coonyal. Mudgee. 
 
 Abbott, W. E., Abbotsford, Wingen. 
 
 AWwt Brothers, American Yards, Tarcutta, via 
 Albury. 
 
 Abercrombie, J., Bombala. 
 
 Acres, H., Buckambie. Darling. 
 
 Adams, F., Tillilu, Millie. 
 
 Adams, H. J., Bogindina, Walgctt. via Sydney. 
 
 Adams, T. A., Generai, Gwydir District. 
 
 Affleck, William, Gundaroo, via Sydney. 
 
 Agnew, Adam, Warner's Corner, Cooma. 
 
 Agnew, Edward, Middle Flat, Cooma. 
 
 Agnew, Henry, Warren's Corner, Monaro District. 
 
 Alderton, Wiiliam, Leybourne, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 Alexander and Co., Cumberoona, by Bowna. 
 
 Alexander, Samuel, and Isaac, Molong Myrong, 
 Wellington District. 
 
 Allan, James, Clerwa, Monaro District. 
 
 Allen, Benjamin. Kirkelong. Bombala. 
 
 Allen, Geo. W. , Thararnbone, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Allen, Mrs. J., Carrol. 
 
 Allen, J., Stoney Creek, Little Burringong, Young. 
 
 Allen, John, Illunie, Lachlan District. 
 
 Allen, W. and Co., Thule, Lachlan. 
 
 Alley, A. W., Underwood Farm, Springside. 
 
 Allison, J. M., Oakley Creek, Coolah, via Sydney. 
 
 Ambery, Geo., Seymour. 
 
 Ambrose, R. C., Kangarooby, Lachlan District. 
 
 Amos, A. and R.. Mount Mitchell, Glen Innes. 
 
 Anderson, C, Morago Hotel, Deniliquin. 
 
 Anderson and Co., Trida, via Hay. 
 
 Anderson, James, Argoon, Jerilderie. 
 
 Anderson, J. A., Goonalgoa, Albert District. 
 
 Anderson and Leigh, North Gyra, Armidale. 
 
 Anderson, Mary, Newstead, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Anderson, T., Stoney Park, Albury. 
 
 Andrew, John. Berembed, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Andrews, — , Harbourne, Baraba, Deniliquin. 
 
 Annand and Co., Burtundy, River Darling. 
 
 Anson, T., Pretty Pine Hotel, Morago, Deniliquin. 
 
 Anstey, Geo., Mohonga, near Urana. 
 
 Anstey and Barton, Kajulijah, Booligal, via Hay. 
 
 Armstrong, T. and W., Yarrara, Ten-mile Creek, 
 Albury. 
 
 Armstrong, W. H., Urana. 
 
 Armstrong. — , Noorong, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Armitage, F. W., Nocoleche, via Wilcannia. 
 
 Armour, John, Cocopara, Lachlan District. 
 
 Armour, Matthew, Bogalong, Lachlan District. 
 
 Armstrong, A., and Co., Alma, Boolig-al, via Hay. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas, Wangaradgerie or Neimur, 
 Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 Arnold, William, Deniliquin. 
 
 Arnold, William, Bellfield, Argoon, Jerilderie. 
 
 Arudell, J. A. G.. Glen Diru, near Murrumundi. 
 
 Ashcroft, E., Tootal, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Ashcroft, G., Water View, North Jerilderie. 
 
 Ashcroft, James, Canonbar East, via Dubbo. 
 
 Ashcroft, W., Corobira, Tumberumba, via Albury. 
 
 Astill, Jane, Yullundry, via Sydne} r and Orange * 
 
 Atkin, James, Bukelong, Bombala. 
 
 Atkin, William, Maharatta, Bombala. 
 
 Atkinson, James, Mudgee. 
 
 Atkinson, W., Goberagandera, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Australian Agency and Banking Corporation, 
 Limited, Burrangong, Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Wilcannia. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Centre Block No. 3, 
 Liverpool Plains District. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Pedee Creek. 
 Macleay District. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank. Albury. 
 
 Austin and Millear, Wanganella, Deniliquin. 
 
 Avery, Geo , Jerilderie. 
 
 Ayling, C. Rock Flat, Cooma. 
 
 Ayre and Martin, Murtee, via Wilcannia. 
 
 Badgery and Badgery, Burrow, Monaro District. 
 
 Badham, J. D., Wilton Park, Appin. 
 
 Bagot, E. M., Tarrawonda, Albert District. 
 
 Bailey, C. W., Ashwell Park, Goondiwindi. 
 
 Bailey, — , Havilla, Wellington. 
 
 Baily J., Albury road, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Baillie, Thomas, Berambah, via Hay. 
 
 Baird, — , Obley. 
 
 Baird, D. and D., Springs, Wellington District. 
 
 Baird, T., Dundallwal, Dubbo. 
 
 Baird, W. D., The Springs, Dubbo. 
 
 Baker, John, West Jandra. Younu\ 
 
 Baldwin, Charles, Durham Court, Manilla. 
 
 Baldwin, Otto, Dinawarindi, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Balfour, James, Round Hill, via Albury. 
 Ballantyne, W., Pine Lodge, Tu-ppal road, via 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Banfather Bros., graziers. Wanganella. 
 Bank of New South Wales, Wabbra, Liverpool 
 
 Plains District. 
 Barber, G. W., Currangorambla South, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Barber, R. A.. Humewood, near Yass. 
 Barber and Burcher, Englo, via Forbes. 
 Barber and Dale, Bongalaro, Lachlan District. 
 Barber, Samuel, Couradigley South, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Barbour, R., Mathoura, near Deniliquin. 
 Barden, James, Coomabalong, Coonamble. 
 Barden, Alfred, Mount King East, Albert District. 
 Bardwell, C. D., Oberre, Tarcutta, r*ia Albury. 
 Barker, John, Mount Mitchell, New England 
 
 District. 
 Barker, R. A., Humewood, Yass. 
 Barkley, Patrick, Brothers Creek, Cooma. 
 Barnes and Barnes, Yarringarry, Lachlan District. 
 Barnes, Richard. Buckley's Crossing, Cooma. 
 Barnes, Smith and Smith, Ettrick Forest, Clarence 
 
 District. 
 Barr, J., Eulumbie, Walgett.^ 
 
 Barrett, J., Morara, Darling River, t?i'a Wentworth. 
 Barrett, George, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Barrett, Alexander, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Barritt and Wrexford, Morara Station, Wentworth. 
 Barry, John, Moonbar, Cooma. 
 Bartholemew and Tressilan, Adelong. 
 Barttey, Richard, Brothers Creek, Cooma. 
 Bartle}', Thomas, Cooma Creek, Coonia. 
 Barton, F. G., Miparo North, Lachlan District 
 Barton, R., Mooculta, via Bourke, Darling River. 
 Barton, — , Hajuligah. 
 Barton, Richard, Milgourie, Coonamble. 
 Basche, Carl, Congarina, Liverpool Plains District. 
 Bates and Son, Corrly, Darling River, via Wil* 
 
 cannia. 
 Battye, Captain, Cooma. 
 Bayliss, Henry, Albert District. 
 Bear, T., Grong Grong, Wagga Wagga. 
 Bear, T. H, Pinbeyan Scuth, Monaro District. 
 Beaumont, J. T., Narengo, near Young. 
 Beaumont, William, West Bend, Warrego District. 
 Beeby, Geo., Corowa. 
 Beggs, Thomas, Jindibyne, Cooma. 
 Beggs and Norman, Blo'wering, Tumut, via Albury. 
 Begling, W., Adelong. 
 Behl, — , Pandula, Eden. 
 Bell, Benjamin, Munderoo, via Tumberumba. 
 Bell, David. Spring Flat, Monaro District. 
 Bell, Henry, Culmier Station, Walgett. 
 Bell and Hay. Munderoo, Murrumbidgee District. 
 Bell, James, and Co., Merrungle, via Hay. 
 Bell, W. W., Morago, near Deniliquin. 
 Bennett, W., Yandabah, Booligal, via Hay. 
 Best. J., Back Coronga Peak East. Warrego 
 
 District. 
 I Bettington, J. B., Brindley Park, Merrima. 
 i Letts,"—, sheepowner. Molong. 
 
XX 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Bevan, James, Hillston, 
 
 Bevan, Matthew, Hillston. 
 
 Bevan. P., Hay. 
 
 Beveridge, James, Tenandra Peak, Gundagai, 
 
 N.S.W. 
 Bi:rg, Henry E., Thalgarah, New England District. 
 Biggs and Norman, Blowering, Tumut. 
 Binnie, R., Mooki, Quirindi. 
 Black, — , Blue Loby, Inverell. 
 Blackett, George, Bimble, Coonamble. 
 Bhickman, Jobn, Bigga. via Albury, N.S.W. 
 Blackwood, James, Gungalman East, Bligh 
 
 District. 
 Blackwood, R., Arlington Plains, Darling District. 
 Blackwood and Moore, Grawin South, Warrego 
 
 District. 
 Blair, B., Bungil, Albury. 
 Blair, James, Jerilderie. 
 Blair and Caldow, Jerilderie. 
 Blake, H. P., and Co., Coonimbia, Quambone. 
 Blake, Matthew, Spring View, Cooma. 
 Blake, M., Brothers Creek, Cooma. 
 Blake, Thomas, Golden Spring, Cooma. 
 Blake, William, Allen's Flat, Cooma. 
 Blaxland, C, Fordwick, Singleton. 
 Blaxland and Hayes, Stoney Batter, Armidale, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Blekemore, Isaac and George J.,Boomley, Eligh 
 
 District. 
 Blomfieid, A., Murkadool, Walgett. 
 Blomfield, A. G., Mongulla West, Warrego Dis- 
 trict. 
 Bloomfield, Dr. J., The Willows, Molong, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Bloxham, E. J., North Darling, Warrego District. 
 Bloxsome, Oswald, Gournama, Gwydir District. 
 Blyth, John, Ungaree, Lachlan District. 
 Blyton, Charles, Bobundra, Cooma. 
 Blyton, J., Jennybrother, Cooma. 
 Blyton, J., Buckley's Crossing-, Cooma. 
 Bobbin, Geoffrey. Turn Hills, Cooma. 
 Bobbin, James. Jenny Brothers Creek, Cooma. 
 Bobbin, John E., Cooma. 
 Bolger and Connie, Cumble, Wee Waa. 
 Bomholdt, Nicholas, Cuddle Creek. Narrandera. 
 Bonarius, John Charles, Wombromurra, Liver- 
 pool Plains District. 
 Bond, E., Mountain Creek, Billabong, via Albury. 
 Bond, E. M., Benambra, Germanton. via Albury. 
 Bonnley, C. S. and Co., Mount Murchison. 
 Bootes, Wm., Bangus, Murrumbidgee District. 
 Booth, Abraham, Gobagomlin, Lachlan District. 
 Booth, Oakden and Co., Wirlong, Hillston, via 
 
 Hay. 
 Booth. John, Gobbagomba. Wagga Wagga. 
 Boots, W., Mundarloo, via Tarcutta. 
 Botterill, William, Coree, via Deniliquin. 
 Boucher and Balgetty, Carcour. 
 Boucher, John, Bukelong, Bombala. 
 Boulton, E. B., Bergen op Zoon, New England 
 
 District. 
 Bowland, Mrs., Back Creek, Cookardinia, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Bowland, P., Bald Hill. Greenfell. 
 Bowman, Alexander, Black Swamp, New England 
 
 District. 
 Bowman, E. and A., Skellatar, Muswellbrook, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Boyd. — , Corowa. 
 Bradley, William, Executors of the late, Bulgar 
 
 Creek, Monaro District. 
 Brand, J., Sixteen-mile Hotel, Wangone^la. 
 Brandon, R. J., Gumanaldry, Warrego District. 
 Brassil, Patrick, Waroo. Yass. 
 Brayshaw, E., Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Breed, J., Mittagong, Wagga Wagga. 
 Brennaw, Edward, Eurobin, Tumut. 
 Breslan, — . Buckinginga, Cookardinia, via Albury. 
 Brewer, John, Merri Merrigal, Lachlan, via Hay. 
 Brewer and Hines, Naradhun, Lachlan District. 
 Briesse, — , near Moorwatha, via Albury. 
 Briscoe. H. H., Kayrunna, Wilcannia. 
 Britton Bros., Bogenong Station, Coonamble, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Broadhead, F., Kilkite, Cooma. 
 Brodie, David, Wangra, Cooma. 
 Brodie, William, Little Plain. 
 Brodribb and Heal, Tarrawonga, via Hay. 
 Brodribb, W. A., Buckhurst, Double Bay, Sydney. 
 Brodribb and Bennett, Moolah, via Hay. 
 Brooke, H. G., Conaparia, Narrandera. 
 
 j Brooke, T. C„ Tapion, Wentworfh, via Swan Hill. 
 
 Brooks, A. Weston. Jezederick, Cooma. 
 
 Brooks, Henry, Bobundrab. 
 I Brosnan, Patrick, Gum Flat, Cooma. 
 j Broughton and Co., Nubba, via Young. 
 
 Broughton, Robert, Gadara, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Broughton and Sinclair, Nubba Station, Wallend- 
 been. 
 
 Broughton. Thomas, Muttama, Lachlan District. 
 
 Brown, Andrew, Brookong, Urana. 
 
 Brown, E. G., and Harris, H. L., Tumut Plains, 
 Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 Brown, C. W., Branston, Deniliquin. 
 
 Brown, C. W. T., Four Bob Camp, Woolangough, 
 via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Brown, D., Kallara, Wilcannia. 
 
 Brown, Henry, Boona West, Wellington District. 
 
 Brown, Henry, Bendinine, Tanginan, Garoo. 
 
 Brown, Jacob, Narengo, New England District. 
 
 Brown, James, Googongs, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Brown, James, Norongo, Monaro District. 
 
 Brown, John, Guy Fawkes, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Erown, J. L. and W. F., Yarriman, Liverpool 
 Plains District. 
 
 Brown. Joseph, Coaldale, Clarence District. 
 
 Brown, R.. Dight's Forest, via Albury. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, Colombo, Urana, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, Half-moon Bay, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Brown, Thomas, and Co., Tuppal, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Brown, Wallace, Brookong, via Urana. 
 
 Brown, — , Hanlons, Conargo Road, Deniliquin. 
 
 Brown and Hunt, Melool. via Swan Hill. 
 
 Browne, John, Pullaming, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Bruce, R., Loombah, Molong. 
 
 Brunker, Cook and Button, Burran, Liverpool 
 Plains District. 
 
 Bruxner, C. A., Sandilands, Clarence District. 
 
 Bryan. James, Tendery Yale, Cooma. 
 
 Bryant, M., Coolmalong, Monaro, via Sydney. 
 
 Bryant Brothers, Hillston and Lachlan River, via 
 Hay. 
 
 Bryne, Bros., Rock Road, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Buchan. S., Nyinbodie, Clarence District. 
 
 Buchanan, W. F., Kellet House, Sydney. 
 
 Buchanan, — , Warana, Coonamble. 
 
 Buchanan and Mort, Coolah, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 Buckley, A., Oakville, Jerilderie. 
 
 Bucknall, A. and W. W., W T est Gingham, Gwydir 
 District. 
 
 Bucknell Brothers, Yarawa, Narrabri, via Sydney. 
 
 Budd, H. F. H., Lalatte, Tocumwal, via Denili- 
 quin. 
 
 Budd, Rodd and Co., storekeepers, Adelong. 
 
 Bulgary, J., Ando, Bombala. 
 
 Bull, Charles, Big River Station, Gwydir District. 
 
 Bull, E. B., Ballimore, Dubbo. 
 
 Bull, F. W., Prairie Park, Jerilderie. 
 
 Bull and Carrol, Yanko Creek, Urana, via Denili- 
 quin. 
 
 Bundock, W. E., Waingarie, Casino, via Sydney. 
 
 Burcher, W. J. and A. G., Tarranwindie, Coona- 
 barabran. 
 
 Burgess, W.,Moulamein. 
 
 Burke, Edward, Dairiginans Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Burke, John, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 
 Burke, Mrs., Daisy Hill, Mittagong. 
 
 Burns, John, Jerrea Jerrea, Albury. 
 
 Burns, John, J. P., Cookardinia. via Albury. 
 
 Burns and M'Kenzie. Geary, Wellington, N.S.W. 
 
 Burritt, Thomas, Rossi Creek, Lower End, Eureka, 
 Lachlan District. 
 
 Burrows Brothers, Latay, via Albury. 
 
 Burt, R. L., Med way Station, Cobbaro Road, via 
 Dubbo. 
 
 Burton, H.,Mathoura. 
 
 Butler Brothers, Berrima, Goulburn. 
 
 Butler, — , Adelong. 
 
 Butler, Andrew, Brick Hill Creek, Cooma. 
 
 Butter, H. , Bathurst. 
 
 Butter, John, Butler's Valley, Cooma. 
 
 Byrne, Dennis, Back Creek, via Albury. 
 
 Byrne, W. A., Cootamundra. 
 
 Byrne, David, Billabong, Germantown. 
 
 Byrne, G., Tara Hall, Bundara, via Sydney. 
 
 Byrne, John, Seymour, Cooma. 
 Byrnes, M. and V., Winaralla, Cooma. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Cadell, James John, Dungowan, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Caddell, A. C., Mudgee. 
 Caddell, W. T., Deepwater, Dundee. 
 Caldow, William, Willow Bank, Jerilderie. 
 Caldwell, John, Mapa, Bombala. 
 Caldwell, Robert, M'Laughlin River, Bombala. 
 Callaghan, M. N., Bologamy, Gulliman, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Cameron, A., Urana. 
 Cameron, A., Chowar, or Neimur, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Cameron, D., Jerilderie. 
 Cameron, D., Tamborough, near Scone. 
 Cameron, D., Marra Creek, via Willcroon. 
 Cameron, D., New^Babinda, Condobalin, Lachlan, 
 
 via Hay. 
 Cameron, D., Noonbar, Warren. 
 Cameron, Ewen, Broome, Jerilderie. 
 Cameron, John, Bombala. 
 Cameron, John, Millie, Moree, 
 Cameron, K,, Water Hole. Queanbeyan. 
 Cameron, Robert, Burra Creek, Queanbeyan. 
 Cameron and Co., Pine Grove, Moulamein. 
 Cameron and Stewart, Bombala. 
 Campbell, — , Tognemain. 
 Campbell, Allan, New England District. 
 Campbell, Anne, Burnima, Monaro District. 
 Campbell, A. B., Urawilkie, Coonamble. 
 Campbell Bros., Inverell. 
 Campbell and Campbell, Toggolo, New England 
 
 District. 
 Campbell, D. , Tomlong, Bombala. 
 Campbell, D., Thistlebrook, Cooma. 
 Campbell, D.. Gobondry Station, Forbes. 
 Campbell, Finlay, Coonargo, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Campbell, George, M'Laughlin River, Bombala. 
 Campbell, George, Duntroon. via Queanbe3 r an. 
 Campbell, J. S., Glantezlland, Baroorange, via 
 
 Wilcannia. 
 Campbell, James. Jerilderie. 
 Campbell, John, Trigamon, Gwydir District. 
 Campbell, M., Bungal, Jam bie, Dubbo. 
 Campbell, Ronald, Bombala Station, Bombala. 
 Campbell, Sophia Jane, Delegat, Monaro District. 
 Campbell, W. D.. Beverly, Burrowa. 
 Capel, D., Piedmont Gwydir District. 
 Capp and Loder, Weetalabar, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Capron, — , Hartwood, via Conargo. 
 Capron, John, Jindera, via Albury. 
 Carana, Patrick, Queanbeyan. 
 Carey, W. Boswell. Cooma. 
 Carey, Mrs., Bungowanah. via Albury. 
 Carroll, Edward, Chedowld, Lachlan District. 
 Carter, Robert, Teviot Bank, Seymour. Cooma. 
 Cartwright, James, Woodbury. Queanbeyan. 
 Cartwright, Wm., Cook's Vale, Peelwood, via 
 
 Goulburn. 
 Cassidy, P., Noyea, Cowra. 
 Castle, J. F. , Cavan, Murrumbidgee District. 
 Caton, Mrs. Martha. Wingenbar, Bligh District. 
 Causley, Thomas, Cowbed, Cooma. 
 Chalker, Henry, Gangoandra, Cooma, 
 Chalker, Joseph, Seymour, Cooma. 
 Chambers, — , Pevensey, Hay. 
 Chambers, Splatt and Co., Carwell, Gilgandra. 
 Chapman, — , Delto, near Deniliquin. 
 Chapman, Mr., Daisy Vale, Deniliquin. 
 Chapman, W. R., Mullah, Macquarie River, via 
 
 Dubbo. 
 Charters, Robert, Woodlands, Queanbeyan. 
 Cheers, A. B., New Klybucca, Macleay District. 
 Chenery Brothers, Owinie. Upper Murray. 
 Cheney, H., Murraguldra P. O. 
 Cheney, Robert, American Yards, Tarcutta, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Chenton, R. H., Holloways, Hay Road, near 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Cheriton, H., Wanganella road, Deniliquin. 
 Cherry, H., Caraboost, Little Billabong. 
 Chew, representative of the late John, Dananbilla, 
 
 Lachlan District. 
 Chippendale, Thomas, Bolero, Monaro District. 
 Chirnside and Co., Billilla, Darling River, via 
 
 Wilcannia. 
 Chirnside, Robert, Honuna, Moon Moon, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Chisholm, Hon. James, Kippi'aw, Goulburn, via 
 
 Albury. 
 
 Chisholm and Stackcy, Wollograng, Goulburn, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Chrystal. — , Mulurula, Balranald. 
 City Bank, Mount .Mitchell, New England District 
 Clancy, D., Brookong, Urana. 
 Clancy. J., Brookong, Urana. 
 Clark Bros., Gullendaddy, Boggabie, via Sydney. 
 Clark and Clark, Cullatin, Macleay District. 
 Clark, John, Kerebury, Hay. 
 
 Clark and Macleay, Uratta, Murrumbidgee District. 
 Clarke, Thomas, Dog Kennel. Cooma. 
 Clarke. Thomas, Callaghan Swamp, New England 
 
 District. 
 Clements, H, Engoura, via Sydney. 
 Clements, Joseph, Bigga, Goulburn. 
 Clements, W. H., Lower Cagildry, Obley, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Clifford. James, Bredbow Station, Cooma. 
 Clifford, P. J., Rose Valley, Cooma. 
 Clift Bros., Brccza, Tarn worth, via Sydney. 
 Clifton, J., Corovva. 
 
 Clive, C. F.. Collaroy, Merriwa, via Sydney. 
 Clive and Hamilton, Colligblu, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Close, Sydney, Curra, Forbes. 
 Clough, J. H. andC, Bent's Hills, Lachlan District. 
 Cobb and Co., Bathurst. 
 
 Cobcroft, J., Mathegar No. 2, Gwydir District. 
 Cobcroft, J., jun., Mathegar No. 2, Gwydir District. 
 Cochran, James, Widgiewa, Urana. 
 Cochrane, Lachlan, Yasuk, Monaro District. 
 Cochrane, Mary Anne, Long Flat, New England 
 
 District. 
 Codie, S., Jingerra, Monaro District. 
 Codrington, C. and J., Warialda, via Sydney. 
 Codrington, C, Coolatai, Inverell. 
 Coffey, Michael, Bobundrab, Cooma. 
 Cogan, David, Boloca Creek, Cooma. 
 Cohen, A., Lindsay, Gwydir District. 
 Cohen and Levy, Gyra, New England District. 
 Cohen, Levy, Cohen and Cohen, Bangalore, Bligh 
 
 District. 
 Cohen, George, Cooma. 
 Coleman, John, Big Range, Bowna. 
 Coleman, Henry, Big- Range. Bowna. 
 Coleman, Thomas, Back Creek, Gundaroo. 
 Coleman, W. J., Brigalow Scrub, Liverpool Plains. 
 Colles, Arthur, Come-by-Chance, Pilliga. 
 Colles, Arthur and William, Jim-a-long-josey, 
 
 Liverpool Plains District. 
 Collins, G. R. W., Mohonga, via Urana. 
 Colliss and Co., Errombinka Station, Cooper's 
 
 Creek, via Bonrke. 
 Colman, John, Wicklow, Block A., Wellington. 
 Colman, Thomas, William, Charles, John, Edward, 
 
 Robert, and A., Belleroy, Bligh District. 
 Colman, William, GunyiUah, Bligh District. 
 Comans, M., Combaning, Cootamundra, via Wag ;a 
 
 Wagga. 
 Comans and Heffernan, Houlahan's Creek, North 
 
 Lachlan District. 
 Comford, James, Tyafrong Creek, via Young. 
 Commercial Bank, Albury. 
 Commercial Bank, Bourke. 
 
 Condor, Francis, Mickey, Gunegal, Bligh Distri t. 
 Connall, J., and Mrs. A. D., Ingleba, New England 
 
 District. 
 Connell, — , Dixon's Swamp, via Albury. 
 Connell, James, Jerilderie. 
 
 Connell, William M., Merri Merri Station, Gilgan- 
 dra, via Sydney. 
 Connelly, Peter, "sen., Briobo Station, Cooma. 
 Conroy, John, Stony Creek, Lachlan District. 
 Constance, James, Coolahalantra, Cooma. 
 Conway, Matthew, Bangalal B, Lachlan District. 
 Cook, John, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Cook, J. R., Colombo, via Jerilderie. 
 Cook, R., Bonangra Station, Goondiwindi. 
 Cook, Thomas, Turanville, Scone. 
 Cookes, J. W., Bibbenlake, Bombala. 
 Cooper and Buckland. Thoco, Monaro District. 
 Cooper, M. E., Wanganella. 
 
 Cooper, Theophilus, Beverley, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Cooper, V., Lake George. 
 Cooper, W., Wanganella. 
 
 Copeland, Henry, Narybaba, Monaro District, 
 Copeland, James, Combanning, near Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 Corcoran, Jos., Bombala. 
 Correlli, R. Victor. Little Forest Lodge, Cooma. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Corrigan, H., Bowna. • 
 
 Cormack, A.. Yanga, Balranald. 
 
 Cornish, T., Mundadoo, Cannoulan. 
 
 Corse, John, Numeralla, Monaro District. 
 
 >ve, J., jun., Engeldry, Wellington District. 
 e, J., sen., Billilingera, Cooina. 
 
 Cos-rove, William, Riversdale. 
 
 Cotter, Garrett, Michaelago, Cooma. 
 
 Cutter, James, Naas Creek, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Cousins, R. J.,»Wardry, Lachlan District. 
 
 Coventry, William, Kangaroo Hills, New England 
 District. 
 
 Coward, Dr. H., Germantown, via Albury. 
 
 Cowled, C. W., Junee. 
 
 Cox, A., Willunga, Mudoree. 
 
 Cox and Callaghan, Upper Wyalong, Lachlan 
 District. 
 
 Cox, Charles. Broomby, Mudgee. 
 
 Cox, E. K., Rawdon, Mudgee. 
 
 Ox and Hore, Cookaburragong, Lachlan District. 
 
 Cox, Mrs. John, Mangoplah, via Albury. 
 
 Cox, J. D., Cullenbone. near Mudgee. 
 
 Cox, 0., Grubbon, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Cox, P. J., Merringreen, Wagga Wagga, 
 
 Cox, R., Marrar, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Cox. R. W., Bengman Station, near Rylstone, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Cox, R. and P., Kildary, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Crane, O'Connor and Co., Balranald. 
 
 Cramsie, Bowden and Co,, Balranald. 
 
 Craven and M'Aulifle, Glenroy, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Crawford, Archd., Brookong, via Urana. 
 
 Crawford and Brayshaw, Baboyan, Monaro Dis- 
 trict, 
 
 Crawford, — , Urangeline Creek, via Albury. 
 
 Crawford, Eliza, Enmore, New England District. 
 
 Crawford, John, Springfield, Cooma. 
 
 Crawford, Patrick, Boloca, Cooma. 
 
 Crane, Andrew, Garryowen P. 0., via Albury. 
 
 Creed, J., Wangamong Plains, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Creswick, H., Liewah, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Crisp, A., Buckley's Crossing. 
 
 Crisp and Lintatt, Torrens Creek, Albert District. 
 
 Crisp, H. M., Mathoura, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Croaker, A., Piallaway, Breeza. 
 
 Croaker, J. W., Burrumundra, Young. 
 
 Croft, H. A., Cookardinia. 
 
 Cross, George, Filbuster, Armidale. 
 
 Cro?seandFeatherstonhaugh, Corella, Brewarrna. 
 
 Crossing and Cox, Mudgee. 
 
 Crossley, Eli, Whoey, Euabalong, Lachlan. 
 
 Crowe, B., Hamsley, Cooma, via Sydney. 
 
 Crowe, J. B., Germantown. 
 
 Crowe and Carberry, Goburrabong, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Crowe, J. J., Jingellac. 
 
 Crowley, W., Cobbidah, Gwydir District. 
 
 Crozier, John, Kulnine, Lower Murray, via Swan 
 Hill. 
 
 Crozier, W., Ana Branch, Wentworth. 
 
 Cruge, Henry, Gilgunnia, via Hillston. 
 
 Cudmore, D. and D. H., Avoca, Wentworth, via 
 Swan Hill. 
 
 Culigan, J., The Wells, West Blowering, Tumut. 
 
 Culkane, Edward, Morilu, via Wagga Road. 
 
 Cullen, John, Bunyan, Cooma. 
 
 Cummings, M., sen., Waterhole, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Cummings, W. and C, Gunbar, via Hay. 
 
 Cunningham, A. J., Lanyon, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Cunningham, Hastings, Berembed, North Lachlan 
 District. 
 
 Curtin, M., Jerilderie. 
 
 Curtis, A. J., The Denison Reserve, Macleay Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Curtis, James, Mount Adrah, Adelong. 
 
 Curtis, Peter, Cooma. 
 
 Cust, John, Deniliquin. 
 
 Cust, Thomas, Pretty Pine Hotel, Hay Road, 
 Deniliquin. 
 
 Dale, John, Bogalero, Bookham, via Albury. 
 
 Daley, Patrick, Wanganella, Deniliquin. 
 
 Daley, Owen, Mullingandra, via Albury. 
 
 Dalgleish, A., Willow Vale, Hanlon, Deniliquin. 
 
 Dallas, J. A., Berembed, via Narandera. 
 
 Dalton, James and Thomas, Geweroo, Wellington 
 District. 
 
 Dangar Brothers, Uralla, via Sydney. 
 
 Dangar and M'Donald, Wantabadgery, Lachlan 
 River. 
 
 Dangar, A. A., Baroona, Singleton. 
 
 Dangar, T. G., Bullerawa, Wee Waa. 
 
 Dangar, W. J., Neatsfield, Singleton. 
 
 Daniel, Giles, Jerilderie. 
 
 Darby, S. H., Tiengah, New England District. 
 
 Darby and Everett, Winscombe, Inverell. 
 
 Darchy, William, Tarcoola, Darling River, via 
 V, ent worth. 
 
 Darchy, T., Oxl ey, via Balranald. 
 
 Darlot and Co., Gelam, Maude, via Hay. 
 
 Darlot, H., Bundyulumblah, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Darmody, James, Majura, Queanbevan. 
 
 Davey and Linker, Wallangandra, via Albury. 
 
 Davidson, A. and H. T., Mandamah, via Wag^a 
 Wagga. 
 
 Davidson Brothers and Co., Geraldra, Young. 
 
 Davison, Thomas, Extended Curraweena, War- 
 rego District. 
 
 Davidson, W., Billebong, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Davis, F., Cathcart, Bombala. 
 
 Davis, Samuel, Yeumburra, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Davis, William, Gongohleen, Ginninderra, via Syd- 
 ney. 
 
 Davis, W. W., Forbes. 
 
 Davy, J., Dora Dora, Upper Murray. 
 
 Dawson, Henry, Cooma. 
 
 Day, Geo., Albury. 
 
 Day, Hayes and M'Lennan, Moama Block T, 
 Albert District. 
 
 Day, James, Daysdale, via Albury, 
 
 Day, James and William, Mohonga, near Urana. 
 
 Deakin, J., Tocumwal. 
 
 Deegan, James, Little Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Deegan, M., Little Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Delaney, Fenton, Euacumbyne, Cooma. 
 
 Delaney, James, Buckenderry, Cooma. 
 
 Delbouse, T. L., Eight-mile Hotel, Conargo Road, 
 Deniliquin. 
 
 Delves, Daniel, Nnmitabelle. 
 
 Denne, R. H., Tia River, New England District. 
 
 Dennis, John, Tara. Eubalong, via Hay. 
 
 Dent, John, Oma Creek, Greenfell. 
 
 Desailly, Alfred, Netallic, via Wilcannia. 
 
 Devereux, Edward, Spring Flat, Cooma. 
 
 Devereux, J. J., The Springs, Dangclong, near 
 Cooma. 
 
 Devlin, A. A., Newfoundland, Clarence District. 
 
 Dickson and Dickson, Frochester, Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Dickson, G. L., Nabba, Lachlan River. 
 
 Dickson, John, Murryang, Monaro District. 
 
 Dickson, J. and J., Caroonboon, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Dickson, W. and T. C, Yarrawin, Marra Creek, 
 via Welleroon. 
 
 Diggs and Cameron, Mandoran, Bligh District. 
 
 Dight Brothers, Bungowannah. 
 
 Dight, G. W., Yetman. Narrabri. 
 
 Dight and Mackav, Bulgandramine, Obley. 
 
 Dight, S. B., Clifford, Singleton. 
 
 Dillon, John, Delto, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Dines, G. and R., Merrewah, Warialda. 
 
 Dingwell, Mrs., Wanganella. 
 
 Ditchfield, W., Springfield, Cookardinia, via 
 Albury. 
 
 Donaldson, Richard, Cookardinia, Back Creek, near 
 Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Donnelly, John, Toolong, Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 Donnelly, J. J., Borambula, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 
 Donnelly, P. J. J., Bywong, Gundaroo. 
 
 Donohue Brothers, Bourbah, Gilgandra. 
 
 Doods, E. , Eumerella, Cooma. 
 
 Douch, William, Bombala. 
 
 Doubldeday, G. and R., Albury. 
 
 Dougharty, J. G., Hyandra East, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Douglas, H., and Co., Walla Walla, Ten-mile 
 Creek, via Albury. 
 
 Dowe, Joshua, Woolomal, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Dowling and Co., Ganangie, via Parkes. 
 
 Dowling and Martin, Snow Vale, Monaro Dis 
 trict. 
 
 Dowling, Reginald, Geanigie, Bulgandramine, via 
 Orange. 
 
 Downey, Robert, Manus Creek, Reedy Flat, Mur- 
 rumbidgee District. 
 
 Downing, Robert, Tumut. 
 
 Dovle, B. W., Wanganella. 
 
 Doyle, L. P., Box, near Quipolly, via Sydney. 
 
 Doyle, — , Muckerama, Darling River, via Bourke. 
 
 Doyle, M., sen., Yamma, via Albury. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXU1 
 
 
 Doyle, R. R., Dumble, Goodooga. 
 Drake, F. G. and C, Albury. 
 Draper, James, Weiragandria, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 Draper, M. and H., Redbank, near Molong, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Driscoll, James, Summer Hill, Numitabelle, 
 
 Cooma. 
 Druitt, Rev. T., Cooma. 
 
 Druitt, W. T., Bolaca, Buckley's Crossing, Cooma. 
 Drummond, W., Bogalong, Bookham, via Albury. 
 Duff, James William, Pingobla, Warrego District. 
 Dugan, William, Minore, Wellington District. 
 Dunn, Job, Hillis Creek, via Tarcutta. 
 Dunn, John, sen., Quidong, Bombala. 
 Dunn, P., Mulwala, w'a Deniliquin. 
 Dunn, Thomas, Buckley's Crossing, Cooma. 
 Dunne, John, Netley, Darling River, via Swan 
 
 Hill. 
 Dunne, W., Mathoura, near Deniliquin. 
 Durham, E., Deniliquin. 
 Durham, W., and Co., Wombat, Singleton. 
 Dyball, Henry, Arable, Cooma 
 Dwyer, Thomas, Molonglo, Queanbeyan. 
 Earls, — , Wangonella, via Deniliquin. 
 Easons, Geo., Gigullalong, Burrowa. 
 Ecclestone, David, Rock Forest, Cooma. 
 Ecclestone, Henry John, Snowy River, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Eckford, John, Burren Burren, Warrego District. 
 Edgar Brothers, Erebendery, Eubalong, Lachlan 
 
 via Hay. 
 Edcehill, Charles, Mundawaddera, via Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 E'lols, Mrs., Burryjaa, via Corowa. 
 Euols, Thomas and Co.. Burrawong, Lachlan, via 
 
 Forbes. 
 Edwards, E. S., Bastobrick, Clarence District. 
 Edwards, H. T., Bombala. 
 Edwards, J. P., Adelong, 
 Egan Brothers, Mount Harris. 
 Egan, W., Spring Vale, Toojong, via Sydney. 
 Elliott, G. A., Thagoara, Albert District. 
 Elliott, T. N., Dutjon or Bellapalah, Murrum- 
 
 bidgee District. 
 Elliott, W. R., Turio Colah, via Sydney. 
 Ellis, J. W., South Darling, via Hillston or Cobar. 
 Elmslie, A. and A. D., Strachan, Glen Ken, Mur- 
 
 rumbidgee District. 
 Emanuel and Real, Green Hills, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Englebert, — , Felton Waterhole, near Deniliquin. 
 English, E., Jerilderie. 
 Erles, John, Wangonella. 
 
 Evans and Welsh, Gilgunina, Lachlan, via Hay. 
 Evans, David, Kyra Lake, Bombala. 
 Evans, Evan, Roto, via Booligal, Lachlan Rivei. 
 Evans. R., Kiah Lake, Gejedezeriek. via Sydney. 
 Everett, Isaac, Monago, near Deniliquin. 
 Everett, R. J., Tchelory, via Deniliquin. 
 Faed, — , Bukewah, Urana. 
 Fahey, F., Ketchenary and Brogo, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Faithful, W. P., Brewarrina, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 Faithful, — , Springfield, Goulburn, via Albury. 
 Falconer, Mrs. C, Woolloomoolenby, Bligh Dis- 
 trict. 
 Falconer, F. F., Murwillimba, Clarence District. 
 Falconer, J. L., Cobranragy, Bligh District. 
 Falkner, F. S., and Co., Boonooke, Conargo, via 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Fallon, L., Bullina, near Deniliquin. 
 Fanning, W, and F., Mungogery or Busby's Flat, 
 
 Clarence District. 
 Farley, John, River Tree East, Clarence District. 
 Farley, M., Albury. 
 Farquharson, G., Inverey, Namoi River, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Father, H. C. and E., Norfolk, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Fennell, Stephen, Eringoara, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Fergers, John, Bombala. 
 Fertrusson Brothers, Neurea, near Molong and 
 
 Wellington. 
 Ferrier, James, Hillston. 
 Field, Joseph, Deniliquin. 
 Field, P. , Carowobitty, near Forbes. 
 Fink and Levien, Jumble Plains, block H., 
 
 Wellington District. 
 Finlay, A. G., Mulga, No. 2, Warrego District. 
 
 Finlay and Gibson, Kenilworth Station, Goul- 
 burn. 
 Finlay and Moore, Darlington Point, via Hay. 
 Finn, W., Colombo, via Deniliquin. 
 Finnessy, John, Mathoura, near Deniliquin. 
 Firth, P. J., Tubbo Station, Lower Murrumbidgee. 
 Fisher and Beaumont, Keelandi, Pilliga. 
 Fisher, C. B., Moon Moon, Curra, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 Fisher and Hoskins, Cooma. 
 Fisher, Hill, Bullamon, Mungindi. . 
 Fisher, J., Gulgo, via Forbes. 
 Fisher, R., Willow Station, Bokhara Creek, via 
 
 Brewarrina. 
 Fitzgerald and Co., Tinapage, Paroo River, via 
 
 Wilcannia. 
 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, Carcoar. 
 Flavelle, John, Berembed, Lachlan District. 
 Fletcher, James, Wee Waa, Liverpool Plain3 
 
 District. 
 Fletcher, Jane, Ballagalar, Bligh District: 
 Fletcher, J. A., Jandra River, Darling. 
 Flood, E., jun., New Bellemore, Bligh District. 
 Flood, Hon. E., Berada, Sydney. 
 Flood, J. J., Bolero, Wagga Wagga. 
 FJynn Bros., Mountain Creek, Germantown, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Flynn, J., Countigany, Monaro District. 
 Flynn, M., Kalki, Jerilderie. 
 Foord, J. C, Terawinda Plains, No. 2, Albert 
 
 District. 
 Forlong-, W., Murrumbidgeriee, Wellington. 
 Forrester, W. J., Yarramon, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Forsyth, George, c/o C. E. Brown, Esq.. Tumut. 
 Foster, John S., West Bogan, No. 6, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Fowler, — Upper Coolagong, via Young. 
 Fox, — , Towal, Forbes. 
 Framfielder, Brookong, Urana. 
 Framfielder, C. F., Colombo Creek P.O. 
 Francis, Henry, Bungowannah. 
 Francis, Owen, Killawarra. 
 Franklin, G. T. and J. M., Erindebilla, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Franklin, Thomas, Bramina, Monaro District. 
 Eraser, A., Vine Lodge Farm, Albury Road, via 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Fraser, Colin C, Milroy, Brewarrina. 
 Frazer, D., Darlington Point, via Hay. 
 Freebody, James, Woolway, Cooma. 
 Freebody, John, jun., Middling Bank, Cooma. 
 Freebody, John, sen., Woolway, Cooma. 
 Freebody, Simon, sen., Woolway, Cooma. 
 Freeman, W., Greenwich, Clarence District. 
 Frew, George, Euabalong, Lachlan River, via 
 
 Hillston. 
 Gagie, W., Corowa. 
 Gain, Mrs. Johanna, Bowna. 
 Gallagher, J., Warraberry Station, near Parkes, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Gallagher, Michael and Martin, Moodong, Mcnaro 
 
 District. 
 Galvin Brothers, Oberne, via Adelong. 
 Galvin, George, Glenburn, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 Galvin, Thomas, Oberne, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 Gang, John, Mybrea, Bookham, via Albury. 
 Gardiner, — , Chesterley, Wanganella. 
 Gardiner, A., Yanko Creek, Jerilderie. 
 Gardiner, Andrew, Upper Weeli East, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Gardiner, John, Willa Marra Creek, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Gardiner, J. A., Gobolion, Wellington. 
 Gardiner, J. C, Barah West, Coonabarabran. 
 Garland, J., Wilcannia. 
 Garland, R., Wilcannia. 
 Garnock, Charles, Mount Pleasant, Bombala. 
 Garnock, George, Mount Pleasant, Bombala. 
 Garry, L., Garryowen P.O., via Albury. 
 Garry, J. J., Mylora Station, near Binalong, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Gatenby, U. and E., Burra Burra, Forbes. 
 Gayer and Hamilton, Modern Station, Wilcannia. 
 Geidmacher, J., Numitabel, Cooma. 
 Gell and Walker, Burrangong, Urana. 
 George, Joseph, Bendeddra, Monaro District. 
 Geraghty, Michael, Cathcart. 
 Geraghty, Thomas, Avon Lake, Cooma. 
 G;bbs, A., Yarralumla, Queanbeyan. 
 Gibson, Braime and Co., Deniliquin. 
 
