DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 DURHAM. N. C 
 
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 £,u'mrd by TlacTcara ^ JaUa^/r,' ^/y/////." //O- 
 
 
A VIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE, TPtAVELS, 
 
 AND 
 
 PHILANTHROPIC LABORS 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 JOHN HOWARD, 
 
 £j^CliiHHE, L. L. D. F.R.S. 
 
 By JOHN A IK IN, M. D. 
 
 Ill Commune auxilinm uatiiSy ac publicum bonuin, 
 ex quo clubit ciiijuc partem : ttiam ad cnlaniitoJoSy 
 pro portione, improbandos et emeiidandoi , bonitntem 
 fuampermittet, Seneca. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA J 
 PRINTED FOR JcHNOrMROD, B Y W.W. WoODWARI)^ 
 
 Jt FrcMklin's Head, No. 41 , CJb'fntit-Jlr^iU 
 J 7 94* 
 

 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I 
 
 'F it be a juft obfervation, that every man 
 who has attained uncommon eminence in 
 his particular line of purfuit, becomes an object 
 worthy of the public notice, how forcibly mud fuch 
 am^xim apply to that fpecies of excellence which 
 renders a man the greateft benefaclor to his fel- 
 low- creatures, and the nobleft fubjecl of their con- 
 templation ? Beneficence, pure in its intentions, 
 wife and compreheniive in its plans, and a6live 
 and fnccefsful in execution, mufl ever ftand at 
 the head of thofe qualities which elevate the hu- 
 man clparafter ; and mankind cannot have a con- 
 cern (o important, as the diffulion of fuch a fpi- 
 rit, by means of the moft perfect and i-n]:>rcfriv'e 
 examples, in which it has aclually been difplayed. 
 
 Among thofe truly illuftrious perfons who, in 
 the feveral ages and nations of the world, li^v& 
 
 28443' 
 
4 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 marked their track through life by a continuC-d 
 courfe oft^oing good, few Jiave been fo diftinguifh- 
 e^, either by the extent of the good produced, or 
 the purity of jnotive and energy of charafter 
 exhibited in the procefs of doing it, as the late 
 Mr. Howard. To have adopted the caufe of 
 the prifoner, the fick, and the deftitute, not on- 
 \y in his own country, but throughout all Eu- 
 rope ; to have confiderably alleviated the bur- 
 den of prefent niifery among thofe unfortunate 
 clalTes, and at the fame time to have provided for 
 the reformation of the vicious, and the preven- 
 tion of future crimes and calamities ; — to have 
 been inftrumental in the adual eftablifhment of 
 many plans of humanity and utility, and to have 
 laid the foundation for much more improvement 
 hereafter ; — and to have done all this as a pri- 
 vate unaided individual, ftruggling vith toils, 
 dangers and difficulties, which might have appal- 
 led the moft refolute ; is furely a range of bene- 
 ficence which fcarcely ever before came within 
 the compafsofone man's exertions. Juftly, then, 
 does the name of Howard {[and among thofe which 
 confer the higheft honor on the Englifli charac- 
 ter ; and, fmce his actions cannot fail to tranfmit 
 his memory with glory to pofterity, it is incum- 
 bent on his countrymen and cotemporaries, for 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 their own fakes, to tranfmit correfponding me- 
 morials of their veneration and gratitude. 
 
 It would, indeed, be a convincing proof of the 
 increafed uood fenfe and virtue of the age, if 
 fuch characters as this were found to rife in the 
 comparative fcale of fame and applaufe. Long e- 
 nough have mankind weakly paid their admiration 
 as the reward of pernicious exertions, — of talents, 
 often very moderate in themfelves, and only ren- 
 dered confpicuous by the blaze of mifchief they 
 have kindled. It is now furely time that men 
 ihould know and diftinguifh their bencfadlors 
 from their foes ; and that the nobleft incitements 
 to action fliould be given to thofe actions only 
 which are directed to the general welfare. • 
 
 Since the lamented death of this excellent per- 
 fon, there have not been wanting refpedable eu- 
 logies of his character, and fuch biographical no- 
 tices concerning him, as might in fome meafure 
 gratify that public curiofity which is awakened 
 by evcryj*elebrated name. There is yet want- 
 ing, however, what I confider as by much the 
 moft valuable tribute to the memory of every 
 man diftinguiihed by public fervices ; I mean .1 
 portraiture of him, modelled upon thofe circum- 
 ftanccs which rendered him eminent 5 diipiaying 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in their rife and progreCs thofe features of chd« 
 racTter which fo peculiiirly fitted him for the part 
 he undertook, the origin and gradual develope- 
 menr of his great defigns, and all the fuccelTive 
 fteps by which they were brought to their final 
 ftate of maturity. It is this branch of bio^ra- 
 phical writing that alone entitles it to rank high 
 among the compofitions relative to human life 
 and manners. Nature, indeed, has implanted 
 Jn us a defire of becoming acquainted with thofe 
 circumftances belonging to a diftinguiihed cha- 
 raftcr which are common to Iiim and the mafs of 
 mankind ; and it is therefore right that fuch a 
 defire fhould in fome degree be gratified : but 
 to make th^i the principal objecl of attention, 
 v;hich, but for its rlTcciation with fomewhat 
 more important, would not at all deferve no- 
 tice, is furely to reverfe the value of things, and 
 to eftimate the mafs by the cjuantity of its alloy, 
 rather than by that of the precious metal. 
 
 The deftciency which I have flatcd nelative to 
 Mr. Ho'waf'dy it is my prefent objeft^ as far as I 
 om able, to fuppl> ; and however the talk in 
 •fome refpefl may be beyond my powers, yet the 
 advantage I enjoyed of a long and confidenti-al 
 intercourfe with him during the puircation of 
 iis worJvS, r«nd of frequent ccnverfaiion v.itfe 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 khn concerning the part and future objecls of his 
 enquiries, together with the communications 
 with which I have been favoured by lome of 
 his mofl intimate friends, — will, I hope, jufVify 
 me in the eye of the public for taking it on my- 
 felf. I truft I liave already apper^red not infen- 
 fible to his exalted merit, nor indifferent to his 
 reputation- 
 
 One thing more I think it nccefTary to fay 
 concerning this attempt. It has been more than 
 once fuggcfted in print, but, I believe, without 
 any foundation, that a life of Mr. Hoivard n)ight 
 be expected to appear under the (andion and au- 
 thority of his family^ It is proper for me to avow, 
 that this is not that work. The undertaking i? 
 perfeclly fpontaneouson my part, withoutencou- 
 rageiTient from hisrelat'ons or reprefentatives. 
 Mr. Howard was a man with whom every one 
 capable of feeling the excellence and dignity of 
 his chara<5ler, might claim kindred ; and they 
 were the ncarefl to him whom he made the con- 
 fidents and depofitaries of his defigus.. 
 

 A VIEW 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE, TRAVELS , AND PHILANTHROPIC 
 LABORS 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 John Howard, Efq. l.l.d.f.r.s. 
 
 John HOWARD was bom, according 
 to the beft information I am able to obtain, 
 about the year 1727. His father was a'li up- 
 holflerer and carpet-warehoufe man in Long- 
 lane, Smithfield, who, having acquired a hand- 
 fome fortune retired from huiinefs, and had a 
 houfe firft at Enfield, and afterwards at Hack- 
 ney. It was, I believe, at the former of thefe 
 places that Mr. Hoivard was born. 
 
 As Mr. HQ'jjard^% father v/as a flrid Protect- 
 ant dilTenter, it was natural for him to educate 
 his fon under a preceptor of the fajue princir 
 
pies. But his choice for this purpofe was thcf 
 fburce of a lading mibfortune, which, as it has 
 been too frequent an occurrence, defervesparticU" 
 larnotice. There was at that time a fchoohnafter 
 at fome diftance from London, who, in confe- 
 quence of his moral and religious charadler, had 
 been, intrufted with the education of the chil- 
 dren of moft of the opulent difienters in the me- 
 tropolis, though extremely deficient in the qua- 
 lifications requiiite for fuch an office*. That 
 perfons whofe own education and habits of life 
 have rendered them very inadequate judges of 
 the talents necelTary for an inftructor of youth, 
 fhould eafily fall into this error, is not to be won- 
 dered at : but the evil is a real one, thouo^h its 
 caufe be excufeable : and, as frrtall communities 
 •with ftrong party attachments are peculiarly lia. 
 ble to this mifplaccd confidence, it is right that 
 they (houldin a particular manner be put on their 
 
 * I find it afllrtcd in fome memoirs of Mr. Hori^- 
 ardm the IJntvcrfal JSlagazine ,^i\.\2kV this perfon (whofe 
 name is there mentioned) was a man of confidcrable 
 learning, and author ©f a tranllation of the New 
 Tefliment and ot a Latin grammar. Without en- 
 qu'ring how far this may fet afide the charge ot his 
 be ng deticient as an inftructor, \ ihink it proper to 
 fay, tliat my only foundation for that charge is Mr. 
 <^vWx«ij"s own autliority. 
 
( II ) 
 
 guard agninft it. They who know the dlffen- 
 ters, will acknowledge, that none appear more 
 fenlible of the importance of a good education, 
 or leis fparing in their endeavours to procure it 
 for their children ; nor, upon the whole, can it 
 be faid that they are unfuccefsful in their at- 
 tempts. Indeed, the very confined fyftem of in- 
 ftruaion adopted in the public fchools of this 
 kingdom, renders it no difficult taik to vie with 
 them in the attainment of objeds of real utility. 
 But if it be made a leading purpofe to train up 
 youth in a certain fet of opinions, and for this 
 end it be thought, elTentird that the mafter flioulJ 
 be exclufively chofen from among thofe who are 
 the moft clofely attached to them, it is obvious 
 that a fmall community mull lie under great 
 comparative difadvantages. 
 
 The event with refpecT: to Mr. Ho-djard, was, 
 (as he alTuredme, with greater indignation than 
 I have heard him exprefs upon many fubjeas), 
 that, after a continuance of feven years at this 
 fchool, he left it, not fully taught any one thing. 
 The lofs of this period was irreparable ; he felt 
 it all his life after, and it was but too obvious to 
 thofe who converfed with him. From this 
 fchool he was removed to Mr. Eamcs' acade- 
 my ; but his continuance there muft, I con- 
 
( '2 ) 
 
 ceive, have been of ihort duration ; and, whate- 
 ver might be his acquilitions in that place, 
 he certainly did not fupply the deficiencies of 
 his earlier education. As fonie of the accounts 
 publifhed concerning him, might inculcate the 
 idea that he had attained confiderable proficien- 
 cy in letters, I feel myfelf obliged, from my own 
 knowledge, to aflert, that he was never able to 
 fpeak or write his native language with gram- 
 matical correclnefs, and that his acquaintance 
 with other languages (the French, perhaps, ex- 
 cepted) was flight and fuperficial. In eftimating 
 the powers* of his mind, it rather adds to the ac- 
 count, that he had this additional difficulty to 
 combat in his purfuit of the great objeds of his 
 later years. • 
 
 Mr. Ho-ward^s father died when he was 
 young, and be^ijueathed to him and a daughter, 
 his only children, confiderable fortunes. He di- 
 rected in his v/ill, that his fun fliould not come 
 to the pofieffion of his property till his twenty- 
 fifth year. 
 
 It was, probably, in confequence of thcfather^s 
 direction that he was bound apprentice to a 
 wbolefale grocer in the city. This will appear 
 a lingular ilep in the education of a young m?>- 
 
( '3 ) 
 
 of fortune ; but, at that period, inuring youtii 
 to habits of method and induflry, and giving 
 them a prudent regard to money, with a know- 
 Jedgc of the modes of employing it to advan- 
 tage, were by many confidered as the mod im- 
 portant points in every condition of life. Mr- 
 HoiViirJ was probably indebted to this part of 
 his education for fome of that fpirit of order, 
 and IwS^edgc of common affairs, which he 
 pofTefled ; but he did not in this lltuation con- 
 trncl any of tliat love of aggrandifement which 
 is the bafis of all commercial exertions ; and fo 
 irkfome was the eiijployment to him, that, on 
 coming of age, he bought out the remainder of 
 his time, and imniediately fet out on his travels 
 to France and Italy. 
 
 ^On his return he mixed with the wrrld, and 
 lived in the ilyle of other young men of leifure 
 and fortune. He had acquired that tafle for 
 the arts which the view of^e mofl perfecl ex- 
 amples of them is fitted to create; and, not- 
 withftanJing the defects of his education, he 
 was not without an attacliment to reading and 
 the iludy of nature. The d.clicacy of his con 
 Ibtu/ion, however, induced him to take loJ^-. 
 in^s in the country, where for fome tiir.e his 
 
C M ) 
 
 health \vas the principal objed of his attentior.. 
 As he was fuppofed to be of a corifumptive ha- 
 bit, he was put upon a rigorous regimen of 
 diet, which laid the foundition of that extraor- 
 dinary abftemioufnefs and indifference to the 
 gratifications of the palate which ever after (o 
 much diftinguifiied hitn^ It is probable that, 
 from his firll appearance in a flate of indepen» 
 dence, his way of thinking and acting was 
 marked by a certain ilngularity. Of this, one 
 ofthemoft remarkable confequences was his 
 • firft marriage about his twenty-fifth year. As 
 a return of gratitude to Mrs. Sarah Lardsau 
 (or Loiifore J, widow, with whom he lodged at 
 Stoke Newington, for her kind attention to 
 him during his invalid ftate, he propofed mar- 
 riage to her, though fhe was twice his age, and 
 extremely fickly ; and, notvvithflanding her re- 
 monltrances on the impropriety of fuch an uni- 
 on, he perllfted in his defign, and it took place. 
 She is reprcfented as a fenlible, worthy wo- 
 man ; and on her death, three years afterwards 
 (during which interval he continued at New- 
 ington), Mr. Ho^vard was fmcerely afFed:ed 
 with his lofs ; nor did he ever fail to mention 
 her wiih refpecT:, after his fentiments of things 
 may have been fuppofed, from greater com- 
 merce with the world, to hive undergone a 
 change. 
 
His liberality with rerpe<n: to pecuniary con- 
 cerns was early difplayed ; an J at no time of 
 his life does he feem to have confidered money 
 in any other light than as an inflrunicnt of pro- 
 curing happinefs to- himfelf and others^ The 
 little fortune that his wife poffefled he gave to 
 herdfter; and durincr his refidence at New- 
 ington he befloved much in charily, and made 
 a handfome donation to the diffenting congre- 
 gation there, fur the purpole of providing a 
 dwelling-houfe for the niinitlcr* 
 
 His attachment to religion wiis a principle 
 imbibed from his earheft years, which continu- 
 ed fteady and uniform through life* The body 
 ©fChriftian^ to whom he particularly united 
 himfelf were the Independents, and his fyftem 
 of belief was that of the moderate Calvinifts. 
 But though he feems early to have made up his 
 mind as to the do<ftrines he thought beft found- 
 ed, and the mode of worfliip he mod approved, 
 yet rehgion abflradedly coniidered, as the re- 
 lation between maa and his Maker, and the 
 grand fupport of morality, appears to have been 
 the principal objed cf his regard. He was lefs 
 folicitous about modes and opinions, than the 
 internal fpirit of piety and devotion ; and in 
 his eitimate of d liferent religious focieti^s, the 
 
elrcii^nUances to v.-hich he principally attended^ 
 were their zeal and iinccrity. As it is the na- 
 ture of feds in genera], to exhibit more ear- 
 neflnefs in doclrlne, and flriclnefs in difcipline, 
 than the eftablilhment from which theydifiTent, 
 ir is nor to be wondered at that aperfon of Mr* 
 Hoivard^6 difpofition fliould regard the various 
 denominauons of feclaries with predilection, 
 and attach himfelf to their moft diftinguiflied 
 n'lenibers. In Lcndon he feems chiefly to have 
 joined the Baptift congregation in Wild-ftrcet, 
 long under the n:;iiiifl:ry of the much-refpe(fted 
 Dr. Stennett. His connexions were, T be- 
 lieve, leaft with that clafs called the Rational 
 DiHenters ; yet he probably had not a more 
 intimate friend in the world than Dr. Price, 
 who always ranked among them. It was his 
 conftpnt pradice to join in the fervice of the 
 eflabliihment when he had not the opportuni- 
 ty of attending a place of diflenting worfhip; 
 and though he was warmly attached to the in- 
 tereftsof the party he cfpoufed, yet he hqd that 
 true fpirit of catholicifm, which led him to ho- 
 nour virtue and religion wherever he found 
 them, and to regard the means only as thejr 
 T/ere fubfervient to the end* 
 
 He was created a Fellow of the Royal Socie- 
 ty on May 23, 1756. Thrs honour wts not, 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 I prefume, conferred upon him in confequence 
 of any extraordinary proficiency in fcience 
 which he had manifefted ; but rather in con- 
 formity to the laudable praftice of that fociety, 
 of attaching gentlemen ct fortune and leilure to 
 the interefts of knowledge, by incorporating 
 them into their botly. Mr. Ho-ji}ard was not 
 unmindful of the obligation he Liy under to 
 contribute fomething lo the common (lock of 
 information. Three fiiort papers of his are pu- 
 bliflied in the Tranfa^i'tons^ Thefe are,. 
 
 la Vol. LIV. On the Decree of Cold bb- 
 
 £5 
 
 fervcd at Card ngton in the Winter of i "j^sr^^ 
 whenBird.^s Thermometer was as low as lo*. 
 
 In Vol. LVIT. On the Heat of the Vv'aters 
 ar Bath, containing a Table of the Keat of the 
 Waters of the (HiFerent Baths- 
 
 In Vol. LXT. On the Heat of the Ground 
 on Mount Vefuvius. 
 
 This liil may ferve to give an idea of the 
 kind and degree of his philofophical refearch. 
 Meteorological obfervations were much to his 
 tafte ; and even in his later tours, when he was 
 occupied by very different objects, he never 
 
 B2 
 
( i8 ) 
 
 travelled without fome inftrnments for that 
 purpofe. I have heard him like wife mention 
 fome experiments on the cffe6ls of the union of 
 the primary colours in different proportions, in 
 which he employed himfelf ^ith fome aflidui- 
 
 After the death of his wife, in the year 1756, 
 he fetout upon another tour, intending to com- 
 mence it with a vifit to the ruins of Lifbon. 
 The event of this defign will be hereafter men- 
 tioned. He remained abroad a few months ; 
 and, on his return, began to alter the houfe on 
 his eftate at Cardington near Bedford, where 
 he fettled. In jy^S he made a very fuitablc 
 alliance with Mifs Henrietta Lcedsj eldcft 
 daughter of Edward Leeds, Ei'q. of Croxton, 
 Cambridgefliire, lying's ferjcant ; and fiflcr of 
 the prcfent Edward Leeds, Efq. a Mafler in 
 Chancery, and of Joftph Leeds^ Efq. of Croy- 
 don. Willi this lady, who pofTefled in an emi- 
 nent degree all the mild and amiable virtues 
 proper to her fex, he piffled, as I 1 ave cften- 
 heard him declare, the only years cf true cn.- 
 joyment which he h.id known in hfe. Soon af- 
 ter his marriage he purchafcd V/atcombe, in 
 the Ncv; For eft, Hamrriiire, and rcnicvcd thl- 
 
( '9 ) 
 
 ther. Concerning his way of life in this plea- 
 fant retreat, I find nothing characteriftic to re- 
 late, except the (late of perfe(ft fecurity and 
 harmony in which he managed to live in the 
 midil o^ a people, againft whom his prcdecefibr 
 thought it ncceffary to employ all the contri- 
 vances of engines and guns in order to preferve 
 himfelf from their hcitilities. He had, indeed, 
 none o( thofe propenfuics which fo frequently 
 embroil country gentlemen v\ iih tjicir neigh- 
 bours, both fmail and great. He was no 
 fportfman, no executor of tlic game laws, and 
 in no re(}:ctl an encroacher on the rights and 
 advantage^ of others. In polTeGing him, the 
 poor could not fail foon to find that they had 
 acquirt:d a prote(ftor and benefactor ; and I am 
 unwilling to believe that in any part of the 
 world thefe relations are not returned with 
 gratitude and attachment. After continuing 
 at Watcombe three or four years, he fold the 
 place,, and wei:t br.ck to Cardingion, which 
 thsuLeforth became liis fixed i cfidcnce* 
 
 Mi?re he ftead'ily purfucd thofe plans, both 
 with refpcct to the rejvulation cf his perfunal 
 ?r.d fanjily concerns and to the promotion of the 
 good of thoJe arcnnd him, v.hithj:rinc;ple and 
 iuci n:itlcn led him to approve^ TJiou^h without 
 
( 20 > 
 
 the ambition of making a fpiendid appearance^ 
 he had a tafte for elegant neatnefs in his habi- 
 tation and furniture. His fobriety of manners 
 and pecuharities of living did not fit him for 
 niucii promifcuous fociety; yet no man received 
 Ills fel eel friends with more true hofpitality ;. 
 and he always mainiained an intercourfe with, 
 feveral of the firft perfons in his county, who 
 knew and refpeCled his worth. Indeed,however 
 uncomplying he might be with the freedoms 
 and irregularities of polite life, he was by na 
 means negligent of its received forms ; and,, 
 though he might be denominated a man of 
 fcruples and fingularities, no one would difpute 
 his claim to the title of a gentleman- 
 
 But the terms on which he held fociety with, 
 perfons of his own. condition, are of much lei's.' 
 importance in the view I mean to take of his 
 charaaer, than the methods by which he ren- 
 dered himfelf a blelfing to the indigent and. 
 friendlefs in a fmali circle, before he extended 
 his benevolence to fo wide a compafs. It feems 
 to have been the capital objeclof his ambition, 
 that the poor in his village iliould be the moft 
 orderly in their manners, the neatefl in their 
 perfons and habitations, and polTeired of the 
 
( 2" ) 
 
 f^reatefl fliare of tlie comforts of life, that conld 
 be met with in any part of England. And as 
 it was Ijis dirpofition ro carry every thing he 
 undertook to the greatefl pitch of perfed^ion 
 fo he fpared no pains or cxpence to effect this 
 purpofe. He began by building a number of 
 neat cottages on his eftatc, annexing to each a 
 iittle land for a garden, and other convenien- 
 cies. In this proje(5l, vhich njight be confi- 
 dered as an object of rafte as well as of benevo- 
 lence, he had the full concurrence of his ex- 
 cellent partner. I remember his relating, 
 that once, having fettled his accounts at the 
 clofe of ayear, and found a balance in his fa- 
 vor, he propofed to his wife to make ufe of it 
 in a journey to London, or any other o-rati- 
 fication Hie chofe. *' What a pretty cottage 
 U would bnild," was her anfwer ; and the mo- 
 ney was fo employed. Thefe comfortable ha- 
 bitations he peopled with the moft induftrious 
 and fober tenants he could find; and over them 
 he exercifcd the fuperintendence of mafter and 
 father combined. He was careful to furnifli 
 them with employment, to alTifi: them in fick- 
 nefs and diftrefs, and to educate their children. 
 In order to preferve their morals, he made it 
 a condition that they fhould regularly attend 
 their feveral places of worfhip, and abftain 
 
(■ ^^2: ) 
 
 fiom public houfcs, and from fuch amr.rtmcnts 
 as he though: pernicious; ai.d he fecured their 
 compHance with his rules by making ihcm te- 
 nants at uill. 
 
 I fhall here beg leave to digrefs a little, in- 
 order to make fome general obfervations on 
 the different methods that may be propofed for 
 bettering the condition of the loweft and mod 
 numerous clafs among us. In the ftate in which 
 they too frequently appear, deprelTed to the 
 cxtremefl point of indigence, unable by their 
 utmoft exertion: to obtain more than the bare 
 neceffaries of exiftence, debafed by the total- 
 want of inftrudion, and partaking of nothing 
 that can dignify the human charader, it is no- 
 wonder that a benevolent perfon of the higher 
 ranks m fociety fhould confider them as crea- 
 tures of an inferior fpecies, only to be benefit- 
 ed by the conftant exercife of his authority 
 and fuperintendence^ And I believe the fad 
 to be, that, from the operation of our poor 
 laws, and other circumftances, the poor in this 
 country are more thoughtlefs, improvident^ 
 and helplers,than thofe of almoft any other na^ 
 tion. Humanity will, therefore, in fuch a ftatc 
 ©f things, think it necelTary to alTume the entire 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 nianao-ement of thofe who can neither think 
 nor ad for their own good ; and will direct and 
 over-rule all their concerns, juft as it would 
 thofe of children and idiots. In fnort, it will 
 aim at fuch a kind of influence, as the Jefuits 
 of Paraguay eftablifhed, (perhaps with the 
 fame benevolent views) over the iimple na- 
 tives. 
 
 But is this ftate of pupilage to be perpetual ? 
 ?ju\, in a land of liberty and equal laws, is the 
 great body of people always to exift in a con- 
 d.tion of aclualfuhjeclion to and dependence on 
 the few? Are they never to be intruded with 
 their own happinefs, but always to look up for 
 fuppoit and diredion to thofe who in reality 
 are lefs independent than thcmfeJves? This 
 is an idea Vv^hich a liberal mind will be unwill- 
 ing to admit ; and it will anxioufly look for- 
 ward to a period, in which nieannefs of condi- 
 tion Ihall not necefiarily imply deb::fement of 
 nature ; but thofe of every rank in fociety, 
 feeling powers within themfelves lo fecure 
 their eflential comforts, ihall rely upon their 
 own exertion.^;, and be guided by thedi(5lates of 
 their ovv-n realbn. That this is not an imacjn- 
 
 o 
 
 ^ry ftate of things the general ccndition of the 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 loweft clafTes in fome countries, and even in 
 foire parts of England where the working poor, 
 at the fame time that their earnings enable 
 them to procure the comforts of life, are inur- 
 ed to habits of fobriety and frugality, is a fuf- 
 ficient proof. 
 
 There are few counties in Enpland which 
 afford lefs employment to a numerous poor than 
 that of Bedford ; of courfe, wages are low, 
 and much diftrefs would prevail, w ere it not 
 for the humanity of the gentlemen who refide 
 upon their eflates. Among thefcMr. Howard 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by a peculiar attention to 
 the comfort and improvement of his depend- 
 ents ; and he was accordingly held by them in 
 the higheft refpect and veneration. I may 
 add, that he poflelTed their love ; which is 
 not always the cafe with thofe who render ef- 
 fential fervices to the people of that clafs. But 
 he treated them with kindnefs, as well as be- 
 neficence ; and he particularly avoided every 
 thing ftern or imperious iu h's manner tov\ards 
 them. Whatever there might appear of ft:ri«5l- 
 nefs in the difcipline he enforced, it had only 
 in view their beft interefts ; and if under his 
 protection they could pafs a tranquil old age 
 'n their o-.vn comfortable cottages, rather than 
 
end their lives in a work-houfe, the fubordina- 
 tion to which they fubmltted was amply com- 
 pen fated. It is certain that the melioration of 
 manners and principles which lie promoted, 
 was the mofteiFeclual means of eventually ren- 
 dering them more independent ; and I have 
 reafon to know, that, latterly at lead, he was 
 ?.s well affected to the rights, as he was folici- 
 tous to augment the comforts of the poor. 
 
 His charities were not confined to thofemore 
 immediately conneded with his property ; 
 they took in the whole circle of neighbour- 
 hood. His bounty was particularly direded to 
 that fundamental point in improving the con- 
 dition of the poor, giving them a iober and 
 nfeful education. From early life he attend- 
 ed to thisobjecc; and he eilabliflied fchoolsfor 
 both fexes, conducted upon the mofl judicious 
 plan. The girls were taught reading, and 
 needle-work in a plain way : the boys reading, 
 and foms of them writing, and tlie rudiments 
 of arithmetic. They were regularly to attend 
 public worfliipin the way their parents approv- 
 ed. The uu mber brought up in thefe fchools 
 was fluduating, but the inffitutions were unin- 
 terrupted. In every other wny in which a 
 man thoroughly difpofed to do good with the 
 means Providence has bellowed upon him, cau 
 C 
 
C 26 ) 
 
 cxercife his liberality, Mr. Howard ftood 
 among the foremoil. He was not only a fub- 
 fcriber to various public fchemes of benevo- 
 lence, but his private charities were largely 
 difFufed, and remarkably well diredled. It 
 was, indeed, only to his particular confidents 
 and coadjutors that many of thefe were ever 
 knawn ; but they render him the mofh ample 
 teftim.ony in this refpect. His very intimate 
 and confidential friend, the Rev. Mr. Tho- 
 mas Smith of Bedford, gives me the following 
 account of this part of his conduct, at a time 
 when he was deeply engaged in thofe public 
 exertions which might be fuppofed to interfere 
 with his private and local benefadions- '*' He 
 flill continued to devife liberal thino-s for his 
 poor neighbours and tenants; and, confider- 
 ing how much his heart and time were engag- 
 ed in his great and comprehenfive plans, it 
 was furprifing with what minutenefs he would 
 fend home his directions about his private do- 
 nations. His fchools were continued to the 
 laft.^' It isimpoifible any ftronger proof can 
 be given, that the habit of doing good was 
 wrought into his very nature, than that, while 
 his public actions placed him without a rival 
 fordeeds of philanthropy, he fliould ft ill be un- 
 able to fatisfy liis benevolent defires withour 
 
( V ) 
 
 liis accuftomed benefits to his neighbours and 
 dependents. 
 
 Another early feature of that charader 
 which Mr. Howard afterwards lb coiifpicu- 
 oufly difplayed, was a determined refnlancc of 
 hijullice and opprellion. No one could be 
 more firmly relied on as the proteclor of rigut 
 and innocence againft unfeeling and unprinci- 
 pled power. His indignation was roufed by 
 any attempts to encroach or domineer ; and his 
 fpirit led him, without hefitation, to cxpreis, 
 both in words and actions, his fenfe of fuch 
 conduct. As no man could be n:iore perfedlly 
 independent, both in mind and fituation, than 
 himfelf, he made that ufe of his advantage which 
 every independent man ought to do ; — he adt- 
 cd as principle direded him, regardlefs whom 
 he might difuleafe by it ; he ftrongly marked 
 his tlifferentfenfations with refpecl to different 
 chara(flers; and he was not lefs ftrenuous in 
 oppofing pernicious fchemes, than in promot- 
 ing beneficial ones. 
 
