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 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 Treasure "S^om 
 
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^Ji /m^ 
 
 H I S TO R Y 
 
 WALES 
 
 Comprehsnding the 
 
 Lives and Succeflion 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PRINCES of WALES, 
 
 FROM 
 
 C A D \y A L A D fi R thc laft King, co 
 
 Lheweljn the laft Prince, of Brit i/h blood, 
 
 WITH 
 
 A ftiort Account of the AfFairs ofH^ALES, 
 under the Kings of EnglanJ. 
 
 Written originally in Briti/h, by CaraJoc 
 of Lhancarvan; and formerly publilhed m 
 Englifli by Dr. Poivel. 
 
 Now newly augmenred and improved by 
 W. F/TNNE, A.m. and Fellow of y,/»i. 
 Colledgi Oxott. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed by A/. Clark, for the Author, and are 
 to be fold by [{_ Clavetl, at the Peacock at the Wcit- 
 End of S. Pauls. 1697. 
 
>V' 
 
P'r 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Ktiht Rey^ Father in Go d, 
 
 HUMPHREY 
 
 Lord BISHOP of 
 
 BANGOR, 
 
 My Lord , 
 
 WHEN Ihadfinidied 
 the following Book, 
 I was not long to dc- 
 termin under whofe Patronage I 
 fliould make it publick ; your Lord- 
 fhip's Extraordinry Knowledge in 
 all the ^m[h Antiquities, efpecially 
 that Part which relates to the Welch^ 
 
 A % juftly 
 
<DET>ICATION. 
 
 juftly claiming what I now make 
 bold to offer" to your Favour. For 
 it feenas to be as Natural a Defign 
 of a Dedication, to ptefent one's La- 
 bours to the greateft Judge, as to him 
 who is the greateft Encourager of his 
 Writings ; and if fo, my Lord, this 
 fingle Reafon would fufficiently ju- 
 ftify me from any Prefumption, in 
 fubmitting the following Papers to 
 your Lordfhip's Protection. But 
 where the Obligation is corroborated 
 by an equal Engagement 5 and fince 
 your Lordfhip has been pleafed to 
 encourage and promote the Defign 
 before it came to any Growth, I 
 hope, I may fafely prefent now in 
 its perfect Strength and Vigor, what 
 you were then pleafed to receive in 
 its Infancy. 
 
 The Hiftory of our Country, my 
 Lord, has been fo much negleded, 
 that there feems a very great Necet 
 ficy of reviving, what to the gene- 
 rality of the Kingdom^ is almoft loft 5 
 
 and 
 
I>EDlCAriOK. 
 
 and there are too many, ochetwife 
 very Learned Pcrfbns, hay, (bnie of 
 our own Nation, who are fb great 
 Strangers to this Subject, that they 
 are almoft ignorant, that there is fucfi 
 a Hiftory in being. We have hopes 
 indeed, that from your Lordfhip's 
 Excelling Knowledge in the Welch 
 Hiftory, and other ^rkifh Antiqui- 
 ties, with thofe Curious CoUedions, 
 you have with great Labour made 
 towards that Matter, and from others 
 now Travelling the fame good Way j 
 we may expedt, that the World fhall 
 receive fuch Information relating to 
 our Country, that they who have 
 hitherto defpifed our Hiftory, will 
 be ready to Light that Candle which 
 they now purpo(ely extinguifh, and 
 ignorantly undervalue. In the mean 
 time, if by the following Hiftory, I 
 can revive the Memories of the feve- 
 ral Princes therein contained, which 
 in the EngUp? Hiftories, arc either to- 
 tally omitted, or but partially inter- 
 
 A } WOVCIlj 
 
VEDICATIOK 
 woven, and render our Hiftory more 
 generally Known, I have my Aim ; 
 and efpecially, fince I gain the Op- 
 portunity of Acknowledging my 
 fdf. 
 
 Tour Lordjhip's 
 
 wojl humble Servant^ 
 
 W. W T N N E. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 TH E Htftory of the Britains, may mt 
 improperly be df(}in^Uf(hed into tvfo Pe- 
 riods ; the former comprehending the 
 interval from Brute to Cadwalader, whilfi the 
 Britains are thought to have enjoyed a general 
 Tojfejfion of the whole IJland ; the other contain' 
 ing the Memoirs and Tranfa^iions of the Bri- 
 tains, under thetr fever al Princes ^ after their re" 
 cejjian to that fart of the JJland , ftnce called 
 Wales. The former of theje has been generally 
 accounted of late, abjolutely falfe and unhijlori- 
 cal\ and ^tis undoubtedly concluded that all the 
 FaJJ'ages tn GeofEey of Monmouth ( the only 
 remaining Monument of the Affairs of the an- 
 tietJt Britains ) which are not confonant to, and 
 agreeable with th? Roman Htjlorians that fpeak 
 of Britain, are abjolutely fabulous and unfncere. 
 The Htfiory of the Princes of Wales, has indeed 
 met with better fortune^ and the Author Cara- 
 doc of Lhancarvan is accounted jufi and au- 
 thentick ; fo that there need no other Apology for 
 the following fVork, than that it is for the befi 
 part the genuine Hifiory of th^t Author, But be- 
 caufe the Hiftory of Wales has no fmall depen- 
 dance upon, and relation to the Hifiory of the an* 
 tient Britains publtjked by Geoffrey, / think it 
 
 A ^ necejj'ary 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 necejjarj to make fome general refleBion, in rela* 
 tion to the Truth and Authority of that Copy, 
 
 And here tn the firfi place ^ I mu(t take no- 
 iice cf two forts of Opinioniy mo^ widely repug- 
 nant^ and ai 1 way fay^ diametrically eppofite to 
 each other \ and both in my opinien^ equally dc' 
 'viatir.g from the right apprehenjion of the mat' 
 Ur in debate. The one^ ' perfeclly rejeEiing the 
 Tphole foundation and procefs of Geoffrey'/ Hi- 
 fiory, will not bdie've fo much as one paffage re" 
 lating to the aniient Britains, but what is deli- 
 raered by Roman IVriters ; as if nothing remark- 
 able could happen in Britain , but what muf} 
 needs fall under their fpecial CogniZ>ance and Ob- 
 fer'uatton. The other, without any allowance to 
 the Age when thefs Biitifh Affairs were tranf- 
 atied, ( net to mention the utmo^ Anticjuity of 
 /We part of this Hi^ory, coten^porary with which ^ 
 n:thmg is certain among the more civilized GrQQks 
 and Romans) will believe :h: whole Frame^ and 
 all the Circumjlances of Geoftrey'j Hifiory , be 
 they never fo ridiculous and extravagant. Bat 
 not to injifi on fo bigotted an Opinion^ as to think 
 that the Britifti Hijlory is univerfally true, and 
 altogether aiithentick ; 1 will confine my felf to 
 the exammauon oftha other Extream, to fee whe- 
 ther that Hijlory publiflied by GeotFrey, be fo 
 ahfolutely fabulous as is frequently reprefented, 
 and generally believed, Norv they Tpho difcredit 
 this Hifiory, either wholly attribute the Frame and 
 hvention of it to Geofli ey, or elfe granting him 
 to be a faithful Tranflatcr, afjtire themf elves that 
 the Copy he received was fictitious^ and perfectly 
 owing to the un'^ arrant able Forgeries of the fa- 
 if ulcus Monks. So that the fubjeSi of my frefent 
 en^uirteSy will naturally fall under thefe two 
 
 pifquifitions ; 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 Difjuijitions; r. Whether Geoffrey be the real 
 Contriver and Compofer of this Hiftory ? And 
 aly, Suffofing hint to be innocent of this Sufpi- 
 cionf whether the Hifiory puhlijhed by him , be 
 perfeBly fabulous^ and in all refpecls a Monkif) 
 Legend ? 
 
 I. As to ivbat relates^ to Geoflrey, though me- 
 thinks there need no greater Argument to evi- 
 dence his Innocency from fo fufpeBed an Impo- 
 fiure, as his being the Contriver of this Hifiory , 
 than that he profejjedly owns the receipt of the 
 Britifh Manufcript from Walter , Arch Deacon 
 of Oxford ; yet hecauje the Prejudice of fame 
 Men oftentimes ohfcures their Under (ianding^ in 
 things otherTvife very clear and open , it "will be 
 requi/ite to dwell fometphat more particularly up- 
 on that Subject : or if the World be once per- 
 fivaded , that the whole Invention is owing to 
 Geoffrey, and that there was no fuch Account 
 of the Bn'tains in being, before he publt(l}ed his. 
 Hifiory ; the whole feries of Britilh Affairs not' 
 mentioned in the Writings of the Roman Authors^ 
 and all that long continued Succeffion of BritiHl 
 Kings for fo many Ages^ mufi of neceffuy be ac- 
 counted fabulous y and a perfect Legend. But be- 
 fore that Geoffrey fnould be fo unreafonAhly at~ 
 tainted of fuch notorious Forgery^ ar,d his Hifio- 
 ry be fo generally c'lndemned '^ one might expect 
 that fuch evident Proofs could be produced to 
 evince fo abfolute a Pojition, as to render it pafi 
 all Difpiite and CcitradiEiion, For to charge any 
 one with Infincerity , for no other reafon, than 
 becaufe it is the common Vogue and Sentiment of 
 the World y is in my opinion a greater Argument 
 of Partiality and Prejudice, (ban of folid and ju- 
 dicious Reafoning. 
 
 ■ ' Now, 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 J^ow the greatefi reafon that I can think of, ' 
 why the Britiili Hijhry is attributed to the in^ 
 mention of Geoffrey , u , that almofi upon its 
 firfi appearance in the fV»rU, William of New- 
 borough and Geraldus Cambrenfis exclaim a- 
 gainft ttf and feem to lay the "whole Impeflure to 
 the charge o/'GeofFrey. The "words of Nevvbo- 
 rough are thefe ; Ac contra quidem (/peaking 
 before of Gildas) noftris temporibus pro ex- 
 piandis his Britonum tnaculis fcriptor emerfit, 
 ridicula de iifdem figmenta contexens, eofque 
 longe fupra virtutem Macedonum 6c Roma- 
 norum impudenti vanitace attollens. Gau- 
 fridus hie dic5lus eft. Agnomen habens Arturij 
 pro eo quod fabulas de Arturo ex prifcis Bri- 
 tonum figmentis fumptas, & ex proprio au- 
 <^as per iuperdu<9:um Latini fermonis Colo- 
 rem, honefto hiftori^ nomine palliavit. Qui 
 etiam majori aufu, cujufdam Merlini divina- 
 tiones fallaciffimaSj quibus utique de proprio 
 plurimum ad)ecit, dum eas m Latinum tranf- 
 funderetj tanquam Authenicas, & immobili 
 veritate fubnixas prophetias vulgavit. 
 
 From this Bajfage it is apprehended^ that New- 
 borough thought that the Britiih Hiftory was 
 folely owing to the Contrivance and Invention of 
 Geoffrey ; whereas nothing is more evident^ 
 than that the only thing he lays to Geoffrey s 
 charge^ is^ that be augmented^ and of his own 
 bead made Additions to the Copy he received. 
 And feeing that Newborough exprejly mentions 
 Geoffrey 'j tranflating into Latin , fome antient 
 Figments of the Britains concerning King Arthur, 
 and unwarrantably adding to the fame' it is ma- 
 ^ifefily apparent , that he never took Geoffrey 
 to he the Contriver of the whole of what he pub- 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 liflied, otberwife it is hardly conceivable , th^ 
 fucb an inveterate Enemy of that Hifiory, would 
 conceal any thing that might derogate from the 
 Truth and Authority of tt. Bejides, Newborough 
 throughout hu whole Preface, "wherein he endea- 
 vcun to invallidate, and render the BritiHl Hi- 
 ftory fabulous, chiefly infifis upon the Life of Kmg 
 Arthur, and the Prophecies o/^Merlyn; not a 
 WGrd of Brutus and his Trojans, which, thS 
 fmce accounted as notorious a piece of Romance 
 as any at all:, it feems he had Faith to fw allow. 
 Indeed, the Vajjages m King Arthur'i Life, and 
 the Prophecies of Mcrlyn tending much to the 
 fame purpofe, were too great and extravagant 
 to be credited by him, {who by hts CharaBer of 
 themy feems to have bore but very /lender Affc' 
 Bion towards the Welch) by reafon that they 
 derogated much from the Fame and Valour of 
 the Saxons ; fo that I am afraid , that the 
 Odium which Newborough bore to Geoffrey 
 and his Hifiory , depended more upon National 
 Honour and Reputation, than the Truth and Sin- 
 cerity of Hiftory. For furely be could never be 
 fo warmly exafperated again(t a fabulous Hifiory^ 
 had he but the Candor to conjult his own, unlefs 
 there had been fome other motive to raife and fo- 
 ment his Pajfion. As to the fcurrilous Language 
 he cajis upon the Britifti Hifiory, and hts un- 
 mannerly treatment of the Tranflator » hi therein 
 exprejfes his Ignorance and Malice, rather than 
 any Love and Regard to Truth and Ingenuity, 
 For who but an ignorant and an unskilful Pre- 
 tender, would confidently affert the Britains never 
 had any Metropolitans or Archbifljops, and rvould 
 produce tbts as an invincible Argument for the 
 Falfity ef the Britifli Hifiory ; whereas it is no- 
 
 torioujly 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 torhujly manifefi^ that the Britains had their Arch' 
 hi(hops long before the arrival of Aiiguftinc the 
 M?nj^, whom Newborough pretends to have been 
 the firji who underwent that Dignity in this JJland, 
 But as his Arguments againji Geoffrey'/ Hijiory 
 are weak^ and invalid^ and hit whole Preface more 
 an Inve&ive than a Confutation^ fo his Credit Jhould 
 be reje&ed and undervalued^ for charging another 
 Hijiory with falfhosd, when his own feems wholly 
 interwoven with ridiculous Legends and Menkfjh 
 Fidions. 
 
 But be the occafion of Newborough'/ dijlike of 
 the Britifli Hijiory what it wili^ *tps evident^ that 
 nothing can be concluded from the above quoted 
 Tajfage^ more than that Geoffrey made Additions 
 to the Britifli Copy he received of the Archdeacon of 
 Oxford. And this is no more than what may ea- 
 fily and fafely be granted i for the Life of King 
 Arthur, and the Prophecies of Merlyn, the main 
 Sub\elis of Newborough'/ Difcontent^ may proba- 
 bly be inferted into the Hijiory by Geofifrey, at 
 haji they were augmented, and feveral Traditi&as - 
 were added by him. Bale, ajfures us^ that he 
 writ ihe Life of King Arthur in a diflin& Treatife i 
 and himfelf owns in the Preface ts his fourth Book^, 
 which comprehends the Prophecies of Merlyn, that 
 %pon the Kequejt of Alexander Bifhop of Lincoln, 
 he had tranjlated Merlyn'/ Prophecies out of Bri- 
 tifh ii'Jo Latin, before the BritiCh Copy came to his 
 Hands Now^ when Geoffrey had received the 
 Manufcript from ihe Archdeacon^ and was engaged • 
 ia tranflating it into Latin, V// no jira»ge matter 
 to imagine^ that as occafion required^ he might am- 
 pltfy^ and add to it, out of his former Traas. For 
 it is obvious to fuppofe, that the feveral things con- 
 csrning Arthui and Merlyn, migbt be prefir^ed 
 
 in 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 in the Ifland ef great Britain, rpbich were long ago 
 obfolete among the Britains o/Armorica,/roffj rvhemt 
 the BritiQi Copy is faid te have been brought 
 over. 
 
 But fttppofmg that New borough had attributed 
 the whole frame «/ the Britifli Hijbry to Geof- 
 frey, which it evident he does not^ his Authority 
 cannot hallance with far more authentic HijiorianSf 
 fuch as H. Huntington, R. Hovcdon, Matthew 
 ef Wcftminfter and others^ but more particularly 
 Matthew Paris, who in exprefs Terms^ calls Geoffrey, '^d Ann, 
 The Faithful Tranflator of the Britijh Hiflory. "H- 
 And jeeing then^ that it was in thofe times ap- 
 prehended to be an antient Manufcript^ and none 
 ej Geoffrey'/ Contrivance,, when the Cheat might 
 he beft difcovered, and there wanted not good Incli" 
 nations to dete& fo notorious a Forgery i how in 
 thefe latter times, it could be Jo lucjqly found out, 
 that Geoffrey was the fole Inventor and Compofer 
 of the Hiflory^ J cannot pojjibly divine. 
 
 "the other 1? eafon,, why Geoffrey is thought to be Camb. 
 the Author of the Britifh Hifioryt is grounded upon Defcrift, 
 a ^ajfage in GiraldusCambreniiSj who fpeakingCap.7. 
 of the Etymology of Wales, reje&s the Denomination 
 of it from either Vuke Wallo, or ^een Wendolen, 
 licut fabulofa Galfredi Arturi mcntitur Hilloria, 
 Now this is thought an invicihle Argument againji 
 Geoffrey, and a palpable deletion of his infincenty^ 
 ^«ceGirildus, his own Country-man Jirikfi at him^ 
 and accufes him of Forgery ; whereas upon nicer 
 examination, we may eafily difcover how that Gi- 
 raldus quarrels only with the Hijiory which Geof- 
 frey puhliffted, and which npm that account hre 
 his Name, For had Giraldus thought it to be 
 only a Contrivance of GeofTrey'j, had he fufpeVted 
 that GQofftcy faljly pretended t<( have received an 
 
 antient^ 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 antknt Britiih Mjnttfcript^ and by that means to 
 have mpofed upon the World \ Can it be fuppofed 
 that upon jo plain ConvidioK of falpnod., he xvould 
 believe and give Credit to an Hijiory^ which he roai 
 fatisfied n>as altogether a fable ? But on the cm' 
 ' trary^ roe find him ajfenti;i^ to the Story of Brutus, - 
 and the divifion of the Ifland betwixt his three 
 Sons ; and in [hort^ excepting in this otte place ^ he " 
 txpreffes himfelf to be . an abfolute Votary of the 
 Britiih Hifhry^ whence ^tis evident, he apprehended 
 Gf-cffrey to be no more than a faithful Iranflatar 
 of an anticnt Biititli Copy. 
 
 I need not take notice of W'lWhvn o/Malmsburyj 
 becauje that by the beji account ^ he is fuppofed to 
 have been dead before Geoffrey publijhed his Hu 
 fiory, and co^ifeeiuently he could never fee it > fo that 
 lib. I. this Expreffioa in htm ^ Hie eft Arthurus de qud 
 Britonum Nugae hodieque de'.iranr, mufi likely 
 refir to the then prefcnt 'Iradirions and Accounts of 
 the Welch concerning King Arthur, which proba- 
 bly might be too great and extravagant. For ^tis 
 certain that a traditional Account of any Perfon or 
 A^ion., the farther it recedes from the Spring and 
 Original^ the more corrupt and imperfeB it jiill fro' 
 ceeds > and like a Ball of Snovp.^ it gathers and aug' 
 ments in its journey ; fo that it may be reafonably 
 juppofed.^ that the vulgar Account which the Welch 
 in Malmsbury'j time delivered of King Arthur, 
 was too far incredible and furpriftng. 
 
 But fince the Reafons produced for proving Geof^ 
 frey to be the Author of the Brififh Hijiory., feefh 
 not to be fatisfaGory and evincing •, let us fee 
 whether the contrary affertion c*n be more reafon- 
 ably maintained, Andfirji., 'tis manifefl that Geof- 
 frey could not be the total Inventor of the Bridlh 
 Hijiory^ by reafon that fiveral things, and fame of 
 
The PREFACE 
 
 the mofi material Parages therein contained^ are 
 agreeable voith the Hijhries of Gildas and Nen- 
 nius, the Poetical Fragments of Talicffyn, Mot to 
 mention *i[7e Saxon Manuscript, quoted by Mr.Whee- iqotes uff 
 lock, and other Authors far more antient than Gcof- on Bcde, 
 frey. 'tis owned indeed Geoffrey might borrow 
 the ground and Plat-form of bis Romance from 
 Merlyn or Talicffyn, or rather from Nennius, in 
 rvhofe Writings there is Jome flight Account of the 
 Eritains being defcended from the Trojans i but 
 the fuperflrn^ure is all his on>n^ who living in an 
 ignorant Age^ and well knowing he could not n>eU 
 be difproved^ tooi{ the Liberty to maf^e vphat Inveii- 
 tion be pleafed^ and then recommended it to the 
 ^ Worlds for a true^ undoubted Hijiory. But not- 
 tpithjianding all this concejjion^ I thinly there is as 
 littk nafon to attribute the Frame and Compo- 
 fition of this Hijiory to Geoffrey, as there can be^ 
 to thinks him Contriver of the Ground and Plot of 
 it. For it feems to me very unaccountable^ that if 
 Geoffrey n>as to invent and compofe this Hi(ioryy 
 rohy in this account of the Tranfadions betrvixt 
 the Britains and Romans, he fhould jo widely 
 difagree voith^ and deviate from the Writings of the 
 Roman Hiftorians. For certainly^ nothing could 
 add more Authority to a Fable^ than exa^ly to f^U 
 love the fteps of creditable Authors^ in thoje things 
 they both had occafion to treat of T'bis in all pro- 
 bability^ would not only render that part of the Hi- 
 (toty unfufpicious, but Uk^opife Credit and Autho- 
 rize the reft, of which there was no account in Ro- 
 man Authors. And this difagreement betwixt the . 
 BririHi Hiftory, and the Writings of the Roman 
 Hijlorians^ tho* frequently produced to overthrow the 
 Authority of it, induces me to believe, not only that 
 Geoffrey z^at not the Authory but Ukewife that the 
 
 Manufcript 
 
The P R E F A C El. 
 
 Afanufcript tvas antient^ and much elder than the 
 time, in which it vcas frfi made public}^. 
 
 But bifides^ Geoffrey dedicates his 'Tranfldtion to 
 Robert Earl of Gloceftcr, Son to King Henry tht 
 Fir[i, which in all livelihood he wonld never have 
 ventured to do, had the Original been of hit own 
 Contrivance, for fear leafi that the Cheat being dif- 
 covered, he.Jhould be found, to put upon a Vtrfon of 
 Eminent ^ality, with whom the Britiftl Hijiory 
 was then m great EJieem. For to him it it that 
 Geoffrey owns the Receipt of this Manufcript front* 
 the /Archdeacon of Oxford, which he affirms to be 
 very antient, and by his Kequefl was perfuaded to 
 tratiflate it into the Latin Tongue. It was a very 
 eafie matter for the Earl of Gloceder to find out 
 Geoffrey 'i Integrity, by enquiring •f the /Archdeacon 
 ( who by all Accounts is reclined his co-temporary J 
 whether he had delivered fuch an antient Brifilh 
 Copy into Geoffrey 'x hands, and whether the tran^ 
 flatton jujHy anjwered the Original. Thefe Enquiries 
 were natural, upon the publication of any new Hi- 
 fiory^ which made fuch confiderable noife and eld' 
 m$ur in the fVorld, and which gave fuch an Ac- 
 count of the antient Britains, as was never before 
 thought or heard of among the Engli(h Nation. And 
 fuppofmg the Earl of GloceOer to have omitted thcfe 
 Enquiries, yet it is fcarce conceivable, but that in 
 cafe of fo open a Forgery, the Archdeacon would ' 
 difcover the Cheat, unlefs it can be thought that he 
 was privy to, and had a hand in the Contrivance* 
 But he was fo far from deteSing Geoffrey'/ Impo- 
 jiure, that he himfelf owns too^ to have tranflated 
 the Brilifli Hifiory firji into Latin, and then in his 
 latter days, to Britiffi again from the Latin, af may 
 he jiill feen in the Archives of Jefus-Q)//e^<r Li- 
 brary » Now if there be any he^d to^ of depmdance upon 
 
 this. 
 
THe PREFACE. 
 
 ihif, if it he true, that the Archdeacm did traU" 
 Jtate, and conjequently allortf of this Hijioy^ it ap- 
 pear J very evident to we, fW Geoffrey can be iri 
 no tpife the Author or Contriver of it. 
 
 But that Robert of Glocefter iooh^ a fancy to 
 Gcofftcy^s Tranflation, more upon the account that 
 his Father had lately fabdued the Welch, and 
 therefore fcemed to add 10 his Father s Glory-, than 
 that he did credit and helieve^ihe Hijiory^ does not 
 fetm to be fo true and evincing. For rvheran could the 
 publication of this Hijiory contribute toihe advance- 
 tnent of his Fathir*s Name ? Was it bccjufe he 
 had Conquered a People^ n>hofe Anc^lhrs appeared 
 by this Hijiory, to be formerly Valiant and fp'ar- 
 lil^ ? Ihis ivat psiformed by others b-fore him, and 
 I can conceive no great addition to any Mans Fame^ 
 to Conquer a handful of Feople with a numerous 
 Army, tho' their Fore-fathers had been Stout and 
 ViderioHs, This is furely too flight a Pretence for 
 the receipt ion of the Britilh Hijiory by the Earl of 
 Glocelter, and tm n^eaJ^ an Argument to defray the' 
 'truth and Authority of it. 'Tis certain, that it 
 tdo}^ exceeding rvell in the World at that time, r,or trai 
 it oppofed till after B.obert'i Draih^ when William 
 <*/* New borough mote out of -Malice and Dijcontent, 
 than any Love he hsre to Truth, began to charge 
 both the Original and TranJI'Jtor with infiiiccrity, 
 I cannot fee, upon the ryhsle, the leaji Reafon, ii>hy 
 the Contrivance and Lwention of this Hijiory Jhou Id 
 hi attributed to Geoffrey, or that the Auihority of 
 it depends any rvay upon him, more than the Fide^ 
 lity of his Tr an flat ion. I (hall therefore conclude 
 this SubjeB ivith the Character bejlorved upon Geof- 
 frey, and the Hi(iory by hirh pubMicd by Ponticus 
 Virunniui., who f.nmjyed in the fear j p^. a 
 Man of great Rtading, and excellent Learning of 
 his time, who did not think^ it hjl Labour fo drdiv 
 -^n Epitoms of the BritUh Uhinry : Giraldus ( f'jr 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 he) Hit^oricus cgregius 6c Cardinalis, magna? 
 vir audoritatis apud Robertum Claudiocelirias 
 Ducem, Htnrici Regis fi!ium, ac patriiC fuse cu- 
 rioliflTinms Fautor, ex fumma Philofophia atquc 
 Archivis, Hilloriam antiquiffimam continua ferie 
 ab ipfis Trojani"^ C'.lle<^am tranftuUt. Vcriilimas 
 tfie BritannorumHiftoiias argtut RcgumOcciden- 
 talium conrnetudoiquaferatjCccum leraper habere 
 eos, qui vcritate prascipua eorum gefta notarent. 
 
 1. But f»ppoftng Geeffrey to be innocent from 
 this fufpeCied Impojiurej and that he did no more 
 than fjhh fully tranjlate a Britifti Manufcript he 
 received of the Archdeacon ^ it may be farther ob- 
 jeded, that feeing It abaunds vpith fo many unvoar' 
 raniable matters of faB^ and jo extravagant Fables 
 and Prodigies ^ it appi;ars extreamly fafpicious^ and 
 fenfihly J we Us of a Monhjijh prodHdion. For hove 
 is It p-ijfible, you mil jay^ that any Account^ ex- 
 ccpting rrhut is found in the Roman Hijhries, 
 could be had of the Britains, and that not only 
 biforey but even after their fubjedion to the Ro- 
 mans i fmce there is much reafon to doubt^ rvhe- 
 iher the Britains, as tveU as other unlettered Na- 
 iiiinSj had any means to convey any Knowledge to 
 Tofierity^ for rvant of the Art of fVriting ? For if the 
 Affairs and Tranfadions of the Brirains tpere only 
 handed doivn by Tradition, and they had no other 
 way or method to prefervt their Memories^ then 
 certainly all Pretences to antlent Records^ and con- 
 fequently to this BritiQi AUnufcript^ fiippofed to 
 have been tranflaied by Geoffrey, vrnji of neceffity 
 he vain and cr^roundlefs. 
 
 And thus it is fuppofed^ that the Britains had 
 no IFriting amorg them, r.ehher before nor after the 
 Roman Conquef} \ whence it follows^ that there is 
 no true nor certain account of any matter trjtrflated 
 '•rmQig them^ bin rvhat is recorded in Roman Fli- 
 ft ones, But iho this be frequent I \i infnuated^ yet I 
 
 thin\^ 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 ihifik^t the contrary can nith greater eafe and per- 
 fpicuity^ be made to appear. As to the Br if a ins 
 having no JFritin^ among them^ during their fuh- 
 jeHion to the Ronian Empire^ the contrary it jo 
 evident and notorious^ that I conceive it ioji time 
 to g.p about to difprove it, ^Tis Jiifficient to lay 
 dovpn the Words of Tacitus, an Author of un- 
 fhak^n Keptftation -t Jam vcro Principum filios Vita A- 
 liberalibus Artibus erudire, & ingenia Britanno- g"C. 
 rum itudiis Gallorum anteKrre, & qui modo 
 linguam Romar.oium abnuebanr, eloquentiam 
 concupifcercnr. Ii^de etiam habitu? roftri ho- 
 nor, siffcquens toga > paulatimquedifccfium ad- 
 delinismenta Vidorum, poiticus & ba!nea, 5c 
 conviviorum ilegantiam. Norv, ca;i a-fty one fup- 
 poje^ that rvhen the Britifh Tottths rvere injirucled 
 in all the Arts ar.d Sciences of the Romans, n>hea 
 they began to ape and imitate them in their Ha- 
 bits^ Buildings^ and other neo'jfary fonhries^ they 
 (hould negled fo mceffary a Salification., as that 
 of "Writing? And can n^e imagine^ that among 
 fo many Able and Learned Perjons^ as the Biitains 
 fnii^ in reajvn he^ vphen educated in the Roman 
 r^!tj, and owned to he very tradable in then Edu- 
 cation, not one jhould prove fo affeElicnate to hit 
 Country^ as to note down the State and Iranfudions 
 (f it ? Certainly^ ij they learnt all the Civilities 
 and Sciences of the Remans , Hijiory veas not fo ' 
 
 fight and trivisl a fubjed of their Indufiry^ as to 
 be undervalued i and I f^norp not vphere they could 
 better employ their Slqll^ than in JVriting the Hi- 
 fiory of their Native Country. It n>as natural for 
 them being once civilized^ to enquire into thi. Origrne 
 and Antiquity of their Nation, the State and Con' 
 dition of their Country before ihe Roman Concurji ; and 
 having made ihe he}} jearch they cnuld^ whether by 
 oral or written Tradition into theft Er.qttiries^ they 
 would in all reajon, according to the Cujiom and 
 ^ 2 manner 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 manner of the Romans, commit all to Writing. 
 
 But allowing the Bri fains to have learnt the Art 
 of Writing from the Romans, after their fuhjeUien 
 to the 'Empire, yet ^tis certain they had no fuch thing 
 among them^ before the dijcovery of this IJland by 
 Julius Casfar, and confequently^ that all the former 
 Tart (f the Britifli Hi(iory which precedes that E- 
 poch^ nmji be falfe and fBitious. And that this 
 is no precarious Objedion^ a forage out of Cafar'/ 
 Commentaries is produced to ftrengthen it, which in 
 my Opinion., evidently proves the contrary. 'the 
 De Bell. Words of Csefar are tbcfe : Magnum ibi nume- 
 Gall Lib. ium ( fpeak,ing of the Druids) veifuumedifcerc 
 yi. dicuntur, itaque annos nonnulli vicenos in difci:s 
 
 plina permanent ; ncque fas cffe exiftimant ea 
 literis mandare, cum in reliqais feie rebus, pub^ 
 hcis privatifque rationibus, Graccis Uteris utuntur> 
 Why any . one from hence fljmld conclude, that tht 
 SuperjiiUan of thofe antient fhilofophers theDtu'ids^ 
 forbad ^/;c Britains to commit to Writing the Traaf: 
 adions of their Country., much more that they had no 
 Writing at all among them, does I confefs, very 
 far exceed my comprebenfwn. Casfar, truly does 
 intimate., that the Dodrine and Myfteriet of their 
 "Religion, the Dmids did not thinly ft to commit tg 
 Writing , but in all Matters befides, nhether pri^ 
 vate cr pitblick^ (among which^ Htjhry may be rear 
 fmahty accounted) they ufed the Gi:tck Chara&ers; 
 for jo I underjiand thofe words j Giacis lireris ur> 
 cuntur. for it may not be fuppofsd that all publicly 
 and private Affairs of the Brit a ins were tranflated 
 in Greek, when they had a different Language 
 if their own, and which in all reafon muji be the 
 common Tongue bf the Country j but only that ivhen 
 the Britains had occafion to put any thing in Wri- 
 tings they ujed the Grecian Cbaratler^ which prQ- 
 ■bably was the only Letter, they then were acquainted 
 with. But to confirm this matter the more, Caefar 
 
The P a E F A C E. 
 
 ma\es mention of the lik^ Cufiom among the Gauls; 
 In caftris HelvctiorUm tabulae repertas funt Ji.crjsLib. I. 
 Grajcis confcdta?. Now if he concluded from bence^ 
 that the Gauls (for the Helvetians were a Gaulifh 
 People) made ufe of the Greek Language^ rather 
 than the Gtzc\zx\ Char adtr s \ I would fain be in- 
 formed^ why Caefar Jhould write in Greek to 
 ^intus Cicero^ Ne interccpta Epiftola fua, a Lib. V. 
 Gallis confilia nofcetenturj lefi that hif Letter 
 being intercepted, all bis meafttres and martial In- 
 trigues, be difcovered by the Gauls. Certainly^ if 
 he had k^own ( as vpell he mighty in cafe the Hel~ 
 vetians underfiood, and writ in Greek j that the 
 Gauls were mt ignorant of the Greek Language, 
 he would not ma\e ufe of fo mean a Jhatagem to 
 esHcealhis Counjels. But fuppofe it be aclirtowledged 
 that the Gauls and Britains ufed^ not only the Greek 
 CharaHers^ but the Language too ( one of which 
 mnji be allowed ) ^tis evident that they had the 
 Jtttandufi of Writings before CxCzr made any Inva- 
 fwn to either Country^ and confequemly the Britains 
 might have fame written memorials of their Country, 
 which might be afterwards eaftly handed down tJ 
 Folhrity. For it fcems to me very jirange, that 
 Aden offuch reputed Learning and Knowledge, and 
 fo well verfed in the Mylieries of Pbiloiophy, as the 
 Druids are ac^jowledged to have been, (h>uld be 
 ignorant of fo necsjfary and ufeful a Ratification, 
 as Writing. Andfmce ^tis (ifjirmed, that their Re- 
 ligious Superlliti^ns wire interdi^ed to be committed 
 to IVriting, we may ration illy conclude, by the Rule 
 of contrariety, that all other things befides thm Re- 
 ligion^ were allowed to he written, and conlequent- 
 ly, that they had the Art and Vfe of JViiting a- 
 mong them. 
 
 But fuppofng the Britains to have ncoi'dcd the 
 
 Xranfadions of their Country-, both before dnd after 
 
 h? Roman Conqueji, yet when the Sdxons prevail- 
 
 ^3 " e4 
 
The P R E F A C E 
 
 ed in the I (land, all the Monuments and IVr't tings 
 of the aniient Biitains were utterly Icji j fo that 
 thif pretended Hifiory of the Biiiains, mujl he mo'' 
 dern and fabulous^ built upon vulgar and uncer- 
 tain Irjdttions. For h-w veas it poffible that any 
 one could vprite a true and a faithful Account of 
 the antimt Eritains, and he fo particular in the 
 7'ranfjdions of thofe titner, nhenas there was not 
 the leafl Light to guide him to the Knoivledge of 
 ih-jfe obfcure Ages. Ibis is exprefly acknowledged 
 by Gildas, who lived long before Geoftrey, and 
 openl\ declares^ that all the Records and Monuments 
 (f his Country were kli i.t his thr.e \ and thst in 
 vpriiing thofe Jmall bragments of the Hijiory of 
 Britain, he was forced to abftrad his Materials 
 Excid. out of the Writings of Foreigners. Ilia tantum 
 Br.t. proferre ccn.ibor in Medium, quas tempoiibas 
 Roixanorum lmpera(orum & palTa eft, & aliis 
 intulit Civbus, & longe politis mala : quan- 
 tum tamen potuero, non tarn ex Tcriptis Patria?, 
 Scripiotum monimentis v quippe quse vel fi fue- 
 rint, ant ignibus Hoftium cxu(ta, aut Civium 
 txulum claffc longius depoitata non compa- 
 tesnt ; quam trarifmarina relatione, quse trebris 
 inteirupta intercapedinibus non fatis claret. 
 / \hall here by the by, obferve the levity of h)\ct 
 Bntan. SamcsV Objedion againji the Hijiory of Brute i 
 i>. J 5 8. Tiamely, hecaufe Gildas mah^s no mention of Brufe 
 and his Trojans, he concludes that the BridOi 
 Hiliory mnfi be a real Fidion V whereas Gildas in 
 ■this place manifejily declares his defgn only of wri- 
 ting the Hijiory of the Britains, during their fub- 
 jUiion to the Roman Etnpire. But as te this pap 
 fagc in Gildss, if in his time, there were no re- 
 tn-ijns of his AnccHors lift in writing ; I wonld 
 fai/t learn] upon what Ground and Authority, he 
 could fo pofitively affert that the Britains /rom their 
 prji fbntation in this Jfland^ rvere proud and irre- 
 
 ligious^ 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 ligious^ and their Kings cruel and tyrannical. For 
 a little before the above quoted pajfjge, he fayi of 
 Britain^ Haec ereda Cervice & mente tx quo 
 inhabitata eft, nunc Deo, interdum Civibu?, 
 nonnunquam etiam tranfmarinis Flej>ibus ingra- 
 tt confurgit. And a little after ^ Tacens vetu- 
 ftos immanium Tyrannorum annos, qui in aliis 
 pofitis regionibus vulgari funr. Here h: pajfes 
 his Judgment very liberally upon the State and 
 Condition of Britain /r^^w all Antiquity i and yet 
 hy and hy^ he confeffei, that he had no guide to 
 direSi him to the Knowledge of th'fe times he fo 
 freely cenfures ; jo that if he had not the Spirit of 
 Divination^ he may falter in his con]eCiTtrts^ or elft 
 he was guided by fame Britilh Light^ of which he 
 was not willing to own the perufal. 
 
 But allowing that Gildas, in compoftng ihatfmall 
 Fragment of the Briulh Hijiory, received no Light 
 from any Britifli Record, but was conihained to 
 borrow out of the f^rhings of Foreigners s it con- 
 cludes no farther^ than that be had not the good 
 Fortune to meet with Eritifh Manufcripts, not that 
 there were none really remaining in Britain. And 
 farther-, fuppofmg that in Gild a? his time, there 
 were no remains of the antient Brifains /e/i in this 
 Jfland^ but were all utterly loji \ yet according to 
 Gildas his own acknowledgmer::^ and upon the 
 Saxons prevailing in the Country, they might be 
 carried over by the exuled Brirams to Armorica, 
 from whence the Archdeacon of Oxford is faid to 
 have brought over the Britilh Copy he delivered to 
 Geoffrey. Rut if there was no written Account 
 of the former State of Britain, in the' Age of G'lU 
 dis^ hjw comes it to p^fs-, that any fitch thing 
 Jljould be difcovered and brought to light in fttccced- 
 ing Ages. And net to infjjl upon the Authority of 
 the Britifh Manufcript tranflated by Geoffrey, we 
 have good reajon to prefume, that the antient Britains 
 '^' 4 hefors 
 
Xhe PREFACE. 
 
 before Gildas bid both Ecelefiajiical and Civil Hi' 
 jioriej of their Country. 
 
 As to the former y Bede, tvh.^fe Authority I pre* 
 [ume^ tvill not be quejlioned, exfrejiy affirms it. 
 For in his Preface to his Ecclefiartical Hiftory, he 
 fays^ A principio itaque Voluminis hujus, ufque 
 ad tempus quo Cens Anglorum fidem Chrifli 
 perc.Lir, ex priorum maxime fcriptis hinc inde 
 collt(3:is, ea quae promcmaramus* didifcimus. 
 Bete Bedc plainly declares, that in JFriting a 
 Church Hijiory of Britain, he extral^ed all his 
 mstter^ before the converfwn of the Saxons to Chri- 
 (iianity, out of antient Authors. But n>ho can thefi 
 former Writers be f Surely they rvere not Saxons, 
 for n>e read of no Saxon Writer before 6ede> 
 bifides^ thjt feveral things contained in this Hi' 
 fiory^ n>€re tranflated before ths Landing of the 
 Saxons \ and as to the Ecclefij(iical part^ betwixt 
 the arrival^ and the converfwn of the Sixons to 
 Chriftianity that cannot be ^extracted out of theif 
 ■Writings. For m the firji place they were no 
 Chrijliat7s, and it ts ve>y unreajonable to Jappofe^ 
 that they would write the Hifiory of a Church, 
 of which they were at that time very fatal and 
 implacable Enetpies ; not to ^uefiton whether th^ 
 Saxons before their Converfion had any fVridKjr 
 or Learning at all anwng them. For though if 
 he pretended J that the Inlli, who ufe the fame 
 manner of Writing, borrowed their CharaBers 
 from the Saxons ; yet ^tis extremely ft4Jp:tious^ 
 that thefe received them from the InHlj if not ra' 
 fher frem the Britains. As to the former^ it jf 
 well known J that during the DiJlurbanccJ betwixt 
 the Bntains and Saxons here tn Bncain, the In- 
 curfions of the Goths, Vandals, and other Nut- 
 thern Nations into other Countries ; all the Learn- 
 ing of thefe Wefiern Farts of the World j fled into 
 lie! and, "whtcb for a conjiderable time rentained 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 to he the Nurfery ef Learning and learned Men. 
 And that the Saxons, long after their Conz>er' 
 (ion to Chriftianity^ retired to Ireland /or this pur- 
 pofe^ we ha've the Teftimony of their antient and 
 mofi autbentick H'tjiorian ; fo that, I think^ "'tis Bed. Hift. 
 no Prefumption to fufpecl , that as the Saxons E^cllib.?. 
 borrowed their Learning from the Irilli, they wight " ^' 
 for the fame reafon, receive their Cbara^iers and 
 form of writing from them. But ^tis again to be 
 doubted^ whether both the Sixons and the Irifli 
 did not primarily derive their Characlers from 
 the Britains: For though the Rnttftj Language 
 be now writ in a different Charathr from the 
 Irifh and Saxon, yet upon antient Bricilh Mo- 
 numents and Infcriptions^ mofi of the Saxon Let- 
 ters^ different from the prejent Roman Alphabet , 
 are plainly to be feen. Nor was this Charafler 
 originally Britiili, the fame being u fed in the fir f: 
 Age of the Roman Empire , if we can lay any DeReDi- 
 (ircfs cw-Ju'liLiS Cefar'i iVitl and Tefvament, re- p5o.p.345. 
 prefented by yi^)!i\ow. But farther '/at; if the 
 Irilll CharaBer be originally Saxon, the Saxons 
 muj^ either bring it along with them from Ger- 
 many, or elfe they mitft have invented it after 
 their arrival and fettltment in Bricaio; If the 
 firfti it may feem wonderful^ how it came to be 
 ejHite lofi and forgotten m a^l parts o/'Germany; 
 unUfs we can fuppofe, that it was limited ojily 
 to the Srixons , and that they to a Man ca?ne 
 and fettled its this Ifland : For no body can be ig- 
 norant ^ that not only the Q^rma.ns, but the 
 Swedes arid Danes too , ufe the Latine Cha- 
 ra^er j which, if we {appoje them to have but 
 lately borrowed^ yzt in all probability^ their for- 
 mer Letter -wm Gothick or Runick, to which 
 the Saxon bears no great refemblancc. But if 
 it be fatd, that the "ba-xan^ invented this Qhara- 
 Ucr after their coming to Britain ; / amnot well 
 
 ' ' . ' ' CQ-fJCcil!^ 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 eoneeive, -why tbey (houUput tbemfelves to fuch un- 
 necejfary trouble y •when with far greater eafe and 
 facility they might copy and borrow from the Bri- 
 tains ; unlefs the odtum betivixt both Nations made 
 them [corn to ape and imitate an Enemy. But be tt 
 (oy that the Saxons invented this Chara^er in 
 Britain; it •wiUfoUoiVj that they had no Letters 
 nor Learning before tbey came over \ and confeejuent- 
 lyy that thefe Authors which Bede mentions to 
 have tranjcribed out of could not be Saxons, 
 
 As to the civil part of the Britifti Hiftory, that 
 the TranfaElions of State were recorded^ and that 
 Copies thereof came to the bands of Pofttrity, we 
 have the exprefs Teflimony <?/ Nennius, whoflou- 
 ri[hed about Three Hundred Tears after Gildas. 
 For in his Preface to his Hi/lory of the Britams, 
 he openly declares , that he Campos' d his Hifiory^ 
 Partim majoruni Traditionibus, partim Scri- 
 pcis, partim etiam Monumentis veterum Bri- 
 tannia Incolarum. Here Nennius fayty that 
 he partly extra^ed his Hifiory out of the fVritings 
 of the Antient Britains. And what could thefe 
 IVritmgs he ? Certainly^ they were not the Works 
 of Gildas, the only Britiih Author we read of 
 before Nennius; upon the account that the Htflory 
 of Nennius is much larger, and far more com- 
 plete than that of Gildas ; this latter, hefides the 
 Names of a few Briti(h Kings, having left nO" 
 thing Htfiorical to Vojierittj ; the mam, it feems^ 
 of his defgn being to rail, and to inveigh againji 
 his Countrey, to which be had taken fome Dif- 
 pleafure. From whence then elfe could Nennius 
 extra^ the Materials of his Hifiory ? IFhy, 'tis 
 reafonable to fuppofe, that from fome Britilh Re' 
 cords^ which poffibly might be recovered fince the. 
 time ofGildas ; And if then, why might not more 
 be difcovered fince Nennius, and that delivered 
 to GeofFrey by the Arch-Veacon o/Qxqn, be one ? 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 But h' fides y That the Biitains kept Memorials 
 ef their TranfaBions , we may rationally gather 
 from the Confiitfition and Vrofefjion of the Bartis. 
 Diodorus SlcuUis fays, Oumtj mt 'Oiyavm -mi 
 hvfeui ofioiav, »; jmV vim/Sjiv, i{ ^KAC^nu^n ; The 
 Bards fingtng to an Injlrument like a Harp^ re- 
 peat the Praifes and Commendations ef feme, the 
 Faults and Vifpraifes of others. And in like 
 manner Marcellinus ; Bardi quidem fortia Lib. 15; 
 virorum illuftrium fa<5ia heroicis compofita ver- 
 (ibus, cum dulcibus lyras modulis cantitarunt. 
 And ahove the refi Lucan ; Pharfalj 
 
 Vos quoque qui fortes Animas, belloque peremptas ' * 
 Laiidibus in longum vates emittitis aEVum, 
 Plurima fecuri fudiftis Carmina Bardi. 
 
 But that the Bards did not only commit to 
 memory the famous Deeds of their Princes and 
 Heroes f and fo recite and repeat them upon ec- 
 cafions ; but alfo that they wrote do-wn and re- 
 corded "what they repeat ed, ive have the ample 
 Te(timony e/Giraldus Cambrcnfis. Hoc etiam Cdmbr. 
 mihi notandum videtur, quod Bardi Cambren- ^^^^"P- 
 ies, & Cantatores feu Recitacores, genealo- "^' ^' 
 giam habent Pra^didorum Principum in libris 
 eorum antiquis & authenticis, fed tamen Cam- 
 brice fcriptam, eandemque memoriter tenent 
 a Roderico Magno ufque ad Belinum mag- 
 num; & inde u(que ad Silvium, Afcamum, 
 & ^neam \ & ab yEnea ulque ad Adam, 
 Generationem linealicer producunt^ 
 
 Novf that the Genealogies here mentioned by 
 Giraidus, were not only a bare account of the 
 federal Defcents and Succejjions of the Bricifh 
 KingSy but alfo fame Memorials of their Lives 
 and ABions, may be enftly gathered from the above- 
 faid Manners and Cujtoms of the Bards. And 
 feeing thefe Bards did preferve not only in 
 M^mry but in Writmg too^ the lineal Succejfion 
 
 and 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 tmi fnofi famous TranfaBions of their Kings ; / 
 fee no reajon "why the Hifiory of Geoffrey may 
 ftot, as to a great part of it , pretend to greater 
 Authority than is generally attributed to it. And 
 if it he ohjeBedy that the Bards, hy a Poetical 
 Liberty outdid the 'truth of Hifiory^ in the Praifes 
 of thofe Princes they were to celebrate ; yet thus 
 far it may reafonahly be acknowledged, that the 
 Names and SucceJJion of the fever al Kings are real, 
 and confenfuently that Geoffrey could never be the 
 Inventer of fo large a Li(i of J^ick- Names, as 
 he us generally thought to be. For it ts very pro- 
 bable, that the Hifiory of the Britains tranjla- 
 ted by Geoffrey, ^as compofed partly out of 
 thefe Genealogies peculiar to the Bards, and partly 
 out of any other Records and Monuments of the 
 Britains ; both which I have fljewn to have been 
 prefervedj and ufed among them antiently. 
 
 But to defcend to the particulars of this Hifto' 
 ry^ the firfi and mofi fulpiciom Relation, is that 
 of the landing of Bfute with a Colony of Tro- 
 jans, the [ever alCrofJes and Encounters he fufiain- 
 ed in his Voyage ; and then of this IJland receiv- 
 ing its Name from him- Should we indeed re- 
 fleti upon the particular Circumflances of this StO' 
 ry^ we might upon good reafon be (atisfied of the 
 Vanity and falfenefs of them ; but therefore to 
 conclude, that becaufe the Budding is fufpicious , 
 the Foundation confequently mufl be fabietous, and 
 a perfect Contrivance \ does, I think, defer'vefome 
 better Examination : For if we do but reflect upon 
 the contemporary Htfiories of f/^e Greeks and Ko' 
 mans, ihoje more polite and literate Nations, we 
 may with ecfii^.1 pretence of Reafon affirm, that 
 there u no foundation for any n^ utter of FaB be- 
 fore the Olympiads ; or that the relation of &nt3.'iS 
 coming to Italy , and all that Htfiory , to the 
 Building of Rom^, are allogether groundlefs and 
 
 imperti' 
 
The PREFACE. ; 
 
 impertinent f hecaufe they are intermixt with Fa- 
 bles and impojjibiltties. Livy ajj'ures its , that all 
 the TranfaBtons before the Building of Rome, 
 are rather owing to Poetical Fancy and Extra- 
 vagancies ^ than to any true and certain Matter 
 of FaB ; and therefore he declin d to give either 
 his Affent or Diffent, to any thing related of tbofe 
 Times : Quae ante condicam condendamve Ur- prxfat, 
 bem, poecicis magis decora fabulisj quam in- 
 corruptis rerum geftarum monumentis tradun- 
 tiir, ea nee affirmare, nee rerellere in animo 
 efti And Plutarch gees farther^ and tells us^ 
 that the Original and Etymology of Rome, that 
 famous Ctty, jo well known afterwards over all 
 the World J could net he agreed upon among the di" 
 'verfity of Authors ^ and ccnfetjuently mujl be very ob- 
 fcure and uncertain. To fX€>» TH{''PaiMi<ovoiut ^ eft'fn Vita Rom. 
 
 But for all their own Hifionans do allow that 
 
 the Hifiory of tbofe Times are fabulous and un' 
 
 certain ; yet there are none that ^uejiion the being 
 
 c^yEneas, and that the Romans were defcen- 
 
 ded from him. The like may be urged for the 
 
 Hifiory o/'Brutus, and the landing of the Trojans 
 
 in this IJlandi that though many particular Cir- 
 
 cumfiances are fabulous , and entirely poetical^ yet 
 
 it does not tbenu neceffarily follow ^ that there zs 
 
 no manner of ground or foundation fer Juch a 
 
 Relation. Neither is it fufficient Conviilion, to 
 
 urge J that the very being of Brute is all a Fi. 
 
 clion, by reafon that the Roman Hifiorians make 
 
 no mention of fuch a Ferfon to be the Son of Sil- 
 
 vius ; becaufe, that through the whole SficcefJ.'on 
 
 from i^neas to Romulus, the Hifiorics ef thofe 
 
 Times take notice only of the Son that 7vas to fuc- 
 
 ceed ; it being unreafonahle to fuppofe, that all the 
 
 Kings of Latium during tbn psnod, [tmld be- 
 
 gtt 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 get each of them , hut one Sen, Avd there- 
 fore J "what hy the ohfcurtty of tkofe ^ges^ end 
 what by bearing regard only to the Line of Suc- 
 cejfien, many collateral Princes efcaped the Cog' 
 mzance of future Hiltorians. Nor is it enough 
 to affirm, that the Hifiory of Brute is but lately 
 knoivn and difcovered to the World \ "whereas the 
 fabulous Roman Hifiory has been recorded from 
 Antiquity ; becaufe, that though we are not cer- 
 tain that the Bricifll Hifiory has been handed 
 down to Vofierity w IVrittng ; yet we are fure., 
 that it was an antient Tradition , long before 
 Geoffi'ey'/ publiflung of it ; and one jhould think, 
 that an antient National Tradition'^ might require 
 a firiEler "Examination,^ than hazily to throw it 
 (tfde^ as fabulous and of no ConUqmnce. 
 
 But the Quefiion js not , Whether the Britifh 
 Hificryy as related hy Geoffrey, be^ as to all 
 the Circumltances of it^ true and real Matter of 
 Fa ft ; for that, vo Man^ 1 pre fume, can reafona- 
 bly maintain ; but whether there be any ground 
 or foundation of Truth couched under thefe Poe^ 
 tical and fabulous Narratives. New the firji 
 thing we meet with in the Bntifh Hifiory , »•, 
 an Account of Brutus his Pedigree^ how he was 
 defended from f(6e Trojans, and having acciden- 
 tally fain his Father S\Wius, how he was forced 
 to flee into Greece, whence, after feveral Scuf 
 fles with Pendrafus, a petty Prince of that Coun- 
 try, he thought ft to retire, and to feek his For- 
 tune hy Sea* But he had not wandered long, 
 when he met with Corinarus, with another Par- 
 ty of defolate TrojanSj with whom having joyn. 
 ed hts Forces , he followed the Ccunfel of the 
 Oracle, and at lafi arrives in this Jfland, from 
 him afterwards called Britain. Now as to the 
 tarticular Circurr.fi ances related tn the Life oj 
 Brutus, they may properly be placed m the jame 
 
 Clafs 
 
 ur 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 Clafs "With Homer'i account of the Travels of 
 Ulyfles, or Virgil'j Defcriftion of /Eneas bu Ad- 
 venture fo Italy; that is to fay ^ that they are Poe- 
 tical FiBionSy andferfetUy confonant to the humour 
 of that fabulous Age. But the Queftion in band 
 will be, "whether there he any probability for the 
 ground of this Story, that BrutQflwuld bring ever a 
 Colony of Tx6]2LV\Sy and feat hiwfdf in this IJland. 
 Now what is mofi materially urged again(i it^is the 
 Novelty of this Dtfcourfe, that none of the Roman 
 Hijlorians wake the leajt mention of fuch a Perfon as 
 Brutus; and that Celar and Tac'tus, -who feem t& 
 have enquired more narrowly into the Original of 
 the UntiiPjS, foifnd no fucb Tradition in their time \ 
 otherwife in giving their opinion whence the Bri- 
 tains were derived, they would never have emit- 
 ted fucb an anttent National Tradition, of their 
 being dejcended from the Trojans. Refides, that 
 Gildas, who was a Britain, takes no notice offuch 
 a Tradition, which in all probability be would ne- 
 Iter have omitted, had there been fucb an account 
 of their Origine in his time. 
 
 As to what is objected againfl the Anticjuity of 
 this Tradition, ts certainly very erroneous ; for ^tis 
 fo far from being fir^ known to the World, at the 
 publication of GeofFrey'j Hiftory, that Nennius, 
 long before that time, and Merlyn, much antienter 
 than he, /peak of the Britains being defcended from 
 Troy. Nay the Saxons themfelves before Geoffl-gy, 
 were not unacquainted with thisTradition, as plain- 
 ly appears, from the anttent Saxon Poet, mention d 
 by Mr. Wheelock, whom he thus tranflates ; ]^oi^ on 
 22_ — Haec unica Foemina prima Beds. 
 
 Ante omnes faevit Trojeni ("emina bellij 
 Hanc Brirones dixere Helenam, fed DarJanus ilie 
 Excelfus BiUfi pater extitit, unde Britanni 
 Heroum fumpiere genus • forrifTimis idem 
 Hunc orbem primus regere, 8c dominarier aufii?. 
 
 And 
 
the PR E F A C E. 
 
 And a^ain ; 
 
 Infuia did^ fuic Britannia nomine Bruti. 
 That GiW'«S fijouU make no mention of this'StXi- 
 tifh Tradithh, is no great wonder ^ and as little To 
 the purptffey to invallidate the Anti<juity of it ; for 
 Tve mujt not regard the Intent and Purport of Gil- 
 das'/ Writing, tvhich "was not to give an account 
 of the Hifiory and Antiejuity of the Britains , as 
 mt4ch as to inveigh againfi the Prophanenefs and 
 licentioiifneji of the Age ; •wherein his Zeal and 
 Pajfion carried him fo far ^ that he did not ff are ei- 
 ther Princes or the greatefi Perfons ; and therefore 
 be might well omit to give an account of the Ori- 
 gine of the BritainSj feetng it vpos remote from^ and 
 excUifive of his furpofe. Cefar indeed feems to have 
 been fomewhat more inquifitive about the antient 
 State and Defient ofthofe People he invaded * but 
 his fay in Britain ivas fo fhort, and his knowledg 
 of the Country fo defeSlive, being he had no Com- 
 munication with the Inland Britains^ v^hom he owns 
 himfelf to be the antient Inhabitants , that it can be 
 no great wonder he fhould be ignorant of this Tra- 
 dition : for if this curiom Perfon had had the oppor* 
 tuttity of a free Converfation with the Britains, he 
 would tn all likely hood ha-vs left a large Difcovery 
 cf their Alanneri and Cufloms, and given a more 
 feyfeU: Dofcription c/ Britain ; wh:cb at that tme 
 would have been a very accef table Performance, td 
 all the Perfons of Learning and Curiojity in Rome, 
 who as yet had but very jliallow knowledg of tha 
 IJIand. Or if we fuppofe that he made tbefiri^efi 
 enquiry about the fiate of the Britains, which he 
 might probably have learnt from Mandubratius the 
 Son <^/lnianuentius. Kmg of the TriiiobariteSj2A'i?'o, 
 fcr fear t/ Offibelan, had come ever to him to 
 G;\\.\,a7id f Jed With him during the Britiih Warsy 
 ^tis very poffible he might be ignorant that the Bri- 
 liiim Ti'-irs: diiciTidedfrcm ths Trfjans, a?idthat to 
 
 h 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 ^tf an antient and a current Tradition amo7i^ them, 
 Tacitus was never in Britain, but from the rela- 
 tion of his Father in L<aw, Julius Agricola, and others , 
 he made a Guefs^ that from the different Shapes and 
 Colour^ they were defcended from different Nations ; 
 fome from GQrmany,fomefromGiu\, and others from 
 Spain; hut yet, as to the PrimitiveBntams,thofe who 
 feemed to he the antient Inhabitants of the lOand, he 
 concludes after the ufual "Pagan manner ^ Britanniam ^^ ^'^-"^ 
 qui mortales initio coluerint, Indigent an Adve- ^'"'° 
 611, ut inter Barbaros parum compertum. The Bii- 
 tains, indeed^ in Tacitus his time, were well known 
 to the Romans, and conjesfHently thefe latter might 
 have been eafily infiruBed^ as to what knowledg the 
 Britains had of their Anticjuity ; but it does not there' 
 fore necejfarily fellow, that becaufe this Hifiorian does 
 not mention any fucb Tradition, there was none really 
 among them\ becaufe f^ffibly he might never havs 
 beard of it ^ or if he did, he might have omitted infer t- 
 ing of it in bis Hifiory : For what he has delivered re- 
 lating to the Anticfuhy'ofthe BritainSj3i'<«i but contin^ 
 gent to his purpofe, the whole fcope of his defgn being 
 to defcribe the Actions of bis Father in Law, during 
 his Lieutenancy in this I/land; and therefore it is net 
 at all wonderful, that he has given bUt a flight and an 
 imperfeB account of what he never defignd to make a 
 narrow infpeclion into. Be/ides, if we fuppofe him to 
 bavs made a diligent enquiry into the matter, and to 
 have mind to know the antient State and Origine ef 
 the Britains \yet fince he wanted the opportunity ofcon^ 
 verfing with them, having been never m Britain ; and 
 none of the Britains ?/6<?f we know of, being at Rome, 
 except thofe who from their youth were educated there^ 
 and confet^uently were in all probability ignorant of the 
 Traditions of their own Country ; he ?mght very ii>ell&t 
 fuch a diftance have been never made accjuaintedwith 
 fuch a National Tradition, which for all that^ might 
 have hem current and pnv ailing among ihiW^\tA\n^ 
 
 « *• them- 
 
Tile PREFACE. 
 
 theffifelves. Aj to other Roman HiftorianSf who 
 have writ of the Antiejuity and Primitive State of 
 RohiCj that they have made no mention of any fuch 
 Per fen as Brutus the Son 0/ Sylvius ; I have already 
 obfervedj is not of that force as to overthrow this Tra- 
 dition, hy reafon that, from yEneas down to Romu- 
 lus, there ts regard only had to the Line of SucceJ/ton, 
 and tho/e only recorded who fucceeded in the Throne* 
 
 Let tfs confider now, in the next place j what froha' 
 hie. Reafons may he ajfigned to vindicate this fuffofed 
 Trojnn Origin from an utter Ft^ien; and whether 
 the Ht$ory of Brutus have any probable dependance up- 
 on feme real Foundation. And not to inftfi on the Aw 
 ticjuity of this Tradition, nor the Authority of the Bri- 
 tiih Hiftory publijhed by Geoffrey, nothing gfves grea- 
 ter Corfrmation to ajjert jome real Foundation for this 
 juppofed Fable, than the near Alliance and Affinity 
 betivixt the Britains and the Grecians. All Learned 
 Men allow that the Greek was the antient Language 
 of the TrojanSj and that their Cufioms were not much 
 different ; and whoever will compare the Manners, 
 Religion and Cuftems of the Britiains withthofe$fthe 
 Grecians, wiU e a jily dif cover a palpable Conformity 
 hetwixt both Nations, but more efpecially in the Lan- 
 guage ; in wbtch, as Mr. Camden fays. Maximum 
 elt difputationis firmamentum & certiffimum ori- 
 gmis gentium argumentum. Qui enim {as he goes 
 en) linguje (ocietate conjuncfti (unt, originis etiani 
 Communione fuiUe conjundos, homo opinor ne- 
 mo mficiabitur. 
 
 Ifhall not, at prefent, trouble the Reader with a par- 
 ticular annumeration of that Affinity ; but will refer 
 htm to SirjohnVncQs Defenlio Hiltoriae Britanni- 
 cx, and Mr. Shermgham'j Treatife De Gentis An- 
 giorum Ongine. Now,fmce there is fuch demonjira- 
 Ik Affimty betwixt the Britains and the Grecians sn 
 ^lltbcje refpetii ; we mufi; either fuppofe, mth Mr. 
 Cauiden, that ibey are of the (ame Origin, at kafi 
 
 that 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 that a Colony of either Greeks or Trojans came ever 
 to this IJland ; or elfe, that the Britains had Corr^- 
 jpondence, Traffick and Communication with theQxQ- 
 dans. Now, that f/6^ Grecians had no knowledge of 
 the Britains till very late, may begather d from hence ^ 
 that even the Name of Britain is not fo much as men- 
 tioned hy any Greek Auihor before Polybius, who 
 liv^d lefs than two hundred years before the Roman 
 Invajion^ and by him but ]ufi named , as betokening a 
 very remote and difiant Country, wherein indeed it 
 was reported that there was plenty of Tin. Nay, Bri- 
 tain 3/^^i/^ far unknown to the Eafiem pans of the. 
 World, long after this, that even Caslar himfelf when 
 he intended an Invajion, was perfictly ignorant of the 
 State of the IJland ; and tho he made what En<^uiry he 
 could of the Britifti Merchants in Gaul, yet for all that, 
 as he fays himfelf, Neq; quanta eflet Infulae magni- ^ell. Gali 
 tudoj neq; quae aut quanta^ Nationes incolerent, ^'^'4' 
 neq; quem ufum belli haberent, autquibus infl-itu- 
 tis uterentur, neq; qui effent ad majorum naviurn 
 idonei portusjreperire poterat: and therefore he "Was 
 /orc^</rtf/^«<i?Cajus Volu(enus before him, to fearch 
 into the State and Condition oft he I/land. Such Stran- 
 gers were the Romans <«if this time to the Ifle of Bri- 
 tain. Af^d can it befuppofed, that the G recians bad a 
 better knowledgofit,^nce,in dll probability^ if they had 
 bad a Commerce with' the Britains, the RonmnSi who 
 were Adajhrs of the Sea long before this, would have 
 quickly difcovered their Merchandizing ; which tfai 
 profitable as is imagined, they were no fitch Enemies to 
 Gain but they would ^are in the Booty. At leaft,hadthe 
 GrQcizns bad any Correfpondence with the Britains, 
 the Romans would in aU probability baVe known it, 
 and confe^uentlythey mu^ needs have received better 
 Intelligence of the IJland than what they/eemto have 
 had at C2e(a.v*s Landwg. But Dion CA(r\us Jeems to 
 put this matter out ofdifpute, and gives us a very plain 
 account of what knowledge the Greeks and Romans^ 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 had of this JJland^ •which Iwillfet down in the Latin 
 Lib. i^. Tranjlation, Primis Grascorum Romanorumq; ne 
 cfle quidem BrirAnniam compertum fiiic, pofterio- 
 res in controrerfiam adduxerunt, continens ea ter- 
 ra, an vero infuk effet i multaq; de utraq; opinio- 
 ne confcripta funt ab iis, qui certi quidem nil no- 
 ^yerant (quippequi necvidiilentj nee ab Indigenis 
 qualis eflet accepiffenO fed conjeduris tantum, 
 quantum vel otii vel fludii fingulis aderat uteren- 
 tur. And the antient Poet, in Euilathius upon Diony- 
 f.uSyreckonJK^upthe greatef^ TJlands of the World in 
 . his time, makes no wention of Britain, which (hews it 
 ''^'os not then known. And r^^f Britain was the antient 
 C-^ (lite rides of the Grecians^ from whence they re- 
 cei'ued their Tm^ is altogether uncertain ; for Herodo- 
 tus, making mention ofthofe JJlands o/Caffiterides, 
 fairly declares he knew not where they were ; which 
 cannot well he juppofed, if the Grecian Merchants 
 traded thither in his time ; it being rational to imagin 
 that J in treating of any Country y fuch a Learned Hi- 
 fiortan would endeavour to get the bejl intelligence be 
 pojfibly could ; and Learning betng at the higbefi pitch 
 I'f* Greecs at this time, ^tis very fir ange we had not a 
 better account of this Ifland, which isfutppofed te be fo 
 "iveU known to tbofe who had a conflant Irafick here. 
 But indeed, all Authors who have mentioned t he fe Caf- 
 iitsrides do not feem to have known where they wereft- 
 tuatedy cnly Dionyfius, in his 'afe^/ifwOT?* makes them 
 plainly to be the fame with the Herperides./i6c»/'^ JJlands 
 lying in the Atlancick Ocean, far enough from Bri- 
 tain, concerning which the Toets have invented fo 
 many Fables. 
 
 AwTrtf \!Sr AXftiV, 
 
 'Api«ci vcu\i<nv dy).\iar 'TtaiS^i 'iCj/far. 
 
 . But admitting the Grecians to have been ignorant^ 
 yfyiny fuch Place as Bntainj and that there never 
 
 was 
 
The PREFACE. 
 
 WIS any traffic or Communieation betwixt thefe ttva 
 Nations i yet fince the Gauls fpoke G reek, it is not very 
 improbable but that, the Britains might borrow from 
 them. That the Gauls ufid the Greek Tongue^ n>e 
 have the 7'ejiimony of Caefar ; and it k very certain^ 
 that all the Grecian Learning flourifbed at Marfcils, 
 which vpas an antient and famous Vniverfity^ and is 
 very much celebrated by all almoji^ both Greek and 
 Latin Writers. And by this means^ it may be reafon- 
 ahly concluded^ how the Britidi and Gaulith Druids 
 became acquainted with the Grecian Fhilofophy^ which 
 being as to all the different SeCls and Opinions of it, 
 taught at Marfeils, the Druids more panicuhrly ad- 
 hered to the Pythagorean, to which the Druid Vhilo' 
 fophy bears a very near rejemb lance j both as to the Vo- 
 Urine oj the \ii'ny.'\v')ff<ni., or the T^r a 't [migration of thei 
 Soul, and the reji of their Myfticjl dbih, which they 
 Jo fnpirjUtioufly kept fecret and clofc from the People. 
 
 But in oppofition to this, it may be with greater cef 
 tainty urged, that neither the Gaulifh nor Britifh 
 Druids had any Corrcfpondence with the Grecians, 
 and confequently could not borrow their Philofophical 
 M)jhries from them. For if Caefar may be believed. 
 The Art and Learning of the Druids was firft found Lib, VI, 
 out in Britain, and from thence is thought to bz 
 brought into Gaul', and at this time, as hi goes on, 
 fuch as vwill attain to the perfcd knowledge of 
 that Difciphne, do for the moft part travel th'- 
 ther to learn it. Now if this be true^ that the Britiih 
 Druids were the Inventors of this kind of Learning, 
 and that the Gauls came over hither to be inlirz:ifed in 
 the JFay and Meth)d ofit> 1 can fee na rcafon, whjf 
 they jjjould have any communication with the Grecian 
 Academy at Marfciis, nviih kfs that . they borrowed 
 it from the Difciples of Pythagoras , efpicially fvtQe 
 they accounted their Myjieries fo Sacred, that .iki.y 
 would conimnmcatt them to none, bifidcs ihofe of tl^T 
 own Order. Nay, it may be btticf , quejrioned, whe- 
 
The P R E F A C E. 
 
 ihcr Diuiciirm he not much anutnter than Pythagoras, 
 'and antecedent to that £xz^ when the Grecians begafi 
 10 Thilofophize. And for the fame reafon, that the 
 Diuids of Britain did not derive their Philofophy from 
 Maifeils, it mil follow^ that they could not borrovf 
 their Language » for if rve fuppofe, vphich is the moji 
 ree can^ that the G^\x\s had fome communication tvitb 
 i^o/e Giecians, and upon that account that their Lan" 
 guage rvas in feme tneafure mingled with the Greek > 
 yet in their travel to Britain, they came not to commu- 
 mcate, but to borrow '-, and *tis not likely that the Bri- 
 tains Jhould he affe&edwith the Language of ihoje who 
 came to learn of them. Befides^ of all the number of 
 Gaulifh U^ords coJkcied by Cambden, which agree 
 with the Britifli, few or »one feem to be of Gtctk De- 
 rivation '■) fo it is highly improbable^ as far as we can 
 fee into this Matter^ that the G^u\sfr:ould iver com- 
 municate the Greek Tongue td the Britain?. And 
 therefore, fmct this di^cuUy cannot be removed by any 
 'other ivay^ it is not umeafonnble to fafpe&^ that there U 
 fome real Foundation lodged in the Ruins of the Story 
 of Brutus, and that the Truth is disfigured by the 
 ioundlefs accejfen of Poetical Invention. 
 
 I Jljould tire the 'Reader^ and exceed the juji bounds of 
 what I at firfl propofed^ if I fliould tak^e a particular 
 view of the^im^ Hiflory puhiiped by GcoHrey, a}>d 
 therefore 1 Jhall now only take notice of the Life of King 
 Cadwalader, where the Hijiory of Wales begins, and 
 'where a palpable Mijia\e^ I may call it Forgery, has been 
 committed by one fide or another. For the v€ry fame things.^ 
 which the Britirh Hiftory relate of Cadwalader, the 
 Saxon Writers attribute i9Cti.d\V3.\]i Kim of the If eil 
 Saxon 5, how he was driven by a Famine cut of his P<?- 
 rntnions.) came afterwards to Rome, and was received 
 by Fope Strgius, with othir' particulars too tedious here io 
 relate. But that which feems to charge the Fault upon 
 Geoffrey, or whoever el few as the /lather of the Eritifh 
 Hijiory.-, is, iha Bede an Author cf eft ablijh'ed Credit, 
 ""i" ■ _ ■ ■ ■ ' . . • ■ ' ' ■ and. 
 
The PREFACE 
 
 and one vobo lived near thofe timet^ fayf that it vpas the 
 Wejl Sajcon King Ceadwalla that vpent to Rorae in 
 fife Sergius'/ time. But then on the other fide^ it is 
 hardly conceivable^ fttppofing the Britiih Hi(hry a perfe^ 
 Contrivance, that Geoffrey or any other Jhould be fo 
 grojly over-feen, as to borroTP the Tranfadinn of a real 
 King^ and one jo well knorvn^ to ma}^ up the Life of a 
 fiVtitiout jnt.cotemporary rvith him. htdt' sKepntation 
 Tt>as toofirm^ to bejhaken by an upjiart Hijiory^ and there- 
 fore it cannot well he fuppo-jed that the Author of the 
 Britifh Hijiory was fo unwary^ in cafe he defgned a 
 Cheatt as to let himfelf open to fo eafy a dete^ion of 
 Forgerj. Ml then that can be faid^ is^ that the agree- 
 ahknefs of the Names and time that thefe two Princsf 
 lived in^ and pofjihly their both going to Pvome, rvhich was 
 not unufnal in thofe days^ might without any defig/i of 
 putting upon the Worlds ma\e a confufwn in their Hifta- 
 ries. But whether the Life of Caciwilader be a Fab'e^ 
 the Reader is at hit own liberty to j^tdge » it heinz pre- 
 fixed to the Hijiory of Wales, not as it is more Authen- 
 iick,^ or any way of greater certainty than the refi o/Geof- 
 freyV Hijiory^ but only hecaufe the Author Caradoc of 
 Lhangarfan, began his contiauace of the BritUli Hi 
 jiory nith it. 
 
 This Caradoc of Lhangaifan, an Author of un' 
 doubted Integrity, was cotemporary with Geoffrey, wh3 
 tailing his rife from the pUce where the Briti(h History 
 concluded^ made a continustionofitthrci' theHeignt of 
 feveralof the Princes 0/ Waks, till the Tear i iv7. a- 
 bout which time he flourijhed. After him, all things of 
 moment that happened in Wales, wen k^pt and recorded 
 w/^e -^/'t/ej o/Conweyi/i North- Wales, ^w^Ylhat- 
 6ur i« South- Wales, where the Princes and Noblemicn 
 af Wales w^re buried^ as appears by [the Teftimony of 
 Gutryn Owen, who lived tn the time q/" Edward IV. 
 and writ the moji cr,aCt and perfeCl Copy of the fame. All 
 the moji notable Occurrences being thiis Kegijired ijj thefi 
 AbbieSy were moj} generally compared togtthr every tlurd^ 
 
-- The P R E F A C E. 
 
 Tear, whtn the Beirdh cr Bards helongtng to thefe twi Houjes 
 n'ent their ordinary Vijitatiom, tphich was called Clera. And 
 this continued until the Tear 117c. a little before the Death 
 of the laji Prince Lhewelyn, who was /lain at Buelhr. 
 Humphrey Lloyd Gent, who flourifhed in thg I^ign of 
 Henry Vill. and one greatly skfli'din the Britifti y^wri^m- 
 ties. continued this H'ljlory to the Death of Prince Lhewelyn j 
 and afterwards hawng tranflated the whole into Englifh Lan- 
 guage, had dejigned to commit it to the Prefs. Bta bts 
 Death prevented what he furfofed, and fioffed the publica- 
 tion of this Hijlory for along time after ^ «wr;7 David Powel 
 D. D. in the time of Queen Elizabeth, having met teitb 
 Humphrey LloydV Tr4w/7rff;o«, coUeBed what he could out 
 pf Englifh Hijiorians, which be added by way of Annotati* 
 ens, and Jo pub'ijhcd it in the Tear 1584. This being the 
 file Htjlcry cf the Princes 0/ Wales, and the only Edition 
 of this Htjlcry, J was moved to prepare it for another Im- 
 frejjion, by a new rtwdelling the Language, making the Body 
 of the Hijiory tntire, without troubling the leader to fee the 
 fame thing by way of Annotation, Dr. PovveiV t^otes being 
 for the greatejl part but a repetition of the fame matter of 
 Fact out of the hnglilh Hifiorians^ wth what other Improve- 
 ments could be made. The Additions which J made to the 
 former Hijlory, I chiefly tcok, out cf the l^otes of that late 
 great Antiquarian Mr.Kobtvt Vaughan o/Hengwrt; by 
 whofe he:_p alfo J have corrected , fupplysd. and continued the 
 Chronology. Sir John Price' j Defer iption of Wales »;,/ 
 fretty well anfwer the Geographical part of this Hijioyy, ti I 
 wejhall be able to recover and fix fever al ofthofe places 
 whofe Names are only left to us at prefent, which we hav§ 
 great hopes, will he fuccefsfidly perfected, by the unwearied 
 Labours of r?iy ingenious Friend Mr. Edward Lhwyd, in 
 his intended Etymological Di^ionary. I have added by way 
 of Appendix, the fever al E^ords belonging to this Hiftory^ 
 and chofe rather to infert the Articles of Peace betwixt 
 Prince Lhewelyn, and ]ohn Peckam Archbijhop of Can- 
 terbury, in the Original, with reference thereunto, than to 
 infert all the Grievances which the Welch then made in 
 ihe Englifn Languge, which do not Jo handfoyvly bear a 
 IranJlatidn, ^ * 
 
A 
 
 DESCRIPTION 
 
 O F 
 
 CAMBRIA, 
 
 Now Called 
 
 WALES: 
 
 Drawn fir ft hy Sir John Price Kjnghty 
 and afterward augmented and made 
 ferfeEi hy Humphrey Lloyd Gen- 
 tleman. 
 
 TH E Three Sons of Brutus having divided 
 the whole Ifle of Britain into Three Parts ; 
 that part contained within the French Seas, 
 with the Rivers oi Severn (called in Brttifh 
 HMfren ) Dee and Humher, fell to the eldeft Son Lo- 
 crinuj^ which was after his Nannie called Lhoyger, 
 which Name it hath in the Britijh Tongue to tnis 
 Day, and in EngUJlo now it is called England, and 
 is augmented Norcnward to the River Ttveed. The 
 fecond ion Albana^us had all the Land Northward 
 
 from 
 
ii The Defcription of WALES. 
 
 from Uiiwber to the Sea Orktiey, called in the Britijh 
 
 Tongue Mor fVerydh, and in the Latin Mare Caledo' 
 ntcum. The third Son Camber had to his parr, al) 
 that which remained undivided, lying within the 
 Cambria. Spanijh and Irijh Seas, and feparated from England, 
 with the Rivers Severn and Dee j and this pare was 
 after his Name called Cambria, and the Inhabitants 
 thereof Cambry, and their Language Camberaeey and 
 fo are at this Day. So that they have kept the fame 
 Country and Language this 2700 and odd years, 
 without commixtion with any other Nation, speci- 
 ally in North-Wales, as it (hall hereafter appear. 
 
 And becaufe the Name of this Country is changed, 
 or rather miftaken by the inhabitants of £«g/4«</, and 
 not by them called Cambry, but Wales : 1 think ft ne- 
 ceflary to declare the occafion thereof, which is, that 
 where the Saxons a People of Germany were the firfl: 
 that after the Britain inhabited and ruled the greateft 
 part of this Ifle, and drove the Britains to that Cor- 
 ner, which according to the manner of their Country 
 they called Wales, and the Peopie Welch-men, and 
 the Tongue iVelch, that is to fay, Strange, or not of 
 them underRood. For at this Day the Inhabitants 
 of the LotP Countries call their next Neighbours Lan- 
 guage of Henegatv, or other that fpeak French, fVal/h, 
 as a Language to them unknown. Likewife the 
 dwellers of Tyroll and other the higher Countries of 
 Germany do Name the Italian their next Neighbour 
 a VVelch-man, and his Language Waljh. And this is 
 an evident Proof, that they which harped upon a 
 Queen Gwalaes, and of a Prince Wala ( of whom nei- 
 - ther Brittjh, Latm, nor EngHfh Hiltory maketh men- 
 tion ) were foully deceived j and fb likewife was a 
 great Hittoriographcr of late Days, which laith, that 
 it was called Wallia, cjitafi Italia, becaufe the reft of 
 the B^mans which rerriained in the Hie were driven 
 thither. Neither is this any new Invention, although 
 Polydore Virgil with an Italian brag doth glorify him- 
 felf to be tde Hrlt that' efpied it our, for divers a n- 
 tient Writers do alledge tiic lame caufe of the Name 
 of Wales^ of whom Sylvejier Gyraldus is one, who 
 
 v/rote 
 
The Defcrtption of W ALE S. jii 
 
 wrote in the rime of Hemjf the Second, after the 
 Conqueft, bsfbre 380 years paffed j which is an 
 evident Token, that the faid Polpdore did either ne- 
 ver fee nor read the antienc Hiltories of this Realm, 
 or diflembleth the fame to the Advancement and 
 Praife of himfelf and his Country ; which to the 
 learned and indifferent Reader fliall appear to be the 
 only occafion he took that work in hand, for all his 
 Book redoundeth only to the Praife and Honour of 
 the Romans, as well Spiritual as Temporal, and to 
 blafe forth their A(fls and Deeds within this Realm : 
 and upon the other part doth either openly flander, 
 or elfe privily extenuate, or fhamefuliy deny the mar- 
 tial prowefs and noble Adts, as well oi Saxons^ Danes, 
 and Normans, as of the Bntatns, all Inhabiters of this 
 Ifle. Which thing he that lilt to prove, let him read 
 and confer C^cfar's Commentaries, Cornelius Tacitus^ 
 Herodianus, and other antient Writers, as well in 
 Latm as in Greek,, with his Work. As for the anti- 
 tient Writers of the Br i ( i/h H'lRory, as the Britijh 
 Chronicle, the Hiltory of Gildas. Ponticus Verunmiis, 
 yea the Golden Work of Matthew Parti Monk of 
 St. Allan, which wrote from PPtlliam Bajiard, to the 
 laft years of Henry the Third ; 1 dare well fay he 
 never faw them, they be in divers places to be had, 
 lb that the truth may be eafily proved. To make , 
 an end 1 fay, that he being firit a Stranger born, and 
 alo ignorant as well in the Hiftories of this Realm, as 
 of thofe Tongues and Languages wherein the fame 
 were written, could never fet forth the true and per- 
 fed Chronicle of the fame. But he having a good 
 Grace, and a pleafant Stile in the Latin Tongue, and 
 finding himfelt in a Country where every Man either 
 lacked Knowledge or Spirit to fet forth the Hiltory of 
 their own Country, took this Enterprife in hand, to 
 their great (hame, and no lefs difpraife, becaule he a 
 blind Leader Ihsll draw a great Number of undifrreet 
 and rafli Followers, as well Geographers and Colmo- 
 graphers, as Chroniclers and Hiltcriographeis, to the 
 dark Pit of Ignorance, where 1 leave them at this 
 time, remitting the Reader to the Apology of Sir "john 
 
 Price 
 
jy The Defcription e/ W A L E S. 
 
 Vricc Knight, and his Britijh Hiftory, written by him 
 of purpole, againlt the envious Reports, and flande- 
 rous Taints of the faid Polydore, where he Ihall fee 
 a great number of his Errors confuted at large- And 
 7 to return lO my former matter of the Name oifValet^ 
 
 ^ which Name to be given of Iste by a ftrange Nation 
 
 may be otherwife proved : for the TVelcb-tnen thetn- 
 felves do not underltand what thefe words tVales and 
 T^elch do fignify, nor know any other Name of their 
 Country or themfelves but Cambry, nor of their Lan- 
 guage but Cambraec, which is as much to lay as 
 Cambers Language or Speech, So hkewifc they know^ 
 not what England or Englijh meaneth, but common- 
 ly they call the Country Lhoyger, the Engltfk Men 
 . Saifon, and the Englljk Tongue Saifonaec. Which is 
 ALocrtno. ^^ gy-je^t token that this is the lame Language which 
 ^ Saxon, ^j^g Bntaim fpake at the beginning ; for the Works 
 of Merdhyn and of Talieffin, who wrote above looo 
 years palt, are almolt the fame words which they ufe 
 at this day, or at the Icalt eafy to be underftood of 
 every one which knoweth perfedly the fVc/ch Tonguq, 
 efpecially in North H'^ales, 
 
 Befide this, where at this day, there do remain 
 three remnants of the Britams, divided every one 
 from other with the Seas, which are in TVales, Corn- 
 wall ( called in Briii/h Cerniw ) and little Britain, 
 yet aluioit all the particular words of thefe three 
 Peo«»le are all one, although in pronunciation and 
 Writing of the Sentences they differ fomew hat, which 
 is no marvel, feeing that the pronunciation in one 
 Realm is often lo diverfe, that the one can fcarce 
 underltand the other. But it is rather a wonder, that 
 the Wekh-men being feparated from the Comijh, well 
 ni°h thefe 9c o years, and the Britains from either 
 oUhem 290 years beiore that, and having Imall 
 Trafiick or Concourfe together fince that time, have 
 flUl kept their own BYUifh Tongue. They are not 
 therefoix- to he credited, which deny the r^Velcbio bq 
 the old Brttijh rongue. And here I cannot pals over 
 what one ot thele line Chroniclers wrote ot late, 0} 
 the Name of Britain, affirming that it Ihould be lo. 
 
TheDefcription c/ W A L E S. V 
 
 called of Britanie in France, as the Elder of that 
 Name. But furely he had either never feen Ptolomj 
 nor C^efar, nor any other antieht Writer, or read them 
 with Imall Judgment and Memory. For there he 
 might have learned, that when this Land was called 
 Britain, the other was called Armorica, and how in ^^^^ q^:. 
 Maximus's time, Conan Meriadoc was the firlt that ^^/ y,^,,^ 
 gave it that Name, and inhabited it with Britains p^f 2.. 
 out of this Ifle. Other derivations of thefe words 
 Britannia and Albion, out of Creel^ and Latin, I am 
 afliamed to rehearfe; for unto fuch Errors do they 
 commonly fall, that either puffed up with vain-glory 
 of their own Wits, or pinched with defpite and envy 
 at other Men's Works, or blinded with Igora nee, do 
 go about to write and fet forth any Hiftory or Chro- 
 nicle. But paffing over this matter until another 
 time, I will return to the Defcription oiJ^Vales, which Themears 
 ( as 1 faid ) was of old time compaffed almoft about (^bounds 
 with the Irijh Seas, and the Rivers Dee and Severn., of Wales, 
 although afterwards the Saxons vuan by force from 
 the Britains all the plain and champion Country o- 
 ver the Rivers, and fpecially Ojfa King of Mercia^ 
 who ttoade a Ditch of great breadth and depth, to be 
 a Mear betwixt his Kingdom and H^ales, which 
 Ditch began at the River Dee, by Bajjlngwerk., be- 
 tween Chejler and Ruthlan, and ran along the Hills 
 fides to the 5o«f6 Sea, a little below Br</?p/, reaching 
 above a hundred Miles in length, and is in many 
 .places to be feen at this day, bearing the Name of 
 Clawdh Offa, that is to fay, Offa's Dirch, apd the 
 Country between it and England is commonly called 
 inWelch, Y Mars, although the great pare of it be 
 now inhabited by Welch-m<ti\ namely in North- 
 Wales, which yet keepeth the antient limits to the 
 River Dfe, and in fome places over it. Other fas 
 Sylvejier Giraldus ) make the River VVy, called in ^ 
 Welch Gtpy, to be the Mear between England and 
 Wales, on the South part, called South-Wales, who 
 meafureth the breadth of Wales, from Salow or 
 Willoweford, called ^hydyr helig upon Wy, to St.Dav:ds 
 in Menevia 100 Miles, and ihc knc^'Ail'roj) Caerlhecn 
 
 upon 
 
vi The Defcnption cf W hL ES> 
 
 upon Yfc in Gwentland, to Holjbead, called Caergyhi 
 in Anglefey, in Welch ^ called A'ion, above loo Miles, 
 and thele be the common Mears at this day, altho* 
 the Welch Tongue is commonly ufed and fpoken 
 in England, beyond thefe old IVlears a great way, as 
 in Hereford'Jhire, Glocejler-jhire, and a part of Shro^ 
 (hire. And thus for the general Defcription of JValeSj 
 which afterward about the Year of Chrill 870, /(o- 
 dericus Magnus, King of Wales, divided into three 
 Territories which they called Kingdoms, which re- 
 mained until of late days. 
 
 Thefe three were Gwynedh, in Englifh North-J^^ales, 
 Deheubarthj in Englifh South'Wales,zr\d Powys-\^nd ; 
 in every of the which he ordained a Princely Seat or 
 Court for the Prince to remain at, moll commonly ; 
 as in Gtpynedh ( which Icme old Writers call Venedotia 
 
 ylherf- for Gtvynethia ) Aberjfraw in the Iflle of Man or. An" 
 
 fraw. glefey. In Debeubartb, called in Latin Demetia, Caer' 
 
 mardyn, from whence it was afterward removed to 
 
 Byne- Dynefowr, eight Miles thence. In Potvys, Fengwem^ 
 fowr. caird T Mwytbic, and in Englifh Shrewsbury, from 
 
 Mathra- whence it was removed to Mathrafal in Pcwys-LsLnd. 
 
 fal. And becaufe this Hiftory doth as well intreat of Wars 
 betwixt thefe tTife6 Provinces, as betwixt them and 
 the Saxons, Normans and Flemings, I think it good to 
 fet forth the particular Defcription of every part 
 by it felf And firft of North-Pf^ales as the chiefeft 
 part, which he gave his Eldeft Son, ordaining that 
 either of the other two fliould pay him yearly xco/. 
 
 Korth' of Tribute, as it appeareth in the Laws of Uowel 
 
 Wales. Dha, which are to be had in fVelch, and alfo in Latin. 
 Therefore GfPjincdh ( called North- Wales ) had upon 
 the North-dde the Sea, from the River Dee at Bafmg- 
 wer\e to Aherdyfi, and upon the Wefi and South-fVeJi 
 the River Dyfi, which divideth it from South-Wales^ 
 and in lome places from /^('/ryj-Land. And on the 
 South and Eaji, it is divided from Potpys, fometimes 
 with Mountains, and fometimes with Rivers, till ic 
 come to the River Dee again. This Land was of old 
 time divided to four parts, of which the chiefeft was 
 
 M'n. Mon, in ErgHJh called ^«^/e/#yj where the Prince's 
 
 chief 
 
The VefcriptioH of W A L E S. yii 
 
 chief Houfe was at Aberjfraw, which is an Ifland (e- 
 parated from the main Land, with an Arm of the 
 Sea called Manai, and had in it felf three Cantred^ 
 or Hundreds, which were fubdivided to fix Gemots, 
 as Cantref Aberffraw to Comot Lhion, and Comot 
 JAalhtraeth, Cantref Cemais, to the Comots Talihc- 
 lion and Twr Celyn ; Cantref ^pfjyr to the Comets 
 Tyndaethtpy and Manai. And at this day there is a 
 fine Town in that Ifle called Bewmoris, and a com- 
 mon Paffage to Ireland at Caergybi, called in Englijh, 
 Holyhead. But here 1 cannot wink at that notable 
 Error of Polydor, which ( after bis aecuftoraed fa- 
 ftiion ) denieth this ifle to be called Mona, but An- 
 glefid, or Anglorum Infula, becaufe it is called in 
 Englilh Anglefey, and giveth this Name Mona to Man, 
 and fo hath lolt the Names of both Ifles : which igno- 
 rance and forgetfulnefs might be forgiven him, if he 
 had not drawn a great number to this Error with 
 him, which in their Charters do daily wrong Name 
 thefe Ifles, which may be eafily proved. Firft, be- 
 caufe the Inhabitants of the liledo know none othef 
 Name but MSn ; and it is called through all fVales, 
 Tir Mm, that is to fay, the Land of Mon, unto this 
 day. So that neither by memory of Man, neither 
 by any Monument in Wriring in the Britijh Tongue 
 can it appear, that ever it had any other Name but 
 Morty yet there be manifeft Monuments for thefe 
 looo years. It is alfo grown to a Proverb through 
 PValeSy for the fertility of the ground, Men mam Gymry, 
 that is to fay, Mon Mother of Wales. 
 
 The antient Hiftory of Cornelius Tacitus ( which 
 be-hke Age had beaten out of Polydurs Head ) faith, 
 that the ^o\x\di\irioi Paulinus Suetonius, and afrerward 
 of Juliui AgricoUy after they had palled thro' Norths 
 PfaleSy then came over againft Mona, where they did 
 fwim over an Arm of the Sea of 200 paces, and io 
 by force won the Ifle. Now whether ic is more 
 reafonable thus to fwim over 200 paces, or 2c miles? 
 1 know there is no Man that believerh Polydor in this 
 point ; let all Men therefore judge the relt. As for 
 that which he faith of the great Woods, it is nothing j 
 
 lor 
 
yiii The Defcription <?/ W A L E S. 
 
 for both the Romans, and after when the Chriftian 
 Faith took place in this Realm, the Chriftians did 
 fall and root them our, for the Idolatry and abfurd 
 Religion which was ufed there i that the King of 
 Man fent for Timber to Moti ; read the Life oiUugh 
 Earl of Chejier, which alfo is evident by the great 
 Beeches and other Trees found in the Earth at thefe 
 days. His other reafon is, becaufe. it is called Angie- 
 fef in the Englifh Tongue : fo is Lhoyger England, 
 and Camhry Wales j Are thole therefore the old 
 Names ? No furely. And what if the Inhabitants 
 called it fo ? (as they did not) had it not a Name 
 before the Armies won it ? Yes, I warrant you, but 
 he had forgotten that. Now to the Name of Man, it 
 was ever, or at the leaft thefe looo years named in 
 Bricifli Manaw^ of which cometh the Englijh Name 
 Man. The Inhabitants thereof call it fo, and no 
 Nation about it did ever call it Mm, no nor any 
 Writer but Polydor, which was too young a God- 
 father to name fo old a Child. For Gildas who wrote 
 above 900 years paflfed, whofe Writings Polydor ne» 
 verfaw, but untruly Fathers upon him his own de- 
 vife ; Giraldus in his Defcription of Ireland to Henry 
 the Second, and Henry Huntington, do plainly call 
 Man in Latin Eubonia, adding thereto either Mana» 
 or Man, for the better uftderitanding of the Name j 
 Will you believe them or Polydor ? Other Arguments 
 there are which I will pafs over, till 1 have more Ica- 
 lure and occaiion to write of this Matter. 
 Arfon. The fecond part of tiorth-Wales was called Arfon^ 
 which is as much as to fay, over againft Mon j and 
 had in it four Canireds, and ten Comots. 
 
 Cantref Aber had in it three Comots, TLhechwedk- 
 uchaf, T Lhechwedh-ifaf, and Nant-Conwey. 
 
 Cantref Arfon had two Comots, Twch Gttyrfdi^and 
 Ifgwyrfai. 
 
 Cantref Dunodic had two Comots, Ardudwy and 
 Efion)th. 
 
 Cantref Lhjfn containeth three Comots, Cymytmayn^ 
 Tinlhajin, and Camlogion. This is now called Caer- 
 narvon-Jhire, ^ Min is called Anglefey-Jkire^ and have 
 
 she 
 
The Defcrtption f/W A L E S. ix 
 
 tlie fame divifion'at this day. In this Shire are 
 5»off>Jew-HilIs, called Eryri, neither in height, ferti- 
 lity of the Ground, Wood, Cattel, Fiih and Fowl, 
 giving place to the Famous /llfs^ and withouc Con- 
 troverfy the flrongeft Country within Britain. 
 
 Here is the Town of Caernarvon, called in the old 
 time Caerfegmcc ; and there is alfo Convey called Caer- 
 iyjfyn. And the See of Bangor, with divers other 
 antient Caltles and Places of Memory, and was the 
 lait part of H^ales that came under the Dominion of 
 the Kings of England. It hath on the North the Sea 
 and M^nai, upon the Eaft and South Eaji, the River 
 Conwcy, which divideth it from Denbigh ff:ire, aUho' 
 it now pafs the River in one place by the Sea-lliore. 
 And on the South Wejl and iVeJi, it is feparated from 
 Merionyth by high Mountains and Rivers, and other 
 Mears. 
 
 The third part of Gwynedh was Merionyth con- JAerio' 
 taining three Cancreds, and every Gantred three Co- «jf/i&;. 
 mots. 
 
 As Cantref Meyreon hath three ComotSj Talybont^ 
 Pennal, and Tftumaner. 
 
 Cantref Arujity had thefe, Vtvchcoed, Ifcoed^ and 
 Qtvarthrcnion. 
 
 Cantref Penlhyn had thefe, Vwchmeloch., Ifmebch, 
 and Micnaim^ and this keepeth the faid Name till this 
 day,but not within the fame Mears, and is full of Hills 
 and Rocks, and hath upon the North the Sea, notable 
 at this day for the great relbrc and number of People 
 that repair thither to take Herrings- k hath upon 
 the Eafi, Arfon and Denbigh-Land, upon the South, 
 Potty i, and upon the Weft, Dyfi and Cardigan-fl-ire. 
 
 In this Country itandeth the Town of Harlech, and Tegyd; 
 a great Lake called Lhyn-Tegyd, through which the 
 River Dee runneth, and mingleth not with iht Water 
 of the Lake, which is three Miles long and alfo the 
 Salmons, which are commonly taken in the River 
 • hard by the Lake, are never feen to enter the Lake. 
 Likewjfe a kind of Fifh called Gwyniaid. which are like 
 to PP'hittngs, and are full in the Lake, are never taken 
 iri the River, Not far from this Lake is a place called 
 * ♦ * Cairgayf 
 
X The Defer iption of WALES. 
 
 Caergay, which was the Houfe of Gay, /Arthurs Fofter- 
 Bfother. This Shire, as well as^ /Irfon, is full of Can- 
 tel, Fowl and Fi(h, with great nnmber of Red Deer 
 and Roes ; but there is gtear fcarcity of Corn. 
 yBerfeS- J^h^ fourth part ot Gw)nedh, was cii\\z<h y Berfedh- 
 ttlad. Hf'ad, which may be Englil-hed, the in-land or middle 
 Country, which conraincd five Cantreds and thirteen 
 Comets, as Cantref HJpyfonicc had in it thefe Comots, 
 Vwchalet and ijalet. 
 
 QamxtiTjlrad had Hlraethoc and Cynmeirch: 
 Cantref f(/j5; ihcUt.ZJtPchdidas, Ifdulas and Oeuthyn^ 
 all which are in the Lordfl^p of Denbigh, laving the 
 Creiithyn which is in Caernarvon /hire, wherein the 
 Caftle oiDyganwy did Rand, which was the Earls of 
 Chsjhr, and is commonly called in iht Latin and En- 
 gitjh Chronicle, Gannoc. ■ 
 Dyffryn The fourth Cantref was Dyffryn Clwyd, which may 
 
 Clwyd. be Englilhed theValley o^Cltpyd, and now is called the 
 Lordlliip oi Rhuthyn, and hath theleComots,Co/e/g<w, 
 iJjanncrch and Dogaeilyv. 
 
