DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/mityaslove01buni MITYA’S LOVE i t y a' s J^o v e by IVAN BUNIN Translated from the French BY MADELAINE BOYD With an Introduction BY ERNEST BOYD NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY / COPYRIGHT, I926, BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA “The soul would have no rainbow Had the eyes no tears ” Madame Madeleine Boyd wants to acknowledge her debt in the preparing of this translation to her collaborator, John O’Neal, and to Miss Helen Smith for her comparison of it with the Russian text. INTRODUCTION By Ernest Boyd Ivan Alexeyevich Bunin, whom Gorky has described as the greatest living Rus- sian writer, was born at Voronezh, in 1870, the son of an old family of coun- try gentry, distinguished in art and poli- tics. “All my forebears were country gentlemen, closely attached to the soil and the people, and so were my parents, who owned property in central Russia, in those fertile steppes where the former Moscovite Tsars, as a protection against the Tartar invasions from the South, set up a rampart of colonies recruited from every province in the country. Thanks to that fact, this region saw the develop- ment of the richest of all Russian dia- lects and produced almost all our great 9 10 INTRODUCTION writers beginning with Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy.” Bunin’s childhood and youth were spent almost entirely in the country on his father’s estates, and in the town of Yelets, so frequently the scene of his sto- ries, where he went to school before pro- ceeding to the University of Moscow. “I began to write, in verse and prose, rather early, and my works were printed at an early date. When I published my books they were usually composed of prose and poetry, some original, others translated (from the English). If these writings were divided according to kinds, I should have four volumes of my own verse, two of translations, and six of prose. Criticism was not slow to notice my works, and subsequently they were crowned several times, receiving in par- ticular the Pushkin Prize, the highest INTRODUCTION 11 award of the Russian Academy of Sci- ence. In 1909 that institution elected me one of its twelve honorary Academi- cians, a distinction corresponding to that of the forty French ‘Immortals.’” He was actually twenty-one when his first book — a volume of verse — was pub- lished at Orel, the capital of his native province and the birthplace of Turgenev. Twelve years later, in 1903, Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize for literature, and had taken his place in the front rank of Chekhov’s successors. After the death of Chekhov, in 1904, and the Revolution of 1903, Vladimir Korolenko survived as the representative of the older school of romantic fiction, but he had no followers of importance. The leadership of the new school of Realism fell to Maxim Gorky, about whom were grouped the majority of the rising young novelists, 12 INTRODUCTION some of whom are known, in varying de- grees, to English-speaking readers: Alex- ander Kuprin, Leonid Andreev, Sergey Gusev-Orenburgski, V. Veresayev, and Ivan Bunin. All of these writers, at one time or another, have been translated into English, but only Kuprin and Andreev have achieved any measure of recogni- tion in England or America correspond- ing to their enormous popularity in Rus- sia. Yet, by common consent of compe- tent critics, Bunin is held to be the equal of any other member of the Gorky group, and the superior, in the estimation of some judges, including Gorky himself. That group was essentially radical in tendency. It was composed of what a German critic has called “the stormy petrels of the Revolution,” and of that tendency there is little trace in the author of Mityas Love and The Gentlemen INTRODUCTION 13 from San Francisco — to mention two of Bunin’s most famous and most dissimi- lar but characteristic works. Although associated with Gorky’s famous Znanie publishing house, where for many years all his books were issued, he had no more in common with the revolutionary school than with their antithesis, the group known, for convenience of distinction, as the Symbolists and Decadents. In fact, he is sometimes classified with the latter: with Merezhkovsky, Bryusov, Kuzmin, and Sologub. These writers, however diverse intrinsically, represented a reac- tion against the Marxian conception of literature, the constant preoccupation with social problems, and the sacrifice of form to content. Unpolitical and unreal- istic, it was inevitable that, towards {he end of the last century, they should be classed as Symbolists or Decadents. 