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Missouri Historical Society 
 
 Department of Archaeology 
 
 BULLETIN I 
 
 PREHISTORIC OBJECTS 
 CLASSIFIED and DESCRIBED 
 
 By GERARD FOWKE 
 
 Price 25 cents 
 
 Published by the SOCIETY 
 
 Jefferson Memorial ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 1913 
 
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 50 
 
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Missouri Historical Society 
 
 Department of Archaeology 
 
 BULLETIN I 
 
 PREHISTORIC OBJECTS 
 CLASSIEIED and DESCRIBED 
 
 By GERARD FOWKE 
 
 Price 25 cents 
 
 Published by the SOCIETY 
 
 Jefferson Memorial ST. LOUIS, MO. 
 
 19 13 
 

 
 
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 MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 The object of the following paper is to present as briefly 
 as possible some information about Missouri’s primitive in- 
 habitants. 
 
 The general tendency is to regard all Indians as being on 
 the same plane; to consider that “an Indian is an Indian, like 
 any other Indian.” This is a mistake: there was the same 
 relative, though perhaps not the same actual, difference among 
 individual Indians that exists among whites. Some were 
 treacherous, and cruel as savage wild beasts. Others were 
 honorable, grateful for kind treatment, and ready at all times 
 to make personal sacrifice for one who had befriended them. 
 
 Each tribe or community had to sustain itself. There 
 were no courts nor tribunals to which disputes could be re- 
 ferred, and when quarrels arose war was the only alternative 
 to humble submission. The barbarian’s code of ethics de- 
 manded that he inflict the greatest possible loss upon an enemy, 
 and suffer but little in return. Any methods by which this re- 
 sult could be reached were considered fair. Consequently, the 
 weak or timid were destroyed or enslaved. 
 
 From what we can learn of them, it seems that nearly all 
 Indians of the eastern United States were given to roving 
 from place to place as the whim prompted them. Sometimes 
 a tribe would remain in one locality for perhaps several genera- 
 tions, then branch off in colonies which sought new homes, or 
 remove elsewhere in a body. This restless feeling led the 
 early Indians of Missouri to divide into many sub-tribes, which 
 presently became as strangers or even as enemies to one an- 
 other. 
 
 The general conditions of existence among Indians who 
 lived mainly by agriculture were practically the same that pre- 
 vailed among those whose principal dependence was upon the 
 chase. But in details there was much difference in the habits 
 
 3 
 
of the two classes. Their customs, occupations, and particu- 
 larly their relations with neighboring tribes, took form from 
 the varying modes of life. The pursuit of game led to the 
 hunting of men; labor in cultivating the soil developed a cer- 
 tain degree of respect for the rights of others. 
 
 The Museum collection of the Missouri Historical Society 
 shows, as far as can be shown by such means, the degree of 
 culture which was attained along these lines by our predeces- 
 sors. Clay vessels and large digging-tools denote a residence 
 in somewhat permanent villages; tomahawks, arrowheads, and 
 spearheads point to a hunting life; knives, pipes, and articles 
 for display or personal adornment belong equally to both con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Careful study of the specimens here exhibited will show 
 that both the farming and the hunting Indians were well repre- 
 sented in the territory surrounding Saint Louis. But the two 
 methods of life were not necessarily separate and distinct, 
 either in a given locality or at a definite period of time. They 
 often existed side by side ; and there were also periods of transi- 
 tion when they merged into each other, or when a tribe changed 
 from one to the other as it gradually advanced or receded in 
 the struggle with natural forces or with human foes. Many 
 times, no doubt, the two stages followed in rotation on the 
 same ground when successive migrations swept over it, as wave 
 after wave, each independent of, yet similar to, the others, 
 moved along the surface of great rivers which formed the In- 
 dian’s highways into unknown regions. 
 
 THE ABORIGINES. 
 
 All Indians who were native to Missouri at the time the 
 first white men came to the country belonged to one great 
 family, the Siouan, so called from its principal modern tribe, 
 the Sioux. They formerly lived along the Atlantic Coast, 
 whence they migrated slowly westward by way of the Kanawha 
 and Ohio valleys. Upon reaching the mouth of the Ohio river 
 several centuries ago they divided. One branch, the Quapaws 
 (“Down-stream”), went southward. The other branch, the 
 Omaha (“Up-stream”), moved northward. 
 
 4 
 
They lived for several generations on and near the site 
 of Saint Louis. At that time the “American Bottom” lay 
 mostly on the western side of the Mississippi. This river, be- 
 low the Missouri, followed closely the foot of the Illinois bluffs, 
 east of Cahokia Mound, thus forming a level area three or four 
 miles wide as a fringe to the Missouri upland. The combina- 
 tion of fertile land, numerous streams, and broken country, 
 made the region an ideal location for Indians. But their roving 
 spirit prevailed, and they gradually followed diverging streams 
 toward the west and north into the regions where the whites 
 found them, subdividing as they went, into various tribes, the 
 Missouris, Osages, Kaws (Kansas), lowas, Otoes, and others, 
 one of which still retains the name “Omaha”. 
 
 MISSOURI, MOUNDS. 
 
 The large mounds in the vicinity of Saint Louis and those 
 of southeastern Missouri seem to have been constructed be- 
 fore the Siouan tribes came west. Who these Mound Builders 
 were is not known; but they were probably offshoots or colo- 
 nies from tribes on the lower Mississippi. The mounds in other 
 portions of Missouri are small, though quite numerous in some 
 sections. Many of those along the bluffs of the Missouri river 
 and a few of its tributaries contain vaults or chambers made 
 of flat stones laid up like the walls of a cellar. These are often 
 called “underground houses”, but they were intended solely for 
 burial purposes. No mounds with similar vaults have been re- 
 ported from any other part of the United States. 
 
 As every object yet obtained from these vault mounds is 
 clearly of Indian manufacture, the structures must be older 
 than the period of earliest French or Spanish exploration. 
 Thorough examination of more than fifty of them disclosed hun- 
 dreds of decayed skeletons- as well as the ashes of hundreds of 
 bodies which were cremated before burial. Every article pos- 
 sible to preserve that was found during these excavations may 
 be seen in cases 6 and 8.(i) 
 
 (*) — A full report of these explorations appears in a little volume 
 entitled “Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri”, published as 
 Bulletin 37 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C. 
 
 5 
 
INDIAN LIFE. 
 
 Among Indians of the central Mississippi valley continual 
 struggle with hardship and privation was the price of exist- 
 ence. Even amid comparatively favorable surroundings merely 
 to live was a problem for old and young alike. Though many 
 children were born, families were generally small, as only the 
 healthiest or those who received better care than the average 
 could hope to reach maturity. A large majority of remains 
 found in the burial places are those of young children. Con- 
 fronted from infancy to old age with inclement winters in cold 
 wigwams; alternate gluttony and starvation; improper treat- 
 ment in sickness or accident; perils of the chase; helplessness 
 in time of epidemic; attacks of foes; — their lives were never 
 secure for a day. Their revengeful disposition, leading to con- 
 stant warfare, prevented the formation of settled communities. 
 Nor could they have risen higher in the social scale, for they 
 had no large domestic animals and they knew nothing of iron. 
 
