STONES 
 BRICKS 
 @ FACES 
 
 Marguerite E. Schumann 
 
 
 
 
 Archives 
 
 
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D UKE UNIVERSIT Y 
 
 Digitized b^tBd3i?fteR)^ Archive 
 in 2014 
 
 https://archive.org/details/stonesbricksfaceOOschu 
 
STONES 
 BRICKS 
 ^FACES 
 
 Marguerite E. Schumann 
 
 A Walking Guide to Duke University 
 
 Published by 
 
 Duke University Office of Publications 
 Durham, North Carolina 
 
Copyright O 1976 by 
 
 Duke University 
 
 Durham, North Carolina 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
 Manufactured in the United States 
 
THE FACES OF DUKE 
 
 Duke University is a place of many faces — architectural, in- 
 stitutional, human; faces of the past and of the present. 
 
 Most dramatic of its faces is its architectural face — the breath- 
 catching sight of a perfect Gothic quadrangle standing at the 
 end of a long, rising driveway with a tall church at its heart. 
 
 This campus has been described by Aldous Huxley as "the 
 most successful essay in neo-Gothic that I know." It has also 
 been described by Frances Gray Patton (novelist, one-time 
 Duke student and Duke faculty wife): 
 
 "The West Campus, embraced by the great Duke Forest, is so 
 balanced and pretty that it appears, at first glance, to be a stage 
 set for a romantic operetta. The slate-roofed Gothic buildings, 
 made of native stone which reflects the moods of the weather, 
 are laid out in quadrangles to either side of the chapel." 
 
 But Duke has something that other Gothic universities will 
 never know — a lushness of botanical setting unique to North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Duke's gargoyles rise above gardens brilliantly planted by 
 men and nature. North Carolina contains the vegetation of all 
 eastern North America in microcosm; it has the greatest natural 
 diversity of the eastern states. Here, in the red, rolling Pied- 
 mont, "the foot of the mountains," it all comes together. 
 
 Growing on the rocky hills of the Duke Forest are the rhodo- 
 dendron, laurel, galax and partridgeberry of the mountains; 
 carpeting some of the banks of the Eno River at the edge of 
 Durham are orchids and uncommon ferns. In the Duke Gar- 
 dens, the azaleas, which are a spectacle along the humid At- 
 lantic coast, form a more modest spectacle of their own — flam- 
 ing on the springtime slopes. 
 
 Within the Gothic face of Duke, set in its enormous garden, 
 are other Gothic faces, carved in stone to provide the ornamen- 
 tation traditional in buildings of that period. 
 
 iii 
 
Happiest hunting ground for stone faces is the men's resi- 
 dence quadrangles where there are literally hundreds of gro- 
 tesques — fanciful sculptures representing human or animal 
 forms which peer out from unexpected places. There are many 
 witty caricatures of student and professorial types, as well as 
 such eclectic specific subjects as Archimedes, twentieth century 
 varsity athletes, a playboy blowing a saxophone, a skeptic peer- 
 ing at the world through a telescope, and a quartet of youths 
 who are thinking, hearing, speaking and seeing no evil. Leo- 
 nardo da Vinci gazes down at engineering students who pass 
 beneath his doorway, and a leering alchemist is still busy try- 
 ing to convert base metal to gold on a building no longer used 
 for chemistry. 
 
 At the Chapel, the stone faces are spiritual. Great men of the 
 church and of the region surround the main door; handsome, 
 idealized countenances of young men fit to be crusaders for 
 the king, ascetics, scholars, all make a stately procession down 
 the building's clerestory window frames. 
 
 But Du ke has many other faces beyond its Gothic facades and 
 the stone heads that enrich them. 
 
 Beyond the heart — on the back streets of the West Campus — 
 is a row of functional red brick buildings that appeared at a time 
 when there was a literal explosion in the sciences, and it was 
 neither functional nor financially feasible to try to press lab- 
 oratories into a medieval mold. Tucked into one of these park- 
 ing lots is a contemporary architectural prizewinner of poured 
 concrete — the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory — and 
 nearby is a whole area of buildings that have been developed 
 in a handsome contemporary reinterpretation of the Gothic 
 spirit, combining the traditional campus stone with poured 
 concrete and large areas of glass. 
 
 Another major architectural face of Duke is the Georgian 
 East Campus, connected to West Campus by a mile and a half 
 drive winding its way between magnolias and other abundant 
 trees. This red brick quadrangle, somewhat reminiscent of 
 the University of Virginia, has its own remembrance of things 
 past at fringes which appeared before the campus was given a 
 new architectural order. Here is a white stucco English-style 
 inn (one visiting artist observed that this was the most inter- 
 esting building on either campus), a red brick Spanish mis- 
 sion, sturdy white frame houses, and a contemporary, feminine 
 architectural jewel — the Mary Duke Biddle Music Building, 
 gently wrought in the white-arched idiom of Edward Dur- 
 rell Stone, one of the nation's most distinguished designers of 
 American public buildings, both at home and abroad. 
 
 iv 
 
These various architectural faces of Duke are directly re- 
 lated to its varied institutional faces. 
 
 Duke University is built on a series of earlier institutions 
 dating back to 1838. It has moved through six separate identi- 
 ties and three campuses. Consequently, it celebrates a consid- 
 erable list of centennials and other anniversary occasions. 
 
 It began with Brown's Schoolhouse, founded before 1838 by- 
 Quaker and Methodist farmers in Randolph County nearly 
 seventy miles away. Soon it became Union Institute, then was 
 incorporated as Union Institute Academy. In 1851 it was rein- 
 corporated as Normal College, and graduates were licensed to 
 teach in the common schools of the state. Five years later it be- 
 came affiliated with the Methodist Church; in 1859 it was 
 reincorporated as Trinity College. Because Trinity's growth 
 seemed to be hampered by its rural location, in 1892 the Col- 
 lege was moved to Durham, and a former racetrack. Black- 
 well's Park, provided for its campus — now the East Campus. 
 Major benefactors in the move to Durham were Julian Carr and 
 Washington Duke. 
 
 Over the years the friendship between Trinity College and 
 the Duke family was strengthened, and in 1924 the institu- 
 tion's name was changed again — this time to Duke University, 
 to integrate it with a program of humanitarian effort outlined 
 in the indenture of James B. Duke. The name Trinity College 
 was retained, first for the undergraduate college for men, now 
 for Trinity College of Arts and Sciences. 
 
 With the creation of Duke University, a gigantic building 
 effort was begun. The new Gothic West Campus was the largest 
 educational plant in the world to go up in five years. A railroad 
 track was laid across the arms of the present quadrangle to 
 haul tons of material to the site; men and mules did a good bit of 
 the work as well. 
 
 Horace Trumbauer, Philadelphia architect who had de- 
 signed a residence for James B. Duke, designed all of Duke 
 University's buildings between 1924 and 1938 — not only the 
 Gothic West Campus, but old Trinity, which he redesigned 
 in the Georgian style. Trumbauer felt that the Duke campus 
 was his masterwork. 
 
 James B. Duke favored the look of Princeton University's 
 gray green stones for the medieval-style buildings. He sent 
 carloads of stone from several quarries and had sample walls 
 put up in Durham. 
 
 Dr. Frank C. Brown, onetime head of the English Depart- 
 ment and then comptroller of the University, had his own ideas 
 on stone. He was acquainted with the Cambrian volcanic rock 
 
 v 
 
quarried since pre-Revolutionary days by residents of Hills- 
 borough. He had his own sample wall of Hillsborough stone 
 erected alongside the imports. In fair, unlabeled competition, 
 the local product won for its warmth and variety of shade — 
 fourteen distinct colors ranging from slate blue to orange. 
 Brown later was responsible for gathering institutional seals 
 which appear on several buildings; other designs were supplied 
 by the architect. 
 
 Hundreds of unnamed faces — all sorts and conditions of 
 men — have built Duke University's campus and lived to see 
 their handiwork mellow into graceful maturity. 
 
 Two generations of the Brown family of Greensboro have 
 piled up nearly all the vertical acres of stone that form the walls 
 of Gothic Duke. One stonemason in their employ not only laid 
 the two-mile wall around old Trinity in 1916 but was still laying 
 stone at the Medical Center in the early 1960s. Forty highly 
 trained American and European sculptors carved the decora- 
 tive details on the Chapel and elsewhere. "I helped build this 
 place," an elderly grounds worker said during the same era. 
 "I planted that big tree in front of the Chapel." One remark- 
 able Duke employee, who had followed his janitor father 
 around Trinity in Randolph County and moved with him to 
 Durham in 1892, in 1946 gave Duke University $100 to com- 
 memorate his long employment "by said institution and never 
 a cross word but Christian harmony." 
 
 Inevitably, however, the big human faces of Duke are those 
 who stand invisibly behind the name plates on its buildings. 
 First come the faces of the three Dukes of Durham — father 
 Washington, sons Benjamin Newton and James Buchanan — 
 chiseled in serene, white marble on their tombs in the Chapel. 
 These three, each in different ways, transformed the Trinity 
 College of their day; much of the present personality of the 
 University was first conceived in their minds. 
 
 Then there are the Duke associates — not only a business 
 rival, Julian Carr, but The Duke Endowment officials (Per- 
 kins, Allen, Sands and Pickens) who carried out the wishes of 
 James B. Duke after his death. Commemorated in the physical 
 campus too are three Duke wives and daughters — Sarah (Mrs. 
 Benjamin), Nanaline (Mrs. James B.), and the former's daugh- 
 ter, Mary Duke Biddle. 
 
 Now in the permanent vocabulary of wards and pavilions at 
 the Medical Center are the names of founders and patrons of 
 the healing art on this campus and elsewhere — doctors Davison 
 and Woodhall; nurses Baker and Hanes; along with a list of 
 others who laid the foundations for modern medicine. 
 
 VI 
 
Five great presidents of Trinity and Duke are recalled in 
 the men's residence quadrangles — Kilgo, Crowell, Craven, Few 
 and Edens. Faculty and other administrators whose names are 
 permanently recorded in building names read with a stately 
 rhythm: Addoms, Baldwin, Bassett, Flowers, Gilbert, Gross, 
 Pegram, Wannamaker, Wilson. To these are added Duke's 
 athletic greats — Wade, coach of three Rose Bowl teams; Card, 
 father of North Carolina basketball; Cameron, longtime foot- 
 ball and basketball coach; and Coombs, professional baseball 
 player at the turn of the century. There are the Giles sisters 
 who were the first women to receive Trinity degrees in 1878; a 
 pair of governors, Aycock and Jarvis; along with men who 
 stood by the institution when it was young and impoverished 
 — Alspaugh, Brown, Gray and Southgate. All of these combine 
 to form a varied gallery of historic Duke faces. 
 
 The focus of all this effort is the Duke student of today. 
 
 "In my mind," says writer Reynolds Price, a Duke alumnus 
 and professor of English, "the two major attractive qualities 
 of Duke are the sheer physical beauty of the campus and the 
 area in which it sits, and the high quality of Duke students." 
 
 A national student body — 80 percent from outside North 
 Carolina — is an important ingredient in the intellectual ex- 
 citement that permeates the place. 
 
 "Most of the interchange of great ideas — the intellectual sym- 
 posium of the University — occurs in a professor's solitary re- 
 search or in the seminar and classroom exchange," Price con- 
 tinues. "It is both a blessing and a fault of American academic 
 life that our basic intellectual relations are with our students, 
 not with our contemporary colleagues; but we've made that 
 choice and continue to live with it — fruitfully, I think." 
 
 The students of Duke walk across the green quadrangle 
 before the Chapel each day, passing a bronze tablet bearing 
 words written by Dr. Plato Durham for Trinity College around 
 1903. These aims, which have been modified only by institu- 
 tional name change in more than seventy years, read: 
 
 "The aims of Duke University are to assert a faith in the eter- 
 nal union of knowledge and religion set forth in the teachings 
 and character of Jesus Christ, the Son of God; to advance learn- 
 ing in all lines of truth; to defend scholarship against all false 
 notions and ideals; to develop a Christian love of freedom and 
 truth; to promote a sincere spirit of tolerance; to discourage all 
 partisan and sectarian strife; and to render the largest perman- 
 ent service to the individual, the state, and nation, and the 
 church. Unto these ends shall the affairs of this University al- 
 ways be administered." 
 
 vu 
 
Acquaint yourself now, by exploring these two beautiful 
 campuses, with the faces of Duke past and present — founders, 
 scholars, benefactors and students — who have passed this way 
 in their own search for truth, freedom and tolerance. 
 
 Marguerite Schumann 
 
 f 
 
 Vlll 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
 
 The author is deeply indebted to Mary Duke Biddle Trent 
 Semans who gave the first encouraging word on this project 
 and later made valuable suggestions about the text, particu- 
 larly in corroborating the accuracy of information about her 
 family, which has made such unusual individual and composite 
 contributions to the Duke University of today. 
 
 President Terry Sanford enabled the guidebook to come to 
 completion. Three Duke faculty and staff members reviewed 
 the text, enhanced it from their own wide knowledge of the 
 institution, and saved the author from errors — Dr. William 
 King, University Archivist; Reynolds Price, novelist and Pro- 
 fessor of English; and Jon Phelps, Director of the University 
 Union and author of the institutional history "/ Have Selected 
 Duke University.'''' 
 
 Many other persons in the Duke Archives, Manuscripts, Li- 
 braries, News Service, Publications, and Alumni and Develop- 
 ment Offices contributed to the work. 
 
 While most of the existing formal and informal histories of 
 Trinity, Duke, and the Medical Center were consulted — along 
 with biographies as well as publications about the University's 
 architecture — the heaviest dependence was placed on the 
 Alumni Register and on the North Carolina Collection in the 
 Louis Round Wilson Library (The University of North Caro- 
 lina at Chapel Hill), which is recognized as one of the most com- 
 plete state collections in existence, possessing many unique 
 features including newsclipping and pamphlet collections. 
 
 X 
 
JAMES B. DUKE STATUE 
 
 1935 
 
 This bronze figure — eight feet four inches tall — set on a twenty- 
 five-ton Cape Anne granite pedestal a little taller than the fig- 
 ure itself, is inscribed "James Buchanan Duke. December 23, 
 1856 - October 10, 1925. Industrialist, Philanthropist, Founder 
 of The Duke Endowment." 
 
 The sculpture is the work of Charles Keck, one-time assistant 
 to Augustus St. Gaudens, winner of the Prix de Rome in 1899, 
 and of a gold medal from the Architectural League of New 
 York in 1926. 
 
 The figure of James B. Duke leans lightly against a cane, 
 and the left hand holds a partly-smoked cigar. Although Duke's 
 American Tobacco Company dominated the industry and pop- 
 ularized cigarettes throughout the world, Duke didn't like 
 them for himself. He was a cigar and chewing-tobacco man. 
 "Tobacco," he said, "is a poor man's luxury. Where else can 
 he get so much enjoyment from his five or ten cents?" (He 
 smoked $2.50 worth of his own ten cent cigars each day.) 
 
 During the first decade of this century, a financial expert 
 wrote, "America . . . has only three industrial kings: John D. 
 Rockefeller in oil, Andrew Carnegie in steel, and James B. 
 Duke in tobacco." That was a dated assessment. James B. Duke 
 had two subsequent careers: as developer of one of the nation's 
 pioneer hydroelectric power systems in the Carolinas and 
 Canada and as one of the century's major philanthropists. 
 
 While working on plans for The Duke Endowment, which 
 was no deathbed inspiration but a methodical project ten years 
 in the making, Duke said that it was easier to make money than 
 
 1 
 
to give it away wisely. Duke University was his final consuming 
 interest, for he was by nature a builder. One of his last recorded 
 statements was, "Don't bother me, nurse. Today I am laying out 
 the university grounds." Earlier, he had visited this spot in the 
 forest and declared, "This is where it ought to be." 
 
 Duke University, founded on and retaining Trinity College 
 as its heart, was only one part of a much larger philanthropy 
 directed toward the Carolinas. The Duke Endowment, begun 
 with $40 million in 1924 and more than doubled by the terms 
 of his will when he died a year later, provided for four areas 
 of benevolence — 46 percent to educational institutions, 32 per- 
 cent for hospitals for "both races," 12 percent for certain 
 purposes of the Methodist church, and 10 percent for orphan- 
 ages of "both races." 
 
 Because James B. Duke was a strong, controversial figure, 
 and because any philanthropy of such dimension created ani- 
 mosity among the excluded, even the creation of The Duke 
 Endowment suffered attack. 
 
 One Trinity man was assailed by a partisan of another 
 college: "How can you take that money? Don't you know it's 
 tainted? Don't you know it comes from tobacco?" The Trinity 
 man replied amiably, "Of course, it's tainted. Taint yours." 
 
 Although there is a legend that Duke University was so 
 named at the particular insistence of James B. Duke, this is 
 not true. The idea for name change had been proposed at 
 Trinity as early as the turn of the century; when university 
 status was first discussed, it was President William P. Few who 
 made the suggestion because of the number of Trinitys else- 
 where in the educational world. Duke agreed with the plan. 
 
 A statement released by the Trinity College Board of Trus- 
 tees for December 29, 1924, read: "The late Washington Duke 
 was the first man to contribute largely to the financial support 
 of Trinity, and Mr. Benjamin Duke for thirty years has been 
 a tower of strength in support of all the causes of the college. 
 Duke University will be, as Mr. James B. Duke wishes it to be, 
 a fitting memorial to his father and family. It will also be an 
 enduring monument to himself." 
 
 James Buchanan Duke was born on a farm in the northeast- 
 ern part of Durham in a house which is now a registered 
 national historic landmark and operated as a state historic 
 site. 
 
 When "Buck" was a redheaded, pigeon-toed nine-year-old, 
 his father came back from the Civil War and pressed him and 
 his brother Benjamin into service in making ready the first 
 Pro Bono Publico tobacco for the market. 
 
 2 
 
Buck got his first taste of commerce that summer, when he 
 was his father's companion on a wagon trip to eastern North 
 Carolina to sell the tobacco. 
 
 The father later wrote: "My son Buck was with me; he was 
 then just a little bit of a fellow, just big enough to put a bridle 
 on a horse. In those perilous times, when the stragglers from 
 Sherman's and Johnson's army were prowling around the 
 country, we slept out at night and travelled along the country 
 without weapon of any kind." 
 
 Buck was always a demon for work, even as a boy when he 
 was sent into Durham on errands for his father. He would say 
 to his contemporaries, "You fellows seem to have time to fool 
 around, but I haven't. My daddy sent me on business, and I've 
 got to attend to it and get back home." 
 
 After leaving his home in Durham and transferring his activ- 
 ities to New York, Duke succeeded in merging all the major to- 
 bacco enterprises of his time, sometimes by tobacco war. In 
 fourteen years he combined 150 plants, worth $470 million. 
 
 In mid-career he was asked to name his greatest achieve- 
 ment. He replied that it was assembling such a team of busi- 
 ness men within the American Tobacco Company that when it 
 was dissolved by federal court antitrust order in 1912, there 
 were enough experienced executives in it to staff four com- 
 peting industries. Later in life, he changed his answer. Then 
 he said The Duke Endowment was his greatest work for "with 
 it I make men." 
 
 Even when he was a millionaire many times over, he felt 
 that the satisfaction in having money lay in "making jobs for 
 men." He was proud that he had "made more millionaires 
 than any other man in the country." 
 
 Luxury and leisure meant little to him. Even when he was 
 making $50,000 a year, he lived in a hall bedroom in Harlem 
 and ate in Bowery restaurants. After he formed the American 
 Tobacco Company, he never went to a ball game. When a 
 reporter asked him if there wasn't some satisfaction in owning 
 a million dollars, Duke replied, "Not a dinged bit." 
 
 Duke was unconcerned by public criticism. When he was 
 attacked during the antitrust proceedings, he told his subordi- 
 nates, "Pay no attention to them." A New York Times writer, 
 however, suggested that if Duke had done for British trade 
 what he had done for American, he would have been knighted; 
 to this, Duke did reply, "Here you are indicted and they want 
 to put you in jail." 
 
 3 
 
DUKE CHAPEL 
 
 1930-32 
 
 "At the center (over a whole city of grey stone) stands a huge 
 cathedral with a leaping tower, and on either side, spreading 
 out into a succession of quadrangles, lie ranges of grey build- 
 ings . . . the most successful essay in neo-Gothic that 1 know," 
 wrote Aldous Huxley, distinguished English novelist and critic, 
 after he visited Duke in the mid-30s. 
 
 Huxley saw and described what James B. Duke planned in 
 his mind's eye in 1924: "I want the central building to be a 
 church, a great towering church which will dominate all the 
 surrounding buildings." 
 
