JM jjj W tt raws. . athL^i'j '/'jiH [ (V -* DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 'Treasure %oom Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Duke University Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/historyantiquitiOOalle HISTORY OF LAMBETH. a?n /' inclusive, was printed by Messrs. Poplett, Jewin-street, Cripplegate ; the remainder by Messrs. Nichols and Son, Par- liament-street, Westminster. CONTENTS. Chapter I. Etymology — Situation — Boundaries and Extent — Soil and Agriculture Page 1 Chapter II. Rectory and Rectors 1 ] Chapter III. The Church 29 Chapter IV. Monuments and Epitaphs in the Church and Churchyards . . 75 Chapter V. Historical Occurrences — Foundation of a Collegiate Churchy Sfc 155 Chapter VI. Historical Account of the Manor of Lambeth, and Lambeth Palace 171 Chapter VII. Historical and Biographical Notices of the Archbishops of Canterbury 242 Chapter VIII. Historical Account of the Manors of Kennington, Vauxhall, Stoclavell, $c 255 Chapter IX. Local History — St. Johns, or Waterloo Church, District. . . 284- Chapter X. St. Mary's, or Lambeth Church District 322 Chapter XI. St. Mark's, or Kennington Church District 376 b CONTENTS. Chapter XII. St. Matthew's, or Brixton Church District — St. Luke's, or Norwood Church District , Page 399 APPENDIX. Monuments not in the Church 437 Parish Register. Poor Rate. Population. Land Tax. Roads. Parish Officers. Benefactions. ENGRAVINGS. Lambeth Church Frontispiece. Dedication iii Map of Lambeth Parisli 1 Map of the Soil of Lambeth Parish 7 Rebus on Lambeth 10 Tomb of Gilbert de Glanvylle 28 Lambeth Church, Plan of 29 David playing on Bells 43 Beacon on Lambeth Church 54 Font in ditto 56 Sculptures in Lambeth Church 61 Pedlar and his dog 62 Curious Hour Glass Stand 67 Ancient Sculpture in Lambeth Church 72 Stained Glass in ditto 74 Arms q/Aspinall in ditto 91 Monument of Robert Scott, Esq. in ditto 100 Arms of Peyntwin in ditto 101 Arms of Mompesson in ditto 104 ENGRAVINGS. xi Brass of Thomas Gere in Lambeth Church Page 115 Brass of Lady Howard in ditto 116 Monument of Agnes Tydnam in ditto 120 Arms of Eldridge in ditto ; 121 Arms of Goffton in ditto 127 Arms of Pratt in ditto . . 129 Arms of Rich in ditto 130 Arms of Arundel in ditto .• 132 Arms of Morley in ditto 13g Arms of Wormall in ditto 138 Tradescant's Tomb p # 154 Rebus on Lambeth _ 170 Domesday Lambeth Manor 172 Lambeth Palace, 1647 180 Tomb of Abp. Parker 21 1 Carving in Post-room 214 Niche on Lollards' Tower 215 Lollards' Prison, interior 216 Lollards' Prison, Plan of 217 Crypt in Lambeth Palace 219 Gate-house of ditto 225 Lambeth Palace from Gardens 229 Lollards' Tower from the River 241 Autographs of Archbishops, Plate 1 251 Ditto ditto Plate II 253 Arms of the See of Canterbury 254 Domesday, Kennington Manor 255 Kennington Manor House 1636 260 Domesday, Stockweli Manor 272 Autograph of King James 1 283 Royal Universal Infirmary 289 Ground Plan of St. John's Church 290 St. John's Church, Waterloo-road 290 Coburg Theatre 297 Ancient Building Lambeth Marsh 302 Ancient Ring 307 New Shot Manufactory 308 Plan of Site of Cuper's Gardens 309 Beaufoy's Distillery 310 Patent Shot Manufactory 31 3 Applegath's Printing Press 318 St. Patrick's School 318 Trader's Token 321 Ditto ditto 325 Astleys Amphitheatre 326 Carlisle House, circa 1660 334. Carlisle House Boarding-school 335 Xii ENGRAVINGS. Asylum for Female Orphans Page 337 Norfolk House, circa 1660 34-0 Rectory House, 1768 342 Hereford House 345 Verulam Chapel . . , 348 Seal of Edward the Black Prince 350 Ditto ditto 350 Mummers 352 Long Barn : 352 Plan of Canute's Trench 358 Vauxhall Gardens, Plan of 364 Roman Utensil 367 Copthall, or Vauxhall Manor-house 368 Lambeth Bridge, Plan of proposed 372 Asylum, Old 375 Gibbet-iron 386 Ground Plan of St. Mark's Church 387 St. Mark's Church, Kennington 387 Tradescant's House 393 Portraits of the Tradescants 394 Caron House 396 Autograph of William Hogarth 398 Autograph of Elias Ashmole, Esq 398 Brixton House of Correction 403 Tread Wheel, in ditto 405 Ground Plan of St. Matthew's Church 409 St. Matthew's Church, Brixton 409 Mausoleum in Brixton Church-yard 413 Ancient House at Stockwell 422 Ancient Gateway 422 Autograph of Lord Cromwell 428 Ground Plan of St. Lukes Church 430 St. Luke's Church, Norwood 430 Arms of the See of Canterbury 435 Monuments formerly in Lambeth Church 437 Brasses formerly in ditto 437 Arms of Hammond in Lambeth Church 442 Wood Engravings in Italic, all others in Roman. Pedigrees. Pedigree of the Family of Leigh of Stockwell 277 Pedigree of the Earls of Albemarle and Devon 274 &ub$crtt)er& HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING. Right Hon. Earl of Aberdeen, President of the Society of Antiquaries. Right Hon. Lord Holland, Kensington. Right Hon. Lord Bexley, F.S.A. Great George Street. T. Adderley, Esq. Great Surrey-st. A. Applegath, Esq. Duke-street, Stam- ford-street. C.V. Barnard, Esq. General Post Office. Messrs. Burnett, Vauxhall. Mr. Bennett, Carlisle House. H. C. Bowles, Esq. F.S.A. Myddelton House, Enfield. W. Bray, Esq. F.S.A. Shere. J. Britton, Esq. F.S.A. Burton Cottage. Mr. Brookes, Mount-street. W. Bryant, Esq. Reigate. J. Caley, Esq. F.R.S. F.S.A. Exmouth- 6treet. Mr. E. Campion, Kennington. Mr. Capper, Canterbury-place. N.Carlisle, Esq. F.S.A. Somerset House. E. I. Carlos, Esq. Newington. E. Chadwick, Esq. Lyon's Inn. Mr. C. Childs, Belvidere Wharf. Mr. W. Cory, New Barge House Wharf. J. Cox, Esq. (the late) Bream's-build- ings, Chancery-lane. Mr. Davies, Giltspur-street. H. W. Dewhurst, Esq. Upper Thorn- haugh-street. F. Douce, Esq. F.S.A. Kensington-sq. Rev. G. D'Oyly, D.D. F.R.S. Rectory. T. Evans, Esq. Kennington-cross. Messrs. Evans and Harpur, ditto. T. Faulkner, Bookseller, Chelsea. Mr. Fiehd, Wandsworih-road. Mr. S. Folgham, Union-place. J. Gage, Esq. F.S.A. Lincoln's Inn. Rev. A. Gibson, Norwood. Mr. J. Graves, Waterloo-road. Hudson Gurney, Esq. M.P. F.S.A. J. Gwilt, Esq. F.S.A. Abingdon-street. Mr. Hage, Newark. Mr. Hale, Mount-street. G. Herbert, Bookseller, Cheapside. W. Simonds Higgs, Esq. F.S.A. Pad- dington. Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart. F.R.S. F.S.A. Stourhead. C. Hollis, Esq. Stamford street. H. Holloway, Bookseller, Wolsing- ham-place. Mr. B. Howlett, Newington. Mr. Hubert, Surveyor, Mount Gardens. J. Jennings, Bookseller, Cornhill. Mr. M. Jones, Belvidere-road. R. Lindsay, Esq. St. Thomas's-street. P. Martin, Bookseller, Bridge-road. Mr. C. Massey, Bridge-road. Mr. G. Miller, Margate. J. Miller, Bookseller, Bridge-road. J. Nelson, Esq. Islington. J. Nichols, Esq. F.S.A. Highbury. J. B. Nichols, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S. Par- liament-street. Messrs. Nichols and Son, Booksellers. Parliament-street. P. A. Nuttall, LL.D. Brook-street, Lambeth. Mr. Ogburn, Bath. Mr. T. Palmer, Rolls Chapel. G. W. Parry, Esq. Llydiade, Cardigan- shire G. Pringle, Esq. Stoke Newington. Mr. Pyall, Mount Hill Cottage. Mr. Robinson, Lambeth-marsh. Mr. Roberts, Kennington Oval. Mr. R. Rowe, Park-street, Islington. Mr. Sar.ders, East-plare. Mr. Seager, Church-street. R. Sears, Esq. Lower Kennington-lane- Simpkin andMarshal), Booksellers, Sta- tioners'-court. Mr. Smith, Vauxhall, G. Spre< kley, Esq. Wandsworth-road. G. W Stormy, Esq. Lambeth. Mr. T. E Tomlms, Kennington. A. Tyton, Esq. F.L.S. Wimbledon. W. Upcoti, Esq London Institution. Mr. R. Wauuore, Esst-x- place. Mr. Wilkinson (ibelate) IYnchurch-st. E.Wilson, Bookseller, Ruyal Exchange. C. G. Young, Esq. F.S.A. Heralds' Col- lege. o ^ '' ° ^' ill •/•«/; l'.iKisii OT 5* MAST Lj\iViS.BTa. Di\ ini i) i\ ro DISTH1 CTS, i kqm i.v /' tvai. sum Made in the Yen* THE HISTOKY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE PARISH AM) PALACE OF CHAPTER I. Etymology — Situation — Boundaries and Extent — Soil and Agriculture. ETYMOLOGY : nn HE name of this place has been variously written by ancient Historians. The earliest record extant, in which it is mentioned, is a Charter of King Edward the Confessor, dated 1062, confirming the several grants of the founder, and others, to the Abbey of Waltham, in Essex ; and amongst others, " Lambe-hithe, with all fields, pastures, meadows, woods and waters, thereto belonging."* In the Domesday Book it is written Lanehei, which is most probably a mistake ; in the ancient Historians it is spelt Lamhee, Lamheth, Lam- byth, Lamedh, and several other variations, the principal of a Mouasticon Anglicanum, vol.ii. 121 a, B 2 SITUATION. which were probably occasioned by the errors of transcribers. Most Etymologists derive the name from lam, dirt ; and hyb, or hySe, a haven. Dr. Ducarel differs with this expla- nation of the name, and considers that it is derived from lamb, a lamb; and hyb, a haven; but that eminent antiquary, Dr. Gale, derives it from the circumstance of its contiguity to a Roman road, or leman, which is generally supposed to have terminated at the River at Stan gate, from whence was a passage over the Thames.* The first derivation is generally adopted. Situation : — The Parish of Lambeth is situated on the South side of the river Thames, opposite to Westminster, in the Eastern Half-hundred of Brixton, in the County of Surrey. This Hundred was so denominated, from a stone or pillar erected by Brlxi, a Saxon proprietor in these parts, and was memorable in his time as one of the boundary marks of a manor in Lambeth, belonging to the Abbey of Waltham, in the reign of Edward the Confessor, anno 10G2. How this Hundred came to be called Allington Hundred, as it is in the older Surveys of Morden, Speed, and Seller, does not appear; in our county books, and the modern maps of Senex and Bowen, it is known by the name of Brixton only. b Hundreds are mentioned in the Salic Law ; and the division of Counties into Hundreds is assigned to Alfred ; but this supposition appears to be erroneous, as the divisions of Ty thing and Shire existed in Britain some ages previous to the reign of that illustrious monarch ; and were recognized in the laws of Ina, King of the West Saxons, before the close of the seventh century. The Hundred was governed by an officer, who at stated periods held the Hundred Court, for the trial of causes arising within the Hundred ; subject, however, to the control of the King's Court ; deeds were read over in these courts for a Manning and Bray, iii. p. 461. b Id. p. 265. BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. 3 the sake of evidence. By the statute 14 Edw. III. the juris- diction of these courts, particular franchises excepted, was transferred to the County Court.* Boundaries and Extent: — This Parish is bounded on the North by the river Thames ; on the East by Christchurch, St. George's, Newington and Cainberwell Parishes ; on the South by Croydon Parish, and on the West by Strealham, Clapham and Battersea Parishes. According to a survey of this Parish, taken by Mr. Genway in the beginning of the last century, its Boundaries are as follows: From the landing-place at Lambeth Palace, north- ward and eastward, along the water-side to the Old Barge House, and thence on to the corner of St. George's Fields, and so on the westerly side of the Ditch, southward to the Lord Mayor's stone near the Dog and Duck, and then across the fields south-eastward (leaving the ditch on the left hand) to Newington, and thence southward to Kenmogtori Common, where it meets with Newington Parish, to the cross digged there in the ground, and thence south-west on the Common into Smith's field, to a cross dug there ; and thence south-westward three field's length, into Watch-house Fields, and so eastward to the east side of that field, and so on the south side a lane there ; thence south-westward across the fields to the back of Loughborough Gardens, where the parish mark is cut in an oak tree; and from thence pass southward thirty rods, and thence eastward to Cainberwell town, going through that which is or was Mr. Smith's house ; and thence along a lane near Dulwich,' and so westward to Delver ; also Woodman's farm, and thence near two miles southerly to Vicar's Oak, at which oak meet the parishes of Lambeth, northward, Cainberwell, eastward, Streatham, south-westward, and Battersea, south- west by west ; and from this oak they go west by northward ■ Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq. p. 401. Giosc, Supp. p. 101. J-'dulkiuVs Kensington, 4to, p. (i. 4 nOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. to Norwood Gate, and thence south-westward to Streathum Common (to avoid a wood) and thence north-westward to the Windmill House; and thence through a wood west and by southward to Cole's farm, which leaving to the north-eastward, they pass about south south-west to the road leading from London to Croydon; and crossing the road' they go west by north to Bleak Hall, and thence on the same point to Broom Hill, and so eastward about forty rods to the road ; and thence turning due west they go to the road that leads to Kennington, and easterly along that road to Nine Elms, and thence south- westward about thirty rods towards Battersea, and thence backward into the road, and through Vauxhall to the Thames, and so along the water side to the plying-place near the Church at Lambeth, The perambulating of the boundaries of parishes in Rogation week, is of very ancient origin, and is one of those old usages which is still retained by the Reformed Church ; previous to the Reformation the parochial perambulations were attended with great abuses, and, therefore, when processions were for- bidden, the useful part only of them was retained. We appear to have derived it from the Prench ; for we find, that Mamertus, Bishop of Yienne, first ordered them to be observed about the middle of the fifth century, upon the pros- pect of some particular calamity that threatened his diocese. a In Gibson's Codex of Ecclesiastical Law, we find, that by an injunction of Queen Elizabeth, it was ordered : " That the people shall, once a year, at the time accustomed, with the curate and substantial men of the parish, walk about the parishes as they were accustomed, and at their return to church, make their common prayers ; provided that the curate in the said common perambulation, as heretofore, in the days of Rogations, at certain convenient places shall admonish the people to give God thanks in the beholding of God's benefits, for the increase and abundance of his fruits upon the face of the earth, with a Le Coinle Annul. Eccles. Franc, torn. I. p. -*o. r.oTNDARIES AND EXTENT. 5 tltt saying of the 104* Psalm, ck.; at which time also fee said minister shall inculcate this and such like sentences, ' Cursed be he which translated the bounds and doles of his neighbour;' or such other order of prayer as shall be hereafter appointed." There does not, however, appear to be any law by which the observance of this custom can be enforced, nor can the Ecclesiastical Judges oblige the churchwardens to go their bounds ; this is a growing evil, which can only be reme- died by an Act of Parliament/ The last time this Parish was perambulated was in 1016, it is usual to go round the bounds every seven years. Lambeth Parish is nearly eighteen miles in circumference; in length it is about six miles and a half; and its greatest breadth is about two miles. In the Domesday Survey it is said to contain twenty plough lands and a half. By a land scot levied in 10— ,■< it appears to have contained 1,261 acres of arable land, 1,026 of pasture, 125 of meadow, 13 of ozier, 37 of garden ground, and 150 of wood ; total of the whole, 2,612 acres. In the beginning of the last century, the land lying waste in the several Commons within the Parish was estimated as follows :— Kenning ton Common, 24 acres, much esteemed for the quality of its grass ; Norwood, 163 acres; Norwood Com- mon, 200 acres; Hall Lane, 7 acres ; Knight's Hill Green, 10 acres; Half Moon Green, 9 acres T Rush Common, 62 acres; Stockwell South Common, 5 acres ; South Lambeth, and Stockwell North Common, 10 acres ; total 400 acres, in commons and waste lands, which being added to the former total, will make the total amount, 3,102 acres. It is estimated, that the arable exceeds the grass land in the proportion of six to four, and the meadow about a fourth part of the latter. e a Faulkner's Kensington, Ito, p. 5. C-lmrdiw aniens Book of Accounts. e Lysons' Env. vol. i. p. 2-37. C BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. The following List of the Streets, Lanes, &c. in this Parish, in the year 1718, is copied from a curious old document; the orthography has been preserved.* Streets, Lanes, Courts, Alleys, &c in the Year 1718. Bishop's Liberty: Church street, and therein Brook's yard, Nevil's yard, Black boy alley. Maid lane, Dog and bear alley, and therein, Cocket's alley. Back lane, b and therein, Lion-in-the-wood lane, or Paradise Bow, Three coney walk, c Gray's walk. Red lion yard. Fore street, and therein, Bell yard, Harper's alley, King's head yard, Howard's yard, Prince's Liberty: Part of Fore street, and Bull alley, therein, Sansom's yard, Charing cross yard, New street, Black boy alley, Laurence lane, Angel alley, vul- Lambeth butts, garly called Kennington. Frying pan alley. Soho yard, Three mariner's alley, Kettleby's rents. Fox- Hall Liberty : Fox-hall, or Vauxhall, South Lambeth. JCcnnington Liberty : Kennington, Kennington Common. Marsh Liberty: The Narrow wall from Cuper's Crown court, Bridge, to Standgate, and College street, therein Vine street, Standgate, Lambeth Marsh. Lime tree court, 8 Nichols's Lambeth, p. 25. » Now called High Street. e Now Lambeth Walk. T.JJlen.DeTi St Scalp. of SOIL AND AGRICULTURE. 7 Wall Liberty : The Narrow wall from the King's St. George's Fields. Old Barge house to Cuper's Gardens, Stochiccll Liberty : Stockwell town, Brixton causeway. Dean's Liberty: Part of Camberwell town. All the rest consists of land, as also the rest of Stockwell Liberty. Soil and Agriculture: — The Soil of this Parish is various; about Stockwell, Dulwich Mill, and North Brixton, it is a strong dark clay upon gravel and sand, and a brick earth: Near Norwood, and from thence to Brixton Hill, it consists principally of a sandy loam intermixed with clay ; the remainder of the Parish is composed of a pale clay, which varies but little; at the extremity, towards Croydon, a well was sunk 300 feet deep, through an unvaried stratum of argil- laceous blue earth into a sub soil of sand, from which the water rose to the top and overflowed within twelve hours, and con- tinued to do so for some years, but is now twenty or thirty feet below the surface. There were formerly several mineral springs in this Parish, but which have now fallen into disuse; the water at the Dog aud Duck, in St. George's Fields, was a weak cathartic, it contained portions of Epsom and sea salts, with one-twelfth of the residuum of insoluble matter. At Balliam Hill and Brixton Causeway wells have been dug 200 feet deep, running almost the whole way through a bed of oyster-shells cemented by clay. At the side of the Wands- worth road is a spring which has never been known to freeze, even in the hardest winters, the steps to which are kept in re- pair by the Trustees of the roads. Agriculture was anciently very imperfectly understood in England. Froissart relates, that he saw, in the year 1372, a 8 SOIL AND ACIRH t I.TLRE. great fleet arrive in a French port from tin's country, for a suj> ply of corn ami wine ; and a French writer, at the end of the fifteenth century, asserted, that we were dependant on France for our daily hread : " De sorte que la France peut se ranter d'avoir entre ses mains la disette et Pahondance de ce royaume." As late as the reign of James I. there was a regu- lar importation of corn from the Baltic, as well as from France ; and if it ever stopped, the bad consequences were sensibly felt by the nation. Sir Walter Raleigh computes that two millions sterling went out for com at one time. 1 The following is a list of the principal rare Plants found wild within the Parish of Lambeth. b At or near Vauxhall, Anchusa sempervirens, Evergreen Alkanet. About Stockwell hedges, Convallaria multiflora, Common Solomon's Seal. About Lambeth Marsh, Epilobium roseum, Pale smooth-leaved Willow-herb. About Norwood, lthamnus Frangula, Berry-bearing Alder ; Chenopodium hybridum, Maple-leaved Goose-foot; Bunium flexuosum, Earth Nut, or, Pig Nut; Convallaria majalis, Lily of the valley; Sedum telephium, Orpine, or, Live-long ; Aquilegia vulgaris, Columbine; Digitalis purpurea, Purple Fox-glove; Orobanche major, Great Broom-rape; Hicracium murorum, Wall Haw It- weed, or, Golden Lungwort ; Fiieracium sabaudum, Shrubby broad-leaved Hawhiceed ; Orchis bifolia, Butterfly Orchis ; Quercus sessiliflora, Sessile-fruited Oak ; Ituscus aculeatus, Butcher's Broom ; Blechnum boreale, Bough Spleen-wort ; Polypodium vulgare, Common Polypody ; and Trichostomum fontinalioides, River Fringe-moss, at the side of the Thames at Lambeth. Dr. Featley, Rector of this parish in the reign of Charles I. says, that of the land in this Parish, there was wont formerly a Faulkner's Kensington, 4lo, p. 16. Le Grand, Vic Privec des Francjais, ii. 400. Hume, vii. 41. b Manning and Bray's Surrey, vol. hi. SOU, AND AGRICULTURE. V do 'be 1,000 acres id tillage ; but then there were not more than 120, the parishioners turning- their arable land into pasture, for cow-keeping. 1 By a Survey, made a few years ago, it appears that the Parish contains about 4,000 acres ; divided as follows : — "Wharfs and Timber-yards 20 Acres* Manufactories 100 Public Gardens 15 Gardens to private houses, and pleasure grounds 400 Market G ardens 80 G ardens tilled by the plough 300 Nursery Grounds 40 Meadow 630 Pasture .' 190 Arable 540 Wood lately inclosed at Norwood 1 :> I Commons divided by the late Inclosure Act. . . . 250 Commons at Kennington and South Lambeth . . 30 The sites of about 7,000 Houses and other Buildings, Roads, &c, about 1,271 Total 4,000 b It has been estimated, that at the latter end of the last century, the Market Gardeners occupied about 250 acres, upon which all kinds of vegetables were grown for the London markets ; but since the rapid increase of buildings, they have considerably diminished. The following Statement will shew the increase of Buildings in the Parish, during the last 100 years ; and it is worthy of remark, as being a proof of the increasing ' Dr. Fcatloy's Spongia, p. 13. b Manning anil Bray, vol. iii. p. 403. ( 10 HOUSES. prosperity of the Parish, that in the first ninety years there was an increase of only 5,600 ; but it appears, by the Parlia- mentary Papers, that within the last ten years the total number of Houses within the Parish has been doubled. In 1719 there were about 1,400 IIouse9.* 1773 2,270 170G 2,G00 — 1800 5,008 — 1810 7,000 — 1811 7,704 — 1822 14,000 — Manning and Bray, vol. iii. p. 403, RF.rTOMV ti CHAPTER H. Rectory and Rectors. RECTORY : I HE Advowson of the Parish Church of St. Mary, Lamheth, together with the Manor, formerly belonged to the Countess Goda, the sister of Edward the Confessor. Part of the Manor was given to the Bishop and Convent of Rochester, by Eustace Earl of Boulogne, who was second husband of the Countess, reserving to himself the patronage of the Church ; * it was taken from the Convent by Harold ; and at his death William the Conqueror seized it, and gave part to Odo, Bishop of Baieux; but afterwards restored it with the Church to the Convent; which grant was confirmed in almost the same words by William Rufus. In the year 1107 the Bishop and Church of Rochester granted the Manor of Lambeth, with the Advowson, to Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his successors, in exchange for the Manor of Darente, and other premises ; b and it has been annexed to the See of Canterbury ever since. The Benefice is a Rectory, in the Deanery of Southwark, Archdeaconry of Surrey, and Diocese of Winchester : And in the Liber Valor of 20 Edw. I. anno 1202, it is rated at 45 a Reg. Roflen. p. 2. b Rymer's Focdeia, vol. i. p. 89 — 90. Cart. Antiq. c. 18. Car- tulary of the See of Canterbury, Bodleian Library, p. 55, 57, 61, 62, 184,186. Regist. Lamb. "Warham, f. 148 a &. MSS Library, Lambeth Palace, Cart. Miscell. vol. xi. No. 17—22. 12 RECTORY. marks, besides paying a pension to the Bishop of Rochester of £. 3. Gs. 8d. ; a quit rent to the Archbishop-, 2s. 7 c/.; synodal?, 2 s. 1'/.; procurations, and to the Archdeacon, ls.l\d. The Valuation taken by the Commissioners of Henry VI IT, 2G August 1535, is as follows : The Mansion of the Rectory, 'with one house, £. s. d. garden, and half acre of land 1 6 8 The churchyard of the said church, by the year. .0 4- 12 quarters frumenti [wheat] at Gs. Qd. £. s. d. each 4 20 quarters siliginis [rye] at 4s. Sd. 4 13 4 20 quarters ordei [barley] at 3s. 8d. 3 13 4 CO quarters avenarum [oats] at 2s. 6 18 6 & Tithe of wool and lambs 10 O pomorum, pirorum, cfc volemorum [apples, pears, and warden pears]. .. . 2 ...... porcellorum et aucarum [pigs and geese] 013 4 32 virgat. fceni [qu. loads of hay] ...... 6 eggs • 1 4 wax and honey 4 piscium recentium capt. in Thamesio [fresh fish taken in the Thames] .... 1 10 domorum jacentium infra paroch' ib'm juxta 8d, de nobili, 4 marcse „■ 2 13 4 pro lactagiis [dairy] 1 , valet etiam ut patet per le Ester boke cum oblationibus ex devotione [Easter Book] 4 5 8 2 This last item must be a mistake in the M.S. or transcriber, there being no corroborative proof of the Reetor's income being subject to any other pension, than five marks to the Bishop of Rochester. Addenda to> Hist, of Lambeth, p. 301. RECTORY. 13 Tithe of oblationes in die parasceve et Pas- £. s. d. chaj in adorando crucem [by offer- ings on the day before Good Friday, and on Good Friday, at the adoration of the cross] 2 in oblationibus per mulieres inquinatas & in pannis chrismatoriis [churching of women, and the cloth which covered the child's face, if it lived, but if it died it was used as a winding sheet, called a chrysome] 2 8 36 14 4 Reprises, as above .... 3 18 9j 32 15 G\ It is worthy to be observed from the foregoing valuation, that the quantity of wheat which was grown was much smaller than that of rye or barley, and that the oats' exceeded all the others put together.* By an Inquisition taken at Kingston, 28 June 1658, before Thomas Lord Pride, Major General, Thomas Kelsey, Major General, Lewis Audley, and others, Commissioners under the Great Seal of England, out of the High Court of Chancery, appointed to enquire what and how many spiritual and eccle- siastical Benefices, Livings, and Donatives, with or without cure of souls, were in the Hundred of Brixton ; how much worth yearly; names of patron and incumbent; whereupon they certified, that Mr. John Rawlinson was Rector of Lam- beth, and that he officiated and received the full profits, ,,.. £. 190 per annum. b * Manning and Bray, vol. iii. p. 501. b Parliamentary Surveys, LambetU Palace, vol. xxi. No. S. 14 RECTORS. Rectors : — The following List of the Hectors of the Parish of Lambeth, from the earliest period to the present time, has been collected with the greatest care and diligence, from the most authentic documents. Gilbert de Glanvylle: He was a native of Northumberland, and Chaplain to Arch- bishop Becket; he was consecrated Bishop of Rochester, September 29, 1185 ; and was one of the Barons of the Ex- chequer in the 5th and 6th of Richard I. as also a Justice itinerant in Kent in 1194, and was afterwards made Lord Chief Justice of England ; he was Rector, 16 Calends of Junell97. a Died June 24, 1214. A handsome monument was erected to his memory in Rochester Cathedral, the slab of which has been most injudiciously plastered over with a kind of cement, pro- bably with a view of preserving the beautiful work with which it is covered ; the upper end where part of the cement has been removed, will serve to give an idea of what the beauty of the whole must have been before it was thus defaced. An Engraving of the tomb, in its present state, is placed as a vignette at the end of this chapter. John de Exton : He was Rector, 4 Dec. 1297; b and was empowered by Archbishop Winchelsey, to receive the tenths of ecclesiastical benefices, grantod for the war against the Scots. Andrew de Brugge: Ju. Civ. Prof. 15 Calends of March 1311. c T A John de Aulton ; 27 February 1312. He died in 1320. d * Mr. Lysons places it in 119C, in the pontificate of Godfrey, bishop of Winchester, Reg. Roff. p. 13. Denne's Additions, p. 304. History and Antiquities of Rochester, p. 125. Customale Roffense, p. 188. b Wilkins, Concil. II. 230. 253. c From Dr. Ducarel. * Bishop of Winchester, Reg. Woodl. 16 a. Asier, 13 a. RECTORS. 15 William de Drax, alias Draper: 10 November 1320. He resigned on exchange for Haliwell, in the Diocese of Lincoln.* John de Colonia : 5 Nov. 1335. b Thomas de Eltesle, Eltislee, or Eltesley ; sen. ll.b. He was Chaplain to Archbishop Stratford, and the first master of Corpus Christ! College, Cambridge, Vicar of St, Michael's at Long Sutton, and Rector of Grantchester; to the latter of which he was presented by the College, and exchanged it a short time before his death, with Thomas de Eltesle, jnn. for Landbeach ; was Rector of this Parish in 1340, but re- signed to Thomas de Eltesle, jun. in exchange for Long Stanton, in Ely Diocese : It is stated that he had many other excellent preferments, with a large paternal estate. He died, August 21, 50 Edw. III.* Thomas de Eltesle, jun. He was Rector of Blechley, in Bucks, in 1353; pro Tho. de Eltisley, juniore, Pbro (Eliens.) in utroque jure Bacc. tenente Croxton, et Canon et Preb. Line. He was Rector of this Parish, 7 Ides of August 1357. d Richard Wodeland : He was presented to this living by Archbishop Islip, on the 17 Calends of December 1361 ; the Archbishop also granted to hira a commission to collect and receive the profits of the spiritualities of the diocese of Norwich, that should accrue during the vacancy of the See. 6 a Denne's Additions, p. 305. Asser, 13 a. Orlt. II. 50 a. b Orlt. II. 50 a. * Appendix to Masters' Hist, of Corp. Chris. Col. Cambridge, p. 15. Fuller's Hist, of Cambridge, p. 41. " Reg. Islip, f. 293 a. App. to Master's Hist, of C. C. C. C. p. 15. e Wilkins Concil. vol. iii. p. 8ti. PcBne's Add. p. 307. Reg. Islip, f. 293a. Ifr RECTORS. Hugh de Bickenhull: He was presented to this Rectory by the King, in February 1376, but afterwards exchanged with Nicholas Slake, for the rectory or custody of the free chapel of St. Radegund, in the cathedral church of St. Paul, London. 8 Nicholas Slake.'' Philip Rogg'es : 14 June 1308 ; but resigned immediately for Brasted, in Kent. c John Elme: He was presented to the l^ectory by the Archbishop, 16th June 1388, d John Launce : 27 October 1395. He resigned November?, 1309, on ex- change with Robert Rothbery, for Padlesworth, in the diocese of Rochester. He had been instituted to the Rectory of Ash, near Wrotham, in Kent, May 2, 139-3, on the pre- sentation of John Radyngton, Prior of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem; and on the 28th of July 1397, he was collated by William de Bottlesham, Bishop of Rochester, to the Rectory of Southfleet ; on the 16th November, 1406, he was preferred to the Prebend of Firle, in Chichester Cathedral ; and he occurs as prebendary of St. David's in 1412 ; he was made LL.B. and constituted Official to Bishop W. Bottlesham, October 13, 1397; he was Vicar-General to his successor, Bishop J. Bottlesham, August 8, 1400 ; as also to the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, September 14, 1404, on the vacancy of the See of Rochester, by the death of that prelate. • Newcourt, Repert. Wickh. ii. p. 3. fo. 149 b. b Reg. Sudbury, f. 120 a. c Id. «* Wickh. i. 191 a. « Id. 255a. 298 b: Denne's Additions, p. 307. Reg. W, liottlesliam, fo]. t»8 a. Ibid, fol. 106. fol. 89 a. Reg. Epis. Cicest. R. fol. 116 and 160 b. Reg. J. Langdon, Epis. Roff. fol. 15 a. 150 a. 187 a. RECTORS. 17 Robert Rothbery : 25th November 1309. He resigned October 14, 1408, on exchange with Robert Derby, for Newenden, in the diocese of. Canterbury. He was Prebend of Mapesbury, in St. Paul's Cathedral, June 24, 1418. a Robert Derby : 14th October 1408. He proposed an exchange with Thomas Gordon, for Wymondham, in the diocese of Lincoln; but it seems that this did not take place, as he made an exchange with Henry Winchestre, for Sandhurst, in the diocese of Can- terbury, some years afterwards. b Henry Winchestre: 14 Oct. 1413. e Thomas Benham: He was Rector, May 14, 1416 ; but resigned on exchange with Roger Paternoster, for the Vicarage of Chedde, in the diocese of Bath and Wells. d Roger Paternoster: He was presented to the Vicarage of Kensington in 1394, 17 Ric. II. He was Rector of this Parish, 14 May 1416 ; but resigned, on exchange with John Bury, for the Rectory of All Saints, Gracechurch-street, London. John Bury : Oct. 25, 1419/ John Jerbert, or Jerebert : He was Rector, 6 June 1441, and in 1443 ; resigned in 1452.* * Wickh. I. 298 b. Denne's Add. p. 308. Newcourt, vol. i. p. 1T4. b Dr. Ducarel. c Id. d Reg. Chicheley, p.l. f. 73 b. e Dr. Ducarel. ■ Id. * Id. and Reg. Roff. Wellye, Episcopi, 160 a. Wainfleet, i. 46 b. D 18 RECTORS. Thomas Eguecomb : 11th May 1452. He resigned in 146*1, on exchange with Thomas Mason, for the Mastership of St. John's Hospital, Litchfield. 1 Thomas Mason : 9th June 14G1 ; and resigned in the same year, with John Sugden, for St. Swithin's, Worcester. 1 " John Sugden, oiSugdon: 8th July 1461. He died in 1471. c Henry, Bishop of Joppa : 4th April 1471 ; he resigned in 1472. d Nicholas Bullfynch : 16th April 1472. He resigned in 1473. e Thomas Alleyn, a.m. 5th November 1473. He resigned in 1483/ • Ambrose Payne: 6th January 1483. He was Chaplain to the Lords Cardinals Bourchier and Morton ; he resigned his living, 22 January 1527, on a pension of £. 30 per annum ; and died 28th May 1528. Robert Chalner, or Chaloner, ll.d. : He was presented to the living, on the resignation of Payne, 27th January 1527 ; he died in 1541. g * Wainfleet, i. 46*. 109 b. k Id. 109 6. 110 a. s Id. 110 a. ii. 6 a. * Reg. Wlnt. Wainfl. ii. 5 b. 11 J. e Id. 11 b. 24 b. * Id. 24 b, 94 a. e Fox, V. 152 a, Gardner, 42 a. RECTORS. 19 John Wtttwell, or Whytwell, b.d. : He was Almoner and Chaplain to Archbishop Cranmer; and Rector of this Parish, 7th April 1541 ; he was buried at Lambeth, 21 March 15G0. a Thomas Hall : Was Rector, March 1560, or 1 April 1561; he died in March 1562, and was interred on the north side of the chancel. b John Byrch, or Burchall: He was Rector, 23 June 1662 ; he died in October 15G3, and was interred in the Church.' John Pory, or Porie, d.d.: He was elected Master of Corpus Christi College, Cam- bridge, 10 December 15.37; he was presented to the Rectory of Landbeach, 21st October 1558 ; and upon the deprivation of Dr. Younge, Master of Pembroke Hall, in 1550, he was installed into his prebend in the church of Ely ; and two years after into the sixth prebend of Canterbury cathedral, which he afterwards exchanged, 1507, for the seventh stall in West- minster Abbey ; he was presented to the Rectory of Lambeth, 5th November 15G3 ; he resigned the Mastership on the 1st of February 15G0 ; and the Rectory of Lambeth a short time before his death ; he is supposed to have died in 1573. d John Matchett: He was presented to the living on the resignation of Pory, 10 July 1570; he was Rector of Thurgarton, in Norfolk, and Chaplain to Archbishop Parker, whose executors paid £.26. 13s. 4d. to redeem him from prison; he resigned in 1573. c * Gardner. 42 a. b Horn, 2 b. Parish Register. c Jd. * Donne's Additions, 310. r Slrypc's Life of Atshbisliop Parker, iW, «nr| Appendix. 192. Horn, 90 or. 20 RECTORS. John Bungey, m. a. 27th January 1573 ; and resigned in 1577. He married a niece of Archbishop Parker's, and was his Chaplain ; he died at Chartham, near Canterbury.* Thomas Blage, or Blague, b. d. 25th April 1576. He was Chaplain to Archbishops Parker and Grindal; in 1591 he was installed Dean of Rochester; but was not Master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, as Wood has erroneously asserted, On the metropolitan visitation in 1G07, he was returned as Rector of Lambeth, Braxted, Crayford, and Bangor; he died on the 11th October 1611. There is reason for supposing that he had a share in writing the " Anti- quities of the Church of England," a book which goes under Archbishop Parker's name ; but which is generally supposed to have been the work of several learned persons, who were entertained under his roof, and employed by him in divers useful publications. In a letter from Edward Deening to the Lords, in which he endeavours to exculpate himself from the charge of prophesying that Parker would be the last Arch- bishop of Canterbury, he says, " that Mr. Blague commending in my presence, a work that he was about of the Archbishop of Canterbury, I said, that he would do well to be somewhat long in the life of the present Archbishop, as peradventure he was the last that would sit in that place." b Francis Taylor, m. a. He was presented to the living by Archbishop Abbot, in October or December 1611. He was master of the free school at Guildford, where he had educated Archbishop Abbot, his brother, Robert Bishop of Salisbury, and Sir Maurice Abbot, who was Lord Mayor of London in 1638. He died in 1618. c ■ Horn, 107, 109a. Deune's Additions, 311. fc Denne's Additions, 312. Lysons' Environs, i. 291. * Bilson, :i\b. RECTORS. 21 Daniel Featlye, Featley, or Fairclough, d. d. He was a native of Oxfordshire, and was descended from a Lancashire family named Fairclough, which he changed to Featley, to the great displeasure of his nephew, who wrote an account of his life ; he was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford ; he had the Rectory of Northill, in Cornwall, which he resigned on being presented to that of Lambeth 6th February 1618. He was an opposer of the Roman Catholics, and also one of the witnesses against Archbishop Laud ; he held some tenets of the Calvinists; and in 1642 was appointed by Parliament one of the Assembly of Divines, and remained with them a considerable time ; but withdrew himself on a message from the King, to whom he was chaplain. It was probably owing to this secession, that in November 1642, his church at Acton, in Middlesex, of which he was Rector, was attacked, and his barn full of corn burnt ; and that in February following, some of the Parliament soldiers rushed into the Church of Lambeth, during the time of divine service, with swords and pistols, wounded one person, who afterwards died, and killed another ; it was supposed that they intended to kill the doctor, but he escaped their vengeance. Articles were exhi- bited against him in the Assembly of Divines, before whom he made an able defence, but they refused to hear any witness for him, and they voted him out of his living, and appointed another to succeed him; his refusal to assent to every clause in the Solemn League and Covenant, and his correspondence with Archbishop Usher, who was with the King at Oxford, occasioned his imprisonment. In September 1643, he was committed to Petre House, a his own house, library and garden being seized ; he was in an infirm state of health when he was imprisoned, and after eighteen months confinement, he got leave from the Parliament to remove to Chelsea College, of which he was Provost, b for the benefit of the air, being to return to his prison in two months ; but he died on the day lie was to have returned, April 17, 1645, in the 61st year of his age; -" IVrfect Diurnal, Oil. 2, 1,648. » Walker, p. 170. 22 RECTORS. and was buried, by bis own desire, in tbe chancel of Lambeth Church, 21st April 1645. John White : He was put into possession of the living upon the deprivation of Featlye, in 1643; he was commonly called the Patriarch of Dorchester, to which place he went on leaving Lambeth ; he was considered one of the most learned and moderate among the Puritans ; he died in 1648. John Rawunson : He was Rector in 1650, and signed the Address of the Ministers in and near London, presented to the King in No- vember 1660, and was one of the Commissioners of the Savoy Conference, for a review of the liturgy. In 1663 he was re- moved for Non-conformity ; he died at Wantage, Berks. George Wylde, ll. d. Mr. Denne says, that Wylde ought to be classed amongst the Rectors, having been instituted and inducted by presenta- tion from the King, though he did not receive the profits : On the 22d June 1660, the House of Lords made an order, " that all tythes, &c, of livings secpjestered without due course of law, be stayed in the hands of the churchwardens, until the claims of the sequestered clergy and the present possessors be determined." On the petition of Dr. Wylde, the benefit of this general order was granted to him, as to Lambeth ; two days after, a counter petition was presented by Rawlinson, alledging that the order in favour of Wylde was made on mis- representation ; there being different opinions, various days were appointed for hearing, but the business seems to have been dropped by Wylde withdrawing his pretensions, on an assurance of better preferment ; he was afterwards made Bishop of Londonderry, in Ireland, where he was highly respected : RECTORS. 23 He expended 5,000 I. a year in charities, and 200 /. a year in buildings. 1 Robert Pory, d. d. He was presented, in 1640, to the Rectories of St. Mar- garet, New Fish-street, London, and Thorley, Herts, by Juxon, Bishop of London ; but in the time of the Usurpation they were sequestered : He was of Christ's College, Cam- bridge, and in 1600 created Doctor of Divinity by royal man- date ; in the same year he had the Archdeaconry of Middlesex, Prebend of Willesdon in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the Rec- tory of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate ; but the last he resigned in September 1882 for the Rectory of Much Hadham, Herts, which he held with that of Lambeth, to which he was presented in 1663, by Juxon, then Archbishop of Canterbury ; he was also Canon Residentiary of St. Paul's. As a pluralist he was noticed by the compiler of " Poor Robin's Almanack," first published in 1663; in tho first page of which was, "Imprimatur, Robert Pory ;" and it is generally considered that the title of the book was in ridicule of him. On the 13th December 1661, he was appointed one of the Commissioners for examining and revising the Book of Common Prayer ; in the same year he presented a petition to the House of Lords, for the purpose of obliging Hardy to discover where the bones of Archbishop Parker had been cast. Thomas Tomkyns, b. d. He was the son of John Tompkins, organist of St. Paul's, and grandson of Thomas Tompkins, an eminent organist and musician to King Charles I. ; he was of Baliol College, Oxford, in 1651 ; Fellow of All Souls, 1657 ; Doctor of Divinity, May 1673. He was Chaplain to Archbishop Sheldon, by whom he was collated to the Rectory of St. Mary Aldermary ; which he resigned in 1669, being removed to the Rectories of * Wood's Ath. Oxon. ii. 30"7. Lloyd's Memoirs, p. 623. 24 RECTORS. Lambeth and Monks Risborough, Bucks; in that, year he was installed Chancellor of Exeter Cathedral, and in the same month elected Canon Residentiary of that church. As Chap- lain to the Archbishop it was his duty to examine works pre- vious to granting a licence for printing ; and, amongst others., Milton's Paradise Lost was submitted to him, when his great penetration discovered treason in that noble simile of the sun in an eclipse, in the first book of the poem, and refused the imprimatur ; for which he has been severely attacked ; yet in 1679 he gave the licence to Paradise Regained and Sampson Agonistes, in which are several severe strictures clearly pointed at the Restoration of Charles II. Perhaps he did not wish to provoke a fresh attack by a refusal. He died at Exeter, on the 20th August 1675, aged 37 ; he was therefore of Baliol College at the age of 13. George Hooper, d. d. He was of Christ Church, Oxford ; and Chaplain to Morley, Bishop of Winchester, who collated him to the Rectory of Woodhay, Hants; he afterwards became Chaplain to the Archbishop, who gave him the precentorship of Exeter cathe- dral in 1675 ; he was presented to the Rectory of Lambeth, 5th October 1675. He had been Chaplain and Almoner to Mary, Princess of Orange, and on her accession to the throne, was appointed Chaplain to their Majesties; and Dean of Can- terbury in 1691 : in 1700 Prolocutor of Convocation ; in 1703 Bishop of St. Asaph, he remained but half a year in this See, when he was translated to Bath and Wells : He died on the 26th September 1727, aged 90, and was buried in the Cathe- dral of Wells. 4 Edmund Gibson, d. d. He was presented to the Rectory of Lambeth by the Queen, on the 17th November 1703, and was Bishop of Lincoln in a Morley, 58. -..- ,',„r 1J3J. KcatUnp JaU/L. leto. (' I B § D N E DM LTNB Bp.of [,in( or.N.l/l/jl */\, London 1723 • i U ' 0Lij/i{rffi«i,jg. tuiJish iy T.gcK.Rodik IZlittkirtrfiorl Si. LdcahrSq. RECTORS. 3* 1715, he heM this in commendam one year ; was Bishop of London in 1723. He published an edition of Camden's Bri- tannia, with considerable additions, in 1695; and the Codex, or body of Ecclesiastical Law. Richard Ibbetson, d. d. He was a native of Yorkshire ; and was entered at Oriel College, of which he was afterwards Fellow ; was Chap- lain to Archbishop Tenison, who conferred on him the Lambeth degree of Doctor of Divinity ; he held the Rectory of Har- leigh, in Suffolk; and on the 30th of September 1717, was presented by the King to the Rectory of Lambeth. He was also Chaplain to Archbishop Wake, by whose favour he was installed Precentor of Exeter cathedral in June 1723 ; and Arehdeacon of the diocese, ]November 1726 ; he died at Can- terbury on the 2d September 1731 , and was buried in the Cathedral of that city. He published two sermons : one in 1712, preached before the University, on the divinity of our Saviour; the other preached at the Assizes at Croydon, 15th March 1722, dedicated to Peter Theobald, Esq. High Sheriff, and the Gentlemen of the Grand Jury. John Denne, d. jd. Was Rector 27th Xovember 1731 ; he was Archdeacon of Rochester, to which is annexed the sixth prebendal stall in that church, the archives of which he arranged with great care and diligence, and made considerable collections towards its history, with a view to publication. He was also Chaplain to Bishop Bradford, whose daughter he married ; he was Rector of St. Margaret, Rochester, and Vicar of St. Leonard, Shore- ditch. He died at Rochester on the 5th of August 1767, aged 74, and was buried in the Cathedral.* * Masters' History of Corp. Chris. Col. Cambridge ; and memorials of Rochester Cathedral, p. 232, subjoined to CiiRtomale Roffense, p. 27T, and 278; and Appendix, p. 95. E ~H RECTORS. Beilby Portkus, n. d. He was the youngest of nineteen children, and was born at York on the 8th of May 1731 ; his parents were natives of Virginia, in North America, from whence they removed into England, and .settled themselves in the city of York m 1720. At the age of thirteen he was placed under the care of Mr. Hyde, of Rippon, from whence he removed to Cambridge, and was admitted a Sizar of Christ's College. At the age of twenty-six he took orders ; and in 17G5 he married the eldest daughter of Bryan Hodgson, Esq, in the same year he wa* presented by the Archbishop of Canterbury to the livings of Racking, and Withersham, in Kent, and two years after he succeeded Dr. Denne in the Rectory of Lambeth, being at that time one of the domestic Chaplains to Archbishop Seeker; whose life he published, having been editor of his works in conjunction with his other Chaplain, Dr. Stinton. In 1776 Dr. Porteus published a most impressive exhortation to a solemn observance of Good Friday. In the same year he was made Bishop of Chester. In 1777 he re- signed the Rectory of Lambeth \ and in 1779 succeeded Dr. Lowth in the See of London. Being endowed with an extraordinary activity of mind, and possessing the most ardent zeal for the interests of Christianity, he sedulously and con- scientiously performed the functions of that important and laborious station for thirty years ; and even during a tedious illness, and the gradual decay of his corporeal faculties, had the singular happiness vouchsafed him of enjoying his intellect* so far unimpaired, as not to be wholly incompetent to the official duties of his See, almost to the last day of his life. He was long distinguished for his elorpuence in the pulpit; and his popularity, which attained its greatest height by the delivery of his excellent Lectures on the Gospel of St. Matthew, in 1798 and the three following years, was of that kind which must be most gratifying to a rational mind ; it was not gained by those arts, which, while they captivate the multitude, 4) RECTORS- 27 disgust the judicious hearer. His preaching was like his manners unaffected ; his language simple yet elegant ; and his delivery when the subject, required it, animated and impressive. In the early part of his life he was distinguished by his poetical talents, and he gained the Seatonian prize in 17-51). . His Sermons and Lectures have gone through several editions. This amiable prelate died at Fulham,* 14th May 1809, and was buried in the churchyard of Sundridge, i;i Kent. He had for many years a favorite residence in that parish, to which he was accustomed to retire in the autumnal months. In 1»07 he built and endowed lde Hill chapel, in a district of Sundridge, situated at a considerable distance from the parish church; and he has been a great benefactor by his will to that parish amongst others. Of those excellent institutions, the Sunday Schools, he was the principal founder ; and to his advice and assistance, maybe ascribed their general formation in the Diocese of London. The copyright of the Bishop's works, edited by the Rev. Robert Hodgson, with his life prefixed, was sold for the sum of £.750. b "William Vysk, ll. d. He was thirty-eight years Rector of this Parish ; was the grandson of Dr. Smallbrooke, successively Bishop of St. Davids, and of Lichfield and Coventry ; he was educated at All Souls College, Oxford ; appointed domestic Chaplain to Archbishop Cormvallis in 1771 ; took the degree of Bachelor in Civil Law in 1772, and that of Doctor of Laws in 1774 : In 1777 he was presented to this living ; he was also Rector of [basted in Kent, and afterwards of Sundridge, the latter of which he retained till his death: In 1793 he was preferred to the Archdeaconry of Coventry, and was also Canon. Residentiary of Lichfield, and Chancellor of that diocese. This worthy divine was a most excellent character and diligent pastor, ' Faulkner's Iuiliani. 8v . p. 251. b logons' Supplement^ p. I4& 28 RECTORS. constantly endeavouring both in and out of the church to promote the great Christian duties of charity, moderation, and benevolence : In 1 770 he published the sermon that he preached before the House of Commons, on the Fast day in that year. He died at the Rectory House, Lambeth, 20th February 1816, aged 75, and was buried at Sundridge. Christopher Wordsworth, d. d. Appointed Master of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1820 ; on which he resigned the Rectory of Lambeth. He holds at present the Rectory of Buxted, in Sussex. George D'Oylv, d. d. He was instituted to the Rectory of Lambeth, Oct. 16, 1820. Tomb of Gilbert de GlantyltQ. MAWK fiilffyJ.sU&nZmtuiftan . 29 Giaoraro flaw of _ LAMBETH. Pittf fy JAUm Eenntnp&m. PARISH CHURCH. 29 CHAPTER III. The Church. AT the tirst establishment of Christianity in England, there were no parochial divisions of cures, for the Bishops sent out their clergy to preach to the people as they saw occasion ; but after the inhabitants had generally embraced Christianity, this itinerant method of going from place to place was found very inconvenient, and it was deemed necessary to settle the bounds of parochial cures. At first, they made use of any old British churches that had escaped the Saxon idolaters ; and, afterwards, from time to time, churches were built and endowed by lords of manors, and others, for the use of the inhabitants of their several districts. The word Ecclcsia, which we render Church, primarily denotes a religious assembly, and from thence the word KYPIAKON, is generally used by the early Christian writers. But though this be a very ancient and common signi- fication, yet it no less usually occurs in another sense, de- noting the place, or building itself, where the congregation meet together ; and in this acceptation it is opposed to, Jhe synagogues of the Jews, and the temples of the Heathens, as appears from a passage in the epistle of the Emperor Aurelian/ ■vvhrrp he rebukes the senate for hesitating about the opening of ,-. * Vopiscus in Vit. Aurelian. 30 parish nuiu'i. the Sybilline books, " as if they had been in a debate in a Christian church." Before a building- could be used for divine offices, it was re- quired to be consecrated by the Bishop, and dedicated to the purposes of devotion ; and at its consecration it received the name of some particular personage, who was celebrated in the great roll of ecclesiastical fame, the Calendar of the Church ; a this custom was observed among the Roman-Britons, and continued by the Anglo-Saxons. b In the Council held at Chelsea, in the year 816, the name of the denominating saint was expressly required to be inscribed on the altar, on the walls of the church, or on a tablet within iL c Fairs and feasts were formerly held in the churchyard, in honour of the saint to whom the church was dedicated ; but in consequence of their being very much abused, they were finally suppressed in 13 Edw. III. as appears by the following extract : — " And the Kynge commaundethe and forbiddeth that from henceforth, neither fairs and markets, shall be kept in churchyards, for the honor of the Church. Given at Westminster, the vin of Octobre, the xni yeare of Kynge Edwarde's reigne. e But the fairs or wakes, arising out of this ancient custom, were continued in the adjoining town or village, and are still kept up in most parts of England at the present day. Lambeth Church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and is situated near the water side, and adjoining the Archbishop's Palace; it is of au ancient foundation. In the Domesday Survey, a church is mentioned as being situate in Lambeth, but no further information can be gathered respecting it. 1 Spelman Gloss, v. Eccl. b Whittaker's Hist, of Whalley, p. 95. * Spelman Cone. torn. p. 327. Cave Hist. Lit. torn. it. p. 28(5. Rapin, vol, i. p. 282. i Statuta Vetera Loud. 1S§8, l-\U)s»I CHVRCH. 31 Tlu- age ol' the present structure is very difficult to ascertain. Dr. Ducarel considers the church to have been built in the pontificates of Archbishops Arundel and Chichelcy : who were both great builders; but the windows at the east end are of the reign of Edw. IV. (which began A. D. 14<>0,) at which period those large windows first came into fashion ; and the tower at the same time/ But Mr. Denne, whose father was Hector in 1731, and who bestowed great attention on the subject, says, that the nave of Canterbury cathedral, and that of tire collegiate church of Maidstone, both built by Arundel, are so different in style and ornaments from that of Lambeth, as to render it improbable that it should have been built by that prelate ; and equally so to have been the work of Chicheley, who was Archbishop from 1414 to jl443 ; because it was in a very ruinous state before the end of that century : In the inte- rior of the church he observed the head of a royal statue, the body mutilated, at the north-east corner of the steeple, within the body of the church, over the organ-loft; b and from the resemblance to the portraits of Edward I. particularly that engraved by Vertue, he considers the church was built by Thomas de Broiherton, the King's fifth son, created Earl of Norfolk, and hereditary Earl Marshal of England, on giving him the whole estate of that earldom ; a part of which was their ancient family seat at Lambeth, which had reverted to the crown upon the death of Roger Bigod, without issue, 9a Mdw. I. A. D. 130G: He adds, however, at the same time, that there seems some reason to surmise, that the church was of later erection by one of the Mowbray family ; the graard- mother of Thomas created . « Ibid f. 162 6. d 1519 according to Lysons' Env. i, 277. « Nichols's Lambeth, p. 27. THOMAS HOWARD, DUKE OF XORFQLK |:<>M -nil- n|:n;l\ \I. til UULUKJX, IN IIIK i >>l.l .1 .ill 1 1\ OF ins <.i; \ci:. iiir. him. or noukoi.k. PARISH CHURCH. 33 A. D. 1315, 4 Kal. August, John tie Rose, chancellor, and Robert tie Norton, auditor to archbishop Walter de Raynold, made a decree upon a difference between Thomas de Wohlham, bishop of Rochester, and Robert, vicar of Dartford, respecting an augmentation of the endow- ment of that vicarage. a A. D. 1412. March G. The Convocation which met in the Chapter-house of St. Paul's, London, was continued to Lam- beth Church ; where, on Wednesday, June Gth, archbishop Arundell, with the prelates and clergy, condemned a great number of treatises, containing certain heretical and erroneous conclusions, and the tenors of those which were most obnoxious, to the number of upwards of three hundred, are specified in the register of that primate. b A. D. 14G3. July 16. The whole convocation being assem- bled in St. Paul's Cathedral, Simon Harrison, dressed in the habit of a dominican, or preaching friar, was brought before the archbishop (Bouchier) and his brethren. He was appre- hended, on suspicion, by the archbishop's chaplain, whilst saying mass in Lambeth Church ; and, on being interrogated, he confessed, that he had committed idolatry, by celebrating mass, for a long time, though he was only an acolyte. He was delivered into the custody of the bishop of Winchester, to be punished ; but the sentence afterwards passed upon him is not noticed. * Reg. Roffen. by Thorpe, p. 302. b Wilkins' Concil. vol. iii. p. 333. c Ibid. p. 585. Keysler, in his Travels, vol. i. p. 414, describes tho cruel punishment of a clergyman of Milan for the same offence. " A scaffold being erected before the church where the crime was committed, he was sentenced first to read mass, and as soon as he began, the first leaf was torn out, after which his canonical robes were pulled off, and he was delivered to the civil magistrate, by whose order, the thumbs with the fore and middle fingers of both his hands, between which at the elevation he held the host, being first burned to a coal, he was hanged." F 34 PARISH CHURCH. A. D. 1555. The Legatine Synod, assembled at Lambeth Palace, was, February 10, by motion from the prolocutor, continued to the next day, to meet in Lambeth Church, for the purpose of hearing the publication of the provincial constitution of Cardinal Pole. a On the 19th of February 1G42, in the midst of divine service, whilst the Te Deum was reading, four or five soldiers rushed into Lambeth Church, with pistols and drawn swords, affrighted out the whole congregation, wounded one of the inhabitants, who soon after died, and shot another dead* as he hung by his hands on the church-yard wall, looking over to the palace-court, who might truly have said in the words of the poet, though in another sense, ut vidi, ut peril. It was collected by many circumstances, especially by depositions taken before the coroner, and by the speeches that fell from their own mouths, that their principal aim at that time was to have murdered Dr. Featley,. the then rector of Lambeth; which it is probable would have been effected, had not some honest inhabitants premonished the Doctor, who was at the time on his way to the church, intending to have preached. About the same time, many of these murderers were heard expressing their rancour against the Doctor, some saying,. " they would chop the rogue as small as herbs to the pot, for suffering pottage (for by that name they usually styled the book of Common Prayer) to be read in his church;" others, " they would squeeze the pope out of his belly ;" with such like scurrilous and malicious language. b On the 23d of July 1710, the vestry-room of this church was broken open, and a large velvet pall, three fine holland sur- plices, a damask table-cloth, a damask napkin, a red velvet pulpit-cloth, and cushion covering of the same, a black velvet pulpit-cloth, and cushions of the same, a large bible with silver clasps, and a small Turkey-leathered bible, were stolen. Forty pounds were offered for a discovery. * Wilkins' Concil. vol. iii. p. 338. b Mercurius Rusticus, p. 16?. c London Gazette, July 25, 1710. PARISH CHURCH. ;J5 Among the entries in the churchwardens' books, in the first and second years of Philip and Mary, are the following items : Payd for a staff e for Judas crosse 4 to the broyderer for mending of the ca- nebe clothe,' 1 and for mending iii copys 9 for a lyttel belle to go with the Sacre- ment 3 for a holie water spryknell b 2 for iiii staves to beare the canebe clothe 14 to the waxe chandler for the heer lyghte, and the sconse c lyghte for the visita- tion of sicke persons 4 to Mr. Lee of Adyngton, for a coope d of blew velfett, with marlyans e of gold, and a sewte of vestments of the same, for prest, decon, and sub-decon 3 6 a The canopy cloth mentioned in the above account was a common state, set up in these times, over the high altar in all churches ; under which in a pix, or small box of gold, silver, ivory, or crystal, hung the consecrated host, reserved there to be carried to the sick upon any emergency; when it was taken down, and with the canopy over it, borne by the clergy in procession to the houses of such inhabitants as were dying, as they thought, and called for that sacred viaticum. b A sort of loose brush used for sprinkling holy water. Cotgrave, m Aspersore, says, made of bristles. Nares' Gloss. c A sconse is put for a lantern, in Hdlyokes, and the other old diction- aries ; whence it is still used for certain pendent candlesticks, as Mr. Todd with probability conjectures. Nares' Gloss. d A sacerdotal cloak or vestment, worn in sacred ministration, (from the Saxon Coppe, the height or top of a thing.) Cop, head, from the British word Koppa, the top or highest part. The capa was called, a capiendo, because it contained or covered the whole man, it was the principal vestment, made close on both sides, and open only at top and bottom. It was antiently covered with gold fringe. Fimbriae Aureae. Matt. Paris, 2 Hen. III. sub. A. D. 1246. and Linwood, p. 252. This antient habiliment is frequently alluded to by the father of English poesy ; '' Alas ! why werest thou so wide a cope ? God yeve me sorwe, but, and I were Pope." The Monk's Prologue, 1395. ' A kind of hawk. Kilian says, that it -n-ia the smallest sort of hawk. Etyniolog. Tcutonica: linguae. 36 PARISH CHURCH. All the utensils and furniture that were of a superstitious cast, having been removed in the reign of Edward VI., new were to be provided after the accession of Queen Mary to the crown ; and as the royal commissioners were apprehensive, and not without reason, that a sufficient sum of money would not be obtained by voluntary contributions, they enjoined the levying of an assessment, and it is the first rate that occurs in this book. Happily for England, Mary's reign was of short duration ; and in that of Elizabeth, the lately purchased vessels, vestments, &c. were ordered to be sold. The follow- ing inventory of them, with the prices annexed, is copied from the churchwardens' book : — A. D. 15G5. The account of the churchwardens and others of the parish of Lambhithe, who, by virtue of a recognizance dated the xxvi daye of March, and exhi- bited to my lord's grace of Canterbury the xxx daye of June, for and concerning the sale of certain parcells of ornaments of the said churche. First, a crosse a of sylver doble gilt, waying lvi oz, 14 15 10 Item, for a chalice b with a cover waying xxi oz. 5 3 10 Item, for verke clothe solde 3 4 Item, for broken waxe solde 1 a It was usually placed on the middle of the altar, " Super altare collo- cetur Crux in medio." This had the image of Christ crucified on it. The Rubric of the Mass-book orders, that the Priest when he approaches to the Altar, should before the lowermost step of it, stop and profoundly bow to this cross, placed upon the altar : " Cum pervenerit ad altare stans ante illius infimum gradum, caput detegit, et altari, seu imagini crucifixas desuper positae profunde inclinat." Collectanea Curiosa?, vol, ii. p. 182. b Visitors were appointed to examine what church plate, jewels, and other furniture, were in all churches, and to compare their accounts with the inventories made in former visitations ; they were to have in every church one or two chalices of silver. As chalices were often presents to churches they had many of them, and could let them out to hire. Burnet Hist. Reform, vol. i. Rapin, vol. viii. p. 105. Fuller's Holy War, c. xiii. p. 130. Fleury Moeurs des Chretiens, p. 117. PARISH CHURCH. $7 Item, for white plates 5 Item, for broken vestments, and certen bannerols, crosse clothes, and pendents 5 8 Item, for the virgins pastes, and the orfornes* of a cope . 7 Item, for an olde paire of organs b 1 10 Item, for the holie water stocke, c and ii broken candlesticks 2 10 Item, for olde laten d and pewter solde after iii d. ob. the pound 9 7 ob. Item, for a piece of an old cope of red velvet. .. . 3 4 Item, for a clothe of the storie of the passion. ... 1 8 Item, for a litel pewter omett 2 23 4 8ob. a Most probably Orfrays, which is explained in Speght's Glossary to Chaucer's works, Aurifisium, frizled cloth of gold. Du Cange explains it, as a gold fringe, particularly on ecclesiastical vestments. Illus. of the Manners and Expences in ancient times in England, 1797. •> A pair of organs was the term at that time, when there were two kind of organs, the one fixed and the other portable, adapted, perhaps, to the size of the church, or to its revenues. Hawkins' Hist. Mus. vol ii. p. 447. The portable organs were probably divisible into two parts, and thence obtained the name of a pair. This continued to be the term so late as the reign of King James I. They were usually placed in the rood loft, between the nave and chancel of the church. c The holy water stock, or stoup, was a bason generally of stone, fixed on one side of the great door (usually the east side) going into the church, filled with holy water. One at Walberswyck, Co. Suffolk, stood in the church-yard. Gardiner's Dunwich. d Latten is still a common name for tin in the north : So Tuberville in his book of Falconry, 1575 — " You must set her latten bason, or a vessel of stone or earth." Again in the old metrical romance of Sir Bevis of Hampton, 1. C. f Windows of latten where set with glasse." We may suppose that pewter was, even in the time of Elizabeth, too costly to be used in common, as it appears from the regulations and establishments of the household of Henry Algernon Percy, the fifth Earl of Northumberland, that vessels of pewter were hired by the year. Steevens* Annotat. Tam. Shrew. 38 PARISH CHURCH. Paid to master Allen for writing, when the cross and chalice, and other vestments, were defaced 1 For the dyners of master parson, church- wardens, &c. . . G 1 For writing this accompte when it was delyver- ed to my lords grace of Canterbury. ... 3 4 Paid for a copy of the recognizance, wherein we stode bounde to the queen's commis- sioners, concerning the sale of certen other church goodes 1 A. 1570. Vicesimo quarto die Maii, anno Reginae nunc Elizabethee xii°. A note of all such ornaments with roode lofte, in the parishe church- of Lambeth, appreysed and solde by these persons, whose names are hereunder wrytten, the daye and yere aforesaid. Imprimis, the sylinge of the roode lofte .... 3 Item, one deske 1 Item, two streamers * 2 4 Item, a border of an olde cope Item, for the borders of the herse clothe, b with certaine imbrodered images o 3 4 Item, for two peces of whyte satten 8 Item, for thre smale clothes of whyte da- maske, and one valence to the same 10 Item, for a sepulchre clothe c of whyte sarsenet with imagerye woorke 16 3 They were used in processions on Rogation days, &c. Collectanea Curiosae, vol. ii. p. 182. b It was usual on the death of great persons to erect in different parts of the church, Herses, or Stages, decorated with palls, tapers, &c. to their memory. A fine specimen is in the Vetusta Monumenta. Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq. vol. i. p. 95. c It was customary upon Good Friday, to erect a small building, to represent the sepulchre of our Saviour. In this they put the host, and PARISH CHURCH. 39 Item, for a canapye clothe of red velvet .... 2 10 Item, for thre copes of whyte damaske with imagerye woorke 16 O Item, for a cope of bawdkyn a ....0 2 Item, for another cope of grene bawdkyn .... 3 Item, for one cope of blew velvet, with mart- lets b of gould, with deacon and sub- deacon 2 7 4 Sum total 7 19 2 Whereof there is owynge by Mr. Saynt John 3 7 4 And by Mr. Pye 2 10 The inventory, previous to its being delivered to archbishop Parker, was signed by Thomas Bullock, curate ; by four persons who stile themselves assistants ; by six other pa- rishioners, who subscribe themselves coadjutors, as well as by the three churchwardens, and the three sidesmen, who could only set their marks; but Matthew Allen, the other church- warden, not only wrote his name, but in order to shew how much more learned he was than his brethren, he mentions, in Latin, that nothing was valued by him, because he was absent. set a person to watch it both that night and the next. And the morning following, very early, the host being taken out, Christ is said to be risen. Du Cange has given us a particular account of this ceremony, as per- formed at Rouen in France, where three persons in female habits, went to the sepulchre, and two others were placed representing angels, who told them Christ was risen. a It was the richest kind of stuff, the web being gold, and the woof silk, with embroidery. It was sometimes called Baldakin, or Bardarchin. " Pannus omnium ditisimus, cujus utpote stamen ex tilo auri, subtemen ex serico texitur, plumario opere intertextus." Du Cange. Minshew ridiculously derives it from Bawd, because, he says, it was invented by such persons as an attractive ornament. Nares' Glossary. b A kind of swallow. — Shakespeare. Phillips says, a kind of bird, called in Greek, apus, because it wants the use of its feet. — World of Words. 40 PARISH CHURCH. The images in the rood loft were removed early in the reign of Edward VI., doubtless by archbishop Cranmer's injunction ; and, after the king's death, replaced by order of Queen Mary's commissioners. The charge of the new rood with Mary and John, was Gl. 13s. 4d, ; and another item in the same page of the churchwardens' accounts, was, " 3s. 6(1. payd to James Calkett for washing owth the Scriptures owth of the clothe that hangyd before the roode lofte." The present church is built of boulder, with some bricks and stone, rendered ovej;, except the tower, with a finishing. The roof is covered with lead. It consists of a nave, two aisles, and a chancel ; the nave is separated from the aisles by octagonal pillars and pointed arches. Its dimensions are, length » 111 feet. breadth 53 height 33 The tower to the highest part 87 Church towers were formerly the parochial fortresses, and were fitted up with fire-places, &c. the parishioners resorting to them in time of danger. a This tower, which is built of stone, has a most pleasing and venerable appearance. In it is a peal of eight bells ; in 1678 there were only six, but in 1723 they were re-cast and made into eight. Previous to giving a description of this Peal, the following brief historical account of Bells it is hoped will prove accept- able to the reader ; it has been chiefly taken from Faulkner's History of Kensington, a work replete with erudition and entertainment. The ancients had bells both for sacred and profane purposes, Polybius and Suetonius mention them ; b and we learn by a tale a Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq. vol. i. p. 108. b Suetonius in August, c.91. Dio. cccciv. p. 523. Gloss. Du Cange, v. ii. p. 95. roit ti;e history of l-ambeth. ,: ^- FROM AN ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPT IN THE ROYAL LIBRARY. PARISH CHURCH. «t3 in Strabo, that market time was announced by them. Pliny assures us that the tomb of Porsenna, king of Tuscany, was hung round with bells. a The hour of bathing - was made known .at Rome, by the sound of a. bell ; the night watchman carried one, and it served to call up the servants in great houses. Sheep had them tied about their necks to frighten away wolves, or rather by way of amulet. Paulinas, bishop of Nola, is generally considered as the first -person who introduced bells into ecclesiastical service, about the year 400 ; and we are told by an ancient historian, b that in the year 610, Lupus, bishop of Orleans, being at Sens, then .besieged by the army of Clothair II., frightened away the be- siegers by ringing the bells of St. Stephen's church, which is a clear proof that they were not at that time generally known in France. The first large bells are mentioned by Bede in the year G80, c before that period, the early British Christians made use of wooden rattles (sacra ligna) to call the congregation of the faithful together. Hand-bells probably first appeared at religious processions ; and were afterwards used by the secular musicians. The small bells were not always held in the hand, they were sometimes suspended upon a stand, and struck with hammers. The an- nexed figure,* which affords a curious example of this kind, is copied from a manuscript of the fourteenth century ; it is intended as a representation of king David, and is affixed to one of his psalms. e * C. Plin. Natur. Hist. lib. xxxvi. c. 13. b Vincent in Spec. Hist. lib. xxxiii. c. 9. apud Spel. Gloss. c Bed;e Hist. Eccl. lib. iv. c.23. Rapin, vol. i. p. 414. «i Most obligingly lent me by Mr. Faulkner. e In the Royal Library, marked, 15 D. iii. Strutt's Sports an4 Pastime?, p. 259. « 2 44 PARISH CHURCH. The arrival of kings and great personages, was anciently greeted by the ringing of bells : " Ricardum Regem Angliae Accone in campanarum classico et cantu Ecclesiastico receptum fuisse." %t Uoman fce <3alt vin, JH. & %i %otn\\m a itog-trc Hint 35t U Uoim moult joic U n$t, %i &t hit gonnmnt to$t contrrbal t>am : iHra Set tenant w*i poit-on ottv According to Ingulphus [fol.53] the first regular peal of bells was put up in Croyland Abbey, by the famous Abbot Turketullus, who died about 870. Six different names have been applied to bells used in the church serviced Ingulphus, abbot of Croyland, who died about 1109, speaks of them as being well known in his time, and says, that Turketullus, the first abbot of Croyland, gave six bells to that monastery, that is to say, two great ones, which lift named Bartholomew and Beladine ; two of a middling size, called Turketullum and Beterine ; two small ones, deno- minated Pega and Bega ; he also caused the great bell to be made, called Gula, which was tuned to the other bells, and produced an admirable harmony, not to be ecpualled in England," The bells used in the monasteries were sometimes rung with brass ropes, with silver rings at the ends for the hand ; they were anciently rung by the priests themselves, afterwards by a Matt. Paris, an. 1245, p. 403. b Spelman. Gloss. Verbo, Camp. Dr. Jortin's Remarks on Eccl. Hist- yol: iii. p, 231. PARISH CHUKCH. 45 the servants, and sometimes by those incapable of other duties, as persons who were blind. " $n ti)f monastr rnr of WU*tmin&ttv tfjet* teas a fanrr song man uMnru loas minor, tuDom tfjr monli$ f)aO ororynrO to ryngr tfje tocUnfl." a The following ceremonies were formerly used at the baptism of bells : — 1. The bell must be first baptized before it may be hung in the steeple. 2. The bell must be baptized by a Bishop or his deputy. 3. In the baptism of the bell there is used holy water, oil, salt, cream, &c. 4. The bell must have godfathers, and they must be persons of high rank. 5. The bell must be washed by the hand of the Bishop. 6. The bell must be solemnly crossed by the Bishop. 7. The bell must be anointed by the Bishop. 8. The bell must be washed and anointed in the name of the Trinity. 9. At the baptism of the bell they pray literally for the bell. The following is part of the curious prayers used at the above ceremony : " Lord grant that whensoever this holy bell, thus washed and baptized and blessed, shall sound, all deceits of Satan, a Du Cange Verbo, Circuli Campana. Spelman, v. Campana. Golden JLegeud, f. clxxxviii. b. 4G PARISH CHURCH. all danger of whirlwind, thunder and lightning and tempests, may be driven away, and that devotion may increase in Chris- tian men when they hear it: O Lord, pour upon it thy heavenly blessing, that when it sounds in thy people's ears, they may adore thee ; may their faith and devotion increase ; the devil be afraid and tremble, and fly at the sound of it : O Lord, sanc- tify it by thy Holy Spirit, that the fiery darts of the devil may be made to fly backwards at the sound thereof; that it may deliver us from the danger of wind, thunder, &c. : and grant, Lord, that all that come to the church at the sound of it, may be free from all temptations of the devil." a The dislike of evil spirits to bells is extremely well described by TTynken de Worde, in the Golden Legend : ■" It is said, the evil spirytes, that ben in the regon of thayre, doubte moche when they here the belles rongen ; and this is the cause why the belles ben rongen whan it thondreth, and whan grete tempests and outrages of wether happen ; to the ende, that the fiends and wyched spirytes shold be abashed and flee, and cease of the movynge of tempeste." It was customary to put the following verses within the steeple, or others to the same purport : — ■ Laudo Deum verum, plebem voco, congrego clerum, Defunctos ploro, pestem fugo, festa decoro. I praise the true God, call the people, convene the clergy, Lament the dead, dispel pestilence, and grace festivals." The passing bell was anciently rung for two purposes, one to bespeak the prayers of all good Christian people, for a soul a Pontificate Romanum, Auctoritate Pontificias. lib. ii, cap. de Benedict. Signi vcl Campanae. Venitiis, 1698. b Spelman's Gloss, v. Campana. PAIUSH CHURCH. 41 just departing, the other to drive away the evil spirits who stood at the bed's foot, or about the house. Hence, perhaps, exclusive of the additional labour, was occasioned the high price demanded for tolling the greatest bell of the church, for that being the loudest, the evil spirits might go further off to be clear of the sound.* Some accounts say, that at the death of a man three bell* were rung in honor of the Trinity ; at a woman's decease only two, because the second person of the Trinity sprung from a woman. 1 ' Such was the general opinion respecting the efficacy of bells before the Reformation, but since that period " it has been the usual course in the Church of England, and it is a very laudable one, that when any sick person lay drawing on, a bell should toll to give notice to the neighbours, that they might pray for the dying party, which was commonly called a passing bell, because the sick person was passing hence to another world; and when his breath had expired, the bell rung out, that the neighbours might cease their prayers, for that the party was dead." c The saint's bell was not so called from the name of the saint that was inscribed on it, or of the church to which it belonged, but because it was always rung out when the priest came to that part of the service beginning, " Sancte, Sancte, Sancte Dbmine Deus Sabaoth;" purposely that those persons who could not come to church, might know at what a solemn office the congregation were at that instant engaged in ; and so, * In Douglas' Nenia Brittannica is the representation of a bell, which had been buried with the dead, for the expulsion of evil spirits, being thus used by the primitive British Christians, who had imbibed this practice from their pagan ancestors. Plate xx, fig. 4. Weker de Secretis, lib. xiv. c. 16. b Popular Antiquities, ii. p. 129. 1 Chauncey'a History of Hertford, p. 107. 48 PARISH CHURCH. even in their absence, be once at least moved " to lift up their hearts to Him that made them." a For this reason,- the saint's bell was generally hung, where it might be heard the farthest. b " Bells," says Dr. Fuller, "are no effectual charm against lightning. The frequent firing of abbey churches by lightning, confuteth the proud motto commonly written on the bells in their steeples, wherein each bell intitled itself to a six-fold efficacy ; viz. fficn'& trratfj f tell, by irollfull fcttrll, fLigtJtniug aittr Cfftinfrer, % orraft asuntrrr, <©it sfcafioatl) all, to rfmi'tf) 3J rail, Cfjr slrriJi? firati, % xMu from fcrtr, Cfjr tomtom 00 firrrr, $ Oo fctgprtisr, iHrn f rrurl ragr, % tso aasuagr/ Whereas it appears, that abbey steeples, though quilted with bells almost cap-a-pie, were not proof against the sword of God's lightning. Yea, generally, when the heavens in tem- pests did strike fire, the steeples of abbeys proved often then- timber, whose frequent burnings portended their final destruc- tion." Weever gives the following as the original inscription, — Funera plango, fulgureo frango, Sabbata pango, Excito lentos, dissipo ventos, paco cruentos. d " It has anciently been reported," observes Lord Bacon, " and is still received, that extreme applauses and shouting of people assembled in multitudes, have so rarefied and broken the air, that birds flying over have fallen down, the air not being able to support them ; and it is believed by some, that a Antiq. Rep. vol. ii. p. 426. *> Peck's Annals of Stamford, lib. viii. p. 51, 52. Art. 37. s Church History, b. iv. c,9. " Fun. Mon. p. 122, PARISH CHURCH. 40 •great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath chased away thunder, and also dissipated pestilent air ; all which may be also from the concussion of the air, and not from the sound. " a Ever since the introduction of bells, the English have been distinguished for their proficiency in the art of ringing, and for their partiality to this amusement. Hentzner, who wrote at the end of the sixteenth century, says, " the English excel iu dancing and music, for they are active and lively;" a little further on, he adds, ** they are vastly fond of great noises that fill the air, such as firing of cannon, beating of drums, and the ringing of bells, so that it is common for a number of them, that have got a glass in their heads, to get up into some belfry, and ring bells for hours together for the sake of exercise." b Hence this country has been called, " the ringing island." Most of our parish churches have a peal of bells, which are rung upon occasions of joy and festivity, and sometimes at the funeral of a ringer, when they are muffled, and the sounds thus emitted are well adapted to fill the mind with melancholy. It appears by the observations of a modern traveller, that in Catholic countries a very different method is adopted in ringing their bells. c The custom of welcoming the arrival of kings or ambassadors with a cheerful peal, is a very ancient custom, and seems to have been derived originally from the French. " Et est assavoir que en la dite ville, et semblablement par toutes les autres villes, ou il a este, tant en venant a Paris cnmme en son retour, il n'a este receu en quelque Eglise a procession, ne cloches sonnees a son venir. An. 1378." d a Natural Hist. Cent. ii. p. 43. Lond. 1G3.5. " Itin. published by Lord Orford. Straw. Mill, p. 88. c Gait's Travels in the Levant, 4(o. p. 33. " Du Canpe, Gloss. Verb. Cainpann. H 50 PARISH CHURCH. Bells were rung in honour of the barons when passing through towns.* It was anciently a sign of dominion, and was often stipulated by charter. Ringing the morning and evening bell was to excite the people to repeat The Angelus, according to the custom of the Catholic church. 1 * The custom of striking them with a hammer, not a clapper, originated with the mode of summoning the monks to the refectory. On the Thursday in Passion Week the ropes were tied up. Ringing of rounds in succession, descending from the least to the greatest, produces no variety, for the repetition of the same sounds in a short time excites disgust, for which reason the ringing of changes has been introduced, which, by conti- nually shifting the succession of the bells, produces a most pleasing effect.* This improvement in the art of ringing, is thought to be peculiar to the people of this country, but the antiquity of it is not easily to be ascertained. 6 Ringing bells backwards is mentioned, and probably consisted in descending from the smallest bell, and ending with the largest; this is practised by the ringers as a mark of disgust. It clearly appears, from the observations of M. de Reaumur, in the " Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Inscriptions," that the most eligible figure for bells would be the segment of a sphere, instead of the present shape. Of muffling or buffeting bells, there is no precedent in auti- quity ; and Brand thinks, that it was introduced after the Restoration/ a Berkeley MSS. p. 123. b Pop. Antiq. ii. 138. £ Du Cange v. Tympanum. d Faulkner's Kensington, 4to. p. 224. « Hawkins' Hist. Mus. vol. iv. p t 154, 211. f Pop. Antiq. ii. 126. PARISH CHURCH. 51 In most churches the peal of bells consists of eight in number which are very seldom well performed on, except by the society of tl College Youths," the parish ringers being ignorant of the musical changes practised by the former. It is to be feared, that the foregoing brief sketch of the history of bells, will prove inadequate to the gratification of the curious. But it would be difficult to extend the enquiry to 'any greater length on solid ground. The following inscriptions are on the bells in this tower : First Bell: These eight bells and frames, and all appurtenances, were new made, and a considerable weight of metal added to the old bells, A. D. 1723. The cost, near two hundred and fifty pounds, was defrayed by many gentlemen and other inhabitants of this parish. Sit Deus propitius illis. Second Bell : R. Phelps made me, 1723. Third Bell: Cast 1672, Boydell Cuper, William Phillips, C. W. New made with the other bells, 1723. N,B. There is cast on this bell 24 King William's half crowns. Fourth Bell : R. Phelps, fecit, 1723. Fifth Bell: R. Phelps, fecit, 1723. Sixth Bell : R. Phelps made me, 1723. N. B. There is cast in this bell six King William's crowns. 52 parish church. Seventh Bell: Cast 1714, Edmund Gibson, D. D. Rector, Arthur Warner, John Pace, Peter Courthorpe, Church Wardens. New made with the other bells, 1723, R. Phelps, fecit. Eighth Bell: Cast 1678, George Hooper, D. D. Rector. Nicholas Wheatley, William Kemp, Church Wardens. New made, with the other seven bells, 1723. R. Phelps, fecit. Belfries did not come into use till about the seventh century. Alfred is said to . have rirst erected a tower for them at Athelney ; and they were not always hung in one tower ; a round the walls of this tower several boards are fixed, with the following inscriptions : — " Monday, 20th October 1777, the society of College Youths rang in this steeple a true and complete peal of 5,040 grandsire trebles, in three hours and ten minutes." On another— " Tuesday, 31 March 1778, the Society of London Youths rang in this steeple a true and complete peal of 5,120 Oxford treble bobs, in three hours and twenty- one minutes." On another tablet — " On Thursday, February 20, 1806, the society of Westminster Youths rang in this steeple a true and complete peal of grandsire tripples, consisting of 5,040 changes, which was performed in three hours and thirteen minutes." * Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq. p. 108. AngL. Sacr. i. 526. PARISH CHURCH. 53 On another tablet, near the last — • Lambeth Youths: " The above society rang in this steeple, on Monday, March 24, 1806, a complete peal of grandsire trebles, consisting of 5,040 changes, in three hours and twelve minutes." The following are some of the most interesting items, that occur respecting the bells, in the churchwardens' books. A. 1579. Payd for making the great clapper to a smithe in White Chapel, it waying xxxi lb et dim at vid. the pounde. . . . 15 9 A. 1598. Item, the olde great belle that was broken in the time of Roger Wynslo, Rychard Sharpe, and John Lucas, churchwardens, in 1598, did contein in weighte xiiii cwt. one quarter, and xxii lb A. 1623. Payd for ryngynge when the prince came from Spayne 12 A. 1030. June 27. To the ryngers the day the prince was baptized 3 A. 1633. Oct. 15. Payd for rynynge on the duke's birth day 7 A. 1705. Ap. 10. Gave the ringers when the siege of Gibraltar was raised % 15 According to Dr. Ducarel, a beacon was formerly placed on the top of this tower," but Mr. Denne says, the short distance it is from the gate-house of the Palace, where the valuable writings of the Prerogative Court are kept, makes it appear * Nichols's Lambeth, p. 27. - 64 PARISH CHURCH-. very unlikely that it would be allowed. Lambard's Perambu- lations in Kent, shews, that the eastern beacon nearest London was upon Shooters' Hill, and that in Middlesex upon Harapstead Hill, but in Hollar's view of London from Lambeth, circa 1666, the beacon is plainly shewn, as may be seen in the annexed engraving ; and also in his view of Lambeth Palace, 1647 ; and in the view of Lambeth from the Thames, in Nichols' History. The bea- con is also shewn in a view taken by a Florentine artist in the suite of Cosmo, Duke of Tuscany, i» 1669. At present there are no remains of it existing. The following are some of the principal items respecting the clock, that occur in the churchwardens' books. A. 1585. Agreed that Holloway shall have iiiis. a yeare for oyle, for the clocke, and bells, and for candle to the ciocke, . . A. 1599. Payd to Lewis Smalle, for keping the clocke, his wages 12 ! 1605. To Smalle for keping the clocke 16 1632. Payd for a new clock for the church . . 