 The fifth Cantref is Tcgen^l, and now is a part of 
 Tlint-Jhnc, having thefe Comots, Counfylht, Prefiatyii^ 
 and l^uthlan. And in this part is one of thefairettVal- 
 lies within this iile,conraining iS miles in length, and 
 4, 5, ^, or 7 in breadth, as the Hills either draw in- 
 ward together, or backward afunder, which high 
 Hills do inclofe it on the Eajl, PVeJl, and South parts, 
 and Norfhipard the S'ca. it is plentiful of Cattel, 
 Filh and Fowl, Corn, Hey, Grafs, and Wood, and di- 
 vided along in the midit with the River Clwyd, to 
 whom runneth Clywedoc, Tjhaty Whilar, Eltvy., and a, 
 great number of other Rivers from the Hills- Irt.^ 
 this Valley two miles from the Sea, is the Town and 
 Am \i. Cattle of f^uthlan, where fometimes a Parliamenc- 
 Edtp, J. hath been kept. And two miles above it is the See 
 of Si. /Ifajh, between the Rivers Clwyd and Elwy-, cal- 
 Ired in the old time theBilhup's See ai Lhan-E'.wy. Four 
 miles thence, and two mik-s from the River, is lituate 
 upon a Rock the Town and Caitle ot Denbigh, where 
 is one of the greatelt Adarkcts nr the Marches of 
 H^.Vjj arkd one of rhe feireit and ilrongeit CalUesr 
 
 ',vir!iirj* 
 
The DefiriptioH cf W ALES. xi 
 
 wirhfn this Realm, which being the Houfe of David 
 Brother to Lhewelyn, the kit Prince of the PVelch- 
 Biood, was enlarged and ftrengthned by Henry Lacy 
 Earl of Lincoln, to whom King Edivard gave the 
 fame Lordfliip ; it is alfo the Shire- Town of that 
 Shire- Five miles above this, is the Town of ^///-y^^w 
 with a fair Caftle, which fomerimes belonged to the 
 Lords Gray Earls of Kent. This part of North-M^ales^ 
 bath upon the North the River Dee, and the Ses. 
 Upon the ff^cfi, Arfon, and the River Cdntvey. South 
 and Eafty Merionyth, and the Country then called 
 Poipp. And thefe be the Mears and Bounds of 
 Cfpynedh or Venedotia, for the Name of North PVales 
 containeth befides this all Poipys sn thefe days. .So 
 there was und r the Territory of Ahcrjfratv fifteen 
 Cantreds, and in them thirty eight Comots. 
 
 The fecond Kingdom was Mathrafal, ivhich in Mathra" 
 right order was the third, as that which came to the f^jl or 
 third Brother, yet for the better underftanding of the potpyj. 
 Hiftory following, I have placed it here. To this' 
 Kingdom belonged the Country of Potpys, ajid the 
 Land betwixt Wy and Severn. Which part had upoa 
 the South and J4'efi, South-H^Jes, with the Rivers 
 iVy and Tywy, and orher Mears. Upon the Norths 
 GtPynedh, and upon the Eafi the Marches of England, 
 from Chefter to Wy, a little above Hereford ; and 
 therefore it was mod troubled with Wars, as well 
 of the Saxons, as afterwards of the Normans, Lords 
 Marchers, who daily wan lome part thereof, and by 
 that means it was the fitft part that {erved the Kings 
 of England, and therefore Icfs elteemcd of all the 
 reft. This part called Powys, was divided again into 
 Powys Fadcc, and Powys Pf-^emvynt^'yn. Powys Fadod 
 contained in it lelf tive Cantreds and fifteen Co- 
 mots, 
 
 Cantref T Barwn, which had three Comots, Dyrc^ 
 mael, Edcyrneon, and Gl)'ndourdrt?y, which are now in 
 Merionythjkire { laving Dinmasl which is in Deniigl:<= 
 Jhire. ) 
 
 Cantref T ^hitv, whofe Comots were thefe, Tal 
 now \x\Denhigh -Jhire ; Tjiratalyn and Hof now mFlint- 
 f/Jte. 11^ ?' Ca'niiref 
 
Kii The Defcripiion 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 Cantref Vwchnant hath thefe Comots, Merjforth 
 \n tltnt-Jhire, Maelor Gymraes;, in EngWfh Bromfield, 
 row in Denbigh' floire, and Maelor Saefneg in Flint* 
 Jhire. 
 
 Canrref Trefred containeth thefe Comots , Croef- 
 fain\ Trefy Wayn^ in Etigliih Chirke, and in Denbigh- 
 Jhire. Croefofwallt, in Englift Ofwejircy, and in Shrop- 
 Jloire. 
 
 Cantref /^/irf/j'i^er with \\isCovnoisMochnam Ijraiy^r^ 
 Cynlhaeth and Nanheudwy all in ChirkeL2nd, and in 
 Denbigh- p:tre. Alfo the Lordlhip of Whytington now 
 in Shrop-J}:ire, was in this part of Powys, which pare at 
 this day hath lolt the Name of Poiryj, and is lituated 
 in divers Shires, as it appeareth by the Difcourfe be- 
 fore paflbd. In this part is the Caltle of Holt in 
 Bromfield, and the Caitle of Chirke in Chirk^-hand. 
 Likewife the LordHiip and Caftle of fVhytington, 
 which came by marriage to Foulk, Fiti^ivarren. 1 here 
 ii belide thefe, the Lordfhip of Ofwejiry, of the which 
 the Fit:^alans have been Lords thefe 300 and odd 
 years, and of divers other Lordfhips in thofe Mar- 
 ches, as Shrarden^ the eleven Towns, Clun and many 
 others, which are all now in Shrop-fkire. 
 
 The iecond part called Powys iVenttfynwyn, had like- 
 wife live Cantreds, and twelve Gemots. 
 
 Cantref T Fyrnwy had thefe Comots, Mochnant 
 uwch B^yader Mechain Jfcoed and Lbannerch Hudol. 
 
 CantiefT/f/rc had thefe, Deuthwr, Gcrthm ifaf^znd 
 Tjirat Marche'h. 
 
 Cantref Lhyfwy?7afha.d thefe, Caerneon, and Mechain 
 TJivchcoed. 
 
 Cantref Cydcwen had Comet Conan and Comet 
 Hauren. 
 
 Cantref Conan had Cyfeilioc and Mouthtiy^ which h 
 now in Mertovyth-Jlcire. Of all thefe, the three firft 
 Cantreds do only at this day bear the Name of PotpySy 
 which are upon the North-\\de. oi Scoerny and are all 
 five (iavit'g the Comot of Mowthtpy) in Mongomery- 
 fkire. 
 
 TMs is a Country full of Woods, Hills, and Rivers, 
 and hath m it iheic Towns, the Pock', Neiv Town, :ind 
 
 Machynihaetb. 
 
The Defcription cf W ALES, xiil 
 
 fAathplhaeth. Arufily was in old time in this parr, 
 but afterwards it came to the Princes of Gwynedh, 
 Thefe Lordfliips came by juft defcent from the Princes 
 thereof, to a Woman named Hattfys. the Daughter of 
 Owen ap Grujfydh. Arufily and Cyfeilioc came to the 
 Baron of Dudley^ and afterwards it was fold to ths 
 King. 
 
 The third part belonging to Mathrafal, was the 
 Land between Wy and Severn, containing four Can- 
 treds, and thirteen Comets. 
 
 QzDixei 'Melienyth hath thefe Comots, Ceri,S'pydh- 
 ygre, I{hfipalalht, and Glyn leithon. 
 
 Cantref Elfel hath thefe, Vwchniynydb^ Ifmynydh, 
 and Lhechdhyfnqg. 
 
 Cnt\ire(yClawdh thdc,DyffrynTeyfediat) Sipydbyno- 
 gm, and Pennwelht. 
 
 Czntvef Buelht hath thefe, Sipydhy Fam,Dreidys, and 
 Ifyrwon. Of this part there is at this day fome in 
 Montgomery -[hire, fome in {{adnor/hire, and fome in 
 Brecknock-fkire. In this parr, and in the Lordfhips 
 irarching to it, which altho' at the time of this divi- 
 (lon, which was in the time of the laft Prince, were 
 not in his fubjedlion, yet to this day fpeak PVelchy 
 and are called Wales^ and in thefe Comors are thele 
 Towns. and Caftles. Montgomery called in Welch 
 Trefaldityn, a pretty Town and a fair Caftle. The 
 CalUe of dun, called Colimay, which is the Earls 
 o^Aruvdel. The Town of Knighton, in Welch Tref- 
 yckttfd. The Cafile of Cyma>on. Pre/Ieyn in Wtkh 
 Lhanandras. The Town and Caftle of Radnor, in 
 Welch Maejyfcd, at this day the Shiie Town. The 
 Town of Kington and the Caftle of Huntingdon^ 
 called in Welch TCaflelh M^yn^ uhich were the 
 Bohuns Earl's of Hereford, and after the Dukes of 
 Buckingham. Caftle Payne, Haye, Lhanfair in Buclkt, 
 Thefe Lord(hips with BrecJQiocl{_:ind /ibergefenny, were 
 , belonging to the Bruces Lords ot Brecknock^, and after 
 came divers times, and by fundry means ro the 
 Bohuns, N-vi!s, and Mortimers. And fo ( as 1 l»ve 
 rehearlcd ) in this Terrirory or Kingdom were found 
 fourteen Caniredj, and forty Comors. Two of thefe. 
 * * ! 3 F-r?s, 
 
xiv The Dejcttpticn cf VJ A h E S. 
 
 parts, which are Powys and Guynedh, are at this 
 iay called North-iVa'es, and divided into iix Shires. 
 Mon callt'd Angfcfey, Caernarvon^ Merionjth, Denbigh^ 
 Flint, and Montgomery-fhire, and are all on the Korch" 
 fide Severn^ favmg a piece of Montgomerj-Jhire. 
 . And here 1 rhink it good to let the Reader under- 
 f!and what the Britlfh Chronicle faith of Nmh- 
 TVales^ which affirineth that three times it caini by 
 Inheritance to Women. Fin!: to Stradtven, Daughter 
 to Cadfan ap Conan ap Endaf, and Wife to Coel Godebxy 
 Mother to Genav, Dyfyr and Gtoawl, The fecond 
 rime to the fame Gw^r/ Wife to Edyrnap Padtrn^ 
 and Mother to Cun.tha PVledicy which Cunetha in- 
 habiting in the N rth parts of England, about the year 
 540. afcer the Incarnation of Chritt, and hearing how 
 the mingled Nations of Irijh- Scots, and Picis, had 
 over-run the Sea-fliore of Cardigan, which was part 
 of his Inheritance, lent his Sons thither to enjoy their 
 Inheritance, ot whom Tihiaon his eldelt Son died in 
 M/«», which Land rhe {aid JriJIo-Scotihid "taou. For 
 Cildas faith, that the Children o^ Qlam Hcclor. which 
 peopled a great part of Ireland, Tfcroetb with his 
 People inhabited D.ilrieuda^ which is a part of Scot- 
 land: Bnilke with his People en me to Man, But I 
 t^ink it good to put in Gtld^s words, which faith ; 
 Bniike cum fiitis Jiiis inhabit.tvit Eiiboniam injularfii. 
 •vulgo 'M^nnw, qux eji in mcdituHio maris intjr Hy-* 
 hcrnia-n ^ Brit.mniam ^ thu is to fay, Buik^e with* 
 his Chiiclren inhabited the llle Eiiboma, commonly 
 Manaip ( for lb it was and is named in\Britf/h ) which 
 lieth in the middle of the Sea, between Inland and 
 Batain. This was not called AioW, as Poly dor i:i\n'' 
 ' eth. The Children of Bethoun inhabited Dcmctia, 
 which is Souih-fVales, with Gtpyi- and Cyditeli, rill 
 they were chafed thence by the Childrca of Cunetha, 
 Thus far Gildas. Therefore the 60ns of Cunetha,. 
 beii;g arrived in North fValcs (as v/ell I think being 
 driven by the Saxons, as for their Inheritance ) divi- 
 ded the Country betwixt them. And fir It Melreaon 
 the Son of Tibiaon, the Sen of Cunetha, had Cantref . 
 NLsireaon ro his part, d'lufiel af Cunetha had; 
 
 Cantref 
 
the Defcription <?/ W A L E S. xv 
 
 Cantref Arufllj. Caredic ap Ctmetha, had Caer' 
 digion, now called Cardlgan-fhire. Dunod had Can- ^ . 
 tref Dunodtc. Edeyrn had Edeyrnion. Mael had / .. ^ p 
 Dynmael. Coel had Coleyon. Doguael had Dogiteilyn. p ,,_ „ 
 F^yfaon had ^yfonioc, now De«^/^/j-Iand. ^^"^'^^ SofuoCa- 
 TrchbsdCaereneon in Pes'/;, t/^ had Maefufwalht ^^^^^^j^^j 
 now Ofwefiry. For furely that they fay commonly Maeloron 
 of oy?P<7/i King of Northu7vhsrland, to be (lain there, ;^^j; ;j ^/j^, 
 and of the Well that fprung where his Arm was aro Mae- 
 carried, is nothing fo. For Beda and all other Wri- lors, Mae- 
 rers teftify that Peanda flew Ofivald at Maferfdt, in lor Gym- 
 the Kingdom of Northumber/atid, and his Body was biaeg^c^/- 
 buried in the Abby of Bradney, in the Province o(/edEv.and 
 Lhyndefey. But to my former matter. Thele Names Matlor 
 given by the Sons of Cunetba, remain to this day. ^iclufg. 
 After this the Irifh-Picls or Scots., which the Britaim 
 called TGwydhyl Phiciiaid, which \i to lay, the Irifh' 
 PiBs, did over-run the Ifle of AKw, and were driven 
 thence by Cafwa!ho7i Lhaivhir, that is Cafivalhon with 
 the long hand, the Son of Eineon Teh ap Ctmedha,who 
 flew ^f/-?^/ their King with his own hands, at Lh.in y 
 Gttydhyl, uhich is the htjh Church at HelyUad. I his 
 Cafwalhon was Father to Maelgon Gwynedh, Vv^hom the 
 Latins call Maglocunus, Priicc and King of Bntam. 
 
 In his time was the Famous Clerk and prcat Wife- 
 man T.dieJJyn Ben Beirdh, that is to fay, the chiefeit 
 of the Beirdh or Wiiemen ; for this word Bardh in 
 Cafar's time, flgnined ( as Lucm bearcth Wimels ) 
 fach a? had knowledge of things to come, and fo ie 
 fignineth at this day. This Maeh^n had ^ Son called 
 J^in in whole time the Saxcns ir.vit'^d Gurwond into 
 Britain from Trcla>id, who h-^d come thither from 
 yl^fic, who with the Saxms wr^s i\:<: utrcr ceitrudlion 
 of the Britains, and flcwa 1 tj-iai p.oilifed Chril:, r.r.d 
 was the firlt^hat drove them over Scv.rn. This I^mi 
 was Father to Beli, who was Father to I/igo, ( for To 
 the Britains call Ji:n:es) who was Father to Cadf/iK^ 
 and no: I'rochml r^lkd Brecyfal { as iheEn^iif: Chro-. 
 nic'elaith) tor this i?rcc^,T;.7 called Tfgithrcc. :h.n is 
 long toothed, was cholen l.eaiier of luJi as met With 
 Ade'.red alias Ethe'hrfus Rex Cantia.^Aid other Angles' 
 ■ * * * 4' and 
 
X-vi The Defcription ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 and Saxotis, whom Augujiine had moved to make 
 War againlt the Chriitian Britains, and thefe put 
 Brochwel twice to flight, not far from Chejier, and 
 cruelly flew a loco Priefts and Monks of Bangor^ 
 with a great number of lay- Brethren of the lame 
 Houfe, which Jived by the Labour of their Hands, 
 and v/ere tome fcare-footed and woolward to crave 
 Mercy and Peace at the Saxons Hands. And here 
 you fliall undejitand that this was not Angujltne Bi- 
 Ihop of HipfoKa the great Clerk, but Augujiine the 
 Monk, called the Apoitle o^ England. 
 
 Then this Brochtrel retired over Dee, hard by Bangor^ 
 and defended the Saxons the Pallage, till Cadfan King 
 » of North fV.iles, Meredyth King of South-M^ales, and 
 Bled us or Bletius Prince of C0r71w.1l, came to fuc- 
 coar him, and gave the Saxons a fore Battel, and 
 flt'.v of them the number of a ic 66, and put the reft 
 to flight. After the which Battel, Cadfan was chofen 
 King of Britain, and was chief Ruler within the 
 iile J after whom his Son Cadwalhor., wJio was Fa- 
 ther to Cadtvalads)\ the lalt at the Britijh Blood, 
 that bare the Name of King of Britain, was 
 King. 
 
 The third time that Nonb-JVa'es came to a Wo- 
 man, was to Ejylht the Daughter ot Conan T.ndaythwy, 
 ttie Son of Edwal Tttrch , rhc Son of CadivaLd.r. 
 She was Wife to Merfyn Frych, and Mother to 
 liJpodiriQ the Great, as fnall be hereafter declared 
 By this you may underRand, that Korth-lV. Iss hath 
 been a great while the chiefeli Seat of the ialt Kings 
 cf Britain, becauie it v/as, and is the flrongeit Ccun- 
 iry within this iCe, full ot high Mountains, Craggy 
 Rocks, great Woods, and deep Vallies, itrcit and 
 dangeroas places, deep and iwift Rivers, as Dyft, 
 which ipringerh in the Hmij of Msr'onyth, and rua- 
 neih N«r-/:.^K^ through 2vic.Wtf/ry, and by Machyn- 
 laetb, and fo so the Sc<i at .ibsrdyji,di\\du:^ Nrh snd 
 Souih-PVa'ci alunder. Dec, called in Welch Dourd'.ry , 
 springing alio on the odier iide of ike fame HilLs 
 runneth Eaji ihroUi.h Penlhyn, and the Lake Tegyd, 
 iic.-v/ri Tf) (^o^tt-en and Lh^ngo'hen, b».uvecnC/;/.>%-Laiid 
 
 - ' a'.)4 
 
The Defcription c/ W A L E S. xvii 
 
 and BromfielJ, where k boweth Northaiar<i toward 
 Bangor to the Hole, and to Chefler, and thence Korth- 
 IVejt CO F//M/-Caftle, and fo to the Sea. 
 
 There is zVioCotwey^ rifing likewilein Merionjth- 
 Jhire, and dividing Caernarvon from Denhigh-jhiret 
 runneth under Sncwden ^ovrh-^% by the Town of 
 Abercovmey to the Sea. 
 
 Alfo C///;>i, which rifing in Dcnhighhzu^, run- 
 neth down to ^uthjn, and plain North, not far from 
 Denbigh to Si.Afafh, and fo by Hiitbian and to the Sea. 
 There be many other fair Rivers, of which (bme run 
 to the Sea,as Matrr at Traethmawr, and Afony Saint at 
 Caernarvon, and other that run to Severn, as Murntvy 
 in Poa^yj, and to Marnuy, Tanat ; Ibme other to D^e, 
 as Ceirioc betwixt the Lordfhips of Cloirk^ and iVhit- 
 tington; A.)n through Tal and Molds dale, and f/oyPe 
 </4/e, and fo to Dee, a hctle above Chejier. And this 
 I'hall fuffice for the perfecfl Defcription of that which 
 in old time was ca'.led Grjnedh and Powys, and ac 
 thefe days the lix Shires of North-fVales. 
 
 Now remainech the lad Kingdom of Wales, called DpiC" 
 Dynefawr, which although it was the greateft, yet \V3isfafpr, 
 it not the be't, as G'iraldus witnelfeth, chiefly be- 
 caufe it was much moleiled with Flemings and "Nor- 
 wjdwj, anci alfo rhat in divers parts thereof, the Lords 
 would not obey their Prince, as in Gwent and in 
 Morgai.wc, which was ihcir own confufion, as fhall 
 hereafter appear. This was divided into fix Pans, 
 of the which C<jrrJi^/'cw was the f.v'u, and contained ,. 
 
 fourCantreds and ten Comots,as Canrrei Penwedtc had "^^***" 
 in it thefe Gemots, Gemurglyn, Perfedh and Creuthyn. ^*^^' 
 
 Canrtef Canawl had thele, Mcfenyth^ Anbnnbc, and 
 Pennart/j. 
 
 Cantref C^e/^ had thefe Corners, 'Mahrynion and 
 Ciertvcdros. 
 
 Caniref Syrwm had tkt[::,Gtvenlcnyth and Tfcoed; and 
 ihis pare is at this day called in Engliih Cardigan-poi e, 
 and in '^' cldaSwydh- Abertsifi . 1 his is a Qiampion 
 Country withojt much Wood, and hath been divers 
 times overcome with Flemirgs and 'Normans, which 
 builded many Caiiiesin ir, ai-d at tlie lalt v,rei;e beareri 
 
 ca: 
 
xviii The Defcription of W A L E S. 
 
 out of them all. It hath on the Eaft North-H^alet, 
 with the River Djfi and part o{ Potty s, upon the South 
 Caermardh)yi JhirCi upon rhe Weft Pen;brcke fkire^ with 
 the River Teifi, and upon the North the Ltfh Sea, 
 In this part is the Town of Cardigan upon Teifi, not 
 far from the Sea. The Town of Aheryflwyth upon 
 the River Tjltvythj by the Sea, and Lhanbadam Fatrr, 
 which was a great Sandtuary, and a place of Reli- 
 gious and Learned Men in times pafi". And in this 
 Shire were a great number of Caftles, as the Cattle 
 of Tftraimeyric, of Walter ^ of Lhanryjledj of D)nerth, 
 of the Sons of Wyneaon, ot Aber-B^idol^ and a great 
 number more, with the Town of Tr^^^rw, and Lbm- 
 dhewibrefi. , 
 
 Dyfet. The fecond part was called Dyfed, and at this day 
 Pembioke-fhire, and had in it eight Cantreds, and 
 twenty three Comets, which were thefe. Cantref 
 Emlyn had thele Comots, VtPchcuch, Ifciicb and 
 Lefethyr. 
 
 Cznirei Arberth had thefe, Penrhyn ar Elayf, Ejlero- 
 lef and Talacham. 
 
 Cantref Daugledheu had thefe, Amgoed, Pennant 
 and Efelfre. 
 
 Cantref T Coed had thefe, Lhanhayaden and Cajlelh 
 Gwys. 
 
 Cantref Penfro hath thefe, Coedyr haf, 7\.iae>ior byrr, 
 and Penfro. 
 
 Cantref I{hos hath thefe, Huljfortb Caflelh Gitalcb- . 
 mai and Tgarn. 
 
 Cantref Pubidioc hath thefe, Mpiym^ Pencaer and 
 Pebidioc. 
 
 Ckntref Cemais hath thefe, Vtvchncfer, Ifnefer and 
 Tiefdraeth. 
 
 In this part are divers To-.vns and Havens at this 
 day, as Penibrokf, Tenly, in Welch Dynbegh-y-pyfcoty 
 Hereford Wefl, in Welch Htd forth, with the fair Ha- 
 ven of Milford, called in Welch Aherdaiigledhe:/, 
 St. Davids or Menevia, called in Welch Mynytv, the 
 chiefeli: See in all f^ales. Then Fifc.vd called Aber- 
 gwayn ; and Newport, named Trcfdraeth j thefe be a- , 
 long the Sea-oj.iit, ornot very fir off. Belides, thele 
 
 there 
 
The Defir/ptioa of W A L E S. xix 
 
 there be divers Caftlcs, as Cilgerran, Arberth, Gwys, 
 LbAnhayadenpVa\tpyn,3.n^ divers others. This part was 
 won firltby ihe Montgomery ^ Earls of Shrewsbury, and 
 atter given to the Marjhalls, znd foto Valence ^zvid from 
 thence were the Princes of PPales moft troubled with 
 the Nor^tnans and Flemings^ who do remain and in- 
 hibit about Tenbyt Pembroh^e and BIks to this day, 
 which can neither Welch nor good Englijh as yer. 
 Dyfed { for fo will 1 call it hereafter ) hath on the 
 the iVeft and North the Irijh Sea, upon the South the 
 Sfanifh Sea, and upon the Eaji Caermardhyn-Jhire, 
 and on the North- EaJi Cardigan-Jhire. Ihe third 
 part was Caermardhyn-Jhire, having four Cantreds, Caermar- 
 and fifteen Comots, as Cantref Finioc with the Co- ^/,,„ 
 mots of Harfryn, Derfedh, and Ifgeneny. 
 
 Cantref %/woc with thefe, Gwyr^ now in Glamorgan- 
 fdre, Cydttfeli, and Carnwilhcon. 
 
 Cantref Bachan with thele, Malhaen^ Caeo, and 
 Maenor Deilo. 
 
 CantrefMrfwr with thefe,Ce;^/wocComot mabElfytP, 
 Comot mabVchdryd znd fVydigada.ln this Shire are the 
 TownsandCaft les of CaermardhyniDynefowr, which was 
 the Prince's Seat of the Country, Newtottfn, Lhandeilo, 
 Lhanymdhyfii, Emlyn^ Smanfey, now in Glamorgan- 
 Jhire, called in fVelch Abertatoy upon the Sea, the 
 Calf le of the Sons of Vcbtryd, of Lhanjiephan, and 
 others. It hath upon the Weit Dyfed or Pembroke-fhire, 
 on the North Cardigan-Jhire, upon the South- Welt 
 the Sea, and upon the South- Haft Glamorgan^ and 
 upon the Ealt Brecknock: fhire. This is counted the 
 ftrongeft part of all SouthWales, as that which is 
 full of high Mountains, great Woods, and fair Rivers, 
 efpecially Tywy. In this, and in the other two parts 
 of SoHtb-Wulei, were the notablelt Ads that this Hi- 
 ftory treateth of, atchieved and done. 
 
 The fourth called Morgatitvc, now Glamorgan-Jhire, Morpa- 
 containing four Cantreds, with fifteen Coinots. As ntvc. 
 Cantret Croneth.mih thefe Comots I{wngneth ac Afariy 
 Tir yr Hwndtwd, and M.ienor Glyncgwr. 
 
 Cantref Pemythen with thefe, Meyfiyn, Glynrhodny^ 
 Maenor Talap.n. and Maenor R^ithyn. 
 
 Cantref 
 
xx The DefcriptioH of W A L E S. 
 
 Cantref Brenbiml with thefe, Cibottr, Senghennytbj 
 X^tPchcaetb, and Ifciteth. 
 
 Gantref Giventlhwg, which is now in Monmouth- 
 Jhlre^ with thefe Coraots, y lihardh Ganol, and Eitbaf- 
 dylyglon. In this part are thefe Towns and Caitles, 
 iJjandaf the BilTiop's See, Caerdyffe, called Caerdhyf, 
 Cotvkridge, called in Welch Tbont faen, whicli is as 
 much as to fay, Stone-bridge, Lantwjd^ Cder^//, and 
 others, and hath divers Rivers which run to the South- 
 Sea, di% Lay^Tiif,TawyyNethjAfan, Ogwr, and Lby~ 
 chwrs it hath on the South, the Sea of Severn, which 
 divideth it from Devon fhire and Cornwall j upon the 
 Weft and North. Weft, Caermardhyn-'Jhire j upon the 
 North Eaft, Brecknockcjhire ; and upon the Eait, Mon- 
 mouth-flone. Of this you fhall read very little, for 
 one IeJ}yn being Chief of the Country, and having 
 War With his Neighbours, called one Robert Fit:{hamc», 
 with a great number of Strangers to his fuccours, 
 which after they had atchieved the Enterprife, liked 
 fo well the Country, that they found occafion to fall 
 out withfe7?y», and inhabited the Country thetnfelves 
 and th^Mr Heirs to this day, 
 
 Theiifrh part was called Gwent and now in Mon- 
 mrutbjhire, which had three Cantreds, and ten Co- 
 mots, as Canrref Gwsnt, which hath thefe Cotnots, 
 Tmyjiytb, Ifcoed Lhsfnjdb, and Tref y grug. 
 
 Cunttei Ifcoed thele, Brynbuga^ Vmcbcoedjy Teirtref, 
 and Ergirig ac etojas, now in Herefordjloirc. 
 
 Cantref Loch was the feventh Cantred of Morga- 
 vwc, which is now in Glocefter-Poire^ and is called the 
 Forejl ol Dean. 
 
 In this part was the antient City of Caerlheon upon 
 Vsk.-i where was the Archbifhop*s See o^ff^ales ; here 
 are alio divets Towns and Caftles, as Chepjloiv, Glyn 
 Strigul, I^QSyTyntcn upon die River l^Vy ; there is alfo 
 Newpc.'t^ called yCaJle^b Ketvydh.Vyfc called Brynbuga, 
 GroJ.ronii I^^glan, H'bite-Cafiley Abergefenny^ and 
 many others. This is a fair and a fertile Country, of 
 which li -ecu lie the Gentlemen were never obedient 
 to their Prince, which was the caufe of their own 
 deiiruaion. k hath oa the Weft Glamorgan an4 
 
 Brecki}-xkcjhirei^ 
 
T^he Defcription of WALES. X)i\ 
 
 BrecknockJhireSy upon the North Hereford Jhne, upon 
 the Eaft Glocefter-fhire, with the River Wy, and upon 
 the South and South-Eaft Severn. 
 
 Laft of ali Cometh Brecheinoc, now Brechpockrfhire^jirfgfygj. 
 which hath three Cantreds, and eight Comots. As„(,c. 
 Cantref Selef which hath thefe ComotSj Selef and 
 Trahayern. 
 
 Cantref Canol thefe, Talgarth TJiradytP and Brwjn- 
 Ihys or Eglwjs Tail. 
 
 Cantref M4a»r thefe, TiV Haulff, Lhjwel and Cerrig- 
 Hovel. In this part is the Town of Brecknock, upon 
 the meeting of V.'k. and Hcnddi, and is called y^^^r- 
 boriddii and H<i> called ^ Ge.^7, with Talgarth, Buelht, 
 Lhangors; \t hith 'Wci\ Caerniardhyn-Jhtrey with the 
 River Tjtpj, upon the North Radnor-Jhire with ?f3'. 
 upon the Eaft Herefordjhire and Monmouth^ upon the 
 South Glamorgan. This for the mofl part is full of 
 Mountains, Woods and Rivers, efpecially Bueltt. And 
 the Lords of this Country called Bruces with the Mor- 
 tnners,rvo[\ of all others Lords Marchers, rometiraes by 
 Might, butoftner by Treafon, have molefted and grie- 
 ved the Princes of fVa/es. This Land came after the 
 Bruces to the Bohtms Earh of Hereford, and fo to the 
 St affords Dukes of Buckingham. 
 
 Thefe fix Shires being fubjeft to the Territory of 
 Dynefawr with I{adnor-Jhirey which was belonging to 
 Mathrafal, are now commonly called South-Pf^ales^ 
 which Country is both great and large, with many 
 fair Plains and Vallies for Co-rn, high Mountain? and 
 Rocks full of Pafture for Cattel j great and thick 
 Woods, with Forrefts and Parks for Red Deer and 
 Fallow ; clear and deep Rivers full of Fi/h, of which 
 Severn is the Chiefeft, which with ^y and ^eidol 
 fpring out of a high Mounrain called PymihymoTi, m 
 tht edge oi Car digiW-Jhiie, and are called commonly 
 the three Sifteis. Severn runneth full Eait through 
 Cydewen by the Pool, arrd under the Calile oiShraJsn 
 to Shrewsbury^ from whence it turneth Southward and 
 runs to Bfidgtnmh, Bewdley, f'forc^fer G'occjhr, and 
 (o to the Sea by Bnfiol. The fccond S.ller is G/ry.io 
 EngJifh ??>■, which coos her Jcuiney South. tuiT, l-> 
 
3£xii The Defer) ptioH ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 ^Ayader Gwy to Buclht, where Jrwon meeteth her, 
 thence ro Glasiury, and (o to Hereford and Mon- 
 mouth, and to the Sea of Severn at Chepfiow ; for fo 
 they call Mor Hafren the Sea which fevereth Wales 
 from Sor>ierfet-jktre^ D:vonJhire and Coniwal. The 
 third Sifter named t{heidol^ ran Northward to the 
 Sea being not far off, at Aheryflwyth. There be other 
 fair Rivers as Vsk^, which riling in a high Mountain 
 called y Mynydh dy in the South part of Brecknoci^ 
 /hire runneth to Breck^ock^ and fo through Monmouth" 
 Jkire to the Town of Vik., Caerlheon and Newport^ 
 and fo to the faid South Sea. T)tpy alfo rifing not 
 far from iVy. runneth South to Lhanymdhyfri, and 
 thence South-Weft by Lhandcilo and Dynefatvr to 
 Abergtvily and Caermardhyn, and fo by Lhanjlephan to 
 the Sea. 
 
 Teifi likewife which rifeth in the edge of Caermar- 
 dhynjhire, and runneth North-Weft by Emlyn, Ci'ger- 
 , ran, Cardigan, and fo to the North Sea. In Teifi a- 
 , bove all the Rivers in H'^ales, were in Giraldus's time 
 
 (^ . a great number of CafiorSy which may be Englifhed 
 Greek',ri- -Qgy^^j^ g,^^ a^g called in Welch Afanc, which name 
 ber, Lat. onlyiemaineth in H'^ales at this day, but what it is very 
 P^''f^7 few can tell. It is a Beaft not much unlike an Otter, 
 — p^y'^j but that it is bigger, all hairy faving the Tail, which 
 'Brtt^fh ^^ ^'^^ ^ ^'^ ' ^^ b^O"d as a Man's Hand. This 
 Giraldus -^^^^ ukth as well the Water as the Land, and hath 
 mltmer. very iharp Teeth, and bireth cruelly, till he perceives 
 the Bones crack, his Stones be of great efficacy in 
 Phy(-ck. He that will Jcarn what ftrong Nefts ihey 
 make, which Giraldus calleth Caftels, which they 
 build upon the face of the Water with great BoQgbs 
 which they cut with their Teeth, and how fome lye 
 upon their Backs, holding the Wood with the fore- 
 Feet, which the other draweth with a crofs ftickj 
 the which he holdeth in his Mouth to the water-fide, 
 and other particularities of their Natures, let him read 
 Giraldus in his Topography of Wales. There be be- 
 .lidesthefe a great number of Rivers, of which fome 
 run to the South, and fome to the Weft and North" 
 i-^a, as Tywy in GUrr.r.rgan-fKire, T^/alfo JB Caermar- 
 
 dhynjhirf 
 
The Def:ription of W Ah ES, xxiii 
 
 dhjnjloire, which runnenh to Cledheti, two Rivers 
 either called Clcdheu, which do give Milford the name 
 of Aberduugledheu in Pembrok^'Jhirei Arthy Aeron, and 
 Tjlwyth, in Cardigan. There be alfo divers Lordfhips 
 which be added to other Shires, and were taken here- 
 tofore for parrs of ffales, ^nd in moft pare of them at 
 this day the fVelch Language is fpoken, as Ofwejlry^ 
 Knocking, iVhittington, Eljmer, Mashroke, Chirbury, 
 Caurs, Clun, which are now in Shropjhire, Ettyas- 
 Lacy, Ewyas-Haroaldi Clifford, tVtnforton, Tardley, Hun- 
 tingdon, Pf^hitney, Loghardneys in Hereford-Jkire. Alfo 
 this Country of South-Wales as all therelt oiBritain^ 
 was firft inhabited by the Britains, M'hich remain there 
 to this day, faving that in divers places, efpecially a- 
 long the Sea-ihore, they have been mingled with 
 Saxons^ Normans ( which the Welch Hiftory cilleth 
 French-men) and Flemings; fo that the Princes of 
 (Vales, fince the Conquelt of the Normans, could ne- 
 ver keep quiet pofleflion thereof, but what for Stran- 
 gers, and what for dilloyalty of their own People, 
 vexation and War, were for the moft part compelled 
 to keep themfelves in Caermardhyn-foire. 
 
 THE 
 
T HE 
 
 HI STORY 
 
 VV A L E S 
 
 31 
 
 WHEN the B^man Empire, unaer t^alen- 
 tinian the Toitnger^ began to decline, 
 and became feniibly unable to repfefs 
 the perpetual Incurfions of the Gdi^f, 
 Huns, Vand.th, and other barbarous Invaders ; it W^s 
 found neceflary to abandon the remoteft Parts of Ihac 
 unwieldy Body, and to rccal the l^man Forces than 
 defended them, the better to fecure the Inward, and 
 the Provinces mol^ expofed to the Depredations of the 
 Barbarians. And in this Exigency of the B^man Af- 
 faiis, Bm^jw, as lying far remote from the Heart of 
 the Empire, was deprived of the l{pman Garrifons j 
 which, being tranfpottcd into Gaul upon more urgent 
 Occafions, lefn it naked and expoled to the inveterate 
 Cruelty of the Scots and Pi^s t for no fooner had they 
 underitood of the Romans Departure out oi Britain, 
 and that the Bntatns were to cxpe(5l no fufther Help 
 from the Empire j but they defcend in greater Num- 
 ber than formerly, and with greater Courage and Ex- 
 pectation, being now rid of the Fear they entertained 
 of fhe I^rnan Legions, who always ufed to hinder their 
 B PreJfrefi 
 
The itiflory ef WALES. 
 
 Progrefs, and to prevent their Incurfions into the i^o- 
 man Province. , The Britain j perceiving their antienc 
 and implacable Enemies to fall upon them, and finding 
 themfelves far too weak to repel their Endlefs Deva- 
 ftations ; with a lamentable Narrative of their own 
 Ivliferies, and the cruel Oppreffions of their Enemies, 
 they rent over to Gaul^ imploring Aid of j£tius Prazfedt 
 of that Province ; who, being moved with the de- 
 plorable Condition of the Britains, difpatch'd over a 
 Legion under the Command of GalliOy which unexpe- 
 dedly furpiifing the Pitts and Scots, forced them, with 
 great Lofs and Deftrudtion, to retire over the Seas or 
 Friths to their own Habitations. Then helping them 
 tOir-build a, W-«^. of Stone crofs the Land, for a Bul- 
 wark againll any future Irruptions ; the ^pmans^ ^t 
 f$heir Departure, told them, they could oot any more 
 Undertake fMch dafigerous Expeditions {& their De- 
 fence, and therefore admoniftied them to take Arms, 
 •and like Men vindicate their Country, their Wives, 
 Children and Liberties from the Injuries of their bar- 
 barous Enemies. 
 
 .. But as foon as the ^i^ow^w Legion wasLtrarifported 
 ^inio Gaul, back return the PiBs aad 'Scots ^ and, ha- 
 lving by a defperate AfTauIt pafled the Wall, purfued 
 ^the Britains with a mqre dreadful and bjpody Slaugh- 
 . ter than formerly. The BritainSy perceiving their Con- 
 !,xlition ipoft defp.erate, once more fend their raiferable 
 • Complaints to j£tius in thefe Tragical Words j To 
 i£tius thrice Conftil, the Groans of the Britaihs ; the Bar- 
 -harians drive us to the Sea, and the Sea drives us back, 
 , to thsTrt ; andfo, dlfiraBed bettfixt ttt>o Deaths, we are 
 either, drotvned, or ferijh by the Stvord But they foli- 
 cite to no purppfe j KhtB^mans having already bid ab- 
 folute farewel to Britain, and the Empire being cruel- 
 , ly opprefTed by the G&f/j/,* and other JBarbarous Nati- 
 ' ons, was not in a Condition poffible to aiTxft them. 
 , The Briiains therefore iinding thenifelves abfolutely 
 forfaken by the B(^mans, and conceiving it utterly irh- 
 pra(5licable to drive ayz-iy the Barbarians by their own 
 Strength ; faw it urgently neceflary to call in the Aid 
 "of forae Foreign Nation, whufe Labour in repelling 
 
 their 
 
The Hijlor^ (/WALES. 
 
 their Enemies (hould be gratefully and fatisfacflorily 
 Rewarded. 
 
 The Reafon that the Eritijk Nation was at this 
 time fo weak and impotent, and (b manifeftly unable 
 to wirhftand thefe barbarous Enemies, who were far 
 inferiour as to extent of Countrey, and probably in 
 number of People, may in great meafui e be attri- 
 buted to the Eaie and Quietnefs the Britains enjoy'd 
 nnder the ^oman Government. For whillt the I^man 
 Legions continued in Britain, they ever undertook the 
 iecuricy and Prefervation of it j To that the Britains 
 heretofore were little concerned at the Incurfions of 
 the Scots and PiSis , depending wholly upon the 
 itrergth and Valour of the i(omans, infomuch, that 
 within a while, they fell into a lit of Luxury and Ef- 
 feminacy, and quickly forgot that Martial Prownefs, 
 and Military ConduA which their Anceftors fo Fa- 
 moufly excelled in. For after their intire Subjedlion 
 to the ^man Empire, they had little or no Opportn- 
 nity to Experience their Valour, excepting in fome 
 home-bred Commotions, excited by the afpiring Am- 
 bition ol fbme w4/e-contented General, which were 
 quickly com pos'd and reduced to nothing. And after 
 the Scots and Pi£is grew Formidable, and durft ven- 
 ture to make Incurfions into the ^oman Province, the 
 Britains were the leaft concerned in Oppofing them, 
 leaving that to the C^re and Vigilancy of the ^oman 
 Garrilbns.' And this Eafinels and Supinity of the Bri- 
 tainSf may not be untruly attributed to the Policy of 
 the ^tnan Conltitution : For when the Britains were 
 j brought fubjed: to the Empire, the firft thing the I{g-> 
 i mans efFeded towards the Confirmation of their Obe- 
 li dience, was to take the Sword out of their Hands. 
 } They were fenfible how Bold and Valorous the Bri- 
 j taini naturally were, how unhide to fubmit their Necks 
 ' to a Foreign Yoke, and therefore they found it im- 
 : practicable to obtain a qniet Pnifedloji of this Pro- 
 i; vince, a« !o-^g as the Britains had Po-vcr and Ofpor- 
 t tuniry to Uppofe them. This C u, (e they fouj^ci very 
 effeCt'ial, ana when they had ouce lulled thetr. aOjep, 
 |i they were not over Iblicitous to roufe and awaken' 
 i' them. B 2, The 
 
The B'tjlorj t?/ W A L E S. 
 
 The Britains alio might poffibly he too much raken 
 with this iedentary and unadlive Lit'ej and as long as 
 they lived Secure under the Protedlion of the I^oman 
 tmpire, they little feared their Countrey would be- 
 come a Prey to any barbarous Nation. No one 
 would have imagined that that Glorious Empire 
 would be fo foon c«;ufhed to pieces, which could not 
 otherwife be efFeded, than by the infupporrable preC- ' 
 lure of its own Weight. This apprehenfion ot the 
 Greatnefs and Strength of the B^mans, made the Bri- 
 tains probably lefs folicitous of enabling themfelves to 
 Defend their Countrey, not thinking they would ever 
 fbrfake and relinquilh the Province of Britain. But 
 to their Sorrow they experienc'd the contrary, the 
 Aff.iirs of the' Empire ellewhere requiring the Help of 
 the Brttijh Legions, fo that they were left expofed to ^ 
 the Cruelties of the Northern Invaders, having not as^^ 
 yet recovered any Power or Conduct to oppolethem.' 
 for had not the Scots and Picis come on fo forcibly at 
 firlt, but had given time to the Britiiins to lliake off ' 
 that Lethargy they had for many Years been bu- ; j 
 ried in, and to renew their Antient Difcipline and Vi- ■ 
 gour, there had been no need of calling in iht Saxons, 
 feeirg they would in all probability been able to Main- ? 
 tain their Ground againil any Oppofition, and likejy ' 
 had been in PoliefTion of their whole Countrey to this 
 time. But next to the Decree of Heaven, the Ruin of 
 the BritiJJj Nation muft be attributed to its too much 
 Luxury and Effeminacy, and to the univerfal Lapfe of 
 the Nobility and People, into an averlion of all Mili- ! 
 tary Ad ion and Martial Di/cipline. For tho' a con- 
 tinued Peace be in it felf deiirable, yet oftentimes no-" 
 thing tends more to the future Ruin and Down fa! of a 
 Nation. For Peace begets in Men generally a habic 
 of Loofcnefs and Debauchery, is the occalion of many ' 
 notorious Extravagancies and vitiom Pradtilef, which 
 weakens their Hands, and cools their Courage and 
 Greatnefs of Mind, fo that in cafe of any open Dan- 
 ger, they are uncapable to Defend their Countrey, 
 *nd untit to Oppo[e the Common Enemy. Scarce any 
 Kingdom or Nation was fubverted, but the Ruin of 
 
 it'i 
 
The mflory of W ALES. 
 
 it was uflier'd in by thefe means ; witnefs the Af- 
 Jyrian under Sardanapalus, the Perfian under Darius, 
 and the E^ptian under Cleopatra ; ib that it was molt 
 prudently urged by a i^man Se/sator, that Carthage 
 mighc not be demohfhed , Jeit th^c for want of an 
 Enemy abroad, the Valour of the I{:mans might de- 
 generate, and their Condudl be forgotten. Had the 
 Brita'ms had the Fortune to be continually in action, 
 and not exchanged their Courage and Dilcipline for 
 .Eale and Lazinels, they had hid no reafon to dread 
 the Incurfions of the Scots and Picls, nor any need 
 of the Aid and AifiRance of a foreign Nation j but 
 the condition of their Affairs then required it , and 
 Help muft be had , or elfe their Countrey muft una- 
 voidably become a Prey to thofe Northern Invaders. 
 , To prevent therefore and repej their Violence , 
 King Vortigern held a Council of his Great Men and 
 Nobles, where it was concluded to be molt advanta- 
 geous to the Britains , to invite the Saxons out of 
 Germany to their aid , who in all probability would 
 gladly embrace the oppoitunlty, by reafon that thdr 
 own Countrey was grown lOo (canty for their fuper- 
 fiuous Numbers. This Meflage of the Britains, how- 
 ever originally delivered, is by an antient Saxon Wri- 
 ter repeated in this manner j Moil noble Saxons, the 
 rniferable Britains, Jhatte/d and quite worn oaf by the 
 frequent Jncurfiotu of the'r Enemies^ upon the neivs of 
 your many fignalVidories, have fent us to you, humbly 
 requefttrjg that yen tvould ajffi them at this juncture. 
 A Land Urge and fpacions, abounding t^ith all manner 
 of Neceffartes^ thy gve up entirely to your dtfpofal. 
 Hitherto tve have lived happily under the Gjvetnment 
 and ProteBion of the Romans ; ?2ext to the Romans 
 we i(noa> none of greater Valour than your felves, and 
 therefore tn your Arms do nouf feek. refuge. Let but 
 that Courage and thofe Arms make us Conquerors, and 
 we fhall refufe no Service you fhall flcafe to impofe. 
 To this Meflage the Saxons returned this ihort An- 
 fwer: Affureyourjelves-, the S3.^on% will be true Friends 
 ^ the Britains, and as fuch^ fhall be always ready both 
 to relieoe their Neceljities, and to advance their latere/}, 
 
 B 3 • The 
 
The Hiflory ofW ALES. 
 
 The Saxons being thus happily courted to what 
 themfelves had a. thoufand times wiih'd for, arriv'd foon 
 after in Britain, in three Gallies, called in their own 
 Language K^nles, under the Condud of two Brethren 
 Hengifl and Horfa. Being honourably received by 
 the King, and aflfedionatcly treated by the People, 
 their Faith was given of both fides j the Saxons Iti- 
 pulating to defend the BHtains Countrey, and the 
 Britains to give the Saxons a fatisfaftory Keward for 
 all the Pains and Dangers they (hould undergo upon 
 their account. At firit the Saxons (hewed themfelves 
 very diligent in their Hmployment, and fuccefsfully 
 repell'd the Scots and PiEis ; who being probably igno- 
 rant of the landing of the Saxonsy and fearing no oppo- 
 . fition, boldly advanc'd to the Heart of the Countrey. 
 But when the Saxons became better acquainted with 
 the Ifland, and happily difcovered the Weaknefs and 
 Inability of the Britains; under pretence that their 
 Pay was not anfwerable to their Service and Delerts, 
 they quarrelled with the Britains, and inftead of lup- 
 porting them according to Oath, entered into a League 
 \virh their Enemies the Scots. Moreover, Hengtft per- 
 ceivitig with whom he had to do, fent over to acquaint 
 his Countreymen with the Beaucy and Fertility of the 
 llland, the Infirmity and Effeminacy of the Inhabi- 
 tants ; inviting them to be Sharers of his future Sue* 
 cefs and Expectations. To his Invitation they readily 
 comply, and (ailing over in great Numbers, they 
 thought to take pofTeiiion of that Countrey, which 
 Fortune promifed ftiouid be their own : But they mull 
 fight for it firft ; the Britains being refolved to the laft 
 to defend themfelves and their Country agjinlf thefe 
 treacherous Practices cii\\t Saxons ; zr\A if poifible, 
 to drive them to their primitive Habitations. For 
 when the Brttams became (enfible of the undermining 
 aim of the Saxons, how they fecretly endeavoured 
 the total extirpation of the Brittjh Nation, they pre- 
 frntly betook themfelves to their Swords, and in a 
 ihort time became fignaily famous for their Valour 
 and Cnnduft. This the Saxcns afterwards grievoufly 
 felt, though the total recovery of Britain proved jm« 
 i . ' prat^licable 
 
the Htftory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 practicable for want of Power ; the Saxons having 
 by MafTacres and other treacherous raeansj moii-un* 
 mercifully lefTened the Force and Number of the Sri- 
 tains. King Vortigern loved his Eafe too well to ob- 
 ferve their Pradices j and befides, became fo fooUJhly 
 enamour d with the Daughter of Hcngifi, which pur- 
 pofely was laid to intrap him , that the Saxon upon 
 the ftrength of their Marriage began to carve for hrrn-; 
 felf, and during Vortigern % Reign, laid fo firm a Foun-* 
 dation for the Saxon Conqueft, that the fucceeding. 
 Britijh Kings, tho' faraoufly valiant, could never un- 
 dermine it. This Sottiflinefs of his Father, young 
 Vortimer could not at length endure ; to fee himfeif 
 and his Country fo openly and fliamefuUy impofed up- 
 on by Strangers j and therefore he refolved to take the 
 Britijh Government upon himfeif, and to endeavour 
 the univerfal ExpuKion of the Saxons. With him the 
 Briti/h Nobility willingly joyn, and after feveral fa- 
 mous Vidories over the Saxons, he was unhappily poy;t . 
 foned by a Saxon Lady. After him the Britains brave- 
 ly defended themfelves againft the prevailing Greatnefs 
 of the Saxons, under thefe valiant Princes, Aurelius 
 Ambrofius^ Vtcr Pendragon, Arthur, Confiantine II. 
 Aurelius Conanus.Vortiper ^znd Maelgon, Tohimfuc- 
 ceeded Careticus ; in whofe time the Saxons afpiring 
 to a total Conqueit of Britain, invited over one Gur" 
 tnundus, a Norwegian Pytate, who had lately lignali- 
 zed himfeif in Ireland, and obtain'd a Conqueft over 
 that Kingdom. Him they employ to march againft 
 Careticus, who being overco.me and vanquished by 
 him, the Britains were forced, fome to retire beyond 
 the Rivers Severn and Dee, fome to Cornwal, and the 
 left to Little Britain in Prance. The Britijh Affairs 
 were now brought very low, and their Government 
 reduced within a very narrow compafs ; fo that the 
 Title of the Kings of Britain, can be but fuperficially 
 attributed to the fucceeding Princes, Cadwan, Cad" 
 mllanj znd Cadwalader. 
 
 B 4. Cadwalade\ 
 
8 Th Hijiory cf W khUS. 
 
 Cadvpalader, 
 
 CAdwalader, furnamed Bbendiged, or the Blefled, 
 was the laft of Britijh Race, that enjoyed the 
 Title oi KJKgof Britain ; afier him, the fVelch^ who 
 weie the molt numerous remains of the Britains, dil- 
 daining to own any Subjedion to the opprefling Sa- 
 xons , fet up a new Government among themfelves, 
 and alter'd the Stile o{ Britijh Kings, to that of Prin- 
 ces of iVales. But whilft Cadwalader ruled in Brir 
 tain, a very fevere Famine, attended with a raging 
 Peftilence, which affuredly fprung from the continued 
 War, which was fo eagerly carryed on betwixt the 
 Britains and Saxons, happen'd in the Ifland, which 
 occafioned a moll lamentable Mortality among his 
 Subje(^ 5 infomuch that he was compell'd, together 
 with a great Number of his Nobility and others, to 
 letire for Refuge to his Coufin Alan, King of Lhydatv^ 
 or Little Britain in France. There he was fure, to 
 meet with all Civility fuitable to his Quality and 
 Condition, as well, becaufe of his own near Rela- 
 tion and Confanguinity to Alan ; as upon the ac- 
 count that their Subjeds were originally one and 
 the fame People ; For the Britains of France, about 
 the year of Chrift 384. went over out of this Illand 
 under the Command o( Conan,' herd of Meriadoc, to 
 the aid of Maximus the Tyrant, againft the Empe- 
 rour Gratianus. For this Service Maximus granted 
 to Cc-nan and his Followers the Country of Armorica, 
 where the Britains havijig driven cut the former In- 
 habitants, (eaced themfelves, and ereded a Kingdom, 
 yhich laded for many Years under feveral KingSj 
 f;\}ok Names and Succcflion areas follows : 
 
 Ihs 
 
Tbs Bijlory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 The Catalogue of the Armorican Kings. 
 
 1. ConanMeriadoe. i ^. Conohertus. 
 
 2. Gradlonus. - 14. Budicus II. 
 
 3. Salomon I. 15. Thodoncus. 
 
 4. Auldranus. 16. t{uhalhonus, 
 
 5. Budicus I. 17- Daniel Dremrojl, i.e. 
 ^. Howelus MagnuS' tubkunda facie. 
 
 7. HotPelus II. 18, Aregjianus. 
 
 8. Alanus 1. I9- Maconus. 
 
 9. Howelus III. 10. Neomenius. 
 
 10. Gil^uellus. II. Harufpogius. 
 
 11. Salomon'\{. 2.1. Salomon III. 
 11. Alatius II. 
 
 .4/dw II. then reigned in LzVf/e Britain, when C4^- 
 walader was forced to forfake his own Dominions, 
 and to retire beyond the Seas. He was defcended 
 from i^?/we the Son ofMailgcn Ctvyneth^ King of Gre^r 
 Britain, by a Daughter married to Ho«;f/ the Second 
 King of L>>*/e Britain. This Kingdom remained 
 firm, till Salomon III. who was treacheroufly flain 
 by his own Subjeds ; upon, which unlucky Accident, 
 the Kingdom was converted to an Earldom, whereof 
 one Alan was the iirft, a valiant and warlike Prince, 
 who ftoutly refilled the 'Normansy and frequently van- 
 quiJhed and overcame them. 
 
 But after that Cadwalader had continued fome time 
 with Alan, the Plague b^ing abated in Britain he 
 purpoled to return, and if pofHble, to recover that 
 part of his Kingdom which the Saxons were now in 
 poflTeflfion of. He received frequent Intelligence of 
 their Number and Increafe, how they fairly bid for 
 the Conquert of that Country, which had been go- 
 verned by B'itijh Kings for the fpace of 1827. Years. 
 This troubled him exceedingly, and tho he had lit- 
 tle hopes of prevailing by the Strength and Num- 
 ber of his Forces, yet he made the beft preparation 
 that the Opportunity would permit, and difpatched 
 his Fleet for the tranfpoitacion of his Army, which 
 
 confifted 
 
10 The Hijlory </ W A L E S. 
 
 confided partly of his own Subjedls, and partly of 
 fuch Succours as he received from Alan. Whilft he 
 vigoroufly profecuted this Defign, and was ready to 
 ftrike fail for Britain; his Voyage was prevented by 
 a Meffage from Heaven ; which counfellcd him to 
 Jay afide the thoughts of recovering his Kingdom, 
 becaufe it was already decreed above, that the Bri- 
 tains fhould no longer enjoy the Government of Bri- 
 tain^ till the Prophefie of Merljn Ambrofe was fulfil- 
 led. And inftead of a Voyage to Britain^ he is or- 
 dered to take his Journey to ^me^ where he fhould 
 receive Holy Orders at rhe hands of Pope Sergius^ 
 and inftead of recovering the Britijh Crown, have 
 his own Crown fhaved off, and be initiated into the 
 Order of the Monks. Whether this Viflon was fig- 
 nified to him in a Dream, or by the impofitious lllu- 
 fion of fome wicked Spirit ; or whether it may be a 
 phantaftical Conceit of his own, being a Man of a 
 jnild and eafie temper, wearied with Troubles and 
 MiferieSj is very dubious .- Only this is certain, that 
 he never returned again to Britain, after he had gone 
 over to Alan. But Cadwaladar had no fooncr receiy- 
 ed this Vifion, but immediately he relates the whole 
 to his Friend Alan, who prefently conlults all his pro- 
 phetical Books, chiefly the famous Works of the two 
 I^lerlins, Ambrofe and Si'vejler: The firft is faid to be 
 begotten on a Spirit, and born in the Town of Car- 
 marthen, whence he received the Name of Merlin^ 
 and to flourifh in the Reign of King Vmigern. The 
 latter called Caledonius, from the Foreft Caledon in 
 Scotland, and Silvefter or Merlyn iVylht , by reafon 
 he fell mad, and lived defolately after that he had feen 
 a monftrous fhape in the Air, prophefied in the time 
 of King Arthur , and far more full and' intelligible 
 than the former. Both thefe were in great Reverence 
 and Reputation among the Britain:, and their Works 
 very religioufly preferved, and upon any confiderable 
 occafion moft venerably conlulted. They were of o- 
 pinion, that nothing could efcape their Knowledg • 
 and that no Accident of moment or revolution could 
 happen, which they did not foretel , and was to be 
 
 difcoa 
 
The Hiftory <?/ W A L E S. 1 1 
 
 difcovered in their Writings. In the confultation 
 therefore of their Prophefies, and the Words which 
 an Hagle is laid to have Ipoken at the building of 
 Caer Septon, now Shaftsbury j namely, that the Bri- 
 tains muft lofe the Government of Britain till the 
 Bones of King Cadwalader were brought back from 
 ^me. Alan found out that the time was now come, 
 when thefe Prophefies were to be accompliiTied, and 
 the Britains forced to quit their native Inheritance to 
 Strangers and Invaders. Upon this he adviied Cad- 
 walader to obey the Commands, and follow the Coun- 
 fel of the Vilion, and to halten his Journey for ^ome. 
 This he was wilhng to fubmit to , being defirous to 
 fpend the remainder of his Days in Peace and Quiet- 
 nefs, which before he had no opportunity to enjoy. 
 To Rome therefore he haftens, where he was kindly 
 received by Pope Sergius; and after eight Years fpenc 
 there in Piety and Devotion, he died in the Year 
 688. and wirh him the Kingdom and total Govern- 
 ment of the Britams over this Ifland. 
 
 King Cadmalader is faid to have been a confidera- 
 ble Beneladtor to the Abby o^Clynmc Vawr in Arvon, 
 upon which he beftowed the Lordftiip of Grayanoc. 
 This place was primarily founded by S. Beuno^ to 
 whom it is dedicated, who was the Son of Hywgi aj^ 
 Gwynlliw ap Glyivis ap Tegid ap Cndell, a Prince or 
 Lord of G.ewijig^ Brothers Son to S. Cadoc ap Gtvyn^ 
 lliw. fometime Bifhop of Beneventum in Italy. He , 
 was by the Mothers (ide Cofin German to Laudatus 
 the firil Abbot of £«//;, or the Ifland of Ba>dfey ; 
 and to Ksntigern Bilhop of Glafcottr in Scotland, and 
 of Lhaneltvey, or S. Afaph in Wales ; which lall was 
 Son to Owen Regent of Scotland, and Grand fon to 
 Vrien King of Cumbria. The building of a Mona- 
 Itry at Glynnoc happened upon this cccafion : Beum 
 having raifed to iife, as the Tradition goes, S. T-Veni- 
 fryd, who was beheaded by one Caradoc, a Lord in 
 North fValesy upon the account that ihe would not 
 yield to his unchaft Defires, became in very great 
 efteem with King Cadvan, who beftowed upon him , 
 certain Lands whereon to build a fvlonallery. Cad- 
 
 waBon 
 
11 The Hifiory r>/ W A L E S. 
 
 itjAllon alfo , Cadrans Son , gave him the Lands of 
 Gwareddoc, where beginning to buiM a Church, a 
 certain Woman with a Child in her Arms prevented 
 his further progrels, afluring him, that ihofe Lands 
 were the proper inheritance of that Child- Beuno 
 was To exceedingly troubled at this, and without 
 any more confideration on the matter, taking the 
 Woman along with him, he went in all hafte to Cacr 
 Sevant ^called by the Humans Segontium , now Car- 
 narvon) where King Cadivallon then kept his Court ; ' 
 when he was come before the King, he told him with 
 a great deal ot Zeal and Concern, that he had not 
 done well to devote to God's Service what was an- 
 other Man's Inheritance, and therefore demanded 
 back of him the Golden Scepter he had given him in 
 lieu and confideration of the faid Land, which the 
 King refufing to do, was prefently excommunicated by 
 Beuno, who thereupon departed and went away. But 
 a certain perfon called Gieyddeiant, the King's Cofin- 
 Gerraan, hearing what had happened, immediately 
 purfued after Beum j whom when he had overtaken, 
 hebeftowed upon him (for the good of his own Soul 
 and the Kings) the Townihip ofClynncovawr, being 
 his undoubted Inheritance ; where Beum builc a 
 Church, about the Year 5 1 6. about which time King 
 . Cadvan dyed, leaving his Son Cadivallon to lucceed 
 him. And not long before tl.is time, Eneon Bhreniny 
 oi Anianus'Kxngoitht Scots, a confid;'rable Prince 
 in the North of Britain , iCavine; all his Royalty in 
 thofe Parts , came to Lhyn in Gwyneth , wh^re he 
 built a Church, which is ilill called troirj him, Lhitt 
 Eingan Bhnmn ; "where he is faid to have fpsnt the 
 remaifider of b's Days in the Fear and Service of God. 
 He was Son to Ottfen Dantpyn, the Son of Eneon Irtb^ 
 Son to Cttredha J-Vledig King ol Camhna, and a great 
 Prince in the North, aijl Cofin-German to the great 
 Mae!gtt*nGipynethK\r,g ot Britain, whofe Father was 
 Cafwailcn laip-htr, the Brother of Owen Danwyn ; and 
 his Mother Medif the Daughter of Fqylda a^ Talu 
 Trams of Nancmtpejf. This Maclj/mi died about the 
 Year <26> 
 
 Ivor 
 
Tk Hifiory cf W A L E S, 13 
 
 hor and Edr^al Ywrck 
 
 WHen Cadmalader was departed for RomCt Aim 
 began to refle(^ upon the ftate and condition 
 of Great Britain ; he imagin'd with himlclf that the 
 Recovery of it was not impradicable, but that a con- 
 fiderable Army might regain what the Saxons now 
 quietly poffelfed Therefore he was refolved to try 
 the utmoft , and to fend over all the Forces he was 
 able to draw together j not doubting the Conquelt of 
 fome part oiBritalny in cafe the whole fhould prove 
 irrecoverable. He was the more encouraged to this 
 Expedition, by reafon that the Advantage was like to 
 be his own, and no one could challenge the Govern- 
 ment of Britain, in cafe Fortune fliould deliver it to 
 his Hands. Cadwalader was gone to /^rwe, and in all 
 probability never to return ; his Son EdwalTwrch, or 
 thei^e, was young and under the Tuition of Alan i 
 fo that the event of this Expedition mufi of necellity 
 fall to himfelf, or by his Conccflion to his Son Ivor, 
 who was to be chief in the Undertaking. Having 
 raifed a confiderable Army, confifting chieSy of his 
 own Subjects, with what remain'd of the Britains 
 that came over with King Cadtvaladar, he difpatch*d 
 it for Britain^ under the Command of his Son Ivor, 
 and his Nephew Tn^r: They fafely landed in the 
 Weftern Parts of Britain, which put the Saxons in- 
 to fo great a Fright, that immediately they drew up 
 all their Power to oppofe them, and to hinder their 
 Progrefs into the Country. The Britains, tho fome- 
 what fatigued with their Voyage , however gave 
 them Battel^ and after a very great flaughter of the 
 Saxons, pofleffed thtmfelves of the Countries of 
 Corntvaly Devon, and Somerfetfhires. This proved a 
 fortunate beginning for the Britains, and gave thera 
 great hopes of farther $uccefs in the recovery of their 
 
 Count-reyj 
 
14 7he Hiflory of W ALES. 
 
 Country ; but that could not be expeded without 
 great Oppofition, and fcveral hot Engagements with 
 the Saxons. This they wert- immediately made fen- 
 Jible of ; for they had Icarce time to breath,and to re- 
 cover their Spirits after the lalt Battel, but K^ntwinus^ 
 King of the fVeJl-Saxons inarched againft them with 
 a powerful Army, coi)fiiling of Saxons and Angles, 
 The Bntains refolved to fight them ; buc whiift both 
 Armies were in view of each other, they thought it 
 more advifeable to ceafe from any Hoftility, and to 
 enter into Articles of Compofition. Ivor feemecl 
 already fatisfied with his Conqueft, and wiHingiy 
 agreed to marry Ethelheyga, K^nttvyn^ Coufin, and 
 peaceably to enjoy for his life lo much as he was al- 
 ready in pofleflion of. This he faithfully obferved du- 
 ring the Reign o^K^nttpyn, and his Nephew Cadwaly 
 who, after two Years, refign'd the Kingdom of the 
 TVeJl'Saxons to his Coufin Ivor. And now/wr was 
 become unexpeiitedly powerful , being King as well 
 of the Saxons, as Bntains that inhabited the We- 
 ftern parts of the Ifland. He was now able to un- 
 dertake fomewhat confiderable, and therefore began 
 to fall foul upon his Neighbours the Kings of jS^ewf, 
 the iVefi-Saxons, and Mercia, whom he vanquilhed 
 in feveral Battels. But being at length tir'd with the 
 Weight of Government, he went to Rome., after the 
 Example oi Cadwalader, and refign'd the Rule of the 
 Saxons to his Cofin Adelredi leaving the Britains to 
 lYitczx&oiRoderick^Molwynoc, the Son oiEdtvalTtvrch. 
 This Ivor founded the Abby of Glajienbury, called 
 in the Bn>//?j Tongue Twyj Avalon-j where there bad 
 been a Chnitian Church for fcverar Years before, and 
 the firft that was ever ereded in Britain. For Jofeph 
 of Arimathea being fent by Philt^ the Apoftle in the 
 days of Arviragus, An. Chr. y 3. to preach the Gofpel 
 in Britain, feated himfelf here, and built a Church 
 for the Britijh Chriflians. . This Church afterwards 
 Ivor converted into an Abby, which ^hs endowed 
 With very large Poflftflions j being faTious for the 
 Burying-place of Jofejih of Arimjthca, and King 
 Arthur. He bellowed alio (cme Lands upon the 
 Cliurch of fVinchefler. But 
 
The Hijlory of W ALES, i $ 
 
 But there happen'd feveral Cafualries in his time. 
 Brythcy a Subjed to Egfride King o( NortbumberlanJt 
 pafTed over to Ireland^ and waited and deftroyed a 
 great part of that Kingdom. In the Fourth Year of 
 his Reign their happen'd a remarkable Earthquake 
 in the Ifle of Marty which much difturbed and an- 
 noyed the Inhabitants J and the year following it rain'd 
 Blood both in Britain and in Ireland, This occa{ion*d 
 the Butter and Milk to refemble the colour of Blood j 
 and two Years after the Moon alfo appeared all bloody, 
 Thefe Accidents of Nature might probably prcfage 
 fome Tumuks and Difturbances in the Kingdom ; 
 which were very great in his time. For he was al- 
 moft in perpetual Hoftility with the Kings of iCfwf, 
 ffeJi-SeXy and Mercia j which occafion'd great Blood- 
 flied and Slaughter in Britain. His Journey to Rome 
 put an end to all thefe Commotions, from whence he 
 never did return, but ended his Days there in the pra- 
 ^ice of Piety and Religion. 
 
 Roderick Mohynoc. 
 
 T 
 
 H E Government of the Britains Ivor refign'd ^./j. 7 jo. 
 
 to ^odericfi Molwinoc the Son of Edwal Twrch, 
 who began his Reign An. 710. But Adelred^ King 
 of the iVeft-Saxons^ was difpleafed that Ivor had not 
 beftowed upon him his whole Kingdom ; and upon 
 that account he is refolved to trouble and plague ^o- 
 derickjtXidi )xi\Britains. Herais'd immediately a power- 
 ful Army, and with all his Forces marched to Devm- 
 JkirCi which he deftroyed with Fire and Sword. From 
 thence he proceeds to Cornwall intending to make that 
 Country (enfible of the lame .Mifery j but he came far 
 Ihort of his Expedanon ; for upon his entrance into 
 the Country , the Bntains oppcfed him , and ^3ve 
 him Battel, where he was vanquiflied, and forced to 
 retire with all fpeed to his oVn Dominions; This 
 
 Vidory 
 
l6 The Hiflory cC WALES; 
 
 Vidory the Sn'taim called Gtvaeth Heilyn^ from the 
 A,D.^^l. place where this Battel was fought. The Year fol- 
 lowing, the Biitains again obtained two notable Vi- 
 doiies over the Saxons, the one at a place called Garth 
 Maclawch in N.rth-PVales, the other at Pencocl in South- 
 Wales. But the Joy and Satisfaction which the Bn- 
 tains entertained of thefe Succefles, was fomewhat 
 abated by the Death Oi Belin the Son of Elphin, a 
 Man of noble Buth, and great Worth among therfi'. 
 About the fame time Celrcdus King of Mf rcz4 died, 
 and was (ucceeded by E:helbaldus^ who being very 
 defirous to annex that fertile and pleafant Country 
 lying between the Rivers Severn and M^e to his 
 Kingdom of Mercia, entred Walei with a puilTanr 
 Army. He dellroyed and ravaged the Country bei 
 fore him, to Carno, a Mountain lying not far from 
 Abe-fgavenny, w here he was met with by the Mritainfy 
 between whom a bloody and fore Battel was fought 
 in the Year 728 but the Viftory proved very dubi- 
 table. 
 ^.D. 733. ISJct lorg after dyed Venerable Bede. who was e- 
 ducatcd and brought up in the Abby oi" Wyinstham or 
 larette ; a IVlan of great Lea trying and extenfive 
 Know led^ ; W'ho wrote Teveral Books, one of w^hich 
 entitled, The Ecclefiajllcal Htfioyy of the Englifb N«- 
 t%m ; he dedicated ro C/eo'wolfe King of 'Northnmbet' 
 land. The fame time Adelred King of the Wefi'SA- 
 xcns, znd EthelbaldKwg v£ Mercia, united their For- 
 ces, and joyntly marched to fight sgainft the Britains. 
 The T-Ve!ch were new put to very hard Streights, and 
 forced to oppofe the numerous Armies of two power- 
 ful Kings. However, f ght they muft, or fuffer their 
 Cour:try to be milerably over-run by their inveterate 
 Enemies. Both Armies being engaged, a very dif- 
 mal Battel enfued thereupon, and a very great flaugh<- 
 ter happen'd on both fides ; but the Saxons prevail- 
 ing by the number of their Forces, obtained a very 
 bloody Vidory over the powerlefs Britains. But 
 Adelred., who Was fliortly folio w'd by iV/pjw King of 
 the PiHs^ did not long futvive this Battel ; and Cudred 
 took upon him the Government of the Jftfi-S axons. 
 
 The 
 
The Hiftory cfW ALES. ijr 
 
 The fVelch found themfelves unable to cope with' the 
 SitxonSf and too weak to reprefs their endlefs Incur- 
 fions ; therefore they apply themfelves to Cudredznd 
 joyned in league with him, who upon feme accafiont 
 or other, was aduaily fallen out with Ethe'haldKing 
 of Mercta. But Etbelbald was fo proud with tlie iuc- A,D, fi€>i 
 cefs of the laft Engagement, rhat notwithftanding the 
 League with Cudred , he muft needs again fall upon 
 the fVelch. He advanced as far as Herefcrd, where 
 the Britains, by the help of Cudred, gave him a fignal 
 Overthrow, and caufed him to repent of his rafh and 
 precipitous Expedition. But fhortly after, Cudred and 
 Etheibaldweve unluckily reconciled, and made Friends 
 together, and Cudred relinquifhing the tVelch, joyned hii 
 Forces to Ethelbald!. Hereupon enfued another Bat- 
 tel, in which the Welch being greatly overpower*dj 
 Were vanquiih'd by the Saxons ; after which Vidory, 
 Cudred fliortly dyed. To him fucceeded Sigehert^ ^ AD 74^'* 
 Man of a loofe and vicious inclination ; who for his ' ' "" 
 ill Behaviour in the Management of his Kingdom, was . 
 in a (hort time expell'd and depriv'd by his Nobility^ 
 and at laft miferably flain by a rafcally Swineherd. 
 After him Kjnulfh was chofen King of the tVeJl Saxons^ 
 Ann, 7 JO. in whofe time dyed Theodore the Son of ^.D. 7yo,- 
 Belin, a Man of great Efteera and Reputation among 
 the Britains. And about the lame time, a remarkable 
 Battel was fought between the Bfitahis and the Picls, 
 at a place call'd Magedaitc j in which the PiEls were 
 put to a total rour, and Dalargan their King cafuall'/ 
 flain. But the Britains did not liicceed fo well againil: 
 the Saxons ; for B^defis Molmynoc was at length fori 
 ced to forlake this Wtftern Countries of Britain^ and 
 to claim his own Inheritance in North Wales. The 
 Sons of Bletius or Bledericus Prince of Corntodl and 
 Devohjloire , who was one of them that vanquilhed 
 Adelred and Ethelbert at Bangor on the River D&e 3 had 
 enjoyed the Government of Norih Wales ever fince 
 Cadfaii was chofe King of Britain. B^dertc therefore 
 demanded the GovernmCiit of this Country as hrs 
 fight, wliich he Was now wilting to accept of, feeing- 
 hi was forced to quit what he had hitheno pciTtfreff. 
 
 C * Vht 
 
id The HiJIory of W ALES. 
 
 But he did long enjoy it, but dyed in a fliort time, 
 leaving behind him two Sons Conan Tindaythwy and 
 Howel ; after that he had in all reigned over the Bri- 
 tains Thirty Years, 
 
 Comn Tindaythny. 
 
 vS.D. 7f 5' O 0(leric Molwynoc being dead, his Son Conan Tin- 
 t V daythwy cook upon him the Government and 
 Principality of H^ales , in the Year 755. He was 
 fcarce fettled in his Throne, but the Saxons began to 
 make In-Roads into his Country, to fpoil and deftroy 
 what they convenienrly could meet with. They were 
 animated hereto by the bad Succefs of Roderic-y and 
 having forced the Bntains out of Cornwal and Devon' 
 (hire, they thought it pradi cable to drive them out 
 of PVa'cs too, and fo to reduce the PofTeflion of the 
 ^ whole Illand to themfelves. This was their Aim, and 
 this they endeavour'd to put in execution ; but they 
 were met with at Herefordy where a fevere Battel 
 was fought between them and the WelcJj, in which 
 Dyfnwal the Son of Thecdor a liout and valiant Soldier^ 
 was flain. And fhoitly afterwards dyed Athelbert 
 King of Noitburnberland, and was fucceeded by Of- 
 wald. 
 
 About the fame time happened a religious Quarrel 
 between the Britains and Saxons, concerning the ob- 
 fervation of the Feall of Eajler, which Elbsdius ^ 
 learned and a pious Man, endeavoured to reditie in 
 tVales , and to reduce it to the I{oman CalcuIatioDi 
 which the Saxons always obfci ved. The Britains d»<t 
 differ from the Church of Rome in the celebration of 
 this Feaft j and the difference was this. The Church 
 oiF^me according to the order of the Council of Nice, 
 always obferved Eajier-day the next Sunday after the 
 i4rZ>. day of the Moon ; fo that it never happen'd 
 upon the id^tb, day it feJf, norpafled the nth. The 
 
 Britains 
 
The Biftary of WhLE S. f^ 
 
 Brit JtTts on the other hand, celebrated their Eajler up-. 
 on the i^th. iand (o forward to the ^oth. which oc- 
 cafioned this Difference, that the Su- :{.iy obrerved as 
 Eajler day by the Britams^ was but Palm-Sunday with 
 the Saxons, fpo" ^^^^ account the Saxons did moft 
 uncharitably traduce the Britaitis^ and would fcarcely 
 allow them the Name and Title of ChriHians. Here- 
 upon, about the Year 660. a great Conteii happen'd, 
 managed on the one part by Coimamr.d Hylda^who de-« 
 fended the Rites and Celebration of the Britains ; and 
 Gilbert and l<Viifride on the part of the Saxons. Hjldd 
 was the I^eece of Edwine King of NortbuwherUnd^ 
 educated by Paultni and Aedan. She publickly op- 
 pofed Wilfrids and other luperllitious Monks; as to 
 Inch Trifles and Bigotry in Religion, alledging oub 
 of PolycrateSi tl;e t-act of Irenaus, who withRood 
 Vicior Biftiop of i^ome upon the fame account; and 
 the cuftom of the Churches of Ajia obferved b^ 
 S. John the Evangelic, Phittj) the Apoftle, Pnlycarpui 
 and Mehto ; and hkewife obferved in Britain by jo- 
 feph of Arimatbea , who firlt preached the Gofpel 
 here. 
 
 Ojfa was made King of Meicia, and Brichtrich of ^ I^- 7^i-> 
 the ^Vejl-Saxms-y about which time dyed f^rwjtfe/ the 
 Son of Edmat and Cetnoyd King of the PiBs. The 
 Saxons did daily enaoach upon the Lands and Terri- 
 tories of the PVelcb beyond the River Severn , buc 
 more efpecially towards the South part of the Coun- 
 try. Thefe Enchroachments the Welch could not en- 
 dure, and therefore were refoJved to recover their 
 own, and to drive the Saxons out of their Country. 
 The Britains oi South-Wales, as receiving thegreateit ^.p.77^; 
 Injury and Difadvantage from the Saxons.^ prefently 
 took up Arms and entered into the Country of Mer- 
 cia J which they ravag'd and deftroyed with Fire and 
 Sword, And Ihortly after, all the Welch joyned their 
 Forces together, fell upon the Saxons^ and forced 
 them to retire beyond the Severn, and then returned 
 home, with a very confiderable Spoil oiEngliJh Cattel. 
 The Welch finding the Advantage of this laft Incur- 
 fioOj and bow chat by thefe means they gauled and 
 
 6 % vexed 
 
10 The Hifiory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 vexed the Saxons, frequently pradifed the fame j and 
 entering their Countrey by Health, they killed and 
 deftroyed all before them ; and driving their Cattei 
 beyond the River, ravaged and laid walte the whole 
 Countrey. Offa King of Mercia not being able to 
 endure thefe daily IncurGons and Depredations of the 
 PVe'ch, entered into a League with the reft of the Sa' 
 xon Kings, to bend their whole Force againft the 
 fVelch y who having raifed a very ftrong and numerous 
 Army, pafled the Severn into 0^ales. The Welch be- 
 ing far too weak to oppofe and encounter fo great an 
 Army, quitted the even and plain Countrey, lying 
 upon the Banks of Severn and iVi/e , and retired to 
 the Mountains and Rocks, where they knev^r they 
 could be moft fafe from the inveterate and revenge- 
 ful Arms of the Saxons. But as (oon as the Saxons 
 decamped, being not able to effeft any thing againft 
 them in thefe Itrong and natural Fortifications , the 
 iVelch ftill made In-roads into their Territories, and 
 feldom returned without fome confiderable Booty 
 and Advantage. The Saxons were heartily nettled 
 at thefe bo- peeping Ravagers, and would complimenC 
 them ftill to their Holes , but durft not purfue them 
 further^ for fear they ftiould be entrapp'd by fuch as 
 defended the Streights and Paflfages into the Rocks. 
 King Ojfa perceiving that he could effeft nothing by 
 thefe Meafures, annexed the Country about Severn and 
 VVye to his Kingdom of Mercia, arid planted the fame 
 with Saxons. And for a farther fecurity againft the 
 cndlefs Invafions of the Welch, he made a deep Ditch, 
 extending from one Sea to the other, called Clawdh 
 Offa, or Offa's Dike j upon which account, the Royal 
 Seat of the Princes of Powjs was tranflatcd from 
 Pengwern, now Shrewsbury.^ to Mathraval in MontgO" 
 ineryjhire. 
 A.D.791' While thefe things are tranfaded in the Wefl, the 
 Danes began to grow powerful at Sea, and durft ven- 
 ture to land in the North of England y but without 
 doing any great hurt, being forced to betake them- 
 felves to their Ships again. Within Six Yeats after, 
 they landed again in greater numberSjand proved much 
 
 more 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES. zi 
 
 kaoie terrible j they ravaged and deftroyed a great part 
 of Linfiy and Northumberland, over-ran the beft p.irt 
 of Ireland, and milerably wafted Hcchrejn. At the 
 fame time a confiderable Battel was fought at ^tfh- 
 lan, between the Sdvowj and the PValch, wherein Ca- 
 radoc King of North Wales was killed. The Govern- 
 ment of iVales was as yet green, and not firmly root- 
 ed, by reafon of the perpetual Quarrels and Diftur- 
 ijances between the tVelch and the Saxons ; fo that 
 the chief Perfon or Lord of any Country affumed to 
 himfelf the Title of King. Caradoc was a Per- 
 fon of great Efteem and Reputation in North fi^'ales, 
 and one that did very much contribute towards the Se- . 
 curity of the Countrey, againft the Incurfions of the 
 Saxons. He was Son to Gfvyn, the Son of Colhoyny 
 the Son of Edrntven-, Son to Blethyn, the Son of Ble- 
 cius or Bledericus Vr'mce o? Cornttfal and Dcvonjhire. 
 OJfa King of Mercia did not long furvive him, and 
 was fucceeded by his Son Egfert, who in a ihortrime 
 left his Kingdom alfo to l^nulphus, a year after that 
 Egbertus was created King of the fVeJi Saxons. About 
 the fame time dyed Anhen Son to Sitjylhty the Son of 
 Clydawc King of Cardigan ; and fometime after, t{un 
 King of Dyfedy and Cadelh King ofPowys : who were 
 followed by Elbodius Archbifhop of North f4^aleSy be- 
 fore whofe Death happen'd a very fcvere Eclipfe of 
 the Sun. The Year following, the Moon was like- /f.D.808, 
 wife eclipfed upon Chrijimas-day. Thefc Fatalities 
 and Eclipfes did portend no Succefs to the iVelch Af- 
 fairs ; the laying of S. Davids in Arties by the PTefi 
 Saxons being followed by a general and a very grie- 
 vous Murrain of Cattel, which was like to impoverirti 
 the whole Country. The following Year Owen the 
 Son of Meredith^ the Son of Terudos, dyed ; and the 
 Caftle of Deganwy was ruined and deltroved by 
 Thunder. 
 
 But thefe feveral Lofles which the pyelch fuftain- 
 cd could not reconcile Prince Conan and his Brother 
 Howell but they muft needs quarrel and contend with 
 gna another, when they had the greateft occaHon to 
 embrace £cd ijtiite their endeavours againft the com- 
 \y-' ' ' ' C 5 monj 
 
33 The Hiftory €f\V ALES. 
 
 mon Enemy. Howel claimejdi the Ifle of Anglefey^ as 
 part of hi* Father's InhiDt^nce, which Conan would 
 by no means hearken to, nocconfcnt that his Brother 
 ftioujd take pofTeffion of it^ It was the cuftom pf 
 iVales,' that a- Fathers Eliate fhould be equally diftri- 
 ^ buted between-., all his Sons; znd Howel by virtue of 
 ^this Cuilom, commooly called Gave^l^ind , from the 
 word Gafel to hold j chimed thac Ifland, as his Far 
 thers Eftate. This Culloin of GaveJI^nd has been the 
 'occafion of the Ruin and Diminution of the Eftatqs 
 of all the antient Nobility jn PVale.s y which b^ipg 
 endlefty divided between the feveral Sqns of the fame 
 Family, were at length reduced to nothing. From 
 hence alfo proceeded (everal unnatural Wars and Pi- 
 flurbances between Brothers ; who being either not 
 (atisiied with their Poit;ions, or difpleafed with the 
 Country they were to pofl'efs ; difpated their Right 
 by Dint of the Sword. This proved very true in 
 this prefent inftance ; for Bowel would not (uffer him- 
 felf to be cheated out of his paternal Inheritance, 
 ^nd therefore he would endeavour ro recover ic by 
 pprce of Arm?. Both Armies being engaged, the 
 Vi^ory fell to Hotvel, who immediately thereupon 
 ppfieired himfelfof the Ifland, and valiantly main- 
 tained it againll- the Power and Strength of his Bro^ 
 ther Conan. 
 
 The PPelch being thus at variance and enmity among 
 themfelves, and ftriving how to dcftroy one another^ 
 had yet another Difafter added to their Misfortune, 
 rot the following Year they received a very confi- 
 derable Lofs by Thunder, which very much fpoiled 
 and annoyed the Country, and laid feveral Hou(es and 
 Towns in Aflies. About the fame time, Gruffith the 
 Son of l{im a Perfon of confiderable Quality in H^ales, 
 dyed j and Griffri the Son of I^J^ngen, was treacher- 
 oufly muithered by the Pra^ices of his Brothei 
 EUs. 
 
 But Conan could not reft fatisfied with his Brother 
 ^owels forcible poflfeflion of the Ifland oi Anglefey , zt\d 
 therefore he was relolved to give him another Battel, 
 and to force hiwi to reilore and yield up the FolTcflioq 
 
 of 
 
the Hijlory of W ALES. 2^ 
 
 4jf that Country, which he had now violently kept in 
 his hands. Howel on the other hand , being as refd- 
 luteiy bent to maintain his Ground, and not to 3eli* 
 ver up a foot of what he was now upon a double re- 
 fped, vj:(. his Fathers Legacy, and his late Conqueft, 
 Owner of ; willingly met his Brother , put him to 
 flight, and killed a great number of his Forces. Co- 
 van was cruelly enraged at this lliameful Overthrow, 
 and therefore made a firm refolution, either to reco- 
 ver the Ifland from his Brother, or to facrifice his Life 
 and his Crown in the Quarrel Having drawn up all /j.Q.giy, 
 the Forces he could raife together, he marched to jin- 
 gh/ey to (eek his Brother Homl ; who being too weak 
 to encounter and oppofe fo confiderable a Number, 
 was compeird to make his Efcape to the Ille of Man, 
 and to leave the Ifland of Anglefey to the mercy of 
 his B'Other. But Conan did not live long to reap the 
 fattsfa(ilion of this Vidory, but dyed in a fhort time, 
 leaving Iffue behind him, one oncly Daughter called 
 EJylht, married to a Nobleman of fVales named Mer- 
 fyn Frych. He was Son to Gwyriad or Vriet, the Son 
 of Elidure, who lineally delcended from Belinus the 
 Brother of Brenmis King of the Britains. His Mo- 
 ther was Nf/?, the Daughter of Cadclh King of PotvySj 
 the Son o^Brochwd Tfcithroc ; who together with Cad- 
 fan King of Britain, Morgan King of Demetia, and 
 Bledericus King of Cornwal , gave that memorable 
 Overthrow to Ethelred King of Northumberland, up- 
 on the River Dee^ in the Year 617. This Brachial by 
 the Latin Writers named Brtcivallus and Brochmaelus, 
 was a very confiderable Prince in that part of Britain, 
 ca\kd Powys-land ; a? alfo Earl of CA^er, and lived 
 in the Town then called Pengmern Potpys, now Salop 'y 
 in the Houfe where fince^he College of S. Chad (tands. 
 He was a great Friend and a Favourer to the Monks 
 of Bangor, whofe part he took againlt the Saxons that 
 were fet on by Auguftine the Monk, to profecute them 
 with Fire and Sword, becaufe they would not forfake 
 the Cuftoras of their own Church, and conform to 
 thofe of ^m€. 
 
 C 4 ^c^fyn 
 
^4 The Hiflory cfWkLES. 
 
 Merf)n Frych and EJjlk, 
 
 c 
 
 '0«.t« being dead, JvJerfyn Vrjeh and his Wife 
 Efy'.ht, who was fole Heir to Conan, took upon 
 them the Government or Principality of H^ales, 
 This Merfyn was King of Many and Son to Gwyriat 
 and Ke(i ihe Daughter of Cadelh ap Brochwel ap Elis 
 Kinpof Pofl^yj. Howel being forcibly ejedted out of 
 Anglefey by his Brother Conan Ttndaethtvy, and efca- 
 ping to the Illand of Man, was honourably and 
 kindly received by Merfyn ; in return of whofe Civi- 
 lities Hcwel ufed fuch means afterwards that Merfyn 
 married EJylht, the Daughter and Heir of his Brother 
 Conan, (tho others fay, that he died prefently after his 
 Efcape to Merfyn.^) Howel after that he liad. for ar 
 bcut five years enjoyed the I He of Man, and other 
 I.ands in the North, given him by Merfyn to hold 
 under him, dyed about the year 815; after whofe 
 Death, they again returned to Merfyn, whofe An- 
 ceitors had always held the fame, under the Kings 
 of the Britains ; and lb, upon bis Marriage with E- 
 fylht, the Ifle of Man was annexed to the Crown of 
 fVales. 
 
 In the firft year of their Reign, Egbert, the power- 
 ful King of the IVeJi Saxons, entred with a mighty 
 Army into Wales, deftroyed and watted the Coun- 
 trey as far as Snowden Hills, and fcizcd upon the 
 Lordiliip of F(byxonicc in Denbigh'and. About the 
 lame time a very fore Battel was fought in Anglefey^ 
 between the Saxons and the H^elch, called, from the 
 place where this Fight happened, the Battel of Lhan- 
 
 jiiD.819, •"*^"^* Fortune feemed all this while to frown upon 
 
 ' the M-^ckh, and their Aifairs fucceeded very ill j for 
 
 Ihortly after that Egbert had advanced his Colours as 
 
 far as Snowden, J^n.dph King of Mijfta wafted the 
 
 Cour-rry of H^eji Wales, over-ran and defiroyed 
 
 ;. ,.^ . . / Boms-land^ 
 
Tke B'tjlory c/ W A L E S. ^5. 
 
 ]Powis'land^ and greatly difturbed and incommoded 
 the vVelch Nation. Soon after this, l^enulpb died, 
 ^nd was fucceeded by K^clm ; and he in a (horc 
 rime by Ceolivulph, who, after two years Keign, left 
 the Kingdom of Mercia to Bermilph. 
 . • Egbert King of the Wtfi Saxons was grown very 
 ftrong and powerful, able to reduce all the petty King- 
 doms in Britain, under one fingle Monarchy ; upon 
 the thoughts of which, he fet upon Bermilph King of 
 Mercia f and vanquifhed him at Elledottme ; and after- 
 wards brought under Subje(5tion the Countries of 
 Jl^t and of the JVeJl Angles. But the Bntains could. 
 not be fo eafily fubdued ; for after a long and a cruel 
 Fight at GavelforJ, between them and the PVeJi Sa- 
 pcons of Devonjhire, in which feveral thoufands were 
 flain on both fides, the Vicflory remained uncertain. 
 He had better Succefs againft iVyhtlafe King of Mer-^ ^d^ g 2^^ 
 cia, whofe Dominions he eafily added to his now in- 
 creafing Monarchy ; and pa/Ting Humher^ he quickly 
 reduced that Country to his Subjeilion. The Saxon 
 Heptarchy was now become one Kingdom, and Eg- 
 hert fole Monarch of all the Countries that the Saxons 
 ■polfeffed in Britain ; which Name he ordered ihould 
 be changed to England, his People to be called £»- 
 glifhmen, and the Language Englijlo. 
 1 They who came over out ol" Germany into this 
 Ifland to aid the Britains againlt their Enemies the 
 fi^s and Scots, were partly Saxons, Angles, and 
 ^uthes'y from the tirft of which came the People of ' 
 
 Ejfex, SuJJex, Middlefex, and the Wejl-Saxons ; from 
 the Angles, the Eaji Angles, the Murcians, and they 
 that inhabited the North fide of Himber 5 from the 
 Juthes, the Kent^Jhmen, and they that fettled in the lile 
 of Wight. 1 hele Germans, after that they had drove 
 the Britains beyond Severn and Dee ; eretfled l^^ven 
 .-Kingdoms called the Heptarchy in the other part of 
 ithe Ifland ; whereof, i. i(f»^ ^. Of the Soiith- 
 $axons containing SuJJex and Surrey. 3. The Eafi- 
 Angles, in ISlorfolk^ SuffoX and Cambridgjhire. 4. 
 The Kingdom of the iVeJi-S axons, comprehending 
 Berkjhire, Devonjhire, Sornerfetjhne and Corntvai. 
 
 i, M-rcia 
 
26 The Hijlory tfW ALES. 
 
 «). Mercia, containing dccejier, Hereford, ff^dreeftefy 
 SbropJhirBy Stafford, Chejhire, Wartoick^, Leicejler^ 
 Darby, Nottingham, Lincoln, Northampton, Oxford, 
 Buckingham, Bedford, and half Hartfordfhii-e. 6. 
 The EaJi'Saxons, containing Effex, Middlefex, and 
 the other pare of Hartford. 7. Of the Northum- 
 brians, taking in all the Country beyond Humber, 
 which was divided into two parts, Deyra and Bemi- 
 cia ; the firft from Humber to Tyne, the other frotri 
 tjne to the Scottijh Sea. 
 
 Egbert King of the Wefi-Saxons having feverally 
 conquer 'd thefe Kingdoms, annexed them together, 
 and comprehended them under one Monarchy, 
 which was called the Kingdom of England, 96I 
 years after the coming of Brute to this Iflandj 
 383 Years after the landing of Hengiji; and 145 af- 
 ter the Departure of Cadmalader to B^me. 
 
 Egbert having thus united under one Government 
 thefe feveral Kingdoms, which ufed continually to 
 moleft, and to incroach upon each others Territories; 
 might reafonably have expedled to enjoy his new 
 
 i<i.DS8? Kingdom quietly, and not fear any dilturbance or 
 * trouble in his Dominions. Bur. no fooner was he 
 eitabliihed King of England, but the Danes began to 
 threaten new Commoiiuns, and landed in great num- 
 bers, and in divers places of the Kingdom. Egbert 
 fought feveral Battels with them, and with various 
 
 ^ Succefs : at lensrh the Danes landed in fVeJi-ff^alcs, 
 
 marched forward for England, being joined by a great 
 number of ^elch and met Egbert upon Hengiji down, 
 where a fevere Battel was fcught, and the Danes put 
 10 a total Kout. The Welch fuFered feverely for 
 this ; Egbert, being highly incens'd that the Danes 
 were fupported by them, laid iiege to Caer Lhion ar 
 Dbyfrdwy , or Chefter, the chief City of Venedotia^ 
 which hitherto had remained in the hands of the 
 fVelch ; took the Town, and, among other Tokenist 
 of his Indignation, he caufed the Brazen Effigies of 
 Cadtfalhon King ofBritam to be pulled down and de- 
 faced, and upon pain of Death forbad the ereviting of 
 fuch again. He ifTued out alfo a Proclamation, by the 
 
 Infti- 
 
The Hifiory of VV ALES, %y 
 
 Inftigation of bis Wife ^Surga, who always bore an 
 inveterate Malice to the fVeLh ; commanding all that 
 wece any ways extra^fVed from Britijh Blood, to de- 
 part, with ail their Effedts, our of his Kingdom, within 
 liix Months, upon pain of death. Thefe were very 
 fevcreandinfupporrabk Terms 5 but he did not live 
 long to fee them put in execution ; for dying Ihonly 
 after the Battel of Hen^_fidcw», he was fucceeded by 
 Sou Ethelwulfh. This King Etbelwulpb married his 
 Daughter to Berthred, who was his tributary King of 
 Mercian by whofe help he fuccefsfully oppoled the 
 cmel incurfions of the Danes, who miferably de- 
 ftroyed the Ssa-coafh of England , with Fire and 
 Sword, Thefe Danifio Commotions being indiffe- 
 rently well appeafed, Berthrtd King of Mercia (ez 
 upon the fpelch, between whom a remarkable Battel 
 was fought at a place called Ksttell ; where Merfjn 
 frj/ch King of the Britains was killed, leaving, to 
 fucceed him in the Governmet oilValeSj his Son B^ 
 deric Mattnr^ or the Great. 
 
 ^deric the Qreat. 
 
 MErfyn Frych having loft his Life, and with it his ^.0.845 
 Kingdom, in the Battel of K^rfe//; his Son * ' ' 
 l(pderic , furnamed the Great, without any Oppofi- 
 uon or Conteft, fucceeded in the Principality o^lVales. 
 The fint thing he effeClcd after his Advancement to 
 the Crown, was the dividing of fVales into leveral 
 Provinces, which he diiiinguilhed into thefe three ; 
 Aberjfraw, Dinevctvr, and Mathraval. Berthred King 
 ofMerci/t, being animated by his late Srccefs againlt 
 Merfyn Frych, purpofed to perform the like Exploits 
 tgainit his Son ^oderic. And having gained the Aid 
 and Affiltance, of King Etbelwulpb, he entred Nortb 
 IVales, with a ftrong Army, and advanced as far as 
 Angtefey^ which he auelly and miferably deftroyed. 
 
 B^deric 
 
nl The Hiftory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 Koderic met him feveral times, and the iVeleh did ac 
 length fo gaul and torment him, that, in fine, he had 
 little or nothing to boaft of j only Meyric , one of the 
 chiefeft Princes among the Britains^ was flain. 
 
 But he was foon forced to quit his Expedition 
 againft the Welch, and to convert his Forces another 
 way ; his own Dominions requiring their conftant 
 Rei!dence, being feverely threatned by a foreign In- 
 JlD, 846, vafion. For the Danes were by this time grown fo 
 very powerful, that they over-ran a great part of 
 England, fought with Athsljlan King of Ksnty Bro- 
 ther to Ethelwulfh ; and obtained fo much Conquelt, 
 that whereas before they returned to their own Coun- 
 try when the Weather grew too cold for Adion, 
 they now took up their Winter.quarters in Eng- 
 land 
 
 The fVelch, in the mean time, being fecure from 
 any Violence, which might otherwife be expected, 
 from the Englijh ; began to quarrel and fall out a- 
 mongft themfelves. Ithel King oiGwent or WentUnd^ ' 
 for what occafion not known, fell foul upon the Men 
 of Brecknock^, who were fo refolute as to fight him ; 
 and the Event proved very unfortunate to Ithel, who 
 was flain upon the fpot. It is the Unhappinels of a 
 Nation that is governed by feveral Petty States, when 
 it is apprehenfive of no Danger from an outward Ene- / 
 my that it will fall at variance, and create Difturban- 
 ces among it felf 
 
 Had the Bntains, inftead of falling upon one ano- 
 ther, taken the Advantage of this opportunity, when 
 the Saxons were altogether imployed in oppofing and 
 repelling the Danes, to increafe and ftrengthen their 
 Number, and to fortify their Towns j they might at 
 leaft (ecurely have pofleifed their own Dominions, if 
 not extended their Government to a great part oiEng- 
 latid. But a fort of an Equality in Power, begat an . 
 Emulation between the feveral Princes, and this E- 
 mulation for the moft part ended in Blows and Coni 
 tention; fo that inftead of ftrengthning themfelves 
 vvhiift they had rcfpite from the EngHfty, they rather 
 weakened their Power by invvftfdUirterences. 
 
 . ' ' Kpngeri 
 
The Hifiory of W A L E S. if 
 
 Ksngen King of Pmjs was gone to ^ome, there to v?.D.8f4, 
 end bis Days peaceably and religioufly, but his Death 
 did not prove fo natural as he expected, being bar- 
 baroufly flain, or (as fome fay) choaked by his 
 own Servants. Shortly after died Cemoyth King of 
 the PiBs, and Jonathan Lord of Ahergeley. It was 
 now become Cuftomary for Princes wearied with 
 Government to go to ^me, and the Pope willingly 
 difpenfed with the Refignation of their Crowns, by 
 real'on that his Holinels feldom loft by it. King 
 Ethelwulfh paid very dear for his Entertainment there, 
 made his Kingdom tributary to the Pope, and paid 
 the Peter-Vtnct to the Church of B^me. The Saxon 
 Genealogifts bring the Pedegree of Ethelwulfh for fe- 
 veral Succeflions and Generations, up to Adam, as 
 may be feen in Mattheto oi Wefiminjler , who in like 
 manner derives the Pedigree of Ojfa King of Mercia, 
 This has been the Cuftom of molt Nations, both an- 
 tient and modern j and is always pradtifed by 
 them whofe Families are any thing Antienr and Ho- 
 nourable J fo that it is a very great miftake to fcofl'at, 
 and deride the Welch becaufe they keep up this antient 
 and laudable Cuftom. 
 