 " The love of order and regularity likewife 
 marked the early as well as the later periods 
 of his life; it direcT:ed his own domeftic con- 
 cerns equally with his plans for the benefit of 
 
{ "-8 ) 
 
 ethers. liis clifpolition of time %vas exadt and 
 methodical. He accurately knew the ilate of 
 all his affairs ; and the hand of economy re- 
 gulated what the heart of generofity dilpenf- 
 ed. -His tafte in drefs^ furniture, and every 
 thing exterior, was turned to firnplicity and 
 neatnefs; and this conformity of difpofitioa 
 rendered him an admirer of the feci of Qua- 
 kers, with many individuals of which he main- 
 tained an intimate connection. 
 
 In com^mon with many other benevolent and 
 virtuous characters, he had a fondnefs for gar- 
 tiening, and the cultivation of plants both ufe- 
 ful and ornamental. Indeed, as bis own diet 
 was almoft entirely of the vegetable kind, he 
 liad various inducements to attend to this pleal- 
 jng occupation. That mofl valuable root, the 
 potatoe, was a great favourite v/ith him ; and 
 a remarkably productive fpeciesof it, which he 
 recommended to public notice, was diftinguifh^ 
 cd by his name. His garden was an object of 
 euriolity, both for the elegant manner in 
 -which it v/as laid out, and for the exce.leiice of 
 its producftions; and in his various travels he 
 frequently brought home, and diltributed 
 among his friends, the feeds of curious kinds of 
 cultivated vegetables. . j 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 In this manner Mr. Howard pafled the tran- 
 quil years of his lettled refidence at Cardlng- 
 ton ; happy in himfelf, and the inftrument of 
 good to all around him. But this itate was 
 not long to continue. His domeftic felicity re- 
 ceived a fatal wound from the death of his be- 
 loved wife, in the year 1765, foon after deli- 
 very of her only child. It is unneceifary to 
 fay how a heart like his muft have felt onfuch 
 an event. They who have been witnefTes of 
 the fenfibitity with which, many years after- 
 wards, he recollected it, and know how he 
 honored and cberiihed her memory, will con- 
 ceive his fenfations at that trying period. He 
 was thenceforth attached to his home only by 
 the duties annexed to it ; of which the moft in- 
 terefting was the education of his infant fon. 
 This was an office which ahuoft immediately 
 commenced ; for according to his ideas, educati- 
 on had place from the very firfl: dawn of the 
 mental faculties. The very unfortunate iiTue 
 of his cares, with refpecT: to his fon, has caufed 
 a charge to be brought againft him very deeply 
 auecling his paternal character. That this 
 charge was in its main circumftance faUe and 
 calumQious, has, I truft, been proved, to the 
 fatisfadion of the public, by appeals to facts 
 which have remained uncontrovened. I i] viU 
 C2 
 
C 30 ) 
 
 nor, therefore, go over again the ground of 
 this con troverfy ; but fliall rather follow the 
 proper line of this work, by briefly difplaying 
 Mr. Howard's ideas on education^ and his man- 
 ner of executing them. 
 
 Regarding children as creatures poffefied of 
 ftrong pafTions and defires, v/ithout reafon and 
 experience to controul them, he thought that 
 nature feemed, as it were, to mark them out 
 as the fubjecls of abfolute authority ; and that 
 the lirfl: and fundamental principle to be incuU 
 cated upon them, was implicit and unlimited 
 obedience. This cannot be elleded by any 
 procefs of reafoning, before reafon has its 
 commencement ; aiid therefore muft be the 
 refult of coercion. Now, as no man ever more 
 cfFe^lually combined the leniterin modo with the 
 fortlierin re, the coercion he praclifed was calm 
 and gentle, but at the fame time fteady and 
 refolute. I fhall give an inftance of it which I 
 had from himfelf. His child one day, wanting 
 fomethin(r which he was not to have, fell into 
 a fit of crying, which the nurfe could not pa- 
 cify. Mr. Howard took hKn from her, and 
 laid him quietly in his lap, till, faiigued with 
 crying, he became ftill. This procefs, a few 
 tiyies repeated^ had fuch an effed; that the 
 
C 31 ) 
 
 child, if crying ever fo violently, was rendered 
 quiet the inftant his father took him. In a fi- 
 iiiilar manner, without harfli words and threats, 
 ilill lefs blows, he gained every other point 
 which he thought necelTary to gain, and 
 brought the child to fuch a habit of obedience, 
 that I have heard him fay, he believed his Ion 
 would have put his finger into the lire if he 
 had commanded him. Certain it is, that many 
 fathers could not, if they approved it, execute 
 a plan of this kind ; but Mr. Howard in this 
 cafe cnly purfued the general method which he 
 took to effect any thing which a thorough con- 
 viction of its propriety induced him to under- 
 take. It is abfurd, therefore, to reprefenthim. 
 as wanting that milk of human kindnefs for hi« 
 only ion, with which he abounded for the reft 
 cf his fellow-creatures; for he airredat what 
 he thought the good of both, by the very fame 
 means; and, if he carried the point further 
 with refped to his fon, it was only becaufe he 
 was more interefted in his welfare. But this 
 courfe of difcipline, v/hatever be thought of it, 
 could not have been long pradlifed, fmce the 
 child was early ferit to fchool, and the father 
 lived very little at home afterwards. As to 
 itsefFed on the youth's mind (if that, and not 
 intention, be the circumllance on which Mr» 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 Howard's vindication is to depend), I confider 
 it as a manifeft impofTibility, that controuling 
 the child, fhould have been the cauie of the 
 young man's infanity. If any fuch remote 
 caufe could be fuppofed capable of producing 
 fuch an efFecl, the oppofite extreme of indul- 
 gence would have been a much more likely one* 
 But I think it highly probable, that a father, 
 whofe prefence was afTociated with the per- 
 ception of rcftraint and refufal, (liould always 
 have infpired more awe than affection ; and 
 fhould never have created that filial confidence, 
 which is both the mofl pleafing and moft Valu- 
 ta ry of the fentimeuts attending that relation. 
 And this has been the great evil of that rigor- 
 ous mode of education, once fo general, and 
 ftill frequent, among perfons of a particular 
 perfuafion. I have authority to fay, that Mr. 
 Howard v/as at length fenfible that he had in 
 fome meafure millaken the mode of forming his 
 fon to that cliaraclerhe wilhed him to acquire ; 
 though, with rcfped to his mental derange- 
 ment, I know that he imputed no blame to 
 himfelf on that head. With what parental 
 forrow he was affected by that event will ap- 
 pear in the progrefs of the narration. 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 II*Lving now given i'uch a view cf the tempcp 
 and manners of this excellent perfon, in his pri- 
 vate lituation, as may ferve to introduce him 
 to the reader's acquaintance at the time of his 
 affaming a public character, I Ihall, without 
 further cleluy, proceed to trace him through 
 thofe years of his life, the employment of v. hica 
 alone has rendered him an object of the curioll- 
 ty and auniiratioii of his countrymen. 
 
 In the year i 773, Mr. Howard was nonjinat- 
 cd High-<heriiFof the county of Bedford. An 
 obflacie, however, lay in the way cf his accept- 
 ing that office, concerning which I ihall take 
 the liberty of making a few remarks. 
 
 When a principled DifTenter, whofe condi- 
 tion in life permits him to afpire to the honor 
 of fervMng his country in fome poft of magiflra- 
 cy, reflects on his fitiiation. he finds that he mi^ll 
 make hisele(ftion of one of the three following 
 determinations. He mufl either comply with a 
 religious rite of another church, merely en ac- 
 count of its being niade the condition of receiv- 
 ing the office ; or take upon himfclf the oiHce 
 "v^'ithout fuch coHiplianee, under all the hazard 
 that attends it ; or he muft quietly (It down un- 
 tler that vacation from public charges which 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 the Jdate, in its Nvifdom, has impofed upon him, 
 fatisfied with promoting the welfare of individu- 
 als by modes not interdicted to him. It would 
 be great prefumption in me to decide which of 
 thefe determinations is moft conformable to du- 
 ty. Infae% there is only a choice of difficul- 
 ties, and the decifion between them muft be left 
 to every man's own feelings, which, if his in- 
 tentions be good and honeft, will fcarcely lead 
 him wrong. But it was perfeclly fuitable to 
 Mr. fioward*? charadler to make option of the 
 office with the hazard : for as, on the one 
 hand, no confideration on earth could have in- 
 duced him to violate his religious principles ; 
 fo, on the other, his active difpofition, and 
 zeal for the public good, ftrongly impelled him 
 to afTume a ftation, in which thole qualities 
 might have free fcope for exertion ; and as to 
 perfonal hazard, that was never an obftacle in 
 his way. There may be cafuifts who will con" 
 demn this choice, and regard it as a ferious of- 
 fence againft the laws of his country, to have 
 taken upon him an office without complying 
 with its preliminary conditions. But, I con- 
 ceive, the fmcere philanthropic will rather 
 make a different refledion, and feel a fhock in 
 thinking, that, had ?/[r. Howard been influen- 
 ced by thofe apprehenfions Nvhich would havg 
 
C 35 ) 
 
 Operated upon mod men, he would have been 
 excluded from that fituation, which gave occa- 
 fion to all thofe fervices which he ri^ndsred to 
 humanity in his own country, and throughout 
 Europe*- 
 
 He entered upon his office with the refolu- 
 tion of perforaiing all its duiles with that punc- 
 tuality which marked his conduct in every- 
 thing he undertook. Of thefe, one of the mofl 
 important, though Icaft agreeable, is the in^ 
 fpeclion of the PRiSO^^s within its jurifdiclion. 
 But this, to iiim, was not only an acl of duty, 
 it interelted him as a material concern of huma- 
 nity. 
 
 * The penalties to which Mr, Howard, in this in^ 
 /lance, exliofed himfdlf, are declared in the following 
 claiife of the Teft Ad, which cannot too often be placed 
 before th.' eyes of Britons . ' ' Et}ery per f on that Jhall 
 " neglea or refuje to take the facrament as aforefaidy 
 *' and yet, after fiich neglefi or refufal, Jliall execute 
 *' any of the f aid offices or employments^ and being 
 *' they eupon lawfully con'vilied, Hiall be di fabled to 
 ** fue, or life any action, bill, plauit or information, 
 " in conrfe of law, or to profecute any fiiit in any 
 '■' court of equity, or to be guardian of any child, 
 '* or executor or admiuiitrator of any perfon, or 
 
t S-6 ) 
 
 The attention of Mr. Howard to perfons 
 ^^ iick and in prifon/' is by himielf dated as far 
 back as the year 1756, when he was induced by 
 afmgular, but what I fliould call a fublime, cu- 
 riofity to vilit Lifbon, then lying in the recent 
 ruins of its terrible earthquake. The packet 
 
 *' capable of any legacy or d-eeJ of gift, or to bear 
 '* any otflce ; and fiiall forfeit the fum of five hiin- 
 *' dred pounds, to be recovered by him or them 
 ** that fiiall fue for the fame." — In th:; ddbate on the 
 repeal cftliis ad, the mover-, with much elocfucncey in- 
 troduced the "very cafe of Mr. Howard^ addfeeinedcon- 
 fidenibly to imprefs his audience by the fttppojitien cf 
 Juch a nianfi-fferiiig its penalties , in confeqtience cf 
 an i 1 formation which any villain might lay again]} 
 him. In reply it ivas fail, that, whatever were a 
 fjiaji^s intentions, if he voluntarily contravened a knviun 
 lavj cf his country, it ought net to be reckoned a hard- 
 flip that he incurred the penalties by zihich it was 
 famiioned. And this rtafoning is iindoiibttdly juf, as 
 it rtfpdts the interefl of an individual put in cojnpeti- 
 tion with th^ feciirity of a law. But furtly it is a 
 propir. confideration for tkd l-gifuature , zuhether a 
 law he grounded on thufe principles of equity and g^ene- 
 ral utility which can jifify the impofition of fuch 
 dreadful penalties for the breach of it, ejpecially when 
 experience lias Jliewn, tnat tin nio'l confcientioiu and 
 wdi-irdeiiiionedperfons are mcji liable to incur them^ 
 
\n which he failed being taken by a rrench 
 privarecr, he, with the red of the crew, was 
 firft expcfeJ to all the barbarities exercifid by 
 thofeTicenfed pirates, who polTcfs the right of 
 the fword, not molified by the feelings of gen- 
 tlemen ; and, on his arrival in France, he for 
 a time endured fo:ne of the hardlhips of a pri- 
 foner of w^r, and became acquainted with all 
 the fu{rerinc:s of his countrymen in the fame 
 (iruation. Thefe, on his return to England, 
 he took care to mnkc known to the Commiihon- 
 ers of Sick and Wounded Seamen, who gave 
 him their thanks for his inf(;rmation, and ex- 
 erred themfelves to obtain rcdref^:. It w as im- 
 polible that i\) fceli!v> a Icflon of the calamities 
 i;iiiicled upon the unprotccled clafTes of man- 
 kind, by fellow-creatures *' drelfed in a httlc 
 brief authority,'' fliould fail to make a durable 
 impreihon on fuch a mind awvTr. Howarrl's. 
 
 It war. not, however, till the period of his 
 ferving the otii^e of llierifF, that the diitreifes of 
 thofe confined in the civil prifons of his own 
 country engaged liis particular notice. In the 
 ntrodiiftion to hh State of the Pri/o}is, he has 
 ta the moil unalTuming (implicity, related 
 hegr:.dad pro2;rcf3 of his enquiries ; snd in 
 D 
 
 1 
 
 Wl 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 what manner he was led, from an examination 
 of the gaols in his own fmall county, to an inve- 
 fligp.tion of all the circumflances belonging to 
 this branch of police throughout the kingdom. 
 
 The firO: thing which ftruck him, was the 
 enormous injuftice of remanding to prifon for 
 the payment of fees, thofe who had been ac- 
 quitted or difcharged without trial. As the 
 magiflrates of his county, i hough willing to re- 
 **», drefs this grievance, did not conceive them- 
 felves pofl'efl'ed of the pow er of granting a re- 
 medy, Mr. How ard travelled into feme cf the 
 neighbouring counties in fcarch of a precedent. 
 In this fearch, fcenes of calamity and injuftice 
 ftill opening upon him, he went en, and paid 
 vifits to mod of the county gaols in England. 
 Some peculiarly deploj-able objects coming- in 
 his view, vvho had been brought from the 
 Bridewells, he was induced to enter upon an 
 examination of thefe places of connnement ; 
 for Vvliich purpofe he travelled again into the 
 counties he had before fecn, and into all the 
 reft, vifitiag H^ufes of CorredioUp City and 
 Town Gaols. 
 
 He had carried on thefe inquiries with [o 
 much aHiduitv, ihat lo early as March 1774, 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 he was defired to communl-.ate his inrcrmation 
 to the Houfe of Commons, and received their 
 thanks. As he was then little known, I can- 
 not nuich wonder that lb extr.iordin-iry an in- 
 llnnce of pure and active benevolence was not 
 nniverfally comprehended even by thnt patri* 
 otic body; for a member thought fit to aflc him 
 '' at whofe expcnce he tra veiled ?" a queftion 
 which Mr. Howard could fcarcely anfwer 
 without fome indignant emotion?. Snon after 
 this pubhc tefiiirjony given to the exigence of 
 great abui'es and ckfects in our priforks, a very 
 worthy tnembcr, ?.Ir. Popbairj, brought into 
 the Houfetwo h:]h, one *^ for the relief of ac- 
 quitted prifoners in matter of fees'* — the other 
 ''for preO.Tving the health c5> prifoners.'^ — 
 Thcfe fahunry acts pafTed d'jring the f.imc CtT- 
 fion, and made a commencement of thofe re- 
 forms v.'hich have fince been fo much extend- 
 ed. Mr. Howard, aware of the great tlefici- 
 ency of tlie mode of promulgating laws among 
 us, had thefe ads printed in a ilifferent cha- 
 racter, and fent to every keeper of a county- 
 gaol in England. 
 
 In this year he was induced, by the urgent 
 perfuafions of his neighbours and friends of the 
 town of Bedford, to (land candidate, in con- 
 
ilO 
 
 junction v.'ith Mr. V/hitbreaJ, rx? ve-prcitui 
 that borough in parliament. No t\\ o pcrions 
 could be better entitled to the cfltem of a 
 town ; and ihey were very warmly fupported 
 inaconteft, which however terminated in tiie 
 return of two other gentlemen. Mr. Whit- 
 bread and Mr. Howard petitioned the Pcyfe 
 againfl the return ; and ihe event v/as, that 
 the former, and one of the fitting members, 
 Nvere declared duly defied. To thofe who are 
 acquainted with the conftitution of that bo. 
 rough, it will not appear extraordinary, that 
 a perfon poffefling the attachment of a majority 
 of the inhabitant voters fnould lofe his election. 
 This, however, was a moft fortunate circum- 
 ftance for -the public ; fmce, if Mr. Howard 
 had obtained a fest in the Houfe of Commons, 
 his plans for the reformation of prifcns, muft 
 Iiave been brought v. ithin a narrow compafs ; 
 and the collateral inquiries, which, [o greatly 
 to the advantage of humanity, he afterwards 
 adopted, could never have exilted. 
 
 It was Mr. Flov.^ard's intention tohavepub- 
 
 . lifhedhis.account of Englifli Prifons in fpring 
 
 1775 ; but as he was fenfible, that to point out 
 
 defers, without at the Hmie time fuggefting 
 
 remedies, would be of little advantage, he 
 
C 41 ) 
 
 thought it beft to exniijine with his own eyes, 
 what had been aiftually pur in pracli^e with re- 
 ipect to this part of pojire, in fame of the mofl: 
 enhghtened countries on the continent. Ac- 
 cordingly, in that year he vifited Frni:cc, Flan- 
 ders, HolLmd, and Germany ; and in 1776 rc" 
 peated iiis vifit to thofe countries, m:d alio 
 went to Switzerland. In the intervals ]:e 
 made a journey to Scotland and Irelanti, and 
 revifited the county-gaols and many others In 
 England. 
 
 Thus furnillied with a ftcck of information 
 greater thin had ever before been collected on 
 tills fubjed ; and, indeed, probably greater 
 than any man had, in the fame fpace cf tiine, 
 ever collecled on any fubjecl that required fi- 
 milar pains ; he ofFercd it to the pr.blic in 1777 
 in a quarto volume of near iijoo pages, dedicat- 
 ed to the Houfe of Cosimjons, by w-ay of grate- 
 ful acknowledgment for the honor conferred 
 on him by tlieir thanks, and for the attention 
 they h^d beftowed on the bufinefs. Before I 
 proceed to give an .'iccount of this work, I fliall 
 jjuftobferve, that fo zealous was Mr. Howard 
 to diiTnfe infor.nation, and Co determined to 
 obviate any idea that he meant to repay his 
 
 expences by the profitable trade of Book.- 
 
 r>2 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 making, that, befidcs a profufe iinmilicence in 
 prcfenting copies to all the principal perlons 
 in the kingdom, and all his particular friends, 
 he infifted on hxing the price of the volume fo 
 low, that, had every copy been fold, he would 
 fiill have prefented the public v/ith all the 
 plates, and great part of tlic printing. And 
 this practice he followed in all his fubfequent 
 publications ; fo that, with literal propriet)^, 
 he may be faid to have given thera^ to the 
 world. By the large expences of his journey, 
 charities and publications, he has made himfclf 
 even a greater pecuniary benefactor to mankind 
 than can readily be paralleled in any age or 
 Country, his proportioned circumftances confi- 
 dered. Yet how fmall a part was this of the 
 facrifices he made I 
 
 He chofe the prefs cf Mr. Eyres at War- 
 ringtpn, induced by various elegant fpecimens 
 which had iflued from it, and by the opporiu- 
 nity a country prefs afforded^ of having the 
 work done under his own infpeiftion, at his 
 0wn time, and v/ith all the minute accuracy 
 ef correction he deterniir.ed to beflow on it. 
 I may alfo fay, tliat an opinion cf the advan- 
 tage he might there enjoy of fome literary 
 iiHillance in the reviilon and irriproN-eriient Qi 
 
i 43 ) 
 
 his papers, wns a hrihcv ir.otive. To this 
 choice I V. as indebted i or that intiiijate per- 
 ibnal acquaintance with him, which I Ihall 
 ever efte^m one of the inoft honourable cir- 
 cumflances of my hfe, and the llvel)^ recol- 
 Jecl'on of which wij], I trufr, never quit rnc 
 while memo y remains. He relided in War- 
 rington during tlie wliole time of printing, 
 and bis attention to bufmers was n. oft inJtfati- 
 gable. During a very fevere winter he 
 n)ade it hi.spradJceto riic at uivee or four in 
 the" morning, for tjie purpofe of collating 
 every word and figure of his daily proof flieet 
 with the cri<T"rai. 
 
 o 
 
 As I thought it right to mention Ur. How- 
 ards literary dcfieiencies, it is become ne- 
 cefTary to inform the public of the n^.anner in 
 which his works v^erc coinpofed. On his re-^ 
 turn from his tours he took all his memoran- 
 dum-books to an old retired fricr.d of his, 
 who afhftcd iiim in methodizing them, and co- 
 pied out the wliole matter in correct language. 
 They v. ere then pur into the hands of Dr- 
 Pri*;e, from whom they underwent a revifi- 
 on, and received occalioiiajly confiderablc 
 alirrations. What Mr. Howard iiimfelf 
 thought of the advantages they derived from 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 his alTiftance, will appesr from the following 
 pafTages in letters to Dr. Price. '^ I anv 
 *^ alhamed to tiiink how much I have accumii- 
 '^ lated your labors, yet I glory in that affift- 
 " ance to which I owe fo much credit in the 
 *' world, and, under Providence, fr.cccfs in 
 *^ my endeavours.'^ _ ~— '^ It is from your 
 '•' kind aid and afiiflance, my dear friend, 
 " that I derive {o much cf my charader and 
 *' influence. I exult in declaring it, and 
 •* fl]a]l carry a grateful fenfe of it to the laft 
 *' hour of my exiftence.''— -With his paper? 
 thus corrected, Mr. Howard came to the prefs 
 at V/arrington ; and fivPc he read them all over 
 carefully with me, which perufalw^as repeated, 
 fheetby iheet, as they vrere printed. As new 
 facts r.ndobfervations were continuallyfuggefl'- 
 ingthemfelves to his mind, heput thematter of 
 them upon paper as they occurred, and then 
 requeued me to clothe them in fuch cxprefii- 
 ons as I thought proper. On thefe occafions, 
 fuch vv'ns his diilidence, that I found it diiii- 
 cult to ;nakc him acquicfce in his own lan- 
 guage when, as frequently happened, it was 
 unexceptionable. Of this additional matter, 
 fome w'ds interwoven v/ith the text, but the 
 greater j^art was necelKirjly, thrown into notes, 
 which in fomc of his volumes^ are nimis.- 
 rous. 
 
the Prl'lrs iu ErglanJ ar.d IVnlts ; wlih prrli- 
 mitiary CiJuvai'yjTiSy c:nd an Jc count of J'ome 
 Fortign PrijonS' , It begins "with a general 
 View uf Di'Irefs in Prifons, ihcv.ir.g in vhat 
 rcfpcc'ls tliofe of Lngiand are deHcicnt in the 
 ariicIcG (jf fooJ, •.-. atcr, bcdJing, snd freiij air ; 
 and that the moruls cf the prironers are to- 
 tally neglected, the moA criminal and aban- 
 doned being (nfFcred to corrnjn the yonnf,cr 
 and Icf:; practiced. Notice is alfb t.ikcn of 
 the gaol-fever, a di^e;^^e \yLich hi.s in a pe^u- 
 liar iiianner infeAed the prifons of this conn- 
 try, aud hr.s ar various :ii>tes fpre.id its rava- 
 ges from the in antong our conrts of judica- 
 ture, our. fleets, and armies. The author's 
 next fection is en Bad Cuilon'.s in Prifons, un- 
 der which he takes riOtice of the den: miu of 
 garnifh, the pennifrion of gaming, the ufe of 
 ircns, the pracTice cf varying the towns where 
 the sfllzes arc held, the local unfrcquency cf 
 gaol-delivery, the fees iVdl demanded by ckrks 
 of afiize ar.d ot the peace, the non-refidency 
 of gaolers, the crowding of gaols with the 
 wives and children of prifoners, and the cir- 
 cuniftnnce of fonie gaols being private proper- 
 ty. From this, and the foregoing feet on, 
 everv one r.uifl be convinced of the di-eadful 
 
( 46 } 
 
 flate of OLir police in this importsnt matter, 
 and the abfolutc neceflity for a reformation. 
 For proof that the complaints here made in 
 general terms are not unfounded or *exagge- 
 rated, he properly refers to the fiibfequent 
 account of particular gaols, where they are 
 too abundantly vfrified. lie concludes the 
 fecond feclion with an enumeration of all ihe 
 prifoners in England and Wales, under their 
 feveral c'afle^ v/ho, in 1776, amounted to 
 4084, a number much lefs than feme vague 
 conjectures had ftated, yet fuffic'ently great to 
 demand the ferious attention of the legifla- 
 ture, efpecially when it is confidcrcd that 
 every man in prifon maybe reckoned to have 
 two dependents on him tor fupj^ort. 
 
 Mr. Kovv-ard's tljird feaion offers propof- 
 ed Improvements in the StrucVure cand Ma- 
 na<jenu-nt of Frifons. He begins with ob- 
 fervations on the prifon itfelf, with refpecl to 
 itsfituaiion and plan, the latter of which is 
 illuftrated by an engraving. He then pro- 
 ceeds to that mod eflential topic, the reguli;ti- 
 ons. Thefe he confiders under the fcvcral 
 heads of gaoler, chaplain, furgeon, fees, 
 clecnlinefs, food, bedding, rules and orders, 
 and infpettor. Ke much infills upon the ^^e- 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 ceflity of abloiutely taking away the tap from 
 tlie keepers of prifons, the pofrefTion of \\ hicli 
 was obvioufly the caufe of promoting intem- 
 perance and riot, from the intcreft it gave 
 the keeper in fuch ii'regularities. In lieu of 
 this fuurce of profit, he propofes a liberal ad- 
 dition to the falaries of this officer, the im- 
 portance and refpectability of whoTe employ 
 lie every where inculcates. He makes a Se- 
 parate article of Bridewells, the original pe. 
 nitentiary-houfes of the country, and plan- 
 ned with much wifdom, but .which, by long 
 nci^left and abufe, were become rather a nui- 
 fancc than an advantage to the police. In 
 many cf theiw, thougli the perfons confined 
 were fcntenced to hard labour, no work cf any 
 kind was done ; and this ftate of idlenefs, w4th 
 the company of hardened criminals, proved to 
 be a mod eiTeclual method of conipleting the 
 corruption of young and petty olFenders. Va- 
 rious excellent remarks and fuggtilions arc 
 given in the whole of this feclion, which con- 
 tains the ground-work of all improvement 
 in the economy of prifons and houfes of cor- 
 rcxlion. 
 
 In fecL. IV. Mr. Howard gives an account 
 of- Foreign Prifoiis ; not of all he had feen,- 
 
( -48 ) 
 
 butof fiich only as afforded matter of indruc- 
 tion ; nor in tliefe does he notice the frauds 
 and Jefc'fiS' he obferved^ for he fays, '* the 
 '' redrefs and inveftigation cf foreign Kbiifes 
 '* was not i^y object. '^ The countries of 
 which the priions are defer ibed are France, 
 Switzerland, Germ-any,' Holland, and Flan- 
 ders. In the firil, the fufpicions pol'cy which 
 then prevailed would have rendered it very 
 difficult for him to have obtained rxccfs lo the 
 interior part of the prifons, had he not avail- 
 ed himftlf of a benevolent rule, which per- 
 mits any perfon to didribute ahiis to the pri- 
 foners Vv'ith his own hands. A fpirit of order 
 and preciiion, tempered v/ith hunianity, was 
 obfervablc in the condncl of this department, „ 
 the regulations of Vv'hich were fi::ed by a very I 
 compreheiifive and jud.cious code contained 1 
 in an arret of 1717- In Switzerland, the 
 reparation of male and female prifoners, the 
 foiitary conftiieiiient of felons, zud the em- 
 pioyment cf thofe calkiJ galley-flaves, are 
 circumitances deferving notice. The Ger- 
 man prifoni: are regulated in a fimilar man- 
 ner ; and the houfes of correc^iion at Man- 
 h^iin, riamburgh, and Bremen, afford ufeful 
 examples of order and indullry. But it is in 
 ilollandthat ti]^ pjrpofe of reforming crimi. 
 
( 49 ) 
 
 Tialsby a courfe of tlifcipHne is carried into execu- 
 tion with moft care and cffecl:. Few debtors and 
 few atr^'cii us offenders rre to be found there ; 
 and the rafp and rpin-houfes contain the great bo- 
 dyofprifoners. The regulations of tbefe are gi- 
 ven in detail, and the different employments of 
 the prifoners in different towns are particular- 
 ly noted. Holland appears to be IV^'. How- 
 aril's great fchool, to v.hich we flmll fee that 
 lie was never wearied in returning. The 
 Auftrim Netherlands olier fome of the largcft 
 eftubliihments of the penitentiary kind, ani 
 prove the poilibiliry of managing a great num- 
 ber of criminals fo as to make them ufcfnl to 
 ths date, and decent in the:r behaviour, by 
 the aid of Head/ difcipline and feparaie con- 
 firicmeiit at night. Ivlr. Howard faw, what 
 I fuppofe was then ccemed a-ii iinpolfibility in 
 England, in the houfe of corredion at Ghent, 
 near 190 ftout criminals governed with as 
 ranch apparent eafe as ths moft fober and 
 wcll-JTpofed afTembly in civil focicty. The 
 regulations of this prifon are dcfcrvedly give;i 
 at fome length. Mr. Howard concludes this 
 fection with a forcible and manly sppeal to 
 his countrymen with rel^Decl to the compariroii 
 he was obliged to exhibt between foreign and 
 KngU.'h pjlice in this point, fo unfavourable ro 
 
{ 5° ) 
 
 the latter; calling upon his reader to judge, 
 from the fads laid before him, '^ whether a 
 defign of reforming our prifons be merely vi- 
 fionary ; and whether idlenefs, debauchery, 
 difeafe, and famine, be the niscelTary attend- 
 ants of a prifon, or only conneded with it in 
 our ideas, for want of a more perfe<fc know- 
 ledge and more enlarged views.'' 
 