5 There were no clocks in England in Alfred's time. He is said to have measured his time by wax candles, marked with circular lines to distinguish the hours.* The origin of the invention of clocks is not known. About the year 1700, Ralphe Snowe, Esq. gave a flag- staff and silk union flag, which was hoisted at the north-west corner of the tower. About 1717 the flag blew down, and no other was erected till 1777, when the churchwardens fixed one, * Brand's Popular Antiquities, p. 14. PARISH CHURCH. 65 and on the usual rejoicing days displayed the flag as here- tofore.* In 177B a handsome gothic portal was erected at the west ,end of the church, by the churchwardens, for the convenience of those parishioners who keep carriages. In the same year a public subscription was opened, and 43 1. 5 s. raised for adding ; a swell, and other improvements, to the organ ; the charity children were also removed into a new gallery built for them near the organ, by faculty from Doctors Commons. In 17C9 it was discovered that the column next westward from the pulpit, had been deprived of its foundation, by digging graves too near ; and that, instead of supporting the church walls, it was suspended, having no solid bearing ; it was accordingly repaired. 6 The inside of the church is light, and handsomely ornamented ; jthe roof over the nave is ceiled with plaster ; but the side aisles were covered with timber only, till the year 1769, when the church was last repaired, and the aisles plastered. The walls are wainscotted about seven feet high, and higher about the altar ; the pews are fronted with oak, and the galleries have also oak bolection-work fronts ; and over the entrance into the chancel is the Decalogue, between the Lord's Prayer and Creed ; the first supported by Moses and Aaron in their habits, the other sustained by two angels. Immediately over the Decalogue is a glory, with the word rnJT surrounded with cherubims ; between two columns of the Corinthian order, on each side of the piece, and against the north and south sides of the wall, are two angels, one sounding a trumpet, the other holding a flaming heart, the whole is well painted in oil colours. The altar-piece is painted in imitation of green marble, adorned on each side with carved pilasters, having gilded capitals ; with entablature and compass pediment of the Corinthian order, gilt, under which is a glory, and in the middle is the Decalogue, * Nichols' Lambeth, .\ppen, p. 154. b Ibid, p. 153. 56 PARISH CHURCH. with the Lord's Prayer and Creed on either side, in gold letters on a crimson ground, surrounded with a rich gilt border, the whole has a very beautiful effect ; and on the cornice are three gilt vases, placed at regular distances. In 1615, the church was repaired and ornamented by voluntary contributions. A new marble font, supported by octagonal pillars, the sides alternately fluted, and over it a handsome canopy, round the edge of which is painted, ** Suffer little chil- dren to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the kingdom of heaven ;" was given by Mr. Hart ; and in allusion to the name of the donor, four hearts of lead were fixed within it; the moulds, and the places of the rivets are still to be seen. It is placed in a large pew, at the north-west corner of the north aisle. Fonts, in the primitive times, were not placed in churches, but the custom of those ages was to baptize in rivers ; a or the baptistery was a kind of font in which the catechumens were plunged. " We go down into the water," says St. Barnabas, " full of sin and filth, but we a Ridley's \ r iew of Eccl. and Civil Law, p. 176. Chretiens, p. 118. Fleurv Moeurs des PARISH CHURCH. 57 ascend with fruits and benefits in our hearts ;" 3 and so Tertullian represents baptized persons as " entered into the water,' 6 and " let down into the water;" and Justin Martyr describes the same by being washed in water, and calls the place where they are baptized a washing place or a bath. c But this practice was discontinued through persecution, and private houses were chosen for their reception. In more peaceable times they were established near the church, in a little building purposely appointed ; afterwards leave was given to erect them in the church porch; and, at last, about the sixth century, they were placed inside the church, had orato- tories, and altars, and were adorned with various pictures, such as John baptizing our Lord, Peter, Cornelius, &c, the Font being of very rich work ; one is described as being supported by twelve oxen. The fonts were anciently locked up in Lent, because Easter and Whitsuntide, except upon peril of death, were seasons of baptism. This custom was abolished about the year 1100, chiefly because it was dangerous, from fear of death, and the number of infants who died ; but the old custom of baptizing at Easter and Pentecost remained long after.* 1 Sometimes they were constructed of silver, of which kind were those for ancient princes, &c. the water was changed every seventh day.* Wheresoever they were placed they were held in the highest veneration. St. Athanasius complains sadly of impiety in his time, such as never was heard of even in war, that men should set fire to churches and fonts : " Good God ! " he exclaims, " Christ-killing Jews and heathenish atheists, have, without any reverence, entered and defiled the fonts." f At first there were several fonts in each baptistery, because they baptized a number at once, all of whom received the eucharist and confirmation immediately after. 5 But these bap- a Barnab. Epist. Cathol. p. 70. Oxon, 1G75. b De Spectac, p. 583. De Baptis. p. 597. c Apolog. p. 94, 97. d Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq. vol. i. p. 103. e Mede's Works, p. 330. f Epist. ad Orthodox. 8 Tertull. de Coron. Milit. p. 336. De Bapt. p. 602. Dom. Chardon. Hist, des Sacremens. torn. i. p. 3, 405. Dom. Martin dc RitiLus Eccl. Antiquis, torn. i. Bingham, b. x. and xi. Dr. Jortin's Remarks, 6cc vol. hi. p. 202. I 58 PARISH CHURCH. tistries were only established in great cities where bishops resided, who alone had the right of baptizing : but afterwards they allowed parish churches to have fonts, for the more com- modious administration of this ceremony. 1 The ancient duty for christening was the chrysome, or face- cloth, which covered the child at its baptism ; but if it died, only two-pence, the woman's offering at her churching, the face-cloth being kept to wind the child in. Mr. Douce says, that it was the ancient practice in baptism, not only to use water but oil, which was called chrism, with this the priest made the sign of the cross on the child's breast, and between the shoulders; and, after immersion, made another cross on the head with the oil, then the chrysome was put on, the priest asking at the same time, the child's name, and saying a prayer. It was sometimes ornamented with a sort of crown, worked in crimson thread, alluding to the passion of Christ, and the crown of eternal life obtained by his sacrifice ; it was to be worn seven days, and taken off on the eighth, symbolical of the seven ages of man's life. After the Reformation the oil was omitted, and the chrysome worn till the mother's churching. 6 On the Saturday after Good Friday the following mystical ceremony is observed in the Romish church : — 1. The priest divides the water in the form of a cross, to teach us that it confers grace and sanctity by the means of Christ crucified. 2. He touches it with his hand, praying that it may be free from all impression of evil spirits. 3. He signs it thrice with the sign of the cross, to bless it in the name of the Holy Trinity. 4. He parts it with his hand, and casts out some of it towards the four quarters of the world, to instruct us, that the grace of baptism, like the rivers of Paradise, flows all a Faulkner's Kensington, 4to. p. 196. b Robinson's Hist, of Bap- tism, c. 18. p, 1J.0, seq. Archseolog. vol. x. Lewis's Tbanet, p. 14§, Douce on Shakespeare, i. 488. PARISH CHURCH. 59 over the earth. 5. He blows thrice upon it in the form of a cross, beseeching God to bless it by the infusion of his Holy Spirit, that it may receive the virtue of sanctifying the soul. C. He plunges the paschal candle thrice into it, praying that the Holy Ghost may descend upon it, as he did at the baptism of Christ in the waters of Jordan. ' 7. He mixes holy oil and chrism with it, to signify that baptism consecrates us to God, and gives us spiritual strength to contend with, and overcome all the enemies of our soul. a In the Cotton MSS. in the British Museum, is " The Life of Richard Beauchamp Earl of Warwick," in which he is represented as being baptized naked, by a bishop dipping him in a font of water. 5 What might have been the size of the old font, or what be- came of it is not known; it was, however, painted and lined with lead. In 1C17 the chancel was wainscotted by Mr. Woodward, and the seats in the church finished by voluntary subscriptions. In 1G37 the communion plate was given by Mrs. Featley, and other voluntary contributors. In 1681 the structure was so decayed as to require a new roof over the nave, and a reparation of the walls ; and in this year the reof of the church was raised.' The whole church was beautified and adorned, in 1705, with wainscot, painting, carving, &c. On the wall over the north gallery is inscribed, The roof of this Middle Isle new built and parte of the walls repaired, Anno 1081. William Jeanes, and Henry Hyett, Churchwardens. a The Office of Holy Week, London, 1803. p. xi. b Bib. Cott. Julius, E. iv. <• Denue's Add. p. 252. 60 PARISH CHURCH. Underneath the above, on the gallery, is inscribed, A gallery was built in this place at the charge of Mr. Roger Jeston, haberdasher of London, and a parishioner of Lambeth, Anno 1615. The old gallery was taken down, and a new one erected at the charge of the parish, Anno 1704. Geo. Pottinger, "1 The. Coleman, > Churchwardens. Fran. Cottrell, ^ On the front of the south gallery, Raphe Snowe, gent, after many other bene- factions to this church during his life, left £. 100, by will, towards the building of this gallery. The remaining part of the charge was defrayed by voluntary contributions of the parishioners, and the gallery finished, in the year 1708. Tho. Adams, Ob. Fairclough, and John Skinner, Churchwardens. On the front of the west gallery, in which is a very large and handsome organ, is a dial, dated 1735, and the following inscriptions : — This gallery was built by the John Richins,"^ voluntary contributions of the Tho. Cooper, > Cnu r cn " J a- * I wardens* parishioners, Anno 1699. Sim. Lemon, J This Church was repaiied and beautified, Anno 1815. The Rev. William Vyse, LL. D. Rector. John Brooks, Stephen Keen, Walter Cosser,. William Coward, Churchwardens. In this church have been several monuments of noble and genteel families now lost. «* On a late alteration," says Mr. Benne, in 1795, " it was found necessary to take down /'" i PARISH CHURCH. 61 the table monuments, but the inscriptions of the principal ones are preserved." Near the roof, on each side of the nave, are corbels, from which arches appear to have been sprung ; on each corbel is a demi-angel holding a shield, as follows : South Side. 1. Quarterly France and England ; most probably put up by some of the Norfolk family. 2. Canterbury impaling gu. a fess or> in chief a goat's head erased; in base three escallops arg. at the base is, ?l01'tJ 3. Ar. a chevron between three cocks heads erased gu, quartering az. three crescents arg. impaling arg. a saltier sa. in chief three escalops gu. 4. Or or arg. a bend sa. impaling gu. three Jions rampant arg. 5. Quarterly az. and gu. four lions of England passant or, on a chief indented arg. three ogresses. 6. Gu. three goats heads erased arg. horned, and bearded or. North Side. 1. The instruments of the crucifixion. 2. Canterbury impaling quarterly gu. and erm. 1 and 4 goats or antelopes heads erased, arg. Archbishop Morton. 3. Gu. a lion rampant arg. Mowbray or Mompesson. 4. Gu. semee of cross-crosslets, three lions rampant arg, 5. Barry of four arg. and sa. per pale countercharged. 6. Arg, a cross, and in the dexter chief, a canton, gu. 62 PARISH CHURCH. Those shields were, probably, (with the exception ofoney to be commemorative of contributors to the fabric. It must be a matter of regret to the Antiquary, to be informed, that four out of the twelve, viz. 1. and G. on the North side, and 1. and 6. on the South side, have disappeared; but for what reason is not known to the author. At the bottom of the middle compartment of the south-east window, is painted, on a pane of glass 24 inches by 1G, the portrait of a man walking with a pack on his back, a staff hi his hand, and a dog following him. The idle tradition, that he gave the ground called The Pedlar's Acre, for leave to bury his dog in the churchyard, is like that of Mr. Smith, who died 1627, aged 79, the great benefactor to many counties, but to this in particular, having been a beggar followed by a dog. The latter probably took its rise from this picture. There is no obligation on the parish to repair this pane, though it was repaired by order of the vestry in 1G10. In the vestry is a drawing of the Pedlar by Pouncey. In the churchwarden's books are the following items, con- nected with the Pedlar : 1607. Paid to the glazier for a pannell of glaSse, for the window where the picture of the Pedler stands 2 1703. March 6. Paid Mr. Price for a new glass Pedler 2 It may be a rebus on the name of some person ; as the figure of a Pedlar, carved on a seat in Swaffham church, Suffolk, about which a like idle tale was handed down in the most serious manner, by Sir William Dugdale and Sir Roger Twysden, was nothing more than a rebus of the name of John Chapman, who was among the benefactors to the rebuilding or repairing of that beautiful church. pox *J:. - ' . ciibeth. 1 mleal;ei~ J :\~Ip' 5PH.B2L.&J1, and hi ILJLMBlZ'irM, CWUW. JFitifc PARISH CHURCH. 6S •Formerly there was a painted window between the fourth and fifth corbels, quarterly 1 and 4 azure, three crescents argent, 2 and 3 argent, a chevronel between three cocks heads erased gules. In the times of Popery, the high altar was not the only altar in Lambeth Church, nor, as it is believed, in any other parish church in England. The churchwardens' accounts have references to altars to the Virgin Mary, to St. Thomas, to •St. George, to St Nicholas, and to St. Christopher; viz. A. 1520. Recieved of John Chamberlin, for the Vyrgin lyghtte 1 G G ob. A. 1522. Recieved of the dutches of Norfolk the xvii daye of Julie of the Vyrgin lyghtt t 3 6 8 Recieved of Richard Browne for the Vyrgin lyghtt 1 2 Recieved of St. Thomas's lyghtt .... 13 ob. Recieved of John Symonds for St. George's lyghtt 2 2 Recieved of John Massey of St. George's lyghtt 1 G Recieved of Harie Bull and John Syms for St. George's lyghtt 2 2 A. 1523. Payd for ii lb nex wex for St. Nicho- las lyghtt 3 8 Payd to Calcot for St. Christofer's banner 4 8 A. 1519. Payd for 2 bords for the gable end of St. Christofer's ile 2 4 The Virgin Mary being the tutelar saint of the church, it can hardly be doubted that her image was fixed in the chancel, and the altar in honour of her not far from it. Where the other 64 PARISH CHURCH. altars were placed cannot be ascertained ; but there was cer- tainly an altar in Howard's chapel, and one most probably in Leigh's chapel ; that of St. Christopher gave its name to one of the aisles. As there was an altar to St. Nicholas, it is not extraordinary that the ceremony of the boy-bishop should be observed on his festival. The following items, extracted from the churchwardens' accounts, relate to it : — A. 1522. 1523. Paid for a dossyn of mens glovys 3 Paid for a dossyn and half of children's glovys 1 6 Paid for the bushopes glovys and the crossyer glovys 4 Paid for the bushopes soper, and they that dyd wayt upon him into the countrey. .031 Paid for the bushopes dynner, and his company on St. Nycholas day 2 8 Paid to old John Gierke for his labor in going with the byshoppe 1 1 In the churchwarden's books, fol. 309 — 314, are — " Accounts of Wardens of the Brethren of Sent Crystover, kept within the church of Lambeth, in the time of Henry viu." from which the following payments are extracted : Imprimis, Paid to Syr a William Webster, [the priest] for I year and I quarter .... 8 6 8 Paid for a carpenter to mend the lyghtts 10 * The clerical application of the title of Sir, became common with us about this time, but whether derived from the custom of France, from some pontifical grant, or from the establishment which the Eastern monastic knights, particularly those of St. John, had acquired in this country, is not known. [Brydson's View of Heraldry, p. 174, 175.] Tyrwhitt says, that " the title of Sire was usually given by courtesy to priests, both secular and regular," [Canterbury Tales, iii. 287, note] ; PARISH CHURCH. 65 Paid for a preest when Syr "\Y illiam went on business 1 Paid for mending tapers 1 ft Paid for the expenses of fests 4 1 1 Paid for the draw ghts of the mortmayne 3 4 Paid for 2 new torches 13 4 Paid for 2 tapers 1 Paid for making the altar clothe 8 Paid for costs and charges of the feste 2 7 8 Christopher was a saint of such high repute, that the figure of him was frequently placed near the principal door of entrance into the church. He was presumed to be the guardian against violent and sudden death ; but his protection was supposed to be only in force from day to day, and to extend only to those persons who had in the day an opportunity of contemplating his image. Of these altars, only one seems to have been replaced on the revival of Popery, in the reign of Queen Mary, and that was the altar in Howard's chapel. " A. 1557. Paid to Nycholas Brymsted, for making up the syde awtor in my lady of Nor- folke's chapel, and paving in the churche, and for sande 4 2 Preaching having been so unfrequent in parochial churches, before the sixteenth century, it was not to be expected that much expence would be incurred in the structure of a pulpit: but, considering the situation of Lambeth church, it is souie- and that it " it was so usually given to priests, that it has crept even into Acts of Parliament," in the reigns of Eihv. IV. ami Henry VII. [Gl. vo. Sire.] In an early period, in England, priests were denominated God's Knights. [P. Ploughman, fol. 57G.] Some of the Prebendaries ia Cathedrals in France, especially in Vienne, were called Milites Eccle- siastici ; but this distinction was conferred, however, by royal charter, A. D. 1307. [Du Cange, ubi supra p. 719.] In Scotland, priests were termed, in derision, Pope's Knights. At a very early period it was used in a ludicrous seuso. K 66 PARISH CHURCH. what strange, that in 1522, when it was judged expedient to have a new pulpit, the old one should not be worth more than eight pence a The new one cost 20 9. and was in use till 1615, when Archbishop Abbot, of his own costs and charges, gave another that cost 15/. It was placed against the south east pillar of the nave. In it was fixed an hour glass, of which there are no remains. With respect to the use of hour glasses in churches, Mr. Denne, 6 says, " Some have imagined that the antient fathers preached, as the old Greek and Roman Orators declaimed by an hosr glass; on the contrary it has been remarked that the sermons of several of them were not of this length; and it is particularly said that there a-e many sermons in St. Austin's tenth volume, which a man might deliver with distinctness and propriety ki eight minutes, and some in almost half that time. c In the churchwardens' accounts of St. Helen's, Abingdon, in 1599, " fourpence" is charged for an " Hour-glass for the Pulpit" This, Professor Ward, observed was the first instance he had mot with it. It is not likely they were used for the same purpose before the reformation. d In the churchwardens' accounts of this parish are two entries respecting the Hour-glass; the first is in 1579, twenty years before that at St. Helen's, when Is. Ad. was " payd to Y orke for the frame in which the hower standeth" ; and the second in 1615, when 6s. 8d. was ff payd for a.u iron for the Hour-glass." Mr. Fosbroke says '* Preaching by the Hour-glass was pwt tin end to by the Puritans."* It however appears that they were made use of in the Puritanical times of Cromwell, when the preacher on his first appearance in the pulpit, and naming the text turned up the glass, and if the sermon did not last till the glass was out, it was said by the congregation that he was f Churc'.wardem,' Accounts. I '* ' '.'i, p. 2G8. c Bingham's Anliq. Christ. Oh. b. iv. c. 4. § 2i. * Archaaologia, vol. i. pp. 16, 22. c Enc. of Autiq.,vol. i. p.2T5v TOR THE HISTORY OF LAMBETH. CURIOUS HOUR GLASS STAND, In the Church of St. Alban's, Wood-street, London. This Plate is obligingly presented to the Work by H. C. Bowles, Esq. F.S.A. PARISH CHURCH. 67 lazy; and if on the other hand, he continued much longer, they would yawn and stretch till the discourse was finished.' Butler, alludes to them as heing used by the Puritans. b I think it may be said that their use was not " put an end to" by them, but on the contrary was greatly increased. It is most probable that they were discontinued immediately after the Puritans, in the time of Charles II. when the minds of the people were more relax. Hogarth in his "Sleeping Congregation," has introduced an hour-glass on the left side of the preacher, and Mr. Ire- land observes in his description of this plate, that they are "still placed on some of the pulpits in the provinces." Lecturers' pulpits had an hour-glass on one side and a bottle on the other. e At Waltham, co„ Leicester, by the pulpit was an hour-glass in an iron frame mounted on three high wooden brackets. d In the present time a very perfect and interesting one exists in the church of St. Alban, Wood Street, London. On the right of the reading desk, is a spiral column, on its top an enclosed square compartment with small twisted columns, arches, &c. all of brass, in which is the hour-glass in a frame of a long square form; the four sides are alike, richly ornamented with pillars, angels sounding trumpets &c. Both ends terminate with a line of crosses pattee and fleur de lis, somewhat resembling the circle of the crown, all of raised brass. " Mr. Thomas Wadeson, Parish Clerck, gave a brass branch for the church, and two small ones for the pulpit and reading desk, and a stand for the IIonr-f/lass." e Concerning the present pulpit there is this entry in the vestry minutes; "June 14, 1G9H, where as Mr. Raphe Snowe, trea- surer to the Archbishop of Canterbury, observing the pulpit to be old, and to stand at present inconveniently, hath given a new pulpit, reading desk, and clerks pew, to be fixed in » Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxiv. p 201. b Hudibras, Part i. can. iii. v. 1061. c Enc. of Antiq. vol. i. p. 307 " Nichols' Hist, of Lcic. ii. p. 382. * Gent. Mag. vol. xcji. p 200, where then- is an engraving of it. 68 PARISH CHURCH. a more convenient place; it is this day ordered in the vestry, that the new pulpit, &c. be placed against the pillar joined to the chancel on the south side; and that to make room for them, the seats that are there at present may be taken away so far as there shall be occasion."' This pulpit, and the desks, were subsequently removed into the chancel, and afterwards into their present situation at tho entrance from the chancel into the nave. The frame about the Communion table was fixed up in 1620, as the following extract from the churchwardens' book shews. Imprimis, Paid to James Simpson, joyner, for making the frame about the commu- nion, with scrues and iron works . . 5 5 Item, for lyme, sand, and works in levelling the chancel 17 6 Item, for matting the frame about the communion table 6 Item, for wainscott and setting the upper end of «< the chancel 2 6 6 8 15 Other entries in the churchwardens' accounts relating to the Communion table and chancel. 1615. Paid to Richard Carver for work done about the screens betwixt the church and chancel 1 11 1643. Paid for taking down the rails about the communion table 1 1644. Received for iron bars that were about the chancel, weighing 3421b. atlg d 2 3 1644. Paid to Edward Marshall for 2 dayes work in levelling the chancel 4 1644 . To the carpenter for taking down the screenes between the church and (he chancel .... 13 o FA.K1&H CULl-.CM. 00 1G44. Paid to the painter for writing the x Com- mandments 2 5 1G51. The arch of the upper end of the church repaired where it is joined to the chancel. Expended with several gentlemen going to several churches in London to view their altar pieces 12 At meeting the painters about the altar and king's arms at Charles Thorp's 1 4 7 1C99. Mr. Woodfall for extraordinary work in painting the altar 2 3 1700. Paid Mr. Woodfall at several payments for paynting the x Commandments, King's arms, &c 00 The flagons now used, as the inscriptions shew, were bought at the charge of the parishioners in 1664. On a silver plate for collecting the offerings is inscribed "ex dono A. B. St. Mary Lambeth." The benefactress was Mrs. Ann Barston, to whose memory there is a monument in the chancel. The Rood was an image of Christ upon the cross, generally made of wood, and placed on a loft, erected for that purpose, just over the passage out of the church into the chancel. The place bearing the rood-loft was called a rere-dosse. The rood was not considered complete without the images of St. John and the Virgin Mary standing on either side the cross, in allu- sion to John, chap. xix. v. 26. They were of great esteem. The day was kept September 14. It is derived from the Saxon word Rode, a cross.* Formerly there was a gallery over the entrance into the chancel, which was most commonly called the rood-loft in which was usually an organ. The churchwardens' accounts of Lambeth notice one in this church. 1 Green's Worcester, pp. 01 , 92. 70 PARISH CHURCH. A. 1517. Paid to SirWylliam Argall for the organs 10 1565. Received for an old pake of organs . . 1 10 1568. Paid to father Howe for his fee for keeping the organs one yere 1 The royal arms were the immediate successors to the roods, (crosses) which were first ordered to be taken down Nov 14. 1547, 1 Edw. VI. when besides the royal arms, (which is perhaps the only badge of royal supremacy our churches now bear) such texts of scripture were ordered to be written against the walls of the churches, as condemned images.* The rood-loft was taken down in 1570, where the organ was afterwards placed, and how long the organ then in use subsisted, is not known. The present organ was erected in the beginning of the last century ; it is of a fine tone, and is placed in a handsome case over the western gallery ; and, from its elevated situation, forms a conspicuous and pleasing object, The charity children, during divine service, are seated on each side. It may not be improper in this place, to give some account of this instrument, so far as relates to the use of it in our churches. At Rome, its first introduction is ascribed to Pope Vitalian, in the seventh century; and the ancient annalists are unanimous in allowing that the first organ which was seen in France, was sent from Constantinople, as a present from the Emperor Con- stantine Copronymus, in 766, to King Pepin. St. Jerome, who died in 420, mentions one with twelve pair of bellows, which might be heard at the distance of a thousand paces, or an English mile; and another at Jerusalem, which might be heard at the Mount of Olives. b * Robinson's Stoke Nevrington, p. 15*. * Id. p. 154, PARISH N CHURCH. 71 Organs began to be generally used in churches about the year 828; and the form of this instrument was much improved, and received the addition of several pipes, by a person named Bernard, a Venitian. They were used in England, in monas- teries and churches in the time of King Edgar, who died anno 975; and Durandus, who lived in the year 1 280, says, they were continued in churches in his time. George, the Salma- tian abbot, erected in the church of his convent, in Germany, an organ, whose greatest pipe was twenty-eight feet long, and four spans in compass, and diapason was of the same length, and the compass thereof proportionable to it. a William of Malmesbury, who wrote about 1120, says, that the Saxons had organs in their churches before the Conquest; and that St. Dunstan, in the reign of King Edgar, gave one to Abingdon Abbey. At no period had the church music of England so just a claim to equality with that of the rest of Europe, as during the glorious reign of Queen Elizabeth. When her Majesty was entertained at Canterbury by Archbishop Parker, the French ambassador, who was in her suite, hearing the excellent music in the cathedral, extolled it to the skies, and broke out into the following strains, " O God ! I think no sovereign in all Europe ever heard the like ; no, not even our holy father the Pope himself." b Neal, in his History of the Puritans, says, that her chapel was not only sung with organs, but with other instruments, such as sackbuts and cornets, on festivals. In 1559 Queen Elizabeth published injunctions for the clergy, in the forty-ninth of which, there is one for choral music. During the civil wars, organs were held in abomination by the sectaries ; and the fury of their fanatic zeal, which seems to have been deaf as well as blind, destroyed many capital instruments. * Chauncey's Hist, of Hertford, p. 258. *> Strype's Annals of the Reformation, vol. ii. p. 814. J Kushworth's Hist. Coll. part 3, p. 203. 72 PARISH CHURCH. The chapel on the north side of the chancel, built by Thomas. Duke of Norfolk, was consecrated in 1522. In the church- wardens' accounts of that year, are the following entries : — Payd for candyls when the chapel was hallowed 2 To ray lady's grace for cloth for the awbys .... 1 1567. Payd for mending a piece of glasse in the crucifixe in the Dewk's chapel. ... 1 4 On the east wall of Howard's chapel is an ancient piece of sculpture, representing a shield with a lion rampant, which was most probably part of one of the monuments of the Dukes of Norfolk. An engraving of it is here introduced. Before the Reformation there were but few fixed seats in any of our parochial churches. In Lambeth Church, in the rei n of Philip and Mary, there were, however, so many pews as to make it expedient to distinguish by labels to whom they were allotted. Paid for a skin of parchment to wryte mens names upon the pewes 4 At a vestry called in 1564, it was agreed, that all who held seats in " Sir John a Lee's chapel," should pay quarterly towards the reparation of the church for their wives xii d. And all those who hail seats in the " dutchess of Norfolk's chapell," to pay the same. The rest of the inhabitants to pay aid. a quarter. A. 1573. Paid for a fote stole in Mr. Framton's pewe 3 1574. Paid to a joiner for ii new pewes on the north side of the church, at the upper end of the eyle, and for ii seats for the clerke and the skolers to sit and saye sarvvze in 1 4 8 PARISH CHURCH. "i I 1-582. Paid to Henry fjhdori for one days work in cutting down the partition between the church and the chancel , and making new setes I *2 L584. Paid for removing the curates pew, and mending the clerk's seat • . . o o C, HJ08. Paid to the joyner for setting up a seat in the south quier, for the case of women that come to be churched 7 10 1615. Paid the carpenter for 2(> single seats, in the middle row on the north side of the church 26 Dr. Featley gave a sun dial which was placed over the church porch. Adjoining the church and at the east end of the south aisle is the vestty room in which is the church chest secured by three locks, &C« over this was formerly a room, of which the follow- ing items occur in the churchwardens book. A. 15GI). Paidc the charges of the fynyshynge of the chamber over the. vestry, with the staires, &C 3 4 10 t621. Payd to Thomas Mercer for repay ringe the the room over the vestrie house . . 18 4 A chantry was founded in this church in 1312, by Thomas Komayne ; and endowed with six marks animal rent, issuing out of certain houses in London, after the death of his wife Juliana. And another chantry was founded by John Wynter, Lord of the Manor of Stockwell, but at what period does not appear. It was restored by Ralph Leigh, Lord of the same Manor, in the reign of Henry VI. and endowed with 10/. annual rent. Sir John Leigh granted the lands which had be- longed to this chantry to Henry VIII. In 1859, Nicholas dc SHolveton was presented to a L 74 PARISH CHURCH. perpetual chantry in this church, founded by the aforesaid Romayn." Six handsome tables of benefactions are placed in this church, as memorials of pious munificence, A handsome chandelier is suspended from the middle of the nave, it was given by Raphe Snow, Esq. to the parish in 1705. On a press at the north-east corner of the north aisle is the following inscription : — s L Gift of Capt" Philip Forster, 20 . 3 d Loaves, the 1 st Sunday in every Month, to the Poor, On the opposite side is a similar press. This church witnessed a sad example of fallen majesty, in the person of Mary d'Este, the unhappy queen of James II., who, flying with her infant prince from the ruin impending over then- house, after crossing the Thames from the abdicated palace of Whitehall, took shelter beneath the ancient walls of this church a whole hour from the rain of the inclement night of December Cth, 1G88. Here she waited with aggravated misery till a common coach procured from the next inn arrived and conveyed her to Gravesend, from whence she sailed, and bid an eternal adieu to these kingdoms. 11 * Reg. Islip, f. 151 a. b Pennant's London, 4to. p. 26. Arms of the Duke of Norfolk- MONUMENTS. CHAPTER IV Monuments and Epitaphs in the Church and Churchyard. MONUMENTS AND TOMBS IN THE CHURCH : SEPULCHRAL monuments have been erected from the earliest ages, as memorials of piety and gratitude, and were much in use among the Greeks and Romans, to whom we are indebted for many of our funeral rites and ceremonies. The most ancient form of tombs were prismatic; or triangular to shoot off wet, because the bottom part only lay in the ground.* The second form retains the prismatic lid, with the addition of carving, A. D. 11G0." The third form is the table monument supporting effigies or sculpture, priests were distinguished by chalices in their hands, prelates by pontificals, and knights by armour. The fourth form is, tombs with arches over them ; this kind of tomb was introduced about the beginning of the fourteenth century. d The fifth form according to Mr. Gough, includes monuments inclosed in sepulchral chapels, which were not additions to the Gough'a Sepulchr. (Honum. Intro, i. p. 83. * Ibid. 1 Ibid, i>. si. « Ibid. p. 8.3. 7() MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS outlines of a building-, but were sometimes distinct erections within the church, these were not usual till the fifteenth century/ The sixth form consists of monumental stones inlaid with brass : such monuments are very common, and Mr. Gough has discovered a few as early as the year 1308, but they did not grow into common use before the fourteenth century, and they continued so till the middle of King James the First's time. Though the portraits delineated by these brasses are purely imaginary, yet it is curious to observe the strict costume of habit, according to the rank in life of those persons they purpose to represent; they formed a considerable object of traffic be- tween our merchants and the manufacturers of Flanders, in which country they were made.*' It has been considered, the Act of 3 and 4 Edw. VI. was the chief instrument of the destruction of the sepulchral brasses : but many of the ancient tombs were destroyed much earlier. The seventh form comprises all monuments either let into, or fixed against the walls or pillars of churches. This practice has chiefly grown into use, since the Reformation. d It is impossible to present the reader, in these pages, with a more detailed and minute description of the forms of church monuments, the locality of the work and the necessity of not encroaching to much on the space alloted to other information, will excuse the author from entering on a more extended digression on so interesting a subject. The modern monuments in this church are generally of an interesting character, and are executed in an able manner, the predominant style is the tablet and urn, which is well adapted to the mural inscription. a Gough's Sepulchr. Monum. Intro, i. p. 86. b Ibid. c Robinson's Stoke Newington, p. 169. i)\. Qua (cum-fratre, sorore, et multiplied prole) in eodem quiescit tumulo. Arms: Argent, a chevron between three owls Azure, on a scutcheon of pretence of the last, a chevron inter three pheons or. within a bordei .ermine. 78 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Against the west wall on a neat marble tablet. To the memory of Ann Selina Storace who died the 24 th . day of August 1817, aged 51 her affectionate Mother, Elizabeth Storace, has erected this Tablet. Ah! what avails the once resistless pow'r To gladden with thy mirth the public hour? Ah! ivhat avails that musick tun'd thy throat, And crowds enraptured hung o?i cvry note ? The boast how vain — ichile o'er this votive stone Droops a lorn mother — childless and alone! Yet mem'ry to thy talents not confined, Dwells on the gen'roits virtues of the mind; On Charity, on Filial vuty dwells, And the sunk heart with nobler sorrow sicells. Lord! before Thee a burthen' 'd spirit bends; But Hope aspires, and Faith to Heaven ascends. Sister of Stephen Storace, the eminent composer. Of her professional talents as a singer and an actress, it is sufficient to say that they were the delight and admiration of the public ; and certainly she was altogether unrivalled in her par- ticular line. She was not handsome, nor feminine in her person, but one of the most accomplished and agreeable women of her age, fascinating every one by her habitual good humour, her lively and intelligent conversation, and her open and ingenuous character. She had for a few years past retired from the stage, but her house at Heme Hill, was a seat of hospitality to numerous respectable friends. She has left one son. a a Cent. Mag. 1817. part 1. p. 285. ■.--■-■ S* ■•"' • ; '.■'.■''".' '■ •"•'• Hfe&kX. /JB& ^ ' -; ^yjj^A'M i peii^. f C' jV) J W '■ 1 &^S 1 ; . - w '''wPb! BWF/ P. ,S UA STQRAC l.osinfs , /'/f /'//■■■/'"/ ' /brtbeJZurvpean, Wzyazuit /■>./• i*per'nc;32 Ce>rn6i'U ff Sepk Y ( r ' St-//'/ '1. y Y'YYY'YYtf ' '- U/ IN THE CHURCH. 7<) Close to the last, on an oval tablet ornamented with cherubs : Sacred To the Memory of M R James Bryan, late of this Parish, whose Remains are deposited near this place. He died the 20 th January 1804, Aged 64 Years. On the same wall is a neat marble tablet, with the following inscription : Sacred to the Memory of Alexander Porter Viner, late of Oxford; who departed this life November 14 th 1806. Aged 37 Years. On the north wall is the following inscription, on a marble tablet, enchased in black. SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF PETER DOLLOND, (son of John Dollond, f. r. s.) of st Paul's churchyard, optician ; who died july 2nd 1820. aged 80 years. also of his sister Susan Huggins, widow, who died april 14™ 1708, aged 60 years. also of his sister sarah, wife of Jesse Ramsden, f. r. s. who died august 20th 1706, aged 53 years. HO MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS This gentleman, who died at Kennington at the advanced age of 89, was a Member of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia ; and well known, wherever science is culti- vated, as one of the most celebrated opticians of his day. He was the eldest son of John Dollond, F. R. S. the eminent optician, and inventor of the achromatic telescope. His father was born in Spitalfields in 1706; his parents were French Protestants, who soon after the revocation of the edict of Nantz sought refuge in England, in order to avoid persecu- tion, and to preserve their religion. The first years of his life were employed at the loom ; but being of a very studious and philosophic turn of mind, his leisure hours were engaged in mathematical pursuits ; and though by the death of his father, which happened in his infancy, his education gave way to the necessities of his family, yet at the age of fifteen, before he had an opportunity of seeing works of science or elementary treatises, he amused himself by constructing sun-dials, drawing geometrical schemes, and solving problems. An early marriage and an increasing family afforded him little opportunity of pursuing his favorite studies : but such are the powers of the human mind when called into action, that difficulties, which appear to the casual observer to be insurmountable, yield and retire before perseverance and genius ; even under the pressure of a close application to business for the support of his family, he found time, by abridging the hours of his rest, to extend his mathematical knowledge, and made a considerable proficiency in Optics and Astronomy, to which he now principally devoted his attention, having in the earlier stages of his life, prepared himself for the higher parts of those subjects, by a perfect knowledge of Algebra and Geometry. He designed his eldest son, Peter Dollond, (the subject of the present memoir) for the same business with himself; and for several years they carried on their manufactures together in Spital-fields : but the employment neither suited the expectations nor the disposition of the son, who, having received much v , : r//y//. ^ / .• uUhhnl /■' A Till.Th fU?*o*-j8od. IN THE CHURCH. 81 information upon mathematical and philosophical subjects from the instruction of his father, and observing the great value which was set upon his father's knowledge in the theory of Optics by professional men, determined to apply that know- ledge to the benefit of himself and his family ; and, accordingly under the directions of his father, commenced optician. Success though under the most unfavourable circumstances, attended every effort, and in 1752, John Dollond, embracing the opportunity of pursuing a profession congenial with his mind, and without neglecting the rules of prudence towards his family, joined his son, and in consequence of his theoretical knowledge, soon became a proficient in the practical part of Optics. In the beginning of 1761, John Dollond was elected F. R. S, and appointed optician to his Majesty, but did not live to enjoy his honours long, as he died of apoplexy, Nov. 30, in tbe same year. An interesting account of this able philoso- pher and artist may be seen in Chalmer's Biographical Dictionary, compiled from a life of him, written by Dr. John Kelly. After his father's death, Mr. Peter Dollond carried on the optical business in partnership with his brother, the late Mr. John Dollond, till the death of that Gentleman, Nov. G, 1804; when Mr. Peter Dollond admitted into partnership his nephew, George Huggins, who, with the king's permission, shortly after took the name of Dollond, and has recently been elected F. R. S. ; under the management of this gentleman the business still flourishes with undiminished reputation. In 1765, a letter from Mr. Peter Dollond was read before the Royal Society, concerning an improvement which he had made in his telescopes. In 1772, he communicated to the same Society, through the medium of his friend, Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer Royal, M 82 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS a "Description of some Additions and Alterations made to Hadley's Quadrant, to render it more serviceable at sea.*' This produced from Dr. Maskelyne some " Remarks on Hadley's Quadrant, tending principally to remove the diffi- culties which have hitherto attended the use of the Back- observation, and to obviate the errors that might arise from want of parallelism in the two surfaces of the Index Glass." In 1779, the Astronomer Royal also handed to the Royal Society an Account, by Mr. Peter Dollond, " of an Appa- ratus applied to the Ecpiatorial Instrument for correcting the Errors arising from the Refraction in Altitude." In 1789 he published " Some Account of the Discovery made by the late John Dollond, F.R.S. which led to the grand Improvement of Refracting Telescopes, in order to correct some misrepresentations in Foreign Publications of that dis- covery: with an attempt to account for a Mistake in an Expe- riment made by Sir Isaac Newton; on which Experiment the Improvement of the Refracting Telescope intirely depended." This was written to secure to his father, as well as to the country, the honour of so valuable a discovery. It was read to the Royal Society ; but was not printed in their Transactions. In this paper the cause of the difference of the results of the 8th experiment of the 2d part of the first book of Newton's Optics, as related by himself, and as it was found when tried by John Dollond in 1757 and 1758, is fully and ingeniously accounted for. Mr. Peter. Dollond has left two daughters; one the widow of the late Rev. Dr. John Kelly, Author of the Triglott Celtic Dictionary, and a Translator of the Bible into the Manks Language, the other, the wife of the Rev. Mr. Waddington, Rector of Tuxford, Notts. The subject of this brief memoir, though ripe in years, was most sincerely lamented by a large circle of friends ; and so extensive was his benevolence, that numerous are the IN THE CHURCH. 88 Individuals who deeply felt the loss of his generous patronage and assistance. a On an oval tablet, the following inscription, Sacred to the Memory of Charles Cars an, £sq T . who died 13 th December 1800 Aged 72 Also of Meliora his Wife who died 7 th December 1794 Aged 70. He was a surgeon, and had served in Germany in the war of J 758 and 1751), and was universally sought and beloved for his fascinating powers in conversation and his approved pro- fessional abilities; his remains were followed by the Loyal Association of this parish, to which corps he was surgeon. On the floor of the church, near the west door, on a small slab — Edward son of the Rev d John Lloyd & Lucretia his Wife Aged eleven weeks died December the 19 th 1783. Near the last, on a small slab of marble. Near this place lies the Body of M R Abraham Tearoe (Late Sexton of this Parish) who departed this Life May y r 27 th 1742 Aged 34 years a Gents. Mur. 1820. «4 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Also two of his Children who died before him Also the Body of i\l"s Elizabeth Tearoe wife of the above said who Departed this Life Dec" y e 26th 1761 Aged 58 years. Adjoining the last, — Under this Stone are deposited the Remains of ELIZABETH late Wife of MR T. Atkinson died the 15 th May 1805 Aged 57 Years. Adjoining the last In Memory of Alexander Pillfold of this Parish who departed this Life 29 October 1769 Aged 39 Years And four of his Children who died in their Infancy. Richard Summersell of this Parish who departed this Life 16 November 1772 Aged 62 Years. Elizabeth Summersell, Wife of the before mentioned Richard Summersell who departed this Life 26 April 1778 Aged 66 Years. And seven of their Children who died in their Infancy. Alexander Pillfold Son of the before mentioned Alexander Pillfold who departed this Life 12 October 1796 Aged 32 Years IN THE CHURCH. «."> Uliz" Pillfold who died 15 th Feb* 1U 15 ill the 80 th year of her A tie, Widow of the first named Alex r Pillfold and Daughter of Rich d and Eliz" Summersell and Mother of the last mentioned AlexR Pillfold. The great grandfather of Mr. Summersell wrote his name Summersett, or Somerset, and was immediately descended from Somerset, first created Earl, then Marquis of Worcester, and afterwards Duke of Beaufort. He took an active part in favour of King Charles against Cromwell, during the civil war, a detachment of whose forces attacked him in his own mansion house, in the west of England, which Somerset defended until the house was taken by storm, when the victors hanged him and sixteen servants; his children, being two sons and a daughter, were suffered to escape ; they soon parted, and never after heard of each other. The eldest, aged 13, came to London, altered his name to Sumersell, though he and his son John, and also his grandson, the above Richard, always made a line over the two IPs to keep up some remembrance of Sum- mersett, and being in great distress, went to sea, and was much at St. Kitt's, in the West Indies, where there was lately many of his descendants. When he was 70 years old, he returned and settled at Rotherhithe, and afterwards died in Greenwich Hos^ pital. He left a son in England, John, who taught a school in Lambeth, and was the second or third master of the boys' charity school, was afterwards made vestry-clerk there, and bailiff of the manor of Kennington, in which he continued till his death, which happened in 1732, his only son, Richard Summersell, immediately succeeding him in all his offices ; he married Elizabeth Rock, and, some time after, was made, bailiff of the manors of Vauxhall, Lambeth, and Walworth; surveyor of the Parish Roads ; also surveyor to Thrale'i Brewery ; all which he retained till his death. He always 8 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS. Nave. The nave denotes the body of the chinch, where the people are placed, reaching from the rails or balustrade of the choir, to the chief door. The nave of the church belongs to the parishioners, and they are bound to repair it. a They were not always paved, whence arose the use of rushes, for warmth and better kneeling.* 1 Men used to stand on the right hand, or south side ; and the women on the left or north. c On Trinity Sunday, in Clee church, Lincolnshire; they strew it with new mown grass, and a small piece of land which has been let for upwards of a century past for the trivial sum of thirteen shillings, per annum, is said to have been left by a maiden lady that the performance of this ceremony might be annually observed to the honour of the blessed and Holy Trinity. 11 Against the north side of the Nave is placed a marble monument with the following inscription, — Sacred to the Memory of Jane, the Wife of John Aspinall, Esq r . of Standen in the Co. of Lancaster; . and Sole Niece of (77/ s Walsh man, Esq. m.d. of this Parish) She died at South Lambeth Nov r 20 th 1821, Aged 34 Years. Regretted by many Friends and Deeply Lamented by her surviving Relatives. Also of Walshman Aspinall, Son of the above; who died Dec r 23 rd 1818, Aged 5 Y rs & 7 Months. a Faulkner's Fulham, 8vo. p. 66. b Nichols's Progress of Queen Eliz. c Du Cange v. Pars Viroruni, d Ancient Reliques, b. 2. vol. i. IN THE CHURCH. 91 Also of Ellen, the Relict of Edh u Robinson, of Sabdcn in the Co. of Lancaster; and Mother of the above-mention'd Jane Aspisall, She died March th A : D. 1823, Aged 75 Y rs Their Remains are deposited in the adjacent Vault. Or, on a chevron between three gryphons heads erased sable. On a plain slab of white marble enchased in black, is the following — SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF CHARLES COCK ESQ R OBIIT JUNE THE 9 th 1820; AGED 60 YEARS. On the same wall is an elegant monument to the memory oi some of the Goodbehere family, by Westmacott. IN MEMORY OF SAMUEL GOODBEHERE ESQUIRE, OF THIS PARISH, ALDERMAN OF LONDON, WHO DIED 18™ NOVEMBER 1818, AGED 63 YEARS. MRS. ELIZA GOODBEHERE, RELICT OF THE ABOVE, DIED 17™ OF AUGUST 1820. AGED 59 YEARS. HORATIO GOODBEHERE, ESQUIRE, SON OF THE ABOVE, SAMUEL AND ELIZA GOODBEHERE, DIED 22>>d AUGUST 1820, AGED 21 YEARS. 92 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Arms: Ermine a fess embattled counter embattled gules for Goodbehere, on an escutcheon of pretence quarterly first and fourth or three boars heads azure for Wood, second and third azure, three battle axes or. Crest of Goodbehere : A griffin sergreant vert, wings elevated beaked and membered or. Alderman Goodbehere died at China Terrace, suddenly, of an apoplectic fit; he represented the Ward of Cheap, and was for nearly thirty years a distinguished member of the Corporation of London. He acquired a considerable fortune by unremitting industry and perseverance in business. On a neat marble monument on the same wall, is the fol- lowing inscription : In Memory of Thos Theobald, Merch c Eldest son of peter theobald of Lambeth who marri'd MARTHA Daughter of Thos Turner of Lincolns Inn Esq. by whom he had Issue 1 Son <§- 2 Daughters who after 6 Voyages to India & 10 years Residence there return'd 20 th July 1721 . & amidst y e Gratulations of his friends resign'd to Death y e 9' h Septenr. following , In all Stations of Life he behav'd like an Honest man & a good Christian & has left y e memory of his Virtues to be admired & Imitated by all. Arms : Gules, six cross-crosslets fitchee three, two, and one, or impaling ermines, on a cross quarter pierced argent, four fer demoulins sable. Crest on a torce, a phoenix azure, beaked or, sacrificing itself proper. On a beautiful white marble monument, opposite the last, on the south wall, representing a cenotaph with a weeping figure on either side, exquisitely sculptured by Flaxman. IN THE CHURCH. 93 JAMES MOIUUS, ESQ 1? . MDCCLXWl. He was in the commission of the peace for the County of Surrey, and formerly High Sheriff. Beneath the last, on a neat white marble slab enchased in veined marble, is the following. TO THE MEMORY OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL MORRIS OF HIS MAJESTY'S COLDSTREAM REGIMENT OF GUARDS WHO FELL AT ALKMAAR BRAVELY FIGHTING IN THE CAUSE OF HIS COUNTRY SEPTEMBER THE 19™ 1799. AGED 55. On a handsome monument executed by Coade is the following inscription. Sacred to the Memory of ROBERT LAKE WILMOT Son of James and Mary YVilmot of this Parish and Grandson of Robert Lake Esq r of Scoble Devon. Born 22 d November 1782. Died 3 a August 1799. He was affectionate to his Parents And attentive to his Instructors Angels beheld him fit for joys to come And call'd by God's command their Brother Home. 94 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS On a marble slab enchased in black, the following, in memory of Frances Isabella Lloyd. OBIIT SEPTEMBER THE 13tll 181C. On a marble slab, like the last : to the memory of John Foster Esq. who departed this life july 23, 1818 aged 69 years. At the entrance into the Nave, on the floor. Thomas Tolsone, Esq died the 11 th of September 1788. Aged 70 Years. On another slab: Here lies interred the Remains of Miss Frances-Smith Lane who died the 24 th of March 1798. Aged 9 Months On a plain slab: Here Lyeth y c Body of Ewin Richins Gard, who departed this life y e 13 of Novemb r Anno Dom, 1715. Aged 40 Years. Here also Lyeth Mary y e Wife of y e above said Ewin Richins who died Oct br . y e Cth. 1737 Aged 58 Years. IN THE CHURCH. !>■"> Below the last. In Memory of Iohn Clayton Gen' of this Parish who Departed this life y e 27 of August 1723 in the 35 year of his Age Adjoining the last. Underneath lies the Remains of Mr. Samuel Levick of Norfolk Street London. Who having lived a life Universally Respected Dyed Regretted by all his Acquaintance August y e C. 1759 in y c 37 year of his Age Also y e Remains of Sam"- Son of y c Ahove who Died July y c 4. 1757 Aged 5 Years. Also the Remains of. Miss Ann Levick Daughter of y e above Mr. Samuel Levick who died the 25 th of Nov r . 1700. Aged 40 Years. An affectionate Sf much Lamented Daughter Also Mrs. Ann Levick Wife of The ahove Samuel Levick who died February 18 th 1815 Aged 89 Years John Levick Esq re died 20 th May 1822. Aged 32 Years. «JG MONUMENTS ASTD EPITAPHS, On a blue slab : In Memory of Mrs. Jane Moore wife of Edward Moore of Stockwell Esq* 6 . who departed this life 2 nd of Sept'. 1 780. Aged 37 Years. And also In Memory of the above Edward Moore Esqr who departed this Life July 7 th 1792 Aged 56 Years. Mrs Sarah Gray Moore Relict of Edward Moore Esq 1 ", of Stockwell Surry who died August 6 th 1807 In the 56 th Year of her Age. Chancel : The Chancel is that part of the choir of the church between the communion table and the skreen that sepa- rates it from the nave ; it has always been considered as the most sacred part of the church ; and, by antient constitutions, no woman was allowed to stand within the chancel, or to approach the altar ; and this custom continued till the Reformations 3 Gibson's Codex, vol.i. p. 175. Archasologia, vol. xi. p. 388. IN THE ( HURCH. 07 On an elegant white marble monument, enchased in black, on the north side, is the following inscription : CONSECRATED RV THE SORROWS OF HLS DISCONSOLATE PARENTS TO THE MEMORY OF THOMAS ISAAC MELTON WHO EXCHANGED THIS LIFE FOR A BETTER ON THE 28™ FEB* 1820 at the premature age of 13 years and g months. in years a\ infant in attainments ma v his mind capacious, but bis life a span a mothers liveliest hope; a fathers pride he grieved them only oxce 'twas when he died. this frail memorial also records the death sudden as lamented, of MARY ANNE MELTON, MOTHER OF THE ABOVE NAMED YOUTH : SHE WAS RECALL'D FROM A MOURNING HUSBAND & FAMILY DECEMBER 19*" 1822 iETAT 33. AND REPOSES IN THE BLESSED HOPE OF REUNION, WITH THOSE WHO LOVED HER, IN A HAPPY HEREAFTER. THE LORD GIVETH, THE LORD TAKETH AWAY BLESSED BE THE NAME OF THE LORD. Arms: Azure a cross flory argent charged with a plain cross of the first between four cinquefoils or impaling azure, an escutcheon between four mascles or. 98 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS c OS I J- d B a> IS CS o o W S PQ o E3 w ►I C] a H ^ OS Z H H W H p S z o Pi w o w W « w < X Q> ft 5 2 5 85 O X < o H < Q Z < Pi w y M E « IN THE CHURCH. i)9 On a neat marble tablet, on the same side of the Chancel: To the Memory of Em ELI A, Daughter of the late William Williams of Tenby in the County of Pembroke Esq r . and a lineal Descendant from Robert Ferrar Bishop of St. David's who suffer'd Martrydom in defence of the Protestant Pel ig ion A. D. 1535. She departed this life on the 2G th Day of December 1793 : Aged 51 Years. Beneath the last, on an oval tablet ornamented with drapery, is the following inscription : Near this Place are deposited the Remains of Thomas James of Cuper^s Bridge, Esq r died 2 nd Jan y . 1791. Aged 82. Mrs. Judith James. Relict of the above Thomas James, Esq r . died April 5 th . 1003: 100 Mo\ \ M r.\ i s AM) EPITAPHS cr /• >• -•-- — c o £ 1 t: Jg o o o c ~ 2 ? ffi — 0) km T3 a s a = « j- D 0) C3 O "S3 © o 2 £ 9 2 5 3 rv w ^" co 22 f ° z a « a o o O a £ a W H 2 a a h pq 5 h co W Q a O W a H < W W e- •< a < O > B c- £ fa » o H w * « a H "* z (Xi W BO w PS M 2 P 3 > W Z C , e * w S — o w w a a a w O H 2 S s H h a ? < 25 3 H 33 H ■-»■ &< O ^ « » « co C a CO a Z « w w Oh fe w $ * E « S a H P3 3 a CO a w o » ? — ft, 2 H Q j a n a < = S cj O is « „ o w a H < ^ >. Z J H W O J H z tf S M o a ^ w Q Id HH ■« 1-1 ^ 3 !? co O " a a z « w w j « j a ^ z S a K a s > CO M a o z t a a g ^ c a w ^. < = a a CO ^ W O a w a w .H w z a ^ o g S - To .5 i*i , CO TS C 3 O J3 bJC bt) is nfl ^ S 09 o BJ X) g CO 3 .2 § 6 ^ <5 O ROBERT SfOTTEfq 1 ' ih'/n Ms Monument Lambeth cTiun-h : _ -ARY L AM BET II, th OeMrtf) .>•/./, -■/'//, Chanel, wtbisMnionentjt^jbefitZcH^JhscrqMcan .. 7, //,,„ {>/ ^Artt>.' t/if/Jn/,/, ■/'//<.{■,■■A/ot/X w » rtfygauvzu tn ' /,■»/ A, //-./.// ^^^ei^jArtieweicA.^amar^tittan^i^An/^^Aevnvet^t^^tUAttai^an^ | ,- ,<,,,;Y ;,• ,V,c y ./,,; ,/,„ Jr<> 777,7, .,,'/„<, ,//,■? /■„;• ,/<;i'ij,i,u„,./, : '7",;' /,*///,- ,//w ,7^77777. ■y/t/J. '/■y;,,,., 7/777, y u ■'Ar/iTy.is/Jrt.J ysw/,;-,,, ,/,,„,-, „.">/„j/„ r „,;/„. „>;,//„„0,v/W"7/r /,/„■?, /,,■«;>'.> ,^, ,,»//,.• 7, ■>,.., .■...'/,.. /). L£~ • •_ ■■ - ft ■ ^ ^ • 7..S. ,.£..~&- i?,, ,,,,777 .///7J ,7<:,C/Tl 7/ 7,7., / ./i,,,,,,; ., /y.-7/,/. 77, ., /,„ 7, //,, /,7,,7,, y 'A,., //w/uA,,,,/.' r, 7, : ,< A^7, /,;■/, ■ 7,-A,;, ,//'„ ,)rt,itr frertf- ti'A-nonr.,"/* s,i#,t* 7„,,r J . lf„.<7 /,,,„/'/{ /,■//,;„■,■„. „■/• , ^ < / a;.\ 1,,,,,/r ,,rrts' ,,^7,i'ti,\/,7'.' >< >/. <77' , ■/t, ■ /},,, ,„,;■/„ /mt/c,\i'„77,'- , ///7/,<. ',;•//./.•/■„ A r„77f. f , ./A.; y,';-7 „,,/,.■, >,,/■, //,,.,///, m c/7.,// IN THE CHURCH. 101 *e - e U 3 ID — fad C 3 C8 Ed £ o 0) (U cd -= £ ■=* o .2 .3 I J u a 3 1 c sjd .is — i £ 2 = D 3 e 2 en i* S 1 ■G>. t a --» JX O » H ss 3 w s •- g » 5 ■» S 5 o it Vr 9 & wt -•* ••* O rs 2 » S 2 u /3 - s 3 ■3 2 5 ° P -r - 2 w «•* E at o w S § Q « S C Si w O r5 § s 5. o s ® o o -3 S cd -3 > Efr ^ 4 102 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS On a handsome marble tablet, surmounted with an urn, is the following inscription : Near this place lye buried two sons and rive Daughters of the Right Reverend George Hooper late Lord Bishop of Bath & Wells and Abigail his Wife Daughter of Richard Guilford late of this place Gent. who all dyed in their Infancy The last in the year 1694 This monument was erected to their memory by Abigail Prowse the only surviving Child Widow of John Prowse of Axbridge in the County of Sommerset Esq 1 ". Arms : Gyronny of eight, or and ermine, a castle triple towered sable, impaling or a saltire between four martlets sable. Opposite the last, on the other side of the Chancel, on a handsome monument; in the centre a shield, containing the arms of the See of Canterbury, impaling sable gutte d'Eau on a fess of the last, three cornish choughs proper ; is the follow- ing inscription: FREDS CORNWALLIS ARCHIEP. CANTUAR. M D CC LXVIII OBT XIX MART. A.D. MDCCLXXXIII. JET. LXX. He was the seventh son of Charles fourth Baron Cornwallis ; educated at Eton : he took his degree of A. B- 173G, and S.T. P, in 1748; afterwards Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; Chaplain to his late Majesty, a Canon of IN THE CHURCH. 103 Windsor, and consecrated Bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, 1749; appointed Dean of St. Paul's, 176G; elevated to the Archbishoprick of Canterbury, 17G». His Grace married, 1759, Caroline, daughter of William Townshend, Esq. (third son of Charles second Viscount Townshend) but had no issue. As metropolitan, he discharged al\ the duties of that high office with attention, punctuality and decorum. Beino- a true friend to the constitution both in church and state, his wish and aim was to preserve them both uninjured and unimpaired. In shining talents and extensive learning, other prelates may have been superior to him; but in good solid sense and under- standing, and a right discernment of men and things, in prudence, moderation and benevolence, in affability, candour and hospitality, he was inferior to none of his predecessors. Below the last, on a neat tablet. IN AN ADJOINING VAULT ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF MRS ELIZABETH NEWBERRY OF THIS PARISH WJIO DIED THE 11 OF FEBRUARY MDCCLXXXV AGED LX YEARS. ALSO ROBERT NEWBERRY ESQR HUSBAND OF THE ABOVE, WHO DIED THE IX OF DECEMBER MDCCXCII AGED LXIX YEARS. ALSO WILLIAM STEVENS NEWBERRY THEIR SON WHO DIED THE XXV OF APRIL MDCCXCII1 AGED XXXIV YEARS. 104 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS >> c- - s O o J5 k-< s O ■w pi £ o U »-» V «Q cm o OS *» cs c9 -. •5 CD ao • m 3 ^ bo -4-) 3 « at CO s 3 Si C -O o __ S "5 ■ S t» "fe < •*-» a >> ■ a — Ph o o -*-> cc — "efl O c- p. — o o *- CJ ci Si +3 eS rt 03 — Q C <** 0> *j «*« s o a Q> •- *G o « -fi .- 2 J be ts "1 *! 6 S © ■9 S 3 '- •«-» *■* ** i » 1 » * i •Si S a. u ■*■* J* » U w 5 O i « xft .2 #•> »-^ IS * •5 * 5» — a< *- 2 5 C « lg> Q 5 S S =* 5 j. o •*-* *- '- D 5 st "** * S 8 *H - — ► u «4 >* 3 l — '- s: 5 »i ** o 4» ^« <»> •— ^ bO — s 4. IN THE CHURCH. 105 Over the tomb of Mompesson formerly hung the helmet, sword, gantlet, and spurs of Sir Noel Caron, a nobleman, Ambassador from the States of Holland in the time of King .Tames the First, who was buried here January 25, 1624. There were also painted on the wall eight several coats of arms : those on the dexter side were, 1st. Argent, a bend azure, seme"e of fleurs dc lis or ; 2d. Argent, a chevron sable ; 3d. Argent, a chevron gules between three trefoils vert ; 4th, Or, a saltire sable. On the sinister side : 1st Argent, a chevron gules between three torteaux ; 2d. Or, a fess em- battled, counter embattled sable ; 3d. checquee Argent and gules, a chief sable. The last was Vert, but so much decayed that the charge could not be described.* On a handsome monument, with architrave, &c. supported by two columns of the Corinthian order, surmounted by a shield : In the Adjoyning Vault Lyeth the Body of M rs Elizabeth Barstox, widow late of this Parish, who departed this Life February the 23 ^ 1703, Aged 46 years. In the same Vault lyeth also the Body of JM rs Ann Barston her daughter, who died the 20 th day of August 1720, in the S/tl' year of her age. To the memory also of Jonathan Chilwell, Esq r and Marti his Wife, Daughter of M r James and the said Elizabeth Barstox : he died on March 19 th 1731, Aged 41 years: ' Nichols's Hist, of Lambeth, Appendix, p. 168. P 106 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS she died on July 20 th 1734, Aged 46 years. Also of Jonathan Chilwell, Esqr, their son, who died on Feb. 14^ 1743, Aged 18 years. Arms : Argent, three gryphons' wings erect sable. Beneath the last, on a black marble tablet enchased in white, with a death's head wreathed with laurel at the base, is the fol- lowing inscription : NEERE VNDER THIS PLACE LYETH BVRYED YE B0DYES OP WILLIAM BEEST0NE, ESQ. LATE OF THIS P'lSHE OF LAMBETH, WHO DYED Ye 9 th OF AUGUST 1639, & ALSO OF JEANE HIS WIFE, WHO DEP. THIS LIFE YE 27™ OF MAY 1652. THEY LEFT BEHIND THEM ONELY OX DAVGHTER, WHO MARRIED EDWARD LEVENTHORP, ESQ ; AND BY HIM SHEE HAD ISSVE 3 SONNS & 5 DAVGHTER6, SHEE BEING THE ERECTER OF THIS MONUMENT, ANNO D'M'NI 1653. Arms ; Sable, a bend between six bees volant argent, Beeston, with a crescent for difference ; impaling, a fess be- tween three boars' heads couped. Crest : On a torce a castle triple flowered, thereon an armed arm, the hand holding a sword. On a neat tablet enchased in veined marble : In Memory of M r John Sampson of Lambeth House ; who died the 27 th of Deer 1794, Aged 74 Years, IN THE CHURCH. 10? Beneath the last, on a neat oval tablet enchased in black, surmounted with an urn, is the following inscription : IN MEMORY OF WILLIAM RICHARDSON, ESQR, MANY YEARS DEPUTY CASHIER TO THE SOUTH SEA COMPANY, WHO DIED 8th DECR 1800, AGED 86. Adjoining the last, on a handsome white marble monument fixed to the south wall, and supported by two composite fluted pilasters, and on the summit of the architrave an urn, is the following inscription : In the adjoyning Vault lieth ye body of Raphe Snowe, Gent. Treasurer, Receiver, and Registrar, to 4 Archbishops of Canterbury ; a great Benefactor to this Church and Parish, and many other places and Societies. He lived a pattern of Piety, Prudence, and Charity, and dyed full of years and good works, with ye perfect vse of his reason & understanding, in the 95 th Year of his Age, Mar. %\. mdccvii. He was head Steward and Secretary to the Archbishops of Canterbury for almost 50 years ; his benefactions at Canter- bury b and to this Church were numerous. A good portrait of him, painted in oil, is placed in the vestry of the church. h Hist, of the three Archiepiscopal Hospitals, p. 179. 106 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Above the last is a beautiful monument to the memory of Archbishop Hutton, of a pyramidal form, in white and veined marble, surmounted with an urn and coat of arms; it bears the following inscription : INFRA CONDVNTVR RELIQVIiE" MATTHAEI HVTTON, S. T. P. EPISCOPI BANGORENSIS A. D. MDCCXLIII, DEINDE ARCHIEPISCOPI EBORACENSIS MDCCXLVII, TANDEM CANTVAR1ENSIS MDCCLVII, QUI OBIIT XIX MARTII MDCCLVIII 7ETATIS SVAE LXV, ET MARIAE VX0RIS EIVS QUAE OBIIT XIII MAII A. D. MDCCLXXIX AETATIS SUAE LXXXVI, DVABVS RELICTIS FILIIS QVAE PIETATIS ERGO MONVMENTVM HOC VTRIQVE PARENTI POSVERVNT A. D. MDCCLXXXI. Arms : Canterbury, impaling Hutton — Gules, on a fess be- tween three woolpacks argent tasselled or as many fleurs de lis> of the field. He was of Jesus College, Cambridge, where he took his degrees of B.A. 1713, M. A. 1717, and at Christ's College, the degree of S.T. P. Com. Reg. 1728. He was appointed Pre- bendary of York, and in 1739 Prebendary of Westminster. His other preferments chiefly followed those of Archbishop Herring. He was elected to the See of Bangor in 1743 on Herring's promotion to York, and translated to York on his predecessor's further translation to Canterbury in 1747; and upon his death in 1757 succeeded him in that high episcopal office, which he did not long enjoy, dying the succeeding year. IN THE CHURCH. 109 On a tablet enchased in black : IN MEMORY OF THOMAS LETT, ESQ", OF THIS PARISH, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON THE 28™ JANUARY 1820, IN THE 85th YEAR OF HIS AGE. On a small black marble monument, enchased in white, is the following inscription : HERE LYED, FOUR FOOTE DISTANT FROM THIS WALL, THE BODY OF WILLIAM SVTHES, GENT. A MAN ADORNED WITH THE GIFTS OF GRACE, ART, AND NATURE: BY GRACE HE WAS RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE, BY ART HE WAS IN MASONRY EXQUISITE, BY NATURE HE WAS HUMANE AND AFFABLE. HE BY GOd's APPOINTMENT CHANGED HIS MORTAL LIFE OF MISERY FOR A GLORIOUS IMMORTALITY, ON THE 5tl» OF OCTOBER 1625. HIS SORROWFUL & GRATEFUL WIFE, MISTRESS ANNE SUTHES, AS A LOYAL TESTIMONIE OF HIR LOVE TO HIR DECEASED HVSBAND CAVSED THIS MONVMENT TO BE ERECTED FOR AN EXEMPLARY OF HIS WORTHINESS AND HIR AFFECTION. HE WAS MASTER MASON OF WINDSOR CASTLE, A CITIZEN AND GOLDSMITH OF LONDON, AND AN ASSISTANT OF THE SAID WORSHIPFULL COMPANY. HE LEFT THREE SONS TOWARDLY & HOPEFUL, TO BE EACH OF THEM THE IMITATORS OF THEIR FATHERS VEKTVKS, JOHN, JAMES & MATTHEW, & HEREIN THE READER MAY SEE EXPREST THE GOODNESS OF THE DECEASED HUSBAND & THE THANKFVLLNESS OF A SVRVIVING WIFE. HO MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS HE NOW SINGS PRAISE AMONG THE HEAVENLY HOST, TO GOD THE FATHER, SONN, AND HOLY GHOST. Arms : Sable, on a bend, between three cotizes argent, three martlets gules ; impaling barry of eight or and sable, three esco- cheons ermine. On the floor of the chancel and beneath the pulpit, on a blue slab, is the following inscription : Here lies Interred the Body of John Mason, Esq r , Who departed this life April the 6^ 1768, Aged 67 years, Who was Barge Master to his late and present Majestys. On the right of the preceding is another similar slab : SACRUM MEMORIAE ESTHERAE REYNELL, FORMA, INGENIO, SUAVITATE MORUM, FRUSTRA, HEU! FRUSTRA PRAESTANTIS : ANTE DIEM (PROH DOLOR !) OCCUBUIT, OCTAVO KAL : JULII, CIO IOCC XCI. ANNOS NATA XXXIX. Umbra fugit ! nostros evasit corpus amores ! Cara sed ante oculos restat imago tut : Accipias gemitus, nee mcesta piacula spernas, Hoc misero tantum munus inane manet. s. T. T. L. Illam qui vivam perdite amavit, Illam qui mortuam semper lugebit, Hoc posuit marmor. Omnia perdidimus! tantummodo vita relicta est, Praebeat ut sensum materiamque mali. H. R. IN THE CHURCH. 11] Arms : Argent, masonry, a chief indented sable, Reyncll ; impaling, Or, a chevron ermine between three bows erect. Crest : a fox passant or. On the south side of the pulpit : Here lyeth the Body of M r John Butcher, Merchant, who dyed the 3 r AGED 57 YEARS. Near the last, on a blue slab : Hie depositum est quod mortale fuit Eleanore Morrowe, Henrici Morrowe Uxoris. Obiit Decemb. xin : mdccxci. JEtatis sua lv. n Nichols's Hist, of Lambetli, Append, p. 88. 114 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Adjoining the last, on a similar grave-stone, and in the mid- dle of the chancel : HERE LYETH THE BODY OF ANNE LATE WIFE OF THOMAS LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. SHE DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON THE XII OF FEBRUARY MDCCXIV-XV. HERE LYETH THE BODY of THOMAS TENISON, late archbishop of CANTERBURY, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE IN PEACE ON THE XIV DAY OF DECEMBER MDCCXV. This learned and worthy prelate was the son of the Rev. John Tenison, B. D. by Mary daughter of Thomas Dowson of Cottenham in Cambridgeshire, and was born at that place Sept. 29, 1 636. His father was rector of Mundesley in Norfolk. Young Tenison was first educated at the free-school at Nor- wich, but soon left it for Bene't College, Cambridge. After having taken his degrees, at the age of 29 he was appointed one of the university preachers, and about the same time was pre- sented by the Dean and Chapter of Ely to the cure of St. Andrew's in Cambridge. About 1667 he married Anne, daughter of Dr. Richard Love, some time Master of Bene't College. In 1685 he attended the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth at the time of his execution. Immediately after the revolution he was promoted to be Archdeacon of Lon- don, and shortly after nominated Bishop of the same dio- cese, and consecrated at Lambeth Jan. 10, 1692; afterwards raised to that of Lincoln ; and being in great favour with both their Majesties King William and Queen Mary, he was pre- sented by them to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. This mild and amiable prelate died at his palace at Lambeth lor the Kistorv of Xambeth. I AU.en.Dci*et Scalp 1 I3RASS GF THOMAS CL LAMBS TS CHURCH. ^itbush&l bj' J.ALL&uKknAinqU IN THE CHURCH. 115 in the 79th year of his age. By his will he bequeathed a very large sum to charitable purposes. On the north side of the chancel, on a blue grave-stone : Catharine Battely, FjeminjE Optimje, Conjugi Suavissimcc, Fidissimcc, Picntiss. Qua: Vixit Annos xxnr menses ix dies 1. Obijt : Kal : Oct : mdclxxxv. Joannes Battely, s, t.p. m. p. Beneath the last, on a flat stone, is the figure of a man in armour, engraved on a brass plate, with the arms of Clere. Over it was formerly a tablet with the following epitaph, written by the celebrated Earl of Surrey : Epitaphium Thomje Clere, qui fato functus est 1545, auctore Henrico Howard, comite Surry, in cujus felicis ingenii specimen, & singularis facundiae argumentum, appensa fuit base tabala per W. Howard, filium Thomae nuper Ducis Norfolciensis, filii ejusdem Henrici Comitis. Norfolkc sprung thee, Lambeth holds thee dead, Clere of the count of Cleremont thou bight ! Within the wombe of Ormond's race thou bred, And sawest thy cosin crowned in thy sight. Shelton, for love, Surrey for lord thou chase, Aye me ! while life did last, that league was tender, Tracing whose steps thou sawest Kelsall blase, Laundersey burnt, and batter'd Bulleyn render At Muttrell gates, hopeless of all recure, Thine Earle, halfe dead, gave in thy hand his will, Which cause did thee this pining death procure, Ere summers four times seven thou could fulfill. 116 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Aye, Ceere, if love had booted care or cost, Heaven had not wonne, nor Earth so timely lost. Arms : Quarterly, 1st and 4th, a fess charged with three eaglets displayed ; 2nd and 3rd, a cross moline ; a crescent for difference. On a large slab of blue stone, adjoining the last, is the fol- lowing inscription : JOHANNES ALSOP, ARMIGER, FAMILLffi CONTROROTVEATOR . RD • D . RICHARD THESAVRARIUS POSTEA • RD • D • GEORGI ARCHIEPISCOPORUM CANT. OBIIT 12 DIE 1VLII ANNO DOMINI 1611, -7ETATIS 51. On a slab inlaid are the engraven effigies in brass of a lady in her mantle of estate, whereon are the arms and quarterings of Howard ; 1st, on a bend, between six cross crosslets fitchee, an escutcheon, thereon a demi-lion pierced through the mouth with an arrow, within a double tressure counter-flowered ; 2dly, three lions passant-guardant, in chief a file of three points ; 3rdly, a lion rampant; 4thly, checque'e, impaling, 1, a chevron between three mullets ; 2, on a chevron three fleurs-de-lis ; 3, on a cross five escallops ; lastly, two lions passant-guardant. At the feet of the lady a squirrel. The remains of a gothic canopy and several labels are to be traced upon the stone, to which was formerly affixed the following inscription : Here lyeth Katherine Howard, one of the Sisters and Heires of John Broughton, Esq. Son and Heire o/JohnBroughton, Esq. and late Wife of the Lord Willm. Howard, one of the Sonnes of the Right High and Mighty Prince Lord Thomas, late Duke of Norfolke, High Treasurer and Earl •'or ~J\c 1 ambetk. iBIRi vW/.v/ Tomb in La mb e th C bn r cb . I IN THE CHURCH. 117 Marshal of England; which Lord William and Lady Catherine left Lssuc between them, lawfully begotten, Agnes Howard, the only Daughter and Heir ; "which said Lady Catherine deceased the xiii Day of Aprill, Anno D'ni MCCCCCxxxv. ivhose Soule Jesu pardon. This lady, with her husband, were indicted for concealing the misdemeanors of her namesake Queen Catherine Howard, for which they were sentenced by Henry VIII. to perpetual im- prisonment, but were afterwards pardoned.* On the opposite side of the chancel, on a large slab of blue marble, ornamented with a coat of arms deeply engraven : It. s. RoBERTVS TlWMPSOX, LL.D. Reverendissimis in Christo Patribus GlLBERTO S> Gl'ILIIELMO, A rch icpiscojris Ca ntua riensib us nupcr a sccretis. J C tvs peritissimus servus optimus, Eruditione non vulgari, Benign it ate morum suavissimd, Amicitid strictissimd, Vitciq. Lntegritate summa spectabilis, Hcic quod Mortale deposuit Mensis Fcbruarij die 3°, Anno JEra Christiana; mdclxxxiii. JEtat. 42. Arms : Party per fess counterchanged between three falcons close. On a spacious slab of blue marble arc the remains of an in- scription, probably for one of the Howard family : HERE LYETH THE BODY.... HOWARD S a Collins' Peerage, edit. 1756", vol. III. p. 565. 118 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Within the altar rails, on a spacious slab, at the upper end of which are, Canterbury, impaling Bancroft, and at the base Bancroft singly ; also London impaling Bancroft. HIC JACET RICHARDUS BANCROFT, S. THEOLOGIJE PROFESSOR. e'pus LONDINENSIS PRIMO DEINDE CANTUARIENSIS ARCHIEP'US, & REGI JACOBO A SECRETIORIBUS CONSILIIS. OBIIT 2 NOVEMB. a. d'ni 1610, jEtatis su^e 67. Arms : On a bend cotized between 6 cross crosslets 3 garbs. This learned and excellent divine was the son of John Bancroft, gentleman, and Mary daughter of Mr. John Curwyn, brother of Dr. Hugh Curwyn, Archbishop of Dublin. He was born at Farnworth in Lancashire, in September 1544. After being taught grammar, he became a student of Christ College, Cam- bridge, where, in 1566-7, he took the degree of B. A. ; and thence removed to Jesus' College, where, in 1570, he com- menced M. A. Soon after, he was made Chaplain to Dr. Cox, Bishop of Ely, who, in 1575, gave him the rectory of Teversham in Cambridgeshire. The year following he was licensed one of the university preachers, and in 1580 was admitted B. D. September 14, 1584, he was instituted to the rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn, at the presentation of the executors of Henry Earl of Southampton. In 1586 he commenced D. D. and the same year was made Treasurer of St. Paul's Cathedral in Lon- don. The year following he became Rector of Cottingham in Northamptonshire, at the presentation of Sir Christopher Hat- ton, Lord Chancellor, whose Chaplain he then was. Feb. 25th, 15S9, he was made a Prebendary of St. Paul's ; in 1592 advanced to the same dignity in the Collegiate Church of Westminster ; and in 1594 promoted to a stall in the Cathedral of Canterbury. IN THE CHURCH. 119 In 15f)7 Dr. Bancroft, being then Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury (Whitgift) was advanced to the see of London, in the room of Dr. Richard Fletcher, and consecrated at Lam- beth the 8th of May. In 1603 he was appointed one of the Commissioners for regulating the affairs of the Church, and for perusing and suppressing books, printed in England, or brought into the realm without public authority. A convocation being summoned to meet, March 20, 1603-4, and Archbishop Whit- gift dying in the mean time, Bancroft was, by the King's writ, appointed president of that assembly, October 9th, 1604, he was nominated to succeed the Archbishop in that high dignity, to which he was elected by the Dean and Chapter Nov. 17, and confirmed in Lambeth Chapel Dec. 10. Sept. 9, 1605, he was sworn one of his Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. This year, in Michaelmas Term, he exhibited certain articles to the Lords of the Council against the Judges. This was a com- plaint of encroachment, and a contest for jurisdiction between the temporal and ecclesiastical Judges, and, as Collier has well observed, ought to be decided by neither side : but the decision was against him. In 160S he was elected Chancellor of the University of Oxford, in the room of the Earl of Dorset. In 1610 this Archbishop offered to the Parliament a project for the better providing a maintenance for the Clergy, but without success. By his will he ordered his body to be interred in the chancel of Lambeth Church ; and, besides other legacies, left all the books in his library to the Archbishops his suc- cessors for ever. He was a rigid disciplinarian, a learned controversialist, an excellent preacher, a great statesman, and a vigilant governor of the Church, and filled the see of Canter- bury with great reputation. On a similar slab : Milo Smith, Reverendissimi in C/iri.sto Pahis, ac Dow. Dom. Gilberti 190 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Archiep's'pi Cant. Secretarius, hicjacet. Obiit \Jmo die Febr. An° D'?ii 1671. Arms: A chevron between two couple closes inter three roses slipt. He was Secretary to Archbishop Sheldon, and wrote a prac- tical paraphrase on the Psalms. a In the south aisle, on a plain oval tablet : in memory of the late Mrs Ann Orme, widow of Robert Orme, esqr, historiographer TO THE H0NBLE EAST INDIA COMPANY; WHO DIED AUGUST 31st 1818, AGED SO YEARS. Against the same wall is a small monument of free stone, bearing the figures of a man and four sons, and a woman and three daughters opposite to each other, kneeling before a desk containing two books all in basso relievo, and under them the following inscription : AD SUMPTUM THOME FOLKIS, a'o DOMINI 1583. AGNES TYDNAM : MARIED : FIRST : TO : THOMAS : MARSHALL : TENN. TO : JOHN : MANNYNGE : LYETHE : BVRIED : HERE : SHE : LIVED : 8 : TYMES : X: AND : FVLL : 5 : YERES : 6 : CHILDREN : BY : MARSHALL : SHE : HAD : 3 WERE : SONNES : THE : OTHER : DAWTORS : OF : THEM : NONE : LIVING : BEE : she : died : the : xxii : daie : of : march : and : in : the : yeere : of : ovr : lord ; god : as : by : the : date : here : written : maie : appeere : Arms : Sable, a mullet between two bars or, charged with three cinquefoils of the first, 2. 1.; in chief, two crescents of the last. il A. Wood's Athen. Oxon. vol. II. p. 496. J IN THE CHURCH. 121 On the south side of the wall in the aisle, a small white marble tablet with a small urn ; on its top this inscription : Near this place lyeth the Body of Martha Eldridgk, who, on the 12 1 '' Day of May, Anno Domini 1714, departed this Life in the S2 d Year of her Age, with a Christian Resignation, after a careful Discharge of her duty here, and a frugal provision made for her Children, who in a pious Concern for her Memory have Erected this Monument, as the last Testimony of their Obedience and Gratitude. Azure, a cross formee fitchee or ; on a chief of the last three covered cups of the first ; impaling, Argent, a cross crosslet fi.tc\\6e gules between three martlets sable. On a large slab at the west end of the south aisle on the floor: Here Lyeth the Body of Mr William Leigh, who died Octer 24 1773, aged 68 years. On another : Here Lyeth the Body of M« Samuel Bowyer, of this Parish, who departed this life February the Sth 1733-4, in the 59*1' year of his Acre. 1<22 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Here also Lyeth the Body of Mrs Mary Bowyer, late wife of the abovesaid Mr Samuel Bowyer, who Departed this Life February the 13th 1741-2, Aged 66 Years. On another John Perkins, Esqr, died 2ist April 1798, Aged 54 Years. Also Mrs Ann Russell, Sister of the aforesaid John Perkins, Esqr, died 28th May 1788, Aged 37 Years. On a similar slab to the last: On another Sacred to the Memory of Hayes Fortee, Esqr, who died the 2d of Octr 1809, Aged 83 Years. Here lieth interred the Body of James Morris, Esqr, late of this Parish who departed this life Dec*" the 7th 17S 1, aged 62 Years. Also of Roger Morris, Grandson of the above, who died the 24*h of December 1822, in the 21*t Year of his Age. IN THE CHURCH. 123 On a spacious blue slab : In this grave is deposited the Remains of George Tegetmeyer. No further seek his Merit to disclose Or draw his Frailties from their dread abode, Where both alike in trembling hope repose The bosom of his Father and his God. He died the 19 th of April 1784, in the 54'h year of his Age. Also Hannah his Widow, who died 15th March 1809, aged 79 years. Here lie the remains of John Barnwell Murphy, Esq 1 "*-', who died the 28«-h of May 1822, Aged 68 years. On a very large blue slab, ornamented with a coat of arms: Here lyeth the Body of William Broughton, Esqre, late Mercht and Citizen of London, who departed this Life the 1 1 day of Sepr 1715, in the 64 Year of his Age. Done by order of Dame Elizabeth Irwin, his widow and Executrix. Arms : Within a border a chevron between three bears passant. Crest : on a wreath a wolf passant. Near the List is a slab upon which have formerly been two figures, probably a man and his wife ; above them three smaller, and beneath the large figures are the remains of an inscription; and three coats of arms. 124 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS At the entrance into the vestry is a large blue slab ; the in- scription nearly obliterated : Hie jacet inclytus ille & eruditissimus Elias Ashmole, Lichf'eldiensis, Armiger. Inter alia in republica munera, tributi in cervisias contra- rotulator, fecialis autem Windsoriensis titulo per annos plurimos dignatus : qui, post connubia, in uxorem duxit tertiam, Elizabetham, Gulielmi Dugdale, Militis, garteri principalis regis armorum, filiam : mortem obiit 18 Maij 1692, anno aetatis 76 ; sed durante Musseo Ashmoliano Oxon. nunquam moviturus. Near this tomb was formerly placed an atchievement ; quar- terly, sable and or ; the first quarter charged with a fleur de lis of the second; the coat of Ashmole, impaled with that of Dug- dale, argent a cross moline gules, and a torteaux. Motto : Ex uno omnia. Crest : On a mount verdant, Mercury preparing to fly, between two naked boys (the celestial sign Gemini) sitting at his feet proper. This eminent plilosopher, chemist, antiquary, and founder of the noble Museum at Oxford which still bears his name, was the only son of Mr. Simon Ashmole, of Lichfield, co. Stafford, by Anne daughter of Mr. Anthony Boyer of Coventry. He was born May 23, 1617; and during his early education in gram- mar, was taught music, in which he made such proficiency as to become a chorister in the Cathedral at Lichfield. In March 163S he married Eleanor, daughter of Mr. Peter Man waring, of Smallwood, Chester, and the same year became a Solicitor in Chancery. On Feb. 11, 1641 , he was sworn an Attorney of the Court of Common Pleas ; and on December 5, in the same year, his wife died suddenly, of whom he has left us a very natural IN THE CHURCH. 125 and affectionate memorial. He entered himself at Brazen-nose College, Oxford, and applied himself vigorously to the sciences, but especially natural philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy ; and his intimate acquaintance with Mr. (afterwards Sir George) Wharton, seduced him into the absurd mysteries of astrology, which was in those days in great credit. Nov. 16, 1649, he married Lady Mainwaring, and settled in London, where his house became the receptacle of the most learned and ingenious persons that flourished at that time. His marriage with Lady Mainwaring involved him in abundance of law-suits with other people, and at last produced a dispute between themselves, which came to a hearing on Octobers, 1657? in the Court of Chancery, where Serjeant Maynard having observed that in eight hundred sheets of depositions taken on the part of the lady there was not so much as a bad word proved against Mr. Ashmole, her bill was dismissed, and she delivered back to her husband. In the spring of 1658 he began to collect materials for his History of the Order of the Garter, which he afterwards lived to finish, and thereby rendered both the Order and himself immortal. On Nov. 2, 1660, he was called to the bar in Middle-Temple hall ; and January 15, 1661, was admitted F. R. S. On February 9th following, the King signed a warrant for constituting him Secretary of Surinam in the West Indies ; and in 1662 he was appointed one of the Commissioners for re- covering the King's goods. On June 27, 166-1, the White Office was opened, of which he was appointed a Commissioner. On Feb. 17, 1665, Sir Edward Byshe sealed his deputation for visiting Berkshire. On June 9, 166S, he was appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury, Accomptant-General and Country Accomptant in the Excise. His second wife, Lady Mainwaring, dying April 1 in the same year, he soon after married Mrs. Elizabeth Dugdale, daughter to his good friend Sir William Dugdale, Knt. Garter King of Arms, in Lin- coln's-Inn Chapel, on November 3. On Jan. 29, 1675, .he re- signed his office of Windsor Herald, whieh, by his procurement, was bestowed on his brother Dugdale. 126 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS On a white marble slab, partly hid by the staircase leading to the south gallery : IN THE VAVLT UNDERNEATH LYETH INTERRED THE BODY OF RICHARD LAWRENCE, OF THIS PARISH, MART, AND ONE OF YE MEMBERS OF THE LEVANT COMPANY, WHO MARRIED JOANNA STEPHYNS, Y& RELICT OF MR HENRY STEPHYNS, BY WHOM HE HAD ISSUE THREE CHILDREN, VIZ. TWO SONS AND ONE DAUGHTEK. HE DEPARTED THIS LIFE YE S™ DAY OF OCTOBER, AN<> d'n! 1661, AGED 53 YEARES. ABSALOM HAD NO SONS, AND HE BUILT HIM A PILLAR. Arms : a cross raguly impaling three buckles, mascle fashion. He founded the charity schools for twenty boys in the Marsh Liberty. Against the wall of the south gallery, is a handsome white marble monument ornamented with cherubs, drapery, &c. and a fluted urn and coat of arms at the top, with the following inscription : HERE LYETH THE BODY OF JOHN GOFFTON, ESO ; YOUNG«R SON UNTO SIR FRANCIS GOFFTON, OFF STOCK.WELL, WHO WITH HIS LADY WERE BURYED IN A VAULT IN THIS ANGLE, WHICH DOES BELONG UNTO THAT MANNER HOUSE. HIS ELDER BROTHER FRANCIS DIED IN FEANS 1642, AND HE DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE NINTH DAYE OF MAY, BEING IN THE CHURCH. 