IHti^J.*^ HfcAi^^ COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON FLOWERS MEMORIAL COLLECTION TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY DURHAM, N.C. 7//> ,0 / ^ '^':^t!^%J^^ □DDnnan i ...JL ■-(■. nDanoDD I- /fi to//z//orty. .9'''6c 5 " • SL Ofn/xr.»f. DanDapD : nnnonDnaiirnnannaaa ncnnncn anaadnn , nnoDDnn ■ nnnannn '00000001^: ^S^a Rri^k^agiMiBLa 'J^..!:ii^.i:iL'y:.iii.M:J!iL.^Mli^.:'J, \ic ^Hk Ofnptvf^ Len Wijia' LdKJ f'o/or and ^"/rrr/ pS.p.Mojler^u 1 M 1 1 1 I M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1! I 1 1 1 1 r 1 n I 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 I 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 rTTI"! r !_1_L1^ s A if 5 B E! A □ ^" fia/aon. y'^ J'la/,. ' '\ _■_"_' / r~l (,r/>/a'/f Kl /?>.■'/ ■■'>''-'j' B Tkuri Ser/' El /»/////'( -V//' I I A MANUAL OP fttfimti'i mt\ %iiU %Mi\0, WITH HONORS PAID BY THE TEOOPS, INSPECTIONS— REVIEWS, &c. ABRIDGED AND COMPILED BY RICHMOND, Va. PUBLISHED BY A. MORRIS. 1861. Lieut. Col. WM. H. RICHARDRON, " Graduate and formerly assistant Instructor of Tactics, Virginia J Military Institute. CHAS. H. WYNNE, PEINTEB, BICHMOND. PREFACE. \ This compilation was undertaken to meet a pressing and urgent call for books of tactics, at a time when none of the more elaborate works, which had been in use, could be procured. It is an abridgment of Hardee — the "Balance step," and "The manual of arms for the muskef being introduced from Gilham's manual, in the school of the soldier. Also, " Honors to be paid by the , troops " — under which head will be found the forms for review, inspection, dress parade, guard mounting, duties of guards, &c. ; placed after the tactical part of the book. The arrangement of the book is not such as it would have been, had not unavoidable circumstances inter- posed to change it. But this will not materially inter- fere with its use. Paragraphs retain their original numbers, as in the originals. The work is offered to the military of the Confede- rate States, with the hope that it may be found useful as a book of reference — although with diffidence — for *t>' 17638^ 9Q ^1 iv Preface* the haste in which it was commenced, and the numer- ous difficulties attending its preparation, have, it is feared, been productive of errors, which the compiler will regret — but he trusts will be charitably over- looked. W. H. K., Jr. Richmond, June, 1861. TABLE OF CONTENTS. TITLE FIRST. Article First. PAGE Formation of a regiment in order of battle or in line, 13 Posts of Company officers, sergeants, and corporals, 14 Posts of field ofi&cers and regimental stafi" 15 Posts of field music and band 16 Color-guard 17 General guides 17 Article Second. Instruction of the battalion 18 Instruction of sergeants 18 *' " corporals 19 Commands 19 TITLE SECOND. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. Part First. General rules and division of the school of the sol- dier 20 Lesson I. — Position of the soldier ' 21 Lesson II. — Facings 22 Lesson III. — Balance step 23 1 i t} 6 O -i vi Table of Contents. PAGE Principles of the direct step, in common and quick time 25 Lesson IV. — Principles of the double quick step.... 26 Part ^Second. General rules 28 Lesson I. — Principles of shouldered arms 29 Lesson IL — Manual of arms for the rifle 30 Lesson III. — Load in four times, and at will 49 Lesson IV. — Firings 52 Lesson V. — Fire and load, kneeling, and do. lying.. 54 Lesson VI.— Bayonet exercise 65 Manual of arms for the mushet. Principles of shouldered arms ...» 57 Support arms 57 Present arms 58 Order arms 59 Charge bayonet 60 Load in ten times 61 Load in four times, and unfix bayonet 67 Fix bayonet 68 Secure and trail arms 69 Right shoulder shift arms, 1 r.Q Arms at will, J Inspection of arms 71 Fix bayonet, spring rammers, > yo Arms-port, ^ Part Third. Lesson I. — Alignments 73 Lesson II. — March by the front, ditto, in double quick time. Face about in marching, and march backwards 75 Lesson III. — March by the flank, ditto, in double quick time 79 Table of Contents. vii PAGE Lesson IV. — General principles of wheeling — from a halt, marcUing. Turning. Both, in double quick time 83 Stack arms 87 Take arms ■. 88 TITLE THIRD. SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. General rules and division of the school of the com- pany 90 Manner of forming the company 90 Lesson First. Article I. — To open ranks 92 Article II. — Alignments in open ranks ^3 Article III. — To close ranks 94 Article IV. — Alignments and manual of arms in closedranks 95 Lesson Second. Article I. — To load in four times, and at will 96 Article II. — To fire by company 96 Article III. — To fire by file 97 Article IV. — To fire by rank 98 Article V. — To fire by the rear rank 99 Lesson Third. Article I, — To advance in line of battle 100 Article II. — To halt the company marching in line of battle, and to align it 102 Article III. — Oblique march in line of battle 103 viii Tahle of Contents. PAGE Akticlt: IV. — To mark time, to march in double quick time, and the back step 104 Article V. — To march in retreat 105 Lesson Fourth. Article I. — To march by the flank 107 Article II. — To change direction by file 109 Article III. — To halt the company marching by a tiank, and to face it to the front 109 Article IV. — The company marching by the flank, to form it on the right (or left), by file, into line, 110 Article V. — The company marching by the flank, to form it by company in platoon into line, and cause it to face to the right and left, in march- ing 112 Lesson Fifth. Article I. — To break into column by platoon, ^ either at a halt, or marching 114 Article II. — To march in column 118 Article III. — To change direction 119 Article IV. — To halt the column 121 Article V, — Being in column by platoon, to form to the right (or left) into line of battle, either at a halt, or marching 122 Lesson Sixth. Article I. — To break the company into platoons, and to re-form the company 127 Article II. — Being in column, to break files to the rear, and to cause them to re-enter the line 129 Article IIL — To march in column in route, and to execute the movements incident thereto 132 Article IV. — Countermarch 137 Article V. — Being in column by platoon, to form on the right (or left) into line of battle 139 Tahle of Contents. ix PAGE Formation of a company from two ranks into single rank, and reciprocally 141 Formation of a company from two ranks into four, and reciprocally, at a halt, and in march 143 Manual of the sword or sabre, for officers 147 Color-salute 148 Manual for relieving sentinels 148 Instruction for parade-rest 149 TITLE FOURTH. SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. Formation of the battalion 150 Composition and march of the color-escort 160 Honors paid to the color 151 Part First. Article I. — To open and close ranks " 152 Article III. — The firings 153 Part Second. Article I. — To break into column, by company, or division, to the right or left, from a halt, and in march 158 Article II. — To break to the rear by the right or left of companies, from a halt and in march. To advance or retire by the right or left of compa- nies, from a halt, or in march. From same movement to form line to the front 160 Article III. — Ploy the battalion into close column, from a halt, or in march 164 Part Third. Article I. — March in column at full distance — the right about 169 X Table of Contents. Page. Article III. — Change of direction in column at full distance 171 Article IV. — Halt the column .^ 172 Article V. — Close the column to half distance, or in mass, on the leading or rear company, from a halt, or in march 173 Article VI. — March in column at. half distance or closed in mass 177 Article VII. — Change direction in column at half distance 177 Article VIII. — Change direction of a column closed in mass, marching or from a halt 178 Article IX. — Take distances 181 Article X. — Countermarch of a column at full or half distance ; or closed in mass 185 Article XL — Being in column by company, closed in mass, to form divisions, from a halt, or in march, 187 Part Foitrth. Article I. — Manner of determining the line of bat- tle 190 Article II. — Different modes of passing from column at full distance into line of battle ^.... 190 Article III. — Fqrmation in line of battle by two movements; .. 204 Article IV. — Different modes of passing from co- lumn at half distance into line of battle 206 Article y. — Deployment of columns closed in mass, 208 Part Fifth. Article I. — To advance in line of battle 216 Article III. — To halt the battalion, marching in line of battle, and to align it 220 Article V. — To march in retreat in line of battle... 223 Article VI. — To halt the battalion, marching in re- treat, and to face it to the front 225 Tahle of Contents. xi PAGE. Article VIII. — Passage of obstacles, advancing and retreating 225 Article IX. — To pass a defile, in retreat, by the right or left flank 229 Article X. — To march by the flank 231 Article XI. — To form on the right or left by file into line 233 Article XII. — Changes of front 235 Article XIII. — Formation and deployment of the column doubled on the centre, from a halt, and in marching, and to form it into line to the right or left 238 Article XIV. — Dispositions against cavalry 244 Article XV.— The rally 258 INSTRUCTION FOR SKIRMISHERS. General principles, &c 260 Article I. — Deployments; extend or close intervals; relievG%kirmishers 262 Article II. — March to the front ; in retreat ; by the flank; change direction.. 271 Article III. — Firings 276 Article IV. — The rally and the assembly 280 Article V. — Deploy a battalion as skirmishers, to rally it 289 HONORS PAID BY THE TROOPS. INSPECTIONS— REVIEWS, &c. Compliments to officers of high rank — civil and mili- tary 294 Artillery salutes 297 Escorts of honor , 298 xii Tahle of Contents. PAGE Funeral honors 298 Form of inspection for infantry 302 Forms of parade 306 To form the regiment or battalion 306 Dress parade 307 Keview of a battalion of infantry 311 Guard-mounting 317 Pveception of one body of troops by another 322 Musters \ 323 The roster, or details for service 324 Duties of guards 326 Guards 330 Police Guards 332 Pickets 336 Grand-guards and outposts 336 Article XIII. DUTIES OF CAPTAINS— COMPANIES— DUTIES IN CAMP AND GARRISON, Etc. Duties of Captains, &c .§ 343 Duties in camp and garrison 346 Camps. Camp of infantry 349 Cautionments 350 Marches 351 Soldiers Rations — mode of cooking them 355 Suggestions to Soldiers 358 RIFLE AND LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS. TITLE FIRST. Article First. Formation of a Regiment in order of battle, sr in line. 1. A REGIMENT IS composed of ten companies, which ■vrill habitually be posted from ricjht to left, in the following order: first, sixth, fourth, ninth, third, eighth, fifth, tenth, seventh, second, according to- the rank of captains. 2. With a less number of companies the same prin- ciple will be observed, viz: the first captain will com- mand the right company, the second captain the left company, the third captain the right centre company, and so on. 3. The companies thus posted will be designated from right to left, frst company, seeo7id company, &c. This designation will be observed in the ma- noeuvres. 4. The first two companies on the right, whatever their denomination, will form the frst division; the next two companies the second divi&ion ; and so on, to the left. 5. Each company will be divided into two equal parts, which will be designated as the first and second platoon, counting from the right ; and each platoon, in like manner, will be subdivided into two sections. 2 14 Formation of the Battalion. 6. In all exercises and manoeuvres, every regiment, or part of a regiaient, composed of two or more com- panies, will be designated as a battalion. 7. The color, with a guard to be hereinafter desig- nated, will be posted on the left of the right centre battalion company. That company, and all on its right, will be denominated the right wing of the bat- talion ; the remaining companies the left loing. 8. The formation of a regiment is in two ranks ; and each company will be formed into two ranks, in the following manner: the corporals will be posted in the front rank, and on the right and left of platoons, according to height ; the tallest corporal and the tall- est man will form the first file, the next two tallest men will form the second file, and so on to the last file, which will be composed of the shortest corporal and the shortest man. 9. The odd and even files, numbered as one, two, in the company, from right to left, will form groups of four men, who will be designated comrades in battle. 10. The distance from one rank to another will be thirteen inches, measured from the breasts of the rear rank men to the backs or knapsacks of the front rank men. 11. For manoeuvring, the companies of a battalion will always be equalized, by transferring men from the strongest to the weakest companies. Posts of Company Officers, Sergeants and Corporals. 12. The company officers and sergeants are nine in number, and will be posted in the following manner: 13. The captain on the right of the company, touch- ing with the left elbow. 14. The first sergeant in the rear rank, touching with the left elbow, and covering the captain. In the manoeuvres he will be denominated covering sergeant^ or right guide of the company. Formation of the Battalion. '15 15. The remaining officers and sergeants will be posted as file closers, and two paces behind the rear ranks IG. ThQjirst lieutenant^ opposite the centre of the fourth section. 17. The second lieutenant^ opposite the centre of the first platoon. 18. The third lieutenant^ opposite the centre of the second platoon. 19. The second sergeant, opposite the second file from the left of the company. In the manoeuvres he will be designated left guide of the company. 20. The third sergeant, opposite the second file from the right of the second platoon. 21. T\\Q> fourth sergeant, opposite the second file from the left of the first platoon. 22. l^haffth sergeant, opposite the second file from the right of the first platoon. 23. In the left or tenth company of the battalion, the second sergeant will be posted in the front rank, and on the left of the battalion. 24. The corporals will be posted in the front rank, as prescribed No. 8. 25. Absent officers and sergeants will be replaced — officers by sergeants, and sergeants by corporals. The colonel may detach a first lieutenant from one com- pany to command another, of which both the captain and first lieutenant are absent ; but this authority will give no right to a lieutenant to demand to be so de- tached. Posts of Field Officers and Regimental Staff. 26. The field officers, colonel, lieutenant colonel and major, are supposed to be mounted, and on active service shall be on horseback. The adjutant, when the battalion is manoeuvring, will be on foot. 27. The colonel will take post thirty paces in rear 16 formation of the Battalion. of the file-closers, and opposite the centre of the bat- talion. This distance will be reduced whenever there is a reduction in the front of the battalion. » 28. The lieutenant colonel and the major will be opposite the centres of the right and left wings re- spectively, and twelve paces in rear of ihe file-closers. The junior major, if there be one, twelve paces be- hind the centre of the battalion. In column, he is six paces from the guides, abreast of the centre com- pany or division. 29. The adjutant and sergeant major will be oppo- site the right and left of the battalion, respectively, and eight paces in rear of the file-closers. 30. The adjutant and sergeant major will aid the lieutenant colonel and major, respectively, in the ma- noeuvres. 31. The colonel, if absent, will be replaced by the lieutenant colonel, and the latter by the major. If all the field officers be absent, the senior captain will command the battalion ; but if either be present, he will not Call the senior captain to act as field officer, except in case of evident necessity. 32. The quarter-master, surgeon, and other staff officers, in one rank, on the left of the colonel, and three paces in his rear. 33. The quarter-master sergeant, on a line with the front rank of the field music, and two paces on the right. Posts of Field Music and Band. 34. The buglers will be drawn up in four ranks, and posted twelve paces in rear of the file-closers, the left opposite the centre of the left centre company. The senior principal musician will be two paces in front of the field music, and the other two paces in the rear. 35. The regimental band, if there be one, will be Formation of the Battalion. 17 drawn up in two or four ranks, according to its num- bers, and posted five paces in rear of the field music, having one of the principal musicians at its head. Color-guard. 36. In each battalion the color-guard will be com- posed of eight corporals, and posted on the left of the right centre company, of which company, for the time being, the guard will make a part. 37. The front rank will be composed of a sergeant, to be selected by the colonel, who will be called, for the time, color-hearer, with the two ranking corporals, respectively, on his right and left ; the rear rank will be composed of the three corporals next in rank ; and the three remaining corporals will be posted in their rear, and on the line of tile-closers. The left guide of the color company, when these three last named cor- porals are in the rank of file-closers, will be immedi- ately on their left. 38. In battalions with less than five companies pre- sent, theie will be no color-guard, and no display of colors, except it may be at reviews. 39. The corporals for the color-guard will be selected from those most distinguished for regularity and pre- cision, as well in their positions under arms, as in their marching. The latter advantage, and a just carriage of the person, are to be more particularly sought for in the selection of the color-bearer. General Guides. 40. There will be two general guides in each batta- lion, selected, for the time, by the colonel, from among the sergeants (other than first sergeants) the most dis- tinguished for carriage under arms, and accuracy in marching. 41. These sergeants will be respectively denomina- ted, in the manoeuvres, right general guidcy and left 18 Instruction of the Battalion. f/eneral guide, and be posted in the line of file-closers; the first in rear of the ri<^ht, and the second in rear of the left flank of the battalion. Article Second. Instruction of the Battalion. 42. Every commanding officer is responsible for the instruction of his command. lie will assemble the officers together for theoretical and practical instruc- tion as often as he may judge necessary, and when unable to attend to this duty in person, it will be dis- charged by the officer next in rank. 43. Captains will be held responsible for the in- struction of their non-commissioned officers, and the ad- jutant for the instruction of the non-commissioned staff. 45. In the school of the soldier, the company officers will be the instructors of squads ; but if there be not a sufficient number of company officers present, intel- ligent sergeants may be substituted. 46. In the school of the company, the lieutenant- colonel and the major, under the colonel, will be the principal instructors, substituting frequently the captain of the company, and sometimes one of the lieutenants. 49. Instructors wnll explain, in a few clear and precise words, the movement to be executed ; and not to overburden the memory of the men, they will always use the same terms to explain the same prin- ciples. 51. The sabre bayonet should only be fixed when required to be used, either for attack or defence ; the exercises and manoeuvres will be executed without the bayonet. Instruction of Sergeants. 57. Their theoretical instruction should include the School of the Soldier, the School of the Com- Instruction of the Battalion. 19 pany,_ and the Drill for Skirmishers. Tliey should likewise know all the details of service, and the regu- lations prescribing their duties in garrison and in campaign. Instruction of Corporals. 59. Their theoretical instruction should include the School of the Soldier, and such regulations as prescribe their duties in garrison and in campaign. Commands. There are three kinds. G2. The command o^ caution, which is attention. 63. The preparatorr/ command, which indicates the movement which is to be executed. 64. The command of execution, such as march or halt, or, in the manual of arms, the part of command which causes an execution. _ 65. The tone of command should be animated, dis- tinct, and of a loudness proportioned to the number of men under instruction. 66. The commnrvd. at teyition is pronounced at the top of the voice, dwelling on the last syllable. ^ 67. The command of execution will be pronounced in a tone firm and brief. 68. The commands of caution and the preparatory commands are herein distinguished by italics, those of execution by capitals. 69. Those preparatory commands which, from their length, are difiicult to be pronounced at once, must be divided into two or three parts, Avith an ascending progression in the tone of command, but always iu such a manner that the tone of execution may be more energetic and elevated ; the divisions are indicated by a hyphen. The parts of commands which are placed in a parenthesis, are not pronounced. TITLE SECOND. SCHOOL OF THE SOLDIER. General Rules and division of the School of the Soldier. 70. The object of this school being the individual and progressive instruction of the recruits, the in- structor never requires a movement to be executed until he has given an exact explanation of it ; and he executes, himself, the movement which he commands, so as to join example to precept. lie accustoms the recruit to take, by himself, the position which is ex- plained — teaches him to rectify it only M'hen required by his want of intelligence — and sees that all the movements are performed without precipitation. 71. Each movement should be understood before passing to another. After they have been properly executed in the order laid down in each lesson, the instructor no longer confines himself to that order ; on the contrary, he should change it, that he may judge of the intelligence of the men. 72. The instructor allows the men to rest at the end of each part of the lessons, and oftener, if he thinks proper, especially at the commencement ; for this pur- pose he commands Rest. 73. At the command Rest, the soldier is no longer required to preserve immobility, or to remain in his place. If the instructor wishes merely to relieve the attention of the recruit, he commands, in place — Rest; the soldier is then not required to preserve his immo- bility, but he always keeps one of his feet in its place. 74. When the instructor wishes to commence the School of the Soldier— Vart I. 21 instruction, he commands — Attention ; at this com- mand, the soldier takes his position, remains motion- less, and fixes his attention. 75. The School of the Soldiei^ will be divided into three parts : the first, comprehendino; what ought to be taught to recruits without arms ; the second, the manual of arms, the loadings and firings ; the third, the prin- ciples of alignment, the march by the front, the differ- ent steps, the march by the flank, the principles of wheeling, and those of change of direction ; also, long marches in double quick time and the run. PART FIRST. 77. This will be taught, if practicable, to one re- cruit at a time ; but three or four may be united, when the number be great, compared with that of the in- structors. In this case, the recruits will be placed in a single rank, at one pace from each other. In this part, the recruits will be without arms. Lesson I. Position of the Soldier. 78. Heels on the same line, as near each other as the conformation of the man will permit; The feet turned out equally, and forming with each other something less than a right angle ; The knees straight without stiffness ; The body erect on the hips, inclining a little for- ward ; The shoulders square and falling equally ; The arms hanging naturally; The elbows near the body ; The palm of the hand turned a little to the front, the little finger behind the seam of the pantaloons ; 22 School of the Soldier — Part I. The head erect and square to the front, without con- straint; The chin near the stock, without covering it; The eyes fixed straight to the front, and striking the ground about the distance of fifteen paces. 80. The instructor having given the recruit the po- sition of the soldier without arms, will now teach him the turning of the head and eyes. He will com- mand : 1. Eyes — Right. 2. Front. 81. At the word right, the recruit will turn the head gently, so as to bring the inner corner of the left eye in a line with the buttons of the coat, the eyes fixed on the line of the eyes of the men in, or supposed to be in, the same rank. 82. At the second command, the head will resume the direct or habitual position. 83. The movement of Eyes — Left will be executed by inverse means. 84. The instructor will take care that the movement of the head does not derange the squareness of the shoul- ders, which will happen if the movement of the former be too sudden. Lesson II. Facings. 88. Facing to the right and left will be executed in one time, or pause. The instructor will command : 1. Squad, 2. Right (or Ze/i{)--FACE. 89. At the second command, raise the right foot slightly, turn on the left heel, raising the toes a little, and then replace the right heel by the side of the left, and on the same line. 90. The full face to the rear (or front) will be exe- School of the Soldier— Vd^vi I. 23 cuted in two times, or pauses, the instructor will com- mand : 1. Squad. 2. About — Face. 91. {First time.) At the word about, the recruit will turn on the left heel, bring the left toe to the front, carry the right foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to, and full three inches from, the left heel, the feet square to each other. 92. {Second time.) At the word yacc, the recruit will turn on both heels, raise the toes a little, extend the hams, face to the rear, bringing, at the same time, the right heel by the side of the left. 93. The instructor will take care that these motions do not derange the position of the body. Balance Step.* 87. Before commencing the march the soldier should always be instructed in the balance step, the object of which is to teach him the free movement of his limbs, while he at the same time preserves perfect squareness of the shoulders, with the greatest steadiness of the body; no labor should be spared to attain this object, which lies at the very foundation of good marching. The squad being at attention, the instructor com- mands : Left foot — Forward. At this command, the soldier will throw his left foot gently forward, about twenty-four inches, balancing his body well on the right foot, without changing the position of the shoulders, and without the body losing its erect position. The toe should be turned out as in the position of the soldier, the foot about three *The numbers of these paragraphs are retained with them, from Gilham's Manual. 24 School of the Soldier — Part I. inches from the ground and very nearly parallel to it, the toe being very slightly depressed. At the command : Left foot— Rear. The left foot is brought gently back, the ball of the left foot close to the right heel, the leg straight, toe raised, and heel depressed. As soon as the soldier becomes steady in the new position, the instructor repeats the command, left foot forward, then left foot rear, for several times, and then commands: Halt. At which the left foot, either advanced or to the rear, is brought to the right, as in the position of the soldier. The instructor then causes the soldier to balance on the left foot, by advancing and retiring the right, as has been directed for the left. The Direct Step. 88. After the soldier is sufficiently instructed in the balance step to execute it on either foot without losing his balance, the instructor will proceed to instruct him in the mechanism of the direct step. For this purpose he will command ; 1. Bp the numbers — Forward. 2, One. At the command one, the soldier will throw forward the left foot, as in the position of left foot fortvard; the instructor then commands : Two. At this command the weight of the body is thrown forward, the left foot striking the ground without School of the Soldier— Vtixi I. 25 shock, at the distance of twenty-eight inches from the right; the body assumes the perpendiciihir position, and the right foot is brought up to the position of right foot rear. The right foot is then brought for- ward at the command one, and the step completed at the command iwo ; thus the squad is made to advance step by step. The halt is executed as in the balance step. Lesson III. Principles of the Direct Step. 94. The length of the direct step, or pace, in com- mon time, will bo twenty-eight inches, reckoning from heel to heel, and in swiftness, at the rate of ninety in a minute. 95. The instructor, seeing the recruit confirmM in his position, will explain to him the principles and mechanism of this step— placing himself six or seven paces from, and facing to, the recruit. lie will him- self execute slowly the step in the way of illustration, and then command : 1. Squad, forward. 2. Common time. 3. March.* 9G. At the first command, the recruit will throw the w^eight of the body on the right leg, without bending the left knee. 97. At the third command, he will smartly, but without a jerk, carry straight forward the left foot twenty-eight inches from the right, the sole near the ground, the Lam extended, the toe a little depressed, and as also the knee slightly turned out; he will, at the same time, throw the weight of the body forward, and plant flat the left foot, without shock, precisely at the distance where it finds itself from the right when the weight of the body is brought forward, the whole of *The2<;l and 3d of these commands will be given whenever in the manoeuvre-s, it is desirable to move at the ordinary step. ' o 26 JSchool of the Soldier — Part I. which will now rest on the advanced foot. The recruit will next, in like manner, advance the ri^ht foot and plant it as above, the heel twenty-eig;ht inches from the heel of the left foot, and thus continue to march without crossing the legs, or striking the one against the other, without turning the shoulders, and preserv- ing always the face direct to the front. 98. When the instructor shall wish to arrest the inarch, he will command : 1. Squad. 2. Halt. 99. At the second command, which will be given at the instant when either foot is coming to the ground, the foot in the rear will be brought up, and planted by the side of the other, without shock. 100. The instructor will indicate, from time to time, to the recruit, the cadence of the step by giving the command one at the instant of raising a foot, and two at the instant it ought to be planted, observing the cadence of ninety steps in a minute. This method will contribute greatly to impress upon the mind the two motions into which the step is naturally divided. 102. The principles of the step in quick time are the same as for common time, but its swiftness is at the rate of one hundred and ten steps per minute. 103. The instructor wishing the squad to march in quick time, will command : 1. Squad, forward. 2. March. Lesson IV. Principles of the Double Quick Step. 104. The length of the double quick step is thirty- three inches, and its swiftness at the rate of one hun- dred and sixty-five steps per minute. 105. The instructor wishing to teach the recruits School of the Soldier— Vurt I. 27 the principles and mechanism of the double quick step, will command : 1. Double quick ttep. 2. March. 106. At the first command, the recruit will raise his hands to a level with his hips, the hands closed, the nails towards the body, the elbows to the rear. 107. At the second command he will raise to the front his left leg bent, in order to give to the knee the greatest elevation, the part of the leg between the knee and the instep vertical, the toe depressed ; he will then replace his foot in its former position ; with the right leg he will execute what has just been pre- scribed for the left, and the alternate movement of the legs will be continued until the command : 1. Squad. 2. Halt, 108. At the second command, the recruit will bring the foot which is raised by the side of the other, and dropping at the same time his hands by his side, will resume the position of the soldier without arms. 109. The instructor placing himself seven or eight paces from, and facing the recruit, will indicate the cadence by the commands, one and two, given alter- nately at the instant each foot should be brought to the ground, which at first will be in common time, but its rapidity will be gradually augmented. 110. The recruit being suflSciently established in the principles of this step, the instructor will command : 1. Squad forward. 2. Double quick. 3. March. 111. At the first command, the recruit will throw the weight of his body on the right leg. 112. At the second command, he will place his arms as indicated No. 106. 113. At the third command, he will carry forward 28 Sclwol of the Soldier— Fsivt 11. the left foot, the \og slightly bent, the knee somewhat raised — will plant his left foot, the toe first, thirty- three inches from the right, and with the right foot will then execute what has just been prescribed for the left. This alternate movement of the legs will take place by throwing the weight of the body on the foot that is planted, and by allowing a natural, oscil- latory motion to the arms. 114. The double quick step may be executed with different degrees of swiftness. Under urgent circum- stances the cadence of this step may be increased to one hundred and eighty per minute. At this rate a distance of four thousand yards would be passed over in about twenty-five minutes. 115. The recruits will be exercised also in running. 116. The principles are the same as for the double quick step, the only difference consisting in a greater degree of swiftness. 117. It is recommended in marching at double quick time, or the run, that the men should breathe as much as possible through the nose, keeping the mouth closed. Experience has proved that, by conforming to this principle, a man can pass over a much longer distance and with less fatigue. PART SECOND. GENERAL RULES. 118. The instructor will not pass the men to this second part until they shall be well established in the position of the body, and in the manner of marching at the different steps. 119. lie will then unite four men, whom he will place in the same rank, elbow to elbow, and in- struct them in the position of shouldered arms, as follows : School of the Soldier— T art II. 29 MANUAL OF ARMS FOR THE RIFLE. Lesson I. Principles of Shouldered Arms. 120. The recruit being placed as explained in the first lesson of the first part, the instructor will cause him to bend therio;ht arm slightly, and place the piece in it, in the following manner: 121. The piece in the right hand — the barrel nearly vertical and resting in the hollow of the shoulder — the guard to the front, the arm hanging nearly at its full length near the body ; the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard, the remaining fingers closed to- gether, and grasping the swell of the stock just under the cock, which rests on the little finger. Lesson II. Manual of Arms. 127. The manual of arms will be taught to four men, placed, at first, in one rank, elbow to elbow, and afterwards in twf> ranks. 128. Each command will be executed in one time (or pause), but this time will be divided into motions, the better to make known the mechanism. 129. The rate (or swiftness) of each motion, in the manual of arms, with the exceptions herein indicated, is fixed at the ninetieth part of a minute ; but, in order not to fatigue the attention, the instructor will, at first, look more particularly to the execution of the motions, without requiring a nice observance of the cadence, to which he will bring the recruits progres- sively, and after they shall have become a little famil- iarized with the handling of the piece. 3* 30 School of the Soldier— VdiXt II. 130. As the motions relative to the cartridge, to the rammer, and to the fixing and unfixing of the bayonet, cannot be executed at the rate prescribed, nor even with a uniform swiftness, they will not be subjected to that cadence. The instructor will, however, labor to cause these motions to be executed with promptness, and, above all, with regularity. 131. The last syllable of the command will decide the brisk execution of the first motion of each time (or pause). The commands two, three, and four, will de- cide the brisk execution of the other motions. As soon as the recruits shall well comprehend the posi- tions of the several motions of a time, they will be taught to execute the time without resting on its dif- ferent motions; the mechanism of the time will never- theless be observed, as well to give a perfect use of the piece, as to avoid the sinking of, or slurring over, either of the motions. 132. The manual of arms will be taught in the fol- lowing progression. The instructor will command: Support — Aems. One time and three motions. 133. [First motion.) Bring the piece, with the right hand, perpendicularly to the front and between the eyes, the barrel to the rear ; seize the piece with the left hand at the lower band, raise this hand as high us the chin, and seize the piece at the same time with the right hand four inches below the cock. 134. [Second motion.) Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel to the front; carry the piece to the left shoulder, and pass the fore-arm extended on the breast between the right hand and the cock ; sup- port the cock against the left fore-arm, the left hand resting on the right breast. 135. [Third motion.) Drop the right hand by the side. School of the Soldier— V&rt II. 31 136. When the instructor may wish to give repose in this position, he will command: Rest. 137. At this command, the recruits will bring up smartly the right hand to the handle of the piece (small of the stock), when they will not be required to preserve silence, or steadiness of position. 138. When the instructor may wish the recruits to pass from this position to that of silence and steadi- ness, he will command: 1. Attention. 2. Squad. 139. At the second word, the recruits will resume the position of the third motion of support arms. Shoulder — Arms. One time and three motions. 140. {First motion.) Grasp the piece with the right hand under and against the left fore-arm ; seize it with the left hand at the lower band, the thumb ex- tended ; detach the piece slightly from the shoulder, the left fore-arm along the stock. 141. [Second motion.) Carry the piece vertically to the right shoulder with both hands, the rammer to the front, change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight. 142. [Third motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Present — Arms. One time and two motions. 143. [First motion.) With the right hand bring the piece erect before the centre of the body, the rammer 32 School of the Soldier— TslH II. to the front ; at the same time seize the piece with the left hand half-way between the guide sight and lower band, the thumb extended along the barrel and against the stock, the fore-arm horizontal and resting against the body, the hand as high as the elbow. 144. [Second motion.) Grasp the small of the stock with the right hand below and against the guard. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 145. {First motion.) Bring the piece to the right shoulder, at the same time change the position of the right hand so as to embrace the guard with the thumb and fore-finger, slip up the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the fingers extended and joined, the right arm nearly straight. 146. {Second motio7i.) Drop the left hand quickly by the side. Order — Arms. One time and two motions. 147. {First motion.) Seize the piece briskly with the left hand near the upper band, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right hand; loosen the grasp of the right hand, lower the piece with the left, re-seize the piece with the right hand above the lower band, the little finger in rear of the barrel, the butt about four inches from the ground, the right hand supported against the hip, drop the left hand by the side. 148. {Second motion.) Let the piece slip through the right hand to the ground by opening slightly the fingers, and take the position about to be described. Position of Order Arms. 149. The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and fore-finger extended along the stock; the other School of the Soldier— V2iXi IL 33 finp;ers extended and joined ; the muzzle about two inches from the rio;ht shoulder; the rammer in front; the toe (pr boak) of the butt, against, and in aline with the toe of the right foot, the barrel per- pendicular. 150. When the instructor may •wish to give repose in this position, he will command: Rest. 151. At this command, the recruits will not be re- quired to preserve silence or steadiness. 152. When the instructor may wish the recruits to pass from this position to that of silence and steadi- ness, he will command: 1. Attention. 2. Squad. 153. At the second word, the recruits will resume the position of order arms. Shoulder — Arms . One time and two motions. 154. [First motion.) Raise the piece vertically with the right hand to the height of the right breast, and opposite the shoulder, the elbow close to the body; seize the piece with the left hand below the right, and drop quickly the right hand to grasp the piece at the swell of the stock, the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard; press the piece against the shoulder with the left hand, the right arm nearly straight. 155. [Second motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the side. 34 School of tlie Soldier—VdiXi II. Load in nine times. 1. Load.* One time and one motion. 156. Grasp the piece with the left hand as hio;h as the right elbow, and bring it vertically opposite the middle of the body, shift the right hand to the upper band, place the butt between the feet, the barrel to the front; seize it with the left hand near the muzzle, which should be three inches from the body; carry the right hand to the cartridge box. 2. Handle — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 157. Seize the cartridge with the thumb and next two fingers, and place it between the teeth. 3. Tear — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 158. Tear the paper to the powder, hold the car- tridge upright between the thumb and first two fingers, near the top ; in this position place it in front of and near the muzzle — the back of the hand to the front. 4. Charge — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 159. Empty the powder into the barrel; disengage the ball from the paper with the right hand and the * Whenever the loadings and firings are to be executed, the instructor will cause the cartridge boxes to be brought to the front. School of the Soldier — Part II. 35 thumb and first two finojers of the left; insert it into the bore, the pointed end uppermost, and press it down with the right thumb; seize the head of the rammer with the thumb and fore-finger, of the right hand, the other fingers closed, the elbows near the body. 5. Draw — Rammer. One time and three motions. 160. {First motion.) Half draw the rammer by extending the right arm ; steady it in this position with the left thumb; grasp the rammer near the muz- zle with the right hand, the little finger uppermost, the nails to the front, the thumb extended along the rammer. 161. {Second motion.) Clear the rammer from the pipes by again extending the arm ; the rammer in the prolongation of the pipes. 162. [Third motion.) Turn the rammer, the little end of the rammer passing near the left shoulder ; place the head of the rammer on the ball, the back of the hand to the front. 6. Ram — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 163. Insert the rammer as far as the right, and steady it in this position with the thumb of the left hand ; seize the rammer at the small end with the thumb and fore-finger of the right hand, the back of the hand to the front; press the ball home, the elbows near the body. 7. Return — Rammer. One time and three motions. 164. {First motion.) Draw the rammer half-way out, and steady it in this position with the left thumb; 36 Sclwol of the Soldier— Tsxvt II. grasp it near the muzzle with the right hand, the little iinger uppermost, the uails to the front, the thumb along the rammer ; clear the rammer from the bore by extending the arm, the nails to the front, the rammer in the prolongation of the bore. 165. {Second motion.) Turn the rammer, the head of the rammer passing near the left shoulder, and insert it in the pipes until the right hand reaches the muzzle, the nails to the front. 166. [Third motion.) Force the rammer home by placing the little finger of the right hand on the head of the rammer ; pass the left hand down the barrel to the extent of the arm, without depressing the shoulder. 8. Prime.* One time and two motions. 