 In such manner of living no people can become numerous. 
 A large town can not be supplied with animal food when hunt- 
 ers must go into the wilderness to find it. Their crude imple- 
 ments prohibited extended agriculture. Clearing land for cul- 
 tivation with no aids except fire and sharpened stones or pointed 
 sticks, was a dispiriting task. Driftwood, fallen branches from 
 the forest, or pieces from dead logs, formed the only fuel. Fire 
 was obtained by rubbing a piece of wood back and forth in a 
 groove or rotating it in a depression in another piece; with 
 either method the motion must be sufficiently rapid and con- 
 tinuous to produce a fine powder and bring this to such heat 
 by the friction that it would ignite. Food was baked by cover- 
 ing it with ashes and hot coals; or roasted by impaling it on 
 the end of a stick and holding it near the fire ; or boiled in pots. 
 As few of the pots could stand direct exposure to fire, the food 
 was placed in them, with water, heated stones thrown in, and 
 the vessel tightly covered. For cutting meat, slivers of cane 
 and sharpened shells as well as flint knives were used. The 
 bark of various plants was twisted and made into cloth with 
 several patterns of weaving; but as the cross threads had to be 
 
 6 
 
passed by hand the process was tedious, and so skins were 
 mostly used for clothing and shelter. Pelts could be tanned 
 with or without the hair. Deer skins were dressed as soft as 
 fine cloth. In sewing, small holes were made with flint or bone 
 awls or thorns, and threads of sinew, rawhide, or fiber passed 
 from side to side. 
 
 Such elementary methods represent the highest develop- 
 ment of Indian life in Missouri. The primitive weapons, tools, 
 and implements prevented attainment of better results. 
 
 WROUGHT OBJECTS. 
 
 The archaeological collection of the Missouri Historical So- 
 ciety contains practically every form of prehistoric relic found 
 within a radius of a hundred miles around Saint Louis. Typical 
 specimens are shown in the main room; there are others in the 
 basement. Pottery presents an almost infinite variation in de- 
 tails; but nearly every distinctive shape occurring in the State 
 is displayed in the upright cases. Other objects, including 
 some that are modern, are in the flat cases. A few articles 
 from foreign sources are also shown. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The character of prehistoric art in any particular locality 
 and the degree of perfection attained in its elaboration depend 
 largely upon the materials readily accessible. For instance, 
 where clay of suitable tenacity and working quality exists, the 
 manufacture of pottery will predominate over other industries; 
 where flint of close grain, free from impurities, is easily pro- 
 cured, the art of chipping will reach its highest development; 
 where osier willows and strong grasses grow plentifully, ar- 
 tisans will excel in basket making. So with other substances; 
 whatever is most abundant and most suitable for working will 
 be most freely utilized and most skillfully wrought. 
 
 Throughout the region around Saint Louis there is an 
 abundance of hard tough stones, as granites, diorites, and the 
 like, which were carried from the north by glaciers; conse- 
 quently there are many grooved axes, tomahawks, corn crush- 
 ers, and other implements used as weapons and tools in war, 
 hunting, or for domestic occupations. 
 
 7 
 
Because of the extreme hardness of flint it is sometimes 
 insisted that Indians must have had a metal much harder than 
 steel with which they “cut out” arrowheads and other imple- 
 ments. The statement is frequently made, also, that some early 
 races had learned how to “temper” copper to the required de- 
 gree. Neither is correct. No such “lost art” ever existed in 
 any part of the world. 
 
 There are two general methods of shaping stone objects: 
 pecking, and flaking or chipping. Both processes are often em- 
 ployed on the same stone. The first method, in which a rough 
 block is brought to the desired form by blows with a stone 
 hamm.er, is usually resorted to in stone other than flint. To 
 remove the marks left by the hammer, the specimen is rubbed 
 down with grit-rock. In the second method, mostly applied to 
 flint, a stone hammer may be used to strike off spalls until the 
 block is reduced nearly to the desired form ; but the implement 
 is completed by pressing off flakes and chips, usually with bone 
 tools. 
 
 It would naturally be supposed that to peck out a stone 
 ax, for example, using no other tool than a hammer of similar 
 material, would require much time and infinite patience. But 
 at the National Museum, with only jasper hammers for shap- 
 ing and quartzites for smoothing, a block of nephrite, the 
 hardest and toughest rock known, was converted into a well- 
 formed ax, grooved and polished, in sixty-six hours of actual 
 working time. From another rock, a little softer than granite, 
 a grooved ax was completed in two hours. An Indian has been 
 seen to make a symmetrical arrowpoint or knife of flint in from 
 five to ten minutes; a rougher but serviceable one in a minute 
 or two. 
 
 A rough implement would seem to be of greater antiquity 
 than one which is finely finished. But a workman possessing 
 the skill to make beautiful articles might not choose to exercise 
 it on every piece. Crude work has always prevailed every- 
 where. The small proportion of artistic specimens, as com- 
 pared with the vastly greater number of rougher ones, so far 
 from having any bearing on the age of either, probably means 
 
 8 
 
that relatively few persons in a tribe were capable of doing 
 fine work. At any stage of existence an implement or utensil 
 will be hastily made to meet an emergency. A hunter or war- 
 rior who finds himself without a weapon, or a woman who has 
 no kettle, will not waste any time in carefully finishing a stone, 
 or molding a clay pot, when both know that a much better ar- 
 ticle made of iron can soon be procured from a trader. So 
 rude specimens, especially those sometimes called “paleoliths”, 
 may be quite recent instead of very ancient. 
 
 Missouri is especially rich in hematite iron ore ; and we 
 find it worked into forms surpassing in numbers, varieties, and 
 size, articles of this material elsewhere. The most extensive 
 aboriginal mine of this ore known is in Franklin county, where 
 a great amount of it was quarried for making paint, as well as 
 for implements. 
 
 The Lower Carboniferous limestones of Missouri and Illinois 
 contain immense deposits of flint or chert suitable for flaking; 
 and where the weathering of the bed rock released this it was 
 easily obtained by the Indians. Large hoes and spades are 
 made of it, while the delicately wrought knives, spears, and 
 symmetrical ceremonial implements chipped from the finer 
 grades are unrivaled except in a few localities where obsidian 
 or agate-like stone is to be had. 
 
 In southeast Missouri the above substances are lacking, 
 but the clay of that region is excellent for the manufacture of 
 pottery, and vessels of manifold patterns are found more plenti- 
 fully there than anywhere else in the country, unless in the 
 Pueblo villages of the southwest. 
 
 Copper, thick shell, and slate or other stone used for pipes 
 or ornamental objects, are almost entirely absent from the 
 State and the comparatively few specimens found, made of such 
 substances, are mostly of foreign origin. 
 
 Some authors and collectors contend that relics obtained 
 from mounds surpass in beauty and finish those gathered from 
 the surface. This assertion is entirely incorrect. Many ar- 
 ticles of perishable substances which would soon decay were 
 they not protected by the covering of earth, have been exhumed 
 
 9 
 
from mounds; but nothing which implies a higher stage of ar- 
 tistic development than is known to have existed in various 
 modern tribes. In durable material, such as stone, no distinc- 
 tion exists between the two classes. 
 
 QUANTITY OF SPECIMENS. 
 
 The most remarkable fact about aboriginal relics is their 
 great abundance. Collectors go over the same fields year after 
 year, seldom failing to find something worth preserving. Wher- 
 ever Indians have lived the clearing away of a forest, the cul- 
 tivation of an old meadow, discloses a new source of supply. 
 Even in rugged country, remote from any spot fit for settle- 
 ment, not only weapons of the chase, but various objects of 
 personal use or ornament occur in quantity. 
 
 This profusion may be explained in several ways. Primi- 
 tive people, like some individuals in civilized communities, are 
 often reluctant to use any small article wiiose original owner 
 is dead, or at least has recently died, lest the “spirit” may re- 
 sent it. Persons whose time or labor is of slight value, or who 
 have nothing beyond bare necessities, are usually careless of 
 the little tney do possess. Many specimens were lost in the 
 fields and forests; many others were thrown away with the 
 refuse about the houses. When a village was destroyed or de- 
 serted all that was left in it would presently be buried by natural 
 accumulation of soil or vegetation. Superstition or childish 
 petulance also had much to do with the matter. An arrow that 
 had killed a deer, a hook that had caught a large fish, would 
 be highly prized as “lucky”; while one which failed of its pur- 
 pose would be thrown away or broken in punishment. Indif- 
 ference to future wants; personal skill in making needed ar- 
 ticles ; convenience to those who had them for sale : — are further 
 reasons why a barbarian will procure a new weapon rather 
 than look for an old one. Moreover, these conditions have pre- 
 vailed throughout the thousands of years during which the 
 country has probably been inhabited. 
 