127 IN THE YERE OF OUR LORD 1GS6, IN THE 71 YERE OF HIS AGE. * *l| Quarterly, 1st and 4th, an unicorn's head ~-£r Sable, on a fess between three elephants' heads erased argent as many mullets of the field. On the same side a black marble tablet enchased in white, with this inscription : Against this Place in the lie resteth the Body of Elizabeth Baylie, late Wife of John Baylie, Obiit 24 of Iune, Anno D'ni 1629, JEtatis svee 25. READER, TREAD SOFT, UNDER THY FOOT DOTH LYE A MOTHER BURYED WITH HER PKOGENYE, TWO FEMALES AND A MALE ; THE LAST A SONNE, WHO WITH HIS LIFE HIS MOTHERS THREAD HATH SPUNN, HIS BREATH HER DEATH PROCUR'DE (UNHAPPY SINNe) THAT THUS OUR JOY WITH SORROW USHERS IN, YET HEE BEING LOTH TO LEAVE SO KIND A MOTHER, CHANGES THIS LIFE TO MEET HER IN ANOTHER. THE DAUGHTERS FIRST WERE ROBB'DE OF VITAL EREATH, THE MOTHER NEXT IN STRENGTH OF YEARS METT DEATH. THE FATHER'S ONLY JOYE, A HOPEFUL SONNE, DID LOSE HIS LIFE, WHEN LIFE WAS SCARCE BEGUN. IF HARMLESS INNOCENCE, IF LOYAL TRUTH, FOUND IN A CONSTANT WIFE COMBIN'dE WITH YOUTH, IF A KIND HUSBAND'S PRAYERS, OR FATHERS TEARES COULD HAVE PREVAIL D, THEY HAD LIV'd MANY YEARES. BUT THESE ALL FAILING, HERE RAK'd UP IN DUST, THEY WAIT THE RESURRECTION OF THE JUST. 5 130 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS A HUSBAND S LOVE, A FATHER. S PIETYE, DEDICATES THIS VNTO THEIR MEMORYE; AND WHEN HE HATH HIS DEBT TO NATURE PAYD, IN THE SAME GRAVE HIMSELF WILL THEN BE LAYD, THAT ALTOGETHER, WHEN THE TRUMP SHALL SOUND, HUSBAND, WIFE, CHILDREN, MAY IN CHRIST BE FOUND. On the north side of the South gallery a small white marble monument, ornamented with cherubs, skulls, fruit, &c and an urn on the top, with the following inscription : Near ye Midle of this Chappie lyeth ye body of S R Peter Rich, K>, late Alderman of ye Citty of London. He dy'd the 26 f h of August, Anno Dom. 1692, in the Sixty-second Year of his Age. Near his grave, twelve of his Children, who dy'd before him, lye buried. Gules, a chevron between three crosses botonee" or. Near the last, and on a neat marble tablet, is the following inscription : SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF ANNA CUTLER, WIFE OF ANDREW CUTLER, OF THIS PARISH, WHO DIED ON THE 5 th OF NOVEMBER 1756, AGED 69 YEARS. IN THE CHURCH. 131 ALSO TO THE MEMORY OF THE ABOVE SAID ANDREW CUTLER, LATE CLERK OF THIS PARISH, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE DECER 9 th 177L AGED 71 YEARS. On a handsome monument of white and veined marble, sup- ported by two Corinthian pillars, is the following inscription : Underneath lieth the Body of Mr John Reynolds, Gentleman, of the Parish of Lambeth, who during his Life was a constant Promoter of Peace and Order, and at his death gave to the Poor of this Parish 1001. and to the Charity School 50l He died on the 24^» Day of May. in the Year of our Lord 1711. And in the 63 d Year of his Age. Arms: A shield bearing three coats paleways ; 1st, Argent, a chevron checquee gules and azure between three cross cross- lets fitchee of the last, Reynolds ; 2nd, Argent, a cross moline gules, in the first quarter a torteaux ; 3rd, Argent, afess dancette between three roses gules. Crest : out of a mural crown or a demi-hound saliant argent, eared and gorged of the first, whereunto is affixed a chain of the last. On a monument at the East end of the South gallery ig the following inscription : HERE LYETH THE BODY OF JOHN ARl'NDELL, OF GWARNICK, IN THE COUNTY OF CORNWALL, ESft; SON AND HEIR OF ROGER ARUNDELL, OF THE SAID COUNTIE, 132 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS ESQ,; A GENTLEMAN OF AN ANTIENT, HONOURABLE, AND FAIR DESCENDED FAMILY, WHO DIED THE 25TH OF MAY 1613, WITHOUT ISSUE, AND IN THE 56 th YEAR OF HIS AGE. SAPE ET PRJEVALE. Sable, three chevronels argent. In the north aisle, on an oval tablet, surrounded by drapery, the following inscription : SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF MR JOHN GAURETT, MASTER OF THE BARGES TO FREDERICK PRINCE OF WALES. WHO DIED 5th MARCH 17 57. AND OF MRS ANN GARRETT HIS WIFE, WHO DIED 14TH JANUARY 1750. THIS TABLET IS GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED TO THEIR REVERED MEMORIES BY HIM WHOM THEY ADOPTED AND EDUCATED FROM HIS INFANCY AND FROM WHENCE ISSUED, (BY THE GOOD PROVIDENCE OF GOD) BLESSINGS : MANY YEARS HAPPILY EXPERIENCED 1807. R. R. IN THE CHURCH. 133 On a marble monument in the same aisle : NEAR THIS PLACE LYETH INTERR'd THE BODY OF JOHN WAKELING, SON OF JOHN AND JANE WAKELING, OF THIS PARISH, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE APKIL THE 30™, 1754, AGED 26 YEARS j WHO NEVER OFFENDED FATHER OR MOTHER. ALSO THE EODY OF JOHN WAKELING, FATHER OF THE ABOVESAID JOHN WAKELING, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE APRIL THE 14™, 1784, AGED 89 YEARS. LIKEWISE THE BODY OF JANE, WIFE OP THE LAST MENTION!) JOHN WAKELING, AND MOTHER OF THE FIRST, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE OCTR 2d, 1788, AGED 89 YEARS. They ivere kind Benefactors to the Poor of this Parish. On a small white marble monument, adorned with mantling, cherubim, fruit, flowers, palm-leaves, &c. is the following quaint inscription : In the Vault under this Stone is the Remains of Richard Marsh, Esq. who sup't (before he went to Bed) with Christ. He had Issue 15 children by Martha, his Wife and Relict, 3 arc buried in the Middle He against the Pulpit, & 1 lies in the Vault which he built for his family. He was exceeding glad at the beautifying of this House, 134 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS & though not quite finished, was begun in his time. Being ^ull of hope, he departed this Life the 18th of May, 1704. Aged 61. Arms : On a bend, three leopards' heads. On a small white marble monument ornamented with gilt mantling, the following inscription : Near this Place lyeth interred ye Body of M rs Jvdeth Ralegh, the Wife of Capt, George Ralegh,* 1 some time Deputy Gouernor of y? Hand of Jersey, & Daughter of Thos Fermyn, of Bushbrook Hall in Suffolk, Esq r who departed this Life December ye 14th, 1701. Arms : Gules, a bend fusiles argent, impaling Sable, a cres- cent between two mullets in pale argent. On the floor of the north aisle, at the west end, is a blue slab : Here Lieth the Body of Mary Fortescue, the wife of Francis Fortescue, Mariner, and Daughter of J no Knottesford, Esq. of Holdfast in Worcestershire ; who Departed this life the 5 th of November, 1/64, in the 29 th Year of her Age. As also her Son, Charles Fortescue, Aged 3 Weeks. d Nephew to the famous Sir Walter Raleigh. IN THE CHURCH. 135 Here also Lie the Remains of Mrs Cokstantia Sargt Wilmot, late of this Parish, wife of Isaac Sargent Wilmot, Esquire, & Sister of the above Mary Fortescue; who died March the 31" 1816, Aged Sixty-nine Years and Seven Months. On a large slab is the following inscription : Here lieth the Body of Mrs Elizth Fitzwater, who departed this Life Septr 7* 1779, Aged 57 Years. Also Mr Charles Fitzwater, who departed this Life the 9 th of October 1785, Aged S3 Years. Also Mrs Ann Coltman, Sister of the above, who died the 4 lh December 1810, Aged 48 Years. On another : Here lie interred the Remains of Elizth Blachford, who died May 14 th , 1775, Aged 15 Years. Also Daniel Blachford (her Father), who departed this Life Novr 34 th , 1782, in the 73 d Year of his age. About the middle of this aisle is a stone, on which have for- merly been the effigies of a man in armour and his two wives, with an inscription beneath them. 136 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS Round the edge of a large grave-stone, now partly hid by the staircase : HIC JACET MARGARITA CASTISSIMA & INTEGERRIMA CONJUX QUONDAM MATTHSI ARCHIEPISCOPI CANTUARIEN. QUE OBIIT 17 AUGUST, A. D. 15JO And on the inside of the same stone : Hie jacet Matth^us Parker, alter filiorum D'ni Matthei & Margaret* Parker, qui obiit a. d. 1521, die 23 Sept. astat. 81. On a plain slab : Here lies the Body of Mrs Jane Machell, wife of Capt. Willis Machell, who departed this life Octobr 25, 1773, Aged 46 years. On a spacious blue slab . HERE LYE1H YE BODY OF ANN, YE WIFE OF ROBERT ROBERTS, OF Y» CITTY OF BRISTOLL, GENT. WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE the 10™ no v , anno do. 1665, JETATIS SViE S2. Arms : First and fourth, a lion rampant ; second and third, a birdbolt ; impaling a cross fretty between 4 mullets. On a neat marble slab : Margaret Maple .... Virgin. Expecting the coming of her IN THE CHURCH. 137 dearc redeemer, shee died ye 27 th of j. . . . in ye 17th yeare of her Age. At the east end of this aisle has formerly been a brass plate of a large size, seemingly a female figure, and in shape and size very like the one previously described, p. 116, as being in the chancel. Above the figure have been two shields. On the side of the stairs leading to the North gallery, on a beautiful monument of white marble, ornamented with cherubs, fruit, flowers, &c. is the following inscription : Nenr this place Lye inten'd in the same Grave, the Bodies of the Hon<> lc Colonel Cutbert Morley, who was buried on the 30t' 1 of June 1669. And of the Hon^l* Bernard Granville, Esq', who espoused Ann, the Dau. and Heiress of y c said Cutbert, and dy'd y c 14 tu June 1701, aged 71 years. As also of y e Hon ble Ann Granville, Relict of y e said Bernard Granville. And daughter to y e said Cutbert Morley, by Catherine, daughter to Francis Earl of Scarsdale, who dy'd y e 20*'' Sept. following, 1701. Hie juxta mor talcs deposuit eatoias Bernardus Granville, lnclyli Herois Bevilii Granville, Qui ad Lansdoiai in agio Somcrseteiisi Rcgias tuendo partes fortiler occubuit, Filius ; Johannis Comitis Bathoni IN THE CHURCH-YARD. 143 kingdom, was, according to Anthony Wood, a Fleming, or a Dutchman. We are informed by Parkinson, that he had travelled into most parts of Europe, and into Barbary, and there remains a tradition, that in 1620 John Tradescant entered himself on board a privateer going against the Algerines, that he might have an opportunity of bringing apricot trees from that country. In his travels he is supposed to have collected not only plants and seeds, but most of those curiosities of every sort, which, after his death, were given by his son to the famous Elias Ashmole, and deposited in his museum at Oxford. On what occasion and at what period he came into England, is not precisely ascertained, but it may be supposed to have been about the end of Queen Elizabeth's reign, or the beginning of that of James I. He is said to have been for a considerable time in the service of Lord Treasurer Salisbury and Lord Wes- ton. About 1629 he obtained the title of gardener to Charles 1. ; he was a man of extraordinary curiosity, and the first in this country who made any considerable collection of the sub- ject of natural history". He had a son of the same name, who took a voyage to Virginia, whence he returned with many new plants. They were the means of introducing a variety of curious species into this kingdom, several of which bore their name. Tradescant's spidenvort and aster are well known to this day ; and Linnaeus has immortalized them among the botanists by making a new genus under their names of the spidenvort, which had been before called ephemeron. He lived in a great house at South Lambeth, where there is reason to think his museum was frequently visited by persons of rank who became benefactors thereto ; among these were King Charles the First, Henrietta Maria his Queen, Archbishop Laud, George Duke of Buckingham, Robert and William Cecil, Earls of Salisbury, and many other persons of distinc- tion. The Tradescant's were usually called Tradeskin by their contemporaries ; the name is uniformly so spelt in the parish 144 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS register, and by Flatman the painter, who, in a poem, mentions Tradescant's collection : " Thus John Tradeskin starves our wondering eyes By boxing up his new-found rarities.'' a The elder Tradescant died in 1652, and the son in 1662 ; the curious monument was erected by Hester, the relict of John Tradescant the son ; a beautiful drawing of it in its original state is in the Pepysian library at Cambridge ; they have been engraved in the Philosophical Transactions. b An engraving of it in its present state is placed as a vignette at the end of this chapter. e On an upright stone : h. s. E. Sarah Maxwell, uxor Francisci Kelly Maxwell, Clerici, d Obiit die Novembris 18, salutis 1780, aetatis 52. Quails erat suprema dies Indicablt. anno / Near the South-west door of the Church, on an elegant monument surmounted with an urn, entwined by a snake ; the whole surrounded by iron rails : To the Memory of William Sealy, who died 25^ of Oct. 1800, aged 48 years. Also Harriet Sealy, daughter of the above; a Flatman's Poems, p. 147. b Vol. LXIII. plates 4 and 5. c Appendix to Nichols's History of Lambeth, p. 96. Chalmers's Biog. Diet. toI. XXX. p. I . Lysons's Environs, vol. I. p. 330. d Then Chaplain and Treasurer to the Asylum. font an Orjffinal ftdurv in Che (Jahm.>hm \Ai!/„■< .///. //,/r// A> u decree m Chancery % r c7/ri/ 1l9^S .//irw,t.i moid Jroiiri/ in her /hnd a/ /.amfalh IN* THE CHURCH-YARD. 145 she died the 5th of March 1799, in the 12th year of her age. Likewise of Thomas Sealy: he died suddenly 7th January 1804, aged 20 years. M™ Elizabeth Sealy, she died 24 Aug. 1807, aged 54. Mr John Sealy, husband of the above, who died 22*1 of Oct. 1813, aged 64. On an elegant monument of the Grecian form in the same part of the ground : To the Memory of Mary, the wife of Edward Shewell, Esqr. of StockvoeU, Common , who died 14th Nov. 1821, in the 56 tl1 Year of her Age. Against the wall of the Church near the South-east door: To the Memory of William Bacon, of the Salt Office, London, Gent. who vvas killed by Thunder and Lightning at his window July the 12 th , 1787, aged 34 years. By touch ethereal in a moment slain, He felt the power of death, but not the pain ; Swift as the lightning glanced his spirit flew, And bade this rough tempestuous world adieu ; Short was his passage to that peaceful shore Where storms annoy, and dangers threaten no more. He was killed at his house, near the Archbishop's palace, Lambeth, at about a quarter before six in the evening, by a flash of lightning. At the beginning of the storm he was drink- ing tea with his wife ; the back windows of the one pair of stairs to the South having been open all day, he went up for the pur- pose of shutting them ; and in the action of lifting up his right arm received the stroke, which tore his coat eight inches in length, u 14G .MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS and four in breadth ; whence it entered his right side, nearly opposite his heart, went through his body, and out of the left hip, and down his left leg to his buckle (which melted), and tore the upper leather of his shoe from the sole. His dog being at that foot, was also struck dead ; after which the light- ning penetrated the wainscot and floor of the one-pair of stairs and made its way into the front parlour, North, where it tore the wainscot in a singular manner, and went off with an explo- sion louder than any piece of ordnance. Another account says, that he owed his death to a gun being laid across the window, placed there to prevent thieves from breaking into the house, which, on this occasion, operated as a conductor for the lightning ; for, at the instant that he was shutting the window, he received the electrical fire from the barrel of the gun, which he accidentally touched, and was immediately struck dead. The violence of the stroke was such, that it tore out his intestines, and made his body a most shocking spectacle. ' On an elegant monument near the West gate : Here are deposited the remains of Robert Robsone, Esq. of Clapham Rise, who departed this life the 7 th day of Sept. 1807. Aged 52 years. On an upright stone near the same : In Memory of Walter Gibson, who died Feb* 1, 1JS6, aged 75. Also Elizabeth, his wife, who died Sept. 1, 17SO, aged 61. Also the Rev d George Gibbon, A. M. Son of the above, of Carlisle House, in this parish, who died in his 67 th year, Sept. 16, 1821. a Gent. Mag. 1787, p. 645. IV THE CHURCH-YARD. 14? The Rev. G. Gibson was proprietor and minister of Carlisle Chapel, Kennington Lane, for 24 years. He was of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he took his degree of M. A. October 23, 1799. He married Mrs. Elizabeth Hamburgher, and had issue several children, of whom only one survives, married to a gentleman of high respectability. He was the master of Carlisle House Academy for upwards of 40 years. On a large raised slab, near the South-west gate: To the memory of John Forster, Esq. who died 23 rd July, 1818, aged 69 years. On a handsome table monument: To the Memory of William Keale, of JValcot Place, Esq. who died 22na Jan T , 1S03, aged 73 years. At the East end of the ground is a large mausoleum belong- ing to D. and T. Smith, Esqrs. On a black marble monument : To the Memory of Sarah, wife of Henry Richards, of this parish, who died 7 tU Ap 1 , 171 1, aged 60. Also Henry Richards, husband of the above, died 9 th Jany, 1711, aged 63. Also Mr. Samuel Richards, second son of the above, who died 21 July, 1713, aged 33. Also Mrs. Ann Richards, daughter of the above, who died 24 Aug st , 1714, aged 27. Arms : A chevron between three dolphins naiant, impaling a bull passant inter three fishes hauriant, a chief checque'e. f rest : On a wreath, a leopard's head jessant a fleur-de-lis. 148 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS In the East part of the ground, on an elegant monument of the Grecian form, surmounted with a blazing urn, on the West side is the following inscription : Sacred to the memory of William Bligh, esquire, F.R.S. vice admiral of the blue; the celebrated navigator who first transplanted the bread fruit tree from otaheite to the west indies, Bravely fought the battles of his country, and died beloved, respected, and lamented, ON THE 7 th DAY OF DECEMBER, 1817, AGED 64. On the South side is the following inscription ; above which are the arms of Bligh, viz. Sacred to the Memory of Mrs. Elisabeth Bligh, the wife of Rear-admiral Bligh, who died April 15"', 1812, in the 60 th year of her age. Her spirit soar'd to Heav'ri, the blest domain, Where virtue only can its meed obtain. All the great duties she perform'd thro' life, Those of a child, a parent, and a wife. On the East side : In this vault are deposited also the Remains of William Bligh and Henry Bligh, who died March 21 st , 1791, aged 1 day; The sons of M rs Elizabeth and Rear-admiral Bligh ; and also W m Bligh Barker, their Grandchild, who died Oct r 22 nd , 1805, Aged 3 years. IN THE CHURCH-YARD. 119 The North side is vacant. Arms : Azure, a griffin scgreant or between three crescents argent ; impaling Or, a bend gules, a chief indented azure. Admiral Bligh was a most skilful, prudent, and intrepid officer. In 1787, being then a lieutenant, he was appointed to the command of his Majesty's ship Bounty, fitted for the pur- pose of conveying young plants of the bread fruit-tree from Otaheice to the West Indies. The ship arrived without acci- dent at Otaheice, and had sailed away laden with plants, when a mutiny broke out, headed by Fletcher Christian, the master's mate. Captain Bligh, with such of the officers and seamen as would not join the malcontents, to the number of eighteen, were forced into an open boat, without arms, and a very scanty stock of provisions. After suffering incredible hardships, the sixteen survivors reached Batavia. The captain on his return to Eng- land was tried Oct. 25, 1790, for the loss of the vessel, but was honourably acquitted. In the same year he published a " Narrative of the Mutiny on board his Majesty's ship Bounty, and the subsequent voyage of part of the crew in the ship's boat from Tofoa, one of the Friendly Islands, to Timor," 4to. In 1792 he published "A Voyage to the South Sea in his Ma- jesty's ship Bounty," including the preceding narrative, in one volume 4to. Mr. Edward Christian, brother of the muti- neer, in a pamphlet published afterwards, vindicated his bro- ther's conduct at Captain Bligh's expense ; to which the captain wrote a spirited and manly answer. In the twelfth volume of the Transactions of the Society of Arts, are three papers by Captain Bligh, respecting the plants conveyed by him to the West Indies. About May 1805 he was appointed Governor of New South Wales. The colony was then in great distress, to alleviate which he found it necessary to enforce regulations that excited great discontent in many individuals. In January 1808 he was deposed by the military, headed by Lieutenant- Colonel Johnson, who was brought to trial on the arrival of the parties in England in 1S11, and sentenced to be cashiered. On 150 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS the 31st of July, in the same year, Captain Bligh received his commission appointing him Rear-admiral of the Blue ; and on the twelfth of August the following year, was promoted to the rank of Rear-admiral of the White. In June 1814 he was appointed Vice-admiral of the Blue : the highest preferment he ever obtained. On an upright stone in the same part of the ground : In Memory of Isabella Parsons, Wife of Robert Parsons, Obiit 19*h March, 1795, iEtat. 26 years. Of gentlest manners, ever formed to please, The mildest temper, ever blest with ease. An humble mind, a meek and generous heart : Good without shew, and lovely without art : Glad to oblige, and fearful to offend, A tender wife, and ever faithful friend. If Beauty asks, or Virtue claims a tear, Stop, gentle passenger, and shed it here. Church-yard in High Street. To the Memory of M" Ann Hancock, born 14^' Sept. 1760, at St. Neot's, Cornwall; died 13 Oct. 1821, aged 61 Years. O, born to sorrow ! in life's last sad scene, When suffering could not change thy brow serene, Whate'er of grief, or pain, thy bosom knew, At that dark hour, thou bads't them all adieu ; And here, at last, (long sought) that rest hast found, Which, living, never had thy labours crown'd. To the memory of Mr Thomas Worrall, who died Aug. 26, 1814, aged 60 years IN THE CHURCH-YARD. 151 Here lies within a narrow span, Beneath the humble sod, The relics of an Honest man, The noblest work of God. Of him no farther seek to find Now he's repos'd at rest; The virtues that adorned his mind Can never be exprest. On a table monument surrounded by iron rails : In this vault are interred the remains of Robert Barker, Esq. inventor of the Panorama ; who died Ap 1 fit' 1 , 1S06, aged 66; also, of his youngest daughter Jessy Barker, who died May 18, 1S07, aged 24 years. In Memory of Captn John Larmour, of the Royal Navy, who died Jan 16, 1807 5 aged 52 years. To the Memory of Mr William Milton, an eminent en- graver, who died March 3, 1790, aged 63 years ; Whose ingenuity and industry has greatly contributed to raise that elegant art to its present excellence in this country. To the Memory of William Blizard, who died March 8, 1820, aged 61 years. To the Memory of Ninian Craig, late a Major in his Ma- jesty's service, who, after faithfully serving his country 40 years, and undergoing numerous privations in the various climates to which his profession called him, terminated his mortal career in this Parish, on the 19 th of May, 1813, aged 65 years. On a handsome upright stone : To the memory of James Sowerby, Esq. F. L. S. born March 21, 1757, died Oct. 25, 1822, and Ann his wife, who died Sept. 30, 1815. 152 MONUMENTS AND EPTTAPHS This ingenious artist and naturalist died at his house, Mead's Place, near the Asylum, Lambeth, after an illness of nearly four months. He was originally a teacher of drawing, but having devoted himself chiefly to the delineating of plants, was noticed by some of our principal botanists, particularly Sir. J. E. Smith, the President of the Linnean Society, who employed him to illustrate his works. Thus encouraged, Mr. Sowerby attained an extensive knowledge of Natural History, and collected a large museum, in the use of which he was very liberal. His pub- lications related chiefly to Botany and Mineralogy, and he occasionally contributed some Papers to the Transactions of the Linnean Society. In Menjory of Samuel Goodbehere, Esq. alderman of London, of whom see p. 92. In Memory of Will™ Sibley Stiubley, equestrian per- former at Astlcifs Amphitheatre, Westminster Bridge, who died March 9, 1815, aged 35. In Memory of John Dollond, Esq. who died G*h Nov. 1804, aged 5S years, and Eliz. his first wife, who died 15 June, 1793, of whom see p. 80. Mr. Dollond was the youngest of two brothers, who were for many years celebrated opticians in St. Paul's Church-yard. . In Memory of Mary Paston, wife to Clement Paston of Horton, in the county of Gloucester, Esq. who died 24 March, 1774, in the 20 th year of her age. Arms: Argent, six fleurs-de-lis 3. 2. 1. azure, a chief indented ermine ; impaling on a fess three escallop shells. Supporters : the dexter a bear muzzled, a chain reflexed over the back from the collar ; the sinister an ostrich. Motto : De mieulx je pense en miculx. In Memory of Mr. Wm pk Kohler, who died 1 Itb Sept. 1822, aged 39 years. IN THE CHURCH YARD. 153 To the Memory of Mrs Mary Allsop, who died May 19tb, 1823, aged 65. In Memory of Mr Lewis Gompertz, who died the 5th Oct. 1821, aged 24. In Memory of Lieut. Col. Fs. C. Seymour, who died Dec. 5th 1822, aged 68. On a handsome Grecian table monument : To the Memory of Thomas Cunningham, Esq. of Bedford New Road, Lambeth, who died June D, 1820, in the 52 year of his age. On an upright stone : Margaret Morrison, daughter of John Morrison, writer to the signet Edinburgh; died Jan. 13, 1817, aged 13 years. On a table monument surrounded with iron rails : Infra (cum plurimis familiae sua?) Josephi Walker, de Wandsworth, in hoc comitatu, generosi, jacet corpus. Memoriae cujus dilectau sacrum, unicus ejus filius supervivens Gulielmus hoc mcerens posuit. Obiit 31" Julii, 1777, setaf. 69. Hie quoque sepultum est Elizabeths Walker, conjugis & vidua? percastae Josephi Walker, corpus. Obiit 22o Julii, 17S2, setatis suae 66. X 154 MONUMENTS AND EPITAPHS. On an upright stone : To the Memory of David Allan, Esq. Deputy Commis- sary-General to his Majesty's forces, who died Oct. 23, lB^l, aged 44 years. It would have afforded infinite satisfaction to have tran- scribed all the tributes of parental and filial affection here re- corded ; but although these are sacred, yet the interest ceases to the indifferent stranger, when the person thus commemorated has not been eminent during life. Few of the remaining mo- numents contain more than the age of the person mentioned ; and the limited nature of this work would not admit of a more extended insertion. Tradcscant's Tomb. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES. I5i CHAPTER V. Historical Occurrences — Foundation of a Collegiate Church, Sfc. Historical Occurrences. The earliest historical fact on record relating to Lambeth is the death of Canute the Second, called Hardicanute, which happened at Kennington, where there was formerly a Royal mansion, at a solemn marriage between Toni or Tuvi Prudan, and Gytha the daughter of Osgod Clapa, two noble Danes ; he died suddenly as he was at meat Wednesday the Gth id. June, 104<2. Hep pojv^jrepbe Hap^acnur cyng aet Lamb-hySe. rpa^ he'aet hip bpmce jtob. j he psepinga peoll to paspe eop^an mib egerhcum anguine, ac lune pa gelaihton pe peep neh pa?pon j he j-eo^San nan popb ne gecparS. ac jepat on vi. ib. Iun. R A. D. MXLII. b This year died King Harthacnute at Lambeth, as he stood drinking : he fell suddenly to the earth with a tremendous strug- gle; but those who were nigh at hand took him up; and he spoke not a word afterwards, but expired on the Gth day before the ides of June. Some think he was poisoned; others insinuate that he died of intemperance, the latter of which is the most probable, if the assertion of John Rouse c may be relied upon, viz. "That the day of Hardicanute's death was kept by the English as a holiday in his time (four hundred years afterwards), and was called Hogs Tide or Hock Wednesday;" that is, the high or a Ingram's Saxon Chronicle, p. 212. — Hovcilen. '• Bishop Gibson makes it a year earlief, p, 1 56. c De Rcgibus Anglic, p 11)5. ed Hi-nrne. 156 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES. great festival, hoojjh tibe, or from the Iselarul I1055, slaughter, excision from the general joy on the final expulsion of the Danes. This was observed in some counties to the time of Charles I. It was kept on or about the Quidena of Easter, a which sufficiently refutes the notion of its being instituted in commemoration of the slaughter of the Danes by Ethelred, which was celebrated on the 13th of November, b It seems to have been kept for two days ; for we read of Hock Monday and Hock Tuesday, and it may be in the same manner as feasts of dedica- tions of churches, and other feasts, commenced on the day or vigil before, as an introduction to the real feast. In this parish there was clearly one day for the men, and another for the women. c The principal part of the merriment seems to have consisted in the men or women stopping the way with ropes, and drawing passengers to them, desiring something to be given to them, as now, except as to ropes, is done in the Eton Montem, but on this occasion for pious uses. In the direction of these sports the women took the lead; a circumstance which has been thought by some to have had its rise from the wedding feast at which Hardicanute breathed his last. The money col- lected on these occasions was brought to account, and it appears from the churchwarden's books of this parish, that the sum collected by the women always exceeded the collection by the men ; the unmarried women took their part in collecting. The following entries are found in the churchwardens' books. s. d. 1505. Of Hokkyng money 3 1 1515. Received of the men for Oke money 5 7 The wyffs for Oke money 15 1 1516. Reed of the gaderynge of the churchwar- dens' weyffes on Hoke Monday 3 3 1517. The men 5 a Blount's Law Dictionary. Matt. Paris, anno 1228. b Huntingdon. Manning. c Denne's Additions, n. 398. HISTORICAL OCCUnHEXCES. 157 *. d. 1 r> 1 7. The wyffs 6 4 1 518. The men 4 \\ 1519. The men 3 9 The churchwardens' wyffs on Hoke monday. 8 3 1520. The wyffs 9 11 1531. Hoke money 11 3 Rec 1 ' of my lady of Norfolke, of Hoke money 32 31 1522. Of two women G S Of Bevers wyff Oke money 13 4 Of the men . . . .- 3 S The women , 5 G4 1523. The women 10 O The men 3 4 1554. Rec^ of John Brasy's wyff money that she received and gathered with the virgins. . 5 6 1555. Gathered at Hoktyde 21 G 155G. Gathered at Hocktyde 22 2 Yawse's wyff gathered with the virgins. ... 34 6 1557. Gathered 17 4 With the virgins 9 6 15 GO". Of the wives gathered for the use of the church 12 a The money collected was appropriated to the repairs of the church. The observance of Hoketyde declined soon after the reformation ; there is, however, a curious passage in " Wyther's Abuses striptand whipt," Svo. Lond. 1618, p. 232, which seems to imply that it was still in a degree observed. " Who think (forsooth) because that once a yeare They can affoord the poore some slender cheare, 1 In Kingston there was a gathering so late as 1578, and in Chelsea are en- tries of the collection in 1606*, 1607, 1611. Lysons' Environs, I. p. 299. Faulkner's Chelsea, p. 272. 15S HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES. Observe their country feasts, or common doles, And entertaine their Christmass Wassaile Boles, Or els because that, for the Churches good, They in defence of Hock- Tide custome stood : A Whitsun-ale, or some such goodly motion, The better to procure young men's devotion : What will they do, I say, that think to please Their mighty God with such fond things as these ? Sure, very ill." — a King Henry III. kept a stately Christmas at Lambeth in the year 1231, at the charges of Hubert de Burgh, his favourite and Justiciary ; and the next year, on the 14th of September, a Parliament was held here, wherein an aid of the fortieth part of the moveables of the whole nation was granted to this King for the payment of the debt he owed to the Duke of Bretagne b . On the 3rd of May, 1261, 45 Hen. III. a council was held at Lambeth in which the provincial constitutions of Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury were published. Another council was held here by Archbishop Peckham in the year 12SO, S Edw. I. ; and a second by the same prelate the year following, by which the constitutions of the legates Otto and Ottobon were renewed, c and a subsidy granted by the clergy of a fifteenth for three years. In 1330 the clergy met here again, preparatory to the sitting of a council here. A. 1556, July 21. The Queen QMary^ removed from St. James's in the fields unto Eltham, passing through the Park and Whitehall, where she took her barge, crossing over to Lam- beth unto my lord-cardinal's palace. And thence she took her chariot, and so rid through St. George's Fields to Newington, and so over the fields to Eltham at five o'clock in the after- noon. She was attended on horseback by the cardinal, and a conflux of people to see her grace, above ten thousand, d a Brand's Popular Antiq. vol. I. ]j. 1G5. '' Matth. Paris, p. 36"7. c Ibid. (1 Strype's Eccles. Mem. vol. III. p. 304. HISTORICAL OCCURRENCES. 159 10th June, 1640. About this time the " Bish. of Canter- bury's palace, at Lambeth, was assaulted by a rude rabble from Southwark." * 9th Jan. 1684. A great frost on the Thames. Evelyn says he walked across the ice, from Westminster stayres to Lam- beth, and dined with the archbishop, afterwards returning across the ice to the Horse-ferry. It continued from the 1st of January to the 8th of February. On the 5th of the last month he crossed in his coach from Lambeth to the Horse-ferry at Milbank. b In 1736, mobs collected in Lambeth, interrogating the peo- ple whether they were for the Irish or not, who were at that time very obnoxious. c In 1799, when the Country was in danger of invasion, the Parish of Lambeth sent their quota, who were reviewed along with the other Yeoman Cavalry corps and Infantry of the county of Surrey, by the King, on Wimbledon Common, on the 4th of June, in the same year. Cavalry. — Lambeth, commanded by lieutenant-colonel Sir Robert Burnett, 39 men. Infantry. — Lambeth, commanded by lieutenant-colonel Sir Robert Burnett, 05 men. In 1812 the Local Militia for this parish amounted to 629 rank and file, commanded by Thomas Gaitskell, Esq. Collegiate Church. An attempt was made to found a collegiate church in this parish, the site of which is not known ; and as the circum- stance caused a great ferment in England through the great opposition it received from the Pope and clergy in general, as a matter of curiosity the following has been transcribed principally from Mr. Nichols's History. 1 Evelyn's Mcinuiib, vol. 1. p. 9. t> Ibid. p. 56'8. "• Gent. Map. Aup. I 7. id'. 160 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. Upon the death of Richard Archbishop of Canterbury, 1184, a contest arose between the suffragan bishops of that province and the monks of Canterbury, concerning their several pre- tensions to a right of electing their archbishop. The monks appealing to Rome, great interest was made on behalf of each party, till at length a mandate was obtained of the pope, wherein the bishops and monks were directed to unite in the election. The time of election was appointed, but the refrac- tory monks not appearing, the suffragans chose Baldwyn, bishop of Worcester, for their metropolitan, which the monks highly resenting, strenuously exerted themselves to invalidate the election ; but Henry II. who was a great favourer of Bald- wyn, being made acquainted with the demands and promises of the monks, prevailed on him to renounce his election, and to declare the same void. The monks having obtained what they wanted, proceeded to a new election, and according to their previous declaration re-elected Baldwyn. a This specimen of monkish obstinacy sufficiently indicating the aims of that body, the archbishop, whose advancement to the See had been stoutly controverted by the monks of Canter- bury, formed a design to humble the whole order of monks, and prevent their interfering in the civil and ecclesiastical con- stititutions of the kingdom ; a plan that seems to have been concerted between the prelate and the king, who had suffered so much from the insolence of Becket. Baldwyn was to found a college for secular canons at Hackington near Canterbury. The better to cover his design, he pulled down the church there, which was dedicated to St. Stephen, and proposed to rebuild and dedicate it to St. Stephen and Thomas a Becket He had not only the royal assent and approbation, but was authorized by a bull of Pope Urban III. with a grant of the offerings made at Becket's tomb for the carrying on of this work. Not- withstanding all his precaution, the monks foresaw that if this a Uervasc Dorab. Act Pont. 156S, inter X. Script. Parker, Antiq. Eccl. Brit. Godwin tic Praesulibus. Drompton 1275, inter X. Script. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 161 college was completed, it might not only withdraw the arch- bishops from residing among them, but induce those pre- lates to make choice of that place both for consecrating bishops and clergy for the future ; besides, that being dedicated to Becket, it might divide the devotion and donations of his vota- ries, and the college be made the mother-church of the diocese, and the secular canons, the chapter, and so the monastery lose their usurped power of election. Actuated by these consider- ations, they stirred up the whole body of the monks and peo- ple, and applied to the pope. The archbishop, however, pur- sued his work, and not having stone ready for his chapel, erected one of wood, consecrated it, and placed in it secular priests and canons ; alleging he had only fulfilled the inten- tions of Anselm and Becket, and, therefore, refused to appear to the appeal. The monks prosecuted their suit at Rome till they prevailed on Urban III. to order the archbishop not only to stop his work, but to pull down and cancel all he had done, to unhallow the ground which he had consecrated, and suspend all who should presume to officiate in that church. He accom- panied this letter with a very haughty one to the king, enjoin- ing him to see his commands obeyed. a Urban dying soon after, the archbishop, having great interest with his successor, Gregory, again set his design on foot ; and to give the monks less umbrage by fixing it at a considerable distance from Canterbury, he applied to the Bishop and Con- vent of Rochester, to grant him a part of their estate there for the purpose of building a house for himself and his successors, near to London, and a church in honour of the blessed martyr as he was then called, Thomas a Becket ; intending also to erect buildings here for his canons. He accordingly obtained from them in 1 Rich. I. 1189, a part of their court at Lambeth, with *24 acres and 1 perch, part of their demesne lands there, withoutside their court, and the service which they had from 4 acres of Hawise on the Thames, saving to them their rights » Gervaise, p. 1517. Innet's Churcli Hist. vol. II. 3J52 — 335. 355. Y L62 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. to the parish church, the ditches surrounding their court and garden, and a free current to and from their mill, and all things withoutside the bounds then marked out. In exchange, the archbishop gave them a sheep-walk in the island of Gren adjoining the sea, on the North side of the river Medway, and all appurtenances, in marsh land, corn, &c. then held by John » son of Eilgar, at the yearly rent of 60s. and other services for ever.h The archbishop, thus authorised, transported by water the materials which he had prepared for his college, and began the foundation of the collegiate church here, c But he did not live to finish it; and Pope Celestine took advantage of the vacancy of the see to order the Bishop of Bath, with the Abbots of Reading and Waltham, to see that it was forthwith pulled down. They wrote to the managers d of the chapel, who hav- ing read the papal sentence of condemnation, it was presently demolished by the mob. e It had been agreed that the canons .should be removed to Lambeth. Archbishop Hubert Walter, who succeeded on the short administration of Reginald, f re- sumed the work, and procured from the Prior and Convent of Rochester, in exchange for the manor of Darent the manor and church of Lambeth, which he caused to be confirmed to him- self and successors by Richard I. 1197.8' At the same time this grant was made, Bishop Gilbert de Glanville, finding the buildings of his see greatly dilapidated, retained a spot of ground sufficient to erect a mansion for the use of himself and his successors at Lambeth, the site containing in length to the South 19 perches, to the North IS perches 13 feet, across to the East 10 perches 13 feet, and to the West 11 perches 9 feet, a He afterwards gave in pure and perpetual alms to the church of Rochester a yearly rent of 20s. sterling, for their sheep-walk in Gren, for which he had before paid 60s. (id. yearly, in consideration of their taking his son Robert as a monk, and admitting him and his heirs into their society. — Reg. Roff. p. 435. >' Reg. Roffense, p. 434, 135, ex. Bibl. Cotton. Domitian. A. X. 9. c Gervaiso Dorob. p. 156-1. d Rcclores. e Gervaise, p. 1572. f Godwin de Prfcs. 70. St. S Rymer's Fcedera, vol. I. p. 89. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 1 03 with the buildings situate thereon, in consideration of five marks of silver to be paid yearly into Lambeth church, by half-yearly payments, which grant of the archbishop's was confirmed by Henry the prior, and the convent of Christ's Church, Canter- bury, by Geoffrey Bishop of Winchester, and by Walter prior of St. Swithin's at Winchester. a Hubert was doubtful how to proceed with his predecessor's design. On the one hand he was encouraged by the bishops and clergy, who wished to deprive the church of Canterbury of its ancient dignity ; the new created chapel and the houses built in consequence of it, and the convenience of the spot in the neighbourhood of London and the court, which the arch- bishop was obliged to attend ; on the other hand, the danger that threatened the see if he proceeded through the jealous conduct of the monks ; and the fear of offending the convent of Canterbury, by whom he had been elected. He was unwil- ling to offend the bishops and clergy who had joined him, and urged him to the work ; and he knew the determination of the convent, and the prohibition of pope Celestine. In order to satisfy both parties, the archbishop resolved to relinquish the scheme, and carry it on at Maidstone ; but this, being opposed by the monks, came to nothing, and the affair of Lambeth was resumed ; an active monk was sent to argue the point with the archbishop, who was so convinced by his reasoning, that he determined to implore the divine direction in this business. He sent to the convent of Canterbury the abbots of Chertsey, Reading, and Waltbam, with a proposal that every person to whom he should give a prebend or canonry in the church of Lambeth should swear on the high altar of Canterbury, that he would not, either by himself or another, claim to himself or the church of Lambeth a right in the election of an archbishop of Canterbury, nor consent to the translation of the see or the re- liqucs of Becket, or any other reliques to the prejudice of that church ; even though any ecclesiastical or secular person should attempt such translation ; nor to the making of chrism by the * Reg. Roffensc, p. 270. 164 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. archbishop in the church of Lambeth ; or to the diminishing of the just and ancient liberties of the church of Canterbury ; nor seek to be absolved from the oath, nor allow any other person to do it for him : that no person on whom such prebend or canonry should be conferred shall be installed by proxy, nor receive any profit from such dignity before his installation, and should after his installation forthwith proceed to Canterbury to take the oath aforesaid, on pain of losing his preferment. And, for the better confirmation of this agreement, the prior of Canterbury was to have a prebend at Lambeth, and the first stall on the left side of the church and chapter-house, and to be admitted into the councils and secrets of the chapter, and wear a clerical habit while in the church of Lambeth, as in other churches whereof abbots are canons. All this to be con- firmed by the pope and archbishop under pain of excommuni- cation, and to be published by the senior canon of Lambeth, with consent of the chapter every year. The archbishop to obtain the King's confirmation, and the pope to require every successive archbishop to swear to observe it -when he receives the pall. * The monks desired a day's time to give their answer, at the end of which one of them declared the fixed determination of the convent to be as before, and produced a papal bull for ab- solving all the clergy of Lambeth from their oath. They had sent two of their body privately to Rome, and obtained from Pope Innocent a bull couched in the most haughty terms ; not only commanding the demolition of the college at Lambeth, and the removal of the canons, but threatening that if this was not done within thirty days, he would command the bishops of the province of Canterbury not to own the archbishop for their metropolitan, and to suspend him from his episcopal office ; and in a subsequent letter to the king, he tells him that he was God's vicegerent on earth, and with destruction of persons would punish the individuals and » Gervaisc, p, 1598, 1599. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 165 nations that should presume to oppose his command. Not- withstanding this proceeding, the king wrote to the prior and convent of Canterbury, charging them with obtaining this bull fraudulently and by false suggestion, contrary to the express agreement before mentioned, confirmed by the pope, and re- quiring them to desist. He at the same time took the monastery into his protection, and forbad any one to molest the archbi- shop. » In the mean tims he appealed to Rome, and seized the temporalities of the convent, intending to oblige them to leave the dispute to the arbitration of the bishops and abbots of Eng- land, b The abbots returned, and t.vo monks were immediately dispatched all over the kingdom to collect the sentiments of the nobility. For the abbots seeing and hearing the danger which threatened the church of Canterbury, dare not advise their consent, but proposed to sooth the archbishop, and not deter- mine upon the case of the canons, which had received more than one definitive sentence against it from the court of Rome. In December the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons, met the archbishop at Oxford, and thence some of the bishops and abbots accompanied him to Canterbury, to hear what the monks had to say against his proposals. It was agreed that both parties should refer the case to the pope. The archbishop sent much money by his agents, and the prior privately two poor monks. They found Celestine dead, and in his stead Innocent, who had formerly been eye-witness to the depression of the church of Canterbury, and had heard the whole case in the court of Rome. To him, therefore, they represented the danger that threatened the see by the com- pletion of the design at Lambeth, if he did not interpose. The archbishop threatened the monks who had gone out of the kingdom without his leave, and the prior for his negligence, insisting that the convent should recal him. The archbishop's messengers came express to tell him what had passed. The archbishop appealed publicly in London, and so did the » Gcrvaise, p. 1602, 160">. b Innet's Church Hist. vol. II. p. 36.9, 374. 166 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. bishop and convent of Rochester, to the surprise of the convent of Canterbury. But next day came letters from the pope to the latter. They sent them by four of their body to the arch- bishop, who refused them admittance as monks of Canterbury three days ; whereupon they demanded and obtained it as messengers from the pope. The letter a charged the arch- bishop with contempt of the prohibitions of Popes Urban and Clement, and commanded him to demolish his buildings within thirty days ; suspending the clerks who should celebrate in the chapel till they had made satisfaction, to withdraw his appeal, and put every thing into its former state, on pain of being him- self suspended, the pope considering the removal of the chapel further from Canterbury as a more heinous offence against the privileges of the church. The same letters were written to all the suffragan bishops. The archbishop appointed the monks a time for answering this letter, and in the mean time sent mes- sengers and letters to all the bishops of England and Wales, complaining of the monks, and requesting them to repair to Canterbury to assist at the consecration of the new Bishop of Coventry, Geoffrey, b and also to the king, to stir him up against the monks ; and hearing, though falsely, that the monks intended to meet him barefooted to entreat his favour, he came suddenly at day -break to Canterbury. It was re- ported in that city that he was coming to besiege the church and convent with an armed force. On this account he came alone next morning, and entered the chapter-house with the bishops and abbots, clergy and clerks. All heing seated and silent, the Bishop of Rochester made a speech extolling the archbishop's good intention for the glory of the church of Canterbury, complaining of the new opposition to the preju- dice of the church, and the affront of the archbishop. The archbishop himself spake to the same effect ; the answer of the convent was put off, because the next day being Sunday, the new bishop was to be consecrated. Next day came into the » Gervaise, p. 16'02. b Muschamp, 1199, 1210. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. IG~ chapel the abbots of Reading, Chertsey, Feversham, Waltham, and the prior and convent, not as messengers from the arch- bishop, but as friends of the church of Canterbury, to endea- vour to compromise matters. In the midst of their debates came in Geoffery Fitz Piers and Hugh Fitz Bardulf, sent by the king to forbid their proceedings against the dignity of his crown and realm, and producing letters from him to the same purpose. He wrote the same to all the bishops of England, ordering them to oppose his letters patent to the pope's mandates, and granting the bearers thereof his licence to carry them abroad. A third letter was also brought to the archbishop, restraining him from laying hands on the church of Lambeth. The king's justices who brought those his letters accompanied with a threatening mes- sage, gave the convent but a short time for an answer ; but find- ing they trifled, they demanded immediate obedience, and the sheriff of Kent was directed to seize their lands. This by the archbishop's interposition was deferred till next day, and in the mean time the prelates, abbots, and clergy, used every argument to persuade them to compliance ; but all their endeavours prov- ing fruitless, the archbishop went away in haste and anger, and the lands of the convent were seized into the king's hands ; and the archbishop seized first on the manor of Chartham, which Edward the Confessor had bestowed on them in frankalmaigne. The bishops and abbots continued their mediation, and after their departure the abbots of Boxley and Robertsbridge ; but all they could obtain was, that two of the brethren should repair to the archbishop at London to confer privately with him. One of them suspecting a trick, feigned sickness, and staid behind : the other went, and heard what the archbishop had to say, and answered him. The archbishop commanded him to withdraw the charges against him at the court of Rome ; but the monk pretended some excuse, and retired to Canter- bury. In the mean time the archbishop set to work every engine with the pope and the king, and sent the latter a cargo of relicks of St. Ruffinus and Albinus, and a state of the case, full of misrepresentation, to which he prevailed on the bishops ami abbots to set their seals : but fearing he would be called on 16S COLLEGIATE CHURCH. to answer for seizing the possessions of the convent, he restored them. The cardinals wrote to him to stop his building and foun- dation at Lambeth, and, together with the pope, wrote to the king to defend the cause of the church of Canterbury. But the clergy so spirited up the king, that though two monks were sent to im- plore his favour, they could hardly obtain an audience, and were ungraciously treated ; and the king wrote to their convent from Andilly, to refer the matter to the arbitration of five bishops and as many abbots of their own order. They returned for answer, that they were afraid to trust to the arbitration of a set of men who were avowedly against them, both the Suffragans and the Cistercian monks having written to the pope in strong terms against them. The king also wrote to him in favour of the archbishop. In the mean time he sent an order to his vice- gerent Geoffrey Fitz Piers, to appoint commissioners to view and report their treasures. The monks wrote to the archbishop, who was going over to Normandy, and who returned for answer, that he wished the king to see not only the treasure of the church of Canterbury, but his own, and that of the whole king- dem ; but "nolo," added he, " ut de vestro aliquod habeat scrip- turn vel clavem." The monks being thus stripped of every thing, the prior hastened to Rome ; and the archbishop ob- tained the king's letter to the chief justice Fitz Piers to restore the lands of the convent, but to cause an inventory of their wealth to be taken by view of the archbishop's servants, and a fine to be levied on them for their offence against him. Before the prior could get to Rome, the archbishop's messengers deli- vered in a state of the case. The two monks who were there replied next day ; and on the following day the archbishop's people were heard again. The pope and cardinals gave a defini- tive sentence for the demolition of Lambeth chapel, and sent to the archbishop an express command for that purpose, with let- ters to his suffragans and to the kins a . » Gervaije, p. 16'21, 1627. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 169 About Michaelmas H99, a the cause so long in agitation between the archbishop and the monks about the rebuilding the chapel at Lambeth, and the churches and offerings which the monks claimed of the archbishops, after long disputes, allegations, and testimonies, before the Bishop of Ely, the Dean of Lincoln, b and the Abbot of St. Edmund's Bury, dele- gated arbitrators by the pope with the consent of both parties, was determined, and all hope for ever taken away from the secular canons of returning. The chapel was to be pulled down to the ground. The archbishop might if he pleased build a chapel at Lambeth, and place in it canons of the Pra?monstratensian order, not less than fourteen or more than twenty, who should not however be in the nomination of the archbishop, sede vacante. He might endow the same with 100/. per annum, on condition that no bishop should be there consecrated, no councils held, no abbots admitted, no orders conferred, &c. but the archbishop did not think fit to build on these humiliating terms. Lambeth however was advantaged by this dispute, which procured it the honour of being made the residence of the archbishop. This award being agreed upon by the arbitrators at Westminster, and afterwards at Canterbury, on the Sunday before All Saints day, iiii cal. Nov. was published by the Bishop of Ely, in the presence of the respective parties, and all the nobility, clergy, &c. of England assembled to hear this long contest decided. c These united thunders so terrified the king and archbishop, that they resolved on the demolition of the chapel. The arch- bishop published this resolution Feb. 1 199 ; the building was levelled with the ground, and the clergy ordered to reside a 1200. Diceto, p. 707. Gervaise, p. 1623, says the award was published by the archbishop 12 cal. Feb. 1199, and the chapel demolished the 6th year of the *ame decemnovalis cicli. Ubi sup. The History of Winchester in Ang. Sac. I. 305, dates it 1202. b In the room of Bishop Hugh, who was probably then ill ; for he died on All Saints Eve in this year. Diceto, j>. 708. c Diceto inter X. Script. 708. 7, 170 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. nearer the sea coast. The pope's messenger seeing that nothing more was done in consequence of this mandate, and the Prior of Canterbury not knowing what had been done in England, brought his complaint before the pope, who wrote an angry letter to the King of England, and another of comfort to the convent of Canterbury, and they finally recovered all their possessions, a This controversy is recited at large in a Harleian MS. * No. 788, on paper, transcribed into three parts ; the first containing all the papal bulls, letters and rescripts ; the second, the origin of the dispute by Archbishop Baldwin ; the third, the revival of it by Archbishop Hubert, and the final demolition of the chapel, b a Gervaise Dorov. inter X. Script. 1623. Tanner's Not. Mon. 540. b In the Appendix to Nichols's Lambeth are the whole of the papers at length. MANOR OF tAMBETH. 171 CHAPTER VI. Historical Account of the Manor (if Lambeth, and Lambeth Palace. Manor of Lambeth. There arc three courts lect held in this Parish; one for the manor of* Kennington, one other for the manor of Lambeth, and a third for the manor of Vauxhall, with eacli from twenty to thir- ty jurors held once or twice a year for the choice of eight consta- bles, nine headboroughs, and six aleconners, to fine every person that is the cause of any public nuisance, and to present those officers that neglected their duty the preceding year. At the same times and places are held three courts baron, with each their homage jury of from two to ten, for the conveyance of copy- hold estates within their respective manors, in which last courts all conveyances of freehold estates formerly used to be regis- tered, a custom which has unhappily been discontinued for many years. In the year 106'2, King Edward the Confessor granted by his charter to the abbey of Waltham in Essex, amongst other possessions, Lambehith cum omnibus ad se pertincntibus cam- pis, pascuis, pratis, silvis, et aquis. The boundaries are thus expressed at the end of this charter:* Dij- rynb pa lanb gemsepe into LambehySe. aene&t act Bpixjeji rrar.e. -j rparop-6 pvpjhe pane gpap toj-ani Cftaepcbice. -j rpa ro bulce a Monastic. Anglic, vol. II. p. 11. 1/2 MANOR OF LAMBETH. rpeo. 3 ppam bulce tneo co pyre, j ppam pyre ro iEIpyjep laecce 3 j-pa epr co pape rrpare. 3 rpa anblanj prpere epc ro BpixepprAii. Hi sunt terrae termini apud J.ambehytham. Imprimis apud Brixii lapidem, a et sic prorsum per lucum b ad Mercduam, c et sic ad arborem verrucosam, et ab arbore verrucosa ad Hysam, et ab Hysa ad Elsii clausum, et sic iterum ad viam, et sic per tractum viae ad Brixii lapidem. After the death of Edward the Confessor, Harold the son of Godwyn is said to have put the crown of this realm upon his head with his own hands at Lambhythe. fl The next account we meet with of Lambeth is in Domesday book, tab. viii, fol. 34, as follows : Terra Ecclesi Earnulph (bishop from 1115 to 1125) or- dered it moreover to supply the monks with one salmon on the anniversary of their founder and benefactor, Bishop Gun- dulph/ In the reign of King Stephen (1141 to 1147) Bishop Ascelin attempted to deprive the monks of this manor, as not having been given to their separate use ; but Imar the pope's legate, and Archbishop Theobald, determined the dispute in their favour, d The bishops, however, had right to a lodging in the mansion-house when business carried them to London, with forage, straw, fuel, &c. whilst they stayed, e Archbishop Hubert and the prior and convent of Rochester exchanged the manor of Lambeth, with the church of the manor, and all liberties and free customs, and all other appurtenances, both in the said manor and in Southwark, and in the soken of London ; saving to the said bishop half the said soken. But the mill which the said monks had out of Southwark-on-the- Thames to the east over against the Tower of London, and the marsh in Gren, which Archbishop Baldwin gave them for the site of the chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr and the surround- ing area of Lambeth, were not included in this exchange, but re- mained to the monks, though the prior of Lambeth used to re- ceive the profits thereof before this exchange. And the said Archbishop gave and granted to the said monks, in exchange for the said manor of Lambeth, the manor of Darente, with the church and chapel of Helles, with all liberties, free customs, &c. saving to the archbishop and his survivors his and their spiritual • Hospitta. b Bibl. Cotton. Doniit. A. X. 0. fo. !)«. c Heg. RolT. 7. Salmon aic sometimes, but rarelv, taken in the Thames off Lambeth, * Re%. Roff. 4 1 . e ibid. m. 176 MANOR OF LAMBETH. right to the said church, till he and they should freely give it up to the Bishop of Rochester ; and a sheep-walk, called Est- merse, in Cliff, with 220 sheep and a certain piece of land in Cliff, belonging to the said marsh ; and in the said town of Cliff, ten tenements, with their lands, rents, services, &c. so as that the said monks of Rochester shall have for their maintenance the aforesaid exchanges, as they before had the manor and church of Lambeth ; saving to the bishop of Roches- ter the rights he before enjoyed therein. And the archbishop and his successors warranted the said manor of Darente with its appurtenances to the inhabitants of Rochester, as they did the manor of Lambeth with its appurtenances to the archbishop ; yet so that he nor his successors could give, sell, or exchange, or alienate the said manor of Lambeth from his see, nor the inhabitants of Rochester do the like with the church or manor of Darente, or any thing else granted by this exchange. The archbishop being thus seised of the manor, obtained from King John a weekly market and fair for fifteen days, on condition that it would not be prejudicial to the city of Lon- don. In the MS. Library at Lambeth is a charter from the city of London, signifying their consent, but stipulating the day on which the fair should begin, which was on the morrow of St. Peter ad Vinculo,',* accordingly a fair was held annually and continued a fortnight; but having for many years been attended with much riot, it was abolished by the magistrates, at the desire of Archbishop Herring. b The manor has remained with the archbishops from that time, except during the usurpation of Cromwell, when it was sold to Thomas Scott and Matthew Hardy for 7072/. ; c but on the Restoration it reverted to its original owner. These per- sons were amongst such as were excepted out of the Act of Ob- livion, not extending to life. a Cart. Miscel. vol. XI. No. 15. Cart. 1 John, p. 2, n. 34. *> Nichols's Lambeth, p. 1 56'. c MS. Lambeth Library, No. .951, intituled Lambeth Papers, No. 11 MANOR OF LAMBETH. 177 The manor seems to be cut asunder by those of Kcnnington and Stockwell, one part extending from the public stairs by the church, along the river bank, till it meets that of Kennington and the Prince's Meadow, and then, bearing to the right, and going to the Fishmongers' alms-houses in Newington, it comes round again, leaving out Vauxhall, to the stairs where it began. The other division begins at the extremity of the south-east corner, at Vicar's Oak, where the parishes of Lambeth, Croydon, Camberwell, and Battersea meet ; thence over Beaulieu-hill and Norwood Common to Streatham Common, by Leigham Common to Rushey Common on the top of Brixton Hill, to Cold Harbour- lane, by Stockwell Common, through Stockwell Park, over the Wash-way, by Bowyer-lanc, by the south side of Loughborough House, to the village of Camberwell, over Denmark Hill, to Nor- wood and to Vicar's Oak. In 1S06 an Act was passed for dividing and inclosing the waste lands within this manor, in which it is stated, that the archbishop is lord, and entitled to 200 acres and upwards of woods and wood-grounds in the manor, and to the soil thereof, timber and woods thereon ; that the wastes contain about 450 acres (chiefly lying about Brixton and Norwood). Of the com- mons one sixteenth was to be allotted to the archbishop as lord of the manor ; the residue amongst the tenants of the manor. A question arose whether the lord was not entitled to an allotment for land in his own occupation, and for such land as was on lease from him to other persons ; but it was determined that the one sixteenth allotted to the lord as lord included all his rights, his lessees obtained nothing, and the residue was divided. The lands inclosed in this Act continue liable to tithes, ex- cept that for the first seven years the grass land is to pay only Is. an acre, other land 3s. A curious clause was obtained by inhabitants of houses whose windows faced certain parts of the commons, though perhaps 2 A 1/8 MANOR OF LAMBETH. they had no interest in them, viz. that opposite to those houses no erection should be set up above the surface of the ground, so that no houses can be built there, nor any inclosure made except by a sunk fence. The allotment to the archbishop amounted to 161 acres, which were let in lots by auction, and produced rents amounting to 832/. The owners of houses which had been erected so long that the original building could not be traced, claimed and were al- lowed a compensation for the right of cutting bushes on the commons for fuel ; but where the original building could be traced, no such allowance was made. The expence attending the execution of the Act was great, for, in addition to common charges, where the allotment would not have amounted to the value of 20/. it was commuted into a payment of money ; but by sale of small pieces of land, to accommodate the owners and occupiers of houses and other adjoining property, at high prices, the money was raised with- out difficulty. One piece of waste land near Stockwell, and another at Nor- wood, were allotted for the purpose of burial grounds, and of having parochial churches or chapels built thereon. Another piece was set apart for the erection of a free school. One provision in the Act is, that such new roads as may be made under the authority of it, shall not become parochial roads. a CUSTOMS OF THE MANOR OF LAMBETH. Freeholders. I. That at the death of every freeholder there is due to the lord for a relief a year's quit-rent of the freehold land to be paid by the heir to whom it descendeth ; but no heriot to be paid for the same lands. II. That when a freeholder is sworn, the lord's tenant, coming a Information from Mr. Middleton to Mr. Bray, Hist, of Surrey, vol. III. p. 471. MANOR OF LAMBETH. 179 to it, either by descent or purchase, there is a penny due to the steward, and no more. III. That upon alienations of freehold land there is a penny to be paid for fealty, and no more, neither is there any relief to be paid for alienation. Copyh olders. I. That at the death of any copvholder, that dieth seised of any copyhold, there is due to the lord for an heriot the best beast of such copyholder, but if he have no beast, then three shillings and sixpence for a dead heriot. II. That if any copyholder make a surrender of copyhold heritable to the use of another for the term of his life, after the death of the copyholder that did surrender, there is three shillings and sixpence to be paid for a heriot ; but at the death of the tenant to whom the estate for life was surrendered, no heriot to be paid. III. That if any copyholder, that is admitted tenant to copy- hold within the manor, do purchase any copyhold within the manor, he is to pay so much for a fine as the quit-rent of that new copyhold is to the lord by the year. IV. That if any person, not being a copyholder, do purchase copyhold within the manor, upon the surrender of that copy- hold to that person, and admittance thereunto, the fine is at the will of the lord, and no relief due. V. That when copyhold descendeth unto the heir by custom, the fine is as much as the year's quit-rent to the lord, and no more. VI. That the youngest is to inherit the copyhold within the manor, if male ; if female, cohciresess. VII. That surrenders must be made either to the steward in open court, or to him out of court, if he be the steward by patent, or else by two copyholders of the manor. VIII. That all surrenders delivered out of court into tenants' hands, must be presented by those tenants to the steward at the next court, upon pain of forfeiture of their own copyholds. ISO LAMBETH PALACE. IX. That all copyholders of the manor may strip and waste upon their copyholds within the manor. X. That no copyholder may make a lease of his copyhold without the lord's license, for above the term of three years, upon pain of forfeiture of his copyhold. HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF LAMBETH PALACE. Previous to entering on the history and description of this ancient and venerable building, I must premise to my reader, that I have availed myself of the interesting and well-digested account compiled by Messrs. Brayley and Herbert. Of the original palace of Lambeth there is no account or de- scription ; there is every reason to suppose that it occupied the present site ; a and some parts of the building, now standing, * On a late trial (by which Lambeth palace was adjudged to be extra-paro- chial *), it was urged by the counsel, that a religious edifice had formerly occu- pied the site of the palace : this however is a mistake ; for, until its alienatiou to the see of Canterbury, it was attached to the priory at Rochester, and was occasionally inhabited by one of the mocks, who, as bailiff or steward, had the superintendance of the farm ; and as such, it was not entitled to all the immuni- ties annexed to the precincts of the convent to which it appertained. A religious house certainly existed hereabouts, the same being mentioned to be placed within tl.e area or tract of ground in a deed dated 1 197- But that this chapel and area were situated not less than a quarter of a mile from Lambeth palace, may be satisfactorily proved by an examination of an authentic convey- ance in the Cotton library, which followed the first exchange made between the archbishop of Canterbury and the monks of Rochester in 1 1 8.9. This deed was executed after Baldwin had been compelled by the pope to demolish the chapel and college he had erected near Canterbury ; for being determined to pur- sue his plan at Lambeth (as before noticed), he, at the instance and request of the king, procured from the monks of St. Andrew at Rochester ground on which he might erect a house for himself and successors, and likewise edificesfor the prior and canons of his college. In the deed the site for the intended archiepiscopal mansion is described to be a part of the court of the grantors, as marked by certain bounds ; and twenty-four acres and one perch of their See the particulars of the trial in Dr. Ducarel's History of the Palace, p. 8.9. is ■ lie ARCH I EPISCOPAL PALACE of LAMBETH. From a Picture by M:iilo\\\ in I lie l'olloUion of -<((()( y«/t /'//// //•-//, )'T-ir^ > — who Ohlioinolv permitted this Copy to be taken . tilt Imri-ntf /liven ,/// wse/Zs/fU .'/r,v///,■„/. '///,( i t y 'J, at,,. ■ ';'/■ /S-iSOd '. Oulicd in frasnta /■//, /, / ,,iti ,,//>/ . ■ ■', ■/. /■/ '//it -j/, •/!,-. /,// .}/> t<> /■/// //,'""' <•/ J ""'/'/ ' Ja />/ /, 7 // /ilti/,,/, v 1,/. ,-t,-: /1, XSnit/l, Gnat Mij/s Buildings X'JLti/n,., J.,,, t' ! i • ■ ' ///<• ( ' '///////a/, /u ////■ t?A>/bc/ofi>// i'A //■ J//'////' 1 // (^~/,//// /''/// r' WW A LAMBETH PALACE. 181 are evidently of great antiquity, though it may be venturous to determine that any part of the Saxon fabric of the Countess Goda is still subsisting. Dr. Ducarel was of opinion, that it might be little better than a common dwelling ; but as it was the place of residence of a king's sister, it is most probable that it was an habitation suitable to a person of her exalted rank. Whether this was the building said to have been repaired afterwards by Archbishops Langton and Hubert, is unknown : the palace after their time, however, seems to have been neglected and to have become ruinous, and so remained until Boniface, in 1216, as an expiation for his outrageous behaviour to the prior of St. Bartholomew the Great in Smithfield, a. obtained a bull from Pope Urban IV. (amongst other things) to repair the houses at Lamhie, or to budd new ones : from which circum- stance he is generally supposed to have been the first founder of the present palace. b It was gradually enlarged and improved by his successors in the see, and some years afterwards had risen to be an extensive demesne lands, without the court, were granted for building a church in honour of Bishop Thomas the Martyr, and for constructing habitations for the canons who were to serve therein. a Vide Matt. Paris, and Stowe's Survey of London. b The Doctor (Ducarel) is for giving Archbishop Boniface the credit of being the first founder of the present palace, but it appears upon very insufficient grounds. In the papal grant to Boniface of a portion of the offerings atBccket's shrine, it seems to be suggested that forty years past the archbishops had ex- pended money in repairing and improving the bouse, though there is an expres- sion which likewise implies that the debts contracted by these works were not discharged. This was notoriously the case respecting the great hall of the palace at Canterbury, as Boniface, writes Somner (Antiq. of Canterbury, p. 128), was wont to boast, " My predecessors built the hall at a great expense. They did icell indeed; but Ihey laid out no money about this building, except what they borrowed: I seem, indeed, to be truly the builder of this ball, because I paid their debU." One view of the papal grant might be to enable Boniface to clear off incumbrances at Lambeth. There is indeed an allowance to this arch- bishop to rebuild the house upon the same, or upon a more convenient spot ; but there is no evidence of bis availing himself of this permission; nor, consi- dering the subsequent incidents of his life, is it likely that he ever engaged in such a work. — Denne's Additions to Hist, of Lambeth, 182 LAMBETH PALACE. and magnificent pile, and as may be judged from the computus ballivorum, or steward's accounts, in the time of Archbishop Reynolds (1321, 15 Ed. II.), where the following names of rooms, &c. are found : — " The great chapel, almonry, my lord's chamber, chamber near the hall, wardrobe near the chapel, an- other wardrobe, kitchen, bakehouse, great gate at entrance ; as also the poultry-room, the wharf-mill near the postern, u-al- lum super Tamisiam" &c. Archbishop Chichele was a great builder and repairer here in the years 1424, 1425, 1429, 1431, 1434, and 1435 ; when he expended on the palace, as appears by his steward's accounts, great sums of money. He erected that large portion of the palace called the Lollard's Tower, and either repaired or re- built the great hall, besides making many other alterations and improvements. The increased extent of the building, in his time, appears from the following enumeration of places : " The great chamber, the little chamber, study, parlour or prolocuto- rium, great hall or porch, steward's chamber, steward of the household's chamber, auditor's chamber, registry, register's chamber, guard-chamber f camera armigerorum J , the arch- bishop's oratory, the great oratory (this could not be the chapel which is mentioned lower down), clerk of the kitchen's apartment, cook's room, chandry, ewry (adjoining to the cha- pel), storehouse, pantry, larder, fountain or aqueduct in the kitchen, great cloister, little ditto ;" besides other meaner apartments. A rabbit-garden is also mentioned. John Stafford, who succeeded Chichele in 1443, is generally thought to have built the stables which adjoin the palace, from the great resemblance, in the brick-work, to the east and west sides of Croydon palace, known to have been founded by that prelate : Cardinal Archbishop Morton, about forty years after- wards, erected the present magnificent gateway on the site of the ancient one, which was decayed. Archbishop Cranmer was the founder of the large apartment called the steward's parlour; the gallery was built during the short primacy of Pole, who is supposed likewise to have erected the remainder of the long pile of brick building adjoining to it. THOMAS CRANMER LAMBETH PALACE. 183 The succeeding additions appear to have been unimportant until the time of Archbishop Bancroft, who claims the honour of having founded the fine and extensive library, and the ser- vants' hall. The former was begun in the year 1610, and at the founder's death the whole of the books therein were left to the use of his successors for ever. Archbishop Abbot bequeathed to it a great part of his books, distinguished by the mark G. C. in the same unlimited manner. The chapel was repaired and decorated by Archbishop Laud. After the Civil Wars, and in the time of the Commonwealth, when fanatical was united with political fury, it was found that every building devoted to piety had suffered more than they had done in all the rage of family contest. The fine works of art, and the sacred memorials of the dead, were, except in a few instances, sacrificed to puritanical barbarism, or to sacrilegious plunder. Lambeth house a fell to the share of the miscreant regi- cides Scott and Hardynge, who pulled down the noble hall, the work of Chicheley, and sold the materials for their own profit. The chapel they turned into a dancing-room ; and because the tomb of the venerable Archbishop Parker " stared them in the face, and checked their mirth, it was broken to pieces, his bones dug up by Hardynge, to whose share this part of the palace fell ; and opening the leaden coffin, and cutting away the cerecloths, of which there were many folds, the flesh seemed a Lambeth house, and the manor of Lambeth, seem to have been the usual names by which the archbishops distinguished this residence, and not by the modern title of palace, of which many examples are given in their letters. Palace appears to have been a term appropriated to the mansion of the bishop, in the city that gave name to the see. This distinction is plainly marked by Bonner, Bishop of London,* and by the executors of Archbishop Grindal, in the reasons offered why they ought not to pay the heavy dilapidations demanded by Arch- bishop Whitgift : not but that most of their manerial houses, whilst inhabited by the prelates, might be entitled to the greater part, if not all the privileges annexed to their episcopal palaces. — Denne's Addenda to Hist, of Lambeth. * Given at my house at Fulham, July 25, 1549. Wilkins, IV. p. 36. Dated at the bishop's palace of London, Oct. 25, 1554. Ibid. p. 108. 1S4 LAMBETH PALACE. very fresh. The corpse, thus stripped, was conveyed into the outhouse for poultry and dung, and buried among the offal ; but upon the restoration of King Charles, that wretch Hardynge was forced to discover where it was : whereupon the arch- bishop had him honourably re-interred in the same chapel near the steps of the altar." a The palace had for some time previous to this been made a prison for the royalists. Dr. Guy Carleton, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, having been ejected from his living of Bucklers- bur}', co. Berks, and another living in the north of England, by the Presbyterian Visitors, who styled themselves " The Triers," was imprisoned at Lambeth, and treated with great severity. Worn out by hardships, he plotted his escape ; and his wife having conveyed a rope to him in prison, a boat was pre- pared to receive and convey him away. The rope proving too short, he broke and dislocated his limbs by the fall ; but he suc- ceeded in reaching the boat, which conveyed him to a place of concealment. He used to relate to his friends, that he was then so destitute, that his wife, to pay for his cure, sold her apparel, and subsisted by daily labour and occasional charity. After more than a year passed in these sufferings, he found an opportunity of escaping to the Continent, where he joined the exiled king, and had the good fortune to be remembered by him> at the restoration. b Kennet says, that of near one hundred ministers from the west of England, who were imprisoned at Lambeth, almost all died of a pestilential fever. Archbishop Juxon, on the restoration, found the residence of his predecessors a heap of ruins. His piety rebuilt a greater part than could have been expected from the short time he enjoyed the primacy. He re-founded the great hall on the ancient model, a fine noble fabric yet standing ; and on this occasion gave a magnificent entertainment. The archbishop, with his particular friends, sat at the high table : the steward, with the servants, who were gentry of the better rank, sat at ■ Dart's Antiquities of Canterbury. *> Dallaway's Sussex, vol. I. p. 89. 'art <'/ ' ,n//rtv// • ■ "'<*„, th> / LAMBETH 1'ALACE. 1S5 the table on the right-hand side; the almoner, the clergy, and others, occupied the table on the left. None but nobilttv or privy-counsellors were admitted to the table of the archbishop. The bishops themselves sat at the almoner's ; the other guests at the steward's. ° Respecting the later improvements of this venerable pile, we shall speak in describing the buildings themselves. Many addi- tions weer made by the late amiable and worthy primate Arch- bishop Moore ; particularly to the great gallery (which is near 90 feet long by 15 feet 9 inches broad) has lately been added a bow-window. An opening has likewise been made towards the river by cutting down a few trees, which admits a most beau- tiful view of the water, part of the bridge, of the venerable abbey, and of the cathedral of St. Paul. In point of architecture, the present palace of Lambeth exhi- bits a motley appearance, convenience and accommodation hav- ing been studied in its various alterations and improvements, rather than uniformity of style ; taken as a whole, however, its effect is highly venerable and imposing ; particularly when viewed from the opposite bank of the Thames, or the adjacent bridge of Westminster, where the ancient parts are principally conspicuous. From the top of Lambeth church, and from the leads on the top of the great gateway, and Lollards' Tower, the views of the whole mass of building, with the park and sur- rounding grounds, are uncommonly fine, besides a vast extent of country. The former are estimated to occupy a plot of ground of nearly eighteen acres. In surveying the different parts of this extensive pile, their connexion will be best understood by describing them agree- ably to local situation. Those most deserving mention may be taken in the following order: — The Library; Guard Room ; Presence Chamber; Dining Room ; old Drawing Room ; Gal- lery ; Vestry ; Chapel ; Lollards' Tower and Prison ; Clois- ters ; Crypt beneath the Chapel ; Steward's Parlour ; Servants' Hall ; Great Hall ; Entrance ; Gateway, SfC. * Pennant's London. 2 B 186 LAMBETH PALACE. Crossing the great hall from the first court-yard, we ascend the principal staircase ; on the top of which, a door on the left leads to THE LIBRARY. This occupies the four galleries over the cloisters, , making a small quadrangle ; a form very advantageously adapted to such a purpose. It is said by Aubrey a to have been founded by Archbishop Sheldon ; but that prelate could only have restored it, or probably been the first to arrange the books after their dispersion ; as in the will of his predecessor Abbot, it is expressly mentioned to have been founded by Archbishop Bancroft : " Lett all men present and to come know and understand, that Richard Bancrofte, doctor of divinitie, first bishop of London, and afterward promoted to the archbishopric of Canterbury, being for many years a great gatherer together of bookes, did voluntarily and of his own action (as in his lifetime he had oft foretold he would), by his last will and testament give and bequeath unto his successors the archbishops of Canterbury for ever, a greate and famous library of bookes of divinity, and of many other sorts of learning." b The condition upon which Archbishop Bancroft left this library to his successors was, that it should on no account be alienated from the see : to prevent which, he directed that they should " yield to such assurances as should be devised by learned men for its preservation." In case of non-compliance with the above condition, he bequeathed it to Chelsea College, a Perambulation of Surrey. 1* Sheldon's own will is conclusive as to himself not being the original founder. ** Item, I give and bequeath to my successors Archbishops of Canter- bury, for ever, the several bookes, or volumes, mentioned in the catalogue or schedule annexed, or hereafter to be annexed, to this my will, towards the in- crease and improvement of the public library of the see of Canterbury, now settled at Lambeth House." — Ducarel's Hist. p. 53. ■;, e -:/~ if - ' §|j|f W 1 LAMBETH PALACE. 187 then to be erected, or, if that should not be erected within six years after his decease, to the university of Cambridge. * These books were remaining in the Lambeth library till 1646, two years after the execution of Archbishop Laud, when being seised by the Parliament, the use of them was at first granted to Dr. Wincocke. They were afterwards given to Sion College, and many began to get into private hands ; so that, probably fearing for their safety in times so inimical to learning, Mr. Selden suggested to the university of Cambridge its right to them, and they were delivered pursuant to an ordi- nance of Parliament, dated Feb. 1647, into their possession. On the Restoration, Archbishop Juxon demanded the return of the library ; which requisition was repeated by his succes- sor Sheldon, as founded on the will of the pious donor; and the books were restored accordingly. An ordinance of Parliament was likewise obtained at the same time, that such part of the collection as was in private hands should be immediately deli- vered up, and that the volumes in the possession of John Thur- loe and Hugh Peters should be seised, ° The whole number of printed books deposited in the Lam- beth library at the present time, is estimated at upwards of 25,000 volumes, c They are, as might be expected, chiefly of a Bancroft did not require a Iwd from his successors, tliat none of the hooks should be embezzled, as the condition of his bequest (which has been stated in some accounts), but only that they " should yield to such assurances as should he ilevised by learned men." Respecting these assurances, the succeeding arch- bishop (Abbot) consulted Sir Francis Bacon, by the command of James the First, who recommended an accurate catalogue to be made and laid up amongst the archives of the cathedral church of Canterbury, and a duplicate to be kept in the Lambeth library ; but stated it as his opinion, that the archbishops should not be required to enter iuto any particular engagement, by which some thou- sands of pounds might perhaps be forfeited for the accidental loss of a single book, of comparatively very small value. Abbot, in his will, only lays a solemn injunction on his successors to preserve the books carefully as he has done, but makes no mention of any other security. b Mercuiius Foliticus, May 17, 1660. e Thev arc valued at C,ft007. J. N. Neve's Lives, &c. 1SS LAMBETH PALACE. a description suitable to the studies of the learned possessor, and consist of scarce controversial divinity, commentaries of the early fathers, records of ecclesiastical affairs, and rare and curious editions of the Scriptures : this noble repository is how- ever by no means deficient in general literature ; and the col- lection of English history and topography is not only extensive, but highly valuable. Many books in the latter class are distin- guished by the fineness of the copies, and some few by the splendour of their embellishments. A set of Speed's Great Britain, bound in morocco, in particular, has the maps, coins, &c. throughout coloured, and the arms beautifully emblazoned. The books left by Archbishops Bancroft, Abbot, Laud, Shel- don, and Tenison, are distinguished by their respective arms. Those which bear the arms of "Whitgift were undoubtedly pur- chased of his executors by Archbishop Bancroft. There is only one volume in the collection known to have belonged to Archbishop Parker, which is a book of Calvin's writing. His arms are on the outside, and within is written, in red lead, " J. Parker," which was the archbishop's son. An English Psalter printed by Daye, but without date, has likewise the following memorandum written by Dr. Parker's wife : " To the right vertuouse and honourable ladye the Countesse of Shrewesburye, from your lovinge frende, Margaret Parker." The worthy prelate Seeker was a great benefactor to the archi- episcopal library : besides a considerable sum expended in making catalogues to the old registers of the see, he left to it all such books from his own private one as were not in the former, which comprehended much the largest and most valuable part of his collection. Archbishop Cornwallis like- wise bestowed many valuable books in his lifetime. And the late Archbishop Moore gave a considerable sum for fitting up a proper repository for the valuable collection of manuscripts. The first complete catalogue of the printed books, which was formed on the plan of the Bodleian catalogue, was drawn up by Bishop Gibson, the learned editor of Camden, when librarian here, and is deposited in the manuscript library. In 171S it was LAMBETH PALACE. 