167. {First motion.) With the left hand raise the piece till the hand is as high as the eye, grasp the small of the stock with the right hand ; half face to the right ; place, at the same time, the right foot behind and at right angles with the left ; the hol- low of the right foot against the left heel. Slip the left hand down to the lower band, the thumb along the stock, the left elbow against the body ; bring the piece to the right side, the butt below the right fore- arm — the small of the stock against the body and two inches below the right breast, the barrel upwards, the muzzle on a level with the eye. 168. [Second motion.) Half cock with the thumb of the right hand, the fingers supported against the * If Maynard's primer be used, the command will be, load in eight times, and the eighth command will be, shoulder arms, and executed from return rammer, in one time and two motions, as follows : (First motion.) Raise the piece with the left hand, and take the position of shoulder arms, as indicated No. 145. {Second motion.) Drop tlie left hand quickly by the side. School of the Soldier — Part II. 37 guard and the small of the stock— remove the old cap with one of the fingers of the right hand, and with the thumb and fore-finger of the same hand take a cap from the pouch, place it on the nipple, and press it dovyn with the thumb ; seize the small of the stock with the right hand. 9 Shoulder — Arms. One time and two viotions. 169. [First motion.) Bring the piece to the right shoulder and support it there with the left hand, face to the front ; bring the right heel to the side of and on a line with the left; grasp the piece with the right hand as indicated in the position of shoulder arms. 1/0. (Second motion.) Drop the left hand quickly by the side. *' Ready. One time and three motions. 171. (First motion.) Raise the piece slightly with the right hand, making a half face to the right on the left heel ; carry the right foot to the rear, and place it at right angles to the left, the hollow of it opposite to and against the left heel ; grasp the piece with the lett hand at the lower baud and detach it slight^ from the shoulder. ° *' 172 (Second motion.) Bring down the piece with both hands, the barrel upwards, the left thumb ex- tended along the stock, the butt below the right fore- arm, the small of the stock against the body and two inches below the right breast, the muzzle as high as the eye, the left elbow against the side; place at the same time the right thumb on the head of the cock the other fingers under and against the guard 173. (Third motion.) Cock, and seize the piece at the small of the stock without deranging the position ot the butt. ^ 4 38 School of the Soldier — Part II. Aim. One time and one motion. 174. Raise the piece with both hands, and support the butt against the right shoulder; the left elbow down, the right as high as the shoulder ; incline the head upon the butt, so that the right eye may perceive quickly the notch of the hausse, the front sight, and the object aimed at ; the left eye closed, the right thumb extended along the stock, the fore-finger on the trigger. 175. When recruits are formed in two ranks to exe- cute the firings, the front rank men will raise a little less the right elbow, in order to facilitate the aim of the rear rank men. 176. The rear rank men, in aiming, will each carry the right foot about eight inches to the right, and to- wards the left heel of the man next on the right, inclining the upper part of the body forward. Fire. One time and one motion. 177. Press the fore-finger against the trigger, fire, without lowering or turning the head, and remain in this position. Load. One time and one motion. 179. Bring down the piece with both hands, at the game time face to the front and take the position of load as indicated No. 156. Each rear rank man will bring his right foot by the side of the left. 180. The men being in this position, the instructor will cause the loading to be continued by the com- mands and means prescribed No. 156 and following. School of the Soldier— T&ri II. 39 181. If, after firing, the instructor should not wish the recruits to re-load, he will command ; Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. 182. Throw up the piece briskly with the left hand and resume the position of shoulder arms, at the same time face to the front, turning on the left heel, and bring the right heel on a line with the left. 183. To accustom the recruits to wait for the com- mand Jire, the instructor, when they are in the posi- tion of aim, will command : Recover — Aems. One time and one motion. 184. At the first part of the command, withdraw the finger from tho trigger ; at the command arms, retake the position of the third motion of ready. 185. The recruits being in the position of the third motion of ready, if the instructor should wish to bring them to a shoulder, he will command : Shoulder — Arm s . One time and one motion. 186. At the command shoulder, place the thumb upon the cock, the fore-finger On the trigger, half- cock, and seize the small of the stock with the right hand. At the command arms, bring up the piece briskly to the right shoulder, and retake the position of shoulder arms. 187. The recruits being at shoulder arms, when the instructor shall wish to fix bayonets, he shall com- mand: 40 School of the Soldier— Vd.vi II. Fix — Bayonet. One time and three motions. 188. [First motion.) Grasp the piece with the left hand at the height of the shoulder, and detach it slightly from the shoulder with the right hand. 189. [Second motion.) Quit the piece with the right hand, lower it with the left hand, opposite the middle of the body, and place the butt between the feet with- out shock ; the rammer to the rear, the barrel vertical, the muzzle three inches from the body ; seize it with the right hand at the upper band, and carry the left hand reversed to the handle of the sabre-bayonet. 190. [Third jnotion.) Draw the sabre-bayonet from the scabbard and fix it on the extremity of the barrel; seize the piece with the left hand, the arm extended, the right hand at the upper band. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 191. [First motion.) Raise the piece with the left hand, and place it against the right shoulder, the ram- mer to the front ; seize the piece at the same timo •with the right hand at the swell of the stock, the thumb and fore-finger embracing the guard, the right arm nearly extended. 192. [Second motion.) Drop briskly the left hand by the side. Charge — Bayonet. One time and two motions. 193. [First motion.) Raise the piece slightly with the right hand and make a half fiice to the right on the left heel ; place the hollow of the right foot oppo- site to, and three inches from the left heel, the feet square ; seize the piece at the same time with the left hand a little above the lower band. School of the Soldier— V^vi 11. 41 194. [Second motion.) Bring down the piece with both hands, the barrel uppermost, the left elbow against the body ; seize the small of the stock, at the same time, with the right hand, which will be sup- ported against the hip; the point of the sabre-bayonet as high as the eye. Shoulder — Aems. • One time and two motions. 195. [Fii'st motion.) Throw up the piece briskly with the left hand in facing to the front, place ft against the right shoulder, the rammer to the front ; turn the right hand so as to embrace the guard ; slide the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the right hand nearly extended. 196. [Second motion.) Drop the left hand smartly by the side. Trail — Arms. One time and two motions. 197. [First motion.) The same as the first motion of order arms. 198. [Second motion.) Incline the muzzle slightly to the front, the butt to the rear and about four inches from the ground. The right hand supported at the hip, will so hold the piece that the rear rank men may not touch with their bayonets the men in the front rank. Shoulder — Arms. 199. At the command shoulder, raise the piece per- pendicularly in the right hand, the little-finger in rear of the barrel ; at the command ai^ns, execute what has been prescribed for the shoxdder from the position of order arms. 4* 42 School of the JSoIdier^Tavt II. Unjix — Bayonet. One time and three motions. 200. {First and second motions.) The same as the first and second motion of jf?x bayonet, except that, at the end of the second command, the thumb of the right hand will be placed on the spring of the sabre- bayonet, and tlie left hand will embrace the handle of the sabre-bayonet and the barrel, the thumb extended along the blade. 201. {Third motion.) Press the thumb of the right hand on the spring, .wrest off the sabre-bayonet, turn it to the right, the edge to the front, lower the guard until it touches the right hand, which will seize the back and the edge of the blade between the thumb and first two fingers, the other fingers holding the piece; change the position of the hand without quit- ting tbe handle, return the sabre-bayonet to the scab- bard, and seize the piece with the left hand, the arm extended. Shoulder — Arm s . One time and two motions. 202. {First motion.) The same as the first motion from /laj bayonet, No. 191. 203. {Second motion.) The same as the second mo- tion from^x bayonet, No. 192. Secure — Arms. One time and three motions. 204. {First motion.) The same as the first motion of support arms, No. 133, except with the right hand seize the piece at the small of the stock. 205. {Second motion.) Turn the piece with both hands, the barrel to the front ; bring it opposite the left shoulder, the butt against the hip, the left hand at School of the Soldier — Part II. 43 the lower band, the thumb as high as the chin and extended on the rammer ; the piece erect and detached from the shoulder, the left fore-arm against the piece. 206. [Third motion.) Reverse the piece, pass it under the left arm, the left hand remaining at the lower band, the thumb on the rammer to prevent it from sliding out, the little finger resting against the hip, the right hand falling at the same time by the, eide. Shoulder — Arms. One time and three motions. 207. {First motion,) Raise the piece with the left hand, and seize it with the right hand at the small of the stock. The piece erect and detached from the shoulder, the butt against the hip, the left fore-arm along the piece. ' ' 208. [Second motion.) The same as the second mo- tion of shoulder arms from a siqjport. 209. [Third motion.) The same as the third motion of shoidder arms from a siipvort. Right shoulder shift — Arms. One time and two motions. 210. [First motion.) Detach the piece perpendicu- larly from the shoulder with the right hand, and seize, it with the left between the lower band and guide- sight, raise the piece, the left hand at the height of the shoulder, and four inches from it ; place, at the same time, the right hand on the butt, the beak be- tween the first two fingers, the other two fingers under the butt plate. 211. [Second motion.) Quit the piece with the left hand, raise and place the piece on the right shoulder with the right hand, the lock plate upwards; let fall at the same time, the left hand by the side. 44 School of the Soldier — Part II. Shoulder — Arms, One time and two motions. 212. [First motion.) Raise the piece perpendicu- larly by extending the right arm to its full length, the rammer to the front, at the same time seize the piece with the left hand between the lower band and guide eight. 213. [Second motion.) Quit the butt with the right hand, which will immediately embrace the guard, lower the piece to the position of shoulder arms, slide lip the left hand to the height of the shoulder, the lingers extended and closed. Drop the left hand by the side. 214. The men being at support arms, the instructor will sometimes cause pieces to be brought to the right fihoulder. To this effect, he will command: Right shoulder shift — Arms. One time and two motions. 215. [First motion.) Seize the piece with the right hand, below and near the left fore-arm, place the left hand under the butt, the heel of the butt between the first two fingers. 216. [Second motion.) Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock plate upwards, carry it to the right shoulder, the left hand still holding the butt, the muzzle elevated ; hold the piece in this position and place the right hand upon the butt as is prescribed No. 210, and let fall the left hand by the side. Support — Arms. One time and two motions. 217. [First motion.) Tho same as the first motion of shoulder arms, No. 212. 218. [Second rnoiion.) Turn the piece with both ScJiool of the Soldier— Fart II. 45 hands, tho barrel to the front, carry it opposite the left shoulder, slip the right hand to the small of the stock, place the left fore-arm extended on the breast as is prescribed No. 134, and let fall the ri^ht hand by the side. Ar7ns — At will. Ohe time and one motion, 219. At this command, carry the piece at pleasure on either shoulder, with one or both hands, the muzzle elevated. Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. 220. At this command, retake quickly the position of shoulder arms. Inspection of Arms. 226. The recruits being at ordered arms, and hav- ing the sabre-bayonet in the scabbard, if the instruc-' tor wishes to cause an inspection of arms, he will command: Inspection — Arm s . One time and two motions. 227. {First motion.) Seize the piece with the left hand below and near the upper band, carry it with both hands opposite the middle of the body, the butt between the feet, the rammer to the rear, the barrel vertical, the muzzle about three inches from the body; carry the left hand reversed to the sabre-bayonet, draw it from the scabbard and fix it on the barrel; grasp the piece with the left hand below and near the upper band, seize the rammer with the thumb and 46 School of the Soldier — Part II. fore-finger of the right hand bent, the other fingers closed. 228. {Second motion.) Draw the rammer as has been explained in loading, and let it glide to the bot- tom of the bore, replace the piece with the loft hand opposite the right shoulder, and retake the position of ordered arms. 229. The instructor will then inspect in succession the piece of each recruit, in passing along the front of the rank. Each, as the instructor reaches him, will raise smartly his piece with his right hand, seize it with the left between the lower band and guide sight, the lock to the front, the left hand at the height of the chin, the piece opposite to the left eye; the instructor will take it with the right hand at the handle, and, after inspecting it, will return it to the recruit, who will receive it back with the right hand, and replace it in the position of ordered arms. 230. When the instructor shall have passed him, each recruit will retake the position prescribed at the command inspection arms, return the rammer, and jesume the position of ordered arms. 231. If, instead of inspection oj aj^ms, the instructor should merely wish to cause bayonets to be fixed, he will command: Fix — Bayonet. 232. Take the position indicated No. 227, fix bayo- nets as has been explained, and immediately resume the position of ordered arms. 233. If it be the wish of the instructor, after firing, to ascertain whether the pieces have been discharged, he will command : >S^nn^— Rammers. 234. Put the rammer in the barrel as has been explained above, and immediately retake the position of ordered arms. School of the Soldier— P&ri II. 47 235. The instructor, for the purpose stated, can take the rammer by the small end, and spring it in the barrel, or cause each recruit to make it ring in the barrel. 236. Each recruit, after the instructor passes him, will return rammer, and resume the position of ordered arms. To mark time. 240. The four men marching in the direct step, the iustructor will command : 1. Mark time. 2. March. 241. At the second command, which will be given at the instant a foot is coming to the ground, the re- cruits will make a semblance of marching, by bring- ing the heels by the side of each other, and observing the cadence of the step, by raising each foot alter- nately without advancing. 242. The instructor, wishing the direct step to be resumed, will command : 1. Forimrd. 2. Maech. 243. At the second command, which will be givea as prescribed above, the recruits will retake the step of twenty-eight inches. To change step. 244. The squad being in march, the instructor will command : 1. Change step. 2. March. 245. At the second command, which will be given at the instant either foot is coming to the ground, bring the foot which is in rear by the side of that which is in front, and step off again with the foot which was in front. 48 School of the Soldier— Tsivt II. To march hacTcwards. 246. The instructor, wishing the squad to march "backwards, will command : 1. Squad backward. 2. March. 247. At the second command, the recruits will step off smartly with the left foot fourteen inches to the rear, reckoning from heel to heel, and so on with the feet in succession till the command halt, which will always be preceded by the caution squad. The men will halt at this command, and bring back the foot in front by the side of the other. 248. This step will always be executed in quick time. 249. The instructor will be watchful that the re- cruits march straight to the rear, and that the erect position of the body and the piece be not deranged. Lesson III. To load in four times. 251. The first time will be executed at the end of the command; the three others at the commands, two^ three and four. The instructor will command : 1. Load in four times. 2. Load. 252. Execute the times to include charge cartridge. Two. 253. Execute the times to include ram cartridge. Three. 254. Execute the times to include prime. School of the Soldier— Turi II. 49 Four. 255. Execute the time of shoulder arms. To load at will. 256. The instructor will next teach loading at will, which will be executed as loading in four times, but continued, and without resting on either of the times. He will command : 1. Load at will. 2. Load. 257. The instructor will habituate the recruits, by degrees, to load with the greatest possible promptitude, each without regulating himself by his neighbor, and, above all, without waiting for him. 258. The cadence prescribed, No. 129, is not appli- cable to loading in four times, or at will. Lesson IV. Firings. 259. The firings are direct or oblique,^ and will be executed as follows : The direct fire. 260. The instructor will give the following com- mands: 1. Fire by squad. 2. Squad. 3. Ready. 4. Aim. 5. Fire. 6. Load. 261. These several eommands will be executed as has been prescribed in the Manual of Arms. At the third command, the men will come to the position of ready as heretofore explained. At the fourth, thev will aim according to the rank in which each may find himself placed, the rear rank men inclining forward a 5 60 School of the Soldier — Part II. little the upper part of the body, in order that their pieces may reach as much beyond the front rank as possible. 262. At the sixth command, they will load their pieces, and return immediately to the position of ready. 263. The instructor will recommence the firing by the commands : 1. Squad. 2. Aim. 3. Fire. 4. Load. 264. When the instructor wishes the firing to cease, he will command: Cease firing. 265. At this command, the men will cease firing, but will load their pieces, if unloaded, and afterwards bring them to a shoulder. Oblique firings. 266. The oblique firings will be executed to the right and left, and by the same commands as the direct fire, with this single difi"erence — the command aim will always be preceded by the caution, right or left oblique. Position of the two ranks in the Oblique Fire to the right. 267. At the command ready, the two ranks will exe- cute what has been prescribed for the direct fire. 268. At the cautionary command right oblique, the two ranks will throw back the right shoulder and look steadily at the object to be hit. 269. At the command aim, each front rank man will aim to the right without deranging the feet; each rear rank man will advance the left foot about eight inches toward* the right heel of the man next on the right of his fii-e leader and aim to the right, inclining the upper School of the Soldier — Part II. 51 part of the body forward and bending a little the left knee. Positions of the two ranks in the Oblique Fire to the left. 270. At the cautionary command lejt ohlique, the two ranks will throw back the left shoulder, and look steadily at the object to be hit. 271. At the command aim, the front rank will take aim to the left without deranging the feet ; each man in the rear rank will advance the right foot about eight inches towards the right heel of the next man on the right of his tile leader, and aim to the left, in- clining the upper part of the body forward and bend- ing a little the right knee. 272. In both cases, at the command load, the men of each rank will come to the position of load as pre- scribed in the direct fire; the rear rank men bringing back the foot which is to the right and front by the side of the other. Each man will continue to load as if isolated. To Jire hy file* 273. The fire by file will be executed by the two ranks, the files of which will fire successively, and without regulating on each other, except for the first fire. 274. The instructor will command : 1. Fire hy file. 2. Squad. 3. Ready. 4. Commence FIRING. 275. At the third command, the two ranks will take the position prescribed in the direct fire. 276. At the fourth command, the file on the right will aim and fire ; the rear rank man in aiming will take the position indicated, No. 176. 277. The men of this file will load their pieces 52 Schaol of the Soldier— Vurt II. briskly and fire a second time ; re-load and fire again, and 80 on in continuation. 278. The second file will aim at the instant the first brings down pieces to re-load, and will conform, in all respects, to that which has just been prescribed for the first file. 279. After the first fire, the front and rear rank men will not be required to fire at the same time. 280. Each man, after loading, will return to the position of ready and continue the fire. 281. When the instructor wishes the firing to cease, he will command : Cease — Firing. 282. At this command, the men will cease firing. If they have fired, they will load their pieces and bring them to a shoulder ; if at the position of ready, they will half-cock and shoulder arms ; if in the posi- tion of aim, they will bring down their pieces, half- cock, and shoulder arms. To Jlre hy rank. 283. The fire by rank will be executed- by each entire rank, alternately. 284. The instructor will command : 1. Fire hy rank. 2. Squad. 3. Ready. 4. Rear rank. 5. Aim. 6. Fire. 7. Load. 285. At the third command, the two ranks will take the position of ready, as prescribed in the direct fire. 286. At the seventh command, the rear rank will, execute that which has been prescribed in the direct fire, and afterwards take the position of ready. 287. As soon as the instructor sees several men of ScTiool of the Soldier— 'P2iri II. 53 the rear rank in the position of ready, he will com- mand : 1. Front rank. 2. Aim. 3. Fire. 4. Load. 288. At these commands, the men in the front rank will execute what has been prescribed for the rear rank, but they will not step off with the right foot. 289. The instructor will re-commence the firing by the rear rank, and will thus continue to alternate from rank to rank, until he shall wish the firing to cease, when he will command, cease firing, which will be executed as heretofore prescribed. Lesson V. To Jire and load kneeling. 290. In this exercise the squad will be supposed loaded and drawn up in one rank. The instruction will be given to each man individually, without times or motions, and in the following manner. 291. The instructor will command : Fire and Load kneeling. > 292. At this command, the man on the right of the squad will move forward three paces and halt ; then carry the right foot to the rear and to the right of the left heel, and in a position convenient for placing the right knee upon the ground in bending the left leg ; place the right knee upon the ground ; lower the piece, the left fore-arm supported upon the thigh on the same side, the right hand on the small oif the stock, the butt resting on the right thigh, the left hand supporting the piece near the lower baud. 293. lie will next move the right leg to the left around the knee supported on the ground, until this leg is nearly perpendicular to the direction of the left 6* 54 School of the Soldier — Part II. foot, and thus seat himself comfortably on the right heel. 294. Raise the piece with the ri^ht hand and sup- port it with the left, holding it near the lower band, the left elbow resting on the left thigh near the knee; seize the hammer with the thumb, the forefinger under the guard, cock and seize the piece at the small of the stock ; bring the piece to the shoulder, aim and ^Ve. 295. Bring the piece down as soon as it is fired, and support it with the left hand, the butt resting against the right thigh ; carry the piece to the rear, rising on the knee, the barrel downwards, the butt resting on the ground; in this position support the piece with the left hand at the upper band, draw cartridge witli the right and load the piece, ramming the ball, if neces- sary, with both hands. 296. When loaded, bring the piece to the front with the left hand, which holds it at the upper band ; seize it at the same time with the right hand at the small of the stock ; turn the piece, the barrel uppermost and nearly horizontal, the left elbow resting on the left thigh ; half-cock, remove the old cap and prime, rise, and return to the ranks. 297. The second man will then be taught what has just been prescribed for the first, and so on through the remainder of the squad. To fire o.nd load lying. 298. In this exercise the squad will be in one rank and loaded; the instruction will be given individually and without times or motions. 299. The instructor will command: Fire and load lying. 300. At this command, the man on the right of the squad will move forward three paces and halt; he will then bring his piece to an order, drop on both knees, School of the Soldier — Part II. 65 and place himself on the ground flat on his belly. In this position he will support the piece nearly hori- zontal with the left hand, holding it near the lower band, the butt end of the piece and the left elbow rest- ing on the ground, the barrel uppermost; cock the piece with the right hand, and carry this hand to the small of the stock; raise the piece with both hands, press the butt against the shoulder, and resting on both elbows, aim and Jire. 301. As soon as he has fired, bring the piece down and turn upon his left side, still resting on his left elbow; bring back the piece until the cock is opposite his breast, the butt end resting on the ground; take out a cartridge with the right hand; seize the small of the stock with this hand, holding the cartridge with the thumb and two first fingers; he will then throw himself on his back, still holding the piece with both hands; carry the piece to the rear, place the butt be- tween the heels, the barrel up, the muzzle elevated. In this position, charge cartridge, draw rammer, ram cartridge, and return rammer. 302. When finished loading, the man will turn again upon his left side, remove the old cap and prime, then raise the piece vertically, rise, turn about, and resume his position in the ranks. 303. The second man will be taught what has just been prescribed for the first, and so on throughout the squad. Lesson VI. Bayonet Exercise. 304. The bayonet exercise in this book will be con- fined to two movements, the guard against infantry, and the guard against cavalry. The men will be placed in one rank, with two paces interval, and being at shoulder arms, the instructor will command: 56 School of the Soldier — Part II. 1. Guard against Infantry. 2. Guaed. One time and two motions. 305. {First motion.) Make a half face to the right, turning on both heels, the feet square to each other; at the same time raise the piece slightly, and seize it with the left hand above and near the lower band. 306. [Second motion.) Carry the right foot twenty inches perpendicularly to the rear, the right heel oa the prolongation of the left, the knees slightly bent, the weight of the body resting equally on bcth legs; lower the piece with both hands, the barrel uppermost, the left elbow against the body ; seize the piece at the same time with the right hand at the small of the stock, the arms falling naturally, the point of the bayonet slightly elevated. Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. 307. Throw up the piece with the left hand, and place it against the right shoulder, at the same time bring the right heel by the side of the left and face to the front. 1. Guard against Cavalry. 2. Guard. One time and two motions. 308. Both motions the same as for guard against infantry, except that the right hand will be supported against the hip, and the bayonet held at the height of the eye, as in charge bayonet. Shoulder — Arms. One time and one motion. 309. Spring up the piece with the left hand and place it against the right shoulder, at the same time bring the right heel by the side of the left, and face to the front. School of the Soldier— Tart II. 57 MANUAL OF ARMS FOR THE MUSKET.* Principles of Shouldered Arms. 94. Each soldier being in the position of the soldier, the instructor will cause him to turn up the left hand without bending the wrist, the left fore-arm only act- ing. The instructor will raise the piece perpendicu- larly, and place it as follows: The piece in the left hand, the arm very slightly bent, the elbow back near the body, the palm of the hand pressing on the outer flat of the butt: the outer edge of the latter on the upper joints of the fingers, the heel of the butt between the middle and fore-fingers, the thumb on the front screw of the butt plate, the re- maining fingers under the butt, the butt more or less kept back according to the conformation of the man, so that the piece, seen from the front, shall appear perpendicular, and also, that the movement of the thigh, in marching, may not raise it or cause it to waver; the stock below the tail band, resting against the hollow of the shoulder, just within the joint, the right arm hanging naturally as prescribed in the position of the soldier. The manual of the ransket will be taught in the fol- lowing order. The instructor commands : Support — Arms. One time and three motions. 95. {First motion.) "With the right hand seize the small of the stock briskly, 4 inches below the lock, raising the piece a little, but not turning it. {Second motion.) Take the left hand from the butt; extend the left forearm upward across the body, and *The numbers of these paragraphs are retained with them, from Gilham's Manual. 58 Scliool of the Soldier— Tart II. under the hammer, the left hand flat on the right hreast. [Third motion.) Drop the right arm smartly to its position. The squad being at support arms, the in- structor commands: Carry — Akms. One time and three motions. 96. First motion. Carry quickly the right hand to the small of the stock. Second motion. Place the left hand under the butt, as in the position of shoulder arms. Third motion. Let fall smartly the right hand to ita position, and drop with the left, at the same time, the piece into the position of shoulder arms. Present — Aems. One time and two motions. 97. First 7notion. Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock out, and seize the small of the stock, at the same time, with the right hand, the piece perpendic- ular and detached from the shoulder, the left hand remaining under the butt. [Second motion.) Complete the turning inwards of the piece, so as to bring it erect before the centre of the body, the rammer to the front, the right hand under and against the guard ; seize it smartly at the same time with the left hand just above the lock, the thumb extended along the barrel and on the stock, the left fore-arm resting on the body without constraint, and the hand at the height of the elbow. Shoulder — Arms, One time and two motions. 98. [First motion.) Turn the piece with the right hand, the barrel to the front, raise and support it against the left shoulder with the right hand, drop the School of the Soldier— Vart II. 59 left under the butt, the right hand resting on, without grasping, the small of the stock. {Second motion.) Drop quickly the right hand into its position. Order — Arms. One time and two motions. 99. {First motion.) Drop the piece smartly by ex- tending the left arm, seize it at the same time with the right hand, above and near the tail-band ; quit the hold of the left hand, and carry the piece opposite to the right shoulder, the rammer to the front, the little finger behind the barrel, the right hand supported against the hip, the butt three inches from the ground, the piece erect, the left hand hanging by the side. {Second motion.) Let the piece slip through the right hand to the ground without shock, and take the position about to be described. Position of Order Arms. 100. The hand low, the barrel between the thumb and fore-finger extended along the stock; the other fingers extended and joined ; the muzzle about two inches from the right shoulder ; the rammer in front ; the toe of the butt against, and in line with, the toe of the right foot, the barrel perpendicular. 101. When the instructor wishes to give repose in this position, he commands : Rest. 102. At this command the soldier will not be re- quired to preserve silence or steadiness. They, how- ever,will not quit their rank without special permission. When the instructor wishes the men to pass from this position to that of silence and steadiness, he commands : 1. Attention. 2. Squad. 60 School of the Soldier — Part II. At the second word the men will resume the posi- tion of order arras, and remain firm and silent. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 103. [First motion.) Raise smartly the piece "with the right hand, carry it against the left shoulder, turn- ing it so as to bring the barrel to the front ; at the same time place the left hand under the butt and slip the right hand down to the lock. [Second motion.) Let the right hand fall briskly to its position. Charge — Bayonet. One time and two motions. 104. [First motion.) Make a half face to the right on the left heel, bring the left toe directly to the front, at the same time place the right foot behind, and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the right foot opposite to, and about three inches from the left heel ; turn the piece with the left hand, the lock outwards, and seize the small of the stock at the same time with the right hand, the musket perpendicular, and de- tached from the shoulder, the left hand under the butt. [Second motion.) Bring down the piece with the right hand, letting it fall firmly into the left, the latter seizing it a little in advance of the tail band, the bar- rel up, the left elbow near the body, the right hand against the hip, the point of the bayonet as high as the eye. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. 105. [First motion.) Face to the front by turning on the left heel, bring up the right by the side of the left Scliool of the Soldier — Part II. 61 heel; at the same time briuj; up the piece with the right hand to the left shoulder, and place the left hand under the butt. [Second motion.) Let the right hand fall promptly into its position. Load in ten times. 1. Load. One tims and tioo motions. 106. [First motion.) Drop the piece by a smart ex- tension of the left arm, seize it with the rif]jht hand above and near the lower band; at the same time carry the rij^ht foot forward, the heel against the hol- low of the left foot. [Second motion.) Drop the piece with the right hand along the left thigh, seize it with the left hand above the right, and with the left hand let it descend to the ground, without shock, the piece touching the left thigh, and the muzzle opposite the centre of the body ; carry the right hand quickly to the cartridge box and open it. 2. Handle — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 107. Seize a cartridge with the thumb and the next two fingers, and place it between the teeth. 3. Tear — Cartridge. One time and one motion, 108. Tear the paper down to the powder, hold the cartridge upright between the thumb and two next fingers, near the top ; in this position place it in front of and near the muzzle, the back of the hand to the front. 7 62 School of the Soldier— Tari II. 4. Charge — Cartridge. 109. Fix the eye on the muzzle, turn quickly the back of the right hand towards the body, in order to discharge the powder into the barrel, raise the elbow to the height of the wrist, shake the cartridge, force it into the muzzle and leave the hand reversed, the fingers closed, but not clenched. 5. Draw — Rammer. One time and three motions. 110. {First motion.) Drop the right elbow smartly, and seize the rammer between the thumb and fore- finger bent, the other fingers shut ; draw it smartly, extending the arm, seize the rammer again at the mid- dle, between the thumb and fore-finger, the hand re- versed, the palm to the front, the nails up, the eyes following the movement of the hand, clear the ram- mer from the pipes by again extending the arm. [Second motion.) Turn rapidly the rammer between the bayonet and the face, closing the fingers, the ram- mers of the rear rank grazing the right shoulders of the men of the same file in front, the rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the butt of the ram- mer opposite to the muzzle, but not yet inserted, the eyes fixed on the muzzle. [Third motion.) Insert the butt of the rammer, and force it down as low as the hand. 6. Ram — Cartridge. One time and one motion. 111. Extend the arm to its full length to seize the rammer between the right thumb extended and the fore-finger bent, the other fingers closed ; with force ram home twice and seize the rammer at the small end between the thumb and fore-finger bent, the other fingers closed, the right elbow touching the body. School of the Soldier — Part II. 63 7. Return — Rammer. One time and three motions. 112. {First motion.) Draw the rammer briskly, re- seize it at the middle between the thumb and fore- finger, the hand reversed, the palm to the front, the nails up, the eyes following the hand, clear the ram- mer from the barrel by extending the arm. [Second motion.) Turn the rammer rapidly between the bayonet and the face, closing the fingers, the ram- mers of the rear rink grazing the right shoulders of the men of the same file in front, the rammer parallel to the bayonet, the arm extended, the little end of the rammer opposite to the first pipe, but not yet inserted, the eyes fixed on that pipe. {Third motion.) Insert the small end, and with the thumb, which will follow the movement, force it as low as the middle band ; raise the hand quickly, a little bent, place the little-finger on the butt of the rammer, and force it down; lower the left hand on the barrel to the extent of the arm, without depressing the shoulder. 8. Cast — About. One time and tivo motions. 113. [First motion.) With the left hand bring up the piece vertically against the left shoulder, seize it smartly with the right hand at the small of the stock, and slide the left hand down as low as the chin. [Second motion.) Make a half face to the right on the left heel, bring the left toe to the front, place the right foot at the same time close behind and at right angles with the left, the hollow of the right foot against the left heel ; carry the piece opposite to the right shoulder ; bring down the piece with the right hand into the left, which will seize it at the tail-band, the thumb extended on the stock, the butt under the 64 School of the Soldier — Part 11. right fore-arm, the small of the stock against the body, and about two inches under the right breast, the muz- zle at the height of the eye, the left elbow supported against the side, the right hand grasping the small of the stock. 9. Prime. One time and one motion. 114. Place the thumb of the right hand on the ham- mer (the fingers remaining under and against the guard) and half-cock the piece ; brush off the old cap, and with the thumb and first two fingers of the right hand take the cap from the pouch, place it firmly on the cone by pushing it down with the thumb, and seize the piece by the small of the stock. 10. Shoulder — Aems. One time and two motions. 115. [First ^notion.) Face to the front by turning on the left heel ; at the same time bring the piece briskly with the right hand to the left shoulder, and place the left hand under the butt. ( Second motion.) Let the right hand fall smartly into its position at shoulder arms. Ready — (From the position of prime.) One time and one motion. 116. Place the thumb of the right hand on the hammer (the fingers remaining under and against the guard), cock the piece, and seize the small of the stock. Ready — (From the position of shoulder arms.) One time and four motions. 117. [First motion.) Turn the piece with the left hand, the lock to the front, seize it at the small of the i School of the Soldier — Part II. 65 stock -with the right hand ; at the same time make a half face to the right on the left heel, bringing the left toe to the front, and placing the right foot behind, and at right angles to the left, the hollow of the foot against the left heel. {Second motion.) Bring the piece -with the right hand to the middle of the body, place the left hand just above the lock, the thumb extended along the stock at the height of the chin, the counter (or S) plate turned towards the body, the rammer obliquely to tho left and front. [Third motion.) Place the thumb on the hammer, the fore-finger under and on the guard, the other three fingers joined to the first, the elbow at the height of the hand. [Fourth motion.) Close the right elbow smartly to the body in cockingy without bending the wrist, seize the piece by the small of the stock, let it descend along the body in the left hand to the tail-band, which will remain at the height of the shoulder. Aim. 118. (As in the manual for the Rifle.) FiBE. 119. (As in the manual for the Rifle.) Load — (From the Fire.) One time and two motions. 120. [First motion.) Bring back the piece quickly with both hands, depress the butt strongly by extend- ing the right arm, and carry it with the arm thus extended, to the left side, the barrel to the front and opposite to the left shoulder, the left hand at the height of the chin, the back of the hand to the front, the left 6* GG t^chool of the Soldier— V-^ri II. fore-arm toncliinp; the stock : at the same time face to the front and carry the rip;ht foot forward, the heel against the hollow of the left foot. [Srcond inofion.) Let go the handle with the rip;ht liand, let the ])iece descend throu;;h the left to the ground, without shock, aud take the position of the second motion of load. Shoulder — Arms. (From the fire.) One time and tico motions. 121. [First motion.) Bring back the piece with both hands, face to the front, carry the piece against the left shoulder, and place the left hand under the butt. [Second motion.) Let the right hand iall smartly to its position. The squad being in position of aim, the instructor, to habituate the soldiers to wait for the word fire, sometimes commands: Recover — Arms. 122. (As in manual for Rifle.) The men being in the position of the fourth motion of ready, if the instructor wishes them to come to a shoulder, he com- mands : Shoulder — Arms. 123. At the word shoulder, the squad will face to the front, and bring tlicir pieces to the middle of the body again ; the loft thumb at the height of the chin^ the little finger just above the lock; next place the right thumb on the head of the hammer, su|)pt)rt the fore-finger on the trigger, sustain the hammer carefully in its descent at the same time, to the position of half- cock, then seize the small of the stock with the right hand. At the word arms, carry the piece to the shoulder smartly, and take the position of shoulder arms. School of the Soldier — Part II. 67 To load in /our times — (or pauses,') 124. The instructor commands : 1. Load in four times. 2. Load. Execute the first time of loading, handle cartridge, tear cartridge, charge cartridge. Two. 125. Draw rammer, enter it as far as the hand and ram twice. Three. 126. Return rammer, cast about, and prime. Four. 127. Execute the tenth time of loading. 128. The soldiers being at a shoulder, when the instruetor may wish to return bayonets, he commands : Unfix — Bayonets. One time and three motions. {Fi7'st motion.) Drop the piece by a smart extension of the left arm, seize it with the right hand above and near the tail-band. [Second motion.) Drop the piece with the right hand along the left thigh, seize it with the left hand abov© the right, lengthen out the left arm, rest the butt on the ground, without shock, and carry the right hand at the same time to the bayonet, with the thumb lower the clasp against the stop, and then seize the bayonet at the socket and shank. [Third motion.) "Wrest off the bayonet, return it to the scabbard, place the little finger on the butt of the rammer, lower the left hand along the barrel in extend- ing the arm, without depressing the shoulder. 68 School of the Sohlicr—VaH II. Shoulder — Arms. One time and three motions. 129. {First mntion.) Raise the piece witli the left hfind ftlunj; the loft hide, the hand at the height of the chin, the fore-arm touching the piece, tljo harrel to the fn)nt ; dmp at tlie name time tlie riglit liand to seize the piece a little above the handle, the f(ire-finger touching the cock, and the thumb on the counter-plate. (Second motion.) Raise the piece with the right hand, drop the left, and place it under the butt, ])ring back the right heel to the side of the left, anil on the panic line; support the piece with the right hand against the shoulder, in the position prescribed for shoulder arms, the right hand resting on, without grasping the piece. ( Tliird motion.) Let fall smartly the right hand into its position by the side of the thigh. Fix — Bayonet. 