 Sedion V. takes up the greateft part of the 
 book. It contains a particular account of En- 
 glifli prifons, arranged according to the cir- 
 cuits, and comprifmg every county in Eng- 
 land and Wales. The mode adopted is very 
 well contrived for the eafy confultation of 
 magiftrates and other perfons concerned. Eve- 
 ry principal prifcn in London, and every 
 county and city gaol, has the leading facls ref- 
 pecling it difpofed in a fliort table under the 
 four heads of gaoler, prifoners, chaplain, and 
 furgeon. A brief defcription follov/s of fitua- 
 tion, plan, meafurements, &c. with fuch re- 
 Jiiarks, either of approbation or cenfure, as 
 the circumftances fuggefted. Lifts are given 
 of legacies and benefaflions ; and all tables of 
 fees, and rules and orders, are copied verbatim* 
 Next to thefe, are concife accounts of all the 
 county Bridewells, arid the town gaols and 
 
 f 
 
( 5t ) 
 
 Bridewells, wlrh occafio'ial rerarl^G. The 
 work is clofed by ibnie tables relative to 
 fees ar.d numbers, cr^.^es and punilbments of 
 criminals. A fnort concluti^.n terniinates the 
 whole, in which the author apologizes for the 
 languaoe of cenfure'he h^s fo o^en been com- 
 peircdToufe, enumerates the Uading objects 
 requiring reform, and proniifcs, that if fuch 
 a thorough parliamentary enyiiry into this 
 great obje-.l:, as alone can prove eireclual to 
 put It upon a proper footing, fhould be un- 
 dertaken, he would devote his time to a mori 
 extenfive foreign journey, for the fake of ob- 
 taining new information to lay before the pub- 
 lic. 
 
 I cannat difmifs the account of Mr. Ho\t- 
 ard's firft and great work^ without a few re- 
 fleiftions, to which the contcmpUtion of it 
 gives rife. And firft, we may derive from it 
 a clear idea of the capital objeiSts which the 
 author had at heart refpecling prifoners 
 Thefe were, to alleviate their miferies, and 
 correct their vices. As to the former purpofe, 
 he confidered that men, partaking a common 
 nature^ have certain claims upon their fellow- 
 creatures which nothing can entirely abro- 
 gate : — that even the higheft degree of crimi- 
 
{ 52 ) 
 
 nallty does nat abfolutely exclurJe compallioH 
 towards the perpetrators of criiues, elpecially 
 when fuiferiivj under their cfFeds ; — thnt as 
 no man paiTes through life without fome de- 
 viation from ftricl rectitude, fo none has lived 
 without the performance <W^ foinc good adions 
 -i*and that, although hunlan hiws inuft draw 
 a line between inch circumftances of conduce 
 as do, or do not, come witliih their cognizance, 
 yet there is a tribunal before wliich all man- 
 kind niuPi: appear as -culprits, cnly diilinguidi- 
 ed. by the degree of delinquency. lie further 
 confidered, that among the inmates of a pri- 
 fon there is every polfible degree cf moral de. 
 merit, from the mere inconfiderate violation 
 of lome hard, ill-underllood, local law, to the 
 deliberate breach cf the moft facred and uni- 
 vcrfal rule of action; and that a great number 
 sre. in the eye of the law, innocent pcrfons, 
 only under a temporary fbate of confinement, 
 till their condu5l is properly inveftigated. 
 From tJufe difFcTent views of the fubjecl, he 
 convinced hirafelf, tha^ it was the duty of 
 every fociety to pay due attention to the 
 health, and, in fome degree, even to the com* 
 forts, of all who are held in a (late of confine- 
 ment ; — that wanton and unnecelTary rigour 
 Hiould be pradifed upon none ; — and that fonnc 
 
( 53 ) 
 
 were entitled to all the indulgencies compati- 
 ble with their condition. It was, however, by- 
 no means his wifh (as fome chofc to reprefent 
 it) to render a prifon fo comfortable an abode, 
 that the loweft order of fociety might find 
 their condition even bettered by admiffion in- 
 to it. On the (jontrary, the fyftem of difci- 
 pline which he defired to eftablifh, was fuch 
 as would appear extremely grievous to thofe 
 of an idle and licentious difpofition. For, 
 whenever imprifonment was made the punifli- 
 meht of a crime, his idea of reformation be- 
 came a leading principle in the regulation of 
 prifons ; and it was that which coffc him the 
 chief labour in coUecling and applying fatfls. 
 To accomplifli this end, he fliewed that thefe 
 things were eflential ; — ftricl and confliint fu- 
 pcrintendence — clofe and regular employment 
 — religious inftrudion — rewards for induilry 
 and good behaviour, and penalties for (loth 
 and audacioufnefs — diftribution intoclalTes and 
 divifions according to age, fex, delinquency, 
 ,^c. — and occafional and noclurnal folitude- 
 In laying down thefe regulations, lie njight be 
 thought to have given way to a certain aufte- 
 rity, Vvcre it net fo tempered by attention to 
 the real demands of human nature, and fane- 
 tificd by a regard to the befl intercds of cf« 
 E 3 
 
C 54 ) 
 
 fenders themfelves, that the frIenJ of maii- 
 isind was ever apparent, even in the Icricl dif- 
 ciplinarian. He extremely lamented that the 
 plan of reformation feemed, of all parts of his 
 fyflem of improvement, leaft entered into cr 
 underllood in this country* , The vulgar ideji 
 that our criminals are hardened and abandon- 
 ed beyond all polfibility of amendment, ap- 
 peared to him equally irrational and pernicious* 
 He fcorned, through negligence or difpair, to 
 give up the vrorft cafes of mental corruption ; 
 he fully believed that proper remedies, duly 
 adminiflered, would recover a large fnare of 
 them ; and he thought it the greatcft of cru- 
 elties to confign a foul to perdition, withoiit 
 having njade every effort for retrieving it. 
 Merely to get rid of ccnvicis by execution cr 
 perpetual banifnment,, he regarded as a piece 
 of barbarous policy, equally denoting Vv'ant of 
 feeling, and deficiency of refource ; and het 
 had not fo much Englifh prejudice about him, 
 as to fuppofe, that a fyftem not adopted ioi 
 this country was therefore abfurd or imprac- 
 
 My fecond.ta of reflection is the flriking- 
 proof this work affords of the extenfive benefit: 
 arifing^frcm a free prefs. Ey it^ means we fci^- 
 
( 55.) 
 
 an iRdivid'jal, enjoying neither roysl nor mi- 
 ciilerial patronage, but Iblely borne up by ar- 
 dent zeal lor the public good, and the rclonr- 
 ces of his own mind and fortune, enabled not 
 only to lay before the world complete infern-i- 
 ation concerning a moft im})ortant and little 
 known fubjecT:, but, in fome meafure, alfo to 
 enforce the corrccftion of ahufes, by bringing 
 before the bar of the public thofe by whole 
 negligence or criminality they had beenfoder- 
 cd. For as the hifl:ory of mankind has flicwn 
 on the fine hand, that palpable injuftice and 
 mifmanagement, even in an abfolute govern^ 
 ment, cannot long liand their ground againft 
 the odium of an enlightened public ; fo, on the 
 other, it has proved, that even hi free conftin 
 lutions, notwithftanding all their boafted checks 
 and balances, very grofs abiifcs may long pre^ 
 vail, unlefs they are placed in open day, and 
 fubmitted to the cenfure of the nation at large. 
 Jtis fcapcely, I think, to be doubted, that the 
 freedom we enjoy in this country, and the ul- 
 tin-'ate defeat of every pernicious projccl, are 
 lefs owing to the mechanifm of our conflituii- 
 on, than to the habitual pradice (rather af- 
 furned by the fpirit of the pecple than grant- 
 ed by the laws) of fubjcding every pixblic mca- 
 foe to popular dUcuirion by means of the j.rcf&» 
 
C 56 ) 
 
 From this ready communication of facls and 
 opinions, it has happened, that many nfeful 
 defigns and improvements have among us orir 
 •ginated from perfons who had neither power 
 ijor intereft of their own, but whofe plans 
 were adopted in confequence of the public con- 
 viftion. The refpe«ft paid to Mr. Howard's 
 virtues, abilities, and induftry, placed him in a 
 manner at the head of the department in which 
 he had engaged as a vohmteer ; and this, not 
 only in his own country, but afterwards, in 
 fome me^fure, throughout Europe. Though 
 in exercifnig the office of a cenfcr he was fupe- 
 rior to the fear of giving offence, yet he ever 
 obferved the utmoft delicacy in marking out 
 individuals as objects of blame. He boldly and 
 forcibly difplayed the abufe, but left it to thofe 
 more immediately concerned, to take notice of 
 the delinquent. It cannot be queftioned, that 
 numbers looked with an evil eye upon his keen 
 tefcarchcs and free deteclions ; but boiy could 
 they venture, before the public, to confront a 
 jnan Vv'hofe alTertions were correcb, whofe in- 
 tentions were above all fufpicion, and whofe 
 life would fbnd the fevereft teft ? May this 
 example animate all future friends of mankind 
 >vith a noble confid^r.^c becoming their caufe ? 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 The Houfe of Commons now took isp, v, ith^ 
 laudable z?a], tjie imjportaiu burii3ef5> of rcgula- 
 tii\r thepj-ifons; and in th? draught cf a bill 
 *• to puniili by iinprifon;nent and hard labour 
 certain offenders, and to eRablifh proper places 
 fjr their reccpuon/' the plan was formed npoa 
 the Kafp and Spin Hoafcs ia Hoihiad- Mr. 
 Ilovvard was now called upoji by h's proir.ife, 
 as well ashis indinition, to mnke a new lour 
 f jr the pjrpofe of acqairing fre!h and niore 
 exad information. He, accordingly, in April 
 xyj$f went over to Holland, and revilited 
 •uith the greatcft attention the wcdl-condaAed 
 eftablifhrnents of the penitentiary kind in the 
 United Provinces. Thence he travelled into 
 Germany, t-:khi^ his courfe throngh Hanover 
 and Berlin, to Vienna. From this capital he 
 proceeiled to Italy l;y X^enice ; and, having 
 Y^onz as far foath as Niples, rcturnedby the 
 v/eftern fide of that country to Switzcrbnd. 
 Thence he purfued the courfe of the Hhine 
 tlirough Germany ; and, cro.Tmg the Low 
 Countries to France, returned to England in 
 January 1779. During the fpring and fum- 
 mer of this year he made another complete 
 tour of England and Wales, and likevyifc 
 took, a journey through Scotland and Ire* 
 land. 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 The labours of thefe two years were cer- 
 tainly not lels productive of ufefiil information 
 than his former journeys. In feme refpecls 
 they were more valuable, ilnce, being now 
 fully mafterof his fubjecl, and acquainted with 
 the means of procuring the befl intelligence, 
 he purfued his inquiries with greater eafe and 
 efFect. He was now, too, a diftinguiflied cha- 
 rader in Europe, and might venture to alTume 
 that kind of authority, to which the colledion 
 of facls, interefting to all civilized nations, 
 feemed to entitle him. It is here proper to 
 mention, that although he often found it ne- 
 ceilary, efpecially when treading new ground* 
 to avail himfelf of recommendations to pcrfons 
 high in rank and office ; yet that he much pre- 
 ferred, when he could praclife it, carrying on 
 his refearches as an unknown individual, whofe 
 bufmefs was not fufpefted, and who took fuck 
 times and opportunities of making his vifits, as 
 "fecured him againlt any thing like difguife or 
 preparation. And it was his general cuilom, 
 after he had once obtained acccfs to a prifon 
 by the prefencs and interpbfition of authority, 
 to flay fome time in the place, or revifit it, for 
 the purpofe of renewing his enquiries fingle 
 and unexpected. Thus careful was he to guard 
 againft deception ; and with fuch coolnefs of 
 
( 59 ) 
 
 inveftigation did he execute a defigii which it 
 required lb much ardour of mind to conceive. 
 
 I fhall not, however; conceal, that Tome, 
 fcnfible and not uncaudid obfervcrs of his con- 
 dud have thought him too apt to be prejudic- 
 ed by firll imprefnons, the effedls of which it 
 appeared extreme!}^ difficult to remove ; and 
 they have alio charged him with fome times 
 giving undue credit to perfons of inferior con- 
 dition, at tlie places where he v. as making his 
 inquiries; and likewife with being .ipparently 
 better plcafed with hnding occafion to cenfurc 
 than to commend. If, in a few inftanccs, 
 there may have been grounds for thei'e impii- 
 tations (as nothing human is without its de- 
 feds), yet I think his works may, on the whole, 
 be confidently referred to, as proving, by an 
 immenle mafs of allowed and uncontradicted 
 fads, the accuracy of his reprefentations. It 
 is likcwKe tobe conlidsred, that, as abufcs in 
 general proceed from luperiors, it was not 
 likely that a fair account of them fliould be 
 obtained from that quarter : and, as his great 
 purpofe was to correct, it is natural that his 
 attention luould have been more drawn to 
 what was wrong than what was right. A 
 Kercules who went about in order to contend 
 
( 6o ) 
 
 with rr.onftens ^^d litde to do with the h\r 
 forms of civil life. Yet nuiierous inilances 
 of liberal praife may be found in his works, cf- 
 ■pUvdUy where he could propofe the object of 
 it U3 un ex-^iaple proper for imitation. 
 
 The tours now befcre us were likewlfe ren- 
 dered richer i:i utility by the comprehenfion cf 
 ajiuther great objecl, that of hofpitab. To 
 thefe inditutions of hiiraaiiity Mr. Kovvard 
 had long been attached ; he had been a pro- 
 moter of them, and atteutive to their improve- 
 ment; and in his journies through this king- 
 dom, he had fel do m failed t;6 vliit the lioipi- 
 t-als and inurmaries fituated in our priiicipal. 
 towns. He had aUo, in his tlnl publicai'^n, 
 taken curfory notice of a few which hs law 
 nbroad. But he now made them an avowe4 
 cbjecl of his exsmination ; a circumfiance, it 
 may be fuppofc'd, not a little ujeafing to his 
 medical friends. P'or, although the knowledge- 
 colle.l:ed by a profeifional man vvith ilmilar. 
 opportunities Vvould, doubtlefs, have been 
 more applicable to the pnrpofe of fcience, yet 
 miitter of fact, accurately ftated- by a feniible 
 obferver, muH: ever have its valiie. Ijefides, 
 "V^heii c:.n we expect to fee the fp'rlt and quali^ 
 
( 6. ) 
 
 ties of a Howard, iinitetV ^^ ^'^^ ^' ^^^ 
 
 profeilioii; ^'hh his fortuns and ieiiure 
 
 frP? 
 
 The fruit of all this refcarch appeared in the^ 
 year 1780, in an Appendix to the State of the 
 Prifons in England and Wales ; containing a 
 further acconnt of foreign Prifons and Hofpi- 
 tals, with additional remarks on the Prifons of 
 this country. It is a qur.rto volume of about 
 two hundred pages, with feveral plates. The 
 •work begins with the foreign prifons and hof* 
 pitals, and Holland takes the lead, fince a main 
 object of the journey was a minute account of 
 the excellent regulations of thehoufc3 of cor- 
 rC'flion in that country. M.my of the rules, 
 die^aries^ 8-:c. are copied ; and on quitting the 
 country, Mr. Howard gives his teflimony to 
 the large fit^ld of information on this fubject 
 that it affords, and lays, that he knows not 
 which moll to admire, " the neatnefs and 
 cleanlinefs appearing in the prifons, the icduf- 
 try and regular conduct of the prifoners, or 
 the humanity and attention of the magiftrates 
 and governors." He takes little notice of the 
 hofpitalsfor the Tick in Holland, not approving 
 their mode of keeping patients fo warm, and 
 excluding ths frsih air. At Berlin the re- 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 gnlariM^ and frrlL^lifers of the police fiiews the 
 ruling fpirit of the great Frederic. A work- 
 houfe here is conducted in the beft Dutch mode. 
 "\~ienna affords little to commend in its prifons ; 
 on the contrary, its horrid dungeons feenj the 
 abode of the extremeft human mifery. Scarce- 
 ly any thin^^ in Mr. Howards defcriptions is 
 more touching than the following p.icl:ure : — 
 '^ In one of the dark dungeons, down twenty- 
 four fteps, I thought I had found a perfon 
 ^vith the gaol -fever. He was loaded with heavy 
 irons, and ctiahied to the wall : anguifti and 
 mifery appeared with tears clotted on his face. 
 Ke was not ci'pable of fpeaking to me ; but, 
 on examining his breafl and feet for Petechise, 
 or fpots^ and finding a ftrong intermitting 
 pulfe, I was convinced that he v/as not ill of 
 that diforder. A prifoner in an oppoGte cell 
 told me, that the poor creature had defired 
 him to call for afhftance, and he had done it, 
 but w:as not heard*.'* The charities of this 
 
 * Thisfcene is the fuhjea of the froutif piece to Mr, 
 Haley's OUe to Mr. Howard ; and it is better drawn 
 
 in the follcwiKg f:a-iza of that perfcrmance. 
 
 Where in the dungeon's loaihjome fiade 
 The fpeethhfs captive clanks his chain. 
 With heartlefs hope to raife that aid 
 Uisfct:l!e cries have caU\l in vain : 
 
( 63 ) 
 
 city, chiefly founded by the late Eniprcfs 
 Oiieen, are much more p!eafir>g fubjecVs of de- 
 fcription. 
 
 Ml*. Howard ejuered Italy with high expec- 
 tations of improvement from its numerous thii- 
 ritnble inlLitutions and public edifices ; nor 
 docs it appear that he was altogether difup- 
 pointed, as this country affords him a pretiy 
 long and interefling article. The govern- 
 ments in which a fpirlt of improvement and at- 
 tet:tion topublic objects, fecm uioft to prevail, 
 are thofe of Milan and Tufcuny. The hofpi- 
 tals in Italy afford fome novelties and ufeful 
 hints ; but there appears to be a great differ- 
 ence amonu; them as to clcarilincis and "-ood 
 management. Rome and Ivlilan liave well 
 conducted houfcs of correction, of which plans 
 and defcriptions arc given. In a room of the 
 former is infcribed a fentencc, which fo admir- 
 ably exprelTcd Mr. Howard's idea concerning 
 the purpofc of civil policy relative to criminals, 
 that he would, I believe, almoft have thought 
 
 T/iine eye his diim) cojnplaint explores; 
 
 Thy voicj /u's parting breath vdj tort's ; 
 
 T/iy cares his ghajiiy infags char 
 
 From death'' s chill devj, zvith many a clottedtiar^ 
 
 A>:d to his thankful foul returning life adcar. 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 »t worth while to have travelled thither for 
 thit alone. Parvm est coercere improeos 
 
 POENA, NISI FRCBCS EFFICIAS DISCIFLINA. It 
 
 is douig little to reflrahi the had hy punlJJjmentp 
 :oiiefs you render them good by dlfcVpllrie, The 
 galleys belonging to various (lates in Italy, and 
 ufed for pnnilhracnt, may be ufefuUy compared 
 v.'irhour hulks. 
 
 The weftern fide of Germany offers fome 
 good regulations in its houfes of corredion ; 
 bat in general, the police of this country is no 
 objed of imitation. The dungeons of Liege 
 prefent pidures to the imagination, more dread- 
 ful, if poiTible, than thofe of Vienna. ''In de- 
 fcenJing deep below ground," fays Mr. Kow. 
 zrdf ''fl heard the inoans of the miferable 
 v.'retches in the dark dungeons. The fides 
 and. roof v/ere all (lone. In v.-et feafons, water 
 from the fofTes gets into them, and has greatly 
 damaged the (loors.'* — • — ^' The dungeons in 
 the nevv' prifon are abodes of mifery flill 
 more ihocking ; and confirjement in them fo 
 overpowers human nature, as fometimes irre- 
 coverably to take away the fenfes. I heard 
 the cries of the diflracled as I went down to 
 them.'' Surely the Liegois cannot be blamed 
 for endeavouring to place civil authority in dif- 
 
( «5 ) 
 
 ferent hands from thofe who thus outraged the 
 feeJings of human nature I 
 
 The additional notices of France are diftin- 
 guifhed by an account of tlie Ballille, cxtraC^tfd 
 from a fcarce pamphlet, which Mr. Howard 
 procured, not without hazard, and a tranflation 
 of the whole of which he likewife printed, "e 
 had reafon to believe, that this expofure to all 
 Europe of the horrid fecrets of this '* prifon- 
 houfe," was a caufe that his after vilits to that 
 country were attended with no fmall dinger 
 to his liberty ; and it was once not improbable 
 that Mr. Howard fhould have been in the nun - 
 her of thofe victims whom the demolition of 
 thatfortrefs of defpoLifm reftored to hght and 
 freedom. What a triumph mull it have been 
 to him, to have learned, that the frowning 
 towers, which could not be approached or even 
 gazed at, without offence, were levelled to the 
 ground, as the firft jacrifice to the recovered 
 rights of a generous nation 1 It is ren^arkable, 
 that France v/as of all countries that in v/hich 
 lie found incel'igence concerning the prilons 
 and other government eftablifljments, n-.oft dif- 
 ficult to be obtained ; and this union of the 
 f'ufpicious rigour of the police v,ltlithe exterlcr 
 
 gaiety and frivolity of the national cbarcicler^ 
 F 2 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 gave him no fmall difgiift. It h to be prefiim- 
 <jcl, that the change in their conftituticn will 
 fcften this contrafl into a defirable harmony be- 
 tween the principles of the adminiflration and 
 the manners of tlie people. 
 
 Great Britain being then at war with 
 France, Spain, and America, Mr. Howard 
 could not be unmindful of that clafs of honour- 
 able prifonersto wiiich he himfeU had once be- 
 longed. He very attentively vil;ied the Eng- 
 lilh prifoners of war confined in Calais and 
 Frcj^-ch Flanders, noting down their complaints 
 and all the particulars of their treatment. He 
 alfo, £s I have been well informed, clothed at 
 his own expence, feveral who had been niip- 
 wrecked on the French coaft in the dreadfiil 
 dorm of December 31, 1778, and were left 
 almbil naked. He likewife exerted himfelf in 
 ciiTuading the men from enlifling with the 
 French, who were endeavouring to feduce 
 them ; by which he greatly oiFended the per- 
 fons in oiRce there, who could not imagine 
 that he acted in all this as a private man, but 
 Vvcre (Irongly perfuaded that he was a fecret 
 a^^renr or fpy of the Englifn government. This 
 n:; rural fuppoiliion may ferve as feme apology 
 
\X 67 ) 
 
 for the fufpicion and illiberality with which ke 
 was conflaiitly treated in that country. 
 
 On his return to England, wiih the trnc 
 fpirit of a citizen of the world, he p::d imme- 
 diate vifits to the French, Spaniih, and Ameri- 
 can pril'oners of war in thisconntry ; nor did 
 he forget thoxc in Scotland and Ireland. The 
 refults of his obfervarions, o-iven with themofi 
 perfecl in)partiality, fnccced the accovin: of fo- 
 rei<Tn prifons and hofpirals ; and it cannot be 
 doubted th.n tiiey had confiderable effect in 
 alleviating the unavoidable hardiliips of war. 
 
 Mr. Howard next g'ves a brief account of 
 what he obferved wortiry of notice in his tours 
 throu<^h Scotland and Ireland. The fornfer 
 country being governed by a different fyflcm 
 of municipal law from that of England, aflord 
 fome ufeful remarks concerning imprifonment 
 for debt, the form of admir.iflering an oath, 
 and the mode of condu<fting executions. Ire- 
 land has not been at all behind-hand with the 
 fiiier kingdom in paiJing ads for the liberal im- 
 provement of its prifons; but there did 
 not, at that time, appear an equal attention 
 in magiftrates to put them in execution. 
 Some remarks here introduced^ conceruin^r the 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 practice of recruiting the army out of the gaols, 
 Will be thought important by thofe, who wifli 
 that the clals of armed citizens fnoulcl be re- 
 fpeclable, in proportion to iis confequeuce. 
 
 The next article relates to the Hulks on the 
 Thames. Thefe, at their firft inftitution, had 
 been extremely unhealthy, in confequence of 
 faults which Mr. Howard pointed out in his 
 former work- Their ftate was now much 
 mended by means of parliamentary interfe- 
 rence ; yet, on the whole, it was not a mode 
 of imprifonment and erx'iployment which met 
 with his approbation. Some further remarks 
 qn the Gaol-fever fucceed ; v.'hich, in addition 
 to the general caufes of want of frefli air and 
 tleanlinefs, lie attributes to fuch a Tudden 
 change of diet and lodging as breaks the Spi- 
 rits of convidls. This correfponds with the 
 medical doctrine of the tffe^ of debilitating 
 caufes, in producing fevers of the typhus kind ; 
 yet it feems fuch a caufe as cannot v.'cll be 
 avoided. 
 
 The remainder of the book is occupied by a 
 frefli furvey of the prifons in England and 
 Wales, in which fuch changes as had taken 
 place fjnce his former publication are r^ncd. 
 
c % ) 
 
 with occafional obfervaticns. The reader Vv-ill 
 remark with pleafure, that in n:;Gft parts of 
 the kingdom, various ufcfji akcraticris had 
 been made fince the period in which Mr. 
 Howard began his enquiries ; and the great 
 fhare he ha.d in occalioning them will be uni« 
 verfally admitted. 
 
 His conclurion exprelTcs fatiff^clion with the 
 refult of his labours; and mentions, that it 
 had been his intention now to retire to the . 
 tranquil enjoyment of that competence Provi- 
 dence had beftowed on him, but that the ear- 
 ned perluafions of tbofe who thought him 2 
 proper perfon to fuperintcnd one of the great 
 plans he had fo much recommended, had in- 
 duced him ftili to devote his time to the pubjic. 
 Concerning this matter, it is proper to enter 
 into an explanation. I fliali only firft menri- 
 on, that, together with this Apendix, there 
 was printed a new edition, in oclavo, of the 
 State of the Prifons, with which all this addi- 
 tional matter was inter ivoven. 
 
 An acT;for eftabliiliii-!^ Penitentiary Houfes, 
 on which much labour and thought had been 
 beftowed by men of great ability, pailed in 
 
1779. -^'Y ^^^^^ ^'^^} three rupcrvilbrs were ap- 
 pointed for the piirpofe of i'liper in tending the 
 fcxecr.tion of the biiildip.gs. The whole king- 
 dom would naturally turn its eyes on Mr. How- 
 ard, as the firil perfon whofe fer vices fi:ould 
 be engsged 011 this occs'icn ; but it was not x^n 
 eafy tafic to obtain his acouiefcence. Anicrg 
 other objections^ his extreme delicacy, with 
 refpecl to pecuniary emolument, flood in his 
 way; and even the moderate falary annexed 
 to this office, leemed to him fcarcely compati- 
 ble with the abfolujre difintereftednefs of con- 
 duit he had maintained^ and was determined to 
 preferve, during the whole of his labours. At 
 length, however, the folicitations qf his friends, 
 particularly of the late Sir W. Blackftcne, the 
 great promoter cf the defign^ together with a 
 confcioufnefs of the fervice he might render 
 the public in this ftation, overcame his relud- 
 ance. Kaving refolved 10 accept of no falary 
 for hirofelf, and having made the afTociation of 
 his highly-refpefted friend. Dr. Fothergill, a 
 condition of his compliance, he, with the Doc, 
 tor, and ?*'Ir. Whately, treafurer of the 
 Foundling-hofpital, \fere nominated by his 
 Majefty as the three fupervilbrs. The firft 
 matter for their determination was, fixing on 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 the fpot where the two penitentiary houfes for 
 the i^etropolis fhould be erecled. Various fi- 
 rnations were propofed, and Mr. -Howard paid 
 due attention to all the plans, by vifiting the 
 fpots, and maturely conlidering ail circuin(tan- 
 ces favourable and objectionable. The refult 
 was, that his opinion and that of Dr. Fother- 
 gill coincided in giving a preference to Illing- 
 ton, for reafbns which he has ftated in his laft 
 publication. Mr. Whately preferred the iitu- 
 ation of limehoufe. By the death-bed advice 
 of Sir W. Blackftone, the two friends adhered 
 to their opinion ; but the matter was made an 
 affair of obflinate contention, and remained 
 undecided during the year 1780. At the end 
 of ij: Dr. Fothergill died ; upon which event, 
 Mr. Howard, forefeeing that the want of the 
 fupport of fuch a colleague would render his 
 future interference ufelej's, lent his refignation 
 of the oiiice of fupervifor in January 1781, in 
 a letter to Earl Bathuru:, which he has 
 printed. 
 