189 fairly copied by Dr. Wilkins, in three volumes folio, and has been continued by his successors to the present time. Other catalogues of separate parts have been made by Dr. Ducarel. The library contains the following paintings, &c. 1. An original portrait of the founder, Archbishop Bancroft, with the date 1604. 2. Archbishop Warham — a copy from the portrait painted by Holbein in the long gallery (which will be noticed hereafter). 3. Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VII I. 4. Dr. Peter Du Moulin, a learned divine, and domestic chaplain to Archbishop Juxon. 5. Dr. Wilkins, formerly librarian. Over the chimney is a large painting, containing a south view of Canterbury cathedral, brought from Croydon palace, and said by Mr. Denne to have been a gift from Mr. Dodd, the bookseller, in Ave Maria-lane, to Archbishop Herring. The library is also embellished with an original impression of the large scarce plan of London by Ralph Aggas ; a valuable set of prints of all the Archbishops of Canterbury from 1504, collected by Archbishop Cornwallis ; and a series of the most eminent reformers and fathers of the Protestant church ; a set of proofs from the work called " Biographia Eva?igclica," pre- sented by the author Mr. Middleton. The windows in that part of the library appropriated to the purposes of study, contain a few specimens of stained glass de- serving notice, which are said to have been collected from dif- ferent parts of the house to adorn this apartment. They con- sist of the arms of the founder Archbishop Bancroft ; those of Archbishop Laud ; the arms of King Philip II. of Spain ; and the portraits of Archbishop Chicheley and St. Augustine. The head of Chicheley is perhaps singular, in representing that celebrated prelate at an advanced period of life ; all the rest of his portraits (of which there are several thought to be original) concur in giving him a very youthful appearance; yet the similarity between them and the present portrait is 190 LAMBETH PALACE. sufficient to warrant a conjecture that the latter is a genuine likeness. Round the heap is the mutilated motto " Nosce Teipsum," which belonged to Archbishop Cranmer, and was improperly placed here by a glazier in Archbishop Herring's time. This portrait has formerly been very brilliant ; but the colours are at present much faded. The figure of St. Augustine adjoins the above, and is merely imaginary. It seems to have been removed from the windows of the apartment called the Presence Chamber, where there still remain its companions, St. Jerome and St. Gregory. Beneath it are the following lines : ST. AUGUSTINUS. So careful of his chardge, soe meeke a minde, Soe deeply learned, so Christianlye inclin'd ; And one that heretickes did more confound, Since the apostles' tyme hath notbeene found. He died in the year of our Lord 440, of his age 70. Near the chimney, opposite the above portraits, hangs a sin- gular curiosity, the shell of a land tortoise, on which is pasted a paper with the following inscription : " The shell of a tortoise, which was put into the garden at Lambeth by Archbishop Laud in the year 1633, where it remained till the year 1753, when it was unfortunately killed by the negligence of a gardener." The arms of King Philip of Spain, the husband of Queen Mary (as a Knight of the Garter), are fixed in a window above the portraits of Chicheley and St. Augustine, and are very splen- did and brilliant. These were formerly in the centre of the bow-window of the gallery, where they were probably placed by Cardinal Pole, its reputed founder, during his short pri- macy, in compliment to the Spanish match. The arms of Archbishops Bancroft and Laud are on each side. THE LIBRARY OT MANUSCRIPTS is situated over the west side of that containing the printed books, and is divided into two parts ; the first of which contains LAMBETH PALACE. 191 the registers and archives of the see of Canterbury, the second the MSS. of a miscellaneous nature. The registers relate to a vast variety of subjects, and contain entries of acts respecting the temporalities of the archbishops ; homages ; popes' bulls ; letters to and from popes, cardinals, kings, princes, and others ; commissions and proxies ; dispensations ; appeals ; marriages ; divorces ; institutions and collations to benefices ; appropria- tions of livings ; regulations in religious houses ; enrolment and registrations of wills and testaments ; processes ; sentences ; and a multitude of other judicial acts and instruments of various kinds passing under the cognizance of the archbishops through- out the whole province of Canterbury. The registers of the see of Canterbury do not go so far back as those of some other sees. Archbishop Kilwarby (who became archbishop in 1272, and resigned the see in 1279, on being made cardinal and bishop of Portua) is said to have carried the registers of this see with him to Rome a (where they probably now remain, but have been hitherto unsuccessfully inquired after). The oldest register at present deposited in the library at Lambeth, is that of Archbishop Peckham, which begins in June 1279. b These registers were anciently kept in the priory of St. Gregory at Canterbury, but after their removal at Lambeth acquired the name of " Lambeth Registers." Besides the above, this part of the library contains two large folio volumes of papal bulls, ranged alphabetically according to the names of the popes, viz. from Pope Alexander III. A.D.I 155, to Clement VII. A. D. 1534. Ancient charters and instruments relative to the estates of the see of Canterbury, &c. mostly of the reign of Henry VIII. bound up in thirteen folio volumes. Augmentations of a- See Reg. Peckham, fol. 152, c. b The Peckham Register cotitaius 249 leaves, making 4 J) 8 sides; the begin- ning is divided into eleven quaternii ; but that method is not continued through- out. A quatcrnus, properly speaking, is a skin of parchment, divided into eight leaves, making sixteen sides ; but some of these are longer than others. This register is written in a strong hand, and is full of abbreviations. 192 LAMBETH PALACE. 1292 1313 1322 1349 livings, &c. from 1G4~ to 1658, in fifty-eight volumes. Presen- tations to benefices. Counterparts of leases of church lands. Notitia parochialis, or returns of the state and condition of churches in different parts of England, in six volumes. Refer- ences to endowments of vicarages in the different dioceses, made from the registers of the bishops, religious houses, &c. by Dr. Ducarel, in two folio volumes. The following is a list of these registers, with the names by which they are called, and the time of their respective continu- ance, viz. Name. Peckham From 1279 to Winchelsey 1294 Reynolds 1314 N. B. There are not any regis-"] ters of Archbishops Mepham, Stratford, Ulford, and Brad- > 1322 warden, remaining ; they were archbishops J Islip 1349 1366 Langham 1366 1368 Wittlesey 1368 .... 1374 Sudbury 1375 1381 Courtney 1381 1391 Arundell (2 vols.) 1397 .... 1413 Chicheley (2 vols.) 1414 1441 Stafford (1 vol.) 1443 1452 Kemp (lvol.) 1452 1453 Bourchier 1 454 .... 1486 Morton 1486 1498 Deane 1498 1499 Warham 1504 .... 1532 Cranmer 1533 .... 1553 Pole (Cardinal) 1556 .... 1558 Parker (2 vols.) 1559 1575 Grindal 1575 .... 1583 LAMBETH PALACE. 193 Name. Whitgift (3 vols.) From 1583 to 1604 Bancroft 1604 1610 Abbot (3 vols.) 1610 1633 Laud (2 vols.) 1633 1644 After which the see was vacant 16 years until Juxon 1660 .... 1663 Sheldon 1663 1667 Sancroft 166? 1691 Tillotson (3 vols.) 1691 1694 Tenison (2 vols.) 1694 1713 Wake (3 vols.) 1713 1736 Potter ( 1 vol.) 1736 1 747 The whole of these registers occupy forty-one very large folio volumes. Those of the subsequent primates are kept in Doctors' Commons. N. B. There are proper indexes to the whole collection. The parliamentary surveys of bishops, deans, and chapters, made during the time of the Commonwealth, with a view to their sale, and which at the Restoration were, by the interven- tion of government, fortunately preserved to the use of the public, consist of twenty-one large folio volumes ; and though not the original papers signed by the surveyors, but transcripts made at the time, are now admitted to be produced in evidence in the courts of justice as original records. The MSS. of a miscellaneous nature, and which occupy the other parts of the library, consist of four sets, namely, 1* those of Lambeth collected by the different archbishops ; 2 those of Henry Wharton ; 3. those formerly belonging to George, Lord Carew, Earl of Totness (the two last sets pur- chased by Archbishop Tenison) ; and 4. those of Tenison, given by the said archbishop. — They are thus numbered : Codices MSS. Lambethani, N<> 1 — 576. Whartoniani, 577 — 595. Carewani, 596 — 638. Tenisoniani, 639 — S8S. 2 c 194 I-AMttiiTH PALACE. Which last was the number of MSS. entered in the catalogue in 175S ; but the total in 1784 was Il47> and has since in- creased. Among these manuscripts the following are particularly curious : 1. "The notable wise sayings of philosophers," translated out of French into English, by Anthony Woodviile, Earl Ri- vers; finished December "24, anno 1G Edward IV. This beau- tiful MS. is written in as fair, regular, and even a Roman hand, as if it were printed ; and has before it the very fine illumina- tion of Earl Rivers presenting Caxton the printer to King Edward IV. in presence of his Queen, the Duke of York, and many others of the nobility, and likewise of his infant son, afterwards Edward V. The portrait of Edward V. was sup- posed by Vertue to be the only authentic likeness of that prince extant, and as such was engraved by him in his series of the English monarchs. Horace Walpole has placed a print of the illumination itself before his " Royal and Noble Au- thors ;" and Mr. Harding, of Pall Mall, has lately engraved the portrait of Earl Rivers for his ingenious Illustration of Shak- speafe. The colours in this little picture are beautifully vivid, and the drawing of considerable merit for the age. 3. A very beautiful Salisbury missal on vellum, in folio, sup- posed to have belonged to Archbishop Chicheley, by his arms, finely emblazoned, being inserted in two places. 4 The Chronicle of St. Alban's, on vellum folio, finely illu- minated, temp. Hen. VI. 5. A most beautiful folio MS. on vellum, supposed to be of the thirteenth century, representing the Apocalypse of St^ John, with a short Latin exposition in seventy-eight matchless illuminatioms, whose colours are in very fine preservation, and the gold uncommonly brilliant. To this is added another sin- gular curiosity, containing several figures of our Saviour, the Virgin Mary, some saints, two antient archbishops of Canter- bury, the death of William Rufus, &c. &c. very curiously drawn, and in excellent preservation. S JTarji*? J,/,'n From a, J£inu/i*riht in Zamieth Zilrary. C/aityi SruM LAMBETH PAI.ACF. 195 6. A curious Saxon manuscript of the eighth century, con- taining a fine drawing of Aldhelm in his pontifical chair, and a lady abbess presenting to him eight of her nuns, who seem to be making their vows of chastity, a 7. A most uncommon book on vellum in quarto, without date, printed at Paris, with very antient Gothic types, contain- ing thirty-five very beautiful illuminations, representing " the Dauncc of Machabee" (commonly called Death's dance), with French explanatory verses. This is supposed to be printed from a French MS. translated by Lydgate, the monk of Bury, who flourished in the time of Henry VI. and which is noticed by Dugdale in his History of St. Paul's, as being painted round the cloister of that church. An ancient MS. Virgil on vellum, but imperfect. Archbishop Cranmer's household book. Here is likewise a complete copy of Archbishop Parker's Antiquities, printed by Daye, in 1572, and of which only two complete copies are known to be extant. It contains the very uncommon portrait by Berg (or Hogenberg), of the arch- bishop, taken just before his death, and has likewise a great number of manuscript additions, and curious original notices. As matter of curiosity merely, it may be mentioned that there is still remaining in the manuscript library at Lambeth, the habit of a priest, consisting of a stole, manuple, chasuplc, cord, two bands marked with the letter P, and the corporal, together with a crucifix of base metal, with a string of beads, and a box of relics, sealed, with this inscription : " In capsida sunt contents reliquia Sanctorum Bartliolomcci apostoli. . . pars cruris S. Matthcei. . . . sacrum cranium, et etiampars cranii Stce. Appollonice virg. 8$ marl. . . . S. Flora virg. . . .ct Storum. Francisci Assisiensis rcvisu $ approbata d. . . . " a Engraved by S. Watts in 1765, and lately re-published by Mr. Wilkinson, printseller, in Fenclmrcb-stiect. \'.H] LAMBETH PALACE. In the list of eminent men who have officiated at Lam- beth as librarians, appear the names of Bishop Gibson, the learned editor of Camden, and author of several other works ' the ingenious Dr. Wilkins ; the late Dr. Ducarel, author of the Anglo-Norman Antiquities, History of Lambeth Palace (from which the major part of this account is compiled), the Histories of St. Katherine's Hospital, Croydon Palace, and several other interesting works; and the Rev. II. J. Todd, editor of Milton, &c. THE GUARD-CHAMBER runs parallel with the west side of the Library, and is a large state-room, fifty six feet long by twenty-seven feet and a half wide. It is called the guard-chamber from having formerly contained the armour and arms appropriated to the defence of the Palace. By whom these were originally purchased does not appear, but they seem to have regularly passed from one archbishop to another. Archbishop Parker gave the arms in his possession to his suc- cessors, provided they were accepted in lieu of dilapidations. They were undoubtedly purchased by his successor, and so on ; for Archbishop Laud says, that he bought the arms at Lambeth of his predecessor's executors. » In the plundering of Lambeth-house in lt»42, these weapons, the quantity of which had been extremely exaggerated in order to increase the popular odium against Laud, were removed. They were, how- ever, restored afterwards, or replaced with others; for some of the old muskets and bandoleers of an ancient make, remained during Archbishop Potter's time in the burying-ground, the wall of which was pulled down by Archbishop Herring, when they were disposed of elsewhere. The guard-chamber, the ancient repository for these arms, is mentioned in records of considerable antiquity, and there is little doubt refers to the present building, which has every ap- * History of the Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 196. I.AMBETH PALACE. 197 pearance of great age. In the steward's account of the 3d of Henry VI. A. D. 1424, it is expressly mentioned under the name of camera armigerorum. A. D. 1452. On account of the great infirmity of Arch- bishop Kemp, the convocation was adjourned from St. Paul's cathedral to the manor of Lambeth, to meet February 26, and to be continued from day to day. They assembled in the high great chamber (i« altd camcrd majori) ; and the collector of Nicholas V. having represented the danger from which the pope and the conclave had escaped by a conspiracy planned to destroy them, the archbishop offered up a prayer of praise and thanksgiving for their deliverance. The chamber here noticed is most probably what is now called the guard-chamber. In the names of the rooms in - the time of Elizabeth or James, a the first is the hall, and the second the "great chamber," doubtless the room that communicates with the principal stair- case. A. D. 1633, Sept. 19. Archbishop Laud, in pursuance of his majesty's direction requiring him " to use all such ceremo- nies and offices, and to carry himself with the same state and dignity, and to assume such privileges and pre-eminences as his predecessors had heretofore used and enjoyed," kept his solemn consecration-feast at his house at Lambeth, his state being set out in the great chamber of that house, and all per- sons standing before it in the accustomed manner, his steward, treasurer, and comptroller, attending with their white staves in their several offices. b The great chamber in which this feast was kept, it is plain, was the same room mentioned above, though one would rather have expected that his grace might have thought it more suitable to his dignity to have held it in the great hall. The only thing for which this chamber is at present remark- able, is its venerable timber roof, which somewhat resembles the a Ducarel's History of Lambeth Palace, p 84. b Le Neve's Lives of the Archbishops, vol. I. p. 127. 198 LAMBETH PALACE. one m the hall, but is infinitely less ornamented : the windows likewise are painted, and of an ancient form. Over the guard-chamber door is the date 1GS1, which shews that there was something done to it in Archbishop Bancroft's time. The fine full-length portrait of Henry Prince of Wales, son of James I. now hanging over the chimney, was removed here from the lobby. THE PRESENCE-CHAMBER. This is a fine ancient room, thirty feet by nineteen, so called in imitation of the like apartments in royal palaces. The precise time of the erection of this part of the palace is not known. Archbishop Parker describes it in his will, " In cubiculo Mo quod minislri regii vocant presenticc." And earlier in the time of the same prelate, viz. March 10, 1559, it is said, " In a certain inner chamber within the manor of the archbishop at Lambith, called The Chamber of Presence, the archbishop committed to Nicholas bishop of Lincoln, the ordination of such as were approved by his examiners. Then were ordained 120 deacons, thirty-seven priests; and seven took deacon's and priest's orders together." This room was formerly hung with tapestry, which being decayed, was removed by Archbishop Herring, who had the room handsomely wainscoted. It is at present only remark- able for the stained glass in the windows. Two of these con- tain portraits of St. Jerome and St. Gregory, with the following verses : St. Hieronimus. Devout his life, his volumes learned be, The Sacred Writt's interpreter was he, And none ye Doctors of the church amonge Is found his equal in the Hebrew tongue. He lived in the time of Pope Damasus, A. D. 3~6. LAMBETH i-ALACE. 199 On glass in the second window : GitEGonius. More holy or more learned since his tyme Was none that wore the triple diadem : And by his paynefull studies he is one Amonge the chcefest Latin fathers knowne. He lived about the year of our Lord 594. In the third or middle window is painted on the glass a sun- dial, and also a view of the Theatre at Oxford, with this inscription : " Gibertus Sheldon, archiep' Cantuaricnsis, cancellar' univers' fecit. A. D. cio vi c lxiii." On one side of this view the arms of Canterbury and Shel- don. Date over the door 1681. So that this painted glass was in all probability done in the time, and at the charge, of Archbishop Sancroft. In this room many causes relating to Morton and All Souls colleges were decided in presence of the archbishops of Can- terbury as visitors. GREAT DINING-ROOM. This room measures thirty-eight feet three inches by nine- teen feet six inches. It contains a series of portraits of all the archbishops of Canterbury from Laud to Cornwallis, in the following order: 1. Laud, 1C33, a remarkably fine picture by Vandyke. 2. Juxon, 1660, from a good original at Longlcat. 3. Sheldon, 1663. 4. Sancroft, 1677- 5. Tillotson, 1691. 6. Tenison, 1694, by Simon Dubois. 7. Wake, 1715. 8. Potter, 1736. 9. Herring, 1747, by Hogarth : a singular and curious specimen of this master's talent in the line of portrait paint- ing, a io. Hutton, 1757, by Hudson. 11. Seeker, 1758, by a Karon engraved a fine folio print from this picture, which has been lately re-published by Mr. Wilkinson, jirintsellcr, of Feuchurch-strcct. 200 LAMBETH PALACE. Reynolds. 12. Cornwallis, 1/6S, by Dance. In these por- traits, remarks Mr. Lysons, we may observe the gradual change in the clerical dress in the article of bands and wigs. A large ruffantiently supplied the place of the former. Arch- bishop Tillotson was the first who wore a wig, which resembled his natural hair, and was worn without powder. Archbishop Parker adjourned the convocation to April 27, to meet at Lambeth-house (ad cedes LambethanasJ. The sixth session was held May II, when the bishops assembled in the Dining-room in ccenaculo Lambcthano ) , and treated about the affairs of the church, the book of articles, &c. in private (secrete, remotis omnibus arbitris). The next room in the suite of apartments is called THE OLD DRAWING-ROOM. It was formerly distinguished by the name of le velvet-room, from its being hung with purple and red velvet. " In camera quadam vocata ' le velvet room," infra cedes LambethanasJ as this apartment is described in the register of Archbishop Wake. a It measures eighteen feet ten inches by nineteen feet ten inches ; but neither its decorations nor furniture are at present any way remai*kable. The magnificent new drawing and dressing-rooms were built by Archbishop Cornwallis in 1*69, and are very noble apart- ments. The former measures thirty-three feet by twenty two 5 the latter, sixteen by fourteen. Both these rooms are elegantly though plainly fitted up, and are highly recommended by their fine proportions. From the old drawing-room is the entrance to the GALLERY. The building of the long gallery is traditionally ascribed to Cardinal Pole, and probably with truth, as the style of archi- » June 1, 1718, ful. .26'6'e, part 1. LAMBETH PALACE. 201 tecture is evidently of that period. a This nohlc room runs parallel with the eastern end of the chapel, terminating the range of apartments on the south side of the palace, and claims particular notice for the tine collection of portraits of primates and prelates with which it is decorated : among the principal of which we may rank that of its reputed founder himself. This admirable picture of the Cardinal is the first which attracts notice on entering the gallery ; and though said to be only a copy from that in the Barbarini Palace, has all the spirit and beauty of the finest original. It is the size of life, and represents him seated in the splendid habit of his order, the scarlet of which is peculiarly bright and glowing. It is observable in this portrait, that the beard is much shorter than what various prints assign Cardinal Pole ; which circum- stance, and its great resemblance to the Hoorologia print, has been noticed by Dr. Ducarel and Mr. Granger ; the face, how- ever, may be easily recognised by those who have seen any of his numerous portraits. The following are the most curious pictures in this room, besides the above : Archbishop Arundel (temp. Hen. I V. ), a copy from a very valuable and unique portrait of that prelate preserved in the Penshurst collection, among the pictures of the constables of Queenborough Castle (of which the archbishop was, it seems, one). This portrait is highly valuable, as it is the only autho- rity for the likeness of this prelate known to be in existence ; if we except an illumination in the British Museum, from which, in the way it has been copied and engraved in Strutt's Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities, no idea what- a Dr. Ducarel supposes the Cardinal to be the founder of the whole pile of brick building fronting the west betweeen the Lollards' Tower and the Great Court, for his motto was " Estole prudcntes sicut serpentes, A* innocentes sicut eolumbte ;" which motto, with representations of a serpent and dove, are on two panes of that building directly fronting the west gateway in a room belonging to the receiver. The same archbishop, he says, probably built or repaired the cloister under the gallery ; but this part of the palace seems of a later date. 2 D 202 LAMBETH PALACE. ever can be formed. The features and expression in the face of this picture are strongly marked, and the folds of the dra- pery, though rather stiff, better than could have been expected from the age. The archbishop wears a close cap on his head, and a fur tippet round his neck ; behind him are the mitre and pastoral staff, both gilded according to the taste of the times. His arms, impaled with those of Canterbury, and a red rose, the badge of the house of Lancaster, fill the two upper corners of the picture. Between them is the following inscription : THOMAS FITZALLENVS FILIVS COMIT1S ARVNDELLIE ARC HIEPISCOPVS CANTVAR1ENSIS CONSTABVLARIVS CASTRE DE QVEENBOVRGH, 27 AP R[ LIS ANNO DECIMO REGNI HENRICI QVARTI. William Warham (the boast of this gallery), a very fine original, painted by Hans Holbein, and presented by him to that prelate, together with a head of his friend Erasmus. These two pictures passed by the wills of Archbishop Warham, and his successors, until they came to Archbishop Laud ; after whose decapitation they were missing till the time of Sancroft, who fortunately recovered the present portrait by the inter- ference of Sir William Dugdale : that of Erasmus was irre- trievably lost, a The colouring of this picture, though at first unquestionably fine, appears at present rather chalky, appa- rently the effect of time ; in other respects it merits the high praises bestowed on it. The large print by Vertue amongst the " Illustrious Heads," renders a description of it unnecessary. The mitre, &c. as in the former picture, are richly gilded. Good copies of it are preserved in the library and vestry. Archbishop Parker, an original, painted in 1572, in all proba- bility, by Richard Lyne, an artist of great merit, retained by a These two pictures in Archbishop Parker's time were valued at only 61. LAMBETH PALACE. 203 the archbishop on his establishment, under whom he jointly practised the arts of painting and engraving.* This portrait was presented to Archbishop Potter by James West, esq. presi- dent of the Royal Society. It extremely resembles the small print of the archbishop, engraved by R. Beig (alias Remigius Hogenberg), which is mentioned by Mr. Granger, who says it was thought by Vertue to be the first portrait engraved in England. The same author informs us, that the archbishop so much loved and patronized the arts, that he employed, besides the above painter, two engravers at Lambeth Palace. Martin Luther, a small head on board, from an old collection of pictures at Nuremburgh, whether original or not, is unknown. It has much of the character ascribed to that boisterous Refor- mer, but is totally unlike a second picture of him preserved in this palace, and which will be noticed as we proceed. Cranmer, Whitgift, and Grindal, have nothing about them remarkable. The same may be said of an imaginary head of St. Dunstan. Archbishop Abbot is a very fine picture, bearing the date 1610, of great expression, and the colouring clear and brilliant. A second portrait of Archbishop Chicheley, painted on pannel, is in this apartment. He is represented standing within a rich Gothic niche, in the attitude of giving the benediction. The robes and mitre are the same as in the portrait in the library, before mentioned, but the colours are in better preservation. The inscription on this picture is : Henricvs Chicheley, Archiep. Cantvar. Fvndator Collegii Anima' O'ivm Fid' Oxon. The other portraits in this gallery are chiefly those of emi- nent modern bishops, and are very numerous. They consist of full-lengths, the size of life, of the following persons : Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Sarum, author of the " History of his own Times," &c. The picture is dated 16S9, and repre- a See Granger's Biog. Hist. England. OQ4 LAMBETH PALACE. sents him in his robes as chancellor of the garter. This is a spirited piece, and the colouring rich and brilliant. Bishop Burnet was buried in Clerkenwell church, beneath a plain gravestone of grey marble, which was to be seen as a part of the pavement some time after demolishing the old church. Bishop Hough, of Oxford, afterwards of Worcester, date 1690. The determined manner in which this excellent man sup- ported the rights of his college, and of the university, in oppo- sition to the arbitrary mandate of James II. places him in the foremost rank of patriots. His piety was no less conspicuous than his courage, and he attained the great age of ninety-three without being thought to have lived too long. — See his charac- ter, and a fine plate of his monument, in Green's History of Worcester ; in the cathedral of which city he lies buried. Lloyd (1699), the predecessor of Bishop Hough in the sees of Lichfield and Worcester, and one of the seven prelates committed to the Tower by the despotic and infatuated James II. Burnet represents him as a holy, humble, and patient man, ever ready to do good. He has a most primitive appearance. Patrick Bishop of Ely, 1691. He was first dean of Peter- borough, and afterwards bishop of Chichester ; from whence he was translated to Ely. He was a most eminent casuist, and a consummate master of the popish controversy; an instance of which is mentioned in his life. Dr. Patrick and Dr. William Jane had a conference in the presence of King James with Gifiard, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and Mr. Filden, who went by the name of Dr. Godden. The subject of this dispute was, " The rule of faith, and the proper judge of controversy." The popish doctors were pursued through all the intricacies of sophistry, and so closely pressed by their antagonists, that they were fairly put to silence. The king left them very abruptly, and was heard to say, that he " never saw a bad cause so well, nor a good one so ill maintained." Bishop Thomas, of Winchester (1761), and Terrick of Lon- don, are two good portraits, by Dance. Dr. Benjamin Hoadly, successively Bishop of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Win- LAMBETH PALACE. 205 Chester, is the production of his wife Mrs. Sarah Hoadly (Cur- tis), as signified by the inscription beneath, and is a picture which confers much honour on his female artist. A singular portrait of Catherine Parr has found a place here ; not without just claim, observes Mr. Pennant, it being reasonable to suppose, but for the death of her tyrant, she would have been devoted to the stake for the favour she bore to the reformed religion. This curious picture (a three-quarter length) is painted on board; the dress is scarlet and gold, un- commonly rich. The face is much younger and handsomer, and bears not a single trace of the print among the Illustrious Heads engraven by Houbraken ; but from several circumstances there is a much greater probability of its being genuine. a The other portraits are, Bishop Moore of Ely, 1707; Dr. Fleetwood, 1714; Dr. Gooch, 1750; and Dr. Mawson, 1/54: all styled bishops of the same see. A very fine picture of Dr. Pearce, bishop of Bangor in 1747> and a large full-length of Charles I. a copy from Vandyke. These pictures, with such additions as have from time to time been made to them, have been left by each archbishop to his successors. Archbishop Parker in his will gives to his suc- cessors for ever the pictures of Bishop Warham, and of Eras- mus, in his gallery " in deambulatorio sitas." Archbishop Grindal bequeathed the same to his next successor. Archbishop Laud gave them to his successors in the same manner by a clause in his will : " As for the pictures in the gallery at Lam- beth, I leave them to succession, as well those that I found there, as those which I have added ;" but if the archbishopric was dissolved, he ordered that the pictures that were his should be added to his estate. In his time (the author of the "History of the Troubles, &c. of Archbishop Laud" informs us) there were three fine pictures, which had been given by Cardinal Pole: 1. The four fathers of the western church, St. a A copy from this picture, in every respect totally unlike the original, lias been engraved and published in " Thane's British Autographs." 206 LAMBETH PALACE. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Augustin, St. Gregory ; with a dove above them. 2. The Ecce Homo, as Pilate brought Christ forth, and shewed him to the Jews. 3. The third related to St. John, x. 1, 2; and in it the pope and the friars were represented as climbing up to get in at the windows. a The windows of this apartment are enriched with beautiful stained glass, containing the arms of many of the primates ; particularly the bow window, in which are the arms of all the Protestant archbishops from Cranmer to Cornwallis. These arms of Archbishop Cranmer, remarks Mr. Wharton, mentioned " to remain in a window of Lambeth house ;" together with the arms of the other archbishops since the Reformation, and placed in the same window, were painted at the cost of, and set up by my lord Archbishop Sancroft not many years since. Those in the other windows are certainly more ancient. As in the first window, 1. Argent, three Catherine-wheels within a border sable; 2. Erroneously supposed to belong to Boniface Archbishop of Canterbury, and the reputed founder of the present palace, b In the second window, 1. Beauchamp first quarter, Warwick second quarter. 2. London and Kemp. In the fourth window, those of Bourchier and Chicheley. In the fifth, the arms of St. Edmund and Warham. And in the east window, facing the door, the arms of Arch- bishop Kemp, dated 1452; and those of Archbishop Reynolds, inscription " Gualterus Reynolds, 1313 ;" both of which appear of a great age, and are very brilliant and well preserved. VESTRY. Returning from the gallery to the dining-room, a small door leads to the vestry, which contains the following pictures : 1. A small piece unframed, representing an emaciated figure a Ducarel's Lambeth. b They are the arms of the ancient family of Scott, of Scott Hall, iu Kent. — See Ducarel. LAMHETH PALACE. ^07 in bed, a cap nearly drawn over his eyes, apparently dead ; said to be Archbishop Juxon after his decease. "2. An ancient painting on board, with a man and woman (three-quarter lengths), described as Martin Luther and his wife, but totally unlike the common portraits of the former, both in dress and feature. a The figures in this picture are beautifully painted, and have a wonderful air of nature. The man wears a cap of that form usually worn about the reign of Henry VIII. and is regarding the female, whose hand he holds, with a look of uncommon satisfaction. The lady appears pregnant, and has a sort of Dutch face, but very handsome and fair, and a most admirable expression of mo- desty. Nothing can be finer than the heads and hands in this piece. 3. A curious ancient painting on board, being a portrait of Cardinal Pole, and from the circumstance of the place in which it is fixed, and the inscription on it, probably a genuine resem- blance of that celebrated churchman. The style of execution in this painting is rather hard and stiff, like most antient por- traits ; but there is much of character. On one side of the cardinal's head are his arms, impaled with those of Canterbury, Above them the following inscription : Reginaldus Polus R 6 Cardinalis Collegii Corporis Xp'i Oxon. olim Socius Elect us in dict'm Collegiu', 14 Feb. And some words beneath, now totally defaced and illegible. 4. Dr. Whichcote, the learned Provost of King's College ; 5. Mr. L. E. Dupin, the writer on Ecclesiastical History ; and 6. Williams, Bishop of Chichester, with the date 1G94. 7- A young man in a clerical habit, or rather that of a stu- dent, with a motto beneath, " Rap/do contrarium orbo," sup- posed to be Archbishop Sancroft when young. Date 1650. a Neither the curious original picture of him in the British Museum, nor that in the Lambeth gallery, bear the least resemblance to this. <20S LA.NfBETH PALACE. 8. Archbishop Tillotson, unframed, 1694. 9. Bishop Evans of Bangor, afterwards of Meath, 1/07. 10. Gardiner, Bishop of Lincoln, 1694. 1 1 . A copy from Holbein of Archbishop Warham. The door leading from the great dining-room into the vestry, was made by Archbishop Wake. Before his time there was no passage that way into the chapel, but the inhabitants of the palace used to go out at the side door by the stairs, and de- scending two steps, went to chapel through the vestry by a door now stopped up, and which is converted into a press for hanging the surplices. From the vestry is the entrance to the CHAPEL. This adjoins the cloisters, of which it forms the northern side, and is bounded to the west by the Lollards' Tower, to the south by the gardens, and to the east by the long gallery and other parts of the palace. A place for the celebration of divine worship is very ra- tionally concluded to have existed as a necessary appendage to the archiepiscopal residence from its first foundation ; and the present building bears sufficient evidences of high antiquity to warrant an opinion of its being coeval, or nearly so, with that remote period. It consists of a body, measuring seventy-two feet in length, in breadth twenty-five feet, and in height thirty feet, but divi- ded into two, an inner and outer chapel, by a handsome carved screen. On each side are three lancet-shaped windows, which bear a near resemblance to those in the choir of the Temple church, which was built in the twelfth century ; and a larger one at the east and west ends. The western window is divided into five lights, the others into three. In the midst of the former, which is partly walled up, is a beautiful little Gothic shrine, or niche, supported by an angel holding a shield of arms. The chapel has a flat pannelled ceiling, painted in com- LAMBETH PALACE. *209 partments, and the pavement is composed of squares of black and white marble laid chequerwise. The present ornamented ceiling is the work of Archbishop Laud, whose arms are painted over the communion-table in eight different compartments. They are also in the ante-cha- pel, above the west door, as are likewise those of Archbishop Juxon, which shew that they both repaired and beautified those parts, a Laud gives the following account of this build- ing in his time: " The chapel is divided into an inner and outer chapel ; and the partition or screen of the chapel which makes it two, was just in the same place where it now stands from the very building of the chapel." Before his time it " lay nastily, but he greatly repaired and beautified it." This sacred edifice having been totally despoiled and dese- crated during the time that Lambeth palace was possessed by Colonel Scott, the present elegant wainscotting and fittings up were most probably owing to the munificence of Juxon. They consist of a handsome range of pews or stalls on each side for the officers of the archbishop's household, with seats beneath for the inferior domestics; the screen which divides tbe two chapels, the altar-piece, a gallery beneath the west window, containing a sort of reading-desk in front, but from its situa- tion apparently built for an organ-loft, the pulpit, and some other decorations. Most of these parts are very beautifully carved ; the screen is elaborately so, as well as the archbishop's seat or stall, which adjoins the inner side of it, and is handsomely furnished. The altar-piece is of the Corinthian order, painted of a stone colour (as are all the other parts of the chapel), and gilded. The floor which is raised a step for the communion- table, is railed in, and neatly carpeted, and above are the words " sursum corda." On the south side is a plain moveable pulpit, and immediately opposite, over the vestry room, a box a The last reparation of the chapel took place in the time of Archbishop Seeker, who expended a considerable sum on it. 2 E 210 LAMBETH PAT.ACE. with crimson curtains, &c. in which his grace's family attend divine service. Notwithstanding the present handsome appearance of this chapel, it was undoubtedly more splendid in the Romish times. Cranmer probably removed many of its superstitious decora- tions ; and those restored during the short primacy^ of Pole, were, it is reasonable to suppose, all taken away by Archbishop Parker. An organ was here, however, even in the time of the latter prelate, for he bequeaths " organa mea chorialia in sacello Lam- bkhi sita," to his successors ; and Laud makes a similar bequest of one in his will : it is therefore somewhat remarkable that the chapel should be at present unfurnished with this decent appendage. But the greatest beauty of this religious edifice before the destructive civil wars, was the very fine painted glass of its windows, put up by Archbishop Morton, as appeared by his device in those windows. The subject represented by this glass was the history of man from the creation to the day of judgment, three lights in a window. The two side-lights contained the types in the Old Testament, and the middle light the anti-type and verity of the New. The outward chapel had two windows with the day of judgment. There was particularly amongst them a crucifix (probably a represen- tation of the crucifixion, a necessary part of the scriptural story). Archbishop Laud, at his coming to Lambeth, found these windows " shameful to look on, all diversely patched, like a poor beggar's coat," as his words are; and repaired them. This laudable endeavour of the prelate, which would now be justly esteemed a mark of good taste and liberality, was in that narrow age of puritanical bigotry imputed to him as a crime ; and it was alledged again t him, " that he did repair the story of those windows by their like in the Mass Book :" but this he utterly denied, and affirmed, that he and his secretary made out the story as well as they could by the remains that were unbroken. These beautiful windows were all defaced by our outrageous reformers in the seventeenth century, who, observes Lcmclmiana ImuJmiJ^tb^- S/--Z". -£"' an.r. J. tf .' Cb/eeri Street, Ziiicobi.rj>i nl rt-Mj-. LAMBETH PALACE. 211 Dr. Ducarel, under pretence of abhorring idols, made no scruple of committing sacrilege, a There is no account or appearance of interments, except that of Archbishop Parker before mentioned. He died in 1575, aged seventy-two, and desired by his will to lie here. Accord- ingly, at his death, his bowels were put into an urn (a pitcher one writef terms it), and deposited in the duke's chapel in Lambeth church. His body, by his request, was buried at the upper end of this chapel, against the communion-table on the south side, under a monument of his own erecting, and placed by his direction against that part of the chapel where he used to pray, with a Latin inscription composed by his old friend Dr. Walter Haddon, as follows : " Sobrius et prudens, studiis excultus et usu, Integer,, et verae religionis amans, Matthaeus vixit Parkerus, foverat ilium Aula virum juvenem, fovit et aula senem. Ordine res gessit, recti defensor et aequi : Vixerat ille Deo, mortuus ille Deo est." The spot where this prelate's body now rests is marked by the following notice, cut in a stone of the pavement immediately before the communion rails : " Corpus Matthjei Archiepiscopi Tandem Hrc QVIESCIT.'' a Ducarel's Lambeth. 212 LAMBETH PALACE. The ancient monument, which originally stood near this spot, is at present placed in a corner of the vestihulum, against the wall. It is a plain altar-tomb of gray marble, in the Gothic taste, and has at one end a small brass plate with the following Latin inscription, written and placed there by Arehbishop San- croft, in whose time the body was discovered by the interfer- ence of Sir William Dugdale, and re-interred as before no- ticed. » " Matthaei Archiepiscopi ccenotaphium, corpus enim, (ne nescias, lector,) in adyto hujus sacelli olim rite conditum, a sectariis perduellibus, anno mdcxlviii, efFracto sacrilege hoc ipso tumulo, elogio sepulchrali impie refixo, direptis nefarie exuviis plumbeis, spolatum, violatum, eliminatum ; etiam sub sterquilenio (proh scelus !) abstrusum : rege demum (plaudente ccelo et terra) reduente, ex decreto Baronum Angliae, sedulo quacsitum, et sacello postliminio redditum, in ejus quasi medio tandem quiescit. Et quiescat utinam, non nisi tuba ultima solicitandum. Qui denuo desecraverit, sacer esto." b The communion plate in Lambeth chapel is mentioned by Dr. Ducarel to consist of the following utensils of silver gilt : A plate, or dish ; two flagons ; a chalice, or cup (on the cover a lamb, holding a banner with a cross) ; two candle- sticks. This plate has generally passed from one archbishop to ano- ther, especially since the time of Sheldon, who gave it by will to his successors to hold in it a life interest only. " The common prayer-books being old and worn out, Arch- bishop Herring bought several new ones in quarto, handsomely a «« It was the vile Matthew Hardy that caused Archbishop Parker to he dug up and buried beneath a dunghill, and sold the lead wherein he was enclosed, and converted the tombstone to a table for the use of his own house. But in 1661 the said Hardy was obliged, by an order of the House of Lords, to find the body and deposit it near the place where it was before buried, and also erect a like mo- nument over it (this must mean the original one), at his own proper cost and charge." b Lysons' Env. vol. I. 263. LAMBETH PALACE. 213 bound and gilt, and covered the great chair near the commu- nion-table, with some silk, which was found in a chest in the vestry." It is now covered with tawny-coloured velvet. Besides the above, there appear to have been anciently more chapels, or places of prayer, within Lambeth palace, mention being made of the great chapel in Computus Ballivorum, 15 Edward II. as well as in other places, and also in the time of Chicheley, when William Tailour was brought before him — " in capella majori infra maner'mm suum de Lamehith pro tri- bunali sedente," which implies that there was a lesser one. Men- tion is likewise made of magnum oritorium domini & oratorium domini, which were distinct from the chapel. In which orato- ries were several ordinations, as we learn by the registers, » In archbishop Peckham's register, 1280, is a memorandum for the reparation of the present chapel ; and in the register of Archbishop Arundel, mention is made of a new one, or at least of a new altar in it (the words do not distinctly indicate which) being consecrated in 1407- THE POST-ROOM. This apartment (so denominated from a large post or pillar in the centre of it, which supports the roof) is a part of the build- ing called the Lollards' Tower, and forms a sort of vestibulum, or western entrance to the chapel. It is lighted on the west side by three low pointed windows, which open on the Thames. Opposite to these is the doorway of the chapel, a large circular stone arch, enclosing two pointed ones, and surmounted by the arms of Archbishop Laud. To what purpose the Post-room originally served, it is diffi- cult to say, other than as an avenue to the chapel. As a spe- cimen of domestic architecture, it claims the notice of the an- a Particularly in the time of Archbishop Arundel, as appears from the follow- ing instances. 26 of Feb. 1400, Sunday — " In oratorio infra manerium de Lambeth, D'nus ordinavit Robert' Tunstall, rcctorem. eccV pock' de Kyicomb, Meneveit' dioc," &c. (Kennet's Regist. and Chron.) 214 LAMBETH PALACE. quary, being remarkable for the broad and massy character of its walls, and that certain gloomy air of antiquity, which in this kind of buildings is so well calculated to recall the memory of other times. The flat-pannelled cieling of this room is ornamented at the intersections with a variety of grotesque forms, angels bearing shields of arms, scrolls, &c. One head is particularly remark- able, the face being an exact resemblance of that of Henry VIII. Whether this was the result of accident or design, it is not easy to determine ; if the latter, it may serve to mark the date of this cieling's erection. Near one of the windows of this room stands an ancient moveable pulpit or reading-desk, possibly once belonging to the chapel, and now disused from age and decay. The Lollards' Tower (besides the apartments above de- scribed) contains various other rooms, now chiefly appropriated to domestic purposes. It is a large pile of stone building, and is thought to have derived its name from a little prison at the top of it (which will be noticed hereafter), used anciently for confining the religious sect called Lollards. This portion of the palace was erected by Archbishop Chicheley, and cost in the whole ,^278. 25. \\\d. Each item of the expense is set down in the computus ballivonm, or steward's accounts of the year. By these it appears, every foot in height of this building, in- cluding the whole circumference, cost 13s. $d. for the work. The iron-work used about the windows and doors amounted to 1322£/6s. in weight, at three-halfpence per pound, to s£lO. 145. 1 \\d. ; and three thousand bricks were used for stopping the windows between the chapel and that tower. 1 /#/*'///■>/' <■/ //< . /<>., ' • y //s^/s/ e'n t/i€s- l&//a./v& ■ ^//vv. /ff///A'// * '/,/ V •_'>-/7i .'/'t//ir<<- LAMBETH PALACE. 229 means he could see ever)' body that came in and went out of the palace. On the ancient brick wall immediately opposite this building, and which bounds the court-yards on the Thames side, are several devices in glazed bricks. Among them may be dis- cerned three or four crosses of different forms very prettily worked, and which seem to fix the erection of this wall prior to the reformation. PARK AND GARDENS. Much of the beauty of the extensive grounds belonging to Lambeth palace is owing to the late archbishop, who, besides considerably enlarging them, made many improvements, and caused the whole to be laid out with great taste, » The park and gardens, before the recent additions made to them, were estimated at about thirteen acres; b they now con- tain at least eighteen. Of this number the kitchen garden occupies between three or four acres, and has been walled in at a great expense. This, however, it amply repays by the quan- tity of fruit and vegetables it produces. These gardens have long been remarked for containing two uncommonly fine fig-trees, traditionally reported to have been planted by Cardinal Pole, and fixed against that part of the palace believed to be founded by him. They are of the white Marseilles sort, and still bear delicious fruit. They cover a surface of more than fifty feet in height and forty in breadth. The circumference of the southernmost of these trees is twenty-eight inches, of the other twenty-one. On the south side of the building, in a small private garden, is another tree of the same kind and age ; its circumference at bottom twenty- eight inches. At a small distance from the palace stood formerly a curious summer-house (solarium), built in the time of Archbishop Cranmer, after an ingenious design of his chaplain, Dr. John a The annexed view of Lambeth Palace from the gardens was taken in 1773, and was kindly lent me by Mr. J. 1$. Nichols, F.S.A. •> See Uucarel's History of Lambeth Palace. 230 LAMBETH PALACE. Ponet, or Poynet, who had great skill and taste in works of this kind, a This was repaired by Archbishop Parker, but falling very much to decay was some time since removed, and its site is now not exactly known. The small garden next the Thames was walled and embanked by Archbishop Cornwallis. On the first of January 1779, a dreadful storm, supposed equal to that of 1703, threw down three chimnies, unroofed great part of the palace, and destroyed seventeen large timber trees in these gardens. In the same place, on the 26th of May 17B4, a number of gold coins, supposed to have been deposited here in the time of Archbishop Laud, were found by several persons who were at work in the gardens. They were of three different sizes, in number one hundred and ninety-seven, and were sold to one Fisher at his shop in Leicester Fields, the morning they were found. Fisher carried them immediately to Messrs. Floyer and Price, refiners, in Love-lane, Wood-street. The number which Fisher sold (one hundred and seventy) were in weight thirty-seven ounces thirteen drams, at three pounds seventeen shillings and sixpence, for which Floyer paid to Fisher one hundred and forty-five pounds seventeen shillings and ten- pence. Mr. Floyer told Mr. Sampson, the archbishop's princi- pal steward, that they were all coins of James I. and Charles I. t> » In Strype's Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer is a circumstantial detail of the ceremonies used at the consecration of Dr. Ponet to the see of Rochester, June 29, 1550. Archbishop Cranme* collated him in 1543 to the rectory of St. Michael, Crooked-lane, in London (Newcourt, Repert. vol. i. p. 486), and it was probably by his grace's interest that he obtained the eighth stall in Canter- bury cathedral. In 1547 he was requested by his friend, Roger Ascham, to present an application to the archbishop for a license to eat flesh. Memorials, p. 167. He gave to King Henry the Eighth a dial of his device, shewing not only the hour of the day, but also the day of the mouth, the sign of the sun, the planetary hour, and the change of the moon. But what was more to his credit than being an eminent mathematician and artist was, he shewed by his works in Latin and in English, that he was a man of great learning, and he is said to have been preferred by King Edward the Sixth in regard of some excel- lent sermons he had preached before his Majesty. Godwin de Preesul. 238. b Two of these were afterwards on sale at a silversmith's shop opposite Lan- LAMBETH PALACE. <23l REMARKABLE OCCURRENCES. Archbishop Anselm, in the year 1100, called a synod at Lambeth, to consider of the propriety of the King's marriage with Maud, sister of the King of Scotland ; when it was deter- mined, that it was legal, as the princess, though educated in a religious house, was not a professed nun. a Divers other synods were held at Lambeth after it became the residence of the metropolitan. Anno 1345. In 19 Edward III. John de Montfort, Duke of Brittanny, did homage to the King in Lambeth Palace. b In 13S1, during the insurrection of Wat Tyler, the rebels not only beheaded Archbishop Sudbury, then high chancellor, but a party plundered this palace, and burnt most of the goods, books, registers, and remembrances of Chancery. The author of an ancient chronicle, c speaking of the manner in which the mob vented their fury on this occasion, says, " Ad manerium sunm de Lamkitk descendentes, libros, vestes, viappas, ct plum alia inibi relicta igne combusserunt, dolia vino refcrta confregerunt ct Jiauserunt ." Sudbury's Register Book fortu- nately escaped the devastation, and is still at Lambeth. The damages done by this lawless banditti were repaired in a great measure by Arundel and Chicheley ; but much was left for their successors to do, as may be reasonably concluded from the sums of money expended by Morton and Warham. The latter in particular is said to have laid out thirty thousand pounds (a prodigious sum in those days) in repairing and beautifying the archiepiscopal palaces, of which Lambeth, there is little doubt (though not expressly mentioned), was the principal. caster-court in the Strand, both with Charles I.'s motto, Florent Concordia Regna. See the plate3 published by the Soc. Ant. Gold Coins, p. xiii. Nos. 1 , 5, &c. a Eadmer, p. ".7. b Collins' Peerage. * MS. in Bene't college library, Cambridge. This is a continuation by John Malverne of R. Higden's Chronicle to 1394, beginning from 1236, and contains many curious particulars not to be found in our ancient historians yet published. <23 l 2 LAMBETH PALACE. King Henry VII. a few days before his coronation came from Kennington, and was entertained by Archbishop Bour- chier at Lambeth. a In 1513, during a visit, it is presumed, from Henry VIII. to Archbishop Warham at this palace, Charles Somerset was cre- ated Earl of Worcester, b Anno 1543. Though in the instance next to be cited the same prince did not enter within the walls of the palace, yet his benevolent visit at Lambeth bridge to Archbishop Oanmer, the then most reverend owner of the house, deserves to be noticed. The occurrence alluded to is, the king's designedly coming one evening in his barge, and the archbishop standing at the stairs to pay his duty, his majesty called him into the barge, in order to put him into a way to frustrate the malicious contrivances of Bishop Gardiner and others to accomplish his ruin, c Catherine of Arragon, upon her first arrival in England, was lodged with her ladies for some days in the " Archbishop's inne" at Lambeth. * Queen Mary is said to have completely furnished Lambeth palace for the reception of Cardinal Pole at her own expense, and to have frequently honoured him with her company. Anno 1556 (July 21), says Strype, the queen removed from St. James's in the Fields unto Eltham, passing through the park to Whitehall, and took her barge, crossing over to Lambeth unto my lord cardinal's place ; and there she took her chariot, and so rid through St. George's Fields to Newington, and so over the fields to Eltham at five o'clock in the afternoon. She was attended on horseback by the cardinal, &c. and a conflux of people to see her grace, above ten thousand. In the winter of the same year the queen removed from St. James's through the park, and took her barge to Lambeth unto the lord cardinal's place, and there her grace dined with him a Stow's Annals. b Magna Britan. Autiq. et Nov. vol. vi. p. 258. c Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, p. 118. d Stow's Annals. LAMBETH PALACE. 233 and divers of the council ; and after dinner she took her journey unto Greenwich, to keep her Christmas there. a The following year the queen dined at Lambeth with the Lord Cardinal Pole, and after dinner removed to Richmond," " and there her grace tarried her pleasure." b In 1559 Cardinal Pole departed this life at Lambeth palace, though his name is omitted in the list given by Dr. Ducarel of prelates who died there. His body lay here in state forty days, when it was removed to Canterbury to be interred. Queen Elizabeth was a frequent visitant to Archbishop Par- ker ; c and the confidence she reposed in that prelate, induced her to employ him in many affairs of great trust. On his first promotion to the archiepiscopal see, she committed to him in free custody the deprived Bishops Tonstal and Thirlby, the one bishop of Durham, the other of Ely, whom to his great credit he entertained most kindly. These were both learned and excellent men, who, although they conscientiously adhered to the old religion, were of mild and tolerant principles. Tonstal survived his confinement but about four months, and dying November 18, 1559, aged eighty-three, was buried in Lambeth church. Thirlby was the archbishop's guest upwards of ten years, and was buried near Bishop Tonstal. Besides the above, were consigned to his keeping Dr. Boxal, late secretary to Queen Mary ; the unfortunate Earl of Essex, previous to his confinement in the Tower; d the Earl of Southampton ; e Lord ■ Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, p. 310. b These visits are noticed in the Churchwardens' Accounts of the parish. " 1555, 1557 — Payde to the ringers when the king and the quene came from Hampton Court to Grenewich, in the moneth of August — 3d. " To the ryngers when the queue's grace came from Westminster to Lambet, in the moneth of July — 6d. "To the ryngers Septr. 9. when the quene's grace came to Lambeth church — 4d." Elizabeth's visits to the archbishops are noticed in a similar manner. c Churchwardens' Accounts. A Dugd. Baron, vol. ii. p. 181. e Ibid. p. 384. 2 H 234 LAMBETH PALACE. Stourton ; Henry Howard, brother of the Duke of Norfolk;^ and many others. All these, by the worthy primate's munificence, had lodgings, says a contemporary writer, to themselves ; " seve- ral with chambers for three men, and diet for them all in those lodgings ; save only when they were called to the archbishop's own table (when he dined, as the speech went abroad, out of his own private lodging three days weeklie ; and then persons of the degree of knights and upwards came to him) ; fewel for their fier, and candle for their chambers ; without any allow- ance for all this either from the queen or from themselves ; saving at their deths he had from them some part of their libraries that thei had thar. Often had he others committed or commended unto him from the queen or privie council, to be entertained by him at his charge, as well of other nations as home subjects ; namely, the L. . . . as a prisoner, and after the L. H. Howard, brother to the duke of Norfolk. Those ever sat (but when thei wear with the archbishop himself) at the steward's table, who had provision of diett answerable to their callinge, and thei had also fewel to their chambers." In 1571 the queen took an airing in St. George's -Fields, previous to which she had an interview with the archbishop on Lambeth bridge. It appears he had in some degree, about this time, fallen under her displeasure by speaking freely to her concerning his office. The archbishop relates this incident in a letter to Lady Bacon — *f I will not," writes he, "be abashed to say to my prince, that I think in conscience in answering to my charging. As this other day I was well chidden at my prince's hand ; but with one ear I heard her hard words, and with the other, and in my conscience and heart I heard God. And yet, her highness being never so much incensed to be offended with me, the next day coming on Lambeth bridge into the fields, and I according to my duty, meeting her on the bridge, she gave me her very good looks, and spake secretly in my ear, that she must needs continue mine authority before 1 Parker's Antiq. Eccles. Brit. edit. Drake, p. 552, 553. C1TTHBEKT TON STALL J3p. OF DTTRHAM LAMBETH PALACE. "235 the people to the credit of my service. Whereat, divers of my arches then being with me, peradventure mervailed ; where peradventure somebody would have looked over the shoulders, and slily slipt away, to have abashed me before the world." » The following account of her visit in 15/3 is given in Arch- bishop Parker's Antiquities : " The Queen removing from Hampton Court to Greenwich, visited the Archbishop at Lam- beth, where she staid all night. That day was Tuesday — the next day, being Wednesday, it was usual, as it was the season of Lent, that a sermon should be preached before the Queen. A pulpit was therefore placed in the quadrangle, near the pump, and a sermon was delivered by Dr. Pearce. The Queen heard it from the upper gallery that looks towards the Thames ; the nobility and courtiers stood in the other galleries b which formed the quadrangle. The people from below divided their attention between her Majesty and the preacher. When the sermon was over, they went to dinner. The other parts of the house being occupied by the Queen and her attendants, the archbishop received his guests in the great room next to the garden below stairs. Here on the Tuesday he invited a large party of the inferior courtiers. In the same room, on the Wednesday, he made a great dinner ; at his own table sat nine earls and seven barons ; besides the usual table for the great officers of state, where sat the Lord Treasurer, the Lord Admiral, the Chamberlain, and others. The whole of this charge was born by the Archbishop. At four of the clock on the Wednesday afternoon, the Queen and her court removed to Greenwich.'' c Archbishop Grindall soon fell under the Queen's displeasure, and it does not appear that she ever honoured him with a visit. His successor Whitgift received repeated marks of her favour. a Strype's Life of Parker, p. 258. l> These galleries appear to be the same which now form the library : there is still a pump in the centre of the quadrangle below. c Parker's Antiq. Eccles. Brit. edit. Drakep. 557. 236 LAMBETH PALACE. I find no less than fifteen of her visits to him upon record ; she frequently staid two, and sometimes three days at Lambeth, a King James honoured Archbishop Whitgift with many visits ; the last of which was on February 28, 1604. The prelate then lay on his death-bed. The king, from his sense of the great need he should have of him at that particular juncture, told him, he would pray to God for his life ; and that, if he could obtain it, he should think it one of the greatest temporal blessings that could be given him in this kingdom. The arch- bishop would have said something to the king, but his speech failed him ; and though he made two or three attempts to write his mind to him, he could not ; the pen falling from his hand through the prevalence of his disease, which was paralytic. h Lambeth palace became the first object of popular fury during the civil war. Archbishop Laud had always been disliked by the Puritans, and was grown particularly ob- noxious, from having advised the king to dissolve the par- liament, c Onthe 9th of May 1641, a paper, said to have been written by John Lilbourne, was stuck up at the Old Change, to excite the apprentices to rise, and attack the palace of Lambeth. d The archbishop had notice of their intention, and fortified his house as well as he could. On the 11th, at midnight, it was beset by about 500 men, e who continued there- two hours, but did no other mischief than breaking a few windows. Whitelocke says, they set at liberty some prison- ers. f Some of the ringleaders were apprehended, and one a Churchwardens' Accounts, Lambeth. It appears that the queen was at the archbishop's twice in 1584 ; in 1585 ; three times in 1587 ; in 1591 ; in 1593 ; in 1596 ; twice in 1599 ; in 1600 ; and twice in 1602. Various sums of money were given to the ringers upon these occasions, from two shillings to six shillings and eight-pence. b Strype's Life of Whitgift. c Nalson's Collections, vol. i. J Biographia Brit, article Laud ; and Nalson, vol i. p. 343. e Archbishop Laud's Diary, pp. 57, 58. — Lord Clarendon says some thousands. f Memorials, p. 34. LAMBETH PALACE. 237 of them was executed for high treason. & The archbishop, whose life was daily threatened, removed, by the king's desire, to Whitehall. l» A few months afterwards he was committed to the Tower. In the month of January 1642, an ordinance was made for removing the arms from Lambeth-house ; c but it does not appear to have been executed till the August following, when Captain Royden entered the palace, for that purpose, with 200 foot and a troop of horse. J The number of arms which were found there was very much exaggerated in the parliamentary journals, e The archbishop, in his Diary, declares, that he had no other arms than those which he bought of his predecessor's executors ; and that they were not sufficient to equip 200 men. He complains that the officers left only six swords, six car- bines, three halberts, and two half pikes, to defend that great house. The same year, an order was made by the House of Com- mons, that some of their members should receive the arch- bishop's rents, and apply them to the use of the common- wealth, f On the 8th of November, Captain Brown, with a party of soldiers, entered Lambeth-house, to keep it for the Parliament. S Soon after, the House of Commons voted that it should be made a prison, and that Dr. Layton, or Leighton, who had been severely punished by the High Commission court, should be appointed the keeper. h At first, some of the * Some say he was a sailor ; others, a cobler ; and others, a taylor. Claren- don's Hist, of Rebellion, vol. i. p. 237. Heath's Chron. and Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 34. In Rymer's Foedera, (vol. xx. p. 406.) is a proclamation for apprehending John Archer, glover ; George Seares, poulterer ; and William Seltrura, shoemaker ; the principal ringleaders. b Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. i. p. 143. 8vo. c Diurnal of Occurrences, Jan 17 — 24, 1642. d Hist, of the Life and Troubles of Archbishop Laud, p. 196. ' Certain Special Passages, Aug. 15 — 22, 1642. Perfect Diurnal, same date. f Ibid. Nov. 7 — 14. S Archbishop Laud's Diary, p. 85. h Certain Special Passages, Dec. 1 <) — 22, 1642. 238 LAMBETH PALACE. archbishop's servants were suffered to continue there ; but upon a petition of Doctor Leighton, stating that they made his prisoners unruly, they were removed, a The furniture was sold, and the wood and coal reserved for the soldiers. The archbishop complains, that he was not indulged with any of it for his own use at the Tower, b Amongst the prisoners confined at Lambeth-house during the civil wars, were the Earls of Chesterfield and Derby ; c Sir Thomas Armstrong, who was afterwards executed for being concerned in the duke of Monmouth's rebellion ; d Doctor Allestry, a celebrated divine ; * and Richard Lovelace the poet. f There appears to have been a great mortality among the prisoners here in the autumn of 1645, when many entries of them are to be found in the parish register ; among others, is Sir George Bunkley, who was lieutenant-governor of Oxford, and distinguished himself for his valour and activity at the siege of Basing. S Lambeth-house was put up to sale in 16*4S, and purchased, with the manor, for the sum of 7072,1. Os. Sd. by Thomas Scot and Matthew Hardy, b The former was secretary of state to the Protector, and one of the persons who sat on the trial of Charles I. for which he was executed at Charing-cross in 1660. Anno 1694 (October 3), Queen Mary honoured Archbishop Tillotson with a visit, as appears from an entry in the church- wardens' accounts, of five shillings paid to the ringers on that occasion. This was only seven weeks before the archbishop's decease. In the preceding summer his grace had called an » Perfect Diurnal, Dec. 27, 1642. b Life and Troubles of Archbisbop Laud, p. 198. c Mercurius Politicus, Sept. 8 — 15, and Sept. 15 — 22, 1659. d Biographia Britanica. e Ibid. ' Occurrences from foreign parts, Aug. 23 — 30, 1659. 8 A. Wood's Athen. Oxon. vol. ii. Fasti. l> CI. 24 Car. pt. 2. No. 1. Some differences which had arisen between the partners who bought Lambeth-house, were ordered to be referred to a commit- tee in Nov. 1648. Pei feet Occurrences. LAMBETH PALACE. 239 assembly of the bishops at his palace at Lambeth, where they agreed upon several important regulations which were at first designed to be enforced by their own authority ; but upon more mature consideration it was judged requisite that they should appear under that of their majesties in the form of royal injunctions. The queen was at different times consulted by the archbishop concerning this business ; and it is not unlikely to have been a subject of their conversation in her visit to Lambeth-house. These injunctions were issued in the king's name Feb. 15, 1694, and are published in Wilkins's Concilia, vol. iv. p. 624, and also in Dr. Birch's Life of the Archbishop. In the year 1697 Christopher Clarke, afterwards Archdeacon of Norwich, and prebendary of the fifth stall in Ely cathedral, was ordained priest in Lambeth chapel ; when the ceremony was honoured with the presence of the Emperor Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy, who happened to be then in England on his travels. The particulars may be found in Bentham's History of Ely. In the riots of 1 780, occasioned by the inadvertent zeal of a body of men calling themselves The Protestant Association, the palace at Lambeth narrowly escaped destruction. The first alarm was given on Tuesday, June 6, when a party to the num- ber of five hundred or more, who had previously assembled in St. George's Fields, came to the palace with drums and fifes, and colours flying, crying " No popery !" Finding the gates shut, after knocking several times without obtaining any an- swer, they hallooed out that they should return in the evening ; and paraded round the palace all that day. Upon this alarm it was thought necessary to apply to the Secretary at War for a party of soldiers for the security of the palace ; accordingly a. party of the guards, to the amount of one hundred men, com- manded by Colonel Deacon, arrived about two o'clock that afternoon, when centinels were immediately placed upon the towers of the palace, and at every avenue thereof. The mob still paraded round the house, and continued to do so the fol- lowing day, notwithstanding the number of the soldiers. In this alarming situation the late Archbishop Cornwallis, with his ladv 240 LAMBETH PALACE. and family, were with great difficulty prevailed upon to quit the palace, whither they did not return till the disturbances were entirely ended. On the 7th of June the guards quitted Lambeth in the afternoon, and in the evening a battalion of the North Hants militia, under the command of Sir Richard Worsley, arrived. These were ordered away the next day, and were succeeded by the whole of the Northamptonshire militia some weeks ; and when they left the place, two compa- nies of foot, under the command of Captain Clements and Captain Nash, did duty alternately till August 11, when the military quitted Lambeth. During this period there were sometimes two hundred, sometimes three hundred men, quar- tered in the palace. The officers were lodged in the best apartments, and entertained in the handsomest manner at the archbishop's expense, by the two chaplains, Drs. Vyse and Lort, who did the honours of the house, and con- tinued their constant residence during the whole of these troublesome times. As to the soldiers (who were relieved every other day), they attended chapel regularly morning and evening, and with their wives and children had their meals in the great hall, consisting of the best provisions of all kinds. Such of them as were upon duty had their allowance when they came off, and during the whole time were so well supplied with all kinds of provisions, that they always quitted their quarters with great concern. They slept very comfort- ably in the stables, coach-houses, &c. and during their stay at Lambeth, from June 6 to August 11, not the least complaint could be made of irregular behaviour in any individual, through the attention of the different officers who commanded them whilst they were here. The noblemen who were at Lambeth on this occasion were the Earls of Sussex, Radnor, and West- morland, and the Viscounts Compton and Althorpe. Lambeth-house has, at various times, proved an asylum for learned foreigners, who have been obliged to fly from the into- lerant spirit of their own countrymen. Here the early re- formers, Martyr and Bucer, found a safe retreat a - } and here a Gilpin's Life of Craumer, pp. 133, 134. LA&M5ETH PALACE. 241 the learned Anthonio, Archbishop of Spalato, was entertained by Archbishop Abbot. The celebrated Duke of Ormond, then Lord Thurles,was educated, under the care of the same prelate, by command of James I. The Archbishop, who thought it a very unreasonable task imposed upon him, is said to have been very negligent of his charge, a In 17/6 the Palace at Lambeth was determined to be extra- parochial by a suit in the Common Pleas. b a Carte's Life of the Duke of Ormond, vol. i. pp. 4, 5. l> See Ducarel's History, wliere the Trial is printed at full length. Lolla?-ds' Tower from the River. <2 1 242 ARCHBISHOPS. CHAPTER VII. Historkul and Biographical Notices of the Archbishops of Canterbury. In compiling these notices of the Archbishops of Canter- bury, among whom may be counted some of the most pious and exemplary divines that have ever appeared either in England or on the Continent, and among whom the names of Augus- tine, Becket, Stigand, Cranmer, Parker, Sancroft, and several others, must always be mentioned with reverence, and whose lives would fill volumes, the Author regretted that he could not do justice to them in the confined space of a topographi- cal work like the present ; he has therefore compiled, with great care, the following historical notices, and hopes it will prove satisfactory to the general reader. Augustine, * Consecrated 598 ; buried b near the church of St. Peter and St. Panl in the Monastery of St. Augustine, Canterbury. Lawrence. Consecrated Gil ; died Feb. 2, 619; buried in the Monastery of St. Augustine, Canterbury. Mellitus.i1 Consecrated 619; died of the gout April 25, 624 ; buried in St. Augustine's Monastery, Canterbury. Justus, e Translated from Rochester ; consecrated 624 ; died a He was a monk, some say prior, of St. Andrew at Rome, and was brought up under Gregory the Great. b The time of his death is not ascertained. c A native of Rome, and fellow-priest with Augustine. d A Roman, of noble extraction and of singular merit. He received letters from Pope Boniface for regulating the English church. * A wise and just prelate. ARCHBISHOPS. 243 Nov. 10, 633 ; buried in St. Augustine's Monastery, Can- terbury. Honorius. f Consecrated 635 ; died Nov. 30, 653 ; buried in St. Augustine's Abbey-church, Canterbury. [The See vacant one year six months.] Deusdedit. p Consecrated March 85, 655 ; died July 14, 644; buried in St. Augustine's Abbev-church, Canterbury. Damianus.1> Consecrated 668; died at Rome; and buried there. [The See vacant eight years and three months.] Theodorus. > Consecrated May 26, 668; died Sept. 20, 690; buried in St. Augustine's Abbey-church, Canterbury. Brichtwald. k Consecrated June 30, 693; died Jan. 9, 731; buried in St. Augustine's Abbey-church, Canterbury. Tatwine. I Consecrated June 10, 731 ; died Aug. 1, 734 ; bu- ried in the Abbey-church of St. Augustine, Canterbury. NoTHELMus.m Consecrated 735 ; died Oct. 16, 741; buried in the Abbey-church of St. Augustine, Canterbury. Cuthbert. n Translated from Hereford; consecrated 741; died Oct. 25, 758 ; buried in the Abbey-church at Canter- bury. f A Roman by birth, and scholar to Gregory the Great. He is said to have divided his province into parishes. S He was a prelate of great virtue and learning, and was thence named a Dm ilnliis f being likewise the first English prelate. II A South Saxon ; died of the plague. 1 He was a Greek, born at Tarsus in Cilicia ; a man of courage, learning, and good sense. k An Englishman, abbot of Reculver. I A Mercian born ; a monk of Boardney Monastery. He wrote two book' ; one of poems, and one of enigmas. III A native of London, and a person of very great learning. He was of great service to the venerable flede in furnishing him with such materials for his his- tory as related to Augustine's mission, and the conversion of Kent. He wrote a book called the Life of St. Augustine. II lie was an Englishman, and of noble extraction. He was Abbot of St. Marv at Linuinirs. 244 ARCHBISHOPS. Bregvvyn.o Consecrated Sept. 29, 759; died Aug. 23, 762; buried in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. Lambrith.P Consecrated 763 ; died Aug. 11, 790; buried in the Chapter-house of St. Augustine, Canterbury. Athelard. 3 Translated from Winchester ; consecrated July 21, 793 ; died May 12, 803 ; buried in the Chapel of St. John the Baptist in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Wilfred. r Consecrated 804 ; died March 23, 829; buried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Feolgeldus. Consecrated June 27, 829 ; died Aug. 28, 829 ; buried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Ceolnoth.s Consecrated Aug. 26, 830 ; died Feb. 4, 870 ; bu- ried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Atheldred. t Translated from Winchester ; consecrated June 7, 872 ; died June 30, 889 ; buried in the Abbey- church of Canterbury. [The See vacant two years.] Plegmund. " Consecrated 891 ; died Aug. 2, 923 ; buried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Athelmus. Translated from Wells ; consecrated 924 ; died Feb. 12, 934 ; buried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. Wulfhelm. * Translated from Wells ; consecrated 935 ; died 941; buried in the Abbey-church of Canterbury. ° A man of great modesty and piety. Of the miracles wrought at his tomb much may be read in his life, written by Osbern, a monk of Canterbury. P Abbot of St. Augustine. 1 Formerly a monk in the convent of Canterbury ; one of the most exemplary prelates that ever filled this see. r Formerly a monk in the convent of Canterbury. s He purchased the village of Chert, and gave it to his church, a benefaction much extolled by the monkish historians. 4 A monk of the convent of Canterbury. u A native of Mercia, and a prelate of great piety and learning. In his youth he sequestered himself from the world, and led an hermit's life, in a retired part ef the county of Chester^ x A man of great piety and learning. ST BlTNSTAN. /y>Vv// ,/// a //<•?<■ ///_ cat ///< " Translated from Winchester; consecrated 1052 ; deposed 10/0 ; buried in the Abbey-church, Winchester. Lanfranc k Consecrated August 2S, 1070 ; died May 27, 10S9 ; buried in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity in the Ab- bey-church, Canterbury. [The See vacant four years and a half.] Anselm. J Consecrated Dec. 4, 1093; died April 22, 1109; buried near the altar of St. Peter and St. Paul in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. [The See vacant five years ] RoDULPH.m Translated from Rochester; consecrated 1115} died Oct. IS, 1122 ; buried in the nave of the Abbey, Can- terbury. e Formerly of the monastery of Glastonbury. 11 A monk of the monastery of Gemetica in Normandy, where he resided when Edward the Confessor was in exile in that country, and became one of his greatest favourites. ' One of the boldest and most eminent prelates that ever filled the See of Canterbury. His first preferment was to be chaplain to King Harold ; and on that King's death, he refused to place the crown on the head of William after his invasion of England, .and was ultimately degraded, through his and the monks' means, of whom he was always an enemy. k He was an Italian, born in Lombardy, and Abbot of Caen in Normandy. He wrote several works, including a Life of William the Conqueror, a Commen- tary on the Psalms, &c. His charity was boundless. 1 A native of Piedmont, and Abbot of Bee in Normandy. On his deatn he uas canonized. m He was a man of great piety and learning. ST. THOMAS BECKET, ArcJiihiiriuop of Ceumft rl ntrv 1162 /ffvma s,,//rf /'///// /iv //t Consecrated June 4, 1 162 ; murdered Dec. 29, 1170; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. [The See vacant two years five months.] Richard, q Consecrated 1174 ; died Feb. 19, 11S4; buried in the north aile of the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Baldwin. <" Translated from Worcester ; consecrated May 18, 1 1S5 ; died 1190 ; buried at Aeon in Palestine. Reginald Fitz-Joceline. s Translated from Wells; en- throned Nov. 27, 1191 ; died Dec. 26, 1191 ; buried in the Abbey-church of Bath. [The See vacant two years.] FIubert Walter.* Consecrated Nov. 7, 1193; died July 13, 1205; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. [The See vacant almost two years.] Stephen Langton." Consecrated June 18, 1207; died July n Prior of Chiche : a weak man. ° Abbot of Bee in Normandy, an affable and courteous prelate, very charita- ble to the poor. P He was a man of consummate abilities, great cunning, undaunted courage, and inflexible constancy in the prosecution of his designs. After his death he was canonized. 1 A native of Normandy, and Prior of Dover ; a prelate of mild temper, inno- cent life, and moderate principles. r He accompanied Richard I. to Palestine, and died there of a flux at the siege of Aeon. 8 He was elected by main force, and contrary to his own will. 1 He was made Chief Justiciary of England, and afterwards Lord Chancellor. He built the wall and made the moat round the Tower of London. u He was consecrated by Pope Innocent III. but this by no means met with the King's (John's) assent, abusing the Pope and Bishops, banishing the monks 248 ARCHBISHOPS. 9, 122S ; buried in St. Michael's Chapel, in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Richard Wethershed. * Consecrated 1230; died Aug. 3, 1231; buried in the church of the Friars Minors at St. Gemma y. Edmund Rich.* Translated from the Chancellorship of Sa- rum ; consecrated April 2, 1234 ; died Nov. 17, 1240 ; buried at Soissy, in Pontiniac. Boniface. a Consecrated 1245; died July 18, 1270; buried at St. Columb in Savoy. Robert KiLWARDBY.b Consecrated Feb. 19, 1272; buried at Viterbo in Italy. John Peckham. c Consecrated March 5, 1279 ; died Dec. 8, 1292; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Robert Winchelsey. d Consecrated Sept. 12, 1294; died at and confiscating their goods. He for many years prosecuted his opposition ; and it was not till after the Pope had excommunicated, and by sentence deposed him, that any reconciliation could be effected. x According to Dugdale's Monasticon, Magnus. He was a man of great learning and piety. Having a dispute with Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, he went to Rome for the decision of the Pope, and on his return was taken ill at St. Gemma, and died, not without suspicion of being poisoned. y The Keunet MS. quoted by Le Neve, says he was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. 1 Six years after his death he was canonized in the Council of Lyons, and his body enshrined with great pomp by King Lewis of France. a By his pride, exactions, and oppressions, he rendered himself so obnoxious to the English, that he was obliged to return to his own country, and died in the castle of St. Helena, Savoy. b About 1278 Pope Nicholas III. made him Cardinal Bishop of Portua, in- ferior to Canterbury in wealth and superior in dignity, but he, preferring the latter, resigned the Archbishoprick. c He was a great benefactor to his church, and behaved himself to his clergy with great mildness ; in one respect ouly he is stated to have been severe — to- wards those who held pluralities, or were non-residents. d He relieved about 3,000 poor twice a week, and was certainly, if we may believe the monkish historians, the most munificent prelate that ever presided over the See. ARCHBISHOPS. 249 at Oxford May 11, 1313 ; buried in the south cross of the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Walter Reynold, e Translated from Worcester; conse- crated Feb. 18, 1314 ; died at Mortlake Nov. IS, 1327; bu- ried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Simon Mepham. f Consecrated Jan. 19, 132S ; died Oct. 12, 1333 ; buried in the chapel of St. Anselm, in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. John Stratford.? Consecrated Oct. 9, 1334 ; died at Mays- field 1348 ; buried in the south cross of the Abbey-church, Canterbury. John de Offord. h Died 1349, at Tottenham ; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Thomas Bradwardyn. > Consecrated July 19, 1349; died at Lambeth Aug. 25, 1349 ; buried in the chapel of St. An- selm, in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Simon Islip. k Consecrated Dec. 20, 1349; died April 27, 1366 ; buried in the nave of the Abbey-church, Canter- bury. Simon Langham. 1 Translated from Ely ; consecrated Nov. 4, 1366 ; resigned Nov. 28, 1368 ; buried in Westminster Abbey. William Wittlesey.i" Translated from Worcester ; conse- crated Oct. 11, 1368; died June 6, 1374; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. e He is said to have died of a broken heart, upon being threatened by the Pope for consecrating, at the Queen's request, James Barley, Bishop of Exeter. i A native of Mepham in Kent, whence he took his name, and where he founded a church for the use of the poor. g Thrice appointed Chancellor of England. He is much famed for his charity. h He died before consecration. ' He was esteemed the most able divine of the age in which he lived. k So called from the place of his birth, in Oxfordshire. He founded Canter- bury Hall, now part of Christ Church in Oxford. 1 He was made Cardinal in 136'3, when he gave up the See of Canterbury. m Nephew to Abp. Islip, aid a native of Huntingdonshire. 2 K 250 ARCHBISHOPS. Simon de Sudbury. « Translated from London ; consecrated April 6, 1376; beheaded June 15, 1381 ; buried in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. William Courtney. ° Translated from London; consecrated May 5, 13S2; died July 31, 139G; buried in the chapel of the Holy Trinity, in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. P Thomas Arundell.t Translated from York; consecrated Feb. 19, 1397; died Feb. 22, 1413 ; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Henry Chicheley. t Translated from St. David's; conse- crated July 19, 1414; died April 12, 1443; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. John Stafford, s Translated from Wells ; consecrated Aug. 23, 1443 ; died May 24, 1452 ; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. John KempeJ Translated from York ■ consecrated Dec. 11, 1452; died March 21, 1454; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Thomas BoUrchier. u Translated from Ely ; consecrated n Beheaded on Tower-liill, in the disturbances of Jack Straw and Wat Tyler. ° Son of Hugh Earl of Devon and Margaret grand- daughter of Edward I. P This prelate has a monument at Maidstone, where it is believed lie was ac- tually interred, agreeable to his wish in a codicil to his will. 1 He was second son of Richard Fitzalan Earl of Arundell, first Archdeacon of Taunton, afterwards Bishop of Ely, then Archbishop of York, was trans- lated to the Metropolitan See. Upon a charge of high treason all his goods were confiscated, and he was banished the kingdom. Upon the deposition of Ri- chard II. however, he returned and crowned Henry IV. r An excellent and charitable prelate. He founded and endowed a collegiate church and an hospital at Higham Ferrars, the place of his nativity. He like- wise built two colleges at Oxford, viz. Bernard's College, dissolved by Henry VIII. and afterwards restored by Sir T. White, and now called St. John's Col- lege, and All Souls College. * Son of Sir Humphrey Stafford, of Hook, in the county of Dorset. He was Keeper of the Privy Seal to King Henry V. * Born at Wye, in Kent, where he founded a college of secular priests. u Son of William Earl of Eue and the Countess of Suffolk. He was one of the first causers of the introduction of printing in this country. Enjrivr-d THOMAS CRANMER. AK< I H'>1 SI lop OF CANTERBURY. UJCJOIN.U. i.i GF.IUHCUS I'l.H ill .s IN THE IlKI'IISII MUSKUM Published Max 1.1823; by Uardi/ui . Mayor .and Cepard. LB POJ E, C B I »IMA]L, j 1 1 1 urtom.frioma a I a/ter the Original Picture by S.cUl Fiomfio. i ! i in/'// m: «•///.