XXIV 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Gibbs, G., Carabost, Kyaniba. 
 
 Gibbs and Sons, James, Berthong, Young. 
 
 Gibbs, Robert, Walbundrie. 
 
 Gibbs, W. and B., Carabost, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 
 Gibson, A., Terina, Goulburn. 
 
 Gibson, A. N., Warwillah, Wangonella. 
 
 Gibson, G. L., Longford, New England District. 
 
 Gibson, J., Naringa, Hay. 
 
 Gibson. J. and R., Mallara, Darling River, via 
 
 Wentworth. 
 Gibson, L., Bombala Station. Bombala. 
 Gibson, T. J., Burrumbuttock, near Albury. 
 Gibson, T. J. T. and A. F., Tantangara, or Gulph, 
 
 Monaro District. 
 Gilbert, Alex., Dry Plain, Cooma. 
 Giles, Edgar. JMorna Station, near Wentworth. 
 Gill, G. R., Emu Plains, Walcha. 
 Gill, John, Moonbi Moonbi. 
 Gillard, W., Binda, via Goulburn. 
 Gillies, A. C, Molonga Station, Nerandera. 
 Gillingham, M., Wangonella. 
 Gilnian, R. J., Millagong, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Gilmour, Jolm N., Bulgandamine, Bogan River, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Glanvilie, William, Myack, Cooma. 
 Glass and Corrigan, Eurie Eurie, Walgett, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Glasscock, R., Upper Miroo, Mudgee. 
 Glasson Brothers, Blayney. 
 Gleeson, — , Urangeline Creek, via Albury. 
 Gleeson, John, Brookong, Urana. 
 Glennan, Jos., Cooma Creek, Cooma. 
 Godfrey, F. R., Pevensey, Hay. 
 Golby, Thomas, Numbla, Buckley's Crossing, 
 
 Cooma. 
 Goldsbrough and Maiden, Telleraga, Moree. 
 Goldsbrough and Parker, Muralebale, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Goodison, R. G., Robertson, Warrego District. 
 Goodwin, G., Goodwin Brook, Cooma. 
 Goodwin, Robert, Middle Flat, Cooma. 
 Goodwin, \Y\, Cranky Dan's Flat, Cooma. 
 Goorming, Patrick, Nerandera. 
 Gordon, H., Bundy, Coonamble. 
 Gordon, Samuel D., Bundy, Bligh District. 
 Gordon and Waugh, Drungalear, Walgett. 
 Gordon, W., Millie. 
 
 Gormley, James, Coronga Peak, Burke. 
 Gorton, Geo., and Son, Coneac, New England 
 
 District. 
 Gowland, F. W., Wagga Wagga. 
 Gowing, Daniel, Murrah, Monaro District. 
 Goyder and Walsh, Sussex Station, Cobar P.O., 
 
 via Hay and Hillston. 
 Grant, Henry, Yaclama, Monaro District. 
 Grant, John, jun., Merriganowy, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 Graves and Maher, Bolygamygulman. via Rankin 
 
 Springs, Nerandera. 
 Graves, W. H., Oberwells, Darling District. 
 Gray and Niell, Sandy Ridges, Corowa. 
 Gray, Basil, Welaregang, Upper Murray. 
 Gray, Geo., Sandy Ridges, Corowa. 
 Gray, John D., Gombargona, Corowa. 
 Greaves and Mack, Rock and Timora, Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 Greaves, W. A. B., Bald Hills, Clarence District. 
 Greenfield, C. S., Gudgenbie, Monaro District. 
 Greg-son, J., Albury. 
 Griffiths, — , Conar'go, near Deniliquin. 
 Griffiths, J. A., Hillas Creek, via Tarcutta. 
 Groves, Jessie, Bobundrah, Cooma. 
 Gruggen, C. P., North Quirindi, Liverpool Plains, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Guest, Richard, Yaven Creek, Adelong. 
 Guest, Robert. Jindera, via Albury. 
 Gunning, A., Gejezerick West, Monaro. 
 Gwyden, — , Mathoura P. 0.. near Deniliquin. 
 Hagens end Kirkpatrick, Wenslcy Chase, Denili- 
 quin. 
 Hain, James, Cooma. 
 Hall, Charles, Teviot Dale, Moonwatha. 
 Hall, D., Cooma. 
 
 Hall, Reuben, Pially, Liverpool Plains District. 
 Halhday, Wm., Brookong, Urana. 
 Ham, George, Cooma. 
 Hamilton, Matthew, Bankside, Clarendon, via 
 
 Wagga Wagga. 
 Hamilton, R. and C, Baullan, Nerandera. 
 Hamlet, Fletcher and Co., Boolcarral, or Tooladu- 
 
 niia, Wee Waa. 
 
 Hammctt, John, Peak Creek, Cooma. 
 
 Hanley, Thomas, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 
 Hanlon, John, Lauriston Farm, Deniliquin. 
 
 Hansen, Thomas, Wensley Chase, Deniliquin. 
 
 Hannah Bros., Cowabee Station, Wagga Wa^a. 
 
 Hannah, L. H., Reedy Creek, Jugiong. 
 
 Hannam, J., Cave Flat, Lachlan District. 
 
 Hanniford, James, Rock Flat Creek, Cooma 
 
 Harden, T., Manilla, Manilla.. 
 
 Hardie and Miller, Goangra, Walgett, via Sydney. 
 
 Hardiman, J., Pudman's Creek, Barrowa. 
 
 Harding, W., Mathoura, Deniliquin. 
 
 Hargrave, E., Hermani, New England District. 
 
 Hargrave, R., Hillgrove. 
 
 Harkness, AVm., Jennybrother, Cooma. 
 
 Harmon, George, Quandary, Lachlan District. 
 
 Harnett, Mrs. Mary, Eucumbene, Monaro District. 
 
 Harnett, Maurice, Rosebrook, Cooma. 
 
 Harper, — , Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 
 Harper, — , Charles, A., Crankie's Plain, Bomba'a. 
 
 Harris, George, Wheco, near Goulbourn. 
 
 Harrison, H. W., Wanganella. 
 
 Hart, Richard, Hartwood Grove, Coreo. 
 
 Hart and Horn, Umberumberka, Albert District. 
 
 Harvey, George, Umarella, Cooma. 
 
 Haslingdon, E. J., Big Badger, Cooma. 
 
 Hassell, J. M., Wainbrook Lake, Cooma. 
 
 Hastings, M., Nora, Tooleybuc, Deniliquin. 
 
 Hatson, William, Jandra, Fort Bourke, Darlin^ 
 
 River. 
 Hawkins and M'Kenzie, Geary, Bligh District. 
 Hawson, Scott and Co., Wilcannia. 
 Hay, Thomas, sen.. Rock Flat, Cooma. 
 Hay, William, Collindia, Murrumbidgee. 
 Hay, Hon. William, Boomanoomana, via Denili- 
 quin. 
 Hay don, H., Delegate Station, near Cooma. 
 Haylock, Cornelius, Cooma. 
 Heath, — , Cobram, near Deniliquin. 
 Hebden, — , Cooma. 
 Hebden, G. H., Chas., S. B. and Wm. W., Geolg- 
 
 drie, Lachlan District. 
 Hedgers, Geoi-ge, Munbla, Buckley's Crossing, 
 
 Cooma. 
 Heffernan and M'Kenzie, New Bombaldr}', Forbes. 
 Hellman, J., Beanba, Coonamble. 
 Hempenstall, G., Barham, near Deniliquin. 
 Henderson, — , Tooleybuc.Balranald. 
 Henderson, — , The Rock, Junee, Wagga Wagga. 
 Henderson Bros., Tathong, Hillston. 
 Hennessy, Bros., Tocumwal. 
 Hensleigh, J. A., Tinbilica. 
 Hepburn and Leonard, Bynya, Nerandera, via 
 
 Wagga Wagga. 
 Hepburn, Robert, Collamatong, Monaro District. 
 Hepburn, Wm., Collamatong, Cooma, 
 Herbert, W. C, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Heriot, E., Carabobala, German town, via Albury. 
 Hervey, D., Wanganella. 
 Hession, Patrick, Albury. 
 Hetherington, Paul, Wangonella. 
 Hey, E., Water-hole, Forbes. 
 Higgins, A., Albury. 
 
 Higgins, R. G., Kickerbill, Liverpool Plains. 
 Higgins and Smith, Burrell. Liverpool Plains. 
 Higgins, Wm., Merrimerriwa. Lachlan District. 
 Hill, D., Warbreecan, near Deniliquin. 
 Hill, Hector, Grawley, Mount Harris. 
 Hill, R., and Sons, Butterbone, Mount Harris. 
 Hillier, Henry, Bowna. 
 Hillson, E., Tocumwal, via Deniliquin. 
 H.nchcliffe, Andrew, Oura Oma, Lachlan District. 
 Hinds. E., Newington, Gundaroo. 
 Hogan. Patrick, Dry Plain, Cooma. 
 Holloway and Sons, Moonbooldool, via Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 Holmes, D., Warbreecan, Deniliquin. 
 Holmes, R. Brassie Farm, via Deniliquin. 
 Holmes, William, Delto, Deniliquin. 
 Holscheer, — , Moama P. 0. 
 Homan E., Moama. 
 Home, J. H. L., Bibbenluke, Bombala. 
 Hope, A., Bumbaldry, Lachlan District. 
 Hope, J., Para Station, Darling. 
 Hope and Scott, Bombery, Brewarrina, Darling 
 
 River. 
 Hopkins, W. H., Bombala. 
 Hore, Andrew, Mugmugwong, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Hore, J., Cumberoona, via Albury. 
 Hore, Thomas, Albury. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXV 
 
 Horsley, E. J., Yah tree, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Horsley, R. F., Yabtree, Gundagai, via Albury. 
 
 Hortoii, J, S., Moulamein. 
 
 Hoskisson, Thomas, Barraba Creek, Liverpool 
 Plains District. 
 
 Hough, H. A., Mulwala P, 0. 
 
 Houston, — , Coobang, Forbes. 
 
 Howard Brothers, Goombargona, Corowa. 
 
 Howatson and Strachan, Boondara, via Hay. 
 
 Howe, Mrs. Leah, Gunongjugerawah, Murrum- 
 bidgee District. 
 
 Howell, F. W., Hawthorne. 
 
 Howell, Theodore, Yeumburra, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Hudson, C, Coonarong, Cooma. 
 
 Hudson, J., Moolpar, Moulamein, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Huggins, Thomas, Louth, River Darling-. 
 
 Hughes and Maher, Nairamine, via Dubbo. 
 
 Hughes, H. B., Kinchega, Wentworth. 
 
 Hume, A. H. , Rye Park, Everton, Pudmore 
 Creek, Burrowa. 
 
 Hume, F. R., jun., Frankfleld, Gunning. 
 
 Hume, F. W.. Castlestead, Burrowa. 
 
 Hungerford, T., Baeninie, Denman. 
 
 Hunt, G. T., Obbela Park, Obley. 
 
 Hunt, M., Tuppal, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Hunt and Leslie, Ungaree, Woolangong. 
 
 Hunter, J., Haddon Rig, Dubbo. 
 
 Huon and Collins, North Bolaro, Lachlan District. 
 
 Hyde, E., Bombala. 
 
 Ibbotson and Blackwood, Darling, block D, 
 
 Darling District. 
 Icely, T. R., Coombing Park, Carcoar 
 Ifould, W., Echerboon East, Albert District. 
 Inglis, Russell A., Moothumbil, via Forbes. 
 Ingram and Co., Book Book, Tarcutta, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Ingram, Henry, Burmind, Bombala. 
 Ingram, John, Bombala. 
 Inlary, A., Comongin, Thorgomindah. 
 Innes, W., near Jerilderie. 
 Irby, E., Bolivia Station, near Tenterfield, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Iredale, L. F., Goolhi Gunnedah, via Sydney. 
 Irvine, W. and J., Terramingamie, Dubbo. 
 Irving and Irving, West Moonul, Bligh District 
 Irving, Thomas, Deniliquin Run, near Deniliquin. 
 Ives, Joseph, Bombala. 
 
 Jackson, — , Wangra River, Monaro, via Sj'dney. 
 Jackson, James, Moulamein. 
 Jackson, John, Boree Creek, Urana. 
 Jackson, R., Bobrah or Morbi, Bligh District. 
 Jackson, W., Jerilderie. 
 Jaffrey, — , Burryjaa, Corowa. 
 James, G. W., Bungowannah. 
 Jamieson, T. C., Pindhoe Grange, Tuppal River, 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Jardine, O, Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 Jardine, William, Curry Flat, Cooma. 
 Jeffrey, Robert J. , Medoway, Bligh District. 
 Jeffreys, H. C, Murrumbidgee, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 Jell, — , near Howlong. 
 Jenkins, Francis, Bucking-bong, Nerandera. 
 Jenkins, John, Gundagai, via Albury. 
 Jenkins, J. T., Burthong North, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 Jenkins, R. L., Carbuckery, Gwydir District. 
 Jillett, Thomas, Buddingower, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Johns, — , Hay. 
 
 Johnson, Charles, Coohalamba, Cooma. 
 Johnson, J., Murrumbidgee, Cooma. 
 Johnson, J. H. , Hartfell. Gunnedah, via Sydney. 
 Johnson, W., Redbank, Cooma. 
 Jones, A. G., Wheogo, Bland, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Jones. — , Wilson, Yanko Creek. 
 Jones, A., Jerilderie. 
 Jones, Evan, Coree, near Deniliquin. 
 Jones, F., Walgiers, near Booligal, via Hay. 
 Jones, Geo., Murray Hut, Tocunnval. 
 Jones, Green and Sullivan, Chowchoweroo, Albert 
 
 District. 
 Jones, H, Chasing, Deniliquin. 
 Jones, Jessie, Tooleybuc, Balranald. 
 Jones, John, Delegate, Bombala. 
 Jones, J. R. , Derra Derra, Gwydir District. 
 Jones, Rees, Yass. 
 Jones, Richard, Back Creek, Germanton, via \ 
 
 Albury. 
 Jones, William, Ten-mile Selection, Albury Road, 
 
 near Albury. 
 Josephs, H. M. , Mahratta, Bombala. 
 
 Joss, A., Mathoura. 
 
 Joss. A. S., Mathoura. 
 
 Julian. Richard, Bogalong, Lachlan Di 
 
 Jurd, John, Orraba, New Englai 
 
 Kain, J., Pullitop. Germanton. 
 
 Kalms, (;., Walla Walla. 
 
 Kalms, J. G., Jindera. 
 
 Kane, Frank, Clifton, Little Billabong, Ten-mile 
 
 Creek. 
 Keane, E. J., Moony Moony, Lachlan District. 
 Keane, J., Burke's Creek, Wa'_'.'.:> W 
 Keane. J. J., Narraburrah, Greenfell, I 
 Kearns and Curtis, Ruck Forest, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 Keating, M., Seymour. Cooma. 
 Keefe, Garrett, Michaelago. 
 Keep, Day and Ronald, Pretty Plains, block B, 
 
 Liverpool Plains District. 
 Keighran, Thomas, Dudal, Cooma, via Albury. 
 Keim, Patrick, Cookardinia, Albury. 
 Kelly, — . Calabash, Young. 
 
 Kelly and Gillett, Glen High West, Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 Kelly, C, Stoney Creek, Bundaria, via Sydney. 
 Kellv, D., Rosebronk, Cooma. 
 Kelly, J. E., Rankin's Hill, No. 3 C, Warrego 
 
 District. 
 Kelly and Martin, Stoney Creek, New England 
 
 District. 
 Kelly and Parkman, Calabash, Lachlan District. 
 Kelly, R., Mara Creek, Cannonbar. 
 Kennedy and Clarence, Narrawah, near Gunning, 
 
 via Albury. 
 Kennedy and Hume, Currangorambla West, Mo- 
 naro District. 
 Kennedy, J., Bugegang, Yanko Creek, Colombo, 
 
 via Jerilderie. 
 Kenned}', R., Collingwood, Gunning. 
 Kennedy, R. H., Kayrminera, via Wilcannia. 
 Kentish, S. P., Kiandra. 
 Keog, — , Wagra, Bowan. 
 
 Keogh and Bennett, Cuthowarra, Albert District. 
 Keon, Ferdinand, Kara, Cooma. 
 Kearns, Walter, Rock Forest, Cooma. 
 Kerr, J., Werribong, Dandoolah. 
 Kerrison, G. P., Candelo. 
 
 Kesby and Kesby, Currungula, Mac'eay District. 
 Keys and White, Egerton, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Kiddle, L., and Co., Steam Plains, Conargo, via 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Killeen, E., Yanko, Jerilderie. 
 Kimber, Geo., Bombala. 
 Kindham, — , Yanko, near Deniliquin. 
 King, Geo., jun., Eumarella, Cooma. 
 King, Geo., sen., Eumarella, Cooma. 
 King, John, Bolaro. 
 
 King and King, King-ston, New England District. 
 King, John, Hanging Rock, Mangoplah, via 
 
 Albury. 
 King, P. G., Gonoo Gonoo, Tamvvorth, via Syd- 
 ney. 
 King, P., Halfway House, Ballangeich. 
 King, R. N. and F., Boolooroo, Moree. 
 King, W. E., Calpaulin, River Darling. 
 Kinnear, R. S., Overflow Station, Eubalong, via 
 
 Hay. 
 Kirby, J., Candelo, 
 Kirby, F. J., Brookong, via Urana. 
 Kirk, Geo., Gulnanbar, St. George. 
 Kirkpatrick, Hagens and Co., woolscourers, Wil- 
 cannia. 
 Kirkpatrick, Luke and Co., Wilcannia. 
 Kirwin, Thomas, Bobindrah, Cooma. 
 Kiss, William, Bobindrah, Cooma. 
 Kite, W., Bathurst. 
 Klemble, G., Albury. 
 Klemke, Geo., Walla Walla. 
 Krelner, — , Slack Plain, Cooma. 
 Kook, H., Darlington, via Haj\ 
 Kyle, John, Gallagher's Plains, Bombala. 
 Kyle, J. and D., Bombala. 
 Lalor, William, Beelee, Gwydir District. 
 Lambenfelde, H. G. von, Youngara, Wollongough. 
 Lamb, Kiddle and Co., Willurah, via Deniliquin 
 Lamb, Kiddle and Dale, Yanko, block A, Murrum- 
 bidgee District 
 Lamb. O., Ashton, Bombala. 
 
 Lampe, Mrs. Sarah, Talbingo, North Murrum- 
 bidgee District. 
 Landale and Patterson, Tankie, Darling District. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Landall Brothers, Deriiliquin. 
 
 Lane, E. H., Dubbo. 
 
 Lane, G. D., Youie, Coonamble. 
 
 Lang and Cope, Wirkenbergal, B, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Lang, William, Wirkenbergal, A, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Lang, W., Wargam, near Deniliquin. 
 Langmore and Tullock, Charlton, Gongolgon. 
 Lassetter, Frederic, Bullumbulla, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Latham, Thos., Hill Plain, Deniliquin. 
 Lauder, John, Darlington Point, near Hay. 
 Laurie, Robert, Kangaroo Flat, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Laurie, Thomas, Newindock, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Lawler, R. J., Cowang, near Gundagai, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Lawrence, B., Conargo Road, near Deniliquin. 
 Lawrence, G., and Co., Canally, Balranald. 
 Lawrence, James, and Son, Puon Buon, via Swan 
 
 Hill. 
 Lawson, C, sen., Craigie, Bombala. 
 Lawson, J. J., Craigie, Bombala. 
 Lazarus, D. E.,Cooma. 
 Leahy, P., Howlong. 
 Learmonth, T. and S., Grongal, via Hay. 
 Leatham, W., Hill Plains, near Deniliquin. 
 Lecount, John, Riversdale, Cooma. 
 Ledger, John, Mallion Forest, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 Ledger and Walker, Mullion, Monaro District. 
 Lee, James, Larras, Lake Molong, via Sydney. 
 Leeds, A., Buckyingguy, Mount Harris. 
 Leigh, Christopher, Blair Hill, New England 
 
 District. 
 Leitch, John, Berry Jerry, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Leslie and Diaon, Gora, Coonanbarabran. 
 Leslie, James, Bungaldi, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 Leslie, J., Binyia Downs, Coolah, via Sydney. 
 Lett, J. M., Kiandra, Cooma. 
 Lewis, J. A., Nariah, Rankin Springs, via Corowa 
 
 and Nerandera. 
 Lewis, Thomas, Kingsdale, Goulburn, via Albury. 
 Lightbody, Thomas, Bombala. 
 Lintott, — , Quat Quatta, Howlong. 
 Litchfield, A., near Cooma. 
 Litchfield, J., Springwell, Cooma. 
 Little and Comas, Greenfell. 
 Lloyd, C. M., Yamma, Urana. 
 Lloyd, G. A., Terembone, near Coonamble, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Locker, Henry, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 Lockyer, E. C, Evelyn Creek, Albert District. 
 Loder, Andrew, Doughboy Hollow, Liverpool 
 
 Plains District. 
 Loder, George, Abbey Green, Singleton. 
 Loeman, J., Jindera, Jindera. 
 Logan, Robert, Mongola, New England District. 
 Lomax and Severn, Molloy, Narribri. 
 Lomax, J. R., Wirrah, Moree. 
 London Chartered Bank of Australia, Mandoe, 
 
 Gwydir District. 
 Long, Benjamin, Gegullalong, Lachlan District. 
 Loonies, James and John, jun., Sheep Station 
 
 Creek, Lachlan District. 
 Lord, E., Warry, Lachlan District. 
 Lord, The Hon. Francis, Wellington, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Loughnan Bros., Hunthawong Station, Lachlan 
 
 River, via Hay. 
 Love, William, Egan Creek, Mangoplah, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Lowe, William, Bolaro, Bligh District. 
 Lowe and Co., Ariah, via Wagga. 
 Lucas, Samuel. Countigany, Cooma. 
 Lucy, Michael, Umarella. 
 Lunt, Thomas, Little Billabong. 
 Lyell and Simpson, Nowrarie. 
 Lynch, John, Mogermul, Bligh District. 
 Lynch, Owen, Bulgundra, Buckley's Crossing, 
 
 Cooma. 
 Lyne, Bishop, Garryowen. Germanton. 
 Lyne, W. J., Bowna, via Albury. 
 Mack Bros., Murgah, via Deniliquin. 
 Mack and Greeves, Timora, via Wagga. 
 Mackay, John, Cunicabundi, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Mackay, A., Wallanbean, Young. 
 
 Mackay, S., Ranjre View, Cooma. 
 
 Mackay, W., Wallardibby Station, Delegate, 
 
 Bombala. 
 Mackie, J., Jerilderie. 
 Macleay, Taylor and Co., Bogira, East, Warresro 
 
 District. 
 Macleod, John, Beilsdowne Creek, Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 Madden, — , Upper Billabong. 
 Madden, George, Billabong Creek, via Ten -mile 
 
 Creek. 
 Madden, — , Wallan Wallan, Walbundrie. 
 Maguire, E., Tugland, Blieh District. 
 Maguire, John, Gilbican, " Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 Maguire, J. F., and Co., Goonanawah, Mundooran, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Maher, M. E., Narramine, Dubbo. 
 Maher, P. , Walbundrie, Billabong. 
 Mahoney, T., Boggy Plains, Monaro District. 
 Main, D., Murrumbueka, Cooma. 
 
 Maley, A., Executors of, Nimmo, Monaro Dig- 
 trict. 
 
 Malleson and Inglis, Moothumbool, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Mallon, J., Merecombene, Monaro District. 
 
 Maloney, Patrick, Burrowa, Goulburn District, 
 trict. 
 
 Maloney, Patrick, jun., Goba Creek, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Maloney, Thomas, Toole's Creek, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Malton, James, Jerilderie. 
 
 Manchie, J. C, Phillips' Creek, Murrum. 
 
 Manning, F., Hillside, Tarcutta. 
 
 Manning, F. G., Hillside, Little Billabong, via 
 Albury. 
 
 Manning, John, Yellow Water-hole, near Denili- 
 quin. 
 
 Manning and Stiles, Bibbenluke, Monaro District. 
 
 March Brothers, North Wakool, near Deniliquin. 
 
 March, Thomas, Bombala. 
 
 Marino, Carlo, Moppity, Young. 
 
 Marooney, John, Lower Collagong, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Marsden, Samuel, North Moonul, Bligh District. 
 
 Marshall, Mrs. M., New Gerilgambone, Bligh Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas, Jerilderie, Coree, Deniliquin. 
 
 Martin, F., Murtee, Wilcannia. 
 
 Martin, James, Crankies Plains, Bombala. 
 
 Martin, J. W., Gobo Creek, near Burrowa. 
 
 Martin, Thomas, Delegate, Bombala. 
 
 Martin, W. F., Corowa. 
 
 Martin, W. J., Corowa. 
 
 Mason, E. R., Corowa. 
 
 Matchett, G., Morven, via Albury. 
 
 Matchett, John, Jerilderie. 
 
 Mate, H., and Co., Albury. 
 
 Mate, T. N., Tarcutta, Tarcutta. 
 
 Mathieson, Sir J., Aston, Monaro District. 
 
 Mawson, J. J., Dairyman's Plains, Cooma. 
 
 Maxwell, D., Goombargona. 
 
 Medcalf, A. T., Cookardinia. 
 
 Medlicott, C. H., Harp of Erin Hotel, Tatarino, 
 Lower Darling, Wentworth. 
 
 Mein, G. A. and P., Moolpar, Moulamein. 
 
 Mellow, — , Green Swamp, Jerilderie. 
 
 Melville, Geo., Bolaro, Cooma, 
 
 Mercantile Bank, Enocks, Lachlan District. 
 
 Merinthal, — , Bombala. 
 
 Merritt, — , Coonhoughbula, Buckley's Crossing, 
 Cooma. 
 
 Merritt, Thomas, Cardies River, Nerandera. 
 
 Metcalfe, Joshua, Winsleydale, Deniliquin. 
 
 Mitchell, J. B., Hay. 
 
 Middleton, G., Burrowana. 
 
 Middleton and Rodgers, Kalangan, Cunningham. 
 
 Miller Brothers, Moulamein. 
 
 Miller, E. A., Buckelong, Bombala. 
 
 Miller, Geo., Redan, Albert District. 
 
 Miller, Joseph, Bogandillon, Lachlan District. 
 
 Millis, William, West Gwyra, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Mills, Nelson and Smith, Nardry, Hay. 
 
 Milne, James, The Rock, Junee, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Minchan, Daniel, Bowning, Lachlan District. 
 
 Mitchell, G., Urangeline Creek, Urana. 
 
 Mitchell, J., Tabletop, Bowna, via Albury. 
 
 Mitchell, J., Dunmore, New England District. 
 
 Mitchell, J., Yanko, Thurowa, near Deniliquin. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXV11 
 
 Mitchell, Thomas, Womargama,, via Alhury. 
 
 Mitchellhill, P., The Grange, Mathoura. 
 
 Moffat, A., Maranda, Urana. 
 
 Moffat, W. T., Wanaaring, Paroo River, via Wil- 
 cannia. 
 
 Molesworth, P. H. and C, Cowl Cowl, Lachlan, 
 via Hay. 
 
 Monohan, James, Jerilderie. 
 
 Montague, Alexander, Green Hills, Cooma. 
 
 Montefiore, Graham and Co., Bungaria, Gwydir 
 District. 
 
 Montgomerie, D., Little Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Moodie, Donaldson and Co., Crawie Creek, Euaba- 
 long, Lachian, via Hay. 
 
 Moore, E. L., Bungebar, Bligh District. 
 
 Moore, J. J. O., Towarra, Tuppal, near Denili- 
 quin. 
 
 Moore, Richard, sen., Burra, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Morehead and Young, Texas, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Moreland, William, Jerilderie. 
 
 Morgan, D. T. J. and B. J., Kenn, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Morgan, Henry, Grong Grong, Nerandera. 
 
 Morgan, J. H., Commercial Hotel, Bombala. 
 
 Morgan, P., Pier Pier, Coonamble. 
 
 Morris, — , Womargama, via Albury. 
 
 Morris, Grant, Pier Pier, Bligh District. 
 
 Morris, J. O., Mountain Creek, via Albmy. 
 
 Morris, Thomas, Bogobegat, Forbes. 
 
 Morris, W., Culimer, Coonamble. 
 
 Morrison, James, The Pond, Gwydir District. 
 
 Morse Bros., Abington, New England District. 
 
 Morse and Towle, Balala, New England District. 
 
 Mortimer, B., Boabula, Wonganella. 
 
 Morton, C, Jindera. 
 
 Morton, M'Donald and Wright, Crowl Creek, 
 Lachlan District. 
 
 Mould, J. F., Boconok, Cooma. 
 
 Mudy, Alex., Bebbenluke, Bombala. 
 
 Mudy, John, Bebbenluke, Bombala. 
 
 Mugridge, Hugh, Buckley's Crossing, Cooma. 
 
 Mulheron, John, Dangelong, Cooma. 
 
 Mulholland, G. J., Wallace Town, via Wagga 
 Waerga. 
 
 MullerBros., Walla Walla, 
 
 Munce3 T , Phillip, Bungowannah. 
 
 Munro, D., Broome, Jerilderie. 
 
 Munro, D., Keera, Gwydir District. 
 
 Munro, W. and A., Weeboolaballah, Moree. 
 
 Murphy, — , Bullgrade, via Albury. 
 
 Murphy, J., Bibbenluke, Bombala. 
 
 Murphy, J. W., Calangan, Murramhah. 
 
 Murray, Mrs. Anne, Auburn Yale, New England 
 District. 
 
 Murray, John, Darlington Point, via Hay. 
 
 Murray, Robert, Hannin, New England District. 
 
 Murray, Strachan and Shannon, North Whoey, 
 Lachlan Disirict. 
 
 Murray, Thomas, Newfoundland, via Wilcannia. 
 
 Mylechrane, W. P., Waterview, Young. 
 
 My res, David, One Tree Hill, Cooma. 
 
 Myers, Samuel. Rock Brook, Cooma. 
 
 McAlice, G., Calombo, via Jerilderie. 
 
 McAuley, Samuel, Deniliquin. 
 
 McAuliffe, M., Glenroy, via Tumberumba. 
 
 McBean, L., Woorooma, via Deniliquin. 
 
 McBean Bros., Yass. 
 
 McBean, William J. and Alex. H., Black Range, 
 
 Lachian District. 
 McBride, D., Stuart's Depot Glen, via Wilcannia, 
 
 Darling River. 
 McCahman, J. and D., Darlington Point, via Hay. 
 McCallum Bros., Brymedura, Molong, via Sydney. 
 McCallum and Walker, Upper Lette, Darling Dis- 
 trict. 
 McCarthy, Kingscote, Bective, Tamworth. 
 McCarthy, John, Cootalantia, Cooma. 
 McCarthy, M., Springwell, Cooma. 
 McCartney and Co., Tooma, Tumberumba, Albury. 
 McCaughey, S., Coonong, Urana, via Deniliquin. 
 McClure, D., West Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 McComas, — , Combanning, Wagga Wagga. 
 McCrae, James, Turundgerie, via Albury. 
 McCrae, John, Moulamein. 
 McCulloch, A. H., Stephen Court, Elizabeth-street, 
 
 Sydney. 
 McCulloch and Cunningham, Jingellic, Murrum- 
 
 bidgee District. 
 McCulloch, J., Colombo Plains, Urana. 
 McDonald, A., Tara, Bombala. 
 
 McDonald, Alex., Myalla, Cooma. 
 McDonald, Alex., Glen Finion, Cooma. 
 McDonald, Alex., Curry Flat, Cooma. 
 McDonald, Angus, Burrgundra, Cooma. 
 .McDonald, Angus, Mowhawk, Bombala. 
 McDonald and Campbell, Burrangandra, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 McDonald, Donald, Glen Finion, Cooma. 
 McDonald, George, Bullambalong, Cooma. 
 McDonald, George, Merulan, Junee, Wagga Wagga. 
 McDonald, Hugh, Glenarra, Queanbeyan. 
 McDonald, J., Kilfera, via Balranald. 
 McDonald, J., Deniliquin. 
 
 McDonald and Johnstone, Alberbaldie, New Eng- 
 land District. 
 
 McDonald, J., and Co., Mungi Bundi, Warialdo, 
 via Sydney. 
 
 McDonald, James, Jerilderie. 
 
 McDonald, John, Uriaria, Queanbeyan. 
 
 McDonald, John W. J., Burrandovvn, Warrego Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McDonald, Peter, Yullakool, Deniliquin. 
 
 McDonald, Rawdon, Ulourie, Gwydir District. 
 
 McDonald, Samuel, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 
 McDonald, Smith and Co., Rocky Plain, Monaro 
 District, 
 
 McDougall, John, Bundalong. 
 
 McEdward, Alex., Mildura, via Swan Hill. 
 
 McElhone, J., Weira Warra, Warrego District. 
 
 McEvoy Brothers, Tarrabandra, Gundagai. 
 
 McEvoy, James, Crackenback, Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 
 McEwan, R., Deniliquin. 
 
 McFadden, H., Wallangandri. 
 
 McFadden, Robert and Patrick, Murray Run, 
 Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 McFarland, Thomas, Nap Nap, near Hay. 
 
 McFarland and Co., Barooga, Tocumwal. 
 
 McFarlane and McFarlane, East Paringi, Darling 
 District. 
 
 McFarlane, H., Paika, near Deniliquin. 
 
 McFarlane, M. and R., Malle Cliffs, Euston, via 
 Swan Hill. 
 
 McFarlane and McDonald, Malle Cliffs, Darling 
 District. 
 
 McGaffick, William, Early, Cooma. 
 
 McGaw and Co., Burrabogie, via Hay. 
 
 McGeoch Bros., Kilmyarra, Mulwala. 
 
 McGregor, Charles, Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 
 McGregor, D., and Co., Morangarel, Bland, via 
 Young. 
 
 McGregor, J., Balandanc:, Nerandera. 
 
 McGrwver, T., Walbundrie P.O., Billabong. 
 
 McGufficke and Hale, Old Bull, Monaro District. 
 
 McGufficke and Thompson, Mowenbah, Monaro 
 District. 
 
 McGufficke, W. J., Jacob's River, Monaro District. 
 
 McGuire and Cafe, Boorandah, Bligh District. 
 
 Mcllree, Henry, Agintoothbong, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Mclnnes, Finlay, Marowan, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Mclnnes, J. and D., Darling-ton Point, via Hay. 
 
 Mcintosh, Alex,, Bingara, Gwydir District. 
 
 Mclntyre, J. P., Grong Grong. 
 
 Mclntyre, Rev. D. K., Waterloo, New England 
 District. 
 
 Mclntyre, Edward, Pine Flat, Cooma. 
 
 Mclntyre and McLean, Boona West, via Condo- 
 bolin, Lachlan, via Hay. 
 
 McKay, Charles and John, Wilkie Plains, Warrego 
 District. 
 
 McKay, D. F., Dulcalmah, Whittingham. 
 
 McKay, George. Bukelong, Bombala. 
 
 McKay, George E., Stoney Park, Albury. 
 
 McKay, J. K. and C. B., Willoree, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McKay, Samuel, Frying Pan Creek, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McKeachie, A. A., Mount Cooper, Bombala. 
 
 McKeachine, A., Orraral, Monaro District. 
 
 McKeachine, Charles, Booromba, Monaro District. 
 
 McKee, Joseph, Numitabelle. 
 
 McKees, — , Cornargo, near Deniliquin. 
 
 McKees, J., Urana, 
 
 McKellar and Burnett, Hawksview, via Albury. 
 
 McKellar, A., Kyogle, formerly Fairy Mount, 
 Clarence District. 
 
 McKenzie, C, Wengen Back, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 McKenzie, Kenneth, Arramagong, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
XXV111 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 McKenzie, — , Woodlands, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 McKenzie, Joseph, Upper Bundaballa East, New 
 England District. 
 
 McKersie, Alex., Yanko, Jerilderie P.O. 
 
 McKinnon, G. B., North Goonambie, Urana. 
 
 McKinnon, J. A , Memagonog, Young. 
 
 McKinnon, W., Betts, Urana. 
 
 McEoy, Patrick, Archer's Flat, Bombala. 
 
 McLachlan, D., Mimosa, Cootamundra, via Wagga 
 Wagga. 
 
 McLachian, G., Jerilderie. 
 
 McLaggan, D., Toogimbee, Hay. 
 
 McLaurin, — , Morocco. 
 
 McLaurin, James, YarraYarra. 
 
 McLean and Cowan, Cemblebong, Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McLean and Co., Queensborough, Coolah. 
 
 McLean, John, Back Carabear, Bligh District. 
 
 McLean, L., and Co., Boona West, Condoblin. 
 
 McLeay, — , Goondarrin, Hay. 
 
 McLennan, John, Cowar. New England District. 
 
 McLeod, J. C, Mount Pleasant, via Dcniliquin. 
 
 McLeod, John. Bunborneth, Edwards River. 
 
 McLure, Donald, Jindabyne West, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McMahon, Thomas, Bungundrah Creek, Cooma. 
 
 McMahon, Mrs., Eurime, Coonamble. 
 
 McManus and Cohvell, Birrible, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 McMaster, John, Weetalabah, Coolah. 
 
 McMaster, D. and J., Bundulla, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 McMaugh, Andrew, W. Elsineur, Maclcay District. 
 
 McMeckan, Paton and Co., Marsfield, Wilcannia. 
 
 McMicking, — , Manus, Tuniberumba, via Albury. 
 
 McMillan, Mrs. Ann, Oregon, Gwydir District. 
 
 McMillan, Jobn, Deniliquin. 
 
 McMillan, J. F., Mole River, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McNamara, J., sen., London Bridge, Queanbeyan. 
 
 McNamara, T. and T. H„ Carindi, "Bligh District. 
 
 McNee, Hugh, Archer's Flat, Bombala. 
 
 McNicol, William, Boorthumble, Euabaloug, 
 Lachlan. 
 
 McPhail and Turner, Toogimbie, Haj r . 
 
 McPhee, Malcolm, Numino, Cooma. 
 
 McPhee, Angus, Wilson. 
 
 McPherson and Co., Paddington, via Hay. 
 
 McPherson, D., Lake Victoria, by Wentworth. 
 
 McPherson, E., Benduck, Hay. 
 
 McPherson, P., and Co., Paika, via Swan Hill. 
 
 McPherson, William, Bullambalong, Jindabyne, 
 Cooma. 
 
 McPherson, William, Bombala. 
 
 McPhillamy, Charles and John, Engowra, Wel- 
 lington District. 
 
 McPhillamy, Robert, Neurrea, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 McQueen and McPherson, Nap Nap, via Hay. 
 
 McQuade Bros., Quambone, Quambone. 
 
 McRae, Duncan, Turidgerie North, Liverpool 
 Plains. 
 
 McVean, Alex., Howlong. 
 
 McVean, J. H., Euston, via Swan Hill. 
 
 McVicar, Dougald, Naran, Bligh District. 
 
 McWilliam, Urangeline Creek, via Albury. 
 
 Nash, — , Conargo, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Nash and Smith, Walbundrie, via Albury. 
 
 Needham, G. A., Koreelah, Clarence District. 
 
 Neely, Thomas, Mount Thorley, near Singleton. 
 
 Neilson, Mills and Co., Wardry, Hay. 
 
 Nelson, R., Gunn Creek, Hay.' 
 
 Nesbitt, W., Tholobin, Deniliquin. 
 
 Newby, R., and Sons, Paddysland, New England 
 District. 
 
 Newell, A., Barandon, Forbes. 
 
 Newell, James, Bandan, Lachlan District. 
 
 Newell, J. J., jun., D. T. and B., Back Daroubal- 
 gie, Wellington District. 
 