 The 1,800-seat Duke Chapel is the symbol of the university, 
 and one that sets it apart from most other universities. 
 
 The 120-foot tower, patterned after Bell Harry Tower of 
 Canterbury Cathedral (although the chapel itself follows no 
 particular model but is a free adaptation of cruciform plan 
 English Gothic), not only dominates the campus, but — in the 
 manner of European cathedrals — is glimpsed from many un- 
 expected spots in the surrounding town and countryside. 
 
 The tower is spectacular when flooded by an opal twilight, 
 when illuminated against a midnight sky, or when wrapped 
 in fog — its spotlights throwing an eerie inverted shadow into 
 the moist sky above. 
 
 The Carillon-The fifty-bell, four-octave carillon, one of the 
 largest and finest in America, was given by the late George G. 
 Allen and William R. Perkins, who were the first chairman and 
 vice chairman of The Duke Endowment respectively. Their 
 names stand first in the visitor's register below and are given 
 
 4 
 
as well to two nearby buildings — the administration building 
 and the library. 
 
 The bells were cast by John Taylor and Company of Lough- 
 borough, England, founders since the fourteenth century. The 
 largest bell weighs about 1 1,200 pounds and measures six feet 
 nine inches across the mouth; the smallest weighs 10 pounds 
 and measures eight inches. The carillon, which was first 
 played in June, 1932 by Anton Brees, master carilloneur from 
 Belgium, for an audience of more than 10,000, is heard at the 
 close of each Duke working day. It is also played (manually) 
 when the chapel is used for worship or musical events and in 
 the Sunday afternoon carillon concert series. Christopher 
 Morley recalled an "unforgettable thrill ... at Duke Uni- 
 versity, when I heard the great carillon in the chapel tower . . . 
 clanging, rippling, pausing through gray veils of rain." 
 
 The carillon may be viewed from a catwalk in the tower 
 reached by elevator inside the chapel. A spectacular view of the 
 skyline of Durham and the pine-covered piedmont surround- 
 ing it may be seen from the chapel roof> At one time the 
 tower was used as a lookout station for fires in the Duke 
 Forest. At another level in the tower is a room which has 
 preserved a number of cornerstones from Duke University's 
 educational forerunners, along with a bell from old Trinity 
 College when it was located in Randolph County. 
 
 The Main Entrance - Above the outside arch are three 
 figures of eighteenth-century Methodist church leaders who 
 came from England to the new church in America (left to 
 right) Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury, both bishops, and 
 George Whitefield, missionary evangelist. 
 
 Inside the portal are figures (from left) of Girolamo 
 Savonarola, fifteenth-century Italian monk, reformer and 
 martyr; Martin Luther, sixteenth-century German reformer; 
 John Wycliffe, fourteenth-century translator of the Bible; 
 (center, above) John Wesley, eighteenth-century founder of 
 Methodism; and on the right side of the portal Thomas 
 Jefferson, Robert E. Lee and Sidney Lanier — statesman, 
 soldier and poet of the South — respectively. 
 
 The Stained Glass - Stained glass, which causes "the light 
 of day to become the Light Divine" in a twilight cathedral 
 interior, is one of the glories of the Duke Chapel. 
 
 The windows were designed in the French tradition by G. 
 Owen Bonawit of New York and executed by fifteen artist- 
 craftsmen over a period of nearly three years. There are some 
 influences of Chartres, a color scheme from Bourges, and 
 medallions reminiscent of Sainte Chapelle in Paris. The ruby 
 
 5 
 
and blue glass was made in the United States; other colors — 
 yellow, brown, white, purple and green — came from England, 
 France and Belgium. 
 
 "The glory of a window lies in its life and movement in 
 light," a scholar writes. "From sunrise through midday to 
 night, the colors change, each according to its particular 
 nature. They gain or lose prominence like instruments in an 
 orchestra. The blues grow prominent when the light wanes, 
 the reds and yellows gain brilliancy at midday. Through the day 
 there is an ever-changing, living pattern of tones and hues." 
 
 A thorough study of the 77 chapel windows, with their 800 
 figures made up of more than 1,000,000 pieces of glass, re- 
 quires many hours and the use of a subject-guide, Stained-Glass 
 Windows: Duke University Chapel, based on the work of the late 
 William Blackburn, available at the Chapel reception desk. 
 
 Generally, the upper (clerestory) windows in the nave por- 
 tray Old Testament stories and characters; the lower level, 
 the New Testament. The window above the altar shows the 
 face of Jehovah in the quatrefoil at the top, below which is 
 Jesus in crimson, surrounded by apostles and Old Testament 
 figures. Windows in the main vestibule show women of the Old 
 Testament. Child visitors may be interested in the Noah's Ark 
 animals in the upper window, second left from entry door. 
 
 The Chancel-Carved in limewood and illuminated in the 
 reredos above the altar are (from left) the boy Jesus with the 
 scholars in the temple; Jesus judged before Pilate; and Jesus 
 entombed. The four largest flanking figures are, at left, 
 Francis of Assisi and Gregory the Great; at right, George and 
 Augustine. Elsewhere in the choir stalls are apostles and early 
 church martyrs, generally carrying the means by which they 
 were martyred. 
 
 The pulpit (right) is surmounted by a figure of Christ the 
 King carved in the oak canopy; at the pulpit base are male 
 figures representing the Old and New Testament. The lectern 
 (right) contains a figure of St. Ambrose, patron saint of church 
 music. Throughout the chapel, in carvings of wood or stone, 
 are the pinecones and acorns of Piedmont North Carolina. 
 
 The original chapel organ is a four-manual Aeolian in the 
 French romantic tradition. The console for its 120 ranks, 136 
 stops, and 7,791 pipes is located in the choir loft. A second 
 major instrument, an authentic North German baroque, four- 
 manual, mechanical action instrument built by the Flentrop 
 organ company of Holland, is scheduled for installation in 
 1976. Its decorated case and raised platform will be seen at 
 the entry to the chapel. 
 
 6 
 
Memorial Chapel-Pale gray light from unpatterned gri- 
 saille windows falls over three tombs carved from thirty tons 
 of Carrara marble, designed by Charles Keck. They house 
 (from left) the recumbent forms of the famous Dukes of 
 Durham; Benjamin Newton Duke (1855-1929); Washington 
 Duke (1820-1905); and James Buchanan Duke (1856-1925), 
 moved here in 1935. The father's tomb includes a carved 
 figure of St. John; all three tombs bear the arms of the Duke 
 family and the seal of the university. The Memorial Chapel, 
 separated from the larger building by a wrought iron grill, 
 was given to the Duke Memorial Association by nearly 8,000 
 donors whose names are found in two bronze books. 
 
 Carvings on the altar screen are of St. Paul (left), Jesus, 
 and St. Peter. An American-built Holtkamp electropneumatic 
 organ in the chapel was given in memory of Mary Duke Biddle. 
 Another small, portable positive organ with four stops, suit- 
 able for accompanying baroque music, is also found in the 
 Memorial Chapel. 
 
 In the crypt below are tombs of Mrs. James Buchanan (Nana- 
 line) Duke and President William Preston Few. In the wall are 
 the ashes of James A. Thomas, tobacco merchant who pro- 
 moted the sale of cigarettes in the Orient and who raised the 
 money for Memorial Chapel. There are several memorial 
 plaques, as well. 
 
 The interdenominational chapel (over the years its deans 
 or presiding clergymen have represented the Quaker and Pres- 
 byterian churches as well as Methodist) is one of the nation's 
 distinguished collegiate pulpits and has heard the preaching 
 of such men as Reinhold Niebuhr, Martin Niemoller, Paul 
 Tillich, Albert Outler and Billy Graham. 
 
 The ministry of music offers, in addition to a regular Sunday 
 Duke Chapel Choir of 150 voices, such varied musical ex- 
 periences as major oratorios (three performances of Messiah 
 each Christmas; Bach's B Minor Mass and Mahler's Resur- 
 rection Symphony with the North Carolina Symphony Orches- 
 tra), string ensembles, brass choirs, jazz and folk music. 
 Religious drama and dance are also set in the chapel. 
 
 More than four million persons from all over the world have 
 visited Duke Chapel. Eleanor Roosevelt was photographed on 
 the steps while she was First Lady; Contralto Marian Anderson 
 received an honorary degree here; and the Metropolitan and 
 Archbishop of Jerusalem and Trans-Jordan was a visitor dur- 
 ing the time the Dead Sea Scrolls were exhibited in the chapel 
 in 1950. (Two Divinity School faculty members participated 
 in the identification of the Scrolls after their discovery.) 
 
 7 
 
DIVINITY SCHOOL/GRAY BUILDING 
 
 1930 
 
 Joined to the chapel by a cloister walk noisy with pigeons, the 
 Divinity School is built in the style of a late Gothic manor 
 house, its round finials suggesting richly decorated chimneys. 
 Above the main portico, which bears a dedicatory plaque to 
 Bishop John Carlisle Kilgo, onetime Trinity College president, 
 is the sailing ship of the Church, while at third floor level is 
 the cross and Bible. A contemporary addition in 1972 doubled 
 the size of the Divinity School and added a number of gracious 
 public rooms, most notably the Alumni Memorial Commons, 
 furnished with handsome antiques. 
 
 Among the school's unusual programs are: Black Church 
 Studies, the training of women for the ministry, and Judaic 
 Studies (centered in the Religion Department), which includes 
 an annual archaeological dig in the Holy Land. 
 
 The corporate life of the Divinity School is conducted in 
 York Chapel, named for Brantley York, first principal (1838- 
 42) of Union Institute, an institutional forerunner of Duke. 
 The chapel, on the second floor of Gray Building, uses both 
 Christian and Judaic symbols; on Sunday, Catholic masses 
 are held here. 
 
 The Divinity School Library (170,000 volumes) is the out- 
 standing theological collection in the South and among the 
 six best in the nation. Its rare possessions include 60 ancient 
 Greek manuscripts, of significance to the International Greek 
 New Testament project which draws on Duke leadership, and 
 a collection of Wesleyana considered "the outstanding Metho- 
 dist collection in the Western Hemisphere and one of the best 
 8 
 
in the world." Notable is a collection of hymnals, particularly 
 early American, one of the most complete in the nation. 
 
 James B. Duke's interest in religion was expressed, "My old 
 Daddy always said that if he amounted to anything in life it 
 was due to the Methodist circuit riders. If I amount to anything 
 in this world I owe it to my Daddy and the Methodist Church." 
 
 When Duke wrote his indenture to create Duke University, 
 he mentioned first the ministry: "And I advise that the courses 
 at this institution be arranged first with special reference to 
 the training of preachers, lawyers, teachers, and physicians, 
 because these are most in the public eye and by precept and by 
 example can do the most to uplift mankind." 
 
 James Alexander Gray, Sr., for whom the Gray section of 
 the building was named, was one of the three-man Committee 
 of Management which was credited with saving Trinity Col- 
 lege in days of direst financial need before it was moved to 
 Durham. Gray was an alumnus of Trinity and treasurer of 
 its board of trustees. 
 
 Before he was twenty years old, Gray was a Civil War prisoner 
 in Elmira, New York. In 1875, he h'elped organize the public 
 school system of Winston, North Carolina, and was a member 
 of the city's first school board. 
 
 Gray was an organizer and president of Wachovia National 
 Bank, figured largely in bringing the railroad to his section 
 of the state, and was an extremely active layman in the Metho- 
 dist Church. 
 
 The Gray family pattern of benevolence toward Trinity 
 began about 1840 when Braxton Craven, who was out soliciting 
 funds for it on horseback, got $10 from Grier Gray, in spite 
 of his wife's protest, "Now Grier, that is a lot of money and we 
 are not able to give that." 
 
 Several generations later, James A. Gray, Jr. (chairman of 
 the board of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company) established 
 a $1.7 million endowment for eleven colleges in the state, in- 
 cluding Duke Divinity School. Earlier, he had established the 
 James A. Gray Chairs in Religion at Chapel Hill. 
 
 9 
 
PERKINS LIBRARY 
 
 1969 
 
 Christopher Morley quoted Shakespeare's Tempest in describ- 
 ing the building: "My Library was Dukedom Enough for Me." 
 In recent years it has ranked in the top twenty in size for all 
 universities. In number of volumes, breadth of coverage, 
 serials and documents it is equal to the research facilities of 
 graduate schools two or three times as large. It has a capacity 
 of 2.5 million books, contains more than 4 million manu- 
 scripts, and now stocks 14,000 periodicals. 
 
 This building evolved in three stages: the original general 
 library of 1930; a 1948 addition given by Mary Duke Biddle; 
 and the $8.7 million contemporary Gothic addition occupied 
 in 1969, when the entire structure was renamed to honor 
 William R. Perkins, a close associate of James B. Duke. 
 
 The library's two millionth volume, given in April, 1969, by 
 Thomas L. Perkins, chairman of The Duke Endowment at that 
 time, and son of the man for whom the library is named, was 
 Plinius Secundus's Historia Naturalis, printed in 1476 as the 
 earliest scientific encyclopedia. The library's third million was 
 begun with the presentation by Harry L. Dalton, onetime chair- 
 man of the Friends of the Library, of a Fourth Folio of Shake- 
 speare's plays, printed in 1685. 
 
 The library's original entrance, at the southeastern corner, 
 is decorated with two architectural grotesques holding a globe 
 and a book, which symbolize ^he reduction of all the world 
 into book form. Near here is the original cornerstone of Duke 
 University, laid by Doris Duke, daughter of James B. Duke, 
 principal benefactor of the school. 
 
 10 
 
On the window arches between old and new entrances are 
 twenty-eight small shields, general symbols of scholarship and 
 specific fields of study. 
 
 The library's nerve center — the circulation, reference, cata- 
 logue and adjacent reading area — is contemporary in decor, 
 with orange carpeting, vertical blinds, deep, square leather 
 easy chairs, and a dramatic tomb brass rubbing on the wall. 
 Outside the window-walled entry gallery is a sunken court- 
 yard planted with deciduous trees, yucca, azalea, camellias 
 and holly. Available at the reference desk is a list of more 
 than 130 art works found in the building. 
 
 Rooms of special interest to the visitor: 
 
 The Rare Book Room is found through large wooden doors 
 to the left of the entry security desk; this collection was 
 begun in 1930 and formally organized in 1942. The main 
 room, paneled and furnished in the style of a seventeenth 
 century English gentleman's library, was given in 1948 by Mary 
 Duke Biddle, whose portrait by Douglas Chandor hangs above 
 the fireplace. Display cases near the front door contain rare 
 elephant folios of John James Audubon's The Birds of America, 
 (1827-38); their pages are turned each day to prevent fading. 
 
 The Trent Room (far left) contains the Walt Whitman Col- 
 lection, which includes 200 of his manuscripts. The collection 
 was given by the late Dr. Josiah Charles Trent and his wife, 
 Mary Duke Biddle Semans, in honor of their four daughters. 
 
 The Dalton Room contains the oldest items in the collection, 
 beginning with a small clay tablet which dates earlier than 
 1500 B.C.; a group of incunabula (books printed prior to 1500); 
 and emblem books of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
 
 Significant collections of first editions by Oscar Wilde, 
 Samuel T. Coleridge, Lord Byron, Mark Twain, Robert Frost, 
 Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Buchan and Walter de la Mare 
 are also found. 
 
 The Manuscripts Department (third floor) is primarily for 
 use by serious scholars, but it contains a number of museum- 
 quality artistic and historic objects of visitor interest. The 
 collection is made up of more than 4 million individual manu- 
 scripts, printed and pictorial items, sheet music, and thousands 
 of manuscript volumes. Almost every phase of human exist- 
 ence is touched on by the records. Notable is the twentieth 
 century collection of archives of the Socialist Party of the 
 United States. 
 
 Among the room's historic and artistic furnishings are a desk 
 and Tiffany desk set owned by James B. Duke, the gold-tipped 
 silver pen used by him when he signed the indenture, and the 
 
 11 
 
desk of William Perkins. A group of oriental objects, includ- 
 ing a Japanese shrine gong and a marble sculpture, (the 
 latter came from the B. N. Duke estate, Four Acres), are 
 found here. 
 
 The Duke University Archives (third floor)i, a repository for 
 the official historic record of the institution, include student, 
 faculty, university and Duke Press publications. Although not 
 officially established until 1972, the Archives contain material 
 from Duke's several institutional forebears, dating back to 
 Union Institute of the 1840s. The extensive photographic 
 collection includes films of Duke athletic contests, among them 
 its Rose Bowl games. 
 
 The Gothic Reading Room, (second floor, original build- 
 ing), contains fourteen shields showing printer's marks of 
 famous contributors to the publishing world. Beginning above 
 the entry door closest to the oil portraits of the three Duke 
 benefactors, and continuing down the west wall are shields of 
 Simon Vostre, Paris, 1488, (look for the SV monogram); The 
 Yale University Press; The Frellon Family, Lyons, France; The 
 Society of Calligraphers, Boston; the mark of Aldus, recent 
 adaptation; Carl Purrington Rollins, late of The Yale Uni- 
 versity Press; Martin Schott, Strassburg, 1481; (crossing the 
 room) The Saturday Review; The Harvard University Press; 
 the former Harper and Brothers; two Venetian printer's marks 
 of unknown origin; The Cygnet Press; William Morris, The 
 Kelmscott Press, 1890. The portraits in the room were largely 
 the work of British artist Douglas Chandor and were done 
 between 1930 and 1932. 
 
 The Deryl Hart Reading Room (first floor) was furnished 
 by the Class of 1963 to honor a longtime professor of surgery 
 who was president of the university for three years before his 
 retirement in 1963. 
 
 The library is notable for its Flowers Collection of Southern 
 Americana, dispersed throughout the building, consisting of 
 more than 2.7 million manuscripts, maps, broadsides and other 
 pieces; 18,500 books and pamphlets; and 8,000 newspaper 
 volumes. It begins with colonial times but has special strength 
 in the Civil War and Reconstruction eras. 
 
 William R. Perkins became associated with Duke interests 
 around 1906, when he played a prominent part in the defense 
 of the American Tobacco Company in the antitrust suit 
 brought by the government. He became personal counsel for 
 both James B. and Benjamin N. Duke in 1913 and represented 
 both their philanthropic and industrial interests. 
 
 12 
 
An editorial writer in a North Carolina newspaper wrote: 
 "For ten years (Perkins) worked on the indenture which 
 created The Duke Endowment. . . He and Mr. Duke went over 
 the instrument constantly, and it was only after years of study, 
 writing and rewriting that the product was satisfactory." 
 
 Perkins was a vice president of Duke Power Company, 
 active in power development in Quebec, and was general 
 counsel in this country for the British- American Tobacco 
 Company. He was one of the twelve original trustees of The 
 Duke Endowment, vice chairman from its inception, and a 
 trustee of the university. 
 
 13 
 
LANGUAGE CENTER 
 
 Duke offers Hindi-Urdu and Slavic here, along with traditional 
 classic and modern Western languages. A modern sixty-space 
 language laboratory is included. 
 
 This was the first Duke Law School, as doorway decorations 
 suggest — the scales of justice and a judge's wig atop a book. 
 Richard M. Nixon, thirty-seventh president of the United 
 States, studied here before taking his law degree in 1937. 
 
 OLD CHEMISTRY BUILDING 
 
 Symbols of chemistry remain on this Elizabethan facade — 
 retorts, mortar, test tube, and balance scales — although it is 
 now used for such programs as the Duke Media Center, the 
 Oral History Project and the Institute of Policy Sciences and 
 Public Affairs. An amusing grotesque of an alchemist supports 
 the northeast corner bay. While used for chemistry, the build- 
 ing contained an industrial laboratory which pioneered in test- 
 ing tobacco and cigarette papers. 
 
 SOCIOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY 
 
 Biology and zoology were once housed here, and a greenhouse 
 was attached; consequently, at the south (side) door is found a 
 sea horse, seashell and lizard, while the gables display flowers, 
 trees and heraldic animals. The Karl E. Zener Memorial 
 Auditorium, seating 165, honors a Duke psychology pro- 
 fessor who served for thirty-six years. 
 
 SOCIAL SCIENCES 
 
 Special programs in management, demography, Canadian and 
 Southern studies are housed here, along with a social simula- 
 tion program. It is also headquarters for naval and aerospace 
 ROTC programs. Some early parapsychology research was 
 done here. (See West Duke Building) 
 
 14 
 
ALLEN BUILDING 
 
 1954 
 
 Administration 
 
 Open woods stood on this spot until 1954, when the $1.7 
 million Allen Building completed the quadrangle of the West 
 Campus. During the student activism of the late 1960s, the 
 first floor of Allen Building was occupied hy protesters, and 
 in the events which followed, tear gas was released into the 
 Duke Quadrangle. 
 