-■ injiraiHis. ARCHBISHOPS. 251 Jan. 23, 1455 ; died March 29, I486 ; buried in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. John Morton." Translated from Ely; consecrated Dec. 9, I486; died Sept. 15, 1500; buried in the Abbey-church, Canterbury. Henry Deane, or Deny, y Translated from Salisbury ; con- secrated .. .. ; died Feb. 15, 1503; buried in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. William Warham. z Translated from London ; consecrated March 9, 1504; died Aug. 23, 1532; buried in the Abbey- church, Canterbury. Thomas Craxmer. a Translated from London; consecrated March 30, 1533 ; burnt March 21, 1555. Reginald Pole, b Translated from London ; consecrated March 22, 1555; died Nov. 17, 1558; buried in Canterbury Cathedral. Matthew Parker, c Translated from London ; consecrated Dec. 17, 1559; died May 15, 1575 ; buried in the Chapel of Lambeth Palace. x A great favourite of Henry VIII. and a learned and amiable prelate. y Successively made Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, Chief Justiciary of Ireland, and Lord Chancellor of England. z Boru at Okeley, in the county of Hants. He expended upwards of thirty thousand pounds in the repairs of the different arehiepiscopal residences. He was an especial patron and friend of Erasmus, who has given him a very high character. iV He was Lorn at Aslacton in Northamptonshire, and was appointed Arch- bishop in return for the services he had rendered Henry VIII. in the delicate affair of his divorce. He was burnt before Baliol College gate, Oxford. '' Born in Staffordshire, son of Sir Richard Pole, Lord Montague, by Marga- ret Plantagenet, daughter of George Duke of Clarence. He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was a prelate of great learning and hu inanity. f Born at Norwich, educated at Bene't College, Cambridge. He was a great encourager of learning, and published Matthew Paris, Matthew Westminster, and Asscr Mencvensis. 252 ARCHBISHOPS. Edmund Grindal. d Translated from York ; consecrated Feb. 15, 15/5 ; died July 6, 1583 ; buried in Croydon church. John Whitgift. e Translated from Worcester ; consecrated Oct. 23, 1583 ; died Feb. 29, 1603 ; buried in Croydon church. Richard Bancroft. f Translated from London; consecrated Dec. 10, 1604; died Nov. 2, 1610; buried in Lambeth church. George Abbot, g Translated from London ; consecrated May 4, 1611 ; died August 4, 1633; buried in Guildford church. William Laud, h Translated from London ; consecrated Sept. 19, 1633; beheaded Jan. 10, 1644; buried in the church of Allhallows Barking, London. [The See was vacant sixteen years and nine months.] William Juxon. i Translated from London ; consecrated Sept. 20, 1660; died June 4, 1663, aged Si; buried in St. John's College, Oxford. Gilbert Sheldon. k Translated from London ; consecrated August 31, 1663; died Nov. 9, 1677; buried in Croydon church. d Born at Bees, in Cumberland, educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. He was a verv grave, mild, charitable man. e Born at Great Grimsby in Lincolnshire ; educated at Peter House, Cambridge. f Sec page 1 1 8. g Born at Guildford, in Surrey ; educated at Baliol College, Oxford. He was a prelate of great learning, and a good orator. b Born at Reading, in Berkshire ; educated at St. John's College, Oxford : a bold and wise prelate, but he could not stand against the storm that shook Eng- land at this time. i He was born at Chichester, in the county of Sussex, and educated at Mer- chant Taylors' school, thence removed to Oxford, where he was fellow of St. John's College. k Born at Stanton, in Staffordshire ; educated at All Souls College, Oxford. Ha was a prelate of great wisdom and integrity, and very generous and charita- ble. His monument in Croydon church is unequalled for fine workmanship. H i " l! '" 1 J I M 1,11 II II Aucrim.siiop of Cantekbtumy. y///. /n.l\./ii,/,ni;'.vrii (\/x//r >S / i-f f / /.c I r t * /i'r /'/ / /(Is . Ftfbi /j\ /■: /■:fa7i.<\2.ff?aiifc>iSr,ci7,J,rrirc/ri:s-lri r /_f'i<-/il.r. ■ WILLIAM LAID. AlUill'.ISIIOK OK CANTERJSURY I .1 mi. nun. i \ \i. of v\m>yi, I., I \ mi roUJiCTIiiN hi ins (,i;.\( i; nil. .\i;ciii:isn«)l' OF CAXTKUBI'in M \(f//jj/:/r/rs S//s:/jxlv rf/rj wltfwluaninfu i : m "~- tH I mi • !# -.. ^j£ BmB^m ■^■^ f Wj J f m Wl ■'■ ^^H _^ 1 M WAKE,ABP. ot CANTERB HRY 'fj-ubtm* /•*./< . rf iy X.Xraru-.l.G! QurmSI-ZiTH-elnWJrm IVUr. J'ttb J h\- E.Evans. l.G r (bzecn Sb-eet.Zincclns Z^zn Fields p-isy C ra nm & r: 0:(jtofi$ tBMto /fake . V Sl V' ^CL,r r _'/>/.'/>. / / ■! ' : 1 1 MANOR OF KENNINGTON. 255 CHAPTER VIII. Historical Account of the Manors of Kennington, Vauxhall, and Siockwell. MANOR OF KENNINGTON. In Brixistan Hundred. Teodric, the goldsmith, holds of the king Chenintune. He held it of King Edward. Then it was taxed for five hides, now for one hide and three virgates. a The arahle land consists of two carucates and a half. In demesne there is one carucate and one villan, and one bordar with two carucates. There is one villan in gross and four acres of meadow. It was worth and is worth, 3/. b At this place there was a royal mansion, in which the kings used frequently to reside. It was probably the place where Hardicanute died in 1041, at the feast as before mentioned. Harold, son of Earl Godwin, who seized the crown after the death of the Confessor, is said to have placed it on his own head at Lambeth, which doubtless meant at this place. c King Richard I. in his first year, 1189, granted to Sir Robert Percy, the custody of all his demesne lands in this manor, with a barn and other easements without the pale there, conies, rents, perquisites of courts, and all other profits, during his life, paying to the king 20 marcs a year, and the office of steward of the lordship of Kennington, and the keeping the manor (manor-house) there, conies and garden during his life ; for which office of steward he was to have the accustomed wages, and for the office of keeper, Ad. a day, to be allowed out of the 20 marcs to be paid by him to the King. d a A virgate generally contained twenty-four acres, but it varied considerably in various parts of the country. b Domesday, tab. xiii. * Angl. Sacr. vol. i. 559. B Hu.1. MfeS.438, f. rta. 256 MANOR OF KENNINGTON. In the 43d Hen. III. the custody of this manor was granted by the King to Richard de Freemantell. a King Edward I. was at Kennington Aug. 14, 1299, when he attested a writing which was to be sent to Ireland, containing a copy of the statute de Malefactoribus in Parcis, which had been passed in the 21st year of his reign, 1293. The note re- cording this circumstance is indorsed on the roll. b John Earl of Surry died here in 1304. c This is amongst the manors conveyed by John Plantagenet, Earl of Warren and Surrey, son to the last named Earl, to King Edward II. anno 9, 13 16 ; in which year a commission under the privy seal was issued to John de Foxlee, Baron of the Exchequer, to survey the defects of this manor ; d and which was re-conveyed by him to the Earl ; e but, in the same year, the latter again conveyed it to the King.f Probably he held the manor for life, or he might have been keeper of the palace for the crown. Two years after, anno 11, 1318, the King granted it to Anthony Pessaigne de Janua and his heirs, in exchange for premises in London ; g but by some means it soon re- verted to the crown, either by exchange, forfeiture, or escheat ; for in the next year, anno 12, 1319, the King granted it, with Fauxhall, to Roger Damorie and Elizabeth his wife, sister and coheir of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, and niece to the king, and the heirs of the body of Roger ; li and in the next year he had a confirmation of it. i From the I lth to the 14th of that king inclusive, he had summons to parliament amongst the barons. In the parliament held in the 14th year of the king, 1321, he took part with the lords who had entered into a confederacy for removing the Spencers from the court ; and in the year following with Thomas Earl of Lancaster. In a Pat. 43 Hen. III. m. 2. •> Barrington's " Observations on the Ancient Statutes," p. 145. c Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, vol. i. p. 80. d Madox's Exchequer, p. 591. e Pat. 9 Edw. II. p. 2. m. 7. t Claus. .0 Edw. II. m.24, dorso. g Pat. 11 Edw. II. p. l.m. 1.9. n Pat. 12 Edw. II. p. 1. m. 11. ' Pat. 13 Edw, II. p. 2. m. 37. MANOR OF KENNINGTON. 257 the last mentioned year he died at Tutbury Castle, whereupon command was given to seize his estates as a rebel, but to deliver them to Elizabeth de Burgh, as she was called his widow, a 1. John De=pElizabeth, eldest daugh. of=p2. Theo-=p3. Roger Burgh, Earl ot Ulster. Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, by Joan de Acres, dau. of King Edw. I. sister and one of the coheirs of Gil- bert Earl of Gloucester, who died 1314, s.p.s. ; she was aged 20 in the 8th of Edw. II. bald De Verdon, Lord Verdon. Damo- rie. John Lord Bardolph.=pElizabeth, daugh. and heir. Isabella-Mar- traret. William Lord Bardolph,=pAcnes, daugh. of Michael Poynings died 9 Rich. II. | died 4 Hen. IV. ™ r J Thomas Lord Bardolph, attainted=pAnn, dau. of Ralph Lord 5 Hen. IV. ; died 9 Hen. IV. Cromwell ; died 9 Hen.V. I r J Ann, wife, 1st, ot Sir William Joan, 2d dau. and coheir, wife of Clifford; 2d, Sir Reginald William Phelip, who died 6 Cobham; died s. p. 32 Hen. June, 19 Hen. VI. ; she died VI. 25 Hen. VI. ,f It seems,- however, as if the manors of Kennington and Faukshall were not restored to Elizabeth ; for, after the death of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, when the Spencers regained their power, and Hugh the father was created Earl of Win- chester, viz. on 10th May, 15 Edw. II. 1322, the king, gave him the manor of Kennington, late belonging to Roger Damorie, for his life, with remainder to Hugh the son, and his heirs ; b and in his 19th year, 1326, they had a grant of the manor of Faukeshall. c But on the death of the Spencers, in the 20th year of the king, 1327, it seems that Elizabeth de Burgh reco- vered these manors; for, 11 Edw. III. 133S, she conveyed — ■ ■ — * a Pat. 1 Hen. IV. p. 7. m. 22, by inspeximus ad Claus. 16 Edw. II. m. 23. b Cart. 15 Edw. II. n. 15. Dugd. Bar. i. 3.91. c Cart. 17 Edw. II. n. 13. Dugd. Bar. i. 391. 2 L 2.kS MANOR OP KENNINGTON. them to the king for the term of her life, in exchange for those of Ilketshall and Clopton in Suffolk, a and 20s. rent which John de Seckford paid yearly for his life for the manor of Clopton, and 40s. rent from Waltham Abbey. And John Bardolph and Eliza- beth his wife, daughter of Elizabeth de Burgh, released to the king their right in these manors, b In the same year Hugh le Despenser late Earl of Win- chester, his son Hugh, Nicholas de Sudyngton, William de Saundeford, and John Hasselegh, took Elizabeth Comyn, then wife of Richard Talbot, at Kennington, and imprisoned her there for some time ; then carried her as a prisoner to Woking, and from Woking to Purbright, and there kept her in prison for a year and more, till they had compelled her, under the threat of death, to convey to Earl Hugh her manor of Painswick in the county of Gloucester, and to Hugh the son the castle and manor of Goderich in the marches of Wales. c In the next year, 1339, the king was here in July and October. d Edward III. in his 2nd year, 1329, purchased of Robert Eglesfield the manor de la Hida de Laleham (in Middlesex), with all his other lands there and in Litlington (Littleton), and Stanes in the same county, in order to augment this manor of Kennington ; and, in exchange, he gave him the hamlet of Ravenwich in Cumberland. In 1370 Edw. III. granted the custody of this manor and park to Helminge Legette for life. e Edward the Black Prince resided here, and it is supposed that King Edward III. granted this manor to him ; many of his acts being dated from Kennington. After his death 1377 it came to his son Richard (afterwards King Richard II.), who resided here with his mother at the time of the death of King Edward III. and ascended the throne a Pat. 1 1 Edw III. p. 2. m. 9. or 20. b Claus. 1 Edw. III. p. 2. m. 20. c Lansdowne MSS. Br. Mus. Le Neve, fol. 40. <■ Rymer's Foedera, vol. v. 131. 1.97. 200. e Pat. 43 Edw. III. p. 1. m. 33. MANOR OF KENNINGTON. 259 June 22, 1377, m which year John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan- caster, came to them for shelter from the fury of the citizens of London, who threatened his life, in consequence of an insult which he had offered to their Bishop at a meeting in St. Paul's church, at which John Wicliff the reformer was summoned to attend, and was protected by the duke and Sir Henry Percy, for whom the duke had procured the marshal's staff. The citizens went to the Savoy to look for them ; but they dined that day with John of Ipre, where they had notice of their danger, and getting into a boat crossed the Thames, and went to the princess at Kennington, by whose intercession all dif- ferences between the duke and the citizens of London were afterwards amicably adjusted. a King Henry IV. was here when the bishops and clergy made their complaints to him against Sir John Oldcastle and the Lollards. b The same king, in his 10th year, gave the manor, place, and appurtenances to Sir John Stanley, c probably for life only. It appears, by a record in the Augmentation Office, that in 6 Henry V. Thomas Burcester was the keeper (custosj of the manor of Kenyngton, and of the garden and rabbit-warren there, and received for his wages from the prince 4d. per diem ; and in 1420 he granted the same office to Adam Egeley, which office is still kept up by the name of the steward of the manor. King Henry VI. was here in June 1437 and May 1439.'! King James I. in his Sth year settled the manors of Ken- nington and Vauxhall, with a messuage in Lambeth and New- ington, on Henry Prince of Wales ; and on his death, in 1612, on Prince Charles, and they have ever since been part of the estate of the Princes of Wales as Dukes of Cornwall. A survey was made of this manor in 1615, when the whole a Stow, 273, 274. b Bp. Winchester's Reg. Beaufort 1 . 44. b. c Collins 's Peerage, vol. ii. 142, or 242. d Rymcr's Feed. vol. x. 670. 724. 73. 260 .MANOR OF KENNIXGTON. was saicl to contain 122 acres, S thereof being a rabbit warren, let at 71/- 5s. Ad. a year; and the Prince's Meadow 29 acres and a half at 61/. 13s. Ad. a year, a In 1617 a lease was gi-anted by the Prince to Sir Noel Caron, Knt. of the site and demesnes of his highnesses manor of Ken- nington, and all houses, buildings, &c. containing 122 acres, for 21 years, from Michaelmas 1616, at the yearly rent of 16/. 10s. 9d. At the same time the Prince held a certain part of it as above stated. In 1624 Prince Charles granted to Francis Lord Cottington, his secretary, a lease for 18 years, to commence from 1637> when that to Sir Noel Caron would expire, of his manor house and demesne lands within the manor of Kennington ; and afterwards a further lease for three years ; and it was sold by order of parliament in 1649, Richard Gi-aves, Esq. of Lincoln's Inn, being the purchaser. In 1626 another survey was made, and about the same time the gardens and site of the palace were let for the first time. It was then a stone building 231 feet long, and 156 feet deep, as appears from an old plan in the possession of J. Middleton, Esq. the present bailiff of the manor ; an engraving of which is here given. In 1649 a commission was issued for sale of the late king's and prince's lands, when the demesnes were stated at 115 acres, 2 roods, 8 perches, valued at 30//. 7s. 6d. a year, and the Prince's Meadow, stated at 25f acres, 113/. J 2s. 6d. a year. It was sold in 1650 as crown property, and was purchased by William Scott, of Little Marlow. On the restoration the king took possession, and on 26th January, 1661, demised to Henry Lord Moore, afterwards Earl of Drogheda, the capital messuage of this manor, and lands parcel thereof, and of the Duchy of Cornwall, and the capital messuage called Fauxhall, for 31 years, at the rent of a Nichols's Lambeth, p. 04. MANOR OF KENNINGTON. 261 159/. but with power to resume Fauxhall, making a proportion- able allowance of rent. The king did resume Fauxhall, and granted a new lease of the residue at a rent of 100/. a On the 18 July, 1747, a lease was granted for 31 years to William Clayton, Esq. of Harleyford, Bucks (brother of Sir Kenrick Clayton, of Marden in the county of Surrey) ; of the capital messuage of the manor of Kennington, the great barn, and 8 acres adjoining; the brick field 4 acres; other land 14 acres; other land 20 acres ; 6 cottages of the butts ; 40 acres near Kennington Common, under the rent of 16l. 10s. 9d.; the capital messuage called Y r auxhall is excepted. 21 September 17G5 a lease was granted to Mr. Clayton for 18 years from the expiration of the former, making the term then to come 31 years. In 1776 an act of parliament was passed, in which the above-mentioned leases are recited ; and that, in order to en- able Mr. Clayton to let the ground on building-leases, he had applied to the Lords of the Treasury to accept a surrender of his then subsisting leases, and grant him a new one for 99 years, determinable on three lives, which they had agreed to do. The act then enables Mr. Clayton, during his life, and the guardian of his infant children after his decease, to make building and improving leases of these lands, and to raise money for the payment of fines and fees, and defraying expences. On the faith of this lease and act, buildings have been erected, producing about 2000/. a year in ground rents, b This lease is now the property of Mr. Clayton's son, the present Sir William, who succeeded to the title of Baronet on the death of his cousin Sir Robert Clayton. a Entry of warrants and grants of crown lands, by the Earl of Southampton, treasurer, in the papers of the late Thomas Astle, Esq. b Manning and Bray's Hist, of Surrey, vol. III. p. 488. 1Q1 MANOR OF KENNINGTON. CUSTOMS OF THE MANOR OF KENNINGTON, IN THE PARISH OF LAMBETH, IN THE COUNTY OF SURREY. Imprimis. There is a court baron kept at some known place within the said manor at the will of the lord thereof, and also a court leet kept once in every year. Item. The freeholders hold their land by doing their suit and service at the lord's court leet, and by paying their ancient rent ; and for want of appearance to be amerced. Item. The freeholders which do hold the said manor do usually pay to the lord thereof by way of relief. Item. The copyholders of the said manor hold their lands by doing their suit and service at their lord's court baron, and by paying their ancient and accustomed rents ; and for want of appearance to be amerced. Item. That the copyholders of the said manor pay upon descent or alienation, when they take up their several lands and tenements. Fines merely arbitrable at the will of the lord. N. B. usually one year's improved rent. Item. That if a copyholder die, leaving two or more sons in life, the youngest son is heir to the father as to his copyhold. Item. That if a copyholder die without sons, having daugh- ters, the land descends to all his daughters as coheirs, and if he dies without sons and daughters, having brothers, the land descends to the youngest brother, and if he dies without sons daughters or brothers, having brother's children living, the land descends to the youngest son of the youngest brother. Item. That a copyholder may out of court, before the steward or two tenants, surrender his lands to the use of his will, and then by this will may devise his land to whom he pleases. Item. That a copyholder may let and set his land from three years to three years, but no longer without license from the lord, which license being desired, the lord upon a small fine arbitrable, must grant the same for one and twenty years, and no longer. N. B. There are licenses granted by the pre- sent steward for 99 years. MANOR OF VAUXHALL. 263 Item. That a woman being married cannot pass her estate, unless safely and secretly examined by the steward. Item. That a copyholder may at any time out of court, before two copyholders and customary tenants, surrender his lands and tenements to whose use he pleases. Item. That the freeholders and copyholders of the said manor, and their undertenants, have a right to put on their horses, cows, and other cattle, in and upon the commons belonging to the said manor, without number, stint, or license ; but they are to be marked with a commonable and known mark. Nov. 28th, 1/28. Matthew Lant, Esq. Lord Chief Baron of that part of Great Britain called Scotland, the present steward. Edward IVhitakcr, Junr. Esq. chancel lor-at-law, deputy- steward. Joint Summerscll, BailifF. a MANOR OF VAUXHALL. This manor was the property of Baldwin, son of William de Iledvers, or de Ripariis, fifth Earl of Devon, and to whom the Isle of Wight had been given by Henry I. b ; whence he was also called de Insula. Baldwin married Margaret, daughter and heir of Warine Fitzgerald, and settled this manor on her as part of her dower. He died in the time of King John, in the lifetime of his father William, leaving by this Margaret a son named Baldwin, who on the death of his grandfather Wil- liam succeeded him, and became the sixth Earl of Devon. In 1240 the second Baldwin was made Earl of the Isle of Wight, having previously married Amicia, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, but died when young in 29 Henry HI. 1244, leaving Baldwin his son and heir, who became the seventh Earl of Devon, and having in 1257 mar- ried Margaretta, a kinswoman of Queen Eleanor, died in the 46th of Henry III. 1262, leaving one child John, who deceas- ed whilst an infant. a Communicated by R. Lindsay, Esq. b Mon. Angl. II. p. )79. 2G4 MANOR OF VAUXHALL. Margaret, who had married his grandfather, was still living, and held this estate so settled on her as above mentioned. On the death of her first husband Baldwin, King John in his 15th year, 1214, compelled her to marry Fulk le Breant, a great fa- vorite of that monarch, but a man of whose origin we have no certain account, of whom the monkish historians speak with the greatest bitterness (which indeed is not to be wondered at, as he certainly paid no respect to them), but of whose violence and turbulence there are authentic accounts. In addition to this marriage the king gave him also the wardship of Baldwin's infant son, then heir apparent to the great earldom of Devon. These wardships were of great value ; the grantee, besides the profits of the estate, had the opportunity of matching his daughter with his ward, and as proof of their value the Earl of Gloucester afterwards gave the king 2000 marcs for this very wardship. Whatever might be the conduct of Fulk in other re£- pects, he remained faithful to King John and to his son King Henry, till the commission of that act which brought on his ruin. He had seized divers houses and lands at Luton in Bed- fordshire, to recover which the owners had brought sixteen ac- tions of Novel Disseizin, which were tried at the Assizes at Dunstable in 1224. Verdicts were given against him in them all, and fines were imposed by the Judges, of whom Henry de Braybrooke was one. This so exasperated Fulk, that, as Bray- brooke was going to the parliament, or rather to the council which the king was then holding at Northampton, he sent a party of men, seized him and his attendants, and carried them to the castle of Bedford, of which he was then governor. The indignation of the king and his council was excited by this, and they went to Bedford, summoned the governor to deliver these prisoners, and to surrender the castle ; but Fulk had placed his brother as governor, who refused to give it up, whereupon Fulk was excommunicated by the archbishops and bishops then present, and the castle was beseiged, but so stoutly defended that it held out nine weeks, when they were obliged to surren- MANOR OF VAUXHALL. 265 tier. The governor and sixteen of his men were in conse- quence hanged.* Fulk was at last prevailed on to submit himself to judgment, when his life was spared in consideration of his faithful services to the king's father, but it was on condition that he should for- feit all his estates, money, and chattels and abjure the realm. b He accordingly executed an instrument to this purpose, dated on the morrow of St. Bartholomew 1"224 ; in it he acknowledges that he had been excommunicated, but had been absolved on giving up his lands and effects.c He was then put on shipboard with five servants, and landed in France, where he was seized and imprisoned by the French king ; who threatened to hang him on account of injuries he had done to divers Frenchmen in England. He was only saved by producing proof of his abju- ration, and of his having taken the cross, and then went to Rome, where he prevailed on the pope to write to King Henry in his favor. The letter however was conceived onty in gene, ral words, recommending the king to be gentle in sueing his subjects.** Fulk still urged the pope for his intercession ; and a new pope sending one Otto as his legate to England for the purpose of collecting money, took that opportunity of request- ing the king to permit Fulk's return into England, and that his wife, lands, and goods might be restored to him.e The king in his answer states Fulk's offences, the judgment of the court, that the care of the kingdom belonged to him, and that he ought to observe the laws and the good customs of the king* dom. Otto urged this suit no further, and contented himself with performing the other part of his commission, f Fulk then instituted a suit in some foreign Ecclesiastical Court against his a Matt. Par. 309, 310. Matt. West. o. 1224, pp. Il5. 116. Prynne's Records, II. p. 392. * l> Prynne's Records, II. p. 392. c Rymer's Foed. I. 273. «> Id. 276. e Prynne's Records, II. p. 398. Id. 398. III. 58, 59. 2m OQQ MANOR OF VAUXIIALt.. wife ; to put a stop to which the king, anno 12, 1229, wrote a letter to H. Cantori Tretensi, certifying Fulk's treasons, his sur- render of his estates, and abjuration of the realm ; and desiring him not to proceed in the suit against Margaret formerly the wife of Fulk, especially as the suit was brought in a foreign court, and that Fulk having surrendered all his lands and goods had nothing in the king's dominions which could be attached, a The latter argument had probably its weight, for no more is heard of this suit. Whilst these things however were carrying on abroad, Marga- ret was not idle at home. She had been compelled to marry this man against her inclination, and she took the opportunity, as we are told, of applying for a divorce on those grounds. From the expression used in the king's letter it seems that she had suc- ceeded, the king speaking of her as formerly the wife of Fulk, who was then alive. It is certain that she obtained a divorce ; for soon after she married a third husband, Robert de Aguillon, lord of Addington, whom she also survived, dying in 20 Edw. I. 1292. Her son and grandson, and the infant son of the latter having all died in her lifetime, Isabella, the only aister of the grandson, became heir, she being then the wife of William de Fortibus, third Earl of Albemarle of that name. On the inquisition taken on the death of Margaret, it was found that she died seized of a capital messuage and garden at Fauxeshall, value 2s. per annum ; 80 acres of arable land, at 4cl. 19 of meadow, at 3s.; rents of assize of customary tenants 14/. 10s. O^d. The works of customary tenants were of no value, because more was taken for the work than it was worth ; pleas and perquisites of court 6s. Sd,; total 2l£. 14s. 6 \d. It was also found that she held this estate in dower, of the gift of Bald- win de Insula, formerly her husband, of the inheritance of Isa- bella de Fortibus, Countess of Albemarle, who was sister and heir of Baldwin, and then aged 54. b * Rymer, I. p. 276. Pat. 12 Hen. 111. m. 6. d. •> Fsc. 20 Edw. I. n. 139. MANOR OF VAUXHALL. 26? Isabella had several children by the Earl of Albemarle, all of whom died young, except a daughter named Aveline, born 1254 > and married in 1269 to Edmund Crouchback, second son of Henry III. and afterwards Earl of Lancaster. By him she had no children, and died at Stockwell 1 or 2 Edw. I. King Edward had Mattered himself that this marriage would bring back the Isle of Wight into the royal family ; but his wish being frustrated by the death of Aveline without issue, the king entered into a treaty with Isabella for the purchase of it, with the manor of Lambeth, a and Faukshall, and a conveyance was executed for 20,000 marcs, to which 6000 marcs of silver were added for a further deed to rectify a mistake in the first. By the last-mentioned deed in 1293 she conveyed to the king the Isle of Wight, together with other estates in Hants, the manor of Lambyth (Stockwell), and a manor in Lambyth called La Sale Faukes. There is an entry in the register of Ford Abbey, co. Devon, which asserts that this deed was fraudulently obtained; the' countess having constantly refused to part with her ancient in- heritance ; and that this deed had been forged by de S'ratton her confessor, and her seal affixed by him thereto after her death. This stor}', like many others, was probably exag- gerated, but the transaction was not free from suspicion. The conveyance was executed when Isabella was on her death-bed, and Hugh Courtney, Baron of Okehampton, who was heir at law, claimed the Isle of Wight, and petitioned King Edward II. that it might be restored to him. The king hereupon directed an inquiry by what means these lands came into the hands of his father. 5 To this writ a return was made in Parliament in 8 and 9 Edward II. certifying a charter at Stockwell near Lam- beth, on Monday next after the feast of St. Martin 1293, where- ■ This Mr. Lysons and Mr. Denne conceive was the manor of Stockwell, an- ciently called the manor of South Lambeth, and comprehended Vauxhall, South Lambeth, and Stockwell. Rot. Pari 8. and 0. Edw. II. 26S MANOR OF VALXHALL. by the said Isabella, had, in consideration of 6000 marcs, grant- ed to the king the whole Isle of Wight, the manor of Christchurch in Hants, the manor of Lambeth (Stockwell) in Surrey, and the manor of Faukeshall, situate within ihe before mentioned manor of Lambeth. This charter was witnessed by Anthony Bishop of Durham, Richard de Aston, Steward to the countess, and many others. To this were annexed the depositions of several persons who were, as they alleged, present, not only at the ex- ecution of the deed, but when the countess gave instructions *or its being prepared, a Such is the statement of this extraordinary transaction, com- municated by Sir Joseph Ayloffe to the Society of Antiquaries, and prin ted in the Vetusta Monumenta, vol ii. Sir Hugh Courtenay did not succeed in his suit for the Isle of Wight, and the king appears to have retained the manor of Fauxeshall as well as Kennington. In his 12th year an extent was taken of this manor, when it was found to consist of a capi- tal messuage, 74 acres of arable land, 32 of meadow, a water- mill in Micham, for which the prior of Merton gave 2 Is. per annum, also in Micham, Stretham, and South Lambeth 17 free tenants, 2S customary tenants, and 5 cotterelli who paid 10/. 16s. Sff/. per annum, also 6 fowls at 2d. a piece, 7 cocks at \\d. each; the customary tenants to gather and carry the hay from the meadows, and to mow two days in harvest; but this was of no a The witnesses, whose depositions are printed in the Rolls of Parliament, vol. 1. p. 335, et seq., were, Walter de Langton Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, William de Gainsborough her confessor, Sir Richard Aston, the Earls of Lincoln and Warren, and others. The entry in Ford Abbey register calls her confessor -< de Stratton. By the depositions it appears his name was W. Gainsbo- rough ; but this difference is of little consequence, as his real name might not he known to the writer of the register. It also appears that the seal was not in the custody of this confessor. There is another circumstance of much more conse- quence. It is observable that the commissioners state the date of the charter, which they must have seen, to have been Monday after the feast of St. Martin, but the witnesses in their depositions say it was executed the Monday before. St. Martin, and that she died before the next morning. Manning and Bray I. p. 433.. MANOR Of VAUXHALL. 26'9 value, for they were to have a meal (prandium) twice a day, even though they did not work. There was also view of frank- pledges at Michaelmas, when a common fine of 5s. 6d. was paid, and the amercements were worth £5. ; the pleas and perquisites of court 2s. ; the sum total IS/. 10s. 4^rf. a In the same year it was granted with Kennington, as before stated, to Roger Damorie and Elizabeth his wife, and the heirs of the body of Roger ; b which grant was confirmed in the fol- lowing year. c On the attainder of this Roger the king seized his estates, but ordered them to be delivered to Elizabeth his widow. This order does not seem to have extended to Ken- nington or Vauxhall, as the former was granted to Spenser, who in his 17th year, 1324, had a grant of Vauxhall. d The Spensers died in 20 Edw. II. 1327, after which she probably recovered some of her estates. In an Inquisition taken on the death of Roose de Burford in 3 Edward III. 1330, it was found she held land of Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of the manor of Faukeshall. e The following curious record, as connected with the manor, is here introduced; the lady mentioned is Elizabeth de Burgh. * The Account of Alan Martyn, Reeve of Faukeshall, from the 6th day of October until the 8th day of November, in the first year of the reign of King Edward the third after the Conquest. Receipts of Rents of Assize. — The same Alan answers for 545. S\d. received for Rent of Assise, at the term of St. Mi- chael. Also the tenement heretofore of John de Meldon, now in the hands of the Lady, used to render \0d. Also two gardens, now in the hands of the Lady, used to render Id. The sum besides the aforesaid lie?. 545. 3id. a Inquis. ad quod damn. 12 Edw. II. n. 51. b Pat. 12 Edw. II. p. 1. m. It. c Pat. 13 Edw. II. p. 2.m. 37. d Cart. 15 Edw. II. n. 15. Dugd. Bar. vol.i. p. 391. • Esc. 3. Edw. III. rot. 3. f The original is in the Augmentation Office, 270 MANOR OF VAUXIIALL. Expences. — The same (reeve) accounts in payment to Hen- ry, Husbonde for the debt of the Lady,by war rant of Robert de Penckrich, Constable of Clare, 43s. 4d. Also for deliverance of a boat attached at Qucenhithe for the aforesaid debt, 2s. 2d. Also for wharfage, Id. Also in clouts and cart nails, 3d. Also in ex- penses of two men with three horses and a cart fetching three quarters of wheat at Houneslow 2\d. Also in horse shoes, Sd. Also in the expenses of John Bullok, going to Farnham with a sack to fetch corn, 3d. Also in one new sack bought, 6±d. In cart grease bought, \\d. Also in 61b. of iron bought for the plough, Ad. ; in manufacturing the same iron, 4d. Also in the expences of two labourers fetching three quarters of corn at Houneslowe, on the feast of St Edmund the Archbi- shop, with the toll, 2d. ; at Kingston bridge, 6d. Also in great nails bought for the cart, Id. Also in one seed-cod bought, 2d. Also in one bushel of wheat bought for seed, 6^d. The Sum, 495. Jd- Wheat received. — Also he accounts for six quarters of wheat received of the Reeve of Farnham, for seed, by tally. Also two quarters of wheat received of John de Gouw, Reeve of Kenynton Grange for seed, and one quarter of wheat for the livery of the servants. Seed. — Whereof in seed on 26 acres of land in Clayfeld eight quarters and one bushel, every acre two bushels and an half. Liveries to Servants. — Also in liveries of servants, viz. of two boatmen carrying dung for two weeks, four bushels each of them, taking by the week one bushel ; also in the liveries of drivers and holders, two bushels; also in the livery of the mower and carter, two bushels. Also for 3d. paid for winnowing^ to Thomas Blunting and Hamecote Bisshopes, by order of John Gouw the Grange Reeve. Stipend. — Also paid to Dawe le drivere, for his stipend at the MANOR OF VAUXHALL. 271 term of St. Michael, 2*. 6d. Also to William le Man the car- ter, ISd. Also to John Gardinar for his wages, 2s. Sum, 6s. Sum total ; 555. Jd. and so the Lady is hound to the said Martin in lb\d. Elizabeth de Burgh prosecuted her claim so successfully as to obtain, in 11 Edw. III. 133S, a grant of the manors of Ilkc- tesshall and Clopton in Suffolk by way of exchange ; she releas- ing to the king her right for her life in Kennington and VauxJ hall, John Bardolph, and Elizabeth his wife, who was daughter and heir of Elizabeth de Burgh, releasing their right also.* In the same year the king granted this manor to his son Ed- ward the Black Prince, b and a few years after, viz. in 1354, c the prince granted it to the monks of Canterbury, with a tene- ment in Lambeth ; d which grant was confirmed by the king, and farther confirmed anno 36. c Out of this grant the monks were to allow 40 marcs a year for the maintenance of two priests who were to officiate in a chantry chapel called after his name. This chapel is under the upper south cross aisle of the choir of the cathedral of Canterbury. The chantry being suppressed by the act of 37 Hen. VIII. the chapel grew out of use, and is walled up from the rest of the undercroft. f On the suppression of the monastery, Hen. VIII. anno 33. 1542, gave this manor with that of Walworth, to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, to whom it still belongs. There is a record in the Tower,? which expressly says, that the manor of Faukcs-hail, which had been granted to Richard Gereseye for life, and which was afterwards granted to Roger a Cart. 1 1 Edw. III. p. 2. m. 20 or 9. b Ibid. m. 14. c It seems that Sir James de Burford, husband of Roose before mentioned,, held it under the prince, for in 1351 he had license to have an oratory on his ma. nor here. d Somncr's Canterbury, Appendix. No. 36. c Pat. 36 Iidw. III. p. 2. m. '2.'i. or S3. f Ilastcd's Kent, vol. iv. p. 522. t Pat. I Hen. IV. p. 7. m. 22. 272 MANOR OF STOCK.WELL. Damorie, was confirmed to Thomas Bardolf, heir of the said Ro- ger, and his heirs for ever, by Henry IV. This appears to be inconsistent, unless, as Mr. Lysons supposes, there were two ma- nors of Faukeshall, both of which belonged to Roger Damorie.* Thomas Hardress, Esq. was Steward from 1649 to 16S1, under the successive description of Esquire, Serjeant-at-law, and Knight. W. Wellfit, Esq. is the present Steward. Courts leet and baron are held ; at the former of which, con- stables for Vauxhall, Stockwell, Mitcham, Streatham, &c. are elected. The Copyholders, of which in 1787 there were not more than sixty, pay a fine certain of double the yearly quit rent, and are subject to heriots. The tenure descends to the youngest son, according to the custom of Borough English. MANOR OF STOCKWELL. t: The Earl of Moriton holds Lanchei. The Canons of Wal- tham held it of Harold. Then it was taxed for six hides and an half ; now it is not taxed. The arable land consists of six ca- rucates. In demesne there is one carucate and five villans, and twelve bordars with three carucates. There is one villan in gross and six acres of meadow. In the time of King Edward it was worth 1005. and afterwards and now 4/. The same earl has in Bermondsey of the king's land one hide, where stands his house. There is one bordar. It is worth eight shillings." b At the time of the Conqueror's survey there appears to have been two manors in Lambeth, one of which contained twelve, and the other six plough-lands. The latter was held by the monks of Waltham of King Edward the confessor, and was re- granted to them by King Harold. This Mr. Lysons, with great » Lysons Env. I. p. 567. b Domesday, tab. viil. i < . ^ MANOR OF STOCKWELL. c 273 probability conjectures to have been what was afterwards called the manor of South Lambeth or Stockwell. The description of its boundaries in the Confessor's charter, and mention being made of the stone of Brixius as a boundary, tend to confirm his opinion. Mr. Bray says there can be no doubt of Brixton Causeway deriving its name from this stone, and this causeway is now one of the boundaries of Stockwell. The bounds of the manor of Stockwell, as lately walked, begin at the south-west corner on the top of Brixton-hill in the turnpike road, and keep- ing the manor on the right hand, go near a windmill nearly to Bleakhall ; to the north-east corner of Clapham workhouse, cross the turnpike at Clapham rise, cross a bridge at Union-place to the north-west corner of Paradise farm, to the north end of a raised foot-path dividing Paradise green from South Lambeth corner ; along that path to the middle of the cross turnpike roads opposite the north end of Stockwell-place along the turnpike road to Kennington common, Lord Holland's land on the left to the turnpike road at the south end of the washvvay along the Streatham road by Brixton-place up the hill to where it began.* Robert Earl of Moreton was one of the Norman barons leagued with Odo Bishop of Baieux in the unsuccessful attempt to dethrone King William II. It is probable that the king seiz- ed his estates; but if he restored them William his son was cer- tainly deprived of the Isle of Wight and all his lands in England by Henry I. for his insolent and perfidious conduct. t> That king gave the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvcrs, Earl of De- von, and it is very probable that he gave him this manor also, as he did the adjoining one of Vauxhall. Baldwin, son of William de Redvers 5th Earl of Devon, mar- ried Margaret daughter and heir of Warine Fitzgerald. He died in his father's lifetime, in the reign of King John, leaving by this Margaret a son named Baldwin. The history of Margaret may be seen in the history of Vauxhall manor ; but an account of a Information from Mr. MMdleton to Mr. Bray. *• Simeon Dunelm. X Script, c. 2-29. 5. 2N 274 MANOR OF 4T0CKW£LL. the son, to whom this manor belonged, subject to her dower therein, shall now be given. He was an infant at the time of his father's death, which happened before 1214, and his wardship was given to Fulk le Breant on his marrying the mother ; but on Fulk's banishment the Earl of Gloucester, in 1227, paid the king 2000 marks for the wardship of this young nobleman, and married him to his daughter Amicia. 3 After his marriage he was made Earl of the Isle of Wight by King Henry III. while keeping his Christmas at Winchester in 1240.b He died five years after, leaving a son Baldwin an infant. The wardship of the latter was given in 1252 to Peter de Savoy, uncle to Queen Eleanor, to the end that he might be married to a kinswoman of hers, which was done in 41 Hen. III. 1257 ; but in 1262 he with Richard Earl of Gloucester and others died by poison at the ta- ble of this Peter, whether by accident or design is not certain. He had issue only one son, who died an infant ; whereupon his sister Isabel, wife of William de Fortibus Earl of Albemarle be- came his heir.d On the death of Margaret, Isabel, as sister and heir of the last Baldwin, had livery of this and other estates which had been held by Margaret in dower. She had the cham- berlainship of the Exchequer in fee, as heiress of her grandmo- ther, whose grandfather, Warine Fitzgerald held it. She is so named in many records, and in 52 Hen. III. 12GS, presented Ralph de Bray, as her deputy. Isabel married William Earl of Albemarle, who died 44 Hen. III. l<260,andhadby her three sons and a daughter, who all died without issue ; but one daughter, Aveline, survived and became heir to her brother, and heir apparent to her mother ; thus be- coming the greatest heiress in the kingdom. She was married on the 5th Ides of April, 1269, to Edmund Crouchback, after- wards Earl of Lancaster, second son of Henry III. ; the king and queen and whole court were present. She was then at the a<*e of eighteen, according to the grant of her wardship firstgivert » Dugd. Bar. I. p. 25*7. h Stow. 4to. edit. c Esch. 2D Hen. III. n. '17. «1 Diu^l. Bar. I. p. 257. 8>B* B — * 3 P Q^ F o o o a cr cr.^, 2 ? 01 c 3 1, " = 2 ° 3 < ctrg 2, s « s « 2. rt c ■— c^cr? "-' £■ zr " o 2 5g ~ "1 r- »■' Q. cd -i 1 8,8 c °> 2? wraS P » 9 3 O O — - S Px 3 3 S- _ 3- ° 2 SO i— w* r" -z to o O D" P 3 • m a 3^ to S, w Or en to " l-rt °- s."s Fs-g E. c 2. —•ft < re 3 61 (t 2, "-» 3 3" _ re o 3_ . W «s « 3"- r* 3 O P >!. cr re re to c 3 B" cTT 2. re p *° =r s- •^ re re a 1 -• Sg 3 £_ ' 2 r*a to re y S. «S"i 3 *o 2>-> o< «-> zz. " n m o ~p Fre- *■ o 2, Cj -t» "» ffi^re 3 2 cr? " £3 &S o sj re p ~ 3 3 j a> u> CP3 3Z re" B-.-V 3 3 3 p * O CD o" — ^ 3 P — O 9 *° T1 ■=■ • * 3 3. to bio a- g-«3 E 3 ^09 re" aq re o to §> re g_ re D- 3 W *- 3- O 03 c O B tt o*3 to — o EL. H p re E""™"] o ^ s 5 a. =- •~^m w — - . p *. 3" SJ &* h- O ' S* » 2 F cr J?, g 5 OJ - »" 5 Z~ %>f re re —J* < T HI |7 r |EF D- cr c- -i c; c o ■-»» "-»» re "^ re C3 ' 3. -! -, O p tO 1 00 Wp p c W^.^3 -« — • si K e_i ■*• ™ B0 CJ ' i p "I >J3 5 a. o TO «' S Q. 3. ,_ CD ffi© re ^ 3 p0 "3 g. >—i < •— re a3- ' M p hi p p3 re^ p P 2, cr 2,1' re at} 5- £ H o g w w o p o •-♦3 > W w p p c- H < O O 3 MANOR OF STOCKWELL. 27 ; ' to the Earl of Gloucester (but surrendered and given to Ed- ward the king's eldest son), or as others say at the age of six- teen. It must however have been eighteen, as in 1 Edward I. 1272, a writ was directed to the Sheriff of Hants to deliver pos- session to her and her husband, the Earl of Lancaster, the es- tates descended to her from her father . a She had no issue, and died at this place 9,0 Edward I. lSOS.b The earl of Lancaster died in 1296". It has been said that Aveline gave him this es- tate ; if so, on his death it would come to the king, as his brother and heir. To whom it was granted does not appear. The next owner that we find was Juliana, wife of Thomas Romayne, citizen of London, and a founder of a chantry in Lambeth church ; they had a grant of free warren here in 3 Edward II. 13 I0. c His wi- dow died in 19 Edw. II. 1326, seized hereof described as a tene- ment in Stockwell, a capital messuage, two gardens, one dove house, 287 acres of land, 19 and a quarter of meadow, rents of assize of free and customary tenants 5/. 0*. 8frf. 19 villans [na- tive) who held 84 acres and three quarters of land, rents called Cherset, viz. nine cocks and nine hens, rents of capital tenants, common fine at the view of franc pledge of Vauxhall \3d. total 17/. Os. lO^aT. Roese wife of John Burford, aged 40, and Margery wife of William de Weston, aged 36, were her daughters and heirs. d Partition was made between them of their mother's es- tates, when this was allotted to Roese. e Roese, the wife of John Burford, died 3 Edw. III. 1330, seized of this manor, a capital messuage, two gardens, a dove house, 14S acres of arableland, held of Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of the a Claus. 1 Edw. I. m. 10. b Dugd. Bar. I. pp. 65, 66. My friend, the late Charles Alfred Stothard, F. S. A. made a drawing and engraved the full length figure of this lady, in No- iii. of his valuable work the Monumental Effigies of Great Britain, the beauty and accuracy of which have never been equalled, and it is to be regretted that the ami- able artist did not live to complete his design. c Cart. 3 Edw. II. m. 10. d Esch. 13 Edw. II. n. 85. e Claus. 19 Edw. II. m. 1. dorso. 2/6 MANOR OF STOCKWELT,. manor of Faukcshall by the service of Id. ; 3S acres held of the Archbishop of Canterbury by the service of 55. Id. per annum, and suit of court to the manor of Wyke, belonging to the arch_ bishop ; 6 acres and a half of meadow held of the lady of Fauke- Shall by \d. per annum; 7 acres of meadow land, held of the archbishop by 2s. per annum ; 3 cottages held of Roger de Wal- tham by \8d. per annum , 10 cottages in Southwark barre, held in socage of the prior of Bermondsey by 3s. per annum ; also 60 acres of wood in Stockwell, held of the Earl of Hertford, pleas and perquisites of court \2d. per annum, and rents of as- size in Stockwell 13s. 4d. James Burford was her son and heir, aged nine. a In 1351 Sir James de Boreford had license for an oratory in his manor house at Stockwell ;b and eight years after had a grant of free warren.c It afterwards belonged to John Harold, Burgess of Calais, who conveyed it to John Dovet and Sir Thomas Swinford. It was settled on Catharine the wife of Sir Thomas, who after- wards became the 3rd wife of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan- caster.d It was afterwards the property of John Wynter, who founded a chantry in the church of Lambeth. He sold it to Nicholas Molyneux, Esq. to whom and his trustees in 27 Henry VI. 144<^ Roger Wynter of the county of Worcester and others released their right. e Whether the king set up any claim under John of Gaunt does not appear, but in his 31st year Molyneux obtained from him a grant of this with Knollis and LevehurstJ Ralph Leigh had purchased this estate in or before 1461, as he, describing himself Lord of Stockwell, presented in that year to the chan- try founded by W T ynter and refounded by this Ralph.? In the n Esc. 3 EJw. III. n. 52. b Reg. Winton. Edyngton. p. 2, fo. 25 a. e Cart. 32 Edw. III. n. 12. d Cart. Antiq. Brit. Mus. 49 F. 27. e Claus.27 Henry VI p. unica dors. f Pat. 31 Henry VI. p. 2. m. 31. 5 Bishop of Winchester's Register, Wainflete, I. 109. a. 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ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. 303 have been part of a residence of Bishop Bonner, which for- merly extended a considerable way further in front. There is nothing in the history of this place to prove that it belonged to any of the Bishops of London, except by an entry of an ordi- nation in Strype's " Memorials of Cranmer," which mentions the same to have taken place " in the chapel of my lord the Bishop of London in the Lower Marsh, Lambeth. a" The building bore evident marks of age ; at the back are the re- mains of some ancient brick walls which seem to have originally surrounded a large garden. The annexed view was taken the day before it was pulled down. A little further up on the same side that Bonner's house stood is a respectable academy for young ladies, conducted by the Misses Ford and Bickley. This is said to have been part of the building mentioned above. From the road it has an appear- ance of antiquity ; but 1 am not aware of any part exceeding, what I should call, the time of Queen Anne, or the first George. On the opposite side of the road, but nearer the Coburg theatre, are some old wooden houses probably of the age of James the First. In 1526 " certain ground lying in Lambeth Marsh" was held b}' Archbishop Warham of " the Lord Prior of Christ Church, Canterbury," at the annual rent of 6/. 13s. 4rf. In this place resided Thomas Bushell, a man of great scien- tific attainments, and friend of the great Lord Chancellor Ba- con. He obtained from Charles I. a grant to coin silver money for the use of the army when his mint in the Tower was denied him. On Oliver assuming the protectorate he absconded, and hid himself in a house in " this Marsh where the piqued turret is," for upwards of a year, till his friends made his peace with Cromwell. He lay in a garret, which was the length of the whole house, hung with black baize. At one end was painted a skeleton extended on a mattress, which was rolled up under his head. At the other end was a low pallet bed, on which he lay, and on the wall were depicted various emblems of mortality. On the Restoration Charles II. supported him in some of his speculations. He died in 1674, at the advanced age of 80, and was buried in the Little Cloisters, Westminster Abbey. That eminent engraver, Simon Francis Ravenet, for some time resided in Lambeth Marsh. He was born at Paris, 1706, and settled in London, 1750. He died at a house facing the Mother Red Cap, Tottenham Court road, 1774, and was buried in St. Pancras churchyard. a Hilsey is the prelate alluded to, who in the chapel of his house in Lambeth Marsh consecrated Henry Holbeach suffragan Bishop of Bristol, March 24, 1537. Strype inadvertently styled it the Bishop of London's house. — Denne's Addenda to Hist, of Lambeth, p. 244. i304- ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. Iii Lambeth Marsh resided Valentine Gottlieb, an ingenious mechanist and civil engineer. He was a native of Germany, and died here the beginning of the year 1820. His residence was what is now Messrs. Edwards's hat manufactory. William Curtis, the celebrated botanist, had a large piece of ground in Lambeth Marsh, where he brought together the finest and most complete arrangement of British plants ever be- fore collected. Among the traders' tokens printed in Mr. Nichols's History of this Parish is the following : — Obverse, Aron Cartar, and a dagger in the centre. Reverse, .C . In Lambeth Marsh. An engraving of it is presented at the end of this Chapter. It appears that from and during the reign of Queen Eliza- beth to that of Charles II. the victuallers and tradesmen in general, that is all that pleased, coined small money or tokens for the benefit and convenience of trade. And for this there was, in a manner, a perfect necessity, since at that time there were but few brass halfpennies coined by authority, and no great quantity of farthings, which likewise were very small. The traders continued coining in this manner until the year 1672, when King Charles II. having struck a sufficient quantity of halfpence and farthings for the intention and exi- gencies of commerce, these Nummorum Famuli were superseded, and an end was put to these shifts and practices of the vic- tuallers and shopkeepers, as being no longer either necessary or useful. Mr. Moser, in his vestiges published in the European Maga- zine^ says that a Lazar-house or Hospital existed in Lambeth Marsh, though the exact site is not mentioned. Having arrived in the Westminster bridge-road, we proceed to the right. Here is the extensive manufactory of Messrs. Collinges for patent axle-trees, and all kinds of machinery. Farther on, on the same side, is a plain brick building, enclosed from the road by a dwarf wall, called the GENERAL LYING-IN HOSPITAL, formerly the Westminster Lying-in Hospital. This charity was instituted in the year 1765, by the humane exertions of flie late Dr. John Leake, an eminent writer on the diseases of wo- men. It was principally intended as an Asylum for the wives of poor industrious tradesmen, and distressed housekeepers, who, either from unavoidable misfortunes or from the burthen of *,VoI. li. p. 331, HN LEAKEJ' ffhuthne/T? 2&- f/0 st. John's district. 305 large families, are reduced to want, and rendered incapable of bearing the expences incident to the pregnant and lying-in state, and also for the wives of indigent soldiers and seamen ; but the governors, in the spirit of true philanthropy, have ex- tended the benefits of this institution to unmarried females, res- tricting this indulgence, however, to the first instance of mis- conduct. The benefits of this institution are also extended to pregnant women who prefer remaining with their families, or who cannot conveniently be removed, and are supplied with all necessary medicines and medical assistance. This benefit could not be ex- tended farther than to such as reside within certain limits, viz. Vauxhall, Kennington, and Kent-street turnpikes; Tower-hill, Cornhill, the turnpikes at the end of St. John-street, Goswell- street, Gray's-inn-lane, Tottenham-court-road, Paddington, Tyburn, Hyde-park, and Pimlico; but the bent fits of this institu- tion were subsequently extended generally. Proper midwives are appointed in the various districts to such women. A chaplain baptizes the children, keeps the register, churches the women, and administers the Communion. For encouragement of bene- volent institutions of this kind, an Act was passed, 13 Geo. III. c. 82, sect. 5, declaring that illegitimate children born in them shall not thereby be settled in the parish. Nothing worthy notice occurs till arriving at Westminster- bridge foot ; on the right is Pedlar's-acre. This piece of ground adjoins to the river, and lies near the east end of the Surrey abutment of Westminster-bridge. It contains by admeasure- ment one acre and seventeen poles ; it does not appear among the benefactions in any of the registers. The parish were in possession of it in 1504, at which time the rent arising from it was carried to the churchwardens' accounts. In them it is called the Church Hoppys, or Hope, a which name it retained till 1623, when it assumed that of the Church Osiers, probably from its swampy and damp situation. In a lease of it granted by Dr. Hooper the rector, and the Churchwardens, dated August 6, 1690, and for which, exclusive of a rent of 4/. per year, a fine was paid to the parish of 50/. b it is for the first time called Ped- lar's-acre. By the map of London 1560, it appears that all the land on the Surrey side of the Thames, from Lambeth Palace to Christchurch, was a marsh ; which was inclosed at the end of the succeeding century in parcels of an acre each. The tradi- * Hope or Hoppe signifies an isthmus or neck of land projecting into the river, or an inclosed piece of low meadow or marsh land. b Maitland's London, p. 788. 9. .! 306 st. john's district. tion of the Pedlar's-acre then prevailing, it is probable the acre was so called to distinguish it from the Maiden-acre, and the Archbishop's-acre, to both which it adjoins. The different rents at which this piece of ground was let are as follows: £. s. a. £. s. d. 1504 . 2 8 In 1565 . 13 4 1514 . 4 1581 ."1 6 8c 1554 . 5 1556 .400 1557 . 6 8 1690 . 4 0<* In 1581 it was seized by Mr. Easton, 'under, it is supposed, an Act of 1 Edw. VI. c. 14, sect. 5, which vested all lands given for superstitious use in the Crown ; the title to it was defended out of the church stock, and it is presumed he lost his suit. It was held of the parish in 1752 by W.Willis, esq. of St.Dun- stan's in the West ; the lease was granted by Dr. Denne the rector, and churchwardens, in consideration of a fine of 800/. and the yearly rent of 100/. In 1813, on the expiration of the old lease, a major part of the Acre was let by a Committee of the parish, on three separate leases of 21 years each, by auction. The first producing a sum of 2,300/. and 12/. yearly rent; the second 2,000/. and 16/. yearly rent; and the last 1,700/. and 20/. a year rent. An attempt was made in 1824 to sell or mortgage the pro- perty, and build a chapel and parsonage-houses for the ministers attached to the new churches, with the produce ; but it was in- dignantly scouted by the inhabitants. On May 9, 1798, a dreadful fire broke out in one of the build- ings belonging to Mr. D. Smith's timber-yard, in Pedlar's-acre, which destroyed the workshops and four dwelling-houses ; the amount of the loss was estimated at 1,000/. In Pedlar's-acre are the Steam Flour Mills of Messrs. Cook and Co. In this street is coade's artificial stone manufactory, established in 1769. The premises are very extensive, and the composition is calculated to answer every purpose of stone carv- ing, having a property peculiar to itsejf of resisting the frost, and consequently of retaining that sharpness in which it excels every kind of stone sculpture. This extensive concern has re- cently been purchased by Messrs. Croggan and Co. who are removing it to the New Road leading from Somers Town to Paddington. Amongst other works which have been executed at this manufactory, is the celebrated Gothic screen in St. € At that rent it was let for 2 1 years, at a fine of 5/. d Payable quarterly. ST. JOHN S DISTRICT. 301 George's Chapel, at Windsor, supporting the organ gallery ; also the Gothic front, and the three statues of King Edward, Madonna and Child, and St. George and the Dragon, on the west front of the Chapel ; the arms, &c. of the Trinity-house ; of the barracks at Windsor, York, and Northampton ; the Queen's Guard-house in St. James's Park ; also of the barracks throughout Scotland ; and different works in the gardens and on the screen of Carlton-house, &c. Near King's-arms stairs in College-street, in 1694-, after a great flood, was found a gold ring, weighing the value of forty shillings, which was left near the sand in the bank ; it was shewn to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. Theobald in 1727. The inscription (in old French) on the seal part, round a dove with an olive-branch in his mouth, which falls over his back, " CDenci tie mop," — Think of me. Within the circle, "Debon cor," — With heart, or heartily. The road that runs parallel with the river is now called Bel- videre-road, and is undergoing great improvements, by taking down the old buildings, and substituting new and elegant houses in their stead. The former appellation of this place was Nar- row Wall, to distinguish it from Broad Wall, which runs from the river, and protected the ground in Christ-church parish from the Marsh. Belvidere-road, or Narrow Wall, is an ancient way, as it is depicted in old views of London, 1588 ; as is Vine-street and the Cornwall-road ; but no houses seem to have been on either of them, with the exception of a few in and about Vine-street. In 1704-, Jacob Vanlee, alias Valentine Vanlee, gave four alms-houses on Narrow Wall for the poor of Lambeth, but the houses falling down, the ground was let in 1779 to John Wil- son, at 51. per ann. In 1786 it was let for 20/. and was then vested in the Rector and Churchwardens. In an old view of London, a building is represented called 308 st. john's district. " the Glass House." That there was a glass-house in this neigh- hourhood is well known, though the exact site is not ascer- tained. On the same side as Coade's factory is the LAMBETH WATER WORKS. In 1775 an Act of Parliament was passed for making Water- works on part of Belvidere wharf, formerly a garden, on the Narrow Wall, to supply Lambeth and parts adjacent with water from the Thames, which was carried into execution, and suc- ceeded well, except that complaints were made of the water being foul, which, after some time, was discovered to be owing to its being taken from the border of the river. The Company then obtained leave from the City of London to take the water from near the middle of the river, which they are enabled to do by an ingenious contrivance ; a pile was driven into the bed of the river, surrounded by a case and iron grates, which supply iron pipes laid in the bottom of the river from the pile to the steam engine on shore. The water is taken from two or three feet above the bed, and as much below the surface, to avoid any disagreeable substances sunk to the bottom, or floating on the top. This has been found to answer well, and it is to be re- gretted the South London Water-works Company do not adopt the same plan. The pile and its case are painted white, to avoid collison with barges. The premises are extensive, being, from the Belvidere-road to the river, a distance of 320 feet. There are two engines; one eighty horse power, from the factory of Messrs. Francis and Co. Eagle foundry, Birmingham ; it raises nine tons and a half of water per minute. The other is by Boul- ton and Watts, of 36 horse power, and raises six tons three hundred weight per minute. The piston of the large engine (double acting pump) is nine feet eight inches, and raises 260 gallons of water. This engine is one of the best in London, and is kept in excellent order. The whole of the premises are fire proof. In case of fire, water can be thrown into the main at five minutes notice. The present engineer is Mr. N. Shake- spear, an ingenious and well-informed mechanist. On the same side, a fine wet dock has been excavated by Mess. Maltby and Co. which will greatly promote the interests of commerce, by facilitating the loading and warehousing of goods. The numerous buildings and storehouses raised upon the spot, and the works now going on, are much admired for their soli- dity, plan, and architecture. A new Shot Factory is erecting at the side of this wharf. It is of a circular form, and, when finished, will be considerably higher than its neighbour. Opposite the site of the new dock and shot factory was an extensive building, recently pulled down, formerly a soap ma- TAUenM? J Yonlt J tithoo. NEW SHOT MANUFACTORY Belvidere "Road. Piihlifked lyJAStr. Xennmtfori ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. 309 nufactory, commenced by several enterprizing individuals, but from want of a sufficiently extensive connexion the speculation failed. The principal manager was a person of the name of Phelps. Passing beneath the Waterloo-bridge-road, by an arch turned in an admirable manner, we arrive on a spot celebrated as a place of public amusement. It was opened in the middle of the last century, and called cuper's gardens, which in 1636 was the garden of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, and continued so until 1649. At the former period he occupied the Prince's meadow, adjoining the east side of the said garden. It is supposed he had a house on this garden ; but we have no account thereof, and it is imagined that he gave this estate to Jesus College, Oxford, as the Members of the College were afterwards the possessors. In an old plan of the " Liberty of Parris Garden,'' in the possession of W. Bray, Esq. F. S. A. the ground now known as Cuper's Garden, is called the Earl of Arun- del's ; and there is a placp pointing towards rt, marked as the Earl of Arundel's walk, between two rows of trees, which seem to be entered through a gateway at the end next Lambeth town. There does not appear to be a house on either part of it. Through the kind permission of the possessor of this curious drawing, I am enabled to present the annexed engraving. The gardens received their name from Boydell Cuper, the Earl's gardener, by whom they were afterwards rented. The enter- tainments consisted of fireworks, illuminations, and music, par- ticularly with the performance of a celebrated musician on the harp, whose name was Jones. The gardens were ornamented with several mutilated statues, the refuse of the collection brought by the Earl of Arundel from Italy. On its suppression in 1753, the more valuable part of the marbles above-mentioned were bought by Lord Leinster, father of the first Earl of Pom- fret, and presented by the earl's widow to the University of Oxford. On the pulling down of Arundel house, on the other side of the river, to make way for the street of that name, these, and several others of the damaged part of the collection, were removed to Cuper's Garden. Numbers were left on the ground near the river's side, and overwhelmed with the rubbish brought from the foundation of the new cathedral church of St. Paul. These in after times were discovered, dug up, and conveyed to the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, Worksop manor. Injured as they are, they appear, from the etchings given in Nichols's History of Lambeth, to have had great merit. The refuse of the collection was removed in the year 1717, having been purchased for 75/. from John Cuper by Mr. Waller, of Bcaconsfield, and Mr. Freeman, of Faw ley Court. Those 310 ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. which remained were covered with rubbish. They were after- wards dug out by Mr. Theobald, a subsequent proprietor of the premises, and most of them were given by him to the Earl of Burlington, who took them to Chiswick ; the remainder was sent to Worksop, the seat of his Grace the Duke of Norfolk. There was also a place called Belvidere, but Mr. Nichols seems to think that it is the same with Cuper's Gardens. This is very probable, from its situation " over against York Build- ings." The following lines from Welsted's Epistle to Lord Pem- broke, " On False Fame," will shew the kind of estimation in which Cuper's Gardens were held in 1732: " The light coquettish trip ! the glance askew ! To slip the vizor, and to skulk anew ! For Cuper's Bowers, she hires the willing scull ; A cockswain's now, and now a sharper's trull ! A different face, by turns, or dress does borrow, To day a Quaker, and in weeds to-morrow ! At windows twitters, or from hacks invites; While here a 'prentice, there a captain bites ; With new success, new 'ffrontery she attains ; And grows in riot, as she grows in gains : In tavern brawls, the shatter'd crystal flings ; Swears with the rake, and with the drunkard sings ; Shameless at length, that was but loose before ; A fleering, faithless, fluttering, flimsy w e ! When, lo ! at Hamsted Wells, Lord Lovemore spy'd The mimic charmer, in her plaster'd pride ; He saw, he lov'd, his eyes his passion tell ; And what he likes, the world must own a belle. Swift thro' the town th' affected murmurs go ; And Caelia's praise is caught from beau to beau. Now, the rich equipage her pride proclaims ; The tissue brightens, and the diamond flames. Low bows the mercer, as her chariot flies ! Each booby stares, and every coxcomb dies." Afterwards,MarkBeaufoy, esq. erected spacious premises on the site of the Gardens, for the manufacture of English wines, and carried it on to a most surprising extent, paying to the College a rent of about 1,200/. per annum. Mr. Pennant says, " I can scarcely say how much I was struck with the extent of the un- dertaking. There is a magnificence of business, in this ocean of sweets and sours, that cannot fail exciting the greatest admi- ration : whether we consider the number of vessels, or their size. The boasted tun at Heidelberg does not surpass them. On first entering the yard, two rise before you, covered at the st. John's district. 311 top with a thatched dome ; between them is a circular turret, including a winding staircase, which brings you to their sum- mits, which are about twenty-four feet in diameter. One of these conservatories is full of sweet wine, and contains fifty- eight thousand one hundred and nine gallons ; or eighteen hun- dred and fifteen barrels of Winchester measure. Its superb associate is full of vinegar, to the amount of fifty-six thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine gallons, or seventeen hundred and seventy-four barrels, of the same standard as the former. The famous German vessel yields even to the last by the quan- tity of forty barrels, a "Besides these, is an avenue of lesser vessels, which hold from thirty-two thousand five hundred to sixteen thousand nine hun- dred and seventy-four gallons each. After quitting this Brob- dignagian scene, we pass to the acres covered with common barrels; we cannot diminish our ideas so suddenly, but at first we imagined we could quaff them off as easily as Gulliver did the little hogsheads of the kingdom of Lilliput." An engraving of this manufactory is here presented by permission of the Trus- tees of the British Museum. The original drawing is in Crole's illustrated Pennant's History of London. On the building of Waterloo Bridge, Messrs. Beaufoy re- moved their manufactory to more extensive premises at South Lambeth. The house on the left, after passing through the arch, and now belonging to Messrs. Browning, extensive timber mer- chants, was the residence of Mark Beaufoy, his premises ex- tending southward towards the church. On the site of this house and premises was the garden and residence of Sir Peter Rich, who was buried in Lambeth church, with a monument. Near Cuper's-bridge was established in 1806, an institution, called '* The Refuge for the Destitute," for the purpose of pro- viding an asylum for persons discharged from prison, or from the hulks, for unfortunate and deserted females, and others who, from loss of character or extreme indigence, cannot pro- cure an honest maintenance, though willing to work. In the first three years after its establishment, out of nearly 600 ap- plicants, 250 were admitted, and 100 relieved out of the house. Of those who left the house, some were restored to their friends, and others placed in situations, and enabled to gain an honest livelihood. Upon the Act of Parliament passing for building a bridge here, the Society removed to more extensive premises near Hackney ; certainly a more airy and preferable situation. a According to Mr. Keysler, the Heidelberg vessel holds two hundred and four tuns. 312 st. John's district. In tliis part of the parish was erected a Saw-mill during the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, which was such a rarity in Eng- land (being perhaps the first of the kind) that Cromwell often went to see it, and was so much pleased with the contrivance, that, notwithstanding the clamour of several artificers about it, he got it confirmed by Act of Parliament. It stood in Belisderes Gardens ; probably another name for Cuper's Gardens. In the spring of 1810 an Act of Parliament was passed to enable his present Majesty, then Prince Regent, to grant leases for 99 years, of the land called " The Prince's Meadow," con- taining 28 acres, 3 roods, and 10 perches, near Cuper's-bridge, part of the Duchy of Cornwall. The land produced at that time to the lessees a rent of about 3,200/. but, on the expiration of the existing leases, which had five or six years to run, it was calculated to produce 5,076/. a year. According to the custom of the Duchy of Cornwall, the Prince had power to let leases for thirty-one years, at a small rent, taking a fine. The Act sanctioned this custom, and the land was advertised to be let for a term of 93 years and a half from the 10th of October 1815, for the purpose of building a town, to be called Prince's Town. The particulars described the land as having a front- age of about 1250 feet on the river Thames, and about 1200 feet on the road leading from the intended bridge towards the obelisk in St. George's Fields. The whole was divided into twenty-five lots, to each of which was affixed a proportion of the annual rent of 5076/. (at which it had been valued), which by the Act was directed to be reserved ; but, instead of such rent being made payable during the whole of the term, it was to be commuted (except as to a small portion of rent) by a fine, in consideration of full rent not to commence till the ex- piration of twenty-five years and a half from 10th of October 1815, leaving the full amount of the rent to be payable during the last sixty-eight years of the term. The rents were fixed, but the amount of the fine to be paid was left open to the bid- ding of such persons as should be desirous of taking the pro- perty, and they were at liberty to deliver proposals for the whole, or any one or more of the lots, on or before the-20th of May 1810, on which day the proposals would be taken into consideration ; but in the event of the whole estate being taken by one person, he was to be at liberty to make such arrange- ment thereof as he might think proper, subject to the erection of such substantial buildings within twenty years, as, in the opi- nion of the Officers of the Duchy, would be sufficient to secure the rent of 5,076/. The whole was taken by Messrs. Thomas and John Lett, timber merchants, who were tenants of part of the premises, for which they paid a fine of 55,000/. They pur- ST. JOHN S DISTRICT. 313 chased the existing leases, and have already expended many thousand pounds in erecting buildings agreeable to the plan, a One of the most conspicuous objects from the river is the MANUFACTORY FOR PATENT SHOT. It is situated near Waterloo Bridge, and established about the year 1789 by Messrs. Watts. The principle of making this shot, is to let it fall from a great height, that it may cool and harden in its passage through the air, to such a degree as not to lose its spherical shape by the pressure of the water in which it is received below. The height of the tower at this manufac- tory is 140 feet, and the shot falls 123 feet. It is now in the possession of Messrs. Walkers, Parker, and Co. On the same side, further up the road, is the extensive tim- ber-yard of Messrs. Lett, and a commodious family residence attached. In 1811, in making a dock ou their premises, they dug up a collossal female figure and other fragments, part of the collection before-mentioned. The premises were formerly in the occupation of Mr. Peter Theobald, b Of the extensive timber-yards in this neighbourhood Mr. Pennant says, " One would fear that the forests of Norway and the Baltic would be exhausted, to supply the want of our over- * A copy of tliis Plan is engraved in Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, >1. iii. p. 657. b Ibid. vol. iii. -4 S 1 . 2s 314 ST. JOHN S DISTRICT. grown capital, were we not assured, that the resources will suc- cessively be increasing equal to the demand of succeeding ages." From an engraving made in Amsterdam, in the reign of Wil- liam and Mary, the part next the river is mentioned as " all wood-yards." In Duke-street, leading on the right from the Commercial- road, are the extensive MACHINE PRINTING OFFICES of Mr. Augustus Applegath, employing upwards of 100 per- sons. The premises are extensive, and unite the type-found- ing, stereotyping, composing, and printing ; the last executed by a statm engine working several presses. Here is printed various and extensive works, both for Government and private individuals, among which are the John Bull and Examiner news- papers, Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, the Every Day Book, b and the Scientific Gazette. c A chapel, which adjoins the premises in Duke-street, and was used by the Independents, has recently been purchased, and now forms part of the printing office. d The great importance of this improved method of printing over the old system must be obvious to any one acquainted with the " art and mysterie " of printing, and therefore a concise account of the origin of Machine Printing is presented. Few of the mechanical arts seem to have made such rapid progresses to perfection as that of printing. For centuries after the invention little seems to have been attempted in point of improvement, and nothing discovered of material use ; in- deed, in all the essentials of printing, many of the earlier pro- ductions of the press equal any thing that has since been pro- duced. When the taste for printing in better style began to gain ground, it was soon found that the common press was defi- cient in the necessary power to produce numbers with sufficient dispatch, and to present the impressions of an equal colour. After various improvements, amongst whom are conspicuous the names of Earl Stanhope, Mr. Ruthven, a printer of Edinburgh, and Mr. G. Clymer, of Philadelphia (who invented what is called the Columbian Press, and which is in general use), as improvers b This register of the " Living manners as they rise," and chronicle of the " Deeds of olden Time," is a curious and perfectly original work, and reflects great credit on Mr. Hone, its ingenious author. c Conducted by Mr. Partington, of the London Institution, an elegant and valuable work, illustrated with numerous engravings, and containing papers from various eminent men both at home and abroad. d Strange to say, it has not altered its title, the technical term for a printing office being a chapel, from the first printer, Caxton, working in a chapel attached to Westminster Abbev. ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. 315 of the art, came the grand invention of working a press by steam. The cylindrical mode of printing, which, in contradis- tinction to the old process by the press, is called machine print- ing, was invented by the late Mr. William Nicholson, well- known in the scientific and literary world. He obtained a pa- tent, dated the 29th of April 1790, " for a machine or instru- ment for printing on paper, linen, cotton, woollen, and other articles, in a more neat, cheap, and accurate manner than is effected by the machines now in use." It does not appear that his plans and experiments ended in any actual practical result, as it required the types to be so formed as to be fixed upon the surface of a cylinder. Another machine for printing was in- vented by Messrs. Bacon and Donkin, for which they obtained a patent in the year 1813. This machine is so far different from Mr. Nicholson's, that in place of the types being required to be cast so as to be arranged on the surface of a cylinder, they are firmly fixed in pages upon the surface of a revolving prism, having four, five, or any required number of sides. Shortly after the patent was procured, one of these machines was employed in the University of Cambridge, for printing Bibles and Prayer Books, but its structure, though very inge- nious, was too complicated, and too liable to derangement, to give any hopes of its being generally adopted ; and the subse- quent invention of a machine upon a different principle, and of which the moving power was steam, has rendered prior inven- tions of comparatively little value. This ingenious application of machinery to the operation of printing, was firstbroughttobearby M.Konig, a native of Saxony, and a printer. M. Kbnig is said to have, many years ago, turned his attention to this subject, though his first efforts were bound- ed to give an accelerated motion to the common press. Whe- ther he was indebted to Mr. Nicholson for his elementary prin- ciples, or whether almost the same ideas spontaneously occurred to each individual, is a question that can only be satisfactorily solved by the former. Thus much is certain, that M. Konig's labours were the first that produced any fruit : and surely more is due to him who, after years of persevering toil, succeeds in the application of hitherto unapplied principles than to one of whom we can only say, that he was simply the first to suggest ideas. M. Kbnig soon found from the nature of the undertak- ing, considering the state of scientific pursuits in his native land, he could calculate on little success unaided by others, and fail- ing in his application for encouragement and support at the hands of the most eminent printers in several of the continen- tal capitals, he turned his eyes towards England. Arriving in London about 1801, he submitted his scheme to several prin- ters of repute, who, not being disposed to incur the risk of pro- 316 st. John's district. perty, which a series of experiments were sure to entail, and perhaps placing little confidence in a successful issue, received his overtures very coolly : and it is probable his applications in this country would have shared the fate of similar attempts abroad, had he not finally been introduced to Mr. Bensley, senior, who, attracted by Mr. Konig's plans, speedily entered into an arrangement with him. After a short course of expe- riments on the fabrication of a press which should have accele- rated motion, and at the same time render the work of the man who inks the type unnecessary, the above gentlemen were join- ed by Mr. G. Woodfall and Mr. R. Taylor, both printers, the former of whom, however, soon retired ; the remaining three, in no wise discouraged by the tediousness and expence, which all who are conversant with the progress of any invention in machinery well know to be unavoidable, persevered amidst un- foreseen perplexities, which were doubtless not diminished by the parties' deficiency in practical mechanical knowledge. It was at length discovered, that the intended improvement of the common press could not be brought to bear, and that much la- bour and prodigious expence would be thrown away, unless more radical alterations were invented. Cylindrical printing was now thought of, and after some two or three years of re- newed exertion, a small machine was brought forth, the cha- racteristic of which was, that instead of the printing being pro- duced by a flat impression (similar to the press), the sheet passed between a large roller and the types still flat ; and in lieu of the old fashioned balls, used by hand to beat over the types, and so to communicate the ink to their surface, skins were strained round smaller rollers, on which it was contrived to spread the ink, and under which the form, i. e. the frame in which the types are fixed, passed in its way to the printing cy- linder. Considerable promise of success attended this produc- tion ; and, after continued experiments, it was deemed practi- cable to extend the general principles to a more powerful ma- chine. To print a newspaper was considered highly desirable, and on exhibiting to Mr. Walter, proprietor of the Times news- paper, the machine already erected, and showing what further improvements were contemplated, an agreement was entered into with that gentleman for the erection of two large machines for printing his Journal. So secret had been the operations of the patentees, that the first public intimation of their invention was given to the reader of the Times, on Monday the 28th of November 1814, who was told that he then held in his hand one of many thousand impressions thrown off by steam. At this time but few persons knew of any attempt going on for the attainment of the above object ; whilst among those connected ST. JOHN'S DISTRICT. 317 with printing, it had often been talked of, but treated as chime- rical. The machines at the Times office, cumbrous and complicated as subsequent improvements have made them appear, are yet in many respects admirably adapted to the purpose for which they were erected, and it is believed will out last many contrivances for printing which have been since brought out. The next advance in improvement was tbe manufacture of a machine for Messrs. Bensley, distinguished from those before mentioned by the mode of perfecting (or printing on both sides), so that the sheet of white paper is placed in the feeder and de- livered from the machine, printed on both sides! In addition to the essential difference between this machine and those previ- ously made, it came forth with many obvious improvements, though still unquestionably complex ; — and for the first attempt at effecting register (causing the pages to fall precisely on the back of one another), a greater degree of success than might have been expected, was attained, subsequent experience shew- ing the many difficulties to be surmounted in the accomplish- ment of this object. Deficiencies were now detected in the inking : the strained skins wre found uneven in their surface, and attempts were made to clothe the rollers with an elastic preparation of glue, treacle, &c. which has at length attained perfection. But the greatest improvement which the printing machine has received was in the mode of inking the types, invented by Mr. Cowper ; so superior was it to the machinery used for this purpose in Messrs. Bensley's machine, that they immediately adopted it, and it has continued in use to the present moment. Subse- quently to the fire which consumed Messrs. Bensley's premises in 1819, this machine was purchased by Mr. Applegath, who applied other improvements to it, by which its powers of print- ing were doubled — the cylinders now printing the sheets of pa- per at every revolution, whereas before they printed only at every other revolution. This machine also possesses extraor- dinary powers, it being capable of printing 3,600 sheets on both sides per hour, or 7/200 impressions ; it is not, however, re- quired to work at so rapid a rate. It was re-purchased from Mr. Applegath by Mr. Benjamin Bensley, and re-placed in the printing room at Bolt-court ; and from the solidity of its con- struction and excellent workmanship it is likely to continue a useful machine for many years. The printing machines now used by Mr. Applegath appear sus- ceptible of little improvement. They produce excellent work, and the movements arc attended with certainty and dispatch. Thedou- ble, or perfecting machine throwing off 800to 1,400 sheets, printed on both sides, within the hour, and the single machine delivering 318 ST. JOHN S DISTRICT. 1,000 to 2,400 done on one side ; which in cases where one form of the types (as in newspapers) is ready to be worked off while the last side is preparing, is attended with the greatest advan- tage, since the rate of delivery thereby becomes doubled. a Messrs. Applegath and Cowper's machines are used in print- ing the Morning Herald, the Morning Chronicle, the St. James's Chronicle, English Chronicle, at the King's Printers, Mr. Bald- win's, Mr. Clowes', and Mr. Bensley's (now Messrs. Mills and Co.) printing-offices in London ; also at the Impnmerie Royale, and several private offices in Paris and at St. Petersburgh. The annexed engraving represents one of Applegath and Cowper's Printing Machines, which was made by them for Mr. Benjamin Bensley, and which has been erroneously given in the Literary Gazette and other periodical publications as Bens- ley's printing machine. Nearly opposite Duke-street, in Stamford-street, are the Schools of the BENEVOLENT SOCIETY OF ST. PATRICK. It is a neat brick building, the centre consisting of the com- mittee rooms and apartments for the master, mistress, &c. the wings are the school rooms, and are extensive. This Society was formed in 1784, by a number of noblemen and gentlemen, Literary Gazette, No. 301. g a* wo H r/i ■ I m 2. » - > o u < u st. John's district. 