 Berthred King of Mercia became at length far 
 too weak to repel the daily increafing Power of the 
 Danes^ who fo numeroufly poared upon him, that at 
 laft he was forced to relinquilh his Kingdom and fly 
 to R^me, where in a Ihort time he forowfully ended 
 his days. Ethelwulfh fiiortly followed, and left his 
 Sons. Athelhald King of the Weft-Saxons^ and AtheU 
 bright King oiK^nt and the Eaft-Saxons. Ethelwulfh 
 is reported to be fo Learned and Devout, that the 
 Church of fVtnchefter eledted hioa in his youth Bilhop 
 of that See, which Fundlion he took upon him about 
 feven years before he was made King. He is faid 
 alfo to have Conquered the Kingdom of Dentetia or 
 South Wales, which together with the Kingdom of 
 •-the South-Saxons he beftowed upon his Son j^ If red, 
 upon Condition he would bring a Thcufand Men out 
 of Wales to H'inchejier, to the Aid of his Brother 
 Ethelhert againft the Danes. Athelbald fuccecding 
 
 bis 
 
30 The Hidpry of W ALES. 
 
 his Father in the Kingdom of the WeJlSaxom^ kept 
 his Morher-in-Law the Wife of Ethelwvlph for his 
 Concubine, and afterwards married her in the City 
 of Chejier. But he did not live long to enjoy this 
 unnatural Conjundion, bur dying without Iflue 
 after that he had reigned Eight Years, left his King* 
 4om to his Brother Atbelbngh. 
 
 About the fame time the Oanes began again to be- 
 ftir themfelves and fell upon the City of fVmchefter 
 and dei\royed it, which Athelbright perceiving, after 
 a long Fight forced theai to quit the Land, a^nd , to 
 betake themfelves to Sea again. But the D^jww quick- 
 ly returned to the ifle of Tbanee, where they remain- 
 ed for that VVinter, doing much Mifchief upon the 
 Sea-Coaft, and deftroying all places near the Ihoars 
 of England. The Enghjh were very glad that they 
 durit venture no further, and the more, becaufe the 
 fVelcb began again to be troublefome, againft whoai 
 an Army muft be fpeedily cjifpatched, otherwifethey 
 would certainly advance to ihe Englijh Countrey. 
 Both Armies met at Gweythn, where a fierce Battel 
 was fought, and a great Number flain on either iide, 
 bur 'he Vidlory was not plainly difcoverable. But 
 the Welch not long after, received a confiderable Lofs 
 by the Death of Conan Nam N./<?r, a Stout and Skil- 
 ful Commander, who oftentimes had Valiantly re- 
 pulfed the Engltjh Forces, arid obtained many Hgnal 
 Victories over them. 
 
 The Danes had been for fome time quiet, being un- 
 able to venture upon any confiderable Adlion, and 
 therefore they thought it advi^ble to fecure only whae 
 they had already won, and to espe(5t a re-inforce« 
 ment from their own Countrey. This was quickly 
 fent them, under the Command oiHuvgare and Hubba 
 who landed in Erglavd with a very conliderable Army 
 of Danes. King Athelbright, whether terrified with 
 a diliual apprehenfion of thele Invaders, or otherwife 
 being indilpoled, quickly afterwards gave up the 
 Gho:t, Itaving the management cf his Kingdom, to- 
 gether with that of his Army sgainft the Danes, to 
 bis Brother Ethelred, The Dmss in the oi^an time 
 
 g08 
 
The Hijlory of W AL E S. 3 1 
 
 got fure footing, and advanced as far as Torkt which 
 ihey miferably deltroyed, killing Osbright and Elba 
 two Kings of Kcrtbuwherlarid that oppofed them. 
 From hence they proceeded, and over-run all the 
 Councrey as far as Nottinzham, deftroying and fpoil- 
 ing all before them, and then returned back to Torlig. 
 But having once taited how iweet the Spoil of z 
 Countrey, much more fertile than their own was, 
 they could not reft fatisfied with what they had al- 
 ready obtained, but muft needs make a farther Pro- 
 grefs into the Countrey, and fall upon the Kingdom 
 of the Eafl- Angles, Edmund King of that Countrey 
 b^ng not able to endure their Infolencies, endea- 
 voured to oppofe them, but in the Underrating was 
 unfortunately flain. And now after the fame man- 
 ner that the Saxons had formerly attained to the 
 ! Conqueft oiBritainy the Danes proceeded to the Con- 
 queft of England. For the Saxons having found out 
 the Swcetnefs of this Ifland, and withal, difcovered 
 the weaknefs and inability of the Britains to oppofe 
 j them, brought over their Numbers by degrees, and 
 I in feveral Companies, by wliich they wearied and 
 I tired out the Britijh Armies. For it is certain that 
 nothing can conduce more to the Conqueit of an 
 Ijfland, than the landing an Army at feveral Places 
 and at leveral Times, which diltrads the Counfels 
 and Proceedings of the Inhabitants, and which at 
 this time for want of fufficient Power at Sea, could 
 ftot be prevented. And fo the Danes being informed 
 of the good Succefs ofHungare znd Hubba in England^ 
 fent over another Army under the Command of 
 Bafreck and Aiding, who landed in fVeJi-Sax, and 
 fought five Battels with King Etbelred and bis Bro- 
 ther Alfred, namely at Henglefieldj Ejiondown, B^dding^ 
 Bafing and Mereton^ in which two firft the Engtifh 
 overcame, and the three lait the Danes got the Vi- 
 <5lory. 
 
 Soon after this Etbelred died, living his Kingdom 
 Id his Brother Alfred, who no foouer had taken the 
 Government upon him but confidered with himfelf 
 Vihat a heavy Burthen he was to fufiain, and there- 
 fore 
 
3i The Hiflory c/ W A L E S; 
 
 fore he began to enquire after theWifeft and Learned"* 
 eft Men that he could hear of to be diredted by thetrft 
 whom he Worthily Entertained, making ufe of theif 
 Advice as well in the Publiclc Government of ^i. 
 Kingdom, as in his Private Studies and Conference- 
 of Learning. He fent for two Men famoufly Learne'd. 
 out of pr^/e/,the one called 'John de Erigena, Surnamed' 
 Scotus 5 the other Ajferius, Surnamed Menevenfis. De 
 Erigcna vi^as born at Menevia or St. Davids, and was' 
 brought up in that College; who for the fake of 
 Learning having travelled to Athens^ and bellowed, 
 there many Years in the Study of the Greeks, Hebrew 
 and Caldaicli Tongues, and the fecret Mylteries ©f , 
 Philofophyj came to France ; where he was well ac-' 
 cepted of by Carolus Calvus, or Charles the Bald, and 
 LudovicusBalbus, or Lefpis the Stammerer ; and there 
 tranflated the Works of Dionyfius Areopagita, De 
 Coslefii Hierarchia out ot the Greeki into the Latin 
 Tongue. Being returned home to PPales, he was' 
 fent for by this King Alfred, who was then founding 
 and ereding the Univerfity of Oxford , of which' 
 Erigena became the firft Profellbr and publick Rea- 
 der. But King Alfred bore (o great a refped; to' 
 Learning, that he would futfer none to bear any con-^ 
 fiderable Office in his Court but fuch as were Learn- 
 ed J and withal, exhorted all Perfons to embrace 
 Learning, and to Honour Learned M^n. But tho* ££ 
 Love to Learning be feldom reconcilable with a War- 
 like and a Military Life, King Alfred was alfo forced 
 to regard the Difcipline of War to defend his King-* 
 dom againft the increafing Power of the Danes. Fot 
 he was Icarce fettled in his Throne, but this reftleli 
 and ever troublefbme People began to mOleft and de- 
 ftroy hisCountrey, intbmuch that he was ofncCeflity 
 forced to oppofethem, which he did twice upon the 
 South-fide of the River Thames, in which" Engage* 
 menis he flew of the Danes one King, nine Earlis, to^ 
 gether with an innnmerable multitude of inferior Soul- 
 diers. About the fame time C^gan ap Meyrid a} 
 Dunwal ap Arthen ab Sitfylht Prince of Cardigan dierf, 
 being as iome fay, unforranately drowned. But thft 
 
The Hiptory ^/ W A VE'§: 33 
 
 lite Vidlories which Atfied had obtained' over thd"' 
 Danes, did not fo much weaken alUl Uiihearren thenf, 
 but that in a fhorc time they recovered;!' t|ieir Spirits" 
 and began again to look tertiblc and thivariiing. For . 
 as (bon as they could reunite their fcattei-ed Forces, • ' 
 rhey let upon and delttoyed the Town o{ Alclyde.yj.xri 
 the City of London and ^edd?ig, over-ran aill the in- ' 
 land Countrey, and the whole Kingdoni of Mercia.' 
 Another Army of D^nes at the fame time piovecf 
 very fuccefsful in the l\'orth and poflefTed themfelves or 
 the Countrey ot Northumberland, which Adtion did,' 
 not fo much grieve the Engli/k, as trouble and vex" 
 theP^'^jand Scots, who were incefTantly gauled, and' 
 frequently beat off by ihefe Danijh Troops. The 
 next Year three oi the Danijh Captains marched 
 from Ciimbridge towards Pf^arham in Dorfet-PHre, of 
 which Expedition King Alfred being informed, pre- 
 fencly detached his Forces to oppafe them, and id 
 offer them Battle. The Danes were fo llarcled at 
 this, that they immediately defired Peace, and wil- 
 lingly confented forthwith to depart out of the Coun- 
 try, and to forfwear the light of Engliflj Ground. 
 According to which Capitulation, the Horfe that 
 night marched for Exeter,' ^nd, tiie Foot being ITiipped 
 otf, were all of them drowned at Sandtvicb. The 
 Danes having thus abjured England, were not willing 
 to return home empty, bur thought it Prudent to 
 bend their Courfe againlt Wales. They fancied that 
 they were like to meet with no great oppofition from' 
 the fVelch, and therefore could carve for themfelveS 
 according as their Fancy diredled them. But having 
 landed their Arn\y in Anglefeji, they quickly experi- 
 enced the contrary j Prince B^deric oppofing them, 
 gave them two Barrels, one at a place called £ewgo/e, 871. 
 and the other at Menegid in Anglefey, At the fame rime 
 another Army of Danes under the Command of 
 Halden and Hmgare landed in Soiith-fVales, over-ran 
 the whole Country, deltroying all before them, nei- 
 ther (paring Churches nor Keligious Houfes. But 
 they received their due Reward at the bands of the 
 tVefi-Suxom^ who meeting with them on the Coalts 
 D ♦ of 
 
34 The Eijicry of W ALES. 
 
 oi DevonJ]:ire^ flew both Halden and Hungare, with 
 iioo of their Men. The fame Year Eimon Bifhop 
 of St. Davids died, and was the following Year fuc- 
 ceeded by Hubert, who was initalled in his place. 
 ^,0.87^. The Englijh being rid of their powerful and ever 
 reftleis Enemies the Danes, began now to quarrel 
 with the fVelch, entring into Anglefey with a nume- 
 rous Army, fought a lore Battel with B^deric, who 
 together with his Brother ( or as others fay his Son ) 
 Cwyriad, was unha ppily flain in the Field, which Battel 
 is called by the iVelch, Gwaith Diiw Snl y Mm. This 
 ^deric had ilfue by his Wife Angharad Anarawd^ 
 Cadelh and JvUrfyn, the laft of which, Giraldis Cam- 
 hrenfis, contrary to the vulgar and received Opi- 
 nion, will have to be the f Ideft Son oi Roderic, up- 
 on whom was beiiowed the Principahcy of North- 
 Wales. For it is unanimoufly granted that ^oderic 
 was undoubted Proprietor of all the Dominions ot 
 Wales, KortlhVVales defcending unto him by his Mo-_ 
 ther Efylht the Daughter and fole Heir of Conan Tjn- 
 daethtpy; South'Wales by his Wife Angharad the Daug- 
 rer of Meyrk ap Dyfnwal ap Arthen ap Sitjylht King 
 of Cardigan ; Powis by Nejl the Siiter and Heir of 
 Congen ap Cadelh King of Poivis his Father's Mother. 
 Thefe three Dominions Roderic divided between his 
 three Sons, appointing North H^ales ibr his eldeft Son 
 Anaratpd, South Wales to Cadelh, who rtiorily after his 
 Father's Deathj forcibly leiled upon his Brother Ai^r- 
 fyn^s Portion, upon whom Roderic had beltowed 
 Pcwis-Land. Wales being thus divided between thefe 
 three Princes, they were called T Tri Tytvyfoc Talae- 
 thioc, or the. three ci owned Princes, by realon that 
 each of them did wear on his Heln.et a Coronet of 
 Gold, being a broad Head-baad indented upward, 
 fez and wrought with Precious Stones, wliich in the 
 Britifh Tongue is called Tdaeth. To each of thefe 
 Princes Roderic built a Royal Seat, for the Prince 
 of Cwynsth or North-Wales, at Aherffraw; of South- 
 Wales, at Dinefawr ; for the Prince of Potvis, at Ma* 
 thrafel. B^deric had Iffue alfo, belides thefe three, 
 Roderic, Mej/nc ^ JSdwal or Tudwalj Cwyriad and 
 Gathejic, if' ' But 
 
The Hifiory of WALES. 3$ 
 
 Bur Koderic having divided his Principality be- 
 twixt his eldeft Sons, namely, ^herffraw with the 
 fifteen Cantreds thereunto belonging to Anarattd ; 
 Dinefawr with its fifteen Cantreds extending ft-om 
 the mouth of the River Dofi, to the mouth oi Severn 
 to Cadelh ; and Powis with fifteen Cantreds ftom the 
 mouth of the River Dee to the Bridge over Severn at 
 Glocefier to Mcifyn ; ordained that his eldeft Son 
 Anarawd and his SuccelTors fliould continue the pay- 
 ment of the antient Tribute to the Crown of Eng- 
 land ; and the other two, their Heirs and Succeflbrs 
 Ihould acknowledge his Sovereignty, and that upon 
 any Foreign Invafion, they fhould mutually Aid and 
 ProteA one another. And he farther appointed, that 
 when any Difference (houldarilebetwixc the Princes 
 of /iberjfraw and Cardigan or Tynefawr^ 3the three 
 Princes Ihould meet at Bwlch y Pawl, and the Prince 
 of Pewys Ihould be Umpire. But if the Prince of 
 Aberjfraw and Powys fell at Variance, they fhould 
 meet at Dol [{hianidd, probably Morva l^ianedd, on 
 the Bank of tiie River Dee, where the King of Cardi- 
 gan was to adjuft the Controverfy ; and if the Quar- 
 rel happened betwixt the Princes oiyJPotvys and Car- 
 digan^ the meeting was appoirted at hiys Wen upon 
 the River Wye^ and to be decided by the Prince of 
 Aherffrato. Ar.d the better to fruftrate any attempi: 
 of the Englijh^ he ordained moreover, that all Strong- 
 holds, Caltles and Cittadels fhould be fortified ahd 
 kept in repair; that all Churches and Religious Houfes 
 fhould be re-edified and adorned, and that in all ages 
 the Hiitory of Britain, being faithfully regiftred and 
 tranfcribed, fhould be kept therein. 
 
 D 2 Jn:iraw4 
 
36 The Htfiory of W ALES. 
 
 Jnara'wd. 
 
 TH E TVelcb had often forrowfuUy felt the unna- 
 tural Effeds of inward Seditions, and of being 
 governed by feveral Princes, w 'ch woe now una- 
 voidably to be renewed by realftn of/^o^mcs impru- 
 dent Divifionof his Dominions bcrvvcen his three Sons. 
 For the feveral Principalities being united in him, it 
 was certainly the melt politick means for the prefer- 
 vation of the Countrey from the inveterate Fury of 
 the Englijh, to com pole the inward DitFerences which, 
 would otherwife happen, by perpetuating the whole 
 Government of TVales in one Prince. For it was 
 impofllble etfe<5lually to oppofe the Common Enemy 
 .by feparate Armies, and where a different Inierett 
 intetlered, as if the Safety of the fame Countrey, 
 and the Honor of the fame Prince were unanimoufly 
 regarded. Thj^was the unhappinefs of the aniient 
 Britains when the I^pmMis invaded their Coimirey ; 
 domeftick Broils and inward Diffentions being fown 
 among themfelves, they could not agree to unite 
 their Powers, and jointly to oppofe the Common E- 
 nemy ; fo that Tacitus wifely concludes, dum finguli 
 fugnmt univerfi vincuntur. There are it\N Nations 
 but have experienced the folly of being rent into 
 feveral Portions , and the downfal of that great 
 Body the I^man Empire, may not be abfurdly at- 
 tributed to Con(ianti7ies dividing of it between his 
 Sons. But the Welch at this time prefently felt the 
 unhappinefs of it ; Cadelh Prince of South-tVales be- 
 ing diffatisfied with his Portion, and delirous to feed 
 his An^jbition with larger Tei'riiories, could not fpare 
 his Brother Merfyns Countrey, but mult needs forci- 
 bly difpolTefs him of his lawful inlieritance, and fo 
 involve the H'eich in a Civil War. 
 
 But 
 
The Hiflory //WALES.' 37 
 
 But the Succeflfion of the Princes of M^ales pro- 
 ceeds in ^narawd the eldeft Son of ^oderic, who 
 began his Reign over North-Wales ^ in rhe Year 877. 877* 
 Ac that time [(olio with a numerous Army of Normans 
 defcended into France, and poflefied themfelves of ihe 
 Countrey of Neujlrja, which from rhem has fince re- 
 ceived the Name of Normandy. But the treache- 
 rous Danes in ErigUnd^ who had retired to the City 
 of Exeter, quickly violated the Cspitulation which 
 they had lately fworn to obferve, and upon that ac- 
 count were fo warmly purfued by King Wilfred, th?c 
 they gladly delivered up Hoftages for the poitbr- 
 mance of the Articles formerly agreed upon be- 
 tween them. But it was not their Intention to keep 
 them long, for the next Year they again broke lofe, 
 poffefled themfelves of all the Couatrey upon the 
 North-fide of Thames, and paflTing the River, put 
 the Englijh to flight, and made themfelves Mafters 
 of Chippenham in IVeJl-Sax. But their whole Army 
 did not fucceed fo well, for A'fred meeting with a 
 Farty of them, flew their Captain and took their 
 Standard, which the Danes called t{aven. After this 
 he vanquifhed them again atEdendotffn^where after that 
 thcDanes had given Hoftages for their peaceable beha- 
 viour ; Godrun their Commander received the Chri- 
 Itian Faith, and fo reigned in Eaft- Angle. But this 
 opportunity feemed to threaten a great Storm upon 
 TVales ; for befides the Death of y^edan the Son of AD.878- 
 Meiht, a Noble-man of the Countrey, the Articles 
 ot Compofition between the Englifk and the Danes, 
 occafioned thefe laft to join their Power with the 
 People of Mercia to Fight againft the Welch, between 
 .whom a fevere Battel was fought at Contrey, where- 
 in the TVelch obtained a very lignal Vidfory, which 
 was called Dial I{rdri, or the Revenge of the Death 
 of Prince ^oderic. The Reafon why the Mercians 
 were lb irreconcilably enraged againlt the Welch at 
 this time, was this. After the Death of lioderic the 
 Great, the Northern Britains of Stratcltpyd and Cum- 
 berland were mightily infefted and weakened thro' 
 the daily Incurfions of the Danes, Saxons and Scots^ 
 D 3 inlbniuch 
 
38 The Hijlory cfW ALES. 
 
 inlbmuch that as matiy of them as would not fubmit 
 their Necks to the Yoke were forced to quit their 
 Countrey, and to feck for more quiet Habitations. 
 Therefore towards the beginning of y^narawds Keign^ 
 feveral of them came to Gw)netb under the Condu(ft 
 of one Hohert, whofe diftrelfed Condition the Prince 
 commiferating, granted them all the Countrey be- 
 twixt Chejler and Conwey to feat themfelves in, in cafe 
 they could drive out the Saxons who had lately pof- 
 feffed themfelves of it. The Bma/wj having returned 
 their thanks 10 Anar aw d, prefently fell to work, and 
 NeceHity giving edge to their Valour, they eafily 
 difpolfefled the Saxons who were not as yet warm ia 
 their Seats. For fome time they continued peaceably 
 in this part ofH'^alcs; hut Eadred D\ike oi Mercitty 
 called by the H-^elch Edryd Walltblr^ not being able 
 any longer to bear fuch an ignominious ejedlion, made 
 great Preparations for the re-gaining of the faid 
 Countrey. But the Northern Britains, who had fet- 
 tled themfelves there, having intelligence of his De- 
 fign, for the better fecurity of their Cartel and other 
 Effeifts, removed them beyond the River Cmipey, 
 Prince Anarawd in the mean time was not idle, but 
 drawing together all the Strength he could raife, en- 
 camped his Army near the Town of Conwey at a place 
 called C^wjr)-^ , where himfelf and his Men having 
 made gallant Refiftance againft the prefling Efforts 
 of 'the Saxons^ obtained a very compleat Vidory, 
 This Battel was by fbrae called Gwaeth Cymryt Conwey^ 
 by reafon that it was fought in the Townfhip ofCym' 
 ryt near Conwey. But Prince Anarawd would have ic 
 called Dial ^pdri, becaufe he had there revenged the- 
 Death of his Father lipdri. In this Battel Tudwal £(ndns 
 Son received a wound in the Knee, which made him 
 be denominated Tudwal Gloff ever after j but for his 
 iignal Service in this Adion his Brethren beftowed up- 
 on him Vcbelogoed Gwyncdd. But the Britains purfuing 
 their Vidory, chafed the Saxons quite out of finales 
 into Meraa, where having burnt and deftroyed the 
 Borders, they returned home laden with rich Spoils, 
 and lb took poiic;riGn of the Country betwixt Qhejler 
 
 and 
 
Th: Hifiory (?/ W A L E S. 39 
 
 and Conwey, which for a long time after they peace- 
 ably enjoyed. Buc Anarawd 10 exprefs his thanktblnels 
 to God for this great Victory, gave very confiderab.'e 
 Lands and Polfeiiions to the Collegiate Churches of 
 Bangor and Clynnoc Vawr in Arfon. After this, thofe 
 Danes that lay at Fulhenham near London, croffed the 
 Sea to France, and pairing to Paris along the River 
 ScyTiy fpoiled the Country thereabouts, and vanquifh- 
 ed the French that came againit them j but in their 
 return towards the Sea-Coalt, they were mer with 
 by the Britains o{ Armoricaj who flew the greateft 
 part of them, and the reft confufedly endeavouring 
 to elcape to their Ships, were all drowned. One 
 Ihould think that the feveral Misforcunes the Danes 
 fuftained, firlt at Sandwtch^ then by King Alfred, and 
 now in France, would have quire drained their Num- 
 ber, and utterly have rid Britain from io trouble- 
 fome an Enemy. But like ill Weeds, the mor:: you 
 root them, the fafter they will grow ; the Danes 
 were (till fupplied from abroad, and if an Army was 
 vanquifted here, another was (ure to come in their 
 room. This the Welch found too true, for not long 
 afcer this famous Defeat by the Armor'.can Britains^ 
 the Danes not able to venture upon theie, were re- 
 folved to revenge tbemfelves upon their Friends of 
 Wales, and therefore landing in Noah-fValeSf they 
 cruelly haraffed and deitroyed the Country. Nor 
 is it lirange to confider from whence (uch a wonder- 
 ful Number of Danes and Normajis could come. For 
 the Kingdom oi Denwarl^^hzd under it, not only 
 Denmarl{, which is a Imall Country divided by the 
 Sea into Inftdas and Peninfulas, as that which joins up- 
 on Sdxcny and Holfatia, called Cymbrica Cherfmiefw, 
 with the Iflands ot Zealand and Fmnen, but alio Nor- 
 way and the large Country of Swedn, reaching to 
 Mufcovy^ and almoft to the North Pole This Coun- 
 try being then fcarce known to the World, did of a 
 fudden pour out luch a multitude of People, which 
 like a fudden Storm unexpectedly over- ran all Europe ^ 
 with a great part of the Country of Africa. From 
 hence proceeded thefe Danes who annoyed England; 
 D 4 And 
 
40 The Hifiory of W ALES. 
 
 And the Normans, "who conquet*d France ; both Na- 
 tions being originally derived from the fame Stock. 
 ^.D.850. The D^w« had not appeared in £«^/<i«^ for Ibme 
 time, and therefore are now refolved to take fo fure 
 a footing , as they cannoi: eafily be repuUed.' Two 
 Hundred and Fifty Sail being landed at Lymene in 
 i(ew/-, hard by the great Forelt of Andrejlege, they 
 built theCaftle o'lAuldre or Jflcdore. The lame time 
 Hafiing with a Fleet of Eighty Sail ventured to the 
 Ihames mouth, and built the Caftle of Mydltm ; ha- 
 ving lirft made an Oath to King Alfred^ not to moleft 
 him or any of his Subjeds : But having built the Ca- 
 iile of Beamfleetf he thought himfelf to have obtain'd 
 fo great a Strength, that there was no ncceffity of ob- 
 serving the Oath lately (worn to King Alfred., and 
 therefore invaded the Country round about him. - Buc 
 he foon found his Miftake, and was forced to betake 
 himfelf back to his Gallic , which was quickly pulled 
 down upon his Head, and his Wife and two Sons ta- 
 ken Prifoners ; who being chriliened, were again re- 
 itored to their Father. Upon this Hajling and his 
 Danes departed from England, and made their way 
 for Terance '■, where laying fiege to the City oiLimo- 
 gts, and defpairing of a fpeedy furrender of it, betook 
 himfelf to his ufual way of dealing finiffroufly, and 
 devifed this Trick to win the Town. He feigned 
 himfelf to be dangeroufly fick, and fent to the Bifhop, 
 and the Conful of the City, defiring of them moft ear- 
 ncfiiy, that he might be admitted to the Chriftian 
 raith, and be baptized before his departureout of this 
 World. The Bifhop and Conful fufpedting no De- 
 ceit, were very glad, not only to be delivered from 
 rhe prefent danger of being belieged, but alfo to win 
 fo great a Perlon to the Congregation of Chrifl. 
 Whereupon a firm Peace being concluded betwixt 
 both Nations, Hafiing is baptized, the Bifhop and 
 Conful being his Godfathers ; which being ended, he 
 was carried back by his Soldiers to his Ships , in a 
 very infirm condition , as he outwardly pretended, 
 iibout midnight he cauled himfelf with his Arms 
 about him to be laid on a Bier, and commanded hi? 
 
 Soldiers 
 
The Hiftory c/ W A L E S. 41 
 
 Soldiers to carry their Weapons with them under 
 their Coats, and fo to be ready when he fhould give 
 them the word. The next day, all things being in 
 a readinefs, he was foleranly brougfcc by his Soldiers 
 With great Clamour and counterfeit Mourning, to be 
 interr'd in the chief Church of the City ; where the 
 Bifhop and Conful, accompanied with all the moft 
 honourable Members of the Town, came to honour 
 the Funeral. But when the Bilhop had made himlelf 
 ready to bury the Body, and all the Citizens being 
 in the Church, up ftarts Hajijng with his Sword 
 drawn, and killing firft theBilhop and the ConfuJ, af- 
 terwards fell in with his armed Soldiers upon the na- 
 ked People, putting all to the Sword, and fparing 
 neither Age, Sex, nor Infirmity. Having ranlack^ 
 the Town, he (ent Meflengers to Charles the French 
 King, to mediate for Peace, which he eafily obtain'd, 
 together with the Town of Chartret towards the de- 
 fraying of his Charges. 
 
 At this time Henntth ap Blcdric, a Baron oiWala^ A,D.%^u 
 died; and Two Years after, ^war^ia'^ Prince of i\^r?^ go^, 
 Wales, with a confiderable number of Englijh^ mar- 
 ched againft his Brother Cadelh , and Ipoiled the 
 Countries of Cardigan and Tjiradgtvy. At the fame 
 time the Danes laid flege to the City of Excejier ; 
 and when Alfred had marched to oppofe them, they 
 that continued in the Caftle of Auldre pafifed over to 
 Ejjex^ and built another Caftle atScobrith, and fiom 
 thence marched to Budtngton, [eated upon the Severn. 
 When Alfred came near to Excejier, the Danes pre- 
 fently rais'd the Siege , and betaking themfelves to 
 their Ships, failed towards Wales, and fpoiled the 
 Sca-Coaft thereof, and advanced as £ir as Buellt. 
 
 But the Dijnes at Budtngton being informed that 
 King Alfred marched againll them, fled back to theic 
 Cadle in Ejfex ; So chat the King was fain to al- 
 ter his march, and to convert his Forces againft Ley' 
 cejler ■-, where a Party of Danes was fo warmly be- 
 fieged, that at length they were reduced to that Ex- 
 tremity, as to feed upon their Horfes. But the Seafon 
 of the Year for Adion being ended, and the Extre^ 
 
 mity 
 
42 The Hijlory of W ALES. 
 
 tmty of the Weather being advanced, Alfred way 
 forced to raife the Siege, and to wait the next Oppor- 
 irf.D.S? J. tunity for the recovery of the Town. But before he 
 could appear before it again , the Danes fairly quitted 
 it, and together with thofe in Northumberland, pafled 
 by the North-Sea to Merejige, an Ifle in EJfex. The 
 
 ft«^^ next Year they entred the Thames , and built a Caftle 
 twenty Miles diftant from London j upon the ftrength 
 of which, they ventur'd to fpoil and waft the Coun- 
 trey thereabouts ; but paid very dear for their Cou- 
 rage, being accidentally met with , they received z 
 bloody Overthrow, having four of their Princes flain 
 upon the Spot, and the reft very glad to make their E- 
 ■ fcape to the Caftle. Upon thkAlfred divided the River 
 into three Streams , by which Stratagem the Water 
 became fo diminifiied in the Thames, that the Danijh 
 Ships could not return back into the Sea. When the 
 Danes perceived this , and found it impradicable for 
 them to efcape in their Ships, they left their Wives 
 and Children and all their Effects in Ejjex ; and fo 
 paiTcd by Land to Enadbryge upon the Severn^ and 
 then paffing the River, fpoiled the Countries of 
 Brechpocko Gwentland, t^nA Gwentlhwg. Some of them 
 at the fame time pafled over to France 5 and another 
 Company coafting about Devonjhlre, deftroyed the 
 maritime Countries ; but being met with by the £»- 
 
 S??' ^'i/^> ^oft Six of their Ships m the Difpute. The 
 following Summgj; the Kingdom ci Ireland fuffered ex- 
 tremely by Locufts \ who confumed all the Corn and 
 the Grafs through the whole Country ; but were at 
 length by continued Prayers and Falling quite deftroy- 
 ed. Thele are common in Africk^, and other hot Re- 
 gions, but (eldom feen in colder Climates ; and when 
 they happen to travel fo far , they are always very 
 peftilentious and deftrudlive to that Country they 
 come to. 
 
 ^00, This Year Igmond, with a great number of Danes^ 
 landed in Anglefey, and was met with by the Welch^ 
 at a place calTd Molerain , where Merfyn was flain : 
 Though others call it Meilon, and from the Battel 
 fought there, Maes H^os Meilon. The fame Year 
 
 King 
 
The Hiflory ofVJ\LES. 45 
 
 King yilfred dyed, who tranflated the antient Laws 
 oi Dyfnwall Moelmut King of Britain, and the Laws 
 of Queen Marfia, out of Brittifh into Englifh^ and 
 call'd it Marfian Law, which was afterwards called 
 TVeft Saxonhzw, and obfervcd in part of Mercia^ 
 with all the Countries on the South of Thames : The 
 other part of the Country having another Law calM 
 Datie Lexy both which remained to the time of 
 Ed0.ird the Confeflbr , who of thefe two made one 
 Law. It is very obfervable, what is related of King 
 Alfred, concerning his divifion of the Natural Day in- 
 to three parts ; the one he fet apart for Devotion and 
 Study , the next for the Affairs of the Common- 
 wealth, and the third for his own Reft and Refreih- 
 ment. 
 
 Alfred being dead, Edward his eldeft Son took up- 
 on him the Crown, which fodilpleafed the ambitious 
 Spirit of his Brother Adelwulfh, that prefently he rail- 
 ed a cruel War againft him, and flying to 'Northum- 
 berland , ftirred up the Danes againft his Brother 
 Edwards The Danes were glad of the opportunity, 
 having now a fair pretence to render themfelves 
 Mafters of the whole Ifland j and therefore AdeU 
 fpulph is made King, as well of the Angles as of the 
 Danes^ who by this time were grown to be one Peo- 
 ple. Marching then proudly with a very confiderable 
 Army at his heels, he fubdued the Eajl Saxons, fpoil- 
 ed the Country oiMercia j and palling over the Thames 
 at Crickjand, deftroyed Brythend, and returned home 
 with very great Booty. At the fame time Eunetb 
 was llain in ArtDyflty. But Edttfardht\t\2^ informed of 
 his Brothers retreat, purfued him very eagerly ; but 
 mifSng of him, over-ran and deftroyed all the Coun- 
 try betwixt Oufe and the Dike of S. Edmund^ and 
 then returned home with his whole Army ; faving the 
 J^mijh Men, who being too greedy of Plunder, rafli- 
 ly tarried behind. For the Danes perceiving the Bo- 
 dy of the Array to be returned, and that a fmall 
 Party ftill continued to ravage the .Country, prefent- 
 ly fet upon them, flue a great Number of them, and 
 put the reft to a iliameiul Flight. Nor were the 
 
 Danes 
 
44 7"^^ fJifiory of WALES. 
 
 D*«»« only powerful in England, but molefted and 
 /f.D. 905. grew prevalent in Ireland : For this Year they entred 
 that Kingdom, flew Carmot King and Bifhop of all 
 Ireland, a religious and a vertuous Perfon, the Son of 
 Cukcman ; and Kjmalt Son of Murgan King of La- 
 906. gines. The Year after dyed Ajjer Archbirtiop of S.O<i- 
 vidsy Uncle to the famous and learned AjJer furnam- 
 ed Menevenjis ; who being Chancellour to his Uncle 
 the Archbifhop, was fent for by King Alfred to in- 
 ftruil his Children ; whofe Life he afterwards wroce» 
 and was made Bifliop of Shireburn. 
 
 Edtpardj to force his Brother from his Country, 
 and to revenge the death of the Ksnmjhmeny dif- 
 patch'd an Army to 'Northumberland j which having 
 fpoiled the Country, returned home : Upon which 
 the Danes, to return their Kindnefs, deftroyed a great 
 part of Mercia. But within a while after, Edward 
 having raifcd a very confiderable Army, gave the 
 Danes battel, overthrew them, and flue their Kings 
 Alden and Edelteulph , with a great number of their 
 Nobles. This added very much to his Dominions , 
 which were the more increafed and ftrengthned by 
 the Addition of the Cities of London and Oxford ^ 
 wliich upon the death of Edelred Duke of Mercia^ 
 Edward feized into his own hands , permitting his 
 Wife Eifieda to enjoy the reft of his Dukedom, 
 907. Shortly after, Cadelh Prince of South Wales died, 
 leaving behind him three Sons ; Howel Dha, or the 
 Good, who fucceeded his Father in the Kingdom of 
 South fVales ; Meync and Cljdawc. King Edwardha- 
 ving obtained fo fignal a Vidoty over the Danes^ and 
 rendaed his Kingdom for fome time quiet , began to 
 build placts of ftrength, which might be ferviceable 
 againlt a future Storm ; He bu-lc a Caftle at Hartford^ 
 betwixt the Rivers Bencfic, Mtnier^ and Lige ; and 
 alfo ere(5led the B 'rrouiih cf iVytham in Ejfex j and 
 continued iomtcuxie in Wealdyne, to ke-p thofe Coun- 
 tries in awe. But in (pit." of all thi; y ecaution, the 
 Danes of Leycefier and Hampton, began ihe f9llowing 
 Year to be very troublelom, flew a great number of 
 Englijh at Hotchnorton j and in their ;eturn home- 
 ward, 
 
The Hijlory of AV ALES. 4^ 
 
 ward, deftroyed the Country of Oxford. About the 
 fame time a confiderable Fleet Irom Tydwike, under 
 the command o^Vther and B^hald, failed by the \Ve- 
 ftern Sea to JVales^ and deftroyed S. Davids ; where 
 was fought the Battel of Dinanh, and Mayloc the 
 Son of Peredur Gam was flain. After this they en- ^.£).^n, 
 ired into Herefordjhire, where they were fought with- 
 al, and B^hald was flain, and the reft compell'd to 
 forliwear the King's Land , and never to return any 
 more to England. King Edward, to prevent any fu- 
 ture Difturbance from fuch open Invaders, caafed a 
 ftrong Army to be quartered upon the South fide of 
 Severn ; but the Danes, for all he could do, enter'd ' 
 
 twice into his Country, once at rfi?r^, and then at 
 Portogan ; but were both times overthrown by the 
 Englijh. From thence they departed , to the Ille of 
 Stepen, whence they were forced by Hunger to fail to 
 South Wales, intending to make a confiderable Preyof 
 that Country j but faihng of their aim, they were 
 conftrained to make the beft of their way for Ireland. - 
 But the next Year, z, Party of Danes fought a very 
 fevere Battel with the Kentijhmen at Holm-, but 
 which of them obtain'd the Vidory, is not certainly 
 reported. About the fame time ^«4r<i«>i, Prince of 913. 
 l4orth Wales, died, leaving behind him two Sons, 
 Edwal Foel^ and Elis j and fome fay a third named 
 Meyric. 
 
 Edwal Foel. 
 
 AFtcr the death of Anarawd, his eldeft Son Ed- 
 wal Foel took upon him the Government of 
 timhwales ', Hmel Dha holding the Principality of 
 Somhwalet and Powis: At what time, a terrible Co- 
 met appeared in the Heavens. The fame Year the Ci- 
 ty of Chefier, which had been deftroyed by the Danes, 
 .wai, by the procurement of Elfleda^ new built and 
 
 repaired, 
 
4^ The Htflory o/WAL^S, 
 
 repaired , as the antient Records of that City do te- 
 Itifie. This in the ancient Copy is called Leycefter^ 
 by an eafie milhke for Legecejiria or Chefier , called 
 by the Romans , Legionum Cefiria. The next Sum- 
 mer the Men of Dublin cruelly deftroyed the I fie of 
 Anglefey ; and foon after, Clydawc the Son of Cadelb 
 was unnaturally flain by his Brother Meyric, about the 
 iame time that the Danes received a cruel cverdirow 
 by the Engltjlo, at Tonenhalc. But Elfleda did not 
 long furvive the rebuilding of the City of Chefter ; 
 a Woman of fingular Virtues , and one that greatly 
 ftrengthned the Kingdom of Mercia, by building 
 of Towns and Caftles againft the Incurfions of the 
 Danes ; as Strengat and Brug?^ by the Forreft of 
 Morphy Tamwortifi Stafford^ Edelburgb, Cherenbirrgby 
 Waaeburgh, and t(uncofe. After this, Ihe entered with 
 her whole Army into J4^ales , wan Brecl0ocl{^ and 
 took the Queen , with 3? of her Men Prilonersj 
 which in H^elch is called Gwaithy Ddtnai Netpydh, or 
 the Battel of the new City. From hence ibe march- 
 ed for Derby, which /he took from the Danest lofing 
 only four of her chief Commanders in the Aftion. 
 The occafion of thefe two Expeditions, according to 
 fome, was this : Huganus, Lord of iVeJl Wales, per- 
 ceiving King Edward to be unavoidably bufie in the 
 Danijh War, gathered an Army of Britains, and en- 
 tring into England , deftroyed the Kings Coantry. 
 Upon the News of this, Elfleda came to PKiles with 
 a great Army, fought with the Tfelcb 3t BrecJ^twck^ 
 and putting Huganus to flight , took his Wife and 
 fome of his Men Prifoners ; whom ihe carried with 
 her to Mercia. Huganus being thus defeated, fled to 
 Derby, and being there kindly received, joined hira- 
 felf with the Kings Enemies, the Danes. Elfleda be- 
 ing certified of that, followed him with her Army; 
 but in ftorming the Gates of the Town, had Foar of 
 her beft Officers kill'd by Huganus. But Gwyane Lord 
 ofthe Ifle of fi/y, her Steward, fetting fire to the 
 Gates, futioufly ran upon the Britains^ and entered 
 the Town ; upon which Huganus perceiving himfett 
 t<? be oyer-iaatch'd} chofeiacher tofdU bj the Sword, 
 
 than 
 
The Hijlory of W hhES. 47 
 
 than cowardly to yield himfelf to a Woman. The 
 next Year Efleda laid fiege to the City oi Leicejicr, 
 which was quickly furrender'd, and the Danet there- 
 in perfectly (ubdued. The Fame of thefe feveral A- 
 dions being noifed abroad , her Neighbours became 
 ibn:iewhat fearful and timorous j and the Torkjhire" 
 men voluntarily did her Homage, and protFer'd thek 
 Service. She died at Tamwortb, after Eight Years 
 rule over Mercia j and lies buried at Glocejier by 
 S. Peters. 
 
 After rhe death of Elfleda^ King Edward moft un- 
 gratefully di/inherited her Daughter Alfwyen ; and 
 entering into Mercia, feized all the L^nd into his 
 own hands ; upon pretence that ihe , without hi» 
 knowledg , ( whom her Mother had appointed her 
 Guardianj had privily proraifed and contraded Mar- 
 riage with B^ynald King of the Danes, But this un- 
 juft and unnatural Action of King Edwards , might 
 poffibly bring upon him thoie vehement Troubles, 
 which prefently enfued upon it. For Leofred a Dane, 
 snd Grujfydh aj) Madoc Brother in Law to the Prince 
 of Tl^^Ji fVales, came from Ireland with a great Army 
 to Sncwdon, and minding to bring all fVales and the 
 Marches thereof to their fubjection , over-ran and 
 fubdued all the Country tc Chejier, before King jBJ- 
 tvard was certified of their arrival. Whereat being 
 fore offended , and loth to trouble his Subje^s for 
 help, vowed that himfelf and his Sons, with their fin- 
 gle Forces, would be revenged \i^oa Leofred and Gr«- 
 ffydhj and thereupon inarching to Chejicr^iovcsd the 
 City from them. Then he divided his Army into 
 , two Battels , whereof he and his Son Ethe'Jian lead 
 the firlt, Edmund and Edred the (econd ; and fol- 
 j lowed them fo ciofe, that he overtook them at the 
 j Foreft of Walewode (nqw Shermde) where Leofred 
 \ and Gruffydh let upon them io fiercely, that the King 
 ! at firft was in forae danger y until Atheljlane ftcp- 
 ped in and wounded the Dane in the Arm in that 
 manner, that being no longer able to hold his Spear,. 
 he was taken Prifoncr, and committed to the cuiiody 
 Qf Athelfiane, la the mean time Edmund and Edred 
 
 cncountring 
 
48 Ihemihry z?/' W A L E S. 
 
 tncountfing with Grujfydh, flew him, and brought his 
 Head to their Father ; and Leofreds Head being hke- 
 wifc cut off, they were both fet up upon the Town 
 oiChefier ; and then Edtvardy together with his Sons, 
 vidorioufly returned home. But King Edward, ha- 
 ^^O rj^.ving built Glademutham , foon after this dyed at Fa- 
 randon, and his Son Alfred the fame time at Oxford, 
 and were both buried at TVincheJier. 
 
 EJw^rc/ being dead, his bak Son Atheljiane ^ for 
 many excellent Virtues appearing in him, was pre- 
 ferred to the Crown ; the worthieft Prince of the Sa- 
 ' xon Biood that ever reigned. He overcame Cudfryd 
 
 the Father of B^ynaldYAn^ of the Danes at Tor\i 
 and bting invaded by Hawlaf King of Ireland, who 
 with all the Power of the Scots and Danes inarched 
 againli him, gave him battel at Brimeftbury, and ob- 
 tained a very notorious Viitory ; King Hawlafy toge- 
 ther with the King of the Scots , five Kings of the 
 Danes and Normans being flain upon the Ipot ; fo 
 that the whole Country of England and Scotland be- 
 came fubjefl to him, which none of his Predeceffort' 
 933' ^^^'^ attempted. Sometime after Owen the Son of" 
 Grujfydh was flain by the Men oi Cardigan: And then' 
 Atheljlaiie enuing with his Army into Wales, forced 
 the Princes thereof to pay a yearly Tribute of 20/. 
 in Gold, 300/. in Silver, and 200 Head of Cattelj 
 which notwithftanding was not obferved, as appears 
 by the Laws of Howel Dha, wherein it is appointed, 
 that the Prince of Aberjfraw fliould pay no more to 
 the King of London^ than 66 1. Tribute j and that 
 the Princes of Dmefawr and Powis Ihould pay the 
 like Sum to the Prince oiAberffraw. But King Ethel- 
 fiane was not lefs terrible abroad, than he was awed!" 
 and feared at home 5 the Kings of Prance and Norway 
 fending him very great and coftly Prefents, to obtaitf 
 his Favour, and to gain his good Will. 
 ^3^ This Year Euneth the Son of Clydawc, and Meyriti 
 the Son of Cadelh died. The fame time King Athel' 
 Stane removed the Britains who lived at Excefier and 
 the neighbouring Country to Cornwal ; bounding them 
 with tlie River Cambria (noTiv Tamarji 3S the Bri^ 
 
 tains 
 
The Hijiory ^/W A L E S. 49, 
 
 iaint of Wales, with the Wiy. Not long after, the /i.D.pj/ 
 noble Prince Athelftane dyed , to the great and 
 jnexpreflible forrow of all his Subjects, and was bu- 
 ried at Mdmesb:ny ; and fucceeded by his Biother 
 Edmund^ not inferiour to him in Courage ; but pre- 
 ferable by right of Nativity , being bocn in Wedlock. 
 In the firil Year of his reign , he gave a very confi- 
 derable blow to the Danes j took from them the Ci- 
 ties of Leycefiei-y Darby, Stafford, Lincohi, and Not- 
 tinham. Then Aulafe King of the Danes , finding 
 it impra<flicable to withiland the force of King Ed- 
 mund, defired peace, and withal to be initiated in 
 the Chriftian Faith; which being granted him, he 
 and all his Danes received Baptifm, King Edmund 
 ftanding Godfather at the Font : after which both 
 Parties concluding a firm and a lafting Peace , Ed-, 
 mmd honourably returned to fVefl-Sex. The fame 
 Year dyed Abloic chief King of Ireland : And the 
 Year following, Cadelh the Son of Arthuael a Noble- 
 man of Wales, was, for what reafon not difcoi?ercd, 
 imprifoned by the Englufh. To revenge which Indig* 
 nity, Edt&al Foe/ and his Biother £//j gathered their 
 Forces together, and fought againit the Englijh and 
 Danes, but were both unhappily flain. This Edteal 
 Foel had fix Sons , Meyricj levaf, lago, Conan, Edtval 
 Fychany and ^deric : And his Brother Elis had I due 
 ConaHy and a Daughter named Trawji-, the Mother of 
 Conan apSitfylht, Grujfydh ap Sitfylht, and Blethyn ap 
 Confyn , which two lali were afterwards Princes of 
 ff^ales. 
 
 HomI Dho-j. 
 
 HOttel Dha had been for a confiderable time Prince 
 of South-PVa'es and Fowls ; in which Govern- '^ 
 ment he had fo jultly and dilcreetly behaved himiclf, 
 ■liiat upon the dearh of Edival Foel, he was worthily 
 
 E preferred' 
 
50 The Hifiory cf W ALES. 
 
 preferred to rhe Principality of H^ales : Notwithftan- 
 ding that Edtval had left behind him feveral Sons, 
 who at firft ieem'd to muimure at and refentthe Ele- 
 ftion of Hotvel Dha. The firft thing he took care of, 
 was to enact good and wholfom Laws for the benefit of 
 his Country ; which held in force in fVales, till the 
 time of Edward the Firft, when the tVelch received 
 the hz\y% oi England, yet not lo generally, but that in 
 feme places they continued long after, and are ftill to* 
 be feen in the T4V,ch and Latin Tongue : For Hornet 
 Dha perceiving the Laws and Cuftoms of his Country 
 to have grown to great abule, fcnt for the Archbilhop 
 of Mencvia^ with the re(t of the Bifliops and chief 
 Clergy , to the number of 140. and all the Barons"- 
 and Nobles of fFa/es , and ordered that Six of the' 
 wHeft and bell: eiteemed Perfons in every Commote 
 ihould be cited before him, at his Palace called 7 Ty 
 Gwyn ar Taf, or the white Houfe upon the River Taf. 
 Thicljer coming himfelf, he remained with his Nobles, 
 Prelates, and Subjedcs for all the Lent, in Prayers and 
 parting, imploring the afiGftance and diredion of Gods 
 Holy Spirit, thai he might reform the Laws and Cu- 
 ftoms of the Country ofPf'^ales^to the Honour of God, 
 and the peaceable Government of his Subjects. To- 
 wards the end of Lent, he chofe out of that AiTera- 
 bly Twelve of the wileft and graveft, and Perfons of 
 the gceateft Experience, to whom he added Blegored, 
 a Man of fingular Learning, and one exquifitely ver- 
 fed in the Laws. To thele he gave comtniftion to 
 examine the antient Laws and Cuftoms oifVales^ and 
 to colled out of them what was requifite towards the 
 Government of the Country ; according to which 
 , Charge they retained thofe that were wholfom and 
 
 profitable, expounded thofe that were doubtful and 
 ambiguous , and abrogated them that were fuper- 
 fiuous and hurtful : And fo thefe Laws were diftin- 
 guifhed into three forts ; The firft concerned the Or- 
 der and Regulation of the King's Houfliold and Court; 
 The fecond the Affairs ot the Country and Common- 
 v/ealth; and the hit had regard to fpecial Cuftoms 
 btlonging to particular Perlons and Place?. All 
 
 which. 
 
the Hijlory r/ W A L E $. 5: 1 
 
 which being publickly proclaimed and generally al- 
 low'd of. Prince Howel ordered three Copies to be 
 written j one for his own ufe, another to be laid up 
 at his Palace di Aherffr&w, and the third at Dinefawr\ 
 fo that the three Provinces of iVales might have eafie 
 recourfe to either of them, M^hen need required. And 
 for the better obfervation of thefe Lau's, he caufed 
 the Archbifnop of S. Davids to denounce Sentence of 
 Excommunication againft all fuch of his Subjeds as 
 wouJd not obey the fame. Within a while after, 
 Howel, to omit nothing rhdt might procure any Coun- 
 tenance or Authority to thefe his Laws, accompanied 
 with Lambert Archbilhop of S. Davids^ Mordaf Bi- 
 fhop of Bangor, and Chebur of S. Afafh, and Thir- 
 teen of the moft prudent and learned it Perfons irt 
 Wales, took a Journey to Rome^ where the faid Laws 
 being recited before the I^ope, were by his Hbliriefs 
 ratified and confirmed : Atter which, Homel, with all 
 his Retinue, returned home to his Country. The 
 particulars of thefe LaWs are too numerous to be here 
 ihlerted j only it is obfervable, that all matters of In- 
 heritance of Land were determined and adjudged by 
 the Prince in Perfon ; or if fick, by his fpecial De- 
 puty ; And that upon view of the fame Land, citing 
 together the Freeholders of that place, two Elders or 
 his Council, the chief Juftice always attending m 
 the Court, the ordinary judge of the Country where 
 the Land lay, and the Prieft. The Method of their 
 proceeding was in this manner ; the Prince fate in his 
 Judicial-Seat above the reft of the Court, with art 
 Elder on each hand, next to whom the Freeholders 
 on both lidcsj who upon that account vvere probably 
 called XJchelwyr. Below the Prince at a certain di- 
 ftance, fate the chief Juftice, having the Prieft on has 
 right hand , and the ordinary ]udg of the Country 
 concerned upon the left. The Court being thus fate, 
 the Piaiatiii with his Advocate , Champion and. 
 I{hingylh or Sergeant, ftood on the left fide of the 
 Court, as did the Defendant in like manner on the 
 light. And laftly the Witneffes on both fides appear- 
 ed, and ftood ac the lowej end of the Hall, diredly 
 
 E a oppo- 
 
52 The Hipry of Vv ALES. 
 
 oppofite to the chief Juftice , to teftifie the bed of 
 theii knowledg in the matter in debate. After the 
 taking the Depofitions of the Wirnefles, and a full 
 pleading of the Caule in open Court , upon notice 
 given by the Sergeant, the chief Juftice, the Prieft, 
 and the ordinary Judg, withdrew themfelves for a 
 while, to confult of the matter 5 and then fecundum 
 allegata (3 probata, brought in their Verdidl. Where- 
 upon the prince, after Confultation had with the El- 
 ders thnt fate next him, gave definitive Sen'ence ; ex- 
 cepting the Caufe was lo obfcure and intricate, that 
 the Jultice of it could not appear ; and then the two 
 Champions put an end to the Controverfie by Corn- 
 bate 
 
 Whilft Howel Dha is thus regulating the Cu- 
 ftoms, and meliorating the Laws and Conllitutions of 
 TVules ; Anlafe and B^gnald Kings of the Danes forci- 
 bly entered the Country of King Edmund, who be- 
 ing vexed with their inceflant Holtility, gatheiedhis 
 Forces together, and ('as feme lay) by the help of 
 Lheiffelyn af Sitfylht, who was afterwards Prince of I 
 PVaes^ followed them to Northumberland ^ and ha- 
 ving overcome them in a pitch'd Battel, utterly cha- 1 
 fed them oui of his Kingdom, and remained a whole ■■ 
 Year in thotc Parts, to regulate and bring that Coun- 
 try to fome quiet order. But finding it impradica- 
 ble to redjce the Inhabitants of Cumberland to any ■ 
 peaceable Co;iftitution, having fpoiled and wafted the 1 
 Country, he gave it up to MalcolmeKmg o[ Scotland, I 
 upon condition that he fhould fend him Succours in ; 
 A.D.9\l.^^^ Wars, whenever demanded of him. In the mean 
 time the tVdch had but little occafion to rejoyce ; Hn- \ 
 hert Biihop of S Davids^ Murclois Bilhop of Bangor, { 
 G:^4. and Vjja the Son of L/j<t/y>- being dead; And ihortlyi 
 after the E7jgiiJJo entering into JVales with a very flrong. | 
 Army, put the Country into a great conftcrnation ;] 
 but being fatisficd with the Deftruftion and Spoil of s 
 Strat Clwyd, they returned home without doing any 1 
 more Mifchief The fame time Conan the Son of I 
 E.'is was like to be treacheroufly put to death by | 
 Poyfon ; and Ei>erus Biihop of S. Davids dyed. The f 
 
 I ncxc I 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES. 5-3 
 
 next Year EJniundK\ng of England was unlucki/y 
 flain upon S. Augufiines day 3 buc the manner of his 
 Death is varioufly deJiveredj fome iay, thij: dilco- 
 vering a noted Thief who was out-hw'd , ficting 
 among his Guelts , being cranfported with Indigna- 
 tion againft fo confident a Villain, ran upon him ve- 
 ry furioufly, who expecting nothing lels thjn Death, 
 thought to dye not unrevenged, and therefore with a 
 Ihort Dagger gave the King a mortal Wound in the 
 Breaft. Others report, that as the King would have 
 rcfcued a Servant of his from an Oflfjccr who had ar- 
 retted him, he was unwictingly and unhappily flain by 
 the fame. But however his Death happened, he lies 
 buried at Giafienbury ; in whofe place h's Brorhcc 
 Edred was crowned King of England, who no fooner 
 had entered upon his Government, but he made an 
 Expedition againft Scotland and Northumberlafid, U'h'ch 
 being fubdaed, he received Fealry and Homage by 
 Oath of the Scots &nd Northumbrians^ which they did 
 not long obferve. Shortly after Hoivel Dha, after a A.D, 948J 
 long and peaceable Reign over Wales, dyed, much la- 
 mented and bewailed of all his Subjects, being a Prince 
 of a religious and a virtuous inclination, and one that 
 ever regarded the Welfare and Profperity of his Peo- 
 ple. He left Iflue behind him, Otven, ^im, R^deric^ 
 and Edwyn, betwixt whom and the Sons of Edival 
 Foel, late Prince of North Wales, great Wars and 
 Commotions arofe afterwards about the chief Rule . 
 and Government of Wales. 
 
 But the Sobs of How el Dha, as fome Writers record, 
 were the'.e, d/;^. Owen, who did not long furvive his 
 Father, Etneon, Meredyth, Dyfiitvai, and Hndri^ the two 
 l^ft whereof, as is conceived, were flam in the Bat- 
 tel fought near Lhanrttfjl,\n the Ye-;r 9ja by the Sons 
 o^Edwal Foel ; I{tm Lord of Cardigan, who Wdis flain 
 before the death of his Father ; Conan y Cwn, who 
 poffcffed Ang'cfey 'y Edwin^ who was alio flain, as is 
 luppoled, in the forementioned Battel. There was 
 alio another Battel fought betwixt Howel and Conayi ap 
 Edwal Foel for the Ifle oiAnglefey^ wherein Conan tell ; 
 and Gruffydh his Son renewing the War, was likewile 
 
 B 5 over- 
 
■^4 Tk Hijlory of W ALES. 
 
 overcome ; and fo Cjngar, a powerful Perfon, being 
 driven cut of the Ifland, Howel enjoyed quiet poflef- 
 fion thereof, and of the reft oiGwynedh. It is fup- 
 pofed that this Howel Dha was chofen Governour of 
 ■WaleSi during the minority of his Uncle Anaraw^s 
 Sons, \vho, at the death of their Father, were too 
 young to manage the Principality ; which he kept 
 till his return from B^me^ at which time Edwal Foel 
 'being come of age, he refigned to him the Kingdom 
 ■of Gwynedh or Korth-TVaies, together with the So- 
 veraignty of all pVales : Before which time Howel is 
 flyled Brenhin Cymry oil, that is, King of all {Vales, 
 as is feen in the Preface to that Body of Laws corn- 
 piled by him. 
 
 levaf and lago^ the Sons of 
 Edvpal FoeL 
 
 AFter the death of Howd Dha, his Sons divided 
 betwixt them the Principalities o( South-fVales 
 and Powis ; laying no claim to Ncrth-M^'alesy though 
 their Father had been a general Prince of all Wales. 
 But levaf and lago the Sons of Edwal Foel, having 
 put by their elder Brother Meyric , as a Perfon un- 
 capable of Government, and being diflatisfied with 
 the Rule of North Wales only , imagined that the 
 Principality of all Wales was their Right, as defceh- 
 ding from the elder Houfe j which the Sons oi Howel 
 Dha denyed them. Indeed, they had been wrong- 
 fully kept out of the Government of Korth IVales 
 during the Reign of Howel-, in wliofe time the reco- 
 very of their own was impradlicabJe, by reafon that 
 for his Moderation and other good Qualities, he had 
 attrafted to himfelf the univerfai Love of all the Welch. 
 But now, he being gone, they are refolved to revenge 
 the Injmy received by him upon his Sons 5 and upon a 
 
 • . - faiaiJ 
 
the Hiflory of W ALES. f 5- 
 
 fmall pretence, endeavour to reduce ihe whole Coun* 
 try of ff^a'es to their own (ubjcdtion. levaf and la- 
 go were indeed delcended from the elder branch ; but 
 fincc {(ojertc the great conferred the Principality of 
 South tVales upon his yonger Son Cadeih, the Father of 
 Howel Dha, it was but juli his Sons Thould enjoy whaC 
 was legally defcended to them by their Father : But 
 Ambition reldom gives place to Equity ; and there- 
 fore, right or wrong , levaf and lago mufl; have 
 a touch for South JVales^ which they enter w ith a great 
 Army ; and being oppofed, they obtained a very op- 
 portune Vidtory over Often and his Brethren the Sons 
 of HotPeli at the Hills of C4mo. The next Year the ^.0.9^0^ 
 two Brothers entred twice into South-fVale:, deihoyed 
 and waited Dyfet , and flew Dtvnwalhon Lord of the 
 Countrey. Shortly after which, ^odertc the third cjjr. 
 Son oi Hottfel Dha dyed. But his Brethren perceiving 
 the Folly of ftanding only upon the defenlLve, mu- ^^ 
 -fter'd all their Forces together, and entering N-nh- ' 
 
 PValcs, marched as far as Lhanrtpft upon the River 
 Consvy ; where levaf and lago, men them. A very 
 cruel Battel enfued upon this , and a very great 
 number were flain on both fides, among whom were 
 Anarawd the Son of GtPjriad, the Son of Hoderic the 
 Great ; and Edippi the Son of Hcwel Dha. But the 
 Vidory plainly favoured the Brothers levaf and lago^ 
 fo that the Princes oi South-H^a'es were obliged to re- 
 tire to Cardiganjhire, whither they were warmly pur- 
 Xued , and chat Country cruelly harrafs'd with Fire 
 and Sword, The next Year Merfyn vyas unhappily 55^, 
 drowned ; and Ihorily after Congclach King of Ireland 
 was flain. 
 
 The Scots and Northumbrians having lately fworn 
 Allegiance to King Edred, he was fcarce returned to 
 his own Country, but Aulafe , with a great Army, 
 landed in Northumberland , and was with much rejoy- 
 cing received by the Inhabitants. Biit before he could 
 fecure himfelf in the Government, he was fliamefully 
 baniftied the Country ; and fo the Northumbrians eie- 
 ifted one Hirciui , the Son of Harold for their King. 
 ,]But to fliew the Incoiiftancy of an unfettied Multitude, , 
 
 E 4 they 
 
55 The HifioYj of V/ ALV.S. 
 
 they foon grew weary of Hircins^ 2nd aftfer Three 
 . Years fpace expclied him, and voluntarily fubmiited 
 themfelves to Edred^ who after he had reigned eight 
 Years, dyed, and was buried at WtncheBer. To him 
 fucce^ded Edmin the Son of Edmund^ a Man fo im- 
 moderarely given to Venery, that he forcibly married 
 another Man's Wife 5 for which, and other Irregulari- 
 ties, his Subjeds , after four Years reign, fet up his 
 Brother Edgar, who was crowned in hisfteadj with 
 yd D.91 8, E'-^^^ °f which , he foon ended his days. The Sum- 
 - ' mer, that fame Year, proved fo immoderately hot, 
 
 that it caufed a very difmal Plague in the following 
 Spring, which fwept away a great number of People; 
 before which, Gwgan the Son of Gwyriadiht Son off 
 T^pderic dytA. At this time, Je^;^/ and J^^o forcibly 
 managed the Government of all iVaies, znd adted ac- 
 cording to their ou'n good Pleafurey, no one daring 
 to confront or refiit them. But for all their Power, '' 
 the Sons of /ibloic King of Ireland, ventured to land 
 in Anglefey • and having burnt Holyhead^ wafted th6 
 Country o^Lhyn. Aifo the Sons of Edwyn the Son of 
 'Colhoyfj, deftroyed and ravaged all the Country tb 
 961. Towjfi, where rhey were intercepted and flain. About 
 the lame time dyed Meyric the Son oiCadfan, Rytherch 
 Bifhop of S.Davids., and Cadtea'honap Owen. Not 
 long after , the Country of North- Wales was cruelly 
 9^5. wafted by the Army of £^4r King of £w^/4«<^ ; the 
 "occafion of which Invafion was the non-payment of 
 the Tribute that the King 0^ Aherffraw, by the Laws 
 "of Bowel Dha , was obliged to pay to the King of 
 London. But at length a Peace was concluded upoh 
 rhefe Conditions, that the Prince of North-Wales, \t\- 
 j^ead of Money, ihould pay to the King of Ew^/^;;^ 
 the Tribute of 300 Wolves yearly ; which Creature 
 was then very pernicious and deftruwiive to England 
 and Welles. This Tribure being duly performed for 
 two Years, the third Year there were none to be 
 found in any part of the Ifland; fo that afterwards 
 the Prince of Nonh-Waks became exempt from pay- 
 ing any Acknowledgment to the King of England, 
 ?'^^B The Terror apprehended from the £»f///^, being by 
 
 tlicle 
 
The Uijlory f/ W A L E S, 5; 
 
 thefe means vaniflied • <;here threatned anothci* Cloud 
 from Ireland ; for the Irifh being animated by their 
 late Expedition, landed again in Anglefej; and having 
 flain Roderlc the Son of Edwal Foel , they deftroyed 
 Aberffraw. And this danger being over, levaf and A.D.<j6^* 
 Jago who had jointly and agreeably, till now, mana- 
 ged the Government oifVales from the death cAHowel 
 Dha, began to quarrel and difagree among themfelves j 
 and Jago having forcibly laid hands upon his Brother 
 Icvafj confined hira to perpetual Imprifonmeht. 
 Thefe Heats and Animofities between the two Bro- 5^8. 
 thers, gave occafion and opportunity to Oa^en Prince 
 of South JVales to carve for himfeif , who prefentiy 
 Icized to his hands the Country of GiPyr. And to 9^9. 
 augment the Miferies of the Welch at this time , 
 MaBus the Son of Harold , with an Army of Danes^ 
 entered the Ifle of Avglefey , and ipoiled Penmon. 
 King Edgar was fo indulgent to thefe Danes, that he 
 permitted them to inhabit through all England; inlb- 
 inuch that at length they became to be as numerous 
 and as ftrong as the Englijh themlelves ; and fell into 
 fuch 'lewd courfes of Debauchery, and fuch horrid 
 Drinking, that very great Mifchiefenfued thereupon. 
 The King to reform this immoderate Sottifhnefs, ena- 
 bled a Law, that every one Ihould drink by meafure, 
 and fo ftamped a Mark upon every VelTel , how 
 far it fhould be filled. But Haro/^ having taken P^w- 
 mon, made lubjed to himfeif the whole Sfle 0I Angle- 
 fey , which however he did not keep long, being for- 
 , iced to quit the fame, and to return heme ; as did 
 the Fleet of King Alfred, which he had lent to fub- 
 A'c&Caerlheonu^onVfc. And now being rid of the 971. 
 En^liJh and Danes, the Welch begin to laife Commo- 
 tions among themfelves. I^y^/conrinued fiiil in Pri- 972. 
 fon, to rcfcue whom, his Son Hbjr?/ railed his Power, 
 and marched againtt his Uncle lago, who being van- 
 quiihed in fight, was forced to quit the Country, to 
 iave h'mfeif. Hotvel having won the dfiy, took his 
 eldef: Uncle, Mejiric the Son of Edwal Prifoner, and 
 pulled out both his Eye?, clapt him in Pi Kon, where 
 in a woful condition he ftoitly dyedj leaving behind 
 
 hira 
 
The Hipry ofW\ LEG, 
 
 him two Sons, Edwal and lonafal ; the firfi; of whidi 
 lived to be afterwards Prince of Wales , and to re- 
 venge upon the Pofterity of Howe!, that unnatural 
 Barbarity flie\ved to his Father. But though Howel 
 dehvered his Father from his Jong and tedious Impri- 
 fonraent, yet he did not think fit to reftore him to his 
 Principahty ; for whether by Age or Infirmity lie was 
 incapable, Howel took upon him the fole Government 
 of Wales, which he kept and maintained for his life- 
 time, but afterwards it defcended to his Brethren. 
 For levaf had Iffue befides this Hotffel ; Meync. Je- 
 vaf, and Cadwalhan ; ail three Men of great Repute 
 and Efteem. 
 
 About this time dyed Morgan Hen, in his younger 
 days called Morgan Mawr, being an Hundred Years 
 old, having lived Fifry Years after the death of his 
 Wife Elen, Daughter of f{odenc the Great, by whom 
 he had one Son called Owen. Morgan was a valiant and 
 a vidtorious Prince, and well beloved of his Subjeifts 5 
 but fometime before his death , Owen, the Son of 
 Prince Howel Dha, laid claim to Tftradwy and Ewy , 
 (called the twoSleevesof Go'wf Vwchcoed) being the 
 Right of Morgan, and feized upon them to his own 
 ufe. But the matter, through the mediation of the 
 Clergy and Nobility , being by both Parties referred 
 to the decifion of Edgar King of England, it was by 
 him adjudged, that the faid Lands did of right belong 
 to Morgan, and to the Diocefs of Lhandajf; and th^t 
 Oven ajj Howel Dha had wrongfully pofleflfed him- 
 felf of them. The Charter of the faid Award was 
 made before the Archbifhops, Bifliops, Earls and Ba- 
 rons oi England and PVales ; as may be feen at Lhan- 
 daff, in an old Manulcript called y Cwtta Cyfarw^dd 
 Forgannwg. And there is foraewhat to the fame pur- 
 pole in the old Book of Lhandaffi only the raiftake in 
 both is, that they make Howel Dha the Intruder into 
 the faid Lands, who had been dead at leaft Twenty 
 Years before King Edgar began his Reign. 
 
 Howel 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. '59 
 
 Howl ap leDaf. 
 
 HOwel, after that he had expelled his Uncle lago, 
 and forced him to quit his own Dominions, 
 took upon himfelf the Government of Wales y in 
 right of his Father, who tho alive, yet by reafon of 
 his Years, was wilhng to decline it. About the fame 
 time Dwnwalhon Prince of Stradclipjd, took his Jour- 
 ney for l{:me j and Edwalhon Son of Owen Prince 
 d South- Wales died. B»4t the Engltjh received a 
 greater Blow by the Death of King Edgar, who was 
 a Prince of excellent Qualities, both warlike and re- 
 ligious, and one thai founded feveral Monalteries and 
 religious Houfes, and particularly at Bargor. 
 
 For lago ap Edwal having fled to King Edgar , pre- 
 vailed lo far with him, that he brought an Army in- 
 to North- ff ales to reflore him to his Right. Being 
 advanced as far as Bangor, he was honourably receiv'd 
 by Hoitel, who, at his requeft, was contented his Un- 
 cle lago fhould have a fhare in the Government, as he 
 had in his Father levafs time. Then 'Edgar founded 
 'a new Church at Bangor, on the South-fide of the Ca- 
 thedral, which he dedicated to the BlefTed Virgin 
 Mary ; and confirmed the antient Liberties of that 
 See, and beftowed Lands and Gifts upon it ; And 
 then with Howel and lago in his company, he march- 
 ed towards Chejier^ where met him, by appointment. 
 Six Kings more, vi:(. J\e}ieth King of the Scots, Mal- 
 colm King of Cumberland, Macon King of Man^ and 
 Dyfnwal, Sifrethus, and Itbel , three Britijh Kings. 
 Thele Eight Pnnces having done Momage, and (worn 
 Fealty to him, entred with him into his Barge, ' and 
 'rowed him, four of each fide, from his Palace to the 
 Church or Monallcry of S. john Baptijl^ and Divine 
 "Service being ended, in like Itate rowed him back 
 again. To K^ng Edgar fuccecded his Son Edfpard, fur- 
 named 
 
6o The Hifiory cfWhhES. 
 
 named the Younger ; who afcer four Years reign, was 
 treacheroufly flain through the Treafon of his Stepmo- 
 ther Elfrida, to make room for her own Son Edelred, 
 upon pretence of -whofe minority, being a Child on- 
 ly of Seven Years, Ihe might have the management 
 of the Kingdom in her own hands. But whilft the 
 A.D.97^^Engli/h were in this waving and unfettled condition, 
 Eineon, the Son of Owen King of South-fVales, the 
 fecond time entered the Country of Gttfyr, and having 
 fpoiled and wafted it? returned home again. This, 
 though an unfufFerablc Affront to Hotvel Prince of 
 'Nortb-H^ales, yet he thought it moft convenienr to 
 pafs by and wink at it ; being then warmly engaged 
 againft the Aiders and Abettois of his Uncle laga j 
 and marching againft them with a numerous A. my, 
 confifting oiPt^elch and Englijh "pxkxined them fo Lhyyn 
 and K^elynnoc Fawr , the very extremity of JVales j 
 where after crupl ravaging and miferable harafling of 
 the Country about, lago was at laft taken Prilbner ; 
 but fo generoufly received by Howell that he granted 
 his Uncle to enjoy his portion of the Country peace- 
 ably for his Life. But he did not deal fo kindly with 
 his Uncle Edwd Fychan the Son oiEdwal Foel, who,^ 
 «T a for what pretence, not difcover'd, was flain by him. 
 It may be, that being in a manner fecure of his Un- 
 cle lago, he was apprehenave that Edival Fychan would 
 put in his Pretence for the Principality ; and therefore 
 he judged it convenient to remove this Obflacle in 
 time, and to fend him to feek for it in another World, 
 For nothing can be the caufe of greater Injuftice and 
 Inhumanity in Princes, than the jealoufie and appre- 
 . henfion of Rivals and Pretenders to their Government j 
 to prevent which, they w^ili facrifice any thing that ' 
 is juit and legal, fo that the Perfon offending be re- 
 moved out of the way. But though H,wd had mur- 
 thered his Uncle Edwal Fychan, yet he could not re- 
 move all Difpurts and Pretences to NorthWa'es : 
 For at the -fame time that he was employed in this' 
 unnatural Attion, Cyftenyn Dhu, or Conjlantine the 
 Black, Son to lagi theo Prifoner ro Hcwel., having hi- 
 red an Army of D.mes^ under the co.nraand of Godfry4 
 
 the 
 
Tlje Hi/^ory of W A L E S. 6l 
 
 the Son of Harold, marched againft his Coufin Howel, 
 and entring North-PVa!es^ deiVroyed Anglefey and Lhyn, 
 Whereupon Hotvet having drawn his Forces together, 
 fee upon them at a place called Gwayth Utrbarthy 
 where the Danes received a very Ihamefal' overthrow, 
 and Conftantine the I>on of lagp was llain. But ano- 
 ther Army of Danes fared betrer in England, who ha- 
 ving landed at, and fpoiled Southampton, over-ran the 
 Countries of Devon and Cornwall burnt the Town of 
 Bodman, whereby the Cathedral Church of St. PC' 
 trot^es, with the Bifliop's Palace, were laid m Aflies ; 
 by reafon of which Difafter, that Bifliop's See was 
 tranflated to St. Germains, where it continued till the 
 uniting thereof to Crediton, Within a while after, 
 St. Dunjlan Archbiftiop of Canterbury died, a Pious 
 and Religious Perfon, who fore-told of very great and 
 infupportable Calamities, the Englijh fliould endure 
 by the cruel Outrages of the Danes. 
 
 But Godfryd the Son of Harold being highly dilgu- ^g j. 
 
 fted at the fliameful rout he received of Hott^el in the 
 
 Quarrel of Conftantine, Was refolved to recover his 
 
 Credit, and to revenge himfelf of the Welch. And 
 
 accordingly he landed with a powerful Army in Weft* 
 
 iValeSy where after that he had fpoiled the Land of 
 
 Dyfed, with the Church of 6t. Davids, he fought the 
 
 famous Battle of LhantPamc. But Harold being forced 
 
 Upon this to retire and forfake the Country, the fol- ^3 a. 
 
 lowing Year Duke Alfred with a confiderable number 
 
 of Englijh came to lupply his room, and to conquer 
 
 the PVelch. But he received as little Advantage or 
 
 Honor as Harold in this Expedition ; for after that 
 
 he had laid walte and deftroyed the Tov/n of Brec- 
 
 nock^i with fome part of South- (>Fales, he was flume" 
 
 fully vanquilhed, and his Army almoit totally cue 
 
 off by the Troops of Elneon the Son of Owen Prince 
 
 oi South-Wales, and Howel Prince of North fVales^ 
 
 who had joined their Forces againit him. And now 9S3, 
 
 the PPexh having quite dilabled the Danes and the 
 
 Enghjh, began to fall to rheir old Couries, to make 
 
 Ule of their Prcfpericy and Quietncls f:om .ibroad, 
 
 for quarrelling and creating Uifturbances at home. 
 
 The 
 
S'L the Hifiory of W A L E S. 
 
 The Inhabitants of Gteentldnd imagined themfelves 
 very Strong and Powerful, and therefore muft needs 
 endeavour to fhake off their Allegiance to their Prince, 
 and to fee up one of their own making. Owen Prince 
 of South'fVales to pacify the rebelhous Humor of 
 thefe feditious and turbulent People, fent his Son 
 Eineon to perfuade them to Obedience. But a di- 
 ftradled multitude got loofe, is not to be worked up- 
 on by Arguments, which Eineon fatally experienced, 
 who was lb far from perfuading them in their Alle- 
 giance by fair means, that they prefently fee upon 
 him, and thinking chat they had the Bird in their 
 filt, who was next to fucceed, put him to prefenc 
 Death. And thus moft ignobly fell this worthy 
 Prince, who in his Father's time was the only Sup- 
 port of his Country, being a flout and a valiant 
 Commander, and one famoufly experienced in the 
 Art and Difcipline of War. He had Iflfue two Sons, 
 Edwyn and Tewdor Mawr, or Theodor the Greats out 
 , of whofe Loins feveral Princes of SomhWules were 
 9^4* fince delcended. But Howel Prince of North Wales 
 did not regard this Diffention and Rebellion in Soutb- 
 JVales, and therefore took opportunity to ftrengthen 
 and multiply his Army, with which he marched the 
 next Year for England^ intending to revenge the In- 
 curfions and InvaGons of the Englifh upon Wales, 
 and to deftroy and wafte their Country. But ha- 
 ving entred into England, he was prefently fought 
 with, upon which, being refolvcd either to return 
 Vivftorioufly, or to die Couragioufly, he fell in among 
 them, bur in the Adion was llain, leaving no liiue 
 behind him to (ucceed in his Principality, i|io* in" 
 fome antient Genealogies he is reputed to have "a Son" 
 called Conan y Cwn^ 
 
 Cftdmlborr 
 
The Hijiory of ^N Kl.^S, 6^ 
 
 Cadxpalhon ap leyaf. 
 
 HOwel ihe Son of levaf had for a long time en- 
 joyed the Prindpality ofNmh-JVales^ more by 
 main Force and Ulurpation, than any right of Suc- 
 ceiTion he could pretend to it. For lonafal and Edwal 
 the Sons of Meyric , the eldeft Son of Edwal Foel, 
 were living, and tho' their Father had been rejecfled 
 as uunt for Government, yet that was no reafon to- 
 deprive them of their Right. Indeed, Hotpel could 
 pretend to no other Right or Title, i^than that his Fa- 
 ther levaf had been Prince of North-Wales before 
 him, and this he thought fuiEcient to maintain bis 
 PofleflTion againft the rightful Heir, who was far un- 
 able to oppofe or molell his wrongful Ulurpation. 
 Bur he being flain in this rafli Expedition againft the 
 Etigiijh, and leaving no Iffue to fucceed him in the 
 Crown, his Brother Cadwalbon thought he might right- 
 fully rake upon him the Government of North-JValeSt 
 feeing his Father and his Brother had without any 
 moleliation enjoyed the fame. However to make his 
 Title (ecure, he thought fit to remove all manner of 
 rubs which might create any Difpute concerning his 
 right of Succeffion, and to that end, concluded it 
 necelfary to make away his Colins lonafal and 
 Edwal the lawftil Heirs j the firlt of which he 
 executed accordingly, but Edwal being aware of his 
 Intention privately made his eicape, and fo prevented 
 his wicked Defign. This unnatural Dealing with his 
 CouGns lonafal and Edwal coft Cadmalhon not only 
 his Life, but the lofs of his Principality and the utter 
 ruin of his Father's Houfe. For he had Icarce enjoy- 9^T« 
 ed his Government one Year, but Meredith the Son 
 of Owen Prince of South-Wales entred into North' 
 Wa'eSi ^^ew Cadwalhon and his Brother Meyric the 
 only remains of the Houie of levaf ^ and under the 
 
 pretence 
 
^4 ^he Hi/lory //WALES. 
 
 pretence of Conqueft, poffefT^-d himfelf of the whole 
 Country, Here we rnay obferve and admire the. 
 Wildom of Providence, in permitting Wrong and 
 Oppreixlon for fome time to fiourifh and wax great, 
 and afterwards by fecret and hidden Mechods, in re- 
 ftoring the Pofterity of the right and lawfiil Heir to 
 the jull and priltinc Eitate of his Anceftors. For 
 after the Death of Edwal Foel, Meyric who by right 
 of Birth was legally to fucceed, w-as not only depri- 
 ved of his juil and righful Inheritance, but had his 
 Eyes molt inhumanly put out, and being condemned 
 to perpetual Imprifonment, for grief of being fo bar- 
 barouily treated, quickly ended his Days. Bat tho* 
 his Brothers levaf and lago , and Howel and Cad' 
 walhm the Sons of the former lucceliively enjoyed 
 the Principality of NorthfVales ; yet not one died 
 naturally or free from the Revenge of Meyric s eje- 
 <5lion. For Je^d/wasimprifond by his Brother lago, 
 and he with his 6on Confiantine, by Howel the Son 
 oi levaf, and afterwards Howel fell by the hands of 
 the Englijk, and his Brethren Cadwalhon and Meyric 
 were both flain by Meredith ap Owen. On the other 
 fide, Edwal ah Meyric who was right Heir oi Korth- 
 Wales after the Death of his Brother lonafal , efcaped 
 the fnare intended by Cadwalhon ; and Meredith ap 
 Owen after fome time leaving "North Wales expofed, 
 TO the Enemies, by reafon he had enough to do to pre- 
 ferve South-Wales^ Edwal was received of the Nortjf^ 
 Wales Men as their true Prince. 
 
 Meredith ap O'^en, 
 
 S 2 ^' "XM Eredith having won the Field and flain Cadwalhon 
 J-Vx and his Brother Meyric, the only leeming Pre- 
 tenders to the Principality of N<?J'^^'-ffW«, rook upon, 
 himfelf the Rule and Governmeiit of it. Bat before, 
 he cculd be well contirmed in his Dominions, Codfryd 
 
 ttie 
 
the Hiflory cf W ALES, 6$ 
 
 the Son of Harold, the third time entred into the 
 )/le of Anglefey^ and having taken Lhyarch the Son of 
 Oi0en wiih acoi Men Prifoners, molt cruelly put out 
 his Eyes ; which fo (tarried and ftruck fuch a Terror 
 ' into Prince Meredith, that with the relt of his Army 
 he forthwith made his clcape and fled to Cardigan, 
 This lofs to the H^e'.ch was the lame Year feconded 
 by another, but of another fort; for there happened 
 fuch a dilmal and tinufual Murren, that the belt part 
 of the Cattle of fVufei perilhed. Neither were the 
 Englijh at this time free from Adverfities and Trou- 
 bles, for the Danes landed again in England with le- 
 veral Armies, and at PFeJIport and fViteJi, gave two 
 Eng'ijh Lords, Codan and Britchmuld luch a blow, 
 that the King was forced to buy his Peace, with the 
 payment of icooo Pound, which was termed, Dans 
 Gelt. But within a while after, King £<:/e/re^ violated 
 and brake the Peace himfelf, and prepared a great 
 Fleet, thinking to vanquiih the Danes at Sea : But 
 it proved far otherwife, and mUch contrary to his ex- 
 pedtation, all his 5 hips being either deltroyed or 
 taken, together with the Admiral, Alfric Earl of 
 Mercia. The Danes being animated with this Vicfto- 
 ry, failed up to the Mouth of the Himher, and land- 
 ing in Torl^Jhire, fpoiled and deltroyed the City of 
 Tirl^ and Lindfey; but in their iriarch through Not' 
 ihiimberlandy were routed and put to flight by Godwyh 
 and Fridgt/i, two Engtijh Generals who were fenr to 
 6ppofe them. The lame time Anlaf King of Norway^ 
 and Sfvane of Denmark^ with 94 Gallies tailed up the 
 Thames and befieged London, which the Citizens (a 
 bravely defended, that at length the Danes thought 
 beft to raife and quit the Siege. But though they 
 could efFe(9: nothing upon the City, yet the Country 
 was at their mercy, and therefore leaving their Ships, 
 they landed and waited with Fire and Sword, All 
 Ksnt, EJJex, Sujfex, Surry and HampJJoire. Wherefore 
 King Edelred inltead of manly oppolition in the Field, 
 fends AmbafTadors to treat about ainother payment, 
 ind fo the Danei being fatislied with a great Sum of 
 Money and Vi(5l«als, fay quiet thzt Winter at Sou-^ 
 F tbdmpiorii 
 
^5 The Hiftory of WALE S. 
 
 thamftm. Upon this Compofition, Anlaf was in- 
 vited by Adelred, and Royally entertained, and be- 
 ing difhiifled with very many rich Prefents, he pro- 
 mifed upon Oath to depart the Kingdom and never 
 to moleft it any more, which he faithfully per- 
 formed. 
 987. Whilft the Englijh and the Danes were thus for a 
 
 time agreed, levaf the Son of Edtval having fpeni 
 for feveral Years a retired and a private Life, died ; 
 And was quickly followed by Owen the Son of Howel 
 Dha Prince of South Wales. This Owen had three 
 Sons, Eineon who in his Father's time was flain by the 
 Rebels of Gmentlandj and Lhyttfarch who had his 
 Eyes put out by Godfryd the Son of Harold the Dane^ 
 and Prince Meredith, who had already Conquered 
 tlorth-Wales, and now upon his Father's Death takes 
 poireffion alfo of South-Wales, without any regard 
 had to Edwyn zndTheodore the Sons of Eineon his elder 
 Brother, But upon his advancement to his new Prin- 
 cipality, he was like to meet with no very fmall trou- 
 bles ; for the Danes at Hampton quickly broke the 
 League with King Adelredy and failing towards the 
 fVeft mightily annoyed the Coafts of Corneal and De- 
 vcnjhlrei and at laft landed in South-Wales. Having 
 deltroyed St Davids^ Lhanbadarn, Lhanrhyflyd, than" 
 dydocb, and feveral other Religious places ; the Coun- 
 try was fo cruelly harafled and weakened, that Prince 
 Meredith was forced to compound with them, and to 
 988. P'^y ^ Tribute of one Peny for every Perfon within 
 his DominionSj which in Welch was called Gltvmaeny 
 otherwife, the Tribute of the Black Army. And 
 Ireland too at this time received no inconfiderable 
 blow from the DaneSy who flew Eltcmaen the Son of 
 Abloic King of the Country, and fo fpoiled and ra- 
 vaged that Kingdom, that a great Number of the Na- 
 tives perilhed by Famine. 
 $%9. The year following Ottfen the Son oi Dyfiitvalz Man 
 of a confiderableNote and Reputation among zheWelcb 
 was flain ; belides which nothing remarkable happen- 
 ed this year. But the next year Edwyn ap Eineon, who 
 was right Heir to the Principality of South-Wales, 
 
 having 
 
The Hiflory ^/W A L E S, 67 
 
 having drawn 10 his help a great Army o^ EngUfh 99a. 
 and Danes hoftibly entered into Meredith's, Country, 
 fpoiled all the Land ot Cardigan, Dyfed, Cwj/i^K^jd- 
 tvely and St. Davids-, and received Holtages of the 
 Chief Perlons of thole Countries to own him as theic 
 rightful Prince. To return rhele Outrages upon 
 Edttyn^ Meredith deitroyed the Town of i^j^«(jr,fpoil- 991, 
 ed Glamorgan^ and carried the Chief.Ml Men therein 
 Priloners, whopayinp their Ranlom, were let at Li- 
 berty. But whil/i IValei wr*s in this tottering Con- 
 dition, and (carce any place free from Honiiity ; it 
 happily fell out, that Meredith and Edtvyn were made 
 Friends, and the Diiferences compofed berwcL^n them, 
 fo that the EngHJh and Danes who came in with Edicyn, 
 and who expected to iase belt by thefe Civil D.iiur- 
 bances of the fVelch were unexpedledly cifliiered 
 and fent home. And loon after this agreemmt, Cad^ 
 walhon the only Son of Meredith died, which ren- 
 dered the Compofition between Meredith and Edwyn 
 more firm, by realbn that this latter thought now, 
 without any Difpute to iucceed Meredith in his Prin- 
 cipality, But this fell lliort of his aim, for A^^- 
 redith being very much di.turbed in Scuth-if'ales, had 
 fo much work upon his hands to defend that Comi- 
 try, that he left Norih-Wales open and expofed to 
 the Common Enemy, which the Danes were quickly 
 acquainted with, and fo landing in Arglepy^ they ra- 
 vaged and laid wafte the whole Ifland. I'he North- 
 fVales Men finding themfelves thus forfaken by Me- 
 redith, and their Country like to be over-run by the 
 Danes, if not timely prevented, fet up Edival the Son . ^ 
 of Meyric, the indilputable Heir of North^H^ales, ^^^" 
 though long kept from it. and owned him for their 
 Prince. But thoie inceflant Wars and Commotions 
 in South-lValeSi occafioned a very difmal F^ini'ie and 
 Scarcity in the Country, of which a very c;o'!fiderable 
 number of People perifhed. And thus Mcredito who 
 had once conquered North J^^^aies 2nd for a long 
 time had got polfedion ot Soiuh !>T^ales, without any 
 Right or Title to either, was now obliged to reii«)ouiflJ 
 the one, and was fcarce able to maintain the other. 
 
 F » Edwd 
 
68 The Hijlory cf W ALES. 
 
 Edvpal op Meyrtc. 
 
 993* C DW after a long and tedious expedtation, being 
 JL!> now joyfully received by the North-Wales Men 
 for their Prince, endeavoured the firlt thing to de- 
 fend his Subjedts from the Injuries and Depredations 
 they received from the Danes. And having in a mea- 
 fure effected that, he was accofted by another Ene- 
 my ; for Meredith being relblved to Revenge the 
 Indignity and Difgrace put upon him by the North- 
 H^a'es Men, in depriving him of the Government of 
 their Country, gathered and muttered together all 
 his Power, intending to recover again that Principa- 
 lity. Being advanced as far as Lhangtvm, Edwal met 
 him, and in plain Battel routed his Army ; in which 
 
 - ' Adion, Theodor or Tetpdor Mater, Meredfth^s Nephew 
 
 was liain, leaving behind him two Sons, l^ys and 
 J{ythenhj and a Daughter named Elen, But 'tis 
 probable that it was not Tett^dor Matter, but his Bro- 
 ther Edtvyn that was ilain in this Battel, which alto 
 ieems rather to have been fought at fJengtvmm At" 
 dtidtvy in Merioneth Jkire, than at Lhangtvm, for in 
 that place there are to this Day certain Monuments of 
 Victory to be teen, as heaps of Stones, Tomb-Stones 
 and Columns, which they call Carneddi Hengtvm. 
 Edival returning home triumphantly after this Vidto- 
 ry, thought he had now lecured himfelf in his Go- 
 vernment, and expeded to enjoy his Dominions 
 quietly, and without any moleuanon. But he had 
 Icarce recovered the Fatigue of the latt Engagement, 
 when Stvans the Son of Harold having lately pillaged 
 and watted the Ijle of Man, landed in North-Wales, 
 whom Edwal endeavouring to oppofe, was flain in the 
 Encounter, leaving one Son behind him, called lago. 
 
 Wiihm 
 
The Hifiory /?/" W A L E S. 6^ 
 
 Within a while after, the Danes returned again againft 
 vSc.D<twVj,and deltroying all before them with Fire and 
 Swords,flewMor^eKe> or 'L'/'^ew^' BilhopofthatDiocefe, 
 Prince Meredith being highly concerned at the Mil- 
 chiefs thefe Barbarous People continually did :o his 
 Country, and the more, becaufe he was not able to 
 repel their infolencies, out of Grief and Vexation 
 died ; having Iffue one Only Daughter, named ^n- 
 gharad, who was twice Married ; firlt to Lhewelyn 
 ap Sitfylht, and after his Deadi to Conjyn Hirdref, or 
 as others think, to Confyn ap Gweryfian. She had 
 Children by both Husbands, which occafioned after- 
 wards great Disturbances and Civil Commotions in 
 Wales, the Iflue of both Adventures pretending a 
 Right: of bucceliion to the Principality of South" 
 Wales- 
 
 Aedan ap ^legorad. 
 
 EDwal Prince of KorthPVales being killed in the 
 Battel againft Swane, and having no other IHue 
 than lago, who was a Minor, and too young to take 
 upon him the Government ; and Meredith Prince of 
 South'fVales dying without any other Ufue than a 
 Daughter, cauied very heavy Quarrels and Conten- 
 tions among the Vfelch, feveral without any colour 
 of Right, putting in their Claims and Pretenfions to 
 the (jovernment. In North-Wales, Conan the Son looj,^ 
 of Hottfel, and Aedan the Son of Btegorad were the 
 chief Afpirers to that Principality ; and becaufe they 
 cculd not agree who fliould be the Man, they fairly 
 confented to try the matter in open Field, where 
 Conan had the misfortune to be ilain ; and !o Aeda^ 
 was Vi(5lorioufly proclaimed Prince of 'North tVales. 
 But who this Aedan was defcended from, or wba,t 
 F J Colour 
 
Ths Hijlory <,/ W A L E S. 
 
 Colour or Pretence he could lay to this Principality, 
 cannot be as much as guciTed at, there being none of 
 that Name to be met with in ^nyH^elch Records, ex- 
 ceptinv; that Blegorad who is mentioned in the Line 
 of Howei Dha, whole Ellate and Quality was too 
 mean that hi-^ Po!tericy Ihould lay any Claim to the 
 Principaliry of Wales. But be that how it will, Aedan 
 after his Vidfory over Conan ap Howel, was owned 
 Prince by the North-VTales Men, over whom he bore 
 Rule for the Ipice of twelve Years ; tho' befides his 
 Conqueft oiCrnan tip Howel, there be nothing record- 
 ed of him, excepting his being flain, together with his 
 four Sons by Lhewelyn ap Sitfylht. 
 
 But whiitt the fVelch are in this inconftant and un- 
 fetrled Condition, the Scots in Ireland began ro grow 
 powerful and having deitroyed theTown and Country 
 oi Devclynx^^y took Gtilfath and Vbiad,[wo LtJhLords 
 prifcners, whole Eyes they molt inhumanly put out. 
 The Danes alfo, who had lately made their Incurfions 
 into South-Wales, began now to moleij the Englifh, 
 and having landed in the Weji, pafied through the 
 Counties ot Somerfet, Dorfet, Hamp-Jhtre and Sujfex, 
 tieitroying and burning all before them. Having ad- 
 vanced without any Oppofition, as far as the River 
 Medfpay, they laid Siege to B^chejler^ which the 
 ^r.tijh-men endeavouring to prelerve, alTembled 
 themlelvcs together, and gave the Danes Battel, but 
 were vanquifhed in the Undertaking. King Edelred 
 was then in Cumberland, where ihe Danes were more 
 numerouily planted, which Country he kept quiet 
 and in fubjection. But in the mean time another 
 Anny of Danes landed in the We/i, againlt whom 
 the Country People of Somerfet-fhire aflcmbling them- 
 felves, Ihewed their readinefs to attack them, but 
 wanting a Head to dired: them, were eafily put to 
 their Heels, and the Danes ruled and commanded the 
 Country at their pleafure. The King being forely 
 vexed at the Infolencies and reltlefs Depredations ot 
 the Danes, thought convenient to ftrengthen himfelf 
 by iome powerful Affinity, and to that end, fends 
 AmbalTadors to B^chard Duke of Normandy, deiiring 
 
 his 
 
The Hlflcry of W ALES. 71 
 
 his Daughter F.mma in Marriage, and Succours to 
 repel the Dan^Jlo Incurfions. Here it is obfervable, 
 that S.S the Saxons being formerly called over as 
 Friends and Allies ro the well- meaning Britains, 
 violently and wrongfully polltlled tbemfelves of the 
 greatelt part of the llland ; (b now the Normans 
 being invited to Aid the EngUJh againtt the Danes, 
 took fo good a liking to the Country, that they 
 never gave over their Defign of gaining it , till at 
 laft they became Conquerors of the whole llland. 
 The Mifchief of calling in the Normans, tho' fore- 
 told to King Ade'.red, he was fo far concerned a- 
 bout the prefent Calamities received by the Danes, 
 that he was deaf to all futurities , how dangerous 
 and mifchievous (bever they might prove. And 
 therefore being puff'd up with hopes of Increale 
 of Strength by this new Affinity, he fent private 
 Letters to all Cities and Towns throughout hjs 
 Dominions where the Danes were quartered, re- 
 quiring them all upon St. Brice's Night to Maf- 
 lacre the Danes j which was accordingly performed 
 with much Unanimity and Secrecy. This cruel 
 Difaftcr was fo far from difcoursging the Danes, 
 that they now began to Vow the Eradication of 
 the Enghjlo Nation, and to R' venge that unman- 
 ly Mallacre of their Country-men ; to which end 
 they landed in Devon-foire , and over-running the 
 Country vs^ith Fire and Sword, fpared nothing that 
 had the leait Ipark of Life in it. The City of 
 Exeter they razed to the ground, and flew Httgh 
 the Norman^ whom the Queen had recommended 
 to the Government of it. To prevent their fur- 
 ther Incurfions, Almarus Earl of Devon gathered a 
 great Army out of Hamp-fhire and fVilt-Jhire, and 
 the Country thereabouts, and marched with a Re- 
 folution ftoutly to oppofe the Danes, who put w^/- 
 marus to Fligjit and purfued him to VVtlton and 
 Salisbury, which being ranfacked and plundered, 
 they carried the Pillage thereof triumphantly to 
 their Ships. 
 
 F 4 Th$ 
 
7t. The Hijlory r/W A L E S. 
 
 A. D. The next: Year, Smane, a Prince of great reputa 
 1004. in Denmuik, landed upon the Coaft of Norfolk^ and 
 laid fiege to N rip'ch, and wafted the Country there- 
 abouts. Bur WJfkettcl Duke of that Country, being 
 too weak to oppofe him , thought it moft convenicnc 
 to make a Peace with the Dane ; which was quickly 
 broke; and then Swane marched privately to! hetford, 
 which after he had fpoiled and ranlack'd, he return'd 
 with his Prey to his Ships, fVolfl^ttel hearing this, 
 privately drew up his Forces, and ftoutly marche4 
 againft the Enemy ; but being far inferiour in number, 
 the Danes got the day, and afterwards failed to their 
 own Country. Within Two Years afcer, the Danes 
 returned again, biinging with them their ufual Com- 
 panions, the Five, the Sword, and the Spoil an4 
 landed at Sandwich j which after they had burnt an4 
 pillaged, they failed to the I fie o^H^'^tgh;:, where thef 
 took up their Winter-Quarters till Chiijlm.is : And 
 then coming forth thence, they over-ran, by feveral 
 Parties, the Countries of H&mjhire and BarkJ]:ire, as 
 far as B^ading^WalUn^fordzndCoifcy; devouring up, 
 for want of" other Plunder , all the Provifions and 
 Vi(flua!s they found in the Houfes, and retributed the 
 lame with Fire and Sword at their departure. In 
 their return they met with the Army of the PVeJl- 
 Saxcns near EJJitigton, but this confifting only of a 
 law and unexperienced Rabble , they eafily broke 
 through, and pafling triumphantly by the Gates of 
 Vf^incheper^ they got fafe with great Booty to Height. 
 King AdelredA\ this while lay at his Mannor-Houfe in 
 Shropjkhe. much troubled and concerned at thefe un- 
 interrupted Devaftations of the Dayies. But the No- 
 bility of En7jand^ rather to fave fome than lofe all 
 they poflfeffed, bought their Peace of the Danes for 
 the Sum of 500C0/. during which interval. King 
 Adelred roufing his diooping Spirit?, ordained, that 
 every three Hundred Hides of Land, »ne Hide being 
 as much as one Plough can fufficiently till, through hi$ 
 Dominions, fhouid man out a Ship, and every Eight 
 Hides a Corflet and a Helqier ; befide which the King 
 liad no inconfiderable Navy (ojit him from Normandy, 
 
 Thi9 
 
The Hifiory of WALE S. 73 
 
 This Fleet when rendezvons'd at Sandwich feemed ter- 
 rible in thofe days, and was the greateft that ever 
 afore then rode upon the Britijh iJea, And now, one 
 might have thought , that all things would go well 
 with the Englijh, when of a fudden another Cloud 
 appears ; for one PVilnot, a Noble Man of Sujfcx, be- 
 ing banirtied by King Adelred, got to Sea with a fmall 
 number of Ships , and prattifed Pyracy along the. 
 Coafts of Britain^ and mightily annoyed all Mer- 
 chants and Paflengers. Brightrych, Brother to the ^. £>. 
 ttaiterous Edric Earl of Mercia, thinking to advance 1008. 
 his Reputation by fome iignal Exploit, promifed to 
 bring JVtlnot dead or alive before him : To which 
 end, he fets forth with a confiderable Fleet; which 
 meeting with a terrible Storm, was by the Tempeft 
 driven back, and wreck'd upon the rtioars; fo that 
 a great number of the Ships were drowned, and the 
 reft burnt by H^ilnot and his Company., Bnghtrjcb be- 
 ing abafhed with this unfortunate beginning, return- 
 ed inglorioufly by the Thames back to London ; fo 
 that this great Preparation againft the Danes , was 
 dafli'd to pieces, and came to nothing. 
 