130. {Fir.st and second vwlionn.) As the first and second niittions of unfix bayonet, except that at the end of the second motion, the right hand will go to seize bayunct by the s(K'ket and shank, so that the lower (now upper) end of the socket shall extend about an inch above the heel of the palm. [Third motion.) Draw the Itayonet from the scab- bard, carry and fix it on the muzzle, turning the clasp towjirds the body with the right thumb; phtoe the little finger on the head of the rammer, lower the left hand along the barrel, in extending the arm. Shoulder — Arms. The same as from the unfix bayonet. School of the Soldier — Part II. G9 Secure — Arms. One time and two motions. 131. [First motion.) Seize quickly the piece with the rio[;ht hand, the thumb on the counter plate, and the fore-finger against the cock ; detach the piece from the shoulder at the same instant, the barrel to the front, seize it at the tail-band with the left hand, the thumb extended on the rammer, the piece erect, oppo- site to the shoulder, the left elbow on the piece. [Second motion.) Reverse the piece, p1C\. At the command march, the rank will step off Rmarlly with the left loot ; the guide will take care to march straight to the front, keeping his shoulders always in a square with that line. .''27. The instructor will observe, in marching to the front, that the men touch lightly the elbow towards the side of the guide ; that they do not open out the left elbow, nor the right arm ; that they yieUl to pres- sure coming from the side of the guide, and resist that coming from the opposite side ; that they recover by insensible degrees the slight touch of the elbow, if lost; that they maintain the head direct to the front, no matter on which side the guide may be ; and if found before or behind the alignment, that the man in fault corrects himself by shortening or lengthening the step, by degrees, almost insensible. 3'{(l. The men being well established in the principles of the direct march, the instructor will exercise them in marching obliquely. The rank being in march, the instructor will command : 1. Right (or left) oblique. 2. March. 331. At the second command, each man will make a half face to the right or left and will then march straight forward in the new direction. As the men no longer touch elbows, they will glance ah)ng the shoulders of the nearest liles, towards the side to which they are obliquing, and will regulate their steps BO that the shoulders shall always be behind that of their next neighbor on that side, and that his head shall conceal the heads of the other men in the rank. School of the Soldier— Part III. 77 Besides this, the men should preserve the same length of pace, and the same decree of obliquity. 332. The instructor wishing to resume the primitive direction, will command : 1. Forward. 2. March. 333. At the second command, each man will make a half face to the left (or right), and all will then march straight to the front, conforming to the princi- ples of the direct march. To march to the front in double quick time. 334. "When the several principles, heretofore ex- plained, have become familiar to the recruits, and they shall be well established in the position of the body, the bearing of arms, and the mechanism, length and swiftness of the step, the instructor will pass them from quick to double quick time, and the reverse, observ- ing not to make them march obliquely in double quick time, till they are well established in the cadence of this step. 335. The squad being at a march in quick time, the instructor will command : 1. Double quick. 2. March. 336. At the command march, which will be given when either foot is coming to the ground, the squad will step off in double quick time. The men will endeavor to follow the principles laid down in the first part of this book, and to preserve the alignment. 337. AVhen the instructor wishes the squad to resume the step in quick time, he will command : 1. Quick time. 2. March. 338. At the command march, which will be given ■when either foot is coming to the ground, the squad will retake the step in quick time. 7* 78 School of the SoUier—ruTt III. 339. The squad bcinj; in march, the instructor will halt it hj the commands and means prescribed Nos. Oh and 00. The command hl of the Company — Lesson Y. If^O. If the company be marching in line to the front, the inntructor will caune it to break by phitoon to the ri^ht by the Kume coiinnandH. At the command march, the platoons will wheel in the manner already ezphiined ; the man du the pivot will take care to mark time in his phice, without advancing or receding; the iuHtruotor, tlic chiefs of platoon, and the guides, will conform to what has been prescribed, Nos. 184 and following. r.X). The company may be broken by platoons to the left, according to the same principles, and by inverse means the instructor giving the commands prescribed Nos. 183 and 185, substituting left for rijht, and recip- rocally. Article Second. To march in column. 105. The company having broken by platoon, right (or left) in front, the instructor, wishing to cause the column to march, will throw himself twenty-five or thirty paces in front, face to the guides, place himself correctly, on their direction, and caution the leading guide to take points on the ground. I'JO. The instructor being thus placed, the guide of the leading platoon will take two points on the ground in the straight line passing between his own and the lieels of the instructor. 1D7. These dispositions being made, the instructor "will step aside, and command : 1. Column, forward. 2. Guide Uft (or right). 8. March. 108. At the command march, promptly repeated by the chiefs of platoon, they, as well as the guides, will lead oft', by a decided step, their respective phitoons, in order that tlie whole may move smartly, and at the same moment. School of the Company — Lesson V. 119 109. The men will each feel lightly the elbow of his neighbor towards the guide, and conform himself, in marching, to the principles prescribed in the school of the soldier, No. 327. The man next to the guide, in each platoon, will take care never to pass him, and also to march always about six inches to the right (or left) from him, in order not to push him out of the direction. 200. The leading guide will observe, with the great- est precision, the length and cadence of the step, and maintain the direction of his march by the means prescribed No. 89. 201. The following guide will march exactly in the trace of the leading one, preserving between the latter and himself a distance precisely equal to the front of his platoon, and marching in the same step with the leading guide. Article Third. To change direction, 211. The changes of direction of a column while marching, will be executed according to the principles prescribed for wheeling on the march. Whenever, therefore, a column is to change direction, the in- structor will change the guide, if not already there, to the flank opposite the side to which the change is to be made. 212. The column being in march right in front, if it be the wish of the instructor to change direction to the right, he will give the order to the chief of the first platoon, and immediately go himself, or send a marker to the point at which the change of direction is to be made ; the instructor, or marker, will place himself on the direction of the guides, so as to present the breast to that flank of the column. 213. The leading guide will direct his march on that person, so that, in passing, his left arm may just graze 120 School of the Company — Lesson Y. his breast. When the leading guide shall have ap- proached near to the marker, the chief of his platoon will command : 1. RigJit wheel. 2. March. 214. The first command will be given when the pla- toon is at the distance of four paces from the marker. 215. At the command march, which will be pro- nounced at the instant the guide shall have arrived opposite the marker, the platoon will wheel to the right, conforming to what is prescribed in the school of the soldier, No. 39G. 210. The wheel being finished, the chief of each platoon will command : 3. Forward. 4. March. 217. These commands will be pronounced and exe- cuted as is prescribed in the school of the soldier, Nos. 398 and 399. The guide of the first platoon will take points on the ground in the new direction, in order the better to regulate the march. 218. The second platoon will continue to march straight forward till up with the marker, when it will wheel to the right, and re-take the direct march by the same commands and the same means which governed the first platoon. 219. The column being in march right in front, if the instructor should wish to change direction to the left, ho will command, gvide right. At this command, the two guides will move rapidly to the right of their respective platoons, each passing in front of his subdi- Tision ; the men will take the touch of elbows to the right; the instructor will afterwards conform to what is prescribed No. 212. 220. The change of direction to the left will then be executed according to the same principles as the change of direction to the right, but by inverse means. School of the Comjyani/ — Lesson V. 121 221. When the change of direction is completed, the instructor will command, guide left. 222. The changes of direction in a column, left in front, will be executed according to the same prin- ciples. 223. In changes of direction in double quick time, the platoons will wheel according to the principles prescribed in the school of the soldier, No. 404. 224. In order to prepare the men for those forma- tions in line, which can be executed only by turning to the right or the left, the instructor will sometimes cause the column to change direction to the side of the guide. In this case, the chief of the leading platoon will command: Left (or right) turn, instead of left (or right) ivheel. The subdivisions will each turn, in succession, conforming to what is prescribed in the school of the soldier. No. 402. The leading guide, as soon as he has turned, will take points on the ground, the better to regulate the direction of the march.. Article Fourth. To halt the column. 231. The column being in march, when the ia- structor shall wish to halt it, he w^ill command : 1. Column. 2. Halt. 232. At the second command, promptly repeated by the chiefs of platoon, the column will halt ; the guides also will stand fast, although they may have lost both distance and direction. 233. If the command halt, be not repeated with the greatest vivacity, and executed at the same instant, distances will be lost. 234. If a guide, having lost his distance, seek to recover it after that command, he will oaly throve 11 122 School of the Company — Lesson V. his fault on the following guide, who, if he have marched well, will no longer be at his proper dis- tance ; and if the latter regain what he has thus lost, the movement will be propagated to the rear of the column. Article Fifth. Being in column hy platoon, to form, to the right or hfl into line of battle, either at a halt or on the march. 235. The instructor having halted the column, right is front, and wishing to form it into line of battle, will place himself at platoon distance in front of the leading guide, face to him, and rectify, if necessary, the posi- tion of the guide beyond ; which being executed, he will command: Left — Dress. 236. At thifl command, which will not be repeated by the chiefs of platoon, each of them. will place him- self briskly two paces outside of his guide, and direct the alignment of the platoon perpendicularly to the direction of the column. 237. Each chief having aligned his platoon, will command Front, and return quickly to his place in column. 238. This disposition being made, the instructor will command-: 1. Left into lint, vhteL 2. March. 239. At the command march, briskly repeated by ^theehiefs wf platoon, the front rank man on the left of each platoon will face to the left, and place his breast lightly agaiimt the arm of the guide by his side, who btandti £kst; the platoons will wheel to the left on the School of the Company — Lesson Y. 123 principle of wheels from a halt, and in conformity to •what is prescribed No. 194. Each chief will turn to his platoon to observe its movement, and when the marchin;j; flank has approached near the line of battle, he will command : 1. Platoon. 2. Halt. 240. The command halt, will be given when the marching flank of the platoon is three paces from the line of battle. 241. The chief of the second platoon, having halted it, will return to his place as a file closer, passing around the left of his subdivision. 242. The captain having halted the first platoon, •will move rapidly to the point at which the right of the company will rei*t in line of battle, and command: Right — Dress. 243. At this command, the two platoons will dress lip on the alignment; the front rank man on the right of the leading platoon, who finds himself opposite the instructor established on the direction of the guides, will place his breast lightly against the left arm of this officer. The captain will direct the alignment from the right on the man on the opposite flank of the company. 244. The company being aligned, the captain will command: Feont. 245. The instructor seeing the company in line of battle, will command: Guides — Posts. 24G. At this command, the covering sergeant will cover the captain, and the left guide will return to his place as a file closer. 124 School of the Company — Lesson V. 247. If the column be left in front, and the instruc- tor should wish to form it to the rif];ht into line of bat- tle, he will [ilaee himself at platoon distance in front of the leadinjj; ^uide, face to him, and rectify, if neces- Fary, the position of the p;uide beyond; which being executed, he will command: 1. Right into line wheel. 2. Mabch. 248. At the command marcl), the front rank man on the ri^ht of each platoon will face to tlie right and place his breast lightly against the left arm of the guide by his side, who stands fast: each platoon will wheel to the right, and will be halted by its chief, when the marching flank has approached near the line of battj^, for this purpose, the chief of each platoon will comTfeand: 1. Platoon. 2. Halt. 249. The command halt, will be given when the marching flank of the platoon is three paces from the line of battle. The chief of the second platoon having halted his platoon, will resume his place in the rank of file closers. 250. The captain having halted the first platoon, will move briskly to the point at which the left of the company will rest, and command: Left — Dress. 251. At this command, the two platoons will dress up on the alignment; the man on the left of the second platoon, opposite the instructor, will place his breast lightly against the right arm of this oflicer, and the captain will direct the alignment from the left on the man on the opposite flank of the company. 252. The company being aligned, the captain will command: Front. School of the Company — Lesson Y . 125 253. The instructor will afterwards command: Guides — Posts. 254. At this command, the captain will move to the right of his company, the covering sergeant will cover him, and the left guide will return to his place as a file closer. 255. The instructor may omit the command left or riijkt dress, previous to commanding left or right into line, ivheel, unless, after rectifying the position of the guides, it should become necessary to dress the pla- toons, or one of them, laterallj' to the right or left. 25G. The instructor, before the command left (or right) into line, wheel, will assure himself that the rearmost platoon is at its exact wheeling distance from the one in front. This attention is important, in order to detect negligence on the part of guides in this essential point. 257. If the column be marching right in front, and the instructor should wish to form it into line without halting the column, he will give the commands pre- scribed No. 238, and move rapidly to platoon distance in front of the leading guide. 258. At the command march, briskly repeated by the chiefs of platoon, the left guides will halt short, the instructor, the chiefs of platoon, and the pla- toons, will conform to what is prescribed No. 239, and following. 259. If the column be in march left in front, this formation will be made according to the same princi- ples, and by inverse means. 2G0. If the column be marching right in front, and the instructor should wish to form it into line without halting the column, and to march the company in line to the front, he will command : 1. By platoons left wheel. 2. March. 11* 126 School of the Cowjmni/— Lesson Y. 201. At the ooniniJind march, briskly repeated by the chiefs of phitoon, the left guides will hnlt: the man next to the left guide in each platoon will mark time: the pl'itoona will wheel to the left, conforming to the principles of the wheel on a fixed pivot. AVhen the right of the platoons shall arrive near the line ot battle, the instructor will command: 3. Forward. 4. March. 5. Guide right (or left.) 202. At the fourth command, given at the instant the w'^heel is completed, all the men of the company will move off together with the step of twenty-eight inches; the captain, the chief of the second platoon, the covering sergeant, and the left guide, will take their positions as in line of battle. 203 At the tifth command, which will be given im- me^diately after the fourth, the captain and covering sergeant, if not already there, will move briskly to the side on which the guide is designated. The non-com- missioned officer charged with the direction will move rapidly in front of the guide, and will be assured in his line of march by the instructor, as is prescribed No. 104. That non-commissioned officer will imme- diatelv take points on the ground as indicated in the same number. The men will take the touch of elbows to the side of the guide, conforming themselves to the principles of the march in line. 204. The same principles are applicable to a column left in front. School of the Company — Lesson YI. 127 LESSON SIXTH. Article First. To break the company into platoons^ and to re-form the company. To hreaJc the cmnpany into platoons. 265. The company marching in the cadenced step, and supposed to make part of a column, right in front, when the instructor shall wish to cause it to break by platoon, he will give the order to the captain, who will command: 1. Break into platoons, and imme- diately place himself before the centre of the first platoon. 266. At the command hreak into platoons, the first lieutenant will pass quickly around the left to the centre of his platoon, and give the caution : Mark time. 267. The captain will then command : 2. March. 268. The first platoon will continue to march straight forward ; the covering sergeant will move rapidly to the left flank of this platoon (passing by the front rank) as soon as the flank shall be disengaged. 269. At the command march, given by the captain, the second platoon will begin to mark time ; and its chief will immediately add: 1. Right oblique ; 2. March. The last command will be given so that this platoon may commence obliquing the instant the rear rank of the first platoon shall have passed. The men will shorten the step in obliquing, so that when the command Jonvard march is given, the platoon may have its exact distance. 270. The guide of the second platoon being near the direction of the guide of the first, the chief of the second, will command Forward, and add March, the 128 School of the Company — Lesson VI. instant that the guide of his platoon shall cover the guide of tlie first. 271. In a column, left in front, the company -will break into platoons by inverse means, applying to the first platoon all that has been prescribed for the second, and reciprocally. 272. In this case, the left guide of the company Avill shift to the right flank of the second platoon, and the covering sergeant will remair^on the right of the first. To reform the cortipany. 273. The column, by platoon, being in march, right in front, when the instructor shall wish to cause it to form company, he will give the order to the captain, who will command: Form company. 274. Having given this command, the captain will immediately add : 1. First jylaioon ; 2. Jllghi oblique. 275. The chief of the second platoon will caution it to continue to march straight forward. 27G. The captain will then command : 3. March. 277. At this command, repeated by the chief of the second, the first platoon will oblique to the right, in order to unmask the second ; the covering sergeant, on the left of the first platoon, will return to the right of the company, passing by the front rank. 278. When the first platoon shall have nearly un- masked the second, the captain will command : 1. Mark time, and at the instant the unmasking shall be complete, he will add: 2. March. The first platoon will then cease to oblique, and mark time. 279. In the mean time the second platoon will have continued to march straightforward, and when it shall be nearly up with the first, the captain will command Foncard, and at the instant the two platoons shall unite, add March ; the first platoon will then cease to mark time. 280. In a column left in front, the same jnovement School of the Company/ — Lesson VI. 129 will be executed by inverse means, the chief of the second platoon giving the command Forward, and the captain adding the command March, when the pla- toons are united. 281. The guide of the second platoon, on its right, will pass to its left flank the moment the platoon begins to oblique ; the guide of the first, on its right, remain- ing on that flank of the phxtoon. 282. The instructor will also sometimes cause the company to break and re-form, by platoon, by his own direct commands. In this case, he will give the gen- eral commands prescribed for the captain above : 1. Break into platoons; 2. March; and 1. Form com- pamj ; 2. March. 283. If, in breaking the company into platoons, the subdivision that breaks off should mark time too long, it might, in a column of many subdivisions, arrest the march of the following one, which would cause a lengthening of the column, and a loss of distances. Article Second, Being in calumny to break files to the rear^ and to cause them to re-enter into line. 289. The company being in march, and supposed to constitute a subdivision of a column, right (or left) in front, when the instructor shall wish to cause files to break off he will give the order to the captain, who will immediately turn to his company, and command : 1. Two files from left (or riff hi) to rear. 2. March. 290. At the command march, the two files on the left (or right) of the company will mark time, the others will continue to march straight forward ; the two rear rank men of these files will, as soon the rear rank of the company shall clear them, move to the 130 School of the Company — Lesson VI. right by advancing the outer shoulder ; the odd num- ber will place himself behind the third file from that flank, the even number behind the fourth, passing for this purpose behind the odd number ; the two front rank men will, in like manner, move to the right when the rear rank of the company shall clear them, the odd number will place himself behind the first file, the even number behind the second file, passing for this purpose behind the odd number. If the files are broken from the right, the men will move to the left, advancing the outer shoulder, the even number of the rear rank will place himself behind the third file, the odd number of the same rank behind the fourth ; the even number of the front rank behind the first file, the odd number of the same rank behind the second, the odd numbers for this purpose passing behind the even numbers. The men will be careful not to lose their distances and to keep aligned. 291. If the instructor should still wish to break two files from the same side, he will give the order to the captain, who will proceed as above directed. 202. At the command march, given by the captain, the files already broken, advancing a little the outer shoulder, will gain the space of two files to the right, if the files are broken from the left, and to the left, if the files are broken from the right, shortening, at the same time, the step, in order to make room between themselves and the rear rank of the company for the files last ordered to the rear ; the latter will break by the same commands and in the same manner as the first. The men who double should increase the length of the step in order to prevent distances from being lost. 293. The instructor may thus diminish the front of a company by breaking off successive groups of two files, but the new files must always be broken from the same side. 294. The instructor, wishing to cause files broken School of the Company — Lesson YI. 131 off to return into line, will give the order to the cap- tain, who will immediately command : 1. Two files into line. 2. March. 295. At the command march, the first two files of those marching by the flank will return briskly into line, and the others will gain the space of two files by advancing the inner shoulder towards the flank to which they belong. 290. The captain will turn to his company, to watch the observance of the principles which have just been prescribed. 297. The instructor having caused groups of two files to break one after another, and to return again into line, will afterwards cause two or three groups to break together, and for this purpose, will command : Four or six files from left (or right) to rear ; March. The files designated will mark time; each rank will advance a little the outer shoulder as soon as the "rear rank of the company shall clear it, will oblique at once, and each group will place itself behind the four neighboring files, and in the same manner, as if the movement had been executed group by group, taking care that the distances are preserved. 298. The instructor will next order the captain to cause two or three groups to be brought into line at once, who turning to the company, will command: Four or six files into line — March. 290. At the command march, the files designated will advance the inner shoulder, move up and form on the flank of the company by the shortest lines. 300. As often as the files shall break off to the rear, the guide on that flank will gradually close on the nearest front rank man remaining in line, and he will also Dpen out to make room for files ordered into line. 301. The tiles which march in the rear are disposed 132 School of the Compani/ — Lesson VI. in the followinp; order : the left files as if the company ^vaa marching by the rij2;ht flank, and the right files as if the company was marching by the left flank. Con- sequently, whenever there is on the ri|!;ht or left of a subdivision, a file which does not belong to a group, it will be broken singly. 30'2. It is necessary to the preservation of distances in column that the men should be habituated in the schools of detail to execute the movements of this article with precision. 303. If the new files broken off do not step well to the left or right in obliquing; if, when files are ordered into line, they do not move up with promptitude and precision, in either case the following files will be arrested in their march, and thereby cause the column to be lengthened out. 304. The instructor will place himself on the flank from which the files are brv)ken, to assure himself of the exact observance of the principles. 305. Files will only be broken off from the side of direction, in order that the whole company may easily pass from the front to the flank march. Article Third. To march the column in route, and to execute the movements incidental thereto. 306. The swiftness of the route step will be one hun- dred and ten steps in a minute ; this swiftness will be habitually maintained in column in route, when the roads and ground may permit. i)07. The company being at a halt, and supposed to constitute a subdivision of a column, when the instruc- tor shall wish to cause it to march in the route step, he will command: 1. Column, forward. 2. Guide left (of right). 3. Route step. 4. March. School of the Company — Lesson VI. 133 308. At the command march, repeated by the cap- tain, the two ranks -will step off together; the rear rank will take, in marching, by shortening a few steps, a distance of one pace (twenty-eight inches) from the rank preceding, which distance will be computed from the breasts of the men in the rear rank, to the knap- sacks of the men in the front rank. The men, with- out further command, will immediately carry their arms at will, as indicated in the school of the soldier, No. 210. They will no longer be required to march in the cadenced pace, or with the same foot, or to re- main silent. The files will march at ease ; but care will be taken to prevent the ranks from intermix- ing, the front rank from getting in advance of the guides, and the rear rank from opening to too great a distance. 309. The company marching in the route step, the instructor will cause it to change direction, which will be executed without formal commands, on a simple caution from the captain ; the rear rank will come up to change direction in the same manner as the front rank. Each rank will conform itself, although in the route step, to the principles which have been pre- scribed for the change in closed ranks, with this difference only : that the pivot man, instead of taking steps of nine, will take steps of fourteen inches, in order to clear the wheeling point. 310. The company marching in the route step, to cause it to pass to the cadenced step, the instructor will first order pieces to be brought to the right shoulder, and then command : 1. Quick time, 2. March. 311. At the command marchy the men will resume the cadenced step, and will close so as to leave a dis- tance of sixteen inches between each rank. 312. The company marching in the cadenced pace, 134 School of the Company — Lesson VI. the instructor, to cause it to take the route step, will command : 1. Route step. 2. March. 313. At the commMid march, the front rank will continue the step of t\v?nty-eight inches, the rear rank will take, hy gradually shortening the step, the dis- tance (tf twenty-eight inches from the front rank ; th« men will carry their arms at will. 314. If the company be marching in the route step, and the instructor should suppose the necessity of marching by flank in the same direction, he will com- mand: 1. Company bij the right (or left) flank. 2. By file left (or right). 3. March. 315. At the command march, the company will face to the right (or left) in marching, the captain will place himself by the side of the guide who conducts the leading flank ; this guide will wheel immediately to the left or right ; all the files will come in succes- sion to wheel on the same spot as the guide ; if there be files broken off to the rear, they will by wheeling, regain their respective places, and follow the move- ment of the company. 31G. The instructor having caused the company to be again formed into line, will exercise it in increasing and diminishing front, by platoon, which will be exe- cuted hy the eame commands, and the same means, as if the company were marching in the cadenced step. When the company breaks into platoons, the chief of each will move to the flank of his platoon, - and will take tlie place of the guide, who will step back into the rear rank. 317. The company being in column, by platoon, and supposed to march in the route step, the instructor can cause the front to be diminished and increased, by School of the Company — Lesson VI. 135 section, if the platoons have a front of twelve files or more. 318. The movement of diminishing and increasing front, by section, will be executed according to the principles indicated for the same movements by pla- toon. The right sections of platoons will be commanded by the captain and first lieutenant, respectively ; the left sections, by the two next subalterns in rank, or, in their absence, by sergeants. 319. The instructor wishing to diminish by section^,^ will give the order to the captain, who will commanoT 1. Break into sections. 2. March, 320. As soon as the platoons shall be broken, each chief of section will place himself on its directing flank in the front rank, the guides who will be thus displaced, will fall back into the rear rank ; the file- closers will close up to within one pace of this rank. 321. Platoons will be broken into sections only in the column in route, the movement will never be exe- cuted in the manoeuvres, whatever may be the fronfe of the company. 322. When the instructor shall wish to re-form pla- toons, he will give the order to the captain, who will command : 1. Form platoon. 2. March. 323. At the first command, each chief of section will place himself before its centre, and the guides will pass into the front rank. At the command 7na?x'A, the movement will be executed as has been prescribed for forming company. The moment the platoons are formed, the chiefs of the left sections will return to their places as file-closers. 324. The instructor will also cause to be executed the diminishing and increasing front by files, as pre- scribed in the preceding article, and in the same man- 136 ScJiooI of the Company — Lesson VI. ner as if marcliinj^ in the cadenccd step. When the Cfunpan}* i>< broken into sections, the subdivisions must not be roduoed to front of less than six files, not counting the chief of the section. 325. The company being broken by platoon, or by section, the instructor will cause it, marching in the route step, to march by the flank in the same direc- tion, by the commands and the means indicated, Nos. 314 and .'U5. The moment the subdivisions shall face to the ri^ht (or left,) the first file of each will wheel to the left (or right,) in marching, to prolong the di- rection, and to unite with the rear file of the subdi- vision immediately preceding. The file-closers will take their habitual places in the march by the flank, before the union of the subdivisions. 320. If the company be marching by the right flank, and the instructor should wish to undouble the files, which might sometimes be found necessary, he will inform the captain, who, after causing ^the cadenced step to be resumed, and arms to be shouKlered or sup- ported, will command : 1. //I two ranks, undouble files. 2. March. 327. At the second command, the odd numbers will continue to march straight forward, the even numbers will shorten the step, and obliquing to the left will place themselves promptly behind the odd numbers ; the rear rank will gain a step to the left so as to re- take the touch of elbows on the side of the front rank. 328. If the company be marching by the left flank, it will be the even numbers who will continue to march forward, and the odd numbers who will un- double. 329. If the instructor should wish to double the files, he will give the order to the captain, who will command : 1. In four ranks, double files. 2. Marcii. School of the Company — Lesson VI. 137 330. At the command march, the files ■will double in the manner as explained, when the company faces by the ria;ht or the left flank. The instructor will afterwards cause the route step to be resumed. 331. The various movements prescribed in this les- son may be executed in double quick time. The men "will be brought by degrees to pass over at this gait about eleven hundred yards in seven minutes. 332. AYhen the company marching in the route step shall halt, the rear rank will close up at the command halt, and the whole will shoulder arms. 333. Marching in the route step, the men will be permitted to carry their pieces in the manner they shall find most convenient, paying attention only to holding the muzzles up, so as to avoid accidents. Article Fourth. Countermarch. 334. The company being at a halt, and supposed to constitute a part of a column, right in front, when the instructor shall wish to cause it to countermarch, he will command : 1. Countermarch. 2. Company, right — Face. 3. By file left. 4. March. 335. At the second command, the company will face to the right, the two guides to the right about ; the captain will go to the right of his company and cause two files to break to the rear, and then place himself by the side of the front rank man, to conduct him. 33G. At the command march, both guides will stand fast; the company will step ofi" smartly ; the first tile, conducted by the captain, will wheel around the right guide, and direct its march along the front rank so as to arrive behind, and two paces from the left guide ; 12* 138 School of the Company — Lesson YI. each file will come in succeission fo wheel on the same ground around the right guide ; the leading file having arrived at a point opposite to the left guide, the cap- tain will command : 1. Company. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 4. Right — Dress. 337. The first command will be given aXfoiw paces from the point where the leading file is to rest. 338. At the second command, the company will halt. 339. At the third, it will face to the front. 340. At the fourth, the company will dress by the right ; the captain will step two paces outside of the left guide, now on the right, and direct the alignment, so that the front rank may be enclosed between the two guides; the company being aligned, he will com- mand Front, and place himself before the centre of the company as if in column ; the guides, passing along the front rank, will shift to their proper places, on the right and left of that rank. 341. In a column by platoon, the countermarch will be executed by the same commands, and according to the same principles ; the guide of each platoon will face about, and its chief will place himself by the side of the file on the right, to conduct it. 342. In a column, left in front, the countermarch will be executed by inverse commands and means, but according to the same principles. Thus, the move- ment will be made by the right flank of subdivisions, if the right be in front, and by the left flank, if the left be in front ; in both cases the subdivisions will wheel by file to the side of the front rank. JSchool of the Company — Lesson VI. 139 Article Fifth. Being in column hy 'platoon^ to form on the right (or left) into line of battle. 343. The column by platoon, right in front, being in march, the instructor, wishing to form it on the right into line of battle, will command : 1. On the right into line. 2. Guide right. 844. At the second command, the guide of each platoon will shift quickly to its right flank, and the men will touch elbows to the right ; the column will continue to march straight forward. 345. The instructor having given the second com- mand, will move briskly to the point at which the right of the company ought to rest in line, and place himself facing the point of direction to the left which he will choose. 346. The line of battle ought to be so chosen that the guide of each platoon, after having turned to the right, may have, at least, ten paces to take before arriving upon that line. 347. The head of the column being nearly opposite to the instructor, the chief of the first platoon will command; 1. Right turn ; and when exactly opposite to that point, he will add : 2. March. 348. At the command march, the first platoon will turn to the right, in conformity with the principles prescribed in the school of the soldier, No. 402. Its guide will so direct his march as to bring the front rank man, next on his left, opposite to the instructor ; the chief of the platoon will march before its centre ; 140 School of the Comjpany — Lesson VI. and when its f;uide shall be near the line of battle, he ■will command ; 1. Platoon. 2. Halt. 349. At the command halt, which will be given at the instant the right of the platoon shall arrive at the distance of three paces from the line of battle, the platoon -svill halt; the files not yet in line, will come up promptly. The guide will throw himself on the line of battle, opposite to one of the three left files of his platoon ; he will face to the instructor, who will align him on the point of direction to the left. The chief of platoon having, at the same time, gone to the point where the right of the company is to rest, will, as soon as he sees all the files of the platoon in line, command : Right — Dhess. 350. At this, the first platoon will align itself; the front rank man, who finds himself opposite to the guide, will rest his breast lightly against the right arm of this guide, and the chief of the platoon, from the right, will direct the alignment on this man. 351. The second platoon will continue to march straight forward, until its guide shall arrive opposite to the left file of the first; it will then turn to the right at the command of its chief, and march towards the line of battle, its guide directing himself on the left file of the first platoon. 352. The guide having arrived at the distance of three paces from the line of battle, this platoon will be halted, as prescribed for the first; at the instant it halts, its guide Avill spring on the line of battle, oppo- site to one of the three left files of his platoon, and will be assured in his position by the instructor. 353. The chief of the second platoon, seeing all its files in line, and its guide established on the direction, will command : Right — Dress. School of the Company — Lesson VI. 141 354. Ilavino; given this command, he will return to his place as a tile closer, passing around the left ; the second platoon will dress up on the alij2;nment of the first, and when established, the captain will command : Front. 355. The movement ended, the instructor will com- mand : Guides — Posts. 356. At this command, the two guides will return to their places in line of battle. 357. A column, by platoon, left in front, will form on the left into line of battle, according to the same principles, and, by inverse means, applying to the second platoon what is prescribed for the first, and reciprocally. The chief of the second platoon having aligned it, from the point of appui, (the left,) will retire to his place as a file closer. The captain hav- ing halted the first platoon three paces behind the line of battle, Ayll go to the same point to align this pla- toon, and then command : Front. At the command, guides — posts, given by the instructor, the captain will shift to his proper flank, and the guides take their places in the line of battle. 358. When the companies of a regiment are to be exercised, at the same time, in the school of the company, the colonel will indicate the lesson or lessons they are severally to execute. The whole will commence by a bugle signal, and terminate in like manner. Formation of a company from tioo ranks into single rankj and reciprocally. 359. The company being formed into two ranks in the manner indicated No. 8, school of the soldier, and supposed to make part of a column, right or left in 142 School of the Company — Lesson VI. front, whon the instructor shall wish to form it into single rank, he will command: 1. In one rank, form company. 2. March. 300. At the first command, the right guide will face to the right. 301. At the command march, the right guide "will step off and march in the prolongation of the front rank. 302. The fir.«'t file "will otep off at the same time with the guide ; the front rank man will turn to the right at the first step, follow the guide, and be himself fol- lowed by the rear rank man of his file, who will come to turn on the same spot where he had turned. The second file, and successively all the other files, will step off as has been prescribed for the first, the front rank man of each file following immediately the rear rank man of the file next on his right. The captain ■will superintend the movement, and when the last man shall have stepped off, he will halt the company, and face it to the front. 303. The file closers, will take their places in line of battle, two paces in the rear of the rank. 304. The company being in single rank, when the instructor shall wish to form it into two ranks, he will command : 1. In two ranks, form company. 2. Company, right — Face. 3. March. 305. At the second command the company will face to the right : the right guide and the man on the right will remain faced to the front. 300. At the command march, the men who have faced to the right, will step off, and form files in the following manner: the second man in the rank will place himself behind the first to form the first file ; the third will place himself by the side of the first in School of the Company — Lesson YI. 143 the front rank ; the fourth behind the third in the rear rank. All the others will, in like manner, place themselves, alternately in the front and rear rank, and will thus form files of two men, on the left of those already formed. 3G7. The formations above described will be habitu- ally executed by the right of companies ; but when the instructor shall wish to have them executed by the left, he will face the company about, and post the guides in the rear rank. 368. The formation nill then be executed by the same commands, and according to the same prin- ciples as by the front rank : the movement commenc- ing with the left file, now become the right, and in each file by the rear rank man, now become the front; the left guide will conform to what has been prescribed for the right. 3G9. The formation ended, the instructor will face the company to its proper front. 370. When a battalion in line has to execute either of the formations above described, the colonel will cause it to break to the rear by the right or left of companies, and will then give the commands just pre- scribed for the instructor. Each company will execute the movement as if acting singly. Formation of a company from two ranks into four j and reciprocally^ at a halt, and in march. 