 The building bears the name of George Garland Allen ( 1 874- 
 1960), a Warren County farmboy who began working for the 
 Dukes as a bookkeeper and accountant in 1895, and by 1924 
 was James B. Duke's personal counselor. He became the first 
 chairman of The Duke Endowment and head of the Duke 
 Power Company, a dual role which the newspapers termed 
 "Jekyll-Hydeian." He was also vice chairman of the board of 
 the British-American Tobacco Company and a Duke Uni- 
 versity trustee for thirty-two years. 
 
 Allen's mission was to carry out Duke enterprises and 
 benefactions as he thought James B. Duke had conceived 
 them. President Hollis Edens said of Allen, "Literally, he has 
 been the hand and voice of the founder of Duke University 
 during the long period of its building. He was chairman of 
 the Building Committee of The Duke Endowment when the 
 first stone was laid on the West Campus, and he was present 
 for the completion of the building which bears his name." 
 
 With William R. Perkins, Allen gave the chapel carillon; 
 another memorial is the George Garland Allen Memorial 
 Chapel in the Medical Center. A plant of the Duke Power 
 Company which began operating in 1957 also bears his name. 
 
 15 
 
SARAH P. DUKE GARDENS 
 
 1932 
 
 The original plans for Duke University showed a lake on the 
 site of the Duke Gardens, but when this proved unfeasible, 
 Dr. Frederic M. Hanes of Duke Hospital originated the idea 
 of a garden. 
 
 The garden was begun in 1932 and opened to the public two 
 years later, the gift of Mary Duke Biddle to honor her mother, 
 Mrs. Benjamin N. Duke. John C. Wister, Philadelphia, who 
 for fifteen years was president of the American Iris Society, 
 drew the basic plans and envisioned 250,000 irises blooming 
 here; subsequent landscape designers, including W. B. S. 
 Leong of Boston, brought the garden to its present form. 
 
 There are fifteen acres of developed gardens and another 
 thirty-five acres of improved southern pine forest. The 
 principal developed areas are the 400-bush Rose Garden, the 
 Hanes Iris Garden, the Azalea Court, the Wisteria Pergola, 
 the Seven Terraces (each 150 feet long, curved, separated by 
 dry rock retaining walls designed by Ellen Shipman of New 
 York) which step down to the Lily Pond and the Rock Garden 
 (both designed by Frederic Leubuscher, Essex Falls, New 
 York) and the Grass and Sky Garden. Near the main entrance 
 is the H. L. Blomquist Natural Garden, named for a Duke 
 botanist who not only specialized in ferns and grasses but 
 directed the Duke band for a time. 
 
 Although the Gardens contain something for all seasons, 
 they are at their spring peak in late March and early April, 
 when 64 beds planted with 7,500 tulips, 18,000 pansies and 
 4,000 anenomes are in bloom. 
 
 16 
 
More than 100,000 visitors come to the Duke Gardens each 
 year, and on fine Sunday afternoons, particularly, they be- 
 come Durham's outdoor living room. Musical events are often 
 held on the flagstones before the Lily Pond, the Garden is a 
 popular spot for weddings, and the broad paths attract young 
 families with baby strollers as well as wheelchair patients 
 from the nearby Duke Hospital. 
 
 A number of books which list the leading gardens of the 
 South and the nation include Duke in their choices. 
 
 The main entrance to the gardens is made from a parking 
 lot off Anderson Street; there is a contemporary Gothic 
 gate of Hillsborough stone and forged iron screen in a design 
 abstracted from the Chapel which is visible in the distance. 
 The gates were conceived by New England sculptor-artist 
 Joseph G. Barnes (Leverett, Massachusetts) in 1962. Later 
 they were completed by his nephew, Joseph Doubleday. 
 
 Sarah Pearson Duke, "in whose life blended the strength of 
 the soil and beauty of flowers," (brass marker on the floor of the 
 wisteria pergola), was the daughter of Malbourne Angier, 
 pioneer Durham merchant and twice mayor of the town. 
 
 Her three children were Washington Duke, who died in 
 childhood, Angier Duke, and Mary Duke Biddle, who estab- 
 lished the garden in honor of her mother. 
 
 Her twenty-two-room home, Four Acres, stood on the site 
 of the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Building at the 
 corner of Duke Street and Chapel Hill Boulevard. The elegant 
 Victorian mansion, with porte cochere, wide terrace, and many 
 ornamental mirrors (Mrs. Duke's pride) was opened for its 
 first reception to honor the inaugural of William Preston Few 
 at Trinity College on November 9, 1910. The house was deco- 
 rated with roses and chrysanthemums, and an orchestra played 
 for the guests, who included the presidents of Harvard 
 and Chicago, the United States Commissioner of Education, 
 and educational representatives from twenty states. 
 
 Mrs. Duke kept her home and its twelve bedrooms filled 
 with people all the time. She preferred informal events 
 centered around musicales or bridge and was known for her 
 easy graciousness as she presided over them. 
 
 After Mrs. Duke's death in 1936 (her funeral was held in 
 the Duke Chapel), Four Acres was given to the university for a 
 guest house and renamed University House. Entertained there 
 were Robert Frost, Reinhold Niebuhr, Henry Luce, Eleanor 
 Roosevelt, Viscount Halifax, Richard Nixon (while vice presi- 
 dent of the United States), and a long procession of statesmen, 
 authors, bishops and scholars. 
 
 17 
 
In 1961, when the house was a half-century old and the 
 neighborhood had converted to a business area, Four Acres 
 was razed and the nine-story insurance building rose in its 
 place. The insurance f irm had been founded by John Merrick, 
 onetime barber to the Dukes, who had encouraged him to make 
 the business venture. 
 
 18 
 
UNION/FLOWERS BUILDING/ 
 PAGE AUDITORIUM 
 
 1930 
 
 This complex appears to be one continuous building, but many 
 separate functions are fulfilled in it: 
 
 Page Auditorium, a 1,500-seat hall, is closest to the Chapel; 
 adjacent to its lobby is the Gothic Bookstore, where volumes 
 of general interest and by Duke authors may be found. 
 
 The Robert Lee Flowers Student Activities Building links 
 the auditorium to the Union. In the latter are several baronial 
 dining halls, including the Oak Room (which is open to campus 
 visitors), a store for general student supplies, bank, post 
 office, barber shop and other facilities. 
 
 The Union was the site of a historic social event — a Christ- 
 mas dinner in 1941 held for the visiting Oregon State football 
 team, who were on the campus — away from their families — to 
 prepare for the 1942 Rose Bowl Game played here a week later. 
 The athletes were presented with Christmas gifts by North 
 Carolina industries — such necessaries as mahogany walking 
 sticks, suspenders, cigarettes and tobacco, flour, pillow cases, 
 hosiery, snorts, knitted ties and hose. 
 
 Above the Page Auditorium doorway are shields represent- 
 ing the four elements (left to right) of fire, earth, water and 
 air. Outlining the entrance are seventeen miscellaneous 
 symbols of the arts, of sports, of scholarship, and amusingly 
 dated symbols of aviation, radio and photography. 
 
 The Union exterior is richly ornamented with institutional 
 seals. On the eastern elevation (left to right) are symbols of 
 the universities of Geneva, Louvain, Oxford, Cambridge, 
 Paris, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth and Pennsylvania. 
 
 20 
 
The northern elevation contains (also left to right) the 
 shields of: Virginia, North Carolina, Wofford, Furman, 
 Randolph-Macon, Wake Forest, Davidson, Vanderbilt, Wash- 
 ington and Lee (the latter two both face east), Emory and 
 Henry (on turret), University of the South (on turret, facing 
 north), City of Durham, State of North Carolina, and the 
 University of Texas (on turret, facing north). Between the 
 Durham and North Carolina emblems is the motto: "A chari- 
 table man is the lover of God." 
 
 On the western elevation (left to right) are the shields of: 
 Guilford (on turret), Columbia, U. S. Naval Academy, Cornell, 
 Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Wisconsin, Michigan and Stanford. 
 
 On the gable of the southern elevation are Haverford (left) 
 and Millsaps (right). 
 
 The Union central entrance (eastern elevation) is orna- 
 mented with a large panel carved with clasped hands, symbol- 
 izing union. Flanking the panel are shields with symbols of 
 education — lamp and book, owl and book, Minerva's helmet 
 and book, candle and book. 
 
 At the tower entrance (eastern elevation) stand the figures 
 of Religion and Knowledge holding the shield of Duke Uni- 
 versity. Six small symbols of learning are found above; they 
 are repeated on the north side of the Union tower. 
 
 The two largest dining halls, with their wood-trussed 
 ceilings, are patterned after The Hall (common room) of an 
 English university, and in them are found the shields of 
 Oxford and Cambridge, while below — slightly above eye 
 level — are emblems of Duke fraternities and residence halls. 
 
 In the Cambridge Inn (Hall A), carved on the corbels of 
 the south wall, are (left to right) the college shields of Christ's 
 and St. John's, Trinity, King's, Emmanuel, Magdalene, Peter- 
 house and St. Catharine's. On the north wall, in the same 
 order, are Sidney Sussex, Pembroke, Michaelhouse, King's 
 Hall, Corpus Christi, Clare and Downing. 
 
 In the Great Hall are the shields of Oxford. On the west 
 wall, left to right, are Trinity, Merton, All Souls, Pembroke, 
 Magdalen, University, Oriel and Corpus Christi. On the east 
 wall are Christ Church, Lincoln, New College, Queen's, 
 Brasenose, Balliol, Wadham and St. John's. 
 
 Page Auditorium, which has seen some of the nation's great- 
 est performing artists, is named for Walter Hines Page, ex 75, 
 and his nephew, Allison Page, of the class of 1920, the first 
 Trinity undergraduate to give his life in World War I, in the 
 battle of Belleau Wood, and one of the first American soldiers 
 to land in France. 
 
 21 
 
All his life as an author and a diplomat, Page was a rebel. 
 At Trinity he accused his teachers of partiality, saying that 
 students with higher grades were "humbugs" and "bootlickers" 
 and that his professors looked as though "they ought to be 
 worming tobacco." Later attempts at formal education were 
 not much more successful. At Johns Hopkins, Page was one 
 of the first group of twenty fellowship holders but left with- 
 out a degree. It was said that he was — "not sympathetic to the 
 life of minute scholarship." 
 
 Page became a journalist, edited a newspaper in Raleigh, 
 and made war on the establishment. "Next to fried food, the 
 South has suffered most from oratory," he said, along with, 
 "What North Carolina needs is a few more first-class funerals." 
 Page was deeply interested in building a strong and just 
 society in the South, but at age thirty he despaired of finding 
 congenial professional outlets at home and thereafter lived in 
 the North where he became editor of the Atlantic Monthly, 
 founder of the World's Work magazine, and a partner in 
 Doubleday-Page publishing company. He induced Booker T. 
 Washington to write Up From Slavery, and (after his attitude 
 toward Trinity had mellowed), strongly defended the institu- 
 tion during the John Spencer Bassett academic freedom contro- 
 versy. Page interested the Rockefellers in the problems of 
 hookworm, malaria and pellagra in the South, and major phi- 
 lanthropies resulted. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson appointed Page as ambassador to the Court 
 of St. James, and he served there through much of World 
 War I, in spite of conspicuous clashes with his chief over 
 foreign policy. 
 
 A plaque in Westminster Abbey and a memorial room in 
 London's English-Speaking Union commemorate his years of 
 service abroad. A North Carolina memorial reads: "Friend 
 of the South, particularly its rural poor and its black minority, 
 constant advocate of justice and freedom for all the peoples 
 of this earth." 
 
 Flowers Building, constructed originally as an administra- 
 tion building but remodeled for student use in 1954 by gift of 
 citizens of Durham, honors a man who gave sixty years of con- 
 tinuous service to the institution between 1891 and 1951. 
 During that time, Robert Lee Flowers was a faculty member in 
 mathematics (beloved as "Professor Bobby"), secretary, treas- 
 urer, vice president and president (inaugurated in 1941 in 
 the fiftieth year of his service), and finally chancellor. He was, 
 additionally, a trustee and in 1926 was appointed to The Duke 
 Endowment board seat vacated at the death of James B. Duke. 
 
 22 
 
Flowers graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1887, 
 whereupon the "dapper young naval officer" was granted a 
 discharge to join the Trinity faculty. Originally an electrical 
 engineer, he diverted his specialty to mathematics and became 
 one of Trinity's most popular professors. 
 
 Flowers was ever alert to the human needs of students. A 
 Japanese boy, studying for the ministry, had given his last quar- 
 ter coin in a missionary appeal. Two days later, Flowers ap- 
 peared at the boy's study desk with a tobacco sack full of coins 
 he had collected from his Sunday school class — $1 1.25. "Only 
 two days after I gave a quarter to the Lord, he gave it back to me 
 plus eleven dollars," the student later marveled. 
 
 Flowers was the subject of one humorous syndicated column 
 written by the late Will Rogers, who had visited Durham. 
 The punch line of the essay was "I don't know why, but 
 (Flowers) brought up the matter of granting honorary degrees 
 and said to me, 'Will, I don't believe in honorary degrees, 
 do you?' I answered, 'No, Sir, they didn't give me one, 
 either.' " (In actuality, Flowers held two such awards — from 
 Davidson and Chapel Hill.) During the same trip, someone 
 asked Will if he had seen the Durham Bull and he replied, 
 "No, but he must be there. I saw a lot of pretty calves on the 
 Trinity campus." 
 
 23 
 
KILGO QUADRANGLE 
 
 1930 
 
 Kilgo is the most richly ornamented of the residence quad- 
 rangles. Atop the inside gables can be found Archimedes 
 (discoverer of the principle of the lever and specific gravity), 
 a lightly-clad youth astride a rooftop burning the midnight 
 oil in study, a playboy blowing on a saxophone, heraldic 
 animals, symbols of scholarship and justice. House doorways 
 display caricatured faces of students and professors. On a small 
 tower are the shields of (from left) Emory, Tulane, Clemson, 
 and William and Mary. A row of six gable sculptures may be 
 seen from the roadway outside the quadrangle; (starting 
 near the copper weathervane, working left), an eagle, tennis 
 and baseball players, a skeptic who delights in destructive 
 criticism, peering at objects through a telescope, a golfer, 
 football player and lion. 
 
 There was never a dull moment during the sixteen-year ad- 
 ministration of John Carlisle Kilgo at Trinity, for he was a 
 brilliant preacher, denouncer and fighter for causes that grew 
 into such historic incidents as the Kilgo-Clark controversy, 
 the Gattis-Kilgo lawsuit for slander (which was in the courts 
 for six years before being decided in favor of Gattis, and be- 
 came such a part of local lore that one child was named Gattis 
 Kilgo Controversy Jones), the Bassett affair (see "Bassett 
 House"), and the Sons of Buffaloes incident, in which he re- 
 fused to sign diplomas because of a prank which he interpreted 
 as desecration of the flag. 
 
 A memorial plaque at the Kilgo Portico of the Divinity 
 School, however, speaks of his wisdom and liberalism. 
 
 24 
 
CROWELL QUADRANGLE 
 
 1930 
 
 The large clock tower at the entrance to Crowell Quadrangle 
 is inspired by the parish church at St. Buryan, Cornwall. 
 Six seals above the entrance arch are: the caduceus of medicine; 
 the Duke University seal (cross, rising sun and laurel wreath); 
 religion (Bible, world, dove and cross); biology (a flowering 
 world with butterflies); the coat of arms of the Duke family 
 (three doves), conferred in 1661 by King Charles II; and law 
 (judge's wig, scales of justice and book). In the ceiling of the 
 entrance arcade are five bosses showing age teaching youth. 
 At various doorways are symbols for navigation (sailing ship 
 and sextant), engineering (surveying instruments and U. S. 
 Capitol building), boyish faces and scowling professors. Else- 
 where are classic symbols of scholarship, grotesques of swans, 
 acorns and pinecones of the Piedmont. 
 
 John Franklin Crowell, president of Trinity from 1887-1894, 
 brought the breath of progress to the school. He determined to 
 bring Trinity in from the country and in doing so evoked "a 
 period of collision between men and ideas that was to leave 
 neither the college nor the man ever the same thereafter." 
 
 The college adopted Yale blue as its color in honor of Yale- 
 man Crowell. He corrected the Latin spelling in the Trinity 
 seal. He revised the curriculum so quickly and so often that 
 a student who was a freshman when Crowell arrived was still 
 a freshman four years later. Crowell persuaded the literary 
 societies to combine their book collections into the college 
 library, and he personally catalogued the books. 
 
 Crowell introduced and coached football at Duke. 
 
 25 
 
WANNAMAKER HALL 
 
 1957 
 
 William H. Wannamaker was a forty-six-year faculty member 
 and administrator of whom it was said, "He did not teach merely 
 German, he taught life." 
 
 The trustees left this tribute to him in their official record: 
 "The South has known few scholars who have contributed 
 more to civilization." 
 
 Wannamaker arrived at Duke in 1899 to teach freshman 
 English. After graduate work at Harvard and a period of 
 foreign study, he returned permanently as professor of 
 German in 1905. 
 
 With Few and Flowers, Wannamaker formed a triumvirate 
 that directed the educational destinies of Duke University 
 during its founding years. Wannamaker was successively dean, 
 vice president and vice chancellor. 
 
 A campus wag wrote: 
 
 "Said Few to Flowers, 'Drat the luck! 
 
 Didn't I tell you to pass the buck?' 
 
 Said Flowers to Few, 'I s'pose I should 
 
 But Wannamaker said he would.' " 
 
 Wanamaker, who brought the renowned football coach, 
 Wallace Wade, to Duke, was president of the Southern Con- 
 ference and was a dominant figure in codifying and uphold- 
 ing conference regulations. 
 
 26 
 
CRAVEN QUADRANGLE 
 
 1930 
 
 Inside the entrance arch to Craven are emblems of scholar- 
 ship, the lamp of learning (center), candle and book, and owl 
 with helmet (the latter symbolic of lofty thoughts). Grotesques 
 of dragons are found at eye level, while in the ceiling arcade 
 at House X (called Maxwell House by its occupants and deco- 
 rated with a large blue coffee can), are four male heads, which 
 are thinking, hearing, speaking and seeing no evil, along with 
 two representations of evil — an apple and a serpent. 
 
 Braxton Craven's forty-year labors in Randolph County built 
 the base for the present university. Between 1842 and 1882 
 Craven led the institution through changes both in name and 
 personality — first Union Institute, then Normal College and 
 finally Trinity College. "The history of Trinity College is the 
 history of Braxton Craven," it was once observed; he is credited 
 with creating the first degree-granting teachers college in the 
 South, then transforming it into a liberal arts institution. 
 
 Craven achieved his own education the hard way. A seven- 
 year-old orphan "in distress", he was raised by a Quaker farmer 
 who needed farm labor beyond that furnished by his own 
 fourteen children. When Craven was eleven, he fell off a wagon 
 and horses trampled him; he was carried to a nearby country 
 store and laid on the counter so the deep wound in his leg 
 could be tended. There the storekeeper "gave him a spelling 
 book to divert his mind." It was the first book Craven owned, 
 and it became the cornerstone of his education, which he pur- 
 sued largely at night by the light of a pine knot. 
 
 Craven saw Trinity College through difficult historic times. 
 
 27 
 
During the Civil War, students paid their school expenses in 
 groceries; the Trinity Guard (of which Craven was captain) 
 was assigned to duty at Salisbury Prison; and just before the 
 end of hostilities, Craven quartered a Confederate general in 
 his Trinity home. During Reconstruction, Craven ran for 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction against a Carpetbagger 
 but was defeated. 
 
 His duties and interests were remarkably diverse: in 1868, 
 Craven crowned a May Queen. He organized a school of law 
 in the same year and was involved in the education of a 
 number of Cherokee Indian boys. 
 
 "He was no specialist," a friend wrote. "His mind was om- 
 nivorous." He conducted an intellectual duel with the Smith- 
 sonian Institution over an eclipse of the sun in 1869 and the 
 time for Easter. He wrote a romantic tale of "Naomi Wise, 
 or the Wrongs of a Beautiful Girl," who was drowned by her 
 lover in the Deep River near Randleman while pretending to 
 elope. (Later, Craven dedicated the Naomi Mill near that spot.) 
 