 Now that Mr. Howard had freed himfelf 
 from the engagement, which feemed to be the 
 only obdacle between him and that elegant i;^- 
 tJ-eat which for fo many years he had inhabited, 
 it might naturally be imagined that he would 
 
( 72 y 
 
 ill down in repofe, for the remainder of bis 
 life, fatisfied with the unparalleled and fuccefs- 
 ful exertions he had niade for the relief of the 
 moildiftrefled portion of mankind ; and thence- 
 forth employ hinifelf only in thofemore confin- 
 ed deeds of beneficence which he had ever 
 pracblfed. But it was a leading feature in his 
 character, not to be content with any thing 
 ihort of the greateit perfection, which every 
 object of his purfuit was capable of attaining — 
 and this principle could fcarcely fail of applying 
 itfelf to a fubjecl: fo important as that which 
 had for fome years occupied his attention. — 
 Though his researches in th(jie foreign coun- 
 tries whi«h promifed mof!: information, might 
 have been fuppoled to have exhauftcd that 
 fource of improvement, yet, on iurveying fo 
 large a tract of Europe as yet unvifited, he 
 could not be fatisfied to remain unacquainted 
 with the ufeful facts relative to his purpofe, 
 which might poiTibly lie there concealed. And 
 he was convinced, that every nev/ vilit, even 
 to places already examined, would aiTord new 
 iiiitruction. . 
 
 . It was therefore no furprife to thofe who 
 intimately knew him, to learn, that in the 
 fummer of 1781 he v/as fet out on a tour to 
 
C n ) 
 
 the capitals of Denmark, Sweden, RulTia, and 
 Poland, with the further intention of revifitin^ 
 Holland and part of Germany. From this 
 tour he returned towards the clofe of the 
 year. I have before me a letter of his to a 
 friend (the Rev. Mr. Smith, of Bedford, dat- 
 ed jMofcow, September 7, 1781, whence it 
 appears, that thefe parts of the world were 
 lefs fuitable to his mode of living than the 
 countries through which his former travels 
 lay. '^ I thought {hys he) I could live where 
 any man did live ; but this northern journey, 
 cfpecially in Sweden, has pinched me: no fruit, 
 no garden -ftuiF, four bread, four milk: — but 
 in this city I find every luxury, even pine- 
 apples and potatoes." He mentions having 
 declined every honour that was offered him at 
 Peterfhurgb, even that of a foldier to attend 
 him on his journey; and fays, that he will not 
 leave Mofcow, till he has made repeated vifits 
 to the prifons and hofpitals, fmce the firft: man 
 in the kingdom had alTured him, thai hispubli- 
 cation would be tranflated into Ruffian. 
 
 The year 1782 he was employed in another 
 complete furvey of the prifons in England, and 
 
 another journey into ScotlaLd and Ireland 
 
 The Iriili Houie ot Common shavingappointed 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 a gaol- committee, he reported to it the (late of 
 feveral of the prifons in Dublin. Other objects 
 in that Ifland alio engaged his attention, of 
 which an account will be given hereafter. 
 
 Spain and Portugal yet remained untouched 
 ground. Confidering how much the fpirit of 
 religious bigotry and civil defpotifm has thrown 
 thefe countries back in the progrefs of modern 
 Improvement, much inftru6tion was not to be 
 €xpe(n:ed from them ; yet the very circum- 
 ftance of their difference from the reft of Eu- 
 rope made their fyfteras of police an object of 
 curiofity. He failed to Lilbon in February 
 1783, and proceeded thence by land into Spain> 
 paffing from Badajos to Madrid, and through 
 Valladolid, Burgos, and Pamplona, to France. 
 From this laft country he returned through 
 Flanders and Holland to England. Travelling 
 in Spain is afevere trial of patience to thofe 
 who have been accuftomed to eafy conveyance 
 and luxurious indulgencies ; but Mr. Howard's 
 wants were eafily fatisfied. *' The Spaniards, 
 ffays he, in a letter to the fame friend) are ve- 
 ry fober, and very honeft ; and if a traveller 
 ■can livefparingly, and lie on the floor, he may 
 pafs tolerably well through their country. *' 
 From Lilbon to Madrid he could leldom get 
 
( 75 ) 
 
 the Iii5?ury of milkwuh his tea ; but one morn- 
 ing (he tells his friend) he robbed a kid of two 
 cups of its mother's milk. He remained, how- 
 ever, in perfect health and fpirits ; and receiv- 
 ed that mark of attention which he moft of all 
 valued, a free accefs to the prifons of all the 
 cities he vifited, by means of letters to the ma- 
 giflrates from Count Campomanes. 
 
 After a (liort repofe on his return from this 
 tour^ he made another journey in the funmier 
 of the fame year into Scotland and Ireland, 
 and again vilited feveral of the Englifli pri- 
 fons. 
 
 His materials had now once more accumulat- 
 ed to fuch a mafs, as to demand communicati. 
 on to the public. During the laft three years 
 his labours had been even greater than in any 
 former equal period ; yet it could not be ex- 
 pected, that the matter abfolutely new which 
 he had collected fliould be proportionally great- 
 It was however, enough, to employ him very 
 clofely during feveral months of the year 1784, 
 in printing an Appendix, and a new edition of 
 the main work, in which all the editions were 
 comprifed. The Appendix contains all the 
 matter of that of 1780, together with what 
 
C 76 ) 
 
 had fince accrued. Of the latter I now pro- 
 eeed to give iome account. 
 
 Several new houfes of correction are def- 
 cribed under the head of Holland, the coun- 
 try which Mr. Howard ever found the moft 
 fertile fource of inilruction in this branch of 
 police. The plan of the large new work- 
 lioufe of Amflerdam muft be well worth ftu- 
 dying, as affording hints for the conftru(fl:ion 
 of penitentiary houfes. Germany has the ad- 
 dition of the prifons of Hanover and Bremen, 
 a minute account of the great and well regu- 
 lated work-houfe at Hamburg, and flaort no- 
 tices concerning Silefia. Of the northern 
 kingdoms which he now firft vifited, it may in 
 o-eneral be obferved, that their models, as well 
 with refpect to police, as to mode of living, 
 have been Holland and Germany; but their 
 poverty, and the rigour of their climate, have 
 made them degenerate in their imitations. In 
 particular, they are extremely deficient in 
 cleanlinefs and induftry. The new articles, 
 therefore, of Denmark and Sweden, though 
 valuable for the information they contain, yet 
 afford little or nothing of inftrudion. The 
 vaft empire ofRuflia, lately emerged from ob- 
 fcurity to take a commanding itation in tho 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 fyftem of Europe, and governed by uncontrol- 
 ed power, at prefent dire6i:ed by a fpirit of 
 magnificent improvement, could not but offer 
 in its inflitutions various things worthy of no- 
 tice. Its police refpecling criminals, its pri- 
 fons, hofpitals, and places of public education, 
 are briefly mentioned by Mr. Howard ; bu: he 
 has found little to propofe as an example for o- 
 ther countries. The regulations of the great 
 convent at Peterlburgh, for the education of 
 female children of the nobility and common- 
 ers, are given in detail, and afford fome falu* 
 tary rules for the prefervation of the health of 
 young perfons, and for promoting habits of 
 cleanlinefs and temperance. The plan and 
 delcription of a magazine for medicinal herbs 
 atMofcow, will be a pleafing novelty to moft 
 readers. Mr. Howard had been anticipated. 
 in his furvey of the prifons and hofpitals of tfie 
 northern kingdoms, by that well-informed 
 traveller, Mr. Coxe, who publiflied a pamphlet 
 on the fubjed: in 1781, here referred to with 
 commendation. The fliort head of Poland con- 
 tains little biit a teftimony to the neglected 
 and wretched (late of public inftitutions in thai-, 
 ill-governed country. All travellers have 
 concurred in fimilar reprefentations of the 
 v^hole fyllem of affiiirs, internal and external^ 
 G z 
 
( 78 ) 
 
 in that unhappy feat of ariftocratical tyranny • I 
 fo that it may be prefumed, their does not ex- 
 ift fo determined an enemy of innovation as not 
 to rejoice in the change of conflitiuion which 
 has lately been effeded there, by means of the 
 filent and peaceable progrefs of light and rea- 
 fon. 
 
 There are various additional articles under 
 Flanders, one of which relates to a great al- 
 teration for the worfe in the houfe of correc- 
 tion at Ghent. A once flouriihing manufaclo- t 
 ry carried on in the prifon was at an end ; and I 
 the allowance of victuals to the prifoners was 
 reduced in quantity and quality. In the ac- 
 count of a very oftenfive prifon at Lille, Mr» 
 Howard exprelTes his grateful acknowledg- 
 ments to Providence for his recoveiy from a 
 fever causht there of the Tick. 
 
 The account of Portugal is almofl: confined 
 to the prifons andhofpitalsof Liihon ; the fiate 
 of which, upon the whole does credit to the 
 government. The employment of about a 
 a thoufand vagrant and deferred children in 
 a manufaclory, is one of the nicft obfervable. 
 circumflances* 
 
 J 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 Spain, which has been long diftinguiilicd 
 for its charitable eftablifhments, affords like- 
 wife in its criminal police, many things deferv- 
 ing of attention ; though the fpirit of rigonr 
 and feverity is perhaps too apparent, aajidft 
 much laudable order and exadnefs. The houte 
 of correction at Madrid, called San Fernandc/, 
 may vie with fome of the beft regulated infti- 
 tutions of this nature ; and the Knfpicio, a 
 kind of work-houfe, in which exter.five nianu- 
 fadories are carried on, is a good example of 
 the union of employment with confinement. — 
 The account of the charitable Ibciety of the 
 Hermandad del Refugio, who patrole the 
 ftrectshi tlie evening, for the purpofe of invit- 
 ing deflitnte wanderers to a comfortable fup- 
 per and night's lodging, will excite pleafir.g 
 fenfations in ihe breall of every lover, ol hu- 
 Kianity. The prisons of the inquiiition, thcl'e 
 objects of horror and dereftation to every Pro- 
 teltant, and now, probably, to moil Catholics, 
 excited great curiofuy in Mr. Howard, of 
 which liowever, all hi: elForts could only pro- 
 cure a partial gratification. Yet he has been 
 able to communicate enough concerning thofe 
 of Valladolid to form a linking piclure of tei - 
 ror. On the whole, the predileclicn he had 
 longemertained fortiie Spaailh charadi^r, was 
 
C 80 ) 
 
 not diminifhed by his vifit to the country ; nor 
 does he leein to have thought his pains in ex- 
 tending his inquiries to it, ill bellowed. The 
 additional notices in France, chiefly relate to 
 the Paris hofpitals. It is tieedlefs to dwell on 
 thefe, lince a very accnrate delcription of them 
 has lince been given ni a capital work by M* 
 Tenon. 
 
 To the acconnt of foreign prifons and hofpi- 
 tals, fucceeds a frelh furvey of the prilbners of 
 war. 
 
 The new journies to Scotland, now extend- 
 ed as far as Tnvernefs, afford Httle but cenfure 
 for the negled of the prifons in that country. 
 Under Ireland are introduced additional re- 
 marks on the faults and abufes f^ill obfcrvable 
 in the prifons there. Notwithflanding a very 
 fpirited exertion of the legiflature to amend 
 their ftate, by framing good a(fls for their re- 
 gulation. But, *^ quid leges fme moribus, &:c.'' 
 The horrid effect of that cheap poifon, whif- 
 ky, upon the health and morals of the lower 
 clafles in that country, are noticed by Mr. 
 Howard with much indignant difguff. A new 
 object of attention occurred to him in the two 
 laft vifits to Ireland, — the Proteftant Charter 
 
( Si ) 
 
 Schools, a noble foundation, but v.hich he 
 found funk into wretched abufe, notwiih- 
 ftanding the patronage and fnperintendance of 
 the firll perfons in that kingdom. Erroneous 
 accounts of them, publiihed by a committee, and 
 authorized by being annexed to a printed fer- 
 mon of a prelate in tlieir favour, were detecled 
 by Mr. Howard on his vilits to fome of them, 
 and are expofcd \\ith his ufual freedom. 
 
 Further accounts of the Hulks follow. To 
 the remarks on the gaol-fever, Mr. Howard 
 adds the information, that in 1782 he did not 
 find one pcrfon in this kingdom alFecled with 
 that difeafe ; but that in 1783 he had the 
 mortification to obferve feveral prifons, thro* 
 original bad conftrnction and neglect, rclapling 
 to their former ftate. So eflential is a plan of 
 conftant vigilance and infpedion, to countera<ft 
 the lamentable tendency to abufe in all public 
 inftitutions ! This principle of corruption and 
 decay in every thing human is fo incelfantly ac- 
 tive, that, if not redded by the timely efforts of 
 reformation, all the contrivances of wifdom 
 againil natural and moral evils, would, like the 
 dykes of Holland, perpetually Tapped and worn 
 by the force of th3 elements, fall into irremedi- 
 able ruin. 
 
C 82 ) 
 
 The remainder of this volume is taken up 
 with a review of all the Englifh prifons, toge- 
 ther with particulars of ail the alterations 
 which they had undergone fmce the laft- pubh- 
 cation. The reader will be gratified in find- 
 ing, from the number of new prifons, and new 
 buildiiio-s and conveniencies added to the eld, 
 that the counties in general had by no means 
 been deficient in liberal attention to this great 
 objed, fince it had been brought forward and 
 aided by Mr. Howard's indefatigable exertions. 
 At the conclufion; among the tables, is a fketch 
 of general heads of regulations for penitentiary- 
 houfes, which will be highly ufeful in fuggeft- 
 ing a complete body of rules and orders for 
 fuch eflabliflmients, if ever they iliould again 
 be thought of in this country. 
 
 The printing of this copious Appendix, to- 
 gether with a complete edition of his State of 
 the Prifons, into which all the additions were 
 incorporated, making a large and clofely print* 
 cd quarto volume, occupied much of Mr. 
 Howard's time in the year 1784. The re- 
 mainder of that, and the greater part of the 
 next year, do not appear marked with his 
 public fervices. They were, I believe, chief- 
 ly employed in domeftic concerns, of which 
 
( «3 ) 
 
 the choice of a proper place of education fur 
 his fon, now riiing towards manhood, was one 
 that moft intereftedhiin. But the habitude of 
 carr5ing on refearches in:o an object, which 
 by long poflelhon had acquired deep root in 
 his mind, together with a new idea, collate- 
 rally allied to it, which had ftruck him, at 
 length impelled him once more' to engage in 
 the toils and perils of a foreign journey. 
 
 He had obferved that, notwithftanding the 
 regulations for preferving health in prifons 
 and hofpitals, infectious difcafes continued oc- 
 cafionally to arife and fpread in them : he had 
 alfo in his travels remarked the great iblici- 
 tude of feveral trading nations to preferve 
 therafelves from that moft deftructive of all 
 contagious diftempers, M^P/i^^wf; and, at the 
 fame time, he was well apprized of the rude 
 and neglected ftate in which the police of our 
 own country is left refpeding that object# 
 Combining thefe ideas, he thought that a vifit 
 to all the principal Lazarettos, and to counv 
 tries frequently attacked by the plague, might 
 afford much information as to the means of 
 preventing contagion in general, as ^-ell a3 
 particular inftruction concerning efcabliihments 
 for thepurpofe of guarding againft peitilential 
 
( 84 ) 
 
 infection. His intent, therefore, was nothing 
 lefs, than to plunge into the mio'ft of thofe 
 dangers which by other men are fo anxioufly 
 avoided ; toiearch out and confront the great 
 foe of human life, for the fake of recognizing 
 his features, and difcovering the niofi efficaci- 
 ous barriers againft his afianlts. Who but 
 muft be ftruckwith admiration of the firmncfs 
 of courage, and the ardour of benevolence, 
 which could prompt fuch a defign ! As a proof 
 of his own idea of the hazards he was to en- 
 counter, it may be mentiened, that he refolv- 
 ed to travel iingle and unattended ; not think- 
 ing it juflifiable to permit any of his fervants 
 to partake of a danger to which they were not 
 called by motives fimilar to his own. 
 
 It was towards the end of J 7 85 that Mr. 
 Howard fet out upon this tour, taking his way 
 through Holland and Flanders, to the fouih 
 of France. As, from the jealoufy and dif- 
 pleafure of the French government, he was 
 not able to obtain permifiion to vifit the efla- 
 blhhments there, or even to gain alTurance of 
 per Ton al fafety, he travelled thrcugh the 
 country as an Engliih phyfician, never took 
 his meals in public, and entrulted his fecret 
 only to the proieflant miniilers. In a lettfir 
 
C 85 ) 
 
 from Nice to the friend above-mentionied, 
 dated January 30, 1786, he acquaints him 
 with thefe circumftances, and fays, that he 
 was five days at Marfei'les and four at Teulon . 
 and, as it was thought that he could not gee 
 out of France by land, he embarked in a Ge- 
 noefe vsffel, and was feveral days ftriving a- 
 gainfl: wind and tide. They who at prefent 
 conduct the government of France, I am per- 
 fuaded, will blulh at the idea, that a Howard 
 was obliged to conceal his name and purpofe 
 while carrying on in their country inquiries 
 which had no other aim than the good of man- 
 kind ! 
 
 , From Nice, Mr. Hovv-ard went to Genoa, 
 Leghorn, and Naples, and to the iflands of 
 Malta and Zante. He then failed to Smyrna, 
 and thence to Conftantinople. I have* been 
 favored with a letter of his to Dr. Price from 
 ihis metropolis, dated June 22, 1786, fome 
 .^xtrads from which I fliall prefent to the rea- 
 der. 
 
 '' After viewing the eFeds of tbe earth- 
 
 quake in Sicily, I arrived at Malta, where I 
 
 repeatedly vifited the prifons, hofpitals, poor- 
 
 Iioufes^ and Uzarcttos, as I (laid thre« weeks. 
 
 H 
 
( 85 ) 
 
 From thence I went to Zante : as they are all 
 Greeks, I wiihed to have feme general idea of 
 their hofpitals and prifoiis, before I went into 
 Turkey. From thence, in a foreign fliip, I 
 got a padage to Smyrna. Here I boldly vjfited 
 the hofpitals and prifonr. ; but as foine accidents 
 happened, a few dying of the plague, feveral 
 flirunk at me. I came thence about a fort- 
 night ago. As 1 was in a miferable Turk^s 
 boat, I was lucky in a pnfTage of fix days and a 
 half. A family arrived juft before me, had 
 been between two and three months. 
 
 ^' I am forry to fay fome die of ';he plague 
 ifbout us ; one is jufl carried before my win- 
 dow ; yet I viflt where none of mjy condudors 
 v.'ili accom.pany me. In fome hofpitals, as in 
 the lazarettos, and yefterday among the (Ick 
 flaves, I have a conftant headach, but in about 
 an hour after it alv/ays leaves me. Sir Ro- 
 bert Ainflie is very kind ; but for the above 
 and other reafons, I could not lodge in his 
 houfe. I am at a phyfician's, and I keep fome 
 of my vifits afecret.'' 
 
 He definrned to proceed from Conftantinople 
 over land to Vienna ; but, having determined, 
 upon reUeftion, to obtain by perfonal experi- 
 
( 87 ) 
 
 ence the falkft information of the mode of per- 
 forming quarantine, he returned to Smyrna, 
 where the plague then was, for the purpoleof 
 going to Venice with a foul bill, that would 
 nccelTarily fubjea him to the utincfi rigor of 
 the procefs. His voyage v/as tedious, and 
 rendered hazardous by equinoct'al ilorms ; and 
 in the courfe of it he incurred a danger of 
 another kind, the Ihip in which he was a pai- 
 fencer beinor attacked by a Tunilian corlair, 
 which, after a fmart ikirmiih, was beaten oil* 
 by the execution done by a cannon loaded wiih 
 fpike nails and bits of iron, and pointed by Mr. 
 Howard himfelf. It afterwards appeared to 
 hive been the intention of the captain lo biovv 
 up his veiTel, rather than fubmit to be taken in- 
 to perpetual flavery. • It v.'as not till the ciofe 
 of 1786 that ivlr. Ilov^ard left his difagreeab'c 
 quarters in the lazaretto of V^cnice. in which 
 his health and fpirits fuifei-ed confiderabiy* 
 Thence he went by Triefte to Vienna. In 
 this capital he had the honor of a private con- 
 ference with the Emperor, which was conduiTt- 
 ed with the utmofl eafe and co'jdefceniion on 
 the part of Jofeph II. and equal freedom on 
 the part of the EngUrnman. A relation of 
 this inftruftive fcene in his own words, will, I 
 doubt not, be ae-reeable to the reader : ** Th« 
 
( £S ) 
 
 Kmperor ticfired to fee me, and I hud the ho- 
 Horof a private audience with him of above an 
 hour and an half. He took ine by the haud 
 tliree limes in conv-erfaiion, and thanked nie 
 for the vifit. Ke afterwards told our AmbaiTs- 
 dor, ' That his countryman fpoke well for pri- 
 foners; that he ufcd no flowers, which others 
 ever do, and mean nothing.' But his greatell 
 favor to me was his immediate alterations for 
 the relief of the prifoners*.'* That the late 
 Emperor had an ardent zeal for improvement 
 Qf every kind, and a (Irong defire of promot- 
 ing the profperity of his fubjeds, will fcarcely 
 be denied, even by thofe who are the fevereft 
 <renfurers of the mode in which he condu(S:ed 
 his plans, and his* extreme mutability refpef^. 
 ing them. He will alfo be honored, for the 
 readinefs with which he laid afide the etiquette 
 of his rank, on every occafion where it ob- 
 frruded him in the acquifition of knowledge, or 
 ^he adivity of exertion. Mr. Howard return- 
 ed through Germany and Holland, and arriv- 
 ed fafein England early in 1787- 
 
 It was during this tour, and while he wasin- 
 fohtude occupying a cell of the Venice lazaret- 
 
 * JtetiertoMr* Smiths 
 
( 89 ) 
 
 to, that he received from England two p'cces 
 of intelligence, both of which diftreiied and 
 harralTed his mind, though the emotion they 
 excited muil apparently have been very diffe- 
 rent. One of thefc related to the melancholy 
 derangement of mind into which his fon had 
 fallen, and which, after various inftanccs of 
 flrange and unaccountable behaviour, termi- 
 nated at length in deciJeJ infanity. They who 
 cannot believe tliat the moft benevolent of 
 mankind could be a {tern and unnatural parent, 
 willfympathize in the angui!h he mud have felt 
 on hearing (and in fuch a fituation too) of an 
 event w^hichblafted the deareft hope; ot com- 
 fort and lolace in his declining years. I, who 
 have frequently heard him Ipeak of this ion, 
 with all the pride and affection of the kind fa- 
 ther of an only child, cannot read without 
 flroiig emotions, the expreirior.s he ufes in wri- 
 ting to his friend ralative to this bitter calami- 
 ty. When he concludes along letter upon va- 
 rious topics, with the exclamation, " But, () ] 
 my fon, my fon!'' I feem to perceive the ef- 
 forts of a manly mind, ftriving by the aid of 
 its internal refources to difpel a gicomy phan. 
 torn, which was yet ever recurring to his ima- 
 gination. But in this emergency, as in. ^1 
 Hz 
 
( 90 ) 
 
 orhers, the confolations of religion were hi& 
 chief refuge*'. 
 
 The other caufe of uneafmefs by which his 
 mind was agitated, will, to many, appear a 
 very extraordinary one ; fmee it arofe from a 
 teftimony of efleem and veneration in his conn- 
 trymen, which might be imagined to afiord 
 balm for his v/ounded I'pirit. During his ab- 
 fence, a fchemeliad been fet on foot to honor 
 hiai in a manner almoft unprecedented in this 
 age and country. Without attempting to trace 
 it to its origin, it may \\j>&ce to fay, that, in a 
 periodical work of exteiifive circulation, the 
 public v^ere called upon to teftify their refpecT: 
 for Mr. Howard by a fabfcription, for the pur- 
 
 * Topro've that Mr, Howard had kind and to-uder 
 fi'L'lings for domcflic as xuell as for public occafiuns^ S 
 -U'ulJhope, by mofpirfctzshe deeincd a fiperfiiioics tajli* 
 Fur thofe ivho rtquire fiich proof I copy the flloiving^ 
 palJ'age fan cr.e cf his letters to Mr. Smith, ^^ Mf 
 oldfervautSf John Prole, ThomasThcmafon^andJo^ 
 feph Croclford:, have had a fad time. I hear they havo^ 
 been faithful, wife, and prudttit. Pleafe to thank 
 the-in patiicuiarly in my name for their condnCi. Tzuff 
 <ftfii.tr:, Iar,2pcrfia:hd, have aCted out cf regard ta 
 his s.vcelu'f.'t mother, — "whoi I rejoice j Is tkad," ^ 
 
( 9' ) 
 
 pofe of creeling a flatue, or fome other ma- 
 nument, to his honor. The authors of this 
 fcherr.e, though, doubtlefs, a«n:uated by a pure 
 and laudable admiration of illuflrious virtue, 
 yet mufl have been totally unacquainted Avith 
 Mr. Howard's difpofuion ; otherwils they 
 would never have thought of decorating a 
 man, whofe charac'teriftic feature had always 
 been a folicitnde to fhuR all notice and dillincli- 
 on, with one of the moft glaring and promi- 
 nent marks of public applaufe, which might 
 put to the blufli modefty of a much lefs deli- 
 cate texture than his. The Engliili national 
 tharader (if national cbara£ler can be faid to 
 belong to fb heterogeneous a people) is by no- 
 thing fi> flrongly marked, as by a ccynels and 
 referve v/hich flirink from obiervation, and 
 even to thofe who are acting for the public^ 
 render the gazcof the public eye painful. The 
 love of glory, which is fb active a fentiment 
 to fome of our neighbours, operates feebly 
 upon us : many do not rife to it, and fome n-o 
 beyond it. That '' humble Allen,^' whofe 
 difpofuion it was to '^ do good by flealth and 
 bhilh to find it fame/' was a genu"ne Englifli 
 philanthropift ; and fuch v/as Mr, Howard^ 
 rendered^ perhaps, flill more averfe to public 
 
prjiife, by a deep renfe of religious hunii- 
 lity. 
 
 A fimilar want of acquaintance with Mr- 
 Howard's defigus, caufed the frropofers ot this 
 plan to attribute to him an extravagance of 
 philanthropy, which could not but appear ri- 
 diculous to thofe whofe judgment was not daz- 
 zled by the ardor of admiration. It was af. 
 ferted, among real topics of applaufe, that he 
 was now gone abroad with the view of extir- 
 r iting the plague from Turkey ; an idea fcarce- 
 \y fo rational^ the character of that nation con- 
 fidered, as would be that of a mifTion to con- 
 vert the Grand Seignior to Chriiiianity. Mr. 
 Howard meant, undoubtedly, to do all the 
 good which fljould lie v/ithin his compafs in 
 that, as in all other countries which he vifited ; 
 but he never was fo romantic as to fuppofe that 
 he could effecT: that, which wouM manifeftly 
 require a total change in the religious and po- 
 litical fyftem of a great empire, of all the Icaft 
 difpofed to change. 
 
 The projefl of a ftatue, hov.ever, was eager- 
 ly adopted ; the fubfcription filled, and was 
 adorned with the names of niinifters, nobles, 
 and perfons of diftinc'don : and a commitrte' 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 v/as appointed to tleteTmine upon the bell »-nouc 
 oi' fulfilling its piirpoie. The collide ntial 
 friends of Mr. Howird were in a dilagreeabls 
 dilcmms ; for as, on the one hand, they could 
 not but rejoice in the warmth of admiration 
 which his country teftified for iiis chara»^er ; 
 foj on the other, they well knew that its man- 
 ner of difplay could not fail to give him ex- 
 treme pain, and if eitecled, probably banifii 
 him forever. On this account, they did not 
 concur in the fcheme, and foine of them ven- 
 tured publicly to throw out objections to it. 
 Some of its warm promoters, in reply, talked 
 of forcing his modejly, and feemed determined 
 at all events to put in execution their favorite 
 defign. In the mean while, Mr. Howard wns 
 informed of this honorable perlecution that 
 was preparing againft him at home ; and the 
 fenfations this intelligence occafiojied in his 
 bread arc fliewn in the following expreflions 
 contained in a letter to the intimate friend v.'Iia 
 has already furnifned me with various extra^fts, 
 '^ Tohaften to the other very diftrelling af- 
 fair : oh, why could iiot my friends, who know 
 how much I deteft fuch parade, have flopped 
 fuch a hafly meafure ! — As a private man, with 
 fome peculiarities, I wiflied to retire into ob- 
 fcurity and filence. — lijdeed; my friend, I can- 
 
C 94 ) 
 
 not bear the thought of being thus dragged 
 out. I immediately wrote, and hope fome- 
 thiug may be done to Hop it. My beft friends 
 muft disapprove it. It deranges and confounds 
 all my fchemes — my exaltation is my fall, my 
 misfortune*." The fame fentiments on thii 
 buiinefs are expreffed with equal flrength in 
 his letters to Dr. Price. Among other things 
 he fays, *^ My trued, intimate, and heft friends^ 
 have, I fee by the papers, been i'o kind as not 
 tofubfcribe to what you fo jullly term a hafty 
 meafure. Indeed, indeed, if nothing now can 
 be done, I fpeak from my heart, never poor 
 creature was more dragged out in public. '^ 
 
 That in all this there was no affectation, 
 clearly appeared from the letter he fent to th^ 
 fubfcribers ; in vvhich, after expreiliug Ids gra- 
 titude, he difplaycd fo determined a repug- 
 nance againil admitting of the propcfsd honor, 
 deprecating it as the fevereft of punifhments, 
 
 * He me?itio72s in the fame letter, as a proof how 
 oppofite his iviflies were to monumental honors, that 
 before he fet out on this journey, he had given dirdil- 
 , ons, that in cafe of his death, his funeral expences 
 fnould not exceed ten pounds — that his tomb fnoiild be a 
 plain Jlip of marble placed under that of his dear Hen- 
 rietta in Cardington church, vjith this i'lfcriptinn: 
 John Howard, died— ^ged— Pvly hope is m C!irli>. 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 that notliing could be urged in reply, and t'w© 
 budnefs was dropped- Of the lum fubici ibed, 
 amoaiiting to upwards of 1500/. Mr. Howard 
 refuied Lo dTecl* the difpofal in any manner, 
 and begged it might no longer be termed the 
 Ho'diardianfuncL A part of it was reckimcd 
 by the fubfcribers, but a confiderable fhare re- 
 mained in a Itock ; and, fince Mr. Howard*s 
 death, it has been refolved to employ it in con- 
 ferriniT thofe honors on his memory which he 
 would not accept while living. This intention 
 is in every refpecl ftridly proper; and, as the 
 noble edifice of St. Paul's is at length d^^ftined 
 to receive national monuments, no commence- 
 ment can be more aufpicious^ than Vv'ith a name 
 which will ever ftand lb diftingnlihed among 
 thofe, 
 
 Qjiijiii memores alios fecere merendo. 
 