 The worked objects will now be described. 
 
 10 
 
ABORIGINAL WORKED OBJECTS. 
 
 AXES, ADZES, AND CELTS. 
 
 The principal difference between an ax and a celt is that 
 the ax has a groove around it for securing the handle, while 
 the celt is usually regular in outline. Though both forms vary 
 greatly in size, the average ax is larger than the average celt. 
 The term “celt” (which means “chisel”, though very few celts 
 have the slightest resemblance to a chisel) has now come into 
 general use ; but the name “hatchet” or the Indian name “toma- 
 hawk” would be preferable. An ax rarely has two grooves; 
 while both axes and celts sometimes have a cutting edge at 
 each end. The names of the different parts of these implements 
 are indicated in figure 1. 
 
 Grooved axes, though never found 
 in mounds, are abundant on the sur- 
 face in the central States, gradually di- 
 minishing in numbers toward the east 
 and west. They are rather rare in 
 other countries. Celts, however, are 
 frequent in mounds and occur in every 
 part of the world. ‘ 
 
 The most common method of halt- 
 ing axes and cel.ts was to twist a withe 
 of tough wood around the body of the 
 implement and secure it with rawhide 
 or sinew, which binds like wire. Some- 
 times a small branch was split, a celt 
 inserted, and left until the wood had 
 grown firmly around it. One such 
 specimen, of unknown age, in the origi- 
 nal handle, is in case 4. 
 
 Some tools resembling these were 
 intended to be used as adzes. They have one face convex, the 
 opposite one flat, and in proportion to their other dimensions 
 are much longer than axes or celts. In halting an adze the 
 edge was set at right angles to the handle. 
 
 
 Figure I 
 
 A, top; B, poll or head; C, 
 groove; D, blade; E, edge; F, 
 back; G, front. 
 
 II 
 
Examples of all these specimens, some of them hafted to 
 show how it was done, can be seen in cases 2, 4, and 12. (See 
 plates iii, iv and vi.) 
 
 It would seem impossible to do any but the crudest work 
 with stone axes and adzes; but we have abundant evidence 
 that primitive peoples in many parts of the world used them 
 to cut timber, split and dress boards, and make canoes which 
 would carry fifty or more men in rough water. Trees were 
 felled by applying fire near the root and cutting away the char- 
 coal as the fire burned deeper, a plaster of mud preventing the 
 flame from extending higher than it was needed. By the same 
 means logs were cut into desired lengths and hollowed into 
 canoes and mortars. Much other work was done with these 
 tools and with similar ones made of heavy shells. 
 
 PITTED STONES AND HAMMER STONES. 
 
 The most abundant of larger implements are water-worn 
 pebbles with a pit on each face varying from a slight roughen- 
 ing of the surface to a hollow pecked half an inch deep. The 
 material varies, but is mostly a gritty sandstone. They are 
 very plentiful around village-sites and may have served to some 
 extent for hammers, though their principal use was to pound 
 tough meat and break upi bones for obtaining the marrow. 
 
 Hammers, which are also numerous, show every stage of 
 work from the scarcely altered pebble or rough fragment to 
 the highly polished round ball, and the slender double-pointed 
 ovoid. They are usually of the hardest available stone; and 
 while used in their earlier stages merely as tools to fashion 
 other implements they were assigned to specific uses of their 
 own when completed, most commonly for club heads. Some 
 are grooved for hafting; ungrooved forms were fastened to a 
 handle by a covering of leather or rawhide. Specimens (mod- 
 ern) are in case 30. 
 
 Stones roughly grooved were also used to sink nets in 
 fishing. 
 
 Hammers and pitted stones are shown in cases 14 and 18. 
 (See No. 3, plate xiii.) 
 
 12 
 
GRINDING AND POLISHING STONES. 
 
 Grit-rock, quartzite, and sandstone, in varying degrees of 
 fineness, were used to smooth stone, wood, shell, bone, and 
 whatever else required such finish. A few examples are placed 
 in case 18. Hard smooth stones served a similar purpose in 
 the manufacture of pottery. 
 
 CUPSTONES. 
 
 Next in number to pitted stones and hammers are the ob- 
 jects known as cupstones. It is a singular fact that although 
 these are found in great plenty in every part of the world no 
 one has yet offered a satisfactory explanation of their purpose. 
 They are almost invariably of reddish sandstone, varying from 
 a few ounces to thirty or forty pounds in weight, and are al- 
 ways unworked except for the cups. The latter are hemispheri- 
 cal depressions from one to twenty-five in number, of various 
 sizes even in the same stone,- though seldom more than two 
 inches in diameter, and follow the natural contour of the stone 
 even when this is quite irregular. Flat or thin slabs have the 
 cups on both sides, while blocks or thick pieces have them on 
 only one side. Because they are found in great numbers on 
 the sites of old villages it is supposed they were used to crack 
 nuts on; to steady spindles in weaving; to contain tinder in 
 making fire with a twirling stick; and in connection with vari- 
 ous other domestic occupations. But they are also found in 
 abundance in situations where none of these explanations will 
 apply. Moreover, for every cupstone which will support any 
 given theory there are a hundred others which will contra- 
 dict it. 
 
 One is shown in case 20; the opposite side of this is a 
 mortar. 
 
 MORTARS AND PESTLES. 
 
 Various grains, either wild or cultivated, and many kinds 
 of nuts and seeds, were used as food by Indians, being made 
 into bread or mixed with other substances in cooking. They 
 were crushed and ground into meal with mortars and pestles; 
 which were sometimes of wood, though usually of stone. Sand- 
 stone of medium grain was the most common material for mor- 
 
 13 
 
tars. Sometimes the depression in them is long and shallow, 
 as if a rubbing-stone was employed; again, the cavity is so 
 deep that only a pestle could be used with it. 
 
 Pestles are generally of granite or other hard rock pecked 
 into shape convenient for a firm grasp. The forms most com- 
 mon are those with a tapering or cylindrical handle and ex- 
 panding base; and those which are uniformly conical or cylin- 
 drical. In either type the base may be flat, or convex, or a 
 curved plane. Any form of base may be smooth from rubbing 
 back and forth or with a rotary motion; or rough from being 
 used for pounding. A rolling or rocking motion was probably 
 given to those having a curved base. 
 
 Another form of corn crusher, the muller, has a round or 
 elliptical outline, with one side flat, the other convex. As grind- 
 ers, these were equally serviceable in a hollowed mortar or on 
 a flat stone. The roughened perimeter of many indicates that 
 the muller was a hammer or a pestle as the occasion demanded. 
 
 Mullers and pestles are shown in case 18, mortars in case 
 20. (See plate iv.) 
 
 PERFORATED STONES. 
 
 Large perforated stones are almost unknown in the Mis- 
 sissippi valley; but they were used in many other parts of the 
 world as sinkers for nets; heads for war, hunting, and fish- 
 killing clubs ; pestles and grinding stones ; meat and bone crush- 
 ers; weights for digging-sticks, hoes, or spades. Small ones 
 were for weights on spindles and fire-sticks; and the smallest 
 for counters in games, or for buttons, being attached with knot- 
 ted cords to the garments. 
 
 A few may be seen in case 14. 
 
 PIPES AND TUBES. 
 
 It is said that modern Indian tribes have a separate pipe 
 for every occasion; as a peace pipe, council pipe, medicine pipe, 
 pipe for ordinary smoking, and so on, each being reserved for 
 its own particular purpose. If this statement be correct it will 
 help to explain the almost endless variety of form and decora- 
 tion found in these objects. 
 