 Newsome and M'Coy, Archer's Flat, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Com- 
 pany (Limited), Woolabra, Liverpool Plains 
 District. 
 
 Nicholls, E. W., Ferryhill, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 
 Nicholson, A. J., Greenwall, Booligal. 
 
 Nicholson, E. J., Woolingumrah, Monaro District. 
 
 Nicholson, John, Little Plains, Bombala. 
 
 Nicholson, Thomas, Little Plains, Bombala. 
 
 Nixon, C, Gregadoo. 
 
 ftixon and Ellis, Harbourne, Deniliquin. 
 
 Nixon, J,, Gregadoo. 
 
 Nixon, J. H.. Deniliquin. 
 
 Nixon, \Y\, Greyadoo. 
 
 Nixon, W. M., Won^anella. 
 
 Northam, H. D., Jeff's Creek, Cooma. 
 
 Newlan, John, Eelah, West Maitland. 
 
 Norrie, George, Sevenstrath, Clarence. 
 
 Norrie, — , Cudgewa, Upper Murray, via Kewa. 
 
 Norton, Edward, Tiara, New England District. 
 
 Nowlan, John, Wentworth Gully, or Long Flat, 
 
 Lachlan District. 
 Nunn, George, Dunnykynine, Bligh District. 
 Nyhan Bros., Mountain Creek, Germanton, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Oakes and Oakes, Walla Walla and Caringatel, 
 
 Lachlan District. 
 O'Brien, C, Gunning East, via Forbes. 
 O'Brien, Edward, Rev., Cooma. 
 O'Brien, James, Tullunga North, Salamo, near 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 O'Brien, John, Coree. 
 O'Brien, John, Corowa Hotel, Deniliquin. 
 O'Brien, J. and J., Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 O'Brien, Thomas, Cowabee, via Wagga Wagga. 
 O'Brien, W., Gundibendal, Cootamundra, via- 
 
 Albury. 
 O'Brien, W., jun., Grogan Creek, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 O'Connell, M., Mountain Creek, via Albury. 
 O'Connell, M., Dickson's Swamp. 
 O'Connor, J., jun., Ironbong, Cootamundra, via 
 
 Albury. 
 O'Donnell and Ryan Bros., Willara, Karoo River, 
 
 via Wilcannia. 
 O'Donnell, Patrick and James, Mingey, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 O'Donoghue, J. F., Glencoe, Mullamana, InverelL 
 O'Donohue, Ann, Bourbah, Bligh District. 
 Officer Bros., Murray Downs, via Swan Hill. 
 Officer, W., Zara, via Deniliquin. 
 Ogilvie, W. and E. D., Cattle Station, Clarence 
 
 District. 
 O'Hara, James, Corrowong, Bombala. 
 O'Keefe, D., Temora, Cootamundra, via Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 O'Leary Brothers, Cocomington, via Young. 
 Oliver, W., Berridale, Cooma. 
 Oliver, W., and Co., Melrose, Condobolin, Lachlan, 
 
 via Hay. 
 O'Mara, Denis, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 O'Mara, J., Buckenderrah, Cooma. 
 O'Meara, Timothy, Bobindra, Monaro District. 
 O'Mullane, J., Baldwin's Springs, Manilla, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 O'Neill, D. J., Osaca, No. 2, Albert District. 
 O'Neill, Patrick, Buckenderry, Monaro District. 
 Onions, W. B., Direngabal, Lachlan District. 
 Onus and Heather, Willow Station, Nambria, via 
 
 Sydney. 
 Orchard, Charles E., Bombala. 
 O'Reilly, Patrick, Narana, Deniliquin. 
 Oriental Bank Corporation, Glenariff, Mia Run, 
 
 Warrego District. 
 O'Rourke, D., Royal Hotel, Cooma. 
 O'Rourke, Patrick, Bolaro, Cooma. 
 O'Rourke, Thomas, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 Orr, Robert, Warbreccan, near Deniliquin. 
 Orr, Win., Ellerslie, Cooma. 
 Osborne, B. M., Redbank, Jugong, via Albury. 
 Osborne, H., Foxlough, Bungendore. 
 Osborne, H., Bungaroo, Carcoar, via Sydney. 
 Osborne, J. and H., Colombo Creek, Murrumbid- 
 
 gee District. 
 Osborne, Moss, Yalgogrin, Warrandera. 
 Osborne, P., Currandooley, Bungendore. 
 Osborne, W., Wanganella. 
 O'Shanassy, Sir John, Moira, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 O'Shanassy, John, Tappal Farm, Deniliquin. 
 O'Shea, D., Thorowa, Jerilderie. 
 O'Sullivan, P. J., Mount Harris. 
 O'Sullivan, S., Carrott, Monaro District. 
 O'Sullivan, S. and J. P., Mount Forster, Dubbo. 
 Owen, R., Darbalara. 
 Pahner, G., Pinpampa, via Hay. 
 Palmer, M., Canoon, via Hay. 
 Panter and Turner, Breakfast Creek Station, 
 
 Frogwoor, Burrowa. 
 Panton, F. G., Bellbrook, Macleay District. 
 Panton, W. W., Toocooke, Macleay District. 
 Park, E., Guy Fawkes, Clarence District. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 Parkinson, Mrs. Ann, Monument. 
 
 Parry, R. H., Yarrap, Deniliquin. 
 
 Patey, T. Wanganella. 
 
 Patrick, James, Warree, Bligh District. 
 
 Patrick, J. J., West Demson, Cooma. 
 
 Patterson, G. O., Bowna. via Albury. 
 
 Patterson, H., and Co., Wallaby, via Hay. 
 
 Patterson, J., and Co., Monga, Deniliquin. 
 
 Patterson, W., Rock Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Peacock, Jas., Warrigan, Coonamble, via Mudgee. 
 
 Peacock. W., No. 7, West Bogan, Cannonbar. 
 
 Pcarce, A., Conargo. 
 
 Pearce, John, Jerilderie. 
 
 Pearce, J. E., Hay. 
 
 Pearson, — , Wangajong, via Forbes. 
 
 Pearson, E. C, Sandy Creek, Mangoplah, via 
 Albury. 
 
 Peberdy, Thomas, Bookookoorara, Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Pedan, N. J., Bega. 
 
 Peebles, David, Coormore South, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Pegrin, John, Billibingra, Cooma. 
 
 Penhallorick and Son, Deniliquin. 
 
 Penny, Robert, Upper Bugaldie, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Ptppin, G. H. and G. and F., Wanganella, South 
 
 Murrumbidgee District. 
 Peppin, Lamond and Gibson, Long Plain, Monaro. 
 Perks, Charles, Lower Tabratong, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Perrin, J., Howlong Station, via Hay. 
 Perrot, J., Terringham, Clarence District. 
 Perry, John, Marebone, Bligh District. 
 Perry, T. A.. Bendemeer, via Sydney. 
 Peters, J., Walgiers, via Hay. 
 Peters, John, Tom Grogan's Creek, Cooma. 
 Peters, Tobias, Tom Grogan's Creek, Cooma. 
 Peterson and Sargood, Jerilderie. 
 Phelps, J. and J., Albemarle, Darling River, via 
 
 Wentworth. 
 Phillips, G. A., Wren Glen, near Casalis, near 
 
 S\-dney. 
 Phillips, J., Arthur's Lee, Jerilderie. 
 Pierce, John, Gri Grick, Upper Murray. 
 Pike, James, Carmody Hotel, Urana. 
 Pile, James, Darling River, via Wentworth. 
 Pile, John, Cathero Station, Wentworth. 
 Pile, W., Polia Station, Wentworth. 
 Pinning, G., Warrawah. Gunning, via Sj T dney. 
 Plunkett, T. G., Little Billabong. 
 Plunkett, James, Bowna, via Albury. 
 Podmore, R., Woomargona, Dickson's Swamp, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Pollock, M., Jindera, via Albury. 
 Post, E. and J., Cookardinia. 
 Post, J., Billabong. 
 Potter, C, Cooma. 
 Power, ML, Broga Creek, Buckley's Crossing, via 
 
 Cooma. 
 Power, Wm., Boloca, Cooma. 
 Prendergast, C, Middling Bank, Cooma. 
 Prendergast, W., Woolwa} r . Cooma. 
 Prendergast and Barry, Moonbar, Monaro District. 
 Prentice, H. L., Upper Indi, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 Preston, W., Moama. 
 
 Pring, John, Crowther, Merango, via Albury. 
 Pryde. J., Jerilderie. 
 Purcell, — , Adelong. 
 Purcell, J., Gundaruo, via Sydney. 
 Purday, Wm., Gorah Back, Liverpool Plains Dis- 
 trict. 
 Putted, Wm., Ten-mile Creek, Germanton, via 
 
 Albury. 
 Ramsay, David, Excelsior, Monaro District. 
 Ramsay, — , Namana, via Yass. 
 Ram jay, D.. Findagrey, Cobar, via Hillston. 
 Ramsav, R. and J., Narrow Plains, via Corowa. 
 Rand, E. S., Mountain Creek, Billabong. 
 Rand, John, Oura, near Wagga Wagga. 
 Rand ; Robert, Urangeline, Urana. 
 Rand, R., Mohonga, Urana, via Deniliquin. 
 Rankin, Angus, Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 Rankin, Angus, Native Dog Flat. Monaro District. 
 Rankin Bros., Bumbowlee, Tumut, via Albury. 
 Rankin, D., Delegate, Bombala. 
 Rankin, Jno., South Merecumbene, Monaro Dis- 
 trict, 
 ■ftankin, John, Mount Cooper, Bombala. 
 fcmkir., J. A. G. and R., Merool Creek. Lachlan. 
 
 Rankin, Samuel. Glen Finnan, Cooma. 
 
 Rawson, C, Jerilderie. 
 
 Rawlings, W., S. Yathong Station, Jerilderie. 
 
 Bawsthorne, James, Gungaliwan West, Bligh 
 District. 
 
 Read, E., Cambelong Creek, or Cooma, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Redman, George, Moama. 
 
 Reed, Charles, Waterloo Station, Bombala. 
 
 Reed, George, Back Creek, Gundaroo. 
 
 Reid, Andrew. Deniliquin. 
 
 Reid, John, Tatrabong, Bogan River, Obley. 
 
 Reid, W. J., Yencannia .station, Wilcannia, via 
 Booligal. 
 
 Reid, W. L. and R. T., Tolarno, Darling River, via 
 Wentworth. 
 
 Reid and Shaw, Yencannia Station, Wilcannia. 
 
 Reynolds, P., Tocal, Patterson. 
 
 Reynolds, G., Three Brothers, Bathurst. 
 
 Reynolds, A., Kyloe, Cooma. 
 
 Rhodes, W., Carlduial. Clarence District. 
 
 Riall Bros., Four-mile Creek, Little Billabong. 
 Albury. 
 
 Richards, Mary, Opossum Point, Murrumbidgce 
 District. 
 
 Richards, W., Condobolin. 
 
 Richards, W., jun., North Uabbalong, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Richardson, George, Armytree, Gilgandra. 
 Richardson, James, Billapalap, Adelong. 
 Richardson, Mark, Jeff's Creek, Cooma. 
 Richardson, T. L., Berawinia Downs, No. 2, Albert 
 
 District. 
 Richardson, W. and J., Murrawombe, Cannonbar 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Richardson, W. and T., Duck Creek, Cannonbar. 
 
 Ricketson, H, Baratta, eta Deniliquin. 
 
 Ricketson, H., Neumerrimang, via Tumberumba 
 
 Ricketson and Ghinn, Lake Cowal, Marsden. 
 
 Riddle, John, Walbundrie. 
 
 Ridge Bros., Willie, Mount Harris. 
 
 Ridge, Richard, Hermaden, Warrego District. 
 
 Ridley, E., Roseberg, Bathurst. 
 
 Riddock, George. Weinteriga, Darling, via Bourke. 
 
 Riley, James, Wagra, Bowna. 
 
 Risley. George, Moulamein. 
 
 Ritchie, W., jun., Fullarton, via Goulburn. 
 
 Roache, A. K., Carven, Yass. 
 
 Roache, D., Rock Yale, Myalla, near Monaro, via 
 
 Sydney . 
 Roberts, R. H., Currawang, Lachlan District. 
 Robertson, A., Eight-mile Hotel, Conargo Road, 
 
 Deniliquin. 
 Robertson, Alex., Poppong, Cooma. 
 Robertson, August, Bros., Yarrabee, Urana. 
 Robertson Bros., Benalbo, Tabulam. 
 Robertson Bros., Mimosa, via Wagga Wagga. 
 Robertson, D., Rockview, Junee, Wagga Wagga. 
 Robertson, F., Buckley's Crossing, Cooma. 
 Robertson, James and John, Bygro, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 Robertson, J. J., Blind Creek, Murrumburrah. 
 Robertson, L. P. and J., Barnedown, Lachlan 
 
 District. 
 Robertson, Peter, Yanko, Jerilderie. 
 Robertson, P. and J., Shaking Bog, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Robertson, Thomas, Tognemain, via Hay. 
 Robertson, Thomas, Woolgarlo, Lachlan District. 
 Robertson, T. and C, North Deniliquin. 
 Robertson, W. and J., Wargam, via Deniliquin. 
 Robertson, Wm., Jerilderie. 
 Robertson, Wagner and Co., Perricouta, Moama. 
 Robinson, B., Forbes. 
 Robinson, Charles E.. Hayundra, Cooma. 
 Robinson, James, Kimo, Gundagai, via Albury. 
 Robinson, Septimus, Brewarinna, Darling River. 
 Robinson, T.. Copabella, via Tumberumba. 
 Robinson, Thomas L.. and Son, Hugandra, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Robson, Adam, Glen Barnett, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 Robson and Robson, Coan Downs, Condobolit, 
 
 Lachlan. 
 Roche, David, Rockdale, Cooma. 
 Rocke, John, Meadows, Wellington District. 
 Rodgers, Alex., Attunga. Attunga. 
 Rodgers, James, Curraldurah, Grafton. 
 Rolfe, E., Tea Gardens, Queanbeyan. 
 Rolfe, George, Queanbeyan. 
 Ronald and Day, Nebea, Coonamble via Sydney. 
 
XXX 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Ronald and McBain, Eunonyareenj-a, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Rorke Bros., The Meadows, Obley. 
 
 Rose, F., Rosewater, Deniliquin. 
 
 Rosenfeld Bros., Deniliquin. 
 
 Roset, E., Booligal, via Hay. 
 
 Ross, — , Moulamein. 
 
 Ross, — , Tara Plains, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Ross, A., Argoon, Jerilderie, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Ross, E. O., Burrawang, via Sydney. 
 
 Ross, J., Billabong, German ton. 
 
 Ross, John, Balaclava, Glen Innes, via Sydney. 
 
 Ross, M. F., Tuppal, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Rossie, F. R. L., Rosseville, Goulburn. 
 
 Rourke and Delaney, Addicumbene, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Rouse and Knight, Tunnabar, Bligh District. 
 
 Rouse, George, Guntawang, Mudgee, via Sydney. 
 
 Rouse, R. and E. S., Spicer's Creek, Bligh Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Rowe, J. P., and Co., Borambil, via Forbes. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, McLaughlan, Bombala. 
 
 Rudd and Buckley, Borah, Coouabarabian, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Rudd, J. and J., Colombo, Urana, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Rudd, James, Wigamboramby, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Rudd, Thomas, Howlong Station, via Hay. 
 
 Rudd, W., jun.. T. V. S. and J. and B., Carrejo, 
 Lachlan District. 
 
 Bundle, — , Deniliquin. 
 
 Rusden, T. G., Shannon Park, Glen Innes, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Rush, Arthur, Maryville, Cooma. 
 
 Russ, Thomas, Yanko, Jerilderie. 
 
 Russell, George, and Co., South Thononga, via 
 Hay. 
 
 Russell and Black, Wallangra, Warialdra, Sydney. 
 
 Russell and Shaw, Eli, Elwah, Hay. 
 
 Russell, Win., Cabmurra, Monaro District. 
 
 Rutherford, John, Trumby, Morangarel. 
 
 Rutherford, James, and Co., via Hay. 
 
 Rutherford, Wm., Bibbenluke, Bombala. 
 
 Rutledge, F., Godieigh Station, Bungendore. 
 
 Rutledge, Thomas, Molonglo, Queanbeyan, 
 Albury. 
 
 Ryall, Alfred, Spring Plain, Cooma. 
 
 Ryan, Annie, Yarra, Monaro District. 
 
 Ryan, Edward, Galong West, Lachlan District. 
 
 Ryan, J., Pine Hills, Jerilderie, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Ryan, James, Spring Mount, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Ryan, Jeremiah, Glenroy, Bombala. 
 
 Ryan, John, Jerilderie. 
 
 Ryan, M., South Fall, Quinfolly, via Sydney. 
 
 Ryan, Michael, Ryansville, Goulburn. 
 
 Ryan, Mrs. Mary, R,eedy Creek, Lachlan District. 
 
 Ryan, L., Wallandool, Walbundrie, via Albury. 
 
 Ryan, P., West Agintoothbong, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Ryan, R., Deniliquin. 
 
 Ryan. R., Tocumwal. 
 
 Rygate, Robert, Tarrangan East, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Ryrie, Alex., Michaelago, Cooma. 
 
 Ryrie, David, Coobington, Cooma. 
 
 Ryrie, Donald, Kalkite, Cooma. 
 
 Ryrie, G., sen., Coodravah, Caven, Yass. 
 
 Ryrie, John, Weeomabah, via Dubbo. 
 
 Sadlier, — , Albemarle, Darling. 
 
 Salting, L. K., Cumbamarra, Lachlan District. 
 
 Samuel, J. R., and Co., Wilcannia. 
 
 Saner, Henry, Nullah Nullah Creek, Macleay Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Scanlon, Thomas, Sawyers' Creek, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Schaefer, E. C, Seymour, Cooma. 
 
 Schardt, Frederick, Queanbeyan Flat, Molonglo. 
 
 Scholes, Robert, Tara, New England District. 
 
 Scott, J., Garra, Currabubla, via Sydne3 r . 
 
 Scott, James, Surveyors' Creek, New England 
 District. 
 
 Scott, Robert, Womargama. 
 
 Scott, W., Cochrane Creek, Deniliquin. 
 
 Scott, W., Belalie, Bourke. 
 
 Scott, W. D., Toorambee, Macleay District. 
 
 Scott, W. R., and Co., Bogamildi, Warialda, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Sears, Alex., Seymour, Cooma. 
 
 Sears, Wm., Seymour, Cooma. 
 
 Sears, John, Bibbenluke, Bombala. 
 
 Seary, John, Black Heath, Molonglo. 
 
 Secombe, E., Calatine, Macleay District. 
 
 Seilar, Robert, Yungnulgar Plains, Albert Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Severne, A. E. C. and E. W., Benduck, Lachlan 
 District. 
 
 Shanahan and Jennings, Warbreccan, Deniliquin. 
 
 Shanahan, Thomas, The Briars, Molonglo. 
 
 Shandley, M., Cooma. 
 
 Sharp, Henry, Green Hills, Adelong. 
 
 Sharp, M., Bombala. 
 
 Shaw, W. G., Kerribree, Culgoa, via Bourke. 
 
 Shawhorn Bros., Wando Wandong, Abley. 
 
 Sheehan, D., Oak Creek, near Jugong, via Albury. 
 
 Sheehan, M., Blackheath, Molonglo. 
 
 Shelby, R. M., Tumut Plains, Tumut. 
 
 Shelly, — , Adelong. 
 
 Sherwood, Thomas H., Head of the Richmond,. 
 Unumgar, Clarence District. 
 
 Shields, John, Bobundra, Cooma. 
 
 Shiels, E. and J., Ingregoodby, Monaro District. 
 
 Silk, E. O., Numitabelle, Cooma. 
 
 Silk, J., Cooma. 
 
 Silk, J. W., Square Range, or Numitabelle, . 
 Monaro District. 
 
 Silk, Mrs. Maria, Boca Creek, Monaro District. 
 
 Silk, O., Boca Creek, Bombala. 
 
 Silverman, Godfrey, Cooma. 
 
 Simmonds, H., Deniliquin. 
 
 Simmons, T., Moulamein. 
 
 Simpson, G. F., Kouraine, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Simpson and Readett, Tenterfield. 
 
 Simson, C. W., Mungadal, via Hay. 
 
 Sinclair, D., Mathoura, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Sinclair, W., Nubbo, Wallanbeen, via Albury. 
 
 Sindall, R., sen., Seymour, Cooma. 
 
 Single, G. A., Summer Hill, Liverpool Plains. 
 
 Single, J. D., Tallaraga, Gwydir District. 
 
 Singleton, E. G., Walla Walla S ation, near Alburv. 
 
 Skelling, T., Beregamana, Upper Murray, Denili- 
 Quin. 
 
 Skelly, Wm., Moama, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Skinner, Alfred, Bouramitty. or Yaminginbah 
 North, Liverpool Plains District. 
 
 Slattery, F., Forest Creek, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Sloman, John, Annandale, New England District. 
 
 Sloane, A., Mulwala, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Small, Thomas, Weelgoola, Clarence District. 
 
 Smart Bros., Combardelo, Narrabri. 
 
 Smith, A., Kyemba, via Albury. 
 
 Smith, Charles, Gurley and Bumble, Gwydir Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Smith, C, Bogongo Station, Tumut. 
 
 Smith, E. A., Warragul, Ironbark, via Albury. 
 
 Smith, F. J., Toogong. Wellington District. 
 
 Smith, John, Rock Flat, Cooma. 
 
 Smith, John, Kyamba, Tarcutta, via Albury. 
 
 Smith, John, Ganiboola, Molong. 
 
 Smith, J., Yelta, River Murray. 
 
 Smith, John, East Gwyra, New England District. 
 
 Smith, J. S., Eurimbla, Molong, via Sydney. 
 
 Smith, Lance, Boreo Station, Orange. 
 
 Smith, Merton, Cheviot Hills, South Clarence Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Smith, R., and Co., Erimeran, Condobolin, Lachlan 
 via Hay. 
 
 Smith, R. and T., Urambee, No. 5, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Smith, G., Warrigal, via Forbes. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, Cocomingla, Lachlan District. 
 
 Smith, W., Carlean, Mudgee. 
 
 Smith, W. K., Moquilamba, Lachlan River. 
 
 Smith and Brown, Eatonswill, Clarence District. 
 
 Smith and Cairns. Corowa. 
 
 Smith and Nash, Walbundrie. 
 
 Smith and Ware, Fairfield, Clarence District. 
 
 Smithwick, Wm., Talmalma, Upper Murray. 
 
 Smyth, P., Papneeu, Deniliquin. 
 
 Somerville, G., Hillside, near Corowa. 
 
 Sowden, Samuel, Meayula, Bligh District. 
 
 Spencer, James, Waste Point, Cooma. 
 
 Spencer, Wm. Lamprell, Ironbark Creek, Liver- 
 pool Plains District. 
 
 Spicer and Co., Gnalta, via Wilcannia. 
 
 Spottiswood, D., Mathoura. 
 
 Spragg, M., Tooleybuc, Lower Murray. 
 
 Spring, W. G., Cooma. 
 
 Stafford, J. D., Archers Fiat, Bombala. 
 
 Stanbridge and McGaw, The Gulf, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Star, T., Buckwaroon, Warrego. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 Staughton Bros., Tintynallogy, Darling. 
 
 St. Baker and Harwood, Forbes. 
 
 Steadinan, Henry, Back Wardry, Lachlan. 
 
 Steer, H., Coreen, Corowa. 
 
 Stephenson, R., Aston, Bombala. 
 
 Stevens, A., Bredbo Station, Coonia. 
 
 Stevens, J. H, Nerandera, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Stewart, A., Cathcart, Bombala. 
 
 Stewart, A., Bowna. 
 
 Stewart, A., Millera, Clarence District. 
 
 Stewart, A., Woodhill, Branxholme. 
 
 Stewart, Henr}-, Tarvine, Bombala. 
 
 Stewart, Hugh, Pine Valley, Cooma. 
 
 Stewart, James, Wangonella. 
 
 Stewart, John, Tarvine, Bombala. 
 
 Stewart, J. , Bygro, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Stewart, Margaret, Taylor's Flat, Monaro District. 
 
 Stiles, C. F., and Co.,Kanoona, Bcra. 
 
 Stinson, John, Keandra Creek, via Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Stinson, Samuel, Berrigerry, Lachlan District. 
 
 Still, Mrs., Piney Range. Billabong, Walbundrie. 
 
 Stitt, Dr., Werai, via Deniliquin. 
 
 Stokes, Alfred, Wooingeragong, Lachlan District. 
 
 Storey, Samuel, Junee, Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Strachan, James, Daisy Hill, Tarcutta. 
 
 Strachan, A. D., Yarrara, Murrumbidgee District. 
 
 Strachan, John. Maracket, Upper Murray. 
 
 Strahan, Isabella, Bowna, via Albury. 
 
 Strahorn, A. C. and A., Graddell, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Strahorn Bros., Bullock Creek, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Strahorn, John, Wando, Wandong, Wellington 
 District. 
 
 Strahorn, Robert, Corses, Courle, Wellington Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Strickland, Josiah, Forbes. 
 
 Strickland. Phillip, Lachlan River, Forbes. 
 
 Sturgeon, Andrew, Moonbar, Cooma. 
 
 Sugden, G. F., Tocumwal. 
 
 Sugden, J., Booligal. 
 
 Sugden and Wright. Hillston. 
 
 Sullivan, Henry, Wentworth. 
 
 Sullivan, J., Rock Forest, Bathurst. 
 
 Sumner and Faed, Butherwah, Murrumbidgee 
 District. 
 
 Sunderland and Kisby, Yarrowell, Macleay Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Sutherland, C, Belimbaying, Macleay District. 
 
 Sutherland, Jos., Berawina Downs, No. 3, Albert 
 District. 
 
 Sutton and Co., Walla Walla, via Forbes. 
 
 Sutton, G. and F., Cultowa, Wilcannia. 
 
 Sutton, Hilton, Tamanbell, Forbes. 
 
 Suttor, G. and F., Donald's Plains, Albert Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Swain, S. and G., Rangers' Valley, Liverpool 
 Plains District. 
 
 Swift, S. M., Manosa West, Cootamundra, via 
 Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Swift and Haim, Head of Gilmore Creek, Murrum- 
 bidgee District. 
 
 Swinton, E. G., Cope's Creek, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Talbert, — , near Deniliquin. 
 
 Talbot, George, Davis Plains, Wellington District. 
 
 Tange and Cousins, Pallal, Gwydir District. 
 
 Taylor, Charles, Burmina, Bcmbala. 
 
 Taylor, E., Rose Mount, near Young. 
 
 Taylor, H. T., Colombo, via Jerilderie. 
 
 Taylor, J., Dobilkin, Narrabri, via Sydney. 
 
 Taylor, Josiah, Laggan, Goulburn. 
 
 Taylor, S. and W. G., Polly Brenan, Walgett. 
 
 Taylor, William, North Abbotsford, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Taylor, W. T., Terrible Vale, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Telford, J. C, Cobran, Deniliquin. 
 
 Telford and Rutherford, Milong, near Young. 
 
 Temple, G., Tattong, near Albury. 
 
 Tenney and Clifton, Burryjaa, Corowa. 
 
 Tenney, T., Corowa. 
 
 Terry, Thomas, Rudd's Point, Hay. 
 
 Terry, P. B., Mellilah, Wagga Wagga. 
 Thatcher, — , near Forbes. 
 Thatcher, Wm., Yanko Station, Jerilderie. 
 Thorn, Thomas, Bartle3''s Creek, Parkes. 
 Thomas Bros., Whooey, Lachlan River, Hillston. 
 Thomas, H. A., Rampsbeck, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Thomas, James, Collinruley, Nerandera. 
 Thomas, Joseph, Crewah, Bombala. 
 
 Thomas, Whitmill and Morris, Bogabogil, Wel- 
 lington District. 
 
 Thompson, — , Fernbank, Walcona, Jerilderie. 
 
 Thompson, Charles, Long Corner, Bombala. 
 
 Thompson, James, Cobbon, Cooma. 
 
 Thompson, James, Avon Lake, Bombala. 
 
 Thompson, Jos., Cudgcll Creek, Young, 
 
 Ihorlmrn and Brodie, Wangarah Creek, Monaro 
 District. 
 
 Thorburn, Richard, Good Good, Cooma. 
 
 Thornton, J. and P., Square Range Station, 
 Monaro, via Sydney. 
 
 Thornton, Morgan, sen., Square Range Station, 
 Monaro, via Sydney. 
 
 Thrupp, W., Jerilderie. 
 
 Tibeando, O. T., Waginbeagle, by Wagga Wagga. 
 
 Tindale, E. and A., Byalon^-, riaMudgee. 
 
 Tindall, O., Numitabelle Station, Cooma. 
 
 Tinker, Davy and Co., Dora Dora, via Albury. 
 
 Tivey, Alfred, Moles, Monaro District. 
 
 Tobin, Andrew, Wingadee, Coonamblc. 
 
 Todd, John, Brewarrina Station, Brewarrina. 
 
 Todd, R., Adelong. 
 
 Tolan, — , Deniliquin. 
 
 Tomkins, H. B., Retreat, Bendemeer, via Sydney. 
 
 Tomkins, James. Merrunerrewa, Hillston. 
 
 Tomkins, J. V. S., Conargo. 
 
 Tomkins, W., South Merrowie, Hillston. 
 
 Tonkins, John, Prairie Park, Deniliquin. 
 
 Toper, Slader. Moulamein. 
 
 Tout, T. and J., Melrose Plains, via Forbes. 
 
 Town, Andrew, Midkin, Moree. 
 
 Town, John, sen., Warren South, Gwydir District. 
 
 Town, Onus and Benson, Boonoona,' Gwydir Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Townsend, John, Billabong, Wellington District. 
 
 Townsend. Thomas, Townsville, Coonawindra,. 
 near Bathurst. 
 
 Tozer, Thomas, sen., Arable, Cooma. 
 
 Tracey, Phillip, Hanlons, Conargo Road, via 
 Deniliquin. 
 
 Tracey and Stokes, Kydra, Monaro District. 
 
 Tragnair and Co., G. E., Guabothero, Merri Merri, 
 Coonamble. 
 
 Traill, R. J., Moredevil, Liverpool Plains District. 
 
 Traine, G., Tierrill Creek, near Cassilis, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Trapputts, W. T. , Yullundry, via Orange. 
 
 Tressilian, — , Eden. 
 
 Trewick Bros., Blow Clear, Parkes. 
 
 Tripp, A., Albury Road, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Trollope, Frederick, Booroondara East, Warrego 
 District. 
 
 Tulley, H., Illitwah, near Hay. 
 
 Tupholme, R., Moama. 
 
 Tures, Wm., Cauraawyalpa Station, Bourke, Dar- 
 ling River. 
 
 Turner, C. , Springvale, Monaro, via Sydney. 
 
 Turner, G. F. and Mrs. Emma J., Junction, 
 Monaro District. 
 
 Turner, G. J., Angora, Booligal. 
 
 Turner, G. N., Eribindery, Lachlan District. 
 
 Turner, Jones and Co., Myang, Edwarda River, 
 via Deniliquin. 
 
 Turner, Mrs., Barigagama, Tocumwal. 
 
 Turner, W.. Wyang, near Deniliquin. 
 
 TurnbuU and Co., Hay. 
 
 Turnbull, S., Gunngrah, Bombala. 
 
 Tyson, James, Tupra, near Balranald. 
 
 Tyson, P. and J., Corrong, via Hay. 
 
 Tyson, Wm., Geraeny, Lachlan District. 
 
 Umphelby and Umphelby, Ticehurat, Lachlan 
 District. 
 
 Uphill, Charles, Deniliquin. 
 
 Vagg Brothers, Deniliquin. 
 
 Vagg. Thomas, Fergusson, Eight-mile Hotel, Co- 
 nargo Road, Deniliquin. 
 
 Van der Maal, C, Deniliquin. 
 
 Varcoe, B., Wanganella. 
 
 Varcoe, R., Holloways, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Varcoe, R. H, Moama. 
 
 Vaughan, — , Young. 
 
 Venables, G., Bolero, Cooma, via Sydney. 
 
 Verge, Christian and Christian, Klybuica, Mac- 
 leay District. 
 
 Vickery, E., Mungyer, Millie. 
 
 Vickery, E. B. , Edgerton, Narribri, via Sydney. 
 
 Ville, J., Mooiwatlia, via Albury. 
 
XXX11 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Vincent, B., Bowna. 
 
 Vincent and Chance, Yamraa, via Jerilderie. 
 
 Vincent, Jonathan Wm., Daradilea, WartegO Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Vivers, E. 0., Tittalia, near Moama. 
 
 Vivers, W. and T..Trinkey, Somerton. 
 
 Von Laubenfelde, H. G., Youngara Creek, Lachlan 
 district. 
 
 Waite, Wm., jun., Bowna. 
 
 Wakely, J. J., Yanko Creek, via Jerilderie. 
 
 Waldren, Wm.. Argoon, Jerilderie. 
 
 Waiker Bros, and Porter, Wang-eribone, Orange. 
 
 Walker, Francis, Ravenswood, Germanton, via 
 Albury. 
 
 Walker, James, Woodside, Jerilderie. 
 
 Walker, J., Roadstone, King's Plains, near Inverell, 
 via Sydney. 
 
 Walker, J., Silver Pines, Jerilderie. 
 
 Walker, J. C, Priory, Hillston, Lachlan, via Hay. 
 
 Walker, Messrs., Cornargo, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Walker and Alcock. Greenland, Monaro District. 
 
 Walker, Robert, Mogul Mogil, Warrego District. 
 
 Wall, J., Branxton, Walcha. 
 
 Wallace, Henry, Dandelong, Cooma. 
 
 Wallace, J. C, and Co., The Priory Station, via 
 Hillston. 
 
 Wallace, J. H., Tumbleton, Young. 
 
 Wallace, Hon. John Alston, Quat Quatta, Mur- 
 rumbidgee District. 
 
 Wallace, Wm., Sandy Creek, Young. 
 
 Wallace, Wm., Kalkite, Cooma. 
 
 Wallace, Wm., Wrens' Nests, Cooma. 
 
 Walsh, M., Huaba, Lachlan District. 
 
 Walsh, P., Kikeamah, Lachlan District. 
 
 Wanchope, Andrew, Moredun, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Wanin, — , Boabula, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Warby, J. E., Billenbah, Nerandera, via Hay. 
 
 War by, C, Cunningham Creek, Lachlan District. 
 
 Warby, M., Deniliquin. 
 
 Ward, W. D., Windy Creek, Monaro District. 
 
 Ware, Alex., Collinton, Cooma. 
 
 Warren, M., Moulaniein. 
 
 Warren, Richard, Wanganella. 
 
 Watkins, J., Lake Plains, Monaro, via Sydney. 
 
 Watson, — , Barham, near Deniliquin. 
 
 Watson Bros., Matong, Buckley's Crossing. 
 
 Watson, M., Narrawa, Wheeo. Goulburn. 
 
 Watson, S., Gerogery, via Albury. 
 
 Watson, T., Woolendool, via Hay. 
 
 Watson, W. J., Bald Hills Station, Grenfell. 
 
 Watt Brothers, Derra, Moree. 
 
 Watt and Gilchrist, Clifton, New England Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Watt, D. J., Pine Ridge, Coolah. 
 
 Watt, Gilchrist and Gilchrist, Coonabarabran, 
 Bligh District. 
 
 Watt, T. R., Back Creek, Young. 
 
 Watt and M'Master, The Fancy Ground, Bligh 
 District. 
 
 Watt, W. R., Bumbaldry, Grenfell. 
 
 Waugh Brothers, Spring Creek, near Walcha, via 
 Sydney. 
 
 Webb, A. and C, Ellerslie, Adelong, via Albury. 
 
 Webb, J. W., Middle Cotter, Monaro District- 
 Webb, R. C, Woomargama, via Albury. 
 
 Webber, J., Boonoke, Deniliquin. 
 
 Webber, J. R., Guise's Creek, Queanbeyan. 
 
 Weir, J. W., Corowa. 
 
 Wehnan, J. H., Barwang, Young. 
 
 Wellman and Co., H., Navena, Brewarrina. 
 
 Wells, Edward, Bigga, Goulburn. 
 
 Welsh, John, Jillamlong, Cooma. 
 
 West and Allan, Goolagung, Lachlan Distr ct. 
 
 West, Henry, Galramatta, Monaro District. 
 
 West, J., Goolagong, Young. 
 
 West, J., Binda, Forbes. 
 
 West, Major, Nanima, Forbes. 
 Westby, E. and A., Pullitop, Wagga Wagga. 
 Westerndoff, C, Jindera, via Albury. 
 Weston, J., Boloca, Cooma. 
 Wheeler Brothers, Deniliquin. 
 Whetten, Richard, Bombala. 
 White, F. R., Bando, Gunnedah, via Sydney. 
 White, James, Burrangong, Lachlan River. 
 White, Hon. James, Martindale, Denman, via Hay. 
 White, J. T. H., Belltrees, near Scone, via Syd- 
 ney. 
 White, Matthew, Jindabyne, Cooma. 
 White, Stephen, Merrybandinah, near Gundagai. 
 
 Whitehead, 0., Teriwinda Plains, No. 1, Albert 
 
 District. 
 Whitehead and Sutherland, Yourie, Monaro Dis- 
 trict. 
 Whiteman, P., New Kirban, Bligh District. 
 Whittaker, R., Jellingro, Murrumbidgee District. 
 Whitton, H., Springfield, Ganoo Ganoo, Tam- 
 
 vvorth. 
 Whittley, J. C, Tiruna, Cormea. 
 Whitty and Whitty, Turmia, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 Whyte, Henry, Bombala, Cooma. 
 Whyte, John, Bombala, Cooma. 
 Wild, Mrs. Jane, Trialgara, Wellington District. 
 Wilding, Thomas, Spring Creek, Lachlan Dis- 
 trict. 
 Wilds, T., Grathery, Queenbone. 
 Wilds and Wood, Gerajusee or Weelah, Bligh Dis- 
 trict. 
 Wilkinson and Co., Tom's Lake, Booligal, Lachlan, 
 
 via Hay. 
 Wilkinson, J. and J., Yellowin, Murrumbidgee 
 
 District. 
 Willan, R., Bombala. 
 Williams and Hole, Woolomon, Liverpool Plains 
 
 District. 
 Williams, G. E. and William, Bald Hills, Monaro 
 
 District. 
 Williams, J., Kuthie, New England District. 
 Williams, William, Adelong Crossing-place, via 
 
 Tarcutta. 
 Williams, W. H., Little Billabong, Little Billa- 
 
 bong. 
 Wills, Allan T. P., Gunnedah. 
 Wilson, A., Nelly Springs Station, via Bourke, 
 
 Darling River. 
 Wilson, A., Coree, via Deniliquin. 
 Wilson, A. C, Lela Springs, via Bourke. 
 Wilson, D. R., Bongate, Walgett. 
 Wilson, G., O'Brien's Crsek, Wagga Wagga. 
 Wilson, H. C. and T. D., Booningii, Macleay Dis- 
 trict. 
 Wilson, J., Cariali Farm, Jerilderie. 
 Wilson, J., Dunlop, via Bourke. 
 Wilson and M'Callum, Pomingalarma, via Wagga 
 
 Wagga. 
 Wilson, Samuel, Carrah Farm, Jerilderie. 
 Wilson, Thomas, Gilmore, via Adelong. 
 Wilson, W., North Yathong, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 Windeyer and Macansh, Deepwater, New England 
 
 District. 
 Winter, A. G., Carroll P.O., via Tamworth. 
 Winter, Irving, Tulcumbah, Carroll P.O., Tam- 
 worth. 
 Winter, John, Dungaroon, Queanbeyan. 
 Wilton, S. H., Mudgee. 
 Witcombe Bros., Hay. 
 Witcombe, J., and Co.. Hillston. 
 Withers, Henry, Coolamatong, Cooma. 
 Wittenhall, W. E., Werichibba, via Hay. 
 Witts, A. E., Cooma. 
 
 Wlttycombe, James, Lower Wilgie, Warrego Dis- 
 trict. 
 Wolseley, F. Y., Euroka, Walgett. 
 Wood, George, New Gradgery, Bligh District. 
 Wood, H. G., Delegate, Bombala. 
 Wood, James, South Bulladoran. 
 Wood. J., Dubbo. 
 
 Woodcroft, Joseph, Bunyan, Cooma. 
 Woodhouse, Mrs. E., Inchbyra, Monaro District. 
 Woodhouse, W., Jugebira, Cooma. 
 Woods, G., Ballaree, Wellington District. 
 Woods, J., Wanganella. 
 Woods, J. G., Gorman's Hill Station, Rankin 
 
 Spring P.O., via Nerandera. 
 Woods, T., Bumbaldry, near Greenfell. 
 Woolcott and Creswick, Upper Wyalong, Hiawa. 
 Woolett, G., Bombala. 
 Woolfe Bros., Moulamein. 
 Worland, James, Allen's Flat, Cooma. 
 Wotton, W. J. E., Broughtonsworth, via Burrowa. 
 Wragge, Thomas, Beromaged, Murrumbidgee Dis- 
 trict. 
 W T ragge, W. R., and Co., Howlong. 
 Wragge and Hearn, Cultowa, Darling River, via 
 
 Wilcannia. 
 Wreford, — , Marra Station, Darling. 
 Wren, Henry, Kamaroka, Candelo. 
 Wren, W. L., Eastwood, Deniliquin. 
 