 To refume the narrative of Mr. Howard's 
 public, life : — After his return in 1787, betook 
 a fhort repofe, and then went over ta Ireland, 
 and vifited mod of the county gaols and char- 
 ter fchools, and came back by Scotland. In 
 I7881ie renewed his vifit to Ireland, and com- 
 pleted his furvey of its gaols, hofpitals, and 
 fchools. I (liall lay before the reader part of a 
 letter to Dr. Price, dated from Djblin^ March 
 
( 9<5 ) 
 
 2 3; of this year. '* My journey Into this coun- 
 try «vas to make a report of the ftate of the 
 charter fchools, which charity has been long 
 neglected and abufed ; as indeed nioll public 
 inUitutions are made private emoluments, one 
 faeliering himfelf under the name of a biiliop, 
 another under that of a lord ; and for eledi- 
 onecring interefi: breaking down all barriers of 
 honor and honefty. However, Parliament now 
 feems determined to know how its grants have 
 been employed. I have, fince my vifits to tliele 
 fchools in 1782, been endeavouring to excite 
 the attention of Parliament; and fomecircum- 
 flances being in my favor, a good Lord Lieute- 
 nant, a worthy Secretary (an old acquain- 
 tance,) and the firft Secretary of State, the 
 Provoft, a fteady friend, I muft flill purfue ; 
 fo I next week fet out for Connaught and other 
 remote parts of this kingdom, which indeed 
 are more barbarous than Ruflia- By my fre- 
 quent journies my flrengthis fomewhat abated, 
 but not my courage or zeal in the caufe I am 
 engaged in." During thefe two years, he 
 likewife repeated his examination of all rhe 
 county gaols, mofi: of the Bridewells, and the 
 inHrmaries and hcfcitals of England, qnd of 
 
( 97 ) 
 
 the hulks on the Thames, at Portfmouth and 
 Plymouth*. 
 
 The great variety of matter collected m 
 thefe journies was methodized and put to the 
 
 * // was, I believe y during his ahfence in feme cf the 
 toun of this period, that an incidjut happened ivhich 
 the reader, I hope, will think well worth relating. A 
 very rejpeiiable-looking elderly gentleman on horfe- 
 back, with afervantyflopt at the inn nearej} Mr.How- 
 ard\ houfe at Cardington, and entered into converfa- 
 tion with the landlord concerni;ig Inm. He obferved 
 that charaders often appeared very well at a dijlance, 
 which could not bear clofe infpedion ; he had therefore 
 come to J Jr. Howard's rejidence in order to fatisfy him- 
 felf concerning him. The gentleman then, accompa- 
 nied by the innkeeper j zuent to the houfe, and looked 
 through it, with the offices and gardens, which he 
 found in perfdi order. Ha next enquired into Mr, 
 Howard's character as a landlord, which was ju/Ily 
 reprefented ; and fever al neat houfes which he had 
 built for his tenants were fiewn hit?i. The gentle matt 
 returned to his inn, declaring himfelf now fatiifie^ 
 2vith the truth of all he had hea'-d about Howard, 
 This refpedable Jiranger was no other than Lord MoU' 
 boddo ; and Mr, Howard was much Jlattered zuith the 
 vifit, and praifed h s Loril/liip's good fenfe in taking 
 fuch a method of cot?ungat the truthy Jin^c ha thought 
 
 it wjrth his trouble, 
 
 1 
 
( 98 ) 
 
 prefs in i/Sp- It compofes a quarto volume, 
 beautifully printed, and decorated with a num- 
 ber of fine plates, which, as ufual, are prefent- 
 ed to the public; and fo eager were the pur- 
 chafers of books to partake of the donation, 
 that all the copies were almoft immediately- 
 bought up. The title is, An account of the 
 principal Lazarettos in Europe, with various pa- 
 pers relative to the Plague ; together with fur- 
 ther ohfervations on fome foreign Prifons and 
 Hofpitals ; luith additional remarks on the pre- 
 fent Jlate of thofe in Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Of this work I /hall proceed to give a brief 
 analyfis. 
 
 The firfl fed:ion relates to Lazarettos, be- 
 ginning with that of Marfeilles, in which city 
 the horrid ravages of the plague, within the 
 prefent century, have left ftrong impreflions 
 of dread of that deflroyer of mankind. Thofe 
 of Genoa, Leghorn, Malta, Zante, Venice, 
 and Triefte follow; the difcriptions of which 
 are illullrated by excellent views and plans*. 
 
 * In one of his letters, Mr, Howard mentior.s hav- 
 ing met -with a young Frenchman going to the academy 
 at Rome, whaforafewfequins thankfully worked un- 
 der his eye^ fo- that he can attejl the accuracy of his 
 draughts, Several of ths plates wen engraved in Hol- 
 land, 
 
( 99 ) 
 
 Of the lazarettos of Venice a very particular 
 account is given, comprifmg the mode of re- 
 ception which he himfelf experienced, the re- 
 gulations of every kind, relpecling officers and 
 their duty, vifitation of lliips, manner of per- 
 forming quarantine, and the expurgation of 
 goods of all clafTes, &c. All thefe appear to 
 have been devifed with much judgment and 
 prudence ; but Mr. Howard is obliged to give 
 teflimony to various inftances of abufe and ne- 
 glcd, which greatly impair the utility of this 
 inftitution, as well as of many others in that 
 once celebrated and potent republic. 
 
 Se£t. If. contains propofed regulations, and 
 a new plan for a lazaretto ; followed by ob- 
 fervations on the importance of fuch an efta- 
 bliJhmentin England. In thefe are introduc- 
 ed two letters on the fubjecl to Mr. Howard ; 
 one, a long and argumentative one from the 
 Engliili merchants refiding at Smyrna ; the 
 other, confirming their opin on, from thofe of 
 Salonica. Thefe commercial papers appear 
 worthy of the mofl ferious attention ; and in- 
 deed it is wonderful that a nation which boafts 
 of good fenfe and knowledge, fliould fo long 
 have remained patient under a police rcfpcding 
 this matter, which aniwers no effectual ptjr- 
 
C lOO ) 
 
 pofe of fecuriry, but feems only calculated to 
 difcourage comn^^ce, and produce fees to per- 
 fonsin office, by the mofl barefaced iropofi- 
 tions*. 
 
 Sed. III. confifts of papers relative to the 
 plague. They commence with a fet of an- 
 swers, by different medical praditioners, to 
 queries with which Mr. Howard wasfurniflied 
 by the late Dr. Jebb and myfeif. I niuft ob- 
 lerve, however, that all the queries do not ap- 
 pear, fome of them having been mifapprehend- 
 ed, or imperfedly anfwered, particularly fuch 
 as related to the difcrimination of other fevers 
 of the typhus genus from the plague. Thefe 
 replies will probably be thought to add little 
 to the ftock of knowledge we poffefTed refpect- 
 ing this difeafe ; yet it is of fome importance, 
 that the leiding fads on which all modes of 
 prefervaiion muft be founded, viz. that the 
 plague isnotknoA^n to arife fpoinaneoufly any 
 where, but is always to be traced to contagi- 
 
 * Such is the negligence and abfurdity refpeHingtht 
 regulations of the quarantine of per fans, that 1 have 
 been ajfured, a naval of leer ha:, been called out of the 
 Opera houfe, to go on board his flip and perform his 
 quarantine^ 
 
( 10' ) 
 
 on ; and that the diftance to which its infecbidn 
 extends through the atmofphere is very fmall, 
 are eftabhOied in them by general agreement. 
 The '^ Abftrad of a curative and prefervativc 
 method to be obferved in Peftilential Contagi- 
 ons/' communicated from the Office of Health 
 in Venice to the court of Ruflia ; and the 
 " Abridged Relation of the Plague of Spalato 
 in Dalmatia, in 1784." both extracted from 
 the Italian originals by myfelf, are the other 
 papers in this feclion. In the latter, the medi- 
 cal reader will be (truck with the equivocal na- 
 ture of the fyniptonjs fuppofed to difcriminate 
 this difeafe, and the very gradual progrefs 
 from fufpicion to certainty as toitsprefence. 
 
 Secft. IV. relates to foreign Prifons and 
 Hofpitals. The employment' of the gally-flaves 
 in the arfenal of Toulon, is the moft obferva' 
 ble circumftance relative to tiie fouth of France. 
 Under Italy there is a pleafing account of the 
 improvements at Florence, in confequence of 
 the humane attention of the Grand Duke 
 Leopold, the prefenr Emperor. This prince^ 
 befides other inftances of liberal favor to Mr^ 
 Howard's inquiries, caufed a copy of his new 
 code of laws to be prefented to him, of which, 
 
 on his return, Mr. Howard had a tranllatioa 
 I 2 
 
( ro2 ) 
 
 printed, and diftributed among the hends of 
 'the lav/ and other perfons, in and out oi Par- 
 liament. Of the Grand Duke Mr. toward 
 never (poke without the vvarmeft expreffions 
 of gratitude and refpecl, calling him a glorious 
 prince, and declaring that nothing could ex- 
 ceed his attention to whiitever might promote 
 the hsppinefs and profperity of his people. It is 
 €arneftly to be wilhed, that the fame regard to 
 the principles of jnftice and humanity may ac- 
 company him in the very elevated flation which 
 is now afljgned him by Providence. 
 
 Malta, that celebrated feat of piracy, dig- 
 nified by the fpirit of chivalry and devotion^ 
 affords a new and curious article. Its great 
 hofpital, which boafts of lodging the fick in a 
 palace, and ferving them in plate, is here def- 
 cribed by one whofe peaetrating eye could dif- 
 tinguifh between parade and comfort ; and it 
 Bndergoes fome fevere ccnfure. Mr. Howard 
 Tifited it before he delivered his letter of re- 
 commendation from Sir W. Hamilton to the 
 €rand Mafter, as well as frec^uently after- 
 vards. 
 
 The Turkifh dominions, whence all light, 
 Bberty, and public fpirit, are moft effeduallir 
 
( '03 ) 
 
 excluded, could not be expected to yield in- 
 ftrudion in police to Europe. Yet debtors 
 and felons are there coniiiied in leparate pri- 
 fons, a refinement to which this country is not 
 yet entirely arrived. The hospitals in the great 
 coanuercial city of Smyrna i'eein all to belong to 
 the Franks, Greeks, and Jews. Even at Con- 
 ftantinople the Turks have few hofpitals, and 
 thofe in a wretched (late. The hoipitals for 
 lunatics there, are, indeed, examples of ad- 
 mirable conllru(5lion, but neglected in their 
 management. Yet^ amidlt this dlfregard of 
 the human fpecies, Mr. Howard found an 
 afylum for cats. Such arc the contradictions 
 cf man ! 
 
 The inftitutions of Vienna fliew that fingu- 
 lar mixture of clemency and rigour, of care and 
 neglect, that might bet-xpcded from the inde- 
 cifive character of the fovereign. The perpe* 
 tiial confinement of criminals in dark, damp 
 dungeons, as a fubftitute for capital punifii- 
 ment, manifeftly appears to be as little an ad- 
 vantage on the fide of lenity, as it is on that of 
 public utility. The much beaten ground of 
 Holland ftill affords new oblervations, particu- 
 larly refpedting the legal procefs foi* debt^ in 
 life there. 
 
( 104 ) 
 
 Se(ft. V. relates to Scotland ; and what is 
 new chiefly regards the charitable inftitutions 
 of Edinburgh. As to the prifons there, Mr. 
 Howard was obliged to remark to the Lord 
 Provoft, '^that the fplendid improvements car- 
 rying on in their places of entertainment, 
 ftreets, fquares, bridges, &c. feemed to occu- 
 py all the attention of the gentlemen in office, 
 to the toial ncglecl of this elTential branch of 
 the police." This weighty animadverfion de- 
 ferves ferious notice, as a flrong confirmation 
 of thofe charges againft the fpirit of luxury, 
 v/hich various modern philofophers have been 
 fond of turning into ridicule. In faft, a fpirit 
 which increafes perfonal wants and indulgen- 
 cies, and augments the diftance between the 
 higher and lower orders of fociety, cannot but 
 interfere with the duties, as well of charity, 
 as of juftice, which are owing to our fellow- 
 creatures of every condition. The arts of luxr 
 ury may promote knowledge, and this may fe- 
 condarily be employed with advantage on ob- 
 jeds of general utility ; but it is not likely that 
 the fame perfons whofe minds are occupied 
 with fchemes of fplendor and elegant amufe- 
 ment, fhould beftow attention on the coarfe 
 and difgufting offices annexed to the care of the 
 poor and miferable. 
 
( I05 ) 
 
 The fubjed of Seel:. VI. is the Iriili Pri- 
 fons and Hofpitals. Mr. Howard obferved a 
 very liberal and humane fpirit with refpecl to 
 prifons, prevailing among the gentlemerv of 
 that country, difplayed in the crecflion of many 
 new gaols, the plans of which, however, he 
 could not approve. The evils occafioned by 
 -the ufe of fpiritous liquors, particularly ap- 
 parent in Ireland, draw from him much com- 
 plaint and cenfure. It is a fliocking coufidera- 
 tion that the intereft of the revenue fliould> 
 in this matter, be fuifered to prevail over the 
 good of the nation ; and nothing can dcferve 
 feverer animadverlion, than the condu«5l df 
 thofe fervants of the public, the commifTion- 
 crs of excife, who prefume to grant licences to 
 tippling houfes in vilbges, contrary tx> the de- 
 clared wiih and opinion of gentlemen who re- 
 fide on the fpot, and are w itnefTes of their fa- 
 tal confequences to the health and morals of 
 the neighbourhood. This is indeed, revcrf- 
 ing the order of civil government, and ele- 
 vating fubaltern interefls to ruling principles* 
 AH the hofpitals in Dublin are noticed by Mr. 
 Howard, Vv'iih remarks. He then proceeds lo 
 a furvey of all the county gaols and hofpitals in 
 the kingdom. The- county hofpitals are in 
 fad national inflitutions^ maintained in great 
 
( '06 ) 
 
 pnrtby the county rates and king's letter, and 
 therefore are not fo exaclly fuperiRter.ded as 
 thofein England, which depend upon private 
 fubfcription for their fupport. The confe> 
 quence of this is ihev/n in the wretched ftate 
 in which the greater part of them were found.; 
 the abodes of filth, hanger, negled, and eve- 
 ry fpecies of abufe. Yet a fpirit of improve* 
 mcnt was beginning to operate among them, 
 te which this free ftatement of their defects 
 would, doubtlefs, much contribute. 
 
 Se(fl. VII. is devoted to an account of the 
 Charter- fchools in Ireland. The pubhc de- 
 tedion of mifreprefentations and abufes in this 
 great national objed: had excited the attention 
 of feveral'of the leading men ; and Mr. How- 
 ard had been delired to laj'^ his obervations be- 
 fore the committee of fifteen in Dublin, who 
 have the fuperintendance of them. He alfo 
 made a report of their (late before the Irilh 
 Houfe of Commons ; and, having entered hear, 
 tily into the fubje6l, he refolved to give it a 
 thorough invePiigation. He therefore extend- 
 ed his vifits to the whole cf them, in number 
 thirty-eight, and to the four provincial nur- 
 feries from which they are fupplied. The re- 
 fult of his obfervations is here given, with free 
 
( «07 ) 
 
 cenfures of defects, and candid acknowledg- 
 ments of improvement. Ke concludes the ac- 
 count with Ibme general remarks on the infti- 
 tution, and fome hints for rendering it more 
 ufeful ; and, after exprefling a wifli, that the 
 benefits of education were more generally ex- 
 tended over Ireland than they can be by thofe 
 Ichools, he difplays the enlarged liberality of his 
 mind in the followino- Sentence, which contains 
 a maxim worthy of being written in letters of 
 gold. *^ I hope I ihall net be thought, as a Pro- 
 teilant difienter, indillerent to the Proteftant 
 caufe, when lexprefs my willi,that thefediflinc- 
 tions(betwcen Catholic and Proteflant) were lefs 
 regarded in beftowing the advantages of edu- 
 cation ; and that the increafe of Proteftantifm 
 w^ere chiefly trufted to the dilTemi nation of 
 knowledge and found morals.'' 
 
 This feflion is concluded, with an example 
 ftrikingly illuftrative of the eafe with which 
 education may be extended to the whole body 
 of poor, afforded by the truftees of the blue- 
 coat-hofpital in Chefler, whofe report of their 
 plan and its fuccefs is here copied : and alfo, 
 with the rules of the Quaker's-fchool at Ack- 
 worth, excellently adapted to promote that 
 decent and regular deportment in youth which 
 
( '08 ) 
 
 Mr. Howard Co inuch admired. Ireland has 
 reafon to think herfelf peculiarly indebted to 
 him for his laborious inveftigations and free re- 
 marks on her public inftitutions. No country 
 certainly wanted them more ; and none, I be- 
 lieve, is better diipofed to profit by them. She 
 has not been ungrateful to her benefador (that 
 was never her character) for in no country 
 is the memory of Mr. Howard more revered- 
 During his journies there, feveral of the prin- 
 cipal tovv'ns prefented him with their freedom; 
 and the Univerlity of Dublin, with great li- 
 berality, conferred on him the honorary de- 
 gree of Dodor of Laws. Mr. Howard's aver- 
 fion to ail kinds of diftinction, and the natural 
 diflikeof changing his ufual defignation at an 
 advanced age, prevented him from publicly ^f.. 
 fuming this refpedable title. 
 
 Sed. Vni. relates to English Prifons and 
 Hofpitals. The prifons are all fpecihed in the 
 order of the former works, with fuch remarks 
 as the alterations made in them, and other 
 circumftances, fuggefted. Many of the def- 
 criptions of hofpitals are new^ particularly an 
 account of all the hofpitals for the lick in the 
 metropolis. It is probable that few inflitutions 
 of the kind in Europe are better conduced thaa 
 
f ^^9 ) 
 
 tfiefe ; yet tliere are defeds, both general and 
 particular, which Mr. Howard has briefly- 
 pointed out, and which claim the attention of 
 thofe who are really intereftcd in the utility of 
 thefe noble charities, and do not confider them 
 merely as fubfervient to private eniolunient. 
 in a note under the county gaol in South w ark, 
 he mentions in ftrong terns of pity and indig- 
 nation the ftate of fifty felons, fenrenced for 
 tranfportadon in the courfe of the preceding 
 five years, and kept in the moil wretched con- 
 dition till an opportunity Ihould offer of put- 
 ting their fentence in execution. This necef- 
 fary dehiy of punifliment muft ever be a ftrong 
 objection to the fcheme of diftant banifliment, 
 and gives a decided preference, both in juftice 
 and policy, to the plan of penitentiary houfes, 
 .fo thoughtief-jly abandoned for the Botany bay 
 fettleinent. The injuftice, indeed, of the in- 
 termediate confmement, islelTenedby an acl of 
 24th Geo. III^ which directs, that all the 
 time during v/hich a convid ihali have conti- 
 nued in gaol under fenteiice of tranfportation, 
 fhall be deducted out of the term of his tranf- 
 portation. Still, however, fuch confinement 
 is a different, and, in thefe circuinltances, a. 
 much worle, punilhment, than that to which 
 they are fentenced. 
 
 K 
 
t no ) 
 
 The countv Bridewell at Readino- occafions 
 a note which deferves particular attention. 
 Mr. Howard has been fuppofed tj:ie peculiar 
 patron of folitary confinement, and his recom- 
 mendation has caufed it to be adopted in vari- 
 ous places, but to a degree beyond his intenti- 
 ons. He well knew, from manifold obfervati- 
 on, that human nature could not endure, for a 
 long time, confinement in perfect folitude, 
 without finking under the burden. He had 
 feen the moft dcfperate and refractory in fo- 
 reign countries tamed by it; h^ therefore pro- 
 pofedin our ownprifons a temporary treatment 
 of thiskind, as the moft efFeclual, yet lenient, 
 mode of fubduing the ferocity of our crimi- 
 nals : but he never thought of its being made 
 the fentence of offenders during the whole 
 term of their imprifonmeilt ; fuch being not 
 only extreme and fcarcely juftlfiable feverity^ 
 but inconfiftent with the defign of reclaiming 
 them to habits of induftry by hard labour. He, 
 indeed, univerfally approved of nod:urnal fo- 
 litude, as affording an opportunity for ferious 
 refiecflion, and preventing thofe plans of mif- 
 chief, and mutual encouragements to villainy, 
 which are certain to take place among crimi- 
 nals, when left to herd together without in- 
 fpeftion. 
 
( I" ) 
 
 The employment of convids in building a 
 new county gaol at Oxford, with their gene- 
 ral good behaviour in it, affords an example 
 of the poiTibiJity and probable good effeft of 
 occupying them inufcful labour at home. 
 
 The fever wards of the Chefler infirmary 
 are very properly noticed, as a fpirired inAance 
 of extending relief to perfons fuilering under 
 a dangerous and infectious dii'eafe, and, by 
 proper regulations, rendering the contagion 
 harmlefs to others, I am perfua-ded, that the 
 plague itfelf, thus managed, might be prevent- 
 ed from communicatino: itfelf even to thofe un- 
 to 
 
 der the fame roof with it. Mr. Howard was 
 happy to find in this city a chara(fler congenial 
 with his own in the ardour of active benevo- 
 lence, and diftinguiflied by various fuccefsful 
 plans for the public good. To the medical 
 reader, as well as to many others, it will he 
 unneceffary to mention the name of Dr. Hay. 
 garth. 
 
 A particular account of all tlie hulks is given 
 at the end of the Englifli gaols- The conditi- 
 on of thefe floating Bridewells was improved 
 in feveral refpecis fince Mr. Howard's former 
 vilits J but, if confidered in any other light 
 
f 11^ ) 
 
 than- as temporary places of confinement till 
 fonie belter plan is adopted, they are liable to 
 many obje^ions^ which are here flated. 
 
 Ptemarks on Penitentiary Houfes follow* 
 In thefe the writer f^aces his ideas concerning 
 their nature and objed, gives the reafons which 
 Induced Dr. Fothergill and himfelf to fix on 
 ihe rituation of Iflington, and relates his re- 
 fignaticn of the oiRce of Siipervifor, as fornier- 
 jy mentioned. The general heads oi regula- 
 tions propoied for fuch houfes in the lail Ap- 
 pendix, are here reprinted ; and a plate is add., 
 cd explanatory of the phn of biiild'ng he ap- 
 proves. Ie is on every account to be lamented^ 
 that Mr. Howard fliould not have had the fa- 
 tisfactlon of feeing one of his favourite defigns, 
 the fubjecl of his moii: laborious refearch and 
 matureil refle6tiQ;i, carried into execution. 
 The objeclion of expence was farely unworthy 
 of a country like this, whofe profperity ^nd 
 refources are fo magnificently difplayed, when 
 the provinces of Holland, petty ftates cf Ger- 
 many, and cantons of Switzerland, have not 
 been afraid of incurring it. Whether the pre- 
 ferred fcheme of colonizing widi convicls at 
 the Antipodes, has the advantage of ii in this 
 
( 113 ) 
 
 refpe^l, the public are now pretty well able to 
 determine. 
 
 In the remarks on the gaol fever, repeated 
 with a little variation from the laft publication, 
 Ave are informed, that fince 1782, when the 
 prifons of this kingdom were entirely free from 
 this difeaie, feveral fatal and alarming inllances 
 of it had occurred. Its appearance and fre- 
 quency will probably much depend upon the 
 epidemic conftitution of the year, as long as its 
 occaiional caufes continue to fubfift ; but that 
 proper care and regulations in prifons might 
 almoft entirely extirpate thele caufes, there 
 feems no reafon to doubt. 
 
 The concluiion exprelTes the writer's fatis- 
 fa61ion in that humane and liberal fpirit which 
 hasfo muclralleviated the diftrefs of prifoncrs j 
 but laments, that here its exertions feem to 
 flop, and that little or nothing is done towards 
 that moft important object, the reformation of 
 olfe-iders. From clofe oblervation he is con- 
 vinced, that the vice of drunkennefs i^ ibe 
 root of all the diforders of our prifons, and that 
 fame eifedual means to eradicate it.are necefTa- 
 ry, if we mean to prefcrve the health-.-, and 
 aiiiend tlie morals of prifoners* Jvlr. Howard 
 
( 114 ) 
 
 tkferefore fubjoins, as his final legacy towards 
 I he improvement of this branch of police, th« 
 draught of a bill for the better regulation of 
 gaols, and the prevention of drunkennefs and 
 rioiing in them.. Of this^ the leading claules 
 are framed for the purpofe of ablblutely pro- 
 hibiting the entrance of any liquor into a gaol 
 except milk, whey, buttermjlk, and water, uii- 
 lefs in cafe ofricknefs and medical prelcriptiou* 
 lie v/as fully fenlible that, in this (ree livijig 
 couniry, the denial of even fmall beer would 
 be deemed a fpecies of cruelty ; and he doubt- 
 ed not that it ^vould go far to lofe him, in the 
 popular efi:imat:on, the title of the Prifoner^s 
 Friend: but as attaining a popularity of that 
 kind was not his original object, fo he could: 
 hziir to forfeit it, while confcious of ftill pur. 
 filing the real good of thofe unhappy people. 
 Being convinced from experience, that there- 
 was no medium in this matter, and that if ftrong 
 Honors were at all admitted into prifons, no 
 ©ounds could be fet to their ufe, fie thought it 
 ' Fi-^bt to deny an indulgence to a fev/^ for the 
 Fake of the ellential advantage of the many* 
 Debtor^, then, while the fanie place of con- 
 finement ferve for them and felons, muff be 
 fubjecled to the fame reflraintc And, to take; 
 ©S" the objedion of ihe haxdfliip th:s v/oulu ira*- 
 
C "5 ) 
 
 pofe upon innocent debtors, it w-as greatly his 
 widi, that ibch alterations liioiUJ take place in. 
 our law for debt, that none but fraiiJuleiit 
 debtors iliould be liable to imprilbnment, \\ ho^ 
 he juftly obl'erves, are really criminals. He 
 luppofes that the gentlemen of the-facnlty wilt 
 GDnderan the total reje61:ion of fermented li- 
 quors from the diet uf prifoners, under the no- 
 tion oF their being ufeful as antiiepiics ; and I 
 confefs I was one who pleadifd with him on 
 this fubjed : but he anfwered me witii argu- 
 ments which he has here llatcd, and they are 
 worthy of couiideration. After all, many will 
 iuppofe, that in his feelings, b9th with refpect 
 to tliefe privations, and to his propofed indul- 
 geiicies of tea, and other vegetable articles, ha 
 was in fome meafure under the influence of his 
 own peculiar habits of life ; fo natural is it for 
 our judgment of particulars to be warped, when, 
 our general principles remain fixed and unal- 
 tered. The draught of a bill will, Iprefume,, 
 appear in moft re fpeds excellent ; and the greac 
 purpofe of prefervingfobriety in gaols, cannot;^ 
 furely, be too much inllllcd on- 
 
 IVIr. TToward^s leading ideas on this fubjecl: 
 were formed fome years before. In May- 
 27 ^'/> tlie Loud diaucellcr;, in aa excelleai- 
 
( 1.6 } 
 
 fpeech on apropofed Infolvent Bilt, after dif- 
 culTiiig the point of impriromnent for debt, and 
 the nature ot fuch bills, proceeded to fome. 
 confiderations refpeding the management and 
 difcipUne of our prifons. He faid, *' he had 
 lately had the honor of a converfation upon 
 the fubjecl, with a gentleman who was, of all 
 others, the befl qualified to treat of it — he 
 meant, Mr. Howard, whofe humanity, great as 
 it was, ^vas at leait equalled by his wifdom ; 
 for a more judicious, or a more fenfible reafon- 
 er upon the topic^ he never had converTed with. 
 His own ideas had been turned to folitarY im- 
 prifonment and a {\n£t regimen, as a puniHi- 
 ment for debt ; and that notion had exadly 
 correfponded with Mr. Howard's, who had 
 agreed with him, that the great objecl ought 
 to be, when it became necelTary to feclude a 
 man from fociety, and imprifon him for debt, 
 to take care that he came out of prifon no 
 worfe a man in point of healdi and morals than 
 he went in.'' His Lordihip afterwards recited 
 a ftory which Mr. Howard had told him, in 
 proof ot the corruption and licentioufners of 
 our prifons. A Quaker, he faid, called upon 
 him to go with him and witnefs a {cene which, 
 if he were to go lin^ly, would, he feared, b« 
 too much foi' his feelings: it was, to viiit a 
 
friend in diflrefs — aperlbn who had lately gone 
 into the King's-biinch priibiu V/hen they ar- 
 rived, they found the man half-drunk, paying 
 at fives. Though greatly fliocked at the cir- 
 cumftance, they afted him to go with them ta 
 the coffee room, and take aglais of wine. K^ 
 refufed, faying he had drank fo much punch, 
 that he could not drink wine — however, hs 
 would call upon them befere they wenc 
 away. Mr. Howard and his friend returned, 
 with feelings very different from thofe with 
 which thw'y entered the place, but not lefs pain- 
 ful. 
 