 The Danes were not ignorant of the Misfortune the 
 Engltjh received by this Storm, and without any fur- 
 ther enquiry, landed ar Sandwich, and fo paited on 
 to Canterbury, which they intending to deftroy, was 
 by the Citizens bought off for 3000/. Faffing from 
 thence,through Kent^ Suffex and Hampjhire, they came 
 to Barkshire, where King Edclred at length met with 
 them, and purpofing refolutcly to (etupon them, was 
 by the cunning Infinuations and fubtile Arguments of 
 traytor Edric difluaded from fighting. The Danes be- 
 ing thus dehver'd from the danger which they certain- 
 ly expeded, pafled on joyfully by the City oi Londmty 
 and with great Booty returned to their Ships. The 
 next Year they landed again at Ipfwlch^ upon Afcenfion- 
 day, where tVolfkettel entertained them with a Iharp 
 Encounter ; but being over-power'd by Number, he 
 was forced to give bacK, and yield the day to the 
 Danes. Pa/fing from thence to Cambridge^ they met 
 with Etheljlauy King Edilred\ Nephew by his Siiter,' 
 
 who 
 
 lOOO^ 
 
74 '^he Hiftory c/ W A L E S. 
 
 who with an Army was come to oppofe them ; but 
 the Danes proving too powerful, he with many other 
 Noblemen were flain ; among whom were Duke Of- 
 wyn and the Earls Edwyn and JVolfrike. From hence 
 they pafled through Ejfex , leaving no manner of 
 Cruelty and Barbarity unpradifed, and returned la- 
 den with Booty to their Ships, which lay in the 
 A. D. Thames. But they could not contain them felves long 
 loio. '" ^^^^^ Veflfels ; and therefore Tallying out, they pal- 
 fed by the River iide to Oxford, which they ranlack'd 
 over again ; adding to their Prey Buckingham , Bed' 
 fordy Hartford, and North amftonjhire ; and having 
 accomplifhed that Years Cruelties, at Chriflmas they 
 returned to their Ships. Yet the Prey of the Coun- 
 trey from the Trent Southward , would not fatisfie 
 thefe unmerciful Barbarians ; but as foon as the Sea- 
 loii. ^on g^ve them leave to peep out of their Dens, they 
 laid fiege to the City of Canterbury, which being de- 
 liver'd up by the Treachery of Almares^^ the Archdea-' 
 con, was condemned to Blood and Afhes, and Alfege 
 the Archbifhop carried Prifoner to the Danifh Fleet, 
 where he was at length moft cruelly put to death. 
 The next Year Sw.me , King of Denmark^, came up 
 the Humber , and landed at Gainesborow j whither 
 repaired to him "Uthred Earl of Northumberland, with 
 his People, the Inhabitants of Lindfey, with all the 
 Countries Northward oijVatling-Jlreet, being a high- 
 way crofling from the Eaft to the Weft Sea , and gave 
 their Oath and Hoftages to obey him. Whereupon, 
 King Swane perceiving his Undertaking to prove fo 
 fortunate beyond expectation, committed the care of 
 his Fleet to his Son Cnute^ and marched himfelf firft 
 to Oxford , and then to TVmcheJier ; which Cities, 
 \thether for fear of further Calamities, readily ac- 
 knowledged him for their King. From thence he 
 marched for London, where King Edelred then lay j 
 and which was fo ftoutly defended by the Citizens , 
 that he was like to effed nothing againft that Town ; 
 and therefore he directed his courfe to fVallingford 
 and Bath, where the principal Men of PVefiSaxon 
 yielded him Subjediion, The Londoners too, at laft, 
 
 fearing 
 
 !0I2, 
 
The HiprycfW ALES. 75 
 
 fearing his Fury and Difpleafure, made their peace, 
 and fenc him Ho(lages; which City being received to 
 mercy, Swane, from that time was accounted King of 
 all England. King Edelred perceiving all his Affairs 
 in England to go againll him , and his Authority and 
 Government reduced to fo narrow a compafs, having 
 fent his Queen, with his two Sons Edward and Alfred^ 
 to Normandy , he thought convenient within a while 
 after to follow himfelf . Being honourably received by 
 his Brother in Law Richard , he had not been there 
 long but News arrived of the death of Sttane, and 
 that he was defired by the EngHjh to return to his 
 Kingdom. Being animated and comforted with this 
 furprifing News, lie fet forward with a great Army 
 for England^ and landing at Lyndfey, he cruelly har- 
 raffed that Province, by reafon that it had owned Sub- 
 iedion to Cniitc the Son of Sipanr, whom the Danes 
 had ele(5led King in his Fathers ikad. King Cnute 
 being at Jpfwich^ and certified of the arrival of King 
 Edelred, and the Devaftation of Lyndfey j fearing that 
 his Authority was going down rhe wind,, barbaroufly 
 cut off the Hands and Nofes of all the Hoftages he 
 received from the Englijh^ and prefently (truck fail 
 for Denmarl{. And Vv^hilit England was in this ge- 
 neral Confufion, there fell out no lefs a ftorm in Ire- 
 land j for Brian King of that llland, and his Son Mur- 
 cath, with other Kings of the Countrey fubjed: to 
 Brian, joyned their Forces againit Sutric the Son of 
 Abloic King of Dublin, and Mailmorda King of Lage- 
 nes. Sutric being of himfelf too weak to encounter 
 fo numerous a Multitude, hired all the Pyrates and 
 Rovers who cruifed upon the Seas , and then gave 
 JSn'<i« battel, who, with his Son Mttrc<«^, wasfla'm; 
 ^nd on the other fide, Mailmorda, and Broderic Ge- 
 neral of the Auxiliaries. 
 
 But Cnute, though he was in a manner forced to ^ D 
 forfake England upon the recalling of King Edelred, 
 yet he did not abandon all his pretence to the King- 
 dom ; and therefore the next year he came to renew 
 his Claim , and landed with a ftrong Fleet in JVeJi- 
 ^exy where he exercifed very great Hoftility. To 
 
 prevent 
 
 1013. 
 
76 The Hiflory of W ALES 
 
 prevent his Incurfions , Edric and Edmund Baftard- 
 Son to Edelred, raifed their Forces feparatelv ; but 
 when both Armies were united, they durft not, whe- 
 ther for fear, or the Dififention of the two Generals, 
 fight with the Danes. Edmund thcieiore pafled to 
 the North, and joyned with Vthred Duke of Nbr- 
 thumberland, and both together defcended and fpoil- 
 ed Stafford, Leicefter^ and Shropfhire. Oa the other 
 fide, Cnute marched forcibly through Bucl{ingham, 
 Bedford, Huntingtonjhire, and fo by Stafford pafltd to- 
 ward Torkj whither Vthred haftened, and finding no 
 other remedy, fubmicted himfelf, with all the Nar- 
 thumbrians, to Cnute, giving Hoftages for the perfor- 
 mance of what they then agreed upon. But never- 
 thelefs this Submiffion , Vthred was treacheroufly 
 flain, not without the permifllon of Cnute, and his 
 Dukedom bellowed upon one Egrick, a Dane ; where- 
 upon Edmund left them, and went to his Father, who 
 lay fick at London. Cnute returning to his Ships pre- 
 fently followed, and failed up the Thames towards 
 London j but before he could draw nigh the City, 
 King Edelred was dead ; having prolonged a Jong and 
 troublefom Reign for Thirty Seven Years. After hi^ 
 deceafe, the Englijh Nobility chofe his bafe Son Ed- 
 tnund.iot his eminent ftrengtb and hardinefs in War, 
 furnamed Ironjide, for their King. Upon this Cnute 
 brought his whole Fleet up the River to London, and 
 having cut a deep Trench round about the Town, in- 
 vefted it on all Tides ; but being valourouily repulfed 
 by die Defendants, he detached the beft part of his 
 Army to fight with Edmund^ who was marching to 
 raife the Siege; and both Armies coming to battel 
 at Proman by GilUnghamj Cnute with his Danes were 
 put to flight. But as foon as time and opportunity 
 would give him leave to increafe his Forces, Cnute 
 gave Edmund a. fecond Battel at Caerftane ; but£^r/c-j 
 Almar , and A'gar under-hand fiding with the Danes^ 
 Edmund was hard put to it, to maintain the fight ob- 
 ftinately, till Night and Wearinefs patted them. Both 
 Armies having I'ufficiently fuffered in this a^iion, Ed- 
 mund went to Wejl'Sex to reinforce himfelf, and the 
 
 DantA 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES, 77 
 
 times returned to the fiege 0^ London, where Edtnimd 
 qyickly followed, raifed the fiege, and forced Cnute 
 and hisD^wejconfufedly to betake themfelves to their 
 Ships, and then entered triumphantly into the City. 
 Two days after, pafling the Thames at Brentford, he 
 fell upon the Enemies backs ; by which lucky oppor- 
 tunity obtaining a confiderabie Vidory, he returned 
 again to raife Recruits among the iVeJi-Saxons. Cnute, 
 upon Edmund's removal, appeared again before Lon- 
 doriy and invefled it by Land and Water ; but all in 
 vain J the befieged fo manfully and reibiutely defen- 
 ding themfelves, that it was imiiradlicable to matter 
 I the Town before Edmund could ccme to the relief of 
 it. And this they prefently experienced ; for Edmund, 
 after having augmented his Forces , crofled again the 
 Thames at Brentford, and came to K,ent in purluit of 
 Cnute, who upon engaging, was fofhamefully defeat- 
 ed at firlt, and his Men put to that terrible flight, that 
 there wanted nothing of a full and abfolute Vidory, 
 but the true Loyalty of the Traytor Edric, who per- 
 ceiving the Vidory to incline to Edmund, and the 
 Danes like to receive their mortal and fir^al Blow, 
 cryed aloud, Fled Engle, Fied Eng/e, Edmund is dead, 
 and thereupon fled with that part of the Army under 
 his command , leaving the King over-power 'd with 
 number. By this Delertion the Engltjh were at the 
 lart overthrown, and a great number ilain ; among 
 whom were Duke Edmund, Duke Alfric, Duke God- 
 tfyn, and Vlfkettel, the valiant Duke of the Eafl-An- 
 ges, together with all the Englijh Cavalry, and a 
 great part of the Nobility. After this Vidory, Cnute 
 marched triumphantly to London , and was crowned 
 King ; but Edmund preparing to try his Fortune in an- 
 other Field, muftcr'd together all the Forces he could, 
 and meeting with Cnute in Gloiicefterjhire, intended 
 to give him battel ; But confidering what cruel and 
 unnatural Bloodfhed had already happen'd , both ge- 
 nerally agreed to put an end to this tedious Quarrel by 
 fingk Combat ; and the place being appointed.££/,ra/ni 
 and Cnute fell to it very vigourouily, till at lalt Cnute 
 perceiving it impradieablc to vanquirti a Man of Iron 
 
 Sides 
 
73 The Hiftory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 Sides, laid down his Weapon, moving this Compofi- 
 tion, to divide the Kingdom fairly betwixt them i> 
 Edmund was not difpleafed at the Offer, and there- .. 
 fore both Parties fubmitted to this Decifion, that Ed- 
 mundfhould rule the fPeft-Saxons and the South ; Cnute 
 in Mercta and all the North j and fo they parted 
 Friends , Cnute moving to London , and Edmund to 
 Oxford. But Edric was not plea fed , that Edmund 
 ihould have any ftiare at all of the Government, and 
 therefore he is refolved to confpire againft his Life, 
 and to deliver the whole Kingdom of England into 
 the hands of Cnute ; of whom he might reafonably 
 exped: for this, and other traitercus Services, a very 
 ample and an anfwerable return. This he committed 
 to one of his own Sons to put in execution, an Imp 
 of the old ftock, and one early verfed in wicked and 
 trairerous Defigns • who perceiving the King to go to 
 ftool, thruft up a Hiarp Knife up his Fundament, of 
 M'hich Wound he prelently dyed. Einc being quick- 
 ly certified of the Facb, poited it up to London, and 
 with great Joy and loud Acclamations came to Cnute^ 
 greeting him as fole King of England, and withal, 
 telling him in what manner, and by whofe means his 
 old Enemy King £^/w«w^ was affaffinated and killed at 
 Oxford. Cnute, though plea fed at the death of Ed' 
 mimd, was a Perfon of greater Honour than to com- 
 mend (o horrible a Deed, though done to an Enemy , 
 ■ and therefore told Edric^ that he would without fail 
 take care to reward him, as his Deferts required, and 
 would advance him above all the Nobility oi England, 
 which was quickly performed, his Head being placed 
 upon the higheft Tower in London, for a Terrour to 
 fuch villainous Traytors to their King, Edric being 
 thus defervedly difappointed of the mighty Thoughts 
 he entertained of Greatnefs, upon the Advancement 
 of King Cnute s this generous Da?io (corned his Bafe- 
 nels, and io having paid him a Traytors Reward^ 
 caufed Execution to be done upon all Edric s Compli- 
 ces, and thofe that confented to the bafe Murther of 
 that brave Prince King Edmund,- 
 
 khom 
 
r/;e Hijlory e/ W A L E S. 79 
 
 About the fame time there happen'd no fmall Di- A. D. 
 fluibance and Commotions in tVales -, Lhewclyn ap loij. 
 Sytfylbt having for Ibmc Years fate Uill and quiet , 
 began now to beftir himfelf; and having drawn all 
 his Forces together, marched againft Aedan, who 
 forcibly and without any legal Pretence, had entred 
 upon, and for all this time had kept himlclf in the Go- 
 vernment oi Nonh-PVales. Aedan would not eafily 
 ejedt himfelf from what had been fo long in his pof- 
 feffion ; to maintain which, he gave Lheme/yn Battel: 
 But the day going againd him, himlclf, with his four 
 Sons, were flain upon the fpot i upon which, Lhcwe- 
 lyn, without any regard had to lago the Son of Edwd 
 the right Heir, took upon himfelf rhe Title and Autho- 
 rity of Prince of all Wales. His pretence to North* 
 fVales was, as being defcended from Xawji Daugh- 
 ter to Elis, fecond Son to Anarawdi who was the el- 
 deft Son of Hpderic the Great ; and to South tf-'ales, 
 as having married Angharad the onely Daughter of 
 "Meredith Prince of South-fVales ; by virtue of which 
 Pretenfions he aflfumed to himfelf the Government of 
 all fVales. 
 
 Lhemljn ap Sitfylk. 
 
 LiJetvelyn having, as is faid, taken upon him the 
 general Government of fVales, managed his 
 Charge with fuch Prudence and Moderation, that the 
 Countrey in a Ihort time became very Hourifliing and 
 profperous j Peace and Tranquility being eltablilhed 
 produced plenty and mcreafe of all things necelfary to 
 humane Subfiftcnce ; Tor there was none that could 
 lay any Claim or Pretence to either of the Principa- 
 lities, excepting Ingo the Son of Edtval, who was in- 
 deed lawful Heir of NorthfVaies j but either too 
 weak to withftand, or unwilling to difturb Uxwclyni 
 Title, he lay quiet for a time, cxpei^ing a beti:er op- 
 portunity 
 
8o The H'iflory of W A L E S. 
 
 portunity to recover his Right In the mean time, 
 Cnute being crowned King of all England, marriej 
 Emma the Widow of King Edelred 3 ard for the 
 better fecuring the Engltjh Crown to himfelfand his 
 Heirs, he thought it expedient ro difpatch Edmund zvA 
 Edward the Sons oilronfide out of the way. But Jell 
 luch an execrable Fadt fhould feem too black to be 
 done in England^ he fent the two Youths to Solomon 
 King of Hiitigary, willing him to ufe fome conve- 
 nient opportunity to take a\/ay their Lives ; which 
 feemed to Solomon fo very unnatural, thatinftead of 
 complying with Cnutes Requell , he educated and 
 brought them up as his own Children. But Cnute 
 > imagined nov/ that his Fear was over, and his bufi- 
 
 nels effed:ually finifhed 3 fo that he could the more 
 boldly demand of his Subjeds, what either his Necef- 
 fity or Curiofity would prompt him to. And refle- 
 ding with himfelf, what exceflive Expence he had 
 been at in the Conqueft of England ^ was refolved that 
 the Ergiifh fhouid repay him ; and therefore required 
 a Sublidy of Seventy Two Thoufand Pounds, befides 
 Eleven Thoufand, which the City of LoWon contri- 
 buted. The fame time Meyric the Son of Arthfael, a 
 Perfon of Quality in M^alesy rebelled, and raifed an 
 Array againlt Prince Lhewelyn, who no fooner appear- 
 ed in the Field to quell this male-contented General, 
 but manfully flew him with his own hand, and eafily 
 difcomfited his Followers. The fame time Cnute fail- 
 ed over into Denmark^, and made War upon the Van~ 
 dais, who, for all that they had a greater Army in 
 the Field, were overcome by the imcomparable Va- 
 lour of Earl Godtvyn; for which famous Adtion Cnuti 
 had the Engli/h in great efteem ever after. 
 j4. D. But Lhetvelyn Prince of PVales, though he had lately 
 1020. queird the Rebels headed by Meyric, was now to en*- 
 counter with another Difficulty, which feeftied tO threa- 
 ten greater Difturbance and trouble to him : For a 
 certain Perfon of a mean Qu^hty m Scotland, coming 
 to South- M^ales, aflumcd the NarriC of I(un^ and put 
 out that he was the Son of Meredith Prince of South' 
 H'ales; to whom joyned a great Number of the No- 
 bility, 
 
The mjlory <?/ W A L E S. Si 
 
 bility, who had no great AfFedion to Lhewelyn, and 
 proclaimed Run Prince of South-'PVales. Lhewelyii be- 
 ing then in Norfh fVales, and certified of this famous 
 Impoftor, drawing his Army together, marched to 
 meet him j who with the whole rtrength of South- 
 Wales then lay at Abcgwiliy where he abode the ar- 
 rival of Lhewdyn. When both Armies were ready 
 to joyn battel. Run makes a vaunting Speech to his 
 Soldiers, aflurin^ them of Vid-cry ; and fo perfuading 
 them couragioully to fall on, privately himlelf retired 
 out of harms way i there one might have obfcrved on 
 the one fide a valiant Army under a cowardly Gene- 
 ral, and on the other part a valiant and a nobJe Com- 
 mander engaging with a flow and a faint-hearted Ar- 
 my } for Lhewelyn^ like a bold and couragious Prince, 
 ventur'd into the midit of his Enemies, vvhilft Run pri- 
 vately fneaked off out all danger ; and the South-H-^ales 
 Men were more fierce and eager in the Caufe of a Pre- 
 tender than the North-lVales Men, to maintain the 
 Quarrel of a Prince of their own Blood. But after great 
 flaughter on both fides, the North TVales Men calling 
 to mind the feveral Vidories they had obtained, ana 
 withal being in a very great mcafure animated by the 
 incomparable Valour of their Prince, fell on (o warm- 
 ly, that they put their Enemies to flight, and purfu'd 
 Rim fo clofe, that notwithlhnding his feveral fhifts, 
 tie was at laft overtaken and flain. Lhewelyn, after 
 this Victory , returned laden with Spoil into North" 
 fVales, and for fome time lived peaceably and without 
 Difturbance ; But the next Year Hotvel and Msredith^ 
 the Sons of Edwyn, confpired againft him and flew 
 him, leaving behind him a Son called Grujfydb ap Lhe-^ 
 welyn, who afterwards, though nor immediately j a= 
 fcended to the Principality of NonhH^des^ 
 
 I*f?o 
 
82 The Hijlory cf WALE S. 
 
 lago ap Edx^al 
 
 AFterthe death o^Lhewdjin, lago the Son o(Ed- 
 toaly the true Heir to the Principality o(North- 
 M^'ales , who had been all his time wrongfully kept 
 from it 5 thought this the bed opportunity to entec 
 upon his Right, by'realbn of the minority oi Grujfydb 
 the Son of Lhewelj/n ; upon which pretence like wife 
 Hytherch the Son of lejljti forcibly afl'umcd the Princir 
 pality of South-Wales. About the fame time Cnute 
 King of England failed over to Denmark.^ndi Sweden , 
 againft tJlf and Alaf, who had moved the Flnlanders 
 againll him j whom he fubdued with-the lofs of a great 
 part of his Army, as well Englijh as Danes. With- 
 in a while after his return to England , he made a 
 very pompous and magnificeiit Journey to B^me ; 
 more to fatisfie his arabidous Temper, and to figni- 
 sie to the World his Gteatnefs and M-^^hc , which 
 he exprefs'd by his collly Prefents and princely Beha- 
 viour, than any way to make atonement for the Op- 
 preffion and Bloodfhed by which he had eliabjilhed 
 himfelf in his Kingdom : For what Holinefs and Mor- 
 tification he had learnt at S^me^ prefently appeared 
 upon his return to England j for upon no provocation 
 he marched with an Army into Scotland, and forced 
 Malcolm the King thereof, together with Molbeath 
 and Jcrmare, the Kings of the Orkneys and Eivifit to 
 do him Homage. 
 ^ jy^ But the Affairs of J^ales were at this time very tiir- 
 bulent and uneafie ; for H'jwel and Meredith, after the 
 
 1031. 
 
 Murther of Prince Lbcwelyn, expe(Sed to enjoy fome 
 part of his Principality themfelves ; but finding lago 
 to have feized upon North- finales, and I^,therch upon 
 South-Walesj and withal perceiving their own Power 
 too weak to oppofe their De/igns, they invited over 
 Khs Irijh-Scots to their aid agaijiil B^tb»ch af lejiyn^^ 
 
 Piinc* 
 
The ITifiory of W ALES. 
 
 Prince oi South-Wales. By the help of thefe, HoWel 
 and Meredith prevailed over I{ytherch , who being at 
 length flain, chey JDyntly took upon them the Rule 
 and Government of .South (Vales But this was noc 
 a fufficient title to eftablifh them fo firmly in it, that 
 their Ulurpation would not be called in queftion j for A. Dt 
 the Sons oi'I^vtherch, prefenily aftertheir Fathers death, I'oj^, 
 gathered their Forces together to fight with the Bro- 
 thers Hotffel and Meredith^ who met at Irat/j>gty, where 
 a cruel Battel was fought, called Gwaith trathtpj j and 
 at iatl the Sons of I^jthevch were put to flight. But 
 though thefe Vi(5lonesj, the one over ^ytherch, and 
 the fecond over his Sons, feemed in a great meafure 
 to favour Howel ■nud. Mereduh\ pretence to,., and efta- 
 bliHimentin the Piincipality, yet, fo unpardonable a 
 Crime, as the marthcr of L/:;i?/w.^«, a Prince of fo 1035, 
 extraordinary Q^^lities, could not remain long unre- 
 venged ; for the- Sons of Conan the Son of Sitfylht^ 
 Vnnce Lhetvehni Bi other, were refoJved - to return 
 their Uncles Murther upon the two-Ufurpers, which 
 inafhort time they effeilied againft Meredith yWhomtt 
 with the fame end from the Sons of Conatt, that he 
 had formerly ihftjdkd upon Lheweljn.. But thefe civil 1054,' 
 Difcords in fVales were quickly difcovered by the 
 Englijh, who taking advantage of fo fair an opportunir 
 ty, entered with a great Army into the Land or Gtvent, 
 where after they had committed conliderable Wafts 
 for feme time, . Carud.-K the Son of Rytherch apleflyn, 
 gave them battel, but was in that Engagement unhap- 
 pily flain. And shortly afterwards dyed King C'-ute^ lo'ii 
 the moft famous and raightielt PrinCethen in the We- 
 rtern Part* of the W.oi'ld ; whofe Dominions ex- 
 tended over 7i[\Smd8fi^ from Germany almoft to the 
 North- Pole ; together with the Kingdoms of Nrway 
 and.£)w?w):;^. andthe noble liland o( Britain. To 
 'fiira lucceeded his Son Harold, for his Swiftnefs fur- 
 pamed Harefoot, begotten upon Alitfyn the Daughter of 
 Duke /llfelyn j '. though feveial fticklcd .firmly lor Har- 
 idyenute , his other Son by Em>ria , who was then jn 
 ■i>en.mart{. But H^r.o/i being once advanced into the 
 ^hrone, took C^re to eftablilh himfeif as firmly as he 
 
 hrr: G 3. could 
 
84 The Hiftory of W ALES. 
 
 could in it," and to that end, thought it expedient to 
 banifh out of his Dominions his Mother in Law Ew- 
 tna, who was reftlels to promote the Intereft of her 
 own Son Hard/cmtCy and to bring him to the Crown 
 of England. 
 j1. D, And whiJft Harold was by thefe meafures fettled in 
 iQ^j. his Throne, lago ap Edtpal was juft upon the point of 
 lofing hisPrincipahty of North Wales : For Grujfydh the 
 Son oiLhtwelyn ap Sitjylh, fonietime Prince oi North' 
 V^ales^ having once hinted a Rebellion againft Iago,\ 
 was fo generally encouraged, and univerfally follow'd 
 by all People, for the love they bore to his Father^ 
 ' that in a ftort time his Army mounted to an invin- 
 
 cible number. However, lago was not fo through- 
 ly aflfrighted, that he would deliver up his Principality 
 without drawing Sword for it ; but providing for 
 himfelf as well as he could, and drawing together 
 what Forces he was able , he gave Gmffydh battel : 
 But his number being far too weak to oppole fo great 
 an Army as fided with Grujfydh, was prefently over- 
 power'd and put to the rout, and himfelf flain, leav- 
 ing after him a Son called Conan, by his Wife Afan» 
 dredi Daughter to G«'«> the Son of P^^. 
 
 Qruffydh ap Lhemlyn* 
 
 I Ago ap Edwal being killed, Grujfydh ap Lhewet)n 
 was received with loud Acclamations, and joy- 
 fully faluted Prince of North-finales j who treading in 
 his Father's fteps, behaved himfelf in his Government 
 with that Prudence and Condudt, that he manfully 
 defended his Country from the frequent Invafions of 
 the Engltjh and Danes : For he was fcarce fettled in 
 his Throne, when thefe inveterate Enemies of the 
 fVelch entered in an hoftile manner into fVales , and 
 advanced as far as Crosford upon the Severn, where 
 Gr//^d^ met them, and forced them feamefully to fly, 
 
 and 
 
The HiJIory tf/ W A L E S. 8^ 
 
 and retire back to their own Country. From thence 
 Gruffydh palfed to Lhanhadarn Vawr in Cardtganjhtre, 
 which he laid in Aflic;s ; and afterwards marched 
 through all the Country of SotuJj-lValej, receiving of 
 the People Oaths of Fidelity and Subjedion to him. 
 In the mean time, Hotvel ap Edtvyn Prince of South- 
 Wales fled to Edwyn Brother to LeofricE^d of Cbefier, 
 and prevailed with him to come with an Army con- 
 filling of Englijh and Danes, to his aid againft Gruf- 
 fydh, who meeting his Enemies in the Field, eafily 
 overcame them, Edwyn being flain upon the fpot, and 
 Howelioiced to preferve his Life by flight. After which 
 Vidory, Gruffydh having reduced all the Country of 
 Tf^ahs to fubjection , returned again to North finales. 
 But Hotpel as foon as he could recover himfelf , and ^- D. 
 recruit his Army, entted agzm into South-JPales, in- io39" 
 tending the recovery of that Principality, which he 
 was now fo well affur'd of, that he brought his Wife 
 with him to the Field, to let her fee how eafily he 
 could conquer and overcome Prince Gruffydh. But 
 too great an aflfurance of Victory feldom proves prof- 
 perous, which Ho/Pff/ prefently experienced ; for Gruf- 
 fydh meeting with him at Pencadair, gave him fo warm 
 an Entertainment, that he was forced prefently co take 
 his Heels , which however could nor fo well (ecure 
 him, but that he was narrowly purfued, and his Wife 
 who was to be entertained with the Conqueftof Gr///- 
 fydb^ on the contrary, faw her felf taken Prifoner by 
 him, and forced to comply fo far to his humour, as to 
 be his Concubine. 
 
 The (ame time Harold King of England died, and 
 was fucceeded by his Brother Hardycnute , a Prince 
 very famous for Hofpitality, and a great lover of good 
 Chear , having his Table covered four times a day, 
 with great plenty and variety of Difhes, with other 
 Superfluities for all Comers. But he likewife dying 
 at Lambeth after two Years reign, the Englijh agreed 
 to fend for Alfred the eldeft Son of Edelred from Nor- 
 mandy, and to make him King. This Meflfage by no 
 means pleafed Earl Godtvyn^ a Man of great fway novv 
 ip England 'i who knowing Alfred to be a perfon of 
 v'"' G 3 greater 
 
'§6 The Hijiory df^ kL^.S. 
 
 greater fpiiit than to permit him to domineer as he 
 pleafed, endeavoured all he could to dififjade the En- 
 glifto from lending for Alfred. He fh^-wed them how 
 dangerous it was to permit a warlike Nation to take 
 root in their Country, and how well yjifredwas ac- 
 companied with Normans, to whom he had piomifed 
 the chiel Places and Rule of the Kingdom; by which 
 and other hke Infnuationshe fo difgufted the Englijh 
 Nobihty againll the Nor77:a}:s, that co diminifh their 
 number, they pur every tenth Man to death. But feeing 
 rhis was hot fufficient, they afted the fame part over 
 again, and tythed them the fecond time ; and being 
 highly enraged againft the Normans, they lead Alfred, 
 who had brought them over, frorti Gilford, where this 
 Execution was committed, toGillinzham, where ha- 
 ving put out his Eyes, they removed him to Ely, and 
 there at length pitifully murthered him. Then they ' 
 fent for Edward out ofKormandj.and made him King, 
 who according to his prcmife to Earl Godwyn, married . 
 his Daughter Edith , a Lady much commended not 
 only for Beauty, Modefty, and other feminine Quah- 
 fications, bur alfo beyond what is requifite for a Wo- 
 man, Learning. But King Edward did nor deal io fa- 
 vourably with her Brother Swane, Son to Earl Godwyn, 
 who upon fome Diftafte was banifhed England^ and 
 thereupon forced to betake himfejf to Baldwyn Earl of 
 Eliwders, by whom he was very honourably received. 
 .^. D. Thefe Troubles and Revolutions in England were 
 104 1, fucceeded by others of no lefs confcquence in Wales. 
 For Hofve!, not brdbking to be kept Io fliamefuliy out 
 cf his Kingdom , returns again the third time into 
 South PValci, where he had not continued lone, but a 
 j;reat number of Strangers landed in the Weft of 
 J^Vales, and advancing farther into the Country,- pil- 
 laged and deftroyed all places they came to. Hotvely 
 tho defirous to refcrve his- Army to fight with Prince 
 Griijfydh^ yet could not behold his Country fo mifera- 
 bly wafied and over-run by Sirrangers j and thinking 
 moreover, that by Io charitable an Adlion he fiiduld 
 win the univerfal Love of the South-Ti-^alesMtn, dreiw 
 np his Forces againlt them, and overtaking them at 
 
The Hiflory cf W ALES, 8/ 
 
 FwH Fynach, forced them with much lofs, to retire 
 to their Ships 5 which Action was call'd in Welch, 
 Gwaith Pwll Fynach. A.t the fame time Conan. the 
 Son of lago af Edwal , who was forced for fear of 
 Prince Grujfjidh to flee to Ireland, v/ith the Forces of 
 j^lfred Kin^ of Dublin^ whole Dai'gher named I^a- 
 nulph he had married, landed in North-Wales ; and 
 having by iome treacherous Stratagem taken Gruffydh^ 
 triumphantly carried him Pnfoner towards his bhip;. 
 This unhappy accident being difcovercd, and publick- 
 ly known, the North Pf^'aks Men did rife on a fudden, 
 and fo unexpectedly overtook rhe Inf/o, that they ea- 
 fily recover'd their Prince, and drove his Enemies with 
 great flaughter to their Ships ; who, without any far- 
 ther conlultation, were glad to ftrike (ail with Conan 
 for Ireland. And now iValeSy both North and South, 
 is free from all foreign Iiivafion, zodHotvel, as yet 
 too weak to dilpute his Title with Gnijfydh; fo that ^. o. 
 the next Year could be fubjetl to no great AcVion, 1042. 
 in which nothing happcn'd remarkable , laving the 
 death of Hcwel rhe Son of Otven Lord of Glamorgan, 
 a Man of ^reat Quiality and Efteem in Wales: But as 1043. 
 foon as Howel couM call in his Danes , to whom he 
 added ail the Forces he could raife in South-Wales-^ - 
 he intended prefer;tly to march againft Prince Gruffydh, 
 But he being aware afotehand to what end thule Le- 
 vies were deligned , prepared againlt the enfuing 
 ftorm ; and to avert the War from his own Country, 
 marched courageoufly to South Wales, not fearing to 
 face an Enemy whom he had Puamefully vanquilhed 
 twice already. Both Armies being joyned, Grufiydh 
 eafily overcame, and purfued Hmvel as far as the Sprirg- 
 Head o{ the River Towy, where after a long and a 
 bloody Fight, Hotvel was ac latt llain, and his Army 
 fo univerially routed, that few efcaped with their 
 Lives. But though Hotoel was desd , yer there re- 
 mained ftill more Pretenders to the Principality of 
 South-Wales ; lo that Grujfydh was in no great pro- 
 fpedt to enjoy the fame peaceably : For as foon as it 
 was pubhfhed that Howei's Army was defeated, and 
 himfelf flain j Rj^therch and I{byj the Sons of f^the'rch 
 
 G 4 <Jt> lejly'ti 
 
P The Hijlory ofW ALES. 
 
 ap le^yn put in their claim to South Wales in right of 
 their Father, who had once enjoyed the Sovereignty 
 of that Country. And in order to the recovety of 
 the fame, they drew together a great Army, confift- 
 ing partly of Strangers and partly of fuch as they could 
 raife in Gwentland and Glamorgan , and marched to 
 fight with Grujfydh. The Prince according to his 
 ulual manner detraded no time, but animating and 
 fobcing his Soldiers with the remembrance of their 
 former Vidlories and Conquefts, bid the Enemies bat- ' 
 tel, which proved fo very bloody and terrible, that 
 nothing could part them belide the darknefs of the 
 Night. This Battel fo tired and tamed both Armies, 
 that neither was very defirous of another Engagement, 
 and fo one being unwilling to fet upon the other, 
 they both agreed to return to their own Habitations. 
 The fame time Jofeph Biftiop of Teilo or Llandafdkd 
 at ^ptne. But both Armies being leparated. Prince 
 Gruffydh enjoyed a quiet and unraoleited Pofleffion of 
 all VVales for about Two Years ; after which , the 
 Gentry oiTfirndTowy treacheroufly flew 140 of the 
 choice of his Army, which he took in fo high an in- 
 dignation, that to revenge their death, he deftroyed 
 all Dyfcd and Tfirad Towy. 
 
 About the fame time, Lcthen and Hyrling two Da- 
 nijh Pyrats, with a great number of Danes, landed 
 at Sandii>ich^ and having plundered the Town, return- 
 ed again to their Ships, and failed for Hollands where 
 ihey fold the Booty they had taken, and then return «• 
 cd to their own Country. Shortly afterwards Earl 
 SiP.jyn came out of Denmark with Eight Ships, and 
 returned to England, and coming to his Fathers Hoafe 
 at Pevetie/e, humbly requefted of him, and his Brothers 
 Harold and To/iie, to endeavour hi? reconciliation with 
 the King. Earl Beamed too promifed to intercede for 
 him, and going to Swayns Fleet to (ail to Sandwich, 
 where the King then lay , he was by the way rooft 
 treacheroufly and ungratefully murthered, and his Bo- 
 dy call upon the fhoar. which lay there expofed, till 
 his Friends hearing of the Fadt,came and carried it ta* 
 IVmchefier, and buried it by the Body of King CnutCt 
 
 Beorned'% 
 
The Hiftory 0/ W A L E S. 8^ 
 
 JBeorned's Uncle. S^ayn having committed this moft 
 deteftable Murder, put himfelf again under the Pro- 
 tedion of the Earl of Flanders, not daring to (hew 
 his Face in England, till his Father by earneft Medi- 
 ation wrought his Peace with the King. 
 
 This Year Conan the Son of lago raifed again an 
 Army of his Friends in Ireland, and failed towards 
 Pf^ales, purpofing to recover his Inheritance in 
 that Country. But when he was come near the 
 Pf^elch Coaft, there fuddenly arofe fuch a violent 
 Storm, that his Fleet was prefently fcattered and 
 moft of his Ships drowned, which rendered this Expe- 
 dition ineffectual. About the fame time, l{ohert Arch- 
 bifliop of Cafuerbury impeached Earl Godwyn and his 
 Sons Swayn and Harold of Treafon, and the Queen 
 of Adultery, and upon the account of their non- 
 appearance when cited before the Peers at Glocefier, 
 the Qaeen was divorced, and Godmyn and his Sons 
 baniflied, who with his Son Swayn fled to Flanders, 
 and Harold to Ireland. But thefe unlucky Clafliings, 
 and the many Troubles that enfued thereupon, hap- 
 pened upon this occadon. Ettflace Earl of Bologne be- 
 ing Married to Goda the King's Siller, came over this 
 Year to England to pay King Edward a Vifit, and in 
 his return to Canterbury, one of his Retinue forcibly 
 demanding a Lodging, provoked the Mafter of the 
 Houfe fo far, as by Chance or Anger to kill him. Eu- 
 Jiace upon this Affront returns back to the King, and 
 by the inGnuarions of the Archbifliop, makes a loud , 
 Complaint againft the I^tijh-men ; to reprefs whofe / 
 Infolencies, Earl Godwyn is commanded to raife For- ' 
 ces, which he refufing ro do, for the Kindnefs he bore ^ 
 to his Country-men of ^nt, the King fummons a ' 
 Parliament at Glocefter, and commands Godwyn to 
 appear there. But he miftrufting either his own 
 Caufe, or the Malice of his Adverfaries, gathered z 
 powerful Army out of his own and his Sons Earl- 1 
 doms, and marched towards Glocejier^ giving out 
 that their Forces were to go againft the Welch, who 
 intended to invade the Marfhes. But King Edward 
 i)cing fatisfied by the H^elch that they had no fuch 
 
 De/jgn 
 
5>0 The Hiftory c/ W A L E S. / 
 
 Defign in hand, commanded Godwyn ro difmifs his Ar- 
 my, and to appear himfelf to anlwer to the Articles ex- 
 hibited againlt him. Godwyn rtiwCing to obey, the King 
 by the Advice of Earl LeofricJ{_, fummoned an Alfem- 
 bly at London, whither a great Number of Forces ar- 
 rived from Ai5r«(«,which Godwyn perceiving, and v^'ich- 
 al, finding himfelf unable to withftand the King's 
 proceedings, privately retired with his Sons ou: of 
 the Kingdom, and fled into Flanders. Whereupon 
 the King iflued out an Edid:, proclaiming Godwyn 
 and his Sons Out-Laws, and then confifcating their 
 Eftates, beftowed them upon others of his Nobility. 
 And to purfue his Difpleafure the farther, he Divor- 
 ced bis Queen Edith^ Earl Godwyn s, Daughter, and 
 committed her to a Cloyfter, where in a mean Con- 
 dition Ihe fpenc fome part of her Life. In the dillri- 
 bution of the forfeited Eftates, Adonan obtained the 
 Earldoms of Devon and Dorfee, and AlgAr the Son 
 of Leofrick, , that of Harold. But Godwyn could not 
 patiently behold his Eftate bellowed upon another, 
 and therefore having hired fome Men and Ships in 
 Flanders, he failed to the Ifle of fVtgh, where after 
 that he had made a fufficient havock, he put in at 
 Portland, which he treated after the fame manner. 
 The fame time Harold having failed from Ireland, at 
 length met with his Father, and then with rheir united 
 Navy, they burnt Prevenefeny, I{pmney, Heath Folkr 
 fion, Dover and Sandwich., and entering the Thames, 
 they deftroyed Cheppey, and burnt the King's Houfe 
 at Midd^etown. Then they (ailed up the River to- 
 wards London, where the King's Army being ready 
 to oppof^ them, a Treaty of Peace was by the m^ns 
 of Bifhop Stigand agreed upon, which proved fo ef- 
 fedlual of Godwyn s fide, that the King received him 
 again to his Favour, rellored him and Sons to all their 
 Eltates, re-called the Cuecn, and baniflied the Arch- 
 bifhop, with all the French-men who had been pro- 
 moters of that unhappy Sulpicion the King had enter- 
 tained of them. 
 
 About this time, I{bys Brother to Gruffydh Prince 
 i)iWales, who by feveral Irruptioiis upon the Borders, 
 
 bad 
 
Tbe Uiflory 0/ W A L E S. 91 
 
 iiad confiderably gauled and damaged the Englijh^ 
 was taken and put to Death at Bwendun , whofe 
 Head being cut otF, was prelented to the King, then 
 at Glocejier. But he received better News (ome time 
 aftet^from the North, for Siivard Earl of 'Northumher- 
 land havifig lent his Son againit Macbeth King of 
 Sc'tUnd vanquifhed the Scots, tho' nor without the 
 lofs of his Son, and many others both En^li/h- and 
 Danes. But Siteard was not call down at his Son's 
 Death, but enquiring whether he received his Death's 
 Wound before or behind, and being aflured that ic 
 was before, replied, He teas very glad of it, for he 
 could not tififh his Son to die othertaife. After this 
 Vid:ory, King Edtvard marched in Perfon to,5co^- 
 land, and having again overcome Macbeth in Battel, 
 he made the whole Kingdom of Scotland Tributary 
 to the Crown of England. The next year, Earl 
 Godfvyn fitting with the King at Table, funk down 
 dead of a fudden, being choak'd, as 'tis thought, in 
 Iv/allowing a morfel of Bread ; whofe Earldom the 
 King beiiowed upon his Son Harold, and his -upon 
 Algar Earl of Chefier. 
 
 To this time is referred the Original of the 5^*- 
 ivards in Scotland, which being a remarkable paffage, 
 and in a great meafure dependant upon the Affairs 
 of the PVelch, is requilite to be here recorded. Mac- 
 beth King of Scotland having caufed Bancbo a Noble- 
 man of that Kingdom to be inhumanly murdered ; 
 Fleance Bancho's Son, to avoid the like Cruelty to 
 himfelf, fled to Gr:ijfydh ap Lhetvelyn Prince of ^Vales^ 
 who taking a very great liking to his Perfon, and 
 withal commiferaring his Condition, fhewtd him all 
 the Refpeil and Kindnefs poiTible. But Fleance had 
 not continued long with Grujfydh when he fell ena- 
 moured upon the Prince's Daughter, and having ob- 
 tained her Good- Will, without any regard had to 
 her Father's Civility towards him, abufed her fofar 
 as to beget her with Child. Grujfydh being ac- 
 quainted with the Matter of Fad, fb hainoufly re- 
 'lented the Affront, that he occafioned Fleance to be 
 •ilain, and treated his Daughter molt fervilely- fqr 
 
 proHrating 
 
9Z. 7 he Hijiory of W A L E S. 
 
 proftrating her Chaftity, efpecially to a Stranger, 
 However, (he was in a fliort time delivered of a Son, 
 whofe Name was Chriftened PValter ; a Child, who 
 in his Youth exprefled very great hopes, and in all 
 probability like to make a very confiderable Man, 
 which happened according to expedation. But the 
 firft Original of his future Greatnefs happened upon 
 a very accidental occafion j being reproached of Ba- 
 ftardifm by one of his Fellow Companions, he took 
 it in fo unpardonable a dudgeon, that nothing could 
 fatisfy his Revenge, but the Life of the Aggreflbr. 
 Being upon this Mifchance affraid to undergo the Pu- 
 nilhment of the Law, he thought it iafe to fly to 
 Scotland^ where falling in Company with certain 
 'Englijh Men who were come thither with Queen 
 Margaret Sifter to Edgar Edeling, he behaved himfelf 
 io foberly and difcreetly, that he won the Favour and 
 good Charadler of all that knew him. But his Fame 
 daily increafing, he grew at length to that height of 
 Reputation, as to be employed in the moft inward 
 Affairs of the Commonwealth, and at lalt was made 
 Lord Steward of Scotland, from which Office his 
 Pofterity retained the Surname of Steward, the Kings 
 of Scotland of that Name, with feveral other Fami- 
 lies of Quality in that Kingdom being defcended from 
 him. 
 
 But ro return to England, Siward the worthy Earl 
 of Northumberland died about this time of the Bloody- 
 Flux, a Man of a rough Demeanour, and a meer 
 Soldierly Temper, as he plainly manifefred at the 
 point of Death. For bewailing his Misfortune that 
 had efcaped fo many dangerous Engagements, and 
 withal difdaining to die fo effeminately in Bed, he 
 caufed himfelf to be compleatly Armed, and as it 
 were in Defiance of Death, prefently expired in a 
 Martial Bravery. But his Son being too young, the 
 King beft:owed his Earldom upon Toflj the Son of 
 Earl Godwyn. 
 1054^ Pf^/whad been now a long time quiet, and void 
 of all troubles both abroad and at home, but it could 
 not be expedied that fuch a Life fiiould prove dura« 
 
 b!e. 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES, 93 
 
 ble, but fomething or other would create New Com- 
 motions and Difturbances. Gritffydh Son to t(jtherch ap 
 fe/?y» having recruited and recovered himlelf after the 
 latt Blow he received from Prince Griiffydh, muft needs 
 venture another trial for thePrincipahty oi South-Waleu 
 The Prince protrading no time, fpcedily marched a« 
 gainft him, and both Armies being joined, Gruffydh 
 ap Bjtherch was eafily vanquiihed, and in fine, Uain. 
 But the troubles of the Welch did not end with himj, 
 for Algar Earl of Chefter being conviCled of Trealon, 
 and thereupon baniflied the Kingdom, fled to Grujfydh 
 Prince of Wales, requeuing 'his Aid a gainft King 
 Edward, who repeating the frequent Wrongs he had 
 received at the hands of the Englifh, by upholding 
 his Enemies againft him, gladly embraced the Op- 
 portunity, and promifed him all imaginable Support, 
 And thereupon afTembling his Forces, he entred with 
 him into Hereford Jhire, and advancing into the 
 Country, within two Miles of the City of Hereford, 
 they were oppofed by I{andu!ph Earl of that Coun- 
 try, who boldly gave them Battel. The Fight con- 
 tinued very dreadful and dubious for feme hours, till 
 at laft Gruffydh fo encouraged his Soldiers with the 
 remembrance of their former Vidories over the 
 Engli/h, that they fell on a main, and eafily dif. 
 comlited l{andulph, and flew the belt part of his Army. 
 Afterwards they puvfued their Chafe to the Town, 
 and having made all thewafte and havock they were 
 able, they laid the Town it felf in afhes, and fo re- 
 turned home triumphantly, lade^j with rich Booty 
 and Plunder. King Edward receiving notice of this 
 Invalion, prefently gathered a great Army at Glocejier 
 under the Conduct of Harold Earl Godwyn's Son, 
 who couragioufly puifuing the Enemies, entred into 
 Wales, and encamped beyond Stradclwyd. But Gru- 
 ffydh and Algar dreading to oppofe him, retired fur- 
 ther into South Wales, of which Harold being Certified, 
 leaves one part of his Army behind with Orders to 
 Fight, if occafion offered, and with the other paffei 
 to Hereford, which he fortified with a ftrong Wall 
 round the Towns Gruffydb perceiving his undaunted 
 
 induftry. 
 
94 '^^^s Hijlory p/ W A L E S. 
 
 Induflry, after many Mcflages concluded a Peaci' 
 with Harold at a place called Biligelhag, by which 
 Articles Algar was pardoned by ih^ King, and re- 
 ftored to his Earldom of Chsfter. £jt he did not 
 continue long in the King's Favour, for about two 
 years after, upon Convidion of Treafon he was a- 
 gain banifhed the Land, fo that he was forced to be- 
 take himfelf to his old Friend Gntffydh Prince of 
 iVaks.^ by whofe Aid, and a FJeet from Nmw.iy, in 
 fpight of the King he was rellored to his EarlJom. 
 But King Edward was fore offended vmh the Prince~ 
 of /%/« for harbouring Traytors, and therefore tO' 
 be Revenged upon him, he dil'patched Harold again 
 with an Army to North'TVales, who coming to 
 I{itthlan, burnt the Prince's Palace there, and his Fleet 
 tliat lay in the Harbor, and then returned to the: 
 King at Glocejicr. 
 
 This year Edward the Son oi Edmund Tronfjde, who 
 was fent for out of Hungary. being defigned Succeflbr to^ 
 the Crown came to England, but in a fhort time after 
 his coming, died at London, leaving behind him a 
 Son called Edgar Edeling, and a Daughter named 
 Margaret, who was afterwards Queen of the Scotsj 
 and Mother to Maud the Wife of Henry the Firft, 
 105^. About two Years after, ^oderic Son to Harold King 
 of Denmark^ came with a conliderable Army into 
 VVales, and being kindly received by Prince Grujfydh, 
 united bis Power with the Welch, and fo entred into 
 England, which they cruelly haraffed and dellroyed, 
 But before they cqpid advance any confiderable di* 
 ftance, R^deric was compelled to Sail for Denmark,\ 
 and fo Gruffydh returned laden with Spoils intO' 
 Wales. The lame time Harold Earl Godwyn% Son 
 failing to Flanders, was driven by force of Weather 
 to Land at Poytiers, where being feized upon, He 
 Was brought before William Baftard Duke of Kor* 
 mandy, to whom he declared the reafon of his Voy- 
 age, that it was purpofely to tender him his Service 
 in the Affairs of England-, and fo taking an Oath,firft 
 to Marry ihe Duke's Daughter, and after the Death of 
 Edward to lecure the Kingdom oi England for him, 
 
 he 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. 95 
 
 he was honourably difmifTed. Opon his return to 
 England, by the perfuafions of Caradoc the Son of 
 Gruffydh ap ^ythercby himfelf with his Brother TJij/^ 
 railed a great Army and entred info South-WaleSy 
 which they deitroyed after that manner, that the 
 Welch were glad to deliver up Holtages for the 
 payaient of the ancient Tribute, which aforcrtime 
 they were ufed to pay. Grujfydh hearing of the In- 
 folencies of the Engltjh in South Wales, made all pof- 
 fible hafte and preparation to oppole them, but all 
 to no purpofe j Harold having already treacheroufly 
 hired lome of Gruffydh's nearelt Friends to Murder 
 him, who watching their opportunity, executed their 
 wicked Defi^n and brought his Head to Harold. 
 Gruffydh being dead, Harold by King Edward's Orders, 
 appointed Meredith Son of Owen, ap Edwjn Prince 
 of South Wales^ and the Government of North-Wales 
 to Blethyn and I{ywalhon the Sons oiCoafyn, Brothers 
 by the Mother hde to Prince Grujfydh^ and who pro- 
 bably for the defire of Rule, were acceflary to the 
 Murder of that Noble Prince. This Grufydh ap Lhe- 
 welyn enjoyed the Principality of Wales tor the Ipace 
 of thirty four years; a Prince of incomparable Ver- 
 tues, both Wife and Valiant, Beloved of his iiubjevfts 
 and Formidable to his Enemies, in all his Adions he 
 behaved himfelf Great and Princely j and having De- 
 fended his Country lb bravely againlt ail Foreign Op- 
 pofition ; he was far unworthy of that treacherous 
 and cruel Death, which his unkind Subjeds and un- 
 natural Friends beltojved upon him. He left Sflue 
 but one Daughter called Neji, abuled iirii by Flea>:ce 
 Son of Bancho, and afterwards married to Trahaern 
 ap Caradoc Prince of I^mh-Wales, 
 
 Sk'thyn 
 
^6 The Hifioyy of W A L E S. 
 
 Skthyn and Rywalhon. 
 
 AFter the deplorable Murder of Prince Grujfydb, 
 Meredith the Son of Owen ap Edwyn, who ac- 
 cording to fottie, was Son to Howel Dha, did take up- 
 on him, as 'tis faid, the Governtnent of South- ff^ales, 
 and Blethyn and ^^ytvdhon the Sons of Confyn, half 
 Brothers to Gruffydh , as defcended from Angharad 
 Daughter to Meredith fometime Prince of WaleSy 
 entered upon the Principality of North-fVales ; Conan 
 the Son lago ap Edwal the right Heir to that Crown, 
 being then with his Father-in- Law in Ireland. This 
 partition of Wales fell much ihort of the expecta- 
 tion of Caradoc ap Gruffydh ap ^jtherch, who be- 
 ing the chief promoter of Harold's making an Ex- 
 pedition againft Gruffydh ap Lhewelyn, made no que- 
 Ition to attain to the Government of South-Wales^ m 
 cafe Gruffydh got the worfe. But it happened other- 
 wife ; Harold being fenfible of Caradoc i Subtilty and 
 Knavery, and doubting whether if he was made 
 Vtmct oi South PJ^aleSi he could obtain a certain Lord- 
 fliip nigh Hereford, which he had a longing mind to, 
 made a Compofition with Meredith ap Owen for the 
 faid Lordfhip, and created him Prince of Sonth-VValet, 
 and on the contrary baniflied Caradoc out of the 
 Country. Harold having obtained his Requelt, built 
 a very magnificent Houfe at a place called PortAfcyth 
 in Monmouth Jhire, and ftoring it with great quan- 
 tity of Provifion, fplendidly entertained the King, 
 who honoured him with a Vifir. This was by no 
 means pleafing to Tojiy, to fee his younger Brother 
 in greater Efteem and Favour with the King than 
 himfelf, and having concealed his difpleafure for a 
 time, could not forbear at length but difcover his 
 grievance. For one day at Pf^indfory while Harold 
 reached the Cup to King Edward, Toftj ready to burit 
 
 for 
 
The Hiflory cf WALES. 97 
 
 for Envy that his Brother was fo much refpeded be- 
 yond himfelf, could not refrain to run furiouily up- 
 on him, snd pulling him by the Hair, dra^gged liim 
 to the Ground, for which unmannerly Adrion, the 
 King forbad him the Court. But he widi continued ( 
 
 Rancour and Malice rides to Hereford, where Harold 
 bad many Servants preparing an Entertainment for 
 the King, and letting upon them with bis Followers^ , 
 lopped off the Hands and Legs of fome, the Arms and. 
 Heads of others, and threw them into the Buts of 
 Wine and other Liquors, which were put in for the 
 King's drinking, and at his departure charged the 
 Servants to acquaini him, That of other frefh Meats 
 ke might carry with him what he f leafed, hut fOT 
 Soucs he Jhou.ld find flenty provided ready for him ;' 
 for which barbarous C)fTence, the King pronounced 
 a Sentence of perpetual Banifhment upon him. But 
 Caradoc ap Gruffydh gave a finifliing ftroak to Harolds 
 Houfe, and the King's Entertainment at Portafcyth ; 
 for coming thither lliortly after Tojiys departure, to 
 be revenged upon Harold, he killed all the Work-men 
 and Labourers, with all the Servants he could find, 
 and utterly defacing the Building, carried away all the 
 Coiily Materials wlvich with great Charges and Ex- 
 pence had been brought thither to beauti/y and adorn 
 the Structure. Soon after v^hich, tiie Northumbrians 
 (who could nor endure the Infolencies of the two Bro- 
 thers Harold and Tojiy, who bearing an uncontroul- 
 able fway in the Kingdom, were ufed to prai,^l:i(e 
 moil hellifh Villanies to encompafs any Man's Hitate 
 that difpleafed them,) in a Tumult at Tork., befet the 
 Palace of Tojly^ and having pillaged his Treafure, 
 flew all his Family, as well Enghfh-rnen as Danes, 
 Then adjoining to ihcmielves the f eople of Lincoln, 
 Nottingham and Derby Jljie, they eleded Marcher the 
 Son of Earl Algar their General, to whom came his 
 Brother Edwyn wich a coifiderable number of Forces, 
 and a great party offVelch men. Then thty marched 
 in an hoitile manner to Northampton, where Harold 
 met 5hem, being lent by the King to know their De- 
 mands I iQ whom they laid open their Grievances,- 
 
 H and 
 
9? The Hijlory cf W AL VIS. 
 
 and the Cruelty of Toft/s Goverrmienr, and at laft, 
 wkb an abfolute refufal of admitting bim again, de- 
 fired that Marcher (hould be appointed Earl over 
 them, Vv'hich the King upon the rcifcnable Com- 
 plaints of Injuries done by Tojljf, cadly granted, and 
 willingly confirmed Marcher's Tide. Whereupon 
 they peaceably returned back to the North, and the 
 We ih with feveral Prilbners and other Booties got in 
 this Expedition, returned to TVjles. 
 lo66. ^^'^ y^^^' following, King Edipard died, and was 
 buried at VFcfiminfter, being the la'l King of the 
 Saxon Blood before the Conqueit that Governed the 
 Kingdom of England, which from Cerdic K'ng of the 
 PVefi'Saxms had continued 544, and from Egbert 
 the firit Monarch, I7« Years. Edward being dead, 
 the next debate was about an Election of a Succeflbr, 
 Edgar Edcling being fet up by fuii.c, as lawful Heir 
 ro the Crown, which Harold as being a Perfon of 
 greater Power and Authority in the Kingdom, much 
 wea'ihier and better befriended, prefently thwarted, 
 and brought Matters lb cunningly about, that him- 
 felf was chofcn King, without any regard obferved 
 to the Oath and Promife he had formerly made ro 
 Wtiliam Duke of Normandy. Duke W^Hiarii upon 
 notice of Harold's advancement, how that he had ac- 
 icepted of the Crown of England contrary to the 
 Articles between them, convened together his No- 
 bles, and laid before them the feveral Wrongs and 
 Affronts he had received at tlie Hands of Harold, 
 as the Death of his Cofin Alfred, the Bsnifhment of 
 Archbifnop Robert, Earl Odan and all the Normans, 
 and lat ily the Breach of his Oath and Promife. Then 
 he deciircd to them the Pretence he had to Claim 
 the Crown of England, that Edward had given him 
 formerly an abfolute Promife in Normandy that if ever 
 he enjoyed the Englijlo Crown, VVilUam Ihouid be his 
 Heir; which Title, tho' in it felf weak and infig- 
 nificant Icrved JVilliam's purpole well enough to 
 make an Expedition sgainll an Intruder. Duke 
 PVilUarns Pretence feen.ed plaulible enoiigh to the 
 Nmvan Noi>i;iry. but the Difficulty of the Under- 
 taking 
 
The Hifiory </ W A L E S. 95? 
 
 taking and the Danger of this Expedition was fbtiie- 
 thing pcrplexive, and made them lefs inclinable to 
 encourage (o precipitous an Undertaking ; wiiicii 
 they the more diOiked upon the perfuadon o{ William 
 Fiti{osben the Duke's Sewer, whom they pitched upon 
 to deliver their thoughts as to the Expedition, unto 
 the Duke. Bat he inllcad of difRvading him from 
 this Voyage, poh'tickly declared that himfelf with all 
 his Power were ready to live and die with him in 
 this Expedition, which the reft hearing, could noc 
 but ofer the Duke their Service in the fame manner ; 
 and fo all things were prepared for an Invafion of 
 England. In the mean while Xjly full of Indigna- 
 tion at his Brother's advancement to the Crown, en- 
 tered the River Hitmber with forty Sail, but meeting 
 with Earl Edtvyn who canne to oppofe him, he was 
 forced after a conliderable Encounter to bear off, and 
 iecure himfelf by flight. But meeting widi Harold 
 King of NoriPity upon the Coalt of Scotland, com- 
 ing for England vj'nh 30c Sail, he joined his Forces 
 with Harold, and fo both together entring the Hinnhr, 
 they landed their Army and marched to To)\, where 
 the tarls Edwjn and Marcher unfuccefsfully gave 
 them Battel. Having pillaged and deftroyed that 
 City, they paifed On to Stnmford-Bi'idgc, and there 
 met v^ith King Harold, who with a well difciplined 
 Army was come to Itop their farther carreer. After 
 a long and a terrible Fight, and mych blocd-dicd om 
 both fides, the Norwegians began at la ft to give beck, 
 which the Englijh perceiving, fell on fo manfully, 
 that few or none efcaped with their Lives, Harold 
 and Tojiy being all^i (lain upon the fpot. One of the 
 Norwegians is defervedly recorded for his incompa- 
 rable Exploits performed in this Battel, who with in- 
 credible Valour maintaining the Bridge againit the 
 whole Strength of the Engitfh Array for above an 
 hour with his fingle Refinance delayed their Vi;fl:o- 
 ry, and having flain.a great number of his Enemies, 
 he ieemed invincible, till in the end, no one daring ta 
 grapple with him fairly, he was run through %vith a 
 Spear from under the Bridge, and fo by his fall, a 
 
loo The Hijhrj of W A 'L E S. 
 
 PalTage was opened for purfuic to compleat the Vi- 
 (flory. King Harold over- joyed wirh this Succels, tri- 
 umphantly entered into Tork^, and whilll he was ma- 
 king merry with his Nobles at a fumptuous Feaft, 
 I^vews came that Duke Willium of Normandy was, 
 I'afely landed ar, and began to Fortify himfeJf in H<«- 
 ftlngi, with which Tidings being no way dafhed, as' 
 fearing nothing after his late Vi(51:oryj he forthwith' 
 marched towards him, and as foon as he was arrived 
 in SnJJex-, without any confideratidn of the Fatigue 
 his Army had underwent in their March, bid TVilliam 
 Battel. The Duke dividing his Army into five Batta- 
 lions, made a long harangue to his Soldiers, wherein 
 he repeated and commended the Noble A6ls of their 
 Anceitors the Danes and Norwegians, who had perpe- 
 tually vanquilhcd the EngUJh and French, and other 
 Nations, as many as they had to do with 3 how 
 that themfelves being well Horfed and Armed, were 
 now to engage with a People void of both, who had 
 no other Defence to truft to than the nimWenefs and' 
 fwiftnefs of their Heels. Both Armies being joyn- 
 cd upon the ^^tb. of OBcher, Duke TVilliam after 
 feme hours Engaging, ordered his Army fo to retire, 
 as if they feemed to liy, which the Englifh perceiving, 
 broke their Ranks in halte of purfuing the fuppofed 
 Chafe, which falling out according to the Duke's ex- 
 pecflation, hefent in a frefh fupply of Norw4WJ, who 
 falling upon the confufed Battalions of the Engltjh, 
 eafily overcattie them, and Hafold receiving hrlt a 
 Wound by an Arrow, was at length flain, and then, 
 both the Field and the Victory was left to the Kor- 
 mans The day being thus won, William from this 
 time called the Ccmjueror, went (Irait to London, where 
 ' be was received with all po^fible Fortnaluy, and 
 upon Chrjjlmas-Day folemnly Crowned King of £«^- 
 land. This change and Alteration in England, was 
 afore pi-ognoRicated by a Comet which appeared in 
 the Spring ot this Year, upon vjhich a certain Poet 
 made the following Veries ; 
 
 y^nno milUriO ftXAgcno <pi0tj;ie fenn, 
 ^;!g!oru)ji msta; fliimnms cenfere Cometa, 
 
 Kin» 
 
The Hi0ory of VV ALES. lo r 
 
 King jVilliam having eaab!i(led hiinfelf in the x 067. 
 Crown of England, palled over the next Year to l^^or- 
 mandy, (o to lettle Affairs there, as afterwards they 
 might have no need of his prelence. In the rncaa 
 while Edgar Edeling raking Avant.jge of his abJence, 
 returned from Scotland to Tork,, being declared King 
 by the Inhabitants of that Country, who had already 
 flain ^bert, upon whom fVilUam had beftowed that 
 Earldom vvith 900 of his Men, But the King upon 
 his return from Normandy^ prefently marched to the 
 JNorthf and having fufficienrly revenged hinjfelf upon 
 the Inhabitants, by waiting and deftroying their 
 Country, chafed £<(^<ir to Scotland again. IheHke 
 Advantage Edric Sylvaticus the Son of Alfric Earl 
 of Mercla embraced, who refufing to own any Sub- 
 miffion to the Conqueror, took the opportunity of 
 his departure to Normandy to fall foul upon luch 
 a> were appointed Vicegerents and Governotxrs 
 of the Kingdom in his abfence Whereupon 
 Richard Fit:(fcrofe Governor of the Caftle of Here- 
 ford, with the Forces under his Command fo bitterly 
 gauled him, by wafting and conluming his Lands, 
 and carrying off the Goods of his Tenants, that he 
 was compelled to defire Aid oiBlethyn and I{jwalhon 
 Princes of fVales, by whofe help, to recompence the 
 Lofs he had received, he palTed into Hereford, and 
 after that he had over-run and pillaged the Country 
 to VPyebridge, returned back with exceeding grcac 
 Booty. Bur np fooner were Blethyn and ^fwdhon 
 iarrivcd in North-Wales, but they received News of 
 a Rebellion railed againit them by Meredith and Ithel 
 the Sons of Grujfydh ap Lhewelyn, who had drawn 
 together a confiderable number of Men, upon pre- 
 tence of recovering the Principality of North-H'ales^ 
 which they laid v;as fraudulently detained from diem. 
 "^lethyn and Hjwalhrn did not delay to march ro Hnd 
 ihc fcnemies, and meeting wi;h them at a place calied 
 MecA^/WjWithbiu any farther Cercmonicr fet upon rhc 
 Rebels, who behaved thcmfelves lb gallantly, thac 
 after a Fight of feveral hours, rhey wanted noilsing 
 Iju!: Number to compleac rhc Vivi^orv, Tliere fell 
 
 H ^ ' in 
 
loz The Htjlory of V/ ALES. 
 
 An this Sattel on the one Cide Prince Pjtp^lhon, and on 
 the other Ithel, who being Pi^y Meredith was forced 
 to give Ground, and endeavour to fave himjclf by 
 iiight, whicJi could not fecure him, he being narrowly 
 purfued by Blethyn^ that in fine, he was glad to elcape 
 to the Mountains, where for want of Vidluals and 
 other Nccelfaries, he quickly perilhed, leaving JB/c- 
 thyn ap Confyn fole Prince of North-H^ales and Powif. 
 During thefe iVekh Difturbances, Swane King of 
 Denmark^ and Oshurn his Brother with 300 Sail came 
 up the Humher, and being joyned by Edgar Edeling 
 and Earl Wahelfe, marched to Tork^, and taking the 
 Caiile, difpofcd of their Forces to Winter Quarters, 
 betwixt the Rivers of Onfe and Trent. The King 
 underilanding the Matter, polled to the 'North ; whofe 
 coming, fo dafiied the Confederates, that they quick- 
 ly difperfcd their Power, and the Danes efcaped to 
 their Ships, and the Kitig having taken Vengeance 
 upon the rebellious Inhabitants of the Country, and 
 upon his fubmiirion, having pardoned Earl Wahelfs^ 
 returned back to London, 
 
 "Bkthyn ap Confyn. 
 
 'I670" A Bout the fame rime C4>W(Jc Son to Grujfydh ap 
 i\ l\ytherch ap [ejlyn all this wliile being Ibrely 
 dilTatisficd that he could not attain to. the Principality 
 of South Wales.) invited over a great Number of AV- 
 rnariS, to whom he joined all the Forces he could raile 
 cm oi GiPeritland, and other Fa.ns of Wales. Then 
 fjtring upon Prince Meredith who was far too weak 
 to Encounter fo conliderable an Army, gave him an 
 eal'y over-throw near the River f^yjnhy, where Me- 
 re^ith vv'as flain, and fo Caradoc obtained the Go- 
 vernment of S'oz/f/j-T^rf/Vj, which for a longtime he 
 had endeavoured finiitroufly to encompafs. He had 
 f bmetime afore procured Harcl4 to make an Invafion 
 
 upoa 
 
The HiJIory (?/ W A L E S. I03 
 
 upon Gruffydh ap Lhewelyriy purpolirly than himfelf 
 might arrive at the Principality of Si>wr^-^Fw/(?j ; and 
 tailing then of his expedatioti, he now invites over 
 the Normans , not being willing to truft the Eng'ifh 
 any more , by rcalbn that he had fo ungratefully 
 been balked by Harold: bo that it feems he cared 
 not by what courle , or by whole nrieans he Ihould 
 gain his point ; though it were by the Ruin and • 
 Deitrudtion of his Country, which hitherto he had 
 earneltly promoted. Being at length advanced to 
 his long exped:ed Oovernmenc of South-lValcs ^ 
 (which though not recorded, feems yet very pro- 
 bable, by reafon that his Son R^j/tbecb tip Caradoa 
 enjoyed the lame very foon after) he did not enjoy 
 this Honour long, but dying in a H^orc time after 
 his Advancement, left to lucceed him, his Son i^j- 
 therch ap Caradoc. At the rime time ihu Car adcc 
 carried on this Rebellion in fVales, the Earls Edmytt, 
 Marcher , and Heretvard revolted from the King 
 of England ; but Edtvyn fufpedting the fucceft of 
 their Affairs, and determining to retire to Ma'ce.'tn 
 King of Scotland, in his Journey thither was be- 
 trayed, and Ham by his own Follower?. Then Mar- 
 cher and Hereward betook themielves to the Ifle of 
 £/y, which though fufficiently fortiiied, was fo warm- 
 ly befiegedby the King, that Marcher and his Ac- 
 complictfs were in a fhort time forced to fflrrender 
 themielves up Prilbners ; only Hereward made his e- 
 fcape to Scotland: But the King followed him dole; 
 and after he had received Homage of Malcolm King 
 oi Scotland, returned back to England-^ and after a 
 fhort itay here, patfed over to I'^nrmandj, where he 
 received Edg^ir Edeling again to Mercy. 
 
 The next Year, the Ncrwj^wj having already ta- 1071. 
 fted of the Iweetnels of waiiing and plundering a 
 Country, came over again to J^Vaks ; and having 
 fpoiled and delboyed D^y/biand the Country oiCar- , 
 
 aigan, returned home with very great Spoil ; and 
 the following Year failed over again for more Boo- 
 ty. About the fame time, Bleythjd BHhop of S, Da- 
 vidi died, and was iucce^ded by one Sullen, But 
 
 H 4 ' ihis 
 
104 '^^^^ /7^//?^r> of W AL E S. 
 
 this was not all the Misfortune that b;fel the TVelch ; 
 ior R^dulfh Earl of the Baji-Angles, together with 
 I^ger Eari of Hereford and fcarl Waltelfe, entered in- 
 to a Confpiracy againft King fViiltam, appointing the 
 day of Marriage between I{adulfb and Hsgeri Sifter, 
 which was ro be folemnized in EJJex^ to treat of and 
 conclude their Delign. B^dulpcs Mother was come 
 out of Wa'.es^ and upon thar account, he invited over 
 feveral of her Friends and Relations to the Wedding ; 
 meaning chiefly by this feetning AfFedlion, by their 
 help and procurement to brihg over the Princes and 
 People oi Wales, to favour and afTift his Undertaking. 
 But King If^illiam being acquainted with the whole 
 Plot, quickly ruined all their Intrigues ; unexpedted- 
 ly coTi\\x\gi\om Normandy, furprized the Confpirators ; 
 only ^adulph, who either doubted of the fuccefs of 
 their Ahair«, or elle had intiination given him ot the 
 King's landing, before hand took fhipping at Norwich ^ 
 and lied to Denmark.- Waitelp and Roger were exe- 
 cuted, and all the other Adherents; more particular- 
 ly the Welch, fome of whom were hanged, others had 
 IC73. their Eyes put out, and the reit were banifhed. Soon 
 after, Blethyn ap Ccnfyn Prince ot H'''a!es was bafely 
 and treacheroufly murchered by Rloys ap Owen a^. Ed- 
 wyn and the Gentlemen of Tjirad Tywy^ alter he had 
 reigned r? Years : A Prince of lingular Qyalilications 
 and Virtues, and a great Obferver of Jultice and E- 
 quity towards his Subjects ; he was very liberal and 
 magnificent, being indeed very able, having a pro- 
 digious and almolf an incredible E'late, as appears by 
 -theie Veiies made upon him 5 
 
 Blethyn ap Confyn bob Cwys 
 Ei him hiosdh he'n Bowu. 
 
 He had four Wives, by whom he had IfTue, h'eredith 
 by Hasr Daughter of Gylhyn, his firit Wifej Lhy- 
 tvarch and Cadogan by the fecond •■, Madoc and Riryd 
 by the third ;and lonvevtb by his laft. 
 
 Trahaem 
 
The Wftory </ W A L E S. lof 
 
 Trahaern ap Caradoc. 
 
 BLethyn being, as is faid, traireroufly Murdered, 
 there was no regard had to his I flue, as to their 
 right of Succeifion ; but Trahaern ap Caradoc his Cou- 
 fin-German being a Perfon of great Power and Sway 
 in the Country, was unanimoufly eleded Prince of 
 North'PVales, and I{hys ap Owen with Hjtbcrch af 
 Caradoc did" joyntly govern South-fVales. Trahaern in- 
 deed had none of the leatt Pretence to that Principali-. 
 ty, as having married Nejl the only furviving Ifliie of 
 that great Prince, Gruffydh ap Lhewelyn ; his two Sons 
 Meredith and Ithel being lately flain in their attempt 
 againlt Blethyn and Bjwalhon. But his Title could 
 not fecure him in his Government as much as his pof- 
 fellion, fince there was one ftill living, tho' not much 
 regarded, who without any Diipute, was true Heir 
 and Proprietor of the Principality of North-fVales. 
 And this was Gnijfydb Son to Conan, Son to lago ap 
 Edival, who being informed of the Death of Blethyn 
 ap Confyn, and the Advancement of Trahaern, thought 
 tnis a proper time to endeavour the Recovery of 
 what was truly his Right, and out of which he had 
 been all this time molt wrongfully excluded. Where- 
 fore having obtained help in Ireland, where he pri- 
 vately fojourned during the Reign of Blethyn ap Con- 
 fyn, from Encumalhon King of Vltonla^ B^nalht and 
 Mathawn two other Kings of that Country, he fail- 
 ed for Wales, and landed in the llle of j^nglefey, 
 which he ealily reduced and brought to fubjeCtion. 
 Ac the fame time Cynwr:c ap SXytvnlhon^ a Noble- 
 Min of Maeler or Brcmfield was llain m North-Wales, 
 but how, or upon what account, is not known. But 
 whihc Griijf'ydh ap Conan endeavours to diipolic's 
 Trahaern out of N^-rth-fVales^ Gromw and Lhewelyn 
 the Sons of Cadipgm ap B'ethyn having united ihtjjr 
 
 Forces 
 
jS.D. 
 
 ic6 The Hijlcry cfW ALES. 
 
 Forces with Caradoc ap Griiffjdh ap I^ytherch, inten- 
 ded to revenge the Murther of their Grandfather £/>- 
 tbjn ap Confyn , upon I{ys ap Owen and \\therch ap 
 Caradoc, the joynt Rulers oi South Wales. And then 
 inarching confidently to find them, both Armies met 
 together and fought at a place called Camdhm; where 
 after a fore Engagement, the Sons o^Cadwgm at length 
 obtained a glorious Vidory. In North Wales the fame 
 time, Grujfydh ap Conan having eftablifhcd his Poffcf- 
 fion of the Ille of Anglefey, intended to proceed far- 
 ther in the Continent of H^ales^ to which end, ha- 
 ving tranfported his Forces over the River, incamped 
 in the neighbouring Countrey of Carnarvon/hire^ pur- 
 pofing to reduce North-fVales by degrees.' Trahaern 
 ap Caradoc being informed of this Defcent of Gruf- 
 /yS'Sy made all poflible fpeed to prevent his farther 
 progrefs ; and having made all necelfary Preparations 
 that the rtiortnefs of the Opportunity would permit, 
 he drew up his Forces to Btonyr Erttf, where he gave 
 Gruffydh battel, and in fine put him to a ftiameful 
 flight ; fo that he was glad to retire back (afe to 
 Anglefey. 
 
 The next Year \ythercb ap Caradoc Prince oi South- 
 pf^ales dyed, being murthered through the unnatural 
 
 *'>74' Villainy of his Cofin-German Meyrchaon ap Rhys ap 
 Bjtherch ; after whom Kfjys ap Otven obtained the fcle 
 Government of South-lVales : But his enjoyment of 
 the whole Principality was not very lafting, and fcarce 
 
 1075, at all void of Trouble and Vexation of War. For 
 Shortly after the death of Caradoc, the Sons oiCadtvgan 
 thinking they might ea/ily now foil and vanquish one, 
 feeing ihey had fometime ago viftorioufly overcome 
 both Princes together, with ail rhe Forces they could 
 raife, fet upon B^ys again at a place called Gtpanyffyd^ 
 who not being able to endure their Number, was rout- 
 ed and forced to flee ; however the Blow was not fo 
 mortal, but that F(hys gathered together new Levies, 
 by the help of which he was emboldeu'd lliU to main- 
 tain himfelf in his Principality. But Fortune which 
 had advanced him to the Gown , feemed now to 
 &own at and crofs all his Ecdeavours-and Undertake- 
 
 : " i?5gs, 
 
The H'lflory ofW\LES. lo; 
 
 jng^and being reduced to a very weak condition in the 
 late Battel, he was fet upon by a frefti Enemy, before 
 he could have fufficicnt time to recover and recruit 
 himfelf. For Trabaern ap Caradoc Prince of North' 
 Wales, perceiving the Weajjnels and Inability oil^hys 
 to make oppofition againft any foreign Enemy that 
 invaded his Territories, thought it now very feafible 
 to obtain the Congueft of Soutb-lVales , and then 
 to annex it to his own Principality of North-Wales, 
 Being egg'd on by thefe pleafant Imaginations, he dif- 
 patched his Army to South-Wales, to fight with ^fSy 
 who with all the Forces he could poflibJy levie, as lay- 
 ing his whole Fortune upon the event of this Battel , 
 boldly met him at Ptvlhgwttlc j where after a tedious 
 Fight on both Mt%,I{hjs having loft the beft part of hi$ 
 Army, was put to flight, and lb warmly purfu'd, that 
 after longfhifcing from place to place, himfelf with his 
 Brother Hcwel fell at length into the hands of Caradoc 
 ap Gruffydb^ who put them both to death, in revenge 
 of the bafe Mutther of Blethyn ap Confyn , by them 
 formerly tranfadled. The Principality o{ South- fVales 
 being thus vacant by the death of I{iys ap Otoen\ ^y$ 
 Son to Tbcodor, ap Eweon, ap Owen^ ap H^tPel Dha^ 
 as lawful Heir to that Government, put in his Claim, 
 which being very plain and evident, fo prevailed with 
 the People of the Country , that they unanimoufly 
 eleded him for their Prince ; much againft the expe- 
 dation oiTf ahaern ap Caradoc Prince of North-Wales. 
 The next Year S. Davids fuflfer'd greatly by Strangers, ^. D. 
 who landing there in a confiderable number, fpoiled 1077, 
 and deftroyed the whole Town ; (hortly after which 
 barbarous A(5tion, Abraham y Bifliop of that Sea, 
 dyed ; and then Sulien, who the Year before had 
 relinquiflied and refigned up thit Bilhoprick, was 
 compelled to re fume it. 
 
 The Government of all Wales , both Nmb and 
 Southy had been now for a long time fupply'd by Ufur- 
 pers , and forcibly detained from the right and legal 
 Inheritors ; but Providence would fuiFer Injuftice to 
 reign no longer , and therefore reftored the rightfnl 
 Heirs to their Priucipalities, J^ys ap Theodor had 
 
 1079, 
 
I08 The Hiftory t/ W A L E S. 
 
 aftual poflefljon of South-lVales ; and there wanted 
 no more at this time, but to bring in Grujfydh ap Co- 
 nm to the Principality of North-Wales j both thefe 
 Princes being indifputably right and lawful Heirs to 
 their refpeftive Governments, as lineally defcendcd 
 from B^deric the Great, who was legal Proprietor of 
 all iVales. Grujfydh ap Conan had already reduced the 
 Jlle of Anglefey\ but not being able to levy a fufficient 
 Army from thence to oppofe Trahaern, he invited over 
 a great Party of Irijh and Scots, and then with his 
 whole Army joyned with H,hys ap Theodor Prince of 
 South-lVales. Trah^ern in like manner aflbciating to 
 himfelf Caradoc ap Gruffydh and Mailyr the Sons of 
 Rywalhon af Gmyn his Colin-Germans, the greateft and 
 molt powerful Men then in Wales, drew up his For- 
 ces together , with refolution to fight them. Both 
 Armies meeting upon rhe Mountains of Carno, a ter- 
 rible and a cruel Battel enfued prefently thereupon ; 
 which proved the more fierce and bloody, by reafon 
 that both Parties refolutely referred their whole For- 
 tune to the luccels of their Arras ; and Life would 
 prove vain if the Day was loft. But after a difmal 
 Fight on both fides, the Victory fell at laft to Gruffydh 
 and lihyJi Trahaern with his Cofins being all flain in 
 the Field; after whofe death Gruffydh took poffertion 
 of North Wales ; and fo the Rule of all Wales, after 
 a tedious interval , was again reftored to the right 
 Line. About the fame time , Vrgeney ap Sitfy'ht a 
 Perfon of noble Quality in Wales, was treacheroufly 
 rourthered by the Sons of Rhys Sais, or the Englijh- 
 m.m j by which Name, the Welch were accuftomed 
 to denominate all Perfons, as either had lived any con- 
 Cderabie time in EngUnd, or could fluently and hand- 
 forwly fpeak the EngUJh Tongue. 
 
 Cru, 
 
The H'lfiory cf W ALES, 109 
 
 ^ruffydh ap Conan. 
 
 Gt{ujfydh ap Conan being confirmed in the Princi- 
 pality of North Wales , and ^^j/s ap Tbeodor in 
 that of South-TVales ; there was no body that could 
 create them any Moleftation or Difturbance upon the 
 account of Right, which was unqueilionably juft ^ 
 fo that they quietly enjoyed for fome time their re- 
 fpe(5tive Dominions, without apprehenfion of any other 
 Pretender. Indeed, it had feldom been known before, 
 but that one of the Princes was an Ufurper j and par- 
 ticularly in North Wales ^ where from the time oiEd- 
 wal Foel , none had legally afcended to the Crown, 
 excepting Edtoal the Son of Meyric , eldeft Son to 
 Edfval Foel j in whofe Line the undoubted Title of 
 North-Wales lawfully defcended. And the right Line 
 being now reftored in Gruffydh ap Conan, the fame le- 
 gally continued to Lhewelyn ap Gruffydh , the laft 
 Prince of the Britijh Blood. But during thete Revo- 
 lutions in Wales J fome things memorable were trania- 
 fted in England ^ Malcolm King of the Scots defcen- 
 ding into Northumberland, ravaged and deftroyed the 
 Country without Mercy, carrying away a great nun- 
 ber of Prifoners; after which the Nor^^«wj^rM«^ fell 
 upon Walter Birtiop of Durham, whom they flew, to- 
 gether with a hundred Men, whilft he fate keeping of 
 Couit, not dreaming of any fuch treacherous Villainy, 
 The fame time I^bert Curt hoys the Baftards eldeft Son, 
 being for fome reafon difgufted againd his Father, and 
 feton by the inltigation of the King o{ France, en- 
 tered Normandy with an Army, and claimed ir as his 
 Right ; which King WiHtam being acquainted with, 
 pa (Ted over to Normandy , and meeting with his Son 
 hand to hand in Battel , was by him overthro^'P. 
 But being returned from Normandy, he entered with 
 a great Army into Wuies^ and marching atrer the man- 
 ner. 
 
no The Hiflory of W ALES, 
 
 ner of a Pilgrimage as far as S. Davids, he offered and 
 paid his Devotion to chat Saint, and afterwards re- 
 ceived Homage of the Kmgs and Princes of the Coun- 
 try. About the iame time the Tomb of TVaiwey King 
 Arthurs Sifter Son, a mod vaHant Perfon in his time, 
 and Governour of that Country , from him called 
 Walwethcy , was difcovered in the Country of RoSy 
 nigh the Sea-flioar, whofe Body proved monftroufly 
 prodigious, being in length about fourteen foot. 
 A. D. This year Madawc, Cadwgan and I{lrydy the Sons of 
 lo8<f, Blethyn ap Confyn lometime Prince of Wales, raifed a 
 Rebellion againft l^yi ap Tewdor ; and having drawn 
 together a great number of licentious and maleconten- 
 ted People, thought to ejed him out of the Principa- 
 lity of South'fVales. Hhys had not Power and For- 
 ces enough to oppofe them ; the Rebels Army increa- 
 fmg daily by the addition of the difcontented Multi- 
 tude, who always r«joyce at any new Commotion or 
 Difturbance ; and therefore he was compell'd to retire 
 to Ireland, where he obtained a very confiderable party 
 of Irijh and Scots, upon promife of a fufficient Re- 
 ward, in cafe he was reftored again to his Principality. 
 Having by this mealure got a very fenfible increafe to 
 his former ftrength, he landed in South-fVales ; the 
 News of whofe arrival ^eing blazed abroad , his 
 Friends from all quarters prefently retired to him ; fo 
 that in a fliort time his Army became numerous, and 
 able to confront the Enemy. The Rebels were fen- 
 fible how the Princes Forces daily multiplyed, and 
 therefore to prevent any farther addition, they made 
 all poflible hafte to force him to a Battel, which in 
 a (hort time after happened at Lhechy Creu, where the 
 Rebels were vnnqniihed^Madafvc and I^ryd being flain, 
 and Cadfvgan glad to fave his Life by flight. Bjpys ha- 
 ving won fo ftgnal a Vidlory, and fearing no farther 
 Diliurbance, difmiffed the Irifh and Scots with great 
 Rewards, who honourably returned to their own 
 1087, Country. Within a while after , an unaccountable 
 Sacriledg was committed at S. Davids j the Shrine 
 belonging to the Cathedral, being felonioufly convey'd 
 out of the Church , all the Plate and other Utenfils 
 
 were 
 
The Hiflory of ^ K\^^.%. HI 
 
 were ftoln , and only the Shrine lefc empty behind. 
 The fame Year a CiviJ-War broke out in EnglariJ^ 
 and feveral Armies in feveral parts of the Kingdom 
 were up in Arms at the fame time, and among the 
 reft the fVckh, who entering into Glocelter and ff^r- 
 cejier Shires, burnt and deftroyed ail before them, to 
 the Gate of Pf^orceficr. The King having drawn his 
 Army together, proceeded againft his Enemies by de- 
 grees, and falling upon their feperate Parties, without 
 any great difficulty, reduced all to Obedience. With- ^, D, 
 in two Years after, Archbilhop 5«/i>«, the moft pious log^v 
 and learned Perfon in fVales, dyed, in the Eightieth 
 Year of his Age, and in the Sixteenth Year of his Bi- 
 fhoprick ; prelently after whofe death the Town of ' 
 S. Davids fuffered a more fenfible Calamity, being firft 
 plundered, and afterwards burnt bya company of Py- 
 rats, who forely infefted the Brittjh Coalts. About 
 the fume time alfo dyed Cadtfcr the Son of Calhoyn 
 Lord of Pyfed, whofe Sons Lhetvelj/n and Eineon mo- 
 ved Gruffydb ap Meredith to take up Arms againft his 
 Sovereign Prince i{hjs ap Tcwdor, with whom they 
 joyned all the Forces they couly levy among their 
 Tenants and Dependants ; then pafling with their Ar- 
 my to Lhandjdoch, boldly challenged Bj^ys to fight ; 
 who thereupon gave them battel, and attrer a relolute 
 Engagement of both fides, the Rebels were at length 
 worfted, and put flight, and then fo narrowly purfued, 
 that Grtijfydh ap Meredith was taken Priloner, and in 
 fine executed as a Traitor : But Eineon made his 
 cfcape, and not daring to trulf himfelf with any of 
 his own Kindred, he Hed to lefyn ap Gurgai?f, Lord 
 of Morganntvc , who was then in adual Rebellion 
 againft Prince Bj^ys. And to ingratiate hiralelf the 
 more in lejlyn's favour, he promifed, upon condition 
 of the performance of certain Articles, one of which 
 more efpecially was , That he ihould receive his 
 Daughter in Matrimony ; That he would bring over 
 to his aid a confiderabie Body of Normans, with whom * 
 he was fingularly acquainted, as having ferved a long 
 time in England. Ihefe Articles being agreed to and 
 recorded, Einmi poftcd to Eng'and^ and in a little . 
 
 time 
 
112: The Hijlory //WALES. 
 
 time brought matters fo about, that he prevailed with 
 ^bert Fit:(har7ion and Twelve more Knights, to levy 
 a ilrong Army of Normans, and to come to TVales to 
 ^' ^' the protecftion and aid of leftyn. The beginning of 
 1090. j-jig following Year they landed in Glamor^anjhire, 
 and were honourably received hy lejlyn, whojoyning 
 his Power to theirs, marched to Prince Bjpys his Domi- 
 ninions, where, without the leaft fhew of Mercy to his 
 own Countrymen, he encouraged the 'Normans, by his 
 own Hxample, to fpoil and deftroy all that came be- 
 fore them. Prince t{hjs was mightily grieved to find 
 his Country fo unmercifully haralTcd ■■, and though at 
 this time very antient, being above 98 Years of age, 
 he could not refrain but meet his Enemies ; and having 
 With all poflible fpeed raifed a convenient Array; he 
 met with them near Brecnock , ^vhere after a terrible 
 Fight, and a great flaughter on both fides, he was un- 
 happily flain. With him fell the Glory and Grandeur 
 of the Principality oi South-PVales, being afterwards 
 rent in pieces, and divided into feveral parts and 
 piece-meals among thefe Norman Captains, as ihall be 
 by and by more particularly related. Prince Uhys left 
 liTue behind him by the Daughter of B^walhon ap Con~ 
 fyn, two Sons', GruffjdbiX\dGrono, the latter of which 
 was detained Prifoner by the King of England ; the 
 the Author of the winning of the Lordfl^ip oi Glamor- 
 gan, affirms, that he was flain, together wirh his Fa- 
 ther, in this Battel againft the Normans. 
 
 The Normans havmg received a fufficient Reward 
 from lejiyn^ upon the account of their Service againft 
 Prince i{hys, returned to their Ships, in order to their 
 Voyage homeward. But before they could loofe An- 
 chor to fail off, Eineon recalled them , being ungrate- 
 fully affronted by leiiyn, who abfolutely refufed to 
 make good to him the Conditions which they had 
 agreed upon , before the Normans were invited to 
 iVales. Upon this account, Eineon was fo irreconci- 
 • labiy incenled againft Iejl)n, that to be revenged upon 
 bini, he was willing to facrifice his native Country in- 
 to the hands of ftrangers ; and tliereforc endeavoured 
 to perluade the Normans concerning the Fatnefs and 
 
 Fertility 
 
The Hiftory cfW ALES. 13 j 
 
 Fertility of the Country, and how eafiiy thty might 
 conquer and make thcmfelves Mafters ot" it But he 
 needed not many Arguments to perfuade a People ihac 
 were willing of rhemfelves, efpccially beirg encou- 
 raged thereto by a Pcrion of fome efteem in the Coun- 
 try ; whereupon, without any moie (Juefticns, they 
 prefently fell to their bufinefs ; and fiom Friends be- 
 came unexpededly Foes. LJlyn was much furpriftd 
 to hiid the Normans ^ whom he had but ktely ho- 
 nourably difmiffed from his fervice, and as he thought, 
 with SatisfacSlion, fo foon become his Fnemies; ^tuc 
 perccivir.g a Serpent in the Hedg, and Ev.ecn fo ami- 
 cably great among them , he quickly guelitd at the 
 reafon, of which there was no other iCJtiedy left but 
 to bewail the unneceffary Folly of his own Knave:y, 
 The Normans eafily difpofleiTed lefyn of the whole 
 Lordlhip oi Glamorgan ; the nr.oft plealant and fertile 
 part of which they divided among rhemiclvcs ; lea- 
 ving the more mountainous and craggy ground to the 
 fhare of Bineon. The Knights who accompanied 
 Fit:{hainon in this Expedition were, PVtlliam dc Lcn^ 
 dres or London ; Richard de G:'efut villa, or Greenfield t 
 Paganus dcTurbervil'e ; T^bert de S Q^ntms, ox Quw- 
 tin ; I{ichard de Sytvardc 5 Gilbert de HumfrevUe j B^-^ 
 ger de Berkroles 5 Reginald de Sully ; Peter I'e Soore ; 
 John le Fleming ; Oliver de S. John ; H'^tiliam de Efier- 
 ling, or Stradimg. Thefe Perfons having dillributcd 
 that fair and plealant Lordfhip among themfelves, and 
 confidering that they were much better provided for 
 here than they could be at home, lettled in Ghmor^aii, 
 where their Pofterity have continued to this time. And 
 'here we may obferve, what a Train of Circumliances 
 i concurr'd together, in favour of the Kormnns^ havinj^ 
 pofTeflion of this Lordfhip : For had not Eincoh, be- 
 ing vanquirtied by Prince ^ys, fled to Icftyn^ rather 
 than to another ; or had not leflyn been to vain as to' 
 attempt the Conqueft of South-H^ales, and ro that end 
 conftnted to the Advice of Einecn ; there had been 
 no neceifity of inviting the Normans at all to l^^ales. 
 And then, the Normans being arrived, had not leftyii 
 lingentcely violated his Promile, and refufed to perforrif 
 
914 ^^•'^ Hiftory of WALES. 
 
 the Atticles agreed upon between him and Eineofi', 
 or, had not Eineon purlued fo defperale a Revenge, 
 but fatisfied his Paflion upon leflyn , without preju- 
 dice to his Country ; the 'Normans would have re- 
 turned home wirh fatisfj(flion , and conlequently 
 could never have been Proprietors of that noble 
 Country they then forcibly polTefTed. And now 
 again the fVelch experienced the dangerous Confe- 
 quence of calling in a foreign Nation to their aid ; 
 the Saxons had already difpoflefled them of the beft 
 part of the Ifland of Britain^ and now the Normans 
 feized upon a great part of that fmall Country, which 
 had efcaped the Sovereignty and Conqueft of the En- 
 itjh. But here it will be necelfary to lay down the 
 itace and condition of this Lordfliip of Morgannwc or 
 G'.amorgan, and wlwt /hare each particular Knight ob- 
 tained in the diftribution of it. 
 
 The Lordfhip ot Glamorgan reaches in length Z7 
 Miles, even from t{ymny -Bridge to the Eaft, to Piplh 
 Conan Weftward i and in breadth from Aberthaw, 
 otherwiie Aherdaon on the South-part, to the Con- 
 fines of Brecnockjhire above Morlep Caftle, 22 Miles. 
 This being a Royal Lordfhip, the Lords thereof ow- 
 ing no other Subje<2ion than Obedience only to the 
 Crown, affumed to themfelves all the Priviledges of a 
 regal Court, excepting only the pardoning of Crimi- 
 nals in cafe of Treafon. And not only Glamorgan^ 
 but the feveral petty Lordlhips of which it confilted, 
 namely, Sengemiyth, Myscyn^ I^thm, Lhanblethiariy 
 Tir larlhj Giyn I{ot/mey, Avan, Neth, Coyty^ Talavatit 
 and Lantuit or Boviartcn ; exercifed the fame Prive- 
 lege of Jura Regalia, with this difference only, that 
 in cafe of wrong Judgment in thefe Courts, appeal 
 might be made in the County-Court of Glamorgan^ 
 which being fuperiour to the reft , had power to re- 
 verfe any Judgmcvir given in them. Within this 
 Lordfhip were 18 Caitles , and -^6 Knights Fecsj 
 befides rhe Town and Caftle of Kynfig, the Town 
 of Ccfvbridge or Pont Vaen, and the Town and CaftJe 
 of CaerdH j in the latter of which the Lord of G/tf- 
 morgan chiefly lefided , wherein the County-Courc 
 
 war 
 
The Hijlory <7/ w A L ES. li; 
 
 ^as monrhly kept. The annual Revenue of this Lord- 
 ftiip amounted to a Thoufand Marks - whereof Four 
 Hundred was aJbwed tor the Fees and Sallary of the 
 feveral Officers belonging to the fame. Thjs Lord- 
 fliip of Glamorgan Robert Fic^hamon kept to himfeJf < 
 and the others he diltnbuted Detween his feveral Fol- 
 lowers J namely, to iViliiam de Londres he gave the 
 Caftie and Mannor of Ogmore ; to Richard Greenfield 
 the Lordlhip of Neth ; to Paine Turhsrvtlle that of 
 Coyty ; to ^bert S Quintvie Lhan Blethyan ; to I{ichard 
 Syward Talavan j to Gilbert Mumf revile the Caftle and 
 Mannor of Penmarc 3 to I{egma!d Sully the Caftle and 
 Mannor oi Sully \ to ^oger Bsrkrol'.es that of Eaft Or- 
 chard 5 to Peter le Soor that of Feterton ; to John Fle- 
 ming that of S. George ; to John S. John that of Fon^ 
 tnon or Fenvon j and laftly, to iVdliam le Ejierlingoj: 
 Stradling that of S. Donats. But that thefe Knights 
 fiiould liave dependence upon, and might fcem to hold 
 their feveral Lordfliips and Eitate from him ; Robert 
 Fit:{hamon appointed rhem their feveral Apartmi nt3 in 
 his Caftle o^Caerdaf, where they were obliged to give 
 their attendance at every Court-day , which was 
 monrhly kept upon Monday. 
 
 But about the fame time that Robert Fit:(hamon took 
 the Lordrtiip of Glamorgan , Barnard Nstpmarch a 
 Nobleman likewife of NorwdK.'/y, obtained by Con- 
 queft the Lordfhip of Brecknock^; and I-Ienrj de New- 
 burgh Son to Roger de Bellemont , by the Conquerour 
 made Earl of PVarwick^, the Country of G')iver. But 
 Barnard Newmarch gave the People of finales fotxie 
 fmall Satisfaction and Content , by nianying Ne/?, 
 tihe Daughrer alfo of Neji, Daughter to Lhstve'yn af 
 Gri'jfydh Prince of Wales^ by w horn he had Iflue, a 
 Son called Mahael. This worthy Gentleman bein^ 
 legally to fucceed his Father in theLordfhip of Erech 
 fiock.y was afterwards difinhcrited by the Malice ana 
 Balenefs of his own unnatural Mother. The o'cca- 
 /ion was tbu?, Nejl happening to fall in admiratiofi 
 of a certain Knight , Vvith whom ihe had more than 
 ordinary Familiarity^ even beyond what fhe expreft to 
 .her own Hu:>t)?^"i ; Mahael perceiving her djj(f61ute 
 
Ii6 The Hijlory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 and loofe Behaviour, counfelled her to take care of 
 her Fame and Reputation, and to leave off that fcan- 
 dalous Liberty which Ihe took; and afterwards 
 meeting cafually her Gallant coming from her , 
 fought and grievoufly wounded him. Upon this, 
 "Neft to be revenged upon her Son, went to Henry 
 the Firft King of England, and in his prefence took 
 her corporal Oath, that her Son Mtthael was illegiti- 
 mate, and not begot by Barnard 'Newmarch her Huf- 
 band , but another Perfon ; by virtue of which 
 Oath, or rarher Perjury, Mahael was difinherited, 
 and his Sifter, whom her Mother attefted to be legiti- 
 mate, was befiowed by the King upon Milo, the Son 
 of Walter Conjiab'.e^ afterward Earl oi Hereford, who 
 ih right of his Wife enjoyed the whole eftate oiBar- 
 nard Sewmarch Lord of Brecnock. Of this Milo it is 
 reported, that telling King Henry of a ftrange Acci- 
 dent which had occurred to him by Lhyn Savathan 
 in Wales , where the Birds upon the Pond at the 
 paffing by of Grujfydh the Son of ^pys ap Theodor, 
 feetr:ed by their chirping to be in a manner overjoy 'd ; 
 The King replyed, It was not fo wonderful ; for al- 
 though, Tays he , we have violently and injurioufly 
 opprelTed that Nation, yet it is manifeftly known, 
 that they are the lawful and original Isiheiitors of 
 that Country. 
 