 14 
 
Certain forms seem to prevail in certain districts; for 
 example, the Ohio Mound Builders, the Cherokees, the Sioux, 
 each made pipes which, however different they may be among 
 themselves, yet have a distinctive appearance which enables the 
 collector to assign to their proper place many specimens of 
 whose history he is ignorant. From southeast Missouri and 
 central Kentucky southward very large pipes of peculiar forms 
 occur; some are plain, others are effigies of bird, animal, or 
 human figures. 
 
 Pipes are made of every material from soft clay, burned, 
 to quartz crystal; and the amount of work on some of them 
 shows they were among the most cherished possessions of their 
 owners. 
 
 Besides pipes, the Indians used tubes for tobacco holders; 
 though the latter also served for other purposes, especially for 
 bleeding or cauterizing in treatment of diseases. By setting 
 one end over a puncture in the skin and sucking vigorously 
 at the other end blood could be drawn safely ; while by similarly 
 placing the tube and filling it with hot water or live coals 
 blisters could be induced. 
 
 The pipes and tubes in the Museum are not numerous, but 
 they present a considerable array of types, as may be seen in 
 case 24. (See plate v and No. 4, plate xiii.) 
 
 A few from mounds along the Missouri river are in case 6 ; 
 and in case 28 are some made by modern Indians. 
 
 DISCOIDALS. 
 
 Much has been written concerning discoidals; but we still 
 know very little in regard to their functions. They exhibit all 
 stages of form and finish, from waterworn pebbles to short 
 cylinders; to polished stones concaved on both sides, some of 
 these perforated at the center; and finally to thin rings. The 
 material ranges from clay or steatite to quartz and jasper. 
 They occur from western Missouri to the Atlantic but are most 
 plentiful in the region traversed by the lower ranges of the 
 Appalachians, where the finest specimens are found. 
 
 A common name for them is “chunkee stones”, from the 
 fact that nearly all Indian tribes of the United States used a 
 
 15 
 
stone disk or ring, or a hoop partially covered with rawhide, in 
 a game which the Southern Indians called “Chung-kee”. In this 
 game the stone or hoop was rolled on the ground and at a cer- 
 tain point spears were darted at it by the players. But the 
 brittleness of most of these stones and the great amount of 
 labor necessarily expended upon the finest make it very im- 
 probable they were subjected to any rough usage. 
 
 Discoidals may have the natural surface on both sides 
 with the edge worked off by grinding or pecking, the latter 
 marks probably produced by use as a hammer; the sides may 
 be ground down while the edge is untouched; the sides may 
 be pecked and the edge ground, or the reverse. Moreover, these 
 relics merge so gradually from the highly polished “chunkee 
 stones” into mullers, pestles, pitted stones, hammers (for any 
 or all of which purposes they may have been employed in the 
 course of their manufacture) , ornaments, and the perforated 
 sinkers and club heads, that no dividing lines between all of 
 these forms are possible. 
 
 Practically every form of discoidal is presented in case 22. 
 (See No. 1, plate xiii.) 
 
 CEREMONIALS. 
 
 Under this general heading, applied because of their sup- 
 posed functions, are grouped a great number and variety of 
 objects made of stone, metal, hematite, shell, bone, and clay. 
 Bearing a score or more of arbitrary names, they are classified 
 by various writers and collectors as ornaments, charms, amu- 
 lets, insignia of rank, badges of authority, or anything else the 
 namer feels disposed to call them. Some were evidently sus- 
 pended by a cord ; others seem to have been mounted on a staff ; 
 still others give no hint as to how they were secured. No doubt 
 each form had a definite meaning among the people who used 
 it, just as society pins, badges, epaulets, or other marks of 
 rank or service have among us; a meaning known only to the 
 initiated or the instructed. The term “ceremonial” in this con- 
 nection, has been well defined as “a good word to express our 
 ignorance.” 
 
 16 
 
The most convenient general division of polished ceremo- 
 nials is into gorgets, bannerstones, and “miscellaneous”. 
 
 Gorgets are flattened, with one or more perforations 
 through the shortest diameter. Those with one perforation 
 were “pendants” for suspension; others were probably tied to 
 a robe or a garment. 
 
 Bannerstones are perforated from end to end, the two 
 halves of the stone usually being symmetrical, though one face 
 is sometimes more curved than the other. Unperforated speci- 
 mens of these two forms are, no doubt, for the most part un- 
 finished. 
 
 “Miscellaneous” includes boat-shape, pick-shape, spool- 
 shape, bird-shape, and others, which are named for their re- 
 semblance to the things indicated, as well as those which can 
 only be thus conveniently classified. (See Nos. 7 and 8, plate 
 xiii.) 
 
 Some of the many forms are exhibited in case 26. These 
 show that in making a ceremonial the stone was reduced as 
 much as possible by having chips and flakes struck off from it 
 with a hammer; brought to the desired form by pecking with 
 hammers or pointed flints; rubbed with coarse grit-rock to re- 
 move the hammer marks; smoothed with a fine-grained sand- 
 stone; and finally polished, probably with very fine sand and a 
 piece of greasy buckskin. The hole was usually drilled just be- 
 fore the final polishing. 
 
 HEMATITE. 
 
 The hardness, rich color, and lustrous polish, of hematite 
 iron ore, made it a favorite material among the Indians for 
 objects of practical use as well as for ornaments or ceremonials. 
 Celts large enough for tomahawks are frequent, while grooved 
 axes are not uncommon in this region. As a rule, however, 
 hematite celt-forms attract attention principally by reason of 
 their small size as they seldom weigh more than two or three 
 ounces. They were used for scraping pelts, or for cutting, the 
 blunt end being firmly set in a handle of wood or antler. The 
 celt used as a knife has its edge along the central plane, while 
 
 17 
 
the scraper-celt, used like a plane or adze, has its edge ground 
 flat toward one face, giving it the needed bevel. 
 
 Nearly all hematites, of whatever character, are ground 
 down directly from the nodule or concretion though sometimes 
 a specimen is found which has first been chipped into form 
 and then rubbed smooth. The powder thus formed was mixed 
 with grease and used as a paint. At least one site is known 
 (in Franklin County, Missouri), where a vast amount of quar- 
 rying was done to procure the softer grade of hematite known 
 as ochre. This needed no further preparation, except to be 
 mixed with water or oil. Very many implements were also 
 made here. 
 
 Various forms of hematite are shown in case 16. (See 
 plate vi.) 
 
 PLUMMETS, CONES AND HEMISPHERES. 
 
 Plummets are so called from their resemblance to the 
 weights used by masons and carpenters ; of course Indians 
 never had anything to “plumb”. The usual shape is ovoid, some 
 being very slender, others nearly round. Most of them have a 
 groove or a perforation near one end. They seem to have been 
 charms or amulets, valuable aids in bringing rain, trapping 
 game, catching fish, and ensuring good fortune generally. 
 
 Cones and hemispheres, like plummets, are named simply 
 from their form and not from any known or imaginable use. 
 Hematite was much in demand for making all these articles, as 
 it was for the small celts; though other materials were fre- 
 quently utilized, as may be observed in case 16. (See plate vi.) 
 
 SPUDS. 
 
 The spade-like pieces commonly known as “spuds”, await 
 an explanation. Most of them are too fragile and soft for any 
 practical purpose. Others are of hard stone that will with- 
 stand very rough usage. Many of the latter show striations 
 such as would be caused by stripping bark from trees, dressing 
 hides, or digging in the earth — uses which have been attributed 
 to them. But their symmetry, scarcity, and high polish, would 
 seem to put them in the ceremonial class. 
 
 There is a very fine specimen in case 12. (See plate vii.) 
 
 18 
 
CHIPPED IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 For all men to whom iron was unknown their most impor- 
 tant possession was “flint” — a general term which in an archaeo- 
 logical sense only, includes chalcedony, jasper, chert, hornstone, 
 basanite, and several other varieties of siliceous stone. With 
 trifling exceptions all that occurs in Missouri is chert; in 
 southern Illinois, besides chert there is hornstone and white 
 novaculite; while Arkansas furnishes, in addition to all these, 
 colored novaculite and quartz crystal. 
 