 It was hard to be both a Methodist minister and a college 
 president and yet stay out of trouble. Craven make his own 
 enemies and was involved in the Charles Force Deems vs. 
 Braxton Craven case. (Deems, the president of Greensboro 
 Female College, disagreed with Craven over which institution 
 should be supported by the Methodist Church, and the words 
 grew heated.) Another man said that "he would rather for 
 his child to die without knowing the alphabet than to be edu- 
 cated" by Craven. Yet it was in the Craven home that Mrs. 
 Craven spent long hours tutoring Charlie Soong, a homeless 
 Chinese boy who later became an important figure in Revo- 
 lutionary China. (See Carr Building, East Campus). And 
 Josephus Daniels reported that a group of North Carolinians 
 visiting with their congressman in Washington named Braxton 
 Craven as one of the outstanding intellects in the state. 
 
 An earlier Craven landmark — 1,200-seat Craven Memorial 
 Hall — was Trinity College's principal public building on the 
 East Campus; it was dismantled, and the materials were 
 donated to Kittrell College when the campus was rebuilt at 
 the time Duke University began. 
 
 28 
 
FEW QUADRANGLE 
 
 1938 
 
 A pair oflow towers flanking the entrance to Few Quadrangle 
 (a double quad) are crowned with strips of smiling male 
 portrait heads interspersed with foliage and fruit. Outside the 
 arch a pair of happy grotesques hold scrolls; inside and above 
 the arch are the eagle, cross and owl, symbolic of spirituality 
 and wisdom. In the first of the quadrangles stands a paint- 
 encrusted lion statue, emblem of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fra- 
 ternity. House names include such mysteries as Bog (ex- 
 plained as Bunch of Guys) and a sign announces "Warwick 
 City Limit, Pop. 49." 
 
 One of the houses, by student choice, honors the retired 
 Dean of the Chapel, James T. Cleland, a much-loved campus 
 figure. Time magazine called Cleland one of the "few topnotch 
 preachers around to keep the Protestant tradition alive." 
 
 William Preston Few, who is buried in the crypt beneath 
 the Duke Chapel, served the institution for forty-four years 
 and was its president for more than thirty. 
 
 When The Duke Endowment made possible the develop- 
 ment of Trinity into Duke, President Few administered the 
 transition and expansion. His search for academic talent was 
 one of the notable scholarly manhunts in the history of Ameri- 
 can higher education. 
 
 During Few's administration, the enrollment went from 400 
 to more than 3,500; the faculty grew from 40 to about 400; 
 and the physical plant was greatly expanded. 
 
 Dr. Few was a Shakespearean scholar (trained at Wofford 
 and Harvard) and he wrote and spoke with singular clarity. 
 
 29 
 
He was descended from Richard Few, a Quaker who came to 
 Pennsylvania in 1681; another of his ancestors was James Few 
 of Hillsborough, who was hanged for his part in the Regulator 
 movement. The president's father, a surgeon, was paroled 
 from the Confederate Army after General Joseph Johnston 
 surrendered to General William Sherman at Bennett Place on 
 the outskirts of Durham. 
 
 Some observers felt that Few's singular frame, short beard 
 and deep-set eyes gave him a kindly, Lincolnesque appearance; 
 others saw in him a resemblance to Robert E. Lee. 
 
 One of the curious memorials to President Few was the 
 naming of a railroad crossing near the Research Triangle 
 Park with his surname. 
 
 EDENS QUADRANGLE 
 
 1966 
 
 More than 400 students live in $4 million Edens Quadrangle, 
 which is built in a contemporary style with panels of "Duke 
 stone" to harmonize with nearby Gothic buildings. Edens con- 
 tains such amenities as air conditioning and carpeting. 
 
 A. Hollis Edens, president of Duke from 1919 through 1960, 
 came from the Tennessee mountains; he rode a horse six 
 miles to school, worked his way through Cumberland Moun- 
 tain School and Emory by straw-bossing a road gang, carry- 
 ing a rural mail route by horseback, doing manual labor in 
 forest and factory, and ministering to seven rural churches. 
 Following graduate work at Chicago and Harvard, he held a 
 number of administrative jobs. In the three years before 
 coming to Duke he was a dean at Emory, vice chancellor of the 
 Georgia university system, and an associate of the Rockefeller 
 Foundation. After leaving Duke, he was executive director of 
 the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation. 
 
 His administration raised the institution's assets from $59 to 
 $116 million, annual research funds grew sevenfold, and 
 scholarship funds more than tripled. Edens also established 
 the Commonwealth Studies Center, the World Rule of Law 
 Center and the Center for the Study of Aging. 
 
 30 
 
CARD GYMNASIUM 
 
 1930 
 
 This was prosaically called Old Gym until 1958, when it was 
 named to honor Wilbur Wade "Cap" Card, a member of the 
 athletic staff for forty-six years and director of physical edu- 
 cation for forty-one. Atop the low, square tower is a weather- 
 vane Blue Devil; above the entry door the figure of a football 
 player is curled like a gothic grotesque, and there are shields 
 depicting football, tennis, baseball and boxing. The 90-by- 132- 
 foot playing floor and 30-by-75-foot swimming pool are 
 heavily used for physical education, intramurals and recrea- 
 tion. There is a sauna bath in the building. 
 
 Cap Card was one of Trinity College's baseball immortals. 
 He hit a home run the first time he went to bat, was captain 
 in 1899, and established many records as an outfielder and 
 hitter. He saved one game by climbing a fence to make a 
 spectacular one-handed catch. It is alleged that he hit a ball 
 through a knothole in the fence (a feat which inspired a 
 formidable number of stanzas by a local poet), but Card 
 gallantly denied this. His supporters would not be put down, 
 however, and proudly displayed the knothole. 
 
 Card was called the father of North Carolina basketball, for 
 he organized the state's first intercollegiate game in the present 
 Ark on East Campus (1906). A promoter of gymnastics, he 
 often did rehabilitation work with the handicapped and would 
 announce to aspiring Methodist ministers, "Freshman, you will 
 never preach with that chest. Come on down to the gymnasium, 
 and I will help you build a chest." 
 
 32 
 
WALLACE WADE STADIUM 
 
 1930 
 
 This 35,000-seat, horseshoe-shaped, concrete stadium, built in 
 a natural ravine and woodland setting, was the scene of the 
 January 1, 1942 Rose Bowl Game, transferred here after the 
 West Coast was blacked out, following the attack on Pearl 
 Harbor three weeks earlier. In recent years, the stadium's 
 pro-turf track has entertained the American/Pan-African track 
 meet (1971), the Martin Luther King track meet (1973), and 
 the USA-USSR track and field meet (1974). 
 
 The tunnel coming from the Card Gym area into the blue 
 and white stadium is inscribed "Go, Blue Devils," and on 
 ceremonial occasions the Blue Devil himself bursts through 
 clouds of colored smoke to enter the field, followed by the 
 marching band. 
 
 The Blue Devil name was acquired around 1922, with several 
 people claiming to have initiated it. According to Hersey 
 Spence, alumnus and longtime faculty member, the name was 
 first presented by B. W. Barnard who had heard of the French 
 Blue Devil Regiment during world War I. The term Iron 
 Dukes has been in use since 1938, when the football team 
 finished the regular season undefeated and unscored upon. 
 
 Wallace Wade, for whom the stadium was named in 1967, 
 put Southern Conference football in the national spotlight. 
 Five times he took teams to the Rose Bowl Game (first from 
 Alabama, then from Duke). His career record was 195 wins, 
 95 losses and 12 ties; his Duke record was 103 wins, 33 losses 
 and 7 ties. 
 
 3 3 
 
CAMERON INDOOR STADIUM 
 
 1939 
 
 Although the indoor stadium is mainly used for athletics, many 
 Duke commencements have been held here, as have appear- 
 ances of public figures of unusual importance. Duke's trophy 
 collection is found in the lobby (west door), where seven 
 plaques record Duke men listed in the Sports Hall of Fame, 
 nearly a dozen Ail-Americans in basketball (including NCAA's 
 1963 Player of the Year, Art Heyman), and about twenty All- 
 Americans in football. There is a special display in honor of 
 Dick Groat, Duke All- American in two sports, baseball and 
 basketball, in which he was the nation's top scorer and 1951 
 Player of the Year. Records are also posted of Duke track 
 men who have set world records or won medals in the Olym- 
 pics. 
 
 The stadium seats 8,800; its first capacity crowd came to see 
 Duke battle UNC on February 28, 1947. Duke is the only 
 school in the nation to annually win ten or more basketball 
 games for the past successive forty-six years. 
 
 Edmund McCullough Cameron, for whom the stadium was 
 renamed in 1946 after his forty-six years of service to Duke, 
 was head basketball coach from 1929-42, head football coach 
 from 1942-45, and athletic director for two periods (1942-45 
 and 1951-72). 
 
 Cameron's record as basketball coach was 226-99, the highest 
 number of wins in Duke's coaching history; it included three 
 Southern Conference titles. In his four football seasons, he 
 compiled 25-11-1, with three straight conference titles and 
 a victory in the 1945 Sugar Bowl. 
 
 34 
 
AQUATIC CENTER 
 
 1972 
 
 This $2.1 million contemporary building, south of Card Gym- 
 nasium and linked to it by covered passage, contains Olympic- 
 sized swimming facilities — an eight-lane swimming pool, 66-by- 
 75-feet, and a diving pool 40-by-66-feet. There are one-and 
 three-meter diving boards, as well as a ten-meter diving plat- 
 form. The latter is the only one in this area and equips Duke 
 to hold Olympic diving tryouts, as well as qualifying Duke as a 
 site for NCAA and AAU swimming meets. Permanent seats 
 for 600 spectators and removable bleachers for 300 more over- 
 look the pool, and a sun deck is accessible from the pool area. 
 
 STUDENT ACTIVITIES BUILDING 
 
 1972 
 
 A functional concrete box with blue door and yellow exterior 
 panel, this building was put into play as soon as the boundary 
 lines were painted on the basketball floor and has an exception- 
 ally high man-hour use. It houses individual and group play, 
 intramural basketball, squash, handball, paddleball, volleyball, 
 badminton, as well as small-combo musical entertainments and 
 special catered banquets. An outdoor handball court adjoins, 
 as do Duke's West Campus tennis courts. 
 
 Coombs Baseball Field (1951) honors Jack Coombs, coach 
 in that sport for twenty-four years, whose Duke teams 
 won 381 games, lost 171 and tied 3. One of the greatest 
 
 35 
 
pitchers in professional baseball (Philadelphia Athletics) 
 early in this century, he was called "Iron Man Jack" for his 
 exploits in the 1910 World Series — 3 wins in 5 days against the 
 Chicago Cubs. In 1906 he was credited with winning the longest 
 complete game then on record in the American League — a 24- 
 inning marathon with the Boston Red Sox. He was named to 
 the Helms Athletic Foundation Hall of Fame in 1954. Colby 
 College, his alma mater, also has a Coombs Field. 
 
 Near Coombs Field is a white bubble set in the woods, which 
 creates inside tennis courts. Near the School of Law is the 
 entrance to a two-mile joggers Vita Parcours through the 
 Duke Forest, which includes ten exercise stations along the 
 running path. The Vita Parcours idea originated in Switzer- 
 land, where more than 240 trails exist. Duke students some- 
 times take cassettes and classical music tapes with them while 
 they run the course. 
 
 The 18 -hole, 7, 307 -yard Duke Golf Course, designed on 
 rolling terrain by the eminent golf course architect, Robert 
 Trent Jones, was completed in 1957 on a200-acre tract of the 
 Duke Forest. Cut through pine, hardwood and dogwood, the 
 course has a number of holes bordered by water hazards 
 (five lakes and several streams), and is outstanding both in 
 beauty and challenge to golfers. The NCAA 1962 Golf Cham- 
 pionship was held here, while several recent celebrity golf 
 tournaments drew Hollywood and sports celebrities. 
 
 36 
 
SCHOOL OF LAW 
 
 1962 
 
 The School of Law traces its beginnings to a course at Trinity 
 College begun three years after the Civil War. In 1904, the 
 direct ancestor of the present Law School was founded on an 
 endowment established by James B. and Benjamin N. Duke. 
 
 For a quarter-century, Dean Samuel Fox Mordecai was 
 responsible for the school's dynamism. A brilliant writer and 
 natural teacher, he was "a master of the common law, lover 
 of literature, music, life, humanity and dogs." (His own pet, 
 a dachshund, Pompey Ducklegs, chewed tobacco.) 
 
 The Law School roved East Campus, beginning with the 
 Washington Duke Building and ending with Carr Building, 
 until being relocated in the Gothic quadrangle in the 1930s. 
 During that era, law students could emulate the life of Lincoln 
 by renting log cabins on the campus. 
 
 In the Moot Court Room, which is open to the public except 
 when used for class, hangs an 1801 portrait of Chief Justice 
 Marshall by Fevret de Saint Memin, given by a descendent 
 of the Chief Justice. Another of the building's many portraits, 
 that of Richard Milhous Nixon '37, occasioned much contro- 
 versy during the Watergate hearings. 
 
 The Legal Aid Clinic has been a service to the indigent since 
 1931. Notable programs include the World Rule of Law 
 Center, (begun by Arthur Larson, former aide to President 
 Dwight D. Eisenhower), and a vigorous tradition of publica- 
 tions, including Law and Contemporary Problems. Both Trinity 
 alumnus, Gregg Cherry, and Law alumnus, William B. U in- 
 stead, served as governors of North Carolina. 
 
 37 
 
GROSS CHEMICAL LABORATORY 
 
 1968 
 
 This architecturally unique $7 million structure — combining 
 Hillsborough stone panels with dramatic masses of concrete, 
 rear decks, and eight service towers projecting beyond the 
 building's dimensions — is also unusual in that one of its 
 of fices has been tenanted for more than five years by honoree 
 Paul M. Gross himself. 
 
 The sunken lobby contains square islands of blue up- 
 holstered chairs, abstract sculpture and interior walls of exteri- 
 or stone. The handsome, steeply stepped lecture room contains 
 an electrified periodic chart of the elements and has such 
 fine acoustics that it is used for chamber music concerts. 
 
 Dr. Gross, William Howell Pegram Professor Emeritus of 
 Chemistry, a member of the faculty from 1919 until retirement 
 in 1965, and former dean and vice president of the University, 
 spoke in this room on the fiftieth anniversary of the creation 
 of The Duke Endowment, whose half-century of philanthropy 
 he had watched firsthand. 
 
 An internationally known scientist, Dr. Gross was an in- 
 corporator of Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies and 
 served as its president after 1949. He was president of the 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science; during 
 his twenty-five years as chemistry chairman at Duke, he 
 "developed," according to President Terry Sanford, "one of 
 the strongest, most highly regarded departments anywhere in 
 the country." Gross was influential in tobacco research and in 
 the creation of the Research Triangle Park, as well as the 
 North Carolina Board of Science and Technology. 
 38 
 
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 
 
 1961 
 
 Three concrete ornaments on the facade of this red brick 
 building suggest its tri-part use: the oak tree for forestry, 
 flowers, mushrooms and ferns for botany, and a squirrel, 
 wading bird, seahorse and fish for zoology. Outside, at the right 
 of the main entrance, is a piece of 200 million-year-old wood 
 from the Petrified Forest in Arizona. 
 
 The building is the administrative hub of Duke's far-flung 
 research resources throughout the state. 
 
 The nationally known Duke Marine Laboratory, founded in 
 1938, shares Pivers Island with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife 
 Laboratory at Beaufort, North Carolina; access to Bogue 
 Sound and the Atlantic Ocean allows investigators to work in 
 an environment midway between the northern waters around 
 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the tropical waters of Miami, 
 Florida. The laboratory offers a cooperative program to more 
 than thirty colleges and universities (generally landlocked) who 
 use not only the shore laboratories and living accommodations 
 but also the R/S Eastward, first U. S. research vessel designed 
 explicitly from the keel up to carry out a program of instruc- 
 tion, research and international cooperation. The Eastward, a 
 1 1 7.5-foot, 474-ton, 640 H.P. diesel-driven vessel, carries a crew 
 of fifteen and a scientific staff of equal size, has a 5,000-mile 
 range, and 21-day endurance. It normally is at sea about 250 
 days of the year and often travels into Caribbean waters. 
 
 The 8,500-acre Duke Forest is spread over four counties in 
 Piedmont North Carolina; most of its areas are open to visitors 
 for hiking, horseback riding and picnicking. Three detailed 
 
 39 
 
timber vegetation maps, available for a small fee in this build- 
 ing, show foot rails and access gates. The forest contains more 
 than 100 kinds of trees, 73 species of birds and 33 species of 
 fish. More than 400 graduate theses in forestry, plant and 
 animal ecology have been written from research done in the 
 Duke Forest. Duke is one of the five principal research ,sites 
 for the International Biological Programme, a ten-year study 
 of environmental effects on natural communities. 
 
 One section of the Duke Forest bears the name of Clarence 
 F. Korstian, first dean of the School of Forestry. The Animal 
 Behavior Station, in the Duke Forest, is not open to visitors. 
 
 The Greenhouses of the Department of Botany, which are 
 open to the public, contain 5,000 species from all continents 
 and represent nearly every family of plants from bacteria 
 to young redwoods and sequoias. There are coffee and cacao 
 trees; an orchid collection; a double coconut (the world's 
 largest seed, which requires six years to mature); a bromeliad 
 (or "living vase") of the pineapple group (which has a water- 
 retaining chamber in the middle of the leaf), and other plants 
 such as figs, papyrus, mahogany, mangoes, African violets from 
 Mt. Kilimanjaro, wild fuchsia, cinerarias, panadus, Norfolk 
 Island pine, Florida live oak, purple and yellow West African 
 water lilies, and — in a tropical plant room — a "drip wall" which 
 supports a population of algae, mosses, liverworts, aquatic 
 plants and ferns. In the early 1930s, the greenhouse stood next 
 to the present Psychology Building; it was disassembled and 
 moved in 1961. 
 
 The Phytotron, or more formally the Southeast Plant En- 
 vironment Laboratory, Duke Unit, operates cooperatively 
 with the unit at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. 
 The $2 million facility was put into operation in 1969, at 
 which time it had only five counterparts in the world in 
 California (Pasadena), Australia, Russia, France, and Japan. 
 One of the world's most sophisticated tools for research by 
 botanists and agronomists, the phytotron creates carefully 
 controlled environments for experimental plant growth, from 
 steaming jungle to arctic tundra. Since it can produce the 
 same light, temperature and moisture conditions every day of 
 the year, it allows for scientific shortcuts and a quick means 
 for eliminating the dead ends in experimentation. 
 
 The Herbaria of the Department of Botany contain 240,000 
 specimens in the vascular herbarium and 220,000 in the crypto- 
 gramic herbarium. 
 
 The Vascular Herbarium has strong representation from 
 North Carolina, good representation from the United States 
 
 40 
 
generally, and in the last ten years has specialized in plants 
 of Mexico and Central America. 
 
 The Cryptogramic Herbarium contains the mosses and liver- 
 worts of the American Bryological Society, as well as the Grout 
 Moss Collection, gathered by a world-famous private collector. 
 There is an outstanding group of exsiccati among the lichens 
 and mosses. Much of the collection grew out of the ground- 
 work for a forthcoming publication by Dr. L. E. Anderson on 
 mosses of eastern North America, which summarizes forty 
 years of work in the field. 
 
 The marine algae collection is excellent, and there are strong 
 holdings in algae of the tropics, particularly of the West 
 Indies and the Straits of Magellan. 
 
 In the early years of building the collection, Moravian 
 missionaries in many parts of the world collected plants for 
 Dr. P. O. Schallert, an amateur collector of Winston-Salem, 
 whose herbarium was acquired in 1930. 
 
 4 1 
 
PHYSICS BUILDING - 1948 
 TRIANGLE UNIVERSITIES NUCLEAR 
 LABORATORY - 1968 
 
 Although the architecture of the red brick Physics Building 
 has been sardonically described as twentieth century postoffice, 
 its companion structure in the parking lot behind — the Tri- 
 angle Universities Nuclear Laboratory — has won two national 
 architectural awards. 
 
 The poured concrete TUNL building, designed by A. G. 
 Odell, Jr., and Associates of Charlotte, was on a list of sixteen 
 outstanding campus structures compiled by the College and 
 University Business Magazine, and was also selected for design 
 display at the International College and University Conference 
 and Exposition at Atlantic City in 1970. 
 