 But whilft the Normans were thus carving for 
 themfelves in Glamorgan and Brecnock.^ Cadogan ap 
 Blethjn ap Confyn towards the end of ^pril, entered 
 into Dyvedy and having ravaged and deftroyed the 
 Country, returned back. But within Eight Weeks 
 after, there fucceeded him a more fatal Enemy ; for 
 the 'Normans landing in Dyved and Cardigan^ began 
 to fdvtifie themfelves in Caftles and other ftrong pla- 
 ces, and to inhabit the Country upon the Sea- /hoar, 
 which before was not in their pofTeflion. Indeed the 
 Normans having by the connivance of the Conquerouc 
 already got into their hands all the beft Eftates in 
 Englandy began now to fpy out the Commodities of 
 fVales ; and perceiving moreover how bravely Robert 
 VitT^hamon and Barnard Newmarch had fped there, 
 
 thought 
 
The H'tflory of W ALES. 117 
 
 thought they might as well expeft the like fortune. 
 Wherefore having obtained a Grant from King PVtl- 
 liam (who rcadiJy confented to their Requeft, becaufe 
 by this means he killed tsvo Birds with one Stone, 
 procured to himfelf their utmoft Service upon occalion, 
 and withal provided for them without any Charge to 
 himfelf; they came to Wales, and (o entered upon the 
 Eftates appointed them by the King, which they held 
 of him by Knight-iervice, having firft done Homage 
 and fworn Fealty for the fame. H^ger Momgpmery 
 Earl of Arundel did Homage for the Lordlhips of 
 Potois and Curd'gan-, Hugh Lupus Earl of Chejier for 
 Tegengl and I{^^fo>itoc, together with all the Land lying 
 upon the Sea-Hioar to the River Conwey ; Arnulfh a 
 younger Son of Imager Montgomery for Dyved; Barnard 
 Newmarch for Brecncck^-, I{a!fh Mortimer for Eluel ; 
 Hugh de Lacy for the Land ot Etvyas ; Eujlace Omer 
 for Mold and Hapredale ; and (e vera I others did the 
 like Homage for other Lands. But Roger Montgomery y 
 who by the Conquerour was created iiarl of Arundel 
 and SbreiPsbury , entered in an hoftile manner into 
 Potvys-land , and having won the Cattle and Town 
 of Baldtvp]^ fortified it in his own right, and called it 
 Montgomery after his own Name. King William of 
 England was now in hlormandy, and bufily engaged 
 in a War againft his Brother I{ohert ; by the advan- 
 tage of whofe abfence, Gruffydh a-p Conan Prince of 
 North-fValcs, SiudCadogan ap Blethyn, who now rul- 
 ed in South-TVales , with joynt Forces entered into 
 Cardigan and flew a great number of Normans, whofe 
 Pride and exceffive Cruelties towards the Welch, were 
 altogether intolerable. But after fufiicient execu- 
 tion there, being returned home, the Normant fent 
 for more Aid from England ; which being arrived, 
 they thought to make a private in-road into North- 
 fVales, and fo to be revenged upon the fVelch. But 
 their Defign being happily difcovered to Cadogan, he 
 idrew up his Forces to meet themv and then unexpe- 
 ctedly letting upon them in the Foreft of TJpys, after 
 a very warm Refidment of the Normans fide, for- 
 ced them to retire by flight, and then triumphantly 
 
 I 2 matching 
 
1 18 The Hijiory of W ALES. 
 
 marching through Cardigan and Dyved^ he de flroyed 
 all the Caliies and Fortirications in the Country, be- 
 fides Pembro:k_^v\d Ryicors^ which proved too Itrong, 
 and impregnable. 
 'A. D. The r.ext Year the Nonr.ans who inhabited the 
 10^3. Country of Gi-imorgan, teil upon and deftroyed the 
 Countries of Gwyr, Kidwcly. and IJlrkdTywy^ which 
 they harrafled in fuch a cruel manner, that they left 
 them bare of any People to inhabit. And to increafe, 
 as it was thought, the Miferies of the H^elch^ King 
 Willigm I^i'fus being informed of the great flaughter 
 which Gruff-dh ap Conan, and the Sons of Blethyn ap 
 Confyn had iarely committed upon the Englijh, as well 
 within Chefhlre, Shrofjloire^ TVorccfierJhire^ and He- 
 refordjhire^ as within iVales j entered the Country at 
 Montgomery, which place the PFelch having foraetime 
 fince ''emolilo-d, King Pf^tliiam lately rebuilt. But 
 the PVdch kept all the PafTages through the Wcods 
 and Rivers, and all other Streights fo dole, that the 
 King could etfecl nothing confiderable againlt them ; 
 and therefore when he perceived that his labour was 
 but left, in continuing in thofe Parts , he forthwith 
 decamped, and returned with no great Honour back 
 to England. But this retreat of King William was 
 n.^t altogether fo favourable to the intereft of the 
 1034. Welch, as the death oi William fit:^~'Ba!dw)n, who 
 was Owner of the Caftle of Rydcors ^ and did the 
 greateft mifchief and hurt to the South-Wales Men of 
 any other. He biing dead, the Garrifon of I{ydcors 
 wiiich was wont to keep the Wlelch in continual 
 awe, fqrfook that place, and by that raenns gave op- 
 portunity to the Inhabitants of G^py^ Brecnock^. Ghent, 
 and Gwsntlhwc, to fliake off that intolerable Yoak the 
 Kormans forced upon them, who after they had rob'd 
 them of their Lands , kept them in perpetual fubje- 
 tWon. But now William Flt^^'Baldwyn being dead, 
 and the Garrifon of Rjdcors fcatter'd, they ventured 
 to lay violent hands upon the Kormans, who thought 
 themlelves free from all fear ^ and prevailed fo fuc- 
 celsfully, that they drove them all out of the Coun- 
 trcy, and recover'd their own antient Eftates. But 
 
 the 
 
 «r.- 
 
The Hijlory <?/ W A L E S. 119 
 
 1iie Normans liked that Country fo well, that they 
 were refolved not to be fo eafily befooled out of 
 what they had with a great deal of Pains and Dan- 
 ger once poflefled ; and therefore having drawn a 
 great number of Englijh and 'Normans to their aid, 
 they were defirous to venture another touch with the 
 Welchy and to return, if poflible, to their once ac- 
 quir'd Habitations. But the Welch fo abhorr'd their 
 Pride and tyrannical Dominion over them when 
 they were Mafters, that they were refolved not to 
 be fubje<5l to fuch Tyrants again ; and therefore they 
 boldly met them at a place called Celly larfaivc , and 
 fet upon them fo manfully, the very apprehenfion of 
 Servitude whetting their Spirits, that they put them 
 to flight with great (laughter, and drove them out of 
 the Country. The Normans however were not lo ab- 
 folutely routed with this Overthrow, but like a Fly in 
 the night which deftroys it felf in the Candle, they 
 muft needs covet their own Dilkudtion ; their gree- 
 dinefs egging them on to venture with few what was 
 not prarticable to be effected by many. Therefore 
 on they came as far as Brecnocl{_, with this abfolute 
 Vow and Refblution, not to leave one living thing 
 remaining in that Country. Bat they fell (liort of 
 their Policy, the People of the Country being remov- 
 ed to a nanow Streight , to expedt their paffing 
 through; whither the Norwj^wj being advanced, they 
 fell upon them, and killed a great number of then-u 
 About the fame time, t{oger Montgomery Earl oi Salop 
 and Arundel, fV.lliam Fit:^eufta:e Earl of GloC'?ftcr, 
 Arnold de Harecourt, and Neal le Vtcoum, were llain 
 by the PVelch between Caerdaf and Brecnocl^ ; and 
 Walter Eureux Earl of Sarum^ B^fmsr^ and M.inti- 
 lake ; Hugh Earl of Gourney, were wounded, who 
 afterwards dyed in Normandy. The Normans find- 
 ing that they continually loft ground, thought it not 
 advifable to ftay any longer j and therefore having 
 placed fufficient Garrifons in thofe Caftles which 
 they had formerly huilt, they returned with what 
 fyeed they could to England. But all the hafte they 
 ^id make, could not fecure them from the Fury of 
 
 I 4. the 
 
Uo The Hiflory <>/ W A L E S. 
 
 the fVelcb ; for Griiffydh and If or , the Sons of Ed- 
 ncrth ap Cadogan^ expeded them privately at a place 
 called Abcrlhech, where falling unexpededly upon 
 them; they flew the greateft part of their number, 
 the reft narrowly efcaping fafe to England. But 
 the Norman G^nifons which were left behind , de- 
 fended themfelves with a great deal of Bravery, till 
 at laih, finding no profpedt of Relief, they were 
 forced for their cwn fafety to deliver them up to 
 the Welch, who, from that time, became again Pro- 
 prietors of thofe Places which the Norwans had dif- 
 poflefs'd them from. And this encouraged the PVelch 
 to undertake other things againft the Englijh ; for 
 immediately after this, certain of the Nobility of 
 North-TValcj, Vchthedthe Son ci Edwyn apGrono by 
 narne, together with Hcwel ap Grom, and the Sons 
 of Cadcgan ap Blethyn of Powyi-land, paffed by Car- 
 digan mto Djved (which Country King H^tiliam hzd 
 given to Arwdph Son to Hoger Montgomery^ who had 
 bailt thereon the CaUle of Fembrocll^ and appointed 
 Gerald di Wtndfore Governour of the fame) and de- 
 ftroying all the Country with Fire and Sword , ex- 
 cepting Petnbrock_ Caftle , which was impregnable, 
 they returned home with a great deal of Booty. In 
 recompence of this, when the Lords of Nortb'fVales 
 were returned, Gerald iffued out of the Caftle, and 
 fpoiled all the Country about S. Davids ; and after 
 he had got fufficient Plunder, and taken divers Pri- 
 ioners, returned back into the Caftle. 
 
 The Year following, King fFilliam being return'd 
 ^- ^- from N'rm,:ndy ., and having heard how that the 
 
 J 09?- lyelcb had cut off a great number of his Subjects in 
 tValeSj gathered all his Power together, and with 
 great Pomp and Oftentation entered the Marches, 
 refolving utterly to eradicate the rebelHous and im- 
 placable humour of the Welch Nation. But after all 
 this Boaft and feeming Refolution, he durft venture 
 no faither than the Marches, where having built 
 iome few C^ftles, he returned with no greater Ho- 
 
 1^9^- F.qur than he came. But the next Spring, Hugh de 
 Montgorjiiry E^il of Arundel and Salcp^ by the Welch. 
 
 named| 
 
The Hipry c/ W A L E S. i2i 
 
 named Hugh Goch, and Hugh Fras, or the fat, Earl 
 of Cbejler, being invited by fome difaffefted IVelch 
 Lords, came into North-Wales with a very great 
 Army. Prince Grujfydb ap Conan, and Cadogan ap 
 Blethjn , perceiving themfelves ro be too weak to 
 oppofe fo numerous an Array, and what was worfe, 
 being very fufpicious of the Fidelity and Honefty of 
 their own Forces, thought it their befl- way to take 
 the Hills and Mountains for their fafety, where they 
 were like to remain molt lecure from the Enemy, 
 Then the EngUJh Army marched towards Anglefey, 
 and being come over againlt the liland, they builc 
 the Caftle of Aberlhiennawc. But Gruffydh and C<i- 
 dogan could no longer endure to fee their Country 
 over-run by the EngUJh, and therefore they deicend- 
 ed from the Mountains, and came to 4nglejey, think- 
 ing , with what Succours they fhould receive from 
 Ireland, of which they were disappointed, to be able 
 to defend the Ifl^nd from any attempt that ihould 
 be made upon it. And now the whole Treafon, and 
 the occafion of the EngUJh coming to Tf^ales was 
 difcovered j for Oiven ap Edtvyn, the Prince his chief- 
 etl Counfeilour, whofe Daughter Grujfydh had mar- 
 ried (having himfelf a!!b married Everyth the Daugh- 
 ter of Confyn, Aunt to Cadogan) upon fome private 
 Grudge or other, called in the Englijh into Wales, 
 and at this time openly joyned his Forces with 
 theirs, and led the whole Army over into Anglefey. 
 Grujfydh and Cadogan finding how they were be- 
 trayed by their deareft Friend, as they thought j for 
 fear of farther Treachery, judged it prudent to fail 
 privately for Ireland^ after whofe departure, the Eng- 
 Ijfh fell cruelly to work , deftroying all they could 
 come at, without any refpeift to cither Age or Sex. 
 And whilft the EngUJh continued in Anglefey, Mag- 
 nus the Son of Harold, lately King of England, came 
 over with a great Fleet, intending to lay fafter hold 
 upon that Kingdom, than his Father had done, and 
 to. recover the fame to himfelf. But whilft he fleered 
 his Coutfe thitherward , he was driven by contrary 
 Winds to the Coafis of Anglefey , where he would 
 
 fain 
 
Ill The Hijlory cf W A L E S. 
 
 fain have landed, had not the Efig/i/h Army kept 
 him off. But in this Skirmifli Magnus accidentally 
 wounded Hugh Earl of Salop with an Arrow in the 
 Face, whereof he dyed ; and then of a fudden both 
 Armies rehnquiflied the Ifland, the Engltjh returning 
 'jL D. to England, appointing Owen ap Edwyn^ who invited 
 £057. them over Prince of the Country. But Omn did 
 not enjoy the Principality long ; for in the beginning 
 of the following Spring, Gruffydh ap Conan and Cado' 
 gan ap Blethyn returned from Ireland, and having 
 concluded a Peace with the Normans, for fome 
 part of their Lands in PP'ales j Gruffydh remained in 
 Anglefey, and Cadogan had Cardigan, with part of 
 Vowys. But though Cadogan recovered his Eftate, 
 yet in a little while after he loft his Son Lhewelyny 
 who was treacheroufly murthered by the Men of 
 Brecnock^: at which time alfo dyed I{)thmarch Arch- 
 bi/hop of S. Davids, the Son of Sulien, being ii} the 
 4? Year of his Age; a Man of the greatelt Piety, 
 Wifdom, and Learning, as had flouriihed a long 
 time in Wales, excepting his Father, under whole 
 F058. Tutelage he w^s educated. The Year following, 
 King tVtllidm I{ufus, as he was hunting in the new 
 Forreft, was accidentally flain with an Arrow, which 
 one Walter Tyrrell fhot at a Stag; and his eldeft Bro- 
 ther being then engaged in the Holy War , Henry 
 his younger Brother, whom in his life-time he had 
 nominated his Succeflbr, was crowned in his ftead. 
 The fame Year, Hugh Earl of Chefter, Grono ap Ca- 
 dogan, and Gw^n ap Gruffydh departed this life. 
 1 100. About two Years after, a Rebellion broke out in 
 England ; ^bert de Belefmo , the Son of Roger de 
 Montgomery Earl of Salop , and Arnulph his Brother 
 Earl oiPembrock^j took up Arras againft King Henrys 
 which he being informed of, lent them a very gra- 
 cious Meflage to come before him, and declare their 
 Grievances , and the reafon of their rifing up in Arms 
 againft his Majefty. But the Earls inftead of ap- 
 pearing in Perfon, fent him flight and frivolous Ex- 
 cufes, and in the mean while made all neceffary Pre- 
 parations for the War, both by raiiing of Forces, an4 
 
 fortifying 
 
The Hiftory of "W ALES. 123 
 
 •fortifying their Caftles and ftrong Holds. And to 
 ftrengthen themfelves the more, they fent rich Pre- 
 fents, and made large Proroifes to lorwenh , Cado- 
 gart, and Meredith, the Sons of Blethyn ap Confyn ; 
 tor to bring them to their fide. B$bert fortified four 
 Caftles, namely, Arundel, tekinhil, ShretPsbury^ and 
 Brugge ; which laft, by realon that B^ben built it with- 
 out the confent of the King, was the chief occafion 
 of this War ; and Arnulph fortified his Caftle at Pern- 
 brock; After this, they entered in an hoftile manner 
 into the Territories of the King of England, wafting 
 and deftroying all before them. And to augment their 
 ftrenffth, Arnulph fent Gerald his Steward, to M«r- 
 kart King of Ireland, defiring his Daughter in Wed- 
 lock ; which was eafily granted, with the Promife 
 too of great Succours and large Supplies. King 
 Henry, to put a ftop to their bold Adventures, march- 
 ed in perfon againft them 3 and laying fiege to the Ca- 
 ftle of Arundel, wan it without any great Qppofi- 
 fcion 5 and quickly afterwards the Caftle of Teklnhill ; 
 but that of Brugge, by reafon of the fcituation of the 
 place, and the depth of the Ditch about it, feemed 
 to require longer time and harder fervice; and there- 
 fore King Henry was advifed to fend privately to 
 Jorwertb ap Blethyn, promising him great Rewards if 
 he forfook the Earl's part, and came over to him ; 
 urging ta him, what Mifchief J{^ger, Earl ^ohert^% 
 Father, and his Brother Hugh, had continually done 
 to the Pf^elch'Men. And to make him the more 
 willing to accept of his Propofals, he promifed to 
 give him all fuch Lands as the Earl and his Brother 
 had in Wales, without either Tribute oV Homage j 
 which was a part of Powys, Cardigan, and half Dy/e</; 
 the other part being in the poflTeffion of William Fit:^- 
 Baldwyn. lorwerth receiving thefe Offers, accepted of 
 them very gladly, and then coming to the King, he 
 fent all his Forces to Earl Robert's Lands, who ha- 
 ving received very ftrift Orders, deftroyed without 
 Mercy every thing they met with j and what made 
 the Spoil the greater, Earl I^bert upon his rebelling 
 5g4inft King Heary^ had caufed his Pepple to con- 
 
124 The Hifiory (/WALES. 
 
 vey all their Goods to Wales, for fear of the EngUJh ; 
 not thinking how his Father's Memory founded a- 
 mong the Welch. But when the News of lor- 
 werth's Revolt reached the Ears of the Earl , C<i- 
 dogan and Meredith , lorwerth's Brothers ; their 
 Spirits began to faint , as delpairing any longer to 
 oppofe the King, fince lorwerth^ who was the Per- 
 fon of gieateft ftrength in fVales, had leFt and for- 
 faken them. Arnulph was gone to Ireland to fetch 
 home his Wife, and to bring over what fuccour his 
 Father in Law, King Murkart, could afford to fend 
 him ; but he not coming in time, fome other Method 
 was to be tryed, how to get (ome Aid againft the 
 EngUJh. A litrle before this Rebellion broke our, 
 Magnus, Harolds Son, landed the iecond time in the 
 Ifle o{ Angle fey ^ and being kindly received by Gruf^ 
 fydh ap Conan, he had leave to cut down what Tim- 
 ber he had need foe ; and fo returning to the Jjle of 
 Man, which he had got by Conqueft, he built there 
 three Caftles, and then fent to Ireland to have the 
 Daughter of Murkart in marriage to his Son, which 
 being obtained, he created him King of Man. Earl 
 .Robert hearing this, fent to Magnus for Aid againft 
 King Henry ; but receiving none, he thought it now 
 high time t© look to his own Safety ; and therefore 
 he fent to the King , requefting rhat he might quiet- 
 ly depart the Kingdom, in cale he ihould lay down 
 his Arras ; which the King having granted, he fail'd 
 to Normandy. And then King Henry fent an Ex- 
 piefs to his Brother Arnulph , requiring him either 
 to follow his Brother out of the Kingdom, or to de-* 
 hver himfelf up to his Mercy i and io Arnulph weat 
 over alio for Normandy. When the King was re- 
 turned to London, lorwertb took his Brother Meredith 
 Prifoner, and committed him to the King's cuftody ; 
 his other Brother Cadogan having reconciled himfelf 
 beforehand, to whom lorwerth gave Cardigan, with 
 a part of Powys. Then lorwerth went to London, 
 to put the King in mind of his Promife, and the Ser- 
 vice he had done him againft Earl f^hert ; but the 
 King finding now all matters at quiet , was deaf 
 
 to 
 
The Hijlory of W \L E S. i2j 
 
 to all fuch Remembrances, and inftead of promifing 
 what he had once voluntarily propofed, againft all 
 Rules of Equity and Gratitude, he took away Dy- 
 fed from lortvcrth, and gave it to a Knight of his 
 own, called Saer ; and Stratjwy Cjdwely, and Gwyr 
 he beftowed upon Howel af Grono, and fent Icrwerth 
 away more empty than he came : Nor was this fuf- 
 ficient Reward for his former Services j but the 
 next Year King Henry muft fend fome of his Coun- ^. £), 
 fel to Shrewihttry, and cite lor wen h lo appear there, noi. 
 under pretence of confulting about the King's Bud- 
 nefs and Affairs in thofe Parts. But the Plot was 
 laid deeper j and w^hen without any fufpicion of 
 Treachery he made his appearance, he was (urprizedly 
 attainted of HighTreafon, and then contrary to all 
 Right and Juftice aftually condemned to perpetual 
 Imprifonment ; the true reafon of this unparallel'd 
 Severity being, the King feared his Strength, and 
 was apprehenilve that he would revenge the Wrong 
 and Affront he received at his hands. And indeed, 
 well had he reafon to fear that, when he fo ungrate- 
 fully treated him, whofe Service he had experienced 
 to be fo greatly advantagious to him. But the Po- 
 licy of Princes is unaccountable j and whether ta 
 value an eminent Perfon for his Service, or to feat 
 him for his Greatnefs, is a Subjeft that frequently 
 difturbs their moft fettled Confiderations. But the 
 Noblemen that were at this time fent by the King 
 to Shrewsbury^ were I{tchard de Belmerjh^ who being 
 chief Agent about ^ger Montgomery Earl of Salop^ 
 was preferred to the Bifhoprick of London, and af- 
 terwards appointed bv this King , to be Warden of 
 the Marches, and Govcrnour of the County oi Salop, 
 With him were joyned in company, VS^ alter Conjlable, 
 the Father oiMilo, E:iil oi Hereford, and l^ayner the 
 King's Lieutenant in the County of Salop. About 
 this time, as Bale writes, the Church of Menevia or 
 S. Davids, began to be fubjed: to the See of Canter- 
 bury^ being always afore the Metropolitan Church of 
 all fValet, 
 
 Shortly 
 
126 The Hifiory of W A L E S. 
 
 A. D. Shortly after this, Owen ap Edwyn^ who had beeri 
 1102. Author of no fmall Mifchief and Diflurbance to the 
 TVelch, in moving the EngUJh againft his natural 
 Prince, and Son in Law Gruffydh ap Conan, depart- 
 ed this Life, after a tedious and milerable Sicknefs ; 
 of which he was fo much the lefs pityed , by how 
 much he had proved an Enemy and a Traytor to his 
 native Country. He was the Son of Grono, by his 
 Wife Edelflede the Widow of Edmund^ furnaroed 
 Ironfide i King of England , and had the Title of 
 "legengl j though the EngUfhy when they had com- 
 pelled Grujf)dh ap Conan to flee to Ireland for fafety, 
 conftituted him Prince of all Korth Wales. After 
 his death, I{ichard Fit:{-Baldwyn laid fiege to , and 
 took the Caitle of I{ydcors, and forcibly drove Howel 
 ap Grono, to whom King Henry had committed the 
 cuftody of it, out of the Country. But Howel quick- 
 ly returned, and with a high Spirit of Revenge, be- 
 gan to deftroy and burn whatloever he could meet 
 with, and then meeting a Party of the Normans in 
 their return homewards, he fell upon the flank of them 
 with a very confiderable flaughter j and fo brought all 
 the Country ta his fubjedion , excepting fome few 
 Garrifons and Caftles which would not furrender to 
 him. The fame time King Henry took away from 
 Saer the Government of Dy/e^, which formerly was 
 lorwerth ap Blethyn\ and bellowed it upon Gerald, 
 who had been fon^iC rime Earl Amulph's Steward in 
 thofe Parts j and therefore by reafon of his know- 
 ledg of the Country, was in all probability beft able 
 to take upon him the Management of it. But the 
 Normans in tf^dcors Caftle being fenlible that they 
 were not able to effeiH; any thing againft Howel ap 
 Grono in open Field, after their accuftomed manner, 
 began to put that in execution by Treachery, which 
 they could not compafs by force of Arms. And 
 how to make Howel a Sacrifice to thofe Kormans 
 he had lately flain, they could find no fafer way than 
 by corrupting one Qwgan ap Meyric, a Man in great 
 t'avour and Efteem with Howel , upon the account 
 chiefly that one of his Children was nurfed by Gwgans 
 
 Wife. 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES, izf 
 
 Wife. This ungrateful Villain, to carry on his wick- 
 ed Intrigue the more unfufpeded , gave Hotffel a very 
 earneft invitation to his Houfe to a Merriment, where, 
 without any fufpicion of Treachery, being come, he 
 was welcomed with all the feeming Affedion and 
 Kindnefs imaginable. But no fooner was he fettled, J. i^ 
 but Gwgan gave notice thereof to the Norman Garri- 1103. 
 Tons ; and therefore by break of day they entered the 
 Town , and coming about the Houfe where Hcwel 
 lay in Bed, they preTently gave a great ftout. Hotvei 
 bearing the noile, lufpeiled fomething of Mifchief, 
 and therefore leaping in all hafte out of Bed , he 
 made to his Weapons, but could not find them, by 
 reafon that Gwgan had conveyed them away whilll 
 he was afleep. And now being adured of Treachery 
 in the cafe , and finding that his Men had fled fox 
 their Lives, he endeavoured all he could to make his 
 efcape j but Gwgan and his Company were too quick 
 for him; and lo being fecured, they ftrangled him, 
 and dcliver'd his Body to the Normans, who havinej 
 cut off" his Head, convey'd it to the Calile o{^}<icorj. 
 This moft villainous Murther, fo barbaroufly comjnit- 
 tcd upon the King's Lieutenant, was not in the leafi: 
 taken notice of j for King Henry was fo unrealona- 
 bly prejudiced in favour of the Normans, that whate- 
 ver Mifdemeanour, be it of never fo high a nature, 
 was by them committed, it was prefently winked at, 
 and let fall to the ground ; whereas , if the H^elch 
 trefpafled but againft the leaft injundion of the King $ 
 Laws, they were moft ieverely punirtied ; which 
 was the caufe that they afterwards flood up againft 
 the King in their own defence, being by experience 
 alfured, that he minded nothing more than their uttet 
 Deftruf^on. 
 
 About this time Anjelm, Archbirtiop o( Canterbury, 
 convened a Synod at London , wherein among other 
 Injundions then decreed, the Celibacy of the Clergy 
 was enjoyned ; Marriage being before ever allowed 
 of in Britain , to them in Holy Orders. But thft 
 new Injunftion created a great deal of Heat and 
 /Vijimofities among the Clergy, fome approving of it 
 
 as 
 
II ©4. 
 
 ^IiS The milory c/ W A L E S; 
 
 as reafonable and orthodoxical j others condemning 
 it, as an innovation, and contraiy to the plain Letter 
 of Scripture. But during thefe Difputes between 
 the Clergy, King Henry being now in the Fifth Year 
 of his Reign , failed over with a great Army into 
 ,U 'Normandy, where his Brother ^^b€n , together with 
 
 •vo. ]^obert de Belefmo, Arnulfh, and William Earl of Mor- 
 taign, gave him battel ; but the King having obtain- 
 ed the Victory , took the Duke his Brother, with 
 WtlHam of Adortaign, Prifoners ; and carrying themi 
 into England, he cauled firft his Brother ^berfs 
 Eyes to be plucked our, and then condemned thera 
 A D ^^^^ *^o perpetual imptifonment in the Caftle of Cat- 
 dyjf. About the fame time Meyric and Gntjfydh, 'the 
 Sons of Trahaem ap Caradoc were both fiain by the 
 means of Oaen ap Cadogan ap Blethjn i whofe Un- 
 cle Meredith ap Blethyn , who had been Piifoner for 
 a long time in England, now brake open the Prifon, 
 wherein he was very narrowly confined ; and return- 
 ing to his own Country, had his Eftate reftored, which 
 afterwards he quietly enjoyed. 
 
 The next Year a very difmal and calamitous Ac- 
 cident happening in the Low- Countries, proved ve- 
 ry incommodious and prejudicial to the TVelch j for 
 a great part of Flanders being drowned by the over- 
 flowing of the Sea, the Inhabitants were compdi'd 
 to feek for fome other Country to dwell in , their 
 own being now covered with Water. And there- 
 fore a great many being come over to England, they 
 requefted of King Henry to aflign them Tome part of 
 his Kingdom which was empty and void of Inha- 
 bitants, where they might fettle and plant themfelves. 
 The King taking advantage of this charitable oppor- 
 tunity, and being in a manner aflTured, that thefe 
 Flemings would be a confideraHe Thorn in the fide 
 of the Welch , beftowed upon them very liberaliy 
 what was not juftly in his power to give ; and ap- 
 pointed them the Country of Hos, in DyfedoiiVefi- 
 jVales^ where they continue to this day. But Gerald 
 the King's Lieutenant in thofc Parts, was refolved to 
 be afore-hand with them* and rebafik the Caftle of 
 
 IIOJ. 
 
The Htfiory r/W A L E S. ii^ 
 
 Pemhrock, in 2 place called Congarth Fichan-^ u hither 
 he removed his Family and all his Goods, Bjt here ^. £>. 
 a very unfortunate accident happened to him ; for 1,0^. 
 Cadwgan ap Blethjn having prepared a fumptuous Ftaft 
 in the Chrifimnsy invited all the Lords to his Country- 
 Houfe in Djfedj and among the reft his Son Otfen, who 
 Jived in Potpys. This young Gentleman being at his 
 Father's Houle, and hearing Neji the Wife oi Gerald 
 univerfally praifed for her incomparable Beauty, was 
 fo fmirten with the rumour that went abroad of her,' 
 that by all means he muft fee the Lady, who was by 
 all fo much admired. And forafmuch as GivlaJrs, 
 Wife to l{hys ap Theodore, and Mother to Neji^ was 
 ther Daughter of ^waikon ap Confyn , Cofin-Gerraan 
 to Cadwgan his Father ; under pretence of Friendlliip 
 and Relation, he made bold to pay her a Vilit. But 
 finding the truth far to furpafs the Fame that went of 
 her , he returned home fo inflam'd with her Charms, 
 that not being able to keep the Maftery over himfeJf, 
 he went back again the very fame night, and being 
 attended by a company of wild, head-ilrong Youths, 
 they privily entered into the CaPJe , and encompaf- 
 fing the Chamber about, where Gerald and his Wife 
 lay, they fet the Houfe on fire. Gerald hearing 3 
 noife, would fain go our to know the meaning of fuch' 
 unfeafonable Difturbance j but his Wife fearipg lome 
 Treachery, perfuaded him to make as private an E- 
 fcape as he could ; and then pulling up a Board in the 
 Privy, let him go that way. Then returning to her 
 Chamberjfhe would fain aifure thofe notorious Youths, 
 that there was no body befides her felf and Children 
 there j but this being not fatifaitory, they forcibly 
 broke in, and having fearched every the molt private 
 Corner, and not finding Gerald, they took his Wife 
 and two Sons, with a Son and a Daughter born by ^ 
 Concubine, and carried them away to Poc/j ; ha- 
 ving firfr let fire to the Caftle , and deftroyed the 
 Country as they went along. Cadwgar., Otpeus Fa- 
 ther, hearing of what oucragious Crime his Son h;d 
 committed, was exceedingly concerned and forry, 
 threfly becaufe heidby he was like to incur King 
 
 K ' Benrj'i 
 
,30 The Hijiory «/ W A L E S. 
 
 H^MJ-ji's great Difpleafure j and therefore he went with 
 all Ipeed to Pows^ and defired his Son with all In- 
 treaties, to ferd home to Gerald his Wife and Chil- 
 dren , with whatever elfe he had taken away from 
 him . But Owen was [o amoroufly inexorable v^ith re- 
 fpe(ft to the Woman , that he would by no means 
 part with her j however, upon her recjueft he was wil- 
 ling to reftore Gerald his Children back again, which 
 forthwith he performed. But when Richard Biihop 
 of Lcndonj whom King Henry had conftituted War- 
 den of the Marches, being now at Shrewsbury, heard 
 of this, he fent for Ithel and KUdoc the Sons of Ryryd 
 ap Blethyn , Perfons of great Power and {nterell in 
 ?Vales, prorailing them very conliderable Reward, be- 
 fides the Government of the whole Country, in cafe 
 they could bring Owen and hi» Father Cadwgm, either 
 dead or alive, to him , that he might revenge that 
 hainous Affront which they had done to the King of 
 England. With them he joyned Lhywarch the Son of 
 Trahiiern ap Caradoc , whole t%vo Brethren Owen had 
 {lain, and Vchtryd the Son of Edwyn j which Four un- 
 dertook to anUver eftedtually the Bifliop's Propofalto 
 them. But when they had united their Forces, an4 
 began in an hoftile manner to deftroy the Country as 
 they pafled along ; Vchtryd fent private notice before 
 him, requiring all who were any way de/irous ot their, 
 own Safety , to come to him 5 becaufe no Quarters 
 was to be given to any that was found in the Country, 
 The People being thus (0 opportunely forewarned , 
 began to bethink with themfelves how they might 
 tell avoid fo enninent a danger 5 and thereupon fomc 
 f.cd to Arujily, others tq Melienyth, fome to Stradtyf 
 wy, and lome to Dyfed-, but in this latter place they 
 met with very cold welcom ; for Gerald , who was 
 then very buiiein exercifing Revenge upon that Coun- 
 try, falJini^ in among them , cut cfT a conflderabl^ 
 number of them. The like fate befel them who efcar 
 ped to Aruftly and Melier.yth ; for WJter Bifliop of 
 Hereford having railed an Army in defence of the 
 lown ot Caermyrdhyn^ before he could come thither, 
 .accidentally met with thefc ftragling Fugitives, and 
 
 knowing 
 
 •m 
 
The Hi/lory cf W ALES. Ij i 
 
 Jknowing what Country they belonged to, without 
 any further Ccrenwny, he fell upon them, and put 
 ciofi: of them to the'Sv/Ofd,, But they who Med to 
 Stradtyw^^ • W«ie gendy received by Meredith ap i^- 
 iherch, a^d ^(Mch as tef9i!;ed toJl/V/;i^></, were kindly 
 entertained ^y him 5 and fo he marched with the reft 
 of his Confederates to B^ydcors paltle j it being the 
 general opinion, that it was belKfiO enter the Country 
 by Nigfrtj arid ,to take Cadwgan and Owm his Son by 
 furprize. ' But X'c/j;)^^ lefleaqng upon the Difficulty 
 of the Cpuutry , and how eafiiy they might be en- 
 irapp'd by an Ambufcade, difluaded them from any 
 fuch noifturnal Undertakings ; and told them, that 
 it was far more advilable to enter the Country in good 
 order, when the light gave the Soldiers opportunity to 
 keep and obferve their ranks. But whilft they were 
 thus considering of the moft effcdtual way to carry on 
 their purpofe, Omn got a Ship at Aberdyfi , bound 
 for Ireland ; and efcaping thither, avoided the narr 
 row fearch that was the following day made for then>. 
 But when neii;her Father nor Son could be found, all the 
 fault was laid upon Vehtryd^ who had difluaded them 
 from falling uppn the Cattle unexpectedly j and there- 
 fore, all they could do, fince their efcape, v>ras ro bum 
 and deftroy the Country ; which they did effedually, 
 excepting the two Sanctuaries of Lhanpadarn and 
 Lhandewi Brefi ; out of which however they took fe- 
 veral Peffons who had efcsped thither, and carried 
 them away Prifoners to their feveral Countries. But 
 Owen, with them who were accelfary to the bufriing 
 of Sydcors C^Ci'te, being fled inzo Ireland^ delired the 
 Umbrage and Protedion of King Mu'cart ; who re- 
 ceived him very gladly, upon the acjcount or their for- 
 mer acquaintance ; for Owen . during the War be- 
 twixt the Earls of -4r«wf/e/ and Cbejier, and the iVelcl/, 
 had fled to JKing Miirctyt^ and brought him very rich 
 Prefents ivomiValei, Cadtpgan all this while lay pri- 
 vately in Pottys ; but thinking ic impoilible to conti- 
 nue there;long undifcovered, he adjudged it his wiler 
 way to iefid to King Hen ft and to declnre his Inno- 
 .cency and Abboirsnce of that Pa^t which his Son ha^d 
 
 K 1 committed. 
 
iji The tiiflory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 committed. The King was cafily perfuaded that the 
 old Man was guiitle(s, and wholly ignorant of his 
 Son's Crime ; and therefore he gave him permiflion 
 to remain in the Country , and to enjoy the Town 
 and Lands he recwved by his Wife , who was the 
 Daughter of a Norman Lord , called Pygot de Say. 
 But his Lands in Powys were otheiwife diftributed ; 
 for his Nephews Madoc and Ithel , finding what Cir- 
 cumftances their Llncle Cadwgan lay under, upon the 
 account of his Son Owen 5 they divided betwixt them- 
 (elves fuch Lands as he and his Son poffefled in Powys, 
 though afterwards they could never agree about the 
 equal diibibution of it. To counter- ballance this, 
 Cadtpgan made fuch Friends to the King of England, 
 that upon paying the Fine of too/, he had a grant 
 of ail his Lands in Cardigan, and a power to recall 
 all the Inhabitants , who had rubb'd off upon the 
 publication of the King's late Order, That no Welch- 
 man or Norman fhould dwell in Cardigan. Upon in- 
 formation of thi« grant to Cadwgan, feveral of them 
 that retired to Ireland returned again privately to 
 IT^ales , and lurkingly remained with their Friends j 
 but Owen durft not appear in Cardigan, by realon that 
 his Father had received that Country from King Hen- 
 ry, upon condition that he would never entertain or 
 receive his Son,' nor by any means fuccour him either 
 ■with Men or Money. N(?verthelefs, Owen came to 
 ^otpys , and would fain be reconciled to the King, 
 and make an Attonement for his late MifdemeaHour ; 
 but he could find no body that would venture to fpeak 
 in his behalf, nor make the King acquainted with his 
 defire and willingnefs to fubmit. And thus being 
 hopelefs and full of Defpair, he could not poflibly di- 
 vine which way to turn hirofelf j till at laft, a very 
 unexpedled opportunity offered him means and occa- 
 fion to oppofe the Evgltjh. The matter was this, 
 there happened a Difference betwixt Madoc ap^vryd 
 and the Bifhop of London, Lieutenant of the Marches 
 of finales , about certain EngiiJJj Felons , who being 
 under the Protctlion of Madoc , he would not re- 
 Itore at the Biihop's requcft. The B;lhop being much 
 ■-■-•• -". oiend'jd 
 
The Hiftory of WALES. 133 
 
 offended at Madawci denyal, threatned him very fd- " 
 Verdy ; and therefore to make all poflible Preparations" 
 againft an enfuing ftorra, Moiiawc fent to Owen, who ' 
 heretofore was his ^reateft Enemy , defiring his help 
 againft the- Bifliop ; and by this means being reconci* 
 led, they took their, mutual Oaths not to betray each 
 other, and that neither ftiould make a feparate Agree- 
 ment with the Engltjh , without the Knowledg and 
 Approbation of the other. And. fo uniting their 
 Power, they fpoiJed and ravaged all the Country about 
 them, deftroying whatever they could meet with w hich 
 belonged to thofe they had no kindnels or affedlion for, 
 without the leaft diftindion of^EngUJh ax Welch. 
 
 loYwerth ap Blethyn had been very unjuftly detain'd A. D. 
 in Prifon all. this time ; and now King Henry calling 1 107. 
 to mind what Hardlhip he laboured under, and that 
 he comjpitted him to cuftody upon no pretence of 
 Reafon, fent to know of him, what he was willing 
 to pay for his Liberty. . lorwerth being now almolt 
 ready to fink under a fatigue of fo Jong Imprifon- 
 ment, was glad to give any thing he was able, to ob- 
 tain that which he had fo long in vain hoped for ; 
 and therefore he promifed either 300/. in fpecie, or 
 to the value of it in Cattel and Horfes ; for the pay- 
 ment of which , lorwerth and Ithel the Sons of his 
 Brother liyryd were dehver'd for Pledges. Then the 
 King releafed him out of Prifon, and reflored him all 
 his Lands which were taken from him $ and of the 
 due for his Liberty, the King beftowcd '10 /. upon 
 Henry, Cadwgan% Son by the Daughter of Pygot de 
 Say the Norman. Owen and Madawc all this while 
 committed all the waft and deftruttion poffible, and 
 cruelly annoyed both the Englijh and Normans ; and 
 always withdrew and retired to lorwerth's Eltatci , 
 which fo trOUibTed him, by reafon of the King's ftrift 
 Orders , not to permit Owen to come to his or Ca- 
 dwgan's Territoiics, that at length he fent to them this 
 poticive and peremptory Rebuke ; " Since it hath pleaf- 
 '* ed God to place us in the midft of our Enemies, 
 *' and to deliver us into their hands ; and hath fo far 
 .*f weakened us, as that we are not able to dp any thing 
 
 K3 , -b^ 
 
13.4 ^^^ ^'fi^n 'f W A L E Si 
 
 "by our own flrength ; arid your Father Cadwgan and 
 " my.felf, are jiarticularly commanded, under Penalty 
 *'.of forfeiting ourl^tKis.ahd Eftates, not to afford you- 
 '^ any Succour or Refuge during the(e your rebellious 
 •^ Pradlices j therefore as a Friend 1 intreat you, com- 
 *'-mand you as a Lordv and defireyou as a.Kin(man, 
 "that you comfe no more to mine or your Father C/i- 
 " dtegani Territories. Otten and Madawc receiving 
 fach a prefumptudus Meffjge, were the more enragetl, 
 and in the way of a malignant retribution, did tnore 
 frequently than Jicretofore , Ihelrer themfelves m lor- 
 titfwf/js Country ; infoinuch, that at iaft, fince that 
 they would neithfer.'by Threats rior Int'reatie* defift' 
 ft cm their wonted Courfes, he was forced to gather 
 . . . his Power, and td drive them out by force of Arms. 
 Being chafed out hencfc , they made In-roads into 
 t^c^fry^'s Country in Merionythjhirs ♦ bUt XJchirjd'i 
 $ans, being then in Cyveilioc, hearing ©f itj they lent 
 tathe People of the Country, with pofitiveOrdefs ro 
 oppote and refift any loflFer they would make to enter 
 the Countrey. The People, tho wanting a skilful 
 Commander, were refolv'd to do as much as lay iri 
 their power ; and io meeting with ihem by the way, 
 they fet upon them io furioufly, that Owen and I^a- 
 dawc, tho after a brave Defence, were forced to bear 
 back, and to take the heels ; Omen to Cardigan to his 
 Father Cadwgan^ and Madawc to Powjs- Yet all this 
 Misfortune could not fupprefs the reftfefs Spirit of 
 Owtn ; for as foon as he could rally together his fcat- 
 tei'd Troops, he made divers In-roads iqto Dj'f^^, and 
 carrying away feveral Perfons to the Ships, that they 
 tame in from Ire/a«//; he firft ranfom'd them, and 
 ihcn lifting theb under his own Command , made 
 fuch addition to his Army , that he ventur'd to fet 
 upon a Town in Dyfed belonging to the Flemings^ and 
 having rafcd it to the ground, he returned to Cardi- 
 gan ; having no regard to what Inconveniency might 
 befall his Father from the King of England, upon this 
 account ; which a little afrervsards unhappily fell out. 
 For it bappen'dthat fonie of Owen's Men having had 
 intelligence , that a certain Bifhop called iVtlliam de 
 
 Brabant. 
 
The Hijlory <?/ W A L E S. Ijf 
 
 Brabant^ was upon his journey through that Country 
 to the Court ot England ., laid wait for his coming j 
 who wirhout any appiejienfion of Treachery, pafling 
 through rhe Country, was unexpeftedly flain, he and 
 ail his Recinje. lonoerth and Cadtvgan were then ac 
 Court, to ("peak with King Henry, concerning certain 
 JBufinefs of their own ; but whUll thcydifcourfed the 
 King, in comes a Flemings that was a Brother to the 
 ^Jcceafed Bifliop, and with a very loud Exclamation, 
 complained how that Owen, Cadwgan^s Son, had fljin 
 his Brother and the reft of his Company ; and that he 
 was fuccour'd and entertained in Cadwgans Country. 
 King Henry hearing this, was wrathfully difpleafed at 
 fuch cruel Barbarity , that a Perfon of that Quality 
 and Profeflfion fhould be fo treacherouily murther'd ; 
 and rherefore he asked Cadwgan what he could fay to 
 the matter ; who anfwered, that what had fo unhap- 
 pily fell out, was done without rhe leall of his know- 
 iedgor approbation, and therefore defired his MajeHy 
 to impute ail the Blame and Guilt of that unfortunate 
 Adion to his Soh Owen. But King Henry was fo far 
 from being fatisfied with this Reply, that he told Ca- 
 dwian in a violent paflion , That fince he could not 
 keep his Son fo, but that he was aided and continual- 
 ly entertained in his Country, he would bcftow it up- 
 on another Perfon , who was better able and more 
 willing to keep him out; and would allow him a 
 -Mainrenance upon his own proper Charges , upon 
 thefe Conditions, That he ihouid not enter into Wales 
 any more, without his farther Orders ; and (b grant- 
 ing him Twenty Days for the ordering his Affairs , he 
 gave him liberty to retire to any part of his Domini- 
 ons, excepting PVales. When 0<pen and Madame were 
 informed how Cadwgan Was treated by the King of 
 England, and ihzt Cardigan, which was their chiefeft 
 place of refuge , was to be giveh to another Perlon, 
 they thought that their Condition by this time was de- 
 fperate, and that they had not better (lay any longer 
 in Britain-^ and therefore with all fpeed they took 
 fhipping for Ireland, where they were fure to be ho- 
 nourably cntwtained by King Murk,art. . Then King 
 '' K 4 Hsnry 
 
136 '^'"' The Hiflory of W A L E S. 
 
 Henry fent for Gilbert Stronghcw, Ear! oiStr)-gjll, a Pcr- 
 fon of noted Worth and Vaiour, and one who had 
 often fued to the King for to grant him fome Lands 
 in iVahs, and bellowed upon him all the Lands and 
 Inheritance of Cadw^an ap Blethyn , in cafe he 
 could conquer and bring the Country under. Gil^ 
 hen very thankfully accepted of the Propofal, and ha- 
 ving drawn together all the Forces he was able to raife, 
 he paffed to fVales, -znd being come to Cardigan^ 
 without the leait Trouble or Oppofition, he reduced 
 the whole Country to his Subjection. The firft thing 
 he did, was the beft he could to fecure himlelf in this 
 new-purchafed Inheritance ; in order to which , he 
 credled two Caftles, one upon the Frontiers of North- 
 Wales, upon the Mouth of the River Tjiwyth, a Mile 
 .diliant from Lhanbadarn ; the other towards Dyfedy 
 upon the River Teifi ., at a place called Danger ant \ 
 where, as fome think, B^ger Montgomery had fome- 
 time before laid the Foundation of Cilgarran Caftle. 
 Owen and Madatvcwtxt all this while in Ireland; but 
 this latter being atle:agth tired with the Country, and 
 not willing to endure the Manners and Cuftoms of the 
 Injh, came over for Wales, and pafled to the Coun- 
 try of his Uncle lorwerth, lorwerth being acquainted 
 with his arrival , was fearful to futfer the fame Fate 
 with his Brother Cadwgan , by winking at his being 
 there ; and therefore without any, regard to Relation 
 or Confanguinity, he prefently iflfued out a Proclama- 
 tion, forbidding any of his Subjeils under a great Pe- 
 nalty to receive him , but that they fhould account 
 him an open Enemy to their Country, and endeavour 
 all they could to fecuie him , and to bring him Prifo- 
 ner before him. When M/J</rfa'c underftood this, how 
 that his Perfon was in continual danger whillt he re- 
 m lined there; having drawn to him all theOut-Ia\|fs 
 and Villains in the Country, he kept in the Rocks and 
 Mountains, dcvifing all the ways and means he could 
 to be revenged upon lorwerth ; and fo made apiivatje 
 League and Agreement with Lhjwarch ap Trahaern, 
 who for a long time had been a mortal Enemy of lor- 
 tfierths. . XhcTe two Aflbciates, having intelligence 
 ■< . ' .. - .. thii 
 
The Hifiory 0/ W A L E S. 137 
 
 that lorwerth lay one night at Caereinemy gathered all 
 their ftrengch, and came and encompafled the Houfe at 
 Midnight; which when J(jra»e»-f ib's Servants perceived, 
 they arofe and defended the Hjufe with all the Might 
 they could ; but the AlFailants at laft putting the 
 Houfe on fire, they were glad, as many as could, to 
 elcape through the Flames ; the greateft part being 
 forced to yield, either to the Enemies Sword, or the 
 more conquering Fire. lorwerth feeing no remedy, 
 but that he mult undergo the fame Fate as his Men 
 had done , chole rather to dye in the pre fence of his 
 Enemies, with his Sword in his Hand, than to com- 
 mit his Life to the cowardly Flames ; and therefore 
 rufhing out with great Violence, he was received up- 
 on the points of the Enemies Spears, and fo being tof- 
 fed into the Fire, he miferably perished by a double 
 death. As foon as King Henry heard of his Death, he 
 fent for CadwgAn to him, and gave him all his Bro- 
 ther's Eftate, being Pomys-land ; and promiling his 
 Son Otven his Pardon , upon condition he would de- 
 mean hirafelf quietly and loyally hereafter , willed 
 him to fend for him back from Ireland. King Henry 
 alfo about this time , married his natural Son Robert 
 to Mabil Daughter and fole Heir to Robert Fi:{-hamon 
 Lord of Glamorgan, in whofe Right th\^Hobert became 
 Lord of Glamorgan, being before by the King created 
 E. oiGlocefier-^ by whom the Caftle oiCardafv/z% built. 
 But Madafvc finding the' matter nothing mended, 
 and that his other Uncle Cadwgan, who lay under 
 the (ame Obligation to the King of England, ruled 
 the Country , hid himfelf in the mod pi-ivate and in- 
 acceflible places, watching only an opportunity to 
 commit the like Fadt upon Cadargan, and to murder 
 "him by one treacherous way or another. And this he 
 effeded in a little time j for Cadtvgan having reduced 
 the Country to fome fort of Settlement and Qjietnefs, 
 and reftored the Courts of Judicature, where he fate 
 jn perfon to adminifter Juftice ; came with the reft of 
 the Elders of the Country to Trallivng, now Pool ; and 
 having begun ro build a Cal^le, he thought to make 
 that the conftant ^eat of his Habitation. Madawc 
 ■ yr.dsr- 
 
ijS , The Hijlory of W ALES. 
 
 underftandirighis Defign , kid in ambuft for him itt 
 his way toTrallwngi and as Cadwgan unconcernedly 
 pafled by, Avithout the leaff fufcicion of Treachery, 
 he fuddenly kt upon him, and flew him, without al- 
 lowing hiiri any time either to fight or efcape. Then 
 he fenc prefently a meflage to Shrewsbury y to the Bifhop 
 ef Londwi the King's Lieutenant in the Marches, to 
 put him in mind of his former Promifes to him, when 
 he chafed Owen out of the Country j becaufe that the 
 Bifhop bearing an inveterate Enmity to Cadwgan^ and 
 his Son Owen, granted MaJawc fuch Lands , as his 
 Brother Ithel was poflefled of. But Meredith ap Ble- 
 tJyyn, being informed of the death C)f both his Brothers, 
 went in all haft to the King, defiring of him the Lands 
 t)i lorwertb in Powys, which he had lately granted to 
 Cadwgan ; which the King granted him, till (uch time 
 as Owen Ihould return from Ireland. Owen did not 
 ftay long before he came over ; and then going to 
 King Henry, he was honourably received, and had 
 all his Fathers Eftate reftored to him j whereupon, in 
 gratitude of rhis fignal Favour, he voluntarily promif- 
 ed to pay the King a conliderable Fine , for the due 
 payment of which, he gave very refponfible Pledge?. 
 Madawc finding himfelf alone to be lef: in the lurch, 
 and that be had no feeming Power to bear Head againft 
 the King, thought it alfo his wifeft way to make what 
 Reconciliation he could -, and Therefore he offered the 
 King a very great Fine, if he fhould peaceably enjoy 
 his former Eftate, promifing withal, never to mole/l 
 or difturb any one that was fubjeft to the Crown of 
 England. King Henry willing to bring all matters to a 
 fettled condition , readily granted his Requeft, and 
 conferred upon him all he could reafonably ask for ; 
 only with this Provifo , that upon his peril he rtiould 
 provide for the Relations of them whom he had fo 
 bafely murthered. 
 "j. D. And thus ^.'1 matters being brought to a peaceabfe 
 X 1 09. conclufion in Pf^ales ; the next Year, I{ohert de Belefmo^ 
 who had been, one of the chief Inftruments of thefe 
 Welch Difturbances, in that gn^at Rebellion, which 
 himfelf, vjith^iiger de Montgomery ^ Earl of Salop.zn'A. 
 
 |iis 
 
The Hifiory of VJ ALES. 1^9 
 
 Hii 'Brotha. Arnuljfh Ead of Pemhrok? had ralfed 
 agairift the king ; was taken Prifoner by King Uenry 
 in Normandj, and commirted to perpetual Imprifon- 
 ment in TVarhamCAWe. The Year following. Mere- ^- '^• 
 4itb ap Steth)/n detached a confidcraWe Party of his ii^o* 
 Men, to make Incurfions into theCountry otLhywarch 
 <»/> Trahaern ap GtPyn, who wis an inveterate finemy 
 of himfelF and Owen ; by reafon that by his Aid and 
 Kiftigation, Madawc was encouraged to kill his Un- 
 cles loiwcnh and Cadwgan. Thefe Men as they pafled- 
 through Madawc i Country, met aPerfon in the night- 
 time who belonged to Madawc ; who being asked 
 Where his Mafter was , after rome pretence of igno- 
 rance, at iaft through fear confeffed, that he was not 
 far from that place. Therefore lying quietly there all 
 Night , by break of day they arofe to look out their 
 Game ; and unexpededly furpizing Madawc, they 
 flew a great number ot his Men, and took himfelf 
 Prifoner; and (o carrying him to their Lord, they 
 deliver'd him up, as the greateft Honour of their Ex- 
 pedition. Meredith was not a little proud of his Pri- 
 foner, and therefore to ingratiate himfelf the more 
 with his Nephew Owen^ he committed him to fafe 
 Cultody, till he was fent for ; who coming thither 
 rtreight, Meredith delivered Madawc up to hin>. Omen^ 
 though he had the greateft reafon for the moll cruel 
 Revenge, by reafon that both his Father and Uncle 
 were bafely murthered by this Madawc, would not 
 put him to death, remerobring the intimate Friendlbip 
 and Oaths that had paffed betwixt them ; but howe- 
 ver, to fecure him from any future Mifchief he mighc 
 pradlife, he pulled out his Eyes, and then fet him at 
 liberty. But leaft he fhould be capable of ariy Re- 
 tengc, by reafon of his Eftate and Strength in the 
 Country, Meredith and Owen thought fit to divide his 
 Lands betwixt them ; which were, Caernarvon^ Abei" 
 hiw , wirh the third part of Deuthwfyr. 
 
 Thele home-bread Difturbances being pretty well i in. 
 abated, a greater ftorm arofe from abroad ; for the 
 I next Year, King Henry prepared a mighty Army to en- 
 teirinto fValeSy being provoked thereto by the requefJ 
 
 of 
 
I40 The Hifiory r?/ W A L E S. 
 
 of thofe who enjoyed a great part of the Welchraenir 
 Lands, but would not be fatisfied till they got allr. 
 For Gilbert Strongbow Ea.x\ oi Strygilly upon whom., 
 the King had bellowed Cardigan , made great Com-j 
 plaints of Owen ap Cadwgan^ declaring how that hp^ 
 received and entertained fuch Perfons as fpoiled anqi; 
 robbed in his Country ; and H//^6Earl oiChefter vt\z^ 
 the like of Grujfydb ap Conan Prince of North-WaieSy 
 how that his Subjeds and the Men ofGrono ap Owen afi. 
 Edttyn Lord o^T.geng!^ unrepioved, waited, and burnCj ' 
 tbeCcwntry of Chejloire; ^nd to aggravate theroatf^ 
 tcr the more, he added ^rther, that Gmffydh n^\y^j^^ 
 owed any Service , nor paid any Tribute to the Kipgiy 
 Upon thefe Complaints, King Henry was fo cruelly &^ 
 raged, that he (wore he would not leave one. hviqg^j 
 Creature remaining in Uorth-lVales and Pcwys-iand'jf^ 
 but having extirpated utterly the prefent Race of P^oft 
 ple,he would plant a Colony of new Inhabitants. Ana- 
 then dividing his Army into three parts, he deliver'd 
 one to the conduct of the Earl of Strygili, to go againft 
 South-0''alej, which comprehended the whole Power 
 of the fourth part of England and Comwal : The next 
 Bartel was defigned againft Nortb-fVales , la which 
 was all the ftrength o[ Scotland and the North , and 
 s^as commanded by Alexander King of the Scots, and 
 Hugh Earl of Chejler : the Third the King led him- 
 lelf againft Powys, wherein was contained the whole 
 ftrength of the middle ^ut oi England. Meredith ap 
 Blethyn hearing of thefe mighty Preparations, and be- 
 ing informed that this vaft Army was defign'd againft: 
 Pfales, was quickly apprehenfivc that the fVelch were 
 not able to make any great Defence ; and therefore 
 thought it his fafeft way to provide for himfelf befor^r. 
 hand • and io coming to the King, yielded himfelf up^ 
 to his Mercy. But Orven fearing to commit himfelf to 
 thofe whom he knew fo greedily to covet his Eftate, 
 and whom he was alfured were far more defirous to 
 difpoftefs the fVelch of their Lands, than any other 
 way to puni/h them for former Crimes and Mifcar- 
 j-iages, fled to Griijfydh ap Conan to Nortb-JValei. Up- 
 on that: King Henry coixvert^ his whole Force that 
 
The Hiflory of W A L E S. I4I 
 
 way, and came himfelf as far as Murcaftelh, and the 
 Scotch King to Pematit Bacbwy ; but the People flying 
 to the Mountains, carried with them all the Cattel 
 and Provifion they had j fo that the Englifh could 
 not follow them, and as many as attempted to come at 
 them, were either flain or wounded in the ftrcights. 
 But Alexander King of the Scots finding that nothing 
 could poflibly be efteded againft the Wekh, as long 
 as they kept the Rocks and Mountains, fcnt to Princa 
 Gruffydh, advifing him tofubmit himlelf to the King, 
 promifing him all his Intereft to obtain an honourable 
 Peace. But the Prince was too well acquainted with 
 EngUJh Promifes, and therefore refufed his Propofals j 
 and lo King Hfwry being very unwilling to return with- 
 out doing fomething in this Expedition, fent to Owen 
 to forfake the Prince, who was not able to defend 
 himlelf, but was ready to ftrike a Peace with the Scot^ 
 tijh King and the Earl o^CbeJier. But this cunning In- 
 finuation would not take effedl ; for Ottren was for hi« 
 life as diftruftful of King Henry as Prince Gruffydh ; 
 and therefore he would hearken to no Intreattcs for re- 
 voking from him, who had all this while afforded him 
 Refuge, till at length his Uncle Meredith, an old in- 
 iinuating Politician, perfuaded him, with much ado, 
 not to forfake the King of England^ Propofals, who 
 offered him all his Lands without Tribute, in cafe he 
 would come to his fide ; and therefore Meredith ad- 
 vifed him inftantly to accept of his offer, before Prince 
 'Cruff)dh made a Peace with the King , which if it 
 ■ was once done, he would be glad upon any fcore to 
 purchafe the King's Mercy. Otoen being prevailed up= 
 en by fuch Arguments, came to the King, who re- 
 ceived him very gratioully, and told him, thatbecaule 
 he believed his Promife , he would not only perform 
 that, but likewife exalt him above any of his Kindred, 
 and grant him his Lands free from any payment of 
 Tribute. Prince Grujfydh perceiving how that Owen 
 had fubmicted to the King, thought it alfohiswifelt 
 way to fue for Peace ; and fo promifing the King a 
 great Sum of Money , a Peace was then acluaiiy 
 agreed upon , and confirmed 5 which the King of 
 
 England 
 
1 4a The Hi fiery 0/ W k LE $. 
 
 England was the more ready to cpnfenr to, becaufe hc 
 foiind it impoflible ro do him any hurt, whilft he con- 
 tinued encamped in that place. Some affirm, that the 
 fubmifllon as well ot" Prince Gruffydh as Owen^wa^s pro- 
 cured by the Policy oi Meredith ap Bleth)n 3ii\d ihje 
 hArl o( Chejier; this laft wording with GrujfydL and 
 ailuring him that Owen had made bis Peace with the 
 King bsfbre any fuch tiling was in agitation, fo that 
 the .Prince yielding fomcwhai to the Earrs Rcque^, 
 it* 0<Pf» had gone contrary to his Oath, which they 
 had mutually taken, not to make any Peace with the 
 Englipo^ v/ithout one anothers Knowledge, feemed 
 to incline to a Pesce. On liie other hand, Meredith 
 going in Perfon to his Nephew Owen, affirmed for 
 Truth, that the Prince and the Earl of Chejler were 
 actually agreed, and that the Prince was on his Jour- 
 ney to the King to make his Submifllon. And in 
 the mean while Meredith took efpecjal care that all 
 Meflengers betwixt the Prince and Gwen fiiould'be 
 intercepted, and by that means Owen vyiUi^^ fuU- 
 mined himfelf to the King. T' ,- ^^^I'- 
 
 King Henry having thus finilhed and brought to "aji 
 end all his Bufinels in "Wales, calling Owen to hiqa, 
 told him, that in cafe he would go over with him to 
 Nornjondyf and there be faithful to him, he would 
 upon his return confirm all his Promi fes upon him ; 
 and fb Owen accepting of the King's Offer, went with 
 him to Normandy, where he behaved himfelf fo gal- 
 lantly, that he was made a Knight ; and after his re- 
 turn the Year following, he had all his Lands and E- 
 ftate confirmed unto him. About the lame time 
 Grijfri Bilhop of St. Davids died, and King Henry ap- 
 pointed to fucceed him one Barnard a 'Norman^ much 
 againft the Guod-will and Inclination of the Welch, 
 who before this time were ever uled to Eledl their 
 own Bilhop. And this Year the rumour of Gruffydh 
 Son to Bihys af Theodore was fpread throughout South* 
 Wales y who, as the report went, for fear of the King 
 had been from a Child brought up in Ireland, and 
 having come over about two Years afore, pafl his 
 time privately among his Relations, particiilai ly 
 
 vwia 
 
 lilt. 
 
The Hipry 0/ W A L E S. 143 
 
 with Gertf/i/ Steward oiPembrol^ehvi Brgther-ifl-Lavv, 
 And now the noife of a new Prince being fpread a- 
 broad, it came at laft to the Ears of the ^ing of 
 Engl&nd, that a certain Perfon appeared in Wales^ who 
 pretended to be the Son of ^yt ap Theodore late 
 ^ Prince of South Wnles, and laid Claim to that Prin- 
 "cipality, which was now in the King's Hands. King 
 Henry being fomewhat concerned wih iu:h a Report, 
 and fearing left that this new Starter Ihould create 
 him fome greater trouble, he thought to nip him in 
 the bud, and^ fent down Orders to apprehend him. 
 But Gruffydh ap Bjjji being aware of the I'raps laid 
 againit him, fent to Grujfydh ap Ccnan Prince of 
 NofthWales, defiring his Ailiftance, and ihat he 
 might have Liberty to remain iaffi in his Country, 
 which Gruffydh for his Father's account, readily 
 granted, and treated him honourably. A little after, 
 his Brother Howel who was imprifoned by Ardulpb 
 Earl of Pembroke in the Callle of Montgomery, where 
 he had remained for a great while, made his efcape 
 and fled to his Brother, then with Gruffydh ap Conan 
 in North-JVales. But King Henry being informed that 
 Gruffydh ap J^hyj and his Brother Howel w;^re enter- 
 tained by the Prince of fslorth-fi^a/es, fenc very fmootli 
 Letters to Gruffydh ap Conan, defiling to fpeak v;::h 
 bim, who being come, he received him with sU the 
 Tokens of Honor and Friendfhip, and beftowed upon 
 him very rich Prefents, juft after the Norman Policy, 
 who ufually make very much of thofe whom they 
 defign afterwards to be ferviceab'e to them. After 
 feme time's general Difcourfe, King Henry came at 
 length to the main Point, and promifed the Prince 
 even Mountains of Gold, in cafe he w'ould lend 
 Gruffydh ap Rjjys or his Head to him, which the Prince 
 overcome by fuch fair Words and large Promifes, 
 promifed to perform, and fo returned joy^ilyhome, 
 big with the expedation of his future Reward. Bur 
 fome who wilhed better to Gruffydh ap P^ys and his 
 Brother Homeli prefently fufpedied the cccalion of the 
 King's Meflage, and therefore ihey adviled them to 
 withdraw ihemfelves privately for fome tijrie, tiil 
 
 Prince 
 
144 ^'^■"^ Hiflory //WALES. 
 
 Prince Gruffidh's mind be better underftocd, and 
 whether he had made any agreement with the King 
 of England to betray them to him. As foon as the 
 Prince was returned to his Palace at Aberffraiv^ he 
 prefently enquired for Gruffydh af I{hys, and learning 
 in a little time where he was, he lent a Troop of 
 Horfe to re- call him ro his Court ; but Grujfydb hear- 
 ing of their approach, with all fpeed made hisefcape 
 to the Churcil of Aberdarorty and took Sanduary 
 there. But Prince Gruffydh was fo refolute to make 
 his Promiie good to the King of England, that with- 
 out any relpeCl: to the Religious place he had efca- 
 ped too, commanded the fame Melfengers to return, 
 and to bring him away by Force, which the Clergy 
 of the Country unanimoufly withftood, protefting 
 that they would not fee the Liberties of the Church 
 in the leaft infringed. And whilft the Clergy and the 
 Prince's Officers were thus at debate, that fame nighr, 
 Ibm.e who bad CompaHion upon the young Prince, 
 and feeing how greedily his Life was thirited for, 
 conveyed him away out of "North Wales to Straywy 
 in South'fVales. And fo being delivered from the 
 treacherous and more dilhonourable Practices of the 
 Prince of North Wales, he was forced for the De- 
 fence of his own Life, to bid open Deliance to the 
 King o{ England, and thereupon having raifedallthe , 
 Forces which the Ihortnefs of the opportunity would 
 permit, he made War upon the Flemings and Nor' 
 mans. 
 1 113. The next year, he laid Siege to the Caftle which 
 flood over-againtt Ar berth, and winning the fame, 
 made it plain with the Ground, and trom thence 
 marched to Lhanymdhyfiy Caitle, belonging to /^»- 
 chard de Pwns, upon whom the King had beftowed 
 Cantref Bychan, but the Garriton commanded by 
 Meredith ap Bjtherch ap Caradoc, lo manfully de- 
 fended It, that Griijfydh afier killing only lome few 
 of the Befieged, and burning the Out-works, was 
 forced to remove with no fmall Lois of hi- own Men, 
 Finding this pbce impregnable, he came before 
 Abertaipy-Caixlc, which was built by Henrj Beaumont 
 
 iiarl 
 
The Hifiory of W ALES. 14; 
 
 •Earl of Warwick,, but this proving too ftrong to be 
 quickly furrendered, after he had burnt fome of the 
 outward Buildings, he rerurned to Stratywy, burning 
 and deltroying all the Country as he went along. 
 And now his Fame being fpread abroad thro' all the 
 Country, all the wild arid hcad-ttrong Youth, and 
 they whofe Fortunes were defperate , relorted 
 unto him from all Parts, by which means being 
 waxed Strong and Numerous, he made in- Roads 
 into l(ps and Dyfed fpoiling and deilroying the Coun- 
 try before him. The Normans and Flemings were 
 cruelly enraged with thefe continual Depredationsi 
 and how to remedy this Mifchief, was not eafily de- 
 termined J but after long Confultation. they thought 
 it the beft way to call together fuch Welch Lords a i 
 were Friends to the King of England^ fuch were Owen 
 ap ^ytherch, and Bj^jtherch ap Theodore, with his Sons 
 Meredith and Owen, whole Morher was Ueynyth xht 
 Daughter of Blcthyn ap Confyn, and Owen ap Caradob 
 the Son of Gwcnlhian another Daughter of Blctbyri, 
 and Meredith ap Rhythcrch. Thefe protefting their 
 Ldyalty and Fidelity to King Henry were delired to 
 defend the King's Caflle of Carmardhyn, and that by 
 turns ; Owen ap Caradoc the tirft Fortnight, and then 
 by fucceifion by Rhjtberch ap -Theodore and Mered th 
 ap I{hytherch. Owen undertook the Defence of Carm 
 fnardhyn Calile for the time required of him, and 
 Blethyn ap Gadtfor had committed to him the Go- 
 vernment of Abercomyn, or jil?ercorran-Ca.[\le^ V^hlck 
 appertained to Robert Courtmaw. But for all thefe 
 Preparations, Gn-j^3'^^ ap liys had a wifhful Eye 
 upon Carmardhyn. and therefore he fent out Ibme 
 ^lies to learn the Strength and Condition of thi 
 Town, who bringing him a very kind and hopeful 
 Account, he decamped by Night, and rufhing fudderl- 
 ly into the Town, ordered his Men to make a great 
 ihout, thereby to ftrike a great Terror into thofe 
 within. Owen ap Caradoc the Governour, being fur- 
 prized with fuch an unexpedled uproar, made all 
 poflfible haite to the place where he had heard the 
 ihouring, and thinking that his Men were at his 
 L HeeJs^ 
 
1^6 The Hiflory of W ALUS. 
 
 Heels, fell in among the Enemy ; but having none to, 
 luppoit him, his Men being all fled, he was after a 
 manful Defence cut in pieces, and lb the Town be- 
 ing taken, Grujfydh burnt every thin^ to the ground, 
 excepting the Caitle, which was alio fore defaced. 
 And then returning with a great deal of Spoil and 
 feopty to his ufual refidence at Stratywy j his Forces 
 were conlidcrably increafed by the acceffion of many 
 ftout young Men, who came to him from all Quar- 
 ters, and thought that Fortune fo profpered his Arms, 
 that no body was able to ftand before him. After 
 this he marched to Gwyr, but iVilUam de Londres 
 thinking it impofTible to ftand before hitn^^forfook 
 the Calile with all his Men in all hafte, fo that when 
 Qriijfydh was come thither, he found a great deal of 
 (Cartel and Spoil, and none to own them, and there- 
 fore having burnt down the Caftle, he carried away 
 every thing of Value in the Country. When the 
 Cardigm-fhlre Men heard how fortunately he fuc- 
 cecded in all his Attempts, and being extreamly 
 fearful , left his next Expedition Ihould be againlt 
 them, fent to him, deliring him, as being their near 
 ■Relation and Country man, to take upon him the 
 Kule and Government over them. GrujfydhWiXXvn^- 
 ly accepted of their Offer, and coming thither, was 
 joyfully received by the Chief Men in the Country, 
 who were Cadifor ap Grono, Bowel ap Diner th, and 
 "Trahaem ap Ithel, which three Perlbns had forfaken 
 Djfed, by fcalbn that it was fo thwacked with Not' 
 tnans, Flemings and Englijh-Men. Nor was Cardigan 
 free from Strangers, who pretended to fway and rule 
 the Country, but the People bearing in mind the 
 continual Wrong and Oppreffion they received from 
 them, bore an inveterate hatred to them, and were 
 very glad to be delivered from their infolent and 
 imperious OpprelTours. For King Henry what by 
 Force and Bani/liment of thofe that ftood up ftifFfor 
 their Liberty, and what by corrupting of thofe that 
 were \yavering, had brought all that Country to his 
 fubjedion, and bcixovved what Lands be thought fit 
 upon his EngUjlo or 'Norman Favourites, iiut not- 
 
 wjthiianding 
 
The mjlory <?/ W A L E S. 147 
 
 withftanding the Strength of the EngUJlo in this Coun- 
 try, Grujfydh was not a whit caft down, but boldly 
 coming on to Cardigan jfcoed, he laid Siege to a Fort 
 that Ear) Gilbert and the Flemings had built at a place 
 called Blaen Portb Gwythan. After divers AlTauhs, 
 and the killing of feveral of the befieged, with the 
 lofs only of one of his Men, Gruffydh took the place, 
 and rafing it to the ground, brought all the Country 
 thereabouts to fubjedlion. This Adion proved very 
 fatal to the Englijh, for immediately upon this, they 
 began to forfake their Houfes and Habitations, as 
 thinking it too hot for them to ftay any longer in the 
 Country, and fo the PVelch burnt and deftroyed as 
 far as Penwedic all the Houfes of thofe Strangers 
 whom Earl Gilbert had brought with him. Then 
 Gruffydh befieged the Caflle of Stradpythylh which 
 belonged to l{alph Earl Gilbert^ Steward, and having 
 made himfelf Matter of it, he put all the Garrifon 
 to the Sword. Removing from thence, he incamped 
 at Glafgryg a mile from Lhanhadarn, purpofing to 
 Befiege AberyJlmth-Qz^\Q next morning, but for 
 want of Provifion neceflary for his Army, he was 
 forced to make bold vcith fome Cattel which grazed 
 within the Limits of the Sanduary. And here it 
 may be oblerved, that not only Men enjoyed thd 
 Privilege of thele Sandluaries, but alio Cattel and 
 Horfes, and whatever elfe lived within the Liberties 
 of them. But the day following, Gruffydh marched 
 diforderly towards the Caltle, being apprehenfive of 
 no great oppoiition, by reafon that he was ignorant 
 of the number of the Garrifon, and fo encamp'ng 
 upon an oppolite Hill, which was divided from the 
 Caftle by a River, with a Bridge over it, he called a: 
 Council to determin wirh what Engines they might 
 with beft Succefs play againft it, and fo make a ge- 
 neral AlTaUlr. The Uortnans oblerving their Dif- 
 Order, very cunningly fent out fome of their Archei'S. 
 to. skirmirfi with them, and fo by little and little to 
 entice them to the Bridge, where fome of the beft 
 armed Horfe-men were ready to iiTue out upon 
 them* The Welch not thinking the Garrifon to be 
 
 L * fo 
 
148 The Hiflory of W ALES. 
 
 io ftrong, approached near the Bridg, flill skirmiHiing 
 with the Normans, who pretended to give ground ; 
 but when they came very near , out (alhes one on 
 horfe back, who would fain pafs the Bridg 5 but be- 
 ing received upon the points of their Spears, he began 
 to flag, and as he endeavoured to return, he fell off 
 his Horle, and fo the H^elch purfued him over the 
 Bridg. The £w^//yfewe» feeing this, fled towards the 
 Caftle, and the PVelch with all (peed followed them to 
 the top of the Hill ; but whilft they thought that the' 
 day was their own, up rifcs a Party of Horle which' 
 lay in ambufcade under the Hill , and Handing be- 
 twixt the li^elch and the Bridg, preverited any Suc- 
 cour to come to them. And the Welch being thus 
 henim'd in betwixt both Parties, the former recoil- 
 ing with greater ftrength, were fo unmercifully cut 
 off, that fcarce one Man was left living. When the 
 reii of the H^elch Army , that (laid on the other fide* 
 of the River , faw what number the Garrifon con-' 
 tained, and that they were ftrong beyond their expe- 
 dation, prefently decamped, and with all fpeed de- 
 parted out of the Country. 
 
 When King Henry was informed of all the Mif- 
 chief and Cruelties that Qmjfjdh ap R^jys had com- 
 mitted among his Subjeds in PVales, he lent for Owefi 
 ap Cadwgan, defiring him and Lhywarch ap Trahaern 
 to ufe all the effedtual Method poilible to take or kili 
 the Arch-Rebel Griijfydh^ promiiing very fpeedily M 
 fend his Son I^hert with an Army to Wales for that 
 purpofe. Ottfcfi being very proud' that the King put 
 fuch Confidence in him, encouraged his Men to be 
 now fo indufirious to merit the King's Favour, as 
 they had been' formerly to deferve his Difpleafure ; 
 and fo joyning his Forces with Lhywarch, they both 
 marched to meet Prince Bfiben rit Stjatytvy^ where they 
 (uppofed Gritffydb ap Pjjys had hid himfelf in the 
 Woods. When they were coine to the Frontiers of 
 the Country, they made a Vow , thiit they would 
 let neither Man, Woman, or Child efcape alive ; 
 which fo affrighted the People of the Country, that 
 all mad? what ihift they could co fave their Live$, 
 
 ioms, 
 
The Hiliory ^/ W A L E S. 149 
 
 fome by fleeing to the Woods and Mountain* , and 
 fome by gectine; into the King's Caftles, from whence, 
 they had come but a little before. Then Owm and 
 Lhywarch l^-parated with diltinfl Parries to Icour the 
 Woods, which about Stratywy are very defertous ; and 
 Omen having entrcd with an Hundred Men, prefentiy 
 diicovercd the tradi; of Men and Cartel, and follow'd 
 their Foot-Ueps To clofe, that within a httle while 
 he overtook them 5 and having flain a great many of 
 them, and put the reft to flight, he carried away all 
 their Cartel back to his Army. But whilil Otven was 
 bufie in fearching the Woods, Gerald Steward of 
 Pembrock^^ who with a ^reat Power of Flemings was 
 upon his march to joyn the King's Son, met with them 
 who fled from Owen 5 who defiring help of Gerald, de~ 
 chred how Owen had forcibly drove them out, flain a 
 great many of their Companions, and Ipoiled them of 
 all their Goods. Gerald and his Flemings underftan- 
 ding that Owen was lo nigh with fuch a (mail number 
 of Men, thought he had now very convenient oppor- 
 tunity to be revenged of him upon the account of his 
 Wife ; and therefore to make fure Work with him, 
 he purlued him clofe into the Woods. Owen being 
 fore- warned by his Men that a great number follow- 
 ed him, and advifed to make all fpeed to get away^ 
 was deaf to ail (uch Counlels, as thinking that they 
 of whom' his Men were lo much afraid of, were the 
 King's Friends, and therefore their Integrity need not 
 be queftioncd, irnce they all had refpedt to the fame 
 common Caufe. Bur he found, that a private Quar- 
 rel isfometime more regarded than the publickGood; 
 and therefore when Gerald was advanced within bow- 
 ihot, he greeted him with a Volloy of Arrows , to 
 ihew how great a Friend he was ; but Owen, the 
 perfuaded to flee, was (o little terrified at fuch an un- 
 welcom Salutation, that tho' the Enemy were Seven 
 to One, yet he told them, that they were but Flemings, 
 and fuch as always trembled at the hearing of his 
 Name. And then falling on with a great deal of 
 Courage , he was at the firft On-let firuck with an 
 Arrow into the Heartj of which Wound he prefentiy 
 
 L 2 dyed i 
 
J50 The Hijlory cfW hLES, 
 
 dyed ; which when his Men faw, they all fled, and 
 brought word to Lhywarch and the reft of their Fel- 
 lows of what had happen'd j and fo fufpefling the 
 King's Armv , feeing they could not be trufted in 
 their Service , they all returned to their rcfpeitive 
 Countries. Owen being in this manner unhappily 
 flain, his Brethren divided his Lands betwixt them ; 
 excepting Caereneon. vv'hich properly belonged to Ma^ 
 dawc af B^ryd ap Blethyn ; and which he had forcibly 
 taken away from his Uncle Meredith. His Father C4- 
 dwg^in had feveral Children by different Women ; 
 and befides himfelf, he had Ijfifue Madawc by Gwen- 
 Ihian the Daughter of Gruffydh ap Conan ; Eineon by 
 Sanna the Daughter of Dyfnwal ; Morgan, by Efelhittf 
 or Elhiw the Daughter of Cadifor ap Co.hoyn Lord of 
 Dyfedi, Henry and Gmjfydh were by the Daughter of 
 the Lord Pigot his wedded Wife ; Meredith by Eu- 
 ruron Hoedhw ; and himfelf by Inerth the Daughter 
 of Edwyn. But a while af-erwards, Eineon ap Cad0- 
 gan and Gruffydh ap Meredith ap Blethjn^ befieged- 
 theCaftle of Cymmer in Mericnythfoire, which was 
 lately built by Vchtryd ap Edtvyn j for Cadttgan had 
 beftowed upon Z)chtryd his Coiin-German Mcrimytb 
 and Cyfeilicc, upon condition, that in all Cafes he 
 ifhould appear his Friend , and his Sons after him ; 
 contrary to which Promile he bore no manner of re- 
 gard to Cadtpgans Children after Ofr^n's death; but 
 to flrengthen himfelf the better, he erefled this CaftJe 
 of Cymmer, which very much difpleafed many of C4- 
 dtPgans Sons. And therefore Eineon and Crujf}dh, to 
 tx\akc Vchtryd fenlible of his Error in defpifing of them, 
 furiouily fet upon Cymmer Caftle , and having flain 
 diveisof the Garrifon, the reft (urrender'd themfelvesj 
 and fo taking pofifeflion of it, they divided the Coun- 
 try betwixt them; Motvdhfty Cyfycilioc and h3,\i Penlhy% 
 to Gruffydh ap Meredith ; and the other half of pff»- 
 ihyn with all Merionyth to Etneon. 
 ' The next Year King Henry failed with a great Ar- 
 my into Normandy, againft the French King, who 
 with the Earl of Flanders and others, went about 
 fco make William the Son of I{obert Curthoife Duk^e of 
 
 Nc-mandy j 
 
The Hijlory (?/ W A L E S. 151 
 
 tiormandy, but at the appearance of the King of Eng^ 
 land, rhey alJ fcatter'd, 2nd Jaid afide their intended. 
 Defign. About the fame time Gilbert Stronghom Earl 
 of Strigill, to whom King Henry had given all Cardi' 
 gan, departed this Life, after a long Fit of a Confutn- 
 ption 5 much to the Joy and Satistdclion of the Welch, 
 who were in great meafure dilpjeafed, that they fhould 
 be deprived of their own natural Lord Cadtpgan, from 
 whom this Country was taken away, and be forced to 
 ferve and be fubjcci to a Stranger, whafe Kir-.dnefs 
 they had no great reafon to expedi. But the Ytirfol- ^ jy 
 lowing, an irreconcilable Quarrel bappen'd betwixt m^' 
 Howel ap Itbel Lord of ^os and I^yfomoc, now Deri' 
 high' land, and Hiryd and Lhywarch ;hc Sons of Owen 
 aj> Edwyn. And when they could not otherwife agree, 
 they broke out into open War ; and thereupon Hcwel 
 fent to Meredith ap Blethyn, and to Eineon and Ma^ 
 dawc, Cadwgans Sons j who came down from Merto- 
 nytb with a Party of Four Hundred vvell-difcipjiii'd 
 Men , and encamped in Dyffryn Clwyd. I{tryd and 
 Lhywarch on the other hand, de red the Afliilance of 
 their Cofins the Sons of Vchtryd; and (o both Ar- 
 mies meeting in the Vale of Clfpyd, they fell to Blows 
 with a great deal of Spirit and Alacrity, and after a te- 
 dious and a bloody Fight, Lhywarch^ Otom ap Edwyn^s 
 Son, was at laft flain, and with him lorwerth the Son of 
 Nudh, a noble and a valorou? Perfon; and ^iryd was 
 forced to make his Efcape by flight. But though 
 Uowel obtained the Victory, yet he did not long fur- 
 vive his llain Enemies ; for having received a defpe- 
 rate Wound in the Adion, dyed of it within Fourty 
 Days ;. and then Meredith ap Blethyn^ and the Sons of 
 CadfPgan finding it dangerous to itay lon£fer there, 
 for fear of fome French, who lay garrifoned in Chejicr, 
 returned home with all fpeed 
 
 King Henry was fiill in Normar.dy , and about this m^ 
 time, a very great Battel was fought betwixt him, and 
 the French King, who was fhamefully vanquillied and 
 overthrown, and had a sreat number of his Nobles 
 taken Prifoners. But as King Hejiry returned the fol- 
 lowing Year for England^ one of tlie Ships happened, 
 
 L 4 by 
 
 II 7. 
 
II I 
 
 151 The Hiftory of VV ALES. 
 
 by the negligence of the Pilot, to be cad away, 
 wherein perilhed the King's two bcm, iVdUam who 
 was legitimate, and Heir apparent to the Gown, and 
 ■Richard his bafe Son; together with his Daughter and 
 Neece , and feveral others of his Nobility , to the 
 number in all of 1 50 Perfons. This unparaliel'd Lofs , 
 of fo many Kindred and Friends did not perplex his 
 Mind fo long, but that within a Hiort time, he be- 
 gan to folace and raife his drooping Spirits with the 
 thoughts of a new Wife ; and having married Ade- 
 'A D ^^^^ '•'^^ Daughter of the Duke olLcvain^ he purpoled ^, 
 to go againlt H^ales, and having prepared his Forces, 
 heled them in perfon to Poa7f-//2«af, When Meredith 
 ap Blethyn and Eineon , Madawc and Morgan, the Sons 
 of Cadwgan and Lords of the Country heard of it, they . 
 fent to Gruffydb ap Conan Prince of 'North Walesy de-» 
 firing fome help at his hands; who flatly refuled, af-- ; 
 luring them, that becaufe he was at peace with the 
 King of England, he could neither with Honour nor 
 Safety fend them any Succour, nor permit them to 
 come within his Dominions. The Lords of Potvys re- 
 ceiving this unwelcom Anfwer , and having now no 
 manner of hopes of any Aid, were relolved however 
 to defend themfelves as well as they could ; and there- 
 fore they thought it the molt etfedual means to annoy 
 the Enemy, and to keep them from entering into the 
 Country, was to obferve and defend the Streighrs, by 
 which the Enemy muli of neceflity pafs. Neither were 
 they out in their Policy ; for it happened that the 
 King himfelf, with a fmall number, advanced to one 
 of thefe narrow Palfages, the reft of the Army , by 
 rcafon of their Carriages, having taken fome compafs 
 dbout ; which the Welch perceiving, prefently poured 
 a Shower of Arrows upon them, and the advantage of 
 the ground giving help to their Execution, they flew 
 and wounded a great many of the Englijh. The King 
 himfelf was ftruck in the Breaft , but for all that the 
 Arrow could not hurt him, by reafon of his Armour; 
 yet he was (o terrified with this unexpeded Conflidt, 
 and conlidering with himfelf, that he muft receive fe- 
 veral fuch Bruflies before he could advance to the plain 
 
 Country ; 
 
The Hifiory 0/ W A L E S. 155 
 
 Country ; and what was above all, being fenfible that . 
 by fuch rafh Misfortune he might lofe all the Honour 
 and Fame which he had before obtained, fent a Mef- 
 fage to parly with them who kept the Paflage, and 
 with all afifurance of Safety, to defire them to come 
 to the King. The PVelch being come, and cjueftion'd 
 how they had fuch Confidence to oppofe the King, 
 and ro put his Life in fo much danger ; made Anfwer, 
 that they belonged to Meredith af Blethyn, and accor- 
 ding to their Mafter's Orders they were refolved to 
 keep the Paflage, or to dye upon the fpot. The King 
 finding them fo refolute, defired them to go to Mere- 
 dith , and propofe to him an agreement of Peace, 
 which he and his Cofins the Sons of Cadtvgan accep- 
 ted of; and promifed to pay the King loooo Head 
 of Cartel, in Retribution for former Offences. And 
 (o King Henry leaving all things in a peaceable and 
 quiet pofture in tVales, and appointing the Lord F/>;^- 
 iVarren Warden or Lieutenant of the Marches, re- 
 turned to England. 
 
 But when a foreign Enemy was removed out of rhe 
 Country, the TVekh could never forbear quarrelling "• 
 
 with each other; hz Gnijfydh ap ^jys ap Theodore, mo- 
 who had been now for fome time quiet , fell upon 
 Grufydh ap Snlhaern, and for what reafon not difco- 
 vered, treacheroully flew him. But the next Year n2i, 
 there happened anorher occafion of Dilturbanres and 
 falling out among the 0-^l'lch ; for Eineon the Son of 
 Cadifgan dying, left all his fhare of Powys and Merio- 
 nyth to his Brother Meredith. But his Llncle Mere- 
 dith ap Blethyn, thinking that thefe Lands more pro- 
 perly belonged to him, ejeded his Nephew Meredith 
 CO whom his Brother Eineon had left them, and took 
 poiTe.Tion of them himfelf. And what augmented 
 thefe Differences, King Henry fet now at liberty Ithet 
 ap l{irj)d ap Blethyn, Meredith'i Nephew , who had 
 been for a longtime detained in Priibn ; who coming 
 to his own Country, was in expedation to enjoy his 
 Eftate, which, upon his being put in cuftody, his Re- 
 lations had divided betwixt them ; of which, the 
 greateft (hare fell to his Uncle Meredith, But when 
 
 Grufydh 
 
154 ^^^ BiJloYy of W ALES. 
 
 Gruffydh ap Conan was informed, how that Meredith 
 ap Bldthyn , contrary to all Juftice, had taken away 
 by force the Lands of his Nephew Meredith ap Caduf" 
 gan, he fent his Sons Cadwalhon and Owen with an Ar- 
 my into Merionytb, who conquering and bringing to 
 fubjedion all the Country, carryed away the chief of 
 the People, and all the Cattle to Lhyn. And at the 
 fame time the Sons oiCadtvgan entered into the Lands 
 of Lhjtparch ap Trahaern, and cruelly wafted and de- 
 ftroyed it, by reafon that he had countenanced the Do- 
 ings of their Uncle Meredith ap Blethyn. But thefe in- 
 ward Claftiingsand Animofities concerning Eftates and 
 Titles, were feconded by moft unnatural Bloodshed 
 and unparalleU'd Cruelties ; for Meredith ap Blethyn^ 
 when he found that his Nephew Meredith ap Cadwgan ; 
 was aflifted by the Prince of North-Wales, and that it 
 ^' ^- was impradicable to keep Merionyth from him, he was 
 iiza. refolved to praftice that upon his Nephew, which he 
 had failed to effed upon another. And therefore left 
 his other Nephew 2>/j>e/ ap I{tryd ihould meet with 
 the like Help and Encouragement to recover thofc 
 Lands, which during his Imprifonment were taken 
 away from him, of which his Uncle actually enjoyed 
 a confiderable fhare ; Meredith thought it his wifeft 
 way to prevent all manner of Difputes, by (ending 
 Itbel out of the World, which upon mature Delibe- 
 ration he treacheroufly effeded. Nor was this the 
 only Murthet committed at this time ; for Cadwalhon 
 the Son of Gruffydh ap Conan exceeded him far, and 
 flew his three Uncles, Grono, I{tryd, and Meilyr the 
 Sons of Otoen ap Edwyn 5 but which was moft unna- 
 tural of all, Morgan ap Cadwgan with his own hands 
 killed his Brother Meredith \ a Crime moft execrable, 
 tho he did afterwards repent of it,. 
 
 Not long after this, Gritjfyth ap [{hys, by the falfe 
 *"** and invidious Accufations of the Normans, was dif- 
 pofleffed of all the Lands which King Henry had for- 
 merly granted him, and which he had for a confidera- 
 ble time peaceably enjoyed. And towards the end 
 ,of the fame Year dyed Daniel ap Sulgien Bilhop of 
 S.Davids, and Archdeacon of ?/?/:^j, a Man of ex- 
 traordinary 
 
The Uiftory ^/ W A L E S. 15; 
 
 traordinary Piety and Learning, and one who made it 
 his continual Employment to endeavour to work a 
 Reconciliation betwixt North-PValts and Powysy which 
 in his time were at perpetual Variance and Enmity 
 with one another. The next Year dyed likewile A. D. 
 Grujfydh the Son of Meredith ap Blethyn ; and about the 1 1 2 j. 
 fame time Omn ap Cadwgan having got into his handj 
 Meredith ap Lhytvanh , delivered hirf! to Pain F/>:^- 
 John^ to be kept fafe Prifoner in the Caftle of Bridg- 
 north. The reafon of this was, becaufe Meredith had 
 flain Meyric his Cofin-German, and very barbaroufly 
 had pulled out the Eyes of two more of his Coiins, 
 the Sons of Grijfri. This cruel and inhuman Cuftom 
 of plucking out the Eyes of fuch as they hated or fear- 
 ed, was too frequently pradlifed in Wales ; for the mS^ 
 following Year levaf the Son of Oc^wlerved two of 
 his Brethren after this unnatural manner, and thinking 
 that too little, pafled a Sentence of perpetual Banifh- 
 mcnt upon them. A little after, his Brother Lhetve- 
 lyn ap Otom flew lorwcrth ap Lhyitarch ; but all this 
 Mifchief pradifed by thefe two Brothers levaf and 
 Lhetvelyn, turned at laft upon thcmfelves ; for their 
 Uncle Meredith ap B'ethi?! being a.pprehenfive that 
 his two Nephews were a confiderable Rub in his way, 
 and if they trooped off, that all their Eftate would of 
 right fall to him ; flew Ic-zm/ out-right, and having 
 pliick'd out Lhetvelyns Eyes, caflrated him, for fear 
 he fliould beget any Children to inherit his Lands af- 
 ter him. Thefe no doubt were implacable Times, 
 when for the leafl Offence, nay fometirrse Sufpicion, 
 Mucther was fo openly and incorrigibly committed ; 
 which muft of neceflity be attributedto this one Prin- 
 ciple, That fo many petty States having equal Power 
 and Authority in their own Territories, and being 
 iubjed to none but the King of England^ ftill endea- 
 voured to our- vie and over- top each other. And 
 fo, nearnefs of Relation giving way to Ambition, 
 they never regarded thole of the fame B.'ood, fo that 
 themfelves might add to their ftrength, and increafe 
 their EOate by their FjII ; and for this reafon Meyric 
 fl;w Lhytvarch; and his Son Madatvc his oivn Cofins ; 
 •"' • but 
 
1^6 The Hipry of W ALE S. 
 
 but before he could make any Advantage of their 
 Death, he was himfelf ferved after the fame manner. 
 But the only^Pcrfon wftcrafcerwards repented of fuch 
 a foul Crime, was Morgan ap Cadwgan , who being 
 feverely troubled in mind for the Murther he had 
 lately committed upon his Brother Meredith ^ took a 
 Tourney to Jerufalem to expiate for his Crime, and 
 in his return from thence, dyed in the Ifle of Cyprus. 
 But this treacherous way of private murdering thole 
 by whom they were offended, could not be forgot a- 
 mong the Welch ; for Eineon the Son of Owen ap Ed- 
 A. D, ^y^ calling to mind how that Cadwalhon the Son of 
 1 iz9. Grujfydh ap Ccnan had bafely flain three of his Brothers, 
 and taking the opportunity of his being at Nanheivdwyy 
 aflifted by Cadwgan ap Grono ap Edwyn, fet upon him, 
 and flew him. About the fame time, that great U- 
 furper Meredith ap Bletbjn ap Confyitj who by moft 
 unnatural and moft heUiih Pradices, had got the 
 Lands of all his Brothers and Nephews, and by that 
 means was become a Man of the greateft ftrength and 
 fway in Powys ^ dyed of a fevere Fit of Sicknefs, 
 which reduced him to that apprehenfion of his for- 
 mer Mifcarriages, that he endured Penance for the 
 expiation of former Guilts. 
 
 In the Year 1 1 34. till which time nothing of mo- 
 '^'** ment was tranfadled in VS^ales^ Henry the firtt of that 
 Name, King of England , dyed in Normandy in the 
 Month of OBober; after whom Stephen Earl of Bu- 
 hign Son to the Earl of Bloys, his Silters Son, by the 
 means of Hugh Bygod, was crowned King by the 
 Archbifhop ot Canterbury, all the Nobility of Ewg/awfl! 
 confenting thereunto ; though contrary to a former 
 Oath they had taken to Maud the Hmprefs. The 
 firft thing that employed his Thoughts after his ac- 
 ceflion to the Government , was againft David King 
 of the Scots J who taking advantage of this new Re- 
 volution in England , by Ibme treacherous means or 
 Other, got the Towns of Carlijle and Newcajlle into 
 his hands. But King Stephen, tho fcarcely fettled in 
 his Throne, prefently marched towards the North; 
 of whofe coming David Ipdng aflured, and fearing 
 
 tQ 
 
The Hijlory of W A L E S. ly; 
 
 to meet him, voluntarily reftored Netvcajile, and com- 
 pounded for Carlijle j but would not Iwear to him 
 by reafon of his Oath to Maud; which however his 
 Son Henry did not (tick at , and thereupon was by- 
 King Stephen created Earl of Huntington. This 
 change and alteration of Affairs in England, made al- ^, d^ 
 fo the PVelch beftir themfelves ; for Morgan ap Owen, ii%^. 
 a Man of confiderable Quality and Eftate in PVales, 
 remembring the Wrong and Injury he had received at 
 the hands of I^Jchard Fit:(- Gilbert, flew him, toge- 
 ther with his Son Gilbert. And Ihortly after, Cad- 
 walader and Otven Gtvyneth the Sons oiGrujfydb ap Co- 
 nan Prince of North-fVales , having railed a mighty 
 . Army, marched againft the Kormans and Flemmings, 
 and comming to Cardigan, committed very conli- 
 derablc Wafte and Havock in the Country , and 
 took two of the i'trongeft Places , one belonging to 
 Vi^alter Efpec^ and theCaftle of Aberyftwyth In this 
 laiV place they were joyned by Howel ap Meredith^ 
 and Hhys ap Madatvc ap Ednerth ; who marching for- 
 ward, took the Caftle of {(ichard ds la Mare, toge- 
 ther with thofe of Dinerth and Caertvedros, and then 
 TCturned with very valuable Booty. But having 
 fucceeded fo well in this Expedition, they could noc 
 reft fatisned, till they had rid the whole Country 
 trom the intolerable Pride and Oppreffion of the 
 Normans and Flemings j and therefore returning the 
 fame Year to Cardigan with ^ooo Foot, and 2000 
 Horfe, well dilciplmed and experienced Soldiers ; 
 and being joyned by Gmffydh ap Bjjys and Howel ap 
 Meredith of Brecknock., with his Sons, and Madawc 
 ap Ednerth ; they over-ran the Country, as far as 
 Aberteifii reftoring all the former Inhabitants to 
 their proper Inheritances , and difcaiding all luch 
 ■ Strangers as the late Earl of Strygil had placed in 
 the Country. Bur when .J^f^/jew, who was Gover- 
 rour of Abcrteifi, faw that, he called to him ^^bert 
 Fit:{-Manyn, the Sons oi Gerald, and William Fit;{- 
 John, with all the ftiength of the Normans^ Flemings, 
 and Englijh in JVales^ or the Marches i and meeting 
 with the Wekh betwixt Aber Ned and Aber Dyfi> gave 
 
 them 
 
X5S The Hiflory of W A L E S, 
 
 them battel. But after a very fore and Bloody En^ 
 counter, the Englijh began to give ground, and ac- 
 cording to their ufual manner, trufting too much to 
 .the flrengrh of their Towns and Fortifications, be- 
 gan to look how to fave themfelves that way. But 
 the l^tilch preffed upon 'em fo hard, that they killed 
 above 3000 Men, befides feveiai that were drowned 
 and taken Piifoners. This Victory being fo happily 
 obtained, Cadwaladcr and Owen over-ran the whole 
 Country, forcing all the Normans and Flemings to 
 depart the Country with all Ipeed , and placing in 
 their room thofe miferable fVelch, who had been fo 
 long deprived and kept from their own Eftates ; and 
 after they had weeded the Country of thofe infatiable 
 Caterpillars, they returned to 'North Wales , laden 
 ■with very rich Spoils and acceptable Plunder. The 
 King of England was not in a condition to take 
 notice to what Extremities his Subje(5ls were reduced 
 to in Wales, by reafon that his own Nobles of £«^- 
 land were rifen in Arms againft him j the reafon of 
 which Tumult among the Nobility was occafioned 
 by a fallacious Report that went about of the King's 
 Death, who lay then fick of a Lethargy. They thac 
 tore him no good Wiil, verified the Rumour as much 
 as they could, and ftirred up the common People ia 
 behalf of the Emprefs j whereas on the other hand 
 the King's Friends betook themfelves to Caftles and 
 ftrong Holds for fear of the Emprefs, . and among 0- 
 thers Hugh Bigod fecured the CaRle of Norwich, and 
 after that he was aflured that the King was well a- 
 gain, he was loth to deliver the fame out of his pof- 
 •^- ^' feflion, unlefs it were to the King's own hands. But 
 a $6, during thefe Commotions and Troubles in England^ 
 Grujfydb ap H^/Sy Son to Rhys ap Theodore, the right 
 Heir to the Principality of 5o//r/j-^^/f/, dyed, leaving- 
 Iflue behind him a Son called I^hysy commonly known 
 by the Name of Lord ^h^s , by Gwenlhian the 
 Daughter of Gruffydh af Conan^ who by fome is faid 
 to have poifoned her Husband. Towards the end of 
 the fame Year dyed likewife Grujfydh ap Conan Prince 
 oi h'orthJVales, after he had reigned j 7 Years 5 to 
 
 the 
 
The Hiftory 0/ W A L E S. 159 
 
 the great Grief and Difcontent of all his Subjeilsi as 
 being a Prince of incomparable Qualities , and one 
 who after divers Vi(5lories obtained over the EngUJhy 
 had throughly purged North-fVales from all Strangers 
 and Foreigners. He had Iffue by Angharad the Daugh- 
 ter of 0«»ff» ap Edwyn, three Sons, namely, 0»tf«, 
 Cadtpalader^^ndCadwalbonj and five Daughters, Mar- 
 ret, Sufatma, I{anulhty Agnes^ and Gwemhian : and 
 by a Concubine lago, Afcain, Edwal Abbot of Pc»- 
 i«o», Dolhing, and Elen, who was married to Hova 
 ap Ithel Felyn of Tal. There were feveral good and 
 wholfom Laws and Statutes enabled in his time ; and 
 among the reft , he reformed the great Diforders of 
 the Welch Minftrels, which were then grown to great 
 Abufe. Of thefe there were three forts in 14^ales ; 
 the firft were called Beirdh , who conapofed feveral 
 Songs and Odes of various Meafures , wherein the 
 Poet's Skill was not only required, but alfo a natural 
 Endowment, or a Vein which the Latins term furor 
 Poeticus. Thefe likewife kept the Records of all 
 Gentlemens Arras and Pedegrees, and were principal- 
 ly efteemed among all the Degrees of the J4^elcb Po- 
 ets. ' The next were fuch as plaid upon Mufical In- 
 ilruments, chiefly the Harp and the Crowd j which 
 Mufick Gruffjdb ap Conan firft brought over into 
 fVales i who being born in Ireland, and defcended by 
 his Mothers fide oilrijh Parents, brought with him 
 from thence feveral skilful Muficians, who invented 
 almoft all the Inftruments as were afterwards plaid 
 upon in Wales. The laft fort were called Atcaneaid, 
 whofe Bufinefs it was to fing to the Inftrument plaid ' 
 upon by another. Each of thefe, by the fame Statute, 
 had their feveral Reward and Encouragement allotted 
 to them ; their Life and Behaviour was to be fpotlefs 
 and unblameable, otherwife their Punilhment was ve- 
 ry fevere and rigid, every oi^e having Authority to pu- 
 nifti and corred them, even to the Deprivation of ail 
 they had. They were alfo interdided and forbidden 
 to enter any Man's Houfe, or to compofe any Song of 
 any one, without the fpecial leave and warrant of the 
 Party concerned ; wich many other Oidinances rela- 
 ting to the like purpole, Owm 
 
iSo The mflory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 \ 
 
 Own Qxpynedh. 
 