 Flint, as thus defined, is abundant in the lower Coal Meas- 
 ure rocks from Pennsylvania and Ohio southward to Alabama, 
 then north and west through Missouri and Kansas; it is some- 
 times stratified but more frequently occurs in nodules or 
 concretions. Beyond the limits mentioned it is rather rare; 
 quartz, quartzite, argillite, rhyolite, and even coarser rocks took 
 its place to a large extent in the East, while in the western 
 States obsidian and agate were mostly used. 
 
 As flint lying on or near the surface shatters easily and so 
 does not flake well, the Indians were accustomed to dig for that 
 which was protected from the weather by a covering of earth. 
 There are very large quarries in several States; the most ex- 
 tensive in this region being in Jefferson county, Missouri, and 
 in Union county, Illinois. 
 
 FLINT WORKING. 
 
 In making flint implements, a suitable fragment was se- 
 lected, and spalls were struck off from it with a stone hammer. 
 After the “blank” or core was reduced as much as possible in 
 this manner, flakes and chips were pressed off around the edge 
 with a tool of bone or antler, or the tooth of an animal, until the 
 implement was completed. Details of the work varied accord- 
 ing to the nature of the stone or the use for which it was in- 
 tended. Very thin specimens with keen edges could be pro- 
 duced thus; and when they became dulled were readily sharp- 
 ened with the flaking tool. This second chipping is plainly seen 
 on many pieces. 
 
 Spalls or large flakes were often serviceable as knives or 
 
 19 
 
scrapers without further preparation ; though they usually show 
 re-chipping along the edges or have notches for securing them 
 to handles or shafts. Slender flakes with keen points and edges 
 sharp as broken glass made good lancets and razors, or when 
 set into a slender bone or piece of wood were used as harpoons 
 or hooks in catching fish. 
 
 Hatchets or tomahawks, picks, chisels, and v/edges, were 
 often made of flint. Some are shown in case 13. (See plate vii.) 
 
 In making large implements such as disks, hoes, or spades, 
 the flaking was done with heavy stone hammers; but instead of 
 striking the block directly, a piece of wood, bone, or other tough 
 material was usually interposed in order to better control the 
 course of the fracture. 
 
 FLINT DISKS. 
 
 From a small mound in Ohio more than 8,000 large flint 
 disks were taken. In Illinois, more than 6,000 were at the bot- 
 tom of a mound thirty feet high ; and two lots, one of 1,500, the 
 other of 3,500, were buried in pits five feet deep but with no 
 mound over them. Specimens from each deposit are shown in 
 case 47. They range from three to eight inches in length, with 
 varying breadth, some nearly circular, some with the length 
 twice the width. Scarcely any of those from Ohio bear the 
 slightest indication of use ; but many from Illinois have blunted 
 edges, or secondary chipping which suggest wear and re-sharp- 
 ening. 
 
 Hundreds of such deposits, some containing less than a 
 dozen, some yielding several hundred pieces, have been un- 
 earthed in various parts of the country; a few in mounds, but 
 most of them buried in the natural earth. 
 
 Archaeologists are undecided whether to regard these 
 disks as unfinished specimens or as a kind of offering or sacri- 
 fice. The great care exercised in the burial of some of the 
 deposits and the size of the mound erected over them favor the 
 latter theory. 
 
 Perhaps the true explanation is that most of them belonged 
 to workers in flint who buried them until there was a call for 
 
 20 
 
such ware; or that when their possessor died they were in- 
 terred with him in the belief that whatever a man owns is his, 
 whether he be living or dead, and no one else has any right 
 to it. 
 
 The smaller oval or triangular pieces so often buried in 
 large numbers, were undoubtedly placed thus for the purpose 
 of keeping them in workable condition until there was a demand 
 for them; notches could then be madb in any manner desired. 
 
 A few such “blanks” are shown in case 43. 
 
 THE MONTEZUMA DISKS. 
 
 In case 45 are nearly 1,200 chert disks found at the 
 bottom of a mound 28 feet high at Montezuma, Illinois. With 
 them were many large bone perforators ; all were in connection 
 with human skeletons enclosed in a vault made of logs. Many 
 of these specimens are quite ready for any ordinary use ; others 
 are roughly finished. If this fact has any significance at all it 
 supports the idea they were the personal property of individuals 
 entombed here. (See plate viii.) 
 
 HOES AND SPADES. 
 
 The popular idea that Indians lived entirely by hunting, 
 fishing, and gathering the spontaneous products of the earth, is 
 true of only a few. Most tribes depended more or less upon 
 agriculture for subsistence. 
 
 In cases 1, 3 and 5, may be seen a fine collection of hoes and 
 spades which were used in cultivating the soil. Thousands of 
 these objects have been found throughout the area including 
 eastern Missouri, the lower Wabash valley, central Mississippi, 
 and southern Arkansas. Most of them are made of chert from 
 Union county, Illinois, where car loads of spalls and unfinished 
 pieces remain on the old workshops; though the material of 
 which some of them are made occurs in the valley of the lower 
 Cumberland. (See plates viii and ix and No. 6, plate xiii.) 
 
 It is probable that spades, like disks and small oval blades, 
 were usually individual property, intended for sale. In the 
 region where they are most plentiful caches of them are often 
 discovered. 
 
 21 
 
The most common form of spade has an oval outline with 
 rounded or pointed ends. Hoes are usually, but not always, 
 side-notched to permit firmer lashing of a handle. 
 
 In most parts of the country there is no stone suitable for 
 such tools, so recourse was had to wood, large flat bones, and 
 tortoise or turtle or mussel shells. These, being perishable, have 
 mostly disappeared. 
 
 KNIVES, SPEAR HEADS AND ARROW HEADS. 
 
 In a collection of small “flints”, as they are generically 
 termed, there appear to be almost as many shapes as specimens, 
 no two or them being exactly alike. Yet there are only a few 
 distinct types, and all these are evolved from two simple forms 
 — the pointed oval or “leaf-shape”, and the triangular. These 
 may be modified to make two intermediate forms; that is a 
 blade with curved edges may have a straight base, or one with 
 straight edges may have a curved base, as shown in figure 2. 
 
 From these four patterns all the small flint implements may 
 be fashioned with a few touches of the flaking implement ; some 
 forms are illustrated in figure 3. 
 
 This will be made plain by filling the notches with wax, or 
 by drawing an outline of the object without regard to the in- 
 dentations. As any one of the four primary forms may be 
 firmly fastened in a shaft or handle, notches do not seem to be 
 strictly necessary; perhaps in some cases their shape, size, or 
 position, would serve to identify the tribe or person to whom 
 the implement belonged. 
 
 The various parts of flint implements are designated by 
 certain terms as shown in figure 4. 
 
 Only the smaller pointed flints, two inches or less in length, 
 like those shown in cases 17, 27 and 37, could be used as ar- 
 rowpoints. There is a limit to the strength which a man can 
 exert in drawing a bow, and a slender or small projectile will 
 penetrate the body of an animal whose thick hide would be 
 proof against a larger one propelled with the same force. The 
 heavier specimens were for spear-heads, daggers, and knives. 
 
 There was probably a distinction between arrowheads for 
 different purposes; it is said that among some modern tribes 
 
 22 
 
war arrows were slightly fastened so they would remain in 
 the wound when the shaft was withdrawn; while hunting ar- 
 rows were firmly bound in order that they might be 
 
 Figure 3 
 23 
 
easily pulled out and used again without remounting. In the 
 latter, the shaft, by striking against weeds and bushes, would 
 cause the blade to lacerate the internal organs, thus producing 
 abundant hemorrhage and quickly exhausting the animal. Slen- 
 der flints with wide base or long barbs, like those in case 15, 
 are excellent hunting arrows as they will penetrate deeply and 
 hold firmly. 
 