NEW SOUTH WALES. 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 Wright, A. H., Burmina, Bombala. 
 
 Wright, Charles, Jennybrother, Cooma. 
 
 Wright, J. J. M., Mila Station, Bombala. 
 
 Wright, Win., Bobundrah, Cooma. 
 
 Wright, W. T. , Fourfold .Station, Euabalong, via 
 
 Hay. 
 Wrightman, J. P., Merigula, near Tamber Springs, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Wrightley, Thomas, Carlginda, Bligh District. 
 
 Wroe, Jolm, Burmina, Bombala. 
 
 Wyndham, P., Winton, Goondi Windi. 
 
 Young, C. J., and Co., Caidmurra, Mogil Mogil, 
 
 Barvvon River, via -Millie. 
 Younghusband, J., Yathong, via Hay. 
 Zuill, J. and W., jun., Blake's Creek, Clarence 
 
 District. 
 Zuile, J., Southgate, Clarence District. 
 
 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Acraman, H. , station overseer, Yardea. 
 
 Acraman, Mann and Co., Adelaide. 
 
 Addison, A., Point Sturt. 
 
 Affleck, John, overseer, Kyrbybolite. 
 
 Affleck, James, Kyrbybolite. 
 
 Agars, Geo., J. P., Talia. Venus Bay. 
 
 Allen, William, Cape Jervis. 
 
 Alston, G., jun., Blakiston. 
 
 Alston, W. H, overseer, Comaun, Penola. 
 
 Anderson, James, Rolee. 
 
 Anderson, P., overseer, Mary vale, Streaky Bay. 
 
 Angas, J. H., J. P., Collingrove, near Angastoii. 
 
 Angas, J. H, Angaston. 
 
 Angus, John, overseer, Paratoo. 
 
 Armstrong, John, Booborowie. 
 
 Attiwell, A., station manager, Narracoorte. 
 
 Atkin, Thomas, Torrence Vale, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Axford, Thomas, overseer, Hill River Station, near 
 
 Clare. 
 Avers, Sir Henry, Adelaide. 
 Ladenock, J., Port M'Donnell. 
 Bagot, E. M., stock and station agent, Gresham- 
 
 street, Adelaide. 
 Bagot, F. M., jun., Dalhousie Springs. 
 Bagot, J. and C. M., Mount Robe Station. 
 Baird, A., Okelaibie, Talia. 
 Baker, E. H, Emu Flat, Mount Monster. 
 Baker, H, Terlinga. 
 Baker, Henry, Terlinga. 
 Baker, Hon. R. C.,Morialta. 
 Baker, P. B., Emu Flat Station, Mount Monster. 
 Baker, R. H. H, Emu Flat, Mount Monster. 
 Baker, T. B. , Emu Flat, Mount Monster. 
 Baker, William, Stone Hut. 
 Baker, E., Mount Monster. 
 Barrand, J. P., Tod River, Port Lincoln. 
 Barret Brothers. Mount Gambier. 
 Barker, W. P., Baldina. 
 Barrman, W. M., near Robe. 
 Baron, C. J., overseer, Coonatto. 
 Bartlett, G. A. and H, stock and station agents, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Baseby, Mrs. E., Mannum. 
 Bateson, R. H, East Wellington. 
 Bateson, W., manager, Kanyaka. 
 Batton, R., overseer, Tilley's Swamp, Coolatoo. 
 Beard, A., Okiltabie, Venus Bay. 
 Beare, W. L., J.P., Clare. 
 Beck, F. J., and Co., Medindie. 
 Beck, D., overseer, Fowler's Bay. 
 Beck, L., station manager, Fowler's Bay. 
 Bell, Allan, jun., near Wellington. 
 Bell, Andrew, Apoinga. 
 Bellingham, Mrs., Bletchley. 
 Bennett, G., Rapid Bay. 
 Berchmore, A., Kangaroo Island. 
 Berry, E. W., overseer, M'Coy's Well. 
 Berryman, R., Yongala. 
 Blackniore, J., Penola. 
 Blight, J., sen., Mount Barker Springs. 
 Blinne, Carl, Green Point, Hundred of Caroline, 
 
 Mount Gambier. 
 Bolte, C. A. F., Mount Gambier. 
 Boneham, William, Kalangadoo. 
 Bonnin, Josiah, overseer, Nalpa, Wellington. 
 Bonnin, James, overseer, Wood's Point. 
 Borthwick, A., overseer, Lockleys. 
 
 Bosworth, C. R., manager, Wintabatinyina. 
 
 Bosworth, J., M.P., Edge Hill, near Reveiton. 
 
 Bosworth, John, Edgehill. 
 
 Botham and Winters, Kanmantoo. 
 
 Boothby, E., Two Wells. 
 
 Boothby, J. H.. J.P., Weinteriga, Darling. 
 
 Boothby, Jos., stock and station agent, Adelaide. 
 
 Bowman Brothers, Campbell House, Poltalloch! 
 
 Bowman Brothers, Poltalloch. 
 
 Bowman Brothers, Manoora. 
 
 Bowman Brothers, Campbell House, Menin r 'ie. 
 
 Bowman, E., Biack Springs. 
 
 Bowman, G., Delamere. 
 
 Bowman, J., Stockyards, Rapid Bay. 
 
 Bowman, James, manager, Cookitabie and Carra- 
 willia, Port Augusta. 
 
 Bowman, John, Poltalloch. 
 
 Bowman, Parker, Parara. 
 
 Bowman, T. R., near Meningie. 
 
 Bowman and Young, Euro Bluff. 
 
 Brady, Daniel Lochiel. 
 
 Braley, W. J., Ulooloo, Hallett. 
 
 Broad, T. H, Sod Hut, Kooringa. 
 
 Brodie. Alexander, J. P., Point Sturt. 
 
 Brodribt, K. E., Poolamacca. 
 
 Brook, Benjamin, Burkside, Goot Well. 
 
 Brooks, Benjamin, Goot Well. 
 
 Brooks, H. J., East Robe. 
 
 Brown, A., sen., near Harrogate. 
 
 Brown Brothers, Nettalie. 
 
 Brown, F., station overseer, Betaloo. 
 
 Brown, James, Harrogate. 
 
 Brown, John, Mount James. 
 
 Brown, L. G., Buckland's Park. 
 
 Brown, R., overseer, New Bramfield. 
 
 Brown, T. S., overseer, Olnina. 
 
 Brown, W. J., Moorak. 
 
 Brown, W. J. , Woodlands. 
 
 Browne, J. H, Talia. 
 
 Browne, J. H. , Mikkira. 
 
 Browne, J. H., Koppio. 
 
 Browne, W. J., Port Gawler. 
 
 Bruce, J. D. , overseer, Poonindie, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Bruce, J. E., manager, Gum Flat, West District. 
 
 Bruce, R., J. P., Walelberdina North. 
 
 Bryant. J., Yardea, Gawler Ranges. 
 
 Bryce, W., overseer, Mount Bryan. 
 
 Buchanan, W., overseer, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Budge, William, Wallerberdina. 
 
 Buick, William, Hog Bay River, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Burkitt, W. C, Tingatingana. 
 
 Burn, T., Tintinarra. 
 
 Burt, W., Kercoonda. 
 
 Butcher, James, Lacepede Bay. 
 
 Butcher, J. S., sheep overseer, Westons Flat. 
 
 Butler and Sells, Moralina. 
 
 Butler and Sells, Yattahmga. 
 
 Cadby, John, overseer, Booborowie. 
 
 Cain, M. , Kingscote, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Cameron, Alexander, station manager, rondina, 
 
 Yardea. 
 Cameron, Alexander, station manager, Cootanoor- 
 
 mira. 
 Cameron, Ann, Mount Burr, S.E. 
 Cameron, J., Wattle Range. 
 Cameron, J., Mount Burr, S.E. 
 Campbell, Robert, Kingston. 
 
XXXIV 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Carroll and Fullerton, Narracoorte. 
 
 Castles, Wm., Long Valley. 
 
 Chambers, John, Richmond. 
 
 Chandler, A., overseer, Watervale. 
 
 Chapman, A. A., overseer, Mundoudna. 
 
 Chapman, Edgar, Adelaide. 
 
 Chapman, R., River Eleanor, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Chapman, William, manager, Tolka, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Chapman, W., North Cape, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Chappel, C, overseer, Wilpena. 
 
 Chappie, Geo., overseer, Wilpena. 
 
 Chartier, Geo., station overseer, Mount Nor'- 
 West. 
 
 Checker, Edward, Maidstone. 
 
 Cheriton, John J. B., stock and station agent, 
 Strathalbyn. 
 
 Chewings, George, Moopina. 
 
 Cheyne, M.. Three Lakes. 
 
 Chisholm, James, East Wellington. 
 
 Clarke, Charles, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Clarke, Charles, Myponga. 
 
 Clarke, George, Myponga. 
 
 Clarke, John, Myponga. 
 
 Clarke, Peter, Myponga. 
 
 Clarke, Thomas/Myponga. 
 
 Clark and Sons, F., Adelaide. 
 
 Clark, T. F. , Port Macdonnell. 
 
 Cleary, John, overseer, Rhynie. 
 
 Cleland, G. F., Beaumont. 
 
 Cockram, G., Catarpoo. 
 
 Cock, John, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Colbey, A. H., overseer, Coonatto. 
 
 Coleman, J. E., Uraparinga, Weinstown. 
 
 Coleman, Mrs. A., Saddleworth. 
 
 Colley, E. J., Lillymuir, via Penola. 
 
 Coles and Goodchild, Kapunda. 
 
 Collins, G. G., Fairfield Farm, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Colton, Hon. John, Adelaide. 
 
 Conner, C, near Mannum. 
 
 Cooke, A., Naringa. Wellington. 
 
 Cook, Archibald, Kingston. 
 
 Coombe, W., Georgetown. 
 
 Cotter, H. R., overseer. Nepowie, Nort North. 
 
 Cotton, James, overseer, Lake Hamilton. 
 
 Cotton, T., Pantalpie, Western District. 
 
 Couch, Richard, sheep farmer, Couch Run. 
 
 Couch and Mills, sheep farmers, Streaky Bay. 
 
 Crabble, stockholder, Roonka Roonka. 
 
 Crawford, John, sheep farmer, Karcultaby, Streaky 
 Bay. 
 
 Crawford, W. B., sheep farmer, Karcultaby, 
 Streaky Bay. 
 
 Crossman, John, sheep farmer, Inman Valley. 
 
 Crouch, E. F., station manager, Tarpeena. 
 
 Crouch, W. A., sheep farmer, Tarpeena, Penola. 
 
 Crowe, Richard, sheep farmer, Mingbool, Mount 
 Gambier. 
 
 Crozier, H. J., Oaklands. 
 
 Cadmore, J. F., sheep farmer, Paringa, River 
 Murray. 
 
 Curner, A., sheep farmer, Lochiel. 
 
 Dallison, W. J. , stationholder, Hell House, Coorong. 
 
 Dament, James, stationholder, Mount Monster. 
 
 Dare, W., sheep farmer, Piltimitteappa N.E. 
 
 Dash wood Bros., stationholders, Thurioo, Man- 
 num. 
 
 Davenport, S., stationholder, Beaumont. 
 
 Da vies, C. W., sheep fanner, Mattawanangala. 
 
 Davies, Edward, sheep farmer, Spelding. 
 
 Davison, James, stationholder, Little Hampton. 
 
 Daw, J. N., sheep farmer, Cygnet River, Kangaroo 
 Island. 
 
 Dawson, sheep farmer, Aberdeen. 
 
 Day, W., and Co., George-street, Millicent. 
 
 Dean, W., stock and station agent, Campbell- 
 town. 
 
 Debney, G. L., stationholder, Lake Eyre and 
 Crystal Brook. 
 
 Denford R. J., sheep farmer, East Wellington. 
 
 Denning, W. J. D., sheep farmer, Banbury Station, 
 Munkoora. 
 
 Dennis, Richard, stationholder, Inman Valley. 
 
 Depledge, W., sheep farmer, Encounter Bay. 
 
 Dodd, Thomas, Adelaide. 
 
 Dodd, T., Mundoo Island. 
 
 Doudy, — , stationholder, Lower Light. 
 
 Douglas, W., Mount Gambier. 
 
 Dowden, Geo. C, sheep farmer, Booborowie. 
 
 Duffield, Hon. W. , Parra Parra. 
 
 Duncan. John, sheep farmer, Wallaroo. 
 
 Duncan, W. H., sheep farmer, Oulnina. 
 
 Dunn, Andrew, stationholder, Woolmit, Robe. 
 
 Dunn, Joseph, stationholder, Palmer, 
 
 Dunn, J., J. P., Mount Parker. 
 
 Dunn, Wm., Hallett. 
 
 Edwards, Herbert, stationholder, Penola. 
 
 Edwards, J., station owner, Penola. 
 
 Edwards, M., stationholder, Swanport. 
 
 Elder, Smith and Co., Adelaide. 
 
 Elliot, M., sheep farmer, Second Valley. 
 
 Embury and Co., Port M'Donnell. 
 
 Everard, Wm., stationholder, Ashford Bay Road. 
 
 Everard, W., Marshfield. 
 
 Fallow, R. N., Woolmit, Robe. 
 
 Fergusson, A. , overseer, near Mannum. 
 
 Ferrier, Peter, Encounter Bay. 
 
 Fish, W. H., Colona, Fowler's Bay. 
 
 Fisher, C. B., The Levels, Dry Creek. 
 
 Flint, Benjamin, overseer, Penola. 
 
 Flowers, James, Baldina. 
 
 Foote, H. , Outalpa. 
 
 Ford, E. D., Petermooroo, Far North. 
 
 Ford, Jos., Blackwater Holes, Redruth. 
 
 Ford and Hill, Colton. 
 
 Forster, R., Allandale Station, Gillap. 
 
 Forsyth, John, East Wellington. 
 
 Forty, W. B., Bramfield, Western District. 
 
 Foster, R., Lake St. Clair, Robe. 
 
 Fowke, F. J., manager, Leigh's Creek. 
 
 Fowke, W., overseer, Leigh's Creek. 
 
 Fowler, D. and J., stock and station agents, Ade- 
 laide. 
 
 Fowler and Murray, Yarroo. 
 
 Fowler, William, Yarroo, Kulpara, Yorke's Pen- 
 insula. 
 
 Fox, Arthur, East Wellington. 
 
 French, E., and Co., Rivoli. 
 
 French, E. , and Co. , Port Macdonnell. 
 
 Frost and Co., F. J., Erndina. 
 
 Frost, F. J.. Erndina. 
 
 Frost, Frederick J. , overseer, Oladdie. 
 
 Fulford, J. H., overseer, Paratoo Station. 
 
 Glair, James, manager, Lake Victoria Station, 
 Murray. 
 
 Gall, Charles, station manager, Mount Bryan. 
 
 Gardiner, Captain, Mingbool, via Mount Gambier. 
 
 Gardiner, R., Mount Schanck, via Mount Gam- 
 bier. 
 
 Gardner, A., Mangwarry. 
 
 Gebhart, G. A., Mount Cone, Kooringa. 
 
 Geharty, James, Kukuna, Western District. 
 
 Gerner, H. J., overseer, Yartoo, Yardea. 
 
 Gerrard, W., Stud Farm, Rapid Bay. 
 
 Giffen, David, overseer, Peelawurta, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Gilbert, Jos., J. P., Pewsey Vale. 
 
 Gilbert, W., J.P., Wangalere. 
 
 Giles, C.,Crafers. 
 
 Giles, H., Melrose. 
 
 Gilmour, J. G., near Mount Pleasant. 
 
 Gilmour, John, near Mount Pleasant. 
 
 Gleeson, Richard T. , Yongala. 
 
 Glen, Geo., J. P., Marjura, South-east. 
 
 Glennie, W. , overseer, Courtabie, Port Elliot. 
 
 Gleeson, J. W., Clare. 
 
 Gleesen and Tassie, Port Augusta. 
 
 Godfree, John, South Rhine. 
 
 Godlee, Charles B., manager, Kalka, Streaky 
 Bay. 
 
 Godlee, F. 0., station manager, Peake. 
 
 Goldsworty, S., Curramulka, Yorke's Peninsula. 
 
 Gollan, D., East Wellington. 
 
 Gooch, T. , Tintinnara. 
 
 Goode, C. R., J. P., Saddleworth. 
 
 Gordon and Co., W., stock and station agents, 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Gordon, J., overseer, Kingsley, Port Macdonnell. 
 
 Gordon and Waugh, Dungalear. 
 
 Goros, William, manager, Blanchewater. 
 
 Gosden, Hiram, South Rhine. 
 
 Gosse, Henry, overseer, North-west Bend. 
 
 Gower, J., sen., Mount Crawford. 
 
 Gower, James, jun.,New Brook, Mount Crawford 
 
 Graham, T. J. P., Wakefield-street, Adelaide. 
 
 Grant and Stokes, Coonatto. 
 
 Grant, G. A., overseer, Mount Lindhurst. 
 
 Gray, G. H., overseer, Beachport. 
 
 Green, W. M., Coondambo. 
 
 Greig, A. L., Mopina. 
 
 Greig and Wade, Mopina. 
 
 Greive, Charles, Greiveston, Dutton. 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Grice, J., and Co., Robe. 
 
 Grice, J., and Co., Kingston. 
 
 Griffin, Wm., Vallies, Nairne. 
 
 Grundy, Jos., Second Valley. 
 
 Gunn, John, overseer, Kappowanta, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Guthrie, Samuel, overseer, near Milang. 
 
 Guttine, T. , Mount Graham. 
 
 Hack, Francis, overseer, Mount Templeton. 
 
 Haigh, W. F., Tiatucka, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Haigh Bros., Port Lincoln. 
 
 Haldane, Robert, overseer, Salter Springs. 
 
 Hall, Ebenezer, Joyce. 
 
 Hall, Ebenezer, Roseford, Narracoorte. 
 
 Hall, James, Point Sturt. 
 
 Hall, R. B., manager, Beltana Station. 
 
 Hallett, R., Norwood. 
 
 Handyshire, R. , Penola. 
 
 Hannyside, A. D., J. P., Camayura. 
 
 Hannaford, J. E., Bonney's Flat. 
 
 Hansley, R., Cairn Bank, Robe Island. 
 
 Hanstein, Neil, overseer, Mount Burr. 
 
 Harding, C. G., Tintinarra. 
 
 Harding, J., Tintinarra. 
 
 Harding, W., Tintinarra. 
 
 Harding, W. G., Tintinarra. 
 
 Harewood, J. C, overseer, Weston's Flat. 
 
 Harris, S. A., North-west Bend. 
 
 Harris, Scarf e and Co., Adelaide. 
 
 Harrold Bros., Adelaide. 
 
 Hart, Joseph, overseer, Macumbra Peake. 
 
 Hart, Thomas, overseer, Mount Felton Station. 
 
 Hart Bros., Glanville. 
 
 Harwood, J. C, overseer, Markaranko, River 
 Murray. 
 
 Hatten, Thomas, Astwood, Melrose. 
 
 Hawker, G. C, Parallana. 
 
 Hawker, Hon. G. C, Bungaree. 
 
 Hawson, G., sen., Polda, Western District. 
 
 Hawson, G., jun., overseer, Polda, Western Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Hay, Alex. , Nairne. 
 
 Hay, Hon. A., Linden. 
 
 Hay, Donald, Mount Graham. "* >'; 
 
 Hay, James, Nairne. 
 
 Hayes, George, Bagdad, Robe. 
 
 Hayes, G. W., Lowrie's Hill, Robe. 
 
 Hayes, Thomas, manager, Richmond Park, Robe. 
 
 Hayford, Thomas, overseer, Penong, Fowler's 
 Bay. 
 
 Heathcote and Mather, Streaky Bay. 
 
 Heathcote, J. W., J.P., Streaky Bay. 
 
 Hebard, Hy. Luke, overseer, Robe Town. 
 
 Hebditch, G., overseer, Robe. 
 
 Hegarty, James, overseer, Rocky River. 
 
 Heirns, C., manager, Flat Station, Western Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Heirns, Thomas, overseer, Terry Station, Colton. 
 
 Helling, August, Cowarie, Lake Eyrie. 
 
 Henning, R. W. E., J. P., East Terrace, Adelaide. 
 
 Henry, P., manager, Oraparinna. 
 
 Hensley, J., Cairnbank, Lacepede. 
 
 Hensley, J., Cairnbank, Narracoorte. 
 
 Hickner and Bell, Mount Drummond. 
 
 Hiern, James, Parla, Western District. 
 
 Hiern, Maurice, manager, Yudnapinie, St. Augusta. 
 
 Higgins, H. H., manager, Mylette Springs. 
 
 Higgins, James, overseer, Yardea. 
 
 Hiles, G., McCoy's Well, Eastern Plains. 
 
 Hiles, George, Mungibbie. 
 
 Hiles, George, jun., overseer, Tetulpa. 
 
 Hill, Allen, overseer, Cape Spencer, Yorke's Penin- 
 sula. 
 
 Hobbs, Wm., Myponga. 
 
 Hodge, Francis J., overseer, Orriecoure, Yorke's 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Hodgkiss, Hon. John, Brighton. 
 
 Hogarth, John, Strangways Springs. 
 
 Hogarth, Jos., Strangways Springs. 
 
 Hogarth, W., Strangways Springs. 
 
 Hogg, J., Waterloo Bay. 
 
 Holland, R., J. P., Turretfield. 
 
 Holloway, Charles, Compton Downs, Mount Gam- 
 bier. 
 
 Holmes, Thomas, sen., Mundoo Island. 
 
 Holroyd, H., J. P., Port Lincoln. 
 
 Hooper, J., Yongala. 
 
 Hope, J., J.P., Clare. 
 
 Horn, R. A., Beefacres. 
 
 Horn, W. A., J. P., Maryvale. 
 
 Horn and Stirling, Winninnie. 
 
 Ilonick, Edward, Cape Jervis. 
 
 Hosken, Wm., Chellenda. 
 
 Hoskina and Bryant, Chellenda, Streaky Bay. 
 
 Houston, W., overseer, Maynra. 
 
 Howard, W. J., overseer, East Wellington. 
 
 llowson, G., sen., Polda Station. 
 
 Hughes, H. B., J.P., Athelney. 
 
 Hughes, C. E., station manager. Wellington. 
 
 Humphreys, Jesse, Blomfield, Koringa. 
 
 Humphries, E., Jamestown. 
 
 Hunt, John, sen., Myponga. 
 
 Hunt, M., Myponga. 
 
 Hunter, Stevenson and Co., station agents, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Hurd, Wm.,J.P.,Outalpa. 
 Hurst, J., Snug Cove, Kangaroo Island. 
 Hutchings, W., manager, Emu Belt Station. 
 Hutchins, J., overseer, Wirrabara. 
 Hutchinson and Dunn, Biscuit Flat, Robe. 
 Hutchison, W., Richmond Park, Robe. 
 Hyde, F. E., overseer, Lake Albert, Meningie. 
 Ifould, Walter, manager, Boolcoomatta. 
 Ingham, Geo., overseer, Kingston. 
 Inglis, M., overseer, Booborowie. 
 Irving, Thomas, Binnum Binnum. 
 Jaffrey, S., Lake St. Clair, Robe. 
 Jagger, James, Encounter Bay. 
 Jagger, Robert, Encounter Bay. 
 James, W. B., Canowie. 
 Jarvis, James, Mount Gambier East. 
 Jelfers, J. and J., Narracoorte. 
 Jonas, Wm., Yongala. 
 Jones, B. H., Woolyana. 
 Jones, E., Yongala. 
 Jones, F. T., Mongalata. 
 Jones, H., J. P., Binnum Binnum. 
 Jones, Wm. Ourie Cowie. 
 Kain, John, Little Dublin, Nairne. 
 Kay, W., stock and station agent. Adelaide. 
 Keily M., Swedes' Flat, Narracoorte, 
 Kelly, Michael, Mount Monster. 
 Kelly, Patrick. Inglis Flat, Bordertown. 
 Kelsh, Thomas, Moonaltinga. 
 Kennedy, J., Pewenna, Mount Gambier. 
 Kennedy, John, manager, Benara, Mount Gambier. 
 Kennedy, John, Pie weeny. 
 Kenney, Edward, Hindmarsh Valley. 
 Kenny, Daniel S., Colton. 
 Keynes, Jos., J. P., Keyneton. 
 Killen, G., Thalia, River Murray. 
 Killicoat, P. L., Kooringa. 
 King, Fielder, manager, Yongala. 
 Kingsmill, J. W., overseer, Betana Station. 
 Knight, Charles, Wellington. 
 Knowles, Thomas, overseer, Wirralpa North. 
 Laidlaw and McLeod, stock agents, Narracoorte. 
 Laidlaw, Robert, Lake Roy. 
 Lambert, J„ Lambert Springs North. 
 Lammond, J., overseer, Mount Templeton. 
 Lander, R. S., Angus St. East, Adelaide. 
 Landseer, A. H., Goolwa. 
 Lane, John, overseer, Mayura. 
 Laughton and Co. , E. , stock and station agents. 
 
 Burnside. 
 Lawrence, W. M., stock and station agent, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Leahy, Dennis, Caltowie. 
 Lee, Hy. , Robe. 
 Lemon, John, Myponga Jetty. 
 Letcbford, W. M., stock and station agent, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Levi and Co., P., Adelaide. 
 Linklater, James, Kirkala, Western District. 
 Litchfield, J. M. , East Wellington. 
 Litchfield, W., East Wellington. 
 Lloyd, E. F., Inman Valley. 
 Lloyd, Geo., Mannanarie. 
 Llovd, Joseph, Mannanarie. 
 Lloyd, T. F. F., Kangarilla. 
 Locke, John, Port McDonnell. 
 Logan, John, Keyneton. 
 Long, G. P., overseer, Blanchewater. 
 Lord, N. A., and Co., Port Macdonnell. 
 Love, J., Caymulta. 
 Love, James, Wocdforde, Magill. 
 Love, J. and R., Mount Wedge. 
 Lovegrove, J. D., near Meningie. 
 Lovegrove, L., near Meningie. 
 Low. Alex., Yakelo. 
 Lowther, T., sen., overseer, near Teatree Gully. 
 
XXX VI 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Lutz, Ch. A. H., station manager, Condowie. 
 
 Lyon, James, East Wellington. 
 
 L\ons and Leader, stock and station agents, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Macbeth, G., overseer, Bamfield. 
 MacCorinac, J. M., overseer sheep station, Western 
 
 Flat. 
 MacGeorge, F. T., overseer, Lake Eyre. 
 Mackay, J., Calca. Western District. 
 Madely, G. F., Port Macdonnell. 
 Magarey, W. J., M.P., Semaphore. 
 Makin, James, overseer, Mount Monster. 
 Malcolm, W., J. P., Gawler West. 
 Mansell, H. F., Moralina. 
 Manser, W., Highlands. 
 Marchant, W. L., Burnside, Strathalbyn. 
 Marchant, W.L., Edeowie. 
 Mars, R., manager, Myponga. 
 Martin, H., Callana, Far North. 
 Maslin, C. B., manager, Warrakimbo. 
 Maslin, Geo., Hindmarsh Valley\ 
 Maslin, Hy., Hindmarsh Valley. 
 Maslin, John, Bundaleer. 
 Mather, C. A., J. P., Fowlers' Bay. 
 Matheson, J. A. P., Two W r ells. 
 Mathieson, D., Lacepede Bay. 
 Melrose, James, Franklin, Harter. 
 Melrose, John, Franklin, Harter. 
 Melrose, G., J. P., South Rhine. 
 Miller, A., Three Lakes, Bramfield. 
 Miller, Charles, overseer, Stuart's Creek. 
 Miller, Charles, Three Lakes, Bramfield. 
 Milne, Sir N., Adelaide. 
 Mitchell, J., overseer, Spalding-. 
 Mitchell, Thos., overseer, Wewanda, Port Lincoln. 
 Monaghan, Thomas, Nairne. 
 Monckton, J. R., Lacepede. 
 Moorhouse, J., Bartagunyah, Melrose. 
 Moorhouse, W., Bartagunyah, Melrose. 
 Morgan and Co., W., Adelaide. 
 Morphett, C. E., overseer, Baroota. 
 Morphett, Sir Jno., Cummins. 
 Morris, Hy. , Kalangadoo, Tarpeena. 
 Morris, Hy., Parara. 
 Morris, H., Anlaby. 
 Morris, J. L., overseer, Cootabena. 
 Morris, J., Kalangadoo, Tarpeena. 
 Morris, T., J. P., Biscuit Flat, Robe. 
 Morris, T., Kalangadoo, Tarpeena. 
 Mortlock, W. R., M.P., Avenel, Medindie. 
 Moseley, Thomas, Coondamba. 
 Mugge, J. F. E., Redruth. 
 Mundy, D,, Campbell Town, 
 Mundy, Geo., overseer, Fowlers' Bay. 
 Mung, G. W., overseer, Fowlers' Bay. 
 Murray, A. B., Murray-Park, Magill. 
 Murray, A. S., J. P., Wirrabara. 
 Murray, D. and W. , Adelaide. 
 Murray, G. W., overseer, Fowlers' Bay. 
 Murray, James, overseer, Wirrabara Station. 
 Murray, Jno., Mount Crawford. 
 Murray, John, South Rhine. 
 Murra}-, T. H., Murray Vale. 
 Mustard, W. F., overseer, North-west Bend. 
 Myers, Robert, Lake Wangary. 
 McArthur, W. F., Pernalty. 
 MeAuliffe, John, Springfield. 
 McBaiu, A., Monkoora/Monnt Monster. 
 McBain, Alex., Ardoon, Narracoorte. 
 McBain, B., Messamurray, Narracoorte. 
 McBain, Donald, Mount Benson, Robe. 
 McBain, D., Messamurray, Narracoorte. 
 McBain, J., Messamurray, Narracoorte. 
 McBean, A., Baldina. 
 McBean, — , Baldon, Truro. 
 McBeath, W. , near Meningie. 
 McBeth, H. G., Bramfield, Western District. 
 McBride, J. M., W'orld's End, Kooringa. 
 McCullum Bros., Nepowie. 
 McCallum, D., Moolawatana, 
 McCallum, D., Strathalbyn. 
 McCallum, J., Whoola, Port Lincoln. 
 McCord, James, Strathalbvn. 
 McCulloch, A., J.P., Gottlieb's Well and Princess 
 
 Royal, Kooringa. 
 McCulloch Bros., Baratta, Black Rock. 
 McCulloch, John, Yongala. 
 McDill, D.. Hookina. 
 McDill, Robert, Mount Nor'-West- 
 McDonald, A,, Sonth Rhine. 
 
 McDonald, D., Penola. 
 
 McEdwards, A., Mildura, River Murray. 
 
 McEegan, Michael, Tarpeena. 
 
 McFarlane, Allan, East Wellington. 
 
 McFarlin.^W., manager, Brimbago. 
 
 McGilchrist, D., and Co., Narracoorte. 
 
 McGillivray, J., Maaoope Park, Penola. 
 
 McGregor, D., Illawortina. 
 
 Mclnnes, H., Wellington. 
 
 Mclnnes, John, Narracoorte. 
 
 Mclnnes. J., Narracoorte. 
 
 Mclnnes, J., c./o. Mr. Graham, Millicent, via Mount 
 
 Gambier. 
 Mclnnes, Malcolm, c./o. Mr. Graham, Millicent, via 
 
 Mount Gambier. 
 Mclnnes, M., Crower Station, Gillip. 
 Mcintosh, A., Eddrotrilla. 
 McKay, James, Morambro. 
 McKeand, A., Penola. 
 McKeand, N. , overseer, Gillop. 
 McKechine, Peter, Franklin Harbour. 
 McKenzie and Co., Penola. 
 McKenzie, D., manager, Franklin Harbour. 
 McKinnon, A., overseer, Muricoora, Tatiara. 
 McKinnon, A., Kingston. 
 McLachlan, A., Charkutt, Penola. 
 McLachlan, J., Mount Scab, Lacepede. 
 McLean and Barker, Flagstaff, E. Plains. 
 McLean and Barker, Prospect Hill, North Adelaide. 
 McLean, D., J. P., Murbko, Murray. 
 McLean, D., Baldina. 
 McLellan, A., overseer, Yallum. 
 McLellan, N., Border Town. 
 McLeod, A. , Port Macdonnell. 
 McLeod, J., Enfield. 
 
 McPherson, Duncan, Lake Victoria, Murray. 
 McPherson, Wm., Penola. 
 McQueen, A., Robe. 
 
 McKae, Frederick, station manager, Fowlers' Bay. 
 McTaggart, J.,Wooltana. 
 McTinies, J., Mount Graham. 
 McVarnish, D., near Mannum. 
 McWhinham and Sons, Bluche, Mount Gambier. 
 Napper, W., Lake Bonney. 
 Nelson, Thomas, Nairne. 
 Nesg. James, overseer, Mount Wedge, Western 
 
 District. 
 Ness, Wm., manager, Marachowie, Port Augusta. 
 Newland, S., Burnside. 
 Newland, W., The Grange. 
 Nial, Mrs. Jas., Stradbrook. 
 Noble, G., manager, Parallana Station. 
 Noble, J., overseer. Bungaree. 
 Norris, Edward, Meadows. 
 Norris, Hale, Meadows. 
 Oakley, T., Lower Finniss. 
 Oastler, J. L., overseer, Strangways Springs. 
 O'Loughlin, P., Paddy's Plains, Truro. 
 O'Neil, H. J., station manager. Second Valley. 
 Orchard, James, jun., Port Macdonnell. 
 Oswald, C. E., Yarrandale, Port Lincoln. 
 Oswald, C. P. G., Warrata, Port Lincoln. 
 Parke, E. W., Ellery's Creek, McDon Range. 
 Partridge, J. S., Saltia. 
 Partridge, T., manager, Yardea. 
 Pata, Geo., overseer, Fowlers' Ba}'. 
 Paterson, Hugh, Narracoorte. 
 Patterson, H., Wongalina. 
 Paull, Wm. Jas., Cowarie, Lake Eyre. 
 Peacock and Son, W., stock and station agents. 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Pearson, J., Mount Torrens. 
 Pegler, A. H., Ned's Corner, River Murray. 
 Pegler, H. W., overseer, Ned's Corner, River 
 
 Murray. 
 Penny, R. J., manager, Wirrega. 
 Perkins, Geo., manager, Arkaba. 
 Peters, Robert, Torrence Dale. 
 Pettman, Thomas, overseer, Reed Beds Road. 
 Phillips, G., overseer, Merowie, Yorke's Peninsula. 
 Phillips, G.. J. P., station manager, Moorowie. 
 Phillips, J. R., Kanyaka. 
 Phillips, T. D., manager, Arrowie Station 
 Pile, James, J. P., Gawler East. 
 Pile, W., Magill. 
 Pile, Wm., near Kensington. 
 Pinkerton, T., overseer, Robe Town. 
 Pitts, E. W., The Levels, Dry Creek. 
 Plew, Thomas, Rhynie. 
 Poldec, R., Myponga. 
 
SOUTH AUSTRALIA.- 
 
 XX.XVJl 
 
 Polden, Thomas. Bald Hills, Mount Crawford. 
 
 Pollack, Matthew. Narracoorte. 
 
 Pondts, F., Blumberg. 
 
 Porter, T., Glenelg. 
 
 Porter, W., O'Halloran Hill. 
 
 Potter, D., Green Kill Farm, Mount Gambler. 
 
 Powell, C. B., manager, Wilpena. 
 
 Price, H. S., Wilpena. 
 
 Trice, T., Mount Pleasant, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Pryor, W. G., manager Saltia Station. 
 
 Quigley, Geo., Lower Light, Dublin. 
 
 Raglass, A., overseer, Spring Vale, near Clare. 
 
 Bagless Bros., Government Gums. 
 
 Bagless Bros., Willochra. 
 
 Bagless, J., Yulpirri. 
 
 Bagless, J., overseer, near Clare. 
 
 Bagless, O., Minbury, E. Plains. 
 
 Balston, R. A., Penola. 
 
 Rankin, Mundalla, Narracoorte. 
 
 Bankine, A., Rushmoor, Strathalbyn. 
 
 Rayson, W. B., Fowlers' Bay. 
 
 Beddock, J. and J., Hynam Narracoorte. 
 
 Beid, Bichard, Wandillah, Kooringa. 
 
 Beid, H., overseer, Reedy Wells, Tintinarra. 
 
 Reid, J. andR. J., Booeetal. 
 
 Beid, John. Beetaleo, near Laura. 
 
 Beid, Ross T., Woodford, Magill. 
 
 Beid, W. L., St. Ann's Terrace, Glenelg. 
 
 Renfrey, R. D., Craik Farm, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Renfrey, W. H., Mount Gambier. 
 
 Reynell, W., Reynella. 
 
 Bichman, W.. Lake Albert. 
 
 Richman, Walter, Point McLeay. 
 
 Richmond, A. J., Pekina. 
 
 Biddoch, G., J.P., Nalang and Katnook, Penola. 
 
 Biddoch, J., Yallum Park, Penola. 
 
 Biggs, A., Mullaby, Kooringa. 
 
 Biggs, J., Eastern Plains. 
 
 Roberts and Coulls, Yaralina. 
 
 Roberts, F. C, station overseer, Fowlers' Bay. 
 
 Boberts, Peter, Robe. 
 
 Robertson, A., Laundale, Narracoorte. 
 
 Robertson, D., manager, Glencoe, Tarpeena. 
 
 Robertson, J. H., Chowilla, Biver Murray. 
 
 Robertson, J., Mosquito Plains. 
 
 Robertson, Robert, Brookmark, Murray. 
 
 Robertson, W., Moy Hall, Narracoorte. 
 
 Robertson, W., station overseer, E. Wellington. 
 
 Robson, Robert, Glenroy. 
 
 Rogers and Co., Portee. 
 
 Rogers, J. , overseer, Kalangadoo, Tarpeena. 
 
 Rogers, S., Maitland. 
 
 Rogers, S.,,Ynoo, Yorke's Peninsula. 
 
 Bogers, T. W. , Warooka, Yorke's Peninsula. 
 
 Rogers, W., Myponga. 
 
 Rogers, W., J. P., Sandergrove. 
 
 Rogers, Wm., Inman Valley. 
 
 Ronald, Edward, overseer, Thebarton. 
 
 Ross, A., Finniss Springs. 
 
 Ross, Henning and Baker, No. 11 Register 
 
 Chambers, Adelaide. 
 Ross, J., Fullarton. 
 Ross, R. D., M.P., Highercombe. 
 Ross, Robert, Glen Gillion, Mount Crawford. 
 Rounsevell, John, Hutt Station. 
 Rounsevell, W. B., J. P., City Chambers, Adelaide. 
 Rounsevell, W. P., M.P., Glenelg. 
 Bouse, John, Hindmarsh Valley. 
 Bouse, Wm., Hindmarsh Valley. 
 Rowley, Giles, Myponga. 
 Bussed, E., manager, Kappa wanta. 
 Russell, K., station overseer, East Wellington. 
 Rutherford, Adam, station overseer, Katnook, 
 
 Penola. 
 Rutherford, John, Bunnerungie, Biver Murraj . 
 Bvan, W., manager, Beedy Creek Station, Gillap. 
 Salom and Co., M., stock and station agents, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 Sanders, James, and Co., Canowie and Curna- 
 
 mona. 
 Sanders, J. C. and R., Warcowie. 
 Sandland, J., manager, Koonoona, Black Springs. 
 Sands, A. W., manager, Poltalloch. 
 Santo and Co., stock and station agents, Adelaide. 
 Sargeant, S., Yongala. 
 
 Sassanourski, H., Compton Downs, Mount Gam- 
 bier. 
 Sawers, A. D., Uno, Port Augusta. 
 Sawyer, J., Port Lincoln. 
 Sayers, J., overseer, Nalang, Bordertown. 
 
 Sc-aife, II., manager, Wirrabunna North. 
 Scblinke, A., Weetra, Venus Bay, 
 Schlinke, W., overseer, Weetra, Venue Bay. 
 
 Schmidt, C. and J., Compton Downj, Mount 
 Gambier.. 
 
 Schmidt, J., Mount Gambier. 
 
 Schnickel, J., Mount Gambier. 
 
 Schnickle, J., Glenburnie. 
 
 Scott, Andrew, Bramfield, Western District. 
 
 Scott, Hy., Purnong, near Man mim, 
 
 Scott, Hon. II., M.L.C., Mount I, 
 
 Scott, .1., station manager, Mount Brown. 
 
 Scott, Bobert, overseer, Lake Sunday, Yorke'g 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Seeby, Jas., overseer, Mayura. 
 
 Sells, W. B., Peel-street, Adelaide. 
 
 Seymour, B., Mount Benson, Robe. 
 
 Seymour, T. D., Killanioola, Narracoorte. 
 
 Shannon, James, Eudunda. 
 
 Shannon, W. M., Yatara, Koonunga. 
 
 Shaw, Bernard, overseer, Wallaroo. 
 
 Shinkle, P., Narracoorte. 
 
 Short, H. A., and Co., Manooral, Rainura and 
 Wirriandra. 
 
 Short, II. A., and Co., Yednelne. 
 
 Sbort, H. A., Bicbam Grange. 
 
 Simmons, E., overseer, Lake Hodgkinson. 
 
 Simpson, D., J. P., Wirrega S.E. 
 
 Sims ; J. G., J. P., Oraparinna North. 
 
 Sinclair, J., sen., Green Patch, Port Lincoln. 
 
 Sinclair, J., jun., Port Lincoln. 
 
 Sinclair, \\\, O. B. Flat, Mount Gambier. 
 