 The main part of TUNL (a cooperative venture with UNC- 
 Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, allowing an 
 active nuclear research group at each institution without 
 duplicating facilities and maintenance) lies below the parking 
 lot, heavily shielded in concrete. It contains two highly sophisti- 
 cated nuclear accelerators; earlier Van de Graaff accelerator 
 equipment is in the physics building itself. The most recent, 
 a 57-ton, $2.5 million Cyclo-graaff, was an innovation at 
 TUNL. Scientists conceived the idea of hooking a 15 MeV 
 fixed-energy cyclotron to a Van de Graaff and creating a 
 facility which doubles the tandem energy capability for 25 
 percent of the tandem cost. The Cyclo-Graaff is capable of 
 propelling nuclear particles at an energy rate of up to 32 
 million electron volts, or about 34,000 miles per second. 
 Safeguards against radiation are an important feature of 
 the building. 
 
 42 
 
The laboratory has been responsible for other technical 
 innovations, including a polarized ion source second only to 
 that at Los Alamos and a computer design that is now partly 
 duplicated at Los Alamos. Four small on-line or captive com- 
 puters are available for individual TUNL experimental proj- 
 ects; three more computers are in the Physics Building. 
 
 Several senior faculty members of the 1970s were involved 
 in the birth of nuclear science during World War II. Henry 
 W. Newson was a member of Enrico Fermi's team, which 
 created the first nuclear chain reaction in the atomic pile 
 at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field in 1942, and he 
 holds the American Nuclear Society Atomic Industrial Forum 
 Commemorative Medal for his part in the work. Newson, 
 Eugene Greuling and Henry Fairbank were at Los Alamos 
 for the world's first nuclear explosions, and Walter Gordy 
 was a member of the Radiation Laboratory at MIT, where 
 microwave radar was developed. 
 
 Among the seventy-eight Ph.D.s from Duke in nuclear 
 physics since 1954 (while TUNL has been operating) is the 
 former director of the Office of Energy Conservation for 
 the U. S. Department of the Interior. Ten scientists have 
 gone to Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, others to Oak Ridge, 
 Brookhaven and Argonne National Laboratories, the Law- 
 rence Livermore Laboratory and agencies in Washington. 
 Charles Townes, who received a master's degree from Duke 
 in 1937, won a Nobel prize in 1964 for his work on masers. 
 
 43 
 
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING 
 
 1948 
 
 The brass key of Tau Beta Pi engineering honorary fraternity 
 is set in the cement walk, and a decorative shield above the 
 entry contains several professional symbols — a plumb bob and 
 triangle, a transit and gears. Over the door is the sculptured 
 head of Leonardo da Vinci. This is perhaps the most graceful 
 of the red brick buildings along Science Drive; its steeply 
 pitched slate roof, chimney details, general scale and formality 
 are reminiscent of Williamsburg. A $1 million contemporary 
 addition (1972) of poured concrete and Duke stone is linked 
 to the main building by two enclosed bridges. 
 
 Unusual equipment in the building, where civil, electrical, 
 mechanical engineering and materials science, as well as bio- 
 medical engineering are taught (the last since 1969), include 
 one of the fe.w triaxial presses in the United States, a good- 
 sized wind tunnel, as well as a shock tube, electron trans- 
 mission microscope and an X-ray diffractometer. 
 
 A research group in biomedical engineering is developing 
 an ultrasonic imaging device which will allow patient examina- 
 tion without X-rays and radiation. 
 
 Engineering at Duke dates to 1888; its first Durham home 
 was the Crowell Science Building on East Campus. For many 
 years, it had its own mini-campus in the red brick northwest 
 corner of East, where students toiled all one weekend to lay 
 their own cement laboratory floor and helped with pipe fit- 
 ting and mounting equipment. During the remodeling of 
 Branson hall for engineering, one of the chimneys collapsed, 
 bringing down the walls. 
 
 44 
 
MARSHALL I. PICKENS REHABILITATION 
 CENTER 
 
 1969 
 
 A team of specialists works in the center to rehabilitate persons 
 who have been severely disabled or injured. The building also 
 houses the employee, faculty and student health clinics and 
 the Information and Counseling Service for Older Persons. 
 
 The contemporary, two-story structure honors Marshall I. 
 Pickens, chairman of The Duke Endowment, 1973-75, who 
 over forty-five years traveled a million miles in the service of 
 The Endowment's orphans and hospitals section. He was given 
 the first Distinguished Service Award of the North Carolina 
 Hospital Association and was named an honorary fellow of the 
 American College of Hospital Administrators. 
 
 Pickens played center on the last football team to bear the 
 name Trinity and got his diploma in the first graduating class 
 of the still-unbuilt Duke University. 
 
 GRADUATE CENTER 
 
 1950 
 
 In addition to its housing function for graduate and under- 
 graduate students, this red brick Georgian structure contains 
 headquarters for the Division of Community Medicine, which 
 includes Duke's pioneer Physician's Associate Program. The 
 program graduated its first students in 1967. The two-year, 
 preclinical curriculum is designed to help fill the gap between 
 medical supply and demand. The first trainees were former 
 Navy hospital corpsmen. 
 
 46 
 
ELIZABETH P. HANES HOUSE FOR NURSES 
 
 1951 
 
 This Georgian red brick nursing residence, enlarged in 1972 
 with a half-million dollar contemporary administrative and 
 teaching addition of concrete and Hillsborough stone, honors 
 the wife of Dr. Frederic Moir Hanes, who was founding head 
 of the Department of Medicine in 1933 and the Florence 
 McAlister Professor of Medicine. 
 
 Nursing has been a vital part of the Duke medical effort 
 since its founding as was dramatized by the fact that the 
 day the Duke Hospital opened, only seventeen patients 
 could be admitted because there were not enough nurses to 
 care for the sick. 
 
 Mrs. Hanes was a graduate nurse from St. Luke's Hospital 
 in New York City and headed one of its busiest wards. During 
 World War I, when Dr. Hanes was serving overseas, Mrs. 
 Hanes returned to St. Luke's and nursed there through the 
 influenza epidemic of 1918. 
 
 Although she did no professional nursing thereafter, Mrs. 
 Hanes never lost her interest in nursing arts or in nurses. 
 She started the Nursing School Library when it was in Baker 
 House and gave the funds for this building. 
 
 Dr. Hanes, trained at Harvard and European universities 
 under some of the greatest medical figures of all time, initiated 
 the Sarah P. Duke Gardens, and collected paintings and rare 
 books. His holdings included first editions of the Bos well- 
 Johnson circle and works from the presses of Gutenberg and 
 William E. Rudge. 
 
 47 
 
DUKE HOSPITAL 
 
 Begun 1927, opened 1930 
 
 Duke Hospital, the healing arm of the Duke Medical Center 
 and designed from its founding as a teaching hospital, is a 
 small town in itself where more than 3,300 persons work full 
 time, 150 do volunteer work with patients, about 800 persons 
 lie in its beds, and nearly 1,600 pass through its clinic doors 
 in an average day. 
 
 It has fifteen entry doors and miles of corridors; the build- 
 ing (which began as three units) has become an antiseptic 
 warren of eight units under one roof that is so complicated 
 it requires a color zone system for visitors to find their way. 
 
 The hospital, one of the most prestigious in the nation, 
 contains many of the services of a small town — two banks, a 
 postoffice, pharmacy, chapel, eating places, shops, laundry, 
 artists and photographers, numerous highly specialized 
 functions necessary to treat the sick, and a crematorium. The 
 Duke Hospital records enough vital statistics in one year for an 
 average town: births, deaths, and even a murder — that of a 
 doctor killed by a paranoid patient more than thirty years ago. 
 
 In serving 27,500 bed patients a year for an average stay of 
 9.6 days, and 402,000 persons in the clinics, Duke does more 
 than $3 million in charity work. About 85 percent of those 
 admitted are from North Carolina, although some specialties 
 draw from the entire eastern seaboard and beyond, and the 
 hospital's referral function is a major service. 
 
 Special strengths which have developed include the Poison 
 Control Center (second approved in the nation), the Center 
 for the Study of Aging and Human Development (designated 
 
 48 
 
in 1957 as the first regional center in that speciality by the U. S. 
 Public Health Service), the Eye Center (described under its 
 separate building), a Comprehensive Cancer Center (one of 
 eight nationally designated by the National Cancer Institute), 
 a Center for Speech and Hearing Disorders (which includes an 
 Acoustic Nursery for preschool children and a summer speech 
 camp for children with cleft palate, stuttering, and articulation 
 disorders), the only comprehensive medical center Allergy 
 Clinic in the Southeast, a Heart Center (an average of two open- 
 heart operations are done here each day on adults and 200 are 
 performed per year on children with congenital heart defects) 
 which receives the largest amount of support in cardiovascular 
 research and training in the United States; a strong kidney 
 specialization (Duke has 16 hemodyalysis units for blood 
 purification, and between 50 and 60 kidney transplants are 
 done here each year); and hyperbaric medicine, with the 
 largest pressure chambers anywhere for medical research. 
 
 The Barnes Woodhall Building (the hospital's principal 
 entrance), red zone, begun in 1964 and named in 1974, honors 
 a Duke neurosurgeon and James B. Duke Professor who served 
 the institution from 1937 to 1974. He was dean of the School 
 of Medicine for four years and held several high posts in the 
 general administration of the University, culminating in the 
 acting chancellorship, 1969-70. 
 
 Outside the entry is a bed of ivy labeled "As an expression of 
 esteem for Dean Wilburt Cornell Davison and to commemorate 
 his transmission of the Oslerian tradition of medical edu- 
 cation to Duke University, ivy from the Osier House, Norham 
 Gardens, Oxford, England, was planted here by his friends, 
 November, 1968." 
 
 Baker House (brown zone), now the easternmost wing of the 
 hospital, was originally the nursing home (1931) and stood 
 apart from the hospital. It is named for "Miss Bessie" 
 Baker, first Superintendent of Nurses (1930-38), who aided 
 Dr. Davison in many early Medical Center decisions. She was 
 one of the Johns Hopkins group that Dr. Davison gathered 
 around him; thirty of the first forty-six faculty members had 
 Hopkins affiliations at some time in their careers. The two 
 became acquainted during World War I service, when Miss 
 Bessie was chief nurse at an AEF base hospital in France. 
 
 The Private Diagnostic Clinic (orange zone), where Duke 
 doctors conduct their private practices independent of the 
 University, is an original concept pioneered here in 1932, and 
 the Clinic, built in 1938, has made major financial contribu- 
 tions toward the development of the Medical Center. The Deryl 
 
 49 
 
Hart Pavilion in the PDC honors a Duke surgeon whose work 
 in combatting severe postoperative infection by using ultra- 
 violet light in the operating room won several awards, including 
 the Silver Medal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Hart 
 later served as president of the University. (See Deryl Hart 
 Reading Room in Perkins Library.) 
 
 The Frank Gregory Hall Laboratory for Environmental 
 Research (white zone), contains a hyperbaric pressure chamber 
 (first installed, 1962), that was the first such chamber for 
 patient treatment in the United States. Surgery performed 
 here under pressures equal to 225 feet below sea level greatly 
 increases amounts of oxygen delivered to tissue and vital 
 organs. The chamber was used for a series of extensive physical 
 and psychological tests involving Duke and U. S. Navy divers, 
 in which they underwent pressures equivalent to 1,000 feet 
 below the sea. 
 
 The laboratory bears the name of Duke faculty member F. G. 
 Hall, a pioneer in aerospace medicine, who helped develop the 
 pressure suit worn by World War II fighter pilots, as well 
 as the free-fall technique of parachuting. Hall's research pro- 
 vided part of the scientific base for man's first walk in space 
 and for man's first landing on the surface of the moon. He 
 received the Legion of Merit and was named a Fellow in Aero- 
 space Medicine. 
 
 Allen Memorial Chapel and Supporting Rooms (yellow 
 zone) is particularly interesting to footsore visitors. This tiny 
 interfaith worship and meditation center focuses on a circular 
 white altar; soft light falls through vertical glass strips of 
 yellow, red, blue and avocado green. The chapel is named for 
 George Garland Allen (see section on Allen Building). 
 
 Distinguished names in medicine given to wards in Duke 
 Hospital are listed below, along with the institution or the 
 state in which they practiced: 
 
 Red Zone - James Marion Sims, 1813-1883 (Alabama), first 
 to invade the peritoneal cavity; John Whitridge Williams, 
 1866-1931 (Dean, Johns Hopkins), obstetrician and gynecolo- 
 gist. 
 
 Yellow Zone - John Howland, 1873-1926 (Johns Hopkins), 
 pediatrician; Crawford Williamson Long, 1815-1878 (Geor- 
 gia), who first used ether as an anesthetic for surgery; Ephraim 
 McDowell, 1771-1838 (Kentucky) who performed the first 
 operation for ovarian tumor before the days of anesthesia; 
 Adolf Meyer, 1866-1950 (Johns Hopkins), father of modern 
 psychiatry in the United States and first to describe vitamin 
 deficiency in the central nervous system; Josiah Clark Nott, 
 
 50 
 
1804-1873, (Alabama), who, in 1848, partially anticipated the 
 yellow fever research of Walter Reed done a half-century later; 
 Francois Marie Prevost, 1764-1852 (Louisiana), first in Amer- 
 ica recording the performance of a Caesarean section. 
 
 Purple Zone - James Lawrence Cabell, 1813-1889 (Uni- 
 versity of Virginia), who published on evolution before Origin 
 of the Species appeared; William Stewart Halsted, 1852-1922 
 (Johns Hopkins), proponent of the "Surgery of Safety," who 
 introduced rubber gloves as vital in modern aseptic technique 
 and performed basic research in regional anesthesia; Rudolph 
 Matas, 1860-1957 (Tulane), father of vascular surgery and 
 first to use spinal anesthesia; Sir William Osier, 1849-1919, 
 (Johns Hopkins and Oxford), medical educator who intro- 
 duced medical students into wards and curtailed the old 
 lecture system; Edmund Charles Fox Strudwick, 1802-1879, 
 (North Carolina), surgeon, leading lithotomist of his time and 
 expert in cataract removal; William Henry Welch, 1850-1934, 
 (Johns Hopkins), father of modern American medicine, 
 around whose laboratory practically every advance in medicine 
 crystallized — pathology, bacteriology, public health, medical 
 education and history of medicine. 
 
 Orange Zone - Harvey Cushing, 1869-1939 (Johns Hopkins 
 and Harvard), who won worldwide fame for his brain tumor 
 surgery; Frederic Moir Hanes, 1883-1946, first Professor of 
 Medicine at Duke, and Director of Medical Research; Oliver 
 Holmes, 1809-1894 (Dean, Harvard) publisher of an im- 
 portant work on puerperal fever, as well as many works in 
 creative literature; George Richards Minot, 1885-1950 
 (Harvard), sharer of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology and 
 Medicine for the use of liver in preventing death by pernicious 
 anemia; Walter Reed, 1851-1902 (Army Medical School), who 
 demonstrated that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes. 
 
 Blue Zone - Watson Smith Rankin, 1879-1970, first full-time 
 state health officer of North Carolina, who helped develop 
 the hospital program of The Duke Endowment, as well as the 
 pioneer plan on which Blue Cross was based. 
 
 Elsewhere in the medical buildings — Henry Fraser Camp- 
 bell, 1824-1891 (Georgia), whose 1850 demonstration of the 
 "excitosecretory function of the nervous system" gave him an 
 international reputation; Daniel Drake, 1785-1852 (Kentucky), 
 who wrote a classic two-volume work on medical geography. 
 
 Descendents of a number of the men honored in the wards 
 were present at the dedication of the Duke Hospital in 1931. 
 
 5 1 
 
DAVISON BUILDING - DUKE MEDICAL SCHOOL 
 
 1930 
 
 The Duke Medical School admitted its first class in 1930. (A 
 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation enabled it to start as a 
 four-year program instead of the two-year program originally 
 projected for financial reasons.) Today it consistently ranks 
 among the top five in the nation by peer evaluation. 
 
 It has employed innovative programs since its opening day: 
 it offered the nation's first graduate degree in hospital ad- 
 ministration, it conceived the role of physician's associate, 
 and its flexible M.D. curriculum inaugurated in 1965 has been 
 widely emulated and called the greatest development in 
 medical education since the Flexner report which revolution- 
 ized medicine in the 1920s. 
 
 This world of sophisticated twentieth century medicine is 
 entered through a Gothic portal (entry 9, facing on the Uni- 
 versity quadrangle), which is reminiscent of gateways at 
 Cambridge University, while the vast wall of the building, 
 cut by many windows, may have been borrowed from the 
 fourteenth century Palace of the Popes at Avignon, France. 
 
 Shields symbolic of medicine frame the doorway and ap- 
 pear on the building's bays to the right and left of the door. 
 
 Shields of medical and educational institutions are (at third 
 floor level, from left): Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh; 
 School of Medicine of the Medical College of the State of South 
 Carolina; University College, Durham, England; University of 
 Virginia; University College Hospital, London; McGill Uni- 
 versity, Montreal; and St. Bartholomew's Hospital. At the 
 fourth level, from left, are: University of Padua; Trinity Col- 
 
 52 
 
lege, Dublin; Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London; St. Thomas Hospital, London. 
 Above the door is the seal of Guy's Hospital, London. 
 
 The building is named for Wilburt Cornell Davison, the 
 founding dean and James B. Duke Professor of Pediatrics, 
 who served from 1927-61. When the hospital opened, Davison 
 said, "The word service is to be carved into the cornerstone." 
 One of his colleagues noted that "on all the walls, under 
 every coat of paint there are the words 'Davison was here.' " 
 
 Davison was trained at Princeton, Johns Hopkins and was a 
 Rhodes scholar. At Oxford, he was a protege of Sir William 
 Osier, who described him as "a new American colt who is 
 wrecking medical school tradition." 
 
 Chosen from the Johns Hopkins faculty in 1927, Davison 
 had the responsibility for planning, organizing and directing 
 the medical school and hospital from the ground up. He was 
 presented with a Gothic shell and told to fit the medical func- 
 tions into it. Occasionally he donned overalls himself to give 
 the labor crews a hand. 
 
 Davison selected a young faculty, all under thirty-five, the 
 majority of them from Hopkins. To fill in the time between 
 their terms there and the date on which they could begin 
 work at Duke, several were put on the payroll as consultants 
 to the Duke Construction Company. 
 
 The names of founding chairmen are cast in bronze and 
 found in the vestibule, along with a chronology of the medical 
 school. Behind the tablets are spaces for their mortal ashes, 
 and several spaces are used in this way. All those commemo- 
 rated joined the faculty in 1930, except those noted: 
 
 Wilburt C. Davison (Pediatrics, 1927), Bessie Baker (Nurs- 
 ing), George S. Eadie (Physiology), Harold L. Amoss (Medi- 
 cine), William A. Perlzweig (Biochemistry), F. Bayard Carter 
 (Obstetrics-Gynecology, 1931), J. Deryl Hart (Surgery), Fran- 
 cis H. Swett (Anatomy), Frederic M. Hanes (Medicine, 1933), 
 Wiley D. Forbus (Pathology), David T. Smith (Microbiology) 
 and Richard S. Lyman (Psychiatry, 1940). 
 
 Hart is further celebrated in the Hospital's Private Diag- 
 nostic Clinic pavilion and in a reading room of Perkins Library, 
 for he became president of Duke University in the 1960s. 
 Carter's name has been given to a suite in the red zone, while 
 Wiley Forbus is honored in the Educational Center in Pathol- 
 ogy (green zone), which contains many portraits of distin- 
 guished pathologists. In 1975, Forbus received the Gold Head- 
 ed Cane Award of the American Association of Pathologists 
 and Bacteriologists, given only twenty-three times in fifty-six 
 
 53 
 
years to such distinguished doctors as a pair of Nobel Laure- 
 ates, the founder of Johns Hopkins Medical School, and a 
 pioneer in the use of chemotherapy for childhood leukemia. 
 
 Davison was a bluff, hearty 200-pounder who was always 
 in a hurry, had an elephantine memory, tremendous energy, 
 a broad sense of humor and an ability to reach people at any 
 level. He generally wore rumpled Sears Roebuck suits, and 
 his office had no secretarial barriers. He once advised a 
 colleague who went off to a high administrative post at 
 another hospital: "Never wear a tie; call everyone by his first 
 name. There will be disagreements, but this way they will be 
 friendly ones." 
 
 He wrote over 200 scientific papers plus a book, The Com- 
 pleat Pediatrician, which went to nine editions; he rigorously 
 restrained its weight to a pound so it would fit into a satchel. 
 
 During Davison's thirty years at Duke, his administration 
 trained 1,800 doctors and an army of paramedical personnel. 
 He was active in pioneer hospital insurance plans and in estab- 
 lishing loan funds for rural students in medicine. Dr. Davison 
 died of leukemia in Duke hospital in 1972. 
 