 BUNTS AND SCRAPERS. 
 
 Arrowheads with the forward end rounded or squared in- 
 stead of pointed and with the edge at the middle of the blade 
 were for stunning or killing birds or small animals without 
 injuring the plumage or fur. Specimens similar in outline but 
 with the edge at one face like a chisel, were used as scrapers for 
 smoothing wood, cleaning small hides, or removing scales from 
 fish. Very many of these are made from broken arrowheads. 
 Flakes showing no marks of work except this chisel-like edge 
 were also scrapers. Both bunts and scrapers are in case 25. 
 
 SERRATION AND BEVEL. 
 
 The serrated or saw-tooth finish on 
 flints has no significance unless it is 
 that these may be better adapted for 
 cutting some substances than are 
 smooth-edged ones of the same general 
 pattern. The serration is merely the 
 result of leaving wider spaces between 
 the points at which the flaking tool is 
 applied. 
 
 Many flints have the edges beveled 
 at an angle of about 45 degrees. It is 
 commonly supposed this is for the pur- 
 pose of giving them a rotary motion 
 when they are shot from a bow; but 
 very few of this type are small enough 
 for arrow points, and, besides, the rot- 
 ary or “rifling” effect is usually pro- 
 duced by binding spiral rows of feath- 
 ers at the opposite end of the shaft. 
 
 The bevel is almost invariably to the 
 
 ,'A 
 
 A, point; B, edge; C, face; 
 D. bevel; E, blade; F, tang; 
 G, stem; H, base; I, notch; K, 
 neck; M, barb or shoulder; 
 N, serration. 
 
 24 
 
left; when the flint is properly hafted and held in the right hand 
 this shape brings it into correct position for removing the hide of 
 an animal. Further, the blade is nearly always thick, with a 
 strong stem; it will stand rough usage and can be forced be- 
 tween the pelt and the flesh or into the joints, with but small 
 risk of breaking. So these implements may properly be called 
 skinning knives. 
 
 Both serrated and beveled types are exhibited in case 25. 
 (See plate xii.) 
 
 PERFORATORS. 
 
 Flints with slender spike-like blades of the kind shown in 
 case 15, are classified as drills, awls, needles, etc.; but as no 
 specific use can be assigned to any it is best to call all of them 
 perforators. Those with sharp fine points would be excellent 
 for making holes to pass threads through skin or leather; but 
 most of them are too fragile to have been used as drills. Slender 
 pieces, pointed at both ends, could replace hooks in fishing, a 
 line being attached at the middle. Widely different forms, how- 
 ever, from awl-like to flat thin blades, are worked and polished 
 on points and edges as if used to drill stone. Thick strong speci- 
 mens with triangular or diamond section are well adapted for 
 making holes in shell, slate, and material of similar hardness. 
 Holes were also drilled with wood, reed, horn, antler, bone, and 
 copper, with sand as a cutting medium. A solid drill will make 
 a conical hole while a tube will make one with uniform diameter. 
 The latter is more rapid in operation for it will cut a groove 
 but little wider than its own thickness, forming a core which 
 falls out when the perforation is completed. 
 
 Perforators were often used as graving tools; shell, bone, 
 wood, and stone, can be carved into very intricate and delicate 
 patterns with them. The largest and finest may have been worn 
 as ornaments. (See plate xii.) 
 
 CEREMONIAL FLINTS. 
 
 Large, elaborately wrought objects of flint or similar mate- 
 rial, too delicate or too ornately finished for practical purposes, 
 were intended for display or for use on formal or solemn occa- 
 sions. Some of these are shown in case 31. (See plate xi.) 
 
 25 
 
The most remarkable articles of this character ever found 
 in a single deposit are those in case 41. (See plates i and ii.) 
 There were 46 pieces in a grave in Humphreys county, Ten- 
 nessee. The material of all is a grayish-brown chert, not sus- 
 ceptible of such delicate chipping as chalcedony or agate. The 
 longest specimen, measuring nearly twenty-eight inches in length 
 from point to point is by far the finest example of flint chipping 
 in this grade of stone that has ever been discovered anywhere. 
 
 BONE. 
 
 Bone, including in this term horn, antler, and teeth, was 
 abundantly utilized for a great variety of purposes. . We find 
 arrowheads and spear heads; wedges, celts, and other tools; 
 perforators of various sizes used as needles, awls, or punches; 
 fish hooks ; hide scrapers ; flakers for working flint ; and numer- 
 ous forms of ornaments. 
 
 A representative collection is shown in case 34. 
 
 SHELL. 
 
 Primitive peoples found that many needed articles could 
 be made from shells of different sorts. They furnished digging- 
 tools ; implements for hunting, fighting, or fishing ; knives ; scra- 
 pers; spoons; tweezers; and other objects for practical use. 
 They were also carved into numerous patterns considered suit- 
 able for personal adornment, which by trade were widely dis- 
 tributed. In this region, however, stone, especially flint, is so 
 abundant and so much better adapted for aboriginal require- 
 ments that shell was neglected except for making small orna- 
 ments, mostly beads, and “wampum”, the Indian substitute for 
 money. 
 
 The specimens belonging to the Society, shown in cases 32 
 and 34, are mainly from graves near St. Louis. The larger 
 ones are mostly from ocean shells. 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 Indians, no less than whites, early learned that vessels are 
 a necessity. As pottery is so easily broken some tribes were 
 satisfied with simple forms crudely made. Others, particularly 
 
 26 
 
those who subsisted largely by cultivating the soil, seemed to 
 take pride in devising and constructing elaborate patterns. 
 
 In the manufacture of pottery, shells or quartz pebbles were 
 pounded fine, and either, but never both in the same mass, were 
 mixed with clay. The compound was thoroughly kneaded, 
 wrought into the form desired which varied according to intended 
 use, and decorations, handles, etc., pressed on where wanted. 
 Gourds, rounded blocks of wood, stones, or masses of clay, were 
 sometimes used as molds. Vessels with constricted neqk or 
 top were shaped entirely by hand. Cloth was frequently pressed 
 down on the outside, or the clay was patted with a cloth-covered 
 paddle, to prevent it from checking or cracking while drying; 
 the imprint of such fabric may be seen on many vessels, and 
 was no doubt smoothed off of many others. Pebbles or smooth 
 rounded pieces of hard-burned clay were used for shaping and 
 polishing the interior. Stoppers were often made for the water 
 bottles ; some may be seen in case 40. 
 
 Pottery was also fashioned by working the clay into a roll 
 of uniform diameter and building this up as a rope is coiled; the 
 coils being pinched and squeezed together until they were com- 
 pact, and the vessel usually made smooth before- drying. 
 
 American Indians knew nothing of the potter’s wheel, or 
 of the art of glazing, though there is often a polish which simu- 
 lates it closely. Painting with ochre or other coloring matter 
 was common in southeast Missouri and in Arkansas; while in 
 some regions the potters exposed their wares to the smoke of 
 pitch pine or other substance which made it black and glossy. 
 
 The pottery in Missouri except that found hear the Mis- 
 sissippi river is nearly all poorly made and of simple form, usu- 
 ally that known as "‘cocoanut” because resembling a cocoanut 
 with one end cut off, and seldom showing any attempt at decora- 
 tion. Some of it, from mounds along the Missouri river, is 
 shown in case 6. In the same case is a fine vessel from Saline 
 county, of a type not found elsewhere in the State. 
 
 It is a common belief that pottery coming from the Missouri- 
 Arkansas district is obtained principally, if not entirely, from 
 mounds. It is true that some mounds, erected as tombs or 
 
 27 
 
monuments, contain such objects; but compared with the total 
 number these are few. The large mounds as a rule yield very 
 little earthenware or anything else ; and it would seem that even 
 the few articles found in them were mostly deposited while earth 
 was being heaped up for some other purpose than a burial place. 
 In fact, it is probable that ninety per cent or even more of the 
 mounds in that section were built from some motive which did 
 not include either funeral rites or burial of property. 
 