371. The company being formed in two ranks, at a halt, and supposed to form part of a column right in front, when the instructor shall wish to form it into four ranks, he will command : 1. In four ranks, form company. 2. Company, left — Face. 3. March (or double quick — Maech). 372. At the second command, the left guide will remain faced to the front, the company will face to the 144 School of the Company — Lesson VI. left : the rear rank will gain the distance of one pace from tlie front rank bv a side step to the left and rear, and the nion will form into four ranks as prescribed in the 8ch(tol of the soldier. 37.']. A.t the command march, the first file of four men will reface to the front without uudoublinor. All the other files of four will step off, and closing Buccessivcly to about five inches of the preceding file, will halt, and immediately face to the front, the men remaining doubled. 374. Tiie file-closers will take their new places in line of battle, at two paces in rear of the fourth rank. 375. The captain will superintend the movement. 37G. The company being in four ranks, when the instructor shall wish to form it into two ranks, he will command : 1. In two ranks, form company. 2. Company^ right — Face. 3. Marcu (or double quick — March). 377. At the second command the left guide will stand fast, the company will face to the right. 378. At the command march, the right guide will step off and march in the prolongation of the front rank. The leading file of four men will step off at the same time, the other files standing fast ; the second file will step off when there shall be between it and the first space sufiicient to form into two ranks. The follovi-ing files will execute sucjjessively what has been prescribed for the second. As t^oon as the last file shall nave its distance, the instructor will command : 1. Company. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 379. At the command front, the company will face to the front, and the tiles will undouble. 380. The company being formed in two ranks, and ScJiool of (he Compant/ — Lesson VI. 145 marching to the front, when the instructor shall wish to form it into four ranks, he will command : 1. In four ranks, form company. 2. By the left, double files. 3. M.A.^cn {ov double quick — March). 381. At the command march, the left guide and the left file of the company will continue to march straight to the front: the company will make a half face to the left, the odd numbers placing themselves behind the even numbers. The even numbers of the rear rank will shorten their steps a little, to permit the odd num- bers of the front rank to get between them and the even numbers of that rank. The files thus formed of fours, except the left file, will continue to march ob- liquely, lengthening their steps slightly, so as to keep constantly abreast of the guide ; each file will close successively on the file next on its left, and when at the proper distance from that file, will face to the front by a half face to the right, and take the touch of elbows to the left. 382. The company being in march to the front in four" ranks, when the instructor shall wish to form it into two ranks, he will command : 1. In two ranks, form company. 2. By the right, undouble files. 3. M-Kv^cn {^Qv double quick — March). 383. At the command march, the left guide and the left file of the company will continue to march straight to the front ; the company will make a half face to the right and march obliquely, length- ening the step a little, in order to keep, as near as possible, abreast of the guide. As soon as the second file from the left shall have gained to the right the interval necessary for the left file to form into two ranks, the second file will face to the front by a half face to the left and march straight forward ; the left file will immediately form into two ranks, and 13 146 School of the Company — Lesson VI. take the touch of elbows to the left. Each file will execute Bucccssively, what has just been prescribed for the file next to the left, and each file will form into two ranks when the file next on its right has obliqued the required distance and faced to the front. ,'^H4, If the company be supposed to make part of a column, left in fr()nt, these difi'erent movements will be executed according to the same principles and by inverse means, substituting the indication left for right. END OF THE SCHOOL OF THE COMPANY. Sword Manual, etc. 147 MANUAL OF THE SWORD OR SABRE, FOR OFFICERS. POSITION OF THE SWORD OR SABRE, UNDER ARMS. The carry. The ^ripe is in the right hand, which ■will be supported against the right hip, the back of the blade against the shoulder. TO SALUTE WITH THE SWORD OR SABRE. Three times (or pauses). One. At the distance of six paces from the person to be saluted, raise the sword or sabre perpendicularly, the point up, the flat of the blade opposite to the right eye, the guard at the height of the shoulder, the elbow supported on the body. Two. Drop the point of the sword or sabre by extending the arm, so that the. right hand may be brought to the side of the right thigh, and remain in that position until the person to whom the salute is rendered shall be passed, or shall have passed, six paces. Three. Raise the sword or sabre smartly, and place the back of the blade against the right shoulder. 148 Color- SahUe^ etc. COLOR-SALUTE. In the ranks, the color-bearer, whether at a halt or in march, will always carry the heel of the color-lance supported at the right hip, the right hand generally placed on the lance at the height of the shoulder, to hold it steady. When the color has to render honors, the color-bearer will salute as follows : At the distance of six paces slip the right hand along the lance to the height of the eye ; lower the lance by straightening the arm to its full extent, the heel of the lance remaining at the hip, and bring back the lance to the habitual position when the person saluted shall be passed, or shall have passed, six paces. * MANUAL FOR RELIEVING SENTINELS. Arms — Port. One time and one motion. Throw the piece diagonally across the body, the lock to the front, seize it smartly at the same instant with both hands, the right at the handle, the left at the lower band, the two thumbs pointing towards the muzzle, the barrel sloping upwards and crossing oppo- site the point of the left shoulder, the butt propor- tionally lowered. The palm of the right hand will be above, and that of the left under the piece, the nails Relieving Sentinels. 149 of both hands next to the body, to -which the elbows will be closed. Shoulder — Arms. One time and two motions. [First motion.) Bring the piece smartly to the right shoulder, placing the right hand as in the position of shoulder arms, slip the left hand to the height of the shoulder, 4he fingers extended. [Second motion.) Drop the left hand smartly by the side. Being on parade and at order arms, if it be wished to give the men rest, the command will be : Parade — Rest. At the command rest, turn the piece on the heel of the butt, the barrel to the left, the muzzle in front of the centre of the body ; seize it at the same time with the left hand just above, and with the right at the upper band ; carry the right foot six inches to the rear, the left knee slightly bent. 13* RIFLE AND LIGHT INFANTRY TACTICS. TITLE FOURTH. SCHOOL OF THE BATTALION. Formation of the Battalion, 1. Every colonel will labor to habituate his batta- lion to form line of battle, by night as well as by day, with the greatest possible promptitude. 2. The color-company will generally be designated as the directing company. That, as soon as formed, will be placed on the direction the colonel may have determined for the line of battle. The other compa- nies will form on it, to the right and left, on the principles of successive formations which will be herein prescribed. 3. The color-bearer may have received the color from the hands of the colonel ; but if there be day- light, and time, the color will be produced with due solemnity. Composition and march of the color-escort. 4. When the battalion turns out under arms, and the color is wanted, a company, other than that of the color, will be put in march to receive and escort it. 5. The march will be in the following order, in quick time, and without music : the field music, fol- lowed by the band ; the escort in column by platoon, School of the Battalion — Part I. 151 right in front, with arms on the right shoulder, and the cohir-bearer between the platoons. 6. Arrived in front of the tent or quarters of the colonel, the escort will form line, the field music and band on the right, and arms will be brought to a shoulder. 7. The moment the escort is in line, the color-bearer preceded by the first lieutenant, and followed by a sergeant of the escort, will go to receive the color. 8. When the color-bearer shall come out, followed by the lieutenant and sergeant, he will halt before the entrance ; the escort will present arms, and the field music will sound to the color. 9. After some twenty seconds, the captain will cause the sound to cease, arms to be shouldered, and then break by platoon into column ; the color-bearer will place himself between the platoons, and the lieutenant and sergeant will resume their posts. 10. The escort will march back to the battalion to the sound of music in quick time, and in the same order as above, the guide on the right. The march will be so conducted that when the escort arrives at one hundred and fifty paces in front of the right of the battalion, the direction of the march will be par- allel to its front, and when the color arrives nearly opposite its place in line, the column will change direction to the left, and the right guide will direct himself on the centre of the battalion. Honors paid to the color. 11. Arrived at the distance of twenty paces from the battalion, the escort \^411 halt, and the music cease ; the colonel will place himself six paces before the centre of the battalion, the coloi-bearer will approach the colonel, by the front, in quick time ; when at the distance of ten paces, he will halt ; the colonel will cause arms to be presented, and to the color to be 152 School of the Battalion — Part I. sounded, which hcing executed, the color-bearer will take his place in the front rank of the color-guard, and the battalion, by command, shoulder arms. 12. Tiie escort, field music, and band, will return in quick time to their several places in line of battle, marching by the rear of the battalion. 13. The color will be escorted back to the colonel's tent or quarters in the above order. PART FIRST. Ojoening and closing ranks, and the execution of the different fires. Article First. To open and to close ranks. 22. The colonel, wishing the ranks to be opened, will command: 1. Prepare to open ranks. 23. At this command, the lieutenant colonel and major will place themselves on the right of the batta- lion, the first on the flank of the file-closers, and the second four paces from the front rank of the battalion. 24. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command : 2. To the rear, open order. 3. Marcu. 25. At the second command, the covering sergeants, and the sergeant on the left of the battalion, will place themselves four paces in rear of the front rank, and opposite their places in line of battle, in order to mark the new alignment of the rear rank ; they will be aligned by the major on the left sergeant of the batta- lion, who will be careful to place himself exactly fo.ur School of the Battalion — Part I. 153 paces in rear of the front rank, and to hold his piece between the eyes, erect and inverted, the better to in- dicate to the major the direction to be given to the covering sergeants. 26. At the command march, the rear rank and the file-closers will step to the rear without counting steps ; the men will pass a little in rear of the line traced for this rank, halt, and dress forwjird on the covering sergeants, who will align correctly the men of their respective companies. 27. The file-closers will fall back and preserve the distance of two paces from the rear rank, glancing eyes to the right ; the lieutenant colonel will, from the right, align them on the file-closer of the left, who, having placed himself accurately two paces from the rear rank, will invert his piece, and hold it up erect between his eyes, the better to be seen by the lieuten- ant colonel. 28. The colonel, seeing the ranks aligned, will com- mand: 4. Front. At this command, the lieutenant colonel, major, and the left sergeant, will retake their places in line of battle. 29. The colonel will cause the ranks to be closed by the commands prescribed for the instructor in the the school of the company, No. 28. Article Third. The firings. 32. The colonel will cause to be executed the fire by company, the fire by wing, the fire by battalion, the fire by file, and the fire by rank, by the commands to be herein indicated. 33. The fire by company and the fire by file w^ill always be direct ; the fire by battalion, the fire by 154 School of the Battalion— Fart I. wing, and the fire by rank, may either be direct or oblique. 34. When the fire ought to be oblique, the colonel will give, at every round, the caution right (or left) ohh''jue, between the commands ready and aim. 36. The lire by company will be executed alter- nately by the right and left companies of each divi- sion, as if the division were alone. The right company will fire first ; the captain of the left will not give his first command till he shall see one or two pieces at a ready in the right company ; the captain of the latter, after the first discharge, will observe the same rule in respect to the left company ; and the fire will thus be continued alternately. 3G. The colonel will observe the same rule in the firing by wing. 37. The fire by file will commence in all the compa- nies at once, and will be executed as has been pre- scribed in the school of the company, No. 55, and following. The fire by rank will be executed by each rank alternately, as has been prescribed in school of the company, No. 58, and following. 38. The color-guard will not fire, but reserve itself for the defence of the color. The f re hy company. 39. The colonel, wishing the fire by company to be executed, will command : 1. Fire hy company. 2. Commence firing. 40. At the first command, the captains and covering sergeants will take the positions indicated in the school of the company. No. 49. 41. The color and its guard will step back at the same time, so as to bring the front rank of the guard in a line with the rear rank of the battalion. This rule is general for all the different Jirimjs. School of the Battalion — Part I. 155 42. At the second command, the odd numbered com- panies will commence to fire ; their captains will each give the commands prescribed in the school of the company, No. 50, observing to precede the command company by that oi Jirst, third, Jifth^ or seventh, ac- cording to the number of each. 43. The captains of the even numbered companies will give, in their turn, the same commands, observing to precede them by the number of their respective companies. 44. In order that the odd numbered companies may not all fire at once, their captains will observe, but only for the first discharge, to give the command five one after another ; thus, the captain of the third company will not give the command j^Ve until he has heard the fire of the first company ; the captain of the fifth will observe the same rule with respect to the third, and the captain of the seventh the same rule with respect to the fifth. 45. The colonel will cause the fire to cease by the sound to cease Jiring ; at this sound the men will exe- cute what is prescribed in the school of the company, No. 63 ; at the sound for officers to take their places after tiring, the captains, covering sergeants, and color- guard, will promptly resume their places in line of battle. This rule is general for all the firings. The fire hy wing. 46. When the colonel shall wish this fire to be exe- cuted, he will command : 1. Fire by wing. 2. Right wing. 3. Ready. 4. Aim. 6. Fire. 6. Load. 47. The colonel will cause the wings to fire alter- nately, and he will recommence the fire by the com- mands, 1. Right icing; 2. Aim; 3. Fire; 4. Load. 1. Left wing ; 2. Aim ; 3. Fire ; 4. Load ; in con- forming to what is prescribed, No. 35, 156 School of the BaftaUon— Tart I. The Jire hy hattalion. 48. The colonel will cause this fire to be executed by the commands last prescribed, substituting for the first two, 1. Fire hy battalion ; 2. Battalion. The fire hy file. 49. To cause this to be executed, the colonel will command : 1. Fire hy file. 2. Battalion. 3. Ready. 4. Commence firing, 50. At the fourth command, the fire will commence on the rif^ht of each company, as prescribed in the school of the company, No. 57. The colonel may, if he thinks proper, cause the fire to commence on the right of each platoon. The fire hy rank. 51. To cause this fire to be executed, the colonel will command : 1. Fire by rank. 2. Battalion. 3. Ready. 4. Rear rank. 5. Aim. 6. Fire. 7. Load. 52. This fire will be executed as has been explained in the school of the company. No. 59, in following the progression prescribed for the two ranks which should fire alternately. To fire hy the rear rank. 53. When the colonel shall wish the battalion to fire to the rear, he will command : 1. Face hy the rear rank. 2. Battalion. 3. About — Face. 54. At the first command, the captains, covering ser- School of the Battalion — Part I. 157 geants and file-closers, vrill execute what has been prescribed in the school of the company ; the color- bearer will pass into the rear rank, and for this pur- pose, the corporal of his file will step before the corporal next on his right to let the color-bearer pass, and will then take his place in the front rank ; the lieutenant colonel, adjutant, major, sergeant major, and the music will place themselves before the front rank, and face to the rear, each opposite his place in the line of battle — the first two passing around the right, and the others around the left of the battalion. 55. At the third command, the battalion will face about ; the captains and covering sergeants observing what is prescribed in the school of the company, No. 70. 56, The battalion facing thus by the rear rank, the colonel will cause it to execute the difierent fires by the same commands as if it were faced by the front rank. 61. The colonel, after firing to the rear, wishing to face the battalion to its proper front, will command : 1. Face by the front rank. 2. Battalion. Z. About — Face. 62. At these commands, the battalion will return to its proper front by the means prescribed, Nos. 54 and 55. 63. The fire by file being that most used in war, the colonel will give it the preference in the preparatory exercises, in order that the battalion may be brought to execute it with the greatest possible regularity. 14 158 School of the Battalion— Tart II. PART SECOND. Different modes of passing from the order in hattle to (he order in column. Article First. To IreaJc to the right or the left into column. 08. Lines of battle will habitually break into column by company ; they may also break by division or by platocm. GO. It is here supposed that the colonel wishes to break by company to the right, he will! command : 1. By company, right wheel. 2. "M. KB.cn [or double quick-^ March.) 70. At the first command, each captain will place himfielf rapidly before the centre of his company, and caution it that it has to wheel to the right ; each cov- ering sergeant will replace his captain in the front rank. 71. At the command march, each company will break to the right, according to the principles pre- scribed in the school of the company, No. 173; each captain will conform himself to what is prescribed for the chiefs of platoon ; the left guide, as soon as ho can pass, will place himself on the left of the front rank to conduct the marching flank, and when he shall have approached near to the perpendicular, the cap- tain will command : 1. Such company: 2. Halt, 72. At the second command, which will be given at the instant the left guide shall be at the distance of three paces from the perpendicular, the company will halt ; the guide will advance and place his left School of the Battalion — Part II. 159 arm lightly against the breast of the captain, who will establish him on the alignment of the man who has faced to the right; the covering sergeant will place himself correctly on the alignment on the right of that man ; which being executed, the captain will align his company by the left, command Front, and place himself two paces before its centre. 73. The captains having commanded Front, the guides, although some of them may not be in the di- rection of the preceding guides, will stand fast, in order that the error of a company that has wheeled too much or too little may not be propagated ; the guides not in the direction will readily come into it when the column is put in march. 74. A battalion in line of battle will break into column by company to the left, according to the same principles and by inverse means. * 80. AVhen the colonel shall wish to move the column forward without halting it, he will caution the battalion to that effect, and when the wheel is nearly completed, command : 3. Forward. 4. March. 5. Guide left. 84. If the battalion be marching in line of battle, the colonel will cause it to wheel to the right or left, by the same commands and the same means ; but he should previously caution the battalion that it is to continue the march. 86. When a battalion has to prolong itself in column towards the right or left, or has to direct its march in column perpendicularly or diagonally in front, or in rear of either flank, the colonel will cause it to break by company to the right or left, as has just been pre- scribed ; hut when the line breaks to the right, in order to march towards the left, or reverse, the colonel will command: Break to the right to march to the left, *In this case the captains will remain in front of their companies 160 School of the Batfalion— 'Part II. or break fo the hft to march to the right, before i^iving the commiind. //// company, rijht (or /^/V) wheel. As 80on as the battalion is broken, the lieutenant-colonel will place a marker abreast with the ri;z;ht guide of the leading company. The instant the column ia put in motion, this company will wheel to the left (or right) march ten paces to the front without changing the guide, and wheel again to the left (or right.) Tho second wheel being completed, the captain will imme- diately command guide left (or right.) The guide of this company will march in a direction parallel to the guides of the column. The lieutenant colonel will be careful to place a second marker at the point where the first company is to change direction the second time. Article Second. To hrcah to the rear, hy the right or left, into column, and advance or retire hy the right or left of companies. 87. When the colonel shall wish to cause the bat- talion to break to the rear, by the right, into column by company, he will command : 1. By the right of companies to the rear into column. 2. Batfalion right — Face. 3. Marcu (or double quick — March.) 88. At the first command, each captain will place himself before the centre of his company, and caution it to face to the right ; the covering sergeants will step into the front rank. 89. At the second command, the battalion will face to the right ; each captain will hasten to the right of his company, and break two files to tho rear; the first file will break the whole depth of the two ranks ; the Scliool of the Battalion — Part 11. 161 second file leas ; which being executed, the captain will place himself so that his breast may touch lightly the left arm of the front rank man of the last file in the compay next on the right of his own. The captain of the right company will place himself as if there were a ct)mpany on his right, and will align himself on the other captains. The covering sergeant of each company will break to the rear with the right files, and place himself before the front rank of the first file, to conduct him. 90. At the command march, the first file of each company will wheel to the right; the covering ser- geant, placed before this file, will conduct it perpen- dicularly to the rear. The other files will come successively to wheel on the same spot. The captains will stand fast, see their companies file past, and at the instant the last file shall have wheeled, each cap- tain will command : 1. Such company. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 4. Left — Dress. 91. At the instant the company faces to the front, its left guide will place himself so that his left arm may touch lightly the breast of his captain. 92. At the fourth command, the company will align itself on its left guide, the captain so directing it, that the new alignment may be perpendicular to that which the company had occupied in line of battle, and, the better to judge this, he will step back two paces, from the flank. 93. The company being aligned, the captain will command: Front, and take his place before its centre. 94. The battalion marching in the line of battle, when the colonel shall wish tj break into column by company, to the rear, by the right, he will command: 1. By the right of companies to the rear into column. 2. Battalion, by the right Jlank. 3. March, (or double quick — March.) 14* 162 School of the BattaUon—Vart II. 95. At the first command, each captain will step briskly in front of the centre of his company, and caution it to lace bij the right flank. 96. At the command march, the battalion will face to the right ; each captain will move rapidly to the right of his company and cause it to break to the right; the first file of each company will wheel to the right, and the covering sergeant placed in front of this file will conduct it perpendicularly to the rear; the other files will wheel successively at the same place as the first. The captains will see their companies file past them ; when the last files have wheeled, the colonel will command : 3. Battalion^ by the left Jlank — March. 4. Guide left. 07. At the command march, the companies will face to the left, and march in column in the new direction. The captains will place themselves in front of the centres of their respective compani'es. 98. To break to the rear by the left, the colonel will give the same commands as in the case of breaking to the rear by the right, substituting the indication left for that of right. 102. The battalion may be broken by division to the rear, by the right or left, in like manner. 105. If the battalion be in line and at a halt, and the colonel should wish to advance or retire by the right of companies, he will command : 1. By the right of companies to the front (or rear). 2. Bat' talion right — Face. 3, March, (or double quick — March). 4. Guide right, {left) or [centre). 106. At the first command, each captain will move rapidly two paces in front of the centre of his com- pany, and caution it to face to the right; the covering sergeants will replace the captains in the front rank. 107. At the second command, the battalion will face to the right, and each captain moving quickly to the School of the Battalion — Part II. 163 right of his company will cause files to break to the front, according to the principles indicated No. 89. 108. At the command march, each captain placing himself on the left of his leading guide will conduct his company perpendicularly to the original line. At the fourth command, the guide of each company will dress to the right, left, or centre, according to the indi- cation given, taking care to preserve accurately his distance. 109. If the colonel should wish to move to the front, or rear, by the left of companies, the movement will be executed by the same means and the same com- mands, substituting left for right. 110. If the battalion be in march, and the colonel should wish to advance or retire by the right of com- panies, he will command : 1. By the right of companies to the front (or rear). 2. Bat- talion, by the right flank. 3. March, (or double quick — March. 4. Guide right (left) or [centre). 111. Which will be executed according to the prin- ciples and means prescribed Nos. 95 and following, and 106 and following. At the first command, the color and general guides will take their places as in column. 112. If the colonel should wish to advance or retire by the left of companies, the movement will be exe- cuted by the same means and the same commands, substituting left for right. 113. If the battalion be advancing by the right or left of companies, and the colonel should wish to form line to the front, he will command : 1. By companies into line. 2. March (or double quick — March). 3. Guide centre. 114. At the command march, briskly repeated by the captains, each company will be formed into line, as prescribed in the school of the company, |^o. 154. 164 Scliool of the Battalion — Part II. 115. At the third command, the color and general guides ■svill move rapidly to their places iu line, as •will be hereinafter prescribed, No. 405. 116. If the battalion be retiring by the right or left of companies, and the colonel should wish to form line facing the enemy, he will first cause the companies to face about while marching, and immediately form in line by the commands and means prescribed, Nos. 113 and following. Article Third. To "ploy the hattalion into close column. 117. This movement may be executed by company or by division, on the right or left subdivision, or on any other subdivision, right or left in front. 119. To ploy the battalion into close column by division in rear of the first, the colonel will command: 1. Close colurtm, by division. 2. On the first division, right in front. 3. Battalion, right — Face. 4. March (or double quick — March). 120. At the second command, all the chiefs of divi- sion will place themselves before the centres of their divisions ; the chief of the first will caution it to stand fast ; the chiefs of the three others will remind them that they will have to face to the right, and the cover- ing sergeant of the right company of each division will replace his captain in the front rank, as soon as the latter steps out. 121. At the third command, the last three divisions will face to the right; the chief of each division will hasten to its right, and cause files to be broken to the rear, as indicated. No. 89 ; the right guide will break at the same time, and place himself before the front rank man of the first file, to conduct him, and each School of the Battalion — Part II. 165 chief of division will place himself by the side of this guide. 122. The moment these divisions face to the right, the junior captain in each will place himself on the left of the covering sergeant of the left company, who will place himself in the front rank. This rule is general for all the ployments bi/ division. 123. At tlic command march, the chief of the first division will add, guide left; at this, its left guide will place himself on its left, as soon as the movement of the second division may permit, and the file-closers will advance one pace upon the rear rank. 124. AH the other divisions, each conducted by its chief, will step off together, to take their places in the column ; the second will gain, in wheeling by file to the rear, the space of six paces, which ought to sepa- rate its guide from the guide of the first division, and so direct its march as to enter the column on a line parallel to this division; the third and fourth divisions will direct themselves diagonally towards, but a little in rear of, the points at which they ought respectively to enter the column; at six paces from the left flank of the column, the head of each of these divisions will incline a little to the left, in order to enter the column as has just been prescribed for the second, taking care also to leave the distance of six paces between its guide and the guide of the preceding division. At the moment the divisions put themselves in march to enter the column, the file closers of each will incline to the left, so as to bring themselves to the distance of a pace from the rear rank. 125. Each chief of these three divisions will conduct his division till he shall be up with the guide of the directing one ; the chief will then himself halt, see his division file past, and halt it the instant the last file shall have passed, commanding: 1. Such division; 2. Halt ; 3. Front ; 4. Left— Dress. 126. At the second command, the division will halt; 166 School of the Battalion — Part II. the left guide will place himself promptly on the di- rection, six paces from the guide which precedes him, in order that, the column being formed, the divisions may ])e separated the distance of four paces. 127. At the third command, the division will face to tlie front ; at the fourth, it will be aligned by its chief, who will place himself two paces outside of his guide, and direct the alignment so that his division may be parallel to that which precedes — which being done, he will command Front, and place himself before the centre of his division. 130. The lieutenant colonel, placing himself in sue-, cession in rear of the left guides, will assure them on the direction as they arrive, and then move to his place outside of the left flank of the column six paces from, and abreast with, the first division. In assuring the guides on the direction, he will be a mere observer, unless one or more should fail to cover exactly the guide or guides already established. This rule is general. 131. The major will follow the movement abreast with the left of the fourth division, and afterwards take his position outside of the left flank of the column, six paces from, and abreast with, this division. 132. To ploy the battalion in front of the first divi- sion, the colonel will give the same commands, sub- stituting the indication left for that of right in front. 133. At the second and third commands, the chiefs of division and the junior captains will conform them- selves to what is prescribed, Nos. 120, 121, 122; but the chiefs of the last three divisions, instead of caus- ing the first two files to break to the rear, will cause them to break to the front. 134. At the fourth command, the chief of the first division will add. Guide right. 135. The three other divisions will step ofi" together to take their places in the column in front of the di- recting division ; each will direct itself as prescribed, School of tlie Battalion — Part II. 167 No. 124, and will enter in such manner that, when halted, its guide may find himself six paces from the guide of the division next previously established in the column. 136. Each chief of these divisions will conduct his division, till his right guide shall be nearly up with the guide of the directing one ; he will then halt his division, and cause it to face to the front ; at the in- stant it halts, its right guide will face to the rear, place himself six paces from the preceding guide, and cover him exactly — which being done, the chief will align his division by the right. 137. The lieutenant colonel, placed in front of the right guide of the first division, will assure the guides on the direction as they successively arrive, and then move outside of the right flank of the column, to a point six paces from, and abreast with, the fourth division, now in front. 138. The major will conform himself to what is pre- scribed. No. 131, and then move outside of the right flank of the column, six paces from, and abreast with, the first division, now in the rear. 139. The movement being ended, the colonel will command : Guides, about — Face. 140. At this, the guides, who are faced to the rear, will face to the front. 141. To ploy the battalion in rear, or in front of the fourth division, the colonel will command: 1. Close column by division. 2. On the fourth division, left Tor riykt) in front. Battalion, left — Face. 4. March (or double quick — March). 142. These movements will be executed according to the principles of those which precede, but by i»- verse means; the fourth division on which the bat- 1G8 School of the Battalion— Tart II. talion ploys will stand fast; the instant the movement commences, its chief will command, guide right (or lejt). 143. The foregoing; examples embrace all the prin- ciples ; thus, when the colonel shall wish to ploy tho battalion on an interior division, he will command : 1, Close column hy divinon. 2. On such division, right (or left) in front. 3. Battalion inwards — Face. 4. March (or double quick — March). > 144. The instant the movement commences, the chief of the directing division will command, guide left (or right). 145. The divisions which, in the order in battle, are to the right of the directing division, will face to the left ; those which are to the left, will face to the right. 146. If the right is to be in front, the right divi- sions will ploy in front of the directing division, and the left in its rear ; the reverse, if the left is to be in front. 147. In all the ployments on an interior division, the lieutenant colonel will assure the positions of the guides in front, and the major those in rear of the directing division. 148. If the battalion be in march, instead of at a halt, the movement will be executed by combining the two gaits of quick and double quick time, and always in rear of one of the flank divisions. 149. The battalion being in march, to ploy it in rear of the first division, the colonel will command : 1. Close column by division. 2. On the first division. 3. Battalion — by the right flank. 4. Double quick — March. 152. At the command march, the chief of the first division will command: Guide left. At this, the left Scliool of the Battalion—Tart III. 169 guide will move to the left flank of the division and direct himself on the point indicated. 153. The three other divisions will face to the right and move off in double quick time, breakinp; to the right to take their places in column ; each 'chief of division will move rapidly to the right of his division in order to conduct it. The files will be careful to preserve their distances, and to march with a uniform and decided step. The color-bearer and general guides will retake their places in the ranks. 154. The second division will immediately enter the column, marching parallel to the first diVision • its chief will allow it to tile past him, and when the last file is abreast of him, will command: 1. Second division, by the left Jiank—mx^cn. 2. Guide left, tan^ place himself in front of the centre of his division. 155. At the command march, the division will face to the left ; at the second command, the left guide will march in the trace of the left guide of the first divi- sion ; the men will take the touch of elbows to the left. When the second division has closed to its proper dis- tance, its chief will command: Quick time—'^KRcn ^^I'f/'mf'"" ^'^' *^^" change its step to quick time! 15b. Ihe chiefs of the third and fourth divisions will execute their movements according to the same principles, taking care to gain as much ground as possible towards the head of the column. PART THIRD. Article First. To march in column at full distance. ^ IGl. When the colonel shall wish to put the column m march he will indicate to the leading guide two distinct objects in front, on the line which the guide 15 ° 170 School of the Battalion— TsxH III. ought to follow. This guide will immediately put his phoulders in a square with that line, take the more distant cthjoct as the point of direction, and the nearer one as the intermediate point. 164. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command : 1. Column forward. Guide left (or right.) 3. March (or double quick — March). 105. At the command march, briskly repeated by the chiefs of subdivision, the column will put itself in march, conforming to what is prcvscribed in the school of the company No. 200 and following. 166. The leading guide may always maintain him- self correctly on the direction by keeping steadily in view the two points indicated to him, or chosen by himself; if these points have a certain elevation, he may be assured he is on the true direction, when the nearer masks the more distant point. 167. The following guide will preserve with exact- ness both step and distance; each will march in the trace of the guide who immediately precedes him, without occupying himself with the general direction. 168. The lieutenant-colonel will hold himself, habit- ually, abreast with the leading guide, to see that he does not deviate from the direction, and will observe, also, that the next guide marches exactly in the trace of the first. 169. The major will generally be abreast with the last subdivision ; he will see that each guide marches exactly in the trace of the one immediately preceding; if either deviate from the direction, the major will promptly rectify the error, and prevent its being propa- gated ; but he need not interfere, in this way, unless the deviation has become sensible, or material. 170. The column being in march, the colonel will frequently cause the about to be executed while march- ing ; to this effect, he will command : School of the Battalion — Part III. 171 1. Battalion, right about. 2. March. 3. Guide right. 171. At the second command, the companies will face to the right about, and the column will then march forward in an opposite direction ; the chiefs of subdivision will remain behind the front rank, the file closers in front of the rear rank, and the guides will place themselves in the same rank. The lieutenant- colonel will remain abreast of the first division, now in rear; the major will give a point of direction to the leading guide, and march abreast of him. Article Third. To change direction in column at full distance. 231. The column being in march in the cadenced step, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to change direction, he will go to the point at which the change ought to be commenced, and establish a marker there, presenting the breast to the flank of the column ; this marker, no matter to which side the change of direc- tion is to be made, will be posted on the opposite side, and he will remain in position till the last subdivision of the battalion shall have passed. The leading sub- division being within a few paces of the marker, the colonel will command : Head of column to the left (or right). 232. At this, the chief of the leading subdivision will immediately take the guide on the side opposite the change of direction, if not already there. This guide will direct himself so as to graze the breast of the marker ; arrived at this point, the chief will cause his subdivision to change direction by the commands and according to the principles prescribed in the school of the company. When the wheel is completed, the 172 School of the Battalion— Vd^ri III. chief of this subdivision will retake the guide, if chanj^ed, on the'side of the primitive direction. 2.'^3. The chief of each succeeding subdivision, as well as the guides, will conform to what has just been explained for the leading subdivision. Article Fourth. To halt the column. 239. The column being in march, when the colonel shall wish to halt it, he will command : 1. Column. 2. Halt. 240. At the second command, brisklj repeated by the captains, the column will halt ; no guide will stir, though he may have lost his distance, or be out of the direction of the preceding guides. 241. The column being in march, in double quick time, will be halted by the same commands. At the command halt, the men will halt in their places, and will themselves rectify their positions in the ranks. 242. The column being halted, when the colonel shall wMsh to form it into line of battle, he will move a little in front of the leading guide, and face to hira ; this guide and the following one will fix their eyes on the colonel, in order promptly to conform themselves to his directions. 243. If the colonel judge it not necessary to give a general direction to the guides, he will limit himself to rectifying the position of such as may be without, or within the direction, by the command guide of (such) company, or guides of (such) companies, to the right, (or to the left;) at this command, the guides designa- ted will place themselves on the direction ; the others will stand fast. 244. If, on the contrary, the colonel judge it neces- School of the Battalion — Part III. 173 sary to give a general direction to the guides of the column, he will place the first two on the direction he shall have chosen, and command : Guides, cover. 242. At this, the following guides will promptly place themselves on the direction covering the first two in file, and each precisely at a distance equal to the front of his company, from the guide immediately preceding ; the lieutenant-colonel will assure them in the direction, and the colonel will command : Left^ (or right) — Dress. 246. At this command, each company will incline to the right or left, and dress forward or backward, so as to bring the designated flank to rest on its guide ; each captain will place himself two paces outside of his guide, promptly align his company parallelly with that which precedes, then command Front, and return to his place in column. Article Fifth. To close the column to half distance^ or in mass. 252. A column by company being at full distance right in front, and at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to close to half distance, on the leading company, he will command: 1. To half distance, close column. 2. March, (or double quick — March.) 