 Duke was modeled on Johns Hopkins at the beginning, 
 which in turn was modeled on the German university system, 
 in which medicine was philosophically conceived and included 
 in the faculties which composed the medieval university. 
 
 Among the contributions to medical knowledge and practice 
 which Duke doctors have made are these: 
 
 Duke physicians and researchers isolated the cause and 
 found the antidote for pellagra, the deficiency disease of the 
 poor in the South, which killed 1 ,000 people a year in North 
 Carolina in the early 1930s. Other outstanding research has 
 been done on polio and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. 
 
 A Duke physician established gynecologic endocrinology as a 
 respectable medical specialty, using hormones as a treatment 
 for infertility. His discoveries were later used elsewhere 
 in developing the contraceptive pill. 
 
 A Duke doctor, with various associates, designed and de- 
 veloped anesthesia equipment which bears his name; another 
 surgeon has pioneered the use of electrical implants to pro- 
 vide feeling in artificial limbs. 
 
 A Duke immunologist developed the concept and reality of 
 tissue antigens, an important part of the scientific background 
 for organ (especially kidney) transplants. 
 
 A Duke pediatrician, working with a Nobel laureate, de- 
 veloped a measles vaccine used throughout the world. 
 
 54 
 
BELL BUILDING 
 
 1944 
 
 This "limited life" building, which has been given Georgian 
 architectural features in the course of four enlargements in 
 thirty years, commemorates the first major piece of medically- 
 related research done for a client outside Duke University. 
 
 Duke Endowment trustee, William Brown Bell, for whom the 
 building is named, was president of the American Cyanamid 
 Company; its subsidiary Lederle Laboratories contracted with 
 Duke virologist Joseph VV. Beard to produce a vaccine effective 
 against equine encephalomyelitis ("blind staggers") in horses. 
 
 In a three-month span, between October and Christmas of 
 1937, Beard produced a crude vaccine that was more effective 
 than pure vaccine and significantly cheaper to produce. 
 
 The Laboratories patented the vaccine in Beard's name. 
 
 55 
 
SEELEY G. MUDD COMMUNICATIONS CENTER 
 AND LIBRARY 
 
 1975 
 
 Half of this five-level contemporary building, whose facade is 
 pierced by balconies and terraces, is devoted to audiovisual 
 educational aids and is equipped with outlets for closed circuit 
 television, computer terminals and other modern teaching 
 facilities. The other half is a medical library whose ten miles 
 of shelves and 125,000 volumes contain an extremely dis- 
 tinguished collection of historic and rare books. 
 
 The Trent Room, moved from its first location in the Medical 
 Center, is an eighteenth-century paneled English library. It 
 contains the private collection of Dr. Josiah C. Trent, who was 
 associated with the division of thoracic surgery at Duke and 
 had a deep interest in the history of medicine. In spite of a 
 short professional career of only about eight years, Dr. Trent 
 published fifty papers and amassed the collection contained 
 here and given to the University in 1951 by his widow, Mary 
 Duke Biddle Trent Semans. 
 
 The most distinguished holdings in the history of medicine 
 in the Southeast, the Trent Collection contains one of the finest 
 existing copies of Sir William Harvey's De Mortu Cordis, on the 
 circulation of the blood; it also contains 59 items by or about 
 Benjamin Rush (an M. D. who signed the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence), including his doctoral dissertation dedicated to 
 Benjamin Franklin. There is also a group of materials concern- 
 ing Benjamin Waterhouse, who introduced vaccination to 
 America; about 560 U. S. medical imprints before 1820; 
 writings by medical men who took part in voyages and explora- 
 tions; several thousand autograph sheets; and 100,000 pages of 
 
 56 
 
photocopied medical biographical material assembled for Dr. 
 John H. Talbott during his editorship of the Journal of American 
 Medical Education. 
 
 The Seeley G. Mudd Fund of Los Angeles, which gave $1.5 
 million toward the library's projected $5 million cost, is ob- 
 liged to disperse $40 million during the 1970 decade for build- 
 ings at privately endowed institutions. 
 
 The late Dr. Mudd of San Marino, California, was a Harvard 
 Medical School graduate who served as dean of the University 
 of Southern California School of Medicine and engaged in 
 research in radiation and X-ray therapy at California Institute 
 of Technology. 
 
 57 
 
NANALINE H. DUKE BASIC SCIENCES 
 RESEARCH BUILDING 
 
 1968 
 
 Biochemistry-genetics and physiology-pharmacology are 
 housed in this $7.1 million structure of Hillsborough stone and 
 precast concrete panels, designed with four laboratory towers, 
 a central research area and an administrative wing. It memo- 
 rializes Nanaline Lee Holt of Macon, Georgia, who became the 
 wife of James B. Duke and the mother of Doris Duke. When 
 Nanaline Duke died at 90 in 1962 and was buried in the 
 crypt of the Duke Chapel, she left $5 million to medical edu- 
 cation at the university which went toward this project. 
 
 A. H. SANDS, JR., BASIC SCIENCES RESEARCH 
 BUILDING 
 
 1972 
 
 The Department of Anatomy is housed in this four-story, $5.2 
 million building named for Alexander H. Sands, Jr., James B. 
 Duke's private secretary, officer in thirty-five companies, and 
 associated with Duke enterprises for fifty-one years. 
 
 Sands was assigned the job of surveying the health care 
 facilities and needs of the Carolinas at the time Duke was 
 planning his Endowment. Assistance was given by Dr. Watson 
 Rankin, Secretary of the State Board of Health. 
 
 When the Endowment was completed, 32 percent of it was 
 set aside for the support of every hospital in the Carolinas 
 not operated for private gain, according to a formula based 
 on Sands' research and Rankin's recommendations. 
 
 58 
 
EDWIN L. JONES CANCER RESEARCH CENTER 
 BUILDING 
 
 1975 
 
 Architecturally harmonious with the N. H. Duke and A. J. 
 Sands, Jr., Buildings, the $7.6 million Jones unit is the first 
 of three buildings planned for Duke's Comprehensive Cancer 
 Center. This is one of only eight such centers designated by the 
 federal government. 
 
 It honors the late Edwin L. Jones of Charlotte, a member of 
 the Trinity class of 1912, Duke trustee, an active Methodist 
 layman, and chairman of the J. A. Jones Construction Com- 
 pany, one of the major general contracting companies of the 
 world. Research in virology, immunology and cell biology 
 related to cancer is done here, as well as some clinical work. 
 
 DUKE COMPUTATION CENTER 
 
 Located in this red brick building, which for many years was 
 shared with the Army Research Office-Durham, is an IBM 
 System 370 Model 135 computer which is also connected by 
 high-speed telephone lines to an IBM System 370 Model 165 
 (three million bytes of memory, two 3330 and one 2314 disk 
 facility, five tapes, card reader, and printer) located at the 
 Triangle Universities Computation Center in the Research Tri- 
 angle Park. In addition, there are remote terminals in several 
 campus locations, including Engineering, Sociology-Psy- 
 chology, and Biological Sciences buildings. 
 
 59 
 
RESEARCH PARK I, II, III, IV 
 
 1968 and 1969 
 
 Four windowless "limited life" buildings, of white prefabricated 
 vertical steel panels with exposed "I" beams defining the 
 corners and generous overhangs, house laboratories for 
 medical research. Set among tall pine trees are Building 1, 
 neurology and endocrinology; Building 2, cardiovascular 
 research ("Core"), biomedical engineering, pediatric cardi- 
 ology and radiation physics; Building 3, allergy-immunology; 
 and Building 4, microbiology and pediatrics. Duke is a clinical 
 locus for vast research programs in cancer, cardiovascular 
 disease, ophthalmic disorders, pediatrics, geriatrics and more. 
 
 VIVARIUM 
 
 1969 
 
 Duke's 15,000 laboratory research animals which serve man- 
 kind are found in nine locations about the campus, but most 
 of them are housed in this modern Vivarium which combines 
 broad areas of Hillsborough stone with concrete. The healthy 
 animals are procured, transported, cared for and used in a 
 fashion precisely described by law and carefully monitored 
 for compliance. Most of the animals are mice, rats, hamsters, 
 guinea pigs and rabbits, but there are also tree shrews, pri- 
 mates, goats, sheep, chickens, opossum, ponies and donkeys. 
 Certain of man's companion animals are used because they 
 acquire the diseases of men as well. 
 
 60 
 
EYE CENTER 
 
 1973 
 
 This step-shaped building of Hillsborough stone in agreggate 
 panels with precast concrete is one of a very few eye centers 
 in the country and is part of a nationwide network devoted to 
 the specialized treatment of eye diseases and to concentrated 
 ocular research. 
 
 It operates as a referral center to examine and treat patients 
 sent by physicians from the surrounding areas, and most 
 patients return home for treatment. There are forty-four beds 
 in the center, however, for those who remain for a time. 
 
 Specialty work includes a Children's Clinic where, on Wed- 
 nesdays, children are examined under anesthetic on an out- 
 patient basis. When children become bed patients, the center 
 encourages a relative to sleep in the room; the same policy 
 is followed with very old patients. Other clinics specialize in 
 the retina, in the cornea, in glaucoma and in tumors. 
 
 The center contains an Argon laser, with which a physician 
 can burn tiny holes in diseased eye tissue; the burns form 
 scars that can repair a detached retina or stop the hemorrhag- 
 ing in a blood vessel. 
 
 Another sophisticated device, an ultrasonograph, helps phy- 
 sicians detect tumors of the eye. Using pulsations of sound 
 that are translated into light beams, the ultrasonograph 
 takes a picture that discriminates among layers of tissue. 
 
 61 
 
■ 
 
WALK V 
 EAST CAMPUS 
 
 -OLD TRINITY COLLEGE 
 
 1. "The Sower" Statue 
 
 2. Washington Duke Statue 
 
 3. East Duke Building 
 
 4. West Duke Building 
 
 5. Aycock Residence Hall 
 
 6. Jarvis Residence Hall 
 
 7. Carr Building 
 
 8. Museum of Art — Geology Building 
 
 9. Wilson House 
 
 10. Giles Residence Hall 
 
 1 1 . East Campus Library 
 
 12. East Campus Union 
 Brown Residence Hall 
 Alspaugh Residence Hall ^ 
 Bassett Residence 
 Hall 
 
 Pegram Residence 
 Hall 
 17. Baldwin 
 Auditorium 
 
 18. Mary Duke Biddle Building 
 
 19. Branson Hall 
 
 20. Bivins Hall 
 
 21. "Marse Jack" Bell 
 
 22. Memorial Gymnasium 
 
 23. Gilbert- Addoms Residence Hall 
 
 24. Southgate Residence Hall 
 
 25. Epworth Inn 
 
 26. Crowell Hall 
 
 27. The Ark 
 
 28. The Duke Press 
 
EAST CAMPUS 
 
 1892 
 
 The roots of Duke University grow deep on this tree-shaded 
 campus. Trinity College moved to this site more than four- 
 score years ago from its birthplace in Randolph County. 
 (See West Campus introduction). 
 
 One of the most singular events in the history of Trinity 
 took place early in the century, when the issue of academic 
 freedom was fought in the Bassett case (see Bassett House). 
 After the furor subsided, Trinity's most distinguished visitor, 
 President Theodore Roosevelt, spoke beneath these trees. He 
 read the Aims of Trinity College, and added: 
 
 "You stand for all those things which a scholar must stand 
 for if he is to render real and lasting service to the state. You 
 stand for academic freedom, for the right to private judgment, 
 for a duty more incumbent upon the scholar than upon any 
 man, to tell the truth as he sees it, to claim for himself and to 
 give to others the largest liberty in seeking after truth." 
 
 Trinity College grew with little architectural unity until 1925. 
 Then, in the larger job of building the new Duke University, 
 this campus was redesigned and eleven new buildings were 
 erected in red brick Georgian style; some of the existing struc- 
 tures were razed, others were retained. During the decades 
 when Duke included a coordinate college for women, this was 
 known as the Women's Campus. Since the unification of the 
 student body, however, it has simply been called East Campus. 
 
 This campus is the unmarked monument to Benjamin 
 Newton Duke, Trinity's most generous friend for forty years. 
 He built many of the early buildings himself, endowed the 
 Angier B. Duke Scholarships in memory of his son, and sur- 
 rounded the 109 acre campus with a two-mile gray stone wall. 
 Inside the main gate is the only place his name is carved. 
 
 B. N. Duke was the inspirer of the family, the one most 
 willing to listen to suppliants, the one who acted as his family's 
 64 
 
representative in philanthropy and established its patterns of 
 giving. He once told President Few that some day his brother 
 James B. Duke would do so much for Trinity that it would make 
 the gifts of the others seem small. 
 
 He, himself, however, was the annual philanthropist. During 
 his lifetime he contributed to at least 500 causes and was 
 called "a man with a heart." 
 
 65 
 
"THE SOWER" STATUE 
 
 1914 
 
 This life-size bronze figure of a farmer sowing seed stood 
 originally on a J. B. Duke estate. The sculptor is not known, 
 beyond the name St. Walter or Walther. The figure was cast 
 at Friedrichshagen, Berlin, and acquired in Leipzig. 
 
 The monument came to the campus through B ishop (former 
 President) Kilgo, who "was attracted ... by its manliness and 
 strength of the face, with its firm chin and lips . . . The Sower, 
 with his strong arm thrown with a wide sweep behind him, 
 facing his toil. . . seemed to be a work which was fit to place 
 before the students. . allowing them, in the four years at 
 Trinity, to look each day upon this . . . heroic face." To serve 
 that inspirational purpose, the figure was placed outside the 
 Craven Memorial Building, no longer on the campus. 
 
 Students put him to a more profane use, however. Tra- 
 dition grew that if a couple passed the Sower, put two pennies 
 in his hand, and returned to find the pennies gone, the boy 
 could collect two kisses. 
 
 The Sower stands between two enormous pin oaks, a roman- 
 tic figure with long hair, nineteenth-century work clothes (a 
 patch on the seat of his pants), and runover heels. 
 
 Nearby is a small stone pavilion given by a granddaughter 
 of Washington Duke, Mrs. James Edward Stagg. The fountain 
 and surrounding garden in front of East Duke Building were 
 provided by another relative, Anne Roney. 
 
 66 
 
WASHINGTON DUKE STATUE 
 
 1908 
 
 Washington Duke (1820-1905), whose statue is labeled "Pa- 
 triot" and "Philanthropist" might also be identified "Patri- 
 arch," for he began a dynasty that has been interested in 
 Trinity and Duke up to the present generation. 
 
 The seated figure, commissioned by 200 friends shortly after 
 Duke's death, is the work of Edward V. Valentine; it stands 
 on the site (approximate) of the Washington Duke Building, 
 which was destroyed by fire in 1911. 
 
 An ungrammatical but heartfelt newspaper tribute to Duke 
 read: "The deceased learned the South a new lesson — it was 
 that of giving." 
 
 Washington Duke had given, either directly or indirectly, 
 more than $1 million to Trinity College, including the initial 
 sum which prompted the move to Durham. 
 
 He held the uncommon viewpoint for his day, particularly 
 for a man who had spent about six months of his life in school, 
 that women should be afforded a college education, and he 
 actively promoted the admission of women to Trinity College. 
 The Mary Duke Building (named for his deceased daughter, 
 who had been a day student at Trinity) opened as the first 
 women's dormitory. 
 
 Washington Duke did not believe in scholarships; he felt that 
 men should have to struggle for an education. His view of 
 finance was: "I have never paid interest on money. I never 
 went into debt to such an extent that I could not pay when 
 the time came. It is paying interest that ruins men who fail." 
 
 Another uncommon Duke practice was: "Wherever we put 
 
 67 
 
down a manufacturing plant, we also build a church." (The 
 Duke Memorial Methodist Church in Durham began as a 
 Sunday school held in one of the factory rooms.) 
 
 Washington Duke made several remarks that have lived over 
 the years — "I have made more furrows in God's green earth 
 than any man of forty years of age in North Carolina," and 
 later — "There are three things I'll never understand - e-ee- 
 lectricity, the Holy Ghost, and my son Buck." 
 
 It was the financial genius of his son Buck that transformed 
 W. Duke and Sons of Durham into the American Tobacco 
 Company. Late in life, Washington Duke wrote, "It is pleasant 
 for me to reflect that from the small beginning ... at the little 
 log hut in the country has grown a business upon which the 
 sun never sets. Not a great while ago one of our men in South 
 Africa was present and saw a king crowned, and his seat was 
 an advertising chair of the Dukes of Durham." 
 
 Washington Duke had farmed for thirty years, was twice a 
 widower and the father of four living children when he went 
 off to the Civil War in 1863. "When the war was over I found 
 myself at New Bern, after being released from Libby Prison, 
 with one five dollar Confederate note, sold that to a Federal 
 soldier for fifty cents and walked home 134 miles to my farm 
 near Durham," he wrote. 
 
 He began to farm again with two blind army mules and a 
 small amount of leaf tobacco that had been overlooked by the 
 plundering Union army. He and his small sons, Ben and Buck, 
 flailed the first crop by hand, sifted it, packed it into bags, and 
 labeled it "Pro Bono Publico." The first selling trip, by wagon, 
 to eastern North Carolina was a success, and the Dukes were 
 tobacco manufacturers. 
 
 After the boys were old enough to become partners, Wash- 
 ington Duke travelled over thirty-two states for the company, 
 while the boys ran the factory and office. Throughout his 
 life, he remained exceptionally close to his sons. Near the end 
 of his days, he said, "I should like to go; I am ready to go, but 
 you know I hate to leave the boys." 
 
 The Duke Homestead, from which the family moved in 
 1873, is now a registered national historic landmark, a state 
 historic site, and the location of a developing tobacco museum. 
 It can be found on Duke Homestead Road one-half mile off 
 Guess Road and a short distance north of Interstate 85. 
 
 68 
 
EAST DUKE BUILDING 
 
 1912 
 
 East Duke, built of white pressed brick, Indiana sandstone, 
 and roofed with green tile, has seen a wide variety of public 
 and administrative uses over six decades. Today, in addition 
 to classrooms, the offices of various deans and of Duke home- 
 sites, East Duke is the headquarters for the North Carolina 
 Council of Churches. 
 
 The second floor assembly rooms were originally occupied 
 by the Hesperia and Columbia literary societies, which virtually 
 controlled student activities at the turn of the century and ex- 
 posed students to forensic and parliamentary problems, which 
 were conducted strictly according to Roberts Rules of Order. 
 
 A highlight of each college year was the debate between 
 Columbia and Hesperia, at which passions ran high and pep 
 meetings stimulated the creation of such yells as "Loop de 
 loop, loop de loop, Old Columbia's (or Hesperia's) in the soup." 
 
 The former Columbia Hall has become the campus's most 
 popular intimate recital hall, and over the years many of the 
 nation's outstanding chamber ensembles have played in it, 
 including Duke University's own Ciompi Quartet, led by 
 Giorgio Ciompi, who was brought to America to play in 
 Toscanini's orchestra. Columbia Hall was remodeled and air- 
 conditioned in 1974 but its green-walled interior still suggests 
 a classic turn-of-the-century concert hall, with three arched 
 stage windows, ornate Italian brackets supporting the ceiling 
 beams, Greek key motif in the mouldings, two balconies, and 
 warm lively acoustics. 
 
 An outstanding musical event in 1975 was a recital by seven- 
 
 69 
 
teen young pianists from America, Europe, the Middle East 
 and Asia, students in a master class conducted by the world- 
 renowned Gina Bachauer. 
 
 One of the historic moments of the institution took place in 
 East Duke on December 29, 1924, when Trinity trustees met 
 briefly in the president's office officially to transform Trinity 
 into Duke University. There were several reasons for the meet- 
 ing's brevity: the room had been unheated over Christmas and 
 trustees sat huddled in their overcoats throughout the pro- 
 ceedings; and they were to be luncheon guests of the Durham 
 Rotary Club, whose members had sent word that they didn't 
 like to be kept waiting. 
 
 Several funerals important in the history of the institution 
 began in the parlors of East Duke. James B. Duke lay in state 
 there (in the west parlor) after his death from bronchial pneu- 
 monia in 1925, with a Duke student guard of honor in attend- 
 ance. The whole university turned out to line the route of his 
 funeral procession from Duke Memorial Church halfway to 
 Maplewood Cemetery. The funeral of Benjamin N. Duke in 
 1929 followed much the same pattern; varsity football players 
 served as his pallbearers. 
 
 Parlors on the first floor have been elegantly furnished 
 since 1938; they were redecorated by Karl Bock (one-time 
 president of the American Institute of Decorators), as a per- 
 sonal memorial to Mary Duke Biddle in 1963. 
 