 Skene, T., J. P., Krongart, Penola. 
 
 Skene, Thomas, Croquart, Penola. 
 
 Smith, A., J. P., Hynam. 
 
 Smith, E. H., Blanchetown. 
 
 Smith, Frank, overseer, Panramitty. 
 
 Smith, Gideon, Binnum, Narracoorte. 
 
 Smith, Geo., Binnum Binnum. 
 
 Smith, J. C, Dalhousie Springs. 
 
 Smith, John, Mageppa, Penola. 
 
 Smith, Bichard, station manager, Mount Arden. 
 
 Smith, T. S., manager, Woolundunga, Port 
 
 Augusta. 
 Smith, Wm., Myrtle Springs. 
 Snelling, G., Kingscote, Kangaroo Island. 
 Snelling, H., Middle Biver, Kangaroo Island. 
 Sprigg, H. L., Narracoorte. 
 Stacey, Thomas, Myponga Jettj*. 
 Stanley, Geo.. Mull'enlinsey, W. P. 
 Stephens, Bobert, near Kooringa. 
 Stevens, H., Millicent. 
 Stevens, R., Stony Gap, Kooringa. 
 Stewart, A., Morphett Vale. 
 Stewart, C, Avenue Range, Robe. 
 Stewart, James, station manager. Red Bluff. S.E. 
 Stewart, Robert, overseer, Spelwood. 
 Stewart, Robert, manager, Peake. 
 Stilling, J., and Co., Port Adelaide. 
 Stokes, H., Emu Bay, Kangaroo Island. 
 Stokes, J., Stokes Bay, Kangaroo Island. 
 Stokes, W., overseer, Finke Bend. 
 Storrid, W. and J., Adelaide. 
 Strong, H. A., Franklin Harbour. 
 Stuckey, B., Adelaide. 
 
 Sullivan, B. F., manager, Cowsrie, Lake Eyre. 
 Sutton, A., manager, Dismal Swamp, Tarpeena. 
 Sutton, J., Tarpeena. 
 Sutton, J. C, Tarpeena. 
 Sutton, J. C, Pleasant Park, Tarpeena. 
 Sutton, Mrs. Mary, Dismal Swamp, Tarpeena. 
 Swan, R., Adelaide. 
 Swan, W., overseer. Bangor, Melrose. 
 Swann, M., Bullaparinga. 
 Swinden, E., Woolundunga. 
 Swinden, J. J., Gilbert Plains. 
 Swinden, J. J., Riverton. 
 Tapley, John, Wartaka, Port Augusta. 
 Tarlton, Hon. B. A., Glenelg. 
 Tarlton, McConville and Co., Mount Nod West. 
 Tarran, James, Rapid Bay. 
 Taylor, Thomas, Willunga. 
 Taylor, T. J., Wirrabunna. 
 Teller, A. F., Coonalpyn. 
 Telfer, James, Koppio* Po r t Linco : n. 
 Tennant, A., Glenelg. 
 Tennant, A., J.I'., Willipia. 
 Tennant and Love, Mount Wedge. 
 Thomas, A., American River, Kangaroo Is'and. 
 Thomas J., Hynam, Narracoorte. 
 
XXXV111 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Thompson, Richard, Waitpinga. 
 
 Thompson, W., Hundred, Bray. 
 
 Thompson, W., Port Brown, Western District. 
 
 Thompson, W., Harriet River, Kangaroo Island. 
 
 Thompson, W. R., Port Brown, Western District. 
 
 Thompson, W. P., Eleanor River. 
 
 Thorold, J. A., Yednalne North. 
 
 Tinline and Murray, Myrtle Springs. 
 
 Townsend, Botting and Co., stock and station 
 
 agents, Adelaide. 
 Tucker, R., Tarpeena, near Mount Gambier. 
 Tueknott, H., Tungatta, Port Lincoln. 
 Turbull, G. M., N. B. of Australasia, Mount 
 
 Gambier. 
 Turnbull, J. T., stock and station agent, Adelaide. 
 Tym, C, Wongola, Tatiara. 
 Uhlmann, C. A. W., Mount Bryan. 
 Umphenston, John, The Caves, Mount Gambier. 
 Vanse, T., West End Farm, Mount Gambier. 
 Venn, R. E., J. P., Kingston. 
 Yenning, W. J., Bumbury. 
 Vickerv, Geo., Kondoparinga. 
 Wedde'll, J., sheep farmer, Red Hill, Brighton. 
 Wade, W. J., sheep farmer, Mopina. 
 Wade, W., overseer, Pitcairn. 
 Waite, D., overseer, Gum Wells, Paratoo. 
 Waite, Peter, J. P., Glen Osmond. 
 Walker, Charles, overseer, Padthaway, Narra- 
 
 coorte. 
 Walker, D. manager, Ediowe. 
 Walker, W., Hog Bay, Kangaroo Island. 
 Wolbridge, A. H., Coonatta. 
 Warbuton, R. E., station manager, Finke Bend. 
 Warnes, Thomas, near Kooringa. 
 Warren, A., overseer, Warooka. 
 Warren, C, overseer, Strangways Tee. 
 Warren, J., J. P., Springfield, Mount Crawford. 
 Warwick, Alic. G., overseer, Parnaroo. 
 Warwick Bros., Hallett. 
 Warwick, Francis, mauager, Bullaparinga. 
 Warwick, J., manager, Motpena. 
 Warwick, J.. Hollowillina. 
 Warwick, R., manager, Owieandina. 
 
 Watherstone, Alexander, Port Lincoln. 
 Watson, Alexander, Konetta Gillop. 
 Watson, John, Kinnatta Robe. 
 Watson, Robert, overseer, Mount Schanck. 
 Watson, T. C, overseer, Umbaratana. 
 Watt, D., manager, Thurk Station, River Murray. 
 Wegener, August, jun., Palmer. 
 Werner, W., Nairne. 
 Whalan, D. D., Dry Creek. 
 Whinham and Sons, Blanche, Mount Gambier. 
 White, C, Fulham, Reedbeds. 
 White, James, M.P., Yarrowie. 
 Whiting, E., Coorooroo, Stirling North. 
 Wilkinson, Charles, overseer-, Clark-street, Nor- 
 wood. 
 Wilkinson, J. C., Gawler. 
 Wilks, George, East Wellington. 
 Williams, George, Point Lowly. 
 Williams, John, Mitcham. 
 Williams, J., Port Pirie. 
 
 Williams, T., manager, Moorak, Mount Gambier. 
 Willoby, W. and Co., Border Town. 
 Willoughby, W. M., Red Bluff. 
 Wills, Sam, overseer, Bendelby. 
 Wills, T., cattle overseer, Bendelb}', Coonatto. 
 Wilson, C. D., Amen Beach. Kangaroo Island. 
 Wilson, M., Hog Bay River. 
 Wilson, T., J.P., Hog Bay, Kangaroo Island. 
 Wilson, T., jun., Hog Bay River. 
 Wilson, W., The Rocks, Millicent. 
 Winch, John, Bremer. 
 
 Witherby, A. E., manager, Mount Lyndhurst. 
 Woods, A. T., station manager, Newcastle Waters. 
 Wooldridge, A. M., Curtabie. 
 Wooldridge. A. M., Bellevesta. 
 Wright Bros., stock and station agents, Adelaide. 
 Wright, D., overseer, Yulana. 
 Wright, F. , stock and station agent, Adelaide. 
 Wyat, J., Little Para. 
 Yates, J,, Macclesfield. 
 Yelland, Mrs. W., Point Sturt. 
 Young, G., Adelaide. 
 Young, W, H., Mount Templeton. 
 
 QUEENSLAND. 
 
 Abbott, John, Abbotsford, Darling Downs, Allora. 
 
 Adams, H. J., Fort Cooper South, Leichardt, 
 Nebo. 
 
 Adams, H. J., Brian Boru, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Addison, William, Myall Grove, Darling Downs, 
 Condamine. 
 
 Affleck, G., Loganvale, Darling Downs, Warwick. 
 
 Affleck, Peter, Glentanner, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Ahem, J., Bengal, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Ahern, J., Glamnire, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Ahern, J., Springfield, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Ahern, John, Maryvale, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Alcock, T. and S.. Omungul, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Allan, W.j Lansdowne, Darling Downs, Warwick. 
 
 Allan, William, Whyenbah, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Allan, J. F., Mount Enniskillen, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Allan, Garnett, and Cameron and Crombie, Home 
 Creek, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Allan, Win., Woolirina, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Allingham, J., Hillgrove, North Kennedy, Dal- 
 rvmple. 
 
 Allingham, J., and Co., Kangaroo Hills, N. Ken- 
 nedy, Lake Herbert. 
 
 Anderson, Alexander E., De Grey, Northern, Lake 
 Herbert. 
 
 Anderson, James, Kinnoul, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 
 Anderson, Timms and Co., Boonoodare, Port 
 Curtis, St. Laurence. 
 
 Anderson, W. R., Koongal. Leichardt, Banana. 
 
 Anderson, W. R., Koongal, Port Curtis, Lilyvale. 
 
 Anderson and Nichol, Manuka, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Anderson and Simms, Lilyvale, Port Curtis, Lily- 
 vale. 
 Anderson, Bromfield, Young and Young, Lismore, 
 
 Mitchell, Aramac. 
 Anderson, Young and Young, Warrnambool D, 
 
 Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Andrew and Paiterson, Fernlee, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Aiming, W. and F., Compton Downs, Burke, Dal- 
 
 rymple. 
 Aiming, W. and F., Reedy Springs, Burke, Dal- 
 
 rymple. 
 Anning Brothers, Charlotte Plains, Burke, Dal- 
 
 rymple. 
 Anning and Co., Cargoon, North Kennedy, Dal- 
 
 rymple. 
 Anning and Dehan, Mount Sturgeon, Burke, Dal- 
 
 rymple. 
 Anning, Dehan and Anning, Terricks, Burke, 
 
 Dairy m pie. 
 Anning, Dehan and Anning, Mount Pleasant, 
 
 Burke, Dalrymple. 
 Archer, Wm., Minnie Downs, Warrego, Tambo. 
 Archer and Co., Gracemere, Port Curtis, Grace- 
 mere. 
 Armytage, F. W., Whitula, Gregory North 
 
 Jundah. 
 Armytage, F. W., Eulbertie, Gregory North, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Armytage and Galletly, Thorgomindah, Warrego, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Arndell, John, Newinga, Darling Downs, Goondi- 
 
 windi. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Arndell, John, Newinga, Maranoa, Goondiwindi. 
 Ascough, W. A., Palm Tree Creek, Leichardt, 
 
 Taroom. 
 Ashburn, John, Evora, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Ashburn, John, Hoganthulla, Warrego, Mitchell. 
 Atherton, Esther, Mount Hedlow, Port Curtis, 
 
 Rockhampton. 
 Atherton, J., Emerald End, Cook, Cairns. 
 Atherton, J., Mullera, Port Curtis, Rockhampton. 
 Atherton, James, Bamozea, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 Atherton, James, Canoona, Port Curtis, Yaamba. 
 Atherton, John, Basalt Downs, Kennedy. 
 Atherton, J. T., Mira, Burnett, Gynipie. 
 Atherton, R., Howard Park, Kennedy, Mackay. 
 
 Atkins, P., Coorada, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 
 Australasian Agency and Banking Corporation. 
 Riversleigh, Warrego, Charleville. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Balcombah, Leichardt, 
 Westwood. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Barkathulla, War- 
 rego, Charleville. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Boondandilla, Dar- 
 ling Downs, Ley burn. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Lower Bollon East, 
 Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Lower Bollon West, 
 Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Kianga, Leichardt, 
 Banana. 
 
 Australian Joint StcckBank,La\vark, S. Kennedy, 
 Clermont. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Spottiswood, Leich- 
 ardt, Duaringa. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Wallan Creek, Ma- 
 ranoa, St. George. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Boorimberra, 
 Maranoa, Currawill, 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Bootle. Leichardt, 
 Duaringa. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Cobblecundy, 
 Darling Downs, Goondiwindi. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Cawarral, Port 
 Curtis, Cawarral. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Olive Downs, 
 Leichardt, Nebo. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, St. Helen's, Leich- 
 ardt, Springsure. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Umbercollie, Darling 
 Downs, Goondiwindi. 
 
 Australian Joint Stock Bank, Yatton, Leichardt, 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Bailey, Thomas, Canindah, Burnett, Mount Perry. 
 
 Bailey, Thomas, Old Canindah, Burnett, Mount 
 Perry. 
 
 Baird, Thomas, and Co., Marrawilla, Gregory 
 North, Jundah. 
 
 Baker Bors., Boomba, Maranoa, St. George, 
 
 Baker, S., Junee, Leichardt, Blackwater. 
 
 Baker, W., South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Baldwin, William, Doondi, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Baldwin, H., Boak, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Bank of Australasia, Malvern Hill, Mitchell, 
 Blackall. 
 
 Bank of Australasia, Nive Junction, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Bathampton, Leich- 
 ardt, Clermont. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Blair Athol, Leichardt, 
 Clermont. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Brush Creek, Darling 
 Downs, Inglewood. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Brushy Park, Darling 
 Downs, St. George. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Cardowan, Leichardt, 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Chatsworth, Burke, 
 Cloncurry. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Clunie Creek, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Combarngo, Maranoa, 
 Surat. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Coolmunda, Darling 
 Downs, Inglewood. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Corrievahn, South 
 Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Craven, South Ken- 
 nedy, Copperfield. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Devoncourt, Burke, 
 Cloncurry. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Dunrobin, South Ken- 
 nedy, Clermont. 
 Bank of New South Wales, East Thornby, 
 
 Maranoa, St. George. 
 Bank of New South Wales, Fort Constantim-, 
 
 Burke, Cloncurry. 
 Bank of JNew South Wales, Foxton, Burke, Clon- 
 curry. 
 Bank of New South Wales, Gainsford, North Ken- 
 nedy, Dairy tuple. 
 Bank of New South Wales, Hazehnount, Maranoa, 
 
 St. George. 
 Bank of New South Wales, Hidden Vale, South 
 
 Kennedy, Bowen 
 Bank of New South Wales, Hollymount. Darling 
 Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Lawn Hill, Burke, 
 Normanton. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Imbil, Wide Bay, 
 Maryborough. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Magowra, Burke, 
 Normanton. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Moorabaree, Gregory, 
 South, Tambo. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Oxford Downs, Leich- 
 ardt, Nebo. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Rookwood, Leich- 
 ardt, Rockhampton. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Saxby Downs, Burke, 
 Hughenden. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Snake Creek, Maranoa, 
 Surat. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Talavera, Maranoa, 
 Surat. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, The Plains, North 
 Kennedy, Dalrymple. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Varavilie, Burke, 
 Normanton. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Wagoo. Maranoa, 
 Surat. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Wrotham Park, Cook, 
 Palmerville. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales, Wycombe, Maranoa, 
 St. George. 
 
 Bank of New South Wales and Dight Bros., Glen 
 Prairie, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Bannon, Michael, Sutton, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Barber and Co., Junee, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Barker, Martin and Martin, Hamilton, Kennedy, 
 Mackay. 
 
 Barker, W., Eungella, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Barker, W,, Nelia Ponds, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Barker, William, Barmundoo, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Barker, W., W. H., and E, B., Carpentaria D, Cook, 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Barnard, George, Coomooboolaroo, Port Curtis, 
 Boolburra, 
 
 Barnard, G. and T., Coomooboolaroo, Leichardt, 
 Duaringa. 
 
 Barry, J. H., Emmet Downs. Mitchell, Isis Downs. 
 
 Barry, Lyon and Ewart, Killarney, Gregory N. , 
 Aramac. 
 
 Barry, Lyon and Ewart, Leighford, Gregory N., 
 Cork. 
 
 Bartholemew, J. P., Gogango, Port Curtis, Go- 
 gango. 
 
 Barton Bros., Moolboolaman, Wide Bay, Mount 
 Perry. 
 
 Barton, R. C, Toweran, Wide Bay, Maryborough. 
 
 Barton, W. H., Kensington Downs, Bowen Downs. 
 
 Bassett and Skinner, Mount Maria, Warrego, 
 Roma. 
 
 Bassingthwaite, Jinghi Jinghi, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Bates, E. G., jun.,") 
 
 Bates, G., sen., > Ti ckalara, Warrego, Wilcannia. 
 
 Bates, J., \ 
 
 Bates, W., Bompa, Wide Bay, Maryborough. 
 
 Bauman, H., Tryphinia Vale, Leichardt, Dingo. 
 
 Beak, W., Toorilla Plains, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Beaney, R. N.. Wunnamila, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Beardmore, F., Balcomba, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Beardmore, O. C, Tooloomba, Port Curtis, Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Beattie, John, Duaringa, Leichhardt, Duaringa. 
 
xl 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 B;atty, T. S., Nouroomo, Cunnamulla. 
 
 Beck and Raynor, Yulabilla, Darling Downs, Yula- 
 
 billa. 
 Becker, J., Comougin, Warrego, Thorgomindah. 
 Jiegge and Co., Mount Brisbane, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 Bell and Atherton, Plane Creek, Kennedy, Macka}-. 
 Bell and Dutton, Beinira, Mitchell, Isisford. 
 Bell, J. andR., Riverstone, PortCurtis, Gladstone. 
 Bell, Hon. J. P., Jimbour, Darling- Downs, Dalby. 
 Bell and Hyde, Camboon, Leichardt, Banana. 
 Bell, J., Barwon, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 Bell, J., P. J., A. and M., Westland, Mitchell, 
 
 Tambo. 
 Bell, M. and N., Pearl Creek, Leichardt, Dua- 
 
 ringa. 
 Bell, J. S., Dungaree, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 Bell and Jones, Buarabi, Moreton, Gatton. 
 Bell, B. S., and Co., Toowooniba. 
 Bell, D., jun., Tongy and Boatman, Maranoa, 
 
 Roma. 
 Benjamin, D., jun., Dungwall, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 Benjamin, D., jun., Tongy, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Benjamin, D., jun.,Warroo, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Benjamin, D. and J., Tartulla, Maranoa, Surat. 
 Berkleman and Lambert, Listowel Downs. Mitchell, 
 
 Blackall. 
 Bettington, J. B., Canning Downs, Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Biddulph, W. J., Mount Playfair, Leichardt, 
 
 Springsure. 
 Bignell, E. and J., Widgeegoara, Mitchell, Cunna- 
 mulla. 
 Billgrove, John, Rorai. 
 
 Bingham, B. Y., Macpheeland, Gregory N., Cork. 
 Binney, R. N., Wunnumindah, Maranoa, Roma. 
 Birbeck, C. A. and R., Glenmore, Port Curtis, 
 
 Rockhampton. 
 Bis«oe, H. G., Warronga, Maranoa, Roma. 
 Black and Foott, Dundoo, Warrego, Eulo. 
 Black and M'Kay, Tilpal, Port Curtis, Yaamba. 
 Blackman, F. A., Warroo, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 Blackwood, J., and F. H. Moore. Sandringham, 
 
 Gregory N., Herbert R. 
 Blair and Jones, Chadford, Maranoa, Yulebah. 
 Bloodworth and Blackett, Boogera, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Bloomfield, E. C, Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 Bode, F. R., Groganger, Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Bolitho, S., Ramsworth, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 Booey, VV., Eaglefield, South Kennedy, Nebo. 
 Booey, W., Lenton Downs, Leichardt, Nebo. 
 Bosanquet, E. B., Colston Park, Leichardt, 
 
 Mackay. 
 Bostock,' Ware and Ware, Innaminka, Gregory S., 
 
 Innaminka. 
 Bowly, C. W., Eastmere, Mitchell, Bowen. 
 Bowly,C.W., FernieLawn, Mitchell, Bowen Downs. 
 Bowly, C. W., Wogodoona, Mitchell, Cameron 
 
 Downs. 
 Bowman Bros., Maiden Head, Darling Downs, 
 
 Bonshaw. 
 Bowman Bros.. Aitken's Flat, Darling Downs, 
 
 Bonshaw. 
 Boyce, James, Reedy Flat, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 Bracken, executor of F., Warroo, Darling Downs, 
 
 Inglewood. 
 Bracken, H., Warroo, Darling Downs, Leyburn. 
 Bradley, M. E,, Yarrawonga, Warrego, Charle- 
 
 ville. 
 Bradley and Rutherford, Claverton, Warrego, 
 
 Cunnamulla. 
 Bradley and Rutherford, Paleena Downs, Gregory 
 
 North, Thorgomindah. 
 Bradley, W. B., Yonah. Warrego, Eulo. 
 Brassington, S., Reynella. Warrego, Burenda. 
 Brathus, H., Clifford, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 Brennan, Patrick, Hollymount, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Bridson, H., Toolongra, South Kennedj r , Aramac. 
 Bright, Chrystal, and Co., Amby Downs, Maranoa, 
 
 Roma. 
 Bright, Chrystal, and Co., Euthulla, Maranoa, 
 
 Roma. 
 Bright, Chrystal, and Co., Bymount, Maranoa, 
 
 Mitchell. 
 Broad, J. and A., Currawildi, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George, 
 iroadbent and Williams, Widgee Widgee, Wide 
 
 Bay, Gympie. 
 
 Broad, J. and A.,Noodoo, St. George. 
 
 Broadbent and Cn., Monaure, Burnett, and Wide 
 Bay, Gayndah. 
 
 Broadley, G. E., Burleigh, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Brodie, F. A., Raincourt, Burke, Hughenden. 
 
 Brodie, J. B., Lorraine, Burke ; Cloncurry. 
 
 Brodie, J. B. and F. A., Blaney, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Brodie, J. B., and F. H., Richmond Downs, Burke, 
 Dalrymple. 
 
 Brodie, J. P., P. D., and F. A., Coleraine, Burke, 
 Hughenden. 
 
 Brodie, W. H. and G. T., Purbrook Downs, 
 Leichardt, Rolleston. 
 
 Broadribb and Co., Kurrawah, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Brogan, W., Hammond Downs, Warrego, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 
 Broome, W., Woodland, Rockhampton. 
 
 Brown, A. R., Hawthorn, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Brown, F., Affley, Leichardt, Nebo. 
 
 Brown, J., Bridge water, Burke, Cloncurrj-. 
 
 Brown, James, Wompi, Gregory North, Clon- 
 curry. 
 
 Brown, John, Tindera, Gregory South, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 Brown and Johnstone, Colanne, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Brown, Samuel, Insliston and Glen Prairie, 
 Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Brown, T., Edina, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Brown, T., Blairgowrie, Burke, Hughenden. 
 
 Brown, T., Agnes Vale, Wide Bay, Maryborough. 
 
 Brown, T., Herbert Downs, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Brown, T., Mungerebar, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Brown, T. W. and Co., Blythdale, Roma. 
 
 Brown, Walsh and Walsh, IfHey, Burke, Norman- 
 ton. 
 
 Browne, N. W., Barolin, Wide Bay, Bundaberg. 
 
 Buchanan, A. B., Collaroy, Leichardt, Mackay. 
 
 Buchanan, H. R., Inveragh, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Buchanan and Mort, Glenearn, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Buchanan and Mort, Welltown, Darling Downs, 
 Goondiwindi. 
 
 Buckley, M., Murweh, Warrego, Charleville. 
 
 Buckley and Monig, Coleman, North Kennedy, 
 Specimen Gully. 
 
 Buckland and Symes, Cardigan, North Kennedy, 
 Charters Towers. 
 
 Bucknall, L. M. and A., Mount Morris, Warrego. 
 Charleville. 
 
 Bucknell, A. W. and F. N., Caldervale, Warrego, 
 Burenda via Charleville. 
 
 Butcher, G., Eva, Gregory North, Thomboro. 
 
 Butcher. G. . Jimboo, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Bridge, D., Collabara, Warrego, Tambo. 
 
 Bullmore, E. A., Boothulla, Warrego, Oakwood. 
 
 Bundock and Hays, Pegurrima, South Kennedy, 
 Townsville. 
 
 Bundock and Hays, Richmond Downs, North 
 Kennedy, Townsville. 
 
 Burgess, George, Mountain Side, Darling Downs, 
 Warwick. 
 
 Burnett, Catherine, Mount Burnett, Moreton, 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Burne, Bullmore, and Bligh, Boathalla, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Burston and Corner, Bidebango, Maranoa, St. 
 George. 
 
 Butler and Co., Clonagh, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Butler, William, Kilcoy, Moreton, Caboolture. 
 
 Button, John, Canal Creek, Port Curtis, Yaamba. 
 
 Caddell, Thomas, Kroombit, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Caddell, J. J., Iderawaj', Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Calder, Calder and Stephenson, Eulo, Warrego, 
 Eulo. 
 
 Caldwell, John, Woodburne, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Callan, A. J., Elana, Leichardt, Maryborough. 
 
 Callan, — , Yaamba, Port Curtis, Yaamba. 
 
 Cameron, E. D. and M., Foyle View, Maranoa, 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Cameron, W. J. B., Uanda, Mitchell, Dalrymple. 
 
 Cameron and Crombie, Kensington Downs, 
 Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Cameron and Williams, Wild Horse Plains, Mara- 
 noa, St. George. 
 
 Campbell, Alexander, Cooyar, Moreton, Jondaryan. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 Xli 
 
 Campbell and Son, Warkon, Maranoa, Surat. 
 Campbell, D., Breadalbane, Gregory N., Thorgo- 
 
 mindah. 
 Campbell, D., Sedan, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 Campbell, D,,Tarridie, Gregory N.,Thcrgomindah. 
 Campbell, John, Beckford„ N. Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Cimpbell, John, Barron River, Cook, Pt. Douglas. 
 Campbell, W., Warkon, Maranoa, Condamine. 
 Campbell and Hay, Strathbogie, Kennedy, via 
 
 Bowen. 
 Campbell and Hay, Undulah, Moreton, Ipswich, 
 Campbell and Hay, Burrandowan, Burnett, Dalby. 
 Capel Bros., Gnoolooma, Maranoa, Mungindo. 
 Carmody, Mary, Oakwood, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Caroline, D., Fiery Downs, Burke, Normanton. 
 Carr and Curr, Kamilaroe, Burke, Normanton. 
 Carpendale and Vanneck, Grantham, Moreton, 
 
 Gatton. 
 Cassidy, F., Jimbour, Dalby. 
 Caswell, H. D., Tenningering, Wide Bay, Mount 
 
 Perry. 
 Caswell, H. D., Inston, Toowomba. 
 Caswell and Hughes, Crinjabulla, Jundah. 
 Cavanagh, James, West Haran, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Chanvil, C. H., Canning Downs S., Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Charters, M. S, E. M., Charters Towers, Charters 
 
 Towers. 
 Chase, H. C, Girrah, Leichardt, Lilyvale. 
 Chatfield, William, jun., Retro, Clermont, Bowen. 
 Christian, J. B., Willangie, Broadwoorl. 
 Christison, R., Lammermoor, Mitchell. Dalrymple. 
 Christison, T. M. K. C, Mowra, Mitchell, Hugh- 
 
 enden. 
 Christison, T. and R., Cameron Downs, Mitchell, 
 
 Dalrymple. 
 Churchill, W., Stanhope. 
 City Bank of Sydney, Tomoo, Maranoa, Man- 
 
 gallalo. 
 Clapperton, F. W., New Caledonia, Leichardt, 
 
 Clermont. 
 Clarke, G., Talgai. Warwick. 
 Clarke, John. Mount Pleasant, Kennedy. Bowen. 
 Clarke, J. H., Erin Creek, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Clarke, J. H., Lornesleigh, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Clarke, Geo.. East Talgai. Darling Downs. Allora. 
 Clarke, J. and W. D., Toomba, North Kennedy, 
 
 Dalrymple. 
 Clark, "j. and W. D., Lalworth, North Kennedy, 
 
 Dalrymple. 
 Clarke, W. J., Portland Downs, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 Clifford and Courtney, Telemon, North Kennedy, 
 
 Townsville. 
 Clifford and Courtney, Marathon, North Kennedy, 
 
 Townsville. 
 Clynes, P. J.. Mount Duren, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Clynes, P. J., Tallwood, Darling Downs, Goon- 
 
 diwindi. 
 Clynes, P. J., Tallwood, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Clynes, P J., War War, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Clynes, P. J., North Guraldra, Maranoa. Dalby. 
 Cobb, J. S., Bullwaller, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Cobb, J.S., Dareel, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Cobb and Co., Davenport Downs, Gregory, Thor- 
 
 gomindah. 
 Cochrane, Coldhamand Hislop, Wolfang, Clermont. 
 Coghlam D., Bjna Vista, Maranoa. St. George. 
 Coghlan. D. J., B. H. and F. F., Yamoo, Maranoa, 
 
 Mitchell. 
 Coghlan, J., Delphi. Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 Coyle, J. and Co., Tilboroo, Warrego, Eulo, 
 Colless, Major. Coolullah, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 CoUess Bros., Thurral. 
 
 Colless, M. and A., Werremah, Burke, Normanton. 
 Colquhoun, J. M., Banganj'ah, Maranoa. Mitchell. 
 Collins, C. and T., Mackav. Kennedy, Mackay, 
 Collins, C. and T., Spring* Creek, Cook. Cardwell. 
 Collins, J., Westgrove, Leichardt, Mitchell. 
 Collins, J. G , Mount Merlin, Gregory North, Cook. 
 Collins, J., and Sons, Mudoolan, Beenleigh. 
 Collins, J. R ,and M., Bot Vale, Leichardt. Mitchell. 
 Collins, F., Thornhill, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 Collins, R. M. and W., Wyeta, Gregory North, 
 
 Cork. 
 Collins, W. and G., Brooklands, Burke, George- 
 town. 
 Collins, W., Warenda, Gregory. Cork. 
 Collins and Johnstone, Fernhill, Port Curtis, 
 Rockampton. 
 
 Colman. W., Cooper's Creek. Tbor^omindab. 
 Commercial Bank, Binbian, Darling Downs, Con- 
 damine. 
 Commercial Bank, Bonohan, Darling Downs 
 
 Chinchilla. 
 Commercial Bank, Cameby, Darling Downs, Con- 
 damine. 
 Commercial Bank. Cudygah, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Commercial Bank, Doondi, Maranoa, St Ch 
 Commercial Bank, Dulacia, Darling Downs, Con- 
 damine. 
 Commercial Bank, Grasmere. Maranoa, St. George. 
 Commercial Bank, Jellinbah, Leichardt, 1.: 
 
 water. 
 Commercial Bank, Mugrugulla, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 Commercial Bank, Ramworth, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 Commercial Bank, Sonona, South Kenned v, 
 
 Bowen. 
 Commercial Bank. Trent, Maranoa. St. George. 
 Commercial Bank, West Tchanning, Maranoa, 
 
 Condamine. 
 Commercial Bank, Wollan, Darling Downs, Chin- 
 chilla. 
 Commercial Bank, Nee Nee, Maranoa, Curra- 
 
 wilinghi. 
 Commercial Bank of Sydney, Cooroorah, Leichardt, 
 
 Duaringa. 
 Conran, T. W. and H. L., Yamala, Leichardt, 
 
 Lilyvale. 
 Conrick, J., Nappamer.y, Gregory South, Thorgo- 
 
 mindah. 
 Conton and Wild, Owenyowan, Warrego, Cunna- 
 
 mulla. 
 Cook, John, Wandoo, Kennedy, Mackay. 
 Cook, R., Boonangar N., Darling Downs, Goondi- 
 
 windi . 
 Cook and Ross, Balnagowan, Kennedy, Mackav. 
 Cooper, Horaces., Mount M'Connell,*S. Kennedy, 
 
 Dalrymple. 
 Cooper and Mytton, Oak Park, Cook, Dalrymple. 
 Copley, P. G., Salamis, Maranoa. Mitchell. 
 Cory, G. G., Cecil Plains, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Cory, Cory and Taylor, Tocal, Mitchell, Thompson 
 
 River. 
 Costello, John, Cawarral, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 
 hampton. 
 Cotton and Malpas, Currawella, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Coutts Bros., North Toolburra, Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Coventry, A., Goondiwindi. Darling Downs, Goon- 
 
 diwindi. 
 Cowan and Co., Windeyor, Aramac. 
 Cox, A., Kilmorcy. Roma. 
 Cox. and Blomrield, Evesham, Mitchell, Mutta 
 
 burra. 
 Cox, E. K., Evesham, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 Cox, J., Culcrauie, Burnett, Rawbelle. 
 Cox, J. W. G., Euroka, Burnett, Rawbelle. 
 Craig, Simmie and Eraser, Mount Hutton, Leich- 
 ardt, Roma. 
 Craig, W., Ringwood Park, N. Kennedy, Cardwell. 
 Craigie, J., Lake Dunn, Mitchell, Copperfield. 
 Crane, Martin, Ugly Mountain, Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Cramsie, J. , Bowden, J. C, Palmer, W. C, and 
 Woodfall, Naryileo Downs, S. Gregory, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 Creed, J. and G., Langmore, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 Croasdill, William, Glenhoughfcon, Leichardt, 
 
 Taroon. 
 Croft Bros., Cooberri, Port Curtis, Cawarral. 
 Cromwell and Eazy, Tahiti, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 Cronin, James, Brisbane. 
 Cross, Edmund, Eagle Hill, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 
 hampton. 
 Crossthwate, B., Wodonga, Gregory N., Cork. 
 Crossthwate and Tetlej-, Rocklands, Burke, Nor- 
 manton. 
 Crosthwate and Tetley, Barclay Downs, Burke, 
 
 Normanton. 
 Crouch, William, Mount Pleasant, Maranoa, Mit- 
 chell. 
 Crump and Hughes, Euralee, South Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 Cudmore and Budge, Googra, Charleville. 
 Cudmore, Swan and Smith, Gooyea, Mitchell, 
 Tambo. 
 
xlii 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Culhane, M. S., Emu Creek, Darling- Downs. 
 Cummings, T. M.,and Co., Cunnamulla, Warrego, 
 
 via Sydney. 
 Cunningham, M. W., Rannes, Leichardt, Banana. 
 Cunningham and Co., Woodhouse, North Ken- 
 nedy, Townsville. 
 Cunningham, T., Elsie Vale, South Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen 
 Curr, M., Cardigan, North Kennedy, Ravenswood. 
 Curtis, G. S., Rockhampton. 
 Cuthhert, A., Bunda Bunda, Burke, Normanton. 
 Cutten, F., Cooper's Plains, Brisbane. 
 Daisey, M., Trinidad. Maranoa, Roma. 
 Daisey, M., Murilla, Maranoa, Condamine. 
 Dalglish, J., and J. Crawford, Hamilton Downs, 
 
 Burke, Hu»,henden. 
 Dallon, Charles, Greendale, Rockhampton. 
 Dangar, A, A., Noorindoo, Maranoa, Surat. 
 Dangar and Bell, Ting-in. Maranoa, Condamine. 
 Dangar, Bell, Bell and Ewan, Gunna Warra, 
 
 North Kennedy, Cardwell. 
 Dangar, Bell, Bell and Ewan, Niagra, North Ken- 
 nedy, Townsville. 
 Dangar and Bode, Bromby Park, North Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 Davenport, F. H,, Genara, N. Kennedy, Nanango. 
 Davenport and Fisher, Bundaleer Plains, Maranoa, 
 
 Currawillinghi. 
 Davenport, G. H., Retreat, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Davenport and Co., O. K., Darling- Downs, Too- 
 
 woomba. 
 Davey, R., Thomby, Leichardt, Banana. 
 Davey, R., East Thomby, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Davidson, J. E., Mackay. 
 Davidson, R. G., Craven, Leichardt, Clermont. 
 Deane and Woodburne, Bluff, North Kennedy, 
 
 Charters Towers. 
 De Burgh, PersseT., Tabragalba, Moreton, Been- 
 
 leigh. 
 Delaney, Joseph, Cabulture, Moreton, Cabulture. 
 Delgar, John, Durah, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Dempsey, J.,Sorrell Hill, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 Dencher, G., Western Creek, Dalby. 
 De Salis Bros., Strathmore, Kenned}', Bowen. 
 Deschamps, J., Warroo, via Gingin. 
 Desmond, John, Edwinstorde, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Devine, P., Woondoola Dow ns, Burke, Normanton. 
 Devine, P. E., Springrove, Maranoa, Surat. 
 Dight, Arthur, Yenda, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 Dight, Messrs., Billa Billa, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Dight, Messrs., Ingleston, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Dight, Messrs., Tucka Tucka, Goondiwindi. 
 Dight and McLeod, Terica, Darling Downs, Ley- 
 burn. 
 Dockrill, W., Tartha, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Donelly and Hewitt, North Branch, Darling 
 
 Downs, Cambooya. 
 Donahoe, P. and W., South Gayndell, Darling 
 
 Downs, St. George. 
 Donkin, F. W., Langlo Downs, Warrego, Tambo. 
 Donner, S. W., Balcho, South Kennedy, Bowen 
 
 Downs. 
 Dotswood, G.. Rourke, Townsville. 
 Dougherty, J. G. and Co., Yarrwovale, Warrego, 
 
 Charleville. 
 Douglas, W., Brighton Downs, Gregory North, 
 
 Evesham. 
 Douglas, W., Toolebuck, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Douglas, W., Urbana. Gregory North. Blackall. 
 Douglas, R., jun., Mount Maria, Warrego, Charle- 
 ville. 
 Douglas, R., jun., Wyeroo, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Downey, G. E., Tryconnel, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 Dowzer, James, The Oaks, Burnett, Tiaro. 
 Dreyer, E. G., Rosebrook, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Drinan, P., Annandale. Gladstone. 
 Drinan, P., Woondoola Downs, Burke, Norman- 
 ton. 
 Drinan, William, Village of Logan, Moreton, 
 
 Beenleigh. 
 Duffy, James, Slatey Creek, Leichardt, Boolbarra. 
 Duncan, Robert, Coolarah, Port Curtis, Rochester. 
 Dunlop, J. H., and Co.. Warwick. 
 Dunstan, D. W., Noogilla, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Durack, P., Sultan, Gregory South, Thor- 
 
 gomindah. 
 Durack, P. M., Thylungra, Gregory South, Thor- 
 
 gomindah. 
 Durrick, P. and J., Galway Downs, Gregory 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Durrick, P. and J., Bungenderry, Gregory South, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Durrick, P. and J., Galway Downs, Mitchell, 
 Tambo. 
 
 Dutton, C. B., Goomally, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 Dutton, C. P. and A. F., Beauhinia Downs, Leich- 
 ardt, Duaringa. 
 
 Eaglesfield, Barker, Rosella Plains, Cook, Towns- 
 ville. 
 
 Earl, James, Butcher's Hill, Cork, Cooktown. 
 
 Earl, James, Glenlee, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Easton, F. C, Ellenton, Darling Downs, Clifton. 
 
 Easton, H. E., Billa Billa, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Eaton, John, Teebar, Wide Bay, Maryborough. 
 
 Eaton and Booker, Apis Creek^ Leichardt, Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Eaton and Booker, Clifton, Port Curtis, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Egan, Stephen, Rosewood, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Eganand Healey, Burgurrah, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Elliott, A. J., Landsborough Downs, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Elliott, A. J., Stamfordham, Mitchell, Bowen 
 Downs. 
 
 Elliott, Lothbridge and Elliott, Forestvale, 
 Maranoa, Mitchell Downs. 
 
 Emmerson, D. R., Prosperine, Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Ensor, H., Summerhill, Darling Downs, Warwick. 
 
 English, John, Ravenswood, North Kenned}', 
 Ravenswood. 
 
 Ewan, W. G. and Co., Water view, Townsville. 
 
 Ewan, Alexander, Mount Hillalong, South 
 Kennedy, Nebo. 
 
 Fairbairn. G., jun., Peak Downs, Leichardt, 
 Emerald. 
 
 Fairbairn, G., Landsdowne, Warrego, Tambo. 
 
 Fairbairn, G., Beaconsfield, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Fairbairn, S., Barcaldine, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Farendon and Hammond, Winsor, N. Kennedy, 
 Charleston. 
 
 Farquharson, J., Beta, Darling Downs, Condamine. 
 
 Farquharson. J., Undula, Condamine. 
 
 Farrendown, Thomas, Charters Towers, Charters 
 Towers. 
 
 Faulkiner, Robert, Mount Irwing, Darling Downs, 
 Jondaryan. 
 
 Fanning, Nankivell and Co., Tambo, Mitchell, 
 Tambo. 
 
 Feehan, R., Kungie South, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Fenwick and Co., Brisbane. 
 
 Fenwick and Scott, Highlands. Mitchell, Isisford. 
 
 Ferrett, John, Bottle Tree Ranges and Wallan, 
 Darling Downs, Condamine. 
 
 Ferrett, John, Tchanning Runs, Darling Downs, 
 Condamine. 
 
 Ferrett, J., Wallan, Darling Downs, Miles. 
 
 Ferguson, A., B.yernen, S. Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Ferguson, G., Carrara, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 
 Ferguson, James, Jersey, Mitchell. Aramac. 
 
 Ferguson, James, Springvale, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Ferguson, J, T., Kangaroo Creek, S. Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Ferry, Thomas, Nuke, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Firth, Ezra, Mount Surprise, Albert Downs, Cook, 
 Cardwell. 
 
 Fisher, C. B., Hayfields, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Fisher, C. B., Retreat, Darling Downs, Cambooya. 
 
 Fisher, C. B., Talgai, Darling Downs, Clifton. 
 
 Fisher, Davenport & Co., Condamine Plains, Dar- 
 ling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Fisher and Davenport, Ellengowan, Darling 
 Downs, Cambooj - a. 
 