 The volume concludes with feveral curious 
 and valuable tables, which will probably be 
 ufed tor reference at future diftant periods. 
 The enumeration of all the prifoners in Eng- 
 land at his villts in 1787 and 1788, fliews an 
 alarminj;^ incrcafe, though in fome meafure tcv 
 be accoimted for, from a long fufpenfion cf 
 the ufual tranfportation. They au:iount to 
 i^wQw thoui'and four hundred and eighty- two- 
 Mr. Howard remained but a fiiort t'.me at 
 home after the printing of this work. In th^ 
 ccnclullon of it he had declared his intentica 
 *^ again to quit his native country, for the pur- 
 
( ii8 ) 
 
 pofe of revlfiting Ruflia, Turkey, and fome 
 other countries, and extendinrr his tour in the 
 call.*' The rcafon he has afligned for this de- 
 tejnnination, is, '* a ferious deliberate convic- 
 tion that he was purfuing the path of his duty/' 
 and it cannot be doubted, that this confidera- 
 tion was now, as it ever had been, his leading 
 principlsi of action. But if it be afked, what 
 was his more peculiar objecl in this new jour- 
 ney, no decifive anfvver, I believe, can be given 
 by thofe who enjoyed the moft of his confi- 
 dence. I had various converfations with him 
 on the fubject ; and I found rather a wifti to 
 have objects of enquiry pointed out to him by 
 others, than any fpecific views prefent to his 
 own mind. As, indeed, hispurpofe was to ex- 
 plore regions entirely new to him, and of which 
 the police refpecfting his former objects was 
 very imperfetftly known to Europe (for the 
 Turkiflj dominions in Alia^ Egypt, and the 
 Barbary coaft, were in his plan of travels), he 
 could not doubt that important fubjeds for ob- 
 lervation would olfer tliemfelves unfought. 
 Witlirefpec^t to that part of his tour in which 
 he was to go over ground he had already trod- 
 den, T conceive that he expe(5ted to do- good in 
 that cenforial charader, which his repeated 
 publications^ known and aScended to all over 
 
k 
 
 ( ir^ ) 
 
 Europe, gave him a right to aflurae ; and which 
 he had before exercifed to the great rehef of 
 the miferable in various countries. Tf to thefe 
 motives be added the long formed habitude of 
 purfuing a certain track of enquiry, and an in- 
 quietude of mind proceeding from domeftic 
 misfortune, no caufe will be left to wonder 
 «t fo fpeedy a renewal of his toils and dan- 
 gers. 
 
 He had refolved to go this journey too, 
 without an attendant ; and it was net till af- 
 ter the molt urgent and affectionate entreaties, 
 that his fervant obtained permi^ion to accom- 
 pany him. Before he fet out, he and his very 
 intimate andhip;hly rrfped:ed frier, d, Dr. Price, 
 took a mcft nfledionate and pathetic leave of 
 each other. From the age and infirrrjities of 
 the one, and the haz^irds the other v/as going 
 to encounter, it was the forebodino- of each of 
 them that they fhould never meet again in this 
 world ; and their farewell correfponded with 
 the folemnity of fuch an occafion. The rea- 
 der's mind will paufe upon the parting embrace 
 of two fuch men ; and revere the mtxture of 
 •cordial affection, fender regret, philofophic 
 firmnefs, and chridian refignation, which their 
 minds mull have difplayed. 
 
Tt was in the beginning of July 1789 that 
 lie arrived in Holland. Thence he proceeded 
 through the north of Germany, Prufiia, Cour- 
 land, and Livonia, to St. Peterlburgh. From 
 this capital he went to Mofcow. Some ex- 
 tracts of a letter to Dr. Price dated from thi-s 
 city, September 22, 1789, w'lU, I doubt not, 
 be acceptable, as one of the lateil records of his 
 career of benevolence. 
 
 '^ When I left England, I firil ftopped at 
 AmfterJani, and proceeded to Ofnaburgn, Ha- 
 nover, Brunfv/ick, and Berlin; then to Ko- 
 nigfb^^rg, Riga, and Peterfburgh ; at all which 
 places I vifited the prifons awd hofpitals, which 
 -were all flung open to me, and in foine, the 
 bur J- om afters accompanied me into the dun- 
 geons, as well as into the oiher rooms of con- 
 finement* I arrived a few days ago in this city, 
 undliave begun my rounds. The hoipitals are 
 inafadftate* Upwards of feventy thoufand 
 fiulors and recruits died in them laft year. I 
 labour to convey the torch of philanihropy in- 
 to thefe diflant regions 1 am quite well— - 
 
 the weather clear—the mornings frefh— ther- 
 mometer 48, but hrcs not yet begun. I wiih 
 for a mild winter, and then fball make fome 
 progrefs in my European expedition. My me- 
 
dical acquaintance give me but little hope of 
 efcaping the plague m Turkey. I do not look 
 back, but would readily endure any hardlhips, 
 and encounter any dangers, to be an honor to 
 my Chriftian profeflion." 
 
 t From Mofcow he took his courfe to the very 
 I extremity of European RufTia, extended as it 
 now is to the fhores of the Black -fe a, where 
 long dreary tradls of defert are terminated by 
 , fonie of thofe new eftabliflimcnts, which have 
 coft fuch immenfe profufion of blood and trea. 
 fure to two vaft empires, now become neigh- 
 bors and perpetual foes. Here, at the diflance 
 ^ of 1,500 miles from his native land, he fell a. 
 victim to difeafe, the ravages of which, among 
 I unpitied multitudes, he was exerting every 
 • effort to reftrain. Finis vita nobis lu^uofus^ 
 amicis trifiis, extrancis etiain ignotifque nmfinc 
 K cur a ! 
 
 From the faithful and intelligent fervant wh© 
 accdhipanied him (Mr. Thomas Thomafon}, I 
 have been favored with an account of various 
 particulars relative to his laft illnefs, which I 
 ihall give to the reader in the form in which I 
 received it. 
 
 L 
 
( 122 ) 
 
 *' The winter being far advanced on thtf 
 taking of Bender, the commander of the Ruffi- 
 an army at that place gave permiiTion to many 
 of the officers to vilit their friends at Cherfon, 
 as the fe verity of the feafon would not admit 
 of a continuance of hoftilities againft the Turks. 
 Cherfon, in confequence, became much crowd- 
 ed ; and the inhabitants teftified their joy for 
 the fuccefs of the Ruffians by balls and mafque- 
 rades. Several of the officers, of the inhabi- 
 tants of Cherfon, and of the gentry in the 
 neighbourhood, who attended thefe balls, were 
 almoft inmiediately afterwards attacked with 
 fevers ; and it was Mr. Howard's idea, that 
 the infedlion had been brought by the officers 
 from Bender. Amongft the number who caught 
 this contagion was a young lady who*refided 
 about fixteen miles from Cherfon. When ffie 
 had been ill fome little time, Mr. Howard was 
 earneftly requefled to vifit her. He faw her 
 firfton Sunday, December 27. He vifited her 
 again in the middle of the week, and a third 
 timeon the Sunday following, January 3. On 
 that day he found her fweating very profufely ; 
 and, being unwilling to check this by uncover- 
 ing her arm, he palled his under the bed- 
 clothes to feel her pulfe. While he was doing 
 this, the eiiluvia from her body were very of- 
 
( 123 ) 
 
 fenfive to him, and it was always his own opi- 
 nion that he then caught the fever. She died 
 on the following day. Mr. Howard was much 
 afFe^led by^her death, as he had flattered him- 
 felf with hopes of her amendment. From Ja- 
 nuary 3d to the 8th he fcarcely went out* ; 
 but on that day he went to dine with Admiral 
 MontgwinofF, who lived about a mile and a 
 half from his lodgings. He (laid later than 
 ufual; and when he returned, found himfelf 
 unwell, and thought he had fomething of the 
 gout flying about him. He immediately took 
 fome Sal Volatile in a little tea, and thought 
 hi'mfelf better till three or four on Saturday 
 mornmg, when feeling not fo well, he repeat- 
 ed the Sal Volatile. He got up in the morn- 
 ing and walked out : but, finding himfelf worfe, 
 foon returned and took an emetic. On, the fol. 
 lowino; night he had a violent attack of fever, 
 when he had reccurfe to his favorite remedy, 
 James* powder, which he regularly took eve- 
 ry two or tour hours till Sunday the i7th» 
 For though Prince Potemkin fent his ov> n phy, 
 fician to him, immediately on being acquai teJ 
 
 * There feems feme mifiahe here, as there s a full 
 lepovt in his memorn'iduins, of a lifit tj tiK h<f^itah in 
 Chcrfojif duud January 6. 
 
( l"^4 ) 
 
 ivith his lllnefs, yet his own prefcriptions -were 
 Dever interfered with during this time. On 
 the J 2th he had a kind of fit, in which he fud- 
 deiily fell down, his f;ice became black, his 
 breathing difficult, and he remained infenfiblc 
 for half an hour. On the 17th he had another 
 iimilar fit. On the i8th he was feized with 
 hiccuping, which continued on the next day, 
 when he took fomc mufk draughts by diredion 
 of the phyfician. About feven o'clock on 
 Wednefday morning, the 20th of January, he 
 had another fit, and died in about an hour af- 
 ter. He was perfeflly fenfible during his ill- 
 nefs, except in the fits, tillvithin a very few 
 hours of his death. This event he all along 
 expedied to take place ; and, he often faid, that 
 he had no other wifli for life than as it gave 
 him the means of relieving liis fellow-crea- 
 lures. 
 
 Daring his illnefs he received a letter from 
 a friend, who mentioned having lately ieen his 
 fun at Leicefter, and exprclTed his hopes that 
 Mr. Howard would find him better on his re- 
 turn to England. When this account was read 
 to him, it affedled him much. His exprefhc^ns 
 of pleaf^ure were particularly flrong, and he 
 often defn-ed his fcrvant;, if ever by the blelling 
 
of God, his foil was reftorcd, to tell him how 
 much he prayed for his happ.nefs. Ke made 3 
 will* on the Thurfday before he died ; and 
 was burled, at his own requeft, at the villa of 
 M. Dauphine, about eight miles from Cherfon, 
 where a monument is ereded over his grave. 
 He made the obfervation, that he fliould here 
 be at the fame diftance from Heaven, as if 
 brought back to England. While in Cherfon, 
 he faw the accounts of the demolition of the 
 Baflille, which feemed to sfFord him a very 
 particular pleafure ; and he thought itpoiTible, 
 the account he had himfelf publiihed of it, 
 might have contributed to this event.'* 
 
 On this relation, the general exaclnefs of 
 which may, I dcubt not, be fully relied on, I 
 iliall only make a medical remark or two. Not- 
 withftanding Mr. Howard's convidion of hav- 
 ing caught the contagion from the young lad)', 
 I think the diilance^ of time between his hifl 
 vifit to her and his own feizure, makes the fact 
 dubious. Contagion thus fenfibly received, 
 ufuaily, I believe, operates in a lefs period than. 
 
 ♦ This r;r if} probably have be^n ordy form direWont 
 to his i:xscut^rSf as his will is dale J i;i ly j. 
 
f 126 ) 
 
 .^ve days*. Perhaps his vJfii to the hofpitaU 
 on the 6th, or his late return from the Admi- 
 ral's on the 8ih, in a cold feaibn and un.- 
 wholefome climate, will better account for it. 
 The nature of his complaint is not very clear, 
 foritisvery uncommon for the fenles to re. 
 main entire till the laft, in a fever of the low 
 or putrid kind ; nor are fits, refembling epi- 
 jeptic attacks, among the ufual fymptoms of 
 fach a difeafe. That a wandering gout might 
 make part of his indifpofition, is not very im- 
 probable, as it was a diforder to which he was 
 conftitutionaily liable, though his mode of liv- 
 ing prevented any fevere paroxyfms of it. At 
 any rate, his diiecife was certainly attended 
 with debility of the vital powers, and therefore 
 the long and frequent ule of James' powders 
 muft have been prejudicial. And I think it 
 highly probable, that Mr. Howard's name may 
 be added to the numerous lift of thofe, whole 
 lives have been facrificed to the empirical ufe 
 of a Hiedicine of great activity, and therefore- 
 capable of doing muchhajrm as v.'cil as good.. 
 
 * j<cccY{lir.gtoDr.Lindj its efftih, Jhiwering and 
 ficknefs, are inji_anta?iecus. S€t Dijfert, on FuTfrs and 
 Infdiioiu Chap. W, fdL 1 . 
 
( 127 ) 
 
 It was Mr. Howard's written requeft, that 
 his papers iliould be corre(fted and fitted for 
 publication by Dr. Price and luyfelf. The de* 
 dining ftate of health of Dr. Price*, has 
 
 * Whiljl lam engaged hi this work, Dr. Price has 
 fdlowed his friend to the gra-e. A chara<Sler fo illu- 
 flrious will, donbiltjs, have all jj-iJUce dojie it by fame 
 pen qualified to difplay its various merits. /Vay I bg 
 pc) 77iiited, hozaezer, to take this occajion of mingling 
 7?jy regrets withthofe of his oihtr friends and admirer sy 
 and offering ajmall tribute to the memory of one of the 
 mojl excellent of men I Though during life the advanc- 
 ed jlation he occupied in political contr over fy rendered 
 his na7?ie as obnoxious to fome, as it was chtrified and 
 revi'red by others, yet now he is g0ne to that place 
 where all worldly differeitces are at an end, it may be 
 hoped, that the liberal of all deno7ninations will con- 
 cur, in rcfpeUing a long courfe of years fpe7it in the 
 unre?7iitted application of eminent abilities and ac 
 quiremenis, to the pro77iotion of what he regarded as. 
 the greatejl good of his fellow-en atiires. A charaiier 
 in which were co7nbined fwiplicity tf heart, withdtptk 
 ef und-rjlatidijig, — ardent Lve cf truth, ivith true 
 Chrifiian charity and humility ; — high zeal for tjie 
 public interefJs, with perfeCs freedo7ii from all ^ivat& 
 Tiews ; cannot be ulti7nately injui ed by the pstulence 
 efwit, or the invectives cf eloqu:nce. Dr, Price^s re- 
 putation as a moraliji, philofspher, a7id politician^ 
 may fafely be committed to i77ipartial pofer, ty^ 
 
( X29 ) 
 
 caufed the bufinefs to devolve folely on me, 
 and I have executed it to the beft of my pow- 
 er. Little was requifue to be done to the 
 greateft part, which he had himfelf copied cut 
 fair. The reft was with fome difficulty to be 
 compiled out of detached and broken memo- 
 randums ; but in thefe his own words are as 
 much as poflible preferved. Of this Snpple. 
 ment I fhall give a general accoent, as I have 
 done of the former parts cf his works. 
 
 The order and regularity cf Kolbnd ftill 
 afford ufeful defcriptions, and iomc of the a- 
 bufes which even there had crept in, feem to 
 have been cor^eded fmce Mr. Foward's vilits. 
 The friend to humanity has yet, how^tver, to 
 lament the continued ui'e of the torture there^ 
 to force confeflioii. The ftate oi the prifons in 
 Ofnaburgh, Hanover, aud Bruniwick, is again 
 dwelt upon with fome minutenefs, obvioufly. 
 becaufe the writer thought there was fome 
 probability of his attrading, in a more peculiar 
 manner, the notice of thole who have the 
 power of remedying their defeds. Who will 
 r.ot fympathize with him in thedifappointment 
 he expreiTes in this inftance, and bewail the 
 ftrange fatality by which the utmoft barbarity 
 of ti.e torture is retained in the dominions of a 
 
( 129 ) 
 
 mild and enlightened Sovereign, whofe inter- 
 pofitions could not but be efficacious in fuppref- 
 (ing it I 
 
 At Berlin and Spandau the inftitutions ap- 
 pear topreferve the good order in which they 
 were left by the Great Frederic. Konigfberg 
 feems to ihew the neglect incident to places dif- 
 tant from the feat of government. In a note 
 under this place, Mr. Howard makes an ac- 
 knovvledgmen: of the attention with which hi.s 
 remarks have been honored in various foreign 
 countries, and properly adduces it as a realon 
 for his adoption of t]]at cenforial manner of 
 noting abufes, which, in his later jouruies, li,c 
 has not fcriipled freely to employ. 
 
 At St. Peterfburgh he had the plcafure to 
 obferve feveral improvements in the hoipitals> 
 probably in great part owing to his own fug- 
 geftions. Under Cronfladt he finds occafion, 
 however, to animadvert upon an alteration in 
 the plan of diet, generally adopted throughout 
 the marine and military hofpitals of Ruilia, 
 which, in his opinion, is highly prejudicial. 
 This alteration confifls in changing milk, and 
 vaiious other articles, conftituting the ufual li- 
 quid and middle diet of the (ick, for the flrong- 
 
( 130 ) 
 
 er and lefs iligeftible food of men in health.' 
 The prirons at Mofcow feem greatly neglect- 
 ed by thofe whofe office it is to fuperiniend 
 them ; bnt the charity difplaytd by individuals 
 towards the poor wretches confined in them, 
 gave Mr. Howard a favorable idea of the hu- 
 mane difpofitlon of the nation, confirmed by 
 what he faw of their manners in his travels. 
 
 Ke now haftened to thofe fcenes, where a 
 deflruclive war, co-operating with an unwhcle- 
 fome climate, produced fuch evils, aggravated 
 by negled and inhumanity, that they gave him 
 no other occupation than to lament and com- 
 plain. After all the allowances that candor 
 demands, for inev.'table wants and hardfliips in 
 the diftant pofls of a newly poiTtfTed country, 
 and during the heighih of widely extended mi- 
 litary operations, the Rulhan commanders can- 
 not be vindicated from an inr.tuentioii to the 
 lives and comforts of their foldiers, greater, as 
 Mr. Howard obferves, than he had feen in aiy 
 other country. Ignorance, abnfe, miftiianage- 
 ment, and deficiency, feem at their very lum- 
 mit in the military hofpitals of Cherfon, Wi- 
 towka, and St. Nicholas. The lively picftures 
 be has drawn of the diltreffes he here witneficd, 
 and his pathetic defcripuon of the fufFerings of 
 
( '3' ) 
 
 the poor recruits, marched from their diftant 
 homes to thefe melancholy regions, mud awa- 
 ken in every feelmg bread a warm indignation 
 againft the fchemes of ambitious deipoiifm, 
 however varnifhed over with the colorings of 
 glory, or even of national utility. No lefl'on 
 ought to be more forcibly imprefl'ed on man- 
 kind, than, that unconiroled power in one or 
 few, notwithftanding it may cccalionally be 
 exercifed in fplendid and even benef ^ent de- 
 figns, is on the whole abiolutely inconfiftent 
 with the happinefs of a people*. The Em- 
 prefs of RulTia's unjuft feizure of Lefler and 
 Crim Tartary, has been the caufe of miferies 
 not to be calculated, to her own fubjedls and 
 thofe of Turkey, and has endangered the tran- 
 quility of all Europe. 
 
 I fliali conclude this review cf the works 
 and public fervices of Mr. Howard with brief 
 annals of his more than Herculean labors, du- 
 ring the lafl feventeen years of his hfe. 
 
 *^ Scilicet tit Ttirno co7itingat regia co*ijunx 
 Nos, anima viles, ifihumata inflttaqut^ turba, 
 %ternamur campis. JS.n% xi« 
 
( 132 ) 
 
 1773' High-flieriff of Bedfordfhire. Vifit- 
 ed many county and town gaols. 
 
 1774. Completed his furvey of Englifli 
 gaols. Stood candidate to reprel'ent 
 the town of Bedford. 
 
 1775. Travelled to Scotland, Ireland, 
 France, Holland, Flanders and Ger- 
 many. 
 
 1776. Repeated his vifit to' the above coun- 
 tries, and to Switzerland. During 
 thefe two years rcvifited all the Eng- 
 lish gaols. 
 
 1777. Printed his ftate of prifons. 
 
 1 778. Travelled through Holland, Flanders, 
 Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and 
 part of.France. 
 
 1779. Revifited all the counties of England 
 and Wales, and travelled into Scot- 
 land and Ireland. Acled as Supervi- 
 for of the Penitentiary IJoufes. 
 
 1780. Printed his firflApendix. 
 
i ( 133 ) 
 
 i;?!. Travelled into Denmark, Sweden, 
 Ruflia, Poland, Germany, and Hol- 
 land. 
 
 17^2* Again furveyed all the Englifh pri- 
 Ibns, and wen: into Scotland and Ire- 
 land* 
 
 r 
 
 1783. Vifited Portugal, Spain, France, 
 Flanders and Holland ; alfo, Scotland 
 and Ireland ; and viewed feveral 
 Englifh prilbns. 
 
 1784. Printed the fecond Appendix, and a 
 new edition of his whole works. 
 
 1786. \ 
 
 11^7^ i 
 
 From the clofe of the firfl: of thefe 
 years, to the beginning of the lafl, 
 on his tour through Holland, 
 France, Italy, Malta, Turkey and 
 Germany- Afterwards went to 
 1^ Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 1788. Revifited Ireland; and during this 
 and the former year, travelled over 
 all England. 
 
 M 
 
( 134 ; 
 
 1789. Printed his work on Lazarettos, &:c. 
 Travelled through Holland, Germa- 
 ny, Pruflia, and Livcnia, to RulTia 
 and LelTer Tarrary. 
 
 1790. January 20. Died at Cherfon. 
 
 Having thus traced the faotfteps of this great 
 philanthi^opift from the cradle to the grave, and 
 followed them with clofe infpedion in that part 
 of his courfe which comprehends his more 
 public life, it only remains, to alTenible thofe 
 features of character which have been dil'play- 
 ed in his adlions, and to form them in conjunc- 
 tion with fuch minuter ftrokes as ftudious ob- 
 fervatioQ may have enabled me to draw, into a 
 faitliful portraiture of the man. 
 
 The firft thing that Itruck an obferver on 
 acquaintance with IVIr. Howard, was a flamp 
 ^f extraordinary vigour and energy on all his 
 movements and exprelfions. An eye lively and 
 penetrating, flrong and prominant features, 
 quick gait, and animated geftures, gave pro- 
 mife of ardor .in forming, and vivacity in exe- 
 
( 135 ) 
 
 cuting his defigns*. At no time of liis life, I 
 believe, was he without fome object of warm 
 piirlaic; and in every thing he p^rfued, he w.\s 
 indefatigable in aiming at perfection. Give him 
 a hint of any thing he had left fhoi t, ur any 
 new acquifition to be made, and while you 
 might fuppofe he was deliberating about it, you 
 were furprifed with finding it was d^ne. Koi 
 Caefar hunfelf could better exemplify the po- 
 et's 
 
 Nil afiiim credens, dam quilfupcrejftt agr.idii^n. 
 
 I remember that, having accidently remark- 
 ed to him tliat amongft the London prifoas he 
 
 * Mr. Hozvardhadfo much contempt for worldly 
 honors that he would never fit to any painter whatever, 
 and this has given rife to an opinion that there is no 
 corrtd likenefi of him. I:i this refpeft, howf.'er, ths 
 public feem to be under a mifake. An ingenious and 
 refpt'Ciable artijl, Mr, T, U allow fiyy whofv talents are 
 juJHy admit ed, had often an opportunity of being in 
 c Of Hp any with Mr, Howard in a public place, vjhere 
 ajkjtch of his features might be folin. The temptx- 
 ti'ju was too great to be r'ejified. An accurate Jkct.k 
 was made ^ and an evgrai'ing, executed from it^ ac- 
 compan'-es this life, and zii 11 afford a very jujl idea cf 
 'the features of t' is great and good niaii, 
 . The American Editor can ajjlire the public, thn, 
 the original fietch alluded to abo^e, is now in the pof- 
 Jejjion of Mr, Caleb Lozunes (f this city, 
 
 V 
 
( »36 ) 
 
 had omitted the Tower, he was fo ftruck witk 
 the deficiency (though of trifling conl'equence, 
 fince confinement there is fo rare}, that at his 
 very firft leifure he ran to London, and fuppli- 
 ed it. Nor was it only during a fliort period 
 cf ardour that his exertions were thus awaken- 
 ed. He had the ilill rarer quality of being 
 able, for any length of time, to bend all the 
 povvers and faculties of his mind to one point, 
 unfeJuced by every allurement which curiolity 
 or any other afFedion might throw in his way, 
 «.)d unfufceptible of that fatiety and difgufl 
 which are i'o apt to ileal upon a protracled pur- 
 fuit. Though by his early travels he had 
 iliewn himfelf not indifferent to thofe objedsof 
 tafte and infcrmation Vvhich ftrike the cultiva* 
 tad mind in a foreign country, yet in the tours, 
 exprefsly made for the purpofe of examining 
 prilbns and hofpitals, he appears to have had 
 eyes and edrsfoi nothing elfe: at leaft he fuf- 
 lered no other object to detain him or draw him 
 alide*. Imprefled' with the idea of the impor- 
 tance of his dcfigns, and the uncertainty of hu- 
 man life, he was impatient to get as much done 
 
 ♦ He mentioned bi'ing once prevailed upon in Italy 
 to go and hear fome extraordinary fine nmfic ; but, 
 ^/tnuiug his thoughts too much occupied by it, he would 
 nev^r repeat the indulgence^ 
 
( ^37, ) 
 
 as polTible within tlie allotted limits. And itt 
 this difpofition confiiled that enthufiariu by 
 which the public fuppofed hini aduated; for 
 otherwife, his cool and fteady temper gave nci 
 idea of the characler ufually diftinguifned by 
 that appellation. He followed his plans, indeed, 
 with wonderful vigour and conftancy, but by 
 no means with that heat and eau-ernefs, that in- 
 flamed and exalted imagination, which de- 
 note the enthufiaft. Hence, he was not liable 
 to catch at partial reprefentations, to viev/ 
 fac^s through fallacious mediums, and to fall 
 into thofe miftakes which are fo frequent in 
 ■the refearches of the man of fancy and warm 
 feeling. Some perfons, who only knew him 
 by his extraordinary adions, were ready e- 
 nough to bellow upon him that ineer of con- 
 tempt, which men of cold hearts and feliifh 
 difpofit.ons are.fo apt to apply to whatever has 
 the Oiew of high fenfibility. While others, 
 who had a flight acquaintance with him, and 
 faw occafional features of phlegm, and perhaps 
 harninefs, were difpofed to queilionhis feeling 
 altogether, and to attribute his exertions ei- 
 ther merely to a feiife of duty, or to habit 
 and humour. But both ihefe were erroneous 
 concluiions. He felt as a man fiioiild feel ; bat 
 
 iftot fo as to millead him, either in the eftimatc 
 Ma 
 
f 138 ) 
 
 he formed of chjctts of utility, or in his res. 
 foninj^s concerning tiie means by which they 
 ^\ere co be brought into efFecl:. The reforma- 
 tion of abufes, and the reljef of mifery, were 
 the two great purpofes whicli he kept in view 
 in all his undertakings; and T have equally 
 feen the tear of fenfibility ftart into his eyes 
 on recalling fome of the diilrefsful fcenes to 
 which he had been vvitnefs, and the fpirit of 
 indignation fla/h from them on relating inftaii- 
 ees of bafenefs and oppreifion. Still, however, 
 hisconftancy of mind and felf-colleclion never 
 deferted him. He was never agitated, never 
 ofFhis guard; and the unfpeakable advanta- 
 ges of fuch a temper in the fcenes in which he 
 was engaged, need not be dwelt upon. 
 
 His whole courfe of a^lion was fuch a trial 
 «f intrepidity and fortitude, that it may feem 
 altogether fuperfiuous to fpeak of liis poiTefTion 
 of thefe qualities. He had them, indeed, both 
 from nature and principle. His nerves were 
 firm ; and his convicftion of marching in the 
 path of duty made him fearlefs of coniequen- 
 <es. Nor was it only en great occafions that 
 this (Irength of mind was {hown* It raifed 
 him above falfe fhame, and that awe which 
 miakes a coward of many a brave raan in tb9 
 
( 139 ) 
 
 prefence of a fuperior. No one ever lefs 
 ''feared the face of man/' than he- No one 
 hefitated iefs in fpeaking bold truths, or a- 
 vowing obnoxious opinions. His courage was 
 equally paUive and ad:ive. He was prepared 
 to make every facrifice that a regard to ftricl 
 veracity, or rigorous duty, could enjoin; and 
 it cannot be doubted, that, had he lived in an 
 age when aflerting bis civil and religious rights 
 would have fubjeded him to martyrdom, not a 
 more willing martyr would ever have aicend- 
 ed the fcaiFold, or embraced the ftake. 
 
 The refolute temper of Mr. Howard dif- 
 played itfelf in a certain peremptorinefs, which, 
 when he had once determined, rendered him 
 unyielding to perfuafion or dilTaufion, and urg- 
 ed him on to the accomplinmient of his pur- 
 pofe, regardlefs of obftacles. He expected 
 prompt obedience in thofe from whom he had 
 a right to require it, and was not a man to be 
 treated with negligence and inattention. He 
 was, however, extremely confiderate, and fuf. 
 ficientlv indulgent to human frailties ; and a 
 good- will to pleafe him could fcarcely fail of 
 its efFecb. That his commands were reafona- 
 ble, and his expectations moderate, may be in- 
 ferred from the long continuance of moil of 
 
( 140 ) 
 
 his fervants with him, and his fteady attach- 
 ment ro many of thofe whom he employed. 
 His means of enforcing compliance were chiefly 
 rewards ; and the withholding them was his 
 method of (liowing difpleafure*. 
 
 * Th'j following chara^tcriCic aiiecd<te was com. 
 municated to nis by a gentL r,:an who traielled in a 
 chaife with him from Lanca/Iiire to London in illl, 
 Mr. Hor,ard obfrved, that he had found few things 
 more difficult to manage than pofi-chaife drivers, whg 
 would ftldoni comply with his wiflies of going flow or 
 fafl, till he adopted the folloxving method. At the end 
 of a f! age, when the dri'ver hadbeeji perverfe, he de-. 
 fired the landlord to fend for fo7ne poor i7:diiJlrions wi- 
 dow, or other proper objed of cha\ity, and to intro- 
 duce fuch perfon andthe driver together. Hj then paid 
 the latter his fare, and told him, that as he had not 
 thought proper to attend to his repeated requefs as to 
 the manner of being driven, he fhoiild not make him 
 any prefenti but, tofliow him that he did not withhold 
 it cut of a principle of parfimony, he would gii-e tlie 
 poor per foil pre fent double the fum ufually given to a 
 pofiillion. This he did, and dijmifjtd the parties. He 
 had not long pra&ifed this m.ode, he /aid, before he 
 experienced the good effects cf it on all the roads where 
 he was known. 
 