253. At the first command, the captain of the lead- ing company will caution it to stand fast. 254. At the command march, which will be repeated by all the captains, except the captain of the leading 15* 174 School of the BattaUo7i— Tart III. company, this company will stand fast, and its chief will align it by the left ; the file closers will close one pace upon the rear rank. 255. All the other companies will continue to march, and as each in succession arrives at platoon distance from the one which precedes, its captain will halt it. 25G. At the instant that each company halts, its guide will place himself on the direction of the guides who precede, and the captain will ali^n the company by the left ; the file closers will close one pace upon the rear rank. 257. No particular attention need be given to the general direction of the guides before they respectively halt ; it will sufiice if each follow in the trace of the one who precedes him. 258. The colonel, on the side of the guides, will superintend the execution of the movement, observing that the captains halt their companies exactly at pla- toon distance the one from the other. 259. The lieutenant colonel, a few paces in front, will face to the leading guide, and assure the positions of the following guides, as they successively place themselves on the direction. 200. The major will follow the movement abreast with the last guide. 261. If the column be in march, the colonel will cause it to close by the same commands. 202. If the column be marching in double quick time, at the first command, the captain of the leading company will command quick time; the chiefs of the other companies will caution them to continue their march. 203. At the command march, the leading company will march in quick, and the other companies in double quick time ; and as each arrives at platoon distance from the preceding one, its chief will cause it to march in quick time. School of the Battalion — Part III. 175 264. When the rearmost company shall have gained its distance, the colonel will command : Double quick — March. 265. "When the colonel shall wish to halt the column and to cause it to close to half distance at the same time, he will notify the captain of the leadino; company of his intention, who, at the command march, will halt his company and align it by the left. 266. If the column be marching in quick time, and the colonel should not give the command double quick, the captain of the leading company will halt his com- pany at the command march, and align it by the left. In the case where the colonel adds the command /io?^ We quick, the captains of companies will conform to what is prescribed No. 262, and the movement will be exe- cuted as indicated No. 263. To close the column on the eighth^ or rearmost company. 267. The column being at a halt, if instead of caus- ing it to close to half distance on the first company, the colonel should wish to cause it to close on the eighth, he will command: 1. On the -eighth company, to half distance close column. 2. Battalion, about — Face. 3. Column forward. 4. Guide right. 5. March (or double quick — March). 268. At the second command, all the companies, except the eighth, will face about, and their guides will remain in the front rank, now the rear. 269. At the fourth command, all the captains will place themselves two paces outside of their companies on the directing flank. 270. At the command march, the eighth company will stand fast, and its captain will align it by the left, 17G School of tlie Battalion— Vart III. the other companies will put themselves in march, and, as each arrives at platoon distance from the one estahiished before it, its captain will halt it and face it to the front. At the moment that each company halts, the left guide, remaining faced to the rear, will place himself promptly on the direction of the guides already established. Immediately after, the captaia will align his company by the left, and the file closers will close one pace on the rear rank. If this move- ment be executed in double quick time, each captain, in turn, will halt, and command, Such company, right about — Halt. At this command, the company desig- nated will face to the right about and halt. 271. All the companies being aligned, the colonel will cause the guides, who stand faced to the rear, to face about. 272. The lieutenant colonel, placing himself behind the rearmost guide, will assure successively the posi- tions of the other guides, the major will remain abreast with the rearmost company. 273. The column being in march, when the colonel shall wish to close it on the eighth company, he will command : 1. On the eighth company, to half distance, close column. 2. Battalion right about. 3. March (or double quick — • March). 4. Guide right. 274. At the first command, the captain of the eighth company will caution his company that it will remain faced to the front ; the captains of the other companies will caution their companies that they will have to face about. 275. At the command march, the captain of the eighth company will halt his company and align it by the left; the file closers will close one pace upon the rear rank. 276. The captains of the other companies, at the same command, will place themselves on the flank of School of the Battalion — Part III. 177 the column ; the subdivisions will face about, and as each arrives at platoon distance from the company im- mediately preceding it, its chief will face it to the front and halt it as prescribed, No. 270. The instant each company halts, the guide on the directing flank, re- maining faced to the rear, will quickly place himself on the direction of the guides already established. After which, the captain will align the company by the left, and the file closers will close one pace upon the rear rank. 277. The lieutenant colonel will follow the move- ment abreast of the first company. The major will place himself a few paces in rear of the guide of the eighth company, and will assure successively the posi- tion of the other guides. AtTPCLE Sixth. To march in column at half distance, or closed in mass. 281. A column at half distance or in mass, being at a halt, the colonel will put it in march by the com- mands prescribed for a column at full distance. Article Seyenth. To change direction in column at half distance. 287. A column at half distance, being in march, •111 !•• 'O ' Will change direction by the same commands and ac- cording to the same principles as a column at full dis- tance; but as the distance between the subdivisions is less, the pivot man in each subdivision will take steps of fourteen inches instead of nine, and of seventeen inches instead of eleven, according to the gait, in order to clear, in time, the wheeling point, and the march- 178 School of the Battalion—T^diXi III. ing flank will describe the arc of a larger circle, the better to facilitate the movement. Article Eighth. To change direction in column closed in mass. Ist. To change direction in marching. 288. A column by division, closed in mass, being in march, will change direction by the front of subdi- visions. 289. Whether the change be made to the reverse, or to the pivot flank, it will always be executed on the principle of wheeling in marching ; to this end, the colonel will first cause the battalion to take the guide on the flank opposite to the intended change of direc- tion, if it be not already on that flank. 290. A column by division, closed in mass, right in front, having to change direction to the right, the colonel, after having caused a marker to be placed at the point where the change ought to commence, will command : 1. Battalion^ right wheel. 2. March. 291. At the command inarch, the leading division will wheel as if it were part of a column at half dis- tance. 292. The instant that this division commences the wheel, all the others will, at once, conform themselves to its movement; to this end the left guide of each, advancing slightly the left shoulder, and lengthening a little the step, will incline to tlie left, and will ob- serve, at the same time, to gain so much ground to the front that there may constantly be an interval of four paces between his division and that which precedes it : and as soon as he shall cover the preceding guide, School of tlie Battalion— VsiTt III. 179 he will cease to incline and then march exactly in his trace. 293. Each division will conform itself to the move- ment of its guide ; the men will feel lightly the elbow towards him and advance a little the left shoulder the instant the movement commences; each file, in inclin- ing, will gain so much the less ground to the front, as the file shall be nearer to the pivot, and the right guide will gain only so much as may be necessary to maintain between his own and the preceding division the same distance which separates their marching flanks. 298. The colonel, seeing the wheel nearly ended, will command : 1. Forward. 2. March. 299. At the second command, which will be given at the instant the leading division completes its wheel, it will resume the direct march ; the other divisions will conform themselves to this movement; and if any guide find himself not covering his immediate leader, he will, by slight degrees, bring himself on the trace of that guide, by advancing the right shoulder. 2d. To change the direction from a halt. 306, A column by company, or by division, closed in mass, being at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to give it a new direction, and in which it is to re- main, he will cause it to execute this movement by the flanks of subdivisions, in the following manner: 307. The battalion having the right in front, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to change direction by the right flank, he will indicate to the lieutenant colonel the point of direction to the right ; this oflicer will immediately establish, on the new direction, two markers, distant from each other a little less than the front of the first subdivision, the first marker in front 180 School of the Battah'on^Vari III. of the right file of the subdivision ; ■which being exe- cuted, he will command: 1. Chanfj". direction by the rirjht flnnk. 2. Battalion^ right — Fack. 3. March [or double quick— "^Iwicii) 308. At the second command, tlie column will face to the rifjht, and each chief of subdivision will place himself by the side of his right guide. 300. At the command march, all the subdivisions will stop off together ; the right guide of the leading one will direct himself from the first step, parallelly to the markers placed in advance on the new direc- tion ; the chief of the subdivision will not follow the movement, but see it file past, and as soon as the left guide shall have passed, he will command: 1. First company [ax first division.) 2. Halt. 3. Front. 4. Lefi — Dress. 310. At the fourth command, the subdivision will place itself against the two markers, and be promptly aligned by its chief. 311. The right guide of each of the following sub- divisions will conform himself to the direction of the the right guide of the subdivision preceding his own in the column, so as to enter on the new direction par- allelly to that subdivision, and at the distance of four paces from its rear rank. 312. Each chief of subdivision will halt in his ow^n person, on arriving opposite to the left guides already placed on the new direction, see his subdivision file past, and conform himself, in halting and aligning it, to what is prescribed, No. 309. Sclwol of the Battalion ^Tart III. 181 Article Ninth. Being in column at half distance, or closed in mass, to take distances. 1st. To take distances by the head of the column. 323. The column beinp; by company at half distance and at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to take full distances by the head, he will command: By the head of column, take wheeling distance. 324. At this command, the captain of the leading company will put it in march ; to this end he will command : 1. First company, forward. 2. Guide left. 3. March (or double quick — March.) 325. When the second shall have nearly its wheel- ing distance, the captain will command : 1. Second company, forward. 2. Guide left. 3. March (or double quick — March.) 326. At the command march, which will be pro- nounced at the instant that this company shall have its wheeling distance, it will step off smartly, taking the step from the preceding company. Each of the other companies will successively execute what has just been prescribed for the second. 327. The colonel will see that each company puts itself in march at the instant it has its distance. 328. The lieutenant colonel will hold himself at the head of the column, and direct the march of the lead- ing guide. 329. The major will hold himself abreast with the rearmost guide. 330. If the column, instead of being at a halt, be 16 182 School of the Battalion— ?zx\, III. in march, the colonel will p;ive the same commands, and add : March (or double quick — March.) ?)3l. If the column be marchinp; in quick time, at the command march, the captain of the leading com- pany will cause double quick time to be taken, which will also be dcme by the other captains as the compa- nies successively attain their proper wheeling distance. 332. If the column be marcliing in double quick time, the leading company will continue io march at the same gait. The captains of the other companies will cause quick time to be taken, and as each company gains its proper distance, its captain will cause it to retake the double quick step. 2d. To take distances on the rear of the column. 333. If the colonel wish to take distances on the rearmost company, he will establish two markers on the direction he shall wish to give to the line of battle, the first opposite to the rearmost company, the second marker towards the head of the column, at company distance from the first, and both facing to the rear ; at the same time, the right general guide, on an intima- tion from the lieutenant colonel, will move rapidly a little beyond the point to which the head of the column will extend, and place himself correctly on the pro- longation of the two markers. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command: 1. On the eighth company/, take wheeling distance. 2, Col- umn forivard. 3. Guide left. 4. March (or double quick — March). 334. At the third command, the captains will place themselves two paces outside of the directing flank ; the captain of the eighth company will caution it to Btand fast. School of the BaitaUo7i—Tsiit III. 183 335. At the command march, repeated by all the captains, except the captain of the eighth company, this latter company will stand fast ; its chief will align it by the left on the first marker, who is opposite to this company, and place himself before its centre, after commanding: Front. At this command, the marker will retire, and the left guide will take his place. 336. All the other companies will put themselves in march, the guide of the leading one directing himself a little within the right general guide; when the seventh company has arrived opposite the second marker, its captain will halt, and align it on thia marker, in the manner prescribed for the eighth com- pany. 337. AVhen the captain of the sixth company shall see that there is, between his company and the seventh, the necessary space for wheeling into line, he will halt his company ; the guide facing to the rear will place himself promptly on the direction, and the moment he shall be assured in his position, the captain will align the company by the left, and then place himself two paces before its centre ; the other companies will suc- cessively conform themselves to what has just been prescribed for the sixth company. 338. The colonel will follow the movement and see that each company halts at the prescribed distance ; he will promptly remedy any fault that may be com- mitted, and, as soon as all the companies shall be aligned, he will cause the guides, who are faced to the rear, to face about. 339. The lieutenant-colonel will successively assure the left guides on the direction, placing himself in their rear, as they arrive. 340. The major will hold himself at the head of the column, and will direct the march of the leading guide. 3c?. To take distances on the head of the cohimn. 184 School of the Battah'on—Vart III. 341. Tlio colonel, wishing; to take distances on the leadin*; ctmipany, will establish two markers in the manner just prcserilied, one abreast with this company and the other at company distance in rear of the first, but bdth facinf]:; to the front: the left ;i;eneral j^uide, on an intimation from the lieutenant colonel, will move rapidly to the rear and place himself correctly on the prtdongation of the two markers, a little beyond the point to which the rear of the column will extend : these dispositions being made, the colonel will com- mand : 1. On the jirst company ^ take wheeling distance. 2. Bat- talion, about — Face. 3. Column, forward. 4. Guide right. 5. Mauch (or double quick — Maucii). 342. At the second command, all the companies, except the one designated, will face about, the guides remaining in the front rank, now become the rear. 343. At the fourth command, the captains will place themselves outside of their guides. 344. At the command march, the captain of the designated company will align it, as prescribed, No. 335, on the marker placed by its side. 345. The remaining companies will put themselves in march, the guide of the rearmost one will direct himself a little within the left general guide ; whea the second company shall have arrived opposite the second marker, its captain will face it about, conform- ing to what is prescribed. No. 270, and align it, as has just been prescribed for the first company. 340, The instant that the third company shall have its wheeling distance, its captain will halt it facing it about, as prescribed. No, 270, and align it by the left ; the captains of the remaining companies will each in succession conform himself to what has just been pre- scribed for the captain of the third. 347. The colonel will follow the movement, as indi- Scliool of tie Battalion— V^xi III. 185 cated No. 338 ; the lieutenant-colonel and major -^ill conform themselves to what is prescribed, Nos. 339 and 340. Article Tenth. Countermarch of a column at full or half distance, 351. In a column at full or half distance, the coun- termarch will be executed by the means indicated, school of the company; to this end, the colonel wnll command : 1. Countermarch. 2. Battalion right (or left) — Face. 3. By file left (or right). 4. March (or double quick — March). To countermarch a column closed in mass. 352. If the column be closed in mass, the counter- march will be executed by the commands and means subjoined. 353. The column being supposed formed by division, right in front, the colonel will command : 1. Countermarch. 2. Battalion, right a?id left — Face. 3. By file left and right. 4. March (or double quick — March). 354. At the first command the chiefs of the odd numbered divisions will caution them to face to the right, and the chiefs of the others to face to the left. 355. At the second command, the odd divisions will face to the right, and the even to the left ; the right and left guides of all the divisions will face about ; the chiefs of odd divisions will hasten to their right and cause two files to break to the rear, and each chief place himself on the left of the leading front rankmaa 180 School of the Ba(taUon—VciYt III. of liis division; tlic cliiefs of even divisions will hasten to their IvSt, and cause two files to break to the rear, and each chief place himself on the right of his lead- ing front rank man. 350. At the command march, all the divisions, each conducted hy its chief, "will step otf smartly, the guides standin}; fast; each odd division will wiiecl by tile to the left around its rip;ht guide ; each even division ■will wheel by file to the ri<5ht around its left guide, each division so directing its marcdi as to arrive behind its opposite guide, and when its hea. The colonel seeing the divisions formed, will command : Guides — Posts. 374. At this, the guides who have marked the fronts of divisions will return to their places in column, the left guide of each right company passing through the interval in the centre of the division, and tiie captains will place themselves as proscribed. 37G. If the column be in march, instead of at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to form divisions, he will command : 1. Form divisions. 2. Lr/t companies, hy the left flank. 3. March (or double quick — March). 377. At the first command, the captains of the right companies will command, Mark time, the captains of the left companies will caution their companies to face hy iJw hft Jlanl-. ScTiool of' the Battalion— Vd^xt III. 189 378. At the third command, the ri^ht companies ■will mark time, the left companies will face to the left; the captains of the left companies will each see his company file past him, and when it has cleared the column, will command : Such company by the right flank — March. As soon as the divisions are formed, the colonel will command : 4. Forward. 5. March. 379. At the fifth command, the column will resume the gait at which it was marching previous to the commencement of the movement. The guides of each division will remain on the right and left of their re- spective companies ; the left guide of the right com- pany will pass into the line of file-closers, before the two companies are united ; the right guide of the left company will step into the rear rank. The captains will place themselves as prescribed No. 75. Being in column at full or half distance to form divisions. 380. If the column be at a halt, and, instead of being closed in mass, is at full or half distance, divi- sions will be formed in the same manner; but the captains of the left companies, if the movement be made in quick time, after commanding Front, will each place himself before the centre of his company, and command, 1. Such company/ forioard. 2. Guide right. 3. March. If the movement be made in dou- ble quick time, each will command as soon as his company has cleared the column : 1. Such company by the right flank. 2. March. 382. If the left be in front, the movement will be executed by inverse means. 100 School of the Battalion— Vaxi IV. PART FOURTH. Different modes of passing from the order in col- umn to the order in battle. Article First. Manner of determining the line of battle. 380. Tho line of battle may be marked or deter- mined in three different manners : 1*^ by placing two markers eighty or a hundred paces apart, on the di- rection it is wished to give to the line ; 2(1, by placing a marker at the point at which it may be intended to rest a flank, and then choosing a second point towards, or beyond the opposite flank, and there posting a se- cond marker distant from each other a little less than the leading subdivision ; 3t7, by choosing at tirst the points of direction for the flanks, and then deter- mining by intermediate points, the straight line be- tween those selected points, both of which may some- times be beyond reach. Article Second. Different modes of passing from column at fall distance into line of battle. Ist. Column at full distance, ri<)ht in front, to the left into line of battle. 390. A column, right in front, being at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to form it to the left into line, he will assure the positions of the guides by the means previously indicated, and then command : 1. Left into line, toheel. 2. Marcu (or double quick — March). School of the Battalion— Part TV. •• 191 391. At the first command, the right guide of the leading company will hasten to place himself on the direction of the left guides of the column, face to them, and phice himself so as to be opposite to one of the three right files of his company, when they shall be in line ; he will be assured in this position by the lieuten- ant colonel. 392. At the command march, briskly repeated by the captains, the left front rank man of each company will face to the left, and rest his breast lightly against the right arm of his guide ; the companies will wheel to the left, on the principle of wheeling from a halt, conforming themselves to what is prescribed, school of the company. No. 239 ; each captain will turn to his company, to observe the execution of the movement, and, when the right of the company shall arrive at three paces from the line of battle, he will command: 1. Such company. 2. Halt. 303. The compuny being halter^ the captain will place himself on the line by the side of the left front rank man of the company nest on the right, align himself correctly, and command : 3. Right — Dress. 394. At this command, the company will dress up between the captain and the front rank man on its left, the captain directing the alignment on that man ; the front rank man on the right of the righ t company, who finds himself opposite to its right guide, will lightly rest his breast against the left arm of this guide. 395. Each captain, having aligned his company, will command Front, and the colonel will add: Guides — Posts. 396. At this command, the guides will return to their places in line of battle, each passing through the 192 • School of the Battalion— Vart IV. nearest captuin's interval ; to permit him to pa^s, the captain -vvill momentarily step before the first file of hi8 company, ami the covering sergeant behind the same file. T/n'.s rule is general for all the formations into line nf battle. IVJl. "When companion form line of battle, file closers will always place themselves exactly two paces from the rear rank, which will sufficiently assure their align- ment. 308. The battalion being correctly aligned, the colo- nel, lieutenant colonel and major, as well as the adju- tant and sergeant major, will return to their respective places in line of battle. This rule is general for all the formations info line of baffle. oU9. A column, with the left in front, will form itself to the riyht into line of battle, according to the same principles. 400. At the command r/tn'des posts, the captains will take their places in line of battle, as well as the guides. This rule is general for all Jormations into line of battle in which the companies are aliyned by the left. 401. A column by division may form itself into line of battle by the same commands and means, but ob- serving what follows ; if the right be in front, at the command half, given by the chiefs of division, the left guide of each right company Avill place himself on the alignment opposite to one of the three files on the left of his company; the left guide of the first company ■vvill be assured on the direction by the lieutenant colonel ; the left guides of the other right companies will align themselves correctly on the division guides; to this end, the division guides (on the alignment) wnll invert, and hold their pieces up perpendicularly before the centre of their bodies, at the command left into line, wheel. If the column by division be with the left in front, the right guides of left companies will conform themselves to what has just been prescribed or the left guides of right companies, and place them- School of the Battalion — Part IV. 193 selves on the line opposite to one' of the three right files of their respective companies. 402. A column in march will be formed into line, without halting, by the same commands and means. At the command march, the guides will halt in their places, and the lieutenant colonel will promptly rectify their positions. 403. If, in forming the column into line, the colonel should wish to move forward, without halting, he will command : 1. By companies left wheel. 2. Mabch (or double quick — March.) 404. At the command inarch, briskly repeated by the captains, each company will wheel to the left on a fixed pivot, as prescribed in the school of the com- pany, the left guides will step back into the rank of file closers before the wheel is completed, and when the right of the companies shall arrive near the line, the colonel will command : 3. Forward. 4. March. 5. Guide centre. 405. At the fourth command, given at the instant the wheel is completed, the companies will march directly to the front. At the fifth command, the color and the general guides will move rapidly six paces to the front. The colonel will assure the direction of the color; the captains of companies and the men will, at once, conform themselves to the principles of the march in line of battle, to be indicated, No. 587. 406. The same principles are applicable to a column left in front. By inversion to the right (or left^ into line of battle. 407. AVhen a column, right in front, shall be under the necessity of forming itself into line faced to the 17 194 School of the Battalion— V^xi IV. reverse flank, and the colonel shall wish to execute this formation by the shortest movement, he will com- mand : 1. By inversion, right into line, wheel. 2. Battalion, guide right. 408. At the first command, the lieutenant colonel will place himself in front, and facing to the right guide of the leading subdivision ; at the second com- mand, he will rectify, as promptly as possible, the direction of the right guides of the column ; the cap- tain of the odd company, if there ])e one, and the column be by division, will promptly bring the right of his company on the direction, and at company dis- tance from the division next in front ; the left guide of the leading subdivision will place himself on the direction of the right guides, and will be assured in his position by the lieutenant colonel ; which being executed, the colonel will command : 3. March (or double quick — March). 409. At this, the right front rank man of each sub- division will face to the right, rest his breast lightly against the left arm of his guide, and the battalion will form itself to the right into line of battle, accord- ing to the principles prescribed. Successive Formations. 412. Under the denomination of successive forma- tions are included all those formations where the several subdivisions of a column arrive one after an- other on the line of battle; such are formations on the right or left, forward and faced to the rear into line of battle, as well as deployments of columns in mass. 413. The successive formations which may be or- School of the Battalion— V^xt IV. 195 dered when the column is marching, and is to con- tinue marching, will be executed by a combination of the two gaits, qriick and double quick time. 2d. Column at full distance, on the right (or on the left), into line of battle. 414. A column by company, at full distance and right in front, having to form itself on the right into line of battle, the colonel will indicate to the lieuten- ant colonel a little in advance, the point of appui, or rest, for the right, as well as the point of direction to the left; the lieutenant colonel will hasten with two markers, and establish them in the following manner on the direction indicated. 415. The first marker will be placed at the point of appui for the right front rank man of the leading com- pany ; the second will indicate the point where one of the three left files of the same company will rest when in line; they will be placed so as to present the right shoulder to the battalion when formed. 416. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command: 1. On the right, into line. 2. Battalion, guide right. 417. At the second command, the right will become the directing flank, and the touch of the elbow will be to that side ; the right guide of the leading company will march straight forward until up with the turning point, and each following guide will march in the trace of the one immediately preceding. 418. The leading company being nearly up with the first marker, its captain will command: 1. Right turn, and when the company is precisely up with this marker, he will add: 2. March. 419. At the command march, the company will turn to the right; the right guide will so direct himself as to bring the man next to him opposite to the right 196 School of the Battalion— Vztt IV. marker, and Tvlicn at three paces from him, the cap- tain will command : ]. First company. 2. Halt. 42{). At tlie second command, the companv will lialt, tho files, not yet in line, M'ill form promptly, the left guide ^vill retire as a file-closer, and the captaia ■will then command : 3. Right — Dress. 421. At this command, the company will align itself; the two men who find themselves opposite to tlie two markers will each lightly rest his breast against the right arm of his marker ; the captain, passing to the right of the front rank, will direct the alignment on these two men. These rules are general for all succes- sive formations. 422. The second company will continue to march straight forward ; when arrived opposite to the left flank of the preceding company, it will turn to the right, and be formed on the line of battle, as has just been prescribed ; the right guide will direct himself so as to come upon that line by the side of the man on the left of the first comp.any. 423. At the distance of three paces from the line of battle, the company will be halted by its captain, who will place himself briskly by the side of the man on the left of the preceding company, and align him- self correctly on its front rank. 424. The left guide will at the same time place him- self bef<»re one of the three left files of his company, and, facing to the right, he will place himself accu- rately on the direction of the two markers of the preceding company. 425. The captain will then command : Right — Dress. Scliool of the Battalion — Part IV. 197 426. At this command, the second company •will dress forward on the line ; the captain will direct its alignment on the front rank man who has rested his breast ao;ain.st the left guide of the company. 427. The followinj^ companies will thus come suc- cessively to form themselves on the line of battle, each conforming itself to what has just been pre- scribed for the one next to the right; and when they shall all be established, the colonel will command : Guides — Posts. 428. At this command, the guides will take their places in line of battle, and the markers placed before the right company will retire. 420. If the column be marching in quick time, and the colonel should wish to cause the movement to be executed in double quick time, he will add the com- mand : Double quick — March. At the command march, all the companies will take the double quick step, and the movement will be executed as prescribed, No. 417, and following. 430. The colonel will follow up the formation, pass- ing along the front, and being always opposite to the company about to turn ; it is thus that he will be the better able to see and to correct the error that would result Irom a command given too soon or too late to the preceding company. 431. The lieutenant colonel will, with the greatest care, assure the direction of the guides ; to this end, the instant that the markers are established for the leading company, he will move a little beyond the point at which the left of the next company will rest, establish himself correctly on the prolongation of the two markers, and assure the guide of the second com- pany on this direction : this guide being assured, the lieutenant colonel will place himself farther to the rear, in order to assure, in like manner, the guide of 17* 198 School of the Battalion— Vart IV. the third company, and so on, successively, to the left of the battalion. In assuring the guides in their posi- tions on the line of battle, he will take care to let them first place themselves, and confine himself to rectify- ing their positiims if they do not cover accurately, and at the proper distance, the preceding guides or markers. This rule is yeneral for all successive for- mat ions. 41)2. A column, left in front, will form itself on the left into line of battle according to the same prin- ciples. 435. When the direction of the line of battle forms a sensible angle with that of the march of the column, the cohmel, before beginning the movement, will give the head of the column a new direction parallel to that line. 437. Each captain will cause his company to sup- port arms, the instant that the captain, who follows him, shall have commanded front. This rule is gen- eral J'or all successive formations. 438. When, in the execution of this movement, the colonel shall wish to commence tiring, he will give the order to that effect to the captain whose company is the first in line of battle ; this captain will immedi- ately place himself behind the centre of his company, and as soon as the next captain shall have commanded front, he will commence the fire by file, by the com- mands proscribed, school of the company. At the command //re hi/ file, the marker at the outer tile of this first company will retire, and the other will place himself against the nearest man of the next company. The captain of the latter will commence firing as soon as the captain of the third company, in line, shall have commanded //"o/J^ ; the marker before the nearest file of the second company, in line, will now retire, and the guide before the opposite flank will place him- self before the nearest file of the third company, in line, and so on, in continuation, to the last company School of the Battalion— F^rt IV. 199 on the left or right of the battalion, according as the formation may have commenced with the right or left in front. 3c?. Column at full distance, forward into line of battle. 440. A column being by company, at fuTl distance, right in front, and at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to form it forward into line, he A\ill conform to what is prescribed, Nos. 414 and 415, and then com- mand : 1. Forward info line. 2. Bi/ company, left half wheel. 3. March (or double quick — March). 441. At the first command, the captain of the lead- ing company will add — guide right, put the company in march, halt it three paces from the markers, and align it against the latter by the right. 442. At the command march, all the other compa- nies will wheel to the left on fixed pivots ; and, at the instant the colonel shall judge, according to the direc- tion of the line of battle, that the companies have sufficiently wheeled, he will command : 4. Forward, 5. March. 6. Guide right. 443. At the fifth command, the companies, ceasing to wheel, will march straight forward ; and at the sixth, the men will touch elbows towards the right. The right guide of the second company, who is near- est to the line of battle, will march straight forward ; each succeeding right guide will follow the file imme- diately before him at the cessation of the wheel. 444. The second company having arrived opposite to the left file of the first, its captain will cause it to turn to the right, in order to approach the line of bat- 200 School of the Battalion— V&xi lY. tie ; and wlien its right guide shall be at three paces from that line, the captain will command : 1. Second company. 2. Halt. 445. At the second command, the company will halt ; the jSles not yet in line with the guide will come into it promptly, the left guid^ will place himself on the line of battle, so as to be opposite to one of the three files on the left of the company ; and as soon as he is assured on the direction by the lieutenant colo- nel, the captain, having placed himself accurately on the line of battle, will command : 8. Right — Dkess. 446. At the instant that the guide of the second company begins to turn to the right, the guide of the third, ceasing to follow the file immediately before him, will march straight forward ; and when he shall arrive opposite to the left of the second, his captain will cause the company to turn to the right, in order to approach the line of battle, halt it at three paces from that line, and align it by the right, as prescribed for the second company. 447. Each following company will execute what has just been prescribed for the third, as the preceding company shall turn to the right, in order to approach the line of battle. 448. The formation ended, the colonel will command : Guides — Posts. 449. The colonel and lieutenant colonel will observe in this formation, what is prescribed for them on the right into line. 450. A column left in front, will form itself forward into line of battle according to the same principles and by inverse means. School of the Battalion— Vaxi IV.. 201 451. "When a column by company at full distance, right in front, and in march, shall arrive at company distance from the two markers established on the line, the colonel will command : 1. Forward into line. 2. By company, left half wheel. 3. March (or double quick — March). 453. At the first command, the captain of the first company will command, Guide right, and caution it to march directly to the front, the captains of the other companies will caution them to wheel to the left. 454. At the command march, briskly repeated by the captains, the movement will be executed as in the last case. 450. If the colonel should wish to form the column forward into line, and to continue to march in this order, he will not cause markers to be established; the movement will be executed m double quick time, by the same commands and means, but with the follow- ing modifications. 457. At the first command, the captain of the first company will add qtiick time, after the command guide right. At the second command, the first company will continue to march in quick time, and will take the touch of elbows to the right; its chief will imme- diately place himself on its right, and to assure the march, will take points of direction to the front. The captain of the second company will cause his company to take the same gait as soon as it shall arrive on a line with the first, and will also move to the right of his company ; the captains of the third and fourth companies will execute successively what has just been prescribed for the second. The companies will pre- serve the touch of elbows to the right, until the com- mand, guide centre. 458. When the color company shall have entered the line, the colonel will command, guide centre. At % 202 School of the Battalion— Vd^ri IV. this command, the color-bearer and the right general guide will move rapidly six paces in advance of the line. The colonel will assure the direction of the color-bearer. The lieutenant colonel and the right companies will immediately conform themselves to the principles of the march in line of battle. The left companies and the left general guide, as they arrive on the line, will also conform to the same principles. If the column be marching in double quick time, when the last company shall have arrived on the line, the colonel will cause the double quick to be resumed. Ath. Column at full distance, faced to the rear, into line of battle. 466. A column being by company, at full distance, right in front, and at a halt, when the colonel shall ■wish to form it into line faced to the rear, he and the lieutenant colonel will conform themselves to what is prescribed Nos 414 and 415, and the colonel will then command : 1. Into line, faced to the rear. 2. Battalion, right — Face. 8. Mabcii (or double quick — March). 467. At the first command, the captain of the lead- ing company will cause it to face to the right, and put it in march, causing it to wheel by file to the left, and direct its march towards the line of battle which it ■will pass in rear of the left marker ; the first file having passed three paces beyond the line, the company will •wheel again by file to the left, in order to place itself in rear of the two markers ; being in this position, its captain will halt it, face it to the front, and align it by the right against the markers. 468. At the second command, all the other com- panies will face to the right, each captain placing himself by the side of his right guide. School of the Battalion— PsLYt TV. 203 469. At the command march, the companies -will put themselves in movement; the left guide of the second, who is nearest to the line of battle, w^ill hasten in advance to mark that line; he will place himself on it as prescribed above for successive formations, and thus indicate to his captain the point at which he ought to pass tiic line of battle, by three paces, in order to wheel by file to the left, and then to direct his company parallelly to that line. 470. As soon as the first file of this company shall have arrived near the left file of the preceding one already on the line of battle, its captain will com- mand : 1. Second company. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 4. Right — Dress. 471. The first command will be given when the company shall yet have four paces to take to reach the halting point. 472. At the second command, the company will halt. 473. At the third, the company will face to the front, and if there be openings between the files, the latter will promptly close to the right; the captain will immediately place himself by the side of the man on the left of the preceding company, and align him- self on its front rank. 474. The fourth command will be executed as pre- scribed, No. 420. 475. The following companies will be conducted and established on the line of battle as just prescribed for the second, each regulating itself by the one that pre- cedes it; the left guides will detach themselves in time to precede their respective companies on the line by twelve or fifteen paces, and each place himself so as to be opposite to one of the three left tiles of his com- pany, when in line. If the movement be executed in double quick time, the moment it is commenced, all 204 School of the Battalion— V art lY. the left guides will detach themselves at the same time from the column, and will move at a run, to establish themselves on the line of battle. 