319 natives of, or connected by property or alliance with Ireland, for the purpose of educating and clothing children, born within the Bills of Mortality, of Irish parents. For many years these children were placed at schools dispersed in different parts of London, but through the continued liberality of the supporters of this charity, the Committee, who superintend its administra- tion, have been enabled to erect a structure in Stamford-street, Blackfriars-road, where four hundred children of either sex are now educated. Of these, the whole are partially, and the greater number completely clothed once a year, besides being supplied with additional shirts, shoes, and stockings, at the com- mencement of the winter season. Having been educated, a fee is paid for placing them apprentices, and they receive a premium, if they faithfully serve through the period for which they are bound. His Majesty has contributed upwards of 3,250/. to the funds of this charity, since its formation. Passing the last building, on the right is Broad-wall, formerly Angel-street ; this road is not in the parish of Lambeth, neither are the houses, a ditch running behind them being the boun- dary ; there is nothing worthy of notice; the neighbourhood consists of the poorer classes. Mr. Henry Hunt, of political notoriety, has an extensive manufactory here for those useful articles, roasted corn, herb tea and tobacco, blacking and ink ; several furnaces are constantly employed in parching the corn. Passing the New Cut and the intervening streets, we arrive at the Westminster-road, opposite the Asylum for Female Orphans, (which not being in this district, we do not describe at present)} on the right is the extensive factory of Messrs. Maudslays, supposed to be the most complete in the kingdom. Steam en- gines, tanks for shipping, and all works connected with various factories, are here executed in the best manner. They occa- sionally employ upwards of two hundred men. Near the site of this factory formerly stood the Apollo Gar- dens. They were opened in 1788, by Mr. Claggett, proprietor of the Pantheon in Oxford-street ; it had one spacious room ele- gantly fitted up, and decorated in taste suitably to its intention. The gardens consisted of a number of elegant pavilions or alcoves, well adapted for the accommodation of different companies ; they were ornamented chiefly with a succession of paintings, relating to romantic histories, particularly the different adven- tures of Don Quixotte. It had a fine orchestra. The place being ultimately converted into a receptacle for loose and dis- solute characters, the magistracy very properly suppressed it about the year 1791. Pursuing our course along the road leading to Westminster- bridge, on the right is Oakley-street ; in this street, about half way down, is a public house called the Oakley Arms. It is 320 st. John's district. noted for a treasonable conspiracy which was held there inl802, and caused a considerable ferment in the country. At that period, Oakley-street was a back private street with no tho- roughfare ; the whole of the ground on which the Coburg Theatre, and a considerable portion of the present Waterloo- road, was then garden-ground and fields. The leader in this conspiracy was Colonel Despard, a native of Queen's County, Ireland, who was born in 1750 or 1751, and was for thirty-four years employed in a civil or military capacity under Govern- ment, and honoured with the thanks of several General Officers, of the Governor, Council, and House of Assembly, in Jamaica, and of the King himself, for very important services. But by the misrepresentation of certain persons at Honduras, from whose charges of grossest injustice, tyranny, and oppression, he had not been permitted to clear himself; after eight years at- tendance on all the departments of Government, was at last told that there was no charge against him worthy of investigation ; that his Majesty had thought proper to abolish the office of Superintendant at Honduras, otherwise he should have been reinstated in it ; but he was then, and on every occasion, as- sured that his services were not forgotten, and would receive their reward. In all his attempts, for nearly eight years, to get his accounts settled with Government, he had been equally fruitless and unsuccessful, though he had claims to a large amount. After being kept several weeks in confinement, in the spring of 1798, he was released, no charge being substan- tiated against him ; but immediately after the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, he was again arrested, but was subse- quently discharged. Maddened with his misfortunes, he in the latter part of 1802 formed an extravagant scheme to overturn the Government. The place of rendesvouz was the Oakley Arms ; here, along with several other misguided and ignorant men, he issued various seditious papers to seduce the military. He also administered oaths of a rebellious character to his ad- herents ; at last he was taken prisoner on the 16th of November 1802, and was tried the 7th of February following, when he, and the rest of them were found guilty ; although the present Lord Chief Justice Best made a most ingenious and eloquent defence. Colonel Despard and five of his companions were executed at the top of the County Gaol, Horsemonger-lane, on February 21, 1803. Thus ended the life of the brave and un- fortunate, but rash Despard ; a man of a good heart and dispo- sition, and of whom Lord Nelson said on his trial, that if he had been asked his opinion of Colonel Despard, he would have said, " If he is still alive, he is an ornament to the English army." His body was decently interred in the churchyard of St. Pancras, Middlesex. ST. JOHN S DISTRICT. 321 Returning from Oakley-street on the right, in Mount-row, near the turnpike, was another place of public amusement, simi- lar to the one just mentioned. It was called the Temple of Flora, and was situated about the middle of the Terrace called Mount-row ; it commenced about the same time as the Apollo Gardens, and was beautifully fitted up with alcoves and exotics ; and concerts of music were given each evening ; it at length, like the rest, became a place of assignation for loose and dis- solute people and was ultimately suppressed by the Magistracy. We now arrive at the turnpike, at the entrance to Lambeth Marsh, the lodge of which exhibits a neat piece of workman- ship, and which appears by the date, to have been erected in 1797, J. Middleton, architect. Here ends our route and survey of St. John's District. 2 t \ 322 st. mart's district. CHAPTER X. District of St. Mary, or Lambeth Church District. No portion of the parish of Lambeth deserves or claims the attention of the antiquary or topographer so much as this Dis- trict ; it is filled with curious objects ; and it is hoped that the history of them, compiled with considerable care and research, will gratify the reader. WESTMINSTER BRIDGE. The inhabitants of Westminster being of opinion that abridge across the river Thames at their city would be of great advan- tage to them, petitioned Parliament, in 1735, for power to erect one. Their petition having been taken into consideration, an Act was passed for the building of Westminster bridge. The first stone was laid on the 29th of January, 1738-9, by the Right Hon. the Earl of Pembroke. The architect was Mr. Charles Labelye, a native of Switzerland, but a natu- ralized subject of England. The bridge consists of 13 semicir- cular arches, besides a small one at each end. The length is /223 feet, breadth 44, allowing 7 feet for each foot way, and 30 for carriages. The centre arch is 76 feet, each adjoining 72, decreasing in a gradation of 4 feet, making the two last of the large ones 52, and those in the abutments about 20. The rrfiddle piers 17 feet, with a decrease of one foot in each, till the last is 12 feet at the spring of the arch. It cost 389,500/. part of which was raised by several lotteries, the rest being granted by Parliament. It was opened Nov. 17, 1750, which happening on a Sunday, and the circumstance not being disco- vered till it was too late to alter it, the commissioners, to make the best of it, had the ceremony performed when the clock had struck twelve on the Saturday night, with flambeaux, drums, trumpets, and cannon. There are recesses over each pier, built in the form of al- coves, which are designed as places of shelter in bad weather, and retirement in case of accidental danger in the passage. Mr. Pennant says, " In this bridge grandeur and simplicity are united. Fault has been found with the great height of the balustrades, which deny to the passengers a clear view of the noble expanse of water, and the fine objects, especially to the st. mary's district. 323 east, which are scattered with no sparing hand. I cannot agree with the happy thought of the French traveller, a who assures us, that the cause was to prevent the suicide to which the Eng- lish have so strong a propensity, particularly in the gloomy month of November ; for had they been low, how few could resist the charming opportunity of springing over; whereas at present, the difficulty of climbing up these heights is so great, that the poor hypochondriac has time to cool ; and, desisting from his glorious purpose, thinks proper to give his days their full length, and end them like a good Christian in his peaceful bed." It is constructed of the best materials, and in a neat and ele- gant taste. A person on one side the bridge, standing under the recess, and turning his face to the stone work, may, without raising his voice, hold a conversation with one standing in like manner under the opposite recess, at a time when no carriages are passing.':* The roadway has recently been covered with broken granite, upon the plan of Mr. M'Adam. The bridge is undergoing a thorough repair. Three celts were found in digging the foundations of this bridge. Adjoining this bridge is a street called Stangate, and here, Antiquaries generally agree, a Roman road crossed the river. The Watling-street, from Kent, has been supposed to have ended at St. Mary Overie's dock, whence there was a passage over the river to Dowgate, where the Watling street was con- tinued ; and to the west of St. Saviour's church is still a lane called Stoney street. But there was in Middlesex, from Hamp- stead, a branch of the Watling-street that had its direction to Westminster, and from this there was a passage across the river to Lambeth ; and, as it seems most probable, to Stangate, where it would communicate with the causeway that branched from the above-mentioned Watling street out of Kent. A no- tion has prevailed with several eminent antiquaries, that the late common horseferry above Lambeth palace was the passage frequented by the Romans. Mr. Bray, who advanced this no- tion, and yet conceives Stangate street to mark the line of this causeway, could not have attended to the considerable distance there is between Stangate and the Horseferry. Mr. Denne, also, was of this opinion, and remarks that another strong reason might be added to those already adduced, from the manner in a M. Grosley's Tour to London, vol. i. 27, 28. h Monthly Mag. Nov. 1 SI 1, p. 341. c Archceologia, vol. v. p. III. 82+ st. mary's district. which Bishop Gibson, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, mentions the Roman highway, which was in his time visible ; for he immediately annexes it to the account of the college built by Archbishop Baldwin, on the site of part of which pre- mises Carlisle House near Stangate is placed ; and he seems to speak of this road as lying between that house and Southwark. It is, however, to be wished that, as he must have observed the road, he had marked it with more precision ; and it is likewise to be regretted, that the places were not more accurately no- ticed, where the urn, presented to the Royal Society, and divers other Roman remains, were dug up about forty years before Aubrey wrote his History of Surrey .a Dugdale, indeed, has mentioned that the two pieces of brick pavement, one of them very curious, which he saw in 1653, were in what was called Southwark park, at the back of Winchester house, b and it may, therefore, be reasonably inferred that near it there might be a way communicating between the east and west ferry, be- tween what is now called Southwark and Stangate ; though it should seem, by the essay above cited, that there were, when the compiler wrote it, some remains between Newington green, and Lambeth, of the Kent Watling-street. Thus far Mr. Denne. The least consideration would nullify the opinion of a road being made between Southwark and Stangate, on account of the wet and marshy state of the land. It is most probable, in my opinion, that the road was a branch of the Kent Wat- ling street, which turned off at New Cross or Deptford, and crossed the fields by St. Thomas a Watering, where in making the canal from Croydon to Rotherhithe, a great quantity of chalk and faggots were thrown up, evidently part of an ancient causeway. From thence to Newington church, where, in mak- ing a drain in the summer of last year, a few yards north of the church, a quantity of chalk carefully laid on faggotts, was thrown up ; from thence across St. George's Fields, by Carlisle house to Stangate, which completes my idea of the route of this road. That the Romans should go to the unnecessary trouble of making a road from one ferry to another seems to me very improbable, especially when we consider the state of the ground. The most probable idea is, that this road was a branch of the Watling-street. A new private road is now making for the convenience of his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury. It is to run from Stan- gate, at the back of the Mitre, to the back of the Jolly Sawyers. The road will then extend over the gardens to Lambeth palace. Aubrey, vol. v. p. 164. b Hist, of Embanking, p. 65. 7M>*W . S/- -7/V J . fy X^X:&.i.-J„iaTa.'/7fl/t£ I'tctltrr 6yt S*&!ZZi+m/. 7" .'A, / '■/' >,V/w*v/ 71, . .'/A' B< st. mary's district. 325 This project, under judicious arrangement, might be made highly advantageous to the public. The walk on the banks of the river will become a beautiful promenade, in case it should border a gay public road leading over the pleasure grounds of Lambeth palace, to the main road. It is understood that con- siderable improvements are in contemplation, and that a carriage road, which has been long wanted, will be carried from the foot of Westminster-bridge through Lambeth to Vauxhall. It is said the tower, used as a prison for the Lollards and refractory ecclesiastics, is to come down ; but this, we sincerely hope, is untrue. On the side of the river are the extensive barge-houses be- longing to his Majesty, the Admiralty and the City of London ; and several of the City Companies have barge-houses here on lease from the Archbishop of Canterbury ; some eminent boat- builders have large premises extending from the highway to the edge of the river. An old house called the Mitre adds to the picturesque and pleasing prospect as we obtain a view of the river, Westminster Abbey and Hall, from the road after having passed the houses next the river. In this row of houses, facing the river, is one lately inhabited by Mr. Hubert, which popular tradition assigns as the residence of the celebrated Mrs. Eleanor G Wynne, mistress of Charles II. In cleaning out a drain at the back of this house two spoons were discovered. By some marks on them I should be inclined to think they had belonged to some of the Stuarts. Proceeding on, is seen a public-house called the Two Sawyers apparently built early in the last century. A provincial token engraved in Nichols's History, is here presented. There is no doubt it was intended for this house, as the banks of the river are called Narrow, to distinguish them from the Broad Wall which has been mentioned before. Probably the new plantation, mentioned thereon, was some addition made to the Archbishop's gardens. A curious circumstance occurred in 1728 connected with this place. It appeared that on Friday night, July 19, 172S, Mr. Nathaniel Bostock, formerly a goldsmith, and afterwards a broker in Exchange Alley, was barbarously murdered upon the causeway between the Thames and the Archbishop's palace. 326 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. It was about 1 1 o' clock when he was murdered ; for about that hour two boys in a boat near the place heard a man beg most vehemently to have his life spared, upon which they called out murder, but no help was near. In the morning his hat and wig were found upon the place all bloody, and cut in several pieces, and the wall was besprinkled with gore. This account, it sub- sequently appears, turned out to be false ; for about the middle of August, 1729, he was discovered to have resided, ever since the time of the supposed murder, near Truro, in Cornwall, un- der the name of Thomas Thornton, Esq. He was discovered through sending up four East India bonds, which were to be paid oft'; but were stopped by the Company in consequence of the report of the murder and robbery. A commission of bank- ruptcy was taken out against him, and a warrant was sent to bring him up. We will now retrace our steps to the Bridge-road ; and, turn- ing on our right arrive at a place of public entertainment, called astley's amphitheatre. It was built by the late Philip Astley, Esq. an uneducated but enterprizing man, with a strong mind and acute understand- ing, remarkable for eccentric habits, and peculiarity of manners, who built at different periods of his life, at his own cost, and for his own purposes, nineteen theatres. As the history of the Amphitheatre is almost identified with that of his life, a short PHILIP ASTLE Y. Bom Jan? 8^174 2 'Twos Tiere the Fainters Task to trace But the mere Semblance of his Face , The Portrait of whose Mmdjnore true, L of his own Work presents to vietv. st. mary's district. 327 memoir of him will not be inapplicable* He was a man of strong muscular powers, above six feef in height, of an imposing appearance ; but in the latter part of his life extremely corpu- lent. His voice was perfectly stentorian. He was born at Newcastle-under-Line in 1742, and came to London with his father, who was a cabinet-maker, in 1753 or 4, and worked at his father's business till 1759, when he enlisted in the 15th or Elliott's own light horse. By his scrupulous attention to dis- cipline, and his undaunted bravery, he became a great favorite in the regiment, and was particularly noticed by General Elliott (afterwards Lord Heathfield). He served seven years during the German war with high military reputation, and obtained the rank of serjeant-major ; but on the return of the army from the continent he solicited and obtained his discharge, with a most honourable certificate of service. During the time he was in the army he was made one of the rough riders, teacher and breaker to the regiment. His regiment, during the German war, being ordered for foreign service, while the cavalry horses were being landed at Hamburgh from flat-bottomed boats, one of the animals from fright sprang into the sea, and Astley, who observed it, seeing that the tide was carrying it rapidly away, plunged in, and catching the bridle swam back with the horse, and reached the shore with it in safety before the boat, from which the horse had leaped. He was made serjeant as a re- ward for this act of intrepidity. Again, at the disembarkation of the troops at the mouth of the Weser, he was the principal means of preserving several men and horses from imminent danger, from the accidental oversetting of a boat. At the battle of Emsdorff he took a royal standard of France, though his horse was shot under him ; but being re-mounted, he brought off his prize, in despite of an escort of the enemy's infantry, at least ten in number, by whom he was wounded. At the battle of Friedburgh, when in the advanced guard, which he had the ho- nour of commanding, he personally assisted under a very heavy fire, in bringing off the hereditary Prince of Brunswick, when his highness was wounded within the enemy's lines. These cir- cumstances are extracted from the certificate of service given to him with his discharge. While in the army Astley witnessed the performance of an itinerant equestrian named Johnson, and practised that species of riding during his service, and, when discharged, made it his profession. General Elliott gave him a charger, as a testimony of the high opinion he entertained of • From an account drawn Up by C. Dibdin, Esq. for Messrs. Britton and Pu- tin's Illustrations of the Public Buildings of London, a work which is equall* above my praise or censure. 328 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. him ; and with this horse and another which he purchased in Smithfield market, he commenced his equestrian performances in an open field, near the Halfpenny Hatch, Lambeth, for the gratuitous, but trifling contributions of those who were attracted to the spot by his hand-bills. To defray the expence of his exhibitions, he worked at the cabinet business during the time unemployed in his new professional pursuits, and also broke in horses. In process of time he engaged part of a large timber- yard, upon the site of which the present amphitheatre stands, inclosed it circularly with boarding, erected seats for an audi- ence, with a pent-house roof, sufficient to protect them from the rain, while he performed in a rope ring, assisted by the music of a drum and two fifes, under no roof but the canopy of hea- ven. Here he performed during the mornings ; in the even- ings he exhibited a learned horse, ombres chinoises, sleight of hand, &c. in a large room, No. 22, Piccadilly. The novelty of the entertainment drew a vast concourse of spectators, and the road on that side of the way was impassable in the morning, from the number of children and others that attended to get a peep at the exhibition through the apertures of the deal partition. The price of admission to the space within the railing of the ride was sixpence, a Through rigid economy he was enabled, eventually, to lend 200/. to his landlord, a timber merchant, the whole of the yard, and the timber in it, being mortgaged to him as a security. The borrower left England upon receiving the money, and was nevermore heard of. Astley, in due course of time, becoming possessed of the property by legal investure, sold the timber, and with the money, thus raised, increased by 60/., the produce of a large diamond i*ing, which he found at the foot of West- minster bridge, and which was never advertised by the loser, he erected in 1780 a roofed building with a commodious audi- tory, which he advertised to be opened as " The Amphitheatre Riding House ;" that building he enlarged at different periods, as his profits enabled him, till he covered the whole extent of the ground in his possession. The prices of admission were, boxes 2s. 6d„ pit I*. 6d., gallery 6d. The performances were at night. Mr. Astley, jun. as a boy, was an excellent rider, but was by no means so successful on the stage, where he usually performed in pieces of serious action. Mrs. Astley from her infancy was a very successful exhibitor on horseback, and was for many seasons the heroine of the serious pantomimes. Ast- ley having been informed that the Royal Circus, which was then building, would be opened with musical pieces and dancing, as » Londinia Ulustrata. st. mary's district. 329 well as horsemanship, to keep pace with his new rival, he added a stage and scenery to his riding circle, and opened on Easter Monday following with similar entertainments ; but not beino- licensed pursuant to the Act 25 Geo. II. he was imprisoned. He, however, obtained both his release and a licence through the late Lord Thurlow, to whose daughters he taught riding. He then enlarged his theatre, and called it the Royal Grove, from the auditory being painted to resemble a grove ; and upon a future alteration of the edifice, he again changed the name to the " Amphitheatre of Arts." The admission prices were now, for the boxes 45. pit l 2s. and gallery Is. That building on the 16th of August, 1794, during Mr. Astley 's abode on the Continent, as a volunteer with the army, a was burnt to the ground, with 19 adjoining houses. Unappalled by the calamity, although his property was scarcely, if at all, insured, he obtained leave of absence, came over to England, rebuilt his theatre, and opened it on the succeeding Easter Monday, 1795, under the designation of the " Royal Amphitheatre ; " his present Ma- jesty, then Prince of Wales, and the Duke of York patronising it. On Sept. 2, 1803, this building, with nearly 40 houses, was consumed by fire, with the loss of every thing, except the horses. But the most distressing circumstance, was the loss of Mrs. Woodham, the mother of Mrs. Astley. She was seen at the two pair of stairs window of the dwelling house in front, and a ladder was raised to extricate her. She appeared to intimate she had forgot something, which, it was conjectured was the receipts of the two previous nights performance (left in her care), and retreated for it, and almost immediately returned to the window, but the very instant she appeared, the floor fell in and she was lost. The fire broke out in the lamp-room, occasioned by some sparks from the fire-works, used the previous night, falling on the tow. The loss in the theatre was estimated at 30,000/. of which only 5,000/. was insured. Mr. Astley was at Paris when this event occurred, where he had a theatre. He returned to England, and with his ac- customed fortitude, perseverance, and celerity, he erected a new Amphitheatre time enough to open on Easter Monday 1804. He previously leased the property to his son, the late Mr. John Astley. He granted also a lease of the new amphitheatre to his son, who continued lessee during the remainder of his fa- a At the siege of Valenciennes he took a piece of ordnance drawn by four horses, with which the French, who had captured it, were bringing it away. The Duke of York, as a reward for his gallantry, gave him the horses, which he sold by auction on the field, and expended the produce in providing comfort! for the soldiers of his favourite troop, and others. The cannon was subsequently exhibited at his theatre. 2u 330 st. mary's district. ther's life. Mr. Astley, sen. went to Paris to dispose of the amphitheatre he had built there, and died Oct. 20, 1814, aged seventy-two, and was buried in the cemetery, called Pere la Chaise. On the 19th of October, 1821, his son, who went to Paris for his health, died in the same house, chamber, and bed where his father breathed his last. After Mr. John Astley's death Mr. William Davis, who had long been joint lessee with him, conducted the concern for himself, the widow of Mr. Ast- ley, jun. and her late husband's creditors, till the end of the season of 1824, when the lease expired, and the premises re- verted to the persons to whom Mr. Astley bequeathed it. The ground lease will expire in about 12 years, and then it devolves to the ground landlord. The rental of the last lease was 1000/. per annum. The present proprietors are Messrs. Ducrow and West, the former of whom is one of the most extraordinary equestrians that ever appeared in this country. The perform- ances are conducted with great spirit on the part of the pro- prietors, and is met with corresponding applause and support by the public. Many attempts have been made to keep this theatre open during the Winter season, but it has uniformly failed. The progressive improvement in the performances at this theatre, may be judged from the following extract of an adver- tisement of the exhibitions here in the year 1780, shortly after its first establishment as an inclosed theatre for evening enter- tainments : " Astley s Amphitheatre Riding House, Westmin- ster Bridge. This and every evening, will be presented the following pleasing amusements, with many new additions never exhibited in London. Doors to be opened at half past five, to begin at half past six o'clock precisely. Admittance, box 2s., upper box Is. 6d., pit Is., side gallery 6d. Part I. will consist of the Lilliputian World ; or Chinese Shadows : the whole being adapted to the place of exhibition. Scene I. a curious opera dancer, with all the new attitudes in a comic dance called the Dutch Woman. Scene II. the dock yard, with a representation of the several artists at work on a large ship, to conclude with a song on Admiral Rodney's victory over the Spaniards, by Mr. Connel. Scene III. the Lion catchers. Scene IV. the Broken Bridge, with a song by Mr. Wilkinson. Scene V. the Duck hunters. Scene VL the Storm, &c. The whole of the above exhibition to conclude with a hornpipe, in a most ex- traordinary manner. Between the acts of the Chinese shadows, will be presented an exhibition called the Theatre of Florence, representing several frontispieces of beautiful fireworks, which have been displayed in various parts of Europe. Part III. Horsemanship on a single horse, by Mr. Griffin, Mr. Jones, Mr. Miller, &c. Part IV. Tumbling and other agility of body, ST. mary's district. 331 by Mr. Nevit, Mr. Porter, Mr. Dawson, Mr. Garmon. Clown, Mr. Burt. Part V. Horsemanship on two and three horses, in a manner truly entertaining. Part VI. Slack Rope vaulting on full swing in different attitudes. Part VII. Polanders' tricks on chairs, ladders, &c. Part VIII. the Clown on horseback, with several parts of horsemanship burlesqued. Part IX. the Taylor riding on the dancer, the hunter, and road horse. The whole to conclude with the amazing performance of men piled on men, or the Egyptian Pyramids." The front of the theatre, which is plain, and of brick stuccoed, stands laterally with the houses in Bridge-road, the access to the back part of the premises being in Stangate-street. There is a plain wooden portico, the depth of which corresponds with the width of the pavement. In the front of this portico is the Royal arms. Within the pediment, in front of the building, is the name " Astley's,'' in raised letters ; and on the front of the por- tico, in a similar style, " Royal Amphitheatre." Beneath this portico are the entrances to the boxes and pit ; the gallery en- trance is lower down the road, and separated from the front of the theatre by several houses. The boxes are approached by a plain staircase, at the head of which is the lobby, which is 1 1 feet 9 inches in depth, and about 60 feet in length, with passages behind the side boxes, from which are staircases leading to the upper boxes. At the back of this lobby is a fruit room. There are long seats attached to the wall of the lobby all round, and in the centre is a large and handsome patent stove. The backs of the boxes, from about five feet above the floor, are entirely open to the lobby, which is customary at most of the minor theatres, The form of the auditory is elliptical, and is lighted by a very large cut glass lustre, and chandeliers with bell lamps : gas is the medium of illumination used all over the premises. There is one continued row or tier of boxes round the audi- tory; above the central part of which is the gallery, and there is a half tier of upper boxes on each side with slips over them. There are three private boxes on each side adjoining the pros- cenium ; one attached to each extremity of the gallery, and one at each end of the orchestra. The floor of the ride within the auditory is earth and sawdust, where a ring or circle, 44 feet in diameter, is bounded by a boarded inclosure about four feet in height, the curve of which next the stage forming the outline of the orchestra, and the remainder that of the pit, behind which is an extensive lobby, and a box for refreshments. The proscenium is large and moveable, for the convenience of widening and heightening the stage, which is perhaps the largest and most convenient in the vicinity of London, and is terminated by immense platforms or floors, rising above each other, and ex- 332 st. mary's district. tending the whole width of the stage. These are exceedingly massive and strong. The horsemen gallop and skirmish over them, and they will admit a carriage, equal in size and weight to a mail coach, to be driven across them. They are notwith- standing so constructed as to be placed and removed in a short space of time, by manual labour and mechanism. When exhi- bited they are masked with scenery, representing battlements, heights, bridges, mountains, &c. There are several very con- siderable inlets and outlets to and from the stage and the sta- bles, which communicate with each other. The stables, which range over a very extensive space of ground on one side of the stage to the right from the auditory, are very capacious, and, when they are wholly occupied by the numbers of beautiful horses attached to the establishment, con- stitute a most gratifying exhibition. The horses are kept in the highest order, and attended by several experienced grooms. Further up the road, on the same side as the Amphi- theatre, is Mr. Buckley's extensive Floor-cloth manufactory, one of the most complete in London or its neighbourhood. Having passed through the Toll-gate, on the right is Carlisle- lane, formerly called Back-lane, a narrow and dirty place, prin- cipally occupied by soap-houses ; but it is undergoing consi- derable improvements. A great part of the wall belonging to Carlisle house abuts on the pathway. In the broadest part of this lane, and on the exact spot where Carlisle-house boarding-school is built, formerly stood CARLISLE-HOUSE, Which originally belonged to the Bishops of Rochester. In the twelfth century an attempt was made to found a College, or Monastery, for Secular Canons on this site, by Baldwin Arch- bishop of Canterbury, in the reign of Richard I. who obtained from the Bishop and Convent of Rochester (the then owners of the land) " a part of their court at Lambeth, with twenty-four acres and one perch withoutside the same, and the service which they had from four acres on the Thames bank, saving to them their rights to the parish church, to the ditches surround- ing their said court and garden, and also a free current to and from their mill, and all things withoutside the bounds then marked out." On this ground the prelate commenced build- ing a fine chapel, but, dying in 1190, it was completed by his successor Archbishop Walter. Purporting to carry on the de- sign of building a College, as well as of fixing his own residence at Lambeth, he entered into a treaty with the Priors of Roches- ter for the whole manor of Lambeth, which was exchanged to him, he granting to the Bishops of that See, out of it, a piece of ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. 333 ground next to his new chapel, dedicated to St. Stephen and St. Thomas, with the buildings thereon, in order to erect an occasional residence for them. An account of the subsequent proceedings of the Monks of Canterbury is printed in this work, page 159. They applied to Rome, and procured a papal mandate, to dismiss the Monks, and level the walls with the ground, which was accordingly executed in 1199 ; the Church of Rochester reserving to itself a mill in Southwark, and a marsh in Lambeth, which they had in exchange from Baldwin for the site of St. Thomas's church. On the ground before granted, Gilbert de Glanville, Bishop of Rochester, erected a house for himself and his successors, who occasionally resided there till the sixteenth century. This ground contains, by recent admeasurement, two acres and five perches, and is now covered with the school, alluded to above, and its garden, Penlington-place, &c. On it was found, when granted, some of the old buildings of the dilapidated college. The house was called " La Place," till the year 1500, after which the Bishop dated from their house in Lambeth Marsh. Archbishop Bradwardin died here in 1348, as did Shepey, Bishop of Rochester, and Lord Treasurer of England in 1360. Bishop Fisher is said to have built the brick wall round this place, still in a great part standing. In his time, Feb. 17, 1531, a most execrable murder was committed here by one Richard Roose, the bishop's cook, who " by throwing some poison into a vessel, replenished with yest or barme, standing in the said bishop's kitchen, at his place in Lambeth Marsh, not only poisoned seventeen persons of his family, but also certain poor people which resorted to the said bishop's place, and were there charitably fed ; two of whom died." For which horrid deed, by an ex post facto Act (soon afterwards repealed), the said Roose was attainted of high trea- son, and boiled to death in Smithfield, the Teneber a Wednes- day following, h When Bishop Glanvylle obtained the grant of the ground, he did not take proper care to secure access to it from the river, and the Archbishops claiming the land between that and the house, many disputes arose. In 8 Edw. I. 1280, there was a trial before John de Reygate and others the Justices itinerant in this county, respecting bars placed by Bishop John de Brad- field on the banks of the Thames opposite the house called La Place. In 1323, Bishop Haymo de Hethe being resident here, the steward of Archbishop Reynolds, and others of his domestics, assaulted Thomas de Hethe and others of the Bishop's family, * Wednesday, in Tenebris. b Holinshcd, page .926'. 334 ST. MARY S DISTRICT. endeavouring to destroy the bars on the Thames wall, placed for making a way for the Bishop's carriages with his goods from the river to his house. The Archbishop's men failed in the at- tempt, a At length Archbishop Islip was prevailed on, in 1357, 1 ' to grant a license to the then Bishop of Rochester to build a bridge over the Archbishop's soil, in a place called Stangate, for the convenience of the Bishop, his family, and others with him. This bridge was erected across a sewer, still in existence, which runs behind the houses of Stangate facing the river, the land between this sewer and the river being the property of the Archbishop of Canterbury : therefore those that landed at Stan- gate could only get to the Bishop's house by the circuitous route of going along the wall as far as the town of Lambeth, and going from thence by what is now called Church-street and Carlisle- lane, to that place to which a straight line from Stangate would have conveyed them by a short and direct way. This path way still remains from the river through garden ground to Cut- throat-lane. There it ends, the remainder having been en- closed under a writ of ad quod damnum by Archbishop Moore, to enlarge his paddock, he giving a wider piece of ground in the front of Royal-row. Bishop Heath, in 154-0, conveyed this house to the Crown in exchange for a house in Southvvark. Henry VIII. granted it to Aldridge Bishop of Carlisle and his successors, when it took the name of Carlisle-house, but it does not appear ever to have been inhabited by the Bishops of that See, who leased it out. In 1647 it was sold by the Parliament to Matthew Hardy, a re- publican leader, for 220/. ; but reverted again to the See of Carlisle on the Restoration. A view of it, as it appeared at this period, is here given. Since that time its history exhibits some remarkable vicissi- tudes. On part of the premises a pottery was established ; a Angl. Sacra, vol. i. 364. * Reg. Lamb. Islip, fol. 138. a. It is dated November 23, 1357. V x ^ V ^ V ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. BSS which going to decay, the kilns, and a curious Gothic arch, were taken down, and the bricks used for filling the space and other defects in the walls. It was afterwards opened by one Castledine as a tavern, and became a common brothel ; and on his demise was occupied by Monsieur Froment, a dancing- master, who endeavoured to get it licensed by the Sessions, as a public place of entertainment, but without effect, being opposed by Archbishop Seeker. What now remains is converted into a private dwelling-house ; some acres of ground being encom- passed with a high and strong brick wall, which had in it, till very lately, a gate of ancient form opening towards Stangate. A smaller back gate in the south wall had over it two keys in saltire, and something resembling a mitre for a crest. Two bricks; one upon the other, served for a shield, and the work- manship of the arms was of as low a taste as the materials. Dr. Salmon, who gives us this account, is inclined to believe this belonged to Cardinal Wolsey, and that what stood above the keys was not the crest, but a crown in chief, the arms of the See of York. But Mr. Nichols considers, with much more proba- bility, that the arms were those of the See of Rochester, St. Andrew's cross, surmounted by the mitre; and that the brick gate was erected by Bishop Fisher, in whose time brick build- ings became frequent in England. A part of the ancient wall still surrounds the whole. This house has for the last thirty years been occupied and known as an Academy of great respectability for young gentle- men. It is now conducted under the able superintendance of Mr. Bennet, a gentleman of some literary talent, author of seve- ral poems and juvenile works; and who kindly obliged me with the loan of the annexed plate. Adjoining these premises was the glebe barn, a small timber erection, long since decayed, and upon the site of which is built two small houses. Returning up Carlisle-lane into what is called Mount-street, a little upon the right, is Mount Gardens, which were, at the latter part of the last century, occupied as a tea-garden, and was very popular till, through its being the resort of loose and dissolute persons, it was suppressed. The site was, until lately, covered with small cottages, which being situated in the middle of a garden, had an extremely rural and pleasant appearance ; but the principal part of these cottages have been pulled down, and several rows of houses erected in their place. The next object of interest is situated within the angle formed by two roads, one leading from Westminster to the Borough of South wark, the other leading from Westminster to Kennington; it is called the 336 ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. ASYLUM FOR FEMALE ORPHANS. This charitable institution owes its establishment to that vigi- lant and active Magistrate the late Sir John Fielding ; he had long observed that though the law had provided a parish settle- ment for all who could claim it by birth, &c. yet many cases occurred in which such settlement could not be ascertained ; by the death of parents, orphan children were left, who were unable to give the necessary account, and when they happened to be girls, their case was peculiarly pitiable. To rescue them from poverty, and the miseries and dangers to which their ten- der age unprotected might be exposed, this excellent charity was formed, and happily carried into execution. Soon after the completion of Westminster-bridge, and the opening of the roads to it, a person built a house for an Inn at an angle in Lambeth Marsh, where one road goes to South- wark, the other to Vauxhall. It was called the Hercules, had large stables, and a spacious garden ; but not answering the purpose, was to be sold, and Sir John having induced several noblemen and gentlemen to second his philanthropic proposals, raised a fund sufficient to purchase the lease of the house and premises, which were soon fitted up, and the children first ad- mitted July 5, 1758. In 1800 they obtained a charter of incor- poration. The regulations are excellent, and the apartments commodi- ous. Ladies subscribing certain specified sums are entitled to vote by proxy. The children, who at the time of their admis- sion must not be under nine nor above twelve years of age, are regularly and alternately employed in reading, knitting, sewing, and in the business of the kitchen, &c. They also make the beds, clean the rooms, assist in getting up the linen, and in such business as may make them good housewifes, and useful mem- bers of society. They are apprenticed out when fifteen years of age or upwards, in respectable families. Avery neat chapel is included in the plan, in which some- respectable minister officiates as preacher on Sundays. The girls also sing, accom- panied by a good organ. A number of the nobility and gentry frequent this place of worship, and at the same time become contributors to a noble charity, which preserves from probable destruction a great number of indigent female orphans, and makes them at the same time a comfort to their remaining rela- tions, and a benefit to the community. About two hundred girls are maintained and educated in this excellent charity. Dr. Bell's system of education has recently been adopted, a a Highmore's History of Public Charities, p. 600. WII.X.IAM PARSOKS, VOMEBJIAN. Jiern //i /it'tr /.am; /.tt>u/< n : :r ST. MARY S DISTRICT. NORFOLK HOUSE, an engraving of which, from Hollar's View of London circa 1660, is here given ; from the situation of the house, being at the base of the engraving, only half of it is shewn. This capital mansion belonged to the Earls and Dukes of Norfolk, and did not ultimately pass from them until the begin- ning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The old Duke of Nor- folk, who saved his life by Henry the Eighth's dying the night before his intended execution, and his son the celebrated Earl of Surrey, both lived here. Leland, the tutor of the latter, gloried that he had he^e taught so accomplished a poet and genius the Latin language. Thomas Howard, the third Duke of Norfolk of this family, had here a fine library for certain books, for which he petitioned the Lords, during his confine- ment for high treason. On his attainder, this house was seized by the Crown, and was granted in fee by Edward VI. to William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, by the title "of a capital man- sion or house in Lambehith, late parcel of the possessions of Thomas Duke of Norfolk, and 20^ acres of land in Cotman's- £eld, 1 acre in St. George's-field upon Sandhill, 6 acres of meadow and marsh in Lambehithe-marsh, whereof 3 acres were within the wall of the marsh, and 3 acres without, 1 close called Bell-close abutting upon Cotman's-field towards the east containing l£ acre, 1 other close abutting upon the way lead- ing from Lambehithe to the Marsh containing 2£ acres." a It was valued at 31. 10s. lOd. a year. In 1552 he exchanged it again with the King for the lordship and manor of Southwark, which had been the Bishop of Win- chester's ; but in the first of Mary, on a reversal of the Duke's attainder, Norfolk-house was again restored to him. In the a Pat. 1 Edw. VI. p. 6. THOMAS HOWARD K. OF SURREY. and 'J'"'/Koi: VotfblkJC.G. .,1. 1524. ' ', ;, ■- '' st. mary's district. 341 first year of Elizabeth the Duke sold it to Richard Garth and John Dyster for 400Z. Archbishop Parker's wife afterwards possessed it, whose son Matthew Parker, Esq. in 1574 devised it, by the description of « his house and land in Lambeth, called the Duke of Norfolk his house," to the issue of which his wife was then enceient; giving his wife the option of the middle part of it for her residence if she would dwell there, pay the land- lord's rent, and keep it in repair; and, failing himself of issue. he devised it to Matthew, the son of his brother John Parker His wife was brought to bed of a son, who died in six months. His widow declined to live in the house, and John, the brother ot Matthew deceased, inhabited it, and his son, who was then an infant; but, on being knighted in 1613, he retired hence to Sittingbourne, in Kent ; after which the house be- came neglected, and has been long since demolished, except part, which was recently standing. Mr. Nichols, in his History ot Lambeth ( 1786), mentions, that not long before, the original ornaments in the ceiling of the drawing-room were perfect, and the remains of the parlour-chimney, with instruments of music &c. m carved work, were also visible. Hollar, in his View of London and Westminster, shows a considerable part of Nor- folk-house as then standing ; at present none of the original buildings remain the site of it being taken up with the exten- sive distillery of Messrs. Hodges and Son, and several houses in faradise-row, including a malt-house. The next object is the Vestry-hall, which is situated nearly opposite the church. It is a great room 36 feet long and 18 broad ; at each end are windows ornamented with stained glass • and the rebus of the lamb, and the date 1809. A dome skylight adds to the appearance of the hall, which is neat and respect- able. Around the room are various plans of estates belonging to the parish, as follows : A plan of the Work-house, surveyed in 1771. A plan of the Walcot Estate, surveyed 1771 Plan of the New Burial Ground in High-street. Plan of the boundaries of Camberwell and Lambeth, settled July 2, 1795. Plan of the freehold estate of Mr. V. Vanlee, surveyed in 1771. Plan of a freehold estate purchased of Mr. Hales by the parish of Lam- beth, surveyed in 1771. Plan of a freehold estate in the church-yard belonging to the parish of Lambeth, surveyed in 1771. Another plan of the Walcot estate, and various views of the new churches, the mother church, &c. Around the room are dispersed, m various ornamental ways, the staves used bv the constables of the parish. J 342 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. Opposite Lambeth Church, which has been amply described in Chapter IV. was the Rectory-house, an engraving of which is here presented. Proceeding towards the river, is a house at present tenanted by Mr. Simmons. It is of considerable antiquity, though from its new brick front no person would suppose so ; probably it was one of the inns, of which several existed in this neighbourhood, previous to the erection of Westminster-bridge ; the ceilings in many of the rooms are of ancient plaster. Near this house is a Welsh Chapel, of small size, and mean appearance. In this street was held annually a fair on the first of March, until within a few years back. It was called " Taffy's Fair," from the number of Welsh who frequented it. Formerly there was a charter for a fair and weekly market. a Mention is made by Mr. Lysons, of a house opposite the south side of the churchyard, which had Archbishop Whitgift's arms painted in glass, with the date of 1595 in some of the windows ; no remains exist at the present time, that the editor is aware of. Arriving opposite Lambeth Palace, the spectator cannot fail being delighted with the view down the river ; either in an his- torical or picturesque point, Westminster Abbey and Hall, the Houses of Lords and Commons, the Banqueting-house, West- minster-bridge, &c. form a coup d'ceil that is highly pleasing. The Archbishops of Canterbury had formerly a ferry-boat near the palace, the profits of which they granted by patent to some of their officers. They received annually, for many years, only twenty pence, but of late ten pounds. Upon the finishing of Westminster-bridge, in November 1750, the ferry-boat ceased by Act of Parliament, and an equivalent was given to the See of Canterbury for the same ; and likewise to Mr. Folkes, the sur- viving patentee, for his interest therein. b In 1673 Archbishop Sheldon gave 50/. for paving the street in front of the palace. On the side of the river, near the Archbishop's palace, and opposite the church, is a house which was formerly his Grace's boat-house. An ancient inn is situated at the beginning of Fore-street, on the river side, its present sign is the Ship. This house is said to have been in great business for entertaining travellers while the horse-ferry was in use, before the building of Westminster- bridge. Adjoining this house was a slaughter-house belonging to the Archbishop. a Seep. 170' of this Work. l> Ducarel's Lambeth Palace, p. 79. ■ • Etchea byT-&Hen. MGTOI&IIAIL i8. Publish'-- >nnmat(>n.. st. mary's district. 34-3 Proceeding through Ferry-street, we arrive at High-street. On the left is a burial-ground, which was given to the parish in 1705, by Archbishop Tenison. It contains the remains of Ed- ward Moore, author of " Fables for the Female Sex," and other poetical and dramatic pieces. He was also editor of the col- lection of essays entitled " The World," in which he was assisted by Horace Walpole, and other eminent literary characters. He died a few days after the appearance of the last number of this publication, March 5, 1757. In the same ground is in- terred Thomas Cooke, son of an innkeeper in Essex, who, de- voting his attention to literature, produced various works, of which his translation of Hesiod is considered the best. He at- tacked Pope in a performance, entitled the " Battle of the Poets," which procured him a niche in the Dunciad. He pub- lished several dramatic pieces, odes, a volume of poems, the life of Andrew Marvel, translations of Terence and Cicero, an edition of Virgil, and some treatises on religious subjects ; was for some years editor of the Craftsman, and died in extreme poverty, January 1, 1757. Here also is buried the Countess de la Motte, well known for the share which she had in some myste- rious transactions in the Court of France just before the Revo- lution. She ended her days in this parish in great distress ; and a few weeks before her death, in order to avoid the bailiffs, jumped from a two pair of stairs window, by which rash act she broke her thigh, and was otherwise dreadfully maimed. Nearly opposite the burying-ground is a public-house, of the sign of the King's Head. In the churchwardens' accounts is the following item, proba- bly referring to it : 1580. Llayd out at the King's Head when g£. s. d. were chosen 6 6 They regularly went to this house when churchwardens were chosen, for several years. At the north corner of Calcot's-alley, on the same side of the street as the last mentioned house, resided Francis Moore, the original author of Moore's Almanack, where he followed the joint occupation of astrologer and schoolmaster, and perhaps of a doctor, as in his almanack he is styled physician. In or near this alley, was situated an inn, or house of enter- tainment, called the Chequers. In the year 1454, a licence was granted to its landlord John Calcot, to have an oratory in his house, and a chaplain, for the use of his family and guests, as long as his house should continue decent and respectable, and adapted to the celebration of divine service, a Lysons. 344 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. Nearly opposite Calcot's-alley is the GIRLS CHARITY SCHOOL. This school was founded and endowed by Archbishop Teni- son, for the education of poor girls, in the year 1715 ; he also gave a piece of land behind the school for a parish burial- ground. The estate belonging to this school is situate in High-street and Paradise-row ; and in or about 1764, was let on a repairing and building lease, at a net annual rent of 87/. ; exclusive of the school-house, which has a handsome room for the trustees thereof to meet in. In the year 1817 a new school-house and school-room were built at the expence of 1,000/.; since which time the children, before taught in a school supported by voluntary contributions, amounting to about sixty in number, have been removed into the new school-room, and an union on the national system of the two institutions has taken place. The number of girls on the Archbishop's foundation is twenty, and the whole number taught in the united school is about 200, which are as many as the room will hold. The twenty foundation girls and thirty others are clothed, and three of them boarded. The mistress's salary is 60/. per annum, and she is allowed 5 per cent, on the work done by the girls, and lives in the school-house, and small rewards are given to the girls whe are employed as teachers. The funds belonging to Archbishop Tenison's foundation have recently been very considerably increased by the improvement of the estate, and now amount to 4-19/. 8s. 2d. per annum, sub- ject to an annuity of 180/. which expired in 1824* ; and it is expected, that when the debt incurred in erecting the school- room is paid off, the Tenisonian fund will be fully adequate to the maintenance of the school The school-house is a neat brick building, and is the most respectable house in the whole neighbourhood, which is wretch- edly dirty, and the houses generally in a bad state of repair. ST. MARY S DISTRICT. In this street, now converted into a pottery, stands HEREFORD HOUSE. 845 This is a brick building with wings, apparently of no great age, and was once a residence of the Bishops of Hereford. The last bishop who resided in this place was Dr. Herbert Croft, a author of a work entitled " Naked Truth." It has been appro- priated to its present purpose more than seventy years, having an earthenware ornament in front, the date 1750. Arriving in Broad-street we proceed to the left; and pass- ing the Mustard-mills of Messrs. Thomas Kutter and Co. at Lambeth Butts, which have been established thirty years, and are worked by a steam-engine of twenty horse power, we arrive at the PARISH WORKHOUSE, a plain building of brick, without the least ornament. -». About the year 1722 a piece of land was either purchased of Mrs. Sarah Pain, or was given by her, for the purpose of build- • The lady of this prelate went into MoorfielJs (as on that occasion was the practice with most respectable people) to see whom she could relieve; and there took notice of Eliz. Perry, whom she found sitting the third day by some house- hold furniture belonging to her father, a grocer in Thames-street, who, being paralytic, had been carried out of his house to avoid the fire (l66't>), and died a few days after. The mother of this young woman was so surprised at the beheading of King Charles, that it brought on her labour, January 30, 1648, and she died about twelve hours after. The Bishop's lady took Eliz. Perry and her furniture home, where she continued till she was married to George Henny, a German, and a sword-cutler ; he engaged to build a sugar-house at Liverpool, and another at Battersea ; from the proprietors whereof he received 1007. per annum. When Eliz. Perry and George ilenny were married, they neither of them knew of a relation living, as he escaped a general m; ssacre in Savoy of the Protestants, by swimming over a river, holding by a horse's tail, upon which his uncle and aunt were riding ; who brought him to England, and bound him ap- prentice at Liverpool. Tneir children went to school to the celebrated Francis Moore. 2y 346 st mart's district. ing a workhouse, which was immediately erected ; and in 1726 a large new brick house was opened near Lambeth Butts, for receiving all the poor of the parish that receive alms ; where, in 1731, there were sixty men, women, and children, employed in spinning mop-yarn. Experience having proved the place too confined, in 1768 an additional piece of ground was pur- chased by the parishioners of Jonathan Tyers, esq. and new buildings erected against the west end of the original house, to the amount of nearly 1,000/. which expence was defrayed by money borrowed upon life annuities ; and the number of poor, by a constant increase, was, in 1784, augmented to 280. In 1786 more new buildings were erected, forming the west side of a quadrangle, as the former did the north side. In 1804 the east side was built, and raised one story higher in 1825. The ground and site of the buildings at the workhouse, con- tains just three quarters of an acre, and is inclosed within a high brick wall. On the left in George-street, is the LAMBETH ASSOCIATION SCHOOL, supported by public subscription, on the system of the Fo- reign and British School Society. The building was erected in 1817, and can accommodate 300 boys. The present master is Mr. J. Hardwicke. In Gray's Walk, to which George-street adjoins, is a chapel for the Calvinistic Baptists, erected in 1824, at an expence of nearly 1,000/.; it will accommodate about 400 persons. The present minister is the Rev. J. T. Jeffery. The building is neat, ol brick, without galleries or organ. Proceeding in a westerly direction, we enter Lambeth Walk (formerly called Three Coney Walk, from a public-house bear- ing that sign ) . One hundred and fifty years ago there were few houses of consequence in this street, the principal part having ditches on each side. In the beginning of the last century there was a place of pub- lic entertainment here, called Lambeth Wells, a It was at first opened on account of its mineral water, which was sold at one penny per quart. The music commenced at seven o'clock in the morning, and the price of admission was threepence, b A monthly concert under the direction of Mr. Goodwin, or- ganist of St. Saviour's, was afterwards held here, and Erasmus King, who had been coachman to Dr. Desaguliers, read lec- tures, and exhibited experiments in natural philosophy, the ad- mission being raised to sixpence. c » It consisted of two wells, distinguished as the nearer and/arther well. They were open before 1697. No person was admitted with a mask. 1» Advertisement quoted in the History of Lambeth, p. 66. e Ibid. st. mary's district. 347 A Penny Wedding after the Scotch fashion, for the benefit of a young couple, was advertised to be kept here in 1752. * These waters seem to have continued in some degree of re- putation till eclipsed by those of St. George's Spa, situated just on the outside border of this parish, which we find adver- tised in 1736. Lambeth Wells at length becoming a public nuisance, the premises were shut up, and ultimately let as a Methodist meeting-house. The music gallery was used as a pulpit ; but the preacher being disturbed greatly in his enthusiastic harangues, he was obliged to quit, when the premises were converted to various purposes, except the dwelling, which is now known by the sign of the Fountain public-house. Of the numerous streets which branch from this walk, we will take Walnut-tree-walk, one of the most respectable in this neighbourhood. It is a thoroughfare from Lambeth-walk to Walcot-place. A very considerable estate belonging to this parish, and that of St. Olave's, Southwark, lies on each side of the road in which Walcot-place is situated. It appears that Edmund Walcot, by his will, Jan.3, 1667, gave and devised 17 acres of freehold land, after the death of his father, in the following manner : a moiety to the Parson and Churchwardens of Lambeth, and their successors, for ever, upon trust that they should dispose of the rents and profits thereof amongst the most needy and poor people of the said parish, according to their discretion ; the other moiety he gave to the Parson and Churchwardens of the parish of St. Olave, South- wark, upon similar trust. It appears from the vestry -books that the two parishes came into possession of this estate about the year 1700. From the same source we learn, that a Vestry meet- ing was held 9th May 1698, when it appeared that the estate was in the possession of and claimed by Lord Herbert of Cher- bury, and Sir William Broughton, Bart. The matter was re- ferred, on the part of this parish, to Justice Wymondesold, and on the part of St. Olave to Justice Cooper, to inquire into the title, and see how and by what title Lord Herbert and Sir William continued to hold. The Justices did obtain possession ; for it appears from the vestry-books, that on the 4th February 1711 » a committee was appointed to act with a committee of St. Olave to let it. In the year 1713 the parishes divided the property by deeds of lease and release, dated the 4th and 5th of November 1713. On the building of Westminster-bridge in 1750, new roads were made ; one from the Asylum to Kenning- ton passing through this estate, a sum of money was paid by the a Daily Advertiser, Jane 27. 348 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. trustees of the road into his Majesty's Court of Exchequer, in diminution of the land-tax on the estate. The parish of Lam- beth granted building leases, and were quietly in possession till 1816, when it was discovered that the original devise was void, in as much as a parson and churchwardens not being a corporate body, cannot hold lands. In 1818 the Crown seized this as an escheat, but were obliged to abandon it on account of an Act of the 9th of George III. which disables the Crown to take any estate, where the right had been beyond sixty years. Proceed- ings are now pending between the parishes to obtain an Act of Parliament to legalize their title, and thus settle the estate. In the interim, the Court of Chancery have appointed a Receiver. In this road, nearer to the Asylum, has been erected a new chapel, called VERULAM CHAPEL. It is neatly fitted up, and has an organ, with galleries round three sides of the building, with spacious vaults beneath the whole of the chapel. It will hold 800 persons. Mr. Bonnin, of Brompton, is the architect, and deserves great praise for the neat and elegant taste which he has displayed in the fitting up and its general appearance. The Rev H. Lacy, of the Inde- pendent connexion, is the proprietor, a Nearly opposite the last building, and on the right of the road, as you proceed from Kennington towards the Asylum, is a public-house, known by the sign of the Ship. This house was the property of the celebrated John Broughton, whose skill in boxing is well known; he died here January 6, 1789, at the advanced age of 85. He was originally bred a waterman. His patron, the Duke of Cumberland, got him appointed one of the yeomen of the Guards, which place he enjoyed till his death. He was buried in Lambeth church ; his a Messrs. Knight and Lacey have allowed the use of the above neat engraving tT. mart's district. 549 funeral being followed by several of his friends in the art of boxing. He is supposed to have died worth 7000/. Previous to the road being made from Westminster to Ken- nington the site was fields, with a bridle way from Newington to Lambeth palace and stairs. This was of great antiquity, and some old people in Lambeth remember their fathers mention- ing that George II. used to cross the water and go along this path, attended by his courtiers, to hunt in Greenwich park and Blackheath. Returning along the road we meet with no object worthy of notice till we arrive at Kennington. Upon the etymology of this place our antiquaries and histo- rians have remained silent Many places in this County have received their names from the Saxons, which will tend to support, in some measure, an endeavour to trace its origin to that people. Its source, probably, is to be found in the Saxon word Eyninge, a king; and tun, a town or place, i. e. Lyninje-run, or the Town or place of the king. This opinion is materially supported by the facts, that at this place there was formerly a palace, in which some of our earlier monarchs resided ; here it is supposed that Hardicanute fell a victim to the hands of the assassin by poison as early as 1042; and here Harold, the son of Earl Godwin, upon the death of Edward the Confessor, after usurping the throne and seizing the crown of England, is supposed to have placed the latter on his own head. In the Norman Survey, ordered to be taken by William I. it is written Chinentune, evidently a corruption of the Saxon Eyninje-tun. Of the palace of Kennington little can be gleaned with re- gard to its possessors, and none respecting its architecture ; no doubt can exist but that it was an extensive pile, and probably of Saxon architecture. Even so late as 1607 the reader will be surprised when he is told, that Camden should mention his looking for " aedes regia Kennington dictae, quo reges Angliae olirn secedere soliti, sed nunc nee nomen nee rudera invenimus?" Not a fragment now remains above ground ; the last, which was the old barn, was pulled down in 1795 ; but in some of the cellars of houses in Park-place, thick walls of flint, chalk, and rubble-stone intermixed, may be seen. On the premises of Mr. Campion, digging a few feet below the surface, two Roman coins were found, but so defaced, that to what reign they be- longed could not be distinguished ; a little pottery, apparently Roman, was also turned up. To account for this an eminent antiquary suggested, that as Kennington had often been the residence of antiquaries, it might be some old fragments 350 ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. thrown aside as not worthy preservation, but from further dis- coveries which will be mentioned hereafter, it is very probable that the Romans were acquainted with this part of Lambeth. From the Conquest to the reign of Henry III. no instance has occurred of Kennington Manor being inhabited by any royal personage ; after that time the following notices appear : The Parliament held by Henry III. at Lambeth is supposed by some writers to have assembled at this palace ; and it is still more probable that he kept his Christmas here in 1231. Edward III. kept his Christmas here in 1342. * His son Edward the Black Prince often resided here, and Prince's-road, leading by the workhouse to the water-side, was the way by which he came from Westminster. As it is not intended, in this work, to give biographical notices, except where the person died, or was buried in the parish; and as the history of this renowned prince is so intimately con- nected with the History of England, it will suffice to say, he was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, with a splendid monu- ment^ a description of which, by a learned and distinguished antiquary, is here given. Along a tomb, which painted sculpture dress'd, Arm'd as for tourney, the knight warrior lay, His crossing legs a couching lion press'd, A helmet was his head's supporting stay, His limbs were mail'd in battailous array, A plaited gorget girt his shoulders wide, His belt was studded thick with bosses gay, The sword appendant kiss'd his stony side, Of rich work were his spurs, the knights distinguished pride. Q The two engravings of seals of the Black Prince opposite have been introduced from their rarity ; the originals were kindly lent me by a gentleman whose collection of monastic seals exceeds any other in the kingdom ; they are both of green wax, and per- fect, the small one particularly so, and in fine relief. In 1377, a remarkable mummery was made by the citizens of London, for disport of the young Prince Richard, son to the Black Prince : " On the Sunday before Candlemass, in the night, 130 citi- zens, disguised and well horsed, in a mummery, with sound of trumpets, sackbuts, cornets, shalmes, and other minstrels, and innumerable torch lights of wax, rode from Newgate through Cheap over the bridge, through Southwark, and so to Ken- a Stow's Annals. b Engraved in the best manner in Stothard's Monumental Effigies. c Rev. T. D. Fosbroke' sBritish Monachism. , 'WW&M» TME BLACK IP] ST. mary's district. 351 nington, besides Lambeth, where the young prince remained with his mother and the Duke of Lancaster his uncle, the Earls of Cambridge, Hertford, Warwicke, and SufFolke, with divers other lords. " In the first rank did ride 48 in likeness and habit of esquires, two and two together, clothed in red coats and gowns of say or sendal, with comely vizors on their faces. " These maskers, after they had entered the manor of Ken- nington, alighted from the horses, and entered the hall on foot ; which done, the prince, his mother, and the lords came out of the hall, whom the mummers did salute ; shewing by a paire of dice on the table, their desire to play with the prince, which they so handled, that the prince did alwais winne, when he came to cast at them. Then the mummers set to the prince three jewels, one after another, which were a boule of gold, a cup of gold, and a ring of gold, which the prince wonne at three casts. Then they set to the prince's mother, the duke, the earls, and other lords, to every one a ring of gold, which they did also win. After which they were feasted, and the musick sounded, the prince and lords danced on the one part, with the mummers who did also dance ; which jollity being ended, they were again made to drink, and then departed in order as they came." The young prince was at this time only ten years old ; and succeeded to the throne of his grandfather in the same year, viz. 1377. These were amusements derived from the Saturnalia ; and so called from the Danish mumme, or Dutch momme, disguise in a mask. Christmas was the grand scene of mumming, and some mummers were disguised like bears, others like unicorns, bringing presents. They who could not procure masks rubbed their faces with soot, or painted them. In the Christmas mum- meries the chief aim was to surprise by the oddity of the masques, and singularity and splendour of the dresses. Every thing was out of nature and propriety. They were often at- tended with an exhibition of gorgeous machinery. It was an old custom also to have mummeries on Twelfth-night. They were the common holiday amusements of young people of both sexes ; but 6 Edward III. the mummers or masque- raders, were ordered to be whipped out of London. Sometimes they were very splendid ; with grand processions, musick, &c. * a From that valuable and curious work, Rev. T. D. Fosbroke's Encyclopedia of Annuities, vol. ii. p. 595. S52 ST. mart's district. The annexed engraving is taken from a beautiful manuscript written and illuminated in the reign of Edward III. in the Bod- leian Library, Oxford. ■ On the 30th of November, 1396, the young queen Isabel, (commonly called the Little, for she was then not quite eight years old, ) was conveyed from Kennington through Southwark to the Tower of London ; and such a multitude of people went out to see her, that on London-bridge nine persons were crowded to death, of which the Prior of Tiptree, in Essex, was one, and a matron on Cornhill another, b The lodging of this illustrious princess at Kennington is a presumptive proof of the then grandeur of the palace. Henry VII. previous to his coronation, came from Kenning- ton to Lambeth, where he dined with Archbishop Bourchier ; c and Leland says, that Catherine of Arragon was here for a few days. d A Survey was made in 1623, an engraving of part of which the reader can refer to at p. 260 of this work, e where the site of the Long-barn which run parrallel with Park-place is ex- hibited. This barn was pulled down 1795; an engraving of it from an original drawing is here given. In 1786 two large vaults were discovered near the great barn, but whether of Saxon or Gothic Architecture is out of the power of any per- son living to determine. This barn was one of the receptacles for the Palatine Protestors 1709. A Survey was taken in 1649 by order of the Parliament, of which a copy is printed below : » Marked Bod. 264. b Stow's Survey, 1663, p. 29. c Stow's Annals. d Colleclan. vol. v. p. 355. e On it is the road to Westminster-bridge ; this means the landing-place leading from the Thames to New Palace-yard, still used by the Lord Mayors of London, on their way to be sworn into office at the Exchequer. st. mary's district. 353 Surrey Ss'. Manerium de Kennington cum Juribus Membris elptinen'. A Survey of the Mano' of Kennington wth the rights, mem- bers, and appurten'ces thereof, lying and being in the County of Surry, late p'cell of the poss'ons of Charles Stuart eldest sonn of Charles Stuart, late King of England, as p'te of his Duchy of Cornwall, made and taken by us, whose names are heereunto subscribed, in the month of October, 1649, by virtue of a Com- mission grounded upon an Act of the Commo 3 assembled in Parliament, for the sale of the Honors, Mano's, and Landes, heeretofore belonging to the s'd late King, Queene, and Prince, under the handcs and seales of five or more of the Trustees in the s'd Act named and appoynted. Kennington Manor-house, Mr. Richard Dobson, underV. All that capitall messuage, mansion, or manno'-house wt h the scite thereof, commonly called Kennington Manor-house, scituate, lying, and being in the towne or tovvneshipp of Ken- nington, in the parish of Lambeth, in the county of Surry, being built of bricks and covered w th tiles, consisting of a hall, a par- lor, a buttery, a kitchen, and two shedds, y* will serve for ne- cessary uses, three chambers above stayres, and one garret or loft over them, unfloared, one litttle court beefore the doore, planted with small trees, and paled w 1 ' 1 oaken boardes, one greate barne covered with tiles, consisting of twelve bayes of building and walled w lh stone on the eastside thereof, and w th clay and boardes on the west side therof, conteining in length 52 yards, and in bredth 8 yards, on the west side whereof is one greate shedd for cowes, and unto the north end of which barne adioynes one tenem 1 of brick cont. two litle roomes be- low stayres and two litle roomes above stayres, w ,h one litle garden therewith, occupied, lying between the sayd litle tenemts, and the common pinfould of the s'd manor, one greate garden adioyning to the south and west sides of the s'd capitall mes- suage or mansion-house, planted wth young trees and gardiner's fruite, one other garden adioyning to the north side of the s'd capitall messuage, mansion, or mano'-house, planted allsoe wth young trees, and wherein stands one pumpe ; which sayd capi- tall mess' or mano'-house wth the scite thereof, and the sayd greate barne are bounded wth the highway yt leades betwixt Newington and Kingeston-upon-Thames upon the east p'te thereof, and doe conteine by estimac'on two acres and one rood of land more or less, and all wayes, passages, lights, easemts, waters, water-courses, commodities, advantages, and appur- te'nces, whatsoever to the sayd capitall messuage, mansion, or 2z 351 st. mauy's district. mano'-house and scite thereof, or any p'te or p'cell thereof, eny wayes belonging or apperteyning p' ann. 2a. lr. 14/. 10s. Od. Memorandum. — The sayd mano' or mansion-house is in good tenantable repayre, and is valued in the materialls at 150/. After this nothing further is known but what is mentioned under Kennington manor, and probably the house was pulled down during the Commonwealth. In 1720 this place gave the title of Earl to William Augustus Duke of Cumberland, second son of George II. ; but dying without issue, Novembers, 1765, the title became extinct. Opposite the White-Hart (formerly a handsome mansion in which resided Sir Richard Manley in 1636) was a maypole, and, behind the house, gardens, in which on May- day all sorts of pastimes were held. The following description is interesting at a time when intolerance and hypocrisy are making rapid strides to put down all the amusements of our forefathers, who, undoubtedly were more virtuous and happy than the present generation, though certainly not so enlightened. This was the great rural festival of our fore-fathers. Their hearts responded merrily to the cheerfulness of the season. At the dawn of May-morning the lads and lasses left their towns and villages, and, repairing to the woodlands by sound of music, they gathered the May or blossomed branches of the trees, and bound them with wreaths of flowers ; then returning to their houses by sun-rise, they decorated the lattices and doors with the sweet smelling spoil of their joyous journey, and spent the remaining hours in sports and pastimes.* The May-pole is up, Now give me the cup ; I '11 drink to the garlands around it ; But first unto those Whose hands did compose The glory of flowers that crown'd it.b Mention is made in the European Magazine, of traces of a cross being discovered at Kennington. Very probably there might have been one as there generally was at the beginning of most of the great roads. At Kennington resided, and died January 22, 1809, in his seventy-third year, Dr. John Andrews, a gentleman well known in the literary world. He was author of many works of a poli- tical and satirical nature. From Kennington-cross, runs a road called Kennington-lane, the right side of which, as you proceed towards town, is in the » Hone's Everyday Book, 1825. b Herriek. st. mary's district. 355 Kennington district, the left in the one being described. About half way up is a large house called the Manor-house, but it is generally understood that it was never occupied as a manorial residence. In this lane at the extreme corner adjoining the Newington- road and opposite the PIough-and-Harrow public-house, stood the house of Dr. Featley the Rector of this parish, who was de- prived during the Commonwealth ; it was on a copyhold estate, and in 1786 was held by Mr. Martin. Returning to Kenning- ton, and proceeding towards Vauxhall, the first object worthy attention is Vauxhall Chapel, a plain brick building, erected in 1816 by voluntary contributions of persons of the independent per- suasion, and cost upwards of 2,000/. It will hold near 1,000 persons ; the present minister is the Rev. Francis Moore. The chapel has recently been enlarged. Leaving the chapel, we approach Vauxhall Gardens ; and, passing the entrance, which we will describe shortly, we arrive at the corner formed by the road from London to Vauxhall by the way of Kennington and the road leading into Vauxhall along the water-side. Here when London and its suburbs were fortified by order of Parlia- ment during the Civil War in the reign of Charles I. a fort was erected, on the site of which is a mason's yard and premises. In a plan of the City, an engraving of which is given in Maitland's History of London j it is called a " quadrant fort, with four half bulwarks ; " part of it was visible in 1786. a The following notices respecting these works are curious: In the month of October 164-2, the Committee of the .Militia of London gave orders that trenches and ramparts should be made near all the highways leading to the City ; accordingly the work was carried on for months. In May and June 1643, it was prosecuted with uncommon zeal, as appears by the fol- lowing extracts from the public papers : " May 8. The work in the fields to trench the City, goes on amain. Many thousands of men, women, and servants, go out daily to work ; and this day there went out a great company of the Common Council, and divers other chief men of the City, with the greatest part of the trained bands, with spades, shovels, pick-axes, &c." b " May 9. This day many thousand of citizens, their wives and families, went out to dig, and all the porters in and about the City, to the number of 2.000." " May 23. Five thousand felt-makers and cappers went to work at the trenches ; near 3,000 porters, &c. it was wonderful * Nichols's Lambeth, p. 59. h This gave rise to the satirical song, " Roundheaded Cuckolds come dig." 356 ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. to see how the women and children, and vast numbers of peo- ple, would come and work about digging and carrying of earth, to make their new fortifications." a In this neighbourhood some eminent antiquaries conceive the canal or trench made by Canute (for it is pretty well ascer- tained there was such a course, though the exact line is lost) had its influx into the Thames. The cause of making this cut was as follows : On the death of Ethelred, his son Edmund Ironside, was crowned king ; but notwithstanding this brave prince was every way deserving the crown, he found himself deserted by the clergy and many of the nobility who proclaimed Cnut or Canute (the son of Sivegen, the late King of the Danes) at Southamp- ton. On hearing this, Canute fitted out a considerable fleet to reduce London, the chief support of his competitor, but on his arrival he found that he could not pass the bridge, the citizens having strongly fortified it ; he therefore set about cutting a canal through the marshes, on the south side of the river Thames, that he might invest the city on all sides, and by pre- venting supplies from entering, to facilitate its reduction. By a diligent search of several days, Mr. Maitland conceived he discovered the vestiges and length of this artificial water course ; its outflux from the river Thames was where the great wet dock below Rotherhithe is situate ; whence, running due west by the Seven-houses in Rotherhithe-fields, it continues its course by a gentle winding to the drain windmill ; and with a west-north-west course passing St. Thomas a Watering by an easy turning it crosses the Depttbrd-road a little to the south-east of the Lock-hospital, at the lower end of Kent-street, and pro- ceeding to Newington-butts intersects the road a little south of the turnpike; whence continuing its course by the Black Prince in Kennington, it runs west and by south through the Spring Garden atVauxhall, to its influx into the Thames, at the lower end of Chel- sea reach. Mr. Maitland enquired of a carpenter of the name of Webster, who was employed in making the great wet dock at Rotherhithe in 1694, and who remembered that in the course of that work a considerable quantity of faggots and stakes were discovered, which Mr. Maitland considers as part of the works intended to strengthen the banks of the canal. 13 That there might have been such a water-course, as Mr. Maitland terras it, from the wet dock at Deptford, round by St. Thomas a Watering and Newington-butts, quite up to Vauxhall, and into the Thames at Chelsea reach, is allowed by many eminent antiquaries. a From Newspapers of the time. b Maitland, ed. 173J*. p. 2S. st. mary's district. 357 In a letter from Dr. Wallis to Mr. Pepys in 1699, he says, " I had one Sunday preached for Mr. Gataker, at Redriff, and lodged there that night. Next morning I walked with him over the fields to Lambeth, meaning to cross the Thames to Westminster. He shewed me in the passage diverse remains of the old channel, which had heretofore been made from Red- riff to Lambeth, for diverting the Thames whilst London bridge was building, all in a straight line, or near it, but with great intervals, which had been long since filled up. Those remains which then appeared very visible, are, I suspect, all or most of them filled up before this time, for it is more than fifty years ago, and people in those marshes would be more fond of so much meadow grounds than to let those lakes remain unfilled; and he told me of many other such remains which had been within his memory, but were then filled up." a But when the time and expence, and needless labour such a canal must have required, to make it navigable for vessels that had been able to transport an army from the northern seas is considered, and the little time the Danes had to execute such a design in the enemy's country, there appear great obstacles against the opinion, that the water-course above described was the canal by which the Danish fleet sailed or were towed to the west side of the bridge. Another author supposed, that the cut made by Canute began at the dock, near to the place called at this time Dockhead, in Rotherhithe ; and from thence in a small semicircle by St. Margaret's-hill, in Southwark, into the Thames again at St. Saviour's dock above bridge. But Mr. Buckmas- ter, an ingenious and intelligent inhabitant, controverts both these hypotheses, observing that in the old plans of London, the end of London-bridge appears to be defended by a wall with towers at. different distances, extended so as to take in and cover the Bishop of Winchester's palace, &c. ; which wall was called the South-work, or out-work to the south. Now this work extending so far destroys the idea of Canute's trench ending at St. Saviour's dock (which was made so for a ferry before the bridge was built), as Canute must have destroyed this South- work before he could have made his trench. He is equally against the former ; but thinks the trench begun at Dockhead, was con- tinued through Five-foot-lane, in Bermondsey, to the end of Kent-street, where a bridge is built over it, and thence to New- ington, on the north side of the new road, into St. George's- fields, and terminated below the king's barge-house. Mr. Buckmaster then remarks on the Broadwall and its ditches, and considers his line of canal to be pretty accurate by the a Pepys' Correspondence, vol. ii. p. 201. 358 st. mary's district. sewers being left so wide. His certainly is the most probable course. I conceive it can be traced from the north side of the Kent- road, by the Elephant and Castle inn, on the south side of the Fishmongers' almshouses. Here Mr. Maitland says is a moorish ground, with a small water-course, denominated the river Tygris, which is part of Cnut's trench or canal already mentioned.* But what supports this supposition of Maitland's is, that during the year 1824 an extensive sewer was made along this road, in the course of which, a few feet south of the almshouses were discovered several stakes driven into the ground several feet below the surface, and evidently intended to protect an em- bankment ; a piece of one of those stakes I have in my posses- sion, excessive hard, and capable of a high polish, the colour black. This certainly corroborates Maitland so far ; from here the trench ran along at the back of the houses in the Lambeth- road, and what forms the boundary between the parishes of Lambeth and St. George's Southwark, pursuing its course along the north side of Brook-street. Here we lose it ; but it most probably went into the Thames between Lambeth palace and Vauxhall, but certainly not so low as Mr. Maitland has placed it. Mr. Nichols conceived it went north of the palace a little beyond the king's barge-house, and he says the ditches are still said to remain (1786). The annexed plate will more clearly represent the various conjectures on the course of this canal. That there was a trench cut somewhere, Mr. Bray remarks, is out of doubt, and that Canute brought his ships to the west side of London-bridge; but even then the citizens defended themselves so stoutly, that he could not get possession of it till, by a treaty between him and King Edmund, Mercia, of which London was the capital, was given up to Canute. b Returning, we proceed to VAUXHALL GARDENS, To which there are three gates of entrance ; one at the corner of Kennington-lane, the most frequented entrance, another in the lane, lately erected, called the Chinese entrance, never opened except on gala nights, Ike. and the water, or house gate. The house is a plain building of brick, standing laterally with the road, with a portico and awning for visitors in wet weather. In this parish in the reign of James I. lived a family of the a London, p. 726. b Manning and Bray, vol. iii. p. 657. M ST. MARY'S distkict. 