 The Mary Duke Biddle Room is a red Victorian parlor 
 containing mahogany and rosewood furniture, two exceptional 
 ceiling-high corner mirrors, and another large glass over the 
 fireplace. Here also are pieces from an earlier room memorial- 
 izing Anna Branson (Class of 1910), the first wife of James A. 
 Thomas. The Alumnae Room contains Louis XV and XVI 
 furniture, along with a walnut Hepplewhite table that had been 
 in the home of William J. Duke, the most prominent of the 
 antebellum Dukes, and brother of Washington Duke. 
 
 In East Duke Building, one of America's most famous 
 creative writing courses was held — William Blackburn's 
 English 103-104 — which produced such writers as William 
 Styron (The Confessions of Nat Turner); Reynolds Price (The 
 Surface of Earth), who now teaches the course; Fred Chappell 
 (It is Time, Lord); Anne Tyler (Celestial Navigation); Clay Felker 
 (editor of New York Magazine); and the late Mac Hyman (No 
 Time for Sergeants). 
 
 70 
 
WEST DUKE BUILDING 
 
 1911 
 
 West and East Duke Buildings were intended to be two wings 
 of a three-unit structure connected by a loggia with a 1 16-foot 
 tower rising from the center; the whole was to be named for 
 Washington Duke. The west wing was completed on January 
 10, 1911, only six days after the original Washington Duke 
 Building (which was slated for razing) burned, destroying 
 many permanent records. While West Duke was under con- 
 struction, plans for the three-part building were scrapped. 
 
 Within West Duke was the first college book room and store, 
 the first campus barber shop and postoffice. During World 
 War I, the mess hall of the Student Army Training Corps was 
 located in the basement; a decade later, a little theatre was 
 created in that area. 
 
 After 1935, the Department of Psychology occupied the 
 second floor and was the administrative headquarters for the 
 work in extrasensory perception done by J. B. Rhine, whose 
 office commanded a view of the Washington Duke statue. The 
 Rhine experiments made his name almost as well-known in 
 London, Capetown and Calcutta as it was in Durham. 
 
 Trained as a biologist before becoming a psychologist, 
 a deep interest in man's nature led Dr. Rhine (working with 
 his wife, Dr. Louisa Ellen Rhine) to study psychical phenomena, 
 a field previously dominated by spiritual mediums, fortune 
 tellers and superstition. 
 
 "Fame began in 1933, when Hubert E. Pearce, Jr., a Duke 
 Divinity School student, sat down and began guessing what 
 was on the faces of a pack of special cards as an experimenter 
 
 71 
 
dealt them out, face down, in a building 100 yards away," a 
 journalist wrote. (Pearce was in the old section of the west 
 campus library, the experimenter in the Medical School and 
 later in the present Social Sciences building.) 
 
 "The pack consisted of twenty-five cards, divided into five 
 'suits': a cross, star, rectangle, circle, and three wavy parallel 
 lines. (These cards were designed in 1930 by Dr. Rhine and Dr. 
 Karl Zener, as mathematically simpler than playing cards.) 
 According to the laws of chance, Pearce should have averaged 
 five correct answers per pack. 
 
 "But over a six-day period and 300 runs, he averaged 9.9. 
 Chances are about 100 trillion to one against such luck. 
 
 "The Pearce experiments were a milestone for Dr. Rhine, 
 and maybe for humanity. 'We had tested clairvoyance,' he 
 remembers. 'We had brought it into the laboratory for the 
 first time, under conditions that excluded all of the things 
 that you need to exclude in a good experiment, we had found 
 that it worked. And then we went to work and repeated it.' " 
 
 While most tests were confined to the campus, one was 
 conducted by telephone over 150 miles, between Duke and 
 Lake Junaluska. 
 
 Rhine's research was highly controversial during the early 
 years. Although many laymen felt that he had built an airtight 
 case for the existence of clairvoyance and telepathy, some 
 scientists criticized his mathematics, his methods and his "will 
 to believe." 
 
 Throughout the world, however, ESP researchers used the 
 tools and techniques developed at Duke. The subject attracted 
 much notice in the popular press, and one of Rhine's shelf- 
 ful of books, New Frontiers of the Mind, was a Book-of-the- 
 Month Club choice. 
 
 In 1965, Dr. Rhine retired and gave his 200,000 papers to 
 the Duke library. "Duke is where this branch of science was 
 cradled and brought along," Rhine stated. "It is where great 
 strides were made in studies of ESP against heavy opposition 
 during the early years. And it is where the basic ESP manu- 
 scripts and records should remain." 
 
 Since that year, the Rhines have focused their attention on 
 the Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man, of which 
 the Institute of Parapsychology is a part. Ten years after 
 Rhine's retirement, the West Duke Building directory still 
 bears the announcement that the Parapsychology Laboratory 
 has moved to 402 Buchanan Boulevard. 
 
 72 
 
AYCOCK RESIDENCE HALL - 1911 
 JARVIS RESIDENCE HALL - 1912 
 
 These similar buildings of white pressed brick and Indiana 
 sandstone are named for a pair of governors who were friends 
 to Trinity College. 
 
 Charles Brantley Aycock, who built a school a day during his 
 1901-05 administration, later (as a lawyer) defended Bishop 
 John C. Kilgo in the celebrated Gattis-Kilgo slander case, one 
 of Kilgo's holy wars while president of Trinity. Aycock was an 
 orator from boyhood; when he shared a platform with Theo- 
 dore Roosevelt, the Rough Rider exclaimed, "By George, that 
 fellow's speech pops like a new saddle." A prisoner whom 
 District Attorney Aycock once prosecuted prayed, "And have 
 mercy on Mr. Aycock, but O Lord, tame him down." Aycock 
 died dramatically while delivering a speech, just after he had 
 said the words, " and everywhere I talked about education." 
 
 Governor Thomas J. Jarvis ( 1879-85), constructed a railroad 
 from Morehead to Murphy and in so doing "united the ocean 
 and the mountains by iron bands." He also built, with prison 
 labor, the Victorian Governor's Mansion in Raleigh, at the time 
 called "Jarvis's Folly." 
 
 Jarvis did much to establish what is now Eastern Carolina 
 University. At Trinity, where he was a trustee, he was once 
 nominated for the presidency, handed out medals at com- 
 mencement, and delivered the cornerstone address for the first 
 building when Trinity was relocated in Durham. 
 
 73 
 
CARR BUILDING 
 
 1927, Named 1930 
 
 Carr Building stands in the midst of land given to Trinity 
 College by Trustee Julian Shakespeare Carr as an inducement 
 to move the institution into Durham from Randolph County, 
 where its rural location was a handicap to growth. Carr's 
 Blackwell Park, sixty acres on the west edge of Durham, was a 
 fairgrounds and racetrack, and prominent among its patrons 
 were the employees of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Company, 
 for which Carr was the advertising and merchandising dy- 
 namo. Carr Building, originally headquarters for fine arts, 
 today houses Duke's programs in classical and black studies, 
 language laboratories, and some offices of the English Depart- 
 ment. Another Carr Building stands on the campus of The 
 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 
 
 Julian S. Carr was one of Trinity College's most steadfast 
 supporters. In 1885, when Trinity's fortunes were at lowest 
 ebb after the death of President Craven, Carr was part of a 
 three-man Committee of Management (the others were Als- 
 paugh and James A. Gray, both memorialized in other 
 campus buildings), who kept the institution running. Carr's 
 gift of $10,000 was the largest individual donation made to 
 Trinity until that time and started its endowment. 
 
 Carr is reputed to have been North Carolina's first million- 
 aire; he was certainly the state's first big-league businessman, 
 for his aggressive advertising campaign plastered the image of 
 Bull Durham on the walls and rooftops of the world, leading 
 Mark Twain to observe that the most conspicuous thing about 
 Egypt's Great Pyramids was the Bull. 
 74 
 
Carr began advertising the Bull in the Victorian 1870s when 
 the word could not be used in mixed company. In hundreds 
 of different magazines and newspapers, the Bull was displayed 
 in an assortment of moods. Four sets of painters in different 
 sections of the country kept the Bull on display; sometimes 
 the panels were 80 by 100 feet. 
 
 Carr's newspaper advertising showed such Bull Durham 
 fanciers as Alfred, Lord Tennyson; Prime Minister Glad- 
 stone; James Russell Lowell; and Thomas Carlyle, who is 
 supposed to have written "the mad humors and violent tropes 
 of the French Revolution while enjoying the pungent bite of the 
 Bull." Carr's creed was, "As long as I have a dollar to spend, I 
 will invest it in advertising." 
 
 "Bullpen" is said to have been coined because the Bull was 
 painted behind the dugout of major league ballparks. 
 
 Blackwell's factory steam whistle was one of the wonders of 
 Durham: it imitated the bellow of a bull, cost six dollars per 
 bellow, and could be heard for thirteen miles. 
 
 Bull Durham's success in smoking tobacco caused James B. 
 Duke to remark: "My company is up against a wall. It cannot 
 compete with the Bull. Something has to be done, and that 
 quick. As for me, I am going into the cigarette business." 
 
 Carr was the principal American benefactor of a homeless 
 Chinese boy named Soong Chiao-chun (Charlie Soong), who 
 later became an official in the Kuomintang, was treasurer of 
 the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and founded an important 
 twentieth-century dynasty. 
 
 Fourteen-year old Soong ran away from a Boston uncle who 
 had decided that the youth should become a silk and tea 
 merchant. Soong was brought to Wilmington, North Carolina, 
 by a sea captain, and then was befriended by a Methodist 
 minister who baptised him, "probably the First Celestial that 
 has ever submitted to that ordinance in North Carolina." 
 Ultimately, Soong was brought to the Carr home in Durham, 
 from which Carr sent him to school at Trinity College (then in 
 Randolph County) and to Vanderbilt Theological School. To 
 help pay his expenses in America, Soong wove hammocks for 
 sale, gave speeches at churches and tended the Carr children. 
 
 Soong's three daughters became the wives of Generalissimo 
 Chiang Kai-shek, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and H. H. Kung, while his 
 three sons were eminent in banking and foreign service. The 
 eldest Soong daughter was named for Mrs. Carr. 
 
 When Carr visited the Soongs in Shanghai, Sun Yat-sen pre- 
 sented him with three porcelain vases inscribed with senti- 
 ments of appreciation. 
 
 75 
 
MUSEUM OF ART/GEOLOGY BUILDING 
 
 1927, remodeled 1969 
 
 A major part of this building, formerly the East Campus 
 Science Building, has been transformed into a flexible, well- 
 equipped art museum, although the work in geology is still 
 housed here. 
 
 The geology collection is primarily for teaching, but some of 
 it is on public display in the basement; it contains all standard 
 rocks and minerals, including gem stones. There are extensive 
 samples from the Atlantic Continental Shelf as well as deep sea 
 cores collected in the Atlantic and Caribbean by Duke's re- 
 search vessel, Eastward. Some of Duke's collection has been 
 given to the North Carolina Museum of Life and Science. 
 
 The entrance lobby of the Art Museum has a gray blue slate 
 floor, brilliant white plaster walls, and focusses on a twelfth- 
 century marble French or Flemish baptismal font. A dramatic 
 curving brass and white stairway is carpeted in scarlet and 
 crowned with a crystal chandelier; both seem to float before 
 the glass wall of a two-story exhibition hall beyond, once the 
 old science building auditorium. A number of religious objects 
 from the Brummer Collection (described later), give an ec- 
 clesiastical atmosphere to the gallery, and weddings have been 
 performed here as well as concerts of chamber music. 
 
 On the second floor, a lounge gallery is furnished with Mies 
 van der Rohe designs, including his famous Barcelona chair 
 of 1929. 
 
 The major parts of the teaching collection are: 
 The Ernest Brummer Collection of Medieval and Renais- 
 sance Sculpture and Decorative Arts ranges in time from the 
 
 76 
 
sixth to the eighteenth centuries, but the greatest concentra- 
 tion lies in the period suggested by its title. 
 
 The earliest piece is a sixth-century fragment of a painted 
 wood Coptic panel; the latest is an eighteenth-century Nea- 
 politan creche figurine. The objects range in size from a tiny 
 decorative tile to a half-ton sixteenth-century bronze tomb 
 slab, which has fewer than a dozen counterparts in other col- 
 lections. The total collection includes sculpture, paintings, fur- 
 niture, wood carvings, alabaster and marble reliefs, bronzes and 
 choir stalls. 
 
 The Brummer Collection falls into four main categories. 
 Monumental medieval sculpture is the largest and most im- 
 portant, particularly strong in French examples. Fifteen to 
 twenty pieces are "real masterpieces of Cloister or Louvre 
 quality," an art historian has stated. Two pieces were requested 
 for the Metropolitan Museum's centennial show in 1970, one of 
 them Head of a Prophet or Patriarch (c. 1 180), probably from 
 the west portal of the Collegiale of Xotre Dame, Mantes 
 (Seine-et-Oise), one of five existing in the world and one "which 
 fills a gap in our knowledge of Gothic sculpture." 
 
 The second group in the Brummer Collection is medieval 
 wood sculpture, largely fifteenth and sixteenth-century 
 German in origin, and occasionally polychromed, which is 
 virtually beyond finding today. One of the finest of this group 
 is a figure of St. Barbara, thought to have been carved in Lower 
 Saxony near Hildesheim around 1520. 
 
 Metal work — brass, iron, and bronze — forms the third block 
 of the collection. A historic survey of medieval lighting fix- 
 tures can be made within the Brummer collection alone. One of 
 the finest single examples is a fifteenth-century wall pricket 
 candlestick, delicate with Gothic tracery in the foliate style. 
 
 The fourth area — furniture and woodwork — includes some 
 sixteenth-century sgabello chairs, examples from the seven- 
 teenth century, and a rich collection of linen fold panel work. 
 
 The most significant single Renaissance work is a fifteenth- 
 century full marble tabernacle. 
 
 The Duke University Classical Collection, begun in 1964, is 
 a several-hundred piece teaching collection, and includes the 
 Thomas and Virginia Breckinridge Semans Study Collection 
 and the Ullman Collection. The group includes some of the 
 most important of the Greek vase-painters, such as Polygnotus, 
 who is represented in an Attic Red Figurine Calyx Crater 
 (450-440 B.C.), from the Semans collection, as is a 3,400-vear 
 old Mycenaean stirrup jar. 
 
 Another important group is the Colonel and Mrs. Van R. 
 
 77 
 
White Oriental Art Collection, amassed by the couple over 27 
 years of Colonel White's service in China, initially with the 
 Marshall Mission. The 120-piece collection, which includes 
 much jade, covers almost 3,500 years: from the Shang Dynasty 
 (c. 1500-1028 B.C.), through the Ch'ing Dynasty ( 1644-1912). 
 
 Also in the museum is the Elizabeth Gotham Collection of 
 paintings of children given by Doctor and Mrs. James H. 
 Semans; the 800-artifact Paul A. Clifford Collection of Pre- 
 Columbian Art of South and Central America; the Dr. and Mrs. 
 John Gibbons Collection of Bronzes of the Renaissance and 
 later periods; and the Duke Graphics Collection. 
 
 7H 
 
WILSON HOUSE - 1927 (named 1970) 
 
 GILES RESIDENCE HALL - 1928 (named 1930) 
 
 Mary Grace Wilson, social director on the staff of the original 
 Woman's College in 1930, and Dean of Undergraduate 
 Women when she retired in 1970, lived in this building (origi- 
 nally called the Faculty Apartments) for her entire forty years 
 of service to Duke. 
 
 Miss Wilson, a gracious lady in the tradition of the Old South, 
 worked around the clock for the University. She was dean in 
 an era when rules and morality were strict, and she believed 
 strongly in their wisdom. She was much loved, even by her girls 
 with whom she dealt for serious problems. Her counseling 
 sessions, conducted in the East Duke parlors, were famous. 
 
 The first women to graduate from Trinity College in 1879 
 were the three Giles sisters — Teresa, Persis and Mary — whose 
 mother moved from Onslow to Randolph County so they and 
 their brother could be educated. 
 
 These first southern coeds were obliged to wait until the 
 end of the day when men had been dismissed from classes; 
 then they recited privately. First classified as special students, 
 the sisters were considered regular seniors by commencement. 
 
 In 1885, the sisters received their M.A.s from Trinity and 
 spent their lives teaching in the Southeast. They established 
 the Greenwood Female College in South Carolina. 
 
 79 
 
EAST CAMPUS LIBRARY 
 
 1927 
 
 The library, which is a twin to the Union building facing it 
 across the quadrangle, "has stacks for 225,000 books (including 
 a juvenile collection), and receives about 500 periodicals. It 
 stands near the site of the first Trinity College library, which 
 was razed when the campus was remodeled upon the creation 
 of Duke University. 
 
 For more than twenty years the library was considered the 
 art center of the university, and several of its rooms were 
 reserved for exhibition use. The building still contains many 
 objects of artistic and historic interest and retains the flavor 
 of the Woman's College. 
 
 A detailed list of art objects of interest to visitors is available 
 at the circulation desk. They include a French tapestry, sculp- 
 ture by Anna Hyatt Huntington, etchings by Louis Orr, and 
 paintings by John Hoppner (1758-1810), Charles Emilejacque 
 (1813-1894), and Jakob Maris (1837-1899). 
 
 Unusual furniture on the first floor includes a Chippendale- 
 style console table and chairs, a Spanish-style garniture and 
 French plate mantel mirror, all of which came from Four Acres, 
 the Benjamin N. Duke residence in Durham. 
 
 Portraits of the B. N. Duke family and bronze busts of four 
 Duke family men are also displayed in various rooms. 
 
 In the basement is a case containing three gowns worn by 
 Mrs. B. N. Duke — her wedding gown (1877); her crystal 
 anniversary gown (1892), which she wore while sitting for her 
 portrait which hangs in the reference room; and her silver 
 anniversary gown (1902). 
 
 80 
 
Two hand printing presses are also found in the basement, 
 along with desks of J. B. Duke and Washington Duke. The 
 latter, made about 1850 after a design for an English landlord's 
 desk, opens like a triptych, contains a secret compartment as 
 well as a mailbox which he used to deposit documents after the 
 desk was locked. 
 
 Another desk of interest is found in the librarian's office — 
 that used on the Snap Dragon by Captain Otway Burns during 
 the War of 1812, when his activities as a North Carolina-based 
 privateer so terrorized British shipping from Greenland to 
 Brazil that a $50,000 price was put on his head. 
 
 On the second floor is a serene parlor, handsomely furnished 
 with Oriental objects — the James A. Thomas Memorial 
 Room — given by his widow in honor of one of James B. Duke's 
 associates who was responsible for introducing cigarettes into 
 the Far East. A pamphlet available in the room describes the 
 art objects, which include: a pair of eighteenth-century marble 
 Foo dogs, antique Chinese scrolls given by Mrs. John Foster 
 Dulles, teakwood tables once presented to President Harrison's 
 Secretary of State by the Empress Dowager of China, a six- 
 teenth-century Ming dynasty coromandel screen, a pair of 
 creamy white statuettes of the Ch'ien Lung period (1735-1795), 
 a Chinese Imperial Court Robe of the Ch'ing Dynasty given by 
 Mrs. Douglas MacArthur, and other handsome objects. 
 
 81 
 
EAST CAMPUS UNION 
 
 1927 
 
 Gracious dining for students, faculty and guests is found in 
 this building. At the time that this section of Duke was called 
 the Woman's College, it also contained a campus beauty shop, 
 "which even Duke coeds feel the need of visiting occasionally." 
 Arcades connect the Union with Brown and Wilson Houses 
 on either side. The faculty dining room was decorated by Karl 
 Bock of New York. Portraits of the first two deans of the 
 Woman's College — Dean Alice Mary Baldwin and Dean R. 
 Florence Brinkley — hang in the Union. 
 
 82 
 
BROWN RESIDENCE HALL - 1927 
 
 ALSPAUGH RESIDENCE HALL - 1926 (named 1930) 
 
 Joseph Gill Brown was a Trinity dropout (ex '75), who later 
 served on the Board of Trustees for thirty-four years and was 
 its chairman for ten. He began his business career as a bank 
 messenger and twenty years later became its president. 
 
 Brown was the fourth generation of a prominent Raleigh 
 family. His maternal great-grandfather was James Lane, 
 brother of Joel Lane, owner of the site of Raleigh; the Lane 
 house was the meeting place for the Revolutionary Legis- 
 lature of 1781. 
 
 Joseph Gill Brown was a pillar of the Methodist church and 
 civic organizations. For twenty-five years he was treasurer of 
 the city of Raleigh. 
 