470. The formation ended, the colonel will com- mand : Guides — Post. 477. The colonel and lieutenant colonel, in this for- mation, will each observe what is prescribed for him in that of o/t the right, into line ofhattle. 478. A column, left in front, will form itself faced to the rear into line of battle according to the same principles and by inverse means. 479. If the column be in march, and nearly at com- pany distance from the two markers established on the line, the colonel will command: 1. Into line, faced to the rear. 2. Battalion, hj the right flank. 3. March (or double quick March). 481. At the first command, the captains will caution their companies to face by the right flank. 482. At the command march, briskly repeated by the captains of companies, all the companies will face to the right. The remaining part of the movement will be executed as heretofore explained. Article Third. Formation in line of battle by two movements. 485. If a column by company, right in front, and at a halt, find itself in part on the line of battle, and the colonel should think proper to form line of battle before all the companies enter the new direction, the formation will be executed in the following manner: 48G. It will be supposed that the column has arrived School of ilie Battalion— Vart IV, 205 behind the Hue of battle, and that five companies have entered the new direction. The colonel having as- sured the guides of the first five companies on the direction, will command: 1. Left into line, wheel. 2. Three rear companies, forward into line. 487. At the second command, the chief of each of the rear companies will command: By company, left half wheel; and the colonel will add: 3. March (or double quick — March). 488. At this command, briskly repeated, the first five companies will form themselves to the left, into line of battle, and the three last forward, into line of battle, by the means prescribed for these respective formations; each captain of the three rear companies will, when his company shall have sufficiently wheeled, command: 1. Forxoard. 2. March. 3. Guide right. 489. If the column be in march, the colonel will command: 1. To the left, and forward into line. 2. March [oy double quick — March). 491. If the colonel should wish, in forming the bat- talion into line, to march it immediately forward, he will command: 1. By company to the left, and forward into line. 2. March. 492. And when the right of these companies shall arrive on the line, the colonel will command: 3. Forward. 4. March. 6. Guide centre. * 18 20G ScJwol of the BaUalw7i—Vart IV. 404. If the battalion be marchino; in double quick time, the oolonel will cause quick time to be tuken before ccmmencinj]; the movement. 40'). If, instead of arriving behind, the column should arrive before the line of battle, the colonel will command : 1. Lr/l into line, wheel. 2. Three rear coinjjanies, into line^ faced to the rear. 400. At the second command, the captain of each of the three rear companies will command: 1. Such com- jjany ; 2. Itiglit — Face. The colonel will then add: 3. March (or double quick — March). 407. At this command, briskly repeated, the first five companies will form themselves to the left, into line of battle, and the three last faced to the rear, into line of battle. 408. If the column be in march, the colonel will command: 1. To the left, and into line faced to the rear. 2. March (or duuhle quick — Maucii.) Article Fourth. Different modes of passing from column at half distance^ into line of battle. lit. Column at half distance, to the left (or right) into line of battle. 501. A column at half distance having to form itself to the left (or right) into line of battle, the colonel will cause it to take distances by one of the means pre- scribed. Article IX., Part Third, of this school ; which being executed, he will form the column into lino of battle, as has been indicated, No. 300, and following : Scliool of the Battalion— Tart IV. 207 502. If a column by company, at half distance, be in march, and it be necessary to form rapidly into line of battle, the colonel will command : 1. By the rear of co'lumn left (or right) into line, wheel. 2. Mauch (or double quick — March). 503. At the first command, the ri|2;ht general guide will move rapidly to the front, and place himself a little beyond the point where the head of the column will rest, and on the prolongation of the guides. The captain of the eighth company will command : Left into line, wheel ; the other captains will caution their companies to continue to march to the front. 504. At the command march, briskly repeated by the captain of the eighth company, the guide of this company will halt short, and the company will wheel to the left, conforming to the principles prescribed for wheeling from a halt; when its right shall arrive near the line, the captain will halt the company, and align it by the left. The other captains will place them- selves briskly on the flank of the column ; when the captain of the seventh sees there is sufficient distance between his company and the eighth to form the latter into line, he M'ill command: Left into line, wheel — March ; the left guide will halt short, and facing to the rear, will place himself on the line ; the company will wheel to the left, the man on the left of the front rank will face to the left, and place his breast against the left arm of the guide ; the captain will halt the company when its right shall arrive near the line, and will align it by the left. The other companies will conform successively to what has just been prescribed for the seventh. 505. Each captain will direct the alignment of his company on the left man in the front rank of the com- pany ne.Kt on his right. 500. The lieutenant-colonel will be watchful that 208 Sdwol of the Battalion— Vaxi lY. the leading guide marches accurately on the prolonga- tion of the line of battle, and direct himself on the right general guide. The major, placed in rear of the left guide of the eighth company, will, as soon as the guide of the seventh company is established on the direction, hasten in rear of the guides of the other companies, so as to assure each of them in succession on the line. 2d. Column at half distance, on the right (or left) into line- of battle. 507. A column at half distance "will form itself on the right (or left) into line of battle, as prescribed for a column at full distance. Zd. Column at half distance, forward, into line of battle. 508. If it be wished to form a column at half dis- tance, forward into line of battle, the colonel will first cause it to close in mass and then deploy it on the leading company. 4M. Column at half distance, faced to the rear, into line of battle. 509. A column at half distance will be formed into line of battle, faced to the rear, as prescribed for a column at full distance. Article Fifth. Deployment of columns closed in mass. 511. When a column in mass, by division, arrives behind the line on which it is intended to deploy it, the colonel will indicate, in advance, to the lieutenant- colonel, the direction of the line of battle, as well aa the point on which he may wish to direct the column. The lieutenant-colonel will immediately detach him- ScJiool of tlie Battalion— VslH IY. 209 self with two markers, and establish them on that line, the first at the point indicated, the second a little less than the front of a division from the first. 512. Deployments will always be made upon lines parallel, and lines perpendicular to the line of battle ; consequently, if the head of the column be near the line of battle, the colonel will commence by establish- ing the direction of the column perpendicularly to that line, if it be not already so. If the column be in march, he will so direct it that it may arrive exactly behind the markers, perpendicularly to the line of battle, and halt it at three paces from that line. 513. The column, right in front, being halted, it is supposed that the colonel wishes to deploy it on the first division ; he will order the left general guide to go to a point on the line of battle a little beyond that at which the left of the battalion will rest when de- ployed, and place himself correctly on the prolongation of the markers established before the first divison. 514. These dispositions being made, the colonol will command : 1. On the first division, deploy column. 2. Battalion^ left — Face. 515. At the first command, the chief of the first division will caution it to stand fast ; the chiefs of the three other divisions will remind them that they will have to face to the left. 51G. At the second command, the three lastdivisions will face to the left; the chief of each division will place himself ]>y the side of its left guide, and the junior captain by the side of the covering sergeant of the left company, who will have stepped into the front rank. 517. At the same command, the lieutenant-colonel will place a third marker on the alignment of the two first, opposite to one of the three left files of the right company,«first division-, and then place himself on the 18* 210 School of the Battalion— Vd^xi III. line of battle a few paces beyond the point at which the left of the second division -will rest. 518. The colonel "will then command: 3. March (or double quick — March). 510. At this command, the chief of the first division will go to its right, and command : Right — Dress. 520. At this, the division vrill dress up against the markers ; the chief of the division, and its junior cap- tain, will each align the company on his left, and then command : Front. 521. The three divisions, faced to the left, will put themselves in march ; the left guide of the second will direct himself parallelly to tlie line of battle ; the left guides of the third and fourth divisions will march abreast with the guide of the second ; the guides of the third and fourth, each preserving the prescribed distance between himself and the guide of the division which preceded his own in the column. 522. The chief of the second division will not follow its movement; he will see it file by him, and when its right guide shall be abreast with him, he will command : 1. Second division. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 523. The first command will be given when the di- vision shall yet have seven or eight paces to march ; the second, when the right guide shall be abreast with the chief of the division, and the third immediately after the second. 524. At the second command, the division will halt; at the third, it will face to the front, and if there be School of the Battalion — Part IV. 211 openings between the files, the chief of the division will cause them to be promptly closed to the right ; the left guides of both companies will step upon the line of battle, face to the right, and place themselves on the direction of the markers established before the first division, each guide opposite to one of the three left files of his company. 525. The division having faced to the front, its chief will place himself accurately on the line of battle, on the left of the first division ; and when he shall see the guides assured on the direction, he will command, Right — Dress. At this, the division will be aligned by the right, in the manner indicated for the first. 526. The third and fourth divisions will continue to march; at the command halt, given to the second, the chief of the third will halt in his own person, place himself exactly opposite to the guide of the second, after this division shall have faced to the front and closed its files ; he will see his division file past, and when his right guide shall be abreast with him, he will command: 1. Third division. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 527. As soon as the division faces to the front, its chief will place himself two paces before its centre, and command : 1. Third division, forward. 2. Guide right, 3. March. 528. At the third command, the division will march towards the line of battle ; the right guide will so direct himself as to arrive by the side of the man on the left of the second division, and when the division is at three paces from the line of battle, its chief will halt it and align it by the right. 529. The chief of the fourth division will conform himgelf (and the chief of the fifth, if there be a fifth) to what has just been prescribed for the third. 212 Scliool of the Battalion— Tart lY. 530. The deployment ended, the colonel will com- mand: Guides — Posts. 531. At this command, the guides will resume their places in line of battle, and the markers will retire. 532. If the column be in march, and the colonel shall wish to deploy it on the first division without halting the column, he will make the dispositions in- dicated, Nos. 512 and 513, and when the first division shall have arrived at three paces from the line, he will command : 1. On the first division, deploy column. 2. Battalion hy the left flank. 3. March (or double quick — March). 533. At the first command, the chief of the first division will caution it to halt, and will command, First division; the other chiefs will caution their divi- sions to face by the left flank. 534. At the command march, briskly repeated by the chiefs of the rear divisions, the chief of the first division will command. Halt, and will align his divi- sion by the right against the markers ; the other divi- sions will face to the left, their chiefs hastening to the left of their divisions. The second division will con- form its movements to what is prescribed, Nos. 522 and following. The third and fourth divisions will execute what is prescribed, Nos. 526 and following ; but the chief of each division will halt in his own per- son at the command march given by the chief of the division which precedes him, and when the right of his division arrives abreast of him, he will command : Such division, hy the right flank — March. 536. If the colonel shall wish to deploy the column without halting it, and to continue the march, the markers will not be posted ; the movement will be School of the Battalion— ?diXt lY. 213 executed by the same commands and the same means as the foregoing, but with the following modifica- tions : 537. At the first comm»nd,*the chief of the first division ■will commsuad ; \. Guide right. 2. Quick time. At the command, Double quick — March, given by the colonel, the first division will march in quick time and will take the touch of elbows to the right; the captains will place themselves on the right of their respective companies ; the captain on the right of the battalion will take points on the ground to assure the direction of the march. The chief of the second divi- sion will allow his division to file past him, and when he sees its right abreast of him, he will command : 1. Second division by the right flank. 2. March. 3. Guide right; and when this division shall arrive on the alignment of the first, he will cause it to march in quick time. The third and fourth divisions will de- ploy according to the same principles as the second. 538. The colonel, lieutenant colonel, major and color-bearer will conform themselves to what is pre- scribed, No. 458. 540. The column being at a halt, if, instead of de- ploying it on the first, the colonel shall wish to deploy it on the rearmost division, he will cause the disposi- tions to be made indicated No. 511 and following; but it will be the right general guide whom he will send to place himself beyond the point at which the right of the battalion will rest when deployed. 541. The colonel will then command : 1. On the fourth (or such) division, deploy column. 2. Battalion, right — Face. 542. At the first command, the chief of the fourth division will caution it to stand fast ; the chiefs of the other divisions will caution them that they will have to face to the right. 214 School of the Battalion— Voxi IV. 543. At the second command, the first three divi- sions -will face to the rip;ht; and the chief of each -will place hiinsclf by tlio side of its right guide. 544. At the same cq|nmand, the lieutenant colonel "will place a third marker between the first two, so that this marker may be opposite to one of the three right files of the left company of the division ; the lieutenant colonel will Iben place himself on the line of battle a few paces beyond the point at which the right of the third division will rest when deployed. 545. The colonel w^ill then command : 3. March (or double quick — March). 546. At this command, the three right divisions will put themselves in march, the guide of the first so di- recting himself as to pass three paces within the line marked by the right general guide. The chief of the third division will not follow its movement ; he will see it file past, halt it when its left guide shall be abreast with him, and cause it to face to the front; and, if there be openings between the files, he will cause them to be promptly closed to the left. 547. The chief of the fourth division, when he sees it nearly unmasked by the three others, will com- mand: 1. Fourth division, forward. 2. Guide left. 3. March. 548. At the command march, which will be given the instant the fourth is unmasked, this division will approach the line of battle, and when at three paces from the markers on that line, its chief will halt it, and command : Left — Dress. 549. At this command, the division will dress for- ward against the markers ; the chief of the division School of the Battalion — Part lY. 215 and the junior captain will each align the company on his right, and then command : Front. 550. The instant that tho third division is un- masked, its chief will cause it to approach the line of battle, and halt it in the manner just prescribed for the fourth. 551. The moment the division halts, its right guide and the covering sergeant of its left company will step on the line of battle, placing themselves on the pro- longation of the markers established in front of the fourth divisi.in ; as soon as they shall be assured in their positions, the division will be aligned as has just been proscribed for the fourth. 552. The second and first divsiona which will have continued to march, will, in succession, be halted and aligned by the left, in the same manner as the third ; the chiefs of these divisions will conform themselves to what is prescribed. No. 526, The second being near the line of battle, the command will not be given for it to move on this line but it will be dressed up to it. 553. The deployment ended, the colonel will com- mand : Guides — Posts. 55G. If the column be in march, and the colonel shall wish to deploy it on the fourth division, he will make the dispositions indicated, No. 511 and following ; and when the head of the column shall arrive within three paces of the line, he will command: 1. On the. fourth division, deploy coluvin. 2. Battalion, by the right flank. 3. Marcu (or double quick — March). 5G3. To deploy the column on an interior division, the colonel will cause the line to be traced by the means 21 C School of the Battalion— Vart V. above indicated, and the general guides -will move l>riskh' on the line, as prescribed, Nos. 513 and 540. This being executed, the colonel will command: 1. On such division, deploy column. 2. Battalion, outwards — Face. 3. March (or double quick — March). 5G4. Whether the column be with the right or left in front, the divisions which, in the order in battle, ])elong to the right of the directing one, will face to the right; the others, except the directing division, will face to the left. 505. The directing division, the instant it finds itself unmasked, will approach the line of battle, taking the guide left or right, according as the right or left of the column may be in front. The chief of this divi- sion will align it by the directing flank, and then step back into the rear, in order momentarily to give place to the chief of the next for aligning the next division. 507. If the column be in march, the colonel will command : 1. On such division, deploy column. 2. Battalion, by the right and left flanks. 3. March (or double quick — March). PART FIFTH. ^ Article First. To advance in line of battle. 587. The battalion being correctly aligned, and sup- posed to be the directing one, when the colonel shall wish to march in line of battle, he will give the lieu- tenant colonel an intimation of his purpose, place himself about forty paces in rear of the color-tile, and face to the front. Scliool of the Battalion— VdiYi V. 217 588. The lieutenant colonel will place himself alike distance in front of the same file, and face to the colo- nel, who will establish him as correctly as possible, by signal of the sword, perpendicularly to the line of battle opposite to the color-bearer. The colonel will next, above the heads of the lieutenant colonel and color-bearer, take a point of direction in the field be- yond, if a distinct one present itself, exactly in the prolongation of those first two points. 589. The colonel will then move twenty paces far- ther to the rear, and establish two markers on the prolongation of the straight line passing through the color-bearer and the lieutenant colonel ; these markers will face to the rear, the first placed about twenty-five paces behind the rear rank of the battalion, and the second at the same distance from the first. 590. The color-bearer will be instructed to take, the moment the lieutenant colonel shall be established on the perpendicular, two points on the ground in the straight line which, drawn from himself, would pass between the heels of that ofiicer ; the first of these points will be taken at fifteen or twenty paces from the color-bearer. 591. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command : 1. Battalion, forward. 592. At this, the front rank of the color-guard will advance six paces to the front ; the corporals in the rear rank will place themselves in the front rank, and these will be replaced by those in the rank of file- closers : at the same time the two general guides will move in advance, abreast with the color-bearer, the one on the right, opposite to the captain of the right company, the other opposite to the sergeant who closes the left of the battalion. 593. The captains of the left wing will shift, passing before the front rank, to the left of their respective 19 218 School of the Battalion— V&rt V. companies ; the serceant on the left of the battalion ■will stop back into the rear rank. The covering ser- geant of the company next on the left of the color- company, Avill step into the front rank. 594, The lieutenant colonel having assured the color-bearer on the line between himself and the cor- poral of the color-tile, now in the front rank, will go to the position which will be indicated, No. G02. 505, The major will place himself six or eight paces on either flank of the color-rank. 596. The colonel will then command : 2. March (or double quick — March). 597. At this command, the battalion will step off with life ; the color-bearer, charged with the step and direction, will scrupulously observe the length and cadence of the pace, marching on the prolongation of the two points previously taken, and successively taking others in advance by the means indicated in the school of the company ; the corporal on his right, and the one on his left, will march in the same B*:ep, taking care not to turn the head or shoulders, the color-bearer supporting the color-lance against the hip. 598. The two general guides will march in the same step with the color-rank, each maintaining him- self abreast, or nearly so, with that rank, and neither occupying himself wMth the movement of the other. 599. The three corporals of the color-guard, now in the front rank of the battalion, will march well aligned, elbow to elbow, heads direct to the front, and without deranging the line of their shoulders; the centre one will follow exactly in the trace of the color-bearer, and maintain the same step, without lengthening or shortening it, except on an intimation from the colonel or lieutenant col'.nel, although he should find himself more or less than six paces from the color-rank. School of the Battalion— VdiVi V. 219 600. The covering sergeant in the front rank be- tween the color-company and the next on the left, will march elbow to elbow, and on the same line, with the three corporals in the centre, his head well to the front. GOl. The captains of the color-company, and the company next to the left, will constitute, with the three corporals in the centre of the front rank, the basis of alignment for both wings of the battalion ; they will march in the same step with the color- bearer, and exert themselves to maintain their shoul- ders exactly in the square with the direction. To this end, they will keep their heads direct to the front, only occasionally casting an eye on the three centre corporals, with the slightest possible turn of the neck, and if they perceive themselves in advance, or in rear of these corporals, the captain, or two cap- tains, will almost insensibly shorten or lengthen the step, so as, a^ the end of several paces, to regain the true alignment, without giving sudden checks or im- pulsions to the wings beyond them respectively. 602. The lieutenant colonel, placed twelve or fifteen paces on the right of the captain of the color-com- pany, will maintain this captain and the next one beyond, abreast with the three centre corporals ; to this end, he will caution either to lengthen or to shorten the step as may be necessary, which the captain, or two captains, will execute as has just been explained. 603. All the other captains will maintain them- selves on the prolongation of this basis ; and, to this end, they will cast their eyes towards the centre, taking care to turn the neek but slightly, and not to derange the direction of their shoulders. 604. The captains will observe the march of their companies, and prevent the men from getting in ad- vance of the line of captains ; they will not lengthen or shorten step except when evidently necessary; because to correct, with too scrupulous attention, small 220 School of the Battalion— Vari V. faults, is apt to cause the production of greater — loss of calmness, silence and equality of step, each of which it is go important to maintain. G05. The men will constantly keep their heads well directed to the front, feel lightly the elbow towards the centre, resist pressure coming from the flank, give the greatest attention to the squareness of the shoul- ders, and hold themselves always very slightly behind the line of the captains, in order never to shutout from the view of the latter the basis of alignment ; they will, from time to time, cast an eye on the color- rank, or on the general guide of the wing, in order to march constantly in the same step with those advanced persons. 606. Pending the march, the line determined by the two markers [h and d) will be prolonged by placing, in proportion as the battalion advances, a third marker (/) in the rear of the first (/(). then the marker [d) will quit his place and go a like distance in rear of {i) ; the marker [h) will, in his turn, do the like in respect to [d), and so on, in succession, as long as the battalion continues to advance ; each marker, on shift- ing position, taking care to face to the rear, and to cover accurately the twp markers already established on the direction. A staff officer, or the quartermaster sergeant, designated for the purpose, and who will hold himself constantly fifteen or twenty paces facing the marker farthest from the battalion, will caution each marker when to shift place, and assure him on the direction behind the other two. Article Third. To halt the hattalion, marching in line of battle, and to. align it. 635. The battalion, marching In the line of battle, School of tlie Battalion— TaH V. 221 when the colonel shall wish to halt it, he will com- mand : 1. Battalion. 2. Halt. 636. At the second command, the battalion will halt ; the color-rank and the general guides will re- main in front ; but if the colonel should not wish im- mediately to resume the advance in line, nor to give a general alignment, he will command : Color and general guides — Posts. 637. At this command, the color-rank and general guides will retake their places in line of battle, the captains in the left wing will shift to the right of their companies. ^ 638. If the colonel should then judge it necessary to rectify the alignment, he will command : Captains, rectify the alignment. 639. The captains will immediately cast an eye to- wards the centre, align themselves accurately on the basis of the alignment, which the lieutenant colonel will see well directed, and then promptly dress their respective companies. The lieutenant colonel will admonish such captains as may not be accurately on the alignment by the command: Captain q/' (such) company, or captains of (such) companies^ move up or fall back. 640. But when the colonel shall wish to give the battalion a general alignment, either parallel or oblique, instead of rectifying it as above, he will move some paces outside of one of the general guides (the right will here be supposed) and caution the right general guide and the color-bearer to face him, and then establish them, by signal of the sword, on the direction which he may wish to give to the batta- 19* 222 School of the Battalion— Part V. lion. As soon as they shall be correctly established, the left f^eneral guide will place himself on their direc- tion, and be assured in his position by the major. The color-bearer will carry the color-lance perpendicularly between his eyes, and the two corporals of his rank will return to their places in the front rank the mo- ment he shall face to the colonel. G41. This disposition being made, the colonel will command : 1. Guides — On the line. 642. At this command, the right guide of each com- pany in the right wing, and the left guide of each company in the left, will each place himself on -the direction of the color-bearer and the two general guides, face to the color-bearer, place himself in rear of the guide who is next before him at a distance equal to the front of his company, and align himself upon the color-bearer and the general guide beyond. 643. The captains in the right wing will shift to the left of their companies, except the captain of the color company, who will remain on its right, but step into the rear rank ; the captains in the left wing will shift to the right of their companies. 644. The lieutenant colonel will promptly rectify, if necessary, the positions of the guides of the right wing, and the major those of the other; which being executed, the colonel will command: 2. On the centre — Deess. 645. At this command, the companies will move up in quick time against the guides, where, having ar- rived, each captain will align his company according to prescribed principles, the lieutenant colonel align- ing the color company. 646. If the alignment be oblique, the captains will School of the Battalion—FsiTt V. 223 take care to conform their companies to it in conduct- ing them towards the line. 647. The battalion being aligned, the colonel will command: 3. Color and guides — Posts. 648. At this command, the color-bearer, the general and company guides, and the captains in the right wing, will take their places in the line of battle, and the color-bearer will replace the heel of the color-lance against the right hip. Article Fifth. To march in retreat^ in line of battle. 664. The battalion being halted, if it be the wish of the colonel to cause it to march in retreat, he will command: 1. Face to the rear. 2. Battalion^ about — Face. 665. At the second command, the battalion will face about; the color-rank, and the general guides, if in advance, will take their places in line ; the color-bearer will pass into the rear rank, now leading; the corporal of his file will step behind the corporal next on his own right, to let the color-bearer pass, and then step into the front rank, now rear, to re-form the color-file; the colonel will place himself behind the front rank, become the rear; the lieutenant colonel and major will place themselves before the rear rank, now leading. 666. The colonel will take post forty paces behind the color-file, in order to assure the lieutenant colonel on the perpendicular, who will place himself at a like 224 School of the Battalion— V&xi Y. distance in front, as prescribed for the advance in line of battle. 6G7. If the battalion be the one charged with the direction, the colonel will establish markers in the manner indicated, No. 589, except that they will face to the battalion, and that the first will be placed twenty-five paces from the lieutenant colonel. If the markers be already established, the officer charged with replacing them in succession will cause them to face about, the moment that the battalion executes this movement, and then the marker nearest to the battalion will hasten to the rear of the two others. 6C8. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command: 3. Battalion, forward. 669. At this command, the color-bearer will advance six paces beyond the rank of file closers, accompanied by the two corporals of his guard of that rank, the centre corporal stepping back to let the color-bearer pass; the two file closers nearest this centre corporal will unite on him behind the color-guard to serve as a basis of alignment for the line of file closers; the two general guides will place themselves abreast with the color rank, the covering sergeants will place them- selves in the line of file closers, and the captains in the rear rank, now leading; the captains in the left wing, now right, will, if not already there, shift to the left of their companies, now become the right. 670. The colonel will then command: 4. March (or double quick — March). 671. The battalion will march in retreat on the same principles which govern the advance in line; the centre corporal behind the color-bearer will march exactly in his trace. Sclwol of the Battalion— VsiTt V. 225 Article Sixth. To halt the battalion marching in retreat^ and to face it to the front. 676. The colonel havin<5 halted the battaHon, and "wishing to face it to the front, will command: 1. Face to the front. 2. Battalion, about — Face. 677. At the second command, the color-rank, gene- ral guides, captains, and covering sergeants, will all retake their habitual places in line of battle, and the color-bearer will repass into the front rank. 678. The battalion marching in line of battle by the front rank, when the colonel shall wish to march it in retreat, he will command: 1. Battalion, right about. 2. March. « 679. At the command march, the battalion will face to the rear and move off at the same gait by the rear rank. The principles prescribed Nos. 669 and follow- ing will be carefully observed. 680. If the colonel should wish the battalion to march again by the front, he will give the same commands. Article Eighth. Passage of ohstacles, advancing and retreating, 682. The battalion advancing in line will be sup- posed to encounter an obstacle w^hich covers one or more companies; the colonel will cause them to ploy into column at full distance, in rear of the next com- pany towards the color, which will be executed in the 226 School of the Battalion— Vari Y. following manner. It will be supposed that the ob- stacle only covers the third company, the colonel will command: Third company, obstacle. 683. At this command, the captain of the third com- pany will place himself in its front, turn to it, and command: 1. Third company, by the left flank, to the rear into column. 2. Double quick. 3. March. He will then hasten to the left of his company. G84. At the command march, the company will face to the left in marching; the two left files will promptly disengage to the rear in double quick time; the left guide, placing himself at the head of the front rank, will conduct it behind the fourth company, directing himself parallelly wnth this company; the captain of the third will himself halt opposite to the captain of the fourth, and see his company file past; when its right file shall be nearly up with him, he will com- mand: 1. Third company. 2. By the right Jiank. 3. March. 4. Guide right, and place himself before the centre of his company. 685. At the command march, the company will face to the right, preserving the same gait, but the moment it shall be at the prescribed distance, its captain will command: 1. Quick time. 2. March. 086. This company will thus follow in column that behind which it finds itself, and at wheeling distance, its right guide marching exactly in the trace of the captain of that company. 687. As soon as the third company shall have faced to the left, the left guide of the second will place him- self on the left of the front rank of his company, and maintain between himself and the right of the fourth the space necessary for the return into line of the third. School of the Battalion— Vfxri Y. 227 688. The obstacle being passed, the colonel will command : Third company, forward^ into line. 689. At this command, the captain turning to his company, will add : 1. By company, right half wheel. 2. Double quick. 3. March. 690. At the command march, the company will take the double quick step, and execute a half wheel; its captain will then command, 1. Forward. 2. March. 3. Guide left. The second command will be given when the company shall have sufficiently wheeled. 691. At the command march, the company will direct itself straight forwards towards the line of battle, and retake its position in it according to the princi- ples prescribed for the formation forward into line of battle. 692. It will be supposed that the obstacle covers several contiguous companies (the three companies on the right for example), the colonel will command: 1. Three right companies, obstacle. 2. By the left flank^ to the rear, into column. 3. Double quick — March. 693. At the first command, the captains of the de- signated companies will each place himself before the centre of his company, and caution it as to the move- ment about to be executed. 694. At the command w.arch, the designated com- panies will face to the left in marching, and immedi- ately take the double quick step ; each captain will cause the head of his company to disengage itself to the rear, and the left guide will place himself at the head of the front rank; the captain of the third com- pany will conform himself to what is prescribed. No. 684 and following ; the captains of the other compa^ 228 ScJiool of the Battalion— Vart V. nies will conduct them by the flank in rear of the third, inclinin;; towards the head of the column ; and, aa the head of each company arrives opposite to the right of the one next before it in column, its captain will liimself halt, see his company file past, and conform himself for facing it to the front, in marching, to what is prescribed No. G84 and following. 095. When the last company in column shall have passed the obstacle, the colonel will command : 1. Three right companies, forward, into line. C96. At this command, the captain of each of these three companies will command : Bi/ company, right half wheel. The colonel will then add : 1. Double quick. 2. March. 697. At this, briskly repeated by the captains of the three companies, each company will conform itself to what is prescribed No. 690 and following. 098. It is supposed, in the foregoing examples, that the companies belonged to the right wing ; if they make part of the other, they will execute the passage of an obstacle according to the same principles and by inverse means. 699. When flank companies are broken off to pass an obstacle, the general guide on that flank will place himself six paces in front of the outer file of the nearest company to him remaining in line. 700. In the preceding movements, it has been sup- posed that the battalion was marching in quick time, but if it be marching in double quick time, and the colonel shall wish to cause several contiguous compa- nies to break to the rear, he will first order the bat- talion to march in quick time ; the companies will break as indicated No. 692. 706. When the color-company shall be obliged to execute the movement of passing an obstacle, the School of the Battalion— Tart V. 229 color-rank will return into line at the moment the com- pany shall face to the left or right ; the major will place himself six paces before the extremity of the company behind which the color-company marches in column, in order to give the step and the direction; he, himself, first taking the step from the battalion. Article Ninth. To pass a dejihy in retreat, hy the right or left flank. 709. When a battalion, retiring in line, shall en- counter a defile which it must pass, the colonel will halt the battalion, and face it to the front. 710. It will be supposed that the defile is in rear of the left flank, and that its width is sufficient to give passage to a column by platoon ; the colonel will place a marker fifteen or twenty paces in rear of the file closers .at the point around which the subdivisions will have to change direction in order to enter the defile ; he will then command: To the rear, by the right flank, pass the defile. 711. The captain of the first company will immedi* ately command : 1. First company, right — Face. 2. March (or double- quick — March.) 712. At the command march, the first company will! commence the movement ; the first file will wheel to the right, march to the rear till it shall have passed four paces beyond the file closers, when it will wheel again i to the right, and then direct itself straight forward' towards the left flank. All the other files of this cora- 20 230 Scliool of the Battalion— Vart V. pany will come to wheel in succession at the same place where the first had wheeled. 713. The second company will execute, in its turn, the same movement, by the commands of its captain, who M'ill f;ive the command March, so that the first file of his company may immediately folh^w the last of the first, without constraint, however, as to taking the step of the first ; the first file of the second com- pany will wheel to the right, on its ground ; all the other files of this company will come in succession to wheel at the same place. The following companies will execute, each in its turn, what has just been pre- scribed for the second. 714. When the whole of the second company shall be on the same direction with the first, the captain of the first will cause it to form, by platoon, into line, and the moment that it is in column, the guide of the first platoon will direct himself on the marker around whom he has to change direction in order to enter the defile. 715. The second company will continue to march by the flank, directing itself parallelly with the line of battle ; and it, in its turn, will form by platoon into line, when the third company shall be wholly on the earae direction with itself. 71C. The following companies will successively exe- cute what has just been prescribed for the second. 717. The first platoon of the leading company having arrived opposite to the marker placed at the entrance of the defile, will turn to the left, and the following platoons will all execute this movement at the same point. As the last companies will not be able to form platoons before reaching the defile, they will so direct themselves, in entering it, as to leave room to the left for this movement. 718. The battalion will thus pass the defile by pla- toon ; and, as the two platoons of each company shall clear it, companies will be successively formed. 719. The head of the column having cleared the Scfiool of the Battalion— Vavt V. 231 defile, and having reached the distance at which the colonel wishes to re-form line faced to the defile, ho may cause the leading company to turn to the left, to prolong the column in that direction, and then form it to the left into line of battle ; or he may halt the column, and form it into line of battle faced to the rear. 720. If the defile be in the rear of the right flank, it will be passed by the left ; the movement will be executed according to the same principles, and by inverse means. 721. If the defile be too narrow to receive the front of a platoon, it will be passed by the flank. Article Tenth, To march hy the JianJc. 722. The colonel, wishing the battalion to march by the flank, will command : 1. Battalion. 2. Right (or left) — Face. 8, Forward. 4. March (or double quick — March). 723. At the second command, the captains and cov- ering sergeants will place themselves as prescribed, No8. 136 and 141, school of the company. 724. The sergeant on the left of the battalion will place himself to the left and by the side of the last file of his company, covering the captains in file. 725. The battalion having to face by the left flank, the captains, at the second command, will shift rapidly to the left of their companies, and each place himself by the side of the covering sergeant of the company preceding his own, except the captain of the left com- pany, who will place himself by the side of the ser- 232 ScJiool of the Battalioji —VuTt V. geant on th* left of the battalion. The coverinp; sergeant (»f the right company will place himself by the right siile of the front rank man of the rearmost file of hia company, covering the captains in file. 720. At the command march, the battalion will step off with life; the sergeant, placed before the leading file (right or left in front), wmU be careful to preserve exactlv the length and cadence of the step, and to di- rect himself straight forward ; to this end, he will take points on the ground. 727. "Whether the battalion march by the right or left flank, the lieutenant colonel will place himself abreast with the leading file, and the major abreast with the color-file, both on the side of the front rank, and about six paces from it. 728. The adjutant, placed between the lieutenant colonel and the front rank, will march in the same step with the head of the battalion, and the sergeant major, placed between the major and the color-bearer, will march in the same step with the adjutant. 