359 name of Vaux which Mr. Nichols, in his History of Lambeth, conceives was connected with the incendiary Guy, or more correctly Guido Faux, more of whom will be mentioned here- after. Jane Vaux, widow, held some copyhold land here in 1615, called Stocdens. She died in the same year, leaving two daugh- ters and coheirs, one of whom married Dr. Barlow, Bishop of Lincoln. Mr. Denne has taken successful pains to distinguish this from the manor-house of the same name, and from that which was properly called Copt or Copped-hall,with both of which it had at times been confounded. He says, however, that he has not been quite able to determine when it was first open for public enter- tainment; but he should ascribe the establishment of the present gardens to the beginning of the last centuiy. In a plan lent Mr. Bray by Mr. Middleton, dated 1681, the present Vauxhall Gardens are called Spring Gardens, and are marked as being planted with trees, laid out in walks, and in the centre a circle of trees or shrubs. Mr. Middleton remem- bers large trees which must have been anterior to the time of Mr. Tyers, which by degrees died, the last of them holding out to 1805. I should therefore, with Mr. Bray, ascribe their origin to Sir Samuel Morland, who, beyond a doubt, had a house and gar- den at Vauxhall. Aubrey states, that in 1665 Sir Samuel Morland obtained a lease of Vauxhall-house, and two years after built a large room, which he furnished in a sumptuous manner, and constructed in his garden some beautiful fountains. Mr. Lysons thought it did not appear that Sir Samuel ever possessed any part of the present Vauxhall Gardens, which belonged to Jane Vaux in 1615, and which descended to her two daughters and heirs; and Mr. Denne agrees in this opinion, and says that Sir John Hawkins is wrong in supposing that his house was here, as he has asserted in his History of Music. But the matter is put beyond doubt from the information of one of the late proprie- tors, that the present dwelling belonging to the garden was built by Sir Samuel Morland. The house is large, and from the back kitchen of it a lead pump was removed about the year 179!', bearing Sir Samuel Morland's mark, viz. This pump was in the plate yard of the garden 1 S G 9 M 4 The room above mentioned said to have been built by him, is supposed to have stood where the orchestra is placed ; in some repairs of which not long ago old walls were found. This, Mr. Bray conceives, is likely to be the place to which King Charles used to come with his ladies, and says, perhaps the room built by Sir Samuel, was so built purposely for his entertainment. 2 z 4 360 ST. mary's district. Respecting Sir Samuel Morland, I have been fortunate in ob- taining original information from the venerable historian of the county, W. Bray, Esq., and a new and curious work, the Diary of Samuel Pepys, Esq. a He was successively Scholar and Fellow of Magdalen College, and was tutor to Mr. Pepys, afterwards Secretary to the Admi- ralty ; he became afterwards one of Thurloe's Under Secretaries, and was employed in several embassies by Cromwell, whose interest he betrayed by secretly communicating to Charles II. at Breda, in 1660, valuable information, including a list of several persons who were in correspondence with, and received money from Thurloe. Among others, he betrayed Sir Richard Willis, that married Sir F. Jones's daughter, who had paid him 1,000/. at one time by the Protector's and Secretary Thurloe's order, for intelligence that he sent concerning the king. He was an ingenious mechanic, and is supposed by some persons to have invented the steam-engine. Every part of his house showed the invention of the owner. The side table in the dining-room was supplied with a large fountain, and the glasses stood under little streams of water. His coach had a moveable kitchen, with clock-work machinery, with which he could make soup, broil steaks, or roast a joint of meat. When he travelled he was his own cook. b In 1682 he applied to the French Government to encourage an invention, which he claims as his own, for raising water by the force of steam ; and in the succeeding year he exhibited his invention to the King of France at St. Germain's, at the same time presenting a manuscript by himself on the elasticity of steam ; in it he styled himself Master of Mechanics to the King of England. c On the Restoration, Charles II. created him a Baronet, by the name of Samuel Morland, alias Morley, of Suthamstede Banister, co. Berks, 18th July 1660, and settled on him a pen- sion of 500/. per ann. out of the Post Office for life, and the be- nefit of two Baronets. Both he disposed of, and the pension, which he sold to Sir Arthur Kingsby. He was a speculative character, and purchased ground in France for building, which turned out bad, On this he petitioned the king for assistance, stating that his life was in danger from threats, and sends a list of the king's enemies, at the head of whom stands the name of Sir Richard Willis. This Sir Richard was Governor of Newark, on the king's part, when the king was prevailed on to go thither a Edited by Pilchard Lord Braybrooke, to whom the literary public are under rcat obligations. b North's Life of Lord Keeper Guildford, p. 294. c This MS. is in the Harleian Collection, British Museum, No. 5771. ST. mary's district. 361 to meet Prince Rupert after the violent anger felt by the King tm the prince giving up Bristol; on this occasion Sir Richard went out at the head of a great party to meet and escort the prince into the town in open defiance of the King. He married Susanna de Milleville, daughter of Daniel de Milleville, of Bossen in France, naturalized in 1662. When she died is uncertain ; but Sir Samuel survived a second and a third wife, both buried in Westminster Abbey ; he died at an advanced age. About the year 1730, Mr. Jonathan Tyers became the occu- pier of this place, and there being a large garden, with a great number of stately trees, 3 and laid out in shady walks, and the house being converted into a tavern, or place of entertainment, it was much frequented. This place was opened, for the first time, by Mr. Tyers under the name of Spring Gardens, b on the evening of the 7th of June, 1732, with illuminations, and a Ridotto al fresco, c About 400 persons attended ; the principal part of them in masks and do- minos. These entertainments were several times repeated in the course of the summer, and numbers resorted to partake of them. This encouraged the proprietor to make his garden a placeof mu- sical entertainment. He decorated the gardens with paintings, erected an orchestra, and alcoves for the company, engaged a band of excellent musicians, and issued silver tickets for ad- mission d at a guinea each ; and on receiving further encou- ragement, he set up an organ in the orchestra, and in a conspi- cuous part of the garden erected a fine statue of Handel, e the work of Roubiliac,in the character of Orpheus, playing on a lyre. Till the building of Westminster Bridge, the only access to Vauxhall was from the opposite shore by water, or over London bridge, then through the borough of Southwark, and Kenning- ton, along Kennington-lane to Vauxhall ; but on the Bridge being built, Mr. Tyers, ever alive to every improvement of this place, purchased and pulled down a number of old houses, opposite Lambeth church, called Red-lion-yard, which gave an opportunity for a coach-way to the gardens, before the new roads from the Bridge were made. On the first night the coaches reached from the gardens to the church, near a mile. From Mr. Addison's account in the Spectator, it appears, a The state of these trees (in 1812) agrees very well with the idea that they were planted by Sir Samuel Morland sixty or seventy years before the time of Mr. Tyers. Manning and Bray, vol. iii. p. 491. b Which is still retained in the annual liceuse. c The Admission Ticket for this night is engraved in Nichols's History of Lambeth, p. 99. d Several of these are engraved in Nichols's History of Lambeth, p. 100. e This Statue was placed in the Gardens in 1738, in which year the entertain- ments began on Mav-dav. S A 362 st. mary's district. that masks were in general use by the company; that mead was a favourite liquor with the ladies, and that Burton ale, was in request with gentlemen. In a periodical paper called Common Sense, published in 1738, we are told that smoaking tobacco in the gardens was common. In a postscript to a bill of fare posted up in different parts of the gardens, it used to be a direction that no one was allowed to smoak except in seats. It need not be observed that smoaking has long been discon- tinued. The bills of fare, however, are still posted up with prices of the different articles, to prevent impositions by the waiters. From an account of these gardens published by Dodsley in 1761, a it appears the gardens were lighted by about 1500 lamps, b a piece of machinery called the waterfall consisting of a transparency, and the gardens were adorned by various paintings by Hogarth and Hayman, all of which are minutely described in Nichols's History.c Mr. Tyers died in 1767, and so great was the delight he took in this place, that possessing his faculties to the last, he caused himself to be carried into the gardens a few hours before his death, to take a last look at them. The following character of him by a contemporary is interest- ing : " He was a worthy man, but indulged himself a little too much in a querulous strain when any thing went amiss ; inso- much, that he said if he had been brought up a hatter, he be- lieved people would have been born without heads. A farmer once gave him a humourous reproof for this kind of reproach of heaven ; he stepped up to him, very respectfully, and asked him when he meant to open his gardens ; Mr. Tyers replied, " the next Monday fortnight." The man thanked him re- peatedly, and was going away ; but Mr. Tyers asked him in return, what made him so anxious to know; " Why, Sir," said the farmer, " I think of sowing my turnips on that day, for you know we shall be sure to have rain."& In the woods at his house near Dorking he had cut walks and erected alcoves, in one of which was painted the calm serenity of a dying Christian, in the other the agony of the awakened, but dying Infidel. The inscriptions were appropriate; and there were others of a moral tendency in other walks. He devised this property equally between his two sons and two daughters, Thomas, Jonathan, Margaret, and Elizabeth. The younger son conducted the gardens, and continued it till his death in 1792, when Mr. Bryant Barrett, an eminent wax a The Environs of London. b Latterly as many as 25,000 lamps have been used in one night. « Page 103. d Memoir of Joseph Brasbridge, p. 134. st. mary's district. 363 chandler, having married his daughter and only child, became part owner, and undertook the management; he soon after bought the other share. He died in 1809, and devised this estate to his two sons, George Rogers Barrett, esq. and the Rev. Jonathan Tyers Barrett, D.D. by the former of whom the entertainments were carried on for many years. In 1821, the Messrs. Barretts disposed of the property for upwards of 30,000/. to T. Bish, F. Gye, and R. Hughes, Esq. who have carried on the concern with great spirit, and with a consi- derable degree of credit and respectability ; no expense having been spared to render the gardens attractive and worthy the attention of the public. His Majesty most graciously allowed the present proprietors to place them under his patronage. In May 1786 was celebrated a Jubilee of fifty years which had elapsed since opening the gardens in 1736. The weather was highly favourable, and an immense company assembled, which in point of fashion had not been exceeded since the in- stitution. Great additions were made by new painting, &c. Fourteen thousand additional lights were exhibited. On June 29, 1800, the Prince's gallery or Long-room, in Vauxhall, was burnt to the ground ; the cause was never ascer- tained. About thirty of the trees caught fire, the foliage was burnt, and that part of the gardens had a desert appearance. The price of admission was one shilling till the Summer of 1792, when additional and more expensive decorations having been made, it was raised to two shillings. The gardens used to be opened every night, except Sundays, which amounted to about 100 in the season ; but in 1806, Saturday nights were dis- continued at the instance of the late Bishop of Winchester, and they were opened only on gala nights three times in the week, but with much additional decoration, and the price of admission was raised to three shillings and sixpence. The average num- ber of the company used to be about one thousand ; but on June 25, 1781, the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland having permitted notice to be given that they would sup in the gardens after the sailing-match for a cup which was annually given by the Duke, no less than eleven thousand persons enjoyed the festivity of the evening, and of them seven thousand were ac- commodated with provisions and refreshments. Originally the walks were open, but some years ago a cover- ing was placed over some of them to guard against damps, or a sudden shower; in 1810 and 1811, this was extended to another walk, and was supported by iron pillars; the pavilion also was con- siderably enlarged, and in the front was placed a colonade of the Doric Order. In 1812 the rotunda was thoroughly repaired, and highly decorated ; the interior being made to represent an Indian garden room ; and the price of admission was advanced to four shillings ; at the present time it is three shillings and sixpence. 361 st. mary's district. Present appearajice of The Royal Gardens, Vauxhall.* This enchanting and elegant place of amusement, has arisen to a great degree of popularity within the few last season?, which is mainly to be attributed to the excellent amusements, and admirable manner in which the whole is conducted under the direction of the present spirited pro- prietors. The most advantageous entrance for the purpose of a survey, is the Water or House-gate. The first scene that sa- lutes the eye is a noble avenue called the King's walk, about nine hundred feet in length, covered a considerable way with an awning, to keep off rain, which is ornamented with thousands of illumination lamps arranged in the most fanciful groups ; at the end of this vista is a small theatre, in which is exhibited the re- volving Evening Star, an elegant piece of workmanship. Ad- vancing into the garden to the right of this walk, is a quadran- gle or square, formerly called the grove, from the number of trees planted in it ; in the middle is a superb and magnificent octagon temple for the orchestra, of Chinese Gothic construc- tion, curiously ornamented with carvings, niches, &c. ; the dome of which is surmounted with an immense regal crown of illumination lamps of great brilliancy. The whole edifice is of wood painted white and bloom colour. The ornaments are plastic, a composition something like plaster of Paris, but only known to the ingenious architect who designed this struc- ture. At the upper extremity of this orchestra, a very fine organ is erected, and at the foot of it are seats and desks for the musicians placed in a semicircular form, leaving a space for the vocal performers in front. The concert begins at eight and finishes by twelve. One side of the quadrangle, that fronting the orchestra, is occupied by a large pavilion of the Composite order ; it was built for His 11. H. Frederick Prince of Wales, grandfather of his present Majesty ; the ascent is by a double flight of steps ; the interior is handsomely ornamented with chandeliers, looking glasses, and coloured lamps. The expence of this erection was 2,000^. which was defrayed by a Ridotto al Fresco, the second ever exhibited in these gardens. On the left side of the walk is the rotunda, a spacious building, seventy feet in diameter ; the interior is fitted up in the Eastern style, the walls are painted from views in the Mysore, and from the centre of the roof depends a large chandelier, covered with a The proprietors, in the handsomest manner, allowed me access to the gar- dens at all times ; and their treasurer, Mr. B. Parker, exerted himself in a manner that claims my warmest thanks. For the History of Lambeth. /}, • . an actual sw >■ 182k ^ATJJSJEAILIL SAI&ID3IOT. j Fire work. Tower .ij/r/////hrr/f 4- Smugglers c'use m ii///, A. \£8arret£ <; A'/.i/iK' <•/ Milton 7 Transparency 8 '/'//<•< rf /;■ ." Chinese entrance /<'.,//■////'<('/:- work, shop, UOctaaon temples I2fbu5itain k'i Circles ot 'JBo&es I40rchestra (5 Co //on a tie iti/iti/nncla ,//i',/ /7 J'/i-//t/-o Jo '('/// is Supper JtooTn WZceJfotcse- ZOUar- 2Zj 3 rtnces-r\willion f 2z£ntrance 23/lii/er (ht/o \94iSbuse • . A', .uJA'mni/iatrri ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. 365 1,500 coloured lamps. One side is capable of being opened, within which is an organ and space for the orchestra ; and a small theatre for fantoccini exhibitions. A few seasons after this building was erected, the opposite side of it was thrown open, and a saloon added to it. The roof of this building is elliptical, and in it are two small cupolas ; this is called by some the picture room, from six paintings in it, viz. full-length portraits of His Majesty George the Third a and Queen Charlotte ; the surrender of Montreal in Canada to the British army, commanded by General Amherst ; Britannia holding in her hand a medallion of his present Majesty, and sitting on the right hand of Neptune in his chariot drawn by sea- horses, with Tritons, &c. bearing medallions of the most eminent officers during the war ; Lord Clive receiving the homage of the Nabob: and Britannia distributing the laurels to Lords Granby, Albemarle, Townshend, and Cols. Monckton, Coote, &c. The entrance to this saloon, from the gardens, is through a Chinese Gothic portal. On the opposite side of the rotunda, by which we enter, is a passage leading to a noble sup- per-room, with spaces at each end, one for musicians, the other latterly used as a theatre for miniature scenic representations. Each corner of the room is ornamented with trophies, &c. em- blematical of the four quarters of the globe ; the walls are painted after views in England, and from the ceiling depend several elegant chandeliers of coloured lamps. Having described those principal objects in the immediate neighbourhood of the orchestra which first attract the stranger's attention, we will now take a tour round it, and survey every thing that merits observation. Along one side of the walk men- tioned previously, are a row of alcoves or boxes, with a table in each, capable of containing six or eight persons. Formerly the major part of these boxes had paintings in them by Hogarth, Hay- man, &c. ; very few, if any, of the first painter's productions re- main. For the sake of order we shall begin with our entrance into thegardens, and pursue our course round the three sides of the quadrangle. On the right is a Sea View ; Shepherd playing on his pipe, and decoying a Shepherdess into a wood ; 2. Land- scape ; S. The Game of Quadrille, and the Tea Equipage ; 4. Music and Singing; 5. Children building houses with cards; 6. Scene in the Mock Doctor ; 7. Landscape, and dancing round the May-pole ; 8. Thread my Needle, and Flying a Kite; 9. Story in Pamela; 10. Scene in the Devil to Pay, the cha- racters are Jobson, Nell, and the Conjuror; 11. Children play- * On his Majesty's visiting the gardens he asked Mr. Tycrs what he should graut him ; when the proprietor requested his Majesty to sit for his portrait; which he accordingly did to the artist of the above paintiug. 366 st. mary's district. ing at Shuttlecock ; 12. Hunting the Whistle ; 13. Another story in Pamela, her flying from Lady Dan vers ; 14. A Scene in the Merry Wives of Windsor, where Sir John Falstaff is put into the buck-basket; 15. Sea engagement between the Spani- ards and the Moors ; 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.22. 23. 24. Land- scapes ; 25. Sea View ; 29. Landscape ; 32. Story in Pamela ; 33. Landscape ; 34. a Painting, subject not known; 35.37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Landscapes ; 55. Landscape ; 56. Ditto, Cot- tage and Bridge ; 57. Sea View ; 79. Dover Cliffs and Castle ; 80. 81. Views; 85. Sea View; 86. Dover ; 87. The taking of Porto Bello in 1740; 88. Madamoisselle Catherina the little dwarf; 89. Birds nesting ; 90. The play of Bob Cherry ; 91. FalstafTs cowardice detected ; 92. The Bad family ; 93. The Good family ; 94. See Saw ; 95. The Milk-maid's Garland ; 130. Landscape. Among those formerly in the gardens, were Hogarth's inimitable paintings of Morning, Noon, Evening, and Night ; they are in the possession of B. Barrett, Esq. Stockwell. Behind the orchestra was until the recent sale of the gardens, by the Messrs. Barretts, a statue of Handel by Roubiliac, in the character of Orpheus, playing on a lyre, and was the first display of that sculptor's abilities, at least to the public eye ; and was approved by the stern critic Pope. This statue the Rev. Dr. Barrett carried to Duke-street, Westminster, where it ornaments his hall. Returning to the King's walk, and passing the entrance to the rotunda on the left, the boxes take a sweep of five hundred feet in length in the form of a semi-circle, the front being ornamented in the Chinese Gothic Style, so preva- lent in the last century. Between the semi-circle and the walk is an elegant fountain, erected by the present proprietors. Pur- suing our course we arrive in a transverse walk, known as the Chinese walk ; at the south end of which, is the Chinese en- trance, to the north a beautiful scene, partly transparent, of the bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius during an eruption, which is varied annually. In an angle formed by this walk, and the grand walk, is the Theatre, where recently hydraulics, ballets, masques, and feats of jugglers, have been exhibited, the musicians sitting beneath a covering on one side of the stage, in rainy weather. The interior of this theatre is fitted up complete for the exhibition of the most intricate and difficult scenery. Opposite are seats erected above the boxes for more conveniently viewing the performances, to which ac- cess is had by stairs next the grand walk; the charge is one shilling. They are conveniently fitted up and covered in from rain. Continuing up the grand walk at the extremity is the small theatre, mentioned before, in which is the Evening Star, a curious piece of mechanism, and a full-length portrait of his present Majesty. The walk to either side bounds the gardens \ ST. MARY'S DISTRICT. 367 on the east ; northward is the Hermit in his cell, and south- ward the building called the Moorish tower, nearly 100 feet high from whence the brillant fire-works, for which these gar- dens have long been celebrated, are exhibited, and from whence Madame Saqui, and latterly young Blackmore the American, made their terrific descents and ascents. Further on is a scene called the Smugglers' cave, and facing a walk which bounds die south side of the gardens ; the trees in this walk are in a flourishing state, and form a pleasing grove. Return- ing by the walk facing the Moorish Tower, we arrive at the opposite side of the quadrangle to that by which we made our tour; here are seats similar to those for viewing the theatri- cal performances, and for which the same charge is made On the left is a similar semicircle of boxes to that mentioned on the opposite side of the quadrangle ; still further on is another smaller sweep completely covered in, and near which is a path to the Coach entrance in Kennington-lane. Having finished our survey of the gardens we may observe, that, on the whole, the present state of them does great credit to the proprietors who have spared no expence in catering amusements for the public. We will conclude with Mr. Nichols, that « in a dark night the illuminations, are very beautiful, and cannot fail to surprise and delight every susceptible spectator ; but in a moonlight night, there is something more peculiarly pleasing which so strongly affects the imagination that it almost instils an idea of enchantment." On the north side of these gardens, Defoe seems to consider was a Roman fort or camp, a This, in some degree, has been authenticated for in digging the foundation of some houses, considerable quantities of the pottery peculiar to that people, were discovered and thrown up. A small utensil, engraved below, of the size of the original, is in the author's possession In Vauxhall was formerly a tavern known by the sign of tin Tour through Great Britain, vol. i. p. 234. 368 ST. mauy's district. Three Mariners. a On repairing it in 1752, in it was found a remarkably high elbowed chair, covered with purple cloth, and ornamented with gilt nails. An old fisherman told Mr. Buck- master, that he heard his grandfather say, that King Charles II. disguised, used, on his water tours with his ladies, to frequent the above tavern, to play at chess, &c. and that the chair found was the same as the King sat in. The chair was repaired and kept as a curiosity by the late John Dawson, Esq. but by neg- lect, was at the pulling down his old dwelling at Vauxhall in 1777, destroyed. Mr. Buckmaster sat in the chair many times, but his feet would not touch the ground. King Charles was very tall. In Vauxhall is the extensive distillery of Messrs. Burnett, and Co. employing a considerable number of people, and ex- tending from the road to the river side. On the site of the premises, adjoining on the north to the above distillery, and formerly in the occupation of Messrs. John- son and Co. distillers, was Copt Hall, a curious wooden building, an engraving of which is prefixed.** In a Survey taken of the Manor of Kennington, in 1615, is an entry, that Sir Thomas Parry (which family was distantly con- nected with Secretary Cecil, and who was made ambassador resi- dent at the Court of France in 1601, and succeeded Sir John For- tescue as Chancellor of the Exchequer in Dec. 1607, when he was sworn of the Privy Council) Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, held by a copy, " a handsome tenement built of brick, called Copt Hall, lying near the Thames opposite the capital tenement called Vaux Hall to the south, lying between the Thames, and the way leading towards Kingston, with a gar- den and orchard, on three sides, inclosed with a brick-wall. " c Whilst Sir Thomas Parry resided here, Lady Arabella Stuart was committed to close custody in his house, on account of having married privately William Seymour, grandson of the Earl of Hertford. This lady was the only child of the fifth Earl of Lennox, uncle to King James I. and great-grandson of King Henry VII. Her double relationship to royalty was ob- noxious to the jealousy of Queen Elizabeth and the timidity of King James I. who equally dreaded her having legitimate issue, and prevented her from marrying in a suitable manner ; thus a No tavern of this sign is known to exist ; but there is one of the sign of the " Three Merry Boys," probably a corruption of the above name. •> From the Londina Illustrata, by permission of the late Mr. R. Wilkinson, which he had engraved from an original drawing in the possession of the late Mf . Simco. c Denne's Addenda, 416, 417. st. mary's district. 369 situated, she married Seymour, and in consequence both were committed to custody. The lady being confined at Vauxhall, and Seymour being sent to the Tower. They both made their escape, on the same day, 3d of June, 1611. He got to Flan- ders, but she was taken in Calais roads, and committed a close prisoner to the Tower, out of which she never came alive. The sense of her undeserved oppressions operated so severely on her high spirit, that she became a lunatic, and died in that state September 27, 1615. a On Sir Thomas Parry's death, this house descended to John Abrahall, Esq. of Ingston, Hereford, who in 1629 surrendered it to King Charles. After the death of that monarch a survey of the house and premises were taken by order of the parlia- ment, in which the house was described as follows : " Vaux Hall otherwise Copped Hall, valued in all that capitall messuage with the appurten'nce, commonly called or knowne by the name of Vaux Hall (otherwise) Copped Hall, scituate, lyeing, and being, in water, Lambeth, in the said county of Surrey, bounded with the river of Thames on the north-west part thereof, a narrowe passage from the watersyde to the highewaye leading to South Lambeth on the north-easte, the highewaye last menc'oned on the south-east, and a broad pas- sage from the said highewaye to the common landing place att Vaux Hall south west, consisting of a faire dwelling house, strongly built, three stories and an halfe highe, with a faire stayre case breakeing out from the said dwelling house, o\ nyneteene foote square, and all that building adioyneing to the southeast end of the said house being twoe stories and an halfe highe ; togeather alsoe with one other building adioyneing to the northwest end of the said house and vsed with the same ; with twoe breaks on the northeast parte of the last menc'oned building, all of them being twoe stories and an halfe highe." It was valued with the courts and grounds attached, at 751. per annum. b After this it was described by the name of Vaux Hall only. By an Act of the House of Commons, 17 July, 1649, for the sale of the honors, &c. of the late King, Queen, and Prince, it is provided that it should not extend to the house called Vaux Hall, nor to the grounds, houses, buildings, models, utensils, or other necessaries for practical inventions therein contained ; but they shall remain for the use of the Commonwealth, to be employed and disposed of by the parliament as they shall think * 'Lodge's lllustra'ions of Eng. Hist. iii. p. 178, b Record in theAugmentation Office. 3 B 370 st. mary's district. fit. » But in 1652, the parliament resolved that this should be sold, and it was purchased by John Trenchold of the City of Westminster, *» who held it till the restoration. On the restoration it came again into the king's hands, who granted a lease to Lord Moore, of this and the demesne lands of Kennington, with a power of resuming it, which the king ex- ercised the following year, and settled here one Jasper Calthoff, a Dutchman, who was employed in making guns and other war- like implements for his Majesty's service. A part of the pre- mises was occupied a few years after by Peter Jacobson, a sugar-baker. c Mr. Denne seems to think it was to this house, and not to the Mariners tavern, that Charles II. and his ladies in his water tours were wont to repair. d Some years after it was granted by lease from the Duke of Cornwall to Mr. Kent, distiller, who had a large distillery thereon ; but failing, the premises are in a ruinous state and unoccupied. The lease, Mr. Lysons says, is the property of Mr. Snaith, banker, in London. It was then held under two leases. The Manor-house having been long demolished, one of the leases was demised under the title of " the Manor/' the other of " Faux Hall Wharf," which comprised the whole of the ground occupied by the sites of Marble-hall and the Cum- berland Tea Gardens, the leases were both held by Mr. Pratt, who carried on the distillery. Sir Joseph Mawbey, Bart, many years Member of Parliament for the borough of Southwark, and afterwards Knight of the Shire for the county of Surrey, having married the daughter of Mr. Pratt, held the premises, and carried on the distillery till his decease in the year 1798 ; subsequently the estate has been held by Sir Charles Blicke, Knt. and several under tenants, among whom was Cuthbert Johnson and Co.e It is traditionally reported that this house, or the neighbouring one of Vauxhall, was the residence of the incendiary Guido (vulgarly Guy) Faux, the principal person who figured in the Gunpowder Plot. Mr. Denne says that he applied to Mr. C. Benson, the Chap- ter Clerk, to learn whether Guy Faux had ever any interest in estates in Vauxhall; the clerk examined the records, but did not find him mentioned as an under-tenant. a Append. Hist, of Lambeth, p. 159. b From the Augmentation Office. c Lysons's Environs, vol. i. p. 322. d Addenda, p. 418. e For a list of the lessees of this estate, see Denne's Addenda, p. 415. V ^3i5£ st. mary's district. 371 Had Guy Faux ever been possessed of any of the copyhold lands held of the Manor of Kennington, anno 1615, by Jane Faux, his supposed relict, on his being convicted of high trea- son, a forfeiture to the Crown must have ensued. But the fact is, that Jane Vaux was the widow of John Vaux, a citizen and vintner of London, and a benefactor to the parish of Lambeth. A family of the name of Vause, or Vaux, had certainly dwelt here for almost a hundred years; but had Guy been their rela- tion, and known to them (as he must have been had he inhabited a capital house at Vauxhall), he could never have thought of passing for a servant to Percy, who lived at Lambeth (as did John Wright, one of the conspirators), and from whose house some of the combustibles were conveyed across the Thames to the Horseferry, and placed under the Parliament-house, West- minster. The situation of this house I am not able to fix ; but am apt to believe that Catesbye and Percy might be the joint occupiers of it, there being a sermon preached November 5, by Dr. Featley, and printed in Clavis Mystica, p.82t, with this mar- ginal note; " This last year (1635) the house where Catesby plotted this treason at Lambeth was casually burnt to the ground by powder." a After all it is not improbable that Faux did reside in Lambeth, being near Catesby, and such an easy distance from the scene of his infamous designs. Among the various manufactures carried on in this part of the parish, none have been so celebrated as Vauxhall Plate Glass. In the thirteenth century the Venetians were the only people who had the secret of making looking glasses ; but about the year 1670, a number of Venetian artists arrived in England, the principal of whom was Kossetti ; and under the patronage of the Duke of Buckingham, a manufactory was es- tablished at Foxhall, and carried on with amazing success, in the firm of Dawson, Bowles, and Co. so as to excel the Vene- tians, or any other nation in blown plate glass. The emolu- ments acquired by the proprietors were prodigious; but in the year 1780, from a difference between them and the workmen, a total stop was put to this great acquisition and valuable manufac- tory, and a descendant of the above Rossetti ungratefully left in extreme poverty. t> The site of this celebrated factory is Vaux- hall-square. There was a shock of an earthquake felt at a pottery in this part of Lambeth, on March 8, 1750 ; it threw down the roof of a pot-house, and the fishermen then at work on the river, ima- * Denne's Addenda p. 416'. b Nichols's Lambeth, p. 121. 372 ST. MARYS DISTRICT. gined a porpoise or some other large fish, had risen under the boat, a Proceeding along Princes-street, and Fore-street, running parallel with the river, and occupied by persons connected with the river, with potteries, whiting factories, &c. the only objects that the perambulator can notice is the extreme filth and mean appearance of the neighbourhood, the width of the streets in some cases not allowing more than one small vehicle to pass, without any foot path, and roughly paved. Even on the destruction of some of the old hovels, the proprietors re- erect them on the same site, though in some cases half the building projects on the highway. Great hopes are entertained that a new road will be made from Lambeth Palace to Vaux- hall, and they are considerably strengthened by the fact that a Bill is preparing for next Session to obtain an Act of Parliament to erect a Bridge from Lambeth Palace to the Horse-ferry, on the opposite side of the river. If this should happen, and there is little doubt it will, a road must be made to Vauxhall, and thus will do away with several streets, filthy courts, and alleys, and various nuisances which exist in no part or neighbourhood of the metropolis in a greater degree than in this part of the parish of Lambeth. Having arrived at Lambeth Palace the neighbourhood of which has been described, we shall conclude this Survey of a considerable and important portion of the parish with a notice of the proposed Lambeth Bridge. The extent and increasing importance of that portion of Lon- don which lies to the westward of Westminster Bridge, en- hanced, as it will shortly be, by the residence of His Majesty at the new Palace, and of many of the Nobility and Gentry in the new square and streets now building on Lord Grosvenor's estates at Pimlico and Chelsea ; with the increase of trade and commerce which naturally results from a populous and wealthy neighbourhood, call for every facility to be given to the com- munication of that part of the town with the opposite shore and the country adjacent. The parish of Lambeth, which in many points of view is of equal consequence, would also be improved by the benefits inseparable from such communication ; for, by the erection of wharfs and other commercial buildings, and the consequent influx of trade and population, its wealth would be increased by the same means that its convenience is consulted. a Philosophical Transactions, vol. xlvi. p. 700. 7 '•■'*'' • a .... "' r < &< ■ ■ i i Vrutge rht EUj , . . ... ' - " • ■ iELEVA'TT'TOSr Zimoy. SfO St7-a.nct L st. mary's district. 373 The only route at present connecting the Surrey roads with the western extremity of the town, lies too much out of the general line of traffic, to promote effectually the great objects mentioned above ; and it will be perceived, by the Plan an- nexed that the roads intended to connect with the new bridge, being in a direct line, already well known to the public, and in excellent condition, ensure to the present undertaking three important consequences ; namely, a saving of time to the pas- sengers, of labour to the proprietors, and of money to both. It is now proposed to erect a cast-iron Bridge, of seven arches, with stone piers and abutments, stretching from Church- street, Lambeth, near the Archbishop's palace, (and where a ferry has existed for many years,) to the Horse-ferry road on the opposite shore ; and from whence the road will lead directly through Pimlico, into the great Western road at Hyde-park- corner, and by Grosvenor-place, Buckingham-house, Belgrave- square, and all the adjacent parts of that improving and wealthy neighbourhood. From the Elephant and Castle, the point from which so many roads diverge, a considerable saving in distance will be effected by this new route, in preference to the road over the Vauxhall or Westminster bridges; a circumstance of itself sufficient (ex- clusive of all the local advantages) to establish the eligibility of this proposed undertaking. The practicability of the measure will be apparent to all who are conversant with the site ; — on each side there are good open roads down to the very banks of the river, and no part of which will require to be raised more than four feet : consequently the enormous expences which other Companies have been put to, in the formation of their approaches, will be here avoided. It is computed that the whole cost of land, &c. necessary to be purchased for cutting through into the main road at Pimlico, and for other necessary purposes, may be more than realized by the sale or letting of such land, when converted into frontage in the improved neighbourhood, which will certainly follow upon the completion of this undertaking. The daily transit of the two neighbouring bridges, for twelve hours in the day-time, having been ascertained from actual ob- servation on the spot, and taking into consideration that, from the superior local advantages possessed by the present situation, one third more passengers and vehicles than annually pass over the Vauxhall Bridge, will avail themselves of the convenience now offered, it is estimated that the total Receipts of the pro- posed New Bridge (including the probable transit for the time not mentioned in the above calculation) will exceed 11,500/. per annum. 374- st. mary's district. The estimate of expences is as follows : — Total cost of building the bridge, including every ex- £ pence in that department .... 112,500 For land (including buildings to be pulled down) ne- cessary to be purchased, in order to throw the ap- proaches open to the main roads on the Westminster side, and for completing the roads ; and including compensations and expences ..... 51,000 a£l63,500 By the above estimate it is manifest that the investment of capital in this undertaking will be most favourable, as an inte- rest of from 61. to 7/. per cent, may confidently be anticipated, and with a prospect of still greater advantages as the superi- ority of the accommodation developes itself to the public. In order to carry the above undertaking into effect, it is in- tended to raise (if it should be found necessary) a sum not ex- ceeding 200,000Z. in shares of 50l. each, on which a deposit of 2/. per share is to be paid down ; and as soon as one half of the proposed capital is subscribed, a general meeting of the pro- prietors will be called, for the purpose of electing a committee to manage the immediate affairs of the Company — till when, no appropriation of the deposits will be made, but the same will remain to the credit of the trustees in the Bankers' hands : — Such committee to consist of thirteen members ; and a proprie- tor of ten shares and upwards, to be eligible to be elected thereon. Every proprietor of three shares, to have one vote on the election of such committee ; of six shares, two votes ; of ten shares, three votes ; of fifteen shares, four votes ; and of twenty shares and upwards, five votes : the committee to be duly elected by the majority of votes then present. It is in- tended to apply to Parliament early in the ensuing Session for an Act to incorporate the Company, and for carrying the above project into execution, which Act of Parliament will obviate all the difficulties attendant upon a Joint Stock Company, as each proprietor will be liable for no more than the amount of his own shares. Prospectuses, which will be accompanied by a proper form of tender for shares, may be obtained of Charles Hollis, esq. architect and engineer, No. 10, Upper Stamford-street, Water- loo-road: or, of Godfrey Goddard, esq. solicitor, No. 21, Thavies-inn, Holborn; at whose offices, elevations and sections of the intended Bridge, and a Map of the adjacent neighbour- hood, and line of the intended road, may be seen. The plan has the sincere good wishes of the author, and it is to ST. MARYS DISTRICT. 375 be hoped that the inhabitants will exert their utmost endeavours in support of this praise-worthy undertaking ; and if the archi- tect raises a bridge proportionably elegant to the new church at Poplar, which was built from his design, it will be a consider- able ornament to the river, and enhance the respectability, and ultimately the wealth of this extensive suburb of the great City of London. Asylum for Female Orphans, 1823. 376 st. mark's district. CHAPTER XL District of St. Mark, or Kennington Church District. The boundary of this district, from the London Gazette, March 29, 1825, is as follows: " Commencing at the middle of Vauxhall Bridge, on the south side thereof, it passes along the south side of the said bridge, and thence along the south side of Kennington-lane (including the foot-path all the way), to the outer edge of the foot-path on the north-west side of Kennington-road, near the Plough and Harrow public-house ; thence turning to the south- west, it passes along the outer edge of the foot-path on the north-west side of the Kennington-road, and crosses the said road, obliquely, to the north corner of Kennington-common ; thence, turning to the south-east, it follows along the middle of the ditch, wholly on the north-east side of the said common, and then it turns to the south-west, and continues, partly, on the south-east side thereof to a D. C. landmark, a little beyond the angle of Mr. Farmer's vitriol works ; thence, turning square to the south-east, it proceeds along the middle of the ditch on the south-west side of" a foot-path leading to Camber well, to a pa- rish mark opposite the rear of gardens and paddocks belonging to houses in Bowyer-lane ; thence it turns nearly square to the north-east, and, crossing the said foot-path, passes along a ditch to the east side of a street, called Pitt-street, where it makes an acute angle and passes to a parish mark on the south- east side of Bowyer-lane ; thence, turning to the south-west, at an angle nearly square, it proceeds along the south-east side of the said lane, and nearly in the same direction across the new road leading to Camberwell, and two fields on the south- west side thereof, to a parish mark in the hedge : thence, form- ing nearly a right angle, it passes south-south-east along the hedge which divides the land of this district from that of Cam- berwell, to the south-west angle of the field. Thence, turning eastwardly a few yards along the ditch on the south angle, it passes southwards to a parish mark in the adjoining field ; thence, taking a direction south-west and south, in a curved line, by three parish marks, to the north-east corner of Loughbo- rough-house garden ; thence proceeding south along the ditch, on the east side thereof, it crosses a foot-way leading from Stockwell to Camberwell, and, in the same direction, continues to an angle formed by a hedge which divides this district from •ST. mark's district. 377 the parish of Camberwell ; thence it turns to the east, and passes along the said hedge until it quits the same, opposite the angle of a row of houses in a new street leading into Cold Harbour- lane, whence it passes in a north-easterly direction, by several parish posts, to a parish stone by the side of a gateway, and thence takes a northerly direction to the corner of an old lane, where it makes an acute angle, and passes nearly east, to the end of a wall at the back of houses on Camberwell-green, and passes the end of the said wall, a kw yards along a ditch to the corner of a carpenter's shop, where there is a parish post; thence it makes nearly a right angle to the east, and passes through the yard and house now occupied by Mr. Mayhew, a carpenter, to a LP. cut in the cill of the entrance gate,' and thence to the edge of the foot-path opposite the Father Red Cap public-house; thence it turns south, and, includ- ing the foot-path, proceeds to the north-east end of Cold Harbour-lane; it then passes along the south-east side of Cold Harbour-lane east, the west side of Green-man-lane, and the south side of Loughborough-house-lane, to the Croydon road, at North Brixton ; thence it passes obliquely across the said road to the south-east corner of Robert-street, and thence along the south side thereof, and of Love-lane, to Stockwell village, whence it crosses the road obliquely, pro- ceeds along the north-west side of Stockwell-green, including the road, and continues on the south-east side of Bedford pri! vate road to Clapham Work-house, whence it passes in a northerly direction, along the east side of the Clapham-road, excluding the footpath, to a LP. stone in the wall of the fore- court to Mr. Wilmot's house; thence it crosses the said road to a parish stone in an opposite paddock, from which it takes an oblique direction north-north-west to a bridge in Union-road, and thence along the middle of a common sewer all the way to Nine Elms, in the parish of Battersea, which sewer runs for a short distance northwards to a parish mark, and thence, nearly west, crossing Larkhall-lane, and, continuing nearly in the same direction, to the front of houses in Chichester-place, situ- ate in the turnpike-road from London to Wandsworth • thence passing under the same, it takes a curved direction to the south- west, and thence continues westward, by the side of a garden belonging to the southernmost house in Chichester-placeVore- said, until it unites with another common sewer, along the middle of which the boundary line passes in a north-easterly direction all the way to Nine Elms aforesaid to a parish post over the said sewer ; thence it continues obliquely across the road to a parish mark on the foot-path, about three yards from the cor- ner of Belmont-row, and thence, passing at the same distance parallel, along the west side of the garden belonging to Bel- 3c 378 st. mark's district. mont-house, and thence, by an imaginary line, to the middle of the river Thames., and, by another imaginary line along the middle of the same, to the centre of Vauxhall Bridge afore- said." The first object of our survey, is Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge was projected in 1808, by Mr. Ralph Dodd, the father of the projector of Waterloo Bridge, " to be of the length of 300 feet from near Vauxhall to the opposite shore, in a pa- rallel line, and at a suitable elevation to construct a superb Doric entablature, with interior elliptical or circular groins, on which will be formed the bridge for the transit of passen- gers, &c. guarded on each side by iron lattice railing, in the room of balustrades. This entablature to be supported by columns arising at suitable distances from piers constructed in the bed of the river." In 1809 an Act was passed (49 Geo. III. c. 142.) for in- corporating a company of proprietors to be called " The Vauxliali Bridge Company," who were authorised to build a bridge from the south side of the river, at or near Cumberland Gardens, or Vauxhall turnpike, in Lambeth, to the opposite shore, called Millbank, in the parish of St. John, Westminster. They were empowered to raise 200,000/., 30,000^. of which was to be invested in the Three per Cents for the purpose of the Act before any lands should be purchased, or works begun, On some disagreement breaking out between the projector and the proprietors, he was dismissed, and the aid of John Rennie, Esq. called in. Before operations commenced, however, a new plan was brought under the notice of the committee by Sir Samuel Bentham, in conjunction with Mr. Grillier, to finish the bridge in two years, for 75,000/. ; and after much discussion, and it is said not a little intrigue, it was resolved to adopt it in preference to the other. Mr. Rennie, on this, withdrew from any concern in the undertaking, and the work was begun under the direction of Sir Samuel Bentham. In a short time, however, the suc- cessful knight was dismissed in his turn, and it was left to Mr. J. Walker, an engineer of some eminence, to complete the structure. The first stone on the Middlesex side of the river was laid by Lord Dundas, as proxy of his Royal Highness the Prince Regent, on May 9, 1811, and the foundation stone of the Surrey side by Prince Charles, now Duke of Brunswick, in 1813. The bridge was finished and opened to the public in August 1816. It is a light and elegant structure, consisting of nine arches of cast iron, each 78 feet span, and between 11 and 1.2 feet rise, which rest on eight piers of 13 feet each, formed by building on wooden framing for a foundation with a casing of ST. MARK S DISTRICT. 379 stone, filled up with a mixture of Kentish rag stone and Roman cement. The total expence of the structure is stated to have been upwards of 300,000/. and a toll is levied as at Waterloo Bridge for the indemnification of the subscribers. .' On the south side of the road leading from the bridge to Kennington, and adjoining the river, was the Cumberland Tavern and Tea Gardens, a place of considerable resort, and which had been established for many years, when in the early part of 1825, the tavern was burnt to the ground, and the site is now about to be occupied by the South London Water Works Company, who will thus be enabled to supply the public with clearer water The freehold is the property of Mr. Lett, who purchased it of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury ; they sold it to redeem land-tax. On the opposite side of the road was an old inn, called the Royal Oak, with galleries round it ; it was taken down to make a road on part of its site for the bridge. On leaving this short road we turn on the right and cross a bridge erected by the county in 1703, at an expence of 150/. It is built over a creek which runs from the Washway to the Thames. In 1757 it was ordered to be widened and repaired ; and Sir Thomas Hankey offered to contract to do for 20 guineas what was esti- mated to cost 85/. In 1760 they paid Sir Thomas the 20 gui- neas for widening and repairing. Mention is made of a bridge made at the Abbot of Westminster's expence, between Vaux- hall and Wandsworth ; probably the same as the above a Proceeding along the road leading to Wandsworth and King- ston, on the right are alms-houses for seven poor women, found- ed by Sir Noel Caron, of whom mention will be made here- after. On the gate to the above houses was this inscription : D. O. M. S. Noelus de Caron, Fland. Equ. Schoonewallici Toparcha illustr. Ordinum Confaederat. Belg. Provinc. Apud Sereniss. Britan. Reg. Legat. Debitae Deo Gloria; Genti Gratitudinis Pauperibus Munificentia: Monumentum qualecunq ; Anno Legationis suae xxiix Restauratae Salutis cioiocxnx p. Proverb, xix. 17. Focncras Jehovae si recordaris Pauperum. ■ l Esch.<27 Edw. I. No. 136. t * 380 ST. mark's district. The present income is 28/. per annum, exclusive of a legacy of 1100/. Three per Cent Consols, which produces 33/. per ann. bequeathed to them in 1773, by the Dowager Lady Gower. Sir C. Blicke, the present owner of a great part of Sir Noel's estate, repaired the alms-houses, but in doing so, the careless workmen broke the marble which was inscribed as above. Adjoining to the alms-houses are the extensive distillery works of M. Saintmarc and Co. for extracting spirit from pota- toes. There is nothing worthy notice along this road, if we except Mr. Phillips's orchard for the rearing of fruit trees, in which he has been so successful as to receive two gold medals from the Society of Arts, for his improvements; and a fine spring called Vauxhall Well. The water is esteemed highly serviceable in many disorders of the eyes, and in the hardest winter it is never known to freeze. The steps, &c. are kept in repair by the trustees of the roads. Nearly opposite are the nursery grounds of Messrs. Chandler and Buckingham, in whose grounds numerous coins of ancient date have been thrown up, but, unfortunately, none have been preserved to enable the author to describe them. We now return to the turnpike, and proceed along the road towards Kennington ; on the right, and nearly opposite Vaux- hall Gardens, were Spring Gardens, an early place of entertainment. Mr. Bray, the County His- torian, says, Moncony mentions a Spring Garden at Lambeth, as much frequented in 1663, having grass and sand walks dividing squares of twenty or thirty yards which were inclosed with hedges of gooseberries, within which were roses, beans, asparagus, &c. a Aubrey, who began his collections in 1673, but which were not finished till long after, says that to prevent a surprise of London by the King's troops, there was a horn work belonging to the lines of circumvallation made by order of parliament in 1643, " without the new Spring Garden." Mr. Denne thinks that this expression of Aubrey, New Spring Garden, was not applicable to a place that had been a public garden so long before as Moncony wrote ; and that if the one which Moncony speaks of was at Vauxhall, which is not men- tioned, does not follow that it was the place which Mr. Tyers so highly embellished ; that Spring Gardens was no uncommon appellation for a place of public entertainment in the vicinity of London, and that opposite the principal entrance to the present Vauxhall Gardens was a field in which coaches, waiting for com- pany, used to stand, till 1780 or later ; at the east end of which a Archaeologia, vol. vii. p. 1 23. ST. mark's district. 381 field was a garden, which Mr. Denne had often heard called Spring Garden ; that before Mr. Tyers settled with the new, he was tenant of the old, and by retaining an interest in it for many years he prevented its being again opened as a place of public entertainment ; that this old Spring Garden was on a comparatively small scale, like that described by Moncony, whereas in that which Mr. Addison describes as having visited with Sir Roger de Coverley in 1712, there were choice of birds which sung in the trees, and a loose sort of people that walked under their shade, from whence it may be fairly sup- posed to have been the present Vauxhall Gardens. On July 27, 1668, Pepys, in his Diary, says: " So over the water with my wife, and Deb, and Mercer, to Spring Garden, and there eat and walked ; and observe how rude some of the young gallants of the town are become, to go into people's arbors where there are not men, and almost force the women ; which troubled me, to see the confidence of the vice of the age ; and so we away by water with much pleasure home." a The site of these gardens was where the new road turns off towards the Oval, of which mention will be made presently. The gardens afterwards were held by a Mrs.Cornelly, who had a large white house for entertainment, but being frequented by loose and dissolute persons, was suppressed by the magistracy. At the corner of her garden wall was the cage. On Mrs. Cor- nelly leaving, Mr. Tyers resided for a considerable period, till the house was pulled down, and some new buildings erected on its site. In the new road leading to the Oval, and from thence in a direct line to Camberwell, are the Parochial schools for the Kennington District ; each are capable of containing 200 children (one for boys and one for girls) ; and for their support and erection, the subscribers to the Lambeth Parochial School liberally contributed 900/. Three per cent. Consols, and several wealthy individuals of the district came forward and contri- buted towards their support. They are conducted on Dr. Bell's system These schools are on the left hand side of the road, going from Vauxhall to Camberwell ; and ad- joining the Oval, a beautiful nursery ground of an oval form, from whence it takes its name, the owner of which, a Mr. Mitchelson, lately died at the advanced age of nearly one hundred years, and who from his very long proprietorship here, was a sort of living chronicle of the former state of the neigh- bourhood. This spot is peculiarly delightful, the sides of the road, for some distance, being formed by this nursery ground, a Diary, vol. ii. p. 249. 382 st. mark's district. and a fine plantation laid out to resemble a park ; as also half a dozen or more charming little villas. The whole of this ground, and beyond, from South Lambeth to Vauxhall and Kennington-lane, formed the park of Sir Noel Caron, the Dutch Ambassador. Returning into Kennington-lane, on the right are the South London Water-works. In 1805 an Act of Parliament was passed for establishing a Company to be called the Company of Proprietors of the South London Water-works, who were to form reservoirs near Ken- nington-green to be supplied from the Thames along Vauxhall creek, or at a creek on the other side of Cumberland Gardens, between that and Marble Hall, all in this parish, and by cuts and channels to supply parts of Lambeth, Camberwell, Ber- mondsey, Rotherhithe, Deptford, Newington, Walworth, Ken- nington, Stockwell, Clapham, Peckham Rye, Dulwich, and places adjacent, in Surrey. They were restrained from in- terfering with those parts which were already supplied with water by the Lambeth Water-works. The proprietors might raise, 50,000/. to be divided into shares, and if ne- cessary, 30,000/. more ; to pay 51. a year to the City of Lon- don, as conservators of the river Thames, for the liberty of opening a communication betwen the Water-works and the river, but not to interfere with the Grand Surrey Canal, nor to take water out of the rivers Wandle and Ravensbourn. The work was undertaken ; a field of five acres between Ken- nington-lane and the Oval, was procured, on which two reser- voirs were formed with steam-engines, a house for their clerk, a committee room, and other buildings. On the 17th June, 1807, the proprietors celebrated the completion of the under- taking by giving a public breakfast at the place. The reser- voirs were intended to bring the water into a state of purity before it was distributed; but it was found that it did not answer thoroughly; and they in 1812, proposed to adopt the plan of the Lambeth Water-works, and remove their steam- engines from the reservoir to Vauxhall creek. This from some cause was not put into execution ; but since the destruction of the Cumberland Tavern, it is expected they will shortly remove to its site, which will be of great advantage to the inhabitants. Nothing worthy of notice occurs, with the exception of the Licensed Victuallers' Schools, a plain brick building, opened about 1807, for the support and instruction of children of de- cayed victuallers. This excellent institution is under the patronage of many of the nobility. In the upper part of Kennington-lane is a Chapel erected by Hi st. mark's district. 383 the Rev. G. Gibson, formerly master of Carlisle-house board- ing school, on a piece of land held of the Prince of Wales for three lives. The subscribers nominate the clergyman, subject to the approval of the Rector. The present minister is the Rev. J. G. Sergrove. The interior is neatly fitted up with galleries round three sides, and a good organ. In front of the building is a neat portico, and on the top a turret with one bell. It is capable of accommodating about six hundred per- sons. At the extremity of this lane towards Newington is an old house known by the sign of the Plough and Harrow ; it has an antique appearance, but there are no local anecdotes appertaining to it. From thence our course bends southward along the road to Kennington-common. On the right of this road, Lawrence Whitacre, Esq. steward of Kennington manor in 1636, and a member of the Long Parliament, dwelt in a very large house situate at a place where now the ends of York-row and Pleasant-row meet on the road from Newington to Ken- nington-common, which house was afterwards divided into tenements ; and called Kettleby's-rents. This house has been pulled down a long time, but the name is still retained to a row of small houses. On the same side is a Chapel for the use of the Indepen- dents. It is plainly fitted up with galleries round three sides and an organ ; and is capable of accommodating about five hundred persons. The present minister is the Rev. J. Hunt. Nearer to the common, on the same side, is Princes-square, which from its low situation is frequently overflowed from high tides in the river. Proceeding on the left is Kennington Com- mon, an inclosed piece of ground containing about 20 acres. From its advantageous situation so near the metropolis, it might, by proper management, be made extremely valuable. " At present it is common to all cattle, without stint, belong- ing to those parishioners who reside within the Prince of Wales's Liberty, whose property it is, who pay a certain stipend per head ; the sum goes towards defraying those expences which the keeping up of the fence, &c. necessarily incurs. It is shut during the winter six months and opens again in spring ; but it is no sooner opened than the number of the cattle turned in is so great, that the herbage is soon devoured, and it remains entirely bare the rest of the season. "a This was the usual place of execution for criminals tried in this part of the county. Such of the rebels as were tried by special commission in 1746 at St. Margaret's-hill, and were ordered for execution, suffered at this place, among whom a Malcolm's Report, 4to. 1794. 384- st. mark's district. were those who commanded the regiment raised at Manchester for the use of the Pretender. This common was also the frequent of itinerant preachers, otherwise ranters, as appears from the following extract from an inimitable comedy : » " Lady Lambeti. Did you ever preach in public ? " Maxvivorm. I got up on Kennington- common, the last re- view-day ; but the boys threw brickbats at me, and pinned crackers to my tail ; and I have been afraid to mount, your ladyship, ever since.'* 3 During the summer season it is much frequented by cricket- ers, for whom ample accommodation is made by the landlord of the Horns tavern. On the side of the high road is this celebrated inn, and attached to it is a large assembly-room. In this house died an eccentric individual, Joseph Capper, esq. He was born in Cheshire, of humble parents. His family being numerous, he came to London at an early age, and was bound apprentice to a grocer. Mr. Capper soon manifested great quickness and indus- try, and proved a most valuable servant to his master. It was one of the chief boasts of his life, that he had gained the confi- dence of his employer, and never betrayed it. Being of an enterprising spirit, Mr. Capper commenced business as soon as he was out of his apprenticeship, in the neighbourhood of Rose- mary-lane. His old master was his only friend, and recom- mended him so strongly to the dealers in his line, that credit to a very large amount was given him. In proportion as he became successful, he embarked in various speculations, but in none was so fortunate as in the funds. He at length amassed a sum sufficient to enable him to decline all busines. Mr. Capper having now lost his old master, was resolved to lead a sedentary life. For several days he walked about the vicinity of London, searching for lodgings, without being able to please himself. Being one day much fatigued, he called at the Horns, at Ken- nington, took a chop and spent the day, and asked for a bed in his usual blunt manner; when he was answered in the same churlish style by the landlord, that he could not have one. Mr. Capper was resolved to stop if he could, all his life, to plague the growling fellow, and refused to retire. After some further altercation, however, he was accommodated with a bed, and never slept out of it for twenty-five years. During that time he made no agreement for lodging or eating, but wished to be considered a customer only for the day. For many years a Hypocrite, Act ii. sceue 1 . T n v i ^: L ¥ X i- ' — — ■ JEPfl CAPPUR, Deceased, dped 77. tO //i/:.,. n ii . /,,,>,,,/, ,j / //,■ , /V%; ,, , , /i,/i i, i i, // I , ii it y i r'Jtedd. ST. mark's district. 385 he talked about quitting his residence the next day. His manner of living was so methodical, that he would not drink his tea out of any other than a certain favourite cup. He was equally par- ticular with respect to his knives and forks, plates, &c. In winter and summer he rose at the same hour; and when the mornings were dark, he was so much accustomed to the house, that he walked about the apartment without the assistance of any light. At breakfast he arranged, in a peculiar way, the paraphernalia of the tea-table, but first of all he would read the newspapers. At dinner he also observed a general rule, and invariably drank his pint of wine. His supper was uniformly a gill of rum, with sugar, lemon-peel, and porter, mixed together: the latter he saved from the pint he had at dinner. From this economical plan he never deviated. His bill for a fortnight amounted regularly to 4/. 18s. He called himself the cham- pion of Government. He was extremely choleric ; and nothing raised his anger so soon as declaiming against the British Con- stitution. In the parlour he kept his favourite chair, and there he would often amuse himself with satirising the customers, or the landlord, if he could make his jokes tell the better. It was his maxim never to join in general conversation, but to inter- rupt it whenever he could say any thing ill natured. Mr. Cap- per's conduct to his relations was exceedingly capricious — he never would see any of them. As they were chiefly in indigent circumstances, he had frequent applications from thorn to bor- row money. "Are they industrious?" he would enquire; when being answered in the affirmative, he would add: " Tell them I have been deceived alreadjs and never will advance a sixpence by way of loan ; but I will give them the sum they want ; and if ever I hear that they make known the circum- stance, I will cut them off with a shilling." Soon after Mr. Townsend became landlord of the Horns, he had an opportunity of making a few good ready-money purchases, and applied to Mr. Capper for a temporary loan. " I wish," said he, " to serve you, Townsend ; you are an industrious fellow ; but how is it to be done, Mr. Townsend ? I have sworn never to lend, I must therefore give it thee ?" which he accordingly did, the follow- ing day. Mr. Townsend proved grateful for this mark of libe- rality, and never ceased to administer to him every comfort the house would afford ; and, what was perhaps more gratifying to the old gentleman, iie indulged him in his eccentricities." Mr. Capper was elected steward of the parlour fire ; and if any persons were daring enough to put a poker in it without his permission, they stood a fair chance of feeling the weight of his cane. In summer-time, a favourite diversion of his was killing flies in the parlour with his cane ; but as he was sensible of the ill opinion this would produce among the by-stantlerSj he 3d 386 ST. MARK 1 DISTRICT. would with great ingenuity introduce a story about the rascality of all Frenchmen, "whom," says he, " I hate and detest, and would knock down just the same as these flies." This was the signal for attack, and presently the killed and wounded were scattered about in all quarters of the room. This truly eccentric character lived to the age of 77, in excellent health ; and it was not until the morning of the 4th of October, 1804, that a visible alte- ration was perceived in him. Having risen at an earlier period than usual, he was observed to walk about the house, extremely agitated and convulsed. The landlord pressed him to suffer medical assistance to be sent for : to which Mr. Capper then, as at all times, had a great aversion. He asked for a pen and ink, evinced great anxiety to write, but could not. The land- lord, apprehending his dissolution nigh, endeavoured, but in vain, to get permission to send for Mr. Capper's relations, and tried to obtain their address for that purpose, but could not. He died on the 6th of October, 1804, leaving the bulk of his property (upwards of 30,000Z.) among his poor relations, and was buried in a vault under Aldgate Church a. The eccentric character of the individual will be an excuse for this long memoir b. On the southern portion of Kennington Common, on the upper part of a small triangular plot of ground, separated from a larger portion of the common by the road to Brixton and Croydon, and recently bisected by another road, leading- from Camberwell to the Vauxhall-bridge, is erected the second of the district churches of this parish. The ground evidences the versatility of earthly affairs. VVTiat is now the scite of a church was formerly the common place of execution for the county ; and is rendered more interesting by its being the actual spot where, in 1746, many of the unfortunate ad- herents to the expatriated family of the Stuarts fell a sacrifice to prin- ciples which, under favourable au- spices, would have led them to ho- norable distinction, instead of the hurdle and the halter, and the un- blessed grave of a traitor. In pre- paring the foundations, the site of the gibbet was discovered, and a curious piece of iron, which probably was the swivel, attached to the head of the unfortunate criminal, was turned up. Of which the above is an engraving. a Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxiv. part 2, p. 979. fc A portrait of him was published by the late Mr. Wilkinson. . Z>ra W7),' J r />./. ■ ! VWNIW&T ■ ST. MARK S DISTRICT. 387 The first stone of the Church of St. Mark the Evangelist was laid on the 1st July, 1822, by his Grace the Lord Archbi- shop of Canterbury, immediately after the same ceremony had been performed at Brixton. The building being in a sufficient state of forwardness to accommodate the congregation, was, on the 30th June, 1824, consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Win- chester. It was opened for public Divine Service on the suc- ceeding Sunday, by the Rev. W. Otter, A.M. the first minister, and the Rev. Wyatt, his assistant. The accommodation of a large auditory, in a neighbour- hood so populous as Kennington, being the primary object, the architect was necessarily restrained from expensive or superfluous ornament. But notwithstanding the limited fund, and the great demand upon it, suitable, and indeed elegant ornament, has not been entirely discarded. The body of the church is constructed of brick, set off with stone dressings, with a vestibule and portico, at the principal front, of stone, surmounted by a steeple of the same material. The western front is in the Clapham road. It is entirely occupied by a Greek Doric portico, composed of four fluted columns and two antae, supporting the entablature of the order, and finished with a pediment. The wall of the back part of the portico contains a large square headed doorway, with a window above, of the same form, lighting the belfry, both of these are bounded by plain architraves. The steeple is diminished in three stories : the first, which rises from the roof of the vestibule, be- hind the portico, is a square tower, flanked at the angles by but- tresses of the same form, each of which supports a square pedestal, or acroteria, formed of honeysuckles. Each face of the tower contains a window slightly arched, and filled with weather- boarding. In the second story, the elevation takes an octangular form : each angle being adorned with a buttress, finished with a Grecian tile. Four of the faces, which are larger than the others, and range with the sides of the tower, contain 3HS ST. mark's district. dials, the others are plain. Upon this story is a circular plinth, supporting a range of eight fluted Ionic columns, with the pro- per entablature, crowned with a plain spherical cupola, with a beautiful stone cross on the centre. Each intercolumniation con- tains an upright pedestal, supporting a metallic tripod. Between the portico and church are three vestibules. The central being the basement story of the steeple, is entered by the doorway just mentioned. The lateral ones contain the stairs to the galleries, and are approached by flights of steps from the churchyard. The entrances are on the North and South sides, with windows above of the same character as in the western front. The entablature is continued from the portico along the sides of these vestibules, and from thence all round the body of the church, but the tryglyphs are only retained in the west front. The body of the church is octangular, the longest sides fronting the south and north : each of these is made into five divisions by antae without bases, resting on a continued plinth : the intervals contain two series of windows in the common dwelling-house style, without architraves; the upper are parellogrammatic, the lower nearly square, and both slightly arched at the heads. Above the cornice, the slated roof rises to a ridge in the cen- tre. The difference of style between this portion of the church and the west front must strike every observer. The classical Grecian portico contrasted with the body, which, with its win- dows, pilasters, and superincumbent roof wants but dripping eaves, to approach more closely to the mansion-houses erected after the Italian fashion about two centuries back, appears to the architectural spectator a combination of little better cha- racter than that strange masonic jumble which the late James Wyatt imposed on the world as Gothic architecture, and in which the ignorant and vituperative assailants of the beautiful pointed style, find those very monstrosities and absurdities which they bring forward to degrade buildings which would not shrink from a comparison with the purest specimens of Grecian art. The eastern front is made to project : the angles are guarded by antae ; and in the centre of the wall is a window of similar formation to those already described. Beneath the window is an attached building of brick, with antae at the angles, and finished with a stone parapet, containing vestries and other offices, and beneath is a flight of stairs descending to the catacombs. Upon the whole, the eastern front is more church-like than the already described portions. The bold projection which indicates the altar approaches to the older style of our churches, and is far preferable to a plain conventicle-looking wall in the same situation, as is the case in St. John's Church, and too many others of modern erection, where the architects appear to have judged an oblong room to be the perfection of beauty. The interior is light and airy ; and though it necessarily suf- st. mark's district. 389 fers in appearance from the absence of pillars, yet, by a just distribution of appropriate ornament, a neat, and in some respects elegant design, has resulted. Galleries surround the body of the church, except the eastern division: they are sus- tained on fluted Doric columns, the fronts adorned with an entablature and cornice. A double series of antae are continued along the walls of the church, on the piers between the win- dows above and below the galleries ; the upper range supporting an entablature and import cornice to the ceiling, which is ellip- tical, and ornamented with groups of foliage. The most pleasing feature of the interior is the altar-screen : it consists of a plain wall, by way of basement, flanked by a buttress at each side of the altar-table. In the centre are four slabs of white marble, with the decalogue, creed, and paternoster, inscribed on them. The buttresses display the lotus in relief on the upper parts, and each forms a pedestal, supporting a pair of fluted Ionic columns, in the same style as the Erectheum, ranging in a line with the walls of the building, and partly occupying a deep recess, in the centre of the wall, at the back of which is the eastern win- dow, inclosed within an architrave. A dove and glory, in stained glass, adorns the upper part, and a border of crimson glass, en- riched with white scroll foliage, surrounds the whole window. The chaste and elegant embellishments of this part of the church are highly creditable to the taste and judgment of the architect. Limited in the distribution of ornament, he has shewn that he was sufficiently aware of the imperative necessity of rendering at least the altar an object of attention to every one entering the building. By the judicious selection of bold and elegant archi- tectural features, this object has been attained to a degree scarcely to be expected, in a building in which the limited estimate was so formidable an impediment to its architect's ingenuity. The organ-case, pulpit, and reading-desk, are executed in oak. The former is plain and neat, and faces the altar : on each side is an additional gallery for the children of the national schools. The pulpit consists of a square frame of fluted Doric columns, with anta; at the angles, entablature, and cornice, supporting an octangular story. The reading-desk is of similar design, but of simpler construction ; and, with the clerk's desk, is situated on the north side of the body of the church, the pulpit being on the south. From the centre of the ceiling depends a large bronze lamp of an antique design, suspended upon chains radiating from a centre, and sustained by one larger chain. Smaller lamps of a similar design are supported by brackets attached to the architraves of the galleries, and others upon uprights, affixed to the superior members of the gallery- fronts. Lamps of a correspondent character, upon tall pede- stals, are placed in the different vestibules, aud harmonise with 390 ST. mark's district. the general tasteful character of the edifice. The churchyard is inclosed within an iron railing, upon a granite plinth. It is broken at intervals by square granite piers, having arched heads enriched with chaplets, supporting large lamps. The tripods placed at the sides of the different entrances formerly occupied the stations of these lamps : they were removed on account of not giving sufficient light. The ground is tastefully laid out and planted : in the arrangement, however, of the graves, the first erected tomb-stone shews an unpardonable deviation from the ancient and laudable custom of depositing the corpse with the feet to the east. Whatever may have been the design of this custom, or whether it is grounded in superstition, is not worth the enquiry ; a sufficient reason for the observance of it in these days is the fact, that from this ancient and simple custom, and the causa assigned for the observance of it, an invincible argu- ment is drawn of the universal belief and anticipation of the gene- ral resurrection of the dead, from the earliest ages of the church, and would therefore be sufficient to refute the sophistry of the materialist, should he endeavour to shake our belief in this im- portant doctrine, by asserting, (with those infidels who deny the existence of the sacred Trinity), that the early ages of the Church never received the doctrine he has the temerity to dis- pute. The architect is Mr. Roper, who deserves great credit for a skilful application of his funds; it is much to be regretted that the great demand for church-room necessarily limits the application of the parliamentary funds to very confined esti- mates. The architect who can successfully combat with a dif- culty of such magnitude, must possess a considerable share of professional skill. The length of this church is about 104 feet, breadth 61 feet. It will hold 2,016 persons, of whom 934 can be provided with free seats. The architect's estimate, including incidental expences and commission, was 15,248/. and the amount of the contract was 15,274/ 8d. In the tower, which is large, are two bells, but it is expected these will be increased to eight ; and a good clock, with four dials. Against the east wall, in the north gallery, is a small white marble tablet, surmounted by an urn partly covered by drapery, the whole within a black marble border. SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF EMMA, FOR A FEW SHORT MONTHS THE BELOVED WIFE OF CHA S W m TABOR, OF BALHAM HILL, ESO. r . AND ELDEST DAUGHTER OF W™ SHADBOLT, OF STOCKWELL-COMMON, ESQ r . SHE DIED ON 18 th APRIL, 1825, ST. mark's district. 391 AGED 17 YEARS } AND HER REMAINS ARE DEPOSITED IN A VAULT BENEATH THIS CHURCH. IN THE DISCHARGE OF EVERY CHRISTIAN AND MORAL DUTY SHE WAS MOST EXEMPLARY, AND THE URBANITY OF HER DISPOSITION DIFFUSED HAPPINESS AROUND HEB. Arms ; Erminois, on a chevron engrailed between three lions' heads erased Azure, each charged with an Ermine spot Or, as many talbots passant of the last ; a label for distinction ; Tabor ; impaling, Azure, on a chevron Erminois between two demi-lions in chief, and an eagle's head erased in base Argent, as many crosses pattee Gules, Shadbolt. Crest; On a wreath three bezants, thereon a lion's head erased Azure, charged with an Ermine spot Or, and transfixed by an arrow in fess proper. In the churchyard are the following inscriptions. On the north part, on an upright stone : Margaret, wife of Stephen Staff, died March 1, 1825, aged 65 years. In the south part, on upright stones : Mr. J. Newton, died Oct. 2, 1825, aged 59. Master J. H. Rooker, died July 8, 1825, aged 11. Along the south side of the churchyard is a small stream, over which is a bridge called Merton Bridge, from its for- merly having been repaired by the canons of Merton Ab- bey, who had lands for that purpose. This road leads to Brix- ton ; and the first object is a neat stuccoed building, with a tur- ret, called Holland Chapel. The interior is neatly fitted up with galleries round three sides, and a good organ. The present minister is the Rev. J. Styles, D. D. at whose expence it was erected in 1823, and is capable of accommodating about 1000 persons of the independent persuasion. Immense improvements have been made in this neighbour- hood within the last ten years. This estate is the property of the Right Hon. Lord Holland, and is now of considerable value from the formation of numerous streets, with villas, &c. Along the eastern side of this road was a small brook, now partly covered over, from whence the place derived the name of the Wash-way ; each side of the road is ornamented with elegant terraces and villas. In a lane leading out of the high road to the left is Loughborough House, which Mr.Lysons considers was, at a former period, either the property or residence of Henry Lord Hastings, of Loughborough. The House, which is of considerable size, is built of red brick, and has a large court and orchard attached, all surrounded by brick walls of an 3y2 ST. mark's district. ancient appearance 3 . It has long been known as a respectable academy, at present in the occupation of Mr. R. Willett. Returning to the road, and crossing, we proceed through Love-lane, to Stockwell. The etymology of this place is probably derived from Stoke (the Saxon stoc, a wood) and well, from some spring in the neighbourhood. The two principal objects worthy notice in that portion of Stockwell, in the district under observation, are the Chapel and School. Stockwell Chapel is a plain edifice of brick, with a small turret and bell. The interior is neat, with a gallery round three sides, and a good organ. The present minister is the Rev. H. Clissold. This chapel was built about 1767, on a piece of ground granted by the Duke of Bedford, on a lease for 200 years. Archbishop Seeker gave 500/, towards the building, and the Rector and others subscribed divers sums, but not sufficient for the building, and a sum was borrowed, to liquidate which part of the pew-rents was appropriated; but in 1778 a further sub- scription was made, and the debt was cleared. In 1810, the neighbourhood being much enlarged, the length was increased, at the east end, by one third of the original length, by which it now holds about 600 persons. — The School is a low building of brick, in which about 200 boys and 200 girls are educated, on the system of Dr. Bell. It was built by voluntary subscrip- tion in 1818, but the schools had previously been carried on in a temporary building since 1815. The present master and mis- tress are Mr. C. Hale and Miss Woolnough. The schools are supported by voluntary contributions. Leaving Stockwell, we proceed in a westerly direction by the Swan inn, a house of considerable note and respectability, and crossing the road, approach South Lambeth, celebrated for being, at sundry times, the residence of many eminent men of learning. Nearly the first building on the left of our road is * Mr. Nichols says he found it advertised in the London Mercury, April 10, 1G82, "to be lett by lease or yearly rent, a great pennyworth, Lothborough House, near Hazard's Bridge, in the way to Croydon," and described as " a mile and a half from Fox-Hall, two miles from London Bridge, fit for two families, barn, coach-house, and other convenient out-housing ; two gardens, walled in ; banqueting-house, &c. ; also a large orchard; containing, together, about ten acres." — Hist, of Lambeth, p. 24. ." X ■ = -,;'', it • r ^^"Ntf' ■ iJ L4i *^#*"*' --■-c '7'f! ■**!?, ?P s My TEW. -ZPTr St ooKW.Eiiii to Lambeth M 4_ <3roxin$ Ml IN .>.-.., :■!,-■ Chapel «»/' Ease, Parish . . '-'r< . c^j- QJ ST. MARKS DISTRICT. 393 Tradescant's House, a plain building of brick, witb a court in front, and large iron gates. Attached to this house was the Physic Garden of the Trade • scants, one of the first established in this country. The elder Tradescant had travelled over a great part of Europe and Africa in search of new plants ; many of those introduced by him were long called by his name. When this learned man first settled in England, which Dr. Ducarel, who subsequently lived in a house adjoining Tradescant's House, supposes was the latter end of Elizabeth's reign or the beginning of James I., he made a curious collection of natural history, coins, medals, and a great variety of uncommon rarities. A catalogue of them, published under the title of Museum Tradescantianum, by his son, con- tains an enumeration of the many plants, shrubs, trees, &c. growing in his garden, which was very extensive. His Museum wasfrequently visited by persons of rank, who became benefactors thereto; among these were King Charles I. (to whom he was gardener) Henrietta Maria (his queen), Archbishop Laud, George Duke of Buckingham, Robert and William Cecil, Earls of Salisbury, and many other persons of distinction : among them also appears the philosophic John Evelyn, who, in his Diary, has the following notice: — " Sept. 17, 1657, I went to see Sir Robert Needham at Lambeth, a relation of mine, and thence to John Tradescant's Museum*." On the death of John Tradescant, Dr. Ducarel says his son sold the curiosities to the celebrated Elias Ashmole b ; but Mr. Nichols, in a note, observes, that the Doctor must be in error ; a Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. I. p. 307. b His autograph is placed at the end of this chapter. 3 E 394 ST. mark's district. for, according to the diary of Ashmole, it appears, Dec. 12, 1659, Mr. Tredescant and his wife told me they had been long considering upon whom to bestow their closet of curiosities when they died, and at last had resolved to give it unto me." On the 14th, he adds : " This afternoon they gave their scrivener instructions to draw a deed of gift of the said closet to me ;" and on the 15th, " Mr. Tredescant and his wife sealed and deli- vered to me the deed of gift of all his rarities." This is conclu- sive that Ashmole had them by gift, and not by purchase. Mrs. Tradescant, however, would not surrender them on her hus- band's death, and Ashmole " preferred a bill in Chancery" against her, and got possession of them. On this he removed from the Temple to South Lambeth. He added a noble room to Tradescant's ark (as it was then called), and adorned the chimney with his arms, impaling those of Sir William Dugdale, whose daughter was his third wife, where they remain. The loss of her husband's treasures seems to have preyed on the mind of Mrs. Tradescant ; for, in the diary before quoted, under April 4, 1678, Ashmole says : " My wife told me that Mrs. Tradescant was found drowned in her pond. She was drowned the day before, at noon, as appears by some circumstance." She was buried n a vault in Lambeth Church-yard On Ashmole's death, the curiosities went to Oxford, where they form part of the Ashmolean Museum. Sir William Watson, and other mem- . bers of the Royal Society, visited the site of Tradescant's gar- den in 1749, but found very few trees remaining which appeared to have been planted by the Tradescants The house was pur- chased about 1760, of some of Ashmole's descendants, by John Small, Esq. Dr. Ducarel's house, once a part of Tradescant's, adjoins. A catalogue of the plants cultivated by Tradescant, at South Lambeth, with an acconnt of the rarities and natural curiosities which he had collected, was published in 12mo, in the year 1656, by his son, under the name of " Museum Tradescan- tianum ;" to which are prefixed portraits, both of the father and son, by Hollar. a Copies of them, and a bust of Elias Ashmole, were engraved by Mr. Nichols, for his History of Lambeth. His son, Mr. J. B. Nichols, very kindly allowed the use of the plate for this Work. Of Dr. Andrew Coltee Ducarel, Mr. Nichols has given, in his History, a curious and original memoir; but as it is too long for this Work ; the shorter memoir of him, printed in a The original copper-plates by the above eminent engraver, me in the Bod- leian Library, impressions from which are scarce. ANDREW COLTEE BrCAREL L..I. I'nbhjhrd, ISj.'