 A more extraordinary inftance of his deterjninedfpi- 
 rit has been related to fxe. Travelling once in the kin^ 
 
( '4> ) 
 
 The rpirit of independence by which he was 
 ever diftinguinied, had in him the only foanda- 
 tlGn to be relied on, moderate deiires. Per- 
 fectly contented with the competence which 
 Providence had beftowed on him, he never 
 had a thought of incrs^aling it ; and sven when 
 in a lituation to exped a family, he made it a 
 rule with himfclf to lay up no part of his an- 
 nual income, but to expend in fome uieful or 
 benevolent fcheme the fuperfluity of the year* 
 
 ^f Prujjii^i dominions^ he came to a very narroud 
 piece of roady admittin-j only om carriaTey where it 
 was enjoined oit^ull pofiillions e .tering at each endy f 
 blow their horns by way of notice. His did fo ; but, 
 after proceeding a good way y they met a courier tra- 
 •velliftg on the king's biifintfsy who had neglected thit 
 precaution. The ccurier ordered Mr. Howard's pojlil- 
 lion to turn hack; but Mr. Howard retnonfratedt that 
 he had complied with the rule, while the other had lio- 
 lated it ; and therefore that he Jhould inftj} on goin^ 
 forwards. The courier y rely'mg on an authority, t9 
 which., in that country y e'very thing mujl give way^ 
 made ufe of high words y but in vain. As neither was 
 4ifpofedtoyieldy they fat flill a long time in their ref- 
 petiive carriages : at length the courier gave up the 
 point to the fturdy Eiigliflimanf who would on no ac^ 
 count renounce his rights. 
 
C 141 ) 
 
 Left this fhould be converted into a charge of 
 careleiTnels in providing for his own, it may ba 
 proper to mention, that he had the beft- 
 grounded expectations, that any children he 
 might have, would largely partake of the wealth 
 ©f their relations. Thus he preferved his 
 heart from that contamination, which (taking 
 in the whole of life) is perhaps the difeafe inoft 
 frequently attendant on a ftate of profperity, — 
 the luft of growing rich ; a paflicn, which is too 
 often found tofwallowup liberality, public fpi- 
 rit, and, at lail, that independency, which it is 
 the beft ufe of v, ealth to fecure. By this tem- 
 per of mind he was^ elevated to an immeafur- 
 able diftance above every thing mean and for- 
 did ; and in all his tranfacbions he difplayed a 
 fpirit of honor and generolity, that might be- 
 come the ^'b)ood of the Howards" when flow- 
 ing in its noblefl channels. 
 
 o 
 
 Had Mr. Howard been lefs provided with 
 the goods of fortune, his independency would 
 have found a refource in the fewnefs of his 
 wants; and it was an ineftimable advantage 
 which he brought to his great work, an ad- 
 vantage perhaps more uncommon in this coun- 
 try than any of thofe already mentioned, that 
 he pofrefTed a command over all corporeal ap^ 
 
( M3 ) 
 
 petitesand habitudes, not lefs perfetl than that 
 of any ancient phi'.ofopher, or modern afcetic* 
 The ftrift regimen of diet which he had adopt- 
 ed early in life from motives of health, he af- 
 terwards perfevered in through choice, and 
 even extended its rigour, fo as torejevfl all 
 thofe indulgencies which even the mofttempe- 
 rate confider as neceflary for the prefervation 
 of their ftrength and vigor. Animal foods, 
 and fermented and fpirituous drinks^ he utter- 
 ly difcarded from his diet. Water and the 
 plaineft vegetables fufficed him. Milk, tea, 
 butter, and fruit, were his luxuries ; and he 
 was equally fparing in the quantity of food, 
 and indifferent as to the ftated times of taking 
 it. Thus he found his wants fupplied in al- 
 molt every place where man exifted, and was 
 as well provided in the pofadas of Spain and 
 caravanferas of Turkey, as in the inns and 
 hotels of England and France. Water was 
 one of his principal neceflaries, for he was a 
 very Muffelman in his ablutions ; and if nicety 
 or delicacy had place with him in any refped, 
 it was in the perfed cleanlinefs of his whole 
 perfon. He was equally tolerant of heat, cold, 
 andaljp the viciflitudes of climate ; aijd, what 
 is more wonderful, not even fleep feemed ne- 
 cefi^ry to him; at Icaftat thofe returns and in 
 
( M4 ) 
 
 thofe proportions in which mankind in genera 1 
 exped: it. How well he was capable of endur- 
 ing fatigue, the amazing journies he look by- 
 all modes of conveyance, without any inter* 
 ^vals of what might be called repofe (fince hia 
 only baiting places were his proper fcenes of 
 action), abundantly teftify. In fliort no hu- 
 man body was probably ever mOre prrfedly 
 the fervant of the mind by which it was aclu- 
 ated ; and all the efforts of the flrongeit conffi- 
 tution, not inured to habits of felf.denial, and 
 moral as well as corporeal exercife, would have 
 been unequal to his exertions*. 
 
 With refpeft to the character of his under- 
 itanding, that, too, v;as as happily adapted 
 to the great bufmefs in which ne engag ed. 
 
 * The following account of his mode of travelling, 
 communicated to me by a gentletnan in Dublin, 
 who had much free converfation with him, and the 
 Jubflance cf^ which I well recolleii to have heard 
 from himf If .willy I doubt tioty proi-e intertfiing, 
 ** When he travelled in England or Ireland, it war 
 generally on horfebacky and he rode about forty 
 E^iglifli miles a day. He was never at a lofs for 
 an inn, ■ When in Ireland, or the Highlands of Scot* 
 land, he ufed to flop at one of the poor cabins that 
 Jlick up a rag by way of fignf and get a little milk* 
 
C M5 ) 
 He had not, in a high degree, that extenfn'^ 
 comprehenfion, that faculty of generalizing, 
 which is faid to diftinguilh the man of geirus, 
 but which, without a previous collection of 
 authentic materials, is ever apt to lead into er- 
 roneous fpeculations. He was rather a man of 
 
 When he cams to the town he -was to Jljcp at, he be- 
 /poke a flipper, with vjine a,ul beer, like another tra- 
 veller, hut made his man attend him, and take it azuay, 
 luhiljl he was preparing his bread and jnilk. Be al- 
 ways paid the waiters, pofiillions, zjc, liberally, be- 
 caufe he would have no difcontent or difpute, nor fuf- 
 fer his fyirits to be agitated for J nch a matter ; fayiiig^ 
 that in a journey that inight cojl three or four hundred 
 pounds, fifteen or twenty pounds addition was net 
 vjorth t'.iinhing about. When he travelled on t:ie con- 
 tinent, lie ufually w^nt pojli.i his own chaife, which 
 was a Gertnan one that he bought for the purpofc. 
 He never Jlopped till he came to the town he meant to 
 'yifit,biit travelled all night , if necejjary ; and from 
 habit could ^n^ep very well in the chaife far fcveral 
 nights tog;thei\ In the lafi tour hut one he travelled 
 twenty days and nights together without going tohcd^ 
 andfjund no inconvenience from it. He ufed to car ry 
 with him afmall tea-kett'e, fome cup<, a little pot of 
 fweetmeats, and a fe:u loaves. At the pojl-houfe hi: 
 could get his water toiled, fend out fr milk, and ?naks 
 bis repajlt while his man lusnt totha auberge.'* 
 N 
 
( 146 ) 
 
 detail; of laborious accuracy and minute exa- 
 
 mination ; and tlierefore he had the proper 
 
 qualities for one who was to lead the way in 
 
 refearchcs where all was ignorance, confufion, 
 
 and local cuRorw. Who but fuch a man could 
 
 have collected a body of information, which 
 
 has made even profeflional men acquainted with 
 
 interefling facls that they never before knew ; 
 
 and has given the EngTifh reader a more exadl 
 
 knowledge of practices followed in Ruiha and 
 
 Spain, than he before had of thofe in his own 
 
 country.? This minutenefs of detail was what 
 
 he ever regarded as his peculiar province. As 
 
 he was of all men the moft modeft eftimator of 
 
 his own abilities, he was ufed to fay, **I am 
 
 thQ plodder, who goes about to colled: materials 
 
 for men of genius to make ufe of." Let thofe 
 
 who look with faflidioufnefs upon long tables 
 
 of rules and orders, and meafurements of cells 
 
 and work-rooms, given in feet and inches, 
 
 coniider, that v/hen a fcheme is brought into 
 
 practice, thefe fmall circumftances nmil have 
 
 iheir place ; and that the moit ingenious plans 
 
 often fail in their execution for want of adjuft- 
 
 ment in the nicer parts. Perhaps even the 
 
 great Frederic of Pruffia was more indebted 
 
 for fuccefs to the exaclnefs of his difpoiitions in 
 
 every minute particular connected with prac- 
 
f 147 ) 
 
 ircc, t/ivTii to deep and fublime views of gene- 
 ral principles. 
 
 From a (iinilar cafl: of mind, Mr. Howard 
 was a friend to fnbordination, and all the de- 
 corums of regular fociety ;. nor did he dillike 
 vigorous exertions of civil authority, when di- 
 rected to laudat)le purpoies. .He interfered 
 little in difputes relative to the theory of go- 
 vernment ; but was contented to take fyftems 
 of fovereignty as he found them eftabliihed in 
 various parts of the world, fatisficd v.'ith 
 prompting fuch an application of their powers 
 as might promote the welfare of the refpecfive 
 communities. A (fate of imprifonment bein r 
 that in wiiich the rights of men are, in great 
 part, at leaft, fufpended, it was natural that 
 his thoughts /hould be more converfant with a 
 people as the fubjeds, than as the fourcc, of 
 authority. Yet he well knew, and properly 
 valued, the ineftimable bleflings of political 
 freedom, as oppofed to defpotifm ; and, among 
 the nations of Europe, he confidered the Dutch 
 and Swifs as affording the beff examples of a 
 ftrict and fteady police, conduded upon princi- 
 ples'of equity and humanity. To the charac- 
 ter of the Dutch he was, indeed, peculiarly 
 partial ; and frequently alferted, tliat he Hiould 
 
( M8 ) 
 
 prefer Holland for his place of refulence, Co 
 any other foreign country. T can acl<«, from 
 undoubted authority, th^t Mr. Howard was 
 one of thofe who (in the language of the great 
 Lord Ciiarliam) *' rejoiced that America had 
 refuted/' and triumphed in her final fuccefs; 
 and that he was principally attached to the po- 
 pular part of our conftitution ; and that in hiS 
 own county he diftinguifiied himfelf by a fpi- 
 rited oppolltion to ariftocratical influence. 
 
 His peculiar habits of life, and the exclufive 
 attention he beftowed in his later years on a 
 few objects, caufed him to appear more averfe 
 tofociety than I think he really was; and it 
 has been mentioned as an Unfortunate circura- 
 flance, that his jfhynefs and refer ve frequently 
 kept him out of the way of perfons from whom 
 he mio-ht have derived much uleful infonriati- 
 tion. But it is vain to deiire things incompa- 
 tible. Mr. Howard can fcarcely be denied to 
 have chofen the bell way, upon the whole, of 
 conducing his enquiries ; and if he had been a 
 a more comfanhnable man, more ready to in- 
 dulge his own curiofity, and gratify that of 
 others, he would no longer have pofTefled one 
 of the chief advantages he brought to his great 
 work. Yet while he afTiduoufly iliunned alj 
 
( 149 ; 
 
 engagements which would ha-ve involved him 
 in the forms and dilFipation of fociety, he was 
 by no means difinclined to enter into conver- 
 faiions on his particular topics ; on the contra- 
 ry, he was often extremely communicative, 
 and would enliven a fniall circle with the moft 
 entertaining relations of his travels and ad- 
 ventures. 
 
 Mr. Howard had in a hio-h den-ree that ref- 
 pectful attention to the female fex which fo 
 much characterifes the genclemnn. Perhaps, 
 indeed, I may here be i-eferring to rules of 
 politenefs which no longer exifl. But he v/as 
 as thoroughly imprelled with the maxim of 
 place aux diUries as any Frenchman, though 
 without the llrain of light and complimentary 
 gallantry which has accompanied it in the in- 
 dividuals of chat nation. His was a niore fe« 
 rious fentiment, connected with the uniform 
 praclice of giving up his own eafe and accom- 
 modation, for the fake of doing a real kindnefs 
 to any female of decent charader. It is ex- 
 cellently illuftrated by an anecdote related ia 
 a magazine, by a perfon who chanced to fail 
 with him in the packet from Holyhead to Dub- 
 lin, when the veffel being much crowded, Mr. 
 
 Howard refigued his bed to a fervant-maid, 
 N-2- ' 
 
( 15° ) 
 
 and took up wiih the cabin floor for himfelf. 
 It is likewlfe dlfnlaved thron^rhout his works, 
 by the warmth with which he always cenlhrcs 
 the pPddice of putting female prifoners in irons, 
 and expoling them to any harlh and indelicate 
 treatment. He was fond of nothing fo much 
 as the converfation of women of educati on and 
 cultivated manners, and itudied to attach them 
 by little elegant prefeius, and oiher marks uf 
 atrentioji. Lidced, his foft tone of voice and 
 genrlenefs of demeanour might be thought to 
 approach fomewhat to the eiFeminate, and 
 would furprife choic who iiad known him only 
 by the eiiergy of his exertions. In his judg- 
 ment of female character, it \va.s manifefl thac 
 the idea of his lod Harriet was the ilandard of 
 excellence; and, if ever he had married again, 
 a refemblancc to her would have been the 
 principal motive of his choice. I recolleifl: to 
 thispurpcfe a fingular anecdote, which he re- 
 Taied to us on his return from one of his tours. 
 In going from one town in Holland to another 
 in the common pafTage boat, he was placed 
 r.ear an elderly gentleman, who had in com- 
 pany a young lady of a nioft engaging manner 
 and appearance, which very ftrongly remind- 
 ed him of his H-irriet. He was fo muchftruck 
 vith her, that, on arriving at the place of dv- 
 
( '5' ) 
 
 ilination, he caafed hislerva'it to follow them, 
 and get intelligence who they were. It was 
 not w:thout fo'iie disappointment th:^t he learn- 
 ed, that the old geritletnan was an eminent 
 merchant, and theyourig lady, — his nvtfc 
 
 Mr. Howard's prediledlon for female focie- 
 \y, v/as in p trt a cor.fequence of his abhorrence 
 of every thing grofs and licentious. His own 
 language and manners were invariably pure 
 and delicate ; and the freedoms which pats un- 
 cenfnred or even applauded in the proinifcuous 
 companies of men, would have afFeded him 
 with fenfations of difguft. For a perfon pof- 
 fclFed of fuch feelings, to have brought him- 
 fclf to fubmit to fuch frequent communication 
 with t\\Q mott abandoned of mankind, was per« 
 haps a greater triumph of duty over inclina- 
 tion than any other he obtained in the profecu- 
 tion of his dcfigns. Yet the nature of his er- 
 rand to prifons probably infpired a we and rcfpecl 
 in the moft diiTolute ; and I think he has record- 
 ed, that he never met with a fingle infult from 
 the prifoners in any of the gaols he vifited. 
 
 As Mr. Howard was fo eminently a religioas 
 charafler, it may be expected that Ibmewhat 
 more fhould be laid of the peculiar tenets he 
 
( '52 ) 
 
 adopted. But, befides that this was a topic 
 which did .not enter into our converfations, 
 I confefs, I do not perceive how his ge- 
 neral plan of condud was likely to be influ- 
 enced by any peculiarity of that kind. The 
 principle of religious duty, wliich is nearly the 
 fame in all fylldms, and differs rather in lirength 
 than in kind in different perfons, is furely fuf- 
 ficient to account for all that he did and.under. 
 went in promoting the good of mankind, by 
 modes which Providence feemed to place be- 
 fore him. Tt has been fuggeited, that he was 
 much under tiie influence of the doclrine of 
 predeftination ; and I know not what of ftern- 
 nefs has been attributed to him as its natural 
 confequence. For my own part, I am not 
 able to difcover in w-hat thofe notions of Pro-- 
 vidence, general and particular, which make 
 part of the profefTion of all religions, differ el- 
 fentially from the opinions of the predeflinari- 
 ans ; and, from manifold obfervation, I am. 
 certain, that the reception of the doctrine of 
 predeflination, as an article of belief, does not 
 necelTarily imply thofe practical confequences 
 which might feem dediicible from it. The lan- 
 guage, at leaft, of our lower dalles of people 
 is almoft univerfally founded upon it ; but when, 
 one ihera dies of an infectious dileaie; not with-. 
 
( ^53 ) 
 
 ftanding the by (landers all fpenk of the event 
 as fated and inevitable, yet each, for himfelf, 
 does not the lefs avoid the infection, or the lefs 
 recur to medical aid if attacked by it. AVith 
 refped to Mr. Howard, he never Teemed to 
 adopt the idea that he was moved by an irre- 
 fiftible inipulfe to his defigns ; for they were 
 the fubjed of much fought and difcufTion: 
 nor did he confront dangers becaufe he had a 
 perfuafion that he fliould be prefer ved from 
 their natural confequences, but becaufe he was 
 elevated above them. This fentiment he has 
 hin)felf m(re than once expreffed in print ; and 
 furely none could be either more rational, or 
 more adequate to the effects produced. '' Be- 
 ing in the way of my duty (fays he), I fear 
 no evil.'' I may venture to aifirm, that thofe 
 of the medical profeflion, whofe fearlefTnefs is 
 not merely the refult of habit, muft reafon up- 
 on the fame principle, when they calmly expofe 
 themfelves to fimilar hazards. They, for the 
 moft part, ufe no precautions againO: contagion : 
 Mr. Howard did ufe fume ; though their ef- 
 fects were probably tricing compared with that 
 of bis habitual tenjp^nce and cleanlinefs, 
 and his untroubled ferenSty of mind. On the 
 whole, his religious confidence does not appear 
 to have been of a nature different from that of 
 
( 154 ) 
 
 other pious men ; -but to be fo fteadily and uni- 
 formly under its iniiuence, and to be elevated 
 by it to Ibch a fuperiority lo all worldly confi- 
 derations, can be the lot of none bat thofe who 
 have lornifcd ea,rly habits of referring every 
 thing to the divine will, and of tixing all their 
 views on futurity. 
 
 From Mr. Howard's connexions with thofe 
 feCis who have ever iliewii a particular abhor- 
 rence of the frauds and fuperftitions of pope- 
 ry, it might be fuppofed, that he would look 
 with :a prejudiced eye on the profelTors and 
 lifiinifters of that p erf uafion. But fuch was 
 his veneration for true vital religion, that he 
 was as ready to pay it honour when he met 
 with it in the habit of a monk, as. under the 
 garb of a teacher : and thi'oughout his works, 
 as well as in converfation, he ever dwelt with 
 great complacency on the pure zeal for the 
 crood of mankind, and genuine Chrirtian chari- 
 ty, which he frequently discovered among the 
 Roman Catholic clergy, both regular and fe* 
 cular. He was no friend to that hafty difTo- 
 lution of convents and"monaftaries which forr 
 med part of the -multifarious reforms of the 
 late Emperor of Germany. He pitied the 
 aged inmates, male and female, ot thefe qu^eft. 
 
( ^55 ) 
 
 abodes, who were driven from their beloved 
 retreats into the wide world, with a very 
 flender and often ill-paid pittance for their 
 Iiipport. *^ Why 'might not they (he v/ould 
 fay) be fufFered gradually to die av/ay, and be 
 tranfplanted from one religions houfe to ano- 
 ther as their numbers leflened ?'* Thofe or- 
 ders which make it the great duty of their 
 profefPion to attend with the kindefb affiduity 
 upon the iick and inipriforied, and who there- 
 fore came continually Vv'ithin his notice, feem- 
 ed to conciliate his good will to the whole 
 fraternity ; and the virtues of order, decency, 
 fobriety, and charity, fo much akin tcrhisown, 
 naturally inclined him to a kind of fellowihip 
 with them. He rigoroufly, however, abftained 
 from any compliances with their worihip which 
 he thought unlawful ; and gave them his ef- 
 teem as men, without the lead difpofition to 
 concur with them as theologians. 
 
 Such were the great lines of Mr. Howard's 
 character — lines ftrongly marked, and fufficient 
 to difcriminaie him from any of thofe who 
 have appeared in a part fomewhat fimihr to 
 his own on the theatre of the world. The 
 union of qualities which fo peculiarly fitted 
 him for the poll: he undertook, is not likely, in 
 
( i5<5 ) 
 
 our age, again to take place; yet different 
 combinations may be employed to effect the 
 fame purpofes ; and, with refpect to the ob- 
 ]eCis of police and humanity concerning >\hich 
 he occupied himfelf, the information he has 
 ollecled will render the repetition of labours 
 like his unnecefTary. To propofe as a model, 
 a character marked with fuch fmgularities, and? 
 no doubt, with fome foibles, would be equally 
 vain and injudicious ; but his firm attachment 
 to principle, highfenfe of honor, pure benevo- 
 lence, unfhaken cpnflancy^ and indefatigable 
 perleverance, may properly be held up to the 
 view of all perions occupying important fta li- 
 ons, or engaged in ul'eful enterpnfes, as quali. 
 ties not lels to be imitated, than ad-mired. 
 
 I iliall conclude with fome account of the li- 
 terary honors which Mr. Howard has received 
 from his countrym.en. It would, indeed, have 
 been extraordinary, if, while fenates and courts 
 or judicature offered him their tribute of ap- 
 plaufe, poetry and eloquence ihould have fliewu 
 an infeniibility to his merits. Befides the ac- 
 knowledgments paid him in every publication 
 upon topics fmiilar to his own, he became ths 
 theme of the elegant mule of Mr. Hayley, vv^ho 
 addrclTca to him an ode in the year lyZo, to 
 
C 157 ) 
 
 ^vhich reference has already been made. Th^ 
 celebrated poem is, by the American Editor, 
 fubjoined to the prefent work. In the fuc- 
 ceeding year, Mr. Burke, adverting, in a fpeeck 
 to the Freemen of Briftol, to a fad in Mr. 
 Howard's book, ftrnck oat, with the enthufi- 
 afm of genius, into a panegyrical digreflion on 
 his plans and adions, decorated with his pecu- 
 liar ftrain of glowing imagery. Nothing, per- 
 haps, can more forcibly exprefs the general 
 4dea entertained of Mr. Howard's exalted 
 worth than the following extradl from that 
 fpeech. " I cannot name this gentleman, fnys 
 *' Mr. Burke, I cannot name this gentleman, 
 '* without remarking that his labours and wri- 
 *' tings have done much to open the eyes and 
 *' hearts of mankind. He has vifited all Eu- 
 *-^ rope, not to furvey the fumpxuoufnefs of pa- 
 ^^ laces, nor the ftatelinefs of temples; not to 
 ^* make accurate meafurements of the remains 
 *^ of ancient grandeur, nor to form a fcale of 
 *^ the curiofities of modern art ; not to collect 
 *^ medals, nor to collate manufcripts ; but to 
 ^^ dive into the depths of dungeons, to plunge 
 *' into the infediou of hofpitals ; to furvey the 
 '^ manfions of forrow and pain ; to take guage 
 ** and dimenfions of mifery, depreflion, and 
 ^ contempt j to remember the forgotten ; to 
 
C 158 ) 
 
 '• attend to the negkaed ; to vifit the forfak. 
 ^' en ; and to compare and collate the diftrefles 
 '^ of all men in all countries. His plan is ori- 
 '' ginal, and it is as full of genius, as it is of 
 '^ humanity. It is a voyage of philanthropy 
 *^ — a circumnavigation of charity! Already 
 ^' the benefit of this labor itfelf is felt mere or 
 '' lefs in every country : I hope he will anti- 
 ^' cipate his final reward by feeing all its effeds 
 ^^ fully realized in his own. He will receive, 
 *^ not in retail but in grofs, the reward of thofe 
 ^^ who vifit the prifoner, and he has fo far 
 ^* foreflalled and monopolifed this branch of 
 '^ charity, that there will be, I trufl, little 
 ''• room to merit by fuch acls of benevolence 
 '' hereafter.^' This fpeech was afterwards 
 printed, and the palTage concerning Mr. How- 
 ard was copied into various periodical writings, 
 and read with univerfal approbation. His 
 charader was even exhibited on the ftage ; for 
 a comedy qf Mrs. Inchbald's, entitled Such 
 Things Are, contained a part evidently mo- 
 delled upon his peculiar caft of benevolence, 
 which for a time rendered the. piece popu- 
 lar. 
 
 Dr. Darwin's very beautiful poem of the 
 Botanic Gardeti, printed in 178^, amidlt an un« 
 
( 159 ) 
 
 expected variety of fubjecls, prefer. ts an eulo- 
 gium of Mr. Howard, fo appropriate and poet- 
 ical, that I am fure no reader of tafte will re- 
 quire an apology from me forinferting it. 
 
 — And now BEXEVCLENCE ! thy rsys divine 
 Dart round the globe from Zembla to the Line : 
 O 'er each dark prifon plays the cheering light, 
 Like northern luftres o'er the vault of night. — 
 From realm to realm, with crofs or crefcent cr own'd , 
 Where'er mankind and mifery are found, 
 O'er burning fands, deep waves, or wilds of fnow, 
 Thy Howard journeying feeks the houfe of woe. 
 Down many a winding ftep to dungeons dank, 
 Where an":uifli wails aloud, and fetters clank ; 
 To caves bedrew'd with many a mouldering boi^^^ 
 And cells, whofe echoes only learn to groan ; 
 Where no kind bars a whifpering friend difclofe. 
 No funbeam enters, and no zephyr blows. 
 He treads, inemulous of fame or wealth, 
 Profufp of toil, and prodigal of health; 
 With foft afTuafive eloquence expands 
 Power's rigid heart, and opes his clenching hands ; 
 Leads ftern-ey'd jufUce to the dark domains. 
 If not to fever, to relax the chains ; 
 Or guides awakenM mercy through the gloom. 
 And Ihews the prifon, filler to the tomb ! — 
 Gives to her babes the fcif-devoted wife, 
 To her fond hufband liberty and life ' — 
 — The fplrits of the good, who bend from high 
 
Wkle o'er thefe eanlilj fcenes their partial eye,. 
 When firfl:, array'd in virtue's pureft robe, 
 They faw her Howard traverfingtlie globe ; 
 Saw round his brows her fiin-like glory blaze 
 In arrowy circles of unwearied rays ; 
 MiRook a mortal for an angel- gueft, 
 And afi<'d what fcraph-foot the earth impreft. 
 — Onward he moves ' — Difeafe and death retire, 
 And murmuring demons hate him, and admire. 
 
 After rhefe lines, the Editor avails hinifelf 
 of this favorable opportunity of exhibiting ta 
 the public, an extracl from the funeral fermon 
 occafioned by the death of Mr. Howard. And 
 as it was delivered under the influence of heart- 
 felt emotions, accompanied with ferious regret, 
 and refers to the leading principle of all his 
 adions, it is prefunied, that it will not be- 
 deenied mifplnccd, at the clofe of a volume, 
 the purpofe of which is, to reprefent in ftrong, 
 faithful, and glowing colours the character of 
 
 the BENEVOLENT HoWARD. 
 
 <' Thofe who beft knew Mr. Howard,^' fays 
 Mr. Palm.er*, in his fermon on the death of 
 his benevolent friend, '* are fo well acquainted 
 
 * Riverend Mr* Palmer of Hackney^ 
 
( 16: ) 
 
 with the ftrength of his Chriftian principles, 
 and with his evangelical views, as not to en- 
 tertain a doubt but that, during his hift ficknefs 
 and in fhe profpecl of death, (melancholy as 
 his fituation was, at a diftance from all his 
 friends) he exercifed the greatcft degree of 
 firmnefs, patience, and lubmifllon to the Divine 
 will ; a lively faith in the promifes of the gof- 
 pel ; a cheerful confidence in the grace of God, 
 in a Redeemer, for accceptance, renouncing, 
 as he often had explicitly done, all pretenlions 
 to merit by all the good Avorks he had perform- 
 ed ; and an humble triumph in the profped of 
 life eternal, as the free gift of God through 
 leflis Chrlft. A little before he left England 
 when a friend expreffed his concern at partinir 
 with him, from an spprehenfion that they 
 Ihould never meet again, he cheerfully replied, 
 " Wefhall fcon meet in Heaven ;" and, as he 
 rather expe(fled to die cf the plague in Egypt, 
 he added, *' the way to Heaven from Grand 
 Cairo is as near as from London.''' Ke that 
 flius lived in the hope of immcrtality, may v/ell 
 be fuppofed at death to have experienced a 
 joy unfpeakable and full of glcry." 
 
 '■Thus lived and thus died tTi"c diilmguifhcd 
 -'.'lanrhronil^, th's briglit ornanient of hurii^a 
 O 2 
 
( i6i ) 
 
 nature and of the religion of Jefus. As his 
 life was (ingularly ufeful, his death was equally 
 glorious. He fell a martyr in the caufe of hu- 
 maniry. As thoufands'blefl'ed him while living 
 millions will lament him now dead. A great- 
 er lofs this country, may I not fay this world, 
 has feldom fuftained. It may appear to many 
 a myflerious providence, that fuch a friend to 
 his fpecies fliould be cut ofFai a time when h^ 
 had fuch noble ends in view, and when, confi- 
 dering the vigour of his conftitution at the age 
 of fixty-iive, he might have been expected ta 
 continue fome years as a blefling to his native 
 country, particularly in promoting the execu- 
 tion of the plans v/hich he had fugp;ened in his 
 publications. But his work was done : the de- 
 iigns of Providence by him were accomplifted ;. 
 and doubtlefsall the circumflances of his death, 
 were wifely ordered by Ilim wlio doth all 
 things well, and v.'ho can eafdy raife up other 
 i-iitrumentsfcr perfeci'ing what he had begun/* 
 
 *' His being cut off in a foreign country, how- 
 ever grievous it may be to his friends heie, is a 
 circnmilance, Vvhich may probably be wifely 
 deiigncd, and k'jppily over-ruled, for fome 
 \zr/ important purpol'es in that riling kingdom, 
 which will elteeniitfelfhcjioured by entombing 
 
( 1^3 ) 
 
 fucli a patriotic EngliOiTnan ; and where a fpi- 
 rit of enmlation may probably be excited to 
 imitate his virtues, and to adopt his plans, for 
 promoting the growing glory and happineis of 
 that vaft empire." 
 