729. The captains and file closers will carefully see that the files neither open out, nor close too much, and that they regain insensibly their distances, if lost. 730. The colonel, wishing the battalion to wheel by file, will command: 1. B>/ file right (or left). . 2. March. 731. The files will wheel in succession, and all at the place where the first had wheeled, in conforming to the principles prescribed in the school of the com- pany. 732. The battalion marching by the flank, when the colonel shall wish it to halt, he will command : 1. Battalion. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 733. These commands will be executed as prescribed in the school of the company, No. 140. School of the Battalion— Fart V. 233 734. If the battalion be marching by the flanlc, and the colonel should wish to cause it to march in line, either to the front or to the rear, the movements will be executed by the commands and means prescribed in the school of the company. Article Eleventh. To fortn the hattalion on the right or left^ hy jile^ into line of battle. 735. The battalion marching by the right flank, when the colonel shall wish to form it on the right by file, he will determine the line of battle, and the lieutenant colonel will place two markers on that line, in conformity with what is prescribed. No. 415. 736. The head of the battalion being nearly up with the first marker, the colonel will command: 1. On the right y by file, into line. 2. March (or double quick — March.) 737. At the command march, the leading company will form itself on the right, by file, into line of battle, as indicated in the school of the company, No. 149 : the front rank man of the first file will rest his breast lightly against the right arm of the first marker ; the other companies will follow the movement of the lead- ing company; each captain will place himself on the line at the same time with the front rank man of his first file, and on the right of this man. 738. The left guide of each company, except the leading one, will place himself on the direction of the markers, and opposite to the left file of his company, at the instant that the front rank man of this file arrives on the line. 234 JSchool of the Battalion— Part V. 739. The formation being ended, the colonel 'will command : Guides — Posts. 740. The colonel will superintend the successive formation of the battalion, moving along the front of the line of battle. 741. The lieutenant colonel vs'ill, in succession, as- sure the direction of the guides, and see that the men of the front rank, in placing themselves on the line, do not pass it. Article T^velfth. Changes of front. Change of front perpendicularly forward. 743. The battalion being in line of battle, it is sup- posed to be the wish of the colonel to cause a change of front forward on the right company, and that the angle formed by the old and new positions be a right angle, or a few degrees more or less than one ; he will cause two markers to be placed on the new direc- tion, before the position to be occupied by that com- pany, and order its captain to establish it against the markers. 744. The captain of the right company will imme- diately direct it upon the markers by a wheel to the right on the fixed pivot ; and after having halted it, he will align it by the right. 745. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command : 1. Change front forward on first company. 2. By com- pany, right half wheel. 3. March (or double quick — MARcnj. School of the Battalion— Psiri V. 235 74G. At the second command, each captain will place himself before the centre of his company. 747. At the third, each company will wheel to the right on the fixed pivot; the left guide of each will place himself on its left as soon as he shall be able to pass; and when the colonel shall judge that the com- panies have sufi&ciently wheeled, he will command : 4. Forward. 5. March. 6. Guide right. 748. At the fifth command, the companies ceasing to wheel will march straight furward ; at the sixth, the men will touch elbows towards the right. 749. The right guide of the second company will march straight forward until this company shall drrive at the point where it should turn to the right ; each succeeding right guide will follow the file immediately before him at the cessation of the wheel, and will march in the trace of this file until this company shall turn to the right to move upon the line ; this guide will then march straight forward. 750. The second company having arrived opposite to the left file of the first, its captain will cause it to turn to the right ; the right guide will direct himself so as to arrive squarely upon the line of battle, and when he shall be at three paces from that line, the captain will command : 1. Second company. 2. Halt. 751. At the second command, the company will halt; the files not yet in line with the guide will come into it promptly, the left guide will place himself on the line of battle, and as soon as he is assured in the direction by the lieutenant colonel, the captain will align the company by the right. 752. Each following company will conform to what has just been prescribed for the second. 236 School of the Battalion— VsiTi Y, 753. The formation ended, the colonel "will com- mand: Guides — Posts. 754. If the battalion be in march, and the colonel shall wish to change front forward on the first com- pany, and that the angle formed by the old and new positions be a right angle, he will cause two markers to be placed on the new direction, before the position to be occupied by that company, and will command: 1. Change front forward on first company. 2. By com- pany, right half wheel. 3. March (or double quick — March). 755. At the first command, the captains will move rapidly before the centre of their respective compa- nies: the captain of the first company will command: 1. Right iurn ; 2. Quick time; the captains of the other companies will caution them to wheel to the right. 756. At the command march, the first company will turn to the right, according to the principles prescribed in the school of the soldier, No. 402 ; its captain will halt it at three paces from the markers, and the files in rear will promptly come into line. The captain will align the company by the right. 757. Each of the other companies will wheel to the right on a fixed pivot; the left guides will place them- selves on the left of their respective companies, and when the colonel shall judge they have wheeled suffi- ciently, he will command : 4. Forward. 5. March. 6. Guide right. 759. The colonel will cause the battalion to change front forward on the eighth company, according to the same principles and by inverse means. School of the Battalion— Poit V. 237 Change of front perpendicularly to the rear. 760. The colonel, wishing to change front to the rear on the right company, will impart his purpose to the captain of this company. The latter will imme- diately face his company about, wheel it to the left on the fixed pivot, and halt it when it shall be in the di- rection indicated to him by the colonel ; the captain will then face his company to the front, and align it by the right against the two markers, whom the colonel will cause to be established before the right and left files. 761. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command: 1. Change front to the rear, on first company. 2. Batta- lion, about — Face. 3. By company, left half wheel. 4. March (or double quick — March). 762. At the second command, all the companies, except the right, will face about. 763. At the third, the captains, whose companies have faced about, will each place himself behind the centre of his company, two paces from the front rank, now the rear. 764. At the fourth, these companies will wheel to the left on the fixed pivot by the rear rank ; the left guide of each will, as soon as he is able to pass, place himself on the left of the rear rank qf his company, now become the right ; and when the colonel shall judge that the companies have sufficiently wheeled, he will command: 5. Forward. 6. March. 7. Guide left. 765. At the sixth command, the companies will cease to wheel, march straight forward towards the n«w line of battle, and, at the seventh, take the touch of the elbow towards the left. 767. The second company, from the right, having 238 Scliool of the Battalion— ?d.vi Y. arrived opposite to the left of the first, will turn to the left ; the o;uide will so direot himself as to arrive par- allelly with the line of battle, cross that line, and "when the front rank, now in the rear, shall be three paces beyond it, the captain will command : 1. Second company; 2. Halt. 768. At the second command, the company will halt ; the files which may not yet be in line with the guide, will promptly come into it ; the captain will cause the company to face about, and then alio;n it by the right. 769. AH the other companies will execute what has just been prescribed for the second, each as it succes- sively arrives opposite to the left of the company that precedes it on the new line of battle. 770. The formation being ended, the colonel will command : Guides — Posts. 771. The colonel will cause a change of front on the left company of the battalion to the rear, according to the same principles and by inverse means. Article Thirteenth. To ploy the battalion into column doubled on the centre. 776. This movement consists in ploying the corre- sponding companies of the right and left wings into column at company distance, or closed in mass, in rear of the two centre companies, according to the princi- ples prescribed, Article Third, Part Second, of this School. 777. The colonel, wishing to form the donble ccdumn at company distance, (the battalion being in line of battle,) will command: 1. Douhle column, at half distance. 2. Battalion, inwards — Face. 3. March (or double quick — March). Sclwol of the Battalion— Vart V. 239 778. At the first command, the captains will place themselves two paces in front of their respective com- panies ; the captains of the two centre companies will caution them to stand fast, and the other captains will caution their companies to face to the left and right, respectively. The covering sergeants will step into the front rank. 779. At the second command, the fourth and fifth companies will stand fast ; the others of the right wing will face to the left, and the others of the left wing will face to the right ; each captain whose company- has fiiced, will hasten to break to the rear the two files at the head of his company; the left guide of each right company, and the right guide of each left com- pany, will each place himself at the head of its front rank, and the captain by the side of his guide. 780. At the command march, the fourth and fifth companies, which are to form the first division, will stand fast; the senior captain of the two will place himself before thecentre of the division, and command: Guide rig/it; the junior captain will place himself in the interval between the two companies, and the left guide of the left company will place himself in the front rank on the left of the division, as soon as he shall be al)le to pass. 781. All the other companies, conducted by their captains, will step off with life to arrange themselves in column at company distance, each company behind the preceding one in the column of the same wing, so that, in the right wing, the third may be next behind the fourth, the second next to the third, and so on to the right company; and in the left wing, the sixth may be next behind the fifth, the seventh next to the sixth, and so on to the left company of the battalion. 782. The corresponding companies of the two wings will unite into divisions in arranging themselves in column ; an instant before the union, at the centre of the column, the left guides of right companies will 240 School of the Battalion— ?tixt V. pass into the line of file closers, and each captain will command: 1. Such company. 2. Halt. 3. Front. 783. At the .second command, which will be given at the instant of union, each company will halt; at the third, it will face to the front. The senior captain in each division will place himself on its right, and command, lii'jht — Dress, and the junior captain will place himself in the interval between the two compa- nies. The division being aligned, its chief will com- mand Front, and take his position two paces before its centre. 784. The column being thus formed, the divisions will take the respective denominations of Jirst, .second, third, (&c., according to position in the column, begin- ing at the front. 785. The lieutenant-colonel, who, at the second com- mand given by the colonel, will have placed himself at a little more than comppany distance in rear of the right guide of the first division, will assure the right guides on the direction as they successively arrive, by placing himself in their rear. 786. The music will pass to the rear of the column. 787. The battalion being in march, to form the double column at company distance without halting the battalion, the colonel will command : 1. Double column at half distance. 2. Battalion by the right and left flanks. 3. March {or double quick — March). 788. At the first command, each captain will move briskly in front of the centre of his company ; the captains of the fourth and fifth will caution their com- panies to march straight forward ; the other captains will caution their companies to face to the right and left. 789. At the command marchy the fourth and fifth companies will continue to march straight forward ; School of the Battalion — Part Y. 241 the senior captain -will place himself before the centre of his division and command: Guideright; the junior captain will place himself in the interval between the two companies. The left guide of the fifth company will place himself on the left of the front rank of the division. The men will take the touch of elbows to the ri^ht. The color and general guides will retake their places. The three right companies Avill face to the left, and the three left companies will 'face to the right. Each captain will break to the rear two files at the head of his company^ the left guides of the right companies, and the right guides of the left companies, will each place himself at the head ofthe front rank of his company, and the captain by the side of his guide. 790. The third and sixth companies will enter the column and direct themselves parallelly to the first division. Each of the other companies will, in like manner, place itself behind the company of the wing to which it belongs, and will be careful to gain as much ground as possible towards the head of the colnmn. 791. The corresponding companies of each wing will unite into divisions on taking their positions in column, and each captain, the instant the head of his company arrives at the centre of the column, will com- mand: 1. Such compamj, hij the right {ov left) flank. 2. March. The senior captain of the two companies will place himself in front of the centre of his division, and command: Guide right; the junior captain will place himself in the interval between the two compa- nies. The two companies thus formed into a division will take the touch of elbows to the right, and when each division has gained its proper distance, its chief will cause it to march in quick time. 793. The double column, closed in mass, will be formed according to the same principles and by "the same commands, substituting the indication, closed in mass, for that of at half distance. 21 242 School of the Battalion— Vd^ri Y. Deployment of the double column^ faced to the front. 796. The colonel, -wishing to deploy the double column, will place a marker respectively before the right and left files of the first division, and a third before the left file of the right company, same division ; ■which being done he will cause the two general guides t« spring out on the alignment of the markers a little beyond the points at which the respective flanks of the battalion ought to rest ; he will then command : \. Deploy column. 1. Battalion outwards — Face. S.March (or double quick — March). * 797. The column will deploy itself on the two com- panies at its head, according to the principles pre- scribed for the deployment of columns in mass. The captains of these companies will each, at the command march, place himself on the right of his own company, and align it by the right ; the captain of the fourth will then place himself in the rear rank, and the cov- ering sergeant in the rank of file closers, at the moment the captain of the third shall come to its left to align it. 798. The deployment being ended, the colonel will command : Guides — Posts. 800. The battalion being in double column and in march, if the colonel shall wish to deploy it without halting the column, he will cause three markers to be posted on the line of battle, and when the head of the column shall arrive near the markers, he will command: 1. Deploy column. 2. Battalion, by the right and left flanks. 3. March (or double quick — March). School of the Battalion— Vari Y. 243 801. The column will deploy on the two leading companies, according to the principles prescribed for the deployment of a close column, No. 533 and fol- lowing; at the command march, the chief of the first divisions will halt it, and the captains of the fourth and fifth companies will align their companies by the right. 802. If the column be in march, and it be the wish of the colonel to deploy the column and to c(;ntinue to march in the order of battle, he will not cause markers to be established at the head of the column. At the first command, the chief of the first division will com- mand, Quick time. At the command march, the first division will continue to march in quick time ; the colonel will command, Guide centre. The captains of the fourth and fifth companies, the color, and the men, will immediately conform to the principles of the march in line of battle. The companies will takd the quick step by the command of their captains, as they successively arrive in line. The movement completed, the colonel may cause the battalion to march in double quick time. To form the double column into line of hattle, faced to the right or left. 803. The double column, being at company distance and at a halt, may be formed into line of battle faced to the right or left; when the colonel shall wish to form it faced to the right, he will command: 1. Right info line ivheel, left companies on the right into line. 2. Battalion, guide right. 3. March (or double quick — March). 804. At the first command, each captain will place himself before the centre of his company; the right companies will be cautioned that they will have to 244 School of the Battalion— Vart V. •wheel to the ri;;ht into line, the left companies that thev will have to march straight forward. 805. At the second command, the left guide of the fourth company will place himself briskly on the direction of the right guides of the column, face to them, and opposite to one of the three last files of his company wiien in line of battle ; the lieutenant colonel ■will assure him in that position. 806. At the command march, briskly repeated by all the captains, the right companies will form to the right into line of battle, the left companies will put them- selves in march in order to form on the right into line of battle: the lieutenant colonel will assure the guides of the left wing on the line of battle as they succes- sively come upon it. Article Fourteenth. Dispositions against Cavalry. 817. A battalion being in column by company, at full distance, right in front, and at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to form it into square, he will first cause divisions to be formed; which being done, he will command: 1. To form square. 2. To half distance, close column. 3. March (or double quick — March). 818. At the command march, the column will close to company distance, the second division taking its distance from the rear rank of the first division. 819. At the moment of halting the fourth division, the file closers of each company of which it is com- posed, passing by the outer flank of their companies, will place themselves two paces before the front rank opposite to their respective places in line of battle, and face towards the head of the column. School of the Battalion— TsltI Y. 245 820. At the commencement of the movement, the major will place himself on the right of the columa abreast with the first division; the buglers formed in two ranks will place themselves at platoon distance, behind the inner platoons of the second division. 821. These dispositions being made, the colonel may, according to circumstances, put the column in march, or cause it to form square; if he wish to do the latter, he will command: 1. Form square. 2. Ei^ht and left into line, wheel. 822. At the first command, the lieutenant colonel, facing to the left guides, and the major, facing to those of the right, will align them, from the front, on the re- spective guides of the fourth division, who will stand fast, holding up their pieces, inverted, perpendicu- larly; the right guides, in placing themselves on the direction, will take their exact distances. 823. At the second command, the chief of the first division will caution it to stand fast; all the captains of the second and third divisions will place themselves before the centres of their respective companies, and caution them that they will have to wheel, the right companies to the right, and the left companies to the left into line of battle. 824. The color-bearer will step back into the line of file closers, opposite to his place in line of battle, and will be replaced by the corporal of his file, who is in the rear rank ; the corporal of the same file who is in the rank of file closers will step into the rear rank. 825. The chief of the fourth division will command: 1. Fowi.h dimsion, forioard; 2. Guide left, and place himself at the same time two paces outside of its left flank. 826. These dispositions ended, the colonel will command: March (or double quick — Maech). 246 School of (he Battalion^VsiTt V. 827. At this command, briskly repeated, the first division will stand fast; but its right file will face to the right, and its left file to the left. 828. The companies of the second and third di- visions will wheel to the right and left into line, and the buglers will advance a space equal to the fropt of a company. 829. The fourth division will close up to form the square, and when it shall have closed, its chief will halt it, face it about, and align it by the rear rank upon the guides of the division, who will, for this pur- pose, remain faced to the front. The junior captain will pass into the rear rank, now become the front, and the covering sergeant of the left company will place himself behind him in the front rank, become rear. The file closers will, at the same time, close up a pace on the front rank, and the outer file on each flank of the division will face outwards. 830. The square being formed, the colonel will command : Guides — Posts. 831. At this command, the chiefs of the first and fourth divisions, as well as the guides, will enter the square. 832. The captains whose companies have formed to the right into line, will remain on the left of their companies; the left guide of each of those companies will, in the rear rank, cover his captain, and the cov- ering sergeant of each will place himself as a file closer behind the right file of his company. 833. The field and stafi" will enter the square, the lieutenant colonel placing himself behind the left, and the major behind the right of the first division. 834. If the battalion present ten, instead of eight companies, the fourth division will make the same movements prescribed above for the second and third School of the Battalion— ?Qxi V. 247 divisions, and the fifth, the movements prescribed for the fourth division. 835. A battalion ought never to present, near the enemy's cavalry, an odd company. The odd company, under that circumstance, ought, when the battalion is under arms, to be consolidated, for the time, with the other companies. 836. The fronts of the square will be designated as follows: The first division will always be the jirst front; the last division, the fourth front; the right companies of the other divisions will form the second front; and the left companies of the same divisions the third front. 843. If the battalion, before the square is formed, be in double column, the two leading companies will form the first front, the two rear companies the fourth ; the other companies of the right half battalion will form the second, and those of the left half battalion the third front. 844. The first and fourth fronts will be commanded by the chiefs of the first and fourth divisions ; each of the other two bj^ its senior captain. 845. The commander of each front will place him- self four paces behind its present rear rank, and will be replaced momentarily in the command of his com- pany by the next in rank therein. 847. If the column by division, whether double or simple, be in mass, and the colonel shall wish to form it into square, he will first cause it to take company distance; to this efiect, he will command: 1. To form square. 2. By the head of column, take half distance. 849. The colonel will halt the column the moment the third division shall have its distance. As soon as the column is halted, the dispositions indicated, No. 819, will be executed, and when these are com- pleted, the colonel may proceed to form square. 248 Schcol of the Battalion— Vd^xi Y. 854. The battalion being formed into square, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to advance a distance less than thirty paces, he will command : 1. By (such) fronts forward. 2. March. 855. If it be supposed that the advance be made by the first front, the chief of this front will command: 1. First division, forward. 2. Guide centre. 856. The chief of the second front will face his front to the left. The captains of the companies composing this front will place themselves outside, and on the right of their left guides, who will replace them in the front rank ; the chief of the third front will face his front to the right, and the captains in this front will place themselves outside, and on the left of their cover- ing sergeants ; the chief of the fourth front will face his front about, and command: 1. Fourth division, forward; 2. Guide centre. The captain, who is in the centre of the first front, will be charged with the direction of the march. 857. At the command march, the square will put itself in motion ; the companies marching by the flank will be careful not to lose their distances. The chief of the fourth division will cause his division to keep constantly closed on the flanks of the second and third fronts. 857. This movement will only be executed in quick time. 858. The lieutenant colonel will place himself in rear of the file of direction, in order to regulate his march. 860. If the colonel should wish to halt the square,, lie will command : 1. Battalion. 2. Halt. Sclwol of the Battalion— Tart V. 249 861. At the second command, the 8qnare will halt; the fourth front will face about iramediotely, and with- out further command : the second and third fronts will face outwards ; the captains of companies will resume their places as in square. 8G2, In moving the square forward by the second, third or f )urth fronts, the same rules will be observed. 863. The battalion being formed into square, when the colonel shall wish to cause it to advance a greater distance than thirty paces, he will command : 1. Form column. 864. The chief of the first front will command: 1. First division, forward. 2. Guide left. 865. The commander of the fourth front will caution it to stand fast; the commander of the second front will cause it to face to the left, and then command, Bi/ company, by Jile left. The commander of the third front will cause it to face to the right, and then com- mand, By company, by fie right. At the moment the second and third fronts face to the left and right, each captain will cause it to break to the rear the two lead- ing files of his company. 866. These dispositions being made, the colonel will command ; 3. March — (or double quick — March). 867. At this command, the first front will march forward ; its chief will halt it when it shall have ad- vanced a space equal to half its front, and align it by the left. 868. The corresponding companies of the second and third fronts will wheel by file to the left and right, and march to meet each other behind the centre of ihe first division, and the moment they unite, the captain of each company will halt his company and 250 School of the Battalion — Part Y. face it to the front. The division being re-formed, its chief will ali^n it by the left. 869. The commander of the fourth front will cause it to ftice about; its file-closers will remain before the front rank. 870. The column being thus re-formed, the colonel may put it in march ; the right guides will preserve company di.>:elve.s rapidly before the front rank of their respective divisions. At the command mavfJi, the column will face about and move oif to the rear. 881. If the column be marching in retreat, and the colonel shall wish to march it in advance, he will command : 1. To march in advance. 2. Battalion right about. 3. March (or double quick — March). 882. At the second command, the file closers of the second and third divisions will place themselves before the rear rank of their respective divisions ; at the third, the column will face by the front rank. To reduce the square. 883. The colonel, wishing to break the square, will command : 1. Reduce square. 2. March (or double quick — March). 252 Sclwol of the Battalion — Part V. 884. Thi'5 movement will be executed in the manner indicated, No. 8G3 and following ; but the file-closers of the fourth front will place themselves behind the rear rank the moment it faces about; the field and stafi", the color-bearer and buglers, will, at the same time, return to their places in column. To form square from line of battle. 888. To ploy the battalion into column upon one of the flank divisions, the colonel will command : 1. To form square. 2. Column at half distance hy division. 3. On the first (or fotirth) division. 4. Battalion, right {px left) — Face. 6. March (or c?ou6Z5 ge^/cA; —March). 889. This movement will be executed according to the priciples prescribed. 890. If the battalion be marching in line of battle, and the colonel shall wish to form square, in a di- rection perpendicular to the line of battle, he will command : 1. To form square. 2. On the first (or fourth) division, form column. 3. Battalion, by the right (or left) flank. 4. March (or double quick — March). 892. To ploy the battalion into double column, the colonel will command : 1. To form square. 2. Double column at half distance. 3. Battalion, inwards— Face. 4. March (or double quick — March), 894. The battalion being in march, to ploy it into double column to form square, the colonel will command : • 1. To form square. 2. Form double column. 3. Battalion^ by the right and left flanks. 4. March (or double quick — March). School of the Battalion— Vari V. 253 895. The chief of the leading division will halt hia division at the command march. Squares in four ranks. 910. If the square formed in two ranks, according to the preceding rules, should not be deemed sufficiently strong, the colonel may cause the square to be formed in four ranks. 911. The battalion being in column by company at full distance, right in front, and at a halt, when the colonel shall wish to form square in four ranks, he will first cause divisions to be formed, which being exe- cuted, he will command: 1. To form square in fdur ranks. 2. To half distance, clos^ column. 3. March (or double quick — March). 912. At the first command, the chief of the first division will caution the right company to face to the left, and the left company to face to the right. The chiefs of the other divisions will caution their divisions to move forward. 913. At the command march, the right company of the first division will form into four ranks on its left file, and the left company into four ranks on its right file. The formation ended, the chief of this division will align it by the left. 914. The otlier divisions will move forward and double their files marching; the right company of each division will double on its left file, and the left company on its right file. The formation completed, each chief of division will command. Guide left. Each chief will halt his division when it shall have the dis- tance of a company front in four ranks from the pre- ceding one, counting from its rear rank, and will align his division by the left. At the instant the fourth di- vision is halted, the file-closers will move rapidly before its front rank. 22 \ 254 School of the Battalion — Part V. 915. The colonel will form square, re-forra column, and reduce square in four ranks, by the same com- mands and means as prescribed for a battalion in two ranks. 91G. If the square formed in four ranks be reduced and at a halt, and the colonel shall wish to form the battalion into two ranks, he will command : 1. In two ranks undouhle files. 2. Battalion^ outwards — Face. 3. March. 917. At the first command, the captains will step before the centres of their respective companies, and those on the right will caution them to face to the rig;ht, and those on the left to face to the left. 918. At the second command, the battalion will face to the right and left. 919. At the command march, each company will undouble its files and re-form into two ranks as indi- cated in the school of the company. Each captain will halt his company and face it to the front. The forma- tion completed, each chief of division will align his division by the left. 920. If the column be in march, with divisions formed in four ranks, and the colonel shall wish to re- form them into two ranks, he will command : 1. Guide centre. 2. In two ranks, undouble files. 3. March. 921. The captain, placed in the centre of each divi- sion, will continue to march straight to the front, as will also the left file of the right company, and the right file of the left company. Each company will then be re-formed into two ranks, as prescribed in the school of the company. 922. Tlie battalion being formed into two ranks, the colonel will command, Guide left (or riyht). School of the Battalion — Part V. 255 923. To form square in four ranks on one of the flank divisions, the colonel will command : 1. To form square, in four ranks. 2. Column at half dis- tance, hy division 3. On the first (or fourth) division. 4. Battalion, right (or left) — Fack. 5. March (or double quick — March). 924. At the second command, each chief of division will place himself before the centre of his division, and caution it to face to the right. 925. At the fourth command, the right guide of the first division will remain faced to the front, the batta- lion will face to the light. 92G. At the command march, the first file of four men of the first division will face to the front, re- maining doubled. All the other files of four men will step ofi" together, and each in succession will close up to its proper distance on the file preceding it, and face to the front, remaining doubled. When the last file shall have closed, the chief of division will command, Left — Dress. * 927. The other divisions will ploy into column in the same manner as with a battalion in two ranks, observing what follows: the chiefs of divisions, in- stead of allowing their divisions to file past them on entering the column, will continue to lead them, and as each division shall arrive on a line with the right guide of the first division, its chief will halt the right guide, who will immediately face to the front ; the first file of four men will also halt at the same time and face to the front, remaining doubled. The se- cond tile will close on the first, and when closed, halt, and face to the front, remaining doubled. All the other files will execute successively what has just been prescribed for the second. When the last file shall have closed, the chief of division will command, Left — Dress. 256 School of the Battalion— Tart V. 931. If the colonel should wish to form a perpen- dicular pquare in four ranks, by double column, he will command : 1. To form square, in four ranks. 2. Double column, at h'tlf distance. 3. Bnttnlion inwards — Face. 4. March (or douule quick — March). *932. At the second command, the captains of com- panies will place themselves before the centres of their respective companies, and caution those on the right to face to the left, and those on the left to face to the right. The captain of the fifth company will caution his covering sergeant to stand fas^t. 933. At the third command, the battalion will face to the left and right ; at the command march, the left file of the fourth, and the right file of the fifth com- pany, will Aice to the front, remaining doubled. The fourth company will close successively by tile of fours on the left file, and the fifth company, in like manner, on the right file; the files will face to the front, re- maining doubled. The formation completed, the chief of division will command: Right dress. The junior captain will place himself in the interval between the two companies. 934. The other companies will close as prescribed for the double column in two ranks, observing what follows : each captain will halt the leading guide of his company the moment the head of his company arrives on a line with the centre of the column. In the right companies, the left guide will step into the line of file closers, and the left file of four men will face immediately to the front, remaining doubled, and by the side of the right guide of the left company. The companies will each form into four ranks, as pre- scribed. No. 926, the right companies on the left file, and the left companies on the right file. The forma- tion completed, the junior captain will place himself School of the Battalion — Part V. 257 between the two companies, and the senior will com- mand : Right — dress. Column against cavalry, 965. When a column closed in mass has to form square, it will begin by taking company distance ; but if so suddenly threatened by cavalry as not to allow time for this disposition, it will be formed in the fol- lowing manner : 906. The colonel will command: 1. Column against cavalry. 2. March. 967. At the first command, the chief of the leading division will caution it to stand fast *and pass behind the rear rank ; in the interior divisions each captain will promptly designate the number of tiles necessary to close the interval between his company and the one in front of it. The captains of the divisions next to the one in rear, in addition to closing the interval in front, will also close up the interval which separates this division from the last ; the chief of the fourth division will caution it to face about, and its file closers will pass briskly before the front rank. 908. At the command march, the guides of each division will place themselves rapidly in the line of tile closers. The tirst division will stand fast, the fourth will face about, the outer file of each of these divisions will then face outwards ; in the other divisions the files designated for closing the intervals will form to the right and left into line, but in the division next to the rearmost one, the first files that come into line will close to the right or left until they join the rear divi- sion. The files of each company which remain in column will close on their outer files, formed into line, in order to create a vacant space in the middle of the column. 258 School of the BattaUon—V^ri V. 9G0. If the column be in march, the column against caiHtliy will ho formed hy the sftme communilH and mcuuH. At the ctminjind tnurch, tho first and fourth divisidHM will halt and the latter divisinn will face nhout ; the interior divisions will coniorm to what has been prescribed above. OTC The Ijattalion boinpj no longer threatened by cavalry, the colonel will conunand : 1. Form column. 2. March. 971. At the command march, the files in column will close to the left and ri;'ht to make room for those in line who will retake tneir places in C(»lumn by stepping backwards, except thoee closing the interval between the two rear divisions, who will take their places in cidumn by a flank movement. The fourth division will face about, the guides will resume their places. 972. If the colonel should be so pressed as not to have time to order bayonets to be fixed, the men will fix them, without command or signal, at the cautionary command, column wjain-st cavuln/. 973. As this manoeuvre is often used in war, and with decided advantage, the coK)nel will frecjuently cause it to be executed in order to render it familiar. Article Fifteenth. The rally, 974. The battalion being in line of battle, the colonel will sometimes cause the disperse to be sounded, at which signal, the battali(jn will break and disperse. 975. When the colonel shall wish to rally the bat- talion, he will cause to the color to be soundekly the left shoulder, will move diagonally to the front in double quick time, so as to gain to the right the space of twenty paces, "which shall be the distance between each group and that immediately on its left. "When the second group from the left shall arrive on a line with, and twenty paces from the first, it will march straight to the front, conforming to the gait and direction of the first, keep- ing constantly on the same alignment and at twenty paces from it. The third group, and all the others, conform to what has just been prescribed for the second ; they will arrive successively on the line. The right guide will arrive with the last group. 2G. The left guide having reached the point where the left of the line should rest, the captain will com- mand the skirmishers to halt ; the men composing each group of fours will then immediately deploy at five paces from each other, and to the right and left of the front rank man of the even tile in each group, the rear rank men placing themselves on the left of their file leaders. If any groups be not in line at the com- mand half, they will move up rapidly, conforming to what has just been prescribed. 27. If, during the deployment, the line should be fired ftpon by the enemy, the captain may cause the groups of fours to deploy, as they gain their proper distances. 28. The line being formed, the non-commissioned oflBcors on the right, left and centre of the platoon will place themselves ten paces in rear of the line, and opposite the positions they respectively occupied. The chiefs of sections will promptly rectify any irregular- ities, and then place themselves twenty-tive or thirty Instruction for Shirmisliers. 265 paces in rear of the centre of their sections, each having with him four men taken from the reserve, and also a bugler, -who will repeat, if necessary, the signals sounded by the captain. 29. Skirmishers should be particularly instructed to take advantage of any cover which the ground may offer, and should lie flat on the ground whenever such a movement is necessary to protect them from the fire of the enemy. Kegularity in the alignment should yield to this important advantage. 30. When the movement begins, the first lieutenant will face the second platoon about, and march it promptly, and by the shortest line, to about one hun- dred and fifty paces in rear of the centre of the line. He will hold it always at this distance, unless ordered to the contisiry. 31. The reserve will conform itself to all the move- ments of the line. Tins rule is general. 32. Light troops will carry their bayonets habitually in the soal»bard, and this rule applies equally to the skirmisliers and the reserve ; whenever bayonets are required to be fixed, a particular signal will be given. The captain will give a general superintendence to the whole deployment, and then promptly place himself about eijzhty |>aces in rear of the centre of the line. He Avill have with him a bugler and four men taken from the reserve. 33. The deployment may be made on the right or the centre of the platoon, by the same commands, substituting the indication right or centre for that of left file. 34. The deployment on the right or the centre will be made according to the principles prescribed above; in this latter ca-^e. the centre of the platoon will be marked by the right group of fours in the second eeo* tion ; the filth sergeant will place himself on the right of this group, and serve as the guide of the platoon, during the «h'pl()ymenfc. 23 266 Instruction for Skirmishers. 35. In whatever manner the deployment be made, on the ri^ht, left, or centre, the men in each group of foars will always deploy at five paces from each other, and upon the front rank man of the even numbered file. The deployments will habitually be made at twenty paces interval; but if a greater interval be re- quired, it will be indicated in the command, 36. If a company be thrown out as skirmishers, so near the main body as to render a reserve unnecessary, the entire company will be extended in the same man- ner, and according to the same principles, as for the deployment of a platoon. In this case, the third lieu- tenant will command the fourth section, and a non- commissioned officer designated for that purpose, the eecond section ; the fifth sergeant will act as centre guide; the file closers will place themselves ten paces m rear of the line, and opposite their places in line of battle. The first and second lieutenant will each have a bugler near him. To deploy hy the Jiank. 