 Fisher, Davenport and Mason, Headington Hill, 
 Darling Downs, King Creek. 
 
 Fisher and Hill, Bnllomon, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Fisher and Hill, Nindigulla, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Fisher and Hill, Cubbie, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Fisk, H., Albion, Burke, Hughenden. 
 Fitzgerald, T. L. N., Moongool, Maranoa, Conda- 
 mine. 
 
 Foot, H. C, Frederic East, Prairie, Indaryan, via 
 
 Brisbane. 
 Foot and Sons, Mount Leonard, Warrego, Charle- 
 ville. 
 Forbes, G. E., Mount Stanley, Moreton, Walloon. 
 Forbes and Raff, Colinton, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 Ford and Slater, Retreat, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 Forrester, W. J., Forresters' Retreat, AUitchell, 
 Welford Downs. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 xliii 
 
 Forsyth, W., Aramac, Aramac. 
 Foulkes, Robt., Planet Downs, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 Fox, F. J., Bombardy, St. Lawrence. 
 Fraser, Brown and Brown, Babiloora, Warrego, 
 
 Springsure. 
 Fraser and Co., Maneroo, Aramac. 
 Fraser, Laidlaw and Fraser, Surat Downs, Mit- 
 chell, Aramac. 
 Fraser, Mary, Killarney, Warrep, Mitchell. 
 Fraser, R., J., R. A. and T. H., Mitchell Vale, 
 
 Cook, Port Douglas. 
 Fraser, Sydney P., Kilmorey, via Roma. 
 Frost, T., Glenbower, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Frost, T., The Springs, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Frost, W., Kilkerry Downs, Gregory North, 
 
 Blackall. 
 Fry, Julius, Brush Creek, Darling Downs, Ley- 
 burn. 
 Gaden, W. H., Molangool, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 Garbut, Charles, Wbodleigh, North Kennedy, 
 
 Thornborough. 
 Gardiner and Stuart, Amby Junction, Maranoa, 
 
 Roma. 
 Gardiner and Stuart, Mitchell Downs, Maranoa, 
 
 Mitchell Downs. 
 Gibbs, C. H., Mentone, Warrego, Charleville. 
 Gibson, James, Mellingria, Kennedy, Richmond 
 
 Downs. 
 Gibson, James, Taldora, Kennedy, Richmond 
 
 Downs. 
 Gilchrist, W. 0. , Greenmount, Kennedy, Nebo. 
 Gilchrist, W. 0., Kalongo, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 Gilchrist, W. O., Bomballera, Warrego, Cunna- 
 
 mulla. 
 Gilchrist, W. 0., Listowell Downs, Warrego, 
 
 Tambo. 
 Gilchrist and Watt, Pike's Creek, Darling Downs, 
 
 Stanthorpe. 
 Gilchrist and Watt, Boondooma, Burnett, Dalby. 
 Gilham, T.W.,Rookwood, Leichardt, St. Lawrence. 
 Gillespie, R., Allandale, Gregory North, Aramac. 
 Glennie, James, Thornhill, via Gin Gin, 
 Goggs, M., Bullaroo, Maranoa, Roma. 
 Goggs, M. B., Wolston, Moreton, Goodna. 
 Golden, G. If., Bundi, Leichardt, Condamine. 
 Goldsborough and Marden, The Auburn, Darling 
 
 Downs, Gayndah. 
 Gordon and Crawford, Angellala Downs, Warrego, 
 
 Burenda. 
 Gordon and Davis, Cooberie, Rockhampton. 
 Gordon and Flood, Gowrie, Warrego, Charleville. 
 Gordon and James, Cluden, North Kennedy, 
 
 Townsville. 
 Gore and Co., Yandilla, Darling Downs, Yandilla. 
 Govett Brothers, Isis Downs, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 Covett and Green, Talundilly, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 Graham, A., Thomby, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Graham, J. L., Calliope, Port Curtis, Calliope. 
 Graham, W., Malvern Hills, Tambo. 
 Graham, W., Coomrinth, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Graham and Beardmore, Clive, Leichardt, Marl- 
 borough. 
 Graham and Williams, St. Ronan's, Gregory 
 
 North, Blackall. 
 Graham and Williams, Wondul, Darling Downs, 
 
 Western Creek. 
 Grambauer, A. F. W., Rosedale, Mitchell, 
 
 Aramac. 
 Gray, R., Bowen, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 Gray, R. C. and M., Hughenden, Burke, Dal- 
 rymple. 
 Green, C. H., Rosedale, Lyndhurst Crossing. 
 Green, T. O. S., Craven, Leichardt, Argyle. 
 Grell, William, Duckabrook, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 Greig and Nash, Cambridge Downs, Burke, Dal- I 
 
 rymple. 
 Price, J. and J., Ruthven, Mitchell, Isis Downs. 
 Grieve, Wm., Wallaby Hill, Darling Downs, Dalby 
 Crimes, J. W., Toowoomba. 
 Groom. W. H., Toowoomba. 
 Bum, Donald, Pikedale, Darling Downs, Leyburn 
 Gum, Donald, Summerhill, Warwick. 
 Hackett, M., Dalton, Mitchell, Wombunderry. 
 Hamilton, A. G., Belmont. Leichardt, Banana. 
 Hamilton, F., Fanning Downs, North Kenned}', 
 Charters Towers. 
 
 Hamilton, R., Culrossie, Bnrr.ctt, Gavndah. 
 Hammond, K., Homeward Bound, Gregory South, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Hammond, E., Hammond Downs, Gregory South 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Hammond. E., liurrangong, Gregory South, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 Hammond. J., Argyle, Gregory South, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 Hammond, James, Tenham, Gregory South, Thor- 
 
 gominduh. 
 Hammond, M., Thiweeniah, Gregory South, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 Haim, W., Maryvale, North Kennedv, Dalrymple. 
 Harm, W„ Miall, North Kennedy, Dalrymple. 
 Harm, W., Tara, North Kennedy, Dalrymple. 
 Hannam, M., Walton, Leichardt, Duarfnga. 
 Hannesford, S., Oak Vale, Maranoa. Womblebrook. 
 Hanmer, T., Talgai and Canal Creek, Hendon. 
 Harden and Walker, Glenlyon, Stanthorpe. 
 Harding, T., Galbally, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Harding, T., Datson, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Hart, G. E., Bollon, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Hart and Flower, Brisbane. 
 Hatfield, T. J., Yatton, St. Lawrence. 
 Hay, A. and A., Gilmore, Warrego, Eulo. 
 Hay, W., Tewantin, Burnett, Tewantin. 
 Haygarth. M. J., Kooralbyn, Moreton, Veresdale. 
 Haynes, J. L., Morinish, Port Curtis, Rockhamp- 
 ton. 
 Hayes and Bnndock, Bletchington Park, North 
 
 Kennedy, Charters Towers. 
 Hazard, G. R., Horan, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Hazard. R. and G., Balagna, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Headrick, J. and Co., Rockhampton. 
 Headrick and Livcrmore, Fernyside, Leichardt, 
 
 Taroon. 
 Hen n ess, Walter, Scrubby Land, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Henness, Walter, Mulga Downs, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Henness, W. R., Bonna Vonna, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 Henderson, A., Invercol, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 Henderson, C. and C, A, on Plains, Leichardt, 
 
 Clermont. 
 Henderson, J. A., Gerara, Gregory North, Jundah. 
 Henderson and Moore, Tantutha, Burnett, Bunda- 
 
 berg. 
 Henderson and Skim, Havilah, South Warrego, 
 
 Bowen. 
 Hennessy, Thomas, Belrose, Warrego, Charleville. 
 Henning and Prendergast, Emu Plains, South 
 
 Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Henning and Prendergast, Emoor, North Ken- 
 nedy, Bowen. 
 Hess, G. M., Suttor Creek, South Kennedy, Nebo. 
 Hetzer, Martin, Temple Downs, Burke, Norman- 
 ton. 
 Hickson, R. A., Unumgar, Ipswich. 
 Higgins, W., Binda, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Hill and Blackburn, Mount Morris, Langlo River, 
 
 Charleville. 
 Hill, Fenwick, and Gore, Booth Avington, Mit- 
 chell, Blackall. 
 Hill, T. and A., Yarranbah, Maranoa, St. George. 
 Hinton, J. V. &i S., Glenlee, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 Hinton, W. T., Cania, Gregory North, Blackall. 
 Hinton, W. T., Roslin, Gregory North, Blackall. 
 Hislop, George, Wolfang, Clermont. 
 Hobson and Hamilton, Bulgroo, Gregory South, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Hobson, Hamilton and Willis, Candie, Gregorys., 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Hood, W. C. and W,, Annandale, Gregory S., 
 
 Innaminka, S.A. 
 Hood, W. C. and W., Annandale, Gregory N. 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Hodgson and Ramsay, Eton Vale, Darling Downs, 
 
 Cambooya. 
 Hodgson. Ramsay and Rait, Tooloombilla, Mara- 
 noa. Mitchell. 
 Hogartn, William, Balgownie, Darling Downs, 
 
 Cambooya. 
 Holland, J., Wallan. Maranoa, St. George. 
 Holiinshead , Hazlerigg and Baker, Shotover, Leich- 
 ardt, Duaringa. 
 Holmes, A. and E., Aberglassie, Maranoa, Mitchell 
 Holmes. A. and E., Hom-eboin, Maranoa, St. 
 Georsre. 
 
xliv 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Holmes, J., Hertford, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Holmes, J., Strathmore, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Holmes, R. Y., C. T., and H., Wyaga, Darling 
 Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Holt. Joseph, Bancory, Leichardt, Clermont. 
 
 Holt, Thomas, Salisbury Plains, Kennedy, Nebo. 
 
 Holt, F. 8. E., Salisbury Plains, Kennedy, Nebo. 
 
 Holt, F. S. E., Islay Plains, S. Kennedy, Copper- 
 field. 
 
 Holt, F. S. E., Bancory, S. Kennedy, Copperfield. 
 
 Holt, F, S. E., Wealwandangie, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 Holt. F. S. E.. Spring Creek, Leichardt, Springsure 
 
 Holt. W. H., Glenprairie, Marlborough. 
 
 Homer, Broadbent and Williams, Moura, Leich- 
 ardt, Banana. 
 
 Homsich, G. H. Van, Windsor, Gregory North, 
 Cork. 
 
 Homrigh, H. Van, Thompson River, Aramac. 
 
 Howie, W. and J. H., Haddon, Gregory South, 
 Jundah. 
 
 Howie, W. and J. H.. St. Albans, Gregory North, 
 Jundah. 
 
 Hooper, Geo., Hawkswood, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Hope, Hon. Louis, Kilcoy, Moreton, Caboolture. 
 
 Hope, John, Costello Creek, Gregory South, 
 Kyabra. 
 
 Hopkins, E. B., Goodan, Darling Downs, Goondi- 
 windi. 
 
 Hopkins, J., Mount Douglas, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Hornung, G., Heidelberg Hotel, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Houghton, J. T., Stonington, North Kennedy, 
 Capeville. 
 
 Hudson, B. , Stonehenge, Darling Downs, Leyburn. 
 
 Hudson and Moore, Bindebango, Maranoa, St. 
 George. 
 
 Hughes, H. B., Nockatunga, Gregory South, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Hughes, Shand and Co., Wombah, Wide Bay, 
 Mount Perry. 
 
 Humphrey, T. F., Mount Debateable, Burnett, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Humphrey and Bullmore, Oakwood, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Hunter, R. M., Dubbo Downs, Gregory North, 
 Blackall. 
 
 Hunter, H., Victoria Downs, Warrego, Mitchell. 
 
 Hutton, James, Raspberry Creek, Port Curtis, 
 Cawarral. 
 
 Hutton, Jas. and W., Peninsula, Yaamba. 
 
 Huxley, T., Wild, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Hyne and Co., Rocky Waterholes, South Ken- 
 nedy, Mackay. 
 
 Hyne, William, Burton Downs, Leichardt, Nebo. 
 
 Imlay. A., Comongin, W T arrego, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Ivory, F. J., Eidswold, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Jardine, J. R., Marlborough, Port Curtis, Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Jenkins, — , Mangalore, Warrego, Charleville. 
 
 Jenkins, R. L., Callandoon, Darling Downs, Goon- 
 diwindi. 
 
 Jenkins, R. L., Tarewinnabar, Darling Downs, 
 Goondiwindi. 
 
 Jenkins, R. L., Balaclava, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Jerrard Brothers, Scoria Creek, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Jessop, J. S., Forest Park, Darling Downs, Goon- 
 diwindi. 
 
 Jessop, W. and G. Fox, Latus Creek, Leichardt, 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Jcune, E. B., Brangan, Bundaberg. 
 
 Jockhien, William, Ben Lomond, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 John, H. J., Ban Ban, Burnett and Wide Bay, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Johnson, W. J., Warro, Gin Gin. 
 
 Johnston, A. and A., W T alla, W T ide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Johnston, J. A., Cooroorah, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Joint Stock Bank, Leura, Leichardt, St. Lawrence. 
 
 Jones, executors of D. M., Boonara, Burnett, 
 Nanango. 
 
 Jones, Richard, Tobermorey, Warrego, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 Jones, Green and Sullivan, Bulloo Downs, War- 
 rego, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Jones and Downing, Trvconnell Downs, Maranoa, 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Jones, Duffy, McAllan and Flanagan, Good Hope, 
 Gregory South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Jones, Green and Sullivan, Dynevor Downs, 
 Warrego, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Josephson, J. F., Moorside, Rockhampton. 
 
 Joyce and Gill, Lochaber. Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Kelly and Mactaggart, Glenbarr, Burnett, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Kelman and Robson, Swan Vale, Mitchell, 
 Jundah. 
 
 Kelman, W., Meteor Downs, Leichhardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 Kelman, W., Corella Downs, Gregory North, Isis 
 Downs. 
 
 Kenavan, W., Maroo, Gregory North, Mount 
 Margaret. 
 
 Kennedy, Alexander, Noranside, Gregory North, 
 Cork. 
 
 Kennedy, J., Myally, Burke, Normanton. 
 
 Kent and Wienholt, Jondaryan, Darling Downs, 
 Jondaryan. 
 
 Kent and Wienholt, Rosewood, Moreton, Rose- 
 wood. 
 
 Kent and Wienholt, Tarampa, Moreton, Laidlaw. 
 
 Keating, Richard, Wombiana, North Kennedy, 
 Charters Towers. 
 
 Kilgour and McKay, Bellkate, Gregory North, 
 Muttaburra. 
 
 Kilgour, William, Surbiton, South Kennedy, 
 Clermont. 
 
 King, G., and Sons, Gowrie, Darling Downs, 
 Gowrie. 
 
 King, G., G. B., and H. V., Speeling, Warrego, 
 Cunnamulla. 
 
 King, G., G. B., and H. V., Weellamurra, War- 
 rego, Cunnamulla. 
 
 King, P. G., Corona, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Kinnear, D., Canada, Gregory North, Aramac. 
 
 Kirk and Co., Edith Vale and Carding ton, North 
 Kennedy, Townsville. 
 
 Kirk, G., Mooraby, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Kirk, G., Wagaby, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Kirk, G. M., Gulnabar, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Kirk, W., Cardington, North Kennedy, Towns- 
 ville. 
 
 Kirk and Walker, Doongmabulla, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Kirk and Walker, Ullcanbah, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Knox, E., Mundaburra, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Knox and Ruthledge, Coonambufla, Burnett, 
 Nanango. 
 
 Knox, R. W., and J. T. Smith, Gumbardo, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Knox and Stephen, Kolan, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Knox and McCord, Cania, Gladstone. 
 
 Knyvett and Box, Wyagee, Darling Downs, Ley- 
 burn. 
 
 Lacy, Dyson, St. Helena No. 2. South Kennedy, 
 Mackay. 
 
 Lalor, J., Gubberamunda, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Lalor, W., Bengalla, Darling Downs, Inglewood. 
 
 Lalor, W., Myall Downs, Leichardt, Roma. 
 
 Lalor, W., Weeyan, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Lalor, W., Beebo, Darling Downs, Leyburn. 
 
 Lamb, G. T., Nebull, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Landy Bros., Bowen Park, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Langton and Williamson, Greenvale, North Ken- 
 nedy, Dalrymple. 
 
 Langton and John, Greenvale, Townsville. 
 
 Lawless. Mrs., Boobygan, Burnett and Wide Bay, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Leadbetter, D. T., Mary vale, Warrego, Morven. 
 
 Leibhman, H. A., Lome, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Leishman and Co., Lome, Blackall. 
 
 Lester, L. C, Rosenthal, Warwick. 
 
 Lewis, T. W., Waverly or Cabbage Tree, Moreton, 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Lewin, R., Luss Vale, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Lilley Bros., Boyne Island, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Lindsay, William, Hiddon, Jundah, Mitchell. 
 
 Little, John, Redcliffe, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 
 Little, John, Bideston, Darling Downs, Too- 
 woomba. 
 
 Little, James, Rosedale, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 xlv 
 
 Littlejohn and Alford, Gwambagwine, Leichardt, 
 
 Taroom. 
 Littlejohn and Alford, Taabinga, Burnett, Jon- 
 
 daryan. 
 Littlejohn and Alford, Coochin Coochin, Moreton, 
 
 Ipswich. 
 Living, J., Memilo Plains, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 Living, J., Wooroona, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 Lloyd, G. H., Redbank, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Lloyd, J. P., and Co., Maryborough, Burnett, 
 Maryborough. 
 
 Logan, R., Mingoola, Darling Downs, Tenter- 
 field. 
 
 Logan, R., Durham Downs, Roma. 
 
 London Chartered Bank, Winton, Darling Downs, 
 Goondiwindi. 
 
 Macansh, J. D., Cooroora, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Macansh, J. D., Canning Creek, Darling Downs, 
 Ley burn. 
 
 Macansh, J. D., Kitticarara, Gregory North, Clon- 
 curry. 
 
 Macansh, J. D., Mantuan Downs, Leichardt, 
 Springsure. 
 
 Macansh, J. D., Isis Downs, Mitchell, Isisford. 
 
 Macansh, Windeyer and Cadell, Cooroora, Dar- 
 ling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Macartney, Mayne, Elliot and Co., Sandsborough 
 Downs, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 MacDonald, C. C, The Auburn, Darling Downs, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 MacDonald, H., Glengarry, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 ham pton. 
 
 MacDonald, P. F., Yomeapps, Port Curtis. 
 
 MacDonald, P. F., Columbia, Leichardt, Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 MacDonald, P. F., Fernlees, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 MacDowell and Coutts, Cashmere, Cardwell. 
 
 MacGlasham, D., Bowie, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 MacKay and Others, Omega, Leichardt, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 MacKay and Kilgour, Alpha, Leichardt, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 MacKay, E. H., Teirawomba, Leichardt, Nebo. 
 
 MacKay, E. H., Huntley, Leichardt, Clermont. 
 
 MacKay, Jas., Bondandilla, via Cambooya. 
 
 Mackenzie, John, Reserve, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Mackenzie, W., Arabella, Warrego, Charleville. 
 
 Mackenzie, Bostock and Co., Maidan, Burke, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Mackie, R., Cobbareena, DarliDg Downs, Conda- 
 mine. 
 
 Macleay and Beaumont, Talawinta, Maranoa, 
 Brewarrina. 
 
 Macleod, R., Terrica, Darling Downs, Stanthorpe. 
 
 Maconochie, John, Ferulee, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Mailer, R., Durham Downs, Gregory South, 
 Mount Margaret. 
 
 Malcolm and Mackinnon, Albury Downs, Maranoa, 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Malpas, W. J., Caiwarroo, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Malpas, W. J., Cungabulla, Gregory North, Wil- 
 ford Downs. 
 
 Malpas, W. J., Currawilla, Gregory North, Wilford 
 Downs. 
 
 Malpas, W. J., Thorlindah, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Manifold and Bostock, Sesbania, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Manifold and Bostock, Muttaburra, Aramac. 
 
 Mant and Littleton, Gigoomgan, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Mark, W., G. H., J. C, and R. W. E., Byron 
 Downs, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Markey, J., Bodandilla, Towoomba. 
 
 Markwell, S., Beaudesert, Moreton, Veresdale. 
 
 Marsh, M. and H., Folkestone, Darling Downs, 
 Stanthorpe. 
 
 Marsh, M. H., Maryland, Darling Downs, War- 
 \\ ick. 
 
 Marsh, W., Hillsborough, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Marsh, W. and T., Glencoe, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Marshall, S. T. and H., North Merewa, Darling 
 Downs, Goondiwindi. 
 
 Marshall, Wm., Well, Darliner Downs, Warwick. 
 
 Marshall and Slade, Glengallan, Darling Downs, 
 Warwick. 
 
 Marlindale and Stephens, Clarke, Mitchell, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Martel, S. A., Mount Chance, Gregory North, 
 
 Cork. 
 Martel, S. A., Tyrie, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Martel, S. A., Woodstock, Qregorj North, ( 
 Massy Bros., Sonoma, Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Mathcrson, D., Broadwater, Leichardt, Boolburra. 
 Mayne, W. C, Qhinghinda, Leichardt, Taroon. 
 Mayne Brothers, Peakvale, Leichardt, Clermont. 
 Mein, G. A. and P., Log Creek, Warrego, Eulo. 
 Mellow, Matthew, Gympie, Burnett, Gympie. 
 Melville, A. W., Doongall, Wide Bav, Mary- 
 borough. 
 Melville, A. W., Maryborough, Burnett, Gympie. 
 
 Menzies, Archibald, Raglan Station, Port Curtis, 
 Rockhampton. 
 
 Menzies, John, Raglan Station, Port Curtis, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Menzies and Douglas, Eurella, Maranoa, Bonn. 
 
 Menzies and Meredith, Taldora and Willungra, 
 Burke. Cloncurry. 
 
 Mercantile Bank of Sydney, Green Hills, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Meredith, Menzies, and Co., Taldora, Burke, Clon- 
 curry. 
 
 Meredith, Menzies, and Co., Millungera, Burke, 
 Cloncurry. 
 
 Miles, M., Mount Elise, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Miles, William, Park Head, Darling Downs, Con- 
 damine. 
 
 Miles, William, Brunell Downs, Warrego, Mitchell. 
 
 Miles, W., Kynuna, Gregory North. Cork. 
 
 Millis, James, Nanango, Burnett, Nanango. 
 
 Mills, James C, Woodleigh, Darling Downs, 
 Yandilla. 
 
 Mills, Fletcher and Co., Dallmally, Roma. 
 
 Milson, J., jun., Corena, Leichardt, Aramac. 
 
 Milson and De Statge, Coreena, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Missing, Henry, Gootchy, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Mitchell, Henry, Iron Pot Creek, Darling Downs, 
 Warwick. 
 
 Mitchell and Gill, Christmas Creek, North Ken- 
 nedy, Dalrymple. 
 
 Moloney, J. P. and M., Bendemere, Maranoa, 
 Condamine. 
 
 Monohan, J., Shylock, Gregory North, Blackall. 
 
 Moore, J. and J., Moorlands, Rosewood. 
 
 Moore, J. J. and W., Drumbaggan, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Moore, J. D. and W., Burandilla, Warrego, Charle- 
 ville. 
 
 Moore, J. and H., Baramba, Burnett, Nanango. 
 
 Moore, Isaac, Tantitha, Wide Bay, Bundaber^. 
 
 Moore Bros, and Baynes, Baramba, Burnett, 
 Nanango. 
 
 Moore, Moore and Martin, Binnerbilla, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Moore, P. E.. Waterloo, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Morehead, H. B. D., Wallambilla, Maranoa, 
 Condamine. 
 
 Morehead, J. and D., Targinie, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Moreton, B. B. and S., Wetheron, Burnett, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Moreton, F. and Co., Prairie, Port Curtis, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Morgan, William, Mount Stewart, Leichardt, Lil \ - 
 vale. 
 
 Mort, Henry, Redbank, Burnett, Hawkwood. 
 
 Mort and Richards, Franklynvale, Moreton, 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Mortimer, I., Manumbar, Burnett, Brisbane. 
 
 Muirhead, J., and A. Brown, Albro, South Ken- 
 nedy, Surbiton. 
 
 Muirhead, J., Elgin Downs, South Kennedy, 
 Clermont. 
 
 Mundell, J., Buniaban, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 
 Mundell, J., Winterbourne, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Mundell, J., Callide, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 
 Murphy, E. D., and Co., St. George. 
 
 Murphy, F. B.,Mox Vale, Roma. 
 
 Murphy, Sir F., and Sous, Northampton Downs, 
 Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Murphy, J., Greenlands, Warrego, Ellanuowan. 
 
 Murphy, J., Mount Tierney, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Murphy, J., Pine Mountain. Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Murphy, J., St. Mullins, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Murray, J., Agricultural Reserve, Rockhampton 
 
xlvi 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Murray, P., Mount Lookout, South Kennedy, 
 
 Nebo. 
 Murray, Stewart, Clanmaroo, Maranoa, Dalby. 
 Murray and Sons, Butler Creek, South Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 McArthur, J., Glenelg, Darling Downs, Leyburn. 
 McBain and Telford, Consuelo, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 McBain and Telford, Carnarvon Creek, Leichardt, 
 
 Springsure. 
 McBean, L., Grenvillia, Port Curtis, Gayndah. 
 McBrae, Mrs. P., Mount Margaret, Warrego, Thor- 
 
 gomindah. 
 McCartney, Sir J., St. Helens No. 1, Kennedy, 
 
 Mackay. 
 McCartney, J. A., Tamworth, Mitchell, Hughen- 
 
 den. 
 McCartney, M., Plevna Downs, Surat, via Bris- 
 bane. 
 McCartney, W. C, St. Helens No. 3, Kennedy, 
 
 Mackay. 
 McCartney, W. G., Bloomsbury, Kennedy, Mac- 
 kay. 
 McCartney and Mayne, The Nile, Gregory North, 
 
 Cork. 
 McCartney and Mayne, Waverly, Port Curtis, St. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 McCartney and Mayne, Afton, Burke, Hughenden. 
 McCartney and Mayne, Annandale, Leichardt, 
 
 Nebo. 
 McCartney and Mayne, Bladensberg, Gregory 
 
 North, Ellerslie. 
 McCartney and Percy, Diamantina Lakes, Grego^ 
 
 North, Cork. 
 McLean, J., executors of, Bindango, Maranoa, 
 
 Roma. 
 McConnell, John, Durundur, Moreton, Brisbane. 
 McConnell, J. H., Cressbrook, Moreton, Walloon. 
 McConochie, J., Coomburrah, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 McCord, W. F., Cania, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 McCord, W. F., Coonanibula, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 McCord, W. F., Wigton, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 McCormack, James, Langton, South Kennedy, 
 
 Mistake Creek. 
 McCormack, P. , Merino Downs, Surat. 
 McDermott, P., Lower Laurie River, Cook, Cook- 
 town. 
 McDonald, Alexander, Louisleigh, Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 McDonald, A., Harvest Home, South Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 McDonald, A. B., Grosvenor Downs, Leichardt, 
 
 Copperfield. 
 McDonald, A. and P., Wildhorse Plains, Maranoa, 
 
 St. George. 
 McDonald, G. F., Collybeen. Maranoa, Mungundi. 
 McDonald, J., Hidden Valley, South Kennedy, 
 
 Bowen. 
 McDonald, Jessie, Dugandan, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 McDonald, estate of the late N. H., Lara, Gregory 
 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 McDonald, McDonald and Harding, Cores, Gregory 
 
 North, Aramac. 
 McDonald, McDonald and Harding, Charlotte 
 
 Plains, Warrego, Cunnamulla. 
 McDonald and Smith, Ban Ban, Burnett, Na- 
 
 nango. 
 McDonald and Smith, Mantuan Downs, Spring- 
 sure. 
 McDonald and Coulson, Bromellon, Moreton, 
 
 Veresdale. 
 McDonnell, J., Conway, South Kennedj% Bowen. 
 McDougall, A. S., Gunyan, Darling Downs, Texas. 
 McDougall, Hon. J. F., Rosalie Plains, Darling 
 
 Downs, Jondaryan. 
 McDougall, M. S., Clifton, Maranoa, St. George. 
 McDowall and Couts, Welcome Downs, North 
 
 Kennedy, Cardwell. 
 McFarlane and Appleyard, Bidenham, Charleville. 
 McGhie, Suya and Co., Cootharaba, Burnett, 
 
 Gympie. 
 McGill and Clymont, Amamoor, Burnett, Gympie. 
 McGillivray, G., Berwick, Burke, Hughenden. 
 McGillivray, G., Eddington, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 McGlashan, D., Bowie, South Kennedy, Bowen 
 
 Downs. 
 McGrath, Mount Walker, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 McGregor, D., Glengyle, Gregory North, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 McGregor, D., Tomodonka, Gregory North, Mount 
 
 Margaret. 
 McGregor and McLeon, Jolimont, Kennedy, Mac- 
 kay. 
 McGuigan, Patrick, Terribooh, Gregory North, 
 
 Cork. 
 Mcllwane, Bros., Riversleigh, Charleville. 
 Mcll wraith, T., Ayrshire Downs, Gregory North, 
 
 Cork. 
 Mcllwraith, Thomas, Gin Gin, Wide Bay, Mount 
 
 Perry. 
 Mcllwraith and Smyth, Merivale, Maranoa, Mit- 
 chell. 
 Mcintosh, James, Blinkbonnie, Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Mclntyre, D., Kalara, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 Mclntyre, D., Llanarth, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 Mclntyre, D., Dalgonally, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 Mclntyre, Duncan, Lagoon Creek, Darling Downs, 
 
 Oakley Creek. 
 Mclntyre, Donald, Llanarth, Suttor Rirer, Ken- 
 nedy, Nebo. 
 Mclntyre, Donald, Dalgonally, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 Mclver and Curtis, Nickavilla, Gregory South, 
 
 Tambo. 
 Mclver and Curtis, Nickavilla, Warrego, Tambo. 
 McKay, D. F., Bandy Andy, Maranoa, St. George. 
 McKay and Caswell, Canindah, Gayndah. 
 McKay and Co. , Huntley Downs, Leichardt, Cler- 
 mont. 
 McKellar and Holt, Cotherstone, Burnett, St. 
 
 Lawrence. 
 McKenzie, Bostock, and Co., Werna, Gregory 
 
 North, Wittown. 
 McKenzie, J., Dulbydilla, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 McKenzie, W., Authoringa, Warrego, Charleville. 
 McKinnon, M., Albany Downs, Maranoa, Dalby. 
 McLean, executors of J., Bedford and Sunnyside, 
 
 Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 McLean, Jonathan, Marivale. Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 McLean, M. J., Cracow, Leichardt, Banana. 
 McLean, Hodgson, and Greene, Goomburra, 
 
 Darling Downs, Allora. 
 McLean, Taylor, and Co., Currawillingi, St. 
 
 George. 
 McLennan, D., Ingle Downs, Leichardt, Lily vale. 
 McLeay and Taylor, Currawillinghi, Maranoa, St. 
 
 George. 
 McManns, W. R., Oolandilla, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 Mc Manns, W. R., Mount Lonsdale, Maranoa, 
 
 Mitchell. 
 McMicking, R., Cashmere, Maranoa, St. George. 
 McMullen, J. F., Rocky bank, Maranoa, Roma. 
 McMullen, J. F., Tarong, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 McMullen, J. F,, Kincora, Darling Downs, St. 
 
 George. 
 McMullen, J. F., Durham Downs, Leichardt, 
 
 Roma. 
 McMullen, J. F., Booroondara, Leichardt, Lily- 
 vale. 
 McMullen, J. F., Banvon Park, Warrego, Lilyvale. 
 McMullen, J. F., Wombo, Darling Downs, Con- 
 
 damine. 
 McMullen, J. F., Wimpole, Gregory North, 
 
 Jundah. 
 McNale and Sutherland, Kyanga, Banana. 
 McNamara, P. , Rocky Bar and Spring Vale, Darling 
 
 Downs, Dalby. 
 McNeale, Barry, Newland, andMcCabe.Naccowlah, 
 
 Gregory South, Thorgomindah. 
 McNelly, J., South Teelba, Maranoa, Surat. 
 McNultv, T., Muggleton. Maranoa, Roma. 
 McPherson, D., Emerald Downs, Leichardt, Lily- 
 vale. 
 McPhillamy, C, Sherwood, Leichardt, Duanngo. 
 McRae, C, Mount Margaret, Gregory South, 
 
 Mount Margaret. 
 McTaggart, Executors of J. D., Kilkivan, Wide 
 
 Bav, Kilkivan. 
 Mc Vicar, Dugald, Wombunderry South, Gregory 
 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 National Bank of Australasia, Cotherstone, 
 
 Leichardt, Clermont. 
 Neil, Hugh, Galloway Plains, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 Nelson, H. M., Myra. Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Nelson, H. M., Louden, Weimbilla, and Malara, 
 
 Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 Nelson, H. and W., Da by. 
 Nichol, Davidson, Windeyer, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 xlvii 
 
 Nicholson, John, Haste, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Nimmo, J., Junee, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 North Australian Company, Rosenthal and South, 
 
 Darling Downs, Warwick. 
 North Australian Pastoral Company, Woodstock, 
 
 Kennedy, Townsville. 
 North British and Australian Company, Isla, 
 
 Leichardt, Banana. 
 North British and Australian Company, Halliford, 
 
 Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 North British and Australian Company, St. Ruth, 
 
 Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 North British and Australian Company, Waterton, 
 
 Leichardt, Taroom. 
 North, Joseph, Moray Downs, South Kennedy, 
 
 Clermont. 
 North, Joseph, Ipswich, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 Norton and Marcom, Rodd's Bay, Port Curtis, 
 
 Gladstone. 
 Nott and Mair, Banana, Leichardt, Banana. 
 Nutting and Doyle. Chastleton, Warrego, Thorgo- 
 
 mindah. 
 New Zealand and Australian Land Company, 
 
 Cardbeign, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 New Zealand and Australian Land Company, 
 
 Chinchilla, Darling Downs, Dalbj\ 
 New Zealand and Australian Land Company, 
 
 Greendale, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 New Zealand and Australian Land Company, 
 
 Willshot, Tambo. 
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Com- 
 pany, Cashmere, Maranoa, St. George. 
 New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Com- 
 pare, Wallinderry, Gregory South, Mount 
 
 Margaret. 
 Oriental Bank, Cawaroo, Surat. 
 O'Brien, D., Dalby. 
 
 O'Brien, Denis, Yalebone, Maranoa, Surat. 
 O'Brien, M., Wallabella, Surat. 
 O'Brien and Wilson, Green Hills, Cook, George- 
 town. 
 O'Brien, P., Georgetown, Burke, Georgetown. 
 Officer, John, Humeburn, Warrego, Eulo. 
 O'Reilly, F. H., Samford, Moreton, Brisbane. 
 0'Shannassy,K., Werebone, Maranoa, Surat. 
 O'Shanassy, Sir John, Mount Howitt, Gregory 
 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 O'Sullivan, O'Roughlee, Leichardt, Roma. 
 Paine, C. H., Collaroy, Port Curtis, St. Lawrence. 
 Pain, T., Bowra, Warrego, Charleville. 
 Pallisier, M., Palestine, Maranoa, Bollon. 
 Palmer, Hon. A. H., Beaufort, South Kennedy, 
 
 Clermont. 
 Palmer, Hon. A. H., Cambridge Downs, Hughen- 
 
 den. 
 Palmer, H. and E., Conobie, Burke, Dahwmple. 
 Parker and Ward, Retreat, Mitchell, Isisford. 
 Parr, B. C, Chiverton, via Warwick. 
 Parbury and Lord, Cockatoo Creek, Leichardt, 
 
 Taroom. 
 Patterson, Andrew, Glen Hill, Darling Downs, 
 
 Warwick. 
 Patterson, A., Rosenthal, near Warwick. 
 Patterson and Jones, West Hill, St. Lawrence. 
 Patterson, W., Wonomo, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Paterson, Andrew and Ord, Fernlie, St. George. 
 Paterson, R. L., and Co., Monte Christo, via Rock- 
 
 hampton. 
 Paterson, R. L., Monte Christo, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 Patton, Robert, Wellshot, Mitchell, Isis Downs. 
 Parker, E. W., Lanark Downs, Clermont. 
 Parker, Langlow, and Co., Barcoo, Bar coo River 
 
 via Rockhampton. 
 Paxton, W. H., Mackay. 
 Pearse, John and William, Junction Station, 
 
 Darling Downs, Condamine. 
 Pearce, M., Wondoo, Leichardt, Banana. 
 Peberdy, W. K., Headingly, Gregory North, Cork. 
 Peberdy, W. K., Cooroorah, Port Curtis, St. Law- 
 
 Peberdy, W. R., Jellintal, Blackwater, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Peel River Company, Coona Downs. Aramac. 
 
 Pender, M. L. and W. A., Lake Pare, Gregory 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Peppin and Webber, Bargie, Gregory South, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 
 Peppin and Webber, Abbotsford, Gregory South, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Peppin and Webber, Cottesmore, Gregory South, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 Peppin and Webber, Cunnavella, Gregory South, 
 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Peppiu and Webber, Monkira, Gregory North. 
 Jundah. 
 
 Peppin and Webber, Kyabra, Gregory South, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Perry and Horam, Wild Horse Plains, Maranoa, 
 St. George:. 
 
 Perese, De, B. F., Buckingham Downs, Gregtry 
 North, Cork. 
 
 Perese De, Birgh, Conemara, Gregory North, 
 Jundah. 
 
 Perese, De, B., Laington, Gregory North, Norman- 
 ton. 
 
 Peterson and Rolfe, Dillalah, Warrego, Charle- 
 ville. 
 
 Picot, P. H., Brisbane. 
 
 Picton, C, Mungun, Maranoa, Mungindi. 
 
 Pierce, J. and W., Junction Station, Toowoomba. 
 
 Piper and Collins, Cyprus Downs, Maranoa, St. 
 George. 
 
 Piper and Collins, Kenilworth, Maranoa, St. 
 George. 
 
 Place and West, St. Helens, Darling Downs, Cam- 
 booya. 
 
 Plant and Jones, Pomona, Kennedy, St. Herbert. 
 
 Pollock Bros., Mangalore, Cunnanmlla. 
 
 Pollock, James, sen., Nerrigundah, Warrego, 
 Charleville. 
 
 Pope, R., Wallumbilla, Roma. 
 
 Porter, A. E., Strath Almond, Darling Downs, 
 Leyburn. 
 
 Porter, Francis, Grampian Hills, Moreton, Ips- 
 wich. 
 
 Porter, H. A., Spring Mount, Moreton, Too- 
 woomba. 
 
 Pott, G., Burnt Foot, South Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Powell, J. W., Parlands, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Powell, J. S., Lower Doongal, 'Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Powell, Thomas, Traverston, Wide Bay, Gympie. 
 
 Powell, W., Maryborough, Burnett, Maryborough. 
 
 Primrose, F. A., Emu Creek, More.on, Murphy's 
 Creek. 
 
 Prior, T. L. M., Bully Creek, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Prior, T. L. M., Moonbago, South Kennedy, Bully 
 Creek. 
 
 Prior, T. L. M., Pullen, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 
 Pritchard, E. R., Brisbane. 
 
 Pritchard and Tebbutt, Powlathanga Lake, North 
 Kennedy, Charters Towers. 
 
 Prout and Galvin, Diamantina, Gregory North, 
 Cork. 
 
 Province, T., Roslyn, Burnett, Mount Perry. 
 
 Province, Thomas, Bannia, Burnett, Mount Perry. 
 
 Pryde, Thomas, Glenmourie, Moreton, Walloon. 
 
 Queensland National Bank, Carraba, LeicharJt, 
 Taroom. 
 
 Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Com- 
 pany (Limited), Hoganthulla Downs, Warrego, 
 Mitchell. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Ardoch, 
 Warrego, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Junction, 
 Darling Downs, Western Creek. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Kilcummin, 
 South Kennedy, Clermont. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Kilwore}', 
 Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Millbank, 
 North Kennedy, Thornborough. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Mungy, 
 Burnett, Maryborough. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited) Myall Grove, 
 Darling Downs, Condamine. 
 
 Queensland National Bank (Limited), Yabber, 
 Wide Bay, Jinma. 
 
 Rait, W., Anniston Yale, Gregory North, Blackall. 
 
 Rates, Francis, Hendon, Darling Downs, Hendon. 
 
 Rawson, Brothers, Shamrock Yale, Kennedy, 
 Mackay. 
 
 Rawson, C. E., Abington. Kennedy, Mackay 
 
 Raymer, D., Ribble, Condamine. 
 
 Rayne, David, Moraby, Condamine. 
 
 Read, J., Alice Downs, Warrego, Morven. 
 
 Reid, A., Wombunderry, Gregory South, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
xlviii 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Reid, Reid and Paterson, Geo hvood, Gregory, Cork. 
 
 K»id and Strathorn, Darr River Downs, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Reid, Walker and Co., Rockhampton. 
 
 Reid and Palmer, Mitchell River, Cook, Palrner- 
 ville. 
 
 Reppel, F., Hillside, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Reynolds, T., Feather Bed, Cook. Kingsborough. 
 
 Rezold, M., and Co., Middle Creek, Darling Downs. 
 
 Rice and Turner, Mount Spencer, Leichardt, 
 Nebo. 
 
 Richards, R., Cawildi, Maranoa, Balonne. 
 
 Richards, W. H., and Co., Springsure, Leichardt, 
 Springsure. 
 
 Richardson and Campbell, Wigugomrie, Gregory 
 South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Richardson, Nutting, Charters and Campbell, 
 Muncoonia, Gregory South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Richardson, T. G., and Co., Toowoomba. 
 