 ^^ While therefore we devoatly praife God 
 for what he had done by tliis his eminent fer- 
 vanr, let us fubmit to his will, and adore his 
 wiidom and fovereignty in his removal. And 
 let us make the beft improvement of fo affecting 
 a difpenfation ; particularly by cultivating that 
 benevolence by which the deceafed was actuat- 
 ed, and by doing what we can, in our different 
 fpheres, for rt-pairing his lols. This will be 
 the betl way of exprelling our veneration for 
 his character, and doing honour to his nie- 
 
 *^ That o-thers, upon his deceafe, would be 
 excited to proi'ccute foiiic of his fcbtfuies foi* 
 the pubhc good, he himfelf had a firm perfuaii- 
 on. Thispiade him the lefs anxious about his 
 own life, whieli his friends thought of fo much 
 importance- In the lad converfation 1 had 
 with bin), when I exprefied my feaj-s for his 
 fifety, and my wifiies that he could have been 
 prevailed upon to continue at h;3iiie, -■ '.r-'cr 
 
( 1^4 ; 
 
 to carry into execution the generous plans he 
 had torraed for the good of his country, his an- 
 fwer was, " When I am dead Ibme body elfe 
 will take up the matter and carry it through." 
 God grant that his expe(fl:ations may be veri* 
 fied ! — But where is the man to be found who 
 is like-minded with him? Another Howard 
 this country cannot hope to fee. Nor is one, 
 altogether his equal now needed. He laid a 
 foundation, on which it would be comparative- 
 ly eafy to buijd. He, with incredible labour 
 and expence, has broken up the ground, pre- 
 pared the foil, and Town the feed : to raife and 
 gather the crop will require but a fmall portion 
 ofinduftry and public fpirit. And are there 
 Rone among you, ye men of fortune and lei- 
 fore, in whom that portion of induflry and 
 public fpirit is to be found? Ye who, in the 
 ilrongeft terms language can fupply, celebrate 
 the philanthropy of the deceafexl, and have 
 fhewn yourfeives impatient to ered a monu- 
 fnent to his honor, fo as fcarcely to be reftrain- 
 -ed from hurting his modefly while yet alive ; 
 is there no one among you that willies to inhe- 
 rit his virtues, ^.nd rear the glorious fabric he 
 hiid framed ? Who that has the ability would 
 sict be ambirious of the honor ? if it be honor 
 «f too jgr-eaf iriagnitude for a-ii individual to 
 
{ i65 ) 
 
 grafp, let it be divided. Here is enough to 
 adorn many a brow. Oh that all in the high- 
 er ranks of life would claiai their Ihare !'' 
 
 'Mf but a for/ men of fortune and influence 
 )iad a fpirit equal to their power, whatableiled 
 country would Britain ibon become ! The poor 
 v/ould be more happy and lefs burthenfome. 
 The induftrious would live in eafe : the idle 
 and profligate would be reclaimed. Crimes 
 would be prevented inftead of being punifhed. 
 Our prifons in time would fcarce need humane 
 vifitants, but v/ould often (like fome abroad) 
 be almofl; empty ; at leafl: thofe confined in 
 them would be there ufeful to the community, 
 and not dangerous to it w'lendilcharged. Mu- 
 ny would go out reformed, and would become 
 good members of fociety. Thus Englifnmen, 
 who vainly boaft of their liberty, would enjoy 
 liberty: would refl: in their beds, and travel by 
 day or by night, without fear of being mur- 
 dered or plundered by their own fpecies. That 
 it is otherwife, is in a great meafure ovving to 
 the want of public fpirit in men of rank and 
 power. Would to God that the lofs of one 
 Patriot may prove the occafion of railing up 
 MANY P' 
 
^^){<^¥^^^r(~^OK)i<)^s.^)K^^O^,He<-*0{t 
 
 D K &c 
 
 : )^My^M-iemM^y0(^^^^ye^.^)i^}'^}¥:. 
 
ODE 
 
 INSCRIBED TO 
 
 JOHN HOWARD. 
 
 L.L.D. F.R.S. 
 
 BY WILLIAM HAYLEY, ESC 
 
 -♦' SECOND TO NONE, 
 
 IN THE WORKS OF HUMANITY AND BENEVOLENCE.'* 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 rRJNTED FOR JOHN ORMK.OD, ST WILLIAM \»'. WOODWARP, 
 AT FRANKLI.m's head, NO. 4I, CHESNUT-STREET, 
 
 1794. 
 
ODE. 
 
 IT'AV'RITE of Heaven, and friend of earth! 
 Philanthropy, benignant power ! 
 AVhofe Tons difplay no doubtrul worth, 
 The pageant of the pafling hour ! 
 Teach me to paint, in deaihlefs fong, 
 Some darling from thy fiUal throng, 
 Whofe deeds no party-rage infpire, 
 But fill th' agreeing world with one defire, 
 To echo his renown, refponfive to my lyre 1 
 
 Ah! whither lead'fl: thou? — whence that 
 figh? 
 What found of woe my bofom jars ? 
 Why pafs, where Milery's hollow eye 
 Glares wildly thro' thofe gloomy bars? 
 Is Virtue funk in thefe abodes. 
 Where keen remorfe the heart corrodes; 
 
( i7l ) 
 
 V. here guilt's bafe blood with frenzy boils, 
 Andbiafpherriy the mournful fcene en;bjoilsr — 
 From this inierual gloom w.y ihudu'riiig foul 
 recoils. 
 
 But whence thofe fudden facred beams ? 
 OppreiTion drops his iron rod ! 
 And all the brightening dungeon feenis 
 To fpeak the prefence of a God. 
 Philanthropy's defcending day 
 Diffufes unexpedled ray ! 
 Lovelieft of angels ! — at her fide 
 Her favorite votary flands ; — her Englifh 
 
 pride, 
 Thro' horror's manlions led by this cekflial 
 guide 
 
 Hail I generous Ho^yARD ! tho' thou bear 
 A name which glory's hand fublime 
 Has blazon'd oft, with guardian care, 
 In characters that fear not time ; 
 For thee flie fondly fpreads her wings ; 
 For thee from Paradife frie brings, 
 More verdant than her laurel bough, 
 Such wreaths of facred palm, as ne'er till now 
 The fmiling Seraph twin'd around a mortal 
 brow. 
 
( 173 ) 
 
 That Hero's * praife fliall ever bloom, 
 Who Ihielded our infulted coaft ; 
 And launched his lightening to confume 
 The proiid Invader's routed hofl. 
 Brave perils raisM his noble name : 
 But thou deriv'ft thy matchlefs fame 
 From fcenes, where deadlier danger dwells ; 
 Where fierce Contagion, with aiFright, repels 
 Valor's advent'rous ftep from her malignant 
 cells. 
 
 Where in the dungeon's loathfome Ihade, 
 The fpeechlefs Captive clanks his chain, 
 With heartlefs hope toraife that aid 
 His feeble cries have call 'd in vain ; 
 Thine eye his dumb complaint explores ; 
 Thy voice his parting breath reftores ; 
 Thy cares his ghaftly vifage clear 
 From Death's chill dew, with many a clotted 
 
 tear. 
 And to his thankful foul returning life endear* 
 
 What precious drug, or ftronger charm. 
 Thy conftant fortitude infpires 
 In fcenes, whence, muttering her alarm. 
 
 * Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham* 
 P 2 
 
( 174 ) 
 
 Med'cine*, with felfifh dread, retires? 
 Nor charm, nor drug, dilpel thy fears : 
 Temperarice, thy better guard, appears : 
 For thee I fee her fondly till 
 Her cryftal ci:ip from natnre^s purell rill ; 
 Chief iiourifher of life ! bcH artldote of ill ! 
 
 I fee the hallowM Ikade of KALESf , 
 Who felt, like thee, lui hiiirsan woe, 
 
 * I'/Iujfcibat fa^'zto Mt'decina tiinore, Lucretius. 
 
 7 Stephe7t Hales mv:ij^er of Teddington : he died at 
 the age of ?> 4, 1761 ,* and has betnjufly called •' sin 
 ** orjiami:ntiohisprofJfio}i, as a cltrgyman, and to 
 '• Jiis country, as a philofophr,'.''^ 1 had the happl- 
 nefs of knovjir.g this excellent mar., ivhtn I ivas z'ery 
 young i and well remember the vjarm glow of hcnevo^ 
 lence which iifed to animate his countenance, in rela- 
 ting the fuccefs of his various proJtcJsfarthe oentfit of 
 ■mankind. I have frequently heard him dwell with 
 great pleafure on the fortunate incident which led him 
 to the difcovtry of his lentilator. to which I have allu- 
 ded.-— 'He had ordered a new floor for one of his rooms ; 
 his carpenter not having prepared the work fo foon as 
 he expected, he thought the Jeafon improper for laying 
 dc'^'n new boards, when they were brought to his houfj, 
 and gave orders for their being depofitedin his barn ; — • 
 from their accidental poj hi on in that place ^ he caught 
 hiifufl idtia of this uf ef til invent io)u 
 
( 175 ) 
 
 And taught the health. dimifing gales 
 Thro' Horror's murky cells to blow, 
 As thy protecting angel wait ; 
 To fave thee from the Ihares of fate, 
 Commiilion'd from the Eternal i'hrone : 
 I hear him praife, in wonder's warmeu. tone. 
 The virtues of thy Iicart, more active than his 
 own. 
 
 Thy foul fupplies new funds of health 
 That fail not, in the trying hour, 
 Above Arabia's fpxy wealtli 
 And Pharmacy's reviving power. 
 The tranfports of the generous mind, 
 Feeling its bounty to mankind, 
 Infpirit every mortal part ; 
 And, far more potent than precarious art, 
 Give radiance to the eye, and vigour to the 
 heart. 
 
 Bleft Howard ! who like thee can feel 
 This vital fpringin all its force? 
 New ftar of philanthropic zeal ; 
 Enlight'ning nations in thycourfe ! 
 And fhedding comfort's Heavenly dew 
 On meagre want's deferted crew ! 
 Friend to the wretch; whom friends difclaim, 
 
( '76 ) 
 
 Who feels flern juftice, in his famifiiM frame, 
 A perfecu ting fiend beneath an angePs nauie. 
 
 Authority ! unfeeling; power, 
 AVliofe iron heart can coldly doom 
 The debtor, drag'd froii) pleafure's bower, 
 Tofickenin the dungeon's gloom ! 
 O might thy terror- flriking call, 
 Profuiion's fons alone enthrall ! 
 But thou canil want with guilt confound : 
 Thy bonds the man of virtuous toil furround^ 
 Driven by malicious fate within thy dreary 
 bound. 
 
 How fav/ige are thy flern decrees ? 
 Thy cruel miniiler I fee 
 A v/eak^ laborious viftim feize. 
 By worth entitled to be free ! 
 Behold, in the affiiding ftrife. 
 The faithful partner of his life, 
 In vain thy ruthlefs fervant court. 
 To fpare her little children's fole fupport. 
 Whom this terrific form has frighten'd frOfii 
 their fport. 
 
 Nor weeps {he only from the thought, 
 Thofe infants muft no longer ihare 
 His aid^ whofe daily labour bought 
 
C 177 ) 
 
 The pittance of their fcanty fare. 
 The horrors of the Icathfonie jail 
 Her inly-bieediiig heart aiTail : 
 E'en now her fears, from fondncfs bred, 
 See the loft partner of her faithful bed 
 Drop, ill that murderous fcene, his pale, ex- 
 piring head. 
 
 Take comfort yet in thefc keen pains. 
 Fond mourner .' check thy gulhing tears ! 
 The dungeon now no more contains 
 Thofe perils which thy farxy fears : 
 No more contagion's baleful breath 
 Speaks it the hideous cave of death : 
 Howard has planted fafcly there ; 
 Pure minifter of light ! his heavenly care 
 Has purg'd the damp of death from that pel. 
 luted air. 
 
 Nature ! on thy maternal breafl 
 For ever be his worth engraved 1 
 Thy bofom only can atteft 
 How many a life his toil has favM : 
 Nor in thy refcued Ions alone. 
 Great parent! this thy guardian own I 
 His arm defends a dearer fiave ; 
 
( 178 ) 
 
 Woman, thy darling ! 'tis his pride to fave* 
 From evils, that furpafs the horrors of the 
 grave. 
 
 Ye fprightly nymphs, by fortune nurft, 
 Who fport in joy's unclouded air. 
 Nor fee the diftant ftorms, thatburft 
 In ruin on the humble fair ; 
 Ye knov/ not to what bitter fmart 
 A kindred form, a kindred heart, 
 Is often doomM, in life's low vale, 
 Where frantic fears the fimple mind afTail, 
 And fierce affliflions prefs, and friends and 
 fortune fail. 
 
 * Mr. Hozvard has been the happy inflrtiment of 
 prefarving fetnale prijoizers from an infamous ancliii- . 
 decent outrage, — It zuas for?7ierly a cujiojn i.i our 
 gaols to load their legs and thighs with irons , for the 
 deteflable purpoje of extorting 7')toney' from ih^^Je injU' 
 red/iifferers, — I'his circumjlance, unknown to ?ne when 
 the Ode was written, has tempted me to introduce th^ 
 few additional Jlanzas, as it is 7ny ardent wijh to ren"- 
 der this tribute to an exalted character as little unwor^ 
 thy as I can of the 'very extenfvuQ and fuhlims f^erit 
 which it afpires to cdebratSt 
 
( 1-9 ) 
 
 See yon' fweet ruftic, drown'd in tears* 
 It is not guilt — 'tis raifery's flood, 
 While dire fufpicion's charge flie hears 
 Of fliedding infant, filial blood : 
 Nature's fond dupe ! but not her foe I 
 That form, that face, thefallhood ihew : — 
 Yet law exacts her ftern demand ; 
 She bids the dungeon's grating doors expand. 
 And the young captive faints beneath the gaol- 
 er's hand. 
 
 Ah, Ruffian ! ceafe thy favage aim ! 
 She cannot 'fcape thy harih controul : 
 Shall iron load that tender frame, 
 And enter that too -yielding foul ? — 
 Unfeeling wretch ! of bafeft mind ! 
 To mifery deaf, to beauty blind ! 
 I fee thy vidim vainly plead ; 
 For the worfl fiend of hell's malignant breed, 
 Extortion, grins applaufe, and prompts thy 
 ruthlefs deed. 
 
 With brutal force, andribbald jeft. 
 Thy manacles I fee thee fliake ; 
 Mocking the merciful requeft. 
 That modefty and juftice make ; 
 E'en nature's iliriek, ^vith angui/Ii ftrong^ 
 Fails to iufpend the impious wrong ; 
 
Till Howard's hand, with brave difdain. 
 Throws far away this execrable chain : 
 O Nature, fpread his fame thro' all thy ample 
 reign ! 
 
 His care, exulting Britain found 
 Here firft difplay'd, not here confin'd! 
 No fingle trad of earth could bound 
 The active virtues of his mind. 
 To all the lands, where'er the tear, 
 That mourn'd the prifoner's wrong fevere, 
 Sad Pity's glift'ning cheek impearVd, 
 Eager he ileer'd, with every fail unfurl'd, 
 A friend to every clime • a Patriot of the 
 World! 
 
 Ye nations thro' whofe fair domain 
 Our flying fons of joy have pad, 
 By pleafnre dri\ien with loofen'd rein, 
 Aftonifh'd that they fiew fo faft ! 
 How did the heart-improving fight 
 Awake your wonder and delight. 
 When, in her unexampled chace, 
 Philanthropy outflript keen pleafure's pace. 
 When with a warmer foul ihe ran a nobler 
 race I 
 
( i8' ; 
 
 Where 'er her generous Briton went, 
 Princes his fuppUcants became : 
 He feem'd the enquiring angel, fent 
 Tofcrutinize their fecrct fhame*« 
 Captivity, where he appeared, 
 Her languid head with tranfport rear'd ; 
 
 And gazing on her godlike gucft, 
 
 Like thofe of old, whom Heaven's pure fer- 
 vant bleft. 
 
 E'en by his fhadow feem'd of demons difpoffeft. 
 
 Amaz'd her foreign children cry. 
 Seeing their patron pafs along ; 
 ** O ! who is he, whofe daring eye 
 Can fearch into our hidden wrong ? 
 What monarch's Heaven-dire<fled mind. 
 With royal bounty unconfin'd. 
 Has tempted Freedom's fon to ihare 
 Thefe perils ; fearching with an angel's care 
 Each cell of dire difeafe, each cavern of deC^ 
 pair ? ' 
 
 • I am credibly infortned that fever al Princes, or at 
 Jeajl perfons in authority ^ regue/Ied Mr. Howard not 
 to publiJJi a minute account of fome prif(jns, which re, 
 fi^ded difgrace on their government. 
 
( IS2 ) 
 
 No monarch's word, nor lucre's luft, 
 Nor vain ambition's reftlefs fire. 
 Nor ample power, that facred tnifl 
 His life-difFufing toils infpire : 
 Rous'd by no voice, iave that whole cries 
 Internal bid the foul arife 
 From joys, that only feem to blefs. 
 From low purfuits, which little minds polTefs, 
 To Nature's nobleft aim, the fuccour of Dif- 
 trefs I 
 
 Taught by that God, in Mercy's robe. 
 Who his caslcftial throne refigned, 
 I'o free the prifon of the globe 
 From vice, th' opprefTor of the mind 
 For thee, of mifery's rights bereft. 
 For thee, Captivity! he left 
 Inviting eafe, who, in her bower. 
 Bade him with fmiles enjoy the goldeii hour, 
 While Fortune deck'd his board withpleafure's 
 feftive flower. 
 
 While to thy virtue's utmoft fcope 
 I boldly ftrive my aim to raife 
 As high as mortal hand may hope 
 To Dioot the glittering (haft of praife ; 
 Say ! Howard, fay ! what may the Mufc; 
 Whofe melting eyfe thy merit views, 
 
( i83 ) 
 
 What guerdon may her love defign ? 
 
 what may fl>e alii for thee, from power Di- 
 t vine, 
 
 I Above the ricii rewards which are already 
 thine ? 
 
 Sweet is the joy when Science flings 
 Her light on philolbphic thought ; 
 When genius, with keen ardor, fprlngs 
 Toclafp the lovely truth he fought : 
 Sweet is the joy, when rapture's iiiQ 
 Flows from the fpirit of the lyre ; 
 When Liberty and Virtue roll 
 Spring-tides of fancy o'er the poet's foul. 
 That waft his flying bark tliro' leas above the 
 pole. 
 
 Sweet the delight, when the gall'd heart 
 Feels confolation's lenient hand 
 Bind up the wound from fortune's dart 
 With friendlliip's life-fupporting band I 
 And fweeter ftill, and far above 
 Thefe fainter joys, when pureil love 
 The foul his willing captive keeps ! 
 When he in blifs the melting fpirit deeps, 
 Who drops delicious tears, and wonders that 
 M. he weeps ! 
 
( 1«4 ) 
 
 But not the brighteft joy, which arts, 
 In floods of mental light, bcftow ; 
 Nor what firm friendfhip's zeal imparts, 
 Bltft antidote of bittereft woe 1 
 Nor thofe that love's fweet hours difpcnfe, 
 Can equal the ecftatic fenfe, 
 When, fwelling to a fond exccfs. 
 The grateful praifes of relievM diftrefs. 
 Re- echoed thro' the heart, the foul of bounty 
 blcfs. 
 
 Thefe tranfports, in no common ftate. 
 Supremely pure, fublimely ftrong, ' 
 Above the reach of envious fate, 
 Bleft Howard ! thefe to thee belong : 
 While years encreafing o'er thee roll. 
 Long may this funfhine of the foul 
 New vigor to thy frame convey ! 
 Its radiance thro' thy noon of life difplay. 
 And with fereneft light adorn thy clofmg day l 
 
 And when the power, who joys to fave. 
 Proclaims the guilt of earth forgiven ; 
 And calls the prifoners of the grave 
 To all the liberty of Heaven ; 
 
In that%ight day, whofe wonders blind 
 The eye of the afloniih'd mind ; 
 When life's glad angel {hail refunie " 
 His ancient fwa/^ji^announce to death his doom, 
 And from exiftence-iijive that tyrant of the 
 tomb : 
 
 In that blefthour, when Seraphs fing 
 The triumphs gain'd in human ftrife; 
 And to their new alTociates bring 
 The wreaths of everlafting life : 
 May'ft thou, in Glory's hallow'd blaze, 
 Approadi #}i€L'et|^al Fount of Praife, 
 Witii thofe who lead the angelic van, 
 Thofe pure adherents to their Saviour^s plan. 
 Who liv'd but to relieve the Miferies of Man. 
 
 q:* 
 
SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES. 
 
 REV. JAMES ABERCROMBIE, A. M. Second 
 Afliftant Miniftcr of Chrifl: Church and St, 
 Peter's Philadelphia, 
 Thomas Arraftrong, Efquire, 
 
 Mr. Argyle, 
 
 John Aikin, 
 
 Robert Aiken, 
 
 A. Argote, 
 
 Thomas Allen, 7 copies. 
 
 James Akin, 
 ohn W. Allen, 
 jfhomas B. Adams, 
 William Annefley, 
 
 B. 
 
 Mr. Alexander Brodie, 
 
 John Bioren, 
 
 Jofeph Bringhurft, junior, ^ copies^ 
 
 Elijah Brown, 
 
 David de Bartholt, 
 
 George Barclay, 
 
 Thomas Briftoll, 
 Rev. Jofeph J. G. Besd, KcdoT of th« EpifcopaJ 
 
 Church at Baltimore, 
 Mr. James Butler, 
 
 William Brookes, 
 
 James Bogert, junioTi 
 
 Seth B'owen, 
 
( i88 ) 
 
 Mr. Jofepli Boggs, 24 copies, 
 Hugh Bigham, 
 
 C. 
 
 Mr. John Chriilopher, 
 Ephraim Conrad, 
 James Carfoii, S. M. 
 John Curtis, 
 John Church, junior, 
 John Claypoole, 
 William Clark, 
 Charles Crawford, 
 Mathew Carey, 6 copies, 
 James C. Copper, 
 William Cook, 
 Henry Cooper, 
 Samuel Carver, 
 John Cook, 
 Edward Cutbulh, M. D. 
 Mr. Hugh Cochran, 
 C. Campbell, 
 
 James B. Cooper, 10 copies, 
 Rev. Nicholas Collin, Redor of the Swediili Church- 
 Philadelphia, 
 Mr. John Chapman, 
 
 James Cox, Drawing Mafler, 
 
 Samuel Cochran, 
 
 John Co-nnelly, 
 
 Archibald Crary, 
 
 Andrew Charles, Charlefton, S, C. 
 
 Archibald C. Craig. 
 
 D 
 Mr. Thomas Dobfon, r^o Copies, 
 
 . Dandridge, 
 
 Peter DenhaiB, 
 Anthony J. Dugan, 
 Rev. John Dickens, 10 copies^ 
 Mr. George Dullield, junior, 
 James Darrach, 
 D. F, Donnant, 
 
( i89 ) 
 
 ?• Silas Dlnfmorc, 
 
 Michael Duffey, 
 
 Francis Donnelly, 
 
 William T. Donaldfon, 
 
 Edward Do'ivers, 
 
 John Dowers, 
 
 Benjamin Dutfield, M. D. 
 Mr. Patrick Dickfon, 
 Rev. Jacob Duche, 
 Mr. Elias Dawfon, 
 
 Jofliua Dawfon, 
 Mrs. Margaret Dick, 
 Mr. John Dor fey , 
 
 William Doughty, two copies. 
 
 Thomas Dungan, 
 
 E 
 
 Mr. Cadwallader Evans, 
 
 Cadwallader Evans, junior, 
 Thomas Enlley, 
 Oliver Evans, 
 John Ely, 
 Eraftus Edwards, 
 
 F 
 
 Walter Franklin, Attorney at Law, 
 Mr. Richard FolweW, 
 
 M. Fennell, 
 
 John Fifk, 
 Rev. Thomas Fleefon, 
 Mr. Thomas Fitzpatrick, 
 
 Ebenezer Fergufon, 
 
 Patrick Ferrall, 
 
 Edward Fox, 
 
 John Fifs, 
 
 Jfaac Fitzrandolph, 
 
 S. Field, 
 
 William Finley, 
 
 Lott Fithian, 
 
 John Fithian, 
 
( 190 ) 
 
 G 
 
 Rev. William Glendlnning, 
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 John Gill, 
 
 David Graham, 
 
 William Gazzam, 
 
 R. Gazzam, 
 
 Francis Grice, 
 Mils Alary A. Guerin; 
 Mr. William P. Gardiner^ 
 
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 John Grant, 
 
 Andrew Graydan> 
 
 W. S. Gravfon, 
 
 D. Griifith', 
 
 John Grifiom, 
 
 William Garrett^ 
 
 Frederick Gcbler/''*- 
 
 H 
 Rev. Wiliam Hendle, fen. D .D, 
 Mr. Matthew Hal$, 
 Edmund Hogan, 
 Wilfon Hunt, 
 William Hndfon^ 
 Selby Hickfna'ji, 
 Duke Ilarrifon, . 
 Thomas Hulton, 
 James Hardie, 
 David Hall, 2 copies, 
 George C. Hamilton, 
 
 acob Hoffman, 
 
 ofeph Harding, 
 
 ohn Hindman, 
 Alexander Howard^ 
 John Hall, ^' 
 
 William Hubbard, 
 John Hand, 
 William Hogg, 
 
( '91 ) 
 
 Lieut. David Hale, 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Hall, 
 Mr. John H. Hawkins, 
 
 John Heatoii, 
 
 James Hamilton, 
 
 Jofeph Hamilton, 
 
 Patrick Hamilton , 
 
 John Henviie, 
 
 .A Juan Hunn, 
 
 Jofiah Hewes, 
 
 Ifaac Harris, 
 
 Thomas Harris, 
 
 John Howard, 
 
 Samuel Hyndman. 
 
 i&j. 
 
 Mr. Richard Johnfon, 
 
 Thomas C. James, M. p« 
 
 Thomas Jones, 
 
 Richard Jollilf, 
 Mrs. S. James, 
 Mr. John Jones, 
 
 J. H. Jackfon, 
 
 William James, 
 
 Robert Jones, 
 
 William Innes, 
 
 AVilliam Jones, 
 
 Benjamin Johnfon, lOO copies, 
 
 Pvlordecai Jones, 
 
 Samuel Jones, A. B. 
 Nathan Jarvis, 
 
 Jofeph Johnfon, 
 
 Benjamin January. 
 
 K. 
 
 Mr. James Kennedy, 6 copies, 
 David Kimpton,* 
 Emmor Kimber, 
 
 Daniel E. King, ^ 
 
 Michael Kennedy, 
 
C i9i ) 
 
 Mr. Thomas R. Kennedy, 
 
 John R. KoUock, 
 Mrs. Catharine Keappock, 
 Mr. Samuel Keith, 
 Ezeklel King, 
 J. Kirkbridge, 
 Benjamin KiiTman. 
 
 L. 
 Mr. P«terLeo, 2 copies, 
 
 George C. L«acy 2 copies 
 Samuel Levis, jun. 
 1^}athaniel Lee, 
 John L. Lewis, 
 William Letchworth, 
 Mordecai Lewis, — 
 John Lort, 
 Caleb Lownci, 
 
 J. Lippincott, • » 
 ohn Langdon, 
 
 William Leedom, 
 
 William Lewis, 
 
 Michael Lewis, 
 
 ThoHias Lawrence. 
 
 M. 
 Rev. Samuel Magaw, D. D. and Redor of St. Paul's 
 
 Church, Philadelphia, 
 Mr. William Mc'Kinzie, 
 
 James Magoffin, 
 
 James Milnor, Attorney at Law. 
 
 Solomon Marks, 
 
 Mc'Kenzie & Co. 7 copies, 
 
 John jA'iatthews, 
 MifsMc'Cienachan, 
 Mr. George Middleton, 
 
 John Mc'KenfiC, 
 
 T. Meafe, i> 
 
 J. M. Ray, 
 
 W. Mathews, 
 
 William Mc^llhenney, 
 
( 193 ) 
 
 Mr. WllUam Meredith, 
 Samuel Moore, 
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 Samuel Milner, 
 ]acob Malon, 
 
 Chrjrtopher Marlhall; Minv, 
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 Maniell Mills, 
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 Tolm Mc' Mailers, 
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 Sa:nuel Miley, 
 
 N. 
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 O, 
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 f. Oliver. 
 
 P. 
 Rev. Jofeph Pilmore, Redor of Chrifl-Qiurcli, 
 
 New-York. 
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 joleph Pfeilfer, M. D. 
 
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 William Prichett, 
 
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 Norton Pryor jun, 
 
 jj. PoUZols, 
 
.nir. Nathaniel W. Price, 2 c-o.^ej, 
 
 Thomas Perrv. 
 
 ' R. 
 
 Csfar Rodney, TJq, Attorney at Lav, 
 Mr. John Reynolds, 
 
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 John Ruan» 
 
 jarnes Rnan, 
 Herijainin Rulli, M. D. Profefibr of the I'-jfciitiitci, 
 
 and of Clinical Medicine^,, in the Univerilty 01 
 
 I'ennfylvania. 
 IVJr. Samuel Richards, jun. 
 
 Tames Fvolph, 
 
 Edward RufTel, 
 
 Nathaniel Richard:, 
 
 JofephReed, 
 
 Robert Rockhill, 
 
 Abraham Roberts, 
 MefiVs. Hc^cP. R;-. ......... 
 
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4^ 
 
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