37. The company being at a halt, when the captain ehall wish to deploy it by the flank, holding the first platoon in reserve, he will command: 1. Second platoon — as skirmishers. 2. By the right flank — take intervals. 3. M\Rca [or double quick — March). 38. At the first command, the first and third lieu- tenants will place themselves, respectively, two paces behind the centres of the first and second sections of the second platoon ; the fifth sergeant will place him- eelf one pac^ in front of the centre of the second pla- toon ; the third sergeant, as soon as he can pass, will place himself on the right of the front rank of the same platoon. The captain will indicate to him the point on which he wishes hira to direct his march. The chief of the first platoon will execute what has Instruction for Skirmishers. 267 been prescribed for the chief of the second platoon, Nos. 23 and 24. The fourth sergeant will place him- Belf on the left flank of the reserve, the first sergeant •will remain on the right flank. 39. At the second command, the first and third lieu- tenants will place themselves two paces behind the left group of their respective sections. 40. At the command march, the second platoon will face to the right, and commence the movement; the left group of fours will stand fast, but will deploy as soon as there is room on its right, conforming to what has been prescribed, No. 26 ; the third sergeant will place himself on the left of the right group, to con- duct it; the second group will halt at twenty paces from the one on its left, the third group at twenty paces from the second, and so on to the right. As the groups halt, they will face to the enemy, and deploy as has been explained for the left group. 41. The chiefs of sections will pay particular atten- tion to the successive deployments of the groups, keeping near the group about to halt, so as to rectify any errors which may be committed. When the de- ployment is completed, they will place themselves thirty paces in rear of the centre of their sections, as has been heretofore prescribed. The non-commis- sioned officers will also place themselves as previously indicated. 42. As soon as the movement commences, the chief of the first platoon, causing it to face about, will move it as indicated No. 30. 43. The deployment may be made by the left flank according to the same principles, substituting leftjlank for right Jiank. 44. If the captain should wish to deploy the com- pany upon the centre of one of the platoons, ho will command : 1. Second platoon — as skirmishers. 2. By the right and left flanks — take intervals. 3. March (or double quick — March). 268 Instruction for SJcirmuhers. 45. At the first command, the officers and non-com- missioned officens will conform to what has been pre- scribed, No. 3S. 46. At tlu' soonnd command, the first lientonant will place himself behind the left group of the right section of the second platoon, the third lieutenant behind the right group of the left section of the same platoon. 47. At the command march, the right section will face to the right, the left section will face to the left, the group on the right of this latter section will stand fast. The two sections will move off in opposite direc- tions : the third sergeant will place himself on the left of the right file to conduct it, the second sergeant on the right of the left tile. The two groups nearest that which stands fast, will each halt at twenty paces from this group, and each of the other groups will halt at twenty paces from the group which is in rear of it. Each group will deploy as heretofore prescribed. No. 40. 48. The first and third lieutenants will direct the movement, holding themselves always abreast of the group which is about to halt. 49. Tiie captain can cause the deployment to be made on any named group whatsoever; in this case, the fifth sergeant will place himself before the group indicated, and the deployment will bo made according to the principles heretofore prescribed. 50. The entire company may be also deployed, ac- cording to the same principles. To extend intervals. 51. This movement, which is employed to extend a line of skirmishers, will be executed according to the principles prescribed for deployments. 52. If it be supposed that the line of skirmishers is at a halt, and that the captain wishes to extend it to the left, he will command: 1. By the If I Jl'ink (so many paces) extend intervals. 2. Mauch (or double quick — March). Instruction for Skirmishers. 269 53. At the command march, the group on the right will stand fast, all the other groups will face to the left, and each group will extend its interval to the pre- scribed distance hy the means indicated No. 40. 54. The men of the same group will continue to preserve between each other the distance of five pacee, unless the nature of the ground should render it ne- cessary that they should close nearer, in order to keep in sight of each other. The intervals refer to the spaces between the groups, and not to the distances between the men in each group. The intervals will be taken from the right or left man of the neighboring group. 55. If the line of skirmishers be marching to the front, and the captain should wish to extend it to the right, he will command : 1. On the left group (so many paces) extend intervals. 2. March (or double quick — March). 5G. The left group, conducted by the guide, will continue to march on the point of direction ; the other groups throwing forward the left shoulder, and taking the double quick step, will open their intervals to the prescribed distance, by the means indicated No. 25, conforming also to what is prescribed No. 54. 57. Intervals may be extended on the centre of the line, according to the same principles. 58. If in extending intervals, it be intended that one company or platoon should occupy a line which had been previously occupied by two, the men of the company or platoon which is to retire, will fall succee- sively to the rear as they are relieved by the extension of the intervals. To close intervals. 59. This movement, like that of opening intervals, will be executed according to the principles prescribed for the deployments. 270 Instruction for Skirmishers. 60. If tlic line of skirmishers be halted, and the cap- tain Rhould wish to close intervals to the left, he will command: 1. By the left flank (so many pacts) close intervals. 2. March (or double quick— "SI \ViC\i). 01. At the command march, the left ^roup -will stand fast, the other groups will face to the left and close to the prescribed distance, each group facing to the enemy as it attains its proper distance. 62. If the line be marching to the front, the captain will command : 1. On the left group [so many paces) close intervals. 2. March (or double quick — March). 63. The left group, conducted by the guide, will continue to move on in the direction previously indi- cated ; the other groups, advancing the right shoulder, will close to the left, until the intervals are reduced to the prescribed distance. 64. Intervals may be closed on the right, or on the centre, according to the same principles. 65. When intervals are to be closed up, in order to reinforce a line of skirmishers, so as to cause two companies to cover the ground which had been previ- ously occupied by one, the new company will deploy 80 as to finish its movement at twenty paces in rear of the line it is to occupy, and the men will successively move upon that line, as they shall be unmasked by the men of the old company. The reserves of the two companies will unite behind the centre of the line. To relieve a company deployed as sicirmishei's. 66. When a company of skirmishers is to be re- lieved, the captain will be advised of the intention. Instruction for Skirmishers. 271 which he will immediately communicate to his first and second lieutenants. 67. The new company will execute its deployment forward, so as to finish the movement at about twenty paces in rear of the line. 68. Arrived at this distance, the men of the new company, by command of their captain, will advance rapidly a few paces beyond the old line and halt; the new line being established, the old company will as- semble on its reserve, taking care not to get into groups of fours until they are beyond the fire of the enemy. 69. If the skirmishers to be relieved are marching in retreat, the company thrown out to relieve them will deploy by the flank, as prescribed No. 38 and fol- lowing. The old skirmishers will continue to retire with order, and having passed the new line, they will form upon the reserve. Article Second. To advance. To advance in line, and to retreat in line. 70. "When a platoon or a company deployed as skir- mishers is marching by the front, the guide will be habitually in the centre. No particular indication to this effect need be given in the commands, but if on the contrary it be intended that the directing guide should be on the right or left, the command guide right, or guide left, will be given immediately after that of forward. 71. The captain, wishing the line of skirmishers to advance, will command : 1. Forward. 2. March (or double g-uic^— March.) 72. This command will be repeated with the great- 272 Instruction for Skirmishers. est rapidity by the chiefs of sections, and in case of need, l)y the serpjoants. This rule is p;eneral. Avliether the skirini.-hers march l)y the front or by the flank. 73. At the lirst command, three seri^eants will move briskly on the line, the first on the right, the second on the left, and the third in the centre. 74. At the command march, the line will move to the front, the guide charged with the direction will move on the point indicated to him, the skirmishers will hold themselves aligned on this guide, and pre- serve their intervals towards him. 75. The chiefs of sections will march immediately behind their sections, so as to direct their movements. 70. The captain will give a general superintendence to the movement. 77. "When he shall wish to halt the skirmishers, he will command : Halt. 78. At this command, briskly repeated, the line will halt. The chiefs of sections will promptly rectify any irregularity in the alignment and intervals, and after taking every possible advantage which the ground may offer for protecting the men, the}', with the three sergeants in the line, will retire to their proper places in rear. 79. The captain, wishing to march the skirmishers in retreat, will command : 1. In retreat. 2. Marcu (or double quick — March). 80. At the first command, the three sergeants will move on the line as prescribed No. 73. 81. At the command march, the skirmishers will face about individually, and march to the rear, con- furniing to tlie principles prescribed No. 74. 82. The officers and sergeants will use every exer- tion to preserve order. Instruction for Shirmiahers. 273 83. To halt the skirmishers, marching in retreat, the captain will command : Halt. 84. At this command the skirmishers will halt, and immediately face to the front. 85. The chiefs of sections and the three guides will each conform himself to what is prescribed No. 78. To change direction. 86. If the commander of a line of skirmishers shall wish to cause it to change direction to the right, he will command : 1. Right wheel. 2. March (or double quick — March). 87. At the command march, the right guide will mark time in his place ; the left guide will move in a circle to tlie right, and that he may properly regulate his movements, will occasionally cast his eyes to the right, so as to observe the direction of the line, and the nature of the ground to be passed over. The cen- tre guide will also march in a circle to the right, and in order to conform his movements to the general di- rection, will take care that his steps are only half the length of the steps of the guide on the left. 88. The skirmishers will regulate the length of their steps by their distance from the marching flank, being less as they approach the pivot, and greater as they are removed from it ; they will often look to the marching flank, so as to preserve the direction and their intervals. 89. "When the commander of the line shall wish to resume the direct march, he will command: 1. Forward. 2. March. 90. At the command march, the line will cease to 274 Instruction for Skirmishers. "wheel, and the skirmishors will move direct to the front; the centre guide will march on the point which will be indicated to him. 91. If the captain should wish to halt the line, in place of moving it to the front, he will command : Halt. 92. At this command, the line will halt. 93. A change of direction to the left will be made according to the same principles, and by inverse means. 94. A line of skirmishers marching in retreat, will change direction by the same means, and by the same commands, as a line marching in advance; for exam- ple, if the captain should wish to refuse his left, now become the right, he will command: 1. Lejt wheel. 2. March. At the command halt^ the skirmishers will face to the enemy. 95. But if, instead of halting the line, the captain should wish to continue to march it in retreat, he will, when he judges the line has wheeled sufficiently, com- mand : 1. In retreat. 2. Makch. To march hy the Jlank. 96. The captain, wishing the skirmishers to march by the right flank, will command : 1. By the right flank. 2. March (or double quick — March). 97. At the first command, the three sergeants will place themslves on the line. 98. At the command march, the skirmishers will face to the right and move off; the right guide will place himself by the side of the leading man on the Instruction for Skirmishers. 275 right to conduct him, and will march on the point in- dicated ; each skirmisher will take care to follow ex- actly in the direction of the one immediately preceding him, and to preserve his distance. 99. The skirmishers may be marched by the left flank, according to the same principles, and by the same commands, substituting left for right; the left guide will place himself by the side of the leading man to conduct him. 100. If the skirmishers be marching by the flank, and the captain should wish to halt them, he will command: Halt. 101. At this command, the skirmishers will halt and face to the enemy. The officers and sergeants will conform to what has been prescribed, No. 78. 102. The reserve should execute all the movements of the line, and be held always about one hundred and fifty paces from it, so as to be in the position to second its operations. 103. When the chief of the reserve shall wish to march it in advance, he will command : 1. Platoon forioard ; 2. Guide left; 3. March. If he should wish to march it in retreat, he will command.: 1. /n retreat; 2, March; 3. Guide right. At the command halt, it will re-fiice to the enemy. 104. The men should be made to understand that the signals or commands, such a^ foricard, mean that the skirmishers shall march on the enemy ; in retreat^ that they shall retire, and to the right or left fank, that the men must face to the right or left, whatever may be their position. 105. If the skirmishers be marching by the flank, and the captain should wish to change direction to the right (or left), he will command : 1. By file right (or left); 2. March. These movements will also be exe- cuted by the signals, Nos. 14 and 15. 276 Instruction for Skirmishers. Article Third. The firings. 106. Skirmishers will fire either at a halt or march- ing. To fire at a halt. 107. To cause this fire to be executed, the captain "will command : Commence — Firing. 108. At this command, briskly repeated, the men of the front rank will commence firinn; ; they will reload rapidly and hold themselves in readiness to fire again. During this time the men of the rear rank will come to a ready, and as soon as their respective file-leaders have loaded, they will also fire and reh)ad. The men of each file will thus continue the firing, conforming to this principle, that the one or the other shall always have his piece loaded. 109. Light troops should be always calm, so as to aim with accuracy ; they should, moreover, endeavor to estimate correctly the distances between themselves and the enemy to be hit, and thus be enabled to de- liver their fire with the greater certainty of success. 110. Skirmishers will not remain in the same place whilst reloading, unless protected by accidents in the ground. To fire marching. 111. This fire will be executed by the same com- mands as the fire at a halt. 112. At the command commence firing, if the line be advancing, the front rank man of every file will halt, fire, and reload before throwing himself forward. Instruction for Shii-mishers. 277 The rear rank man of the same file will continue to march, an;! after passinj^ ten or twelve paces beyond his front rank man, will halt, come to a ready, select his object, and tire when his front rank man has loaded ; the fire will thus continue to be executed by each tile ; the skirmishers will keep united, and en- deavor, as much as possible, to preserve the general direction of the alij^nment. 113. If the line be marching in retreat, at the com- mand commence firing, the front rank man of every file will halt, fjice to the enemy, fire, and then re-load whilst moving to the rear; the rear lank man of the eamc file will continue to march, and halt ten or twelve paces beyond his front rank man, face about, come to a ready, and fire, when his front rank man has passed him in retreat and loaded ; after which, he will move to the rear and reload ; the front rank man in his turn, after marching briskly to the rear, will halt at ten or twelve paces from the rear rank, face to the enemy, load his piece and fire, conforming to what has just been prescribed ; the firing will thus be con- tinued. 114. If the company be marching by the right flank, at the command, commence firing, the front rank man of every file will face \\\, in his turn, step one pace forward, halt, and fire, and returning to the ranks, will place himself behind his front rank man ; the latter, in his turn, will act in the same manner, observ- ing the same principles. At the command, cease firing, the men of the rear rank will retake their original positions, if not already there. 115. If the company be marching by the left flank, the fire will be executed according to the same princi- 24 278 Instruction for Skirmiahers. plea, hut in this case, it will be the rear rank men who will fire Hist. 116. The following rules will be observed in the cases to which they apply. 117. If the line be firing at a halt, or whilst march- ing Ity the flank, at the command, Forioard — March, it will be the men whose pieces are loaded, without regard to the particular rank to which they belong, who will move to the front. Those men whose pieces have V)Pen discharged, will remain in their ])lace8 to load them before moving forward, and the firing will be continued agreeably to the principles prescribed, No. 112. 118. If the line be firing either at a halt, advancing, or whilst marching by the flank, at the command, In retreat — March, the men whose pieces are loaded will remain iaced to the enemy, and will tire in this posi- tion ; the men whose pieces are discharged will retreat loading them, and the fire will be continued agreeably to the principles prescribed No. 113. 119. If the line of skirmishers be firing either at a halt, advancing, or in retreat, at the command, Bi/ the ri(jht (or left) flank — Marcu, the men whose pieces are Inaded will step one pace out of the general align- ment, face to the enemy, and fire in this position ; the men whose pieces are unloaded will face to the right (or left) and march in the direction indicated. The men who stepped out of the ranks will place them- selves, immediately after firin};, upon the general direction, and in rear of their front or rear rank men, as the ca^e may be. The fire will be continued accord- ing to the principles prescribed N calls — '* Wlio goes there?" If answered — ""Rounds" ' or ^'Patrol" he says — ''Advance tvith the countersign." If more than one advance at the same time, or the person who advances fails to give the countersign or signal agreed on, the sentinel fires, and falls back on his guard. * The sentinel over the arms, as soon as his hail is answered, turns out the guard, and the corpo- ral goes to reconnoitre. When it is desirable to hide the position of the sentinel from the enemy, the hail is replaced hj signals ; the sentinels give the signal, and those approaching the counter signal. With raio troops, or when the light troops of the enemy are numerous and active, and when the country is broken or wooded, the night stormy or dark, senti- nels should be doubled. In this case, while one watches, the other, called a flying sentinel, moves about, examining the paths and hollows. The commanders of grand guards visit the sentinels often ; change their positions when necessary ; make them repeat their orders ; teach them under what cir- cumstances and at what signals to retire, and par- ticularly not to fall back directly on their guard if pursued, but to lead the enemy in a circuit. 757. At night, half the men of the grand guard ofi" post watch under arms, while the rest lie down, arms by their side. The horses are always bridled ; the horsemen hold the reins and must not sleep. An hour before break of day, infantry grand guards stand to arms, and cavalry mount. At the outposts some of Honors Paid hy the Troops j etc. 341 the infantry are all night under arms, some of the cavalry on horseback. The commander of a grand guard regulates the numbers, the hours, and the march of patrols and routids, according to the strength of his command, and the necessity for precaution ; and, accompanied by those who are to command the patrols and rounds during the night, he will reconnoitre all the routes they are to follow. Patrols and rounds march slowly, in silence, and with great precaution ; halt frequently to listen and examine the ground. The rounds con- sist of an officer or non-commissioned officer, and two or three men. Towards the break of day the patrols ought to be more frequent, and sent to greater dis- tances. They examine the hollow ways and ground likely to conceal an enemy, but with great caution, to avoid being cut off, or engaged in an unequal coml)at; if they meet the enemy, they fire and attempt to stop his march. While the patrols are out, the outposts are under arms. Cavalry patrols should examine the country to a greater distance than infantry, and report to the in- fantry guard every thing they observe. The morning patrols and scouts do not return until broad daylight ; and when they return, the night sentinels are with- drawn, and the posts for the day resumed. On their return, commanders of patrols report in regard to the ground and everything they have ob- served of the movements of the enemy, or of his posts, and the commander of the grand guard reports to the field officers of the day. The fires of grand guards should be hidden by a wall, ditch, or other screen. To deceive the enemy, fires are sometimes made on unoc- cupied ground. Fires are not permitted at small posts liable to surprise. If a body of troops attempt to enter the camp at night, unless their arrival has been announced, or the commander is known te, or is the bearer of a written 342 Honors Paid hy the TroopSj etc. order to the commander of the grand guard, he stops thera, and sends the command under escort to the field oflficer of the day, and at the same time warns the posts near him. Bearers of flags are not permitted to pass the outer chain of sentinels ; their faces are turned from the post or army ; if necessary their eyes are bandaged ; a non-commissioned officer stays with them to prevent indiscretion on the part of sentinels. The commander of the guard receipts for dispatches, and sends thera to the field officer of the day or gene- ral of brigade, and dismisses the bearer ; but if he has discovered what ought to be concealed from the enemy, he is detained as long as necessary. Deserters are disarmed at the outposts, and sent to the commander of the grand guard, who gets from them all the information he can concerning the enemy. Jf many come at night, they are received cautiously, a few at a time. They are sent in the morning to the field officer of the day, or to the nearest post or camp, to be conducted to the general of the brigade. All suspected persons are secreted by the commanders of the outposts. ARTICLE XIII. DUTIES OF CAPTAINS— COMPANIES— DUTIES IN CAMP AND GARRISON, Etc. 758. Captains or commanders of companies fill one of the most important stations in the service, when they are viewed in relation to the direct influence they exercise ypon the soldiery ; to them attaches the high responsibility of the instruction, good order, efficiency, and discipline of their companies ; and no one should be willing to accept the post who is not qualified, or ready to qualify himself, for a faithful discharge of all the duties of the office. It is the duty of every captain to make himself familiar with tactics, or at least so much of it as will enable him to command his company properly in every situation ; and to become perfectly acquainted with its interior management. In the case of vacancy in the office of captain, or in his absence, the command of the company devolves on the officer next in rank. Captains should require their lieutenants to assist them in the performance of all company duties, the knowledge thus acquired being essential to every company officer. 762. When a militia company is called into service, the captain should, at the earliest possible moment, have it properly uniformed and equipped, and taught how to take care of its arms, clothing, etc. ; each man should be provided with his knapsack, haversack, blanket, knife and fork, spoon, tin plate, and cup. Canteens are also necessary in most cases; they are "worn over the haversack. 344 Duties of captains — companiesj etc. 763. The captain should cause the men of his com- pany to be numbered in a regular series, including the non-commissioned officers, and divided into several squads, each to be put under the charge of a non-com- missioned officer. As far as practicable, the men of each squad are quartered together. Each of the lieutenants is charged with a squad for the supervision of its order and cleanliness ; and cap- tains should require their subalterns to assist them in the performance of all company duties. The utmost attention should be paid by captains to the cleanliness of their men, as to their persons, cloth- ing, arms, accoutrements, and equipments, and also as to their quarters or tents. jr The name of each soldier should be labelled on his bunk in quarters, and his company number should be placed against his arms and accoutrements. The arms are placed in arm-racks, the stoppers in the muzzles, the cocks let down, and the bayonets in their scabbards, the accoutrements suspended over the arms,- and the swords or sabres, when these are worn, hung by the belts on pegs. The knapsack of each man should be placed at the foot of his bunk when he is in quarters, packed with his effects, and ready to be slung ; the overcoat rolled, strapped, and placed under the knapsack ; the cap on a shelf, and his boots well cleaned. Dirty clothes should be kept in an appropriate part of the knap- sack ; nothing to be put under the bedding. Cooking utensils and table furniture should be clean, and in their appropriate places ; blacking and brushes out of sight ; the fuel in boxes. The cleaning up should take place at least once a week. The chiefs of squads should cause bunks and bedding to be overhauled, floors cleaned, and arms, accoutrements, etc., all put in order. Non-commissioned officers, in charge of squads, should be held immediately responsible that their men Duties of captains — companies^ etc. 845 observe what is prescribed above; that they wash their hands and faces daily ; that they brush or comb their heads and beards ; tnat those who go on duty put their arms, accoutrements, dress, etc., in the best order. Commanders of companies should see that the arms and accoutrements in possession of the men are always kept in good order, and that proper care is taken in cleaning them. Arms should not be taken to pieces without permission of an officer. Bright barrels should be kept clean and free from rust without polishing them ; care should be taken not to bruise or bend the barrel. After firing, wash out the bore, wipe it dry, and then pass a bit of cloth slightly greased, to the bottom. In these opera- tions, a rod of wood with a loop on one end is to be used instead of the rammer. The barrel, when not in use, should bo closed with a stopper. For exerwse, each man should keep himself provided with a piece of sole leather to fit the cap or countersink of the ham- mer, to prevent breaking the nipple. Arms should not be left loaded in armories; quarters, or tents, or when the men are ofi" duty, except by special orders. The ammunition in the possession of the men should be inspected frequently, and any dam- aged, wasted, or lost by neglect, should be paid for. In camp or quarters, the officers should visit the kitchen daily and inspect the kettles, food, etc., and at all times carefully attend to the messing and econ- omy of their companies. The company rations are usually taken charge of by the orderly sergeant, and issued daily to the cooks by whom they are prepared and served to the company. The men of the company serve in turn as cooks, two being the usual number serving at once. AVhen in camp, the men present themselves at meal times to the cooks, who issue to each man in turn his proper allowance ; in garrison, or quarters the tables are set 346 Duties 0/ captains — companies^ etc. out, and the cooks place each man's ration on his plate, and in his cup, before the compaijy is marched in. When not actually in the field the ration is in most cases more than sufficient, so that by care on the part of the orderly sergeant and cooks, there is more or less saved on the rations of the company ; this saving is sold for the benefit of the company, and constitutes what is denominated the Company Fund, DUTIES IN CAMP AND GARRISON. 764. The duties in camp and garrison are to be con- ducted, as far as practicable, in the same manner and on the same principles. The Reveille is the signal for the men to rise, and the ^entinels to leave off challenging. It is usually soutided at the dawn of day, except when the troops are on the march, when the signal may be sounded at a much earlier hour. The men form on their com- pany parade grounds, and as soon as thejeveille ceases the rolls are called by the orderly sergeants, superin- tended hy a commissioned officer. Immediately after the roll call, (after stable duty in the cavalry and light artillery), the tents or quarters should be put in order by the men of the companies, superintended by chiefs of squads ; the parades, streets of the camp, etc., are cleaned by the police party of the day, in charge of a non-commissioned officer, and superintended by the officer of the day, and the guard house or guard tent by the guard or the prisoners, if there are any. Breakfast call is sounded at — o'clock in the morn- ing, and is the signal for breakfast. The Troop sounds at — o'clock in the morning for the purpose of assembling the men for duty, inspection at guard mounting, and morning dress parade, when the commanding officer commands it. Duties of captains — companies^ etc. 347 The Surgeon's call is to sound or beat at — o'clock in the morning, when the sick, able to go about, are conducted to the hospital by the first sergeants of com- panies, who hand to the surgeon a list of all the sick in the company. After the surgeon has passed upon the sick, the first sergeants proceed to make off the morning reports of their companies, which, after being signed by their captains, are taken to regimental head quarters at first sergeant's call. The morning report of the company is made off in a book kept for that purpose, called the morning report hook. The Dinner call is sounded at — o'clock, and is the signal for dinner. The Retreat is sounded at sunset, when there is a roll-call and the orders for the day are read. When the weather permits, there is a dress parade at retreat, and the orders are read out at the close of it. Each regiment or battalion has an independent parcde, com- manded by the colonel. The Tattoo is sounded at — o'clock in the evening, when the rolls are called ; no soldier is allowed to be out of his tent or quarters after this hour, without special permission. The Drummers' call is beaten by the drums of the police guard five minutes before the time of beating the stated calls, when the field music assembles before the colors of their respective regiments, and as soon as the beat begins on the right is taken up along the line. Calls for drills are sounded at such hours as the commanding officer may designate. 765. Daily duties must be announced in order, and the officers to perform them are detailed according to the rules of the roster. The number and rank of the officers for daily duty, are to be regulated by the strength and circumstances 348 Duties of captains — companies j etc, of the camp or garrison ; th« officers detailed for duty, should remain in or about the camp or garrison during their tours of duty. Besides the officers detailed for guard duty, the offi- cers for daily duties in large commands are as follows : JL General officet^ of the day for each division ; afeld officer of the day for each brigade ; and a regimental officer of the day for each regiment. In camps or garrisons of one regiment or less, the officers are as follows : officer of the day, and officer of the guard. The General of the day is to superintend the regu- larity and discipline of the camp of the division, visit the guards and outposts, call out and inspect the guards as often and at such times as he thinks proper ; to receive all reports of guards, and make immediate communication of any extraordinary circumstances, to his commanding officer, or to the General-in-chief. The Field officer of the day has the immediate super- intendence of the camp of the brigade ; he is to be present at the mounting and dismounting of the bri- gade or grand guards ; he is to call them out to inspect them ; to order such patrols, posts, and outposts as may be necessary ; to see that the grand guard is vigi- lant, that none are absent, and that their arms and accoutrements are in order; that the officers and non- commissioned officers are acquainted with their duty, and that the sentries are properly posted, and have received proper orders. The Regimental officer of the day in each regiment, and in commands less than a regiment, is charged with the order and cleanliness of the camp or garri- son ; he has the calls beaten by the drummer of the police guard ; he attends the parading of the guards, and orders the roll to be called frequently and at unex- pected periods, and reports everything extraordinary to the commander of the garrison or camp ; he is to visit the hospital at various hours and make a report Duties of captains — companies, etc. 349 of its state to the commanding oflBcer. He should satisfy himself frequently during the night, of the vigilance of the police guard, and prescribe patrols and rounds to be made by the oflBcer of the guard. He should give attention to the condition of the sinks, the regulation of the camp fires, the removal of rubbish, etc. ; and for these purposes a fatigue party will be furnished him when necessary. CAMPS. Camp of Infantry. 7G6. Each company has its tents in two files, facing on a street perpendicular to the color line. The width of the street depends on the front of the camp, but should not be less than five paces. The interval be- tween the ranks of tents is two paces ; between the files of tents of adjacent companies, two paces ; be- tween regiments, twenty-two paces. The color line* is ten paces in front of the front rank of tents. The kitchens are twenty paces behind the rear rank of company tents ; the non-commis- sioned staflf and sutler, twenty paces in rear of the kitchens ; the company oflftcers, twenty paces farther in rear ; and the field and staflf, twenty paces in rear of the company oflficers. The company oflficers are in rear of their respective companies ; the captains on the right. The colopel and lieutenant-colonel are near the cen- tre of the line of field and staflf; the adjutant, a major and surgeon, on the right; the quartermaster, a ma- jor and assistant surgeon, on the left. The police guard is at the centre of the line of the non-commissioned staflf, the tents facing to the front, the stacks of arms on theleft. The advanced post of the police guard is about 200 * paces in front of the color line, and opposite the centre 30 350 Duties of captains — companies^ etc. of the regiment or on the best ground ; the prisoners* tent about four paces in rear. In a regiment of the second line, the advanced post of the police guard is 200 paces in rear of the line of its field and staff. The horses of the staff officers and of the baggage train are twenty-five paces in rear of the tents of the field and staff; the wagons are parked on the same line, and the men of the train camped near them. The sinks of the men are 150 paces in front of the color line — those of the officers 100 paces in rear of the train. Both are concealed by bushes. When convenient, the sinks of the men may be placed in rear or on a flank. A portion of the earth dug out for sinks to be thrown back occasionally. The front of the camp of a regiment of 1000 men in two ranks will be 400 paces, or one-fifth less paces than the number of files, if the camp is to have the same front as the troops in order of battle. But the front may be reduced to 190 paces by narrowing the company streets to five paces ; and if it be desirable to reduce the front still more, the tents of companies may be pitched in single file — those of a division facing on the same street. Cantonments. 770. The cavalry should be placed under shelter whenever the distance from the enemy, and from the ground where the troops are to form for battle, permit it. Taverns and farm-houses, with large i^tables and free access, are selected for quartering them. The colonel indicates the place of assembling in case of alarm. It should generally be outside the cantonment; the egress from it should be free; the retreat upon the other positions secure, and roads leading to it on the side of the enemy obstructed. The necessary orders being given, as in establish- ing a camp, the picket and grand guards are posted. Duties of captains — companies j etc. 351 A sentinel may be placed on a steeple or high house, and then the troops are marched to the quarters. The men sleep in the stables, if it is thought necessary. The above applies in the main to infantry. Near the enemy, companies or platoons should be collected, as much as possible, in the same houses. If compa- nies must be separated, they should be divided by platoons or squads. All take arms at daybreak. When cavalry and infantry canton together, the latter furnish the guards by ^jjpht, and the former by day. Troops cantoned in presence of the enemy should be covered by advanced guards and natural or arti- ficial obstacles. Cantonments taken during a cessa- tion of hostilities should be established in rear of a line of defence, and in front of the point on which the troops would concentrate to receive an attack. The general commanding-in-chief assigns the limits of their cantonments to the divisions, the commanders of divisions to brigades, and the commanders of brigades post theil* regiments. The position for each corps in case of attack is carefully pointed out by the generals. Marches. 771. For marching, the force, if a large one, is di- vided into as many columns as circumstances permit, ■without weakening any one too much. The object of the movement and the nature of the ground deter- mine the order of march, the kind of troops in each column, and the number of columns. They ought to preserve their communications, and be within sup- porting distance of each other. The commander of each column ought to know the strength and direction of the others. The advance and rear-guards are usually light troops ; their strength and composition depend on the nature of the ground and the position of the enemy. 352 Duties of captains — companies^ etc. They serve to cover the movements of the army, and to hold the enemy in check until the general has time to make his arrangements. The ^'general'' sounded one hour before the time of marching, is the signal to strike tents, to load the wagons, pack horses, etc., and send them to the place of assembling. The fires are then put out, and care taken to avoid burning straw, etc., or giving the en- emy any other indication of the movements. The " march " beatAin the infantry, and the " ad- vance" is sounded in the cavalry, in succession, as each is to take its place in the column. The infantry forms in column of companies or platoons ; the cav- alry in column of twos, fours, or of platoons ; and the artillery by sections. When the army should form suddenly to meet the enemy, the '^ long-roll" is beat, and.*'i!o horse" sounded. The troops form rapidly in front of their camp. Batteries of artillery and their caissons move with the corps to which they are attached ; the field train and ambulances march at the rear of the column ; and the baggage with the rear-guard. After the march has commenced, the troops habit- ually take the route step. The men should not be allowed to straggle, or leave ranks for any but a ne- cessary purpose, and then but for a few moments at a time. The general and field officers frequently stop, or send officers to the rear, to see that the troops march in the prescribed order, and keep their distances. In approaching a defile, the colonels are warned ; they close their regiments as they come up ; each reg- iment passes separately, at an accelerated pace, and in as close order as possible. The leading regiment hav- ing passed, and left room enough for the whole col- umn in close order, halts, and moves again as soon as the last regiment is through. In the cavalry, each Duties of captains — companies^ etc. 353 squadron, before quickening the pace to rejoin the column, takes its original order of march. When a march is to be continued from day to day, the daily march should commence at a very early hour ; the rate of going should be as regular as possi- ble, not more than two and a half miles an hour ; and the guides should be careful to preserve their distance, so as to prevent oscillations in the rear of the column, which are verv fatiguing to the men. At the expira- tion of every Iiour, or little more, the halt is sounded, when the men are allowed to take their ease for about ten minutes, when the march is resumed. In this way a day's march of twenty miles or more may be made by mid-day, or a little later: the men get their dinners after getting into camp, have the afternoon to rest, wash their clothing, clean their arms, etc., and are fresh for an early start on the following day. In forced marches, or where the march is a long one, the halt at noon may be from an hour to an hour and a half, when the men may loosen their belts, take a lunch, smoke and take their ease in any way they choose, until the hour for resuming the march ; the march may be continued until the middle of the after- noon, and still the men will have time to get their cup of hot coffee for supper, and make themselves comfortable for the night. The march of the first two days should be short, after that it may be increased to the required number of miles ; the march from day to day should be as nearly of equal length as the convenience of fuel and water, etc., for camping purposes will admit. 772. A camping party, headed by the quartermaster of the command, precedes the column for the purpose of selecting and marking off the camp before the arri- val of the troops. The camp is marked by placing camp-colors on the line intended for the color line of the command. When the column reaches the camp-ground, the in- fantry comes into line on the color line. 354 Duties of captains — companies^ etc. The number of men to be furnished for guards, pickets and orderlies ; the fatigue parties to be sent for wood and water for the cooks, etc.; the hour of marching, etc., are then announced by the brigadier- genera-ls to the colonels, and by them to the field offi- cers — the adjutant and captains formed in front of the regiment, the first sergeants taking post behind their captains. The adjutant then makes the details, and the first sergeants warn the men. The regimental officer of the day forms the picket, and sends the guards to their posts. The colors are then planted at the centre of the color line, and the arms are stacked on the line. The fatigue parties proceed to their du- ties, and the men of the company not on detail pitch the tents. SOLDIER'S RATIONS AND MODE OF COOKINGfc.THEM. The regular daily ration of food issued to the troops in the Confederate States service, is.three-fourths pound of fresh or salt beef; eighteen ounces of bread, or one and a fourth pounds of corn meal, and at the rate of one hundred rations of eight quarts of peas or beans, or, in lieu thereof, ten pounds of rice; six pounds of coffee, twelve pounds of sugar, four quarts of vinegar, and one and a half pounds of tallow, or one and a fourth pounds of adamantine, or one pound of sperm candles ; four pounds of soap, and two quarts of salt. On a campaign, or on marches, or on board trans- ports, the ration of hard bread is one pound. Fresh beef, when it can be procured, should be fur- nished at least twice a week ; the beef to be procured, if possible, by contract. RECEIPTS. Soldier\