 Richardson, W., Tugurnum, North Kennedy, 
 Specimen. 
 
 Richardson, W. W., Morinish, Gregory South, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Richardson, W. W., Congie, Gregory South, Thor- 
 gomindah. 
 
 Richardson, W. W., Nundramundoo, Gregory 
 South, Mount Margaret. 
 
 Ridler, R. B., Yarrol, Burnett, Mount Perry. 
 
 Ridler, R. B. and J. C, Cania, Burnett, Mount 
 Perry. 
 
 Rivers, C, Bloomfield, Blackall. 
 
 Roach, T. W., Dal by. 
 
 Robertson Brothers, Taunton, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Robertson and Edkins, Roxborough, Gregory 
 North, Cork. 
 
 Robertson and Hopkins, Moselle Downs, Burke, 
 Dalrymple. 
 
 Robertson, J., and Co., Yandilla, Darling Downs, 
 Yandilla. 
 
 Robertson, J. H., Nelson No. 1, North Kennedy, 
 Charters Towers. 
 
 Robertson, John, Teeswater, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Robertson, R. R. C, Baliandean, Darling Downs, 
 Stanthorpe. 
 
 Robertson, R. and T., Baffle Creek, Port Curtis, 
 Bundaberg. 
 
 Robertson, Thomas, Bingera, Wide Bay, Bunda- 
 berg. 
 
 Robertson, W., Bunalbo, Warwick. 
 
 Roberts and Taylor, Brewarrina, North Kennedy, 
 Caperville. 
 
 Robinson, H. F., Mount John, Townsville. 
 
 Roche, F. H., Rochdale, Gregory North, George- 
 town. 
 
 Roche, F. W., Runnymede. Maranoa, Dalby. 
 
 Roche, F. F., Fermoy, Mitchell, Muttaburra. 
 
 Rocke Brothers and McDonald, Fermoy, Blackall. 
 
 Rodgers, A., Willarie, Maranoa, Roma. 
 
 Rodgers, James, Belle, Warrego, Burenda. 
 
 Roff, G., and Co., Brisbane. 
 
 Rolfe, J., Appin Forest, South Kennedy, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Rolfe, J., Bowlee, No. 1, South Kennedy, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Rolfe, J., Pioneer, South Kennedy, Clermont. 
 
 Rolfe, J. R., Castle Yale, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 
 Rolleston, C, Albinia Downs, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 Rome Brothers, Terrick Terrick, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Rome, C, Terrick, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Rome, T., and Co., Welford Downs, Mitchell, Isis 
 Downs. 
 
 Rook, E. H., Box Forest, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Ross, D.. Roslin, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Ross, Jessie, Oberina, Maranoa. Roma. 
 
 Ross, Thomas, Kilkeven, Burnett, Gympie. 
 
 Rotheray, E. W., Nardoo, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 
 Rourke, Henry, Watershed, Kennedy. 
 
 Rourke, Henry, Rockwood, Mitchell, Bowen 
 Downs. 
 
 Rourke, J. H., Dotswood, Kennedy North. 
 
 Rouse, George, Culloden, Aramac. 
 
 Rowan, D. and Co., Durra River Downs, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Royds, C. and E., Jundah, Leichardt, Condamine. 
 
 Royds, E. , Isis Lagoons, Blackall. 
 
 Ruff, Robertson and Co., Mount Stanley, Ipswich. 
 
 Rudgers, S., Willalneri, St. George. 
 
 Rule, John, Arcturus Downs, Springsure. 
 
 Rushbrook, P., Weranga, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Russell, Thomas, Wunolah, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Rutherford and Robertson, Cunnamulla, Warrego, 
 Cunnamulla. 
 
 Ruthorpe, R., Mexico, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Rutledge and Palmer, Eureka, AVide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Ryrie, J. C, Vergemont, Mitchell, Isis Downs. 
 
 Sadlier and Brooke, Werie Ela, Warrego, Ewlo. 
 
 Sadlier and Brooke, Bingara, Warrego, Cunna- 
 mulla. 
 
 Sadlier and Brooke, Bundilla, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Salisbury, R. J., Spattiswood, Taroom. 
 
 Sandeman, Gordon, Authoringa, Charlcville. 
 
 Sandeman, Hon. G., Nurenda, Mitchell. 
 
 Sandeman, S., Burenda, Charleville. 
 
 Sandiman, M., Banksea, Rockhampton. 
 
 Saunder, D., Cattle Creek, Dalby. 
 
 Sawtell Bros.,Byrhnine, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Sayse, J. N., tieryboo, Darling Downs, Conda- 
 mine. 
 
 Scanton, J., Springfield, Gregory South, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 Scarr, Frank, Lake Nash, Burke, Roxborough 
 Downs. 
 
 Schofield, Caroline, Perwell, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Schorield, R., Bendee, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Schollick, E. J., Ondooroo, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Avoca, South Kennedy, Springsure. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Bowen Downs, Mitchell, Bowen Downs. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Western Creek, Darling Downs, Daiby. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Texas, Darling Downs, Inglewood. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Nive Downs, Warrego, Ellangowan. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Mount Abundance, Maranoa, Roma. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Mount Cornish, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Scottish Australian Invest. Company (Limited), 
 Dyke Head, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Scott, Andrew, Euroombah, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 
 Scott, A., Goongarry, Leichardt, Taroom. 
 
 Scott Bros., Valley of Layoons, Kennedy, Valley 
 of Lagoons. 
 
 Scott Bros., Vale of Herbert, Cardwell. 
 
 Scott, G. A. and W. J., Vale of Herbert, North 
 Kennedy, Cardwell. 
 
 Scott and Gibson, Cloncurry, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Scott and Gordon, Vindex, Gregory North, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Scott, Gordon, and Crawford, Maxwelton, Burke, 
 Hughenden. 
 
 Scott, James Hall, Iverdon, Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Scott, Walter, Taromeo, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 
 Scott, William, Glenmoral, Leichardt, Banana. 
 
 Scraggs, W., Marra Marra, Darling Downs, Con- 
 damine. 
 
 Scrivener, G. H., Caiwarra, Cunnamulla. 
 
 Sevenson, J., Ravensbourne, Blackall. 
 
 Shanahan and Jennings, Westbrook, Darling 
 Downs, Drayton. 
 
 Shand and Buchanan, Wombah, Burnett, Mount 
 Perry. 
 
 Shannon, John, Salt Bush Park, Leichardt, St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Sharpe and Atwell, Holme Park, Darling Downs, 
 Ley burn. 
 
 Sharplee, Sharplee, and McKay, Thurraggai, 
 Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Shaw and Co., Rawbelle, Burnett and Wide Bay, 
 Gayndah. 
 
 Sherwin, J. P., Canoona. Port Curtis, Yaamba. 
 
 Shindan, R., Oaklands, Leyden. 
 
 Sidley, K. A., St. Paul's, North Kennedy, Ravens- 
 wood. 
 
 Sidley, K. A., Charters Towers, Charters Towers. 
 
 Siebenhausen, Charles, Glen Farm, Darling Downs, 
 Clifton. 
 
 Simpson and Campbell, Bellevue, Moreton, Ip- 
 swich. 
 
 Simpson, G. M., Bon Accord, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Sinclair, Guthrie, Knockbreak, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Singleton and Meuzies, Langton, Peak Downs, 
 Clermont. 
 
QUEENSLAND. 
 
 xlix 
 
 Singleton and Menzies, Langton Downs, Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Skehan, D., Newcastle, Gregory South, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 Skuthorpe, J. R., Locharoch, Gregory North, 
 Cork. 
 
 Sloane and Jeffrey, Taldora, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Sloane. William, Kurrangera, Burke, Cloncurry. 
 
 Sly and Moreton, Mungy, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Sly, W., Degilbo, Burnett, Maryborough. 
 
 Small, A.,Glenmore, South Kennedy, Clermont. 
 
 Smith, Barnes, and Smith, Lyndhurst, Cook, 
 Dalrymple. 
 
 Smith,*G., and Bros., Stewart's Creek, Maranoa, 
 Roma. 
 
 Smith, H. S., Afton Downs, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Smith, J. and S. C, Mungulla, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. Isabella, Texas, Darling Downs, 
 Texas. 
 
 Smith and Thomas, Kirrelah, Warwick. 
 
 Smith, VV. S., Random Downs, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Smith, W. S., Bomballera, Maranoa, Cunnamulla. 
 
 Soloman, Maurice, Gum Valley, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 South, B., Bindebango, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 South, W., Yunermun, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 South, W., Theodore, Maranoa, Mangullala 
 Creek. 
 
 Spencer, M. A., Arwadilla, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Springer, W., Charles Creek, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Stratham, R., Bonus Downs, Maranoa, Mitchell 
 Downs. 
 
 Staunton, W. C, Coolbah, Condamine. 
 
 Steele, James, Glenroy, Rockhampton. 
 
 Stent, W. F., Bundoona, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Stevens, Thomas, Crow's Nest, Darling Downs, 
 Murphy. 
 
 Stevens, E. J., Tintinchilla, Warrego, Tambo. 
 
 Stevens, H., and Co., Toowoomba. 
 
 Stevenson, J..Ravensbourne, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Stephenson, J., Forest Hills, Mitchell, Tambo. 
 
 Stevenson. Reid and Palmer, Gamboola, Cook, 
 Palmerville. 
 
 Stephenson, W. L., Mona, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Stewart, S., Eddystone Vale, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, Marathon, Burke, Richmond. 
 
 Stewart, Robert, Southweek, Townsville. 
 
 Stewart, R., Telemon, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Stewart, R., Southwick, North Kennedy, Dal- 
 rymple. 
 
 Stirrat Bros. , Alma, Port Curtis, Gladstone. 
 
 Storck, P. J„ Comet Downs, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 Stouber, Stephen, Hanover Square, Rock- 
 hampton. 
 
 Strathdee, R. D., Coranga, Kennedy, Dalby. 
 
 Stratford, F. A.,Talgai, Darling Downs, Clifton. 
 
 Strurer, F., Pine Creek. Darling Downs, Leyburn. 
 
 Stuart, C. J., Coogoon, Maranoa, Roma. 
 
 Stuart and Co., Killoogie, Kennedy. 
 
 Stuart, Mackay and Mackay, Templeton Downs, 
 Gregory North, Glenormiston. 
 
 Stubley, F. H., Eve Lynn, North Kennedy, Wit- 
 town. 
 
 Stubley, F. H. , Charters Towers, Charters Towers. 
 
 Suell, J. C, Edwinstone, Darling Downs, Cam- 
 booya. 
 
 Suler, Clans, Ravenswood, Kennedy, Ravens- 
 wood. 
 
 Sutherland, George, Jinghi Inghi, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Swanson, J., Yabba, Gympie. 
 
 Swayne, H. W., Llandilo, Leichardt, Copperfield. 
 
 Symes, Joseph, Fairmount, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Tait, George, The Glens, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Tait, George, Murra Murra, Maranoa, St. George's 
 Bridge. 
 
 Talbot, P., Byfield, St. Lawrence. 
 
 Taylor, Alfred, Millay, North Kennedy, Capeville. 
 
 Taylor, George, Merino Downs, Roma. 
 
 Taylor and Peak, Coomrith, Dalby. 
 
 Taylor, James, Dumnore, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Taylor, James, Goodar, Darling Downs, Yandilla. 
 
 Taylor, J. J. W. and G., Louisa Downs, Mitchell, 
 Blackall. 
 
 Taylor, J. J. W. and G., Mount Marlon, Mitchell, 
 
 tambo. 
 Terry, A. J. W., Eton Vale, Kennedy, Bowen.. . 
 Thomson, James, Calliope, Rockhampton. 
 Thomson, J. H., The Auburn, Burnett, Gayndah 
 
 Thompson. J., Rupert's Creek, Burke, Normanton. 
 Thompson, J., Mount Emu Plains, Burke. Dal- 
 rymple. 
 
 Thorne and Frazer, Apex Downs, M, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Thorn, Charles, Roscbrook, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 
 Thorn, executors of late G.. Warra Warra Darlinir 
 Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Thorn, executors of late G., Normanby, Moreton, 
 Ipswich. 
 
 Thorn, George, Warra Warra, Darling Downs 
 Dalby. 
 
 Thorn, J. and George, Cowley Plains, Warrego 
 Bechel. 
 
 Thorn and Co., Nuckinenda, Moreton, Ipswich. 
 
 Thorne, J. W., Currajong, Leichardt, Lily vale. 
 
 Tidswell, H. E., Wigton, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Tilley Bros., Milton, Dalby. 
 
 Tilley and Thomas, Chiverton, Darling Downs, 
 Warrick. 
 
 Tobin, A., Marion Downs, Gregory North, Dia- 
 mantina. 
 
 Tom, H., Mount Moffat, Maranoa, Mitchell. 
 
 Tom, H., Chesterton, Warrego, Mitchell. 
 
 Tookcr, M. and H., Leura, Rockhampton. 
 
 Tooth, executors of W. B., Clifton, Darling Downs, 
 Clifton. 
 
 Tooth and Holt, Brucedale, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Tooth, W. B., Tallavera, Surat. 
 
 Tourle, Morse and Co., Banksie, Burnett, Ca- 
 warral. 
 
 Towns and Bonton, Burrandowan, Burnett, Gavn- 
 dah. J 
 
 Towns and Stewart, Calliangal, Port Curtis, West- 
 wood. 
 
 Townshend, John A., Inkerman, Kennedv, Bowen. 
 
 Tozer and Craigie, Richmond, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Tozer, W. P., Delta, Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Tozer, W. P., Tooleybuck, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Travers and Blundell, Pastorale, Leichardt, Lily- 
 vale. 
 
 Travers and Gibson, Aramac, Mitchell, Aramac. 
 
 Travers, R., Malvern Downs, Leichardt, Emerald 
 Downs. 
 
 Travers, S. S., and Blundell, H. J. D., Gordon 
 Downs, Leichardt, Lilyvale. 
 
 Travis, R., Knockbreak, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Travis and Blundell, Gorden Downs, Clermont. 
 
 Treweeke, W. J., Tingun and Minimie, Goondi- 
 windi. 
 
 Trimble and Anderson, Yambora, Burke, Nor- 
 manton. 
 
 Tucker, H. C, Blenheim, South Kennedy. Bowen. 
 
 Tucker, W., Exmoor, South Kenned}', Bowen. 
 
 Tully, P., Ray, Gregory South, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Turf, A. J. M.. Eton Vale, South Kennedy, 
 Bowen. 
 
 Turnbull, G. E., Medway, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 
 Turner, Francis, Avoca, Kennedy, Springsure. 
 
 Turner, J. A., Coomrith, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
 Turner and Missing, Milton, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
 Turner, trustees of late W., Helidon, Moreton, 
 Helidon. 
 
 Tyler, E., Tivyra, Mitchell, Specimen Gully. 
 
 Tyrrell, E., executors of, BurgaBurga, St. 'George. 
 
 Tyson, James, Widgeegoora, Warrego, Cunna- 
 mulla. 
 
 Tyson, James, Felton and Beauraba, Darling 
 Downs, Cambooya. 
 
 Tyson, James, Newlands, Mitchell, Jundab. 
 
 Tyson, James, Carnavon, Warrego, Springsure. 
 
 Tyson, James, Carella Downs, Mitchell, Tsis 
 
 Downs. 
 Tyson, William, jun., Paroo West, Warrego, Eulo. 
 Tyson, William, Mrs., Mount Alford, Warrego, 
 
 Cunnamullah. 
 Urquhart, Urquhart and Fraser, Kalidawarray, 
 
 Gregory North. Congylake. 
 Union Bank, Fort Cooper North, Nebo, Nebo. 
 Union Bank, McKinlay Downs, Isisford. 
 Vanderheidt, Peter, Mount Walker, Moreton, Ips- 
 wich. 
 Vanneck, Walter, Burdekin Downs, North Ken- 
 nedy, Dalrymple. 
 Vanneck, Hon. W., Lake Clarendon, Gatton. 
 Verner, E. W., Womblebank, Maranoa, Forest 
 
 Vale. 
 Vernon, Robert, Warra, Coranga Creek. 
 Vickery, E., Daandine, Darling Downs, Dalby. 
 
PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Vickery, E., Kooroon, Maranoa, Dalby. 
 
 Vignolles, F. D., Western Creek, Darling Downs, 
 Taowoomba. 
 
 Voss, W. W., Glendower, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Wade— Browne, C, Bolingbroke, Leichardt, 
 Mackay. 
 
 Wafer, M., Charleyvue, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 
 Wafer and Cook, Tanders, Leichardt, Duaringa. 
 
 Waite Bros., Crystal Brook, Kennedy, Bowen. 
 
 Wales, Charles, Nanango, via Brisbane. 
 
 Walker, A, C, Lower Bungera, Burnett, Bunda- 
 berg. 
 
 Walker, John, Lynd Water, Kennedy, Cardwell. 
 
 Walker, P., Dalby. 
 
 Walker, S., Cowan Downs, Burke, Dalrymple. 
 
 Walker, S. B., Sorghum Downs, Burke, Norman- 
 ton. 
 
 Walker, S. B., Leonard Downs, Burke, Norman- 
 ton. 
 
 Walker, Thomas, Tenterfield, Darling Downs, 
 Tenterfield. 
 
 Walker, Thomas, Burenda, Warrego, Burenda. 
 
 Walker, Thomas, Glenlyon, Darling Downs, Ley- 
 burn. 
 
 Walker, W. T., Townsvale, Moreton, Logan. 
 
 Wallace, J. T. J., Killarney, Leichardt, St. Law- 
 rence. 
 
 Wallace, James, Irvingvale, Dalby. 
 
 Waller, W. N., Cheshunt, Warrego, Thorgo- 
 mindah. 
 
 Waller, W. N., Norley, Warrego, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Walsh, Brown and Walsh, Granada, Burke, Nor- 
 manton. 
 
 Walsh, John, Cootah Downs, Burke, Normanton. 
 
 Walsh and Mullet, Monduran, Wide Bay, Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Walton, W. F., Harcourt, Leichardt, Banana. 
 
 Walter, T., Portland Downs, Isis Downs. 
 
 Want, W. , Moroco, Maranoa, Surat. 
 
 Ware and Scott, Morney Plains, Gregory South 
 Jundah. 
 
 Ware, George, Juarungea, Warrego, Thorgo 
 mindah. 
 
 Warner and Holland, Woodlands, Maranoa 
 Mitchell Downs. 
 
 Watson, S. G., Gregory Downs, Burke, Norman 
 town. 
 
 Watson, S. G., Punjaub, Burke, Normanton. 
 
 Watson, S. G., Upper Gregory Downs, Burke 
 Normanton. 
 
 Watt and Gilchrist, May Downs, Leichardt 
 Broadsound. 
 
 Watt and Gilchrist, Noorama, Warrego, Cun 
 namulla. 
 
 Watt and Gilchrist, Glenprairie, Port Curtis 
 Marlborough. 
 
 Watt and Gilchrist, Stanton Harcourt, Wide Bay 
 Marlborough. 
 
 Watt-and Cunningham, Rannes, Rockhamptoo 
 
 Watt. J. B., Yerilla, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Watt, J. B., Proston, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Watt, J. B., Leichardt Downs, Leichardt, St, 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Webber and Peppin, Bingie Bingie, Warrego, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Webber and Peppin, Kerangoola, Gregory South 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Webber, T. and J., Dulwerton, Gregory South 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 White, William, Maryborough, Burnett, Mary 
 borough. 
 
 White, W. D. A. and E., Beaudesert, Burke, Dal 
 rymple. 
 
 White, W. D., and Sons, Bluff Downs, North Ken 
 nedy, Dalrymple. 
 
 White, W. D., and Sons, Nindooimbah, Been 
 leigh. 
 
 White, W. D., and Sons, Bluff Downs, Townsville 
 
 White, — Tailegulla, North Kennedy, Dalrymple 
 
 Whitman, W., Hampton Court, Gregory North 
 Cook. 
 
 Whitman, W., Tarran, Warrego, Tambo. 
 
 Whitman, W. and J., Teddington Lock, Gregory 
 North, Bulln, via Cork and Wittown. 
 
 Whittingham Bros, and Davidson, Alice Downs, 
 Mitchell, Blackall. 
 
 Wienholt Bros., Fassifern, Moreton, Fassjfem. 
 
 Wienholt Bros., Maryvale, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Wienholt Bros., Blythdale, Maranoa, Condamine. 
 
 Wienholt, E., Dalgangal, Burnett, Gavndah. 
 
 Wienholt, E., Saltern Creek, Mitchell," Blackall. 
 
 Wienholt, E., Goomburra, Hendron. 
 
 Willdash, F. J. C, Stradbroke Island, Moreton, 
 Southport. 
 
 Wilkinson, J. H., Baroon Park, St. Lawrence. 
 
 Williams Bros, and Commercial Bank, Coongoola, 
 Warrego, Cunnamulla. 
 
 Williams, Charles, Dalganal, Burnett, Gayndah. 
 
 Williams and Conn, Bbondoon, Warrego, Bechel. 
 
 Williams, D. L., Glenlee, Sprincfsure. 
 
 Williams, D. L., Silsoe, Mitchell, Westland. 
 
 Williams, H., Culburra, Cook, Thornborough. 
 
 Williams, James, Bendena, Maranoa, St. George. 
 
 Williams, J. F., Ambatala, Warrego, Charles ille. 
 
 Williams, Williams and Dreyer, Bierbank, War- 
 rego, Cunnamulla. 
 
 Willamson and Thornton, Tower Hill, Mitchell, 
 Aramac. 
 
 Wills, C. S., Cullin, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 
 Wilson, D., Raglan, Port Curtis, Rockhampton. 
 
 Wilson, H. and N., Currawinga, Warrego, Eulo. 
 
 Wilson, H. and N., Salmonville, Gregory South, 
 Thorgomindah. 
 
 Wilson, Hon. W., Pilton, Clifton. 
 
 Wilson, L., Bluff, Warrego, Wilcannia. 
 
 Wilson, James, Ullathorne, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Wilson, John, The Glen, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Wilson, J. G. H., Orion Downs, Leichardt, Spring- 
 sure. 
 
 Wilson, Mrs., Nanango, Burnett, Nanango. 
 
 Wilson, N. H., Currawinga, Thorgomindah. 
 
 Wilson, R. S., Dunbern, Darling Downs, War- 
 wick. 
 
 Wilson, Samuel, Diamantina, Gregory North, 
 Cork. 
 
 Wilson, Samuel, Elderslie, Gregory North, Cork. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Samuel, Logan Downs, South Ken- 
 nedy, Clermont. 
 
 Wilson, Wm., Palton and Haldon, Warwick. 
 
 Winton, James A., Bogarella, Warrego, Forest 
 Vale. 
 
 Withy combe, James, Woolamut, Warrego, Mun- 
 gindi. 
 
 Witham, J. D., Fairfield, Leichardt, Springsure. 
 
 Wolseley and Parker, Melton, Maranoa, St. 
 George. 
 
 Woodburn and Dean, Spring Creek, Charters 
 Towers. 
 
 Woods, William, Ashton Grove, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 Wood, E. G. , Rockhampton. 
 
 Wormwell, Pinkney, Eagle Farm, Rockhampton. 
 
 Wbrthington, J., Turkey, Gladstone. 
 
 Wright, A. A. and F. W., Avon Downs, South 
 Kennedy, Clermont. 
 
 Wright, A. A. and F. W., Nulalbin, Leichardt, 
 Duaringa. 
 
 Wright, Haydon and Wright, Rio, Leichardt, 
 Boolburra. 
 
 Wright, Haydon and Wright, Vena Park, Bourke, 
 Normanton. 
 
 Wyndham, F. and A,, Winton, Darling Downs, 
 Goondiwindi. 
 
 Yonge, A. K. D., Tarawinaba, Darling Downs, 
 Dalby. 
 
 York, A. C, Broadmin, Dalby. 
 
 Young, W., Mount Larcom, Port Curtis, Glad- 
 stone. 
 
WESTEEN AUSTEALIA. 
 
 Abbey, D., Newtown. 
 Abbey, J., Busselton. 
 
 Abbey, N., Quindalup. 
 
 Abbey, T., Newtown. 
 
 Adams, C, Newcastle and Toodyay District. 
 
 Adams, H., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Adlam, James, jun., Greenough, Victoria Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Ager, J., Javis, Upper Blackwood. 
 
 A'Hern, — Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Alcock, J., York. 
 
 Aldridge, I. , Irwin and Dongarra. 
 
 AH, James, Bunbury, Wellington District. 
 
 Allender, F., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Allington, G., Northam. 
 
 Allnutt, John, Blackwood. 
 
 Anderson, D., Swan. 
 
 Anderson and Grant, Merlyie, De Grey. 
 
 Anderson, J., De Grey River, North West Coast. 
 
 Anderson, J. W., De Grey River, North West 
 Coast. 
 
 Anderson, Thomas, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Anderson, W., Swan. 
 
 Andrews, W., Narring Lakes, King George's 
 Sound. 
 
 Annice, J. , Nowancrup. 
 
 Annice, J. and J., Albany. 
 
 Anstey, G. and T., Toodyay District. 
 
 Arber, J., Albany. 
 
 Armstrong, A., Albany. 
 
 Armstrong, Charles, Serpentine. 
 
 Arthur, F., York. 
 
 Ash worth, E., York. 
 
 Ash worth, R., York. 
 
 Atkinson, J., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Atkinson, Thomas, Northam. 
 
 Austin, W., York. 
 
 Ayscough, J., Greenough. 
 
 Bagshawe, J., Beverley. 
 
 Bailey, A. T., Beverley. 
 
 Bailey, Job, York. 
 
 Bailey, Joseph, Williams River. 
 
 Baldwin, B., Serpentine. 
 
 Baldwin, J., Serpentine. 
 
 Barndon, J., Northam. 
 
 Barron, Edward, Williams River. 
 
 Barron, J. , Arthur River. 
 
 Bartlett, E., Williams River. 
 
 Bartram, H., Beverley. 
 
 Bartram. J., Beverley. 
 
 Bashford, W., Dandurga. 
 
 Bates, Thomas, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Batt, A., Hotham River. 
 
 Batt, D., Canning. 
 
 Batt, W., Murray. 
 
 Bayles, J., Gingin. 
 
 Beacham, J. J., Pinjarrah. 
 
 Beard, M. and Co., Northam. 
 
 Beard, W., Toodyay. 
 
 Beardman, W., Toodyay. 
 
 Beere, E. B., Williams River. 
 
 Beere, E., Newcastle. 
 
 Beere, F. W. , Newcastle. 
 
 Beeson, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Bell, J., Rockingham, Fremantle, 
 
 Bell, J. and W., Greenough, Victoria Distr 
 
 Bell, R., Williams River. 
 
 Best, G., Toodyay. 
 
 Betts, R., Guildford. 
 
 Bibra, F. L. Von, Perth. 
 
 Bingham, W., Williams River. 
 
 Bingham, W. H., Williams River. 
 
 Birch, A.,Pingarrah. 
 
 Bird, T„ York. 
 
 Bishop, G. , Victoria Plains. 
 
 Bishop, John, Mininup. 
 
 Bishop, Thomas, Greenough. 
 
 Blake, W., Northam. 
 
 Blechynden, John, Bridgetown. 
 
 Blechynden, Edwin, Beverley. 
 
 Blechynden, Hy., Beverley. 
 
 Blechynden, Mrs., Beverley. 
 
 Blechynden, W., Blackwood. 
 
 Blizzard, H., York. 
 
 Blythe, Joseph, Lower Blackwood, 
 
 Boddington, H., Arthur River. 
 
 Boirlee, F. P., C.M.G., Governor of Honduras, 
 
 Warren. 
 Bone, J., Greenough. 
 Bone, Wm., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Bourk, J., Toodyay, 
 Bourke, M., Toodyay. 
 Bourke, R., Canning. 
 Bourke, Thomas, York. 
 Bowen, M., Toodyay. 
 Bowram, J., Beverley. 
 Boxhall, W., Victoria Plains. 
 Boxham, W., Guildford. 
 Boyle, G., Black Pool, York. 
 Brady, J., Greenough. 
 Brand, A., Greenough. 
 Brand, D., Dongarra and Irwin. 
 Brandon, R. W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Brennan, J., Busselton. 
 Brennan, Thomas, Newtown. 
 Bresnahan, D., Northam. 
 Brett, J., Newcastle. 
 Bridges, Geo., Busselton. 
 Bridgeman, J. , Greenough. 
 Broad, R., Victoria Plains. 
 Brockman, Charles, Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Brockman, E., Guildford. 
 Brockman, E. R., Henley Park and Seabrook, 
 
 Northam. 
 Brockman, F., Vasse. 
 Brockman, H., Cheriton, Gingin. 
 Brockman, J., Vasse. 
 Brockman, T., Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Brockman, W.,Moond and Lyndhurst, Gin Gin. 
 Brockman and Fane, Gascoigne River. 
 Brooks, J., York. 
 Brooks, Joseph, Northampton. 
 Broom, W., Greenough, 
 Brown, C. F., Beverley. 
 Brown, Charles, Dongarra and Irwin. 
 Brown, C. F., Arthur River. 
 Brown, G. F., Beverley. 
 Brown, John, Wandering. 
 Brown, J. W., Avondale, Beverley. 
 Brown, M., Hotham River. 
 Brown, Maitland, J.P., Newmerker, Champion 
 
 Bay. 
 Brown, Thomas, Wandering Brook. 
 Brown, Wm., Arthur River. 
 Brown, W. and G., Arthur River. 
 Browning, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Browning, J., jun., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Bryan, Samuel, Ludlow. 
 Buckingham, A., Canning. 
 Buckingham, Thomas, Canning. 
 Buckley, D., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Buckley, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Buckley, T., Newcastle. 
 Bull, J., Beverley. 
 
 Bull, W., Newcastle. 
 
 Bunbury, M., Warren. 
 
 Bunbery, Mrs., Busselton. 
 
 Burgess and Co. , Andover. 
 
 Burgess, L. C, Oakabella, Champion Bay. 
 
 Burgess, M. R., Busselton. 
 
 Burgess, R., Tipperary, York. 
 
 Burgess, Samuel, Dongarra and Irwin. 
 
 Burgess, S. E., sen., J. P., Tipperary. York. 
 
 Burgess, T., J. P., The Birves, Northampton. 
 
 Burnett, J. and G.,Dandarragan. 
 
 Burnett, W., Dandarragan. 
 
 Burnes, T., Northam. 
 
 Busher, Frank, Dardanap. 
 
 Busher, James, sen., Dardanap. 
 
 Busher, J., jun., Dardauap. 
 
lii 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Busher, Richard, Dardanap. 
 
 Busher, Thomas, Dardanap. 
 
 Bussell, A. P., J. P., Yasse. 
 
 Butter, T., Fremantle. 
 
 Butter, T., Greenough. 
 
 Butter, W., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Butterley, J., Boogine, Newcastle. 
 
 Byrne, E., Gingin. 
 
 Byrne, T., Greenough. 
 
 Cage, John, Newcastle. 
 
 Cahill, E. and J., York. 
 
 Cain, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Calder, L., Blackwood. 
 
 Campbell, O., Dandarragan. 
 
 Campbell, D., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Campbell, J., Dandarragan. 
 
 Campbell, W., Dandarragan. 
 
 Cant, William, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Carmody, P., sen., York. 
 
 Carmody, Thomas, York. 
 
 Carr,R., York. 
 
 Carr, W., Geraldton. 
 
 Carroll, James, Brunswick. 
 
 Carroll, M., Irwin and Dougarra. 
 
 Carrats, J., Kojonup. 
 
 Casey, N., York. 
 
 Castle. Thomas, Preston. 
 
 Cnance, C, Beverley. 
 
 Chapman, Thomas, junr., Preston. 
 
 Chapman, Thomas, sen., Preston. 
 
 Chester, G., Albany. 
 
 Chevill, J., Guildford. 
 
 Chidlow, W., Northam. 
 
 Chifney, W., jun., York. 
 
 Chifney, W., York. 
 
 Chippen, Thomas, Balgarrup, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Chippsr, T., Koyjunup. 
 Chitty, C. , Toodyay. 
 Chitty, H., Toodyay. 
 Chitty, J., Toodyay. 
 Chitty, Thomas, Toodyay. 
 Chitty, W., Toodyay. 
 Christian, J., Gingin. 
 Christmas, C, Northam. 
 Christmas, G., Northam. 
 Christmas, H., York. 
 Claridge, D., Victoria Plains. 
 Clark, A. S., Beverley. 
 Clark, R., Beverley. 
 
 Clark, T., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Clarke, A., Blackwood, Wellington. 
 Clarke, Arthur, Busselton. 
 Clarke, G., Dandarragan. 
 Clarke, James, Brunswick. 
 Clarke, J., Harvey. 
 Clarke, W., Australind. 
 Clarkson, B. D., Mount Anderson, Toodyay. 
 Clarkson, E. W., Dongarra. 
 
 Clarkson Bros., Karratha, Roebourne and Cossack. 
 Clarkson, J. S., Toodyay. 
 Clarkson, R., Robe River. 
 Clayton, R., Beverley. 
 Cleary, James, Dardanup. 
 Clifton, Gervaise, Bunbury. 
 Clifton, J. E. M., Australind. 
 Clifton, M. W., Brunswick. 
 Clifton, R. W., Australind. 
 Clinch, C, West End, Dandarragan. 
 Clinch, James, Berkshire Valley, Dandarragan. 
 Clune Bros., Canterbury, Dandarragan. 
 Cockburn, Campbell, Sir T., Mount Barker. 
 Cockram, E., Canning. 
 Cockram, J. and E., Gingin. 
 Cockram, R., Gingin. 
 Coffey, John, York. 
 Cookworthy, J., Busselton. 
 Coles, G., York. 
 Collins, J., York. 
 Connell, D., Busselton. 
 Connell, Thomas, Mininup. 
 Connell, W„ York. 
 Connell, W., Northam. 
 
 Connolly, Charles, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Connolly, James, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Connolly, Joseph, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Connolly, Mrs., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Connolly, R., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Connor, M., Toodyay. 
 Connor, T., Fremantle. 
 
 Connors, M., Newcastle. 
 
 Conway, M., Beverley. 
 
 Cook, Charles, Dandarragan. 
 
 Cook, F., Newcastle. 
 
 Cook, F. H., Newcastle. 
 
 Cook, Hy., Toodjay. 
 
 Cook, H. J., Neulyine, Northam. 
 
 Cook, John, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Cook, J,, Dandarragan. 
 
 Cook, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Cook, W., Dandarragan. 
 
 Cooke, H. J., Northam. 
 
 Cooke, N. W., Irwin and Dongarra. 
 
 Coonan, M., Dardanup. 
 
 Coonan, P., Dardanup. 
 
 Coonan, Thomas, Dardanup. 
 
 Cooper, J. York. 
 
 Cooper, J., station manager, Murchison. 
 
 Cooper, J. and F., Murray. 
 
 Cooper, W. C, Mount Barker, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Corbet, M., Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Corbett, James, Albany Road. 
 Cosgrove, J., Northam. 
 Cotton, James, Brunswick. 
 Cousins, G., Dongarra. 
 Cousins, J., Newcastle. 
 Cousins, T., Toodyay. 
 Cousins, W., Dongarra. 
 Coverly, W., Blackwood. 
 Cowan and Higham, Duck Creek, Ashburton. 
 Cowcher Bros. , Hotham River. 
 Cowcher, H., Murray. 
 Cowcher, J., Murray. 
 Cowcher, J., sen., Hotham River. 
 Cox, Eliza, Newcastle. 
 Coyne, J. and F., Northam. 
 Craddock, A., Beaufort River. 
 Craig, J. M., sheep inspector, York. 
 Crampton, A. , Brunswick. 
 Crampton, G., Brunswick. 
 Crampton. J., Brunswick. 
 Crampton, Thomas, Brunswick. 
 Crane, J., Hotham River. 
 Craney, J., Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Cranny, J. , Murchison. 
 Crawford, F., Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Crawford, J., York. 
 Criddle, Henry, Greenough. 
 Criddle, J. , Irwin and Dongarra. 
 Criddle, W. , Dongarra. 
 Crisp, Eli, Newcastle. 
 Crisp, J. , Toodyay. 
 Cronin, E., Canning. 
 Cronin, J., Dumbling Lakes, King George': 
 
 Sound. 
 Cronin, M., Glen Cove, King George's Sound. 
 Cronin, M., Beaufort River. 
 Crouch, J. , Northam. 
 Cuff, M. , Dongarra. 
 Cullerton, W., Greenough. 
 Cunningham, James, Greenough. 
 Cunningham, Tim, Northampton. 
 Curie, M., Northam. 
 Curtis, Wm., Busselton. 
 Cusack, A., station overseer, Jones Creek. 
 Cusack, C, Maitland River. 
 Davies, T., York. 
 Davies, W., York. 
 Davis. A., York. 
 Davis, G., York. 
 Davis, J., Newcastle. 
 Davis, J. M., Geraldton. 
 Davis, J. P., Tibradden, Champion Bay. 
 Davis, J. R, Fremantle. 
 Dawson, A., Dongarra. 
 Dawson, E., Busselton. 
 Dawson, E., jun., Busselton. 
 Dawson, G., Busselton. 
 Dawson, John, Busselton. 
 Day, W., Rockingham, Fremantle. 
 Dearing, J.. Dongarra. 
 De Burgh, H. A., Cirwalla, Moore River. 
 De Burgh, R., Swan. 
 Deer, Charles, Busselton. 
 Deer, W., Swan. 
 Delaney, Hugh, Busselton. 
 Delaney, J., Newcastle. 
 Delaney, J., Newcastle. 
 Delaporte, Thomas, Mininup. 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 liii 
 
 Delmage, J.,Northam. 
 Dempster, A., Esperance Bay, South Coast. 
 Dempster Bros., Esperance Bay, South Coast. 
 Dempster, C. E., Esperance Bay, South Coast. 
 Dempster, J. P., Esperance Bay, South Coast. 
 Dempster, W. S., Buckland, Northam. 
 Denham, W., York. 
 Dennis, Leslie, Newcastle. 
 
 Desmond, Denis, Greenough. 
 
 Desmond, James, Greenough. 
 
 Desmond, John, Greenough. 
 
 Desmond, William, Greenough. 
 
 Devereux, J., Helena, Guildford. 
 
 Devlin, Thomas, Greenough. 
 
 Devonshire, W., Dongarra. 
 
 Dewar, Alexander, Greenough. 
 
 Dewar, J.. Gingin. 
 
 Dewar, R., Gingin. 
 
 Dexter, R., York. 
 
 Dickson, W., Swan. 
 
 Dinsdale, A., York. 
 
 Dix, John, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Dixon, H., Fremantle. 
 
 Dixon, Thomas, Busselton. 
 
 Dodd, J., Albany Road. 
 
 Dodd, M., Dandarragan. 
 
 Donaher, James, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Doncon, E., Beverley. 
 
 Doncon, R., York. 
 
 Doncon, Reuben, York. 
 
 Donelly, P., Newcastle. 
 
 Donovan, J., York. 
 
 Donovan. J., Busselton. 
 
 Doolan, E., Gingin. 
 
 Doolan, J., Australind. 
 
 Doolan, P., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Dorgan, M., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Doust, J., station manager, Murchison. 
 
 Downs, E., Dongarra. 
 
 Downes, Thomas, Dongarra. 
 
 Doyle, Jerry, Mininup. 
 
 Doyle, W., Greenough. 
 
 Drage, Thomas, Northampton. 
 
 Draper, J., York. 
 
 Draper, J., jun.. York. 
 
 Drummond, J., White Peak, Geraldton. 
 
 Dudley, E., Northam. 
 
 Dunn Bros., Albany. 
 
 Dunn, J., Albany. 
 
 Dunn, P., Australind. 
 
 Dunn, W., Albany. 
 
 Dyson, George, Albany Road. 
 
 Eacott, J., Murray. 
 
 Eacott, T. , Murray. 
 
 Eacott, T., jun., Murray. 
 
 Eacott, W., Murray. 
 
 Eadle, D., Brunswick. 
 
 Eakins, John, Victoria. 
 
 Easton, W., Fremantle, 
 
 Eaton, R., Northam. 
 
 Eaton. W. , Northam. 
 
 Eccleston, W., Preston. 
 
 Eddie, John, 125 Mile Station, Albany Road. 
 
 Edwards, C. F., Beverley. 
 
 Edwards, E. G., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Edwards, G., Swan, 
 
 Edwards, J., Swan. 
 
 Edwards, J., York. 
 
 Edwards, J. , Newcastle. 
 
 Edwards, M., Gingin. 
 
 Edwards, R. E., Gingin. 
 
 Edwards, S., Swan. 
 
 Eliot, P., Minnenooka, Champion Bay. 
 
 Eliot, R. J., Brunswick. 
 
 Elliott, T., Gingin. 
 
 Ellis, G. L., Fremantle. 
 
 Ellis, Wm., Busselton. 
 
 Elverd, J., Kojonup. 
 
 Enright, A., York. 
 
 Enright, E., Northam. 
 
 Enright, P., Northam. 
 
 Enright, T., Northam. 
 
 Evans, D., York. 
 
 Everett, G., Newcastle. 
 
 Everett, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Eves, Hy., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Ewart, Wm., Newcastle. 
 
 Fahey, W., Kojonup. 
 
 Fairbairn, J., Albany. 
 
 Fallon, J. B., Beaufort River. 
 