 John W. Alspaugh, Trinity '85 and its oldest alumnus at the 
 time of his death in. 1912, was chairman of the three-man 
 Committee of Management that steered the institution through 
 its financial straits in the 1880s. An earlier Alspaugh Hall, 
 built in 1902 as the gift of B. N. Duke, was razed and its ma- 
 terials moved to Kittrell College during the remodeling of the 
 East Campus. 
 
 Alspaugh struggled to hold off the college's creditors, for he 
 feared that he and President Crowell would be personally sued 
 for its indebtedness. Alspaugh was a lawyer, editor of the 
 Winston Sentinel, chief clerk of the North Carolina Senate, 
 a founder and later president of the First National Bank of 
 Winston and the town's mayor. 
 
 83 
 
BASSETT RESIDENCE HALL - 1927 
 
 PEGRAM RESIDENCE HALL - 1926 (named 1930) 
 
 John Spencer Bassett, Trinity '88, and a history professor from 
 1894-1906, incited a famous controversy on academic freedom. 
 In a careful, scholarly series of articles in the South Atlantic 
 Quarterly, Bassett made one radical statement: that the Negro 
 educator Booker T. Washington was "the greatest man, save 
 General Lee, born in the South in a hundred years." During 
 the resulting storm, all but two North Carolina newspapers 
 demanded Bassett's resignation. In a meeting that ran for 
 seven hours, however, until 3:00 a.m., Trinity trustees voted 
 eighteen -seven to uphold Bassett. 
 
 The Trinity trustee statement, long regarded as a major 
 pronouncement on academic freedom, said in part, "We are 
 particularly unwilling to lend ourselves to any tendency to 
 destroy or limit academic liberty .... The evils of intolerance 
 and suppression are infinitely worse than those of folly." 
 
 William Howell Pegram presented himself as a twenty-three- 
 year-old freshman at Trinity College and stayed for the rest 
 of his life, sixty years. He taught such diverse subjects as 
 astronomy, geology, public speaking and anatomy (where he 
 earned the nickname "Bones"), but his first love was chemistry. 
 
 Pegram married President Braxton Craven's daughter 
 Emily, and after the long-time president's death, Pegram kept 
 Trinity running. 
 
 One of Pegram's children, George B., was vice president of 
 Columbia University and a co-discoverer of a method of 
 slowing down neutrons in order to split atoms. 
 
 84 
 
BALDWIN AUDITORIUM 
 
 1927 
 
 The focal point of the East Campus mall is Baldwin Audi- 
 torium, named for Alice Mary Baldwin, first dean of the 
 Woman's College and first woman member of the Duke faculty. 
 It is a classic Georgian building of red brick and Vermont 
 marble with a slate roof, reminiscent of Thomas Jefferson's 
 structures at the University of Virginia. The auditorium, which 
 seats 1 ,400, in recent years has been the rehearsal home of the 
 North Carolina Symphony and contains a two-manual Aeolian- 
 Skinner concert organ with free-standing pipes. 
 
 Alice Baldwin, scholar, historian, educator, administrator, 
 served at Duke from 1923 until her retirement in 1947. Dean 
 Baldwin was ahead of her time in encouraging women students 
 to go into professions, politics and public life. She also urged 
 the appointment of more women to the Duke faculty. 
 
 Her publications included The New England Clergy and the 
 American Revolution (1928), The Clergy of Connecticut in Revo- 
 lutionary Days (1936), The Development and Place of the Coordi- 
 nate College and College Bound. 
 
 During World War II, Dr. Baldwin was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Franklin D. Roosevelt, along with seven other distin- 
 guished women educators, to work with the Bureau of Naval 
 Personnel to organize the WAVES. 
 
 H5 
 
MARY DUKE BIDDLE BUILDING 
 
 1974 
 
 Edward Durrell Stone, head of the internationally known 
 architectural firm whose public buildings include the State 
 Legislative Building in Raleigh, designed this $3 million, 
 48,000-square foot bi-level classroom building for music. 
 
 Although primarily a teaching facility, it is possible to hold 
 informal recitals in the polished wood-paneled rehearsal hall. 
 There are 35 soundproof practice rooms, as well as facilities 
 for electronic music, recording, a media center and a 32,000- 
 volume library. Among the organs are two unusual mechanical- 
 action Flentrop instruments from Holland. 
 
 The use of simple, repeated arches is one of the hallmarks 
 of the design, forming arcades along the two long sides of the 
 building. Tall, vertical window slits within the arches strength- 
 en the exterior rhythms. The noise-making areas of the build- 
 ing are insulated within a wide, projecting north terrace, which 
 is ornamented with planting tubs full of crepe myrtle and 
 other shrubs. 
 
 An oval well opens from the entrance lobby to the student 
 lounge below where a small, circular fountain splashes in a 
 room furnished in brown and tangerine. Bubble skylights flood 
 the well and fountain with a soft, natural light. Exterior and 
 interior walls appear to be whitewashed, rosy brick, but the 
 surface is permanently fixed by white sand baked into the 
 bricks. The library is colorful with verdant carpet and furni- 
 ture deeply upholstered in lemon and brown plaid. Teaching 
 areas, too, employ fresh, vital colors. 
 
 On the wall of the rehearsal hall is a bronze plaque which 
 
 86 
 
records the names of twenty-five Duke dance band leaders be- 
 tween 1926 and 1974, including Johnny Long, who 
 achieved national distinction with his Duke Collegians, and 
 Les Brown and his Blue Devils. Brown became one of the 
 major figures on the jazz scene with his Band of Renown. 
 The Duke Ambassadors, which specialized in the "big band" 
 sound, existed on the campus for thirty years and in that 
 time toured Europe, Iceland, the Azores, Portugal, Bermuda 
 and Jamaica on separate trips. 
 
 Mary Duke Biddle, whose portrait appears in the upper lob- 
 by, the daughter of Benjamin N. Duke and granddaughter of 
 Washington Duke, graduated from Trinity in 1907. Accord- 
 ing to a sketch by Robert F. Durden, Professor of History, 
 "She began at an early age to give evidence of her deep interest 
 in and love for Trinity-Duke. In 1922, she and her brother, 
 Angier Buchanan Duke, gave significant support to what later 
 became known as the East Campus Gymnasium. In 1931 she 
 gave to the University the Washington Duke Homestead, in 
 1937 the Sarah P. Duke Gardens, and in 1938 her father's Dur- 
 ham home, "Four Acres." Shortly after World War II, Mrs. 
 Biddle helped Duke University meet an especially critical need 
 by her gift of $1,500,000 for expansion of the Library. 
 
 "Mrs. Biddle made other gifts to Duke, too numerous to 
 mention here, but because she herself studied voice and was a 
 lover of the arts from childhood on, she was always particularly 
 interested in the aesthetic enrichment of the University." The 
 arts have always been prime beneficiaries of the Mary Duke 
 Biddle Foundation. 
 
 Mary Duke Biddle's name is also commemorated in a parlor 
 in East Duke Building and in a unique Gallery for the Blind in 
 the North Carolina State Museum in Raleigh. It has received 
 national recognition since its opening in 1966. 
 
 Dedicatory events for the Mary Duke Biddle Building at- 
 tracted such eminent musicians as violinist Isaac Stern, con- 
 tralto Marian Anderson, jazzman Dizzy Gillespie, composer 
 William Schuman, and representatives from the Lincoln 
 Center, the New York Philharmonic, the Ford Foundation, as 
 well as a Duke alumna who is chairman of the National 
 Endowment for the Arts and National Council on the Arts — 
 Nancy Hanks, '49. A Te Deum by Iain Hamilton, Mary Duke 
 Biddle Professor of Music, was commissioned and performed 
 by chorus and two wind ensembles from the two levels of the 
 central lobby. 
 
 87 
 
BRANSON HALL 
 
 1899/1935 
 
 Trinity Park School, a preparatory institution, was located 
 in this corner of the campus for more than twenty years. The 
 red brick buildings, of which two of the original remain, were 
 given by B. N. Duke. When the first Branson was razed in the 
 mid-thirties, bricks were reused in this building, which now 
 houses the Duke Players. This complex of buildings was once 
 the engineering campus. 
 
 W. H. Branson, a trustee of Trinity, died of scalding from a 
 burst steam pipe in his Durham Cotton Mill in 1899. 
 
 88 
 
BIVINS HALL 
 
 1905 
 
 This building of Spanish Mission architecture, now housing 
 radio station WDBS and the Duke Pre-School, was named for 
 Joseph F. Bivins, Trinity '95, the first headmaster of Trinity 
 Park School. In Bivins were the offices of two founding heads 
 of Duke University departments — Dr. Wilburt Davison (see 
 Davison Building) and Dr. William McDougall in Psychology. 
 
 McDougall, who came from Harvard, was ranked with Sig- 
 mund Freud as "the two greatest dynamists in psychology." 
 
 He was one of the founders of universal parapsychology 
 and did work in hypnotic research. His studies of East Indian 
 islanders were significant for anthropology; his work on 
 muscular action affected by drugs contributed to physiology; 
 his book, Body and Mind, was in the front rank of philosophy. 
 His biological investigation of the Lamarckian theory of evo- 
 lution was one of the great works in evolution. (A continuous 
 line of white rats used in that work, begun in 1920, was taken 
 over by his son in 1938.) 
 
 His sponsorship of responsible research in psychic Fields, 
 "too long preempted by quackery," a newspaper editorial 
 commented, "revealed the quality of courage which made him 
 a world-known pioneering psychologist . . . The introduction of 
 such studies in major universities was in daring defiance of an 
 old tradition." 
 
 89 
 
"MARSE JACK" BELL 
 
 1911 
 
 The third official bell of Trinity College, located across the 
 drive from the tennis courts, is nicknamed for President John 
 C. Kilgo, on whose fiftieth birthday it was dedicated and 
 sounded an appropriate number of times. 
 
 Trinity's first bell hangs in the tower of Duke Chapel; the 
 second was destroyed in the fire of the old Washington Duke 
 Building in 1911. College life regulated by the sounding of a 
 bell prompted this student doggerel: "Who wakes me in the 
 early morn/ When heavy eyes and spirit worn/ Cry out in pain, 
 'Alas, Alack,'/ The college bell, Marse Jack, Marse Jack." 
 
 The bell weighs 6,500 pounds and has both diameter and 
 height of five feet six inches. It was cast by McNeeley and 
 Company of New York. 
 
 MEMORIAL GYMNASIUM 
 
 1923 
 
 This memorial to Trinity men who died in World War I, built 
 with donations from Angier B. Duke, Mary Duke Biddle and 
 others, contains the list of war dead in the lobby. The Gym is 
 located near Hanes Athletic Field, which honors P. H. Hanes, 
 Jr. of Winston-Salem, Duke trustee, Trinity '00. As student 
 manager of the baseball team, Hanes did much to advance ath- 
 letic interests. He later became president of P. H. Hanes Knit- 
 ting Company. 
 90 
 
GILBERT-ADDOMS RESIDENCE HALL 
 
 1957 
 
 This buff-brick, limestone-trimmed dormitory commemorates 
 two outstanding scholars who began teaching at Duke with the 
 founding of the Woman's College. 
 
 Dr. Katherine Everett Gilbert, professor of philosophy and 
 chairman of the Department of Aesthetics, Art and Music, 
 taught at Duke from 1930 until her death in 1952. 
 
 Ruth Margery Addoms was Professor of Botany from 1930 
 to 1951 and had done distinguished work in plant anatomy 
 and plant physiology. She received the British King's Medal for 
 Service in the Cause of Freedom for her civilian activities 
 during World War II. 
 
 Dr. Gilbert was one of the nation's leading women scholars 
 and a ranking authority in aesthetics; her many publications 
 included coauthorship of History of Esthetics, which saw two 
 editions and translation into Spanish. 
 
 She was president of the American Philosophical Society, 
 an honor held by a woman only twice before, and was presi- 
 dent of the American Society for Esthetics. She brought the 
 first woman to preach in Duke Chapel — Georgia Harkness of 
 Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 
 She was the wife of Professor Allan H. Gilbert, a scholar 
 in Renaissance English literature at Duke, who in his retire- 
 ment was decorated as a knight in the Order of Merit of the 
 Italian Republic for his writings on Italian authors which he 
 did "for the pleasure of it." 
 
 91 
 
SOUTHGATE RESIDENCE HALL 
 
 1921 
 
 Southgate Hall was the first permanent housing for sub- 
 stantial numbers of women enrolled in the coordinate college 
 on the Trinity campus, and by the time the building was com- 
 pleted, there were nearly 150 female enrollees. A memorial 
 to James Haywood Southgate, for many years president (1897- 
 1917) of Trinity's board of trustees, it was financed by a 
 three-day campaign by Durham citizens. 
 
 Southgate was born just before the Civil War, and his first 
 years were the hard years of the Reconstruction. After attend- 
 ing UNC briefly, he entered his father's insurance business. 
 
 In 1896, Southgate was nominated for the vice-presidency 
 by the National Party (a portion of the National Prohibition 
 Party which advocated a general economic program along with 
 restriction on the sale of liquor), as a running mate to Charles 
 E. Bentley of Nebraska. 
 
 "A man of striking appearance, tall, forceful, magnetic and 
 commanding, he towers over any other speaker in the ordinary 
 political assembly," a biographer wrote. 
 
 Southgate presided over the trustees meeting which heard 
 the Bassett academic freedom case, and Bassett said of him, 
 "His stand for academic freedom was recognized by all as fair, 
 able and very influential." Southgate himself proclaimed, at 
 the end of the long meeting, "Let there be one little spot on 
 earth where man can think for himself." 
 
 Southgate was the founding president of the board of trus- 
 tees for the Southern Conservatory of Music, which existed in 
 Durham for the first three decades of the century. 
 
 92 
 
EPWORTH INN 
 
 1892 
 
 Epworth, first named College Inn and renamed in 1896, is — 
 with Crowell — the oldest building on the campus and has been 
 called an interesting example of English tavern architecture. 
 Much of Trinity College's early life in Durham centered here. 
 When the new campus was dedicated on October 12, 1892, 
 public events were held on the porch, after a procession had 
 marched from town and local merchants had shut up shop in 
 tribute to "Durham's Glory." 
 
 As a public service gesture, the daily weather forecast was 
 secured by wire from Raleigh and was relayed to Durham by 
 a system of flags flying from the tower of the Inn. 
 
 Until 1914, Epworth (the $30,000 gift of Washington Duke) 
 covered almost a half-acre, with 75 dormitory rooms and a 
 dining hall for 250. The full structure bristled with towers, 
 gables, arcades and porches appropriate for a Charles Addams 
 cartoon. Fire and renovation reduced Epworth to one-third 
 its former size. 
 
 CROWELL HALL 
 
 1892 
 
 Built through the personal gift of Dr. John Crowell, president 
 of Trinity from 1887-94, who wished to honor his late wife, 
 this was first called Technological Building, then changed to 
 Crowell Science Building in 1896. Today it houses a snack bar 
 and the East Campus postoffice. 
 
 93 
 
THE ARK 
 
 1898 
 
 This building was financed by B. N. Duke and named for his 
 son, Angier Buchanan Duke, while the latter was still in his 
 teens. It was the first college gymnasium in North Carolina 
 and here, on March 2, 1906, was played the first college basket- 
 ball game in the state, between Trinity and Wake Forest. The 
 floor was so small that a strong man could stand in the center 
 circle and make a basket at either end. Much of the lumber 
 in the white frame building had been salvaged from the old 
 racetrack grandstand in Blackwell Park which occupied the 
 campus before the college moved in from Randolph County. 
 In the early 1930s, the structure was remodeled as a recreation 
 center and renamed The Ark. In the 1940s, the Duke Ambassa- 
 dors dance band practiced here every night, and students 
 dropped in to enjoy live music. 
 
 Angier B. Duke was president of the Trinity Alumni Associa- 
 tion when he died in a yachting accident in 1925. Earlier, 
 he had lost an arm in a hunting accident. 
 
 94 
 
THE DUKE PRESS 
 
 1911 
 
 This white frame building, just north of a well-equipped stu- 
 dent infirmary built in the red brick Georgian style, was built 
 as a bishop's residence for Dr. John C. Kilgo between 1911 and 
 1915, after he ceased to be president of Trinity. 
 
 The Duke Press, now housed here, enjoys a distinguished 
 reputation for scholarly books, monographs and journals. 
 
 Although Trinity College had published historical papers 
 since 1897, the Trinity Press was not officially founded until 
 1921. After four books under the Trinity imprint, the Press 
 name was changed in the transition to Duke University. The 
 first volume carrying the Duke Press imprint was Origins of 
 the Whig Party by E. Malcolm Carroll. Among the journals 
 published here is the South Atlantic Quarterly, the second oldest 
 (1902) in the nation; through this journal the precedent of 
 academic freedom was established at Duke. 
 
 95 
 
INDEX 
 
 A 
 
 Allen Building, 15 
 Alspaugh Residence Hall, 83 
 Aquatic Center, 35 
 Ark, The, 94 
 
 Art (Museum of) / Geology Building, 76-8 
 Aycock Residence Hall, 73 
 
 B 
 
 Baker House, 49 
 
 Baldwin Auditorium, 85 
 
 Bassett Residence Hall, 84 
 
 Bell Building, 55 
 
 Bell (Marse Jack), 90 
 
 Biddle Building, Mary Duke, 86-7 
 
 Biological Sciences Building, 39-41 
 
 Bivins Hall, 89 
 
 Branson Hall, 88 
 
 Brown Residence Hall, 83 
 
 C 
 
 Cameron Indoor Stadium, 34 
 Card Gymnasium, 32 
 Carr Building, 74-5 
 Coombs Baseball Field, 35 
 Craven Quadrangle, 27-8 
 Crowell Hall, 93 
 Crowell Quadrangle, 25 
 
 D 
 
 Davison Building - School of Medicine, 52-4 
 Divinity School/Gray Building, 8-9 
 
 Duke Basic Sciences Research Building, Nanaline H., 59 
 
 Duke Chapel, 4-7 
 
 Duke Computation Center, 59 
 
 Duke Forest, 39 
 
 96 
 
Duke Gardens, Sarah P., 16-8 
 
 Duke Golf Course, 36 
 
 Duke Hospital, 48-51 
 
 Duke Press, 95 
 
 Duke Statue, James B., 1-3 
 
 Duke Statue, Washington, 67-8 
 
 E 
 
 East Campus, 64-5 
 East Duke Building, 69-70 
 Edens Quadrangle, 30 
 Engineering, School of, 44 
 Epworth Inn, 93 
 Eye Center, 61 
 
 F 
 
 Few Quadrangle, 29-30 
 Flowers Building, 20-3 
 
 G 
 
 Geology (See Art/Geology) 
 Gilbert-Addoms Residence Hall, 91 
 Giles Residence Hall, 79 
 Graduate Center, 46 
 Gray Building 
 
 (See Divinity School/Gray Building) 
 Gross Chemical Laboratory, 38 
 Gymnasium, Memorial, 90 
 
 H 
 
 Hanes House for Nurses, Elizabeth P., 47 
 J 
 
 Jarvis Residence Hall, 73 
 
 Jones Cancer Research Center Building, Edwin L., 59 
 K 
 
 Kilgo Quadrangle, 24 
 L 
 
 Language Center, 14 
 Law, School of, 37 
 Library, East Campus, 80-1 
 Library, West Campus (See Perkins) 
 
 M 
 
 Medicine, School of (See Davison Building) 
 
 Mudd Communications Center and Library, Seeley G., 56- 
 
o 
 
 Old Chemistry Building, 14 
 P 
 
 Page Auditorium, 20-3 
 Pegram Residence Hall, 84 
 Perkins Library, 10-3 
 
 Physics Building / Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, 42-3 
 Phytotron, 40 
 
 Pickens Rehabilitation Center, Marshall L, 46 
 R 
 
 Research Park I, II, III, IV, 60 
 
 S 
 
 Sands Basic Sciences Research Building, A. H., Jr., 58 
 Social Sciences Building, 14 
 Sociology-Psychology Building, 14 
 Southgate Residence Hall, 92 
 Sower Statue, The, 66 
 
 Student Activities Building (Athletics), 35-6 
 T 
 
 Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (See Physics) 
 U 
 
 Union, East Campus, 82 
 Union, West Campus, 20-3 
 
 V 
 
 Vita Parcours, 36 
 Vivarium, 60 
 
 W 
 
 Wade Stadium, Wallace, 33 
 Wannamaker Residence Hall, 26 
 West Duke Building, 71-2 
 Wilson House, 79 
 Woodhall Building, Barnes, 49 
 
 98 
 
Duke University Libraries 
 
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