 \ I^cer tlie death of Gmffydh dp Cohdn, his eldefl: 
 T\ Son O/Pfw, furnamed GtppeS, fucceeded in 
 ]the Principality of North JVajes j who no iboner had 
 entered upon the Government, but together with 
 the reft of his Brethren, he made an Expedition in- 
 to Soutb-fVales ; and having demolilhed ajid over- 
 thrown the Caftles oi Snadmcjrjcy Stephan, and Hum- 
 ffrejSf and laid in Alhes the Town oi Caermardhyn^ 
 he returned home with no Jefs Honor than Booty 
 and Plunder. About the fame time, John^ Arch- 
 Deacon of Lhanbaran departed this Life, a Man oi 
 lingular Piety and ftridlnefs of Life, who for his ri- 
 gid Zeal in Religion and Virtue, was thought wor- 
 thy to be canonized, and to be counted among the 
 snunnber of the Saints. This Year Hkewife King ^te- 
 fhen paffed over to 'Normandy^ and having concluded 
 a Peace with the French King, and the l3uke oi An- 
 jouy returned back to England without any further 
 delay. But the following Spring gave opportunity 
 for greater Undertakings; Davidy King o[ Scots, up- 
 on the King o( England's going to France laft Sum- 
 mer, had entered the Borders of England^ and con- 
 tinued to make confiderable Waft and Havock in that 
 part of the Country. Whereupon King Stephen^ to 
 rid his Country and his Subjeds from fo dange- 
 rous an Enemy , marched with an Army towards 
 the Northy whofe coming the King of Scots hearing 
 of, he relinquilhed the Borders of England^ and re- 
 tired to his own Country. But that would not fa- 
 tisfie King Stephen , who defired to be further re- 
 venged for the unpardonable Hoftilities committed 
 by the Scots in his Country ; and therefore purfuing 
 the Scots to their own Country, he haraffed and laid 
 waft all the South part of the Kingdom of Scotland. 
 
 Birt 
 
The Hiflory cf^^ k'L'ES. t6i 
 
 Buc the King's abfence animated feveral of the Eng» 
 lijh Nobility to rebel '■, to which purpofe they for- 
 tified cvfery one their Caftles and ftrong Holds ; ff^t/- 
 liam Earl of Glocejler thofc of Leeds and Brtjiol ; 
 l{a!pb Lunel, Cari ; iViHiam Fit^-Alletiy Shrewsbury ; 
 Paganellus^ Ludlow^ TVtlliam de Moi/un^ Dunejler ; 
 Robert de Nicholy Warham ; Bufiace Fit:(-Jchfi^ Mer- 
 ton ; and iValkijn, Dover. But for all chefe mighty 
 Preparations, the King in a fliort time became Ma- 
 iler of them all j fome he won by siTauIt, others 
 upon fair Promifes and advantageous Conditions were 
 furrendred up, and fome he got by treacherous and 
 under-hand Contrivances. The Scots thought to make 
 good advantage of thcle Commotions in England] and 
 thereupon, as foon as they heard that fome of the 
 J^nglijh Nobility were in adual Rebellion againft the 
 King, they entered into the Borders, and began , as 
 they thought, without any apprehenfioh of Oppofi- 
 tion, to ravage and lay wafte the Country before 'em„ 
 But William, Earl of Albemarle-, JViUiam Pjifpell, 
 Earl of Nottingham ; Walter Efpec and Gilbert La- 
 cy^ gathered together ail the Forces they could raife 
 in the Norrh i and being animated and encouraged 
 by the eloquent and prefling Oration of t^lfh, Bi- 
 ihop o{ Orkneys, which he delivered in the audience 
 of the whole Army, they fct upon the Scots at aL 
 inerton with fuch unanimous Courage, that after a 
 very great flaughter of his Men, King David was 
 glad to efcape w^ith his Life by flight. After this, 
 King Stephen feized to his own ufe the Cafiies of 
 Ludlow and Leeds, and preffed the Bifhcps of Salif- 
 hury and Liricoln 16 hard, that to prevent their pe- 
 rifhing by Famine, they were conftrained to furren- 
 der J the former the Caftles . of Vifes and Shirburn^ 
 the latter thofe of Newa)l{_ upon Trent and Sieefordi 
 This did not a little augment the King's ftrength 
 againft the enfuing Storm ; for in the Summer this 
 Year, Maudths. Emprefs Daughter and Heir to 
 King Heyiry , to whom King Stephen ,■ v;ith a:ll the^ 
 Nobility of England, had fworn Allegiance, landed' 
 at Arundel, witoher Brother Robert Earl b^GloceJief, 
 
i6z The Hiftory ef W ALES, 
 
 and was thete honourably received by tVilliam 4f 
 Albineto^ who was lately married to Queen AdeU:(^y 
 King Henry % Widow , with whom he received the 
 Earldom oi Arundel in Dowry. But as foon as King 
 Stephen heard of her landing,' he marched with aU 
 poflible fpeed to Arundel, and laid fiege to the Caftle'j 
 but findfr.g it upon rryal impregnable, he raifed thfe 
 fiege, and by that means fuffered the Emprefs and hej 
 Brother to elcape to Brifiol. ' ,: 
 
 wi £>. The next Year an unlucky Accident fell out in 
 1138, Wales y Cynric, one of Prince Owens Sons, having 
 by fome means or other difguited Madawc aj> Mere- 
 dith ap Blethyn ap Confjn, a Perfon of cbnliderable 
 Efteem and Ellare in the Country, was, with his con- 
 nivance fet upon and flain by his Men. But the Af- 
 fairs of England this Year, afforded greater rarity of 
 a<5tion 5 King Stephen with a formidable Army laid 
 fiege to the City of Lincoln, to the relief of which, | 
 l(^nulfb, Earl of Chjieri, and B^bert Earl of Glocejier,. ' 
 jmarched with their Forces. But before they could 
 arrive, the Town was taken ; whereupon they drew 
 up their Forces in order to give the King battel, 
 "who on the other fide, was as ready to receive them. 
 'King Stephen drew up his Forces in three Battels, the 
 firlt being led by the Earls of Britain, Mellent, Nor- j 
 foll{_^ Hampton, end Warren; the lecond by the Earl | 
 "of Albemarle, and William of Ypres ; and the third 
 by the King hirafelf, afllfted by Bau'wyn Fit:{-Gtlhefii ^ 
 with feveral others of his Nobility. Of the Ene- 
 mies fide, the difinherited Barons had the firlt place; 
 the Earl of Chejler , with a confiderable Party of 
 Wekhmen, far better couraged than armed, led the 
 fecond j and the Earl of Glocejler the thud Battel. 
 After a hot and bloody Dilpute of both (ides, the 
 Victory- at length favoured the Barons, Kmg Stephen 
 being rirft taken Prifoner, and a little after the Queen, 
 together with William of Tpres, and Bryan Fit:{- Count. : 
 But within a while after Wtlliam Martell and Geffrey 
 de Mandeville gathered together (oire frefh Forces, 
 and fought the Emprefs and her Biother at Wtncbe- 1 
 fie^i and having put the Emprefs to flight, tork Earl 
 
 Robert 
 
The Hijlory ^/ W A L E S. l ^3 
 
 'B^hen Prifoner, for exchange of whom, the King was 
 
 (et at liberty. The next Year Kng Stethen would i^. a, 
 
 try the other Adventuie, and received a [econd Over- 1139. 
 
 throw at Wilton ; which hov^ever did not fo much 
 
 difcourage him , but that he laid (o clo'e a fiege to 
 
 the Emprefs at Oxford^ that (he was glad to make- her 
 
 efcape to fVallingford. The fame Year dyed M4- 
 
 damc ap Ednerth, a Perfon of great Quality and Note 
 
 in PVales ; and Meredith ap Howel, a Man of no 
 
 mean Efteem, was flain by the Sons of Blethyn a^ 
 
 Gtpyn. 
 
 For the two fucceeding Years nothing remarkable 
 pafled in Wales ; excepting that this Year Howel ap ^°' 
 Meredith ap Rbythcrch of Cantref Bychan, and I{hys 
 ap Havel were cowardly flain by the Treachery and 
 perfidious Prad^tices of the Flemings ^ and the next IH'* 
 Year Hotvd dp Meredith ap Blethyn was bafely mur- 
 thered by his own Men ; at which time , Hvwei 
 and Cadwgan the Sons of Maduwc ap Ednerth^ upon 
 fome unhappy Quarrel, did kill each other. But 
 ftiortly after this, an irreconcilable Difference fell out 'H*"" 
 berwixt Anarawd Son to Gruffvdh ap ^hys Prince of • 
 South-TVales -^ and his Father in h^w Cadwalader the 
 Son of Grujfjdh ap Conan, and Brother to Prince 
 Otfen Gwynedh ; which from Words quickly pro- 
 ceeded to Blows. In this Scuffle A)?aratvd was un- 
 happily flain ; which fo exafperated Prince Ottfen 
 againft his Brother Cadtvalader , that together with 
 his Son Hottel, he marched with an army into his 
 Brothers Country , and after a confiderable Wafte 
 and Deftrudion, burnt to the ground the Caftle of 
 Aberyftwyth^ Cadwalader , upon the News of Prince 
 Oweni approach, withdrew himfelf and fled to fre- 
 land; where having hired a great number of Irijh 
 and Scots for Two Thoufand Marks, under the Com- 
 mand of Ocier, and the Sons of Turl^el and Cherulfy 
 he ftruck fail for Wales^ and landed at Abermenay 
 in Carnarvonjhire. The Prince, to protrad no time, 
 marched with all fpeed to prevent their farther pro- 
 grefs into the Country ; and both Armies being 
 come in view of each other, a Pe^ce was happily 
 
 Hz eour. 
 
1^4 The Hiftory of W ALES. 
 
 concluded betwixt the two Brothers. The Irjjh un- 
 A derftanding this, and how that their coming over 
 was iike to prove but a Fool's Errant to them, they 
 furprized and fecured CadwalaJer, till their Wages 
 and Arrears were paid ; who, to obtain his Liberty, 
 deliver'd to them two tboufand Heads of Cattel, be- 
 fjdes many Prifoners, and other Booty, which they 
 had taken in the Country. But as foon as the Prince 
 was informed that his Brother Cadwalader was let 
 loofe, without any farther demur upon the cafe, he 
 fell in upon the Irijh^ and having flain a very con- 
 fiderable number of them, recovered all the Booty 
 they purpofed to ftip off, and forced as many as 
 could elcape, to return with great lofs, and a grea- 
 ter ftiame bick to Ireland. 
 
 Bat the Normans Iped far better in Wales ; Hugh 
 Son to B^didfb Earl of Chejler^ having fortified his 
 CaliJe of Cymaron , fet upon and won the Country 
 of Melienyth a fecond time ; and the Cattle of Clun 
 being fortified by another Lord , all Eluel became 
 ^ fobjed to the Normans. The fame time King Ste- 
 fhen took Geffry Mandcville Prifoner at S. Albans, 
 where the Earl of Arundel by the flip of his Horfe 
 WMs like to be drowned in the River. But the Earl 
 o( Mandeville, to obtain his liberty, delivered up to 
 the King the Tower of London, with the Caftles of 
 Walden and Plaffey, which reduced him to that con- 
 dition, that h^ was forced to live upon the Plunder 
 and Spoil of Abbies and other religious Houfcs, till 
 at length he was flain in a Skirmifh againft the King, 
 and his Son baniflied the Kingdom. 
 
 The next Year a Skirmilh happened betwixt Hugh 
 1 1441 de Mortimer and Rjjys ap Hotvel, wherein the latier 
 was taken Prifoner , with many others of his Ac- 
 complices, wjio were ail committed to Prifon by the 
 Englijh. But it fared much better with Hottel and 
 0«.jw the Sons of Prince Owen, who having raifcd 
 an Army agamfi: the Flemings and Normans, gain'd a 
 confiderabi; ViClory at Abertetfi, and having placed 
 3 (jarrUon in the Town, returned home with great 
 Honour, and much Booty. About the fame time, 
 
 Sulien 
 
The H'tflory cf W ALES. \6^ 
 
 Sulien ap ^hythmarch, one of the Colledg of Lban- 
 ^adurtty and a Perfon of great Reading and extenfive 
 Learning, departed thii Life. Shortly after, Gi'l>erf 
 Earl of Clare , came with a great number of Forces 
 to Djfed, and built the Caftle of Caermardhjn, and 
 the Caflle of the Sons of Vchtryd. Hugh Morti- ^' ^' 
 mer likewife flew Meyric ap Madnwc hp {{iryd ap *^45« 
 Bledduy and Meredic ap Madawc ap Ednerth. And lo 
 far it went of the fide of the Englijh ; bUi now the 
 Welch begin to gain ground ; Cadelh theSon of Gruf- 
 fjdb ap k}}ys Prince of South fVales^ laid fiege to the 
 Cattle of Dynefowr, belonging to Earl Gilbert, which 
 being furrender'd up, Cadelh, affifted by his Brethren 
 Meredith and lihys, brought his Army before the C^L' 
 {{le o( Caermardhyttj which after a Ihort (iege yiel- 
 ded in like manner, referring only this one Condition, 
 that the Garifon ihould not be put to the Sword. 
 From thence he marched to Lhanjiephan, and fct be- 
 fore the Caftle ; to the Relief ot which the Normans 
 and Flemings coming with their Forces, were ftiame- 
 fully vanquiihed and overcome, and fo the Caftle was 
 eafily deliver'd up to the fVelch. But the Normans 
 were fo cruelly nettled at this, that they mufter'd up 
 all the Forces they could poffibly draw together out 
 of the neighbouring Countries, and unexpectedly fur- 
 rounded the Caftle, intending by all poflible means to 
 recover the fame. But the Governour, Meredith ap 
 Grujfydb, a Man of great Years, and no Icfs Expe- 
 rience , fo animated and encouraged the befieged, 
 that when rhe Normans and Flemings ventured to 
 fcale the Walls, they were bea"- back with fuch Vi- 
 gour, and Lofs of their fids, that at length they 
 were compell'd to raife the Siege, and leave th? 
 ffeicb in poffeflion of the Caftle. 
 
 Shortly after this, I(un the Son of Prince Owen of 
 North-fVales, a Youth of excellent hope.t, and in- 
 comparable Qualifications, dyed, whole Death his 
 Father took lo much to heait, that for foriie time 
 he feemed to be paft all Comfort, being fain into 
 fuch a melancholy Dilpofition, that he was diverted 
 with nothing but Retirement. But an Accident fdj 
 
 M 3 "" ■ our. 
 
i66 . The JFIf/iory of W ALES. 
 
 out, which rouz'd him out of this lethargical Fit of 
 Sorrow and Difcontent j the Caftle of Mould was 
 fo very llrong and well garnfon'd by the Engli/hf 
 that it mightily annoyed the Country thereabouts, 
 and had been frequently befieged, but could never be 
 taken. Prince Offfen at this time levied an Army and 
 laid clofe flege to it j and the Garifon for leveral af- 
 (aults behaved it felf fo manfully, that the place feem- 
 ed imjiregnabie and invincible. But the Prefence and. 
 Example of Prince Owen fo encouraged his Men, 
 that they fell on with all poflible Vigour and Might, 
 and at laft forced their entrance into the Caftle. Ha- 
 ying put a great number of the Garrifon to the Sword, 
 and taken the reft Prifoners, the Caftle was rafed to 
 the ground ; and this fortunate Attempt fo pleafed 
 the Prince, that he forgot all Sorrow for his Son, and 
 returned to his ufual Temper and accuftomed Merri- 
 ments. At the fame time, King Stephen of England 
 obtained a remarkable Vidory over his Enemies at 
 Farendonj and, although the enfuing Year Rondel E^xl 
 of Chefter and .he were reconciled , yet he thought 
 it more advifeable to detain him Prifoner, though 
 contrary to his promife, until fuch time as the Earl 
 would deliver up the Callle of Lincoln, with all the 
 
 J r\ Forts and places of ftrength in his cuftody. 
 
 t'lAf Ths next Year, Cadelhi Meredith, and l^js, the 
 
 * ' Sons of Giuffydh ap J{hys ap Theodor, brought an Ar- 
 my before the Caftle of G/pyjfj hut finding themfelves 
 too weak to mafter it, they defired Hotfel, Son to 
 Prince Oitfen Gwynedh, a Perfon famoufly remarkable 
 for martial Endowments, to come to their affiftance. 
 Howe!, who was ever very delirous to fignalize him- 
 felf, and to evidence his Valour to the World , rea- 
 dily confented to their Requtft ; and having drawn 
 his Forces together, marched diredly towards G«y/, 
 
 \ where being arrived, he was joyfully received, and 
 
 honourably entertain*d by fuch Lords as defired his 
 help. Having viewed the Strength and Fortification 
 of the Caftle, he found it was impradicable to take 
 the place, without the Walls could be deftroyed j 
 md therefore he gave orders, that certain battering 
 
 Engine^ 
 
The H'tfloryof' WALES; \(^'j 
 
 Engines fliould be provided , whilrt the reft (hould 
 gaul and nioleft the befieged, by throwing of great 
 Stones into the Gaftle. The Entmies pqrceiving 
 \vhat: irrefiRible Preparations the BefTegers' contrived, 
 thooght it to no pyrpofe to withftandtheifFury; and 
 therefore to do that Voliintarily which riuft be done 
 by compulfion , they' |irefently yielded^ up thejGaftle: 
 Shoftiy atte'r thisa^gjeat Diftererice happe'n'd jietwixc 
 th^ Sons o.f Printe>,0»^e')i/;H!J»e/^, ^x\^ '(^wim; -ixA their 
 Uiitfe' (i(icl.d>a\A^}r^y'^Wt&\t\x^Qr\ the former 'entered 
 with ah'Atmy Tncb thi? Gounny M' Merionytb, arid 
 commitred great tVartes' and Hoftifities there, inlo- 
 much that the Inhabitants' flock'd into SanduSries to 
 {ave their Lives. But the young Lords finding what 
 fearfiil and unliable condition the People were^in, 
 and the better to draw them to their fide, \ffued out 
 their Proclamation, a'fTuring that all who would fa- 
 vour their Country, ftbuld 'not only en)oy their Lives, 
 bnt their former Libert/ and accuftomedPriviledgesj 
 Upon the publication of which Edidt^ the People re- 
 turned to their own Habitations. Having by this 
 Stratagem brought all the Country under their own 
 Pleafure and good Will, they lead thejr Army be- 
 fore the Gaftle of Cynfael^ belonging to Cadwala- 
 der\, which he had built arid ftrongly forpfied; The, 
 gbvernitient of this Caftle C^^fl'^/^ire^cr' had commit^* 
 ted to M^r^w , Abbot' of Tygwyn , ' oi t\i6 iP'hitc.^ 
 Houfe ; who being Tutnmoned to furrender,- 'fey rW 
 Brothers HijW and -tTow^wr, did not only rcff'ife, but 
 defied their litmoft. Efforts upon di^ place.' The 
 Lords finding, they •*t;oald' do no good by Threats 
 and'Menaces, judged It 'jmore convcriteint to make 
 ufe of the other Extreafti-; and iherefote promifcd 
 the Abbot a very' high {Reward, if he would deliver 
 tile Cafile into their hlifids. But all proved to no 
 effed; the Abbot being a Perfon of more Honeity 
 and greater Honour, than to be corrupted to betray 
 his Truft ; told them Hatly, That he would not -de- 
 ceive his Maiters expectation, and therefore would , 
 choofe rather to dye with Honour, than to live with 
 Shame. The Lords finding him inexorable, and withal 
 M 4 being 
 
l6S The Hiftory 4,f W ALES. 
 
 being vexed, that a Church-man fiiould put fuch a 
 itop to their fortunate Proceedings, made fuch a vi- 
 gorous Affault upon the Caftle, that after they had 
 jpulled down feme pan of the Walls, ihey entred in 
 by force, and ravaged fo furioufly, that they killetj 
 and wounded the whole Garrifon, the jihbot only e- 
 fcaping, who by the help of fome of his Friends iti 
 HciPcis Army, got away fafe. Towards the doiib 
 of this Year, feveral Perfops of Note departed this 
 Life, among whom were ^ohert Earl of Glocejier, 
 and Gilbert Earl otCUrcy as alio Vcbthryd Bifhop pf 
 Llandaf, a Man of great Piety and Learning, iii whofe 
 See lucceeded Nicholas ah Gurgant. 
 2147. The following Year alio died Bernard Bilhop of 
 St. Davids, and was fucceedcd by David Fie^^erald, 
 I14S. then Archdcscon oi C4'digan. Somecime after Prince 
 Owen Gwynedh built a Caitle in Tale^ called Ca/ielh y 
 B^dwyth j and his Brother Cadwalader built another ac 
 Lhanryjlid, and beltowed his part of Cardigan upon 
 his Son Cadwgati. Alio Madoc the Son of Meredith 
 ap Blethyn founded the Caitle of Ofwejlry, and gave 
 his Nephews Owen and Mcyric the Sons of Gruffydh 
 4f Meredith his fhare oiCyfeilioc. 
 , J . . The next Year, Conan Son to Prince Ottfcn Gwynedh, 
 
 ^ .' for certain Faults and Milcarriages committed againlt 
 his Father, tho* the particulars are not difcovcred, was 
 put in Prifon, where for fopae time he continued in 
 Cuftody. Bijr it fared better with his Brother Hotpel^ 
 who having made his Uncle Cadwalader his Priforier, 
 reduced all his Country, together with his Caitle 
 fubjed to hi.iifelf. In ^iOMth-tVsles, fome Bufineis of 
 moment happened this Year j Cadflb the Son of 
 Gruffydh ap ^bys having for lined the Caftle of C<ir- 
 Tfiardhyny marched witji his Army towards Cydwely, 
 waited and deltroyed the whole Country, and be- 
 ing returned home, joyned his At riy with his Bro^ 
 thers Meredith and BjySy who entring into the Coun- 
 try o{ Cardigan, won that part called Is Aeron. This 
 was fucceeded by an Action of grearer Importance in 
 Nortb-fVales i Ibme irreconcilable DiiFerence ariling 
 bstwizt ?f,in^ 9^^t ^^'^ ^mdel Earl of Chejier^ 
 '"'■' "■'■ ■ '•■" "t qiiickly 
 
The Hi/lory of W ALES. 1^9 
 
 quickly broke out into open War. The Earl made 
 all the poirible Preparations the opportunity would 
 permit, and drew together a confiderable Army from 
 all parts of England and which ftrengthened and 
 incouraged him ihe more, he was joyned by Madoe 
 dp Meredith Prince of Powys, who difdaining to hold 
 his Lands of Prince Owen Gtffynedh, chofe rather to 
 lide with, and abet his tnemies. The Prince on the 
 other hand was not backward in his Preparations, 
 and perceiving the Enemy to come upon him, thought 
 it not advifable to lufFer him to advance too far into 
 the Country, but to flop and prevent bis Carreer 
 before he (hould take too firm a footing in his Domi- 
 nions. To this end he marched with his whole 
 Power as far as Counfylht, with full Refolurion to 
 give the Earl of Chefier Battel, which the Englijh 
 were glad of, as thinking themfelves far more nu- 
 merous, and much better Armed and Dilciplined than 
 the fVelch. But both Armies having joyned Battel, 
 they quickly faltered in their expectation of un- 
 doubted Succefs, and finding the iVelch to pre(s io 
 irrefiltibly fevere upon them, they thought it wife? 
 to retire, and endeavour to iave themfelves by flight. 
 But the ff^clch purfued them {o hard, that few e- 
 Icaped without \idn% either flain or taken Prifoners, 
 and they fome of the Chief Commanders, who thro' 
 ihefleetnefs of their Horles, avoided the Fury of their 
 purluers. 
 
 The next Year, the Scene of Action removed to 
 Soiith-f^ales, Cadelh, Meredith zn^ Rjoys, the Sons of "^°' 
 Gruffydli af Pjjys Prince of South-Wales, being entred 
 with an Army into Cardigan, wan all the Country 
 from Howel the PniKe of North-Wales Son, except- 
 ing the Caftle of Lhanfihangel in Pengtvem. 1 he 
 Siege of Lhanryftyd Calile proved io difficult and 
 unmanagable, that the young Lords o{ South-Wales 
 loft a great part of their braveit Souldiers before ir, 
 which lb troubled and vexed them, that when they 
 got poiieflion ot the Cattle, they put all the Garrilbn 
 io the Sword. From thence they marched to Zjhat- 
 vteyriQ CailJe, which after they faji4 won, manned 
 
 and 
 
170 Tk Hijlory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 and re-fortified, they disbanded their Forces, and re- 
 turned home. But Cadelh the eldeft of the Brothers, 
 was upon the point of receiving his laft Blow by 
 treachery at home, which he had efcaped from the 
 Enemies abroad. For f me of the Inhabitants of 
 Tenbigh in Pembroke Jhire, having conceived fome 
 difpleafure and hatred againft Cadelh, were refoived 
 • to revenge themfelves, and to lay a Trap foi- his 
 Life ; and having obferved what pleafure he took in 
 Hunting, were refolved to execute their PJot, whilft 
 he was hot and eager at his Sport. Obferving there- 
 fore one day how he went a Hunting with only a, 
 few Companions, they placed themfelves in an airi-^ 
 bufcade, and when the Game came that way, they 
 unexpe<i1:edly fet upon the unarmed Sports-men, and 
 having eafily made all the reft-fly away, they wound«s 
 ed Cadelh fo cruelly, that he narrowly efcaped their 
 hands alive ; who making (hift'to get home, lay fot^ 
 a long time dangerouily ill, and with great diSSIcuIty 
 at length recovered his Life. Upon this, his Brcr- 
 thers Meredith and ^ys palTed with an Army into 
 Gwyr^ and having burnt and deftroyed the Country 
 thereabouts, they befieged and tfook the Caftle of 
 Aherlhychwr^ but finding they could not keep it, thej^- 
 rafed it to the Ground, and after that, returned homer 
 with great Booty to Dynefam, and repaired the For- 
 tifications of the Caftle there. About the fame time 
 alfo, Howel, Prince Owen Gftynedb's Son, fortified 
 Humphrfs Caftle in the Valley of Caktwr. 
 iiM, ^"^ ^^'^ following Year, Prince Omn did a vel^ 
 barbarous Adion to Cmetha, his Brother Cadwalhons 
 Son, for fearing left that this young Man Ihould lay 
 claim to any part of his Eftate as his Father's right,' 
 he firft pulled out his Eyes, and afterwards caltrated 
 him, for fear he ihould beget any Children, vvho 
 might fome time or other renew their claim and 
 right to Cadwalhon's Eftate. This inhuman feveriiy- 
 was fucceeded by another of no fmall remark ; Lhe- 
 welyn Son to Madoc ap Meredith having watched a 
 convenient Opportunity, fet upon, and flew Stephen 
 the Son of Baldwin, But Cadwalader Prince Otvens 
 
 Brother 
 
The Hiftory of W ALE S. 171 
 
 Brother after a tedious Imprifonment which he had 
 fuftained thro' the Malice and Rancour of his Nephew 
 Hotffel, at length made his efcape, and flying to the 
 Ifle of Anglejey, brought a confiderable part of that 
 Ifland under his fubjedion. But Prince Owen hear- 
 ing how that his Brother had got looTe from cuftody, 
 and that he was in actual poffe/Iion of a great part 
 of Anglefey, he prefently difpatched an Army over, 
 which proving too formidable to Cadwalader's Party, 
 he was conftrained to efcape to Ehgland, and to de- 
 fire Succor from his Wife's Relations, who was the 
 Daughter of Gilbert Earl 6{ Clare. This Year Galfrede 
 Arthur., commonly called Geffrey of Monmouth^ was 
 made Bilhop of St. Afafh, and at the fame time Simon 
 Archdeacon of Cyfeilioc, a Man of great Worth and 
 Elleem in his Country died. 
 
 But the Year following, Meredith and i^fyj the Sons 1 1 jx. 
 of Gruffydh ap R^ys, Prince of South-TVales, laid Siege 
 to Pinwedic Caltle, which belonged to Hotvel Prince 
 Otven's Son, and after great pains and confiderable 
 lofs of Men of their fide, at laft made themfelves 
 Mailers of it. From thence they marched by Night 
 to Tenby, and unexpetftedly falling upon the Caltle, 
 of which one iVilliam Fit^^erald was Governor, they 
 fcaled the Walls before the Garrifoa were aware of 
 any Danger, and fo poffelling themfelves of the Ca- 
 ltle, they fell foul upon the Garrifon, in Revenge of 
 the Mifchief they had done, and further defigned to 
 their Brother Cadelh. For Cadelh at this time was 
 gone upon a Pilgrimage, and during his abience had 
 committed his whole Inheritance and all other con- 
 cerns in Wales, to the Care of his Brethren Meredith 
 and Hjjys. But after the taking Tenby-Cz^Xc, they 
 divided their Army into two Parties, with one of 
 which, Rhys marched to Tjhatcongen, and after great 
 havcckand watte committed there, he paffed to Cy- 
 feiltoc. which fared in like manner with Tjhatcongen. 
 Meredith wir.h the other Party fat before Aberavan^ 
 Caftle, and after a ftiorc Siege won and got polfe/Iion 
 of it, and then returned home with very confider- 
 iible Booty, and many rich Spoils. About the fame 
 
 time 
 
171 The H'tfiory <?/ W A L E S. 
 
 time Rondel Earl of Chejicr^ who had lived in conti- 
 nual Enmity and f -equent Holtility with Prince Owen 
 of Nonh-fVahs, departed this Life, leaving his Son 
 Hugh to enjoy both his Titles and Ettate in England, 
 and to profecute the Feuds and Hoftiliiies againlt the 
 fVelch. 
 
 1 1 53 . And fliortly after died Meredith Son to Gruffydh ap 
 Rhys Prince oi South iVales, who was Lord oi Cardigan 
 TJiratywy and Dyfedy being not pafled the Twenty 
 Fifth Year of his Age, a Perfon of incomparable Va- 
 lor and Audacity, and in all his Warlike Atteoapts 
 and Atchievenoents very Fortunate. He was pre- 
 iently followed by Geoffrey Biflibp oiLlandaf, a Man 
 as Famous for Learning and a good Life, as the o- 
 ther was for Mafculine Bravery and Martial Prowefs. 
 In England the face of things looked very lowring, 
 Henry Surnamed Shortmantel, the Emprefs Son, land- 
 ed iw England, and in his progrefs thro' the Country 
 took feveral Caftles, among which were Malmesbury, 
 TVallingford znAShretvsbury. But his Fury was quick- 
 ly appeafed by the Deith of Euji&ce King Stephens 
 Son, fo that the fole obftacle for his fucceeding to the 
 Crown, being now removed, he willingly concluded 
 a Peace with King Stephen, permiuing him to enjoy 
 the Crown peaceably for his life, upon Condition 
 . that himfelf was declared his Succeflbr. But King 
 Stephen did not long furvive this Treaty, and then 
 Henry Plantagenet, the Emprefs Son, was Crowned in 
 
 J 155. hisftead. Towards the beginning of King He«r/s 
 * reign, t{hys Gruffydh ap ^jys. King of South fVales, 
 
 upon apprehenlion that Offfen Gwynedh had railed an 
 Army for the Conquelt of South Wales, drew toge- 
 ther all his Strength, and marched to Aberdyfi to face 
 the Enemy upon their own Borders. But finding the 
 Rumor to be falfe, and that the Prince of Morth' 
 fVales had no liich Delign in band, having built a 
 Cattle at Abcrdyfi, which might defend the Frontiers 
 from any future Defign of his Country, he returned 
 back without arrcmpting any thing farther. At the 
 fame time, Madoc ap Meredith built a Cattle at Cue- 
 reneon near Cymer^ and then Eglmys Fair in Myfot^ 
 
The Htjlory of W ALES. 173 
 
 was founded. About this time alfo, Mejric Nephew 
 to Prince Madoc ap Meredith made his efcape out of 
 Prifon, wherein he had been detained by his Uncle 
 for a eonfiderable time. 
 
 The fame Year King Henry being difpleafed with 
 the Flemings whom his Predeceffor King Stephen had 
 brought over into England, ifTued out a Proclama- 
 tion, charging the greateft part of them to depart his 
 Dominions, and to rerire to their Country-men in 
 iVeJi'PValeSi where his Grandfather Henry the Firft 
 the Baftard's Son had planted them. And thus that 
 part of PVales called Pemhrok^-jhirey was over-run 
 with thefe Strangers, who being better befriended by 
 the Kings of England, than the J4^elch could well ex- 
 pert to be, made fure footing in that Country, where 
 they have ever fince continued firm. It was the En- 
 glijh Policy of ihofe times to accept of any oppor- 
 tunity to curb and keep under the Welch, wliom 
 they experienced to be none of the fafeft Neighbours , 
 and therefore the Kings of England did grant any 
 Lands and Priviledges in Wales to any that would 
 accept of them, which honeftly they had no Power 
 to b^ftow. 
 
 But this was not enough in detriment to the JVelch^ 115^. 
 for the Year following, King Henry raifed a very 
 great Army which he gathered from all parts of En- 
 gland, with purpofe to fubdue all North Wales, being 
 principally movisd hereto, by the inftigation of Cad* 
 watader the Prince's Brother, whom Owen Ctpynedhj 
 for what Reafons not known, deprived of his tlxare, 
 and baniflied the Country. Alfo Madoc ap Meredith 
 Prince of Pottris, who maligned the Liberty and Pri^ 
 viledge of the Princes of North-Wales, who owned 
 fubjedion to no other than the King of England^ 
 whereas thofe of Powis were obliged to do homage 
 to the Prince of North-tVales, did joyntly confent to 
 this Invitation. The King of England arcepiing of 
 their Propofals, led his Army to Wejl-Chejler. and 
 encamped upon the Marfli called Sahney, in Welch, 
 Morfa-Caer-Lleon. Prince Otten all this while u-as 
 not ignorant of this intended Invalion, and therefore 
 
 having 
 
174 ^^^ ^'i^'n of W ALES. 
 
 having made all poJible Preparations to confront il>e 
 Enemy, he marched his Army to the Frontiers of 
 England, and encamping at Baf.ngwerk^, refolved to 
 give the Eng'ijh Battel. King Henry underftanding 
 of the Prince's Kelolution, detached fome of the 
 chiefeft Troops out of the Main-body, under the 
 command of feveral Earls and other Lords, and 
 lent them towards the Prince's Camp. But after 
 they had advanced fome lirtle way, and were palling 
 thro' a Wood, called Cced-Eulo, David and Conan 
 Prince Omens Sons, unexpectedly fet upon them, and 
 what by the advantage of the Ground, and the fud- 
 denefs of the Adlion, the Engljh were born down 
 with a great Slaughter, and thole who furvived, nar- , 
 rowly elcaped to the King's Camp. This was a very 
 unwelcome beginning to King Henry ; but however, 
 in order toproiper better hereafter, he thought it ad- 
 vifable to decam.p from Saltney, and to rank his 
 Troops along the Sea Coaft, thinking thereby to gee 
 betwixt Prince Ofpen and his Country, which if he 
 could cfFedl, he was fure to reduce the H^elch to a 
 very great inconvcniency. But the -Prince fore- 
 feeing the Danger of this, retired with his Anr»y to 
 a place called Cil Owin, that is, Owens Retreat, 
 which when King Henry perceived, he let fall his De- 
 Lih, 1. fign, and cime to I{uthlan. IV. Parnus writes, that 
 Caj>. 5 . in this Expedition againlt the Welch, King Henry was 
 in great danger of his Life, in paffiog thro' a ftrait 
 at Counfylth near Flinty where Henry Earl of EJJex, 
 who by inheritance enjoyed the Office of bearing the 
 Standard of England, being over-charged by the 
 Enemy, caft down the fame and fled. This acci- 
 dent lb incouraged the PVekh, that they bore on ^q 
 violently, that the King himfelf narrowly efcaped, 
 having of his Party Euflace Ftt:i;^-John a.ad t{ob.Curcie, 
 two valiant Knights,together with feveral others of his 
 Nobility snd Gentry ilain in the Adion. 
 
 After this Prince Owen decamped from Cil Owen, 
 and intrenched himfelf upon Bryn y Pin^ where lit- 
 tle of moment paffed betwixt the two Armies, only 
 fome flight Skirmiihes happened frequently. King 
 
 Henrjf 
 
The Hijlcry 0/ W A L E S. \^l 
 
 Henry in the mean rime fortified the Caftle o(I{uthlan, 
 and during his ftay there, Madoe ap Meredith Prince 
 ■of Pctpts, failed with the Englifh Fleet ro Avglefey^ 
 and having put fome Men on iTioar, they burnt two 
 Churches, and ravaged part of the Country abour. 
 But they paid very dear for it, for all the Strength of 
 the Ifland being met together, they (tt upon them in 
 their return to their Shi{K, and cut them off in fuch'a 
 manner, that not one remained to bring Tidings to 
 the Fleet of what had befel them. But they on 
 Board quickly perceived what had happened, and 
 therefore thought it not very fafe harbouring upon 
 that Coaft, but judging it more advilable to weigh 
 Anchor, they prefently let Sail for Chefter ; when 
 they were arrived thither, they found that a Peace 
 was actually concluded betwixt King Henry and 
 Prince Owen upon tbefe Articles ; That Cadwalader 
 Ihouldhave all his Lands retlored to him, and he re- 
 ceived ro the Favour and Friendlhip of his Brother. 
 Then King Henry leaving the Caftles of ^iithlan and 
 Bafmgwerk^ well manned and fortified, and having 
 near the latter founded a Publick Strudlure for the 
 Order of Knights Templars, returned to England. 
 But the troubles of W^les did not end with him, for 
 lortverdb Goch ap Meredith who had taken part with 
 the King of England during this War, laid Siege to the 
 Caftle of Tale, which was built by Prince Otven, 
 and making himfelf Mailer of it, rafed it to the 
 ground. 
 
 The next Year commenced with a very unfortu- 1*57' 
 nate Adtion, Ifor ap Meyric having long before caft 
 a very wilhful Eye upon the Land and Eftate of 
 Morgan ab Owen, was now refolved to put in exe- 
 cution what he had before contrived ; and as Co- 
 veroufnefs feldom bears any regard to Vertue or 
 Honor, he treacheroufly fee upon him, and flew 
 him ; and with him fell Gurgan aj> I^lys, the moft 
 Famous Britijh Poet of his time. Morgans Eft:ate 
 Jfor beftowed upon his Brother lorwerth, who about 
 the fame time got allb polfeffion of the Town of 
 Caer-Lheon, But thefe inward and home-bread Di- 
 
 fturbanccs 
 
iy6 The Hiflory of VJ k L E S. 
 
 fturbances were quickly mitigared by a general Peace 
 which was prefently after this concluded betwixc 
 the King of England and all the Princes and Lords of 
 ffales, I{hys ab Gmffydh ap I^ys Prince of South- 
 iValei only excepted. For this Prince ^iyi, who 
 probably would not rely too far upon the King of 
 £n^/Ws Fidelity, refuted toconfent to a Peace j but 
 however, to fecure himfelf the beft he could from the 
 Unglijh, whom he had no fmall reafon to be afraid 
 of, he thought it his beft Prudence to ilTue out his 
 Orders, commanding his Subje(5ts to remove their 
 Cartel and other Effects to the Wildernefs oiHywyy 
 where they were like to remain fecureft from the 
 Eyes and reach of the Enemies. But he had not 
 continued there long, when he received a more po- 
 fitive Exprefs from King Uenry, commanding him 
 to appear forthwith at his Court, and to accept of 
 the Propofals of Peace, before the joynt Forces of £«- 
 ^and and iVales were fent to fetch him up. Prince 
 Bjjyi having received fuch a threatning MefTage, 
 thought it now high time to repent of what he had 
 afore fo raftily refolved upon, and therefore after long 
 Confultation, he judged it his wifeft way to accept of 
 the King's Propofals and to appear at Court. There it 
 was agreed upon,that t(^ys^vh.o{t Lands heretofore lay 
 fcattered about, and were intermixed with other Per- 
 fon's Eftate, flibuld enjoy CantrefMam, and any o- 
 ther Cantref which the King ftiould be pleafed to be- 
 ftow upon him. But contrary to this Article, the 
 King afijgned him feveral Lordftiips and other Lands 
 far remote from each other, and particularly inter- 
 mixed them with the Eftates of EnglfJh-men,v.'hom 
 he was fure would be a watch and a curb to all the 
 motions of Prince Bjjys. This was indeed a very po- 
 Ltick Contrivance ot King Henry to keep under the 
 high and reftlefs Spirit of Mys ; but the Juftice of 
 the Acftion does not fo evidently appear in breaking 
 one of the chiefeft Articles of the Peace, and chopping 
 and beitowing that which was not ju(Hy in his 
 Power to give. But 'tis manifeftly apparent that the 
 Englijh ot thefe times were mainly concerned right 
 
The Hipry cf'W A L £ S. 1^7 
 
 or wrong to opprefs and keep under the Welch of 
 ■Vvhofe mortal hatred to luhje':'lion thry had lb fre- 
 quently and fo auelly felt. Prince Jilyys was not it 
 all ignorant of thefe UTongfil and deceitful Deal- 
 ings of King Henrjf, but knowing himlelf to be un- 
 able to redrefs th^lc Grievances, he thought it more 
 advifable for a time to live quiedy with a little, than 
 ralhly to hazard all. But in a Jhort time, he had op- 
 portunity either to demand redrefs from the King, 
 or elfe to endeavour it himfclf by Force of Arms. 
 For as foon as Hpg^^ Earl of Clare was informed of 
 the ditlribution v/hich the King oiEnglar.d had grant- 
 ed to Prince ^ys, he came to King ^-enrj, requeft- 
 ing of his Majefty, that he would grant him fuch 
 Lands in IVales, as he could win by force of Arn:s, 
 The King readily complied with bis Kequeft, beirg 
 always very forward to grant any thing which feem- 
 ed to curb and difcommode the H'elch, and there- 
 fore the Earl of Clare marched with a great Anny 
 into Cardigan^ and having fortified the Caftles 6{ 
 TJirat'Meyric, Humphrey, Dyfi, Dynerth and Lhanrhy- 
 fiyd, he made feveral Incurlions into the Country, m 
 the fame manner, iValter Clyjford who was Gover- 
 nour of L^4n; W/^/)/ Catile, made in-roads into the 
 Territories of l-'rirce ^hys, and after he had flain fe- 
 veral of the' ?Velch, and made great wafte in the 
 Country, returned with confiderabie Booty. 
 
 Prince Hj:iys as he was unable to bear thefe oat- 
 rages, fo he was refblved either to have immediate 
 redrefs, or elfe to proclaim open War againft the £»^- 
 /;/fe, and therefore he fent an Exprefs to King Henry, 
 complaining of the Holtilities which his iubjedls the 
 Earl of Clare and Walter Clifford had committed in 
 in his Country. But finding the King to put him 
 ftill oflF with only fmooth Words and fair Promifes,- 
 and that he always winked at the Faults of the En- 
 glijh and Normafis, without any farther Confultation 
 aSout the Matter, he laid Siege to the Catile of Lhan- 
 ymdhyfri, and in fhort time made himfelf MaUer of 
 it. Alio Eineon the Son of Anaraitd, Rhys's Brother's 
 Son, and a Perfon of great Valor, being delirous to 
 
 N free 
 
17.8 The Hijiory < W A L E S. 
 
 free his Country from that miferable fervitude they 
 now groaned under, and judging withal that his Uncle 
 was now difcharged from the Oath he had lately^ 
 fwoi-n to the King of England, fat before the Caftle 
 of Humphrey, and having forcibly made his entrance 
 into it, he put all theGarrilon to the Sword, where 
 he found a great number of Horles and Armour, e- 
 r.ough to arm a conliderable Body of Men And 
 whilit Eineon was thus engaged at Humphrey s CaiUe, 
 Prince I{hyi perceiving that he could not enjoy any 
 part of his Inheritance but what he afterwards got 
 by the Sword, drew all his Power together and en- 
 tred Cardigan, where like a molt violent I'orrent, he 
 over-run the Country, that he left not one Caltle 
 ftanding of thole which his Enemies had fortified, 
 . and fo brought all the Country to his fubje^fliop. 
 King Henry being lore offended at the progrefs which 
 Prince I^ys (o luddenly made againil him, returned 
 with a great Army into South-VVaies^ but finding it to, 
 no purpofe to attempt any thi: g againft the Prince, 
 bethought it ipore advifable to permit him -to enjoy; 
 all that he had gotten, and only to take Hoftages for 
 his obferving of Peace during his abfence out of the 
 Kingdom, which Prince i^^/j - promiling to do, he 
 forthwith returned to England, and foon after went 
 for Normandy J v.here he cor eluded a Peace with the 
 French King. 
 1158, But the Year following. Prince ^hys of South-Pf^ales 
 withou- any refpedl 10 his promiie to King Hejiry laft 
 Year, led his Forces to Dyfed, and deliroyed all the 
 Caftles that the Normans bad fortihed in that Coun- 
 try, and then laid Siege to Caermardhyn. But ^ynold 
 Earl of Brtftel, the King's bafe Son, being informed 
 of it, .called together the Earl of Clare, his Bro- 
 ther- in- Law Cadtpalader, Prince Omn of North- 
 Tf^aks's Brother, Houfel and Co},an Oweni Sons, with 
 two Earls more, who with their pynt Forces march- 
 ed to raife the Siege. But Prince ^hys was wiler 
 than to abide their coming, and therefore upon the 
 firlt intimation of fuch great Opcoiition, he retired to 
 - the Mountains called Cefn I^Jierj and there en- 
 
 eampect 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. 1 79 
 
 campeLl, being fuffidently fecure from any Enemy, 
 * by the natural Fortification of the place. The Con-, 
 federate Ariny lay at Dynwylh'ir ; and there built a 
 Callle, but finding no news or ridings of Prince Bj^ys, 
 they returned Hodc without effeiling any thing of 
 Note. King Henry was itill in Normandy, and there 
 made Wai' againft the Earl of St. Gi'es^ for the Gity 
 and Earldoin of T/joWy^. 
 
 Towards the beginning of this Year, Madoc ap 
 Meredith ap Slcthjti Prince of Powis died at H'^in- 
 c6^7^e>- wh-'nce his B ydy was honourably conveyed 
 to Potvis, and buried at Mjfod. He was a PritKe 
 very puch affedted to Piety and Religion, very cha- 
 ritable to the necellitouS, and good to the diiti-efled ; 
 but his great Fault was, that he ficklcd too hard for 
 the Intereit of the Etiglijh^ and was always in Confe- 
 deracy with King He?i>y agaial!: the good Succefs of 
 his Native Country. He had Iffue by his Wife Su- 
 fanna the Daughter of Gniffydh ap Conan Prince of 
 N5r^/?-^^/fj, three Sons, Grujfydb M.iy!or, Owen and 
 £//j, and a Daughter named Marred. He had alfb 
 three natural Sens, Omen Brogymon, Cyntvric Efelb^ 
 and Eineon Efelh. who tho' bafe boi n, yet according . 
 to the Cuitorn oiWales, co-inherited wicb their Bre- 
 thren who were legitimate. 
 
 And here it will not be amifs, once for all, to give 
 a particular account of the Principality, afterwards 
 the Lordihips of Potvis , how it came to be di- 
 vided into . many fhares and portions, and by that 
 means became fo irrecoverably broken and weaken- 
 ed, that it was made fnbjcCl: to the Kormam before 
 the vexxoi Wales. For Poiois before King Off a'?, time, 
 reached Ealtward to the Rivers of Severn and Dee, 
 in a right Line from the end of Broxen HiUs to Salop, 
 and comprehended all the Country between the ^ye 
 and Severn, which was antiently the Eflate of Broc^- 
 U>el Tfc:thoCy of whom mention is m?.de before. 
 But after the making of Offa'?. dike, PotPts was con- 
 tracted into a narrower compafs, the plain Country 
 toVt/ard Salop being inhabited by Sdxons and Normatis, - 
 io shas the ler^tb' of it reached North- Ealt, from - 
 
 N X JPuiford- 
 
l8o The Hiflory cfWhLES. 
 
 Pulford-BnSge to Lhangmc'V&r'i[h on the Confines 
 ofCardigan-fhive, to the South- Weft, and the breadth 
 from the fartheft part of Cyfeilioc Weftward, to Elf- 
 mere on the Eaft-iide. This Principah'ty, I^deric the 
 Great gave lo his youngeft Son Merfyn, in whofe Po- 
 fterity it remained intire, till the death of Blethyn ap 
 ConfjKy who tho' he had divided it betwixt his Sons 
 Meredith and Cadwgnn ; yet it came again whole and 
 intire to the polleiiion c^ Meredith ap Blethjn, But 
 he again broke the Union, and left it between his 
 two Sons Madatvc and Gruffydh j the firit of which 
 was Married to Sufanna. the Daughter of Gruffydh 
 ap Conan Prince of 'North-Wales^ and had with her 
 that part, afterward called by his Name, Pottns Fadoc. 
 After his death, this Lordfhip was divided alfo be- 
 twixt his Sons Gruffydh Maelor, Otoen ap Madatvc^ and 
 Owen Brogyntcn, which Jait. tho' bafely born, had 
 however, for his incomparable Valour and Ccfurage, 
 a fhare of his Father's Eltate, namely, Edeymeon and 
 Diwvael, which he left to his Sons Gruffydh, Blethyn 
 and lortverth. Owen Madatvc had to his Portion Me- 
 chain-h-Coed. and had Iffue Lhewelyn and Ott>en Fy- 
 than. But Gruffydh Maelor the eldeft Son, Lord of 
 Bromfield, had to his part, both the Maelors with Moch- 
 nant-is-l{aydar, and married Angharad the Daughter 
 of Otven Gwynedh Prince of North-fVales, by whom 
 be had llTue one Son named Madawc^who held his Fa- 
 ther's inheritance in irely, and left it fo to his only 
 Son Gruffydh, who was called Lord of Dinas Br-in, 
 becaufe he lived in rhit Calile : He married Emma 
 the Daughter James Lord Audley, by whom he had 
 Iflue MadafPc, Lhttve'yn, Gruffydh and OiPen. This 
 Gr.ffydh ap Madatvc took part with King Henry the 
 Third, and Edward the Firil againft the Prince of 
 Kortl^-PVales; and therefore for fear of thefaid Prince, 
 he was forced ro keep himfelf fecure within his Ca- 
 Itle of Dtnas Bran, which being fituated upon the 
 fummity of a very lleep Hill, Teemed impregnable to 
 all the daring Efforts, that could be t}f?d sgainlt it. 
 After his death, Edward the tirit dealt very unkind- 
 ly with bis Children *ho were of AgQ to manage 
 
 their 
 
The Hiffory cf W ALES, i8i 
 
 their own Concerns ; and making two of them pri- 
 vately away, beftowed the Wardihip oiMadoc his cl- 
 deit Son, who had by his Father's Will, the Lordfliips 
 of Bromfield and Tde^ with the reverfion of Maelor 
 SaefnecMopcJdale zndMouldfdale.hisMoxh^v's Joynture, 
 on Jchn Earl H'urren j and the Wardfhip oi Lhewelyn^ 
 to whofe ftiare fell the Lordlhips of Cbirk^ and Nm2- 
 heudipy, to Hpger Mortimer, third Son to Bpger Morti- 
 mer the Son of I{alph Mortimer, Lord Mortimer of 
 M^gmor. But Emma Gruffydh\ Wife, having in her 
 polieffion for her Dowry, Maelor Saefncc-y Hope/dale^ 
 and Moulfdale. with the prefentation of Bangor Re- 
 tSlory ; and feeing two of her Sons dilinherited and 
 done away, and the fourth dead without IlTue, and 
 doubting left Gritffydh her only furviving Child 
 could not long continue, fhe conveyed her hftate to 
 the Audleys, her own Kin, who getting pofleflion 
 of it took the fame from the King, from whom it 
 came to the Hcufeof Deriyt where it continued for 
 a long tinriC; till at length it was fold to Sir John Glyme, 
 Serjeant at Law, in whofe Family it ftill remaineth- 
 But Earl iVarren and t(oger Mortimer, forgetting what 
 fignal Service Gruffydh ap Madoc had performed for 
 the King, guarded their new Polfeffions with fuch 
 caution and ftridnefs, that they took efpecial care 
 they fhould never return to any of the Pofteriiy of 
 the legal Proprietor ; and therefore having obumed 
 the King's Patent, they began to fecure themfelves 
 in the faid Lordfhips. John Earl Warren began to 
 build i/o/^Caftle, which was finilhed by his Son 
 Wtlliamj and fo the Lordihips of Bromfield and Tale 
 continued in the name of the Earls offVarren for three 
 Defcents, vi:(. John, tf^tlliam and John, who dying 
 without Iflue j the faid Lordlhips, together with the 
 Earldom of iVarren defcended to Alice Sifter and 
 Heir to the laft John Earl Warren, who was married 
 to EdmondVit:{ Alan Earl oi Arundel, in which Houfe 
 they remained for three Defcents, namely Edmund^ 
 {{icbifrd, t^chard his Son, and Thomas Earl of A- 
 rundd. But tor want of IlTue to this laft, Thomas 
 £arl of Arundel and Warren^ the faid Lordfhips fell 
 
 N 3 to 
 
l8i the Hijlory of W ALES. 
 
 to two of his Sifters, whereof one named ^Elt^abeth, 
 was married ro Thomas Mowbraj Duke of Norfo\^ 
 and the other called Joan, ro fVtllia/n Bauchump 
 Lord of Abergavenny : But fince they came to ' the 
 Hands of Sir tViUtam Stanley Knighr, who being 
 attainted of High Treaion, they devolved by for- 
 feiture to the Crown, and now are annexed to the 
 Principality oiTVales. But B^ger Mortimer the other 
 Iharer in the Lands of Grujfydh ap Madoc, wj<: made 
 juUice of North-lVales, built the Ca-lle cf Chirkii 
 and married Lucia the Daughter and Heir of Sir 
 Robert de Wafre Knight, by whom he had Iffue 
 ^ger Mortimer^ Who was married to '^OAn Turbervill, 
 by whom he had John Mortirr.er Lord of Chvl^e. 
 This John fold the Lordlhip of Chirkf to B^chard 
 Vit:{alan Ezv\ oi Arundel, Edrnwid's Son, and foitwas 
 again annexed to Browj/jff/c/ and T^/ff. ' '' 
 
 The third Son of Gruffydh Lord cf Dinas Ba'», 
 named alfo Grujfydh, had for his part Glyn Dwri. 
 dwj, which Grujfydh ap Grujfydh had Iflue Madoc 
 Crupl, who was the Father of Madoc Fychan, the 
 Father ot Grujjydh, the Father of Gruffydh Fychan^, 
 who was the Father of Owen Glyndtvr, wlio rebel- 
 ling in the days of Henry the Fourth, Glyndwrdwy by 
 confilcarion came to the King, of whom ic was afrer*- 
 wards purchafed by Robert Salisbury oi Rug, in whof^ 
 Family it liill remaineth Owen the Fourth Son of 
 Gnffydh Lord of Dinas Bran, had for his Ihare Cyn- 
 Ihaeth with the Rights and Priviledges thereunto be^ 
 longing. The other part ofPowys, comprehending the 
 Countries of Arujily, Cyfeilioc, Lhannerch-hudol, Caere- 
 neon, Mcchnach uwch B^yadr, Mechan uwch Coedt 
 Moudhwy, Deudhmr, Tjirad Marchelh, and Teir Trefj 
 or the three Towns, rightfully defcended lo Gruffydh 
 ap Meredith ap Blethyn, by Henry the fir it created 
 Lord Powys who married Gweyrjlox Weyryl tlfe Daugh- 
 ter of Vrgene ap Howel ap lefaf ap Cadogan ap Ath'.e- 
 jlanGlodrytb, by whom he had lUlie Owen Surnamed 
 Cyfeilioc. This Owen enjoyed his Father's Eftate in- 
 tire, and married G^enlhiam the Daughter of Owcn 
 Gttynedh Prince of Nmb-^alesj who bore him one 
 
 Son, 
 
The Hljlory c/ W A L E S. 183 
 
 Son, nimed GwenwyrnvynoxWenwynwyn, from whom 
 that pare of Powys was afterwards called Powys 
 Wenwynttyn He had moreover a bafe Brother,* 
 called CafwnHjon , upon whocn he beltowed the ■ 
 Countries d Stvdh Lhannerch Htidot, and Brant' 
 arth. Gwena^ynivyn {ncce^AcA his Father in all his 
 Ettate. faving ■ what Cafvalhon en^)yed, and mar- 
 ried Marga et the Daughter of I^jys (if Theodor 
 Prince of South Wales, by whom he hia' Grujfydh 
 op Grenuynuyn. who fucceeding his t'acher n all-i 
 his Pofle.lions, had Iflue dyi Sons, by Margaret 
 the Daughter o'i ^bert Corbet, Brother to Thomas ' 
 Lord Corbet of Cous } and fo the intire Ettate of 
 Gruffydh ap Meredith ap Blethyn Lord of Po^ys^ 
 became (battered , and torn into divers Pieces. ' 
 Oipen, JGruffydh ap Gwen'pyntvyns eldelt Son, had 
 for his part Amfily, Cyfeilioc, Lhannerch Hudol, and 
 a part of Caer^eon-y Vhetvelyn h^d. Mo:bn.int tin\h 
 B^yadr and Mechiin uWch Coed ; John the third Son, 
 had the fou'-th part of C^rerenion^ iViHiam had • 
 MoiidhTy • Gruffydh Fychiti had Deudhrr T/lrat- 
 Marchelh, and-jjeir, Tref; and IXivid the fixth 
 and ybungeil Son, had the other fottrtfa part, of ' 
 Caereneon. -. Oven ap. Gruffydh had' Ifiue one only 
 Daughter, namcd^Haipys Gadarn, or the ■ FJarely, • 
 whom- he left his HeiL'. ; : but her Li^ncles Lhepe^ < 
 lyn^ John, Gruffydh tychan, and David, thinking it '■ 
 anr eafy matter to dilpoHsls an Orpbiaji. challenged 
 the Lands of their Brother Oven, alledging for a 
 Cloak to j.heir l>rnVpation , that aWoonan was 
 nor capable of holding any Lands in that Coun- 
 try. . But Hapys: made luch Friends- in England, ■ 
 thaf her Cafe was made known to King Edward 
 the Second, who bellowed her in Marriage upon 
 a Servant of his. named John Charleton, termed 
 Valerius Domini Regis ■, who was born at ^fpley 
 neajf TVellington; in the County of Salop, /Inno One 
 Thouiand Two Hundred Sixty Eight, and in her 
 Right, created him Lord Po:pys. 
 
 N4 This 
 
ig4 '^he Hiftcry */ W A L E S. 
 
 This John Charleton Lord Powys^ being aided and 
 fupported by the King of Englandj quickly broke all 
 their Meafuresj and having taken Lhewelyn, John, 
 and David, his Wives Uncles , he put them in fafe 
 cuftody, in the Kings Caftle of Harlech 5 and then 
 obtained d Writ from the King to the Sheriff of 5^w;^ 
 Jhire, and to Sir Hcg^^ Mortimer, Lord o{ Cbir Inland, 
 and Juftice of 'North-J^Vaks, for the Apprehenfion of 
 Gruffydh Fychan, with his Sons in Law, Sir ^ger 
 Chamber and Hugh Montgomery^ who were then in 
 actual Hofiility againft him and his Wife Hawys, 
 But Gri0dh Fychan and hfc Accomplices fufpeding: 
 their own Strength/ and having \oi\ Thomas Earl ofi 
 Lancajier, their main fupport, thought it moll advi-r- 
 fable to fubmit themfelves to the King's Pleafure,; 
 touching the Difference betwixt them and Hatt>ys j 
 who finding upon record, how that Gruffydh ap Me- 
 redith, Anceflor to the faid Hattfys^ upon his Submif- 
 iion to King Henry the Firft, became Subjed to the 
 King of England, and thereupon was created Baron . 
 of Powys, which Baronv he and his Pofterity had ever 
 lince held in ca-pite from the King ; was of opinion, I 
 that Hatvys had more Right to her Fathers PofTef-.i 
 fions now in their hands, than any pretence they* 
 could lay to her Eftate. But to make a final deter- 
 mination of this matter, and to compofe the Diflfe-r 
 rence more amicably betwixt them j it was agreed, \ 
 that Hawys fhould enjoy her Inheritance in Fee-Sim-^ 
 pie to her and her Heirs for ever, after the Tenure of - 
 England ; and that her Uncles Lhewelyn, John, Da- 
 vtd, and Grujfydhy fliould quietly enjoy their Por- 
 tion, and the fame to defcend to their Heir Males 
 perpetually ; but in default of fuch Heir Males, the • 
 fame was to defcend to Hatvys and her Heirs. But 
 William Lord of Momdhtfy, the Fourth Brother,£ 
 palled ocherwife Wilcocl^Mott^dhwy, becaufe he did^l 
 not joyn with the rell againft Hawys, had all his 
 Lands coofirmed to him, and to all his Heirs, both 
 Male and Female for ever. He married Elianor, the 
 Sifter of Blen, Owen Glyndwr% ykithei ^who was 
 Jioeally defcended from B^ys ap Theodore'^ Prince of 
 j^ Soutk- 
 
 
The Uifiory 0/ W A L E S. 1H5J 
 
 South-Pf^ales, by whom he had IfTue John de Mowdhwyi 
 whofe Daughter Eli-{abethy being Heir to his whole 
 Eftate, was married to one Sir Hugh Burgh, Knight. 
 His Son Sir John Burgh, Lord of Mowdbwy, married 
 Jane the Daughter of Sir William Clapton oiGlocefier' 
 Jhire, by whom he had four Daughters^ Eli:(abeth, An- 
 creda, Ifabel, and Elianor j the firft of whom was 
 married to Thomas Kewfort , the fecond to John 
 Leighton o^Stretton 5 the third to John Lingen ; and the 
 younger to Tbo. Mytton ; who by equal Diftribuiion, 
 had the Lordfhip of Mowjhwy divided betwixt them. 
 But John Charkton Lord of Powys had IfTue by 
 his Wife Hawys, a Son named John, who enjoyed 
 the fame Lordftiip for about Seven Years, and then 
 left it to his Son , of the fame Name, who was 
 Lord of Powys Fourteen Years ; and then it defcen- 
 ded to his Son, called alfo John Charletm, who en- 
 joyed his Fathers Eftate Twenty Seven Years ; but 
 dyin^ without Iflue, the Lordftip oi Powys fell to 
 his Brother Edward Charleton. This Edward had If- 
 fue by his Wife Elianor^ the Daughter and one of 
 the Heirs of Tbcmas Earl of JQnt, and tlie Widow 
 of I^oger Mortimer Earl of March, two Daughters, 
 Jane and Joyce ; the firft of which was married to 
 Sir John Gray, Knight j and the fecond to Joht Lord 
 Tiftoft, whofe Son was by King Henry VL created 
 Earl of fVorcefter. But after the death of EUanor, 
 this Edward Lord Powys marryed Eli:{aheth the DaUc^h- 
 ter of Sir JohnBarkley, Knight j and lo aftdr his death, 
 which happened in the Year 1420. the Lordfhip of 
 Powys was divided into three parts, whereof his Wi- 
 dow Eli:{abeth had for her Joynture Lhannercb Hu- 
 dolf Tftrad Marchelh, Deudhwr, and Teirtref; and was 
 afterwards married to Lord Dudley, j''*"^ his cldeft 
 - Daug^hter had Caereneon, Mecbain , Mochnant, and 
 Plafdinas ; and Joyce had Cyfeilioc, and Aruftly, But 
 the Lord(hip of pW>i continued in the Family of 
 Sir John Gray, for five Dcfcents, in right of his Wife 
 Jane : the laft of whom, Edward Gray, Lord Potvysy 
 married Anne, one of the Daughters and Co-Heirs 
 of Charles Brandon^ Duke of Suffolk^ and dyed with- 
 out 
 
l86 The Hipry cfWALES 
 
 Dugdale out any lawful Iflue. This Edward Lord Poipys^ in 
 Bar.Engl. 1 5 Henry VIII. accompanied the Duke of Suffofk^ in 
 Tora. II, the Expedition then made into France^ and was ati 
 p. 184, the taking of Bray, and other places then won frorat 
 the French. And in 36 Henry VIII. b;ing again rea^". 
 dy to march in the King's Service, he made his la^\ 
 Teftament, whereby he Tetled the Succertion of his 
 whole Barony and Lordfliip of Powys, his Caftie and: 
 Mannor of Poo/, with divers other Lordrtiips in the^^ 
 County of Montgomery, and all the reft of his Eftate/ 
 in the County of Salop, upon the Heirs of his ow»i 
 Body lawfully begotten, or to be begorten ; and in 
 default of fuch Iflue, his Caftie and Mannor oiCbarU- 
 ton and Pontisbury in Shropjhire ,i upon Jane Orwell j ' 
 Daughter of Sir Lewis Orwell^ Knight, and her Af- - 
 figns, during hcrnatural Life. And in cafe he Ihould - 
 dye without any IlTue of his owa JBody lawfully be-^- 
 gotten, that then Edward Grey, liis illegitimate Son i 
 by the fame Jane Orwell, ihould have and enjoy his > 
 faid Barony and Mannor oi Powys, his Caftie and ' 
 Mannor of Pool , and all other his Lordlbips in the 
 County of Montgomery j with the Reverfion of rht j 
 Caftie and Mannor of Charlton and Pontyshury, to .' 
 him. and his Heirs lawfully begotten : an^ for lack 
 of fiich IfluCi, to remain to that Child , in cafe it • 
 fliould be a Son , wherewith the fame Jane OrweltK 
 was then great by him, and to the Heirs of his Bo- 
 dy lawfully begotten. But if it ihould not prove a •' 
 Son, or if the Son dye without Iffue, then that the-j* 
 whole Barony of Pow^s and all the Premifes before- 
 mentioned, ihould come to Jane Grey his Daughter, 
 and to the Heirs of her Body lawfully begotten • and - 
 for lack of fuch Iflue, to Anne Grey; his other Daugh- 
 ter, and the Heirs of her Body lawfully begotten ; - 
 and laftly for default of fuch Iflue, to fuch Woman- 
 Child as fliould be born of the Body of the faid Jane ' 
 Orwell. But after Edward Grey, the Title of Lord 
 of Powyt lay extinct to the Fifth Year of llCharles I. 
 when Sir WiUiam Herbert Son of Sir Edward Herbert 
 of Redcafile Cantiently call'd /*oo/-CaftIe, now Powys" ■ 
 Caftie) in the County of Montgomery, fecond Son to - 
 
 William . 
 
The Hijiory of W ALES. 187 
 
 ffiHiam Earl of Pembrockt was advanced to the 
 Dignity of a Baron of the Realm , by the Title of 
 Lord Powys of Pcwyj, in the Marches of fVaUs -, in 
 whofc Family it mil conrinues , though the Title 
 has been changed f:ora a Baron to an Ear J, and fince 
 to a Marquels, 
 
 About the C^me time that the Prince of Powys dyed, 
 Q,adwAihon ap Madatpc ap Ednerth , who had been 
 for (ome confiderable time at variance with his Bro- 
 ther Etneon Cjd^ was taken Prifoner by him ; who 
 delivet'd him up to Otvm Prince of 'NorthfVales. 
 But the Prince being willing to gratifie the King of 
 England^ whole Intereft Cadtvalhon h<is as much as in 
 him lay oppofed, lent him to the King's Officers to 
 be imprifoned at l^Vinchejier ; from whence he quick- - 
 ly found a way to elcape : And by the advice of the 
 reft of his Brethren, he returned home to his Coun- 
 try. King Henry continued all this while in Nor- 
 mandy, and duiing his fxay there, a Match was con- 
 cluded upon betwixt his Son Henr^ and Margaret 
 Daughter to Lewis K\ng oi France. But this iiew 
 alliance could not prevent thefe two Monaj-chs from ^ ^' 
 falling ac variance with each other, which happened *'^°« 
 the Year followijig j and thereupon King Henry mar- 
 ched with his Army to Gafcoyne, to quell certain Re- 
 bels , who upon tiilt notice of this Breach between 
 both Kings, were up m Arms agaiqft. the Ew^///?7. 
 But the next Year, a Peace was again concluded, 
 and lo all things returned to their former ftate of ii^i. 
 Amity and Quietnefs. But it was not fo in /^/ej ; 
 for Hmel the Son of levaf ap Cadwgan ap Athlejilan 
 Glodryth, having got to his hand the Caltle of PVal- 
 wern in Cyfeilioc, rafed it to the ground, which lo 
 incenfed Prince Owen, who was Owner of it, that 
 nothing could lay his fury, till he had drawn his For- 
 ces together, and made an incurfion into Lhandhinam 
 in Aruftly, HowePs Country ; which he cruelly har- 
 rafled, and carried away confiderable Booty. The 
 Ptople of the Countfy perceiving thefe Devaftations 
 of the North-TVales Men, came together to the num- 
 l^r of 300 Men, offering their Service to their na- 
 tural 
 
A.D. 
 
 iS8 The Hiftory p/ W A L E S. 
 
 tural Lord, Hctcel ap lefaf\ who upon this addi- 
 tion of ftrength, followed the Enemy to the Banks 
 of Severn, where they were encamped. Prince Oofen 
 finding them to march after him, was glad of the 
 opportunity to be further revenged upon Hottfel ; and 
 fo turning fuddenly upon them, he flew about Two 
 Hundred Men 5 the reft narrowly efcaping with Hott>el 
 to the Woods and Rocks. Omen being more joyful 
 for the Revenge he had taken of Howel, than for 
 any Victory he had gained, rebuilt JVa'.tvern Caftle, 
 and having well fortified and mann'd it, returned home 
 to KorthiValcs. 
 
 The Year following , the like thing happened ; 
 Owen the Son of Gniffydh ap Meredithy commonly 
 called Omen Cyfeilioc Wjneah^ together with Owen 
 aj> Madawc ap Meredith, and Meredith ap Howel, fee 
 upon Carrechofa Caftle near Ofweflry , and having 
 over-power'd the Garifon, committed great Wafte 
 and Deftruction therein. But about the lame time, 
 a pleafant paffage happened in England ; B^hert Mount- 
 ford zw^ Henry de EJJex, who had both fought againft 
 the H^elch upon the Marches, and both run, began 
 now to impeach each other, as being the firfl occa- 
 fion of flying. The Difpute was to be tryed by 
 Combat, in which being engaged, Henry was over- 
 come J and for his falfe accufing of I^hert, he was 
 fentenced to have his Eftate forfeited, and then ha- 
 ving his Crown (horn , he was entered a Monk at 
 Redding. Within a little after. King Henry calling 
 to mind what Prince I^hys had committed during his 
 abfence out of the Kingdom, drew up a great Army 
 againft South- t^ales , and having marched as far as 
 Pencadyr near Brecknock.'^ Rhys met him, and did his 
 Homage; and having delivered up Hoftages for his 
 future Behaviour, ftopp'd the King's farther progrefs,^ 
 fo that thence he returned to England. But after^ 
 the King's dcpaiture , two very unlucky Accidents, 
 happened in iValeSy Eineon the Son of Anarawd apf, 
 Grujfydhy Nephew to Prince [{hys, being villainoufly 
 murthered in his Bed by his own Servant, called^ 
 Walter ap Lhy watch 5 as aUb Cadwgan ap Meredith 
 
 in 
 
Tke Hijlory <)/ W A L E S. 189 
 
 in like manner, by one Walter af ^iccart. But the 
 lofs of hi$ Nephew, Prince ^hys made up, by poffef- 
 (ing himfelf of that large Country called Cantref 
 Mawr, and the Land of Djnefowr, which he after- 
 wards enjoyed. Of men of Learnino there dyed this 
 Year, Cadifor ap Daniel, Archdeacon of Cardigan ; 
 and Henrj ap Anhen, the greateft Scholar that had 
 fiourifhed in Wales for many Years. 
 
 The next Year , a total Rupture broke forth be- ^' 'y 
 twixt the Englijh and PVelch ; Prince Rhys, a Man i ^ ° 3* 
 of an adive and uncontroulable Spirit , being now 
 experimentally fenfible he could never carry on the 
 Greatnefs and Grandeur of his Quality, with fuch 
 Lands as the King of England had allotted him, 
 made an Invafion into the Lordftip of ^ger de Acre 
 Earl of Glocefter ; being moved thereto in a great 
 meafure, by realon that his Nephew Anarawd ap Gruf- 
 fydh was murthered by his motive and inftigation. 
 Being advanced with a ftrong Army into the Earl of 
 Glocefter i Eftate , without any great oppolirion he 
 took Aberheidol Caflle , with thofe belonging to the 
 Sons of PVybyaon; all which he raled to the ground. 
 Thence he marched to Cardigan , bringing all that 
 Country under his fubjedion j and from thence he 
 marched againft the Flemings, Vvrhofe Country he 
 cruelly harafled with Fire and Sword. The reft of 
 the Eftates o^PValeSy perceiving Prince ^hys to prof- 
 per fo fuccefsfully againft the Englijh , thought they 
 might equally fucceed, and Ihake oft the Englijh Yoke, 
 which fo unreafonably opprelfed them. Arid there- 
 fore they unaniraoufly agreed to caft ofif their Subje- 
 ftion to the Englijh, whofe Tyranny they could no 
 longer bear, and to put over them Princes of their 
 own Nation, whofe Superiority they could better to- 
 lerate. And fo this Year concluded with making 
 fuitable Preparations for the following Campaign. 
 
 And therefore as foon as the time of year for adlion 1 1 ^4^ 
 was advanced, David Sen of Owen Prince of North- 
 Wales fell upon Flint/hire, which pertained to the 
 King o{ England; and carrying off all the People and 
 Cattel with him,brought them toDyffrynCla^yd, other- 
 wife 
 
f 5rp The mficry of W A L E ^, 
 
 wife ^uthyn Land. King Henry underftanding this, 
 gathered together his Forces, and wiih all Ipeed mar- 
 ched to defend both his SjbjeCls and io'vns from the 
 Incurfions and Depredations of the f^elch. Being 
 come to I^uthlan, and encamped chere three days, he 
 quickly perceived he could do no great matter, by rea- 
 lon that his Army was nOt lulficiently numerous j 
 and therefore he thought it moie advifable to return 
 back to England, and to augment his Forces, before 
 he fliould attempt any thing ag^ainit the PVelch. And 
 accordingly he levied the molt chofen Men throughout 
 all h:s Dominions o( England, Norm ndy, Anjou. Gaf- 
 coin and Greien; befides thole Succours from Flanders 
 and Britain ; and then fet forward for Noyfh-fVales, 
 purpofing to deftroy without Mercy every hving thing 
 he could poflibly meet with j and being advanced as 
 far as Croes-Ofwalt, called Oftvcjlry, he incamped there. 
 On the other iide. Prince Ow:n and his Brother Cad». 
 waUder^ with all the Itrength of Nor?^-^^/t'j ; Prince 
 ^ys with thofe of South-tVales j Owen Cyfeihoc and 
 Madawc ap Meredith with all the Power of Potpys j 
 the two Sons of Madatve ap Ednerth with the Peo-' 
 pie living betwixt the Rivers of Severn and ^e,' 
 met together, and pitched their Camp at Cortven 
 in Edeymeon, iniending unanimoufly to defend their' 
 Country againft the King of England. King Henry 
 underftanding that they were lo n^ar , was very 
 defirous to come to Battel ; and to that end he 
 removed to the Banks of the River CeireoCj cau/ing 
 all the Woods thereabouts to be cut down, for fear 
 of any Ambufhment lurking therein,. and for a more 
 clear profpe(S of the Enemy. But fome of the tVelch 
 took advantage of this opportunity, who being well 
 acquainted with the Paflage, without the knowledg 
 of their Officers, fell upon the King's Guard, where 
 all the Pike-men were polled ; and after a hot Skir- 
 mirti, feveral were flain on both fides. But in fine, 
 the King wan the paflage, and fo msrched on to the 
 Mountain o^ Bertpyn, where he lay fometime without 
 any Hoftility on either fide, both Armies ftanding in 
 tear of each other. The EngUJio kept the open Plains. 
 
 and 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. 191 
 
 and were afraid to be entrapp'd in the Streights and 
 narrow Paflages ; and the fVelcb on the other hand 
 watched the Advantage of the place , and obferved 
 the EngUjh fo narrowly, that neither Forage or Vi- 
 duals could pals to the King's Camp. And what 
 augmented the mifery of the Englipo Army, there 
 happened to fall fuch a Rain, that mightily dil^urbed 
 their Encampment, in lo much that the Soldiers could 
 fcarcely Itand, for the difadvantage of rhofe flippery 
 Hills. But in the end King Henry was forced to de- 
 camp, and after a very conliderable lofs of Men and - 
 Ammupiticn, befides the great Charges of this Expe- 
 dition, wascompell'd to return back to England.. But 
 to exprefs the great dilfatisfaction he enrertamed of 
 this' Enterprize, in a great fury he plucked cut the 
 Eyes of the Hoftages, which he had fome time afore 
 received from the Welch j which were Bjjys and Cad- 
 walhon the Sons of Owen Prince of North-fVales, and 
 Cynric ^nd. Meredith the Sons of I{hjs ot South-Wales, 
 Some write, that in aflailing cf a Bndg, the King was 
 in no fmall danger of h'S Life ; one of the Welch ha- 
 ving aimed diredly at him , was like to pierce hira 
 through the Body, had not Hubert de Clars^ Con liable 
 of Colchejier, who perceived the Arrow a coming, 
 thruft hirafeH betwixt the King and it, though to the 
 lofs of his own Life. 
 
 But though King Henry was fliamefully forced to 
 return to England, yet he did not give over the thoughts 
 of fubduing the Welch ; and therefore after a long 
 Confultation, he made a third Expedition into Wales, 
 conveying his Army by Sea, as far as Chejler, There 
 he flaid for fome time, till all his Fleet, as well thcfe 
 Ships that he had hired out of Ireland, as his own, 
 were all arrived. But when they <vere all come to- 
 gether, and got fafely to Chejler, his mind was alter- 
 ed ; and inftead of a delign againfr Waies^ he unex- 
 pectedly difmifled his whole Army. Prince B,hys was 
 glad of this opportunity, and therefore withdiawing 
 his Forces from the Confederate Army , he marched 
 to the Siege oi AberteifiQ3.\i\e, which be'ng furren- • 
 dred to him, he rafed to the ground, Fiom thence 
 
 he 
 
1^2 The Hiflory c/ W A L E S.- 
 
 he got before Ci/genan, which he ufed after the fame 
 manner, and therein took Prifcner Robert the Son of 
 Stephen his Cofin-German, who was rhe Son ot Neji 
 his Aunt, who after the death of Gerald, had married 
 Stephen ConHable. The joy of thefe happy Succefles 
 on the part of the ff^elch, was fomewhat clouded by 
 the death of Lbewelyn, Son of Owen Prince o(North- 
 fVales, a Perfon of great Worth, and exceedingly 
 ■g 2j well beloved of all his Country. 
 * X * And now the 0^elch being fomething fecure from 
 any Invafion from the Englijh; there rofe up another 
 Enemy to create them Difturbance j the Flemings 
 and Normans finding the Englijh to fail in their Ac- 
 tempt againft the PVelch^ thought they might \vith 
 better fuccefs quell and fubduethem. And therefore 
 they came to PVefi-PVales with a great Army, and 
 laid fiege to the Caftie of Cilgerran, which Rhys had 
 lately fortified ; but after two different Affauks, they 
 were manfully beat back, and forced to depart home 
 again. But what the Flemings could not effect sgainft 
 the M''elch in South-J4^ales , the TVelch eafily brought 
 about againft the Englijh in Korth-Wales ; for Prince 
 0«»eM having befieged £<{/zw?«rffr/j^ Caftie, then in the 
 pofleflion of the King of England , without much 
 time [pent, made himfelf Malter of it. But it was 
 always the misfortune ol the Welch , that when they 
 found themfelves fecure from any Enemy abroad, they 
 were fure to quarrel and fall out at home j though in- 
 deed it could not be well other wifeexpe^ed, where 
 fo many petty States endeavoured ftill to furmount 
 and out-vie one another. And now when all things 
 went very fuccefsfuliy of their fides, in oppolition to 
 the Englijh j two ambitious Perfons began to kindle 
 a Flame m their own bofoms ; Owen Cyfeilioc the Son 
 of Gruffydh ap Meyedith Lord of Powys , and Owen 
 Fychan fecond Son to Madawc ap Meredith, forcibly 
 difpolTelTed lorwerth Goc/> of his fcftate in Powys, which 
 they divided betwixt themfelves ; Mochnant Vwch I{ay- 
 adr to Owen Cyfeilioc^ and Mochnant is R^adr to Owen 
 Fjchan. 
 
The Hijlory <7/W A L E S. j^ 
 
 Bat the reft of the Princes of Wales could not .A. V. 
 brook this Injury done to lorwerth Goch; and there- .xi6^, 
 fore OiPcn Prince of North-Wales, with his Brother 
 Cadwalader ^ and B^ys Prince of Soi/th'TVales, went 
 with an Army into Powys againft OwenCyfeiliocy and 
 having chafed him out of the Country, they beftowed 
 Cacreneon upon Owen Fychan^ to hold it of Prirtce 
 Owen i and Hjpys had Walwern, by reafon that it by 
 near his own Territories. But within. a while aftef, 
 Owen Cyfeilioc returned with a numerous band of Mj^- 
 mans and Englijh along with him , and Jaid'fiegeto 
 the Caft!e oiCaerenecn, which he burnt to the ground. 
 Bur the \oU of this pJace was itrade up by the takifig 
 of f{iith'an Caftle, which Owen^ B,hys, and Cadwall^ 
 der joyntly befieged ; and which was fo ftrongly for- 
 tified, and (o manfully defended,' that it coit them 
 three Months before they could make themfeives 
 Matters of the place. Afterwards they won the Ga- 
 ftle of Prejlatyn, and reduced the wliole Country 
 of Tegevgli fubject to Prince Owen ; and then re- 
 turned home to their refpcdtive Dominions. And 
 from henceforward nothing of moment was tranfa- 
 fted, during the remainder of Prince 0«'i?»'3 Reign, 1167. 
 only his Son Conan mo(t unmercifully flew tJrgeney 
 Abbot of Lhwythlawr, together with his Nephew 
 Lhawthen, -But a little after. Prince -^i^i c[ South- jj^g 
 H^ales releafed out of Prifon his Nephew Robert, 
 Son to Stephen Confiable, whom, as is faid before, he 
 had taken ac the Siege of Citgarran Caftle , and fenr 
 him to Ireland to the aid of Dermot the Son of 
 Murchart King o^ Linjier, who was then in aiftual 
 war with the King of Leimfter. With him and 
 his Brother Morris Fi-^-Gerald, and their Nephews 
 Robert Meyler and Raymond , went over a Ihong 
 Detachment of JVelchmen, under the command of 
 Richard Stronghow Earl of Strigu'e,. who were the 
 chief motive of the Conquefl; of Irelarid , when it - 
 was firft brought in fubjection to the Crown of Eng- 
 land, 
 
 Q Bat' 
 
194 ^^^ ^'fi^^y ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 'A. D» But the next Year, CWin Gwynedh Son oiGrufydh 
 1169. tip Conan Prince of Nortb-Pf^a'es, departed this Life, 
 in the Two and Thirtieih Year of his Reign. He 
 was a wife and a valourous Prince, ever fortunate and 
 victorious in all his Undertakings , infomuch , as he 
 never undertook any Defign but what he accomplilh- 
 ed. He had by different Women feveral Ifliies, who 
 gat themfelves greater Efteem by their Valour , than 
 by their Birth and Parentage. He had by Gtvladus the 
 Daughter of Lhywarch ap Trahtem ap C^radoc, lor- 
 werth Drwyndwn^ or the broken Nofe, Conan, Mael- 
 gorii and Gwenlhian ; by Chriftian the Daughter of 
 Grono av Owen ap Edwyn , he had David, ^deric, 
 Cadmalhon Abbot of Bardfey, and Angharad, after- 
 wards married to Gruffydh Maylor, He had by other 
 Women feveral other Children , as Conan, Lbewelyn^ 
 Meredith, Edwal, Rhun^ Howel, Cadelh, Madawc, £1- 
 neon^ Cynmric^ Philif, and Hyrid Lord of Clochran in 
 Ireland. Of thefe, i^«w, Lhewelyn^ and Cynwric died 
 before iheir Father j and the reft will be mentioned 
 in the Sequel of this Hiftoiy. 
 
 T>ayid ap Ovpen. 
 
 P' 
 
 fRince Otven Gwynedb being dead, the Succeflion 
 was cf right to defcend to his cldeft legitimate 
 Son, lorwerth Drwyndtpn, otherwife called Edward 
 with the broken Nofe ; but by reafon of that Ble- 
 njifh upon his Face , he was laid afide as unfit to 
 take upon him the Government of North-fV4les, 
 Therefore his younger Brothers began every one to 
 afpire, in hopes of fucceeding their Father 3 buc 
 1170. iicwel, who was of all the eldeir, but bafe born, be- 
 gotten of an Jrijh Woman, finding they could not 
 agree, flept in himfelf , and took upon him the Go- 
 vernment. Bilt Davvdi who was legitimately born, 
 coHld not brook tUc a Baftard ihould afccnd his Fa- 
 thers 
 
The Hiflory <?/ W A L E S. 195 
 
 thers Throne 5 and therefore he n:^n'le al' the Prepara- 
 tions poflible to pull him down. Hotvel on the other 
 hand was as refolute to main!:ain his ground, and was 
 not wilhng fo quickly to deiive; u^), what he had not 
 very long got pofrdTion of ; and fo bocn Brothers 
 meeting together in the Field , were telolved to try 
 their Title by the point of the Sword. The Rittel 
 had not lalkd long, but Howel was flain ; and then 
 David was unanimoufly proclaimed and faluted Prince 
 of Noith-fVales, which Principality he enjoyed with- 
 out any Moleftation, till Lhewelyn, lorwertb Drttyrt" 
 divn'i Son came of age, as will herejfcer appear. 
 But MadawCi another of Owen Gwynedh's Sons, find- 
 ing how his Brothers contended for the Principalityj 
 and that his native Country was like to be turmoird in 
 a Civil War, did think it his better Prudence to try 
 his Fortune abroad ; and therefore leaving North- 
 Wales in a very unsettled condition, failed with z 
 fmall Fleet of Ships which he had rigg'd and man'd 
 for that purpofe, to the Weftwatd ; and leaving Ire" 
 land upon the North, he came at length to an \xn* - 
 known Country, where moft things appeared to him 
 new and uncuftomary, and the manner of the Natives 
 far different from what he had (een in Eurofe. This 
 Country, fays the learned H. Lhojui, muft of necefli- 
 ty be fome part of that vaft trad of ground, of which 
 the Spaniards, fince Harmoi time, boaft themfelres to 
 be the firft Difcoverers ; and which by order of Cof- 
 mography, feems to be fome part of Nova Hifpania or 
 Florida : whereby it is manifeft, that this Country 
 was difcovered by the Britains, long before either 
 Columbus or Americas Vefputius failed thither. But 
 concerning Madawc's Voyage to this Country, and 
 after virards his return from thence ; there be many 
 fabulous Stories and idle Tales invented by the Vul- 
 gar, who are fure never to diminift from what they 
 hear, but will add to and increafe any Fable as fat as 
 their Invention will prompt them. However fays the 
 fame Author^ it is certain that Madatec arrived in this 
 Country, and after he had viewed the Fertility and 
 l^kiirantnefi cf it , he thought it expedient to invite 
 
 O 2 moid 
 
I^^ The Hifiory of W A Y E S. 
 
 more of his Countrymen out of Britain j and there- 
 fore leaving moft of thofe he had brought with him 
 aheady behind, he returned for Wales. Being ar- 
 rived there, he be^an to acquaint his Friends with 
 what a fair and exteni'vc Land he had met with, 
 void of any Inhabitants, whilft they employed all 
 their Skill to fupplant one another, only for a ragged 
 , Portion of Rocks and Mountains ; and therefore he 
 would perfuade them to change their prelent Itateof 
 Danger and continual Clafhings for a trore quiet 
 ' Being of Eale and Hnjoyment. And fo having got 
 
 a confiderable Number of H^elcJj together, he bid his 
 frnal adieu to his Native Country, and failed with 
 Ten Ships back to them he had left behind. It is 
 therefore to be fuppofed, fays our Authour, thatM<j- 
 dawc and his People inhabited part of that Countiy, 
 lince called Florida , by realbn that it appears from 
 Francis Loves ^ an Author of no fmall Keputation, 
 that in yjcufanus and other places , the People ho- 
 noured and worfliipped the Crols ; whence it may be 
 naturally concluded, that Chriftians had been there 
 before the coming of the Spaniards ; and who thefe 
 Chriftians might be, unlefs it were this Colony of 
 Madawcs , cannot be eafily imagined. But by rea- 
 j- ton that the iVe'cb who came over, were not many, 
 they intermixt in a few Years with the Natives of 
 the Country , and fo following their Manners and 
 ufing their Language , they became nt length undi- 
 ftinguifhabie from the Barbarians. But the Country 
 which Madawc landed in, is by the 'earned Dr. PotPel 
 fuppofed to be part oi Mexico ; for which Conjefture 
 he lays down thefe following Reafons ; Firlt, as it is 
 recorded in the Spanijh Chronicles of the Conqueft of 
 the PFeJi-Indies, the Inhabitants and Natives of that 
 Country affirm by Tradition , that their Rulers de- 
 fcended from a ftrange Nation , which came thither 
 from a ftrange Country ; as it was confefled by King 
 Jiiontc:{eumay in a Speech at his Submiffion to the 
 King of Cajlile , before Hernando Corte\ the Spanijh 
 General. And then the Britijh Words and Names 
 of Places vifcd in- that Country, even at this day do' 
 
 undoubtedly 
 
The Hifiory of W \LES. 197 
 
 undoubtedly argue the fame ; as when they fpesk 
 .and confabulate together, they ufe this Britifh Word 
 Gtprando, which fignilies to hearken or liften ; and a 
 certain 3ird with a white Head, they call Fengw^n, 
 which fignifies the fame in Welch. But for a more 
 complete confirmation of this, the Ifland of Conoefo, 
 the Cape of Bryton^ the River of Gwyndor^ and the 
 white Rock of Pengwyn^ which are all Britifh Words 
 do manifeilly fnew, that it was that Country which 
 Madawc and his People inhabited. 
 
 As foon as the Troubles of North-PVales were o- 
 ver, and Prince David fecurely fettled in his Throne, 
 the Stoim fell prefently upon Powjfs : For Offen Cy- ^'•'^ 
 feilioc the Lord of that Country, had always, as much 
 as in him lay, oppoled the Intereft and Advantage of 
 I{hys Prince of South PVrJes ', upon which account 
 Prince Rjoys came with a great Army again (1 Potpys, 
 and having fubducd Omen Cyfciliochii Enemy, he was 
 for all that fo favourable to him, that upon his deli- 
 vering him Pledges for his future Behaviour, he pre- 
 fently departed out of Poitys, and returned with much 
 Honour to Smth-TVales. And now all the Stares of 
 Britain being at perfe«5l Reft and Amity with one 
 another, the whole Tide and Scene of Adion re- 
 turned to Ireland ; for Henry King of England having 
 called together all his Nobility, began to confult about 
 the Iriflo Expedition, which had already been deter- 
 mined to be taken in hand. To this Confulcation 
 there came feme MefTc^ngers from I^ichard Stronghotv 
 Earl oiStriguie Marftal of England, to deliver up to 
 the Kings hands the City of Dublyn, the Town of 
 JVatcrford, with all fuch Towns and Caftles as he got 
 in right of his Wife ; whereupon the King reftored ~~ 
 to him all his Lands both in England and Normandy, 
 and created him Lord Steward o{ Ireland. For this 
 Earl of Striguh had lately, without the King's Per- 
 miflion, gone over to Ireland., and had married the 
 Daughter of Dennott King of Dublyn ; which King 
 Henry took in fuch an indignation, that he prefently 
 feized upon all his Lands in England arid Normandy, 
 Therefore the King having now lome footing in Ireland-^ 
 
 O 2 th'? 
 
/ 
 
 198 The Hiflory vfW ALES, 
 
 the Expedition was un3nimou£ly concluded upon j and 
 fo the King fet upon his Journey, and coming towards 
 ff^ai'es, he was received by Prince I^ys^ whofe Sub- 
 tniffion the King liked fo weJI> that he prefently con- 
 firmed to him all his Lands in South-fVales. To re- 
 turn the King's Favour, ^hys promiied his Majefty 
 300 Horfes and 40C0 Oxen toward the Conquert of 
 Ireland j for the fare payment of which, he delivered 
 Fourteen Pledges. Then King Henry marching for- 
 ward, came to Caer'.heonwpon Vtk^, and entering the 
 Town, he difpoflefled the right Owner lorwerth ap 
 Owen ap Caradoc, and kept it for his own proper ule, 
 placing a Garrifon of his own Men therein. But lar- 
 ifferth was not fo eafie-mouth'd, as to be fo unreafona- 
 bly curb'd by the King ; and therefore departing in a 
 great fury from the King*s prefence, he called to him 
 his two Sons Owen and Howely whom he had by jing^ 
 barad the Daughter of Vchtryd Bifhop c^LUndaf, and 
 his Sifters Son Morgan ap Sitjylht ap Dyfnwal ; and 
 bringing together all the forces they were able, upon 
 the King's departure they entered the Country, an4 
 committing all the Wafte and Deftruiiion as they came 
 along, they at laft came before Caerlbeon, which when 
 they took, they ufed in the like manner, fpoiling and 
 deflroying whatever they could meet With ; fo that 
 nothing efcaped their Fury, excepting the Caftle, which 
 they could not win. The King was in the mean time 
 lipon his Journey to Pembroke, where being accompa- 
 nied by Prince ^pyi, he gave him a grant of all Cardi- 
 gan, Ijlratywy, Aruhly^ and Eluel ; in Recompence of 
 all the Civilities and Honour he paid him. And fo 
 ^ys returned to Aberteifi , a Town he had lately 
 won from the Earl of Glocejiery and there having pre- 
 pared his Prcfent, about the beginning of OElobcr he 
 returned again to Pembrocl{^ having ordered Eighty Six 
 Horfes to icilow him j which being prefented to the 
 King, he accepted of Thirty Six of the choicefl, and 
 returned the reft with great Thanks. The fame day 
 King Henry went to S. Davids , and after he had of- 
 fered to the Memory of that Saint, he dined with the 
 Bilhop, who Wis the Son oiGeraldj Cofin-Geiman 
 
 to 
 
1 1 72. 
 
 th.-mHory //"WALES. 199^ 
 
 to ^liys ; -vhkber Richard Strongbom Earl of StrygUe 
 came iiom Ireland to cont'er wiu> the King. Within, 
 a while after, Kicg H-Jwry being entertained by tijcys 
 at the White-Houfe, leitorcd to him his Son Uowet^ 
 who had been for a confiderable time detained as 3 
 PJedg, and appointed him a certain day for payment 
 of his Tribute , at which time, all the reft of the 
 Pledges rtiould be kt at liberty. The day following, 
 being the next after the Feaft of S. Uike, the King 
 went on board, and the Wind blowinft 'ery favoura- 
 bly, let fail for Ireland ; and being (afely arrived up- 
 on thole Coalls, he landed at Duhlyn j where he reft- 
 ed for that whole Winter, in order to make greater 
 Preparations againft the following Campaign. 
 