 The principal finds are almost invariably made in ceme- 
 teries connected with village-sites, frequently in the immediate 
 vicinity of mounds though often several hundred yards from 
 the nearest one. Usually one, sometimes two, rarely three ves- 
 sels are found with a skeleton. Occasionally a large number of 
 interments were made in a mound; and when all, or most, of 
 these bodies had objects placed with them the aggregate is 
 quite impressive. 
 
 In the vicinity of salt or sulphur springs, Indians were ac- 
 customed to make large saucer-shaped vessels of pottery, which 
 they set in shallow holes in the ground and kept filled with the 
 mineral water until a considerable thickness of salt was formed. 
 This was scraped out for use or sale. The type of salt pan is 
 seen in case 50. 
 
 The pottery in the collection of the Society is nearly all 
 from southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and the 
 American Bottoms opposite Saint Louis. The last was col- 
 lected mostly by the late Dr. J. J. R. Patrick, of Belleville, Ills. 
 
 PERISHABLE MATERIALS. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that even the most extensive 
 archaeological collection can represent but a very small propor- 
 tion of the possessions of aboriginal people. Objects of stone 
 were few as compared with those of wood, fiber, cloth, and 
 skins or leather, all which soon decayed and utterly disappeared. 
 
 28 
 
INDEX 
 
 Aboriginal inhabitants of Mis- 
 souri, 4. 
 
 Abundance of stone implements, 
 10; reasons for, 10. 
 
 Adzes, 11. 
 
 Agate, 19. 
 
 Agriculture among Indians, 21. 
 
 Antler, 26. 
 
 Argillite, 19. 
 
 Arkansas pottery, 27. 
 
 Arrowheads, flint, always small, 
 22; various forms for different 
 purposes, 22; hunting, 23; war, 
 23; perforators for hunting, 24; 
 primary forms, 22. 
 
 Awls, 25. 
 
 Axes, grooved, how made, 8; how 
 hafted, 11; most abundant in 
 central United States, 11; names 
 of different parts, 11; not 
 found in mounds, 11 ; restricted 
 in area, 11. 
 
 Bannerstones, 17. 
 
 Basanite, 19. 
 
 Beads, of shell, 26. 
 
 Beveled flints, 24; used as skin- 
 ning knives, 25. 
 
 Beveling, usually to left, 24 ; ob- 
 ject of, 25. 
 
 Bone, 26 ; ornaments, 26 ; tools, 
 for working flint, 8 ; tools for 
 other purposes, 26. 
 
 Bread, making, 13; substances 
 used for, 13. 
 
 Bunts, 24; made from broken ar- 
 rowheads, 24 ; purpose of, 24. 
 
 Buried objects; see caches. 
 
 Caches, contents personal proper- 
 ty, 20, 21; sacrificial, 20; unfin- 
 ished specimens, 20. 
 
 Canoes, how made, 12. 
 
 Carboniferous limestone. Lower, 
 full of chert, 9. 
 
 Carving bone or shell with flint, 
 25. 
 
 Celts, hatchets, or tomahawks, 
 11; how hafted, 11; widely dis- 
 tributed, 11. 
 
 Celt-scrapers, 18. 
 
 Ceremonial flints, 25. 
 
 Ceremonials, how made, 17; mate- 
 rials used for, 16. 
 
 Ceremonial stones, various forms 
 of, 17. 
 
 Chalcedony, 19. 
 
 Chert, a variety of flint, 19; com- 
 mon in Mississippi valley, 19 ; 
 distribution of, 19; other silice- 
 ous or flinty stone, 19. 
 
 Chipped implements, 19; mostly 
 of siliceous stone, 19. 
 
 Chung-kee, game of, played with 
 discoidal stones, 15. 
 
 Clay in southeast Missouri, suit- 
 able for pottery, 9. 
 
 Cloth making, 6. 
 
 Club heads of stone, 12, 14. 
 
 “Cocoanut pottery,” 27. 
 
 Coiled pottery, 27. 
 
 Comparison of mound and surface 
 specimens, 9. 
 
 Cones, 18. 
 
 Cooking, methods of, among In- 
 dians, 6. 
 
 Copper, never tempered, 8. 
 
 Cremation of bodies, 5. 
 
 Cupstones, 13; abundance of, 13; 
 purpose not known, 13; theories 
 of use, 13; wide distribution, 13. 
 
 Development of industries among 
 Indians, 7. 
 
 Difficulties of living in primitive 
 
 29 
 
conditions, 6. 
 
 Discoidal stones, 15; distribution, 
 15; for playing “Chung-kee”, 
 15; other purposes of, 16; vari- 
 ety of forms and materials, 15, 
 16. 
 
 Disks, flint, 20; great numbers of, 
 in caches, 20, 21; Montezuma 
 mound find, Illinois, 21 ; pur- 
 pose of, uncertain, 20; wide 
 distribution of, 20. 
 
 Drills, 25. 
 
 Felling trees, 12. 
 
 Flakes, as fishing implements, 
 lancets, razors, 20. 
 
 Flint, 9, 19; abundance of, 19; 
 various stones included in the 
 term, 19; where found, 19. 
 
 Flint, arrowheads, 22, 24; cere- 
 monials, 25; knives, 22, 25; per- 
 forators or drills, 25; spear 
 heads, 22. 
 
 Flint arrowheads, 22; beveled 
 forms, 24; bunts, 24; knives, 22; 
 scrapers, 24; serrated forms, 24; 
 spear heads, 22. 
 
 Flint hoes and spades, sources of 
 material, 21. 
 
 Flint implement, longest fine one 
 known, 26. 
 
 Flint implements, chipped, large, 
 20, 21, 22; small, 22, 23, 24, 
 25; methods of making, 19, 20, 
 22; unfinished, in caches, 20, 21; 
 why buried, 21. 
 
 Flint points, how shaped, 19; 
 names of different parts, 24; 
 only small ones used for arrow- 
 heads, 22; primary forms, leaf- 
 shape or triangular, 22; pur- 
 pose of notches, 22; war and 
 hunting forms, 23. 
 
 Franklin county, Missouri, hema- 
 tite mine in, 9, 18. 
 
 Glazing pottery, 27. ? 
 
 Gorgets, 17. 
 
 Grains as foods, 13. 
 
 Graving tools, 25. 
 
 Grinding stones, 13. 
 
 Grooved axes, 11. 
 
 Halting implements, 11. 
 
 Hammer stones, 12. 
 
 Handles for axes, adzes, and toma- 
 hawks, 11. 
 
 Hematite, 9, 17, 18; for ceremoni- 
 als or ornaments, 17 ; for paint, 
 18; how worked, 18; implements 
 made of, 17, 18; mine in Frank- 
 lin county, Missouri, 9, 18. 
 
 Hemispheres, 18. 
 
 Hoes, flint, notched, 22; distribu- 
 tion of, 21; sources of material, 
 
 21 . 
 
 Horn, 26. 
 
 Hornstone, 19. 
 
 Humphreys county, Tennessee, 
 rare flints from, 26. 
 
 Hunting arrows, 23. 
 
 Implements of stone, 11 ; charac- 
 ter of work done with, 12; man- 
 ner of hafting, 11; materials 
 for, 7, 9; relative age of rough 
 and delicate specimens, 8. 
 
 Indians of Missouri, 4; agricul- 
 ture, 6, 21 ; clothing, 6, 7 ; diffi- 
 culties of existence among, 6; 
 domestic life, 6, 7 ; fire-making, 
 6; hindrances to advancement, 
 6 ; implements, 6 ; industries, 7 ; 
 methods of cooking, 6. 
 
 Indian tribes in Missouri, 4; mi- 
 gration of, from East, 4. 
 
 Industries, Indian, poorly repre- 
 sented in museums, 28; vary 
 with materials, 7. 
 
 Jasper, 19. 
 