.h V, m Jt,rh„nifri< . )brh I 'Ipu/f. Strand st. mark's district. 395 Nichols's History of St. Katherine's, is here presented to the Reader. He was born in Normandy, in 1713, whence his father, who was descended from an ancient family at Caen, came to England, and resided at Greenwich. In 1729, young Ducarel being at that time an Eton scholar, was three months under the care of Sir Hans Sloane, on account of an accident which deprived him of the sight of one eye. In 1731, he was admitted a Gentleman Commoner of St. John's College, Oxford; June \, 1738, proceeded LL.D. ; Oct. 21, 1748, went out a grand com- pounder ; became a member of Doctors Commons in Nov. 1743; in 1749, married Susanna Desborough, who survived him ; advo- cate of the Court of Arches in 175(5; appointed Commissary of the Diocese of Canterbury Dec. 1758, and of the Sub Deaneries of South Mailing, Pagham, and Terring, co. Sussex, in 1776. He was elected F.S.A. Sept. 22, 1737, and was one of the first fellows of the Society on its incorporation, 1755 ; admitted F.R.S. Feb. 18, 1762. On Aug. 29, 1763, he was elected Member of the Society of Antiquaries at Cortona ; became an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Cassel, by Diploma, in 1778 ; and that of Edinburgh in 1781. Dr. Ducarel closed a life of unre- mitting industry and application in antiquarian pursuits, at his house at South Lambeth, May 29, 1785, and was buried within the north side of the altar of St. Katherine's church near the Tower, with an epitaph. He was author of several topogra- phical and antiquarian works, among which are his Histories of Lambeth and Croydon Palaces ; a series of Plates of Anglo- Gallic or Norman coins of the Kings of England. He made valuable indexes to the Lambeth Registers; and was perhaps with the exception of the late Richard Gough, Esq. and John Nichols, Esq. the most industrious and learned antiquary of his time. On his promotion to be Commissary of St. Katherine's, which gave him greater satisfaction than any office he had ever enjoyed, his friend Dr. Walker wrote him a humorous letter printed below, a A good portrait of Dr. Ducarel, engraved ■ " Worthye Maystere Doctor, Commissarye, aud my singular goode Friende. " After myne hastye commendations to your worshippe, I desyre to adjoyne myne assurances to you, that it givythe me moche pleassure to have this oppor- tunitye of testifying my sinccar goode wyshe towards you ; forasmoche as for- tune puttyth it in my power to send you my congratulacions as a smalle marke of hur favours, by whiche I truste she meauythe this onlye as an earnest penny ; and indede ryghte glad sholde I he yf the profyte thereof excedyd the dygnitye of this your advancement ; for I doubte th« dygnitye must in some sort com- pensate for the profyte ; howbeit it semythe not unliklye, to my poor conceit, that it may not perchance be unacceptable to your disposition, on the score, 396 ST. MARK S DISTRICT. by Pouncy, is the frontispiece to his History of Lambeth Palace. His house is now the residence of John Heseltine, Esq. a gen- tleman well known in the literary world. Nearly adjoining to this house northward, is the extensive distillery of Messrs. Beaufoy for vinegar, wine, acetic acid, &c. Their works were removed here from Cupers Gardens, and their present premises cover a space of five acres. On the site of this distillery, was Caron House, » a noble residence with a large park adjoining, built by Sir Noel Caron, the Dutch Ambassador to the Court of England for twenty-eight years in the reign of Elizabeth and James I. It had a centre and two wings in the form of half a Roman H with a large park for deer, which extended to Vauxhall and Ken- nington. A great part of the walls surrounding this park still exist ; particularly one piece across Kennington Oval. On the front of the gateway was this inscription : " Omne Solum forti paria." that peradventure it maye so happen to fall out that it maye adminyster newe occasyoos of future oservatyons in the antiquarie scyence ; a scyence verilye to be had in admyracyon of al besyde wyghtes ; and certes in that lose Fame's trumpet loudlye and (in this instance) trewlye reportythe thee to be, wyche myne owne partycular acquaintaunce wythe thee veryfyeth to my certayne knowleche, in verye dede an adept. Long tyme mayst thou therefore enjoye this same benifyte ; and maye God Almyghtye take you into his gude kepyge. Wythe wyshes of al heallhe and happynesse, I remayne yours in al frendlye service, Dedymus Dedimus. What is mostly composed of mortar and brick, Makes half of my name, if that you can nick. Crack a nut, and half of what therein youfinde, Makes the rest. Cherchez done, I opine you're not blinde, St. John's daye ad portas Latinas Maye the 6th. Yere of incarnacyon mdcclv. a The above view is taken from one drawn on an old plan in the possession of Mr. Middleton ; and which he communicated to William Bray, Esq. F.S.A. V , ( <- ^ V st. mark's district. 397 Part of this mansion was standing in its former state only a few years ago as " Caron House Seminary," until the principal part was demolished in 1809; the remainder was modernized. The original building was very handsome. Sir Noel is said to have been a very worthy charitable man ; in 1617 he gave 10/. towards repairing the church, and 501. to the poor of this parish. He was often visited by Queen Eliza- beth, especially in the year 1599, when she dined on the 27th of July in her way to the Lord Burleigh's at Wimbledon ; a and among a list of gifts in the same year is the following item : " Mounser Caron, Item, gyven by her sayde Highnes, and delyvered the 15th of October, anno pred' to Mounser Caron, Agent for Flaunders, at his departure out of England, parte of one cheyne of golde, bought of Hughe Kaylle, per oz., 35 oz. qr, of the goodness of 21 karretts di graine, and parte of one other cheyne, bought of the sayd Richard Martyn, per oz., 33 oz. qr. 8 dwt. 6 graynes, of the goodness of 22 karrets di graine ; in toto 68 oz. di 3 dwt. 6 granes. ELIZABETH. Edwa. Carye, Robert Cranmer, N. Bristow, Nicholas Holtofte, N. Pigeon.b There is a scarce tract extant entitled " The Miraculous Recovery of a Dumb Man, at Lambeth ; or a Brief and True Relation of an extraordinary Distemper, which at Christmas, 1671, seized upon Mr. Francis Culham of South Lambeth, in the county of Surrey, Chyrurgeon, and took away his Under- standing and Speech ; and so continued for the space of four years and four months. With his wonderful Restauration on Fryday the 12 of May 1676 by the immediate hand of God." This is attested by Drs. Parr (of Camberwell), Gale, Elias Ashmole, and several others. c In South Lambeth is a Chapel, erected in 1794, on a piece of ground belonging to J. Bond, Esq. ofMitcham, who granted a lease of 99 years; and it was erected by subscription of the inhabitants. The rector of Lambeth nominates the minister, who at present is the Rev. C. Wadsworth. It is a neat build- ing with a turret and one bell. A gallery surrounds the in- terior of the chapel, which is neatly fitted up, with a good organ, and is capable of accommodating 600 persons. This concludes the Survey of Kennington District, of which a Nichols's Progresses, vol. iii. p. 440. b Ibid. p. 667. c The Tract of four leaves, is in the library of the British Museum. 398 ST. mark's district. the last described place forms a considerable portion. At various times it has been the residence of many eminent per- sons, among whom are the late D. Ricardo, Esq. the cele- brated political economist ; the late Duke of Brunswick ; and the celebrated genius Its pleasant situation and contiguity to the metropolis makes it the resort of numerous respectable families. st. Matthew's district. 399 CHAPTER XII. District of St. Matthew, or Brixton Church District. District of St. Luke, or Norwood Church District. St. Matthew's District. On the derivation of the second title to this district, anti- quaries vary. Some have supposed it from Brixi, a great Saxon proprietor in these parts ; but Sir John Bysshe says that " Sir John de Burstovv (corruptly called Bristow) on his re- turn from France, where he had served under the Black Prince, repaired the public road here, beginning at the third mile-stone from London, at his own expence, with stone, which from him him hath ever since been called Burstow, or Bristow Cause- way." a How far this is correct, must be left to the reader's judg- ment ; but certainly it seems more probable to have been de- rived from the former, as may be seen from an ancient MS. quoted before, b The land about Brixton is high and conse- quently healthy. Many of the wells are 200 feet in depth, running through a bed of oyster shells cemented by clay, &c. The boundaries of this district, as set forth in the authority before quoted, is described as follows: Commencing at Clapham Work-house the boundary line passes along the south-east side of Bedford private road, the north-west side of Stockwell-green, the south-east side of Love- lane and Robert-street, until it crosses the Croydon-road, obliquely to the right, whence it passes along the south side of Loughborough-house-lane, the west side of Green Man- lane, and the south-east side of Cold Harbour-lane east, to the north-east end thereof, at the outer edge of the foot-path on the west side of the road through Camberwell village ; the boundary thence, turning to the south, passes on the west side of Denmark-hill-road, including the foot-path, to a parish mark, whence it crosses the said road obliquely, and passes, in the same direction, through a triangular paddock, opposite Denmark-hill, thence by the side of the said hill, in the same direction, to a parish stone, in a paddock in the rear of the same, where it turns square to the east, and proceeds a short * Note on Upton dc Offic. Militari, b. iv. p. 67. b Page 1. 400 -st. Matthew's district. distance until it joins the west side of the road to Champion- hill ; it there makes another square angle, and passes south-east by the side of the said road to a parish mark adjoining the wall of a messuage on Champion-hill ; it then turns square, nearly west, and, following the said wall, crosses to the west side of a private road leading to Dulwich, whence it passes nearly in the same direction through certain pleasure grounds belonging to houses on the south-east side of Denmark-hill, to within a few yards northward of a double lodge, where there is a parish mark, and thence to another parish mark, near the red post at the corner of the road to Dulwich ; thence passing along the south-east side of the said road, to a parish mark within the fence, to a little beyond the angle of Cassino-house ; it there leaves the road, nearly at a right angle, for a few yards, and passes on to a parish mark in the pleasure ground belonging to the said house, and thence making an obtuse angle, proceeds in a parallel direction with the road, to a parish mark in the fore-court of the north-easternmost house on the property of Thomas Lett, Esq. ; it then takes a south-easterly direction, following the park pailing on the north-east side of the said property, to the corner of the orchard ; thence, making nearly a square angle, and turning east, it follows the same pailing until it joins the road from Red Post-hill to Dulwich, and turning south, it continues to follow the same pailing, on the south-west side of the said road, to a parish mark at the east corner of Mr. Lett's property; thence turning westward by the fence on the north-west side of a foot-path which separates Mr. Lett's property from a triangular paddock belonging to Dulwich College, it proceds until it joins the road from the Half Moon-bridge to Dulwich ; thence, continuing in front of Mr. Lett's lodge and gradually diverging a few yards distant from the road, it passes through the kitchen-garden, and thence to the back of certain cottages fronting the Half Moon-road, and thence by a line of trees to a fence on the north-east side of a foot-path which separates Mr. Lett's property, on the south-west, from a certain other triangular paddock belonging to Dulwich-college, formerly called Ireland-green; thence, follow- ing the said fence, it joins the parish highway upon Hearn-hill, and then turns nearly square, and passing in a south-west direction along the south-east and east side of the said highway, it crosses another highway belonging to the hamlet of Dulwich, to an old hedge-row a few yards east of the Half Moon-bridge : thence it continues, in a southward direction, to follow in the irregular line of the said hedge row to a parish mark in Croxted-lane, a few yards distant from Norwood-lane, from which point it passes south-west, and gradually approaches Norwood-lane, along a water- course, until it joins the said lane, nearly oppo- st. Matthew's district. 401 site the pond of Brockwcll-hall, it there follows the same water-course, on the south-east side of Norwood-lane, to a bridge-way where it crosses the same, nearly opposite to the northern boundary of the Norwood district; the boundary then passes to the west, along a hedge-row between Brock- well-hall and Page's-fields, and thence in a line square, from Tulse-hill Lower-road, along which said road, on the east side thereof, it passes south for a few yards, and thence, turning square to the west, it passes along the south side of Upper Tulse-hill-road to a small water-course, in which there is a parish mark, a few feet from the road ; thence it turns south to the said parish mark, and again, turning nearly at a square angle, it passes westward along an old hedge-row to a parish mark at an obtuse angle of the same, whence it takes a northerly direction, nearly parallel with Upper Tulse-hill-road, along the same old hedge, until it unites with the said road, and a parish mark at the circular turn of the same, into the Brixton- road ; it then follows the south side of the said road a few yards to another parish mark, whence it diverges from the road, and passes, by an irregular line, in front of certain houses lately erected on Brixton-hill, and follows an old hedge until it ap- proaches to within a few yards of the turnpike-road from London to Streatham, where there is a parish mark ; thence making an acute angle, it passes obliquely, across the said turnpike-road, and proceeds through a lane opposite, following a water-course in the middle of the same, for some distance, and then passing near a windmill on the north-east side of the lane, until it crosses the lane to Streatham-common, near Bleak-hall, where there is a parish post ; hence it passes along the north west side of Streatham-lane, and the west side of Bleak-hall-lane and Bedford New-road, all the way to Clapham workhouse aforesaid. The most advantageous point to commence a survey of this district of the parish of Lambeth is at Camberwell-green, the houses on the west side of which are within the parish. — Here there is nothing worthy of observation, except a small chapel for the use of the particular Baptists; which being found too small, a larger one has been erected in Cold- harbour-lane : the interior is neat, and at the West end is a gal- lery. It was erected and opened for public worship in 1825, and is capable of accommodating 500 persons. The present minister is the Rev. E. Kean. On Denmark Hill is a Chapel of Ease, similar in form to the one at South Lambeth. The interior is neat, and has a gallery round three sides, with a good organ. It will hold about 1000 persons. The present minister (who is appointed by the Rector of Lambeth) is the Rev. W. Sampson, D.D. 3 F 402 st. Matthew's district. Pursuing our course along the road in a southerly direction, we ascend and descend hills or small eminences known as Den- mark, Champion, Dulwich, and Herne-hills; from each of them is an unbounded prospect over the metropolis, and the principal part built on with villas, inhabited by wealthy citizens of London, who here enjoy a little of that pleasing solitude so necessary to enliven and cheer the mind after the hours of business and bustle are over. Generally speaking, they have a pleasing appear- ance ; a neat fore-court, laid out as a small flower garden, with gravel paths, forms the approach to the house, which is usually of eight or ten rooms, with offices attached, and a neat garden behind. The author need not observe, that the interior is uni- versally fitted up in that style of elegance united with economy, that is so inherent to the taste and wealth of a British merchant. From the back, as has been observed before, are delightful prospects over London and Westminster, with Hampstead and Highgate in the distance. The general tout ensemble is pleas- ing ; and the place can boast of more eminent and celebrated individuals having resided here than any other suburb in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. The style of these erections is scarcely a legitimate subject for criticism ; with a very few exceptions, the houses in this district differ not from the generality of those which have lately been built in almost every part of the widely extended suburbs of the metropolis by the many speculating builders of the day. In some instances rows of tall houses with the appellation of terraces, in which a perpendicular wall, only broken by the doors and windows, make out the principal elevation ; in others, cottages as they are styled, being square detached tenements, generally with stuccoed fronts, ending in a gable, with an eco- nomical window in it, combining, in many instances, two houses, for the sake of effect, into one elevation. The Italian Cas- sino and the old English cottage, have been equally rejected ; the principal object of the builder was to run up his houses as cheaply and speedily as possible ; and let them as soon as built; hence none of these villas advance beyond mediocrity ; a tame- ness and monotony has resulted, which cannot fail to tire the spectator. It is to be regretted that the style of architecture that assimi- lates most with rural scenery, viz. the Gothic, is the most neg- lected ; and though it might be made the most elegant in ap- pearance, it universally shrinks into that degraded and shame- ful style the Chinese Gothic, than which nothing can be more barbarous or insignificant. The author is sorry to say, too many specimens of this bad taste are visible in a neighbourhood which presented sites for ST. MATTHEW'S DISTRICT. 403 the erection of elegant and economical villas in that pleasino- style. ' Descending Heine-hill, on an eminence is Brookwell Hall, the residence of John Blades, Esq. It is a neat building, and has a handsome and commanding appearance. From this road to the south, where the ground is not inclosed, may be seen Norwood, and the dark hanging woods of Dulwich ; on descend- ing this hill is a neat porch and gates leading to the hall just mentioned. Pursuing our route in a southerly direction along the road, we turn off, and proceed across the fields in a westerly direction towards a rising ground called Tulse-hill, on which have lately been erected several small villas in a neat style ; the delightful prospect of the surrounding country, and its airy and healthful situation, combine to make this one of the most pleasant places for residence in the neighbourhood ot London. From this hill Harrow, Hampstead, Highgate, Shooter's-hill, Norwood, and the " great city," may be seen distinctly. On the left, a road leads towards Brixton Cause- way; m it is a villa in the Gothic style, perhaps one of the neatest in the neighbourhood of the metropolis ; it was formerly an old farm house, and by judicious management it has been converted at a small expence into a commodious and truly ele- gant villa residence. Arriving at Brixton hill or causeway, on the left is a short lane leading to the House of Correction. It is of small size, with a low brick wall round it, inclosing about two acres and a half of ground. It was opened in 1820; and is capable of containing from 170 to 200 prisoners.* The' wring-yards are spacious : their surface is well flagged ; but they have the disadvantage of being situated on the north side of an extensive circular range of building, three stories in height, winch lessens the beneficial effect of the sun's rays upon them. A chaplain performs duty twice a week, besides Sundays, lhe chapel is well arranged, the classes being seated in sepa- rate compartments, in view of the officers only, The whole cost of erecting, &c. this prison was about 50,000/. In this prison is a tread-wheel, or, as the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline designate it, discipline-mill of which a view is prefixed. This view is taken from a corner of one of the ten airing yards I am unable to g IV c further information. A respectable officer in the Clerk ot tne i eace s office promised, for nine months, to give the necessary informa- tion ; but unfortunately could not, or would not, find time to fulfil his promise t04> ST. MATTHEW'S DISTRICT. of the prison, all of which radiate from the governor's house in the centre, which is seen in the view at the opposite end of the yard, so that from the window of his room he commands a complete view into all the yards. The building which appears in the engraving behind the tread-wheel shed is the mill-house, con- taining the necessary machinery for grinding corn and dressing the flour, also rooms for storing it, &c. ; on the right side of this building a pipe is seen, passing up to the roof, on which is a large cast-iron reservoir, capable of holding some thousand gal- lons of water, for the use of the prison. This reservoir is filled by means of forcing-pump machinery below, connected with the principal axis which works the machinery of the mill ; this axis or shaft passes under the pavement of the several yards, and, working by means of universal joints, at every turn, com- municates with the tread-wheel of each class. The wheel is exactly similar to a common water-wheel ; the tread-boards upon its circumference are, however, of consider- able length, so as to allow sufficient standing room for a row of from ten to twenty persons upon the wheel. 3 Their weight, the first moving power of the machine, produces the greatest effect when applied upon the circumference of the wheel at or near the level of its axle ; to secure therefore this mechanical advantage, a screen of boards is fixed up in an inclined posi- tion above the wheel, in order to prevent the prisoners from climbing or stepping up higher than the level required. A hand-rail is seen fixed upon this screen, by holding which they retain their upright position upon the revolving wheel ; the nearest side of which is exposed to view in the engraving, in or- der to represent its cylindrical form much more distinctly than could otherwise have been done. In the original, however, both sides are closely boarded up, so that the prisoners have no ac- cess to the interior of the wheel, and all risk of injury from this cause is prevented. By means of steps, the gang of prisoners ascend at one end, and when the requisite number range themselves upon the wheel, it commences its revolution. The effort, then, to every individual is simply that of ascending an endless flight of steps, their combined weight acting upon every successive stepping board, precisely as a stream of water upon the float-boards of a water-wheel. a The Wheels erected at the House of Correction, at Cold Bath Fields, are each capable of containing forty or more prisoners, and the joint force of the prisoners is expended in giving motion to a regulating fly, which, by expanding of itself in proportion to the power, will keep any number of men, from twenty to three hundred and twenty, at the same degree of hard labour. /■■ /*"< f't>f/< 405 CXOSS .S'JSf fJO.Y or - /A, //■/ //,/ ///, /Aw, ///<>// ?>////, '//<,,,/////,, A, , j ///r/Afr/ ff/ //,'/■/■, nA /■/■j y/ /•<■ // Ay /Ar i "///////■//,/ f/ //// ■/,>,,,/// A, /■ /A,- Znnnxre4 b* SJ-Xaeie .{- An %F«t '/// / v/ /•/•«/ //« //m _/ (•.,:*///,'/ , aruA/A^- rArs/>rr "7 /A Pat. 5 Eliz. p. 3. c Narrative History of King James, for the first fourteen years, 1651, 9 5 H IF st. Matthew's district. 423 Robertson, Esq. a magistrate for the county. By his will, dated Sept. 1. 1800, he devised this and other freehold estates to several individuals upon trust to support a botanic garden at Stock- well, but upon application being made to the Court of Chan- cery, that part of his will was declared void, and the property di- vided among his relations, who till then were very poor. I will conclude my survey of this district by a notice of a Roman road, which passed at or near Brixton Causeway. It has been surmised by many eminent antiquaries that the Britons had public roads from one end of the island to the other, long before the arrival of the Romans. This opinion is adopted by Mr. Leman, a gentleman, who, with Dr. Bennett, late Bishop of Cloyne, has paid particular attention to the ancient roads in this kingdom, and who considers the Watling-street as a British-road, adopted by the Romans. That these people made, or improved at least, four principal roads is beyond a doubt ; and their names are recognised in the laws of Edward the Confessor, which speak of the Watling-street, the Foss, the Icnild, and Ermine streets.a Which of these is the most ancient, has been made a question ; but it seems natural to sup- pose it should be the Watling, as taking its rise from the part of the coast which was first resorted to by that people. Stuke- ley considers the Ermine-street as entitled to precedence. An argument against this may perhaps be drawn (says Mr. Bray) from the nature of the country through which a considerable part of it passes, which was undoubtedly at that time an impervious wood, covering in some parts a deep and stubborn soil of clay; and which would, therefore, probably be made when the country being subdued they had more leisure to undertake so difficult a work. Respecting its course antiquaries differ considerably : Higden describes it as commencing at St. Da- vid's and ending at Southampton.b Gale, that it went from the last place by Henley (Gale's Calleva) to London, c Stuke- ley makes it begin at Newhaven, Sussex, by Shornbridge, to East Grinstead, thence by Stanstead, Croydon, Streatham, by Lambeth ferry to London. Later discoveries have proved that this eminent antiquary was rigbt in supposing that there was a road from Newham by or near East Grinstead, but he was wrong in making it enter Surrey at Stanstead ; it came by Godstone, and joined the Stane-strcet about Wood-cote or Croydon ; from thence it continued by Streatham, which Mr. Manning conceives obtained its name from its contiguity to the Stane-street, until it entered this parish about Brixton-hill, and « Horsley's Brit. Romana. b Poljclironicon, Gale's XV. Script. c Leland's Itin. vi. 106'. 424 st. Matthew's district. continuing its route almost in a direct line northward, crossing Kennington-common to Newington, and there was joined hy the Watling-street ; the two roads thus united, divided, one branch going to Southwark, where the river was crossed to Dowgate, and not Belingate as Mr. Bray represents ; the other went over St. George's fields, crossing the river at Stangate in Lambeth. District of St. Luke, or Nonvood District. There are few objects worthy notice in this portion of the parish of Lambeth. Formerly the major part was common woodland ; this has been grubbed up, and neat commodious villa residences built thereon. Norwood can boast many pleasing prospects of the immense metropolis and surrounding country, especially from the Windmill on the summit of the bill. The name is contracted from North Wood, from its being situ- ated north of the town or borough of Croydon. This district, which about three centuries ago was covered with wood, in the time of Cromwell's usurpation was surveyed, and found to contain 830 acres of land ; but it was discovered that such havoc had been made in the wood, that it contained 9,200 oaken pollards, and only 80 timber trees. The boundary of this district, as officially described, is as follows : Commencing at a small water-course, and a parish post about ten feet from'Tulse-hill Upper-road, the boundary line passes eastward along the south side of the said road, until it crosses Tulse-hill Lower-road, thence it continues northward about one hundred yards on the side of the said road, and then makes a square angle east to the north-west corner of Page's fields, and continues nearly in the same direction along the hedge on the north side of those fields to the water-course and bridge which crosses Norwood -lane ; thence turning to the south, along the east side of Norwood-lane, to a parish mark, it takes a south-east direction along the ruins of an old hedge- row, where there are several parish marks ; then turning nearly square to the east, it passes along to the ruins of another old hedge-row in a curved line to its junction with the water- course running from the vicinity of the House of Industry, which continues nearly in the same direction to its junction with another water-course running from Hall-lane ; thence, making an acute angle to the south, the boundary line passes along the last-mentioned water-course to Hall-lane, and along the east side thereof to a LP post at the corner of Hall-green ; ST. LUKS'S DISTRICT. 425 thence it makes an obtuse angle south-east, and proceeds along an old hedge-row, crossing the parish highway leading to Dul- wich, to a LP post on the south-east side thereof, thence fol- lowing the hedge on the east side of Beaulieu-road, to a LP post at the spot from whence the road diverges from the said hedge, and continuing along an old hedge, and passing several parish posts up to the Vicar's Oak ; thence it makes an acute angle, and passes along the north side of the Vicar's Oak-road, all the way to the corner of Elder-road, where it crosses Vicar's Oak-road to the south side thereof, and where there are several parish marks ; and thence, making a square angle, it passes along the south side of the Vicar's Oak-road and Streatham-lane to the corner of Streatham-common, thence it re-crosses the same road to the north side thereof, where there is a LP post, whence it turns nearly square to the westward, and passes along an old hedge to a LP post near a house be- longing to Penoyer, Esq. from which place the boundary line turns square to the north, and passes along a hedge-row through three fields to a LP post ; thence making rather an acute angle, it passes eastward along a hedge-row to the corner of a field in the parish of Streatham, thence turning northward it follows an old hedge-row by an irregular line to Leigham-lane, and, crossing the same, continues along the said hedge-row, in the same direction, to an obtuse angle formed by the same, thence in a north-east direction along the said hedge until it turns to the north-west, whence it continues to follow the said hedge to the parish mark in the small water-course about ten feet from Tulse-hill Upper-road, as before-mentioned. Norwood has been celebrated for being the haunt of Gypsies. It is in the remembrance of many, when regular encampments used to be formed on the common, and a i'ew may yet be found straggling about the neighbourhood. In Pepys' Diary, before quoted, is the following entry : " Aug. 11. 1668. This afternoon my wife and Mercer, and Deb. went with Pelling to see the gypsies at Lambeth, and have their fortunes told; but what they did, I did not en- quire." a Some observations on the history of this singular race of people may be interesting at this part of the work ; any attempt, however, at a regular history of them would be equally difficult and nugatory. It has long been supposed that these vagrant tribes, called » Diaiy, vol. ii 3i 426 ST. LUKE'S DISTRICT. on the Continent Cingari, Zingari, and Chingali, were of eastern origin. The former name has been supposed a cor- ruption of Egyptian, and some learned persons have judged it not improbable that their language might be traced to the Coptic. Ludolfus, in his History of Ethiopia, makes mention incidentally of the " Cingari vel Errones Nubiani," and gives a specimen of words which he had collected from these people in his travels, with a view of determining their origin. He dis- cusses the opinions of various writers concerning them, but forms no precise one of his own. It appears from the observations of Sir Joseph Banks and Mr. Marsden, that there is a great similarity in the language of the English gypsies to that spoken by the Zingari of the east ; and from the specimens of the vocabulary printed, they are no doubt of the same origin. Polydore Vergil accounts them originally Syrians, Philip Bergoinas derives them from Chaldea, Peneas Silvius from some part of Tartary, Bellonius from Wallachia and Bulgaria, and Aventinus from the confines of Hungary. When this singular race first appeared in Europe they de- clared that they were driven from Egypt by the Turks. Munster, in his Geography, lib. iii. c. 5. and Murray in his excellent Abridgement of the History of France, say that they first appeared in Germany about the year 1417, living like a race of vagabonds without religion or laws, their faces dark- ened, speaking a gibberish of their own, practising secret theft and fortune-telling, and that they were called Tartars and Zegins. In the course of a few years they gained such a num- ber of idle proselytes who imitated their language and com- Elexion, and betook themselves to the same arts of chiromancy, egging, and pilfering, that they became troublesome and for- midable to most of the states of Europe ; hence they were ex- pelled France in the year 1560, and from Spain in the 1591 ; and the government of England took the alarm much earlier, for in 1530 they are described by the Statute 22 Henry VIII. c. 10. " as outlandish people calling themselves Egyptians, using no craft or feat of merchandize, who have come into this realm, and gone from shire to shire, and place to place, in great company, and used great subtle and crafty means to de- ceive the people, bearing them in hand that they by palmistry could tell men's and women's fortunes, and so many times by craft and subtlety have deceived the people of their money, and also have committed many heinous felonies and robberiee." Wherefore they are directed to avoid the realm, and not to re- turn under pain of imprisonment, and forfeiture of all goods and chattels, and it was enacted that upon their trials for any st. luke's district. 427 felony which they may have committed, that they shall not be entitled to a jury de Medietate Linguae. In the British Museum is a curious original letter' respect- ing gipsies. It is among the Cotton MSS.b K After my right hartie commendations. Whereas, the King's Maiestie, about a twelfmoneth past, gave a pardonne to a company of lewde [ignorant, unlearned] personnes within this realme, calling themselves Gipcyans, for a most shainfull and detestable murder commytted amongs them, with a speceall pro- viso inserted by their owne consents, that onles they shuld all avoyde this his Grace's realme, by a certeyn daye, long sythens expired, yt shuld be lawfull to all his Grace's oftycers to hang them in all places of his realme, where they myght be appre- hended, without any further examynacion or tryal after forme of the lawe, as in their letter patents of the said pardon is ex- pressed. His Grace hering tell that they doo yet lynger here within his realme, not avoyding the same, according to his com- maundement and their owne promes, and that albeet his poore subjectes be dayly spoyled, robbed, and deceyved by them, yet his Highnes' officers and Ministres lytle regarding their dieuties towards his Majestye, do permyt them to lynger and loyter in all partys, and to exercise all their falshods, fe- lonyes, and treasons unpunished, hathe commaunded me to sig- nifye unto yooe, and the Shires next adjoynyng, whether any of the sayd personnes calling themselfes Egipcyans, or that hathe heretofore called themselfes Egipcyans, shall fortune to enter or travayle in the same. And in case youe shall here or knowe of any suche, be they men or women, that ye shall compell them to depart to the next porte of the See to the place where they shallbe taken, and eyther wythout delaye uppon the first wynde that may conveye them into any porte of beyond the Sees, to take shipping and to passe in to owtward portyes, or if they shall in any wise breke that commaundement, without any tract [stay, hesitation] to see them executed according to the King's High- nes sayd Lettres patents remaynyng of Recorde in his Chaun- cery, which with these, shallbe your discharge in that behaulf ; not fayling t'accomplishe the tenor hereof with all effect and diligence, without sparing uppon any Commyssion, Licence, or Placarde that they may shewe or aledge for themselfes to the contrary, as ye tender his Grace's pleasor, which also ys, that youe shall gyve notyce to all the Justices of Peax in that Countye where youe resyde, and the Shires adjoynant, that they may ac- a This letter has been printed in Mr. Ellis's valuable collection of original Letters illustrative of English History, a work which reflects great credit on its learned editor. b Titus B. i. 407. 428 ST. LUKE'S DISTRICT. complishe the tenor hereof accordingly. Thus fare ye hertely wel ; From the Neate the vth day of December the xxixth yer of his Maties most noble Regne. Yo r louyng fireend, ^2j^~T^%» \»&4Ls To my verye good Lorde my Lorde of Chestre, President of the Marches of Wales. By statute 1 and 2 Phil, and Mary, c. 4 ; and 5 Eliz. c. 20, it was enacted that if any such persons were brought into this kingdom the importer was to forfeit 100/. and if the Egyptians themselves remained one month in this kingdom, or if any per- son being fourteen years old, whether natural born subject or stranger, which had been seen or found in the fellowship of such Egyptians, or which had disguised him or herself, should remain in the same one month at one or several times, it was made felony without benefit of clergy ; and Sir Matthew Hale informs us that at one of the Suffolk Assizes, no less than 13 gipsies were executed upon these statutes a few years before the Restoration. Holinshed gives the following account of their manners and habits in his time. " It is not yet full three score years since this trade began, but how it has prospered since that time it is easy to judge, for they are now supposed, of one sex or another, to amount to above ten thousand persons, as I have heard it reported. Moreover, in counterfeiting the Egyptain rogues they have devised a language among them- selves, which they name canting ; but other pedlars, French, a speech composed thirty years since of English and a great number of odd words of their own devising without all order or reason, and yet such is it as none but themselves are able to understand, the first deviser though was hanged by the neck, a just reward no doubt for his deserts, and a common end of all that profession." a Of late years some attempts have been made to reduce the numbers, and to civilize the habits of this useless race. In pursuance of this purpose, a society of gen- tlemen in the year 1816 made all the preliminary enquiries re- quisite to a proper understanding of the subject, a series of questions were proposed to competent persons, in the different counties of England and Scotland, and answers were received * Holinshed'* Description of England, p. 183. London, 1595. ST. LUKE'S DISTRICT. 429 from which it appeared that " All gipsies suppose that the first of them came from Egypt, that the gangs in different towns have not any regular connexion or organization. More than half of their number follow no business. When among strangers they elude enquiries respecting their peculiar lan- guage, calling it gibberish ; do not know any person that can write it, or of any written specimen of it. Their religion sel- dom goes beyond repeating the Lord's Prayer. They marry for the most part by pledging to each other without any cere- mony. Not one in a thousand can read. Some go into lodg- ings in London during the winter ; but it is calculated that three fourths of them live out of doors in the winter as in summer." " In this neighbourhood resided Margaret Finch, Queen of the Gypsies. This remarkable person lived to the age of 109 years. After travelling over various parti of the kingdom during the greater part of a century, she settled at Norwood ; whither her great age, and the fame of her fortune-telling, attracted nume- rous visitors. From a habit of sitting on the ground with her chin resting on her knees, the sinews at length became so con- tracted that she could not rise from that posture ; after her death they were obliged to enclose her body in a deep square box. She was buried in Beckenham Church-yard, Oct. 24, 1740. Her funeral was attended by two mourning coaches. A sermon was preached upon the occasion, and a great concourse of people attended the ceremony. Her picture adorned the sign post of a house of public entertainment in Norwood, called the Gipsy House. In an adjoining cottage lived, when Mr. Lysons wrote in 1800, an old woman, grand-daughter of Queen Margaret, who inherits her title. She is niece of Queen Bridget, who was buried at Dulwich in 1768. " Her goods a basket, the old hay her bed ; She strolls, and telling fortunes gains her bread ; Farthings, and some small monies are her fees ; Yet she interprets all your dreams for these."b The most important object in this district is the church, which is erected within the angle formed by two roads, and from being erected on a high situation has a pleasing appear- ance on the approach on London. Gent. Mag. vol. lxxxvii. p. 606. b Dryden's Juvenal, Satire vi. +30 ST. LUKE S DISTRICT. St. Luke's Church. _ 1 i i • This edifice was commenced in the latter part of the year 1822; but owing to the alterations it was found necessary to make, for the accommodation of a larger congregation than was at first contemplated, it was not consecrated until the last year. The ceremony was performed by the Lord Bishop of Winchester on July 15, 1825, and the church was opened on the succeeding Sunday by the Rev. A. Gibson, A. M. the Mi- nister. It is a large and substantial building of brick, with stone dressings. The plan is in form similar to the general ar- rangement of new churches, being a parallelogram having a tower and the principal entrances at the west end, and a subordinate staircase and entrance porch attached to the east- ern front. It is erected from the designs of Mr. Bedford, of Camberwell, the same gentleman who was the architect of St. John's Church in this parish, which has been already described in page 290. The west front is wholly occupied by a hexastyle portico of the Corinthian order raised upon steps. The columns are fluted, and in point of detail differ materially from the speci- mens of the same order which we have been in the habit of see- ing in the buildings erected after the Italian school. What- ever might have been the defects of the style of building which in the present day has given place to the elegant and less formal introductions of Grecian art, the architect of the pre- sent building has not made the most felicitous choice in the peculiar example of the Corinthian order that he has selected in this instance. The capital is formed only of a single row of leaves, from which rise the volutes and caulicolae ; the flower in the abacus being a honeysuckle. So much of the ornament which we have been accustomed to witness in the capitals of this order being denuded, the columns appear to an unpractised eye more to resemble the Ionic ; the bases, however, are more ap - propriate to the order than the favourite attic base of the Italian st. luke's district. 431 school, so often made use of in modern buildings in which we have seen good taste in many instances given way to formality. The entablature is sadly deficient in embellishment ; the eggs and anchors, the modillions, with their accompanying panels, are all omitted, and only a bare architrave, frieze, and cornice, remains ; the architect may plead his limited means as an ex- cuse for the liberties which have been taken with the detail ; but the same reason should have prevented the adoption of the Corinthian order when three others existed, in each of which, plainness in decoration would be perfectly compatable with the cheapest, as the most expensive building. The whole is crowned with a pediment. Within the portico are five entrances in the style of St. John's Church, the only difference being in the headways, which are slightly arched ; above the central doorway is a window lighting the belfry. The tower rises from behind the portico in three stories above the roof of the Church ; the first is rusticated, and contains in each of its faces a circular aper- ture for a dial. The second story consists of two fluted Doric co- lumns in each face, the intervals between them being filled in with weather boarding, with antas at the angles, sustaining an entablature and cornice, the frieze ornamanted with a chap- let of myrtle above each colnnm. Above this story the tower is diminished, and forms a low square pedestal, with a long panel enriched with foliage upon each side, forming the base of an octagonal tower, having an opening in each of the faces, and surrounded with a peristyle of eight columns attached to the several angles of the turret ; the capitals are bell-shaped, and, almost without ornament, do not belong to any of the esta- blished orders ; the entablature is plain ; the cornice is set round with Grecian tiles. A pyramidal roof ending in a square pedestal, on which is placed a capital of similar form to those of the peristyle, and supporting in its turn a stone ball and cross, forms the finish to the elevation. The steeple and portico are, with very slight exceptions, copies of those appertaining to Trinity Church, Newington. In the present edifice, as well as that Church, a Doric steeple is raised over a Corinthian portico, in defiance of the established rule, which forbids an heavier order to be placed over a lighter one ; an offence not only against the rules of art, but the laws of good taste, and which gives to the whole building the appearance of having been erected at different times from distinct designs, like many Gothic build- ings in this countiy, whose steeples in the Pointed Style have been added to Saxon Churches. The north and south sides of the Church have each a single series of windows with arched heads, bounded with architraves of stone resting upon the belt which divides the building into two stories. The ar- rangement of windows in one tier has a much finer effect 432 st. luke's district. than the common mode of disposing them in two series, by which an appearance of meanness is given to the building, the natural result of want of sufficient dimensions. The angles of the building are guarded by antae, which are also introduced between the first and second windows from the west end, marking the division of the Church from the vestibules and staircases, which at that part of the Church are comprehended within the plan. The entablature is continued from the portico as a finish round the whole of the Church. The eastern end is made into three divisions by antae, and as originally finished had a window in the central division; this has since been concealed by an attached staircase, an addition to the original design, at the time the enlargements before alluded to were made. This elevation, like the western, is formed with a pediment. The lower part of the staircaise projection was first intended for a vestry, and was covered in with a roof fixed just below the cill of the central window, until it was subsequently deemed necessary to carry it up higher, in order to con- tain a staircase, when it was finished as it now appears. The exterior has upon the whole a solid and handsome appear- ance. But in the internal arrangements some alterations have taken place, which, as is too commonly the case with interpolations upon an original design, are not improvements : hence, whoever looks at the exterior of this edifice will be greatly disappointed on entering it to find that the Church has been turned on one side ; where he expects to meet with the altar, he will find a gallery ; if he looks for the pulpit, it meets his eye in an unusual and awkward situation, rendered still more apparent by its relative situation to the altar. The inte- rior, in its ornaments and general form, greatly resembles St. John's. The ceiling is similarly pannelled, and antae are applied as decorations to the walls of the same order, and in the like situa- tions, as in that Church, and it would have resembled it still more closely if the original plan had been adhered to; as the Church was first finished, it had galleries for the charity children and organ at the west end, and no others ; the altar was situated as usual against the eastern wall opposite to the entrance, in its appropriate station at the upper end of the building. To accommodate a larger congregation, an additional gallery was erected across the east end, the central window being con- verted into a door, and the western gallery considerably en- larged, and made to correspond with its opposite neighbour. The altar was placed against the centre of the south wall, and the pulpit and reading desk in a similar part of the oppo- site one ; the organ still retaining its situation in the western gallery ; every thing, therefore, in the Church appears out of Far the History of Lambeth. Drawn & EtcliedlsY I Aheu 'tMEMET in LAMBETM ^MinUi". Hien Xen/ajigton st. luke's distiuct. 433 its proper place, and greatly is it to be regretted that the ap- pearance of the interior has been so much injured, by these alterations. The altar is destitute of all ornament except the crimson velvet covering of the table; the Commandments, &c. are merely inscribed on slabs of marble and affixed to the wall above it. The organ is at present merely temporary, it is an old instrument, a description is therefore unnecessary. It is difficult to assign a reason for the church having been originally built without the usual proportion of galleries, standing as it does in a neighbourhood which it was well known, at the first contemplation of it to be rapidly increasing. It must have been evident to every one that the body of the Church alone could not afford sufficient accommodation for the inhabi- tants of the district. It is more to be regretted that when the alterations were determined upon they were not effected with Jess violence to the internal arrangement. It surely would have been far better to have built galleries in the usual situations, than to have destroyed so completely the uniformity of the design, a question which, in justice to the architect, ought to have been taken into consideration, before the awkward additions that have been made, were decided upon. The floor of the Church is raised upon cata- combs, and the church-yard enclosed with an iron railing. A triangular piece of ground in the front of the Church is also railed in as a cemetery, and communicates by a flight of steps with the elevated terrace, on which the portico is built. The Church plate was presented by the Archbishop of Can- terbury. In the tower are two bells. The situation of this Church is in a part of the parish so com- pletely detached from the populous suburb of the great me- tropolis, that in defiance of all the buildings which are fast rising around it, it will still, to a certain extent, be in the country. On this account it is to be regretted that a Grecian Church was decided upon for a situation in which it is even more out of character than at Brixton. Surely the pointed spire of the old English Style of architecture would have far better assimilated with the adjacent verdant scenery than the present octagon, which to the distant sight gives the idea of any thing rather than a Church tower. The classical portico and the ornamented column are more fitting and appropriate in the gay metropolis than in the still and quiet scenes of the country, where the plain and simple Pointed Style harmonises not only with the accompaniments to it, but with the feelings to which they give rise. The source of beauty in all archi- tectural objects arises solely from the correct appropriation of them. A Gothic erection in Regent-street could not look more out of character than a Grecian Church does in the 3 K 434 st. luke's district. country. What admirer of rural scenery can ever forget the village spire, an object of veneration to every poet, to every artist, to all who have depicted the beauteous scenes of nature ; to such, a pepper-box elevated into a steeple can have no charms, it is rather regarded as an unsightly object, rendered the more so by the unappropriate situation which has been chosen for it. The length of this Church is 105 feet, breadth 66 feet. It will hold 1,412 persons, of whom 688 can be provided with free seats. The architect's estimate, including incidental ex- pences and commission, was 12,387/. 8s. 3d. and the first con- tract was 11,457/. 13s. 6d. The next object to the Church is the House of Industry. On the inclosure of the waste land at Norwood, some in- telligent officers prevailed on the parish to purchase a piece of ground in order to build a house for the reception of the poor children (who were distributed about Norwood among the poor cottagers) ; accordingly at the sale in 1809, they bought 1 acre 3 roods and 13 perches, for 277/. and Mr. Roberts, a boat-builder at Lambeth, gave a further piece of land, making up the whole about two acres, which being at the required dis- tance from London, they proceeded to build a house for the pauper children. The whole expense, including the purchase, was about 4,000/. and in 1812, there were about 200 children in the house ; they are learned to read, knit, spin, weave cot- ton, and mend their clothes and shoes. The present master and mistress are Mr. and Mrs. Gibbs. There is a neat chapel of brick in Norwood, for the use of the Independents, erected about 1817. It has no galleries or organ ; and is capable of holding about 600 persons. The pre- sent minister is Mr. Richards. Attached to the chapel is a school, erected in 1824, and conducted on the British and Foreign school system, in which about 250 of both sexes are educated. A neat brick building was erected in 1824 for district schools for both sexes ; a considerable number of girls and boys are educated on Dr. Bell's system. It is built on ground alloted to Archbishop Tenison's estate in Lambeth. Respecting the Vicar's Oak, the Magna Britannia gives the following account : " Here was a great wood, called Norwood, belonging to the Archbishop, wherein was anciently a tree, called the Vicar's Oak, where four parishes meet, as it were, in one point. It is said to have consisted wholly of oaks, and among them was one that bore miseltoe, which some were so hardy as to cut for the Hiato ■. of Lambeth. Drawn & Etched "by T. Allen . FORMERLY in JLdLMMETM CMTDRCH Puihshed by JAlkn.Ksnniiiiftvn ST. LUKE S DISTRICT. 435 the gain of selling it to the apothecaries of London, leaving a branch to sprout out. But they proved unfortunate after it ; for one of them fell lame, another lost an eye. At length in the year 1678, a certain man, notwithstanding he was warned against it, upon account of what others had suffered, adven- tured to cut the tree down, and he soon after broke his leg." The following curious items appear in the parish books: 1583. When we went our perambulation at Vicar's Oke, &£.s.d. in Rogation week 026 1704. Paid for 1001b. of Cheese, spent at Vicar's Oke. . 8 APPENDIX. No. I. Monuments not in the Church. Mr. Nichols, in his History of Lambeth, p. 55, Appendix, says, " there (ire two old spacious tombs on the south side, and one on the north side of Leigh's chapels. The former without any inscription or arms visible, are for* the families of Sir George Chute, and that of Woodward, and the 01 her on the north side, had formerly an inscription." The whole of these have disappeared; when the chapel was filled with pews, these curious tombs were broken up, instead of being removed into the church- yard. I have often considered it a great pity that there is no legislative enactment to prevent parish goths from destroying the monuments of our ancestors for which they paid, and which undoubtedly no person has a right to disturb. Fortunately for the antiquary, I have been able to present correct engravings of them as they appeared temp. Chas. I. from a MS. in the British Museum ; a the slab mentioned p. 123, seems like one in the plate opposite, tbey may have preserved it by placing it on the floor of the aile. In another part of Nichols's History (p. 162, Appendix,) I find the fol- lowing: " On the south side of the east end of Leigh's chapel, stands an ancient altar tomb of Sussex marble, enriched with the engraved portraits on brass, of Sir John Leigh and his lady. He is in complete armour with a mantle, whereon is his arms, viz. a cross engrailed, within a border, quartering paly of six. His helmet, lying under bis head, hath for its crest, on a wreath, a cock headed like a goat. On the lady's mantle are three lozenges quartered with a chief, charged with a crescent for differ- ence, either Worsley of Lancaster or York. Under them are the figures of two of their children, a son and daughter; but the plaie whereon was the inscription is now missing." The engraving opposite, is copied from a drawing in the MS. above quoted. Those who wish to search further re- specting monuments not now in the church, will find a considerable list in the Appendix to Mr. Nichols's History of Lambeth. No. II. Parish Registers. Parish Registers, says Du Cange, commenced with the Reformation. During the Commonwealth the banns of marriage were published in towns upon market days, and the marriage ceremony was performed by a Justice of the Peace ; but in 165" ministers were again empowered to marry. h The Registers of this parish begin with the year 1539, and are comi- ■ Among the Additional MS. b Fosbroke's Enc. of Antiq p. 438. 438 APPENDIX. nued to the present time; in 1786, they were contained in thirteen volumes, well preserved. a Extracts from the Churchwardens' Accounts relative to the Registers. £. s. d. 1566. Payd for paper, ryall, for the christenynge boke - - 6 — Matthew Allen, by consente of the hole parishe for new writing of the olde boke of baptisme, marriage, and burial 6 8 1574. For ii quere of paper to make a boke - - - - 8 1593. Paid to the Curat for writinge our book of christenings, wed- dings and burials - - - - - - . 020 Transcripts from the Registers. 1569. May 11, John Waters and Isabel Denam, both servants to my lord's grace of Canterbury, married without Bannes by his com- mand. 1653. Nov. 7, Mark Perkins and Margaret Payne, married by Thomas Cooper, justice of the peace. 1666. July 6, Buried John Ward, killed with a thunderbolt. The parish register records the interment of some remarkable charac- ters of whom no monumental memorials remain. Among these is Dr. Andrew Feme, Dean of Ely, and master of Peter House, Cambridge, who is accused of changing his religion four times in twelve years, who was buried here May 1, 1589; and Simon Forman, the celebrated astrologer, and physician, who was, says Lilly, " very judicious and fortunate in horary questions and sicknesses." Respecting his death, the same au- thor tells the following curious story : * The Sunday night before he died, his wi f e and he being at supper in their garden house, she being pleasant, told him that she had been in- formed he could resolve whether man or wife should die first. Whether shall I (quoth she) bury you or no ? Oh Trunco (for so he called her), thou wilt bury me, but thou wilt sore repent it. Yea, but how long first? I shall die, said he, ere Thursday night. Monday came, all was well ; Tuesday came, he was not sick; Wednesdy came, and still he was well j with which his impertinent wife did taunt him in the teeth. Thursday came and dinner was ended, he very well, he went down to the water side and took a pair of oars, to go to some buildings he was in hand with, in Puddle Dock. Being in the middle of the Thames he suddenly fell down, saying, an impost, an impost, and so died. A most sad storm of wind im- mediately ensued. b " No. 111. Poor Rate. In the parish chest is a very curious book which shews the manner in which money was collected for the relief of the poor after the dissolution of the religious houses ; and when their tables no longer supplied the ne- cessities of the indigent. It may be considered as the introduction of those rates so well known by the name of Poor Rates. It is on parch- ment, and entitled A. D. Lambhith 1552, in com. Surr. A Register Booke of the Benevolence of the Parishioners for the releife of the Pore made in A*> vi. Regis Edwardi vi*». et in Anno D'ni dez. Ambrose Willowes, M. Cv. Lll. a Nichols's Hist, of Lambeth Parish, p. 48. b Lilly's Life, p. 22, 23. APPENDIX. • 439 A Register Booke gevyne by master Ambrose Wylles, gentylman, unto the churche of Lambethe, wherein it is declared t lie benevolence of the paryshoners of Lambethe affnrsaid towards the releiffe of the poore inhabit o>s there ; which be not of poore able to lyve wyihoute the cheritye of (he towtie, as hereafter in this booke doothe appere, particularly^ every man's name, and what his clevosyon is to geve weklye towards the sustentacion of yher poore ney^bours, according to the King's highness prosedyng*. And also inanother place of this boke, the distrebutynge weke- lye of the same cherite hy the collectors appointed for the tyme heynge. My lorde of Canterbury's lordship. 3 - My lorde of Canterbury's grace. My lorde of Winchester. My lorde of Suffrecane.b Master Parson for half a year, 10s. My lorde of Carlyll. My lady Bridgewater, for a yere 6s. 8d. On Sundaye, October 30, there was nothing distributed, bycause that master Wylles did extend his cheritye among the poore householders. On Sundaye the 6th day of Auguste master Farsone did give his che- retye to the poor people. The sums collected in general were very small, and payable by the week, or by the quarter, and different sums given in different years by the same persons. In Mr. Den lie's Addenda c are numerous extracts relative to the poor; some of the most curious are printed below : 1614. Collected at several communions for the poor - Jn the poor's box .----- 1627. Received at the general fast for the poor - 16o5, June 5, It is resolved by the parishioners and inhabitants of the parish that the assessement for the poor shall be made ac- cording to the ancient custom and not by a pound rate. d 1693, Feb. 19, Received of the Chamber of London for the use of the poor - - - - - - - 1000 1699, April 3, Received the King's guift from the Chamber of London 80 1700, The same 60 00 The amount collected for the poor has gradually increased as follows : In 1749 the rates were raised by a tax of sixpence in the pound. £. s. d. 1774 on a tax of two shillings, produced - 2362 1783 on a tax of two shillings and sixpence, produced 5702 £ J . s. ', the organ was the grift of Thomas Lett, Esq. — p. '2,96', 1. 24, the bath did not succeed, and the building is now closed — p. 300, 1. 1, Mr Dav'tdge is now sole lessee, and has commenced his term in a spirited manner: he has improved the interior of the theatre and erected a portico in front of the house— p. 39ft) 1. -4 2, The new shot works are finished. The tower is a great ornament to the river, and does infinite credi; to the architect — p. 304, 1.35, it is generailv understood that this institution will be removed to another situation — p. 306, 1. 21 , a bill is now in Parliament to le- galize the title of the parish to the Pedlar's Acre estate — p. 308, 1. 4(1, on the site of the soap factory an extensive dock is being excavated — p. 309, 1. 32, for Lord l^iuster read Lord Lempstir — p. 313, 1. 12, on Jan. 5, 1826', about half past four o'clock in the afternoon, a great part of the metropolis was put into considerable alarm by the sudden appearance of flames at a great height, which were soon ascertained to proceed from the well-known manufactory of Messrs. Walker and Parker, the patent shot manufacturers, on the south side of the Thames opposite to Surrey-street. No workmen were in the building, nor was business of any sort going on when the fire appeared. After the breaking out of the fire at the top of the building, the wind being high, and the ventilation from the bot- tom upwards very strong, the fire soon descended from one floor to another, until the whole pile, about HO feet high, was in one great blaze. The flames issuing from every aperture on each side of this great quadrangular structure produced a grand and terrific effect. The upper tower, as it was called, fell in with a most tremendous crash ; and the lead in a liquid state falling down, partly outwards, in nearly a constant stream, was so frightful, and the heat proceeding from the manufactory so intense, that none of the firemen could approach the place; their efforts were therefore directed to the adjoining premises, and they fortunately succeeded in allaying any apprehensions for the safetv of the neigh- bourhood. A neat lithographic engraving was published the next morninf by 10 o'clock ! — p. 324, 1. 42, it is with regret that I observe the ancient way along the side of the river from the Mitre public-house to the Jolly Sawyers is to be stopped up, the row of houses pulled down, and warehouses abutting on the river erected ; thus closing out all view of the abbey, hall, and houses of Parlia- ment, a view unequalled for historic or picturesque beauty in the neighbourhood of the metropolis. The banks of the Thames are too much crowded at present with buildings, and it is to be regretted that persons possessing splendid revenues should be allowed to infringe on the little pleasures left to the lower and middling classes of our fellow citizens, by building on such a delightful walk as the one now going to be destroyed — p. 343, 1. 25, a watchouse has been erected on part of the church-yard — p. 345, 1. 8, Hereford house is in the possession of Mr. Waters, potter — p. 355, 1. 2, adjoining the manor house, resided Sir Joseph Ayloffe, hart. V.P. A.S. and F.R.S. He was descended from a Saxon family anci- ently seated at Bocton Alof near Wye in Kent. He was author of several curious antiquarian treatises, among which was his account of the paintings at Cowdrav, and description of the interview between Henry VIII. and Francis I. at the Champ de Drap d'Or from an original painting at Windsor. He married Mrs. Marg. Railton, widow of Thomas Railton, Esq. by whom he had one son, who died at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, aged 21, Dec. 1.9, 1756. Sir Joseph died at his house at Ken- nington-lane, April 1.9, 1781, aged 72 — p. 367, 1. 32, the utensil I have trans- ferred to the fine collection of Roman remains discovered on the Surrey side of the Thames, in the possession of George Gwilt, Esq. F.S.A — p. 379, 1.19, the Company intend to rebuild the Cumberland tavern on part of the ground ; the remainder to be occupied by the water works. Two steam-engines are erecting- 444 ADDENDA ET ERRATA. of 80 horse power each, which will force the water to the summit of Brixton-hiH where a piece of ground of several acres iu extent has been purchased for the for- mation of a reservoir — p. 405, Since this portion of the work went to press I have been informed that the width of the tread-board is not above four inches ! Let any person practise the exercise of walking on the ball of his feet for ten mi- nutes, and then let him say whether such punishment is fit for a woman. Sup- pose a person runs for five minutes on the ball of their feet, what a state of ex- haustion will he be in ; thus it is with the tread-wheel, a punishment more dis- graceful than any in common use on the continent, and totally unworthy this age of refinement. — From circumstances, over which I had no control, the plate mentioned at p. 403 is omitted, and a correct section of a treadwheel substituted. INDEX NOMINUM. ■ Abbot.Abp. 183,203,252 Bacon, \V. 145 Abrahall, I. 369 Adams T. 60 /Ethalgar, Abp. 245. Aguillon.R. de266 Alcock, J. 88 Allan, D. 154 Allen, M. 39. Allestry, Dr. 238 Alleyn, T. 18 Alphege, Abp. 245 Alsop 1 16 M. 153 Althorpe, Viscount 240 Aluric, Abp. 245 Aniicia 263 Andrews, J. 354 Ansell, I. 414 Anselm, Abp. 231, 246 Anthony, B|>. 263 Applegath, A. .'S3 4 Arkenstall, J. \V. 299 Armstrong, SirT. 238 Arragon, Cath. of 232 Arundel, Earl of 309 Arundell, Abp. 33, 201, 250 J. 131 Ash mole, E. 124, 394 Aspinall, J. 90 Astley, J. 329 P. 326 Aston, R. 268 Athelard, Abp. 244 Atheldred, Abp. 244 Athelmus, Abp. 244 Atkinson, E. 84 Aveline 267 Audley, J. 280 L. 13 Bailey 414 G. 442 Baker, T. 140 Baldwin, Abp. 247,332 Bancroft, Abp. 118, 183, 186, 189, 252 Banks 287 Bardolpb, J. 258 W. Lord 257 Barker, R. 151 W. B. 148 Barrett, B. 362 G. R. 363 J. 422 Dr. J.T. 290, 363, 422 Barston, A. 69, 105 Battely, C 115 Baylie, J. 129 Beaufoy 396 and Co. 28" M. 310 Becket, Abp. 247 Bedford 430 F. 290 Beechey Sir W. 30t Beestone, W. 106 Bengough 300 Benham, T. 17 Bennet, R. 335 Bentharo, SirS. 378 Bernardiiii, P. 280 Billington, J. 337 Birch, T. 363 Blackford, D. 135 E. 135 Blackwell, J 279 Blades, J. 403 Blage. F. 20 Augustine, St. 189, 242 Blicke, Sir C. 370 Aufton, J. de 14 Bligh, Admiral 148 Ayloffe, Sir J. 443 Blizard, W. 151 Blunt, R. 282 Boniface Abp. 181, 248 Bonner, Bp. 303 Boreford, Sir J. de 276 Bostock, N. 325 Boulogne, Earl of 1 1 Bourchier, Abp. 33, 250 Bow\er, S. 121 Boxal, Dr. 233 Bradford, Bp. 25 Bradwardyn, Abp. 249 Braybrooke, H.de264 Brayfield, J. 420 Breant, F. le 264 Bregwyn, Abp. 244 Bridget 429 « Briscoe, J. 1.405 Britchwald, Abp. 243 Briihelm, Abp. 245 Brittany, Duke of 231 Brixi 2 Brooke, Sir R. 277 Brooks, J. 60 Broughton, C. 140 J. 116, 123, 348 Sir W. 347 Browe, J. 280 Brown 237 B. 415 Browne, J. 88 L. 88 Brugge, A. de 14 Brunswick, Duke of 398 Bryan, J. 79 Bucer 240 Buckenhull, H. de I Buckley 232 H. 93 Budd, H. 414 Budele, E.de281 Bullfynch, N. 13 Bullock, T. 39 Bungey, J. 20 4-46 INDEX NOMINUM. Burcester,T. 259 Burchall, see Byrch Burford, J. 275 R. de 269 Burgh, H. de 53 Burnet, Bp. 203 and Co. 368 Sir R. 59 Burstow, Sir J. de 399 Bury, J. 17 Bushell, T. 3C3 Butcher, J. Ill Byrch, J. 19 Calcot, J. 343 Caldwell, J. 414 Calthoff, J. 370 Canute, King 155 Capper, J. 384 Carleton, Bp. 184 Caron, Sir N. 105, 260, 379, 396 Carreu, N. 281 Carsan, C. 83 Carter, A. 304 Castleacre, J. de 280 Catterraole, R. 413 Cawse 301 Ceolnoth, Abp. 244 Chaloner, R. 18 Charles I. King 205 Chesterfield, Earl 238 Cbic!ieley,Abp. 182, 189, 203,214,250 Chilwell, J.105, 128 Cbute, SirG. 279,357 Claggett 319 H. 87 Clapa 155 Clarke, C. 239 Clayton, J. 95 Sir W. 261 Clere,T. 115,442 Clissold, H. 392 Coade 306 Coburg, Prince Leopold of 298 Cock, C. 91 Coleman, T. 60 Collinges, Mes«rs. 304 Colonia, J. de 15 Coltroan, A. 135 Compton, Vise. 240 Comyn,E. 258 Cooke T. 343 Cooper, T. 60 Corboil, Abp. 247 Comelly 381 Cornwallis, Abp 1)1,253 Cosser, VV. 60 Ducrow 330 Dugdale, E. 124 102, Dundas, Lord 378 Dunn 298 Dunstan, Abp. 245 Cottington, F. Lord 260 Dupin, L. E. 207 Duval, T. P. 83 Cottrell, F. 60 Courthorpe, P. 52 Courtney, Abp. 250 H. 267 Coward, \V. 60 Craig, N. 151 Eadsin, Abp. 246 Easton 306 Edgecomb, T. 18 Edolphe4l5 Cranmer, Abp. 182, 251 Edward Black Prince Croft, Bishop 345 258,271,350 Croggan and Co. 306 Edwards 295 Cromwell, Lord 421, 428 Egeley, A. 259 Culham, F. 397 Cumberland, Duke 354 Cunningham, T. 153 Cuper, B. 51, 309 Curtis, W. 304 Curwyn, J. 1 18 Cuthbert, Abp. 243 Cutler, A. 130 Eglesfield, R.258 of Eldridge, M. 121 Elizabeth, Queen 233, 397 Elliston,R.297 Elme, J. 16 Elsine, Abp. 245 Eltesle, T. de senr. jun. 15 Eihelnoth, Abp. 246 Evans, Bp. 208 Exton, J.de 14 Damianus, Abp. 243 Damorie, R. 256, 25 269 Davidge 300 Davis, C 294 J. B. 289 W. 330 Dawson, and Co. 371 Day, R. 414 Deane, Abp. 251 Dellup, E. 140 Denam, J. 438 Denne, J. 25 Derby, R. 17 Earl 233 Desborougb, S. 395 Despard, C. M. 320 Deusdedit, Abp. 243 Dodd, G. 2«6 R. 378 Dollond, J. 152 P. 79 Dovet, J.276 D'Oyly, Dr G. 28 Draper, see Drax Drax, \V. de 15 Drogheda, see Moore Ducarel, Dr. A. C. 196, Gard, E. R.94 394 Gardiner, Bp. 208 60, ttt Faden, VV. 141 Fairclough 21, Feat ley Featlev, D. 21, 34, 59, 73,355 Feolgeldus, Abp.244 Fermyn,T. 134 Fielding, Sir J. 336 Finch, M.429 Fitzgarrett, E. 282 Filzwater, E. 135 Fleetwood, Dr. 205 Forman, S. 438 Forster, J. 94, 147 P. 74 Fortee, H. 122 Fortescue, F. 134 Forth, R. 281 Fox, Bp. 189 Foxlee, J. de 256 Freeman 309 Freemantell, R. de 256 Froment 335 Gaitskell,T. 159 INDEX JfOMlNUM. +4-7 Garrett, J. 132 Gaunt, John of, Duke of Lancaster 259 Gawler, VV. 86 Gen way 3 Gereseye, R. 271 Gibbs 434 Gibson, Rev. A. 430 Bp. 24,52, 188 G. 146 Rev. G. 383, 442 W. 146 Gilinour 295 Glanvylle, Bp. 14, 333 Glascock, J. 282 Glossop 299 Glover, A. 408 Gloucester, Earl of 256, 257 Goda, Countess 1 1 Goffton, Sir F, 279 J. 126 Golding 416 (Jumper! z, L. 153 Goocb, Dr. 205 Goodbehere, Aid. 299 S. 91 Goodwin 346 Gottlieb, V. 304 Gower, Lady 380 Goyder, T. 296 Granville, Hon. B. 137 Graves, R. 260 Green 295 Gresbam 415, 416 Grillier 378 Grindal, Abp. 252 Guildford, R. 102 Gundulph, Bp. 175 Gwynne, E. 325 Gye, F. 363 Hale, C. 392 Hall.T. 19 Hamburger, E. 147 Hammond, W. 127, 442 Hanbury, C. 140 Hancock, A. 150 H. 141, 150 Hankey, Sir T. 379 Hardress.T. 272 Hardy, M. 238, 334 Hardvnge 183 Harold J. 276 Harrison, S. 33 Hart 56 Ha. extract from churchwardens' books respecting ib. preaching by, stopped by the Puritans Hi. used temp. Cromwell ib. most probable opinion respecting 67. noticed by Hogarth ib. at Wal- tham ib. at St. Alban's Wood- street, London, description of ib. Howard's chapel, Lambeth church 72. extracts from churchwar- dens' books relative to ib. an- tient piece of sculpture remain- ing in ib. Infirmary, Royal Universal, for children 289 Isle of Wight purchased of Isabella Countess of Albemarle 267. ex- traordinary statements respect- ing ib. 268 Kennington, etymology of 349. Roman remains 350. palace 349. historical account of 350. mum- mery at 351. long barn 352 manor of, account of 255. royal mansion at ib. Hardica- nute died, and Harold crowned at ib. granied to Sir R. Percy tin to Richard de Freemantle 256. Edward I. at ib. granted and re- granted?/', residence of Edward the Black Prince 258. John of Gaunt takes shelter at 259. Hen. IV. and VI. at ib. leases of 260, 261. customs of manor 262. survey of 353. maypole 354. fortifications at 355 common 383. executions at ib. 386. itinerant preachers 384 district schools 381 church district, boundary of 376 Lambeth, divided into six districts 285 association school 346 bridge, prospectus of the in- tended 372 chapel 338 church, dedicated to the Vir- gin Mary 30. situation of ib. men- tioned in Domesday ib. age of the present structure 3 I. ascribed to various families ib. inhabi- tants compelled to build a tower to 32. Howard's chapel in il\ convocations in 33. Legatine synod held at 34. attacked by the Parliamentarians 1642-3 21, 34. description of 40. dimen- sions of ib. the tower ib. Go- thic portal built 55. organ im- proved ib. description of inte- rior it. font in 56. repairs of 59. communion plate given to ib. inscriptions on front of gal- leries ib. 60. arms in 61. por- trait of pedlar in 62. altars in 63. rood-loft in 70. Howard's chapel 72. seats in, extracts from churchwardens' book re- specting 72, 73. sun-dial on porch 73. vestry-room ib. chantries in 73, 74. tables ol benefactions 74. i|uei'ii of James II. took 4-54 INDfeX. shelter in ib. monuments and tombs in 75 — 139 Lambeth church district 322. __ — ground at, belonging to the convent at Rochester 161. part given to Abp. Baldwyn to found a collegiate church ib. manor of 171. granted to Waltham Abbey by Edward the Confessor 171. boundaries of ib. Domesday account of 172. given to Rochester Abbey 174. to Odo Bishop of Baieux, &c. ib. restored ib. to supply lam- preys for the bishop's table 175. given in exchange to the Abp. ib. market at 176. abolished ib. sold by Cromwell ib. restored ib. act for inclosing, extracts from 177. curious clause in 178. expense of obtaining act ib. cus- toms of 178 Marsh, a rural retreat 296 — — palace, Historical a7id Topogra- phical description of 296. religi- ous house near 1 80. improved and enlarged 181,182. rooms in 182. buildings added byAbps.Chichele, Stafford, Cranmer,&c. 182. libra- ry in found by Abp. Bancroft I83t suffered in the Civil Wars ib. why called Lambeth-house ib. chapel turned into a dancing- room ib. Abp. Parker's bones disturbed ib. a prison for the royalists 184. nearly rebuilt by Juxon ib. architecture of 185- motley appearance of ib. views fromii. rooui6 in ib. library in 186. founded by Bancroft ib. conditions on which left to suc- cessors ib. 187. given to Dr. Wincocke by the Parliament 187. given to Sion College ib. granted to Cambridge University ib. re- stored ib. number and rarity of books ib. 188,443. catalogue of it. portraits, paintings, and stained glass in 189. registers and ar- chives of the See of Canterbury, &c. in 191, 192, 1 93. library of Ms. in 190, 194, 195, 442. librarians 196. Guard-chamber 196, 198. why so called 196. convocation in 197. consecration feast in ib. its tine roof ib. Presence-chamber erection of uncertain 198. hung with tapestry ib. painted glass in ib. Great dining-room, series of portraits in I99. convocation in 200. Old drawing-room 200. Gallery built by Cardinal Pole ib. fine collection of portraits of primates in 201 — 205. left by each Abp. to his successor 205. arms on stained glass in 206. Vestry, pictures in 207. Chapel, situation of 208- description of ib. despoiled and desecrated t. Commonwealth 209. elegant wainscoting in ib. altar-piece ib. organ in 210. beautiful painted window in ib. repaired by Laud ib. destroyed in 17th cent. ib. interments in 211. an- tient monument 212. inscrip- tion on ib. communion plate belonging to ib. Post-room, why so denominated 213. for what purpose erected ib. ornamented ceiling of 214. antient pulpit in ib. Christopher Clarke ordained priest in 239. Lollards' tower, description of 214. why so called ib. expense of ib. tabernacle or niche in 215. persons confined in ib. Lollards confined 21 6. the prison room ib. description of 217. inscriptions on the walls ib. exterior of tower ib. de- scription of 218. Cloisters, their former extent and description of 218. present ones 219. Crypt, description of ib. apartments in ill. Great hall, destroyed by Col. Scott in 1648 220. present hall built by Abp. Juxon ib. architecture of 22 1 . description of ib. use ot large halls ib. hos- pitality of Abp. Cranmer 222. of Abp. Paiker 223, 224. Gate- house, description of 225. dole distributed 226. room in, used as a prison 229. Stationers' company aquatic excursion to 227. new buildings in 228. Park and Gardens 229. two un- commonly fine fig-trees in ib. curious summer-house in ib. re- markable occurrences at Lam- beth palace 2.31. Sjnods at ib, attacked by the rebete in 1381, INDEX. 455 ib, Henry VII. entertained at 232. visits of Henry VIII. to ib. Catherine of Arragun lodged at ib. Queen Mary fre- quently at ib. Queen Eliza- beth's visits to 232, 233, 235. King James's visit 236. at- tacked by the Parliamentarians ib. arms removed from 237- entered by the Parliamentarians and made a prison ib. prisoners confined during the civil wars 238. sold to T. Scot and M. Hardy ib* assembly of bishops at 239. attacked in 1780 lb. defended by soldiers ib. 240. a- sylum for learned foreigners 240. determined to be extra-parocliial in 1776241 Lambeth waterworks 308 wells, a place of entertain- ment 346 Wyke, manor of, account of 279 Land Tax 1791 441. assessment in 1823 ib. Laten, explained 37 Lazar house in Lambeth Marsh 304 Levehurst, manor of, account of 280 Lilburne, Col. incites ihe appren- tices to attack the palace 236 Lollards' tower, erected by Abp. Cbichele 182,214 prison in Lambeth palace 216 London, South, waterworks 382, 444 Loughborough house 391 Maidstone, collegiate church to be founded at 163 Martlets, explanation of 39 Mary, Virgin, tutelary saint of the parish 63- altar to ib. Mausoleum, splendid, in Brixton churchyard 413 Monumental brasses as early as 1308 76. strict costume ob- served on ib. objects of great traffic ib. destruction of ib. Monuments, sepulchral, in use a- moug the Greeks and Romans 75. most ancient form ib. table ib. with arches ib. in sepulchral chapels, ib. brasses inlaid 76. in Lambeth church 75 — 139 Monuments not now in the church 437 Moore, Francis, the astrologer, hi3 residence 343 Morland, Sir Samuel, account of 360 Mount tea-gardens 335 Narrow Wall, ancient way 307 Nave of churches, explanation nff 90. to whom belonging ib, strewed with rushes ib. situa- tion of men and women in ib. of Clee church, co. Lincoln strewed with grass ib. New Jerusalem Temple 295 Nicholas, St. altar to in Lambeth church 63, 64 Norfolk house 340. possessors of ib. Norwood, derivation 424. district, boundary of ib. haunt of gypsies 425 house of industry 434. Cha- pel?£\ district schools ib. Vicar's oak 435 church, situation of 433 Nursery grounds 380 Old Change, paper inciting the ap- prentices to rise, stuck up at 236 Old drawing-room Lambeth palace 200 Old Halfpenny Hatch 295 Orchard, Mr. Philips 380 Orlornes, or Orfrays explained 37 Organs, account of 37 — — one in Lambeth church 70. account of ib. early ones no- ticed ib. one with twelve pair of bellows ib. generally used in churches about 828, 71. improved by Bernard ib. used by the Saxons ib, Queen Elizabeth fond of ib. abominated by Pu- ritans ib, Ornamenis in Lambeth church to be sold, list of 38, 39 Parish officers 441 Park and gardens of Lambeth pa- lace 229 tSrj INDEX. Parliament at Lambeth in 1232 158 Pedlar, portrait of a, in Lambeth church 62. extracts from church- wardens' bonks respecting ib. parish not obliged to repair ib. probably a rebus ib. Pedlar's-acre, tradition respecting 62, 305. possessors of 306. bill to legalize title to 443 Percy, Sir Robert, manor of Ken- iiington granted to 255 Pewter, too costly for general use 37. vessels of hired by the year ib. Plants, rare, found wild in Lam- beth 8. PJate-glass manufactured at Vaux- hall 371 Poor-rate, particulars respecting 439 Population 440 Post-room, Lambeth palace 213 Potteries 372 Preaching, unusual in parish cburces before 16th cent. 65 Presence-chamber, Lambeth palace 198 Priest, habit of, remaining in the library of Lambeth palace 195 Priests, in England, denominated God's knights 6b Prince's Meadow, leases of 312 Printing offices of Mr. Applegath 3J4. description of bis ma- chines 315 Prisoners confined at Lambeth dur- ing the civil wars 238 mortality amongst them ib. Pulpits in Lambeth church 66, 67, 68. hour-glass affixed to ib. situation of 293 Reading-desks 293 Rectors, list of 14 — 28 Rectory, advowson of 11. belonged to Countess Goda ib. subsequent patrons of ib. ecclesiastical si- tuation of ib. Rectory-house 339 Refuge for the destitute 31 1 Registers, parish 437. extracts from 438 Rtmaikab'.e occurrences in Lam- beth palace 231 Rere dosse, explained 69 Richard, Prince, resided at Ken- nington 350. mummery before 351 Ring, gold, discovery of 307 Riots at Lambeth in 1736 against the Irish 159 Roads 441 Roman roads 423 Rood, explanation of 69. Royal arms successors to the 70 Rood-loft situation of 69. one at Lambeth ib. extracts from church- wardens' books respecting 70. taken down ib. Rother, antient vessel discovered near the 296 Royal Oak tavern 379 Saw-mills 289 Scarletts, manor of, 281 — 283 Sconse lights, meaning of 35 Seats in churches, few fixed ones prior to Reformation 73. ex- tracts from churchwardens' books respecting those in Lam- beth ib. 73 Sepulchre, Holy, represented in the church on Good Friday 38. the host placed in it 39. taken out the following morning ib. how performed at Rouen ib. Shot, manufactory for patent 313, 443 Shrine, in Lambeth palace chapel 208 Sir, clerical appellation of 64. ori- gin of ib. given by courtesy ib. crept into acts of parliament 65. used in derision ib. Situation of Lambeth 2 Soil of Lambeth 7. South Lambeth, 392. Tradescant's house and museum at 143. visi- tors toib. Dr. Ducarel resided at 394. Caron house 396. chapel 397. vinegar distillery 396 Spring gardens, history of 380. Pepys' notice of 381. Springs, mineral, in Lambeth 7 Spryknell, holy water, explained 35 Stangate, the site of a Roman road 323. opinions respecting 324 — — termination of Roman road at 2 Stationers, Company of, annual aquatic excursion to Lambeth palace 227. INDEX. U7 St. Geogre's Fields, Roman station in 284. archery practised in 285. Roman remains at 338 St. John's district, boundary of 285. observations on its former state 284 . church, erection of 290. archi- tectural description of 291. length 293. expense 294 churchyard, tombstones in 294 district schools 295. St. Luke's district, boundary of 424. church, erection of 430. architectural description of ib. St. Mark's district, boundary of 376 — — church 386. description of 387. organ 389. dimensions 390. monuments ib. St. Mary's district 322 St. Matthew's district, boundaries of 399- church, its erection 409. architectural description of ib. awkward situation 413 churchyard, mausoleum in 413. architectural description of ib. Stockwell, derivation of 392. cha- pel ib. school ib. manor of, descent of 272— 279. boundaries of 273. pedi- gree of the Earls of Albermarle and Devon 274 common 414. Angell's house ik, ghost, account of 416 — 421. Lord Cromwell's house at 421. manor house 422. botanic-gar- 423 Stone, Coade's manufactory of ar- tificial 306 Stoup, holy water, what it is 8". oue at Walberswyck ib. St. Patrick, Benevolent Society of 318 Streamers, when and how used 38 Suffragan bishops, opposed by the monks 160 Sun-dial, given by Dr. Featley 73 Sundridge.Ide-hillchapel at, found- ed by Bp. Porteus 27- favourite residence of his ib. Synods at Lambeth palace 231 Taffy's fair 342 Temple of Flora, a place of enter- tainment 321 Thames, great frost on 159 Three mariners, ancient tavern 367. visited by Charles II. 368 Tokens, traders, 304,385. account of 304 Tortoise, aged, at Lambeth ISO Treadwheel at Brixton, description of 404. observations «» the use of 405, 444. disgraceful practice of placing females on 406. anec- dotes of ib. opinion of foreigners respecting 407 Trinity Asylum 414 Tulse-hill 403 Tyers, Jonathan, anecdotes of 361, 362 Vauxhall, Guy Faux's residence at refuted 370. plate glass manu- factured at 37 1. earthquake ib. Roman camp at 367. pottery found there ib. bridge, projected 378. its progress ib. expence 379 chapel 355 gardens, historical account of 359—363. present appearance of 364—367. paintings in 365. Roman camp near 367. manor of, account of 263 — 272. the account of Alan Mar- tyn, Reeve of 269. pedigree of d'Armorie ib. granted to the Black Prince 271- granted to the support of a chapel at Can- terbury ib. Verulam chapel 348 Vestrv-hall 341 Lambeth palace 206 - room 73 Victuallers', licensed school 382 Vine, introduction and cultivation of 294 Vinegar-yard, at Cuper's gardens 311 Upgrove, manor of, 281 — 283 Walcot estate, particulars respect- in 5 347 * t aax Waterloo-bridge, account ot ssw, 443. expenses of 287. dimensions 283 3 N 4-58 INDEX. Waterloo district, early state of 284. boundary of 285 Water-stocke, notice of 37 Waterworks, South London S82, 444 Well, Vauxball, 380. beneficial qualities of ib. Welsh chapel 342 Westminster-bridge 322. descrip- tion of il. Woodvill, Anthony, Earl of Rivers, his " notable wise sayings of philosophers" account of it 194 Workhouse 345 Wye Court, manor of, account of 729 Zion chapel 295 FINIS. Preparing for Publication as early as the nature of the work will admit, The HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES, and TOPOGRAPHY, of the TOWN dnd BOROUGH of SOUTHWARK and LIBERTIES ; including the whole of the Parish of St. Saviour, and the adjacent Parish of Christchurch, with Notices of Eminent or Remarkable Persous, Local Anecdotes. Genealogical and Heraldic inquiries, &c. Sic. By Ralph Lindsay, Esq. late Deputy Bailiff of the Borough, and Thomas Allen, Author of the History of Lambeth. Illus- trated by numerous Engravings of rare Plar.s, Views, and existing Buildings, &c. The Work will be printed on fine improved laid paper, with a new type, and will be published in quarterly parts, each containing 72 pages, with a proportion of Engravings ; the price of which, to subscribers, will be, royal 4to (of which only 25 will be printed on fine vellum paper) 7s. 6d. each part; demy 4to 5s. ; to be paid for only on delivery. It is presumed it will be completed in about twelve parts. There will be at least Fifty Engravings on Copper and Wood. Subscribers' names received by all Booksellers. N.B. The copies will be numbered ; the early Subscribers possessing the ad- vantage of having Proof impressions of the Plates and Vignettes. Also Preparing for Publication, NOTICES, HISTORICAL and TOPOGRAPHICAL, of SMITHFIELD, in the City of London, from the earliest ages to the present time. By Thomas Allen. London : John Nichols and Son, 25, Parliament -street. - - -