 But the change of the Air and Climate occafion'd 
 fuch a raging Dillemper and Infedion among the Sol- . ^ 
 diets, that to prevent the perifhing ot his whole Ar- * ' 
 my J the King was forced to return with what Ipeed 
 he could back for England j and lo having fliipp'd off 
 all his Army and Effeds , he loofed Anchor, and land- 
 ed in Whales in the Paffion Week next Year, and com- 
 ing to Pembrock^ he ftayed there on Eajier-day, and 
 then proceeded upon bis Journey towards England. 
 Hhys hearing of the King's return, was very officious 
 to pay him his Devotion, and would gladly feign to 
 be one of the firft who fhould welcome him over ; and 
 fo meeting with him at Talacham, he exprefled all the 
 Ceremonies of Duty and Allegiance. Then the King 
 paffed on, and as he came from Caerdyf by the new Ca- 
 ifle upon Vsl(;, meaning to leave tVales in a peaceable 
 condition, he fent for ro>'fl'ffr^/& ap Omen ap Caradoc^ 
 who was the only Perfon in open Enmity againft him, 
 and that upon very jud ground, willing him to come 
 and treat about a Peace, and alTuring him of a fafe 
 Condud for himfelf, his Sons, and all the relt of his 
 Alfociarei. lomerth was willing to accept of the Pro- 
 pofal , and thereupon fet forward to meet the King, 
 having fent an Exprcfs to his Son Oiffen» a valourous 
 young Gentleman, to meet him by the way. 0«»e», 
 according to his Fathers Orden fet forward on his 
 journey, with a faiall retinue, without any thing of 
 O 4 Aims 
 
2G0 The Htjlory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 Arms or Weapons of War, as thinking it Folly to 
 dog himfelf with fuch needlefs Carriage , when rhe 
 King had promifed a fafe Condud. But he did not 
 find it fo fafe -, for as he pafled the new Caftle upon 
 Vslt^f the Earl oiBrijloh Men, who were garrifon'd 
 therein, laid in wait for him as he came along, and 
 fetting cowardly upon him, flew him, with moft of 
 his Company, But fome few efcaped to acquaint his 
 V Father lorwerth of fuch a treacherous Action ; who 
 
 hearing that his Son was fo bafely murrhered, contra- 
 ry to the King's abfolute promife of a iafe Paflfagej 
 without any farther coniultation about the matter, 
 prelently returned home with Howel his Son , and all 
 his Friends, and would no longer put any truft or con- 
 fidence in any thing that the King of England, or any 
 of his Subjeds, promifed to do. But on the other 
 fide, to avenge the Death of his Son, who was fo 
 cowardly cut off; he prefently raifed all the Forces 
 that himfelf and the reft of his Friends were able to 
 do ; and fo entering into England, he deftroyed with 
 Fire and Sword all the Country, to the Gates of ife/-e- 
 ford znd.Glocefier. But the-King was fo intent upon 
 his return, that he feeraed to rake no great notice of 
 what lorwerth was doing ; and therefore having by 
 Commiflion conftitured Lord i^^y; Chief Juftice of all 
 Somb-fVales , he forthwith took his Journey to Nor- 
 mandy. About this time dyed Cadivalader ap Gruffydh; 
 the Son of Grtiffydh ap Conayi , fometime Prince of 
 ^orth'Wales ; who by his Wife, .^/;cff the Daughter 
 of I(ichard Clare Earl of Glocejicry had Iflue, Cunetha, 
 Hadulphy znd I{tchard ; and by other Women, Cad- 
 fan, Cadwalader^ Eineon, Meredith Gocb, and Cad- 
 ivalhon. Towards the end of rhis YeztSitfylht apDyfn- 
 tpal and lefan ap Sitfylht ap ^iryd^ furprized the Caftle 
 of Abergavenny, which belonged to the King of Ew- 
 land, and having made themlelves Mafters of it, they 
 took the whole Garrifon Pri Toners. 
 [,1. D. ^^^ ^he following Year, there happened a very great 
 1 1 75. 'Ji'fference, and a falling out betwixt King Henry and 
 his San of the fame Name j thh latter being upholded 
 by the Queen his Mother, his Brothers Geffrey and 
 
 Bjchard^ 
 
The mjlory e/ W A L E S. aox 
 
 I{ichard, the French King, the Earl of Flanders, to- 
 gether with the Earl ofChefier, J^ViHiam Patrick,W\t\i 
 feveral other vahant Knights and Gentlemen, I^t the 
 old Kinjr having a {tout and a faithful Army, confin- 
 ing of Almanes and Brahanters^ was not in the leaft 
 difmay'd or di^courag'd at fuch a feeming Storm ; and 
 which made him more bold and adventurous, he was 
 joyned by a ftrong Party of JVelchmen, which Lord 
 J^hys had (ent him, under the command of his 6 on 
 Howel. King Henry overthrew hii Enemies in divers 
 Encounters, and having either killed or taken Prifon- 
 ers nioli: of them who were rofe up againft him, he ea- 
 Cly difilpated the Cloud which at firlt feemed fo black 
 and threatning. lorwerth ap Owen was not very fory 
 to fee the Enghjlo clafti, and fall into civil DifTentions 
 among themfeives ; and therefore taking advantage of 
 fuch a fealbnable opportunity, he drew his Array againft 
 Caerlbeon, which itood out very ftifly againft him. But 
 after many warm Difputes of both fides, lorwerth ac 
 length prevailed, and entering the Town by force, he 
 took moft of the Inhabitants Prifoners; and then lay- 
 ing (iege to the Caltle , ifwas furrender'd up in ex- 
 change for the Prifoners he had taken in the Town. 
 Homel his Son, at the fame time was bufie in Gwent is 
 Coed i and having reduced all that Country, CKcepting 
 theCaftle, to fubjedion, he took Pledges of the In- 
 habitants, to be true and faithful to him, and to with- 
 draw their Allegiance from the King o£ England. At 
 the fame time, fomething of action pafTed in North- 
 }Vales; for David ap Otpen Qttfynedh Prince o£ North- 
 fVales bringing an Army over the River Menai into 
 Anglefey againft his Brother Maelgon, who kept that 
 Ifland from him ; forced him to make his efcape to 
 Ireland ; in his return from whence the following 
 Year, he was accidentally difcovered and feized upon, 
 and then by his Brothers orders committed to clofe 
 Prifon. Prince David having brought the Ifle of Ang- 
 lefey to its priftine ftate of fubjedion to him, was re- 
 folved to move ail manner of Obftacles which might at 
 any time for the future endanger its falling off from 
 him 'i and thele he judged to be his own next Reia« 
 
 Cions, 
 
^Q% The Hiftory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 II 74. tioni, and therefore he expeird and banilh'd all his 
 Brethren and Cofins out of his Territories of Uonh- 
 Wales. But before this Sentence was put in execu- 
 tion, his Brother Conan dyed, and fo efcaped the Ig- 
 nominy of being banilhed his native Countryj for no 
 other reafon, but the Jealoufie of an ambitious Bro- 
 ther. 
 
 About the fame time, Howd the Son of lortverth ap 
 Owen o{Caerlheoni took Prifoner his Uncle Owen Pen- 
 earn, who was right Heir of Caerlhecn and Gwcnt ; 
 and now having him fecure, and to prevent his get- 
 ting any Children to inherit thofe places which him- 
 felf was next Heir to, he firft pulled out his Eyes, and 
 then very inhumanly cut off his Tefticles. But Ven-! 
 geance did not permit fuch a bafe Allien to go unpu- 
 nished J for upon the Saturday following, a great Ar- 
 my of Normans and Bnglijhmen came unexpe(fledly 
 before the Town , and wan both it and the Caftle, 
 notwithftanding all the Oppofition which Howel and 
 his Father lorwerth made j though this laft was not 
 privy to his Sons A(Sion. About the fame time King 
 Henry came over to England^ a little after whofe arri- 
 val, H^iUiam King of Scots^ and J^ger de Moubraf 
 were taken Prifoners at Alnewik? by the Barons of 
 the North, as they came to deftroy the Northern part 
 of the Country in the Quarrel of the young King. 
 But old King Henry having committed them to the fafe 
 cuftody of the Earl of Leicefier^ and received Hugh 
 Bygod Earl of Chefter to his Mercy, returned to 'Nor- 
 mandy with a very confiderable Army of PVelchmen, 
 which David Prince of North- fVales had fent him j in 
 return of which, he gave him his Sitter Emme in Mar- 
 riage. When he was arrived in Normandy, he fent a 
 Detachment of the Pf^elch to cut oflf fome Proviilons 
 which were going to the Enemies Camp ; but in the 
 mean time, the French King came to a Treaty of Peace, 
 which was Shortly afterwards concluded upon j fo that 
 all the Brethren, who had all this time maintained fuch 
 an unnatural Rebellion againll their Father , were 
 forced to beg the old King's Forgivenefs and Pardon 
 for all their former Mifdemeanouri. David Prince of 
 
 Nerth* 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES. 203 
 
 Korth'JValas began to grow very bold and afluming, 
 by reafon of his new Alliance with the King of Eng- 
 tand\ and nothing would ferve his turn, but he muit 
 put his Brother i^deric in Prifon, and fecure him with 
 Fetters, for no other account, than becaufe he demand- 
 ed his ihare of his Fathers Lands. It was the cuflom 
 ofPVales, as is faid before, to make an equal divifionof 
 the Father's Inheritance between all the Children ; and 
 therefore David had no colour of Reafon or Pretence 
 to deal fo feverely with his Brother ; unlefs it were 
 to verifie that Proverb ; Might overcomes ^igh. But 
 though Prince David fmght depend much upon his Af- 
 finity with the King of England; yet I^fiys Prince of 
 South-Wales gained his Favour and Countenance the 
 more, by reafon that he let flip no opportunity to fur- 
 ther the King's Intereft and Affairs in Wales^ and by 
 that means was a very neceffary and ufeful Inflrument 
 to keep under the Welch , and to promote the furer 
 Settlement of the Englijh in the Country. Not that 
 he bore any Love or Affeibon to either King Henry or 
 his Subje;fts ; but becaufe he was fufficicntly reward- 
 ed for former Services, and was ftill in exped;ation of 
 receiving more Favours at the King's hands, he was rc- 
 folved to play the Politician fo far, as to have regard 
 to his own Intereft, more than the Good of his native 
 Country. And what did ingratiate him to King Hen" 
 ry moft of all, upon the Feaft of S. James he brought 
 all fuch Lords oi South-Wales Zi were at Enmity with 
 the King, to do him Homage at GtoceRer ; namely, 
 Cadwalhon ap Madawc of Melyenyth, his Cofin-Ger- 
 man; Eineon Clyt of £/«c/jand Eineonap I{hys of Gtter- 
 thrynion, his Sons in Law? Morgan ap Caradoc ap le- 
 jiyn of Glamorgan ; Grujfydh aplfor ap Metric of Sen- 
 gennyth, and Sitfylht ap Dyfnwaloi Higher Gwent, aJl 
 three his Brothers in Law , who had married his Si- 
 fters ; together with lorwerth ap Owen of Caerlheon, 
 King Henry was fo well pleafed with this Stratagem 
 of Rl^ys^ that notwithftanding thefe Perions had been 
 Jiis implacable Enemies, he readily granted them their 
 Pardon, and received them to Favour ; and reftored to 
 lorwerth ap Owen the Town and Caftle of CaerlbeoKy 
 wluchhe had unjuftly taken from him, , This 
 
204 The Hiftory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 ^. JX This Reconciliation betwixt King Henry and thefe 
 127 J. Welch Lords , Ibmc of the Englijh in ff^/« took ad- 
 vantage of, and more particularly William de Brute 
 Lord of Brecnockj, who having for a Jong time a great 
 longing to Gwentland, could not bring about his De- 
 lign, by reafon that Sitfylht ap Djfnmaly the Pcrfon of 
 greateft fway and Power in the Country, was an in- 
 veterate Enemy to all the EngUJh. But being now 
 reconciled to the King, William de Bruce, under pre- 
 tence of congratulating this new Peace and Agreement 
 betwixt the Englijh and Welch, invited Sitfylht and 
 Geffrey his Son, with feveral others of the Perlons df 
 chiefell note in Gventland, to a Feaft in his Caftle of 
 Abergavenny, which by compofition he had lately re- 
 ceived from them. Sitfylht, with the reft, came ac- 
 cording to appointment, and without the leaft futpi- 
 cion of any treafonaWe Deilgns ^ but after they had 
 been civilly enttrtained for (ome time, William Bruce 
 to move a Quarrel againft them, began at laft to pro- 
 pound certain Articles to them, to be by rhem kept 
 and performed j and among other unreafonable Con- 
 ditions, they were to fwear, that none of them fhould 
 at any time carry with them Bow or Sword, The 
 Welch refufing to confent to and Cign fuch improper 
 Articles as thefe ; William Bruce prefently calls oat 
 his Men, who were ready for that purpofe, and bid- 
 ding them fall to their bufine(s, they moft treacherouf- 
 ly fell upon and flew the innocent and naked Welch j 
 and as if it did not fufficiently exprefs their Cruelty 
 and Inhumanity, they immediately went to Sitfylht^ 
 Houfe, which flood not far from Abergavenny, and 
 taking hold of Gwladus his Wife, they flew her Son 
 Cadmalader before her face, and then fetting fire to the 
 Houfe, they pack'd her away to the Caftle, This exe- 
 crable Murther being thus moft barbaroufty, and which 
 was worft of all, under pretence of Friendfhip and 
 Kindnefs, committed j William Bruce, to cloak his 
 Treafon with fome reafonable Excufe, and to make 
 the World believe it was not for any private Intereft 
 or Expe(5lation he had done fuch an kh, as he knev/ 
 would be by all Men abhorred j caufed it to be re- 
 • poited 
 
The Hipry 0/ W A L E S. 105 
 
 ported abroad , that he had done fuch a thinjr in re- 
 venge of the death of his Uncle Henry of Hereford^ 
 whom the tVelch on the Eajier-Even before had llain. 
 But whilll thefe things pafifed in South-Wales, l(pde- 
 ric , David Prince of North-li^ales\ Brother, made 
 his efcape by fome means or other out of Prifon, and 
 fleeing to Anglefey, he was receiv'd and acknowledged 
 by afl the Country t'other fide the River Conwey^ for 
 their Lord and Prince ; which they were the more 
 willing to do, by reafon that they conceived an utter 
 Abhorrence of Prince David, who contrary to all 
 Rules of Equity, and aJmoll Nature, had difinherit- 
 ed all his Brethren and Cofins; as boldly relying upon 
 his Affinity and Relation to the King of England. But 
 David perceiving the Storm to grow very violent, and 
 that the Country did numeroufly flock and adhere to 
 his Brother Cadwalader, thought it his beft way to 
 (lay a while, till the Storm was abated j and fo retired 
 over the River Conwey. Towards the end of this Year, 
 Cadelh the Son of Gmjfydh ap Rhys, and Brother to 
 Lord I{hysy after a tedious fie of Sicknefs, and rakett 
 upon him the Monki/h Order , departed this Life, 
 whofe Body was very honourably enterred at Stratflur. 
 
 In the Spring of the following Year, dyed alfo Da- ^^^^^ 
 vfd VitTi Gerald Biftop of Menevia, or S. Davids, 
 whofe See was fupplyed by one Piers ^ being nominat- 
 ed thereunto by the King oi England. But what hap- 
 pened moft remarkable this Year ; the Lord l{liys Prince 
 of South Wales made a very great Feaft at Chriftmas 
 in his Caftleof Aherteifi, which he caufed to be pro- 
 claimed through all Britain, Ireland, and the lllands 
 adjacent, fome confiderable time before ; and accor- 
 ding to their Invitation, many Hundred* of EngliJJjy 
 Normans, and others coming to Aberteifi, were very 
 honourably received, and courteoufly entertained by 
 Prince ^ys. But among other tokens of their Wel- 
 come and Entertainment, l{hys caufed all the Bards or 
 Poets throughout zW fVales to come thither j and for 
 a better Divetfion to the Company, he provided Chairs 
 tobe fet in the Hall, in which the Bards being feated, 
 they were to anfwer each other in Rhyme 5 and thofe 
 
 tha2^ 
 
10(5 The Hiflcry ofVfkLV.^, 
 
 that acquitted themfelves moft handfomly, and over- 
 came the reft, were promifed c:c-- Rewards and rich 
 Prefents. In this poetical Difce'^tacicn, iht 'North - 
 Walet Bards oorained me V26iory, widi the Applaufe 
 and Approbation otrhe whole. Company ; and among 
 the ProfeCors of Mui'ick, ' erween whom there was 
 - no fmai; Strife,. Prince R^yi% own Servants were ac- 
 
 ^* ^' counted the moft e>;pert. But for all this civil and 
 ' ^'7 7» obliging Treatment of Prince /^/j/^, the 'Normans upon 
 the Marches fell to their accuftomed manner of trea- 
 cherous way-laying, and privately aflaulting the harm- 
 lefs and undefigning Pfelch ; and therefore Elneon Clyt 
 ^ys his Son in Law, and Morgan ap Meredith, falling 
 into the Net which the Normans had deceitfully laid 
 for them, were treacheroufly murthered. Therefore 
 to keep the Normans under greater fear and awe for 
 the future, Prince t^s built a Caftle at B^jayadr Gto^t 
 being a place where the River Wye falls with a very 
 great Noife and Precipitation down a great Rock. 
 1 1 78. But this Caftle was like to ftand him in a double ftead; 
 foe it was not long after he had perfedly finiflied it, 
 that the Sons of Conan ap Ottsen Gtvpedb made War 
 againft him s but finding upon tryal that their Defign 
 againft i^/^j was impradicable, they thought it more 
 advi fable to retire back to North-Wales. 
 1I79. The next Year, Cadmalhon, Brother to OtvenGwy' 
 tiedh, and Uncle to David and B^deric , who for fear 
 of his Brother had fome time ago fled for Refuge to 
 the King of England j as he was conveyed home by 
 fome of the King's Servants to enjoy his patrimonial 
 Eftate in ff^ales^ was by thofe barbarous and treache- 
 rous Villains murthered in his Journey. This Year the 
 Sepulchre of that famous and noble Britijh King Ar- 
 thur y with his Wife Gwenbofar (by the means of fome 
 IT^elch Bard, whom King Henry had heard at Pembrock, 
 relate in a Song the worthy and mighty Adls of that 
 great Prince, and the place where he was buried) was 
 found in the Ifle of Afalon , without the Abbey of 
 Glaftenbury ; their Bodies being laid in a hollow El- 
 der Tree , buried Fifteen Foot in the Earth. The 
 Bonei of King Arthur .were of marvelous and almofl 
 
 incre- 
 
The Hiflory 0/ W A L E S. 207 
 
 incredible bignefs, having ten Wounds in the Skull, 
 whereof one being confiderably larger than the reft , 
 fceraed to be his Death-Blow ; and the Queens Hair 
 feemed to the (ight to be fair and yellow, but wMen 
 touch'd, crumbled prefcntly to Dult. Over the Bones 
 was laid a Stone , with a Crols of Lead, upon the 
 lower fide of which Stone were engraven thefe words ; 
 
 HIC TACET SEPULTUS INCLYTUS REX 
 ARTHURUS IN INSULA AVALONIA. 
 
 Uere lies hurled the famous King ARTHUR in 
 the IJle of Afalon. 
 
 No Aftion of moment had paffed in Vf^es this 
 long time, and the Welch were in pflrfc<^ Amity and 
 Concord with the King of England ; but fome un- 
 lucky Accident fell out at laft to dilToIve this happy . 
 Union and Agreement. One i^4««/p/6 ^e Poer,who was * 
 Sheriff of Glocejierjhire, or rather ^Giraldui Cambren^ 
 fis obfervcs, of Herefordjhire, being a cruel and unrea- 
 fonable Oppreffor of the iVekh , put the Lord of 
 Gwentland ro death j in revenge of whom, a certain 
 young Perfon of that Country, fet upon I(anulfh W\xh 
 ieveral other Gentlemen his Companions , and flew 
 them to a Man. King Henry was implacably enrag'd 
 at this News, and (0 cruelly incenfed, that he pre- 
 (enrly raifed and drew together all his Power , and 
 came to Worcefler , intending to march forward to 
 Wales, and to invade the Enemies Country. But the 
 Lord Hpfs ap Grufydb, a fubtile and a politick. Prince, 
 thinking it impoflible to withftand the Bnglifh Army, 
 and fearing the King's Puiffance, which he perceived 
 to be fo implacably bent againft the Welcbi went in 
 perlon to f^orcefier, and (wearing Fealty to the King, 
 became his perpetual Liege-Man j and for the due ob- 
 (ervance of this Contraft, he promifed to fend his 
 Sons and Nephews for Pledges. But when he would 
 have perfuaded them to an(wer his requeft. the young 
 Men confidering with themfelves, how foiracr Pledges 
 bad not been very genteely treated by the Englifh , 
 
 lefufed 
 
2o3 The Hiflory c/ W A L E S. 
 
 refufed to go ; and fo the whole matter refted for that 
 time. What became of the matter afterwards we 
 know not ; but probable it is, that King Uenry re- 
 turned to England fatisfied with E(hyi\ Submiflion J 
 for we hear no more of his coming to Wales. And 
 fo the Country remained quiet and undirturbed for a 
 long time ; till at length the Welch began to fall to their 
 wonted Method of killing and murdering one another, 
 A. D. Cadwalader Prince ^J:iys\ Son was privately murdered 
 1186. m WeJl-l>Vales , and buried in the 7y Gttyn. And 
 o the Year following, Oufen Fycban the Son of Madawc 
 ap Meredith, wa; flain by ni£;ht in the Caille of Car- 
 rergova near Oftpejiry, by Gwenwynwyn and Cadwalhon 
 the Sons of Owen Cyfeilioc. But what was moft unna- 
 I tural of all, Lhewel^n, whofe Father Cadwalhon ap' Gruf- 
 
 fydh ap Conan was lately murdered by the EngUjlomen, 
 was taken by his own Brothers, who very barbaroufly 
 put out his Eyes. About the fame time , Baldtvyn, 
 Archbiflicp of Canterbury, being attended by Giraldus 
 Cambrenfis, took a Progrefs into J^ales, being the firft 
 Archbifhop of Canterbury that vifited that Country ; 
 whofe Authority the Clergy of Wales in vain oppofed^, 
 though they ftifly alledged the Liberties aqd Privi- 
 ledges. of their Metrgpolitan Church of S. Davids. In 
 this Vifitation, defcribed by Giraldus in his Itinerarium 
 CambriiC, heperfuaded many of the Nobility of Wales 
 to goto the Holy Land zgzinU thofe prevailing Enemies 
 of Chriftianity, the Saracens ; to whofe prevailing 
 Greatnefs, Jerufalem it felfwas now in great danger 
 1 1 88. to become fubjcdt. The Archbifhop having left the 
 Country, Maelgon the Son of Lord ^hys brought all 
 his Power againll Tenbigh, and having by force made 
 himfelf Mafter of it , burnt the whole Town to the 
 ground, and fo carried away very confiderable Spoil. 
 He was a Perfon of fuch civil Behaviour and eafie Ac- 
 cefs, of fo comly Perfonage , and Honefty in ail his 
 Adions, that he attradted the moft earneft Love and 
 Affe<^ion of all his Friends j by which means he be- 
 came very terrible and formidable to his Enemies, ef- 
 pecially tlie Flemings^ of whom he obtained divets 
 Victories andConqueits. 
 
 Th4 
 
The Hijiory r/ W A L E S. 209 
 
 • The next Year, being the Year of Chrift 1189. A. D. 
 Henry the Second, rurnamed Courtmantel, King of 11 89. 
 England dyed, and was buried at Fonteverard j after 
 whom, his Son ^chard, called Curdelyon, was by the 
 unanimous confent of all the Peers and Nobility of 
 England^ crowned in his place. Prince l^ys being 
 thus deprived of his greateft Friend , thought it his 
 vdifeft way to make the bed provifion he could for 
 himfelf, by enlarging his Dominions, and extending 
 the Bounds of his prcfenc Territories ; and therefore 
 having raifed all the Strength he could , he wan the 
 Caftles of Sejnchret Abercorran, and Lhanjlefhan ; 
 and having taken and committed to Prilon Maelgwn 
 his Son, who was the greateft Thorn in his Side, as 
 one that was mort paffionareJy beloved by the South' 
 Wales Men, he brought rhe whole Country to his fub- 
 jedion. Then he built the Caitle of Cydwely , but u^o. 
 what, took away from him the Joy of all thisgood For- 
 tune, he loft his Daughter Cwenlhian, a Woman of 
 fuch incomparable Beauty, and exceeding in all femi- 
 nine Qualifications, that fhe was accounted the faircft 
 and beft accomplifhed Lady in all the Country. And 
 not long after her dyed Gruffydh Maylor, Lord of Brom^ 1 1 9 1, 
 field, a Man of great Prudence and Experience, and 
 one that excelled all the Nobility of his time in Hof^ 
 pitality, and all other Ads of Geneiofity and Libera- 
 lity. His Corps were carried to Myfod, and honoura- 
 bly inrerr'd there, being attended by moft of the Per- 
 fons of Quality throughout the whole Country. He. 
 had I flue by his Wife >^Kg/j4r4^ Daughter of 0/f7<?« 
 Gwymdh Prince ofNorrh-PFales, a Son called Madatvc^ 
 who fuGcceded his Father in that part of P^wys, called 
 from him Powys Fadawc. . Bjjyst Prince ofSotith-lVales,- 
 ■was growing very powerful, and had made himfelf 
 Mafter of the greateft part of Souch-Pp'alei, mily with • 
 f6me few places more, Dynefowf held out ftill ; which 
 however, upon the firft Alfault he made againft it, was 
 delivered up to him. But as he increafed in the number 
 of Towns and Caftles, he had the Misfortune to have 
 that cf . his Children diii.inifhe.d j for his Daughcr • 
 CfPenlhian was lately deceafed j and now he had no ^ 
 
 P (oon,-^ 
 
210 The Hiftory cf W ALES. 
 
 fooner got Dynefowr Caftle into his polTefllon, but his 
 Son Owen dyed at Strata Florida, or Tflratflur. King 
 Richard was gone to the Holy Land againll the Sara- 
 cens ; but in his return to England^ he wan the King- 
 dom of Cyprus, and gave it to Gffido King of Jerufa-' 
 lem, upon condition he would refign his former Title 
 to him ; During his (lay in thislfland, he marryed Bc' 
 A. D. rengaria the Daughter of the King of Navarr, 
 n^z, Mae'gon, Prince l{fjjs\ Son had been now detain'd 
 a long time in Prifon, where his Father had (but him 
 up J but being at laft utterly weary of fuch a clofe 
 Confinement, he found fome means cr other to get 
 out, and to make his efcape. His Father Prince I{hys 
 was not fo troubled at his being broke out , and that 
 be had got his liberty, as to give over the Conquefti 
 which all this while he had gone fo furioufly on with^ 
 but laying fiege to Lhanhayaden Caftle.he took it with- 
 out any great Oppofjtion, and brought all the Coun* 
 try about to his fubjedtion. And what favoured him 
 more in his Attempts againft the Englijh^ K^r\gBlcbard 
 j^«,^ having moft bravely fignahzed himleit againft thelnfi- 
 ■*' dels, in his return home through y^,v/?r7'4, was taken 
 Prifoner by Duke Leopold, who prelentedhim to the 
 Emperour Henry, who demanded locooo Marks for 
 his Ranfom j laying to his ch3rge. that he had fpoil- 
 ed and plundered rhe Illand of SicHy in his Voyage to 
 -the Holy Land. And as Rhjs took the advantage of 
 King ^chard's ab fence to i\ib']e6t South- Pf^aies ; fo i^o- 
 dersc Brother to David Prince of North Wahs , made 
 ufe oi Gothnlie's the King of Mans help, to get the 
 Principality of Norr/[;-/^-^(/ej to himftif, and ejedt his 
 Brother. And therefore entiing into Anglcfei^, he 
 quickly reduced the whole illand to his lubjection. 
 But he did not enjoy it long ; for before the Year was 
 over, the Sons of his Brother Conan came with an Ar- 
 my againft him, and forcing him, together with the 
 King of Man to fly the Illand, they rook prcfentPof- 
 feffion of it themfelves. And while thefe things were 
 done in North TVales, Maclgon, Prince ^hys of South- 
 Pf^ales his Son, who was lately elcaped from Piifon, 
 • bdieged Tjlratmeyric Caftle, and after iome fmall Oppo- 
 
 fiuon 
 
 1 
 
The Hifiary <?/ W A L E S. .2. i S 
 
 fition, got it into his own hands upon Chrifimas night ; 
 which encouraged him to farther Attempts. And at 
 the fame time, his Brother Hcwel^ furnamed Says, or 
 the EngH/hman, by reafon that he had ferved for fome 
 time under the King o( England, anoiher Son of Prince 
 f(hys, got by f^rprize the Caiile of Gwp, and having 
 fecured Philip de Gtpyi the Ovvrier, with his Wife and 
 two Sons, he made thera all Piifoners of War. Then 
 the two Brothers Howcl and Maelgon joyned their For- 
 ces 5 but fearing that they had more Caftles than what 
 they were able to defend, they thought it convenient 
 to rafe Lhanhayaden Caftle ; which the Flemings ha- 
 ving notice of, rhey gathered ail their Power togetheri, 
 and coming to Lhanhayaden at the day appointed, they 
 unexpeftedly fet upon the PVelch , and fiew a great 
 number of them. But notwitftanding this fudden ar-id 
 unhappy accident, they thought it necefifary to de- 
 ftroy the Caftle ; and fa coming to Lhanhayaden the 
 fecond time, they rafed it to the ground, without any 
 Molertation frora, or appearance of any Enemy todi-- 
 fturb them. But when Anarawd, another Son of 
 Pr Bjjys, faw how profperoully his Brothers fucceed- 
 ed, he thought ro make himfeif as rich as they, and 
 by a ihorter and an eafier Method ; And tlierefore ha- 
 ving under .1 fmooth pretence of Friendship and Love 
 got hisBrorhtrs HoWand Madaiffc in private ; being 
 moved with Ambition and Covetoafncfs to enjoy their 
 Eftates, he hrlt made them Piifoners, and then very 
 unnaturally pulled our their Eyes. But :Ma::!gon efca-- 
 ped this Snare , and hearing what a foul At).ion was 
 committed, he promifed his Brother AnflrawdKhtQz- 
 Itle o^TjhatmeyriCi for the Liberty and Relealment of . ^^ 
 his two Brothers, which Anarawd granted. But 'tis 
 no wonder that thofe Brothers could be unnatural and ^ ' '^'^^ 
 cruel to one another, who could joyn and agree to re- 
 bel ar;ain(l their Father ; and now Prince i^^ji having 
 rebuilt the Caftle of Rhayadr Gtry, was laid wait for, 
 and raken Prifoner by his own Sons, who wereaf-aid, 
 thit in cafe their Father had them once in his power, 
 he. would fpverely revenge their cruel and unnatural; 
 Deeds. But Hoivel vwvcd more kind and dutiful than- 
 
 P ^ ths 
 
212 7be Hifiory of W ALES. 
 
 the reft ; who, though blind, found a way to let his 
 Father efcape out of Maelgons Priibn ; and fo Prince 
 l{bys being fet at liberty, he took and deftroyed the 
 Caftle of D)nefctt>r, which belonged to his Son Ma- 
 elgon. But though he fucceeded in this Atteaipt , 
 yet he loft another caftle el fe where ; for the Sons of 
 Cadwalhon ap Madatvc of Melyenydh being informed 
 that Prince Bjoys was detained Prifoner by his Son 
 Maelgon, they befieged B^ayadr Gwy Caftle, which 
 being furrendred up to them, they fortified for their 
 own ufe. 
 
 But whilft thefe unhappy Differences, and unna- 
 tural Clalhings betwixt Prince Rhys and his Sons , 
 continue and rage in Soiith-PVaks^ a new revolution of 
 Affairs happened in 'North-Wales . Prince D^wW had 
 now enjoyed the Sceptre of North-Wales for above 
 Twenty Four Years j and one would think, that fo 
 long a Poflcllion would fecure him in his Throne, 
 that it could not be very eafie to pull him down. 
 But Poffeffion is not always the fureft Card, which 
 proved very true in Prince David's cafe at this time ; 
 -for Lhewelyn the Son o[ lortterth Drwyndttm, who was 
 the eideft Son of Owen Gwynedh Prince of North- 
 ffalesy being now arrived ro Years of maturity , 
 and having Senfe enough to underftand what a juft 
 Title and Claim he had to the Principality of NorrA- 
 iVales, of which his Unde David hsid fo unjuftly kept 
 hira out ; he thought it high time to endeavour to 
 recover what was lawfully his own, which hower 
 ver he was well perluaded his Uncle David would 
 never eafily part with. And therefore being well 
 allured that the jaftnefs of his Tjcle would never 
 mount him up to the Throne , without he had an 
 Army at his heels to help him en ; he called toge- 
 ther all his Friends and Relations by his Alothers 
 £de, who was Marred the Daughter of Madatpc dp 
 Meredith Prince of Pcuys, and haviitg drawn to his 
 lide his Cofins the Sons of Coftan ap Owen Gwynedh, 
 and [^Ijodri ap Given , he came into North Wales , 
 proclaiming how sgainft all Juftice his Uncle David 
 had firft dilinherited his Father lorwerth^ • and then 
 
 had 
 
The Hiflory cf W ALES. Zl3 
 
 had kept the Government from him who was the 
 right Heir. And though his Father lortperth had 
 been incapable of taking upon him the Government 
 by reafon of fome Infirmity; yet there was no rea- 
 fon that his Fathers Weaknefs fliould exclude and 
 turn him out ; and therefore, being now fenfible of 
 what he was not capable to underftand in his youth, 
 he laid claim to the Principality, which was juftly 
 his own. But there was no great need of conjur- 
 ing to underftand his Claim, nor of much Rhetorick 
 to perfuade the People to own him for their Prince; 
 whofe Affe6lion was cooled, and almoit worn off 
 from David, ever fince he had dealt fo unnatural- 
 ly with his Brodiers, whom after he had deprived 
 of their Eftates, he baniHied out of the Country. 
 And therefore before Lhewelyn could exped to have 
 any fure footing, the whole Country oi North -Pf^ales 
 was at his devotion, excepting only Three CaftleSj 
 which David, by the help of the Englifk, in whom, 
 by reafon of his Affinity with the Jate King Henry^ 
 he depended much upon, kjpt to himfelf. And thus 
 Daiid being deprived of almoft all that he for- 
 merly pofiTclTed; we fhill reckon him no more a- 
 mong the Princes of North'Pfales, but reftore the 
 Principality to the true Heir Lhewelyn ap lorwerth. 
 
 Lhevpelyn ap lomertk 
 
 LUewelyn ap lorwerth the Son cf Owen Gwynedh, 
 having thus fuccefsfully carried on his juft 
 Claim to the Dominion of North-JVales, and being 
 quietly fettled in the Government of it, I{ogerMor'' A. D. 
 timer marches with a ftrong Body to Melyenith\ 1195. 
 and built the Caftle of Cymaron , whereby he re- 
 duced that Country to his fubjedlion, and forced 
 thence the two Sons of Cadtpalhcn ap Madawc that 
 were Governours thereof. About this time lij^ys and 
 
 IP 3 Msr$-i 
 
5:i4 The Hijlory cfVJ ALES. 
 
 Meredith ("two valiant but undutiful) Sons of Prince 
 I^jyt^ having got together a Body of hoc headed da- 
 ring Soldiers, came betore Dyntfawr , and took the 
 Callle that was garrifon'd by their Fathers Men ; 
 Hence they proceeded to Cantre-Fjchan, where the 
 Country civily received them , and iurrender'd up 
 tjie Ca.:le to them. At this their Father was juftiy 
 incenfed, and therefore to put a ftop to their far- 
 . ther Proceedings , he eiideavoured by all means to 
 take rherPj which not long afier hjppened ; for their 
 Adherents now began to be touched with the Senfe 
 as well of their Trealon againft, as of their Allegi- 
 ance due to their lawful Lord Prince Rbjn ; and 
 therefore to attone for their pall Faults, and to pro- 
 cure his future Favour, they betrayed their rebellious 
 Leaders to their offended Father, who iDitnediatly 
 committed them to lafe cuivody. 
 A. D. The enfuing Year Prince Rh'^s levies a great Army, 
 XI 96. whofe tirft Attempt was upon the Town and Caftie 
 cf Caermadthyriy both which he took in a ihort time 
 and dcflrcyed, and ihen returned with coLfiderabie 
 Booty. Not long after be led the laid Army to the 
 Marches, and inveiled the Caft'e of Clun , whicii 
 was not lb eafily taken as the former ; for this coil: 
 hira a long Siege, and many a fierce Afiauitj and 
 therefore to be revsnged of it, when he took it he 
 laid it in Afhes ; thence he proceeded to the Ca- 
 flle of I{.-idiiO}\y which he likewife wan • but imme- 
 diately after it colt him a bloody Battel i for he was 
 no fooner Mailer of the Caftle , but ^ger Mortimer 
 and Hugh ds Say came with a numerous and wcil- 
 difciplin'd Army, confilling of Normans and Eng- 
 lijh, to the relief .of it. Whereupon Piincc/^/j/i 
 Thinking it not his belt couife to conRne his Men 
 within the Walls, led 'em up into a Champion 
 Ground hard by, and there, like a valiant Prince, 
 refolved to give his Enemies Battel, though they had 
 much the advantage cf him • for his Men were nei- 
 ther (o well armed, nor fo much aecuftomed to Bat- 
 tel as the others were ; however their Courage made 
 amends for their Arms, and their Leaders Prudence 
 
 and 
 
ths Hi]} cry <?/ W A L E S. 115 
 
 snd Conduv5t fuppfy'd the DefecSts of their Difci- 
 plirje J for they chofe rather to die honourably in the 
 Defence of their Coontry, than fliamefally to fur- 
 vive the Lofs of ir ; and therefore they attack'd 
 their Enemies fo vahantly, that they \yere not long 
 able to wichlland their Force, but quitted the Field 
 in great Disorder, leaving a great number of their 
 Men behind them flain upon the fpot .- and Prince 
 •^ys purfued them fo warmly, that they were glad 
 of the fhelter of the Night to proteil them from his 
 Fury. After this Vn5tory, he beileged the Caltle of, 
 ^Ayne in ElfeU which he eafilv took, and kept in hij 
 own hands, i\\\lVdliam de Bruce, the Owner there- 
 of, Caere to him, and humbly defired Peace of him, 
 which he granted him, and withal deliver'd him up 
 his Caftle again. Not long after, the Archbifhop of 
 Canterbury ( whom King Richard had fubftituced his 
 Lieutenant in England) marches with a powerful 
 Army towards J4^ulcs , and befieges the Caftle of 
 Gwenw)nwyn^ at the Pool ; but the Garrifon made 
 fuch a vigorous Defence, that he lolt a great many 
 of his Men, and all his Attempts proved incflfeLlual i 
 therefore he fent for fome Pyoneers, whom he or- 
 dered to undermine the Walls j which when the 
 befieged underftood , they bethought of fecuring 
 themfelves on the molt honourable Terms they could; 
 they were not willing to put themfelves to the ha- 
 zard of a Battel, for their Enemies were thiice their 
 Number j therefcte they propofed to furrender up the 
 Caitle, on condition they fhauld carry otf all their 
 Arms along with them .- Which Offer the Archbi- 
 fhop accepted of, and fo permitted the Garrifon to 
 march out quietly. Then fortifying the Caftle for 
 the King's ufe, and putring a ftrong Garrifon in ic 
 for its defence, he returned again to England. But 
 Gw^nwynwyn was not (o willing to part from his Ca- 
 ftle, as never to attempt the Recovery of itj there- 
 fore as loon as he undeiuood that the Archbifhop was 
 gone back, he immediately befieged it , and Ihorrly 
 after received it on the fame Terms that his Men had 
 deliver'd it up, and afterwards kept ic for his own - 
 ufe. P 4 Tha 
 
216^ The Hifiory of W ALES. 
 
 1 1 97. The following Year there broke out a terrible 
 Plague, which Ipread over all Britain and France, 
 and carried off a great number of the Nobility, be- 
 iides common People. This Year hkewife dyed the 
 valiant ^jjis, Prince of Sotith-TVales, the only Stay 
 and Defc!ice of that part of Wc:tes ; for he it was 
 that ^ot them their Liberty, and lecured it to them. 
 He often very readily expofed his own Life for the 
 defence of theirs and their Country ; generally he 
 j;ot the better of his Enemie?, and at lalt either 
 brought them entirely under his Subje(5tion, or for- 
 ced rhem to quit their Country. . He was no lefs 
 illuftrious for his virruous Endowments, than for his 
 ' Valour and Extratflion 5 fo that it was with good 
 leafon that the "'^ritiftj Barda and others wrote fo 
 honourably of him, and fo mightily deplored his 
 Death, • 
 
 . ■ To this Prince were born many Sons and Daugh- 
 ters, whereof his tldelt Son Gruffydh fucceeded him; 
 the others ^vere Cadwalhoti, Maelgon, Mered'th^ and 
 Pjoys. Of his Daughrers, one called Gwenlhian was 
 married to Ednyfed Fychan, Anceftor to Often Tudor 
 that married Kjtharine Qaeen- Dowager to King 
 Henry the Fifth: And the reit were very well match'd 
 with fonne of the Nobility of the Countiy. Prince 
 Gniffydh being fettled in the Government of his 
 Country, did not longr enjoy it peaceably ; for his 
 troublebm Brother Maelgon thought it now a fit 
 tim-^ to endeavour the recovery of the Inheritance his 
 Father had- deprived him of To this purpofc he 
 makes a League witli Gwenwynwyn, the Son of Ofven 
 Cyfeilioc, Lord of Pnwys, and by their joytit-lntereft 
 got together a confiderable Body of Men, where- 
 with they furptized Prince Grtifffdh at Aheryfltvythy 
 whom, after they had flain a great sn?.ny of his Men, 
 they took Ptifoner. Thus Mnelpn effectually ac- 
 comp?ifhed his De/ign in the recovery of theCaftle, 
 and tr.e whole Country of Cardigan. His unfortu- 
 nate Brother he committed to the cuftody of his fpite- 
 lul Confederate Gtpenwynwyn, who immediately out 
 of Malice deiivei'd him up to the Mercy of his in- 
 veterate 
 
The Uijlory c/ W A L E S. xij. 
 
 veterate Enemies the Engli/h. After this Gwenwpi- 
 ivyn having got together an Army entered Arufily^ , 
 and brought it to his fubjedion. 
 
 David ap Owen, whom Prince Lhewelyn had for- 
 ced to quit his Ufurpation of the Principality of 
 Nortb-PVales, had hitherto lived quietly and peacea- 
 bly, not fo much out of kindnefs to his Nephew, as 
 becaufe he knew not how to redrefs himfelf ; but now 
 having got a great Army of Engltjh and Welch, he 
 ufed his utmolt Efforts to recover his Principality. 
 Whereupon Prince Lhewelyn who was the right Heir, 
 and in poflfeflion of ir, came on boldly to meet hira, 
 and gave him battel , wherein he Ihamefully routed 
 his Army, and took his Uncle Dtivid Prifoner, whom 
 he delivered into fafe cuftody , whereby he fecured 
 to himfelf and his Country Peace and Quietnefs. 
 Towards the clofe of this Year Owen Cyfeilioc Lord 
 of the higher Powys departed this Life, and left his 
 Eftate to Gwerwjnwyn his Son ; after whom that pare 
 oi Powys was called Powys-lVenw^nwyn, to diftinguiih 
 it from the other called Powys Fadoc the Inheritance 
 of the Lords of Bromfield, Much about this time 
 Trahaern Fychan, a Msn of great Power and Autho- 
 rity in the County of Brecknock^, was fuddenly feized 
 upon as he was going to Ltancors to confer about fome 
 bufifiefs with William de Bnice Lord thereof, and by 
 an Older of the Lords, tyed to an Horfe Tail and 
 dragged through the Streets of Brecknock^ to the Gal- 
 lows, where he was beheaded , and his Body hung 
 up by the Feet for three Days. Which Barbarity in- 
 filled upon him for no known juft Caufe, fo fright- 
 ned his Brothers Wife and Children, that they fled 
 their Country for fear of the fame Ufage. The ^ jy 
 Year following Maelgon, who had before routed his ,',pg'. 
 Brother Prince Grujfydh\ Army, and taken him Pri- 
 foner, begins now to enlarge his Territories, and takes 
 in his Brothers Caftles of Aberteifi and Tftratmeyric. 
 Alfo the youngeft Son of Prince ^ys about this 
 time recovered the Caftle of Dynefowr fj-piii the 
 Kormans, 
 
 The 
 
2i8 The Hiflory of ^ K L"E S. 
 
 The fame Summer Gwenwynwyn took up a refolutlon 
 of attempting to extend PVales to its antient Limits j 
 and for this purpofe he raifes a powerful Army, with 
 which he firrt defigns to be avenged of H^tlHam de 
 Bruce for the inhuman Death of his Cofm Trahaern 
 fy chart., and therefore he befiegeth his Caftle of Pam 
 in £//e/, where he makes a Proteftation, that as foon 
 as he had taken it, for a farther fatisfaftion to his Re- 
 venge, he would unmercifully ravage the whole Coun- 
 try as far as Severn. But thefe mighty Menaces were 
 foon blown over j for he had neither Battering En- 
 gins nor Pioneers, fo that he was forced to lay before 
 the Cattle for three Weeks without effeding any 
 thing ; whereby the Murcherers had time enough to 
 apply themlelves to England for Succours, which they 
 obtamed. For upon this Geoffrey Fit:(-Peter, Lord 
 Chief ]\ii\\ce o( Etjgland levies a confiderable Army, 
 to which he joyns all the Lords Marchers, and comes 
 in all hall to the Relief of the place, where he meets 
 Gwenttyntvyn ; with whom, before he would hazard a 
 Battel , he was defirous to have a Treaty of Peace, 
 to which Gwenwynwyn and his Adherents would in no 
 •wife hearken or condefcend, but returned in anfwer, 
 that their bufinels there was to be revenged of old In- 
 juries done them. Hereupon the Englipo Lords refol- 
 ved to enlarge Prince Gruffydh of South-Wales, whom 
 they knew to be an inveterate Enemy of Gwenwyn' 
 ttyn, as he that delivered him up to their hands j and 
 likewife to be a Man of great Authority in his Coun- 
 try, therefore they rightly concluded he might be 
 more ferviceable to them when at liberty than under 
 confinement, wherein they were not difappointed ; 
 for he immediately got together a ftrong Body of 
 his Countrymen, and joyning with the Englijh, ad- 
 vanced towards the Callle, where they furioufly at- 
 tack'd Gttfenmynwyn , who made no lefs vigorous de- 
 fence ; hereupon there enfued a bloody Battel, with 
 a great flaughter on both fides, but at length the Ew^' 
 lijh got the Vi(5tory, and Gwenwynwyn loft a great 
 number of common Soldiers (if we believe Matthew 
 Paris 3700 Men) bdides a great many of his bell 
 
 Com- 
 
The Hijiory ^/.W A L E S. 219 
 
 Commanders, among whom were Anarawd, Son of 
 Eineon, Owen ap Cadwalhon, Richard ap leftyn , and 
 l^ohen ap Howel. Meredith ap Conan was Jikewife 
 taken Pnfoner, with many more. After this the Eng- 
 lijh vetamed home triumphantly, and required Pn nee 
 Gruffydh\ Service with a perfedt Liberty, who imnne- 
 diately, partly by his own Force, partly by the Af- 
 fedion of his People, repoflTcfled himfelf of all his 
 Dominions, fave ihe Cafties of Aberteifi and Yftiatmey' 
 ricy which his ufurping Brother Maelgon, by the Af- 
 fii^innce o^ GfPenwjntvyn, had, during his Confineraenc 
 by the Engli/h, taken fiom him, and flill unjuftly de- 
 tained, hereupon, feme of Prince Gruffydh's prime 
 Nobility and Cleigy came to him, and offered him 
 theii- Endeavours of reconciling him to his Brother, 
 and made him To apprehenfive of his juft Difpleafure 
 at him, that he. took a folemn Oath before them, that 
 in cafe his Brother would give him Hoftages for the 
 fecurity of his own Perfon, he would deliver him up 
 his CiiUle oi Aherteifi by a day appointed; which 
 Propofals Prince Gmjfydh accepted of, and accordingly 
 lent him his Demands ; But it was theleaft of Af<xf/- 
 gon% intention to make good his part, or elfe he was 
 very uncorftant in his refolution ; for he had no 
 fooner received the Hoftages, but inftead of delivering 
 up the Callle, he fortifies it, and puts in a Garrifon 
 for his own ufe, and commits the Hoftages to the cu- 
 ftody of Gwenwynwyn, Prince Gruffjdhs mortal Ene- 
 my ; but not long after, their Innocency procured 
 them an opportunity of an tfcape. 
 
 In the Year 11951. Maelgon ^\\\ purfuing his Ha- -A-D. 
 tred of his Brother Prince Grujfydh^ gets an Army, *I99' 
 wherewith he befiegeth his Gaftle of Dynerth, which 
 he was Mafter ot m a Hiort time , and then put all 
 the Garrifon to the Sword. But about the fame time 
 Prince Gruffydh in lieu of this , wan the CaJlle of 
 Ctlgerran, and ftrongly fortified it. This Yijar [{khard 
 the Firit of England, as he was befieging the Caftle 
 of Chalons in France, was fhoc from the Walls with 
 an Arrow, whereof he not long after dyed, and left 
 his Kingdom to his Biother Jolm, who thereupon was 
 
 w-.th 
 
310 The Hifiory (/WALES 
 
 with great Solemnity crown'd at Weflminjler. Buc 
 he could not expe(5t to enjoy this Kingdom peace- 
 ably ; for his elder Brother Geojfry Plantagenet had 
 Jefc a Son behind him named Arthur , whofe Right 
 the Crown o^ England was by lineal defcent j which 
 now therefore he jullly lays claim to , and by the 
 afliftance of King Philip of France ( who elpoufed 
 his Quarrel ) endeavours to recover. Buc before 
 Prince Arthur had made fufficient Preparations to car- 
 ry on his Defign, he was unexpedlediy fet upon by his 
 Uncle, his Army routed, and he himlelf taken Pri- 
 foner, and committed to fafe cuftody ; not long after 
 which, he dyed, and fo King 'Sohn was rid of his 
 Competitor. 
 '^. D. The following Year Grujfydh ap Conan ap Ottfen 
 xxoo, GtPynedh dyed, and was buried in a Monk's Cawl in 
 the Abby of Conway, which way of burying was ve- 
 ry much pradifed ( efpecially by the better fort ) in 
 thofe days ; for the Monks and Friers had deluded 
 the People into a Itrong Conceit of the Merits of it, 
 and had firmly perfuaded them it was highly condu- 
 cing to rheir future Happinefs to be thus interr'd. 
 But this Supcrftition, together with tiie Propagators 
 of it, they had lately received from England : For the 
 firft Abby or Monaftery we read of m'PVales, fince 
 the Deftrudion of that famous Houfe o^ Bangor, which 
 Cavour'd of Romijh Dregs , was the Ty-Gwyn buiic 
 in the Year \i\6. after which they mightily inereafed 
 and fpread over all the Country ; and now the Foun- 
 tain Head began to be corrupted ; for the Clergy 
 maintained a Dodlrin which their Anceftors abborr'd, 
 as may eafily be gathered from the VVri tings of that 
 worthy Divine Ambrojius Telefinus, who fiouriihed in 
 the Year 540, when the Chriftian Faith fwhich we 
 fuppofe to be deliver'd at the Ifle of Afalon by Jo- 
 feph of Arimathea) flowed jn this Land in a pure 
 and uncorrupted Stream, before it was infeded and 
 polluted by that proud and blood- thirfty Monk AU' 
 guftine. 1 fay, he then wrote and left behind him as 
 his own Opinion , and the Opinion of thofe days 
 theCe following Verfes: ^ 
 
 Cwair: 
 
Ike Hijlory of W ALES. zti 
 
 Gwaer offeiriad byd Ac nys areilia; 
 
 Njs angreifftia gtpyd Gwae ni cheidw ei dhefaid 
 
 Ac ny fbregetha : I{hae bleidhie [(hufeniaid 
 
 Gwae ny chetdta ei gail Ai ffon gnofppa. 
 
 Ac efynfigail 
 
 From whence it is apparent, that the Church of 
 Home was then corrupt, and that the Briti/h Chur- 
 ches perfevered in the primitive and truly Apoftolical 
 Profeflion of Chrillianicy, as it was at firrt planted in 
 the Ifland ; and that no ^pman Innovations had crepe 
 in among them, which afterwards mightily increafed, 
 when they were once introduced by Augujiin the 
 Monk. 
 
 This Year likewife we find the fpitefiil and turbu- 
 lent Maelgon^ choofing rather to perfift ftill in his Re- 
 bellion, than to return to his Allegiance, and to prefer 
 a fmall Lucre to the Love and Safety of his Country. 
 For now finding that the Calile oi Aberteifi, was not 
 tenable by his ownPdwerand Force, yet. rather' than 
 deliver it up to his Brother Prince GrujfydhyZr\d there- 
 by procure his Favour, he chbfe to fell it to his bitter 
 Enemies the Englijh , for an inconfiderable Sum of 
 Money, whereby he opened them a free pafiTage into 
 all Wales ; this being reckoned one of its chief De- 
 fences and Bulwarks. About this time Madame Son 
 of Grhffydh Maylor Lord of Bromfield built the Abby 
 of Lanegfteji, commonly known by the Englijh by 
 the Name of yale Crucii. ' '. 
 
 In the Year nor. the valiant Lhewelyn ap lorwerth 11,03, 
 Prince of North-PVales banifted out of his Territories 
 his Cofin Meredith the Son ot'Conan ap Owen Gwynedb^ 
 whom he fufpedted of trealonable Practices, and there- 
 fore confifcated his Lands which were the Cantref of 
 Lhyn and Efyonyth. Much about the fame time JVftf- 
 redith the Son of Prince R^ys was flain at CamwUhmz 
 by Treafon , whereupon his elder Brother Grujfydh 
 polTeffed himfelf of his Caftle in Lhanymdhyfri and 
 all his Lands. This Gynffydh was a valiant and dii- 
 aeet Prince, and one that was like to bring all 5<?w/^- 
 
221 The Hificry p/ W A L E S. 
 
 Wales to good order and Obedience ; for in all things 
 he trod in his Fathers ileps, and made it his bufinefs 
 to fucceed him as well in his Valour and vertuous En- 
 dowments, as in his Government. But the vaft hopes 
 conceived of him foon proved aborttve 5 for in the en- 
 A. D. fuing Year, on S. Jameses day he dyed, to the great 
 1202. Grief and Lofs of his Country, and Ihortly after was 
 buried ar Tjlratfiur with great Pomp and Solemnity. 
 He left behind him for a Succeflbr a Son called P\hys^ 
 which Maud the Daughter of William de Bruce had 
 bore him. The following Year fome of the Welch 
 Nobility marched with an Army towards the Caftle 
 of Gwerthrynion, which belonged to linger Mortimer, 
 and after a Ihoi t Siege , they took it and kvell'd it 
 with the ground. 
 
 This Year Lhewe'yn ap hrwerth calling to mind his 
 Ellate and Title, and bow all the Welch Princes were 
 obliged both by the Laws of l^deric the Great, 
 and thofe of Howel Dha to acknow!edg the King or 
 Prince (£ North-Wales for their Sovereign Lord, and 
 to do Homage to him for their Dominions : Yet not- 
 withftanding that they knew this to be their duty, 
 and that they formerly had readily performed it ; yet 
 becaufe af kre Years his Predeceflfors had negledted 
 to call them to their Duty, they now began to ima- 
 gin themlelves exempted fiom it • and (ome thought 
 themfelves accountable to no fuperiour Prince ; others 
 denyed Subje(5lion to Prince Lhcwelyn, and held their 
 Dominions of the King of England: To put a flop 
 therrfore to the further growth' of this Contempt, and 
 to afiert his own Right , Prince Lhcsvelyn Summons 
 all the Welch Lords, who for the molt pare sppeared, 
 and fwore Allegiance to him. But GiPcmvymvyn Lord 
 of Powys neither came to thi? meeting, nor would 
 own the Princes Supremacy ; Which Scubbornefs and 
 Difobedicnce the Prince acquainted his Lords with, 
 whereupon they delivered their Opinion, that it was, 
 but realonable, that GwetiW)nwyni\\o\\\d be compeii'c! 
 to his Duty, or elfe forfeit his Eiiare ; This all the 
 Lords confented to, but EHs, ap M:idati':, who was 
 ah intimate Friend of Gwemfynwyn , and therefore 
 
 vvould 
 
The Hijiory of W ALES. ^i^ 
 
 would not confent to the cnafting any thing that 
 might be prejudicial to him, but broke off from the 
 Meeting much diflatisfied with their Proceedings. 
 Notwithftanding which, Prince Lhettvlyn, purfuant 
 to the Advice of the reft of his Lords, raifes an Ar- 
 my, and marches towards Po«»>'/ ; but before he made 
 any ufe of it, he was by the Mediation of fome learn- 
 ed and able Men reconciled to Gmenwynwyrif and fo 
 Gwenwynwyn became his dutiful Subje<ft , which he 
 confirmed both by Oath and Writing ; and indeed 
 it was not without good reafon, that Prince Lhefte- 
 lyti ufed all the caution imaginable to bind this Man ; 
 for he had fworn Allegiance before to the King of 
 England. Lhewelyn having thus iubjefted Gwenwymtyny 
 he thought it now convenient to ftew likewile fome 
 Marks of his Refentments againft his Adherent Elii 
 ap Madawc , and therefore he ftrips him of all his 
 Lands ; whereupon Elis fled the Country , but not 
 long after, yielding himfelf to the Prince's Mercy, he 
 received ofhim the Caftle of Cro^ew, and Seven Town- - 
 Ihips bei^des. And now having mentioned Crogen, it 
 will not be improper to ftep a little out of the way, 
 and here take notice of the reafon why the Englijh 
 formerly, when they had a mind to reproach the Welch^ 
 called them Crogens. The firtt occafion of it was this. 
 King Hairy the Second in his Expedition againft the 
 J^elch CO the Mountains of Bertcm, lay a while at Of- 
 ^efire, during which time he detached a number of 
 his Men to try the Paflages into TVales, who as they 
 would have pafTcd Offas Ditch at the Caftle of Crogen^ 
 at which place there was a narrow way through the 
 fame Ditch, which appears now very deep through all 
 that Country, and bears its old Name 5 thefe Men, F 
 lay, as they would have paflfed this Streight, were 
 met by a Party oi Welih, and a great many of them 
 flain and buried in that Ditch, as appears by their 
 Graves there to be fcen; and the Name of the 
 Streight imports as much, being called in PJ^elcb 
 Adtty'r bedh.iw. The Erglifo therefore bearing in 
 mind this Slaughter, when ever they got any of the 
 ^'Vglch into thsif Clutches , upbraided them with 
 
 ths 
 
224 The Hiflory ^/ W A L E S.. 
 
 the Name of Crogen , intimating thereby that they 
 fliould exped no more Favour or Mercy at their hands, 
 than they ihew'd them in the Skirmiih. But this 
 word which at firft was rather a Badg of Reputation 
 than Difgrace to the iVclch, came afterwards to be 
 ufed in a bad Senfe, and onJy thenapplyed when they 
 defigned to reproach and abufe them. But to return 
 to Prince Lhewelyn , whom we find returning home 
 after he had fuccefsfully aflerted his Sovereignty over 
 all Wales, and fet all things in good order ; And by 
 the way he fortifies the Caflle of Bala in Penlhyn. 
 About this time Bjjys the Son of Gruffjdh ap I{kys the 
 right Prince of South-Wales took the CalUe of. Lha^ 
 nymdhyfry upon Michaelmas-day. This Year Lhewe- 
 lyn Prince of Wales took to Wife Joan the Daughter 
 of Kingjo/jw, which y^^<jf/)4 Daughter o( Robert Fer- 
 rers Earl of Derby bore him,, with whom he gave the 
 Prince for a Dowry the Lordftiip of Elfmere in the 
 Matches of Wales. 
 lioj , Prince ^}ys whom we mentioned the Year before 
 to have taken the CaHle of Lhanymdhjfriy wins like- 
 wife the Caflle of Llangadoc , and puts a Garrifon 
 therein j but he enjoyed neither of tliem long ; for 
 ftottly after , his Unkle Maslgon, with his Friend 
 Cttftfiwyntpyn^ levied a powerful Army , and with it 
 befieged and took the Caftle oi Lhanymdhyfn ; thence 
 they removed to Lhangadoc^ and wan the CalUe like- 
 wile, upon this Condition, that the Garrifon be per- 
 mitted to march out quietly. When they had taken 
 thefe two Caftles, they went to Difierth, \\ here Mael- 
 gon finished the Caftle he had formerly begun there. 
 This Year likewife Prince Lhetve'qn fet at liberty his 
 Uncle David ap Otvcn Gtpynedb , who made but a 
 forry return to this Kindneis ; for inftead of living 
 peaceably at home, and enjoying that Liberty that was 
 granted him, he flees to Engiana^ and there gets an 
 Army, wherewith he attempts to reftore himfelf to 
 his antient Ellateof North- Wales ; but he miffed his 
 Mark i for his prudent Nephew immediately met him 
 op his March, and gave him a (hameful Over- throw, 
 wherewith David was fo mightily difheartened, that. 
 
 he 
 
The Htflory cfW kLES. 7is 
 
 he prefently returned for England, and ftinrtly after 
 died for meer forrow. The next Year Bowel, a blind ^. D, 
 Son of Prince B^jys was flain at Camaes by his Bro- 1Z04. 
 ther Maelgons Men , and buried juft by his Brother 
 Griiffydh at Tjhatflur. But notwichwanding that, 
 Maetgon in thofe days ufurped all the Rule and Go- 
 vernment of South-lVales ; yet his Brother Grujfydlh 
 Sons, t(j3ys and his Brethren, wan from him the chief 
 Defence of all that Country, to wit, the Caftles of 
 ■ Dynefowr and Lhanymdhyfri. About this time Wtlliam 
 .Marjloal, Earl o( Pembrock, beCeged the Callle of 
 Cilgerran^ and took it ; and not long after, Maelgon iioyj 
 hired an Irijl:man to kill Gadifor ap Crijfri-y after 
 •"M'hich horrid Fad, Maelgon feized upon his Four Sons, 
 and put them to death ; thefe were forward promi-. 
 fing young Gentlemen, and defcended from a Noble 
 Stock ; for their Mother Sufanna was a Daughter of 
 the faid Howel ap Bjjys, by a Daughter o^Madawc ap 
 Meredith Prince of Potpys. In the Year 1206. Ma- izo6, 
 elgonbaWth Caftle at Aberenecn. At which time there 
 was fuch abundance of Filh feen at Aheryflwyth^ that 
 the like number was never known to have come there 
 in the memory of Man before. 
 
 This Year the King of England bani/hed the Realm * ^^J^o 
 TVilliam de Bruce and his Wife, on the account of a 
 Grudg that he bore his Son, and then leized upon all 
 his Lands ; whereupon, fVtlliam with his Wife and 
 Son fled to Ireland, and there continued for fbroe time. 
 And this Hardship he now underwent was the lefs 
 -pitied, becaule he exercilcd the great Power he had 
 in the Marches of PVales with extreme Cruelty and 
 Injuftice. The fame Year Gwenttynwyn came to Shrews-, 
 hury to fpeak with the King's Council, where he was 
 detained Prifoner ; Whereupon Prince Lhewelyn con- 
 quered all his Country, took all his Towns and'Ca- 
 ftles, and garrifon'd them for his own ufe. This Ex- 
 pedition of Prince Lhewelyn mightily alarm'd the 
 ufuiping Maelgon, and the more, becaufe he had in- 
 telligence that Lhewelyn was on his march towards 
 South-Wales -, therefore he now puts hinifelf in thc: 
 beil pofture he could to receive him j but finding 
 
 Q^ him- 
 
2i6 TheHiflory of W ALES. 
 
 h'lmfelf not able to abide the Prince's coming, and to 
 withftand his Forces, he demolilheth his Caftles of 
 Aheiyflwyth, Tftratmejric, and Dmcrth, which before 
 he had fortified. Notwithftanding which, the Prince 
 comes to Aberyflwyth , and rebuildeth the Caflle and 
 puts a Garrilon therein j after this he (eized upon the 
 Cantref of Penwedtc and the Land betwixt Dyfi and 
 Aeroi which he gave to Maelgons Nephews the Sons 
 of Grujfydh ap I^fjys, and then returned home with 
 great joy and Triumph. Not long after l^yi Fycban, 
 Son to Prince I{hySy befieged the Caftle of Lhangadoc^ 
 and took it, contrary to the Proroifc and League he 
 had made with his Nephews, forgetting likewife how 
 freely and readily they had adminiftred to him in his 
 . necefllty ; therefoie to be avenged of this Ingratitude 
 and breach of promife, ^toys and Owen no fooner heard 
 of it, but they furioully attack'd the Caftle, and took 
 it by aflault, and put to the Sword, or took Prifoners 
 all the Garrilon, and then burnt the Caftle to the 
 ground. 
 
 This Year King '^rohn levied a powerful i\rmy with 
 120^. ^yjijch he made a Voyage to Ireland; but as he was 
 on the Borders of Wa'es en his Journey thitherwards, 
 there was a Criminal brought before him who had 
 murther'd a Prieft. The Oificer defired to know the 
 King's Pleafure, how he would have the Delinquent 
 punifhed ; but the King, inftead of ordering any Pu- 
 n'lhment to be irflidled upon hira fuitable to the hei- 
 noulnefs of his Crime, difcharged him with a H^'ell 
 done thou good Servant, thou haft flain mine Enemy ; 
 for fuch he reckon 'd the Clergy of thofe days, who 
 were very ill-affedted to his ufurped arbitrary Govern- 
 ment, and therefore he flightly regarded any Injuries 
 that were done them, nay, thought thofe did him good 
 fervice who did them wrong. He had not been long 
 in Ireland, but he got into his clutches the unfortunate 
 TVilUam de Bruce the younger, and his Mother Matvd 
 de Saint Vaienh^, whom we have mentioned afore to 
 have quitted England for fear of him, and to have 
 fled here for Aeirer. Upon his return to England he 
 kcught thefe in triumph alopg with hira, and com- 
 mitted 
 
The H'tflory c/ W A L E S. 217 
 
 tnitted them to py^ndfor-Czikk, where, by his Orders, 
 not long after they were inhumanly famifhed. The 
 reafon o(K\ng John's D'fpleafure againlt fVtIIiam de 
 'Bruce hord oi Brccnocl{j, "* ManheipParis delivers, to Pag.'io^; 
 "be this i When the Pops had e.NCommunicated the 
 Realm of England, the King, to prevent any Incon- 
 veniences that might enfue thereupon , took Pledges 
 of fuch of his Nobks as he though;: were difafFedted 
 to him, and would be like, if occafion offered, to 
 countenance and promote a Rebellion. Amongft o- 
 thers, he fends Meflengers to William de Bruce to de- 
 mand his Sons for Pledges, to whom Matvd, de Bruce i 
 Wife, being the readier fpeaker, anfwered, (though 
 what (he faid was no lefs her Husband's Sentiment 
 than her own ) Thar the King, who had proved fo 
 bale a Guardian to his Nephew Prince Arthur^ whom 
 inftead of fetting in, he deprived of his Right, ihould 
 have none of her Children. This Anfwer the Mef- 
 fengcrs deliver'd to the King, whereat he was highly 
 difpleafed, that he or.deied fome Soldiers fhouid be 
 fent to feize this Lord ,. but he having timely intelli- 
 gence of this Older, fled into Ireland with his Wife 
 and Children, where now his Wife Mattfd^ with her 
 Son, were unfortunately taken by King John, but he 
 himfelf efcaped, and fled into Frdnce, where not long 
 after he dyed. 
 
 This Year the Earl of Chejler rebuilt the Caftle of 
 Dyganwy, fituate on the Sea-fliore, Ea(t of the River 
 Conway, which Piiiice L^ece/^w had before demoiiihr- 
 ed. He likewife fortifies the Caftle of Trejfynnn or 
 S. Wtnefrtd. Upon this Lkewelyn enters into the 
 Earl's Land, which when he had ravaged {ufficiently, 
 he returns home with confidejable Booty. About this 
 time ^hys Fychan Son to Prince Rhys , fearing left 
 Piince Lhewe'yn ihould fall upon him for the \Vrong 
 he had done to his Nepliews, whom he, Prince Lhs' 
 welyn, ftifly defended in their right; made his Appli- 
 cation to the King of England, who readily granted 
 him what Surcours be dcfired i and with th.eie he 
 befieged the Caftle of Lhanymdhyfri ; the Garrvfon 
 for fame time made a vigorous' defence , but h'3'?;r;p' 
 
ai8 The Htjlory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 no hopes of any Relief, tbey thought it their wifeft 
 courle to Capirulare, and lo they deiired they might 
 0)arch out with their Arms, Bag and Baggage, and 
 all that belonged to them, which was granted them. 
 About this time likewife Gwenwynwyn was fet at Li- 
 berty, whom the King had hitherto detained Prifoner, 
 and withal lends him fome Forces to attempt the re- 
 covery of his Country which Prince Lhewelyn had 
 feized upon during his Imprifonment ; and tho* 
 by his own Strength he was not able to cope with the 
 Prince, yet by this Affiftance granted him by the 
 King, he (oon re-pofTefif d himfelf of his Dominions. 
 This Succels o'^ Gwenwynwyn encouraged Mae.'gon like- 
 wife to endeavour the recovery f.if that part of his 
 Countiy which the Prince had taken from him in the 
 fame Expedition. Now he makes his application to 
 the King of England, and fwears Allegiance to him. 
 Hereupon the King granrs him a conliderable Army 
 as well Eriglifh as 'Normans ; to thefe he joyns what 
 Forces he could raife in fVales, and then contrary to 
 the Oath and Agreement he had made with his Ne- 
 phews ^hys and Owen, he in a hoitiie manner enters 
 their Country, when he was come to Canned Penwc 
 die, he encamped at Cilceimy where he Itaid fbme 
 ti ve to rake meafures for the better accomplilhment 
 of his Dcfigns ; by this time his Nephews had got 
 together ab-^.ut 300 chofen well difciplined Men, but 
 with lo fmall a Number durll not oppofe their Uncle's 
 numerous Army in open Field j therefore they were 
 to endeavour to overthrow thofe by a Stratagem 
 which they couid not do by main force. Herein they 
 proved very lucceisfut, for coming as near their Ene- 
 mies as they could without being difcovercd, they lent 
 out their Spies that Night for Intelligence, who 
 brought back the good News, that all was quiet in 
 M^ie^goni Caiiip, and that tbey kept noOridi: Watch, 
 beii'g not aware of an approaching Enemy. This 
 Intelligence mightily encouraged the Brothers to pro- 
 fecute their Defigns, and now they march as fi- 
 lently as they can towards their Enemies Camp, 
 where they met with no onpofition, being not dif- 
 
 covered 
 
The HiHory of W ALES, 119 
 
 eovered becaufe all were faft aflecp. When they were 
 advanced as they thought as far as Maelgms Tent, 
 they furioufly fell on, and flew a great number of his 
 Men afore ihey awak'd ; the relt being frightened 
 with the noife and fhouts of their Enemies, and with- 
 al thinking their Numbers to be far greater than 
 it was, were glad to make ufe of the darkncfs 4if the 
 Night to quit the Field, only Maelgon's Guird vali- 
 antly kept their Polt, and defended their Lord till he 
 had time and opportunity to efrape. But Maelgon's 
 Army fuffered very much in this Adtion his Ne- 
 phew C(man ap Howel with his Chief Counfellor Gruf' 
 fydb af Cadwgan were both taken Prilbners, and 
 Eineon ap Caradoc with a great number more were 
 flain upon the fpot. About the fame time Gtlbert 
 Earl o^lGloceJler fortified the CaUle of Buelht, where 
 a little before he had loft a coniiderable number of 
 bis Men, by reafon thac^he place was not very (trong 
 and tenable. And towards the conclulion of this 
 year, Mallt or Mawd de Bruce, the Wife of Gruffydh 
 ap Bj>ys departed this Life, and was interred by her 
 Husband in a Monk's Coul in Yjhatflur. 
 
 Bat the following Year a great Storm threatened I a 10, 
 North-TJ^alet, by realon that the Marchers made fre- > 
 quenc and grievous Complaints to King John, how 
 that Prince Lhewelyn perpetually moleited their Coun- 
 try, flew their Men, and committed all the walte 
 and deltrudion polfible as he pafled along. The King 
 hearing of fuch intolerable Depredations continually 
 exercifed by the North-fVa!es Men, thought it high 
 time to rcdrefs his Subjects, and therefore he railed ' 
 a mighty Army throughout all England and called 
 to him all the Lords and Princes ot fVales as held 
 their Lands and Patents from him, as Rotvel ap Gruf- 
 fydh ap Conan ap Oven Gwynedh, whom Prince Lhs- 
 trelyn had banilhed out of North -f^Paes ; Madoc ap 
 Grujffdh Maylor Lord of Bromfieid, Chhks and Yale, 
 Meredith ap ^tpert Lord of Cydeven^ G'venirynivyn 
 Lord of Pouys, Maelgon and I{byj the Sons of Frince 
 Jibyst and Governours ot South- l4^ales. With this for* 
 midable Army he came to Chejier, intending to enter 
 Q^ J into 
 
250 ^ The Hiftorycf^ ALES. . 
 
 into 'North Wales by that way, and being fully -fi?- 
 lolved to execute the fevereft Vengeance upon 
 the Inhabitants, and not to let one living icul re- 
 main alive throughout the whole Country. But 
 Matters of this nature are eafier refolved upon, thaii 
 accomplifhed ; Prince Lhen'elyn was no fooner in- 
 formed of thefe mighty preparations againft him, 
 comprehending the whole Strength of the EngUfh 
 Nation, and what was word of all, being affilted 
 by his own Country-men, but he ilTucd forth his Ot- 
 ders, commanding all his Subjedls of the In-1and 
 Counties of Denbigh and Flint, together with them 
 of the Ifland of Angkjey, to remove for a time all 
 their Cattel and other Efted:s to 5«o/."^e«- Hills, 
 where they vvere fure to remain fecurelt from their 
 Enemies. But King "^chn marched his Army along 
 the Sea-Coalt to R^ithlan, and there palTing the River 
 CUvyd, he came to the Calt!« of Teg<tn'vy^ where he 
 encamped for fome time to refresh and recreate his 
 Army, which by reafon of the long Marches they 
 made, was in a great meafure weary and fatigued. 
 But what the more augmented their inifery, Lhetvelyn 
 getting behind them, cut off all their hopes of Pro- 
 vifion from England^ and the Welch by the Advantage 
 of being acquainted with the ftraits and narrow Paf- 
 fagec, cut off all that ftraggled from the Enghfh Camp, 
 fo that in time, they were glad to take up with Horle- 
 fie(h,and sny thing were it never fo mean,which might 
 fill up rheir greedy and empty Stomachs. At lalt 
 King 'John finding no other Remedy, and perceiving 
 i: impoifible to continue longer there io liungiy 
 and faihty„ thought it his wileft way to inarch for 
 England aiid leave the Welch to thcmfelves, and fo he 
 decamped in a great fury, leaving Lhewelyn to bury 
 that great number of Dead, which had ilarved in this 
 fuccesflefs Expedition. Bur to recover the Honour he 
 had now lo'l, he was relolved to try another touch 
 with the Welch, but polfibiy not with the fame con- 
 fidence and atliirance of Vidrory. And therefore 
 returning to Wahs in the next Aiigufi, he entred with 
 fiich another terrible Army of Lvgiifl;, and was al- 
 
 lilted 
 
the Hijlory c/ W A L E S. 131 
 
 filled by the fame Welch Lords, at Blanchmonafleryy 
 now Ojweftry, bang in the Lord (hip of John the Son 
 of iVtUiam Fit:(alan. In this Expedition, King Jo/jw 
 palling the Kiver Contvey, and encamping at the other 
 iide towards Snotvdcn-HiV.s^ fent part of his Army 
 condudted by Guides who were acquainted with the 
 Country, to burn Bangor, which they effectually did j 
 and taking t^otfert Bilhop of that See out of Church, 
 they carried him Prifoner.to the Engdjh Camp, where 
 be continued for fome time, till he obtained his Ran- 
 fbm for a prefent of two hundred Hawki- But 
 Prince Lhctpdyn finding the whole Strength of £«- 
 gland, and almoft tVales to fight againit him, and 
 judging it impoflible for himfelf alone, to withftand 
 fo great a mulritude, thought it his bed way to en- 
 deavour to find out ibme method or other, to recon- 
 cile himfelf to the King. And no better meafures 
 could poflibly be thought of, than to fend Joan his 
 Wife, King Johns Daughter, tointreat with her Fa- 
 ther about a Peace, and a ceGfation of all Hoftilities ; 
 who being a prudent, fly Woman, fo prevailed upon 
 the King, that he granted Prince Lhet^e'yn her Huf- 
 band, a lafe Condudi to co'.ne ro him, and to re- 
 new the former Peace and Amity that was betwixt 
 them. And fo Lhewelyn having done Homage, pro- 
 rriifed the King towards his Expences.in this Expe- 
 dition, aooco Head of Cattel and foty Horfes, and 
 what was more than all, he granted ail the in-bnd 
 Countries of ^f-^/w, with the Appurtenances, to him 
 and hi* Heirs for ever. And then King John having 
 received better iuccefs in this, than the former Ex- 
 pedition, returned to England in great Triumph, ha- 
 ving fubdued all Wales, excepting that part which - 
 ^hys and Otven the Sons of Grujfydh ap i^/j>j,ftill kept 
 and maintained againit the Englijh. But having no 
 leifure to march againit them hiinfelf at his depar- 
 ture out of the Country, he gave (trifl charge to 
 Foulk^ Vicount of Caerdyff, Warden of the Marches, 
 a cruel Tyrant, tho' well beloved and favoured by 
 the King, to take an Army with him, and fo joyn- 
 jng wkh Maelgon and i^^y; Fychan^ to compel the 
 ■ Q, t Sens 
 
i3i • The Hijlovy of W ALES. 
 
 Sons of Gruffydh ap ^ys to acknowledge him for their 
 Sovereign, and to do him Homage. Foulkfi having 
 received lb politive a Command, prclenily railed 
 his Forces, and calling Maelgon and ^ys. came to 
 the Cantref oi Penwedzc-^ which when the young 
 Lords Rhys and Owen heard of, and being aflured 
 that this Blow was levelled againlt them, which they 
 knew they were not able to bear, before the btroak 
 was ftruck, they fent to Foulk^ to fue for Peace, and 
 a fafe ConduA for them to pals to the Court of Eng- 
 land. This being granted, they came to London^ and 
 making their fubmiiiion to the King, and requefting 
 his Pardon for all former Mifdemeanors, they gave 
 up all pretence to their Lands betwixt Aeron and 
 Dyji', and fo paying their Homage, they were diC- 
 milfed very gracioully. But Foulk^e before his depar- 
 ture out of the Country, fortihed the Cartle of 
 Abcryftwyth, and placing a ftrong Garrifon thereinj 
 kept it to the King's ulc. But Maelgon and I{hys Fy- 
 ci>a«, acoupleof head-ltrong, inconltant People, quick- 
 ly repented them of the Peace they had made with 
 the King of Er.glar.d, and thereupon, without the 
 lea'.t realon or provocation, they laid Siege to Ahery- 
 fiwytbCalile, and with much ado having made them- 
 fcives Mafters of it they deftroyed thole Fortifica- 
 ticns which Foulke liad lately eretited, and defaced 
 the Caftle to the ground. But they paid fawce 
 for this another way, for as foon as ^ys and Ofpcn 
 had heard that their Uncles had broken and violated 
 the King's Peace, they made inroads into •Jfaeron, 
 which was Maelgons Country, and having llain a 
 confidcrable number of his Men, among whom was 
 one brave and lufty Youth called Bachglas, they re- 
 turned with very rich Booty. 
 2211. Maelgon and I^hys Fychan were quickly followed by 
 the Noith-PVales Men in th?ir revolt from the King 
 of EngUnd, for Prince Lhewdyn being not able to en^ 
 dure any longer the tyranny and oppreilion which 
 , the King's Garrifons excrcifed in his Country ; called 
 
 together Gwenrynwyn from Pcwys-. Maelgon af ^hys 
 from South'iVales^ Madoc ap Qrv.ffydh Maylor fron» 
 ' ; , Brcmf.eld 
 
The Rtflory 0/ W A L E S. 23 j 
 
 BrotnfielJ, and Meredith ap ^otfert from Cydewen. and 
 plainly declared before them the Pride and infukncy 
 of the Engltjh, and how that they who were always 
 ufed to have a Prince of their own Nation, were now 
 by their own wilfulnefs and negleiit become fubjedfc 
 to Strangers. However, it was not too. late to re- 
 cover their antient Liberty, and if they did but una- 
 nimoufly agree among themlelves, they might ealily 
 calt off that Yoke which was fo intolerably burder- 
 fome to them Then the Lords being fentible of the 
 truth and reafonablenefs of what Prince Lhewelyn de- 
 livered, and being confcious to ihemfelves that their 
 prefent flavery and fabjecftion to the Englijh, was 
 wholly owing to their own fear and cowardiie, fworc 
 fealty to Prince Lhewelyn, and Iwore to be true and 
 faithful to him, and to Itick by each other to the ut- 
 moit of their Lives and Fortunes. And lb joyning 
 their Forces together, they took all the CaiUes in 
 tiorth-WAles which were in the hands of the EngUjh^ 
 excepting E{uthlan and Dyganwy ; and then going 
 to Pottfys, they laid Siege to the Callle which l^bert 
 Vfpont had builc at Mathrafa!. But King John be- 
 ing informed how the iVelch had confpired againft 
 him, and that they had taken and fezied upon almolt 
 all his Cailles in North-Wales, and how that they were 
 now in adual beliegement of Mathrafai prefently 
 drew up his Army, and coming to Jviathrafal^ quick- 
 ly raifed the Siege, and to prevent the HV,ch from 
 coming any more againft it, he burnt it to the 
 ground and fo returned to England, having no time 
 to Hay any longer in Wales, by reafon of the Ditfe- 
 rences that happened betwixt him and his Nobility^, 
 But being afterwards at Nottingham^and hearing how 
 that Prince Lbetveljn ciuelly harralfed and deiiroye-l 
 the Marches, he cauied all the PVtkh Pledges which he 
 had received the laft year to be hanged, among whom 
 were Hctpel the Son oi (^adwa.hon, and Madoc t!ie 
 Son of Maetgon, with many others of the Nobiiitifis 
 Sons, to the number of Twenty Eighr. And about 
 the fame time E^ohert Vcpont caufcd l^^Jjys the Son of 
 Maelgon to be hanged at Shrsffiburyy being a Youth 
 
 oi 
 
^34 T^' f^^My < W A L E S. 
 
 of about fevenreen years of age, and fo cruelly mur- 
 dered the innocent Child to revenge the Crimes and 
 Offences committed by his Father and others. But- 
 tho' King John was fo fevere to the iVelch, yet the 
 Princefs of North-Wales was more dutiful and fa- 
 voarable to' him, for whiUl he ftaid at Nottingham, 
 flie fent him an Exprefs, declaring how that the Ba- 
 rons had entred into a Confpiracy with the French^ 
 King againft him, and that this latter was a prepa- 
 ring and railing an Army to come over to England^ 
 upon pretence that the King was a Rebel, and bid 
 open Defiance to the Holy Church, inasmuch as he 
 would not condefcend nor yield to the Biiliop 0^ 
 ^me's Requeft. And in confirmation of all this, fhe 
 told hinj that J^obert Fity^tvalter^ Etiftace de Vefcy and 
 Stephen ^edell, were fecretly fled into France^ to pro- 
 mote and carry on this intrigue. And that this de- 
 fign againft King John was no feigned furmife,the next 
 iiir. year Pope Innocent the Third detached one of his 
 Nuncio's to Wales, who abfolved Prince Lhewe'yn," 
 Gwenwyn»)n and Maelgon from their Oaths of Al- 
 legiance to King John, and withal gave them a llricifc 
 command under the penalty of Excommunication, 
 to moleft and annoy him with all their Endeavours, 
 as an open Enemy to the Church of Gpd. Prince 
 Lhewelyn, you may be fure, was not in the leaft trou-' 
 bled at this, for now he gained the fitteft opportu- 
 nity imaginable, to reftore fuch Lands as he had for- 
 merly much againft his mind delivered up to the 
 King, being the in-land Country of-^Denbigh and 
 Flint, which Lhewelyn zt this time repofleffed himfelf 
 of And well it was, he was fo quick, for within a 
 little while after. King John by the perfualions of 
 Pandulfh the Pope's Legate, granted his Holinefs all 
 his Requeft, and^fo obtained Abfolution at Pandulfh^s 
 hands, and upon performance of his Promifes, an af- 
 furance of a releafemertf from that Ecclefiaftical 
 Bull, which had fo formidably roared againft him. 
 sjlj. South-Wales had now been quiet for a confidcrable 
 time, and they that vXed to be commonly very tur- 
 bulent and contentious, were now pretty ca!y and 
 
 amicable. 
 
Thi Uiftory (/WALES. 235 
 
 Amicable. But it was impolTible that fuch a peace- 
 able Courfe of Life ihould hold long, where In- 
 jultice and Oppreflion had fo much Liberty, and 
 where People were wrongfully kept out of their juft 
 and rightful Inheritance. And this was tlie occafion 
 of the breach of that quietnefs, which for the two 
 or three years laft paft they had fo fatisfadorily en- 
 joyed. For i{hys the Son of Gnijfydh ap Epjs, who 
 was right Heir to Prince ^hys^ finding he could have 
 no (hare of his Father's E(tate, but that his Uncles 
 forcibly kept all from him, thought it his beft way 
 -to make his Cafe known to the King o{ England, and 
 to delire a remedy and redrefs from him. King John 
 in compaflion of the young Man's hard Condition, 
 lent to his Deputy Fotdk^ Vicount of Caerdjff War- 
 den of the Marches, and to the Steward of^ Hereford^ 
 commanding them to take away all Tfiratywy from; 
 Rys Fychan, by fome called ^hys Gryg. unlefs he 
 would permit his Nephews to enjoy Lhanymdhyfry- 
 Caille, with all the Lands and Priviledges thereunto 
 belonging. Fotdke having received fuch Orders '^rom 
 his Malter the King of England, fent to acquaint 
 Sjjys of the Propofals, and fo demand of hi^u whe- 
 ther or no he would deliver up Lhanymdhyfry to his 
 Nephews, according to the {Cin'gs Command ; who 
 returned anfwer, that he did not know of any luch 
 Obligation due from him to the King of England, as 
 to part with his Lands at his Command, and therefore 
 affufed him peremptorily and in plain terms, that be 
 would not willingly part with one foot of what he 
 was in prefent poilelfion of Foulk^ therefore having 
 received this relblute Anfwer, was likewife as refolute 
 to get that by force which he could not obtain by fair 
 means; and fo having raifed a great Army, he 
 marched to Talhwynelgain to meet with young ^hys^ 
 who was to come thither with all the Forces he could 
 raife in Brecknock,; and from thence they marched in 
 three Battles towards Dynefawr^ the firft being com- 
 manded by young libys, the fecond by Foulke and 
 Owen Brother to ^hys led the third. Bhys Fychan 
 Mas not in theleaft difmayed at their Number, but 
 
 thinking 
 
xy6 The Hiftory <?/ W A L E S. 
 
 thinking it more advifable to meet them in the Field, 
 rather than fufFcr them to block him up at Dynefawr^ 
 came out very boldly, and gave them Buiel, but 
 after a warm Engagement on both fides, B^s Fjchan 
 in the end got the worle, and after a lofs of a great 
 number of his Men, he was glad at laft to make his 
 efcape by flight. And fo retiring to Dynefawr, he 
 doubled the Garrifon of that place, but thinking the 
 Town of Lhandeito-fa'vr not to be Tenable, he burnt 
 it to the Grijund, and then kept hinafeif private in the 
 Woods and other defart places. But young I^ys and 
 Foulke laid Siege to Dynefam, and in the firit Alfault- 
 caoae on (b fiercely, that they forced the Garrifon to 
 retire to the Caltle, which for fome time they de- 
 fended very manfully. But the befiegers began to 
 play fo violently with their battering Engines, and 
 to undermine the Wall in fuch a manner, that the 
 Governour after a fhort defence began to Capitulate, 
 giving three Pledges for fecurity, that if they received 
 no Kelief by the morrow at Noon, the Caltle Ihould 
 be furrendred up, conditionally that the Garrifon 
 Ihould march out with all the Tokens of Honour, 
 and carry their Arj^s and all other Implements of 
 War along with them. No Relief being arrived, 
 the Caltle the next day was accordingly lurrendred, 
 and all the Articles or the Capitulation obferved ; 
 and fo young ^j/s being pofiefled of Dynefawr, in a 
 little time afterward, brought all Cantref-fawr to bis 
 iiibjedion . When ^hys Fychan was fenfible how the 
 ftream run violently againlt him, he thought it his 
 wifeil way to remove his Wife and Children, and 
 all his other Etfeds, to his Brother Maelgons Country, 
 and fo leaving Lhanymdhyfry Caltle well manned and 
 fortitied, he departed towards Aheryjltt/yth, But as 
 foon as FoulJ^e was returned to the Marches, young 
 Rpys came with an Army conii ting of iVe'xh and 
 Normans before Lhanymdhyfry, intending to beliege 
 that place, but before they were encamped before 
 the Town, the Governour thought it his belt way to 
 furrender, upon Condinon only, that the Garri- 
 . fon Ihould depart away with their Lives, And ihori- 
 
The Hrfiory 0/ W A L E S. %^y 
 
 ly afterwards, l^ys Fychan was taken at Caermar- 
 dbjn, and committed to the King's Prifon, and fo all 
 the Difturbances and Troubles of Soutb-Wales czmc . 
 to a peaceable ilTue, But it was not fo in North- 
 Wales, for Prince Lhewehn being defirous to rid his 
 Country from the infupportable Tyranny and Op- 
 preffion of the Englijh Garrifons, laid Siege to the 
 Caftles of DygMwy and Ruthlan, the only places 
 now remaining in the hands of the Englijh, which 
 he took without any great oppofirioo, and fo freed his 
 Country from any Tirle or Pretence the King of 
 England might claim in North-Wales. King John in- 
 deed was engaged another way, and confequently ia 
 no good Condition to help himl'elf, for having re- 
 pented of all the indignities and liubbornels be ex- 
 preiTed againft Pope Innocent ; at this time he 
 received Penance at the hands of the Archbilhop 
 of Canterbury, to attone for all the feverities he haa 
 pradifed againft the Church. And to reftore him- 
 lelf the more to his Holinefs Favour, be made the 
 Kingdom of England Tributary to the Church df 
 ^pme, to be holden of the Pope, in paying him the 
 fumm of 1000 Marks yearly forever; and withal 
 recalled and reftored to their former Preferments 
 and Places all fuch as had been banifhed, or had vo- 
 luntarily fled the Kingdom upon the account of 
 their ftri(5t adherence and fubmiifion to the Pope of 
 S^ome. 
 
 Nor was this all, for the next year King John with 
 two of his Nobility, the Earls o£ Chejler and Derby, 
 was refolved upon a Voyage to the Holy-Land, but 
 was unfortunately prevented of his Journey, by the 
 Rebellion of his Barons, which now broke forth vio- 
 lently by reafon that the King would not grant theoi 
 feme antient Laws and Priviledges, fuch as their fore- 
 Fathers always enjoyecf. Therefore the Barons en- 
 tered into a Confederacy with Prince Lhewelyn of 
 North-Wales, defiring him to make what Diverfion 
 he could on his parr, which they were relolved to do 
 on theirs ; and lb having raifed an Army, they ap- 
 pointed i^o^rf Fi>;(a'/»//er their General, Coming to 
 
2^8 The Hiflory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 Bedford, they were honourably received into the Ca- 
 ftle by iVdliam Beauchamf, and from thence march- 
 ing to London, they were entertained with ^11 the 
 Exprefiions and Tokens of Joy. King yo/jw". per- 
 ceiving how powerful they were like to prove, and 
 how that the Country did in a great meafure fa- 
 vour their Caufe, thought it his wifeit way to nip 
 them in the bud, and to fall upon them before they 
 grew too ftrong ; and therefore having levied his 
 Forces, he marched together with l^itliam Mar/hall 
 Earl of Pembroke, towards the Caftle of ^ochefler. 
 Being arrived there, he laid clofe Siege to the Caftle, 
 but the Governour William de Abbineto fo bravely 
 d'efended it, that it could hardly be takeri after three 
 Months Siege, but at length the King's Men bore on 
 fo violently, that they took it by a Storm, where be- 
 fides William de Abbineto^ the King took feveral of 
 the Barons Prifoners. This was an ill beginning rp 
 the Defign of the Confederates, and what did not 
 add a little to their Misfortune, the Pope prefently 
 iffues out his Bull of Excommunication againft Lhswe- 
 iyn Prince of Wales, and all the Englijh Barons as 
 made War againft King John, who was under the 
 protedion of the Church of R^me. But Prince / he,- 
 welyti did not regard his threatning Anathernas, and 
 therefore having railed an Army, he. came to Shrewf. 
 bury, which was delivered up to him without any re.- 
 fiftance. And whillt L/;:Wi./)'« remained there, G»7fj 
 de Bruce Bifhop of Hereford, one of the chief of this 
 Confpiracy, fent his Brother Reynold to Brecrioct^^ 
 whom all the People readily owned for their Lord ;. 
 and Id without the leaft grumbling or oppoficion he 
 received the Caftles of Abergefoiny and Pencelay, tlie 
 Cajlelh Gwy>h or the Whire Caftle, together with 
 Crofmont Caftle and the Ifland of Cynuric. But when 
 the Bilhop came thither in Parfon, he had the Caftl^s 
 of Aberhondhy, Haj/^ Buelht, and Blaenlhjfny, delivered 
 up to him ; but thinking he had enough himlelf, and 
 being rather defirous to fecure his Inrereft, and io 
 ftrengthen his Party in the Country, than to heap 
 more upon liis own ihoulders than he was well able 
 
The Hijlory «>/ W A L E S. 239 
 
 ro fupport, he beftowed Pajn Caftle, Clune and all 
 Eluel upon jValter Fychan, the Son of Eineon Clyd. 
 
 In the mean cime, young Bl:>ys the Son of Gruffydh 
 ap Rhys, and his Uncle Maelgm were reconciled and 
 made Friends, and fo coming both to Dyfed, they de- 
 itroyed jirberth and Maenclochx Caltles, and recover- 
 ed all fuch Lands as formerly belonged to them, ex- 
 cepting Cemais. But I{h)s's Brothers Mae^oji and 
 Otven went loNorth-l^^ales and did Homage and Feal- 
 ty to Prince Lhewelyn, whilit their Brother Prince I{hys 
 marched forward to Cydwely^ and having rafed the 
 Caftles of Camwylheon and Lhycbwry brought all the 
 Country about under his fubjedion. But this was 
 not enough to iatisfy the ambitious humour of that 
 young Prince, for having once taited the pleafure of 
 Vidory, and the taking and demolilhijig of Towns, 
 he was relblved to profecute his Conquelt whilft For- 
 tune feemed to favour his Undertakings; and there- 
 fore he lead his Army againft Talybont Caftle, which 
 belonged to Hugh dc Mi'es, and forcing his entrance 
 into the fame, he put a great number of the Garri- 
 fon to the Sword. The next day he mat ciied to Sen^ 
 gemyth Caftle, but the Garrifon which kept ii^ think- 
 ing it fruitlefs and to nopurpole ro oppoie him, burnt 
 the place, and departed 10 Tjiymlhwynanh. But he foi- 
 lovyed them at the Heel?, and the next day took it, 
 and rafed it to the ground, and over-ran the Coua- 
 try in luch a violent manner, that in three days time; 
 he became Mailer of all the Caitles and Fortreflcs in 
 a\\ Gowerland and Morgannifc, and fo returned home 
 with great Vidory and Triumph. At the fache rime 
 I{bys Fychan, otherwife I{hyj Gryg, young Prince I^ys's 
 Uncle, obtained his. Liberty from the King oi England, 
 : leaving his Son with two more for Pledges for his 
 modelt and peaceable Behaviour towards his Sub- 
 jeds, v\.hom at other times he was wont to moled 
 and opprels. About this time the Abbots of Tal y 
 . JJecheu and Ti.y Gwyn, were confecratcd Bilhops, the 
 former of St. Davids, and the other of Bangor. But 
 • the Bilhop of Hereford who itemed to be the molt 
 violently inclined againit King Jo/jw, and was other- 
 
 wiie 
 
24O The Fliftory of W A L E S, 
 
 wife unmlling to parr v/nh what hs had got in TValeSt ■ 
 could r,ot for all that refufe the InjuncfVicn of the 
 Pope, by vvbni'e exprefs Co.Tjmand he was conitrain- ■ 
 ed to make Peace with the JCing, which being con- 
 cluded, in his return homeward, he died at Gloce^ '[ 
 Jier, leaving his Eirare to his Brother Reginald, who 
 bad married the Daughter of Prince Lhewelyn. 
 
 But for all that, Gtes de Bruce Bilhop of Hereford 
 was fallen off, and reconciled to King "^ohn, yet Prince 
 Lhewelyn did not think it convenient to follow his Ex- 
 ample, and therefore with his who!e Army he march- 
 ed againft Carmardbyn^ and took the CaHle in five 
 days, having rafed it to the ground, he fucceffively 
 laid Siege to the Caftle? of Lhanft ejfhan, Si. Clear e^and 
 Talacharn, which he ufed after the fame manner. 
 From thence he went to Cardigan, and winning Emlyn 
 Ca'.';Ie, he lubdued Cemaes, and then laying Siege to 
 Xefdraeth Caftle, in Englijlj called Newport, he quick- 
 ly took it, and afterwards rafed it to the ground. 
 His next Defign was upon Aberteifi and Cilgerran 
 Caftles, but the Garrifons which defended them, find- 
 ing it to no purpofe to wait his coiaing, and fo to 
 withitand all his Attempts againit thole places volun^ 
 tarily furrendred, and by that means prevented all 
 the Mtfchief, which in oppoling him, would in all 
 probability unavoidably attend them. And fo Prince 
 Lhewelyn having fucccisfully over-run and fubduedall 
 CarmarSyn and Cardigan, triumphantly returned to 
 f^onh-TVales, being attended by feveral of the fVelch 
 Nobility, fuch as Hcwel ap Gruffydh ap Conan, Lhe^ 
 IPelyn ap Meredith^ Gwenwynwyrt l.ord of Powys, Me- 
 redtth ap ^tpert, Maclgon and ^yi Fychan the ^ons 
 of Prince ^ys of South Wales, ^hys and Owen the 
 Sons of Grujfydb ap Bjjys , together with all the 
 Power of Madoc ap Gruffydh Maylor Lord of Brom- ^ 
 field. 
 I a 16. But the next year Prince Lhewelyn returned to A' 
 herteiji to compofe a Difference, which lince his de- 
 parture, had happened betwixt Maelgon and ^hyj 
 Fychan^ Prince BJoys's Sons on the one nde, and ^jys 
 and Owen^ Gruffydh ap Bjoyi's Sons on the other, 
 
 THere^ 
 
The Hlflory of \W ALES, 241 
 
 Therefore to make up this Quarrel, and to reduce 
 all Matters to a quiet and amicable iflue, Prince Lhe- 
 beljin made an equal diftribution oi South-Wales be- 
 twixt them, allotting to Maelgcn, three Canirefs in 
 DjfeJ, viz. Gwarthaf^ Penlhwynoc, Ccmaes, and Emlyn 
 with Cilgerran Caftle ; to young I{h)is^ two Caftles ia 
 TJIratywy, Eiruryn and Mdelhaen, Maenor Bydfey, with 
 the Caftle of Lhanymdhyfry, and two in Cardigan Gwy- 
 nimyth and Mabwpeon. His Brother Omn had to 
 his tTiare the Caftles of Aberteifi and 'Nam yr Arian^ 
 wiih three Cantrefs in Cardigan; and ^ys Fychan^ 
 orherwife called H^ys Gryc, had Dynefawr Caftle, the 
 CantrefMamr, the Catitref Bycban, excepting Eiruryn 
 and Midhfey, together with the Comotes of Cydwely 
 and Camwylhion. This Divifion being accomplilhed 
 to every one's Sati:^fa6^ion, and all the Lords oiSouth- 
 tVales being amicably reconciled, Prince Lhewelyn 
 took his Journey for North-Wales ; but he had not 
 advanced very far, when News was brought him that 
 Gtt>enw)7iwyn Lord of Potttys was revolted, and was 
 become again the King of England's Subjedr. This 
 ijnwelcome News ftruck very deep in the Prince's 
 Mind, by reafon that Gwenttynwjn was a Man of 
 grear Power and Strength in the Country, and went 
 a great way to repel the Inoarfions of the Englifto up- 
 on the Marches, which now he being gone otf, could 
 rot, he feared, be fo well effedted. But however, to 
 make the belt of a bad Market, he endeavoured to 
 take hi;!) off from the Englijk, and to reftore him to 
 his former Allegiance due to himfelf as his Natural 
 Prince ; and to that end, he fent to him fome Bifliops 
 and Abbots to pat him in mind of his Oath and Pro- 
 mife, how that he with the reft of the Lords of Wales, 
 had obliged himlllf ro oppofe the EngUJlo to the ut- 
 molt of his Power, and had delivered fledges for the 
 fure performance oi' what he had then by Oath en- 
 gaged in ; and left he iliould have forgot what he 
 had then promifed, fee was deluded to read his own 
 hand Writing, whereby it was apparent that he had 
 very unjuftly violated both his Oatli and Promile. 
 But t\\ the Rhetoriek the Bilhops could make ufe of, 
 
 ^ way 
 
141 51>f Hiflory if W ALES. 
 
 was not of force enough to work Gwcnwynwyn to re- 
 conciliation with the Prince, and an averfion to the 
 Y\\n2, oi England ; and therefore feeing nothing would 
 do, Prince Lhetvelyn was refolved to make him inca- 
 pable of ferving the Englijh, and fo entring Poivys 
 with a ftrong Arnny, he lubdued the whole Country 
 to hinifelf, Gwenirynwynhdng forced to fly fot Succor 
 to the Earl of Chejier. 
 