 Jefferson county, Missouri, flint 
 quarries in, 19. 
 
 30 
 
Knives, flint, 22, 25; of other ma- 
 terials, 6. 
 
 Large flint injplements, 20, 21. 
 
 Materials for chipped implements, 
 19; for other implements or for 
 ornaments, 7, 8, 16, 17. 
 
 Meal, grinding, 13, 14. 
 
 Metals for tools 8. 
 
 Migration of Siouan tribes 4, 5. 
 
 Missouri, Indian tribes in, 4, 5; 
 Mound Builders, 5. 
 
 Montezuma disks, 21. 
 
 Mortars, 13; materials of, 13. 
 
 Mound pottery, 27. 
 
 Mound specimens, not superior to 
 those from the surface, 9. 
 
 Mounds of Missouri, age of, 5; 
 near Saint Louis, 5; with burial 
 vaults, 5. 
 
 Mound Builders in Missouri, 5. 
 
 Mullers as grinders, hammers, or 
 pestles, 14. 
 
 Needles, 25, 26. 
 
 Net sinkers, 12, 14. 
 
 Novaculite, white, 19; colored, 19. 
 
 Nuts as food, 13. 
 
 Objects for decorative purposes, 
 16. 
 
 Obsidian, 19. 
 
 Omaha, meaning of name, 4; 
 tribes in Missouri, 5. 
 
 Ornaments, of copper, 9; of shell, 
 26; of stone, 16. 
 
 Painted pottery, 27. 
 
 Perforated stones, 14; uses of, 14. 
 
 Perforators, flint, 25; other mate- 
 rials, 26; uses of, 25, 26. 
 
 Perishable materials, 28. 
 
 Pestles, 13, 14; forms of, 14; how 
 used, 14. 
 
 Pipes, 14; definite or conventional 
 forms of, 14; effigies, 15; mate- 
 rials of, 15; variety of forms, 
 15. 
 
 Pitted stones, 12. 
 
 Plummets, 18. 
 
 Polishing stones, 13, 27. 
 
 Potters’ wheel, 27. 
 
 Pottery, 26; cloth-wrapped, 27; 
 cocoanut form, 27; coiled, 27; 
 from central Missouri, poorly 
 made, 27 ; from mounds in cen- 
 tral Missouri, 27 ; from south- 
 east Missouri and Arkansas, 
 mostly from cemeteries, 28; 
 glazing, 27 ; great variation in 
 form and finish, 27; how made, 
 27; molded, 27; not abundant 
 in mounds of southeast Mis- 
 souri, 28; painted, 27; salt 
 pans, 28 ; stamped or pad- 
 died in making, 27. 
 
 Pottery stoppers for water bot- 
 tles, 27. 
 
 Primary types of small flints, 
 
 22 . 
 
 Quapaw, meaning of name, 4. 
 
 Quarrying flint, 19. 
 
 Quartz, quartzite, quartz crystal, 
 19. 
 
 Rhyolite, 19. 
 
 Rotary flints, 24. 
 
 Rubbing stones, 13. 
 
 Rude implements not necessarily 
 ancient, 8, 9. 
 
 Saint Louis mounds, 5. 
 
 Salt pans, 28. 
 
 Scarcity of aboriginal perishable 
 material. 28. 
 
 Scrapers, flint, uses of, 24. 
 
 Scraper-celts, 17, 18. 
 
 Seeds as food, 13. 
 
 Serrated flints, 24. 
 
 Serration, how produced, 24; ob- 
 ject of, 24. 
 
 Shell, 9, 12, 26; for ornaments, 
 26; for tools, 12; for wampum. 
 
 31 
 
26; numerous objects made of, 
 12, 26. 
 
 Siliceous stones, various names 
 for, 19. 
 
 Sinkers for net and fish lines, 12, 
 14. 
 
 Siouan tribes, migrations of, 4 ; 
 in Missouri, 5. 
 
 Skins, tanning, 7. 
 
 Small flints, types of, 22. 
 
 Southeast Missouri pottery, 27, 
 28. 
 
 Spades, flint, 21, 22; distribution 
 of, 21; sources of material, 21. 
 
 Spades, of other material than 
 stone, 22. 
 
 Spalls, uses of, 19. 
 
 Spear heads, flint, 22. 
 
 Specimens, only durable materials 
 preserved, 28; abundance of, 10; 
 mound and surface compared, 
 9; reasons for abundance, 10. 
 
 Spuds, 18. 
 
 Stone for axes, etc., how worked, 
 8; where obtained, 7. 
 
 Stone club heads, 12, 14. 
 
 Stone hammers, 12. 
 
 Stone implements, abundance of, 
 10; reasons for so many, 10; 
 
 time required in making, 8. 
 
 Stone sinkers for fish lines and 
 nets, 12, 14. 
 
 Stones for grinding and polishing, 
 13; for ornaments, how worked, 
 17 ; for smoothing pottery, 13, 
 27. 
 
 Stone-vault burial mounds, 5. 
 
 Stone working a special art, 8, 9. 
 
 Tanning skins, 7. 
 
 Teeth as tools, 26. 
 
 Tempered copper a myth, 8. 
 
 Tennessee flints, from Humphreys 
 county, 26. 
 
 Time required for shaping stone 
 implements,8. 
 
 Trees, how felled, 12. 
 
 Tubes, 14; uses of, 15. 
 
 Types of small flints, 22. 
 
 Union county, Illinois, flint quar- 
 ries, 19. 
 
 Wampum, shell, 26. 
 
 Work done with stone tools, 8, 12. 
 
 Worked objects, aboriginal, des- 
 cription of, 7, 11. 
 
 Working in flint, 19; in other 
 stone, 8. 
 
 Working wood with stone tools, 12. 
 
 32 
 
PLATE III 
 
 Top; Spud-like Hatchet. Hatchet or Tomahawk (8 inches long), and Grooved Ax. 
 Bottom: Grooved Ax. Double Edged Ax (7 inches long). 
 
PLATE IV 
 
 Top; Stone Hatchet in Portion o£ Original Handle (13 inches long). 
 
 Center: Grooved Ax, Showing Method o£ Ha£ting. Ax with Two Grooves (6 in. long). 
 Bottom: Pestles natural size). 
 
r- 
 
PLATE V 
 
 Top: Effigy Pipe (7 inches long). 
 
 Bottom: Various Forms of Pipes, Stone and Clay natural size). 
 
PLATE VI 
 
 Upper: Grooved Axes o£ Hematite ore natural size). 
 
 Lower: Plummets, Celts and Hemispliere, of Hematite ore natural size). 
 
Z 
 
 ^ r. 
 
 -a ^ 
 
 CL| C 
 
 c/n c 
 
 O o 
 
 . c 
 
 d ^ 
 

 > Si 
 
 •S ^ o 
 — 02 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 O 
 
PLATE IX 
 
PLATE X 
 
 Flint K nives-- M issouri Types. 
 
PLATE XI 
 
 Part o£ a Cacke on Moreau Creek, in Cole County, Mo. Length o£ largest, 18 incke: 
 
PLATE XII 
 
 Perforators Unusual Forms of I lints, Some Representing Beveled and Serrated Flints 
 
 (i natural size). Animal Forms (', natural size). (i natural size.) 
 
PLATE XIII 
 
 I. Disk (2^ inches). 2. Method of Hafting Knives (10^ Inches). 3. S(one 
 Hammer (2i inches). 4. Pipe (Forehead to Chin 3 inches). 5. Knives 
 
 natural size). 6. Spade (9^ inches). 7 and 8. Ceremonial Stones (1-5 natural size). 
 9. Cultivators or Digging Tools (1-7 natural size). 10. Knives ( natural size). 
 
 II. Muller natural size). 12. Knife (8^f inches). 13. Stone Hammer 
 (i natural size). 
 
PLATE XIV 
 
 JVfnseum of the Missouri ITisiorical Society. 
 
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