14 INTRODUCTION Ivan Bunin was not really identified with either of the movements, for he con- tributed to the Symbolist review, North- ern Flowers, although not a Symbolist poet, just as he was published by Znanie, although not one of the “Podmaximki,” or “Comrades of Maxim,” as Gorky’s au- thors were called in jocular allusion to their revolutionary creed. His aloof, in- dependent position may explain, to some extent, his tardy recognition. Outside Russia, at least, we know more of the Znanie writers than of their other con- temporaries, and in succession to the former we have welcomed Artzybashev, Ropshin, and Alexey N. Tolstoy rather than Andrey Bely or Alexey Remizov. Bunin himself seems to indicate this when he says: “For many reasons I waited a long time before achieving a certain popularity. After my first writ- INTRODUCTION 15 ings were published, during a consider- able period, I wrote and published only poetry. I kept out of politics and did not touch in my work upon political questions. I belonged to no literary school, and did not call myself a Decadent or a Symbolist, a Romanticist or a Natu- ralist; I wore no mask and brandished no brightly colored banner. . . Even Bunin’s early prose was essen- tially poetic in quality and mood: in Ore the invasion of rural life by industry is symbolised by the fate of an old wooden cross which has stood for years in the fields and has watched the forests gradually disappear from the horizon, has felt the winds blowing drier and hot- ter, and seen the land come less and less under cultivation. In the end there are no more workers plowing and sowing, but men erecting huts and drilling into 16 INTRODUCTION the ground. The cross, with its black- ened picture of the Virgin, has fallen into decay. It is no longer appropriate to such a scene and is broken up for fire- wood. Gradually his stories became more realistic, and in 1910 he published his first long novel, The Village, which was “the beginning of a series of works de- scribing without flattery the Russian peo- ple, the Russian soul, in its strange com- plexity, its depths of light and shade, its essential tragedy.” These stories, he tells us, “for many reasons peculiar to Rus- sian conditions, and latterly because of pure ignorance or political bias, aroused excited discussion amongst our critics and intellectuals who constantly ideal- ized the people,” but the book, which is assuredly the most ruthless indictment of the so frequently sentimentalized moujik, INTRODUCTION 17 definitely established Bunin’s fame. In a later story, Sukhodol, he describes the disintegration of the Khrushchev family, and does for the landowners what he did for the peasantry. In the volume of short stories translated into English under the title of The Dreams of Chang are further examples of the author’s art in depicting the fundamental barbarous- ness of Russian life in various phases: A Goodly Life, A Spring Evening, A Night Conversation. The Cup of Life, which gives its title to a second collection of stories published in French, is a counterpart to The Vil- lage in its portrayal of country town life. In English we have had, so far, only The Village and the volume of short stories referred to as The Dreams of Chang, al- though the best story in it is The Gentle- man from San Francisco. Independently 18 INTRODUCTION of all his other work this story attained widespread recognition in English, and, until Mitya s Love appeared, it was the most famous, in fact the only famous, piece of writing of Bunin’s outside Rus- sia and the Russian language. In its sar- donic simplicity this description of an American millionaire’s journey alive to Capri and his return to his own country dead is a masterpiece which lingers in the memory with certain of Chekhov’s austere marvels of artistic economy. The transition from the skilful terse- ness of The Gentleman from San Fran- cisco to the tender and romantic lyricism of Mitya’s Love is abrupt, but readers of stories so various as Brothers, The Dreams of Chang, Sukhodol and Kazi- mir Stanislavovich do not need to be re- minded of the great versatility of Ivan Bunin. After Turgenev’s First Love INTRODUCTION 19 Russian literature has once more given us a superb study of the intensity and the innocence and the tragedy of young love, of youthful passion which is at once a crisis of the mind and of the body. The plot of such a tale must of necessity be simple and elementary to the point of banality. Bunin is too consummate an artist to be deterred by that fact, and too good a psychologist to attempt any vio- lent variation upon this eternal theme. In a brief but densely packed story he suc- ceeds in showing every facet of first love, its sensuality and its idealism, its ecstasies and despair, all that enters into it of in- tellectual exaltation and bodily pain. All of Bunin’s sensitiveness to nature is again visible in his descriptive pas- sages, and that curious faculty of his whereby he attains to the psychological and spiritual through the material and 20 INTRODUCTION physical is manifest throughout. Thus the idyll, for all its naïveté and youthful- ness, is profoundly sensual. Without sac- rificing to prurience or to prudery he is able to achieve a complete picture which bears the authentic stamp of reality and beauty, free, in its utter sincerity, from the mawkishness or the furtiveness which have disfigured this type of literature ever since Paul et Virginie consecrated a convention of hypocrisy. Instinctive life becomes spiritualized at his touch, and the material world is illuminated and transfigured by the very concentration upon concrete people and things of those imaginative powers which are the secret of Ivan Bunin’s art. MITYA’S LOVE .