 Whillt thefe things pafled in Wales, Lewis the 
 Dauphm of France being invited by the Englifh Barons 
 againft King John, landed in the Iflahd of Thanet, 
 and marching forward to London, he there received 
 Homage of ?I1 the Barons, that were in actual War 
 againit the King. And then letting forward to fVtn- 
 cbeji?r, where King John then lay, he rook in his 
 way the Caliles of I{ygatj Guildford and Farnhantf 
 and coming to Winchejier. had the Town prefently 
 furrendred to him. King John did not think fit to 
 abide his coming, but removing to Hereford, in the 
 Marches of Wales, he fent to Prince Lhetvelyn and 
 l(eynotd Bruce, defiring their Friendfliip, and imploring 
 their Aid add Adlftance againft the French. But they 
 rcta ing to hearken to his Propofals, he deftroyed 
 Radnor and Hay Caftles, and marching forward to 
 Ojmejiry, which belonged to Jo!:nF'it:{alan^ he burnt 
 it to the ground, and then departed towards the North. 
 But after that he had fettled his Affairs there, and ap- 
 p jinreJ Governours in all the Towns and Places of 
 Strength ; whilli: he was making all necelfary Prepa- 
 rations at Newark, to confront the Barons, he fell 
 fick, and in a fliort time died, and was buried at 
 Worccpr. 
 
 After his Death his 5on Henry was by feveral of 
 the Fnglijh Nobility proclaimed King, and in a little 
 while, moft of the Barons, who upon their hatred to 
 King John, had maintained an open War againft him, 
 ' c?.me in, and owned their Allegiance to his Son 
 Henry ^ tho' contrary to their Oath to Uwis the Dau' 
 izi7. fhine. But what was moft pernicious to the ^'^/c^, 
 p^piafd de Bruce who had all this while maintained a 
 Confederacy with Prince Lhemlyn his Faiber-in-Law 
 
 againft 
 
The Htflory ^/ W A L E S. 2^43 
 
 again ft King 7o/j«, underhand made his Peace wiih 
 King Henry. But he fufFered feverely 'for his Trea- 
 chery j for young /^A/j, and Owen his Nephew by his 
 Sifter, feeing that he in whom rhey put their great- 
 eft Confidence, had deceitfully forfaken them, came 
 upon him with all their Power, and took from him 
 all Buelht, excepting only the Caftle, Prince Lhc 
 tpelyn was prefenrly made acquainted v/ith Bruce s re- 
 volt, but as foon as he was informed that his Son-in- 
 Law was gone over to the King of England, he went 
 in great fury to Breckncc, and laying Siege to the 
 Town Q^ Aberhondhy, he was with much ado prevail" 
 ed upon by young ^jjys to raife the Siege for the 
 fummofa Hundred Marks ^ and then croifing the 
 Mountanous part of Glamorgan , called the Blacky 
 Mountains, where his Carriages fufFered very much, 
 he came to G«yr, and encamping at Lhangruc, Hey- 
 nald Bruce with (ik Knights in his Company, came 
 to meet him, defiring his Pardon for his paffed Of- 
 * fence, affuring him that for the future, he would be 
 true and faithful to him, and would to his endeavour - 
 alUft him againft the King of England. Prince Lhc" 
 welyn was too good narared to rejeit his fubmillion, 
 and io did not only receive him to his Favour, but 
 beftowed upon him alfo the Caftle of Senghennyth, 
 which I^eynald committed to the Cuftody of I{ljys Fy- 
 chan. Pi-ince Lhewelyn having fettled all things iri 
 good Order in Gwyr, marched to Byfed, and being ac 
 Cefn Cynwarchan, the Flemings fent their Agents to 
 him to delire Peace, which the Prince, by reafoa 
 that they always adhered to the £7jg///^ Intereft, 
 would not grant them. And fo young l{hys having 
 the firft Man parted the River Cledeu to Storm the; 
 Town, lorwerth Birtiop of St. Davids, with the reft: 
 of his Clergy came to the Prince to intreat for a 
 Peace for the Flemings, which after a long debate, 
 was granted, and concluded upon thefe Terms j 
 Firft, That all the Inhabitants oil{hos,z.nd. the Coun- 
 try of Pembroke Ihould from thence forward iwear 
 Allegiance to Prince Lhewelyn^ and ever after ncf 
 knowledge his Sovereignty. , Secondly, That towardfe 
 K 2 the 
 
?44 ^^^ ^ifl<>n ^f WALE S. 
 
 the defraying of his Charges in this Expedition, 
 they Ihould pay one Thoufand Marks to be deliver- 
 ed to him before the enfuing Feaft of St. Michael. 
 Thirdly, That for the fure performance of thefe Ar- 
 ticles they fhould deliver up Twenty Hoitages, who 
 were to be fbme of the moft Principal Per Ions in 
 their Country. Then Prince Lhewelyn having now 
 brought all Wales fubjed to himfelf, and put Mat- 
 ters in a fettled polture in South fVales, returned to 
 Korth'PVales, having purchafed very conliderable 
 Honour and Efteem for his Martial Achievements in 
 this Expedition. 
 
 And now all Matters of Differences being adjufted, 
 and the pf^elch in good hopes of a durable Freedom 
 from all Troubles and Hoftilities ,• another Accident 
 unhappily fell out to crofs their Expecflation. Lems 
 the Dauphin perceiving the EngUfh Barons to Ihght 
 and for lake him, concluded a Peace with King Henry ^ 
 and returned to trance ; and then the Barons, the 
 King promifing to anfwer all their Rec^ueft, and 
 to redrefs their Grievances, made their lubmidion, 
 without including the WeLh in their Articles. They 
 had all this while gladly embraced the Friendlhip 
 and Aid of the Prince of PVales j but now upon 
 their Reconciliation to ihe King, thinking they had 
 no farther need of him, they very balely forlbok 
 him, who had been rhe principal Support and Suc- 
 cour of their Caufe. And not only To, but they 
 confpired together to convert their Arms againlt 
 ff'Ules, thinking they could without any breach of 
 Equity or Conlcience, take away the Lands of the 
 fVe'ch, to rriake addition to what lome of them had 
 already unjultly pofleiled ihemfelves of, H^Uliam 
 Marjhall Earl of Pembroke o^'ned rhe Scene, and com- 
 ing unexpeifledly upon the iVelch, took the Town of 
 Caerlhcon. Bat he go: nothing by this, for I^hys Fy- 
 ^ chan perceiving what he would fain be at, raled Sen- 
 ghemtyth Cattle, and all the relt in his Cultody in 
 that Country, and banifhing the EngUfh with their 
 Wives arid Children, divided rhe Country betwixt 
 Iil8, the ^<r/cA, ■ who kept fure poifeilion of it. Prince 
 
 Lhewdyn 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. 24; 
 
 Lhewelyn alfo finding thofe to become his Foes, who 
 had but lately courted his Friendfhip, and fearing 
 left that the Englijh beihg now in Arms fhould make 
 any Attempt upon his Callles, augmented the Garri- 
 fons of Carmardfjyn and Mertetfi, to make them ca- 
 pable of withltanding the Etiglifh, in cafe they fhould 
 come againU them. Bat tho' the Welch and Englijh 
 were at open Variance and in adlual Hoftility one 
 againft another, yet young ^hys with Prince Lbewe- 
 Jpt's approbation and confent, thought it advifabJe to 
 go and do Homage to the King of England, for his 
 Lands in Wales. Thi|» might be thought a matter of 
 Supererogation, to make courtfhip to one who was 
 declared tnemy to all the Welch, and one that would 
 not in all probability, fuffer him to enjoy a quiet pof- 
 fe/fion of his Eftate, in cafe he had Ability and Op- 
 portunity to ejc(5l him. But the Welch Intereft was I1I9' 
 in a great mealure augmented by a new Alliance 
 with Ibme of the moft powerful among the Englijh ; 
 Hhys Gryc, Prince ^loys's Son, being married to the 
 Earl of Clare's Daughter ; and Manet, Prince Lhe- 
 welyn's Daughter, to John Bruce. 
 
 The Prince of ?^/ej had quickly an occafion to mo, 
 experience his Power, for the Flemings in Dyfed, who 
 had lately fworn Allegiance to him, began now to 
 repent of what they had but a little time ago gladly 
 fubmitted to, and contrary to their Oaths, and the 
 League they had fworn to obferve, they fell upon 
 Aberteifi Caftle, which they took. Prince Lhewelyrx 
 being highly difpleafed with the treacherous practices 
 of thefe perjured Flemings, marched with all fpeed 
 to aberteifi, and having recovered the CaRle, which 
 he afterwards rated, he pur all the Garrifon to the 
 Sword. Gwys was ferved in the fame manner, and 
 the Town ot Haverford was burnt to the ground, and 
 over-funning I{hos and Daiigkdbau, he committed a 
 lamentable Deltrudtion throughout the whole Coun- 
 try. This the Flemings received as the due reward 
 of their finiftrous Dealing, which made them quickly 
 apprehenfive of their folly, and their imprudent Be- 
 haviour towards the Prince of Wales j and therefore 
 
 R I being 
 
fL4i5 The Hijlory c/ W A L E S. 
 
 being forrow fully renfible how unable ihey were to 
 put a ftop to his farther progrefs by force of Arms, 
 ihey made Overtures for Ceflation of all Hoftilities 
 till the May following, v^hich being granted them up- 
 on ftridt Conditions, Prince Lhewelyn returned to 
 f^ortb-}Vales. In the mean time fome IVelch Lords 
 belieged ^uelht Caftle, which was in the poCfeflion 
 of [{eynald Bruce, but before they could take it, King 
 Bemy brought an Army to the Marches and raifed 
 , the Siege, and then marching forward to Montgomery^ 
 built a new Caftle in that Town. 
 |2-ai. The next year an unhappy diffentlon fell out be- 
 twixt Prince Lhewelyn and his Son Gruffydh this lat- 
 ter having kept himfelf in poifeiTion of the Cantref of 
 Merionyth, contrary to the Confent and well-liking 
 of his Father. The Prince therefore having now no 
 great matter of moment abroad, was relblved to 
 curb the Infolency of his Son, and therefore lent to _ 
 him to command his appearance, and to wilh him;' 
 to deliver up the Cantref quietly, lell he (hould be 
 forced to take it violently out of his Hands. Gruf- 
 fydh was not in the leaft difmayed at his threat- 
 ,nings, but being relblved tQ keep what at prefent 
 he enjoyed, would neither go to his Father, nor de- 
 liver up the Cantref to him. The Prince being en- 
 raged that he ftiould be fo flighted by his Son, made 
 a vehement Proieftation, that he would be feyerely 
 revenged both ot him and all his accomplices ; and 
 .therefore coming to Merionyth with a great Army, 
 was refolved to drive his Son out of the Country. 
 But Gruffydb made all polfible preparations to op- 
 pofe his Father, and drew up his Forces to give him 
 Battel, but when both Armies were ready to joyn, 
 the Differences betwixt them was happily compoled, 
 and Gnijfydb prevailed upon to make his lubmii- 
 iion to his Father. But the Prince, tho' he forgave 
 his Son his Offence, and received him to favour, 
 would not however, permit him to enjoy Merionyth 
 and 4rdyda>y -y but taking them away from him, and 
 building a Cattle in the latter, returned home. But 
 2}e had not continu^a long at his Palace at ylber- 
 
The Hiflory 0/ W A L E S. xi^-j 
 
 ffmw^ when anotl^er occafion called him abroad ; for 
 young Rhys being difappointed oi Aberteifi. which in 
 the divifion of South JVales was allotted to his (hare, 
 forfook the Prince, and put himfelf under the orote- 
 (Sion of fftllam Marjhal Earl of Pembrock- Prince 
 Lhiwelyn hearing this, marched in great ha ire to Abc' 
 ryfiwyth, and being defirous to punilh ^ys for his de- 
 fertion from his Allegiance due to him, feized to his 
 own ufe that Caftle, together with all the Demain 
 and Lands belonging to it. When B^ys underftood 
 what the Prince had done , he prefently made his 
 Complaint to the King of England , who coming to 
 Shrewsbury, and fending for Prince Lhewelyn, adjuft- 
 ed matters fo betwixt thera, that the Prince promifed 
 to treat with ^hys for Abertetfi, after the fame man- 
 ner as he had done with Maelgon for Caermardhyn. 
 And towards the clofe of the Year , John Bruce, 
 Prince Lhewelyns Son in Law, obtained leave to for- 
 tifie Senghfnryth Caiile, which in right to the Prince's 
 grant to H^ynald Bruce, belonged to him. But young 
 l(hys did not long furvive the Agreement betwixt him 
 and Prince Lhewelyn j for he dyed the following ^ jy 
 Year, and was buried at Tjhatflur ; after whole iii% ' 
 death, the Prince divided his Eftate betwixt his Bro- 
 ther Owen and his Uncle Maelgon. 
 
 iVuliayn Marjhal Earl of Pembrock was now in 
 Ireland, and very bufie in profecuting the War againft 
 the King of England's Enemies in that Kingdom j 
 the opportunity of whofe abfence Prince Lhewelyn 
 taking advantage of, won the Caftles of Aberteifi 
 and Caermardhyn, belonging to the Earl ; and put- 
 ting both the Garrilons to the Sword, placed in their 
 roooi a ftrong Party ol his own Men. But when the 
 Earl was informed of what the Prince of H^a'.es had 
 done, he prefenrly lefc Ireland, and landed ut S. Da- 
 vids with a great Army , and having recovered hit 
 Caflles, he treated the Welch after the fame manner, 
 as Prince Lbewe)n ha J ufed his Garrilons, and paf- 
 ^ng forward into the Prince's Country, dertroyed a^ 
 before him as he went along. The Prince under- 
 ilanding how violently he carne forward , fent his 
 ■ i^ ^ Sop 
 
248 T'^f Hiftory of W ALES. 
 
 Son Gruffydb with a confiderable Body of Men to 
 check his f uiy ; who coming to Cydwely^ and re- 
 ceiving intelligence that the Magiftrares of that place, 
 had a private delign to betray hira to the Enemy, 
 he put the whole Town in Flames, and burnt it to 
 the ground, without (paring either Churches , or o- 
 ther Religious Houfes. The Earl of Pew^roc/Jj. had 
 paflfed the River lywy at Caermardhyn , where Gruf- 
 fydb met him, and gave him battel j bat the Victory 
 proved fo uncertain, that the Night was forced to 
 part them ; and fo the Englijh retired over the River, 
 Matthew Paris writes, that the Earl obtained a very 
 fignal Vidlory, and that of the iVelch there were Nine 
 Thoufand flain and taken ; though the TVelcb At-/ 
 count, which in this cafe is in all likelihood the beft,' 
 makes the whole Army of the Pl^elcb to ccnfift buc 
 of that number. But borh Arnnies having layn for 
 certain Days in that pofture, and the River Tytvy 
 being betwixt them ; Grujfydh , by reafon that 
 Provifion began to grow fcarce in his Camp, return- 
 ed back; and then the Earl decamped , and march- 
 ed to Cilgerran, where he began to build a very 
 ftrong CalUe. But before he could have time to H- 
 ni(h it, he received en Exprels from the King, with 
 orders to come to him ; and fo he went by Sea to 
 London^ leaving his Army at Cilgerran, to continue 
 the Work which he had begun. Shortly after, the 
 King, together with the Arcbbifhop of Canterbury^ 
 came to Ludlow, and fending for Prince Lbewelyh 
 thither, tliey had good hopes to adjuft all Differences^ 
 and to make an amicable Compofition betwixt hini 
 and the Earl. But when this could not be effedled, 
 both Parties flicking clofe to their private Intereft ; 
 the Earl being affifted by the Earl c^ Derby, and Hen- 
 r^ Fjggot Lord oi Ewym , designed to pafs by Land 
 to Pembrock^i but his purpofe being difcovered to 
 the Prince, he detached his Son to fecure the Paf- 
 fage of Camwylhion , and came in perfon to Mabe- 
 dryd; which when the Earl underftood , finding it 
 dangerous to profecute his Delign any further, he re- 
 turned to England y and then the Prince marched to 
 
 Nortb" 
 
The Uifiory 0/ W A L E S. 249 
 
 fiorth Wales. The next Adion that paffed in fVales, A. D. 
 was fomewhat rare, and not redounding much to the 1217. 
 Credit and Elkem of the Welch ; for Rhys Fychan^ 
 having by iome finiftrous means or other, taken his 
 Father t{liys Gryc, contrary to all filial Affedtion and 
 Duty, -detained him Prifoner, and would not (et him 
 at liberty, till he had delivered up Lhanymdbyfri Ca- 
 ftle to him. About the fame time, Meredith^ Arch- 
 deacon of Cardigan, Prince l{hys's Son, departed this 
 Life, and was honourably interred at S. Davids, by 
 his Father. 
 
 But a while after, a great Storm threatned the 1218.' 
 Vf^elcb ; King H::nry having raifed a great Arnfy, was 
 relolved to make a violent Profecution of the Earl of 
 Petnbro:ki% Quarrel, againft the Prince of Wales, and 
 if pofTjble, to make all that Country, for ever fubjeift 
 to the Crown of England ; and fo being advanced 
 into the Marches, he encamped at CerL PiinceL^^- 
 tffelyn on the other hand, being itiformed of thefe 
 mighty Preparations in England , and underllanding 
 that they were intended againrt him, did ufe all the 
 Endeavours poffible, to make a vigorous Refillance ; 
 and having drawn together all the Forces he was able 
 to levy, thought it his wifeft way to meet the Englijh 
 upon the Marches, and not to permit the Enemy to 
 enter his Country. Both Armies being come in fight of 
 each other, fiequent Skirmishes happened betwixt 'em; 
 but one day, almoft the whole Armies engaged, and 
 after a vigorous Attack of both fides, the Engltfh atlaft 
 got the worft, and were forced to retire, having a great 
 many Men flain and taken Prifoners. Among the lat- 
 ter, was William Bruce, ^ynald's Son, who offered 
 for his Ranlom all Buelht, together with a confidera- 
 ble Sum of Money, which the Prince would not ac- 
 cept of. But King HenrT/ finding that his Army was 
 worfted in thi? Rencounter, thought it beft to make 
 Peace with the Prince of Wales, which being con- 
 cluded, Lhewelyn came to the King, and having paid 
 him all other Refpeds, befides that of Submiffionand 
 Allegiance, he returned in great Honour to North" 
 Wales, But this Adion is fcmewhat othcrwife laid 
 
 down 
 
a5o The Htjlory of W ALES. 
 
 down by Mattheuf Paris, who writes, that this Skir- 
 tni(h betwixt the Englifh and iVelch happened upon 
 an other account ; for the Garrifon of Montgomery \ 
 ifluing out of the CalHe, to enlarge a certain PalTage 
 leading through a Wood, where the iVe'cb were wont 
 to rob and kill all Paflengeis ; began to fell the Tim- 
 ber, and cut down ail the Bulhes which leflened the 
 Road, thereby to make the Paflfage more clear and fe-. 
 cure. The iVekh receiving intelligence of this, came: 
 prefently upon him in great Numbers, and furprizing 
 the Enemies, being bufie at their Labour, forced as. 
 many as could efcape, to betake themfelves for refuge 
 into the CiUle, which afterwards, having firft caft a" 
 deep Trench about it, they fmartly inverted. Hubert 
 de Burgh, Lord Chief Juftice of England, and Owner 
 of the Caftle, having notice of this, fent prefently to 
 King Henry, defiring his fpeedy help againtl the JVelcb^ , 
 who thereupon came in Perfon wnh part of his Army, 
 and raifed the Siege. Then, the reft of his Forces be- 
 ing arrived, he marched into the Wood, which wa$ 
 Five Miles in length, and by reafon of the thicknefs' 
 of the growth impaflable ; and for an ealie paflfage 
 through it, caufed ir to be burnt down. After that, 
 he led his Array farther into the Country, and coming 
 to an Abby called Cridla, which the fVelch were wont 
 to take for refuge, he caufed it to be burnt down 5 but 
 finding it a very convenient place for a Fortrefs, he 
 granted leave to Hubert de Burgh to build a Caftle 
 there. But whilft the Work was going on, the Welch^ 
 men gauled the E-ngHJh , and skirmiflied with thera 
 frequently, fo that many were flain on both fides ; but 
 at iaft t^illiam B^^uce^ wirh many others that went 
 abroad to fetch Provifion , was intercepted by the 
 Welch, and taken Prifoner, and moft: of his Compa- • 
 ny were flain, among whom, one who was knighted 
 a few days before, feeing fome of his Fellows in greaC 
 danger, rufhed boldly into the midft of his Enemies, 
 and after a manful deience, bravely loft his Life. 
 Several of King Henr/s Men were corrupted by Prince 
 Llewelyn , and upon that account took no great pains 
 to repulfs the Enemy > which when the King p?rf eiy- 
 
 cd, 
 
The Hiftory of W ALES. 2^1 
 
 ed, and finding withal the Provifion was grown Vc- 
 jy fcarct in his Camp, he was forced to conclude a 
 dillionourable Peace with the fVelch, confenting to 
 demolifh that Caltle, which with fo great an Expence 
 both of Men and Mony was now ainioft finiPaedo upon 
 his own Charges, Prince Lbtwelyn paying only Three 
 Thoufand Pounds towards it. Then both Armies fe- 
 parated, Prince Lhewelyn marching to North-PVales, 
 and the King leaving Pf^illiam Bruce Piifoner with the 
 iVelch^ returned to England, having purchafed no fmall 
 Difcredit in tliis Expedition. ^^ jy^ 
 
 H^iltiam Bruce was brought to fVales, and there had 12 ,«' 
 an honourable Confinement in the Prince his Palace 5 
 but he had not continued there very long, when he 
 began to be fufpefted of being too^ familiar with the 
 Princefs, King Henr/s Sifter ; and a? the report went, 
 was takeii in the very a6t of Adultery 5 for which the 
 Prince caufed him to be hanged forthwith. About 
 the lame time, Lhewelyn, Maelgons Son dyed in Norths / 
 iVales, and was buried at Conwey j and Mjelgon, Prince 
 Jihys his Son in South-Wales, and was buried in Iftrat- 
 flur ; whofe Eftate delcended to his Son Maelgon. 
 And a httle after, TVilliam Mar/hall, Earl of Pern- 1231, 
 hrocl{_. dyed, one that ever enterrained an inveterate 
 Enmity to theTVelch, and upon whofe account King 
 Henry had chieliy brought his Army into H^ales. He 
 was fucceeded both in his Title and EAate by his Bro- 
 ther l^chardy who was much more favourably enclin- 
 cd towards the JVelch, and never attempted anything 
 againft them. But the King of England Was refolved 
 to retrieve the Honour he had lo'it in the late Expedi- 
 tion againft the Welch ; and therefore being returned 
 from France, whither he had made a Defcent, to re- 
 cover what his Father had loft in that Kingdom, he 
 came to VPalesi and having remained fome time in 
 the Marches, he recuined again to England, leaving 
 his Army under the command of Hubert Burgh, Earl 
 oi Kent, to defend the Marches againft any in-road 
 which the VVelch might attempt. And he had not 
 remained there long, when he received Intelligence, 
 thic a Party of ?Fclckh<id en.cered the Marches near 
 
 Mont'' 
 
i 
 2^x The Hiftory of W ALE S. 
 
 Montgomery, whom be forthwith purfued, and fetting 
 upon thera furprizedly, he put a great number bf them : 
 to the Sword. Prince Lhemlyn hearing this, came i 
 in Perfon with a great Array to the Marches , and ■ 
 fitting before Montgomery Caftle, he forced Hubert to 
 withdraw, and then making himfeif Mafter of the ' 
 place, he burnt it to the ground, and put the Garti- 
 lon to the Sword ; the like Fate attended the Cat 
 ftles of Radnor, Aberhondhy, Bjpayadr Gtvy, Caerlheorii ' 
 Neth, and Cydwely ; though Caerlheon held out very 
 ftubbornly, and the Prince had feveral of his Men 
 deftroyed before the Place. King Henry being in- 
 formed of what miferable Defolation the Prince of 
 Wales fo fuccefsfully committed upon his Subjeds iit 
 thefe Countries, had him prefently excommunicated * 
 and then coming to Hereford with a mighty Army, 
 be detached the greateft part of it, with a great 
 number of his Nobility to Wales. Thefe by the 
 ditedion of a Fryar of Cymer, unexpei^tedly as they 
 thought, fell^upon a Party of Welch; who at the 
 fir ft Encounter feemed to fly, till they had allured the 
 Englijh to purfue thetn to a place where a greater 
 Party of Welch lay in ambufcade ; who ruffling of a 
 fudden upon the Englijh, put them in fuch a confu- 
 fion, that the greateft part of them was cut off. The 
 King being fenfible, that this was a treacherous Infi- 
 nuation of the Friar, was refolved to be revenged, 
 by burning the Abby of Cymer ; but the Prior, for 
 Three Hundred Marks, prevented it j and fo the King 
 returned to England, having effeded nothing in this 
 Expedition, beiides the building of Mawd Cattle. In 
 the mean time, Maelgon Son of Maelgon ap I{hys laid 
 fiege to Aberteifi^ and having by force got entry into 
 the Town, he put all the Inhabitants to the Sword, 
 then deftroyed all before hira to the Caftle Gates, 
 which were fo ftrongly fortified, that it feemed al- 
 moft imprafticable to take it in any ftiort time. But 
 Maelgon^ being joyned by his Cofin Owen, Gruffydh 
 ap Bjpysi Son , was refolved to try the utmoft that 
 could be effefted; and therefore taking with him 
 fooie of Prince Lhewelyni moft experienced Oificers, 
 
 he 
 
The Hiflory c/ W A L E S. 155 
 
 he brake down the Bridg upon the River Teifi, and 
 then invefting the Caftle more clofely, he fo batter'd 
 and underrain'd it, that he became in a little tinie 
 Mafter of it. 
 
 The Year following, Prince Lhewelyn made a De- A. D. 
 {cent upon England, and having committed very con- isjx, 
 iiderable Watte and Deftrudion upon the Borders, he 
 returned to North PVaks with a rich Booty both of 
 Men and Cattei. King Henry^ to corredi the iVelcb 
 for thcfe grievous Devattations, and to prevent their 
 further Incurfions into England^ demanded a very 
 great Subfidy of his Subjects to carry on the War 
 againft the iVekh ; which being granted him, he 
 made all poffible Preparations for his Expedition to 
 finales. In the mean time, B^ndulfh Earl oiChefier 
 dyed, and was fucceeded in that Honour by John his 
 Sifters Son, who was afterwards married to Prince 
 Lhewelyn^ Daughter. But the Englijh in Wales be- 
 ing in expcdtation of King Henrys, coming thither, 
 began to repair and foitifie their Caftles ; and particu- 
 larly, t(ichard Earl of Cornwal rebuilt ^dnor Caftle, 1133, 
 which the Prince had lately deftroycd. Prince Lhc 
 mlyn was fufficiently fenfible, that the King of Eng- 
 land intended an Invafion, and therefore to be before- 
 hand with him, he came with an Army to Breckjiock^ 
 deftroyed all the Towns and Caftles throughout the 
 Country, excepting Breckiwck Caftle, which held out 
 fo manfully, that after a Months fitting before it, he 
 was at laft conftrained to rai(e the Siege. In his re- 
 turn to North-Wales, he burnt the Town of C//?«, 
 recovered all that Country called Dyffryn Tefeidtat, in 
 thepofl*eflion of John Ftt:{-Alan, deftroyed /^<f</ Cattle 
 in Powys, and burnt OftPefiry. But what happened 
 very fortunately to the fVelch; Richard Marjhal Earl 
 of Pembrol{e being fala at variance with King Henry, 
 took part with Prince Lhewelyn; with whom joyned 
 Hubert de Burgh, who had lately made his elcape out 
 of the Caftle of Devisees, where the King, upon fome 
 'Articles of information brought againft him , had 
 committed him to Prifort. But the Earl of Pffw^rocJ^, 
 attended by Owen ap Gruffydh af H^^ysy came to S-Da- 
 
 vidt 
 
t54 7'/f»tf ^^'fi^^y of W hLES. 
 
 vids > and being very glad of an opportunity to r(^- 
 venge himfelf upon the King , flew every one that 
 owned any Dependance upon the Crown oi England. 
 JAaelgon and Rjjys Gryc, with all the Forces of Prince 
 Lhetvelpi, quickly joyned the Earl ; who in their 
 march through the Country, took the Caftles of Car- 
 djffy Abergevenny, Pencelhy, Blaenlhefyni, and Btvlch 
 y DdmaSf which all, excepting Cardyff, they burnt to 
 the ground. The King receiving intelligence, that 
 the tarl of Pemh^ock^ had entered into a Confederacy 
 with the Prince of hales, and that he was now in 
 open Hoftility againft his Subjedis in that Country , 
 gathered a very formidable Army, confifting, belides 
 Englijh, of F'e>7Jingt, Normans, and Gafcoigns ; and 
 coming to /f^?/ej, he encampcd^st Grpj^ow?, where 
 the Earl, with the VVelch Army met him. But when 
 the Engli/k would have endeavoured to advance fur- 
 ther into the Country, the fVelch oppofed them, and 
 To a Battel enfued, wherein the EngUjh loft Five 
 Hundred Horfe, befides a far greater number of their 
 Infantry. ■ The H'^elch having gained a conflderable 
 Viftory in this Adion, the King was advifed to with- 
 draw his Forces, for fear left that the VVelch ihould a- 
 gain fet upon them, and fo fuftain a greater Lofs j 
 which Counfcl the King willingly hearkened unto, 
 and fo he returned for England. The Englifh being 
 withdrawn, the Earl likewik decamped, and marched 
 to Caermardhyn, which he tefleged ; but after Three 
 Months in vain Aftauit, the Ga' r:ion moft bravely de^ 
 fending the place ; and the Englljh Fleet having 
 thrown in new Provifions, he th. ught it moft advifc- 
 able to raife the Siege. Shortly after, B^ys Gryc, Son 
 to Prince Rjjys dyed at Lhandetlo Fawr, and was ho- 
 nourably interr'd by his Father at S, Davids. About 
 the fame time, Maelgon Fychan , Maclgon ap ^hyx 
 his Son, finifhed Trcfilan Caiiie, which was begun in 
 his Fathers time. 
 jj. D. King He?iry was not willing to hazard any more ' 
 123^. Campaigns mfVales, and therefoie he appointed 5^0^ 
 of Menmouth, a great Sold>er ;.nd General of the 
 Englijh Forces, Warden of the Marclies of fVales , 
 
 who- 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. 25; 
 
 who thinking to get to himfelf an eternal Name in 
 conquering the iVelch^ raifed all the Power he could ; 
 and imagining that the PVcich could not be privy to hii 
 purpofe, he apprehended he could fall upon the Earl- 
 Marflial unexpedted. But in this, he was to his for- 
 row, moft widely miftaken ; for the Earl having re- 
 ceived private intimation of his Defign, hid himfelf 
 in a certain Wood , by which the EngUpo were to 
 inarch j and when they were come fo far, the fl^elcb 
 of a fudden gave a great fliout , and leaping out of 
 the place they had abfconded themfelves in, they fell 
 upon the Engli/h, being unprovided, and putting their 
 %vhole Army to flight, they flew an infinite number 
 both of the Englijh and their Auxiliaries. John of 
 Monmouth himlelf made his efcape by flight 3 but the 
 Earl-Marftai entering his Country, deftroyed it with 
 Fire and Sword. And what added to the Mifery of 
 the Englijh^ Prince Lhewelyn in the Week after Eti~ 
 fbany, joyning the Earl-Marflial, made an Incurfion 
 into the King's Territories, deftroying all before them, 
 from the Confines of T9^ales to Shrewsbury j a great 
 part of which they laid in Aflies. King Henry was 
 all this while with the Bi/hop of Winchefier at Gloce- 
 fler, and for want of fufficient Power or Courage to 
 confront the Enemy, durft not take the Field ; of 
 which being at length perfedly alhamed, he remov- 
 ed to PVtncheJler^ leaving the Marches naked to the 
 mercy of the Enemy. And now, there being no 
 apprehenfion of fear from the Englijh , the Earl of 
 rembrock.i by the Counfel of Geoffrey de Marifco, 
 tranfported his Army into Ireland, thinking to obtain 
 a Conqueft in that Kingdom 3 but in the firft Encoun- 
 ter with the Irijh, he was unfortunately fiain through 
 the Treachery of his own Men : And fo his Eftate 
 ind Title defcended to his Brother Gilbert. 
 
 But King Henry finding it impracticable to force 
 the fVelch to a Submiffion, and being in a great mea- 
 fure weary of continual Wars and inceflant Holiili- 
 ties , thought it his beft Prudence to make fome ho- 
 nourable Agreement with the Prince of fVa/ss; and 
 therefore he deputed Edmund Archbilhop of Canter- 
 bury, 
 
2^6 The Hiflory (?/ W A L E S. 
 
 hury^ the Bilhops of ^ochejier, Coventry and Lichfield, 
 and Cbefter, to treat with Prince Lhewelyn about a 
 Peace. When the King came to meet with them in 
 their return from this Negotiation, being s^tlVoodjlock,, 
 * he was certified of the death of the Earl of Pemhrock^y 
 
 which he took lo much to heart , that he prefently 
 melted into Tears, being afflifted for the death of to 
 great a Pcrfon, whom he openly declared had not left 
 his Second in all his Kingdom. Going from thence to 
 Glocejle-i he met with the Archbiihop and Bifhops, 
 • See the who delivered to him the * Form of the Treaty of 
 Affendix.Vezce with Vnr.cc Lheivelyn, which he would not 
 conclude, unlets upon this condition ; That all the 
 Englijh Nobility who were confederated with him, 
 and by evil Counfel were exifd, fliouid be recalled, 
 and reftored to the King's Favour. The Archbiftop 
 further acquainted his Majelly, with what Difficulty 
 he had brought the matter to this conclufion, being 
 foraetimes forced to add Threatnings on the King's 
 behalf, with his Clergy ; to which Menaces the Prince 
 is faid to have aniwcrcd, That he bore more r^ard 
 to the King's Charity and Piety, than he did fear his 
 Arms, or dread his Clergy. But the King , who was 
 very defirous of a Peace, readily conlented to what 
 the Prince required ; and therefore he iflued out his 
 Letters j recalling ail the Nobles who were out-law'd, 
 or otherwise exil'd, requiring them to appear at G/o- 
 cejier, upon Sunday next betore Afcenfion day, where 
 they fhould receive their Pardons, and be reltored to 
 their Eftates, which the King had taken into his own 
 hands. 
 
 The Peace being thus concluded betw^ixt the Engm 
 lijh and PVekh, Prince Lhewelyn fet his Son Gra^<^ir 
 at liberty, whom- for his diibbedient and reftiels Hu- 
 mour he had detained in clofe Prifon for the fpace 
 of Six Years. About the fame time, Cadwulhon ap 
 Mae!gon of Melienydh. departed this Life, who was 
 quickly follow'd by 0«v«, Gruffydh ap l^hysis Son, a 
 Perfon of great Worth, and exceedingly beloved, and 
 ji. D. ^^''*' buried at Tjlratflur, by his Brother Rhys. And 
 1Z3 J. the Year following dyed Owen ap Meredith ap I^tperf 
 
 of 
 
the Hijlory of\M ALES. 257 
 
 0? Cydettfen-; and not long after hinij Madawc, the Son A. D, 
 of Gritffydh Mayelor, Lord of Brorafiekty Chi)\ and iz-^e. 
 Tale, who was buried at the. Abby of Lhan Egwejl^ 
 or Vale Crucify which he had built} leaving I Hue be- 
 hind him one Son, called GruffySr; who fucceeded in- 
 to the Pofleflion of all thefe Lordftips. A httle af- 
 ter Gilbert^ Earl of Pembrock, got by Treachery Mar^ 
 chen Calile, which belonged to Morgan ap Hctfel, and 
 fortified the fame very Itrongly, for fear of Prince 
 Lhewilyn. The next Spring yo;i«, King ^oZiw'sDaijgh- 1237, 
 ter, and Princefs oiWales, departed this Life, and was 
 buried, according to her own defire , upon the Sea- 
 fhore, at a place called Lhanfaes, in the Ille of An-> 
 glefey ; where the Prince, in memory of her, after- 
 wards foundtfd a religious Houfe, for the Order of 
 Mendicant-Friars. About the fame time alfo dyed 
 Jehn Scot, Earl of Chefter^ without any Iflue, upon 
 which account the King feized that Earldom into his 
 own hands. Hugh Lupus was the firlt that enjoyed 
 this Honour, who coming over to England with the 
 Conquerour, was by him created Earl oiChefter^ and 
 Sword-bearet of England-^ Habendum (^tenendum 
 diclum comitatum Cciiri<€^ fibi ^ hrtredtbus Juts, ita 
 liber e ad gladium, ficut ipfc ^ex totam ttnebdt Angliam 
 ad coronam : To have and to hold the laid County of 
 Chejler^ to him and his Heirs by right of the Swoi'd, 
 fo freely and fecurely as the King held the Realm of 
 England in rhe right of the Crown. After Five De- • 
 fcents, B^nd:jlph Bohun came to be Earl of Chejier^ 
 who was Uncie to this 7o/)«, the laft Earl. This. 
 'B^ndulph had (everal Encounters with Prince Lic- 
 welyn^ and was in continual agitation againll him j 
 but once more particularly, meeting with the Prince, 
 and being fenlible of his Inability to withftand him, 
 he was obliged to retire for Refuge to the Caftle of 
 l{uthlan, which the Prince prefently befieged. ^an- 
 dulph perceiving himfelf ro be in danger , fent to i^- 
 ger Lacy, Conlhbleof C/^f/??/-, requeuing him to raiie 
 what Itrcngch he could poiiible, and come to fuccour 
 him in rh-s Extremicy. Wherefore Lacy having re- 
 cti »ed rhis Exprcfe, called to him prefendy^ali hi« 
 
 S hiiends. 
 
^^B The Hijlory cf W ALES. 
 
 Friends, defiring them to make all the Endeavours 
 .. imaginable to refcue the Earl from that iratninent - 
 '■ Danger which fo fevcrely threatned him : At whofe 
 lequeft, I{_alph Dutton^ his Sod in Law, a valorous - 
 Youth, aflembled together all the Players and Mufi- 
 ciansj and fuchasthen, being Fair-time, had met to 
 make merry ; and prefenting them to the Conftable, • 
 he forthwith marched to ^uthlany ^aifed the Siege, ' 
 and delivered the Earl from all his fear. In rccom- - 
 pence of this Service, the Earl, granted the Conftable 
 feveral FreedoniS and Priviledges j and to Button the 
 ruling and ordering' all Players and Muficians within 
 the laid Country, to be enjoyed by his Heirs for ever. 
 A. D. In the Year 1258. Prince Lhettfelyn being difcom- 
 1138. ppfed in Body, called unto hirh all the Lords and Ba- 
 rons of iVales to Tftratflnr, where each of them fwore 
 to remain true and faithful Subjeds, and did Homage 
 td David, Lheieeljns Son, whom he had named to 
 furcceed h'm. Matthettf Paris writes , that Prince 
 Lhewelyn being impotent by reafon of a Palfie, and 
 fore difquieted by his Son Grtiffydb, fent Embaffadours 
 to the King of England] 'iignifying to him , that for 
 as much as he could not expeft to live long, by reafon 
 of his Age, he was defirous to lead the remainder of 
 his days in Peace and Tranquility ; and therefore now 
 purpofed to fubmit himfelf to the Government and 
 l?rote<^ion of the King, and would hold his Lands of 
 himj promifing withal , that whenever the King 
 ftbuld ftand in need of his help, he would ferve him 
 both with Men and Money , to the utmoft of his 
 pcnver. The Bilhops of Hereford and Ch^fter were 
 fent Mediators in this behalf, though feme of the 
 Nobility of Wales openly and peremptorily withftood 
 it, and upon no condition whatfoever would accept 
 of fuch a Peace. But David being declared Succef- 
 (or to the Principality, began to plague his Brother 
 Gruffydh, who though elder, was yet hafe-born; and 
 took from him ArujUy, Ceri, Cyf cilice, Mo/rdhwy, Mocb- 
 nant, and Careneon ; and let him only enjoy theC/i»- 
 tref of Lloyn. But a little afterwards he dirpofTefled 
 him ofr all , and contrary to his Oath to the Bifliop 
 
The Htjiory cf W AL'ES, i^g 
 
 of Bangor, in whofe protedlion Gruffydh then reraain- 
 ed, touk him Prifoner; having upon promife of no 
 Violence, obtained to Ipeak with him , and fenc him 
 to Cricieth Caftle. But whilil thele tvv-^o Brorhers 
 continued to entertain an irreconcilable Odium one 
 to another, their Father, Prince Lctvelyn ap lorwsrth, A. D. 
 to the great Grief and DifTatisfacftion of all the H'^'dch, 1240. 
 departed this Life, and was very honourably interred 
 in the Abby of Conwcyt after he had reigned Six and 
 Fifty Years. He was a Prince of great Courage and 
 Audacity, and had no lefs. Prudence in contriving, 
 than 3oldnefs in executing any martial Adventures 
 he was a great Support to the PVelch , and no lefs a 
 Plague to the Engli/h ; he made very cpnfiderable. 
 Conquefls upon the Borders, and extended the Fron- 
 tiers oifVaks, much beyond their former Limits. He 
 had lifTue by his only Wife Joan, Daughter to King 
 "John of England, one Son called David, who after- 
 wards fucceeded in the Principality ofPJ^ales ; and a 
 Daughter named Gladp^ who was married toSuI{alfJ} 
 Mortimer. He had alfo a bafe Son, named Gruff/dh^ 
 whom his Brother David kept a clofe Pxifoner to his 
 dying day. 
 
 T>ayid ap Lhewljn, 
 
 PRirice Lhewelyn ap lorwenh being deceafcd , his' 
 only legirimate Son David, whom all the Ba- 
 rons of iVaki had, as is faid , in his Fathers Life- 
 time fworn to obey, legally fucceeded in the Go- 
 verment J wherein being adually confirmed, he wenc 
 to the King of England to Glocejier, and there did h'.m 
 I^pmage * for his Principality. Then all the B: tons, ^^^ -^F' 
 bdth Eng'ijh and Watch who held any Lands in fVJes, pend*x. 
 ib like manner did Homage and Fealty for the fame. 
 But the EngltJIi could not long refrain from their 
 WQnted Hoitilitks to ?/ards the J^Velch ; and there- 
 
 S 1 upoa 
 
2^o the- Hificry of WALE S. 
 
 upon Gilbert Ma- (loal, taking advantage of this Re- 
 volution , before Matters were throughly (ettled , 
 brought an A) my before the Caftle oi Aherteifi^ which 
 being delivered up to him, he fortified with a ftrong' 
 Garrifon. Prince DAvid was as yet too weak to Ap- 
 pear in the Field ; and indeed the more, by reafon 
 that feveral of his Nobility and others, could not affe- 
 ctionately love him, for that unnatural Spleen he fhew'd: 
 to his Brother Grujf'ydh-> whom, for no vifible realbn,j 
 he detained in clole cuftody. But above the reft, 
 B^ichard, BilTjop of Bavgor^ ftornied at the Prince, and' 
 finding that he violated his Promife, in fetting his' 
 Brother at liberty, whom, under pretence of an ami-; 
 cable Confultation he had fiaudMlently feized upon ia 
 the Bifliop's prefence, without more ado excommuni-' 
 cated him ; and then retiring to England^ made a ve-.' 
 ly querimonious relation of the whole matter to the^ 
 King, defiring him to releafe Gruffydh out of PriToh, 
 before the RUir.our of fo heinous a Fail fhould reach', 
 the Couifc ol-Royne , and fo re^ed upon his Majefty's" 
 Reputation. • King f/(?«7 thereupon Tent to his Nt-' 
 phew. Prince David, blaming him highly for fuc'ha' 
 treacherous Action, and dealing fo feverely with his' 
 Brother ; and then earneftly requefted him to deliver 
 Grujfydh owt cf cultody , both to fave himfelf froiTr 
 perpetual Defamation, and to dt.-ferve an Abfolution 
 from the feveve Seiftence pronounced againif him. ■ 
 But David abfolutely refuTed. to comply to the King's 
 defire, aifuring hini, that fT'iles could never enjoy a 
 peaceable time, as long as his Brother Gru^dh had 
 his liberty. ' " ', ■ ■'.. , 
 
 • G?Wj^^^ being acquainted wifh his Brothers Refo- 
 lution, and thi.:king that thereby he had unavoidably 
 difpleafed the King oi England, privately feht to King 
 Henry, alluring him, that if by- Force he would deli-' 
 .ver him out of Prifon , he woUld not only hold his 
 '^, ' ' Lands for ever ffom him, but alfp pay him the yearly 
 ' Acknowledgment of Three Runtired Marks ; otftfing 
 both to give his corporal Oath, and to deliver up {n't' 
 fioient Pledges for the perforrtidnce of it j and with- 
 aii to aflift the King v/irh all his Po^er in bringing irr 
 
 the 
 
The Hiflory of W A L E S. z6i 
 
 the reft of the PVelch to his fubjed^iori. Moreover, 
 Gnijfydh ap Madawc, Lord of Bromiield, poficively af- 
 fured the King, that in cafe he would lead an Army 
 into fVales, to revenge the Falfiiy and injurious Pra- 
 dices of David, he would give him aJIpoflible Aid 
 and Afllllance. Indeed, King Hmryy befides this io- 
 Jemn Invitation, had no weak Pretence to come to 
 Wales ; for [Richard, Bi/hop of Bangor, .a fiery Man, 
 had profecuted the matter fo warmiy ?.tj^^e, that 
 ' he obtained of the Pope al(o to excommunicate David, 
 which Excommunication being denounced againll 
 Jiim, his Lands were pretendedlv foifeired But the 
 ' King being chiefly allured with the Pjomifes of the 
 fVekh in the behalf of Gmffydh, levied a very formi- 
 dable Army to lead to PValss ; ftridly commanding 
 by Proclamation, all the E»glipo, who owed him any 
 Martial-Service, to repair armed to Glocejlcr, by the 
 l3eginning of Autumyj. This Rendezvouz being ac- 
 cordingly performed, the King came thither in per- 
 fon at the time appointed, and having regulated his 
 Troops, and put all Matters in ccnvenicnt order, he 
 marched to Shrewsbury, where he remained Fifteen. 
 Days to refrefli his Army. During his ilpy there feve- 
 ral of the Nobihty became Suitors unto him on behalf 
 of Grtiffydh, whofe Condition they dedrcd he would 
 commiierate ; among whom were, ^Iph Lord Mor- 
 timer of Wigmore, Walter Clifford, Roger de Monte 
 Alto, Steward of C^f^er, Maelgnap Maelgon, Mere- 
 dith ap ^otpert Lord o'i Cyiewen, Gnijfydb ap MadatS}c 
 of Bromfield, HotPel and Meredith the Scm of Conan 
 dp Oiven Gwynedh , and Grujf.dh ap Gaycntpynw^n 
 Lord of Powys. Thefe Nobictren prevailed f ) fir 
 with King Henry, that a League was concluded be-' 
 rween him and Senena the Wife of Grnffydh. For See Ap- 
 the performance of thele Articles, the aforefaid No- pendix. 
 ^Jemen offered to be Securities, and bouix! themfelves 
 ty their feveral Writings. But as jf all things had<; . ^. 
 confpired together againit Prince D^wfif, fsveral Pef-'^ i-' 
 ions that had been at continual variance and enmity/ 
 ^mong themfelves to this time, were now, by r -afon 
 C^at they equally favoured Gvujjydh^ Caufe , made 
 ■\' . o J i^ricnds 
 
. 662 The Hiflory cfW ALES, 
 
 Friends among one another : Morgan ap Hcwel Lord 
 of Cery^ made his Reconciliation to Sir B^lph Morti" 
 mer, and his Submiflion to King Henry, in a very fo- 
 ' "j '■^" iemn manner : In the fame form feveral others of the 
 pendix. jslobilicy fubmitred to the King ; as, Owen ap Uowely 
 Maelgon ap Maelgon, Meredith ap Meredith, Hott>elap 
 Cadtvalhon, and Cadipalhon ap Howel. David finding 
 himielf thus relinquiilied by the greateft part of his 
 I^obihty, and particularly by Gruffydh ap MadawCy 
 Lord of Bromfield, whom he chieHy feared, by rea- 
 fop. of his great Wifdom and Power, and that he was 
 iruch efteeraed by the King of England^ could not 
 ealily conclude how to cany himfelT in this perplexi- 
 ty of Affairs. But in fine, confidering-with himfeff 
 what a puifTant Army King Henry brought againft 
 him, 2nd how himfelf was confiderably weakened by 
 the defcdion of his Subjeds, he thought it moft ad- 
 viieable to truckle to the King; and therefore with 
 all Ipeed fent him his SubmiflTion. 
 See A^' Prince David having given a plenary Submiflion 
 ft7idix. to the King, defired, that being his Nephew, and the 
 lawful Hc'ir and SuccefTor of his Father Prince Lhe- 
 wclyn., he (hould enjoy the Principality of TVales, ra- 
 ther than Gruffydh, who was illegitimate, and in no 
 \\;ire related to the King; afTuiing him further, that 
 the War would never be at an end, ifhewasfetat 
 hberty. King Benry knowing well the truth of all 
 this, and withal being afTurcd that Gruffydh was not 
 only valiant himfelf, but had likewife very powerful 
 Abettors and Promoters of his Caufe, was very in- 
 clinable to affirnt to David's Requell, and to pre»» 
 vent any farther Troubles , willingly granted its 
 Therefore David in a while after fent his Brothef 
 Graffjdh to the King, together with the Pledges pro- 
 mifed for the performance of the Ai tides lately agreed 
 upon ; who were all fent to the Tower of London td 
 be kept in fafe cullody ; Gruffydh being allowed a^ 
 Noble a day to provide himfelf with NecefTaries, 
 Shortly after, David came himfelf to London, and 
 after he had done his Homage, and fworn Fealty t» 
 the King of England, returned to IValeSj being ho- 
 
 nourabijf 
 
The Hijlory <;/" W A L E S. 2^3 
 
 nouiably and peaceably di^milTed. But as foon ^s 
 Gruffyih found out King Henrji mind, and that it 
 was the leall part of his defign to fet him at hber- 
 ty , having flatly denyed the Birtiop of Bangor his 
 requeft therein j he began to fet his Brains a working, 
 and to devife a means whereby he might make his 
 cfcape out of the Tower. Whereupon, having one 
 night deceived his Keepers, he let hiinfelf down from 
 the top of the Building , by a Line which he had 
 compofed out of the Sheets and Hangings of the 
 Room ; which being too weak to bear his weight, 
 being a heavy corpulent Perfon, let him down head- 
 long to the ground ; by the greatnefs of which Fall 
 he was cruiihed to pieces , and fo prefently expiree^. 
 K'ng Henry being informed of this unhappy Acci- 
 dent, ieverely punilhed the Officers for their inexcu- 
 iable Carelefnefs ; and ordered that his Son , who 
 was kept Prifoner with him in the Tower , ihoiild 
 be more narrowly obferved. 
 
 After this King Henry fortified the Caftle o'i Dyfcrth 
 in Flint/hire ; and for their paffed Service, or rather 
 to oblige thcra to the Ii!<e after, granted to Gnijfydh 
 ap Gtvenwynwjn all his Hfbte in Powys , and to the 
 Sons of Conan ap Otven Gwynedh their Lands in Me- 
 tionyth. And the next Year Maelgon Fychah f ^rtifyed /}. Da 
 the Caflle of Gartbgn/gyn, John^e Mynoc the Caltle ia4a. 
 of Budht, and I^ger Mortimer that of Melyenyth. 
 Bat all thefe Preparations were not to no pui-pofe ; 
 for the following Year early, King Henry came with 1243. 
 an Army into PVales^ arid began very unreafonably to 
 raoleft the Welch, and without any jufi: pretence for- 
 cibly to feize upon their Lands and Eihtes. Indeed, 
 after the death of Griijfydh, he had a mind no longer 
 to keep his Promife to Dav^d, and therefore entitled 
 his eldeft Son Edward to the Principality of 7%/^^, 
 whom he thought to oblige the Ifclcb to obey. But 
 Prince David underftanding his defign, I'evyed all his 
 Power for the defence of his juft Right ; yet finding 
 himfelf unable to withftand the Army of the Englifh, 
 purpofed to effed that by Policy which he could 
 not attain by Force. He fent therefore to the Pope, 
 S A com plain* 
 
z64 The Hipry of W A L E S. 
 
 complaining how thdt King Henry of England com- 
 pelled him unjullly to hold his Lands ot him, and 
 that upon no legal pretence he feized the Elhres of the 
 PFelcb ar his pleafure j telling him moreover, that 
 Prince Lh'welyn his Father had left him and the Prin- 
 cipality oi Wales to the Protection of the bee oi Rome, 
 to \vhich he was willing to pay the yearly Sum of 
 Five Hundred Marks , obliging himfelf and his Suc- 
 ceflbrs by Oath, for the due performance of this Pay- 
 ment. The Pope ("you may be fure). gladly accep- 
 ted of the Offer, and thereupon gave commifllon to 
 the two Abbots of Abercomvey and Cyir.er, to abfolvc 
 David from his Oath of Allegiance to the King of 
 England, and having enquired into the whole Eltate 
 of the Quarrel, to tranfmit an account of it to him. 
 See y}t The Abbots, accord 'ng to their Commiffion, direded 
 ^ J a very pofitive Mandut to the King of England. 
 
 * ' King Henry admiring the ftrange Prefumption and 
 
 Confidence of thefe Abbots, or more the unfatiable 
 Avarice and Greedinefs of the Pope , fent alfo to 
 Rorr.e--, and with a greater Sum of Money, eafiiy ad- 
 jji^ed all matters j his Holynefs being very dcfirous ^o 
 make the beft advantage of both Parties. 
 
 But Prince David finding that the Pope minded his 
 own Gain , more than to juftifie his Complaints a- 
 gainfl the King of Evgland, thought it to no pur- 
 pofe to rely upon his Faith, but judged it more ad- 
 vifable to vindicate himfelf by force of Arms. Ha- 
 ving therefore gathered his Forces together, ("being 
 row reconciled to, and followed by alJ the Nobility 
 of Wales , excepting Gmffydh' up Gwenwynwyr, and 
 Mrgan af Howel, who alio Hiortly after fubmitted to 
 liimj he drew up his Army to the Marches, intend- 
 in*; to be revenged upon the Earls of Clare and He^ 
 reford.^ John de Monrnouth, Roger de Mor.te Alto^ and 
 others, who injured and oppiefled his People ; with 
 whom he fought divers times, and with various fuc- 
 1445, cefs. Bur in the L^nr-tinie next Year, the Marchers 
 and the J^'e.'ch met near Montgomery, between whom 
 was fought a very fevere Battel j the Governour of 
 that Caftle being General of the EngUJh, and having 
 
 cunningly 
 
The Wjlory r/ W A L E S. 265 
 
 cunningly placed an Ambufcade of Men, pretended, 
 after fome fliort Engagement , to flee, whom the 
 Pf^eUh daringly purfued, not thinking of any Trea- 
 chery. Bat as foon as they were paft the Ambufhment, 
 up rifes an unexpected Party of Men, who falling up- 
 on the backs of the H^elch, put them to a very great 
 diforder, and killed about Three Hundred Men, not 
 without a coniiderable Lofs of their own fide, a- 
 mong whom was flain a valiant Knight called Hu- 1 
 
 bert Fit:{-Matthew. But King Henry being weary of 
 thefe perpetual SkirmiHies and daily Cla/hings be- 
 tween the Englijh and iVelch, thought to put an 
 end to the whole with one ftroak ; and therefore 
 raifed a very great Army of EngUjh and Gafcoignes, 
 and entered into North-fVales , purpofing to wafte 
 and deliroy the Country. But before he could ad- 
 vance very far, Prince David intercepted him in a 
 narrow Pafs, and (o violently fet upon him, that a 
 great number of his Nobility and braveft Soldiers, 
 and in a manner all the Gafcoignes were flain. The 
 King finding he could cffeit nothing againft the 
 iVelch, invited over the Injh, who landing in Angle- 
 fey, began to pillage and wa(?e the Country ; but the 
 Inhabitants gathering themfelves together in a Body, 
 quickly forced them to their Ships ; after which, 
 King Hemy having vidlualled and manned all hisCa- 
 ftle?, rerurned difiatisfied to England. 
 
 Bat concerning this Expedition to fVales, and the 
 continuance of the Englijh Army therein, a certain 
 Perfon in the Camp, wrote to this effed to his Friends •^*'- ^^^* 
 in England : ' The King with his Army is encamped 
 
 * at Gannock^t and is bufie in fortifying that place, fuf- 
 
 * ficiently Itrong already, about which we lay in our 
 
 * Tents, in watching, fafting, praying, and freezing. 
 ' We watch for fear of the Welch , who were ufcd 
 
 * to come fuddenly upon us in the night-time : We 
 ' faft for want of Provifion, the Half-penny Loaf be- 
 ' ing now rifen and advanced to Five Pence ; We 
 
 * pray that we may fpeedily return fafe and Scot-free 
 ' home ; And we freez for want of Winter-Garments, 
 
 * having but a thin Linnen Shirt to keep us from the 
 
 ' V/ind, 
 
z66 The Hijiory of "W ALES. 
 
 * Wind. There is a fraall Arm of the Sea under the 
 « Caftle where we lye, which the Tide reached, by 
 ' the Conveniency of which , many Ships bring us 
 
 * Provificn and Viftuals from Ireland and Chefter- 
 ' This Arm lies betwixt us and Snowden^ where the 
 
 * Welch are encamped, and is in breadth, when the 
 ' Tide is in, about a Bow-lhot. Now it happened, 
 
 * that upon the Monday before Michaelmas-diy^ an 
 
 * Irtjh Veflfel came up to the Mouth of the Haven, 
 
 * with Provificn to be fold to our Camp, which be- 
 
 * ing negligently lookt to by the Mariners, was upon 
 
 * low ebb Ihanded on the other fide of the Caltlcj 
 
 * near the Welch. The Enemy perceiving this , de- 
 
 * fcendf d from the Mountains, and laid fiege to the 
 
 * Ship, which was fait upon the dry Sands j wherc- 
 
 * upon, we detached in Boats Three Hundred PVelcb 
 
 * of the Borders of Chejhire and Shropjlolre , with 
 ' Ibroe Archers and armed Men , to re (cue the Ship : 
 ' But the fVelch, upon the approach of our Men, 
 ' withdrew themfelves to their ufual Retirements in 
 
 * the Rocks and Woods, and were purfued for about 
 
 * two Miles by our Mtn afoot, who flew a great 
 ' number of them. But in their return back, our 
 
 * Soldiers being too covetous and greedy of Plunder, 
 
 * among other facrilegious and profane Acftions , 
 
 * fpoiled the Abbey of Aberconwey, and burnt all the 
 
 * Books and other choice Utenfils belonging to it. 
 ' The ^elch being diftrafted at thefe irreligious Pra- 
 
 * dices, got together in great number , and in a de- 
 ' fperate manner fetting upon the Engltfh , killing a 
 
 * great number of them, and following the reft to 
 ' the Water-fide, forced as many as could not make 
 
 * their efcape into the Boats, to commit themfelves 
 
 * to the mercy of the Waves. Thofe they took Pri- 
 ' loners they thought to referve for exchange j but 
 
 * hearing how we put fome of their captive Nobi- 
 
 * lity to death, they altered their minds , and in a 
 ' revengeful manner fcattered their dilacerated Car- 
 
 * cafies along the furface of the Water. In this 
 ' Conflidj we loft a confiderable number of our 
 ! Men, and chiefly thofe under the Command of 
 
 Richard 
 
The Hiftory (/WALES. 2^7 
 
 * Richard Earl of Cornwall as Sir Alan Bufcelt^ Sir 
 
 * Adam de Maio , Sir Geoffiy Eftuemy^ and one i^4/- 
 ' mmd a Gafcoign^ with about a Hundred common 
 ' Soldiers. In the mean time Sir Walter Bijfet ftout- 
 
 * ly defended the Ship till Midnight, when the Tide 
 
 * returned ; whereupon the Welch, who aflailed us 
 
 * of all fides, were forced to withdraw, being much 
 ' concerned that We had fo happily cfcaped their 
 ' hands. The Cargo of this Ship, were Three Hun- 
 
 * dred Hogiheads of Wine, with a plenty of Oiher 
 ' Provifion for the Army, which at that time it ftood 
 'in very great need of. But the next Morning, 
 ^ when the Sea was returned, the Welch came mer- 
 
 * rily down again to the Ship, thinking to furprize 
 
 * our Men ; but as Luck would have it, they had at 
 
 * full Sea the Night before relinquifhed the Ship, and 
 ' returned fafe to the Camp. The Enemy miffing o£ 
 
 * our Men, fee upon the Cargo of the Ship, carryed 
 ' away all the Wine and other Provihons ; and then 
 ' when the Sea began to flow, they put Fire to the 
 
 * VcfTel, and returned to the reft of the Army. And 
 ' thus we lay incamped in great Mifery and Di- 
 
 * ftrefs for want of Neceflaries, e.Npofed to great and 
 ' frequent Dangers, and in great fear of the private 
 
 * Affaults and fudden Incurfions of our Enemies. 
 ' Oftentimes we fet upon and affailed the Welch, and 
 
 * in one Conflid we carried away a Hundred Head 
 ' of Cartel, which very triumphantly we convey- 
 
 * ed to our Camp. For the Scarcity of Provifion 
 
 * was then fo great , that there remained but one 
 ' Hogfhead of Wine in the whole Army 3 a Buftel 
 ' of Corn being fold for Twenty Shillings j a fed 
 
 * Ox for Three or Four Marks j and a Hen for Eight 
 
 * Pence ; fo that there happened a very LiBentabJe 
 
 * Mortality both of Man and Horfe , for want of 
 ' neceffary Suftenance of Life. 
 
 The Englijh Army having undergone fuch Mife- 
 ries as are here defcribed , and King Henry, as is 
 faid, perceiving it was in vain for him to conanue 
 any longer in Wales^ where he was iure to gain no 
 great Credit, he reiurne-d with his Army into England^ 
 ^' being 
 
268 The Hijlory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 being not very defirous to make another Expedition, 
 into IVales. Then all the Nobility and Barons of 
 Wales , and thofe that had favoured and maintained 
 Gruffjdh's Caufe, were made Friends and reconci- 
 led to Prince Davidy to whom they vowed true and 
 perpetual Allegiance. But the Prince did not long 
 iurvive this Amity and Agreement between him and 
 his Subje6ls ; for falling fick toward the beginning of 
 A. D. this Year, he dyed in Marcb^ at his Palace in Aber, 
 x£4^* and was buryed at Conweyy leaving no Iffue to fuc- 
 ceed. The only thing unpardonable in this Prince, 
 was his over Jealoufie and Severity againft his Bro- 
 ther Gruffydh, a Perfon fo well-beloved of the IVelchy 
 that upon his account their Affedion was much cool^ 
 ed, and in fome entirely alienated from their Prince. 
 Indeed thus much may be faid for Davidy that Gruf- 
 fydh was a valorous and an afpiting Man , and if fet 
 at liberty , would bid fair to ejed him out of his 
 Principality ; which KxngHenry oi England too (who 
 thought he might bring over David , a milder Man, 
 to what Terms he pleafed j was fenfible of, when he 
 would by no perfuafion difraifs him from cuftody in 
 the Tower of London. But this occaGoiCd all the 
 Difturbances that happened in his time, the iVelch 
 themfelves, for the Love they bore to G'-ffydh, in- 
 viting the King o( England to fcne to^ir..,de their 
 Country, and to correct the uniiatur'! Ei.jiry tl^eir 
 Prince exprefled to his Brorher. But whin all Dif- 
 ferences were over, the King of England returiied 
 with his Army Ihamefully back, and the Prince and 
 his Nobility reconciled ; the fVelch might have expe-. 
 fted a very happy time of it, had not Dea»-h taken the. 
 Prince fo unnaturally away, before he had well known 
 what a peaceful Reign wa». 
 
 Lheweljn 
 
the Hijlory of W ALES. i^ 
 
 Lhe'Voelyn ap (jruffydh. 
 
 PRince David being dead , the Principality of 
 liorth Wales legally defcended to Sir }{alfh Mor- 
 timer, in Right of his Wife Gladys, Daughter to 
 Lhewelyn ap lorwerth. But the H'^elch Nobility be- 
 ing aifembied together for the electing and nomina- 
 ting a Succeflbur , thought it by no mean's advifa- 
 ble to admit a Stranger to the Crown, though his 
 Title was never fo lawful ; and efpecially an Eng" 
 lijhman, by whofe Obligations to the Crown of Eng- 
 land:, they muft of neceflity expeft to become Sub- 
 jects , or rather Slaves to the £«^/i/ib Government. 
 Wherefore they unanimoufly agreed to let up the- 
 welyn and Owen Goch, the Sons of Grujfydh^ a bale 
 Son of Lhewelyn ap lorwerth, and- Brother to Prince 
 David y who being fent for, and appearing befoie the 
 Aflembly, all the" Nobles and Bardh's^ then prefent^ 
 did them Homage, and received thein for their So- 
 vereign?. But as foon as the King.'of £wg/4»^ un- 
 derftood of the death of the Prince bk'PVales ; he 
 thought, the Country being in an urifettle;d and wa- 
 vering condition, he' might effect great matters there; 
 and therefore he fenr one Nicholas de Miles to South- 
 WaleSy with the Title of Jullicc of , that Country, 
 with whom he joyned in Commifliph Meredith ap 
 Bjjys Gryc , and Meredith ap Oweh ap Gruffydh j 
 to eje(^ and difinherit Maelgon Fybhan of all "his 
 Lands and Eftate in South-Wales. The like injurious 
 Pradices were committed ag^imdlidwel ap Meredith^ 
 who was forcibly robb'd of all his Mare in Glarhor- 
 g4n by the Harl of Clare. Thele unfbafonable Ex- 
 tortions being infupportabie ; Maelgon ^nd Hotvel made 
 known their Grievances to the Viincesof Nonh-JValeSy 
 defiring their Succour and Affiftance for the recovery 
 of their lawful Inheritance from the Incroachmencs 
 
 of 
 
i^ya The Hiflory c/W ALES, 
 
 of the Englijh. But the King of England undcr^ 
 Handing their Defigh, led his Army into PP^ales j up- 
 on wbofe arrival , the Welch withdrew themlelveS 
 to Snowden-}^^l\h, where they fo tired the EngliJh 
 . Army, that the King finding he could do no good, 
 
 after foftie ftay there returned back to England. With- 
 in a while after, Ralph Mortimer., the Husband of 
 Gladys Dhu dyed j leaving his whole Eilate, and with 
 it, a lawful Title to the Principality of North-Wales, 
 A. D. lolriii Son ^\x ^gger "Mortimer. ^ 
 
 1247. The next Year nothing memorable pafled between. 
 ^Paris, the Englijh and the l^elch, only the difmal Effedis of 
 p. 739. the lait Years Expedition , were not worn off; thq 
 
 ground being uncapable of Cultivation, and the Catj 
 tel being in great meafure deftroyed by the EngliJH^ 
 occafioned great Poverty and Want in the Country. 
 But the greated: Calamity befel the BiHiops ; Suifaph 
 and Bangor being deftroyed and burnt by the Englijh» 
 the Bifhops thereof were reduced to that utmoftEx^ 
 tremity , as to, get their Subflftence ty other Met^$ 
 Charity ; the B'iihop alfo of S. Davids deceafed, and 
 he of Landaff had the Misfortune to fall blind. la 
 the Bifhoprick of S. Davids fucceeded Thomas, fur^ 
 named Wallenjfs, hy Kaion that he was born \n Wales'^ 
 who thinkiiighimfelf obliged to benefit bis own Counr. 
 try what lay in his power, defired to be advanced 
 from the Archdeaconry of Lj«co/« to that Sea y whicl^ 
 . the King eafily granted , and confirmed him in ir^ 
 
 1248. The next Summer proved fomewhat more favourable 
 to the Welch ; lijjys Eychan Son ro ^hys MechyU won" 
 from the Englijh the Caflle of Carrec'Cymen, which 
 his unkind Mother, out of Malice, or feme ill Opi- 
 nion eiitertained of him, had fome time afore pri-. 
 vately delivered up to them. And about the fatnej 
 time the Body o{ Grtiffydh aj> Lhewdyn bafe Son ta 
 Lhetvclyn ap lorwerth, was recovered from the King of 
 England, by the earneit follicitations of the Abbor^, 
 of Conwey and TJ}ratfiur\ who conveying it to Con-^ 
 iveyi beftowed upon it a very pompous and honoura- 
 ble Entermenr, 
 
 After 
 
The Hifiory «/ W A L E S. 271 
 
 After thi?5 rhe Affairs of the H^elch proceeded A. D, 
 peaceably for a long while, and the Country had fuf- iijy, 
 ficient opportunity to recover its former plenty ; but 
 at laft, to make good the Proverb, that Plenty begets 
 War ; they began, for want of a foreign Enemy, to 
 quarrel and fall out among themfelves. Otpen was too 
 hiph and ambitious to be fatisfied with half the Prin- 
 cipality, and therefore muft reeds have a fling at the 
 whole ; wherein Fortune fo far deceived him, that he 
 loft his own Stake, as will afterwards appear. But 
 the better to encompafs his Defign , by fly Infinua- 
 tions he perfuaded David his younger Brother to fe- 
 cond his Caule j and they with joynt Intereft levied 
 their Power, with intention to dethrone their elder 
 Brother Lhewelyn. But that was no ea(ie matter ; 
 for Lhewelyn was prepared to receive them, and with 
 a puiflant Army met them in the Field, and fo was 
 refolved to venture all upon the fortune of a BatteL 
 It was ftrange and grievous to behold this unnatural 
 Civil War ; and the more grievous now, by reafon 
 that it fo manifeftly weakened the flrength of the 
 fVe'ch, to withltand the Incurfions of the Englijh^ 
 who were extremely pleafed with fo fair an opportu- 
 nity to fall upon them. But they were too far en- 
 gaged, to confider of future Inconveniencies J and a 
 tryal of War they muft: have , though the Englijly 
 were ready to fall upon both Armies. The Battel 
 •being joyned , the day proved bloody of both fides, 
 and whether was like to conquer was not prefently 
 difcovered ; till at length , Owen began to give 
 g,round, and in fine was overthrown, himfelf and his 
 Brother David being taken Prifoners. Lhewelyn^ 
 though he had lufficient reafon, would not put his 
 Brothers to death ; but committing them into clofe 
 Prifon, feized all their Eftates into his own hands, 
 and fo enjoyed the whole Principality of Wales. 
 
 The Englijh feeing the Welch at this rate opprefs 
 and deftroy one another , thought they had full li- 
 berty to deal with rhem as they pleafed ; and there- 
 upon began to fxercife all manner of Wrong and In- 
 jttftice againft them -^ infomuch that the next Year, all 1 1 ^ €. 
 
 the 
 
271 The Hillory of W A L E S. 
 
 the Lofds of TVaIcs came in a body to Prince Lbe^ 
 wehn, and declared their Grievances, how unmerci- 
 fully Prince Edward (whom his Father had (entto 
 J-Va'es) and others of the Nobility of England dealt 
 with them, how without any colour of jullicethey 
 Teized upon their Eftates, without any room for Ap- 
 peal ; whereas if themfelves offended in the leaft, 
 they were punilhed to the utmolt extremity. In fine, 
 they folemnly declared, that rhey preferred to dye ho- 
 nourably in the Field, before to be fo unmercifully en- 
 llaved to the Will and Pleafure of Strangers. Prince 
 Lhewel^n was not a Stranger to all this ; and now 
 having happily difcovered the Bent and Inchnation 
 of his Subjeds, was refolvcd to profecute, ifpoflible, 
 the Expulfion of the Englijlo, and ro be revenged up.* ^ 
 on them for their molt cruel, and almoft inhuman ; 
 Pradices towards the Welch. Having therefore drawtt, r 
 all his Power together, being accompany'd by Mere-: [ 
 dith ap Bjoys Gryc , in the fpace of one Week he re- 
 covered out of the hands of the Enghjh all the inland 
 Country of North fValcj y and then all Merionyth 
 Vv^ith fuch Lands asPiince Edward had uTurped in 
 Cardigan, which he beftowed upon Menditb the Son 
 of Owen ap Gruffydh. Having alb forced Bjpys Fy- 
 chan cut of Buelht^ he conferr'd it upon Meredith ap 
 Bjoys ; and in like manner beftowed all the Lands 
 M'hich he recovered, between his Nobles; referving 
 nothing to his own ufe , be/ides Gwerthyneon^ the 
 '*57' Eftate of Sir ^^ger Mortimer. The next Summer, 
 he entered into Pcwys, and made War againft Gruf- 
 fydh ap Gweyiwynwyn, who always had taken part 
 with, and owned Subje<5licn to the King of Evgland^ 
 v/hich he totally overcame, excepting the Caftlc of. 
 Pcole, lome fmall part of Caerneon^ and the Country^, 
 lying upon the bank of the Severn. . . ■ 
 
 But Rhys Fychan was not latishcd with the Ipfs of 
 ■ Btielht , and therefore was refolved to try to recover 
 it ; to M'hich end, he went to the King of Evgand^ 
 of wliom he obtained a very ftrong Army , com- , 
 manded ty one Stephen Baccn^ which being fent by' 
 Sea, landed at Ca^ermardhyn in the yr/f?;>,'«'.'- Week. 
 
 From 
 
The Hijlory cfW ALES. a/j 
 
 From thence the Englifk marched to Djnefawr, and 
 laid Siege to the Caftle, which valiantly held our, 
 until Lhewelyn's Army came to its Relief. Upon 
 the arrival of the VTelch, the Engli/h decamped from 
 before the Caftle, and put themfelves in pofture of 
 Battel, which the fpelch perceiving, they made all 
 hafte lo anfvver and oppofe them. Whereupon there 
 enfued a very terrible Engagement which lafted a very 
 Jong while ; this being for number of Men the greac- 
 eft Battel that had been fought between the EnvHJh 
 and the Welch. But the Vidory favoured the fVelcby 
 the Englifh-men being at length forced to fly, having 
 loft above Two Thouland Men, befides feveral Ba- 
 rons and Knights who were taken Prifoners. After 
 this the Prince's Army paiTed to Dyfed, where having 
 burnt all the Country, and deftroyed the Caftles of 
 Abercorratiy Lhanfiefhan, Maenclochoc and Arberth^ 
 with all the Towns thereunto belonging, returned to 
 North-Wales with much Spoil. But as foon as he 
 was arrived, great Complaints were exhibited to 
 Prince Lhewelyn againft Jeffrey Langley Lieutenant to 
 Edtoard Earl of Chejier, who without any regard to 
 Equity and Confcience, molt wrongfully opprefled the 
 Inhabitants oi Wales under his Jurifdii^ion. Where* 
 upon the Prince to puniih the Mafter for the Servant's 
 Fault, entred with fome part of his Army into the 
 Earl's Eftatej burnt and deftroyed all his Country on 
 both fides the River Dee, to the Gates of Chefier. 
 Edward had no power at prefent to oppofe him, but 
 being relblved to be revenged upon the fVelch with 
 the firlt opportunity, he defired Aid of his Uncle, 
 then chofe King of the I^manSi who lent him a ftrong 
 Detachment, with which he purpofed to give Prince 
 Lhemelyn Battel. But finding him too flrong, he 
 thought it more advifable to defift from Hollility, the 
 Prince's Army confining of Ten Thouland experien- 
 ced Men, who were obliged by Oarh, rather all to 
 die in the Field, than fuffer the Engli/h to gain any 
 Advantage over the Welch. But Grtijfydb ap Madec 
 Maelor, Lord oi Dinas Bran, a Perlbn of notorious 
 Reputation for Injaltice and Oppreflion, bafcly tor- 
 
 T fook 
 
^74 Tl&f Mrfiory of WALE S. 
 
 fook the ff^elch his Country-men, . and with all his 
 tForces went over to the EasloiCheJier. 
 I2";8. ' The next Year Prince Lhewelyn pafled to Soutbi 
 ■fValeSi and feized into his Hands the Land of Cemaer, 
 -and having reconciled the Difference betwixt I^ys 
 -Gryg and Rhys F^chm, he won the Cattle of Trefdraeth, 
 with the whole Coantry of Rhas^ excepting H<<wr- 
 ford. Thence he marched in an hoftile manner ro- 
 -ward Glamorgan, and rafed to the ground the Ca- 
 ftle of Lhangymwch, and then returning to North- 
 TVdhs^ he mec by the way wi:h E^^r^ Earl of 
 ■Cbtjlcr, whom he forced precipitoufly to return back. 
 But before he would put an end to this Expedition, 
 he muft needs be revenged upon that ungrateful fugi- 
 tive Grujfydh ap hUdoc Maelor, and thereupon paf^ 
 'iing thro' Bro/nfieldj he miferably laid Waite the whol^c 
 Country. Upon this the Kings of England and Scot- 
 land fent to Lheiifeiyn, requiring him to oeafe from Ho- 
 ftility, and after that unmerciful manner to devour, 
 and forcibly to take away other Mens Eltates. The 
 Prince was not over follicicous to hearken to their 
 • Requefi:, but finding the rime of the year very fea- 
 fonable for Ailion againlt the EngliJJo, he divided his 
 Army into two Battles, each of thefe confifting of 
 > 15C0 Foot and 500 Horfe, with which he purpofed 
 -to enlarge his Conqueit. Edvard Earl of Chejier, to 
 prevent the Blow which fo defperately hung over his 
 Head, fent over for Succors from Ireland, of whofe 
 coming Prince Lhctfelyn being certified, manned out 
 a Fleet to intercept them, which meeting with the 
 Irifh at Sea, after a Iharp Difpute, forced them to 
 -return back with lofs. King Henry being acquaint- 
 ed with the mifcarriage of the Irijh, refolved to 
 come in Perfon againit the Welch, and having drawn 
 together the whole Strength of England, even from 
 St. Michaels Mount in Cornwal to the River Tweedy 
 marched with his Son Edward in a great Rage to 
 North- Pf^ales, and without any oppolition advanced 
 " as far as Teganfpy. But the Prince had {topped his 
 farther Progrels, and prevented any long Itay he 
 could make in fValetj having before hand caufed all 
 
 manner 
 
The HjJIory ^/ W A L E S. zy; 
 
 •manner of Provifion and Forra^e to be carried over 
 the River, and tiien fecuring the ttraic and narrow 
 PafTages whereby iheEngliJh mighc get on farther into 
 the Country, the Army was in a fliorc timefo mor- 
 tally fatigued, that the King for want of neceiiary 
 Subfiftance was forced to retire in hafte to Engiavd 
 with confiderable lofs. 
 
 The Prince after that fending for all the Forces \r\ 
 South'J4'^ales, came to the Marches, where Grujfydh 
 Lord of Bronifidd ^ding that the King of England 
 was notable to defend his Eftate yielded himfelf up, 
 and then pafling to Poivys, be banilhed Gnijfjidh ap 
 GfventvjntPyn, and took all the Lands in the Country 
 into his Hands. Proceeding farther, he was encoun- 
 tred with by Gilbert de Clare Earl of Glocefier, who 
 with a choice Party of En^iifh gave hioi Battel. 
 -But Lhewelyn's Army exceeding both in Number and 
 -Courage, ealily vanquifhed and overcame the Engiijh^ 
 and fo the Vi(itory beisg qu:ckly obtained, the Prince 
 prefently reduced to his fewer ail the Caitles be- 
 longing to the Earl of Glocefier. King Henr^ hearing 
 of the Earl's overthrow, was much concerned at the 
 .'lofs of fo many brave Souldiers, m whofe Valor and 
 Experience he always put a very great Confidence, 
 and therefore to revenge their Deaths, he was again 
 refolved to march againll the Welch. Having called 
 his Forces together, and receivjed Supply from Gafcoign ^ 
 and Ireland he came to Wales^ but not daring to 
 venture far into the Country, for fear of being forced 
 to make anotlier (hameful retreat, he only deftroyed 
 the Corn near the Border?, ic being Harveit time, 
 and fo returned to England. But Lord James Dudley, 
 whole Daughter was married to Gruffydh Lord of 
 Bromfield, did more milchief and hurt to the JVe'cb, 
 who having brought over a great Number of Horfe- 
 mcn ti'om Germany to ferve againft th^Wekh. 'o ter- 
 rificd them with the unufuallargenefs of the Horfes, 
 and the unacculiomed manner of fighting, ihac in 
 the firft Encounter the iVclch were eafily ayerccme. 
 B.1S minding to revenge this Difgrac?, and wiih:!! be- 
 i^g better acquainted 'v\ith their mctho.i o; Arms, 
 T » JEW 
 
876 Tht Hiflory ef W A L E S. 
 
 the tVelcb in a little after made in-roads into the 
 Lord Audlefs Lands, where the Germans prefemly 
 ftt upon them, and purfued them to certain ftraits, 
 ■which the iVelch difcovered for a politick retreat. 
 The Germans thinking they had entirely drove the 
 W^elch away, returned carefefly back, but being fet 
 upon of the fudden, without any thought of an Ene- 
 my behind, they were all in a manner flain by the 
 rallying ITelcb. This year a very great fcarcity of 
 Beefs and Horfes happened in England, whereof feve- 
 ral Thoufands yearly were fupplied out oi Wales ^ by 
 reafon of which, the Marches were perfedlly robbed 
 of all their Breed, and not fo much as a Beaft to be 
 feen in all the Borders. 
 1 a 59. The next Spring all the Nobility of Wales conve- 
 ned together and took their mutual Oaths to defend 
 their Country to Death, againft the opprefling Inva- 
 fions of the Englijh, and not to relinquifli and for- 
 fake one another upon pain of Perjury ; tho* not- 
 withftanding, Meredith ap I{i>ys of South Wales vio- 
 lated this Agreement, and put himfelf in the Service = 
 of the King of England. King Henry was ready to 
 fall upon the Welch, to which purpofe he fummoned 
 a Parliament, wherein he propofed to raife a SuWidy 
 towards the Conqueft of Wales, being not able of 
 hinnfelf to bear the Expenccs of this War, by reafon 
 of feveral Lofles he had already received, the Coun- 
 try of Pembroke being lately deftroyed and taken by 
 the Welch, where they found plenty of Salt, which 
 before they were in great neceflity of. But William 
 de Valentia acculing the Earls of Leicejler and Glo- 
 cefier as the Authors of aH this Mifchief, quite broke 
 ail their meafures, fo the King was forced to pro- 
 rogue the Parliament for a time without any grant 
 of a Subfidy. But within a while after, it lat at 
 Oxford^ where King Henry and Edward his Son 
 took a Solemn Oath to obterve the Laws and Sta- 
 tutes of the Realm, and the fame being tendred to 
 Guy and William the King's Brothers, and to Henry 
 Son to the King of Almain, and to Earl Warren^ 
 they rcfufed to take it and lo departed. In this Par- 
 liament 
 
The Hiflory ef W ALES. 277 
 
 liament the Lords o{ fVales fairly proffered to be try- 
 ed by the Laws for any Offence they had unjuftly 
 committed againft the King, which was mainly op- 
 pofed by Edward, who caufed one Patrick, de Canton 
 (to whom the Lordlhip of Cydwely was given, in cafe 
 he could win and keep the fame ) to be fent to Caer- 
 mardbyn as Lieutenant for the King, with whom Me- 
 tedith af H^yi was joyned in Commiflion. Being ar- 
 rived at Caermardhyn, Patrick, fent to the Prince, to 
 defire him to appoint Commiffioners to treat with 
 him concerning a Peace, which he confented to, and 
 <vithout any mfpicion of treachery, fent Meredith ap 
 Owsn^ and Rhys af ^s to Emlyny if pofllble, to con- 
 clude the fame. But Patrick meaning no fuch thing, 
 laid an ambufcade for the Welch, who coming honeit- 
 ly forward, were by the way villanoufly fet upon 
 by the Englijh, and a great many flain ; but thofe 
 that happily efcaped, calling up the Country, prefent- 
 ly gave chafe to Patrick, and his Accomplices, who 
 being at length overtaken, were almoft all put to 
 the iword. But Prince Lhetpelyn was now altoge- 
 ther bent upon a Peace, and did not only defire it, 
 but was willing to parchafe it for a fumm of Money, 
 to which purpole he offered to give the King 4000 
 Marks, to his Son 300, and aoo to the Queen, which 
 the King utterly reftifed, replying. That it was not a 
 fuflScient recompence for all the Damages he had fuf- 
 fered by the Welch. Matthew of IVeflminfier re- 
 porteth, that about Michaelmas this year, the Biihop 
 of Bangor was commiflioned by the Prince and No- 
 bility of Wales to treat with the King of England a- 
 bout a Peace, and to offer him i6oco Pound for the 
 ^me, upon thefe Conditions, that according to their 
 aniient Cuftom, the Welch ihould have allCaufes try-* 
 ed and determined at Chejler, and that they fhould 
 freely enjoy the Laws and Cultoms of their own Coun- 
 try; but what was the refultofthis Jreaty, my Au- 
 thor does not mention. 
 
 There being no hopes of a Peace, Prince Lhe^eljn i^5o. " 
 early next year appeared in the Field, and pafled to 
 South'fVdUs, and farit fell fbul upon Sir H^^gsr Mor~ 
 T 3 timei\ 
 
f^B The Hijlory ofW kLES. 
 
 timer, who contrary to his Oath, maintained the Kir^/ 
 oi England^ Quarrel.. Having forcibly: difpolTefle^ 
 him of all S.'.e//^f,;an4 without any oppolitioa takeq . 
 iheCaltle, wjjeie was found a plentiful Magazine^ 
 he marched thro' all South-lVales, • con^vmmg his Coa-j 
 quelt. and afterwards returned to his Palace at Aber,\ 
 ii6r. betwixt Bangor zndContvey. The year fol!awing(| 
 ,jg^' O0en ap Meredith Lord qf Cydetven died, But ,ih«^ 
 next Sumn er was lancvvhat moire note4 for Adioftt 
 a parry of Vn^cc Lbeive'jns Men took by furprij§ 
 the Caule qi\Melienytb, belonging to Sir ^oger A^tf>hi 
 ^fwer, .'and hayjjiig put the reit pf tlje Qarnion t<>.i;h^ 
 Sword, they took. Fjowel ,ap MprtQ the Governou® 
 wuh his Wifeand -Children Priiboefs ; and after tba,ta 
 iheCaiHe wa>demoli!hed by the; Prince's Order. 6ipi 
 I^ger Mor timer hearing of this, with a great Body 
 of Lords and Krughts ca*.ne to Meltenyth, whei:^' 
 Prince Lhcivelyn rxitt him, but S'l'i^^e'' nut daring jcp- 
 hazard a Battel, planted hi-.a felt. am thin the Ryms»|j' 
 and tinding lie could do no good, deiired leave of thej 
 Piincc to retire . peaceably.. The.Pfince upon the ac^ 
 count of Kelation and near Cpnianguinity betwixt, 
 them, and witjial becau(e he would not be lb me^fjj 
 fpiriced as to tajl upon an Ene.myi who had no powec: 
 to reliii hinvlct hr.n fafely dep»rt , with lu^ rorc(ES.i 
 and then paiUng op hiruklt to Breclf^ocl^^at the requeft. 
 of the People of that Country., who Iwoie Fidelity; 
 unro him ; ib,>fJal]^d on and rcturn<:;d to North-PT^ale/y^ 
 And now being Confederate vvitlj the Barons againit- 
 King HeTjrjf, he . was refolved ;t9.pra<ilife lomething, 
 in the prejudice of the EngUjhy and fo fet, upon the; 
 Earldom oicbefter^ deitroyedtbe Cail.l:5 Qilygi^)}fi(i^\ 
 and Diferth belonging to Edward^ who comiDg-j:;;^^* 
 ther, was yet not able, to prev^ijc the Mifchief done-. 
 1163. to him by tiK Welch. The next year John Strang/^, 
 junior. Conl^able of Montgo:riery with a great NunW* 
 • ber of Marchers, came a httl§ before £<z/?£>r by nfghcij 
 thro' CeriioCydettiV, i.u.nJing^o furpriieihe CaitJei) 
 which when the People of the Country underitccd, 
 they gathered together, and fetnng upon them,,ik\v 
 a CO of his Men, but Strange wlrh.a few got fafcly • 
 back. Within 
 
the Hijpry.of W ALE S., 179 
 
 Within a while after, the Marchers and the Welch 
 met again near a place called Clun, where a hot En- 
 gagement happened between -^hem, in which the. 
 iVelcb were worited, and had a great Numiaer o]f| 
 their Men flain, After this, nothing remarkable lell 
 out for a confiderable time, unlefsjt .were, that David 
 being releafed out of ^n^o\\hy?na^t Lhewslyn his 
 Brother, moft ungratefully forfook him;, and with all 
 his might, lided with his Enetries the Englifh j alfb, 
 Grujf/dh ap Gwemvynwyn having, (taken the Caftle qt 
 Mo/*/, demolilhed if co.ihe.ground; During this quiet 
 and unadlive interval in Wd'es^ Meredith ap Otfen, the 
 main Support and 'Defender of SouthfVafes died, t^ 
 the great difadvantage of the Aifairs ,of ; that Coun- 
 try. And now 'indeed, the PVelch wereJike to be 1263.' 
 ' made fenlihie of the Lofs of fo. coflfidergble a Perlbni 
 for King Hi?»r)i was telolved once rnpre ;o lead an 
 Army into fVales, and to fee if he could h^ve better 
 Succefs than he had hitherto againft the f^/c/j. But 
 when he was prepared to undertake this ExpeditioOj 
 Ottohontis Pope Clemem\ Legate in England, interpofed 
 and mediated -a Eeace, which was concluded ^ipon at, 
 the Cattle o£ Montgomery^ wherein ■ it was grtiele<Jj 
 that Prince. £./^p«^^y>w fliould. give jhe.Jving 30000 
 Marks,, and^the King was to grant th<3 i^rince a Cha^ 
 ter, from thenceforth to receivf Homage ai)d Fealty 
 of all the NobiUtyand Bai'ons ot TVa^i^*, befides ong> 
 fo that they could h;)ld' their Lant^ o/r i)0 . other but 
 himfelf and .from tliCnce forward li^ .vyas to be lavVr 
 fully ftiled Prince of fF^.Vj.. This Char<er being rat 
 ti&ed and confirmed as' well by ,ibe A-uthority of the 
 Pope, as the King's Seal ; Prince Lhemlyn dcfifted 
 from any farther A<fts of Hoftility,.andvpunduaUy 
 obferved all the Articles of Agreement betwixt him 
 and King Henry, "fo that nothing more was out- 
 ragioully tranfadted between the Er.gUjh and H^e'ch, 
 during the remainder of this Kino's reign. Within 
 that ipace, died Grono ap Ednyfed Fychan one of the 
 Chief Lords of the. Prince's Council, and Ihortly after 
 him, Grujfydh Lord of Bromfield, who lies buried at 
 Vale-Crucis. 
 
 T 4 B^it 
 
ago The Hijlory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 >17 a. But the Death of King Uenry put an end to the ob- 
 fervations of the Peace betwixt the Engltjh and 
 PVetch, who dying on the i6th. day of November this 
 year, left this Kingdom to his Son Edward. Prince 
 Edward was then in the Holy-Land^ and very adive 
 agamlt thofe Enemies of Chriltianity, the Turkic 
 where he bad already continued above a year ; but 
 underftanding of his Father's Death, and that in his 
 abfence he was proclaimed Ys\ngo( England, he made 
 all hafte to return to receive the Solemnity of Coro- 
 nation. But what by the tedioufiiefs of the Journey, 
 and what by being honourably detained at Princes 
 Courts in his way, it was two years before he could 
 get into £w^/<iw^j then upon rhe i^th. of ytuguji, and 
 in the year 1x74. he was Crowned at Weftminjler, 
 Prince Lbewelyn was lummoned to attend at his Co- 
 ronarion, but he flatly refufed to appear, unleft upon 
 fare Terms of fafe Condudl, for having offended fe- 
 veral of tht Englifl} Nobility, he could not in fafety 
 pafs thro' their Country without the danger of ex- 
 pofing his Perfon to the inveterate Malice and accep- 
 table Kevenge of fome of them. And therefore with- 
 out the King's Brother, the Earl of Glocefter, and 
 Robert Bui nell Lord Chief Juftice o( England, were de- 
 livered up as Pledges for bis fafe Condud, he would 
 not come up to do his Homage and Fealty at his Co«- 
 ronation, according to the Writ direded to him. 
 And indeed, feeing King Edward had broke the Peace 
 lately concluded upon before the Pope's Legate, and 
 did receive, and honourably entertain fuch Noble- 
 men of fVa/es, as for their difloyalty were banilhed 
 by Prince l.bewelyn, by whom he feared fome trea- 
 chery ; there was no reafon that the Prince (hould 
 pay him any fubjedlion, but by the breach of Peace 
 was exempted from all Homage. However, Prince 
 Lhervelyn to (hew that it was not out of any itubbornefs 
 or difrefpecft to the Kit^g of England^ that he refufed 
 to come, fent up his Reafons by the Abbots of 
 TJiratflur and Conwej to Robert Ktlwarby Arcbbilhop 
 pf Canterbury y and the reft of the Bifliops then fitting 
 
 in 
 
The Hiflory c/ W A L E S. zEt 
 
 in Convocation in the Nem-Temple zi London^ whidi 
 were to this efFed. 
 
 To the mofl Reverend Fathers in God 
 Robert Archbifliop of Canterhurjy and 
 Mctropohtan of all EngUnd, the Arch- 
 bifliop of Tork, and the reft of the 
 Bifliops in Convocation ; Lhewelyn 
 Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowden, 
 fendeth Greeting. 
 
 \A/^ ^ould have your Lord/kips to underjland, that 
 • ' whereas formerly moft terrible and incejfant 
 Wars Were continually managed betwixt Henry K^ng of 
 England and our [elf ; the fame were at lafi compofed, 
 and all matters of Differences were adjufted by tlte 
 means of his Excellency Cardinal Ottobonus the Pope's 
 Legate, who having drawn the Articles and Conditions 
 of the Peace agreed upon, they were figned and. fwore 
 to, not only by the iC,'"^. ^w*" ^^fi the Prince his Son, 
 now Ki"g 'f England. Among thefe Articles were 
 comprehended, that we and our Succejfars fhould hold 
 of the King and his Succejfor the Principality of Wales, 
 fo that all the Welch Lords, one Baron excepted,/hould 
 bold their Baronies and EJiates in Capice of us, and 
 Jhoidd pay their Homage and Fealty for the fame tof 
 us 5 Wd in like manner doing Homage to the -^'m^ <jf 
 England and his Suceeffors. And befides, that the K^ng 
 and his Suceeffors Jhould never offer to receive atid 
 entertain any of our Enemies, nor any fuch ofour^own 
 Subjects as were lawfully banijhed and excluded our 
 Dominions 0/ Wales, nor by any means defend and up' 
 hold fuch againjh us. Contrary to which Articles, Jf^ing 
 Edward has forcibly fei:(ed upon the EJiates of certain 
 Barons of Wales, of which they and their Aneefiofs 
 have been immemor^bly poffeffed of and detains a Barony^ 
 which by the form of Peace Jhould have been deltvered 
 to US 5 4nd moreover^ bat hitherto entertained David 
 
 ap 
 
z3i Ihd Hijlory < W A L E S. 
 
 ap Gruffydli our Brother, and Gvu^ydh ap Gwen^i 
 vvynwyn, withfeveral ethers of our Enemies who ar&^ 
 O'it-latps and Fugitives of our Country. /]nd thai' we 
 have often exhibited our Grievances ■and Complaints a» 
 gdnji them, far defiroying and pillaging our Country, 
 yet we could never obtain of the IQng any relief or 
 redrefs for the fever al H^'rOMgs and Injuries we re- 
 ceived at their hands ; but on the contrary, they Jiill 
 ■perfijl to commit wafles and other outrages in du¥ Do- 
 minions. >lnd for all this ^ he fmnmons us to do' him 
 Homage at , a -place which is altogether dangerous to' our 
 Perfon, where our inveterate Enemies.) and nhieb is 
 worfe, our own unnatural SuhjeBs, bear the "gteatefi - 
 fway and reffe'cl wth the Ki^'g. And tho' we have 
 alledged fever al {{eafons to the King and his Ccfmci^ 
 why the place by him ajfignsd^ is not fafe and indif' 
 ferent for us to come, and defire him to appoint ano^ 
 ther, whereto wa might with more fafety refort, or elf^ 
 that he' ti'ould find Commiffioners to receive our Oath 
 and Homage, till he could more opportunely receivif- 
 them in Perfin ; yet he would not ajfent to our jujh- 
 and reafonab'e B^cjuefty nor be fatisfied with the Sea^ 
 fons we exhibited for our non-appearance. Therefore 
 we defire your Lordfhips earnejily to tveigh the dtfmal 
 effects that will happen to the Subjects both of England 
 and Wales t^pon the breach of the Articles of Peace, 
 and that you would be pleafid to inform the f^ng of 
 the fad Conferjuence of another War^ which can no way 
 he prevented, but by ufing us according to the Condi- 
 iions of the former Peace^ which for our part i we will 
 in no meafure tranfgrefs. But if the Kin^ will m$ 
 hearken to your Counfcl, we hope that you will hdd us - 
 excufed, if the Nation be dtf quieted and troubled there" 
 7tpon, which as much as tn us lieth we endeavour t» 
 prevent* 
 
 King Edward would admit of no Excufe, nor 
 hearken to any manner of Reafon in the cafe, but 
 was unmercifully enraged, and conceived an unpar- 
 donable difpleafure againft Prince Lhettelyn^ which 
 yet he thought convenient to conceal and diflemble 
 
 for 
 
77;e H'tftory < W A L E S. i%i 
 
 for a tiaie. Indeed, he could never abide Lheivelyn, 
 iince rhe time that be was vanquillied and put to 
 flight by him at rhe Marches, (o that the chief Caufe 
 of King Ed'Pards anger, originally proceeded from 
 a poinc of Honor, which this rcfufal of Homage 
 ieryed fufEciently to increale. Bur to pfolecute his 
 Revenge, which upon this fcorc is in Princes very 
 fierce and unforgetfui, in a fhort time he came to 
 Chejier, meaning to tecoVer by force what he could 
 not obtain by fair means. From hence he lent to 
 the Prince of Pf^aleSy requiring him to come over and 
 do him Homage^ vyhich I h^.ielyn either ablblutely re- 
 /uling, or willingly deu-aCting to do. King Edtvard 
 made ready his Army to force him to ir. Bur there 1177* 
 happened an Accident which took off a gfe*t part of 
 j^mce Lhewelyns, Itubbornefs; for et this time the 
 Gountefs cu Leicefier rhe Widow of Stmon Mont fort 
 who hved at Monta/gis a Nunnery in FrAncc.xw: over 
 iox Wales her Daughter, the Lady .£/'««;/•( whom 
 hhewelyn extreamly loved ) wi:h her Brotiier Aeme-' 
 rtkpi to be married to the Prince, accoj-ding to the A- 
 greement made in her Father, Earl Montfort'- time. 
 But ^emerike fearing to touch ujon '■rjne. Coalt of 
 England, (teered his courfe towards the iflands of 
 SfiUy, where by the way they were all taken by four 
 Brijiol Ships, and brought to King Edward, who re- 
 ceived the Lady very honourably, but committed her 
 Brother Prilbncr to the Calile of Coj^,. whence he was 
 afterward removed to the Caltle of Shirburne. The 
 King having obtained this unexpedied Advantage over 
 Ufet^elyn, began boldly to fall upon him, and lb<di- 
 vi^ing his Army into two Battalions, led one bimfelf- ' 
 
 into NorthWales^ and advanced as far ViS ^tthl an, 
 where he itrongly fortified the Cafile. The other he 
 committed to Pagamis de Camurtiis, a great Souldier, 
 who eniring into JVeji-PVales, burned and deitroyed 
 a great part of the Country. But the People oi South- 
 PVales, fearing that his next Expedition was leveJied 
 againlt them voluntarily fubmitted themfelves la the 
 King, and did him Homage, and then delivered up- 
 the Gaitle of TJlratytty to Paganus. 
 
 Prince 
 