 Fane, C. O., Dongarra. 
 Fane, W., Dongarra. 
 Farmer, S., Northampton. 
 Farmer, T., Murray. 
 Farmer, T., I-Iotham River. 
 Fauntleroy, C. C, Guild. ord. 
 
 Fawcett, Theo., J. P., Murray. 
 Fawcett, T., Pinjarrah Park, Pin jarrah. 
 
 Fawell, W., Swan. 
 
 Fee, Forbes, Dardanup. 
 
 Fennell, W., Blackwood Road. 
 
 Fenner, Geo., Busselton. 
 
 Fergusson, A., Newcastle. 
 
 Fergusson, C. \V., Swan. 
 
 Fergusson, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Fergusson, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Fields, D., York. 
 
 Fields, J., York. 
 
 Fields, J., York. 
 
 Fields, P., York. 
 
 Finnerty, A., station manager, Northampton. 
 
 Finnerty, J. M., Northampton. 
 
 Fisher, James, Mount Fisher, Roebourne and 
 Cossacks, N.W. Coast. 
 
 Fitt, J., jun., Williams River, Albany Road. 
 
 Fitt, J., sen., Williams River, Albany Road. 
 
 Fitzgerald, J., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Fitzgerald, J., Dongarra. 
 
 Fitzgerald, R., Dongarra. 
 
 Fitzgerald, W., Dongarra. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, T., Gingin. 
 
 Flaherty, E., Bunburry. 
 
 Flaherty, J., Brunswick. 
 
 Fleay, Jas. , The Dale, Beverley. 
 
 Fleay, John, Beverley. 
 
 Fleay, W., Beverley. 
 
 Fleay, W. H., Arthur's River. 
 
 Fleming, P. C., Charnwood, Vasse . 
 
 Fleming, W., Beverley. 
 
 Flindall, F. B. S., Guildford. 
 
 Flinn, H., Dardanup. 
 
 Foley, J., Dardanup. 
 
 Foley, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Foley, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Fomnell, William, Busselton. 
 
 Forbes, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Ford, P., Serpentine, Murray. 
 
 Forrest, James, Busselton. 
 
 Forrest, J. H., Preston, Wellington District. 
 
 Forrest, Burt, and Co. , Robe River. 
 
 Forrest, W., Blackwood. 
 
 Forsyth Bros., Kojunup. 
 
 Forward, J., Beverley. 
 
 Forward, W., Beverley. 
 
 Foss Bros., Arrinoo, and Ningham, Irwin. 
 
 Fouracre, J., Murray. 
 
 Fouracre, R., Murray. 
 
 Fowler, J., jun., Dardanup. 
 
 Fowler, J., sen., Preston. 
 
 Fowler, R., Dardanup. 
 
 Fraser, Peter, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Fraser, R., Swan. 
 
 Fraser, R., jun., Swan. 
 
 Gale, C, Geraldton. 
 
 Gale, G., Northam. 
 
 Gale, R., Fairlawn, Busselton. 
 
 Gallop, R.,jun., Milepool, York. 
 
 Gardiner, A., Brunswick. 
 
 Gardiner, B., Brunswick. 
 
 Gardiner, E., Dardanup. 
 
 Gardiner, Ephraim, Dardanup. 
 
 Gardiner, Jesse, Dardanup. 
 
 Gardiner, John. Busselton. 
 
 Gardiner, O., Dardanup. 
 
 Garner, Joseph, York. 
 
 Garratty, P., Spring Hill, King George's Sound. 
 
 Garvey, Patrick, Dardanup. 
 
 Garve'y, T., Dardanup. 
 
 Gavin, W. Preston. 
 
 Gee, J. M. B., Gingin. 
 
 Gentle, S., York. 
 
 Gentle, W., York. 
 
 Gibbs, George, Fremantle. 
 
 Gibbs, N. L., Canning. 
 
 Gibbs, W., Williams River. 
 
 Gibbs, W., jun., 125-mile Station, Albury Road. 
 
 Giblet, G., Busselton. 
 
 Giblet, Jesse, Busselton. 
 
 Giblet, T.. Blackwood. 
 
 Gibson, W., Bunbury. 
 
liv 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Giles, J., Geraldton. 
 
 Giles, J., Eticup. 
 
 Giles, J., 19-Mile, York. 
 
 Gillbridge, J., Fremantle. 
 
 Glad well, J., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Glass, C, Newcastle. 
 
 Glass, C, jun.. Newcastle. 
 
 Glass, W. (J., Northampton. 
 
 Glen, P., Dongarra. 
 
 Glover, C. A., Gingin. 
 
 Godfrey, T., Swan. 
 
 Gooch, J., York. 
 
 Goodenough, R., Peverley. 
 
 Goodwin, E., Don gar ra. 
 
 Gorman, John, Newcastle. 
 
 Gorman, W., Newcastle. 
 
 Gould, E., Geraldton. 
 
 Grant, Anderson and Edgar, De Grey, Cossack. 
 
 Grant, J., Dongarra. 
 
 Grant, McKenzie, De Grey River. 
 
 Grant, T., Gingin. 
 
 Grant, W., Dongarra. 
 
 Gray, H. and C, Geraldton. 
 
 Gray, T., Beverley. 
 
 Green, Levi, Murray. 
 
 Green, Samuel, Newcastle. 
 
 Gregsr, R., station overseer, Mill Stream. 
 
 Gregory, J., York. 
 
 Gregory, J. A., York. 
 
 Gregory, J. PL, Northam. 
 
 Gregory, W., York. 
 
 Griffin, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Grigson, T., York. 
 
 Grigson, W., York. 
 
 Guerin, T. B., Blackwood Road. 
 
 Guerrier, C. F., Busselton. 
 
 Hackett, Phillip, Busselton. 
 
 Haddleton, Thomas, Coompatine, King George's 
 
 Sound 
 Haddriir T., Swan. 
 Haddrill', W.,Swan. 
 Haines, J., Geraldton. 
 Hale, O. , Beaufort River. 
 Hale, S., Arthur River. 
 
 Hall, A., Roeburneand Cossack, N.W. Coast. 
 Hall, J. A., Roeburne. 
 Hall, R., Bunbury. 
 Halligan. J., Victorian River. 
 Hammersley, C, Williams River. 
 Hammersley, E., Wilberforce, York. 
 Hammersley, G., Greenough. 
 Hammersley, H., Hill River Station, Greenough. 
 Hammersley, S. R., Guildford. 
 Hancock, G., Beverley. 
 Hancock, J.. Harding' River. 
 Hancock and Fisher, Andover, Roebourne. 
 Handy, Miles, Busselton. 
 
 Hardey, J. W., Grove Farm, Guildford Road, Perth. 
 Hardey, R., Newcastle. 
 Hardey, R. D., Guildford Road, Perth. 
 Hardev, T., Murray. 
 Hardey. F., York. 
 Hare, F. A., Tullering. 
 Harris, E., Busselton, 
 Harris, J., Canning. 
 Harris, J., jun., Canning. 
 Harris, Joseph, Gingin. 
 Harris, P., Australind. 
 Harris, Thos., Dongarra. 
 Harris, W., Beaufort River. 
 Harris, W., Swan. 
 Harrison, J., Busselton. 
 Harrison, T., Greenough. 
 Hartnell, J., Dardanup. 
 Harvey, D., Dardanup. 
 Harwood, John, Busselton. 
 Hassell, A., Bendenup, Albany. 
 Hassell, A. and A., Kendenuh, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Hassell, A. G., Kendenuh, King George's Sound. 
 Hassell, Frank, Warrenup, King George's Sound. 
 Hassell, John, Albany, King George's Sound. 
 Hassell, J. F. T., Mount Melville, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Hastings, F., Newcastle. 
 Hatch, W., Gingin. 
 Hawkins, F., Brunswick. 
 Hay, Thomas, Williams River. 
 Hayden, P., Williams River. 
 Hayward, Thomas, Bunbury. 
 
 Haywood, J„ Newcastle. 
 
 Heal, A., York. 
 
 Heal, C, sen., York. 
 
 Heal, Henry, York. 
 
 Heal, J. and C. York. 
 
 Heelan, M., Greenough. 
 
 Hegarty, H., Beaufort River. 
 
 Hennessy, C, Newcastle. 
 
 Hennessy, J., Dardanup. 
 
 Heppingstone, Arthur, Busselton. 
 
 Herbert, H., Dongarra. 
 
 Herbert, J., Albany. 
 
 Herbert, R., Albany. 
 
 Heron, Miss, Murray. 
 
 Hester, E. G., Blackwood. 
 
 Hickney, John, Mininup. 
 
 Hicks, C, York. 
 
 Hicks, H. H., Harding River, North west Coast. 
 
 Hicks, J., Gwanbegne, York. 
 
 Higgins, F., Mininup. 
 
 Higgins, J., Busselton, 
 
 Higgins, J., Blackwood. 
 
 Higgins, J., York. 
 
 Higgins, Mrs. C, Mininup. 
 
 Highett, H., Arthur River. 
 
 Hines, W., Beverley. 
 
 Hirvard and Co., Tallering. 
 
 Hitchcock, D., Swan. 
 
 Hitchcock, J., Swan. 
 
 Hitchcock, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Hitchcock, J., Northam. 
 
 Hodges, Thomas, York. 
 
 Hogan, S., jun., York. 
 
 Holdaway, J., Williams River. 
 
 Holgate, John, Busselton. 
 
 Hollingsworth, R., Greenough. 
 
 Holmes Bros.. Murray. 
 
 Holt, J. P., Dongarra. 
 
 Hooley and New, Booraning, Williams River. 
 
 Hoops, R., Norri Lake. 
 
 Hopkins, E., Borareeup, King George's Sound. 
 
 Horton, C, Newcastle. 
 
 Horton, J., Geraldton. 
 
 Hoskins, W., Blackwood. 
 
 Hough, James, Dardanup. 
 
 Hough, Joseph, Bunbury. 
 
 House, E., Mininup. 
 
 Howard, Shenton and Co., Murchison. 
 
 Howell, Charles, Dongarra. 
 
 Hunt, W., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Hurst, Basil, Brunswick. 
 
 Hurst, Thomas, Preston. 
 
 Hutchings, — , Newcastle. 
 
 Hutchins, Frederick, Busselton. 
 
 Hutton, John, Blackwood. 
 
 Hynes, M., Williams River. 
 
 Jackson, J., Greenough. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas, Bunbury. 
 
 Jessop, B., Northam. 
 
 Johnson, A., Dongarra. 
 
 Johnson, J., Dongarra. 
 
 Johnson, W. G., Guildford. 
 
 Johnston, J., Forster, Bunbury. 
 
 Jones, D., Guildford. 
 
 Jones. J., Greenough. Victoria District. 
 
 Jones, R., Blackwood 
 
 Jones, S., Gingin. 
 
 Jones, W. jun., Swan. 
 
 Jones, W. J., Blackwood. 
 
 Jones, W. L. L., Swan. 
 
 Jordan, C. Eticup. 
 
 Joslin, D., Fremantle. 
 
 Joyce, Jno., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Ju'bb, G. F., Perth. 
 
 Keating, J., York. 
 
 Keenan, A., Busselton. 
 
 Keenan, R., Busselton. 
 
 Keenan. S., Busselton. 
 
 Keene, T., Murray. 
 
 Keene, W, J., Murray. 
 
 Kelly, Thomas, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Kemp, Hy., Greenough. 
 
 Kemp, J., Woodbridge, Guildford. 
 
 Kempton, J., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Kempton, J., Northampton. 
 
 Kennedy, J., York. 
 
 Kennedy, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Kennedy and McGill, Montebello, Eucla Tele- 
 graph Line. 
 
 Kerr, J., York. 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 :v 
 
 Kett, W., York. 
 
 Key, E., Murray. 
 
 Key, T., Murray. 
 
 Kilmurray, Jas., Dongarra. 
 
 Kilpatrick, D., station overseer, Harding River. 
 
 Kindelan, T., York. 
 
 King, Geo., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 King, Hy., Guildford. 
 
 King, R., Swan. 
 
 King, W., Gingin. 
 
 Kinsella, E., Busselton. 
 
 Kirk, J., Fremantle. 
 
 Knapp, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Knapp, W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Knight, J., York. 
 
 Knight, James, Beverley. 
 
 Knott, E., York. 
 
 Knott, W., York. 
 
 Lacey, A. and E., Warra Warra, Murchison. 
 
 Lahiffe, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Lakeman, S., Murray. 
 
 Landor, J., Northampton. 
 
 Lane, J., Murray. 
 
 Larkin, Thomas, Busselton. 
 
 Larwood, J. and G., Gingin. 
 
 Latrey, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Latrey, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Lavender, W., Williams River. 
 
 Lawrence, H., Northam. 
 
 Layman, Chas., Busselton. 
 
 Layman, Geo., Busselton. 
 
 Lazenby, J., Murray. 
 
 Leake, R. B., Noorergong, York. 
 
 Lee, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Lee, S., Jayes, Blackwood. 
 
 Leeson, T., Northam. 
 
 Lefroy Bros. , Jayes, Blackwood. 
 
 Lefroy, H. B., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Lefroy, W. G., Heme Hill, Guildford. 
 
 Lennard, E. B., Beverley. 
 
 Lewington, R., Fremantle. 
 
 Lilly, E., Williams River. 
 
 Little, Thomas, Murchison. 
 
 Lloyd, C, Newcastle. 
 
 Lloyd, J., York. 
 
 Lloyd, J. M., Newcastle. 
 
 Locke, Ernest, Busselton. 
 
 Locke, Eugene, Busselton. 
 
 Locke, E. C. B., Blackwood. 
 
 Locke, E. N. M., Blackwood. 
 
 Lockyer, J., Northam. 
 
 Lockyer, Thomas, Perth. 
 
 Lockyer Bros., Table Hill, Roebourne and Cos- 
 sacks, N.W. Coast. 
 
 Logue, J., Murray. 
 
 Logue, Joseph, Swan. 
 
 Logue, M., Champion Bay. 
 
 Logue, T., Murray. 
 
 Long, W., Long's, Victoria Plains and Dandarra- 
 gan. 
 
 Longbottom, C. Busselton. 
 
 Longbottom, S., Busselton. 
 
 Longbottom, T., Busselton. 
 
 Longman, G. , Victoria Plains. 
 
 Look, H., Guildford. 
 
 Lukin, G., Newcastle. 
 
 Lukin, H., Beverley. 
 
 Lukin, L. B., Deep Dale, Toodyay, 
 
 Lukin, W., Williams River. 
 
 Lukin, W. F., Beverley. 
 
 Lynch, D. G., Beverley. 
 
 Lynch, M., Newcastle. 
 
 Lynch, P., Newcastle. 
 
 Macpherson, D., Glentromie, Victoria Plains and 
 Dandarragan. 
 
 Macpherson, D.. Irwin. 
 
 Macvean, W., Malis Island, North-west. 
 
 Maddox, Wm„ Williams River. 
 
 Major and Bailey, Glengarry, Champion Bay. 
 
 Major, T., Geraldton. 
 
 Maguire, James, Dardanup. 
 
 Maguire, John, Dardanup. 
 
 Maher, J., Eticup. 
 
 Mara, J., Swan. 
 
 Marchetti, G., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Mark, S., Greenough. 
 
 Markham, W., Arthur River. 
 
 Marriott, John, Brunswick. 
 
 Marriott, Thomas, jun., Brunswick. 
 
 Marriott, Thomas, sen., Brunswick. 
 
 Marsh, Wm., Brunswick. 
 Marshall, A., Busselton. 
 Martin, A., Newcastle. 
 Martin, Chas., Swan. 
 Martin, G., Northam. 
 Martin, II., Gingin. 
 Martin, H., York. 
 Martin, J., Northam. 
 Martin, M., Chittering, Swan. 
 Martin, R., Gingin. 
 Martin, Robert, Swan. 
 Martin, S., York. 
 Martin, S., Newcastle. 
 Martin, W., Northam. 
 Marwick, W., York. 
 Maslin, T., Blackwood. 
 Massingham, C, York. 
 Maxwell, John. Busselton. 
 Maxwell, W., Blackwood Road. 
 May, G.. Newcastle. 
 Mayo, Mrs., Swan. 
 Mead, H., Serpentine, Murray. 
 Mead, R., Serpentine, Murray. 
 Mead, T., jun., Northam. 
 Mead, W., Rockingham, Fremantle. 
 Meagher, M., Newcastle. 
 Meares, G. M., York. 
 Meares, S. H., York. 
 Melboun, A., Newcastle. 
 Meredith, G., Newcastle. 
 Middleton, E., Guildford. 
 Millard, — Newcastle. 
 Mills, J., Geraldton. 
 Minchin, A. E., Swan. 
 Minchin, W. A., Swan. 
 Minion. W., Busselton. 
 Mitchell, W. B., Bunbury. 
 Mitchell, W. O., Preston. 
 Moate, M. , York. 
 Moir, A., Eticup. 
 Moir, G., Albany. 
 Moir, G., Mungup. 
 Moir, J., Albany. 
 Moir, W. and G.. Fanny's Cove. 
 Moloney, J., station overseer, George River. 
 Monger and Browne, Gascoigne River. 
 Monger and Co., Gascoigne River. 
 Monger, George, York. 
 Monger, S., Stanton Springs, Beverley. 
 Moore, A., Brunswick. 
 Moore, J., jun., Preston. 
 Morgan, Charles, Dardanup. 
 Morgan, John, Busselton. 
 Morgan, W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Morgan, W. J., Northam. 
 Moriarty, William, Busselton. 
 Morley, C., Swan. 
 Morley, H., Swan. 
 Morley, H., Gingin. 
 Morrell, J. and D., Northam. 
 Morrell, J. andT., Northam. 
 Morrell, J. R., Northam. 
 Morrell, R. E., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Morris, M., Kojunup. 
 Morrisey, M., Geraldton. 
 Morrisey, M., Northampton. 
 Morrisey. P., Dongarra. 
 Morrisey j T., Northampton. 
 
 Morrison, James, stock and station agent, Guild- 
 ford. 
 Morse, T., York. 
 Morse, T.. jun., York. 
 Mort, Samuel, Busselton. 
 Mortimer, D. and A., Gingin. 
 Mortimer, S., Gingin. 
 Mottram, John, Busselton. 
 Moulton, A., Bridgetown, Blackwood Road. 
 Moulton, James, Beverley. 
 Mountain, James, Dongarra. 
 Muir, A., Eucla. 
 Muir, A., Albany. 
 Muir, James, Alban}-. 
 Muir, J. , Albany. 
 Muir, T., Albany. 
 Munn, J., Blackwood. 
 Munro, J., Albany. 
 
 Murchison Pastoral Association, Murchison. 
 Murphv, A., Geraldton. 
 Murphy, F., Newcastle. 
 Murphy, J., Newcastle. 
 
lvi 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Murphy, J. , Victoria Plains. 
 
 Murphy, M., Northampton. 
 
 Murphy, P., Newcastle. 
 
 Murphy, P., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Murray, D. and G., Murray. 
 
 Murray, J. G., Burnside, Pinjarrah. 
 
 McAndrevv, A., Brunswick. 
 
 McAndrew, J., Brunswick. 
 
 McAttee, J., Murray. 
 
 McAttee, James, Murray. 
 
 McAttee, John F., Murray. 
 
 McAulej 7 , J., jun., Williams River. 
 
 McAuley, J., sen., Williams River. 
 
 McAuliffe, Thomas, Greenough. 
 
 McCaffrey, — , Victoria Plains. 
 
 McCagh, James, Greenough. 
 
 McCarley, John, Greenough, 
 
 McCarthy, J., York. 
 
 McCartney, Mrs., Greenough. 
 
 McCourt, James, Mininup. 
 
 McCourt, J. T., Gingin. 
 
 McCure, R., Northampton. 
 
 McDermott, J., Newcastle. 
 
 McDonald, J., Greenough. 
 
 McGowan, Charles, Preston. 
 
 McGrath, T., Beverley. 
 
 McGregor, D„ Busselton. 
 
 McGuiness, John, Greenough. 
 
 McGuiness, O., Greenough. 
 
 McGuire, J., Eticup. 
 
 McGuire, P., Eticup. 
 
 Mcintosh, Ewin, Toodyay. 
 
 McKay Bros., Manduballangann. Roebourne. 
 
 McKay, D., station overseer, Yule River, N.W. 
 Coast. 
 
 McKenzie, James, Mill Stream, Fortescue. 
 
 McKenzie, J. R., Mill Stream, Roebourne. 
 
 McKnoe, Thomas, Victoria Plains. 
 
 McLarty, E., Murray. 
 
 McLean, K., Langwell and Spinifex Park, Roe- 
 bourne. 
 
 McLeod, D. N., Maitland River, N.W. Coast. 
 
 McLeod, G., Williams River. 
 
 McLeod, H., Maitland River. 
 
 McManus, — , Northam. 
 
 McNeece, W., Greenough. 
 
 McNoe, W., Newcastle. 
 
 McPherson, — , Yandenooka, Dongarra. 
 
 McRae, M., Maitland River. 
 
 Nairn, James, Dongarra. 
 
 Nairn, Wm., Dongarra. 
 
 Nancarrow, Wm. , Northampton. 
 
 Negus, J., York. 
 
 Nelson, N., Albanj\ 
 
 Nelson, W., York. 
 
 Nevin, J., Busselton. 
 
 New, M., Dangin. Beverley. 
 
 New, M., Williams River. 
 
 Newman, M., Albany. 
 
 Newman, Thos., Wiiliams River. 
 
 Newport, R., York. 
 
 Newstead, N., Kojonup. 
 
 Nicolay, F., Fremantle. 
 
 Nix, Fred., Gingin. 
 
 Noble, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Nolan, ML. Swan. 
 
 Noonan, N. J. , Norri Lake. 
 
 Norrish, G., Kinanellup, Kojonup. 
 
 Norrish, John, Warkehip, Kojonup. 
 
 Norrish, Joseph, Eticup. 
 
 Norrish, Josiah, Tambellelup, King George's 
 Sound. 
 
 Norrish, R., Mailiyup, Kojonup. 
 
 Norrish, T., Eticup, King George's Sound. 
 
 O'Brien, M., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 O'Donnell, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 O'Donnell, James, Busselton. 
 
 Offer, Hy., Brunswick. 
 
 O'Flaherty, J., Eticup. 
 
 Ogilvie, A. J., Murchison Station, Northampton. 
 
 Ogilvy, — , Port Gregory. 
 
 Oliver, James, Guildford. 
 
 Oliver, John, Guildford. 
 
 Oliver, M., York. 
 
 Oliver, R., Guildford. 
 
 O'Maley, Thomas, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 O'Neil, A., Newcastle. 
 
 O'Neil, T., Gingin. 
 
 Orkney, R., Fortescue River. 
 
 Oxenham, N., Northampton. 
 
 Padbury, Mark, Blackwood. 
 
 Padbury, Walter, Yatheroo, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Page, J., Williams River, Albany Road. 
 
 Parish, J., York. 
 
 Parker, E., jun., York. 
 
 Parker, E. R., Beverley. 
 
 Parker, J. T., York. 
 
 Parker, J. W., York. 
 
 Parker, S. S. , York. 
 
 Parker, W. M. , York. 
 
 Pascoe, H., Dongarra. Victoria District. 
 
 Pascoe, John, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Pascoe, J. M., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Patterson, W. and G.. Creaton, Pinjarrah. 
 
 Payne, Albert, Mininup. 
 
 Payne, Alfred, Mininup. 
 
 Payne Bros., F. G. and A., Fremantle. 
 
 Payne, George, jun.. Busselton. 
 
 Pearce, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Pearson, Robert, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Peel, T., Murray. 
 
 Pell, George, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Pell, John, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Penny, H., York. 
 
 Penny, H., jun., York. 
 
 Pennyfather, J., York. 
 
 Perejuan, John. Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Perks, J., station manager, Murchison. 
 
 Perrin, Arthur, Brunswick. 
 
 Perrin, Edwin, Brunswick. 
 
 Perrin, James, Brunswick. 
 
 Perrin, Jessie, Brunswick. 
 
 Pettit, Robert, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Pettit, W., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Phillips and Burges, Irwin House, Irwin. 
 
 Phillips, J., Beverley. 
 
 Phillips, S., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Phillips, S. P., Beverley. 
 
 Phillips, Thomas, Kojonup, Albany Road, Albany. 
 
 Piggott, A., Albany. 
 
 Piggott, J., Australind. 
 
 Piggott, James, Marbellup, Albany. 
 
 Piggott, R., Australind. 
 
 Piggott, S., Hay River, Albany. 
 
 Piggott, Thomas, Australind. 
 
 Pilkington, J., Northam. 
 
 Pitts, J.. Northam. 
 
 Plank, D., Swan. 
 
 Plester, A., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Pollard, G., Hotham River, Albany Road, Albany. 
 
 Pollard, G., Helena, Guildford. 
 
 Pollard, J., Murray. 
 
 Pollard, J., jun., Hotham River, Albany Road, 
 
 Albany. 
 Pollard, *W., Murray. 
 Pollard, W., jun., Hotham River, Albany Road, 
 
 Albany. 
 Pollitt, A., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Pontin Bros. andSharpe, Mount Dean, Eucla Tele- 
 graph Line. 
 Pontin, S., Mount Dean Eucla Telegraph Line. 
 Pontin, W., Mount Dean, Eucla Telegraph Line. 
 Poole, E., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Poole, J., Greenough, Victoria District, 
 Poole, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Pope, A. and L., Geraldton. 
 Pope, Wallace, Geraldton. 
 Postens, George. Fremantle. 
 Powell, W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Pritchard, R., Beverley. 
 Properjohn, C, Mininup. 
 Pumphrey, W., Hotham River, Albany Road, 
 
 Albany. 
 Quartermaine, A.. Norri, Lake. 
 Quartermaine, Charles, Parkering Lakes, King 
 
 George's Sound. 
 Quartermaine, Eli, jun., Yarrabin, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Quartermaine, E., sen., Yonangap, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Quartermaine, H., Norri Lake. 
 Quartermaine, John, Moogebine, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Quinn, J. W., Beverley. 
 
 Quinn, M., Williams River, Albany Road, Albany. 
 Ramsay, Mrs. Grace, Mininup. 
 Ralph, E. , Newcastle. 
 Rayner, P.. Greenough. Victoria District. 
 Read, W., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Reading, W., Australind, Wellington District. 
 
WESTERN AUSTRALIA. 
 
 lvii 
 
 Reeves, George, Busselton. 
 
 Regan, W,, Dandarragan. 
 
 Reilly, M., Kojonup, Albany Read, Albany. 
 
 Reilly, P., Busselton. 
 
 Reynolds, J. G., Busselton. 
 
 Reynolds, P., Dongarra. 
 
 Reynolds, T., York. 
 
 Reynolds, Tbos., jun.,York. 
 
 Reynolds, T. F., York. 
 
 Rhodes, J., Greenough. Victoria District. 
 
 Richardson, A. R., Lowlands, Serpentine. 
 
 Richardson, J., Busselton. 
 
 Richardson and Wellard, Lowlands, Serpentine, 
 
 Murray. 
 Richardson, R. A., and Co.. The Pyramid Station, 
 
 Roeburne and Cossacks, North West Coast. 
 Ridley, L. F., Irwin. 
 Roberts, C. F., Mininup. 
 
 Roberts, E., Victoria Plains and Dandarragan. 
 Roberts, Frederick, Mininup. 
 Roberts, T., Mininup. 
 Roberts, W., jun., Mininup. 
 Robinson, E. and C, Roeburne. 
 Robinson, W., Sunning Hill, Beverley. 
 Robinson, W. A., George River. 
 Rock, W., Gingin. 
 Roe, T. B., Warren. 
 
 Rogers, James, Australind, Wellington District. 
 Rose, Charles, Blackwood, Wellington District. 
 Rose, George, Busselton. 
 Rose, R. H., Australind, Wellington District. 
 Roser, W., Newcastle. 
 Rosevear, E., Newcastle. 
 Rowan, M., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Rowland, J., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 Rowland, R., Irwin. 
 Rowland. R., jun., Irwin. 
 Rowles, J., Newcastle. 
 Rudd, W., Beverley. 
 Rumble, J., Greenough. 
 Rumble, W., Newcastle. 
 
 Ryan, J., Gordon River, King George's Sound. 
 Ryan, J., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Ryan, M., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Ryan, M., Newcastle. 
 Sadler, T. H., Helena, Guildford. 
 Salvado, Right Rev. Bishop, New Norcia, V ctoria 
 
 Plains. 
 San Miguel, Rockingham, Fremantle. 
 Saunders, W. , Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Savage, J., Busselton. 
 Scarff, R., Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Scott, H. W. and E. T., Lower Blackwood. 
 Scott, Jessie, York. 
 
 Scott, J., jun., Mininup, Wellington District. 
 Scott, R., Mininup, Wellington District. 
 Scott, R., York. 
 Scott, T. , Lower Blackwood. 
 Scott, T-, Quindalup, Blackwood Road, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Scott, W. , Blackwood. 
 Scott, W., Lower Blackwood. 
 Scott, W. , Lower Blackwood. 
 Scotthouse. Mrs., Preston, Wellington District. 
 Seabrook, J., jun., Brookton, Beverley. 
 Seabrook, J., sen., J. P., Brookton, Beverley. 
 Sermon, W., York. 
 Sermon, W., jun., York. 
 Seivwright, D., Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Sewed, C, Murchison, Victoria District. 
 Sewell, F., Mount Stirling, Victoria District. 
 Sewell, G., Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Sewell, H. H., Beverley. 
 Sewell, J., Maplestead, Beverley. 
 Sewell, J. E., Murchison. 
 Sewell, M., Mount Caroline, York. 
 Sewell, S., Sand Springs, Northampton. 
 Seymour, M., Busselton. 
 Shanahan, 0., Dardanup, Wellington District. 
 Sharpe, J., Eucla Telegraph Line. 
 Shaw, J., Greenough. 
 Shaw, R., Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Sheehy, R., York. 
 Sheen, ML, Swan. 
 Sheridan, James, Victoria Plains. 
 Sherry, P., York. 
 
 Sherwin, S., Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 Shivers, A., Dardanup, Wellington District. 
 Sholl, H. W., and Co., Roebourne, North West 
 
 Coast. 
 
 Sholl, A., Roebourne, North West Const. 
 
 Sholl and Son, Roebourne, North W.-t - 
 
 Silcock, Mrs., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Simmons, Thomas, Preston. 
 
 Simpson, D., Fortcscue River. 
 
 Simpson, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Simpson, J. and W., Albany. 
 
 Simpson and Mcintosh, Mardie, Fortescue Riser, 
 
 Cossacks. 
 Sims, Charles, Greenough. 
 Sims, G., York. 
 Skelly, R., Newcastle. 
 Slater, G., Goomaling. 
 
 Slattery, Patrick, Dardanup, Wellington District. 
 Slavin, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Sloper, C, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 Smirke, T., Fremantle. 
 Smith, A. and F., Beambine, Beverley. 
 Smith, C, jun., Beambine, Beverley. 
 Smith, C, sen., Roseland, Beverley. 
 Smith, E., Arthur River. 
 Smith, F,, Fremantle. 
 Smith, F., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Smith, F. W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Smith, Mrs. George, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Smith, G. B., Beverley. 
 Smith, G. W., Helena, Guildford. 
 Smith, J., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 Smith, James, Brunswick, Wellington District. 
 Smith, James, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Smith, M. A., Arthur River. 
 Smith, M. B., Brunswick, Wellington District. 
 Smith, R. and J., Northam. 
 Smith, Thomas, Lower Blackwood. 
 Smith, Thomas, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Smith, W., Beverley. 
 Smith, W., York. 
 Smith, W. G., Arthur River. 
 Snow, A., York. 
 Snow, J., York. 
 Sounness, W., jun., Albany. 
 Sounness, W., Mount Barker. 
 Spanswick, R., Arthur River. 
 Spencer, J., Albany. 
 Spencer, R., Konjonup. 
 Spencer, W., Bunbury, Wellington District. 
 Spencer, W., Bunbury. 
 Spice, C, Gingin, 
 Spice, J., Gingin. 
 Spice, W., Gingin. 
 Spratt, E.. Arthur River. 
 Stanley, W., Northam. 
 
 Stephens, John, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Stephens, W., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 Stevens, J., Williams River. 
 Stevenson, F., Harding River. 
 Stewart, D. and J., Lower Fortescue River, N.W. 
 
 Coast. 
 Stewart, J., Lower Fortescue River, N.W. Coast. 
 Stokes, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Stokes, Mrs. J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Stokes, W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Stone. J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 Stone, J., York. 
 Stone, M., York. 
 Stone, P., Greenough. 
 Strathan, J., Newcastle. 
 Strange, A., Beverley. 
 Strange, R., Beverley. 
 Studson, H., Swan. 
 Sullivan, J., York. 
 Summers, W. H., Fremantle. 
 Sutton, H., Murray. 
 Sweeney, J., Greenough. 
 Syrea, W., Newcastle. 
 Taylor, C, Eucla Telegraph Line. 
 Taylor, C, Albany. 
 Taylor, C, Northam. 
 Taylor, Campbell, Thomas River, King George's 
 
 Sound. 
 Taylor, J., Yangendine, Beverley. 
 Taylor, James, Arthur River, Albany River. 
 Taylor, S., York. 
 
 Taylor, W., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Taylor, W., Beverley. 
 Thomas, J., Ravenswood, Pinjarrah. 
 Thomas, James, Busselton. 
 Thomas, John, Northampton, Victoria District. 
 Thompson, A., Gingin. 
 Thompson, J., Gingin. 
 
lviii 
 
 PASTORAL AND AGRICULTURAL DIRECTORY. 
 
 Thompson, James, Arthur River, Albany Road. 
 
 Thompson, P., Gingin. 
 
 Thompson, R., Gingin. 
 
 Thompson, R., Newcastle. 
 
 Thompson, Robert, Newcastle. 
 
 Thompson, Thomas, Arthur River, Albany Road. 
 
 Thompson, W., Northam. 
 
 Thorp, E., Murray. 
 
 Thorp, W., Murray. 
 
 Thurkle, — , Busselton. 
 
 Tomlinson, J., Yprk. 
 
 Tomlinson, T., Cave Hill, York. 
 
 Tommaney, T., York. 
 
 Torrens, J., York. 
 
 Torrens, S. , York. 
 
 Townsend, H., Round Swamp, Albany Road, 
 
 Townsend, H., Albany. 
 
 Treasure, E., Eticup, Albany Road. 
 
 Treasure. E., Albany. 
 
 Treasure, Edward, Martinap, King George's Sound. 
 
 Trew, G., York. 
 
 Trew, J., George River. 
 
 Trigwell, H., sen., Preston, Wellington District. 
 
 Trott, A., Blackwood, Wellington District. 
 
 Truslove, J., Esperance Bay, Eucla Telegraph 
 
 Line. 
 Tuckey, C, Murray. 
 Tunney, James, Slab Hut Gully, King George's 
 
 Sound, 
 Tunney, James, Kojunup, Albany Road. 
 
 Tunney, James, Albany Road. 
 
 Tunney, R., Albany. 
 
 Turner, E.. Murray. 
 
 Twine, A. G., Goo'maling, Toodyay. 
 
 Twine, A. G. , Newcastle. 
 
 Twine, H. G. , Newcastle. 
 
 Twine, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Vanzuilecom, J. F. , Kojunup. 
 
 Venn, H. W., Dardanup Park, Yasse. 
 
 Ventura, Q., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Viveash, Samuel, Indenuna, North West Coast. 
 
 Viveash, S. H., Jones' Creek, North West Coast. 
 
 Viveash and Co., Inthamuna, Roebourne. 
 
 Waldeck, H. F., Dongarra. Victoria District. 
 
 AValdeck, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Waldeck, W., jun., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Walders, Patrick, Dardanup, Wellington District. 
 
 Waldock, W., Williams River. 
 
 Walker, John, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Walkden, Thomas, Victoria Plains. 
 
 Wallace, W., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Walsh, William, Beverley. 
 
 Walters, W., Guildford. 
 
 Walton, Anthony, Campup, King George's Sound. 
 
 Wansborough, James, York. 
 
 Wansborough, W. York. 
 
 Warburton, A., Mount Barker. 
 
 Warburton, G., Mount Barker. 
 
 Warburton, G. E., Mount Barker. 
 
 Warburton, G. G., Albany. 
 
 Warburton, R., station overseer, Maitland River. 
 
 Warburton, R. E., sheep inspector, Williams 
 River. 
 
 Ward, A., Murray. 
 
 Ward, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Warner, W„ Busselton. 
 
 Warren, E. A.. Guiltlford. 
 
 Warrener, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Wass, W. E., Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Waters, R. , Newcastle. 
 
 Waters, T., Newcastle. 
 
 Waters, W., Guildford. 
 
 Watkins, G., Newcastle. 
 
 Watson, Joseph, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Watson, W., Northam. 
 
 Watton, A., Albany. 
 
 Watton, T., Beverley. 
 
 Webb, George, Northampton, Victoria District. 
 
 Webby, Job, Dongarra, Victoria District. 
 
 Wellard, J., Whitty Falls, Serpentine. 
 
 Wellard, J., Murray. 
 
 Wellman, D., Guildford. 
 
 Wells, E., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Wellstead, J., Bremer Bay, Eucla Telegraph Line. 
 
 Wellstead and Sons, Albany. 
 
 Welsh, Mrs., York. 
 
 Welsh, M., York. 
 
 Wetherall, E., Newcastle. 
 
 Wheatelej 7 , Peter, Busselton. 
 
 Wheateley, Peter, Blackwood Road, Wellington 
 
 District. 
 Whitby, W., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 White, George, York. 
 White, J., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 White, James, Bunbury, Wellington District. 
 White, M., York. 
 White, W., Northam. 
 Whitehead, J.. Eticup. 
 Whitehead, W., Alban} 7 . 
 
 Whitehead, William, Nowandup, King George's 
 Sound. 
 
 Whitehurst, C, Geraldton, Victoria District. 
 
 Whitfield, F., Mount Kine, South Coast. 
 
 Whitfield, G., Newcastle. 
 
 Wilding, T., Northam. 
 
 Wiley, Thomas, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Wilkins, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Wilkinson, C. and J., Glenavon, Toodyay. 
 
 Wilkinson, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Wilkinson, Jacob, Newcastle. 
 
 Wilks, J., Northam. 
 
 Williams, J., Northam, 
 
 Williams, H., Perth. 
 
 Williams, J., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 
 Williams, J., Albany. 
 
 Williams, R., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Williams, T., Greenough, Victoria District, 
 
 Willis, S., York. 
 
 Wills, E., Murray. 
 
 Wills and Quartermaine, Arthur River. 
 
 Wilmott, R., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Wilton, John, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Wilton, J. M., Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Wilton, Thomas, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Withenell, Brooklyn, North West Coast, Roe- 
 bourne and Cossacks. 
 
 Wittenoon, E., Northampton, Victoria District. 
 
 Wittenoon, E. and T., Bowes and Zuin, North- 
 ampton. 
 
 Woodley, W., York. 
 
 Wood, A., Mininup, Wellington District. 
 
 Wood, H. H. , Mininup, Wellington District. 
 
 Woods, Isaac, Northampton, Victoria District. 
 
 Woods, J., Victoria Plains. 
 
 Woolhouse Bros. , The Robe, North West Coast, 
 Roebourne, and Cossacks. 
 
 Woolhouse, George, Greenough, Victoria District. 
 
 Worth, G., Beverley. 
 
 Wray, J., jun., Albany. 
 
 Wright, G. , Northam. 
 
 Wright, Thomas, Mininup, Wellington District. 
 
 Wyatt, J., Newcastle. 
 
 Yates, F., Northam. 
 
 York. A., Gingin. 
 
 York, H., Beverley. 
 
 York, J., Gingin. 
 
 York, J., jun., Gingin. 
 
 York, T., Gingin. 
 
 Young, Charles, Blackwood Road. 
 
 Young, D., Albany. 
 
 Young. J., Albany. 
 
 

 — NEW MAP — 
 
 - 
 
 TTASffiANUJA 
 
 
lviii 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thomp 
 
 Thorp, 
 
 Thorp, 
 
 Thurkl 
 
 Tomlin 
 
 Tomlir 
 
 Tomm: 
 
 Torren 
 
 Torren 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Townsi 
 
 Treasu 
 
 Treasu 
 
 Treasu 
 
 Trew, 
 
 Trew, . 
 
 Trig\v( 
 
 Trott, 
 
 Truslo 
 
 Line 
 Tucke, 
 Tunne 
 
 Sou; 
 Tunne 
 Tunne 
 Tunne 
 Turne 
 Twine 
 Twine 
 Twine 
 Twine 
 Vanzi 
 Venn, 
 Ventu 
 Vivea: 
 Yivea; 
 Vivea 
 Wald< 
 Waldt 
 Waldt 
 Wald< 
 Wald< 
 Walk. 
 Walk< 
 Walla 
 Walsl 
 Waltt 
 Waltc 
 Wans 
 Wans 
 Wart 
 Wart 
 Wart 
 Wart 
 Wart 
 War! 
 
 Rr 
 Ware 
 Ware 
 Wan 
 Wan 
 Wan 
 Wass 
 Wat. 
 Wat< 
 Wat. 
 Watl 
 Wats 
 Wat: 
 Wat 
 
 REFERENCE 
 
 Counties tim* 
 
 Towns 
 
 Hoads 
 
 Post Offices 
 
 SCALE 
 
 14 5 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 

 1 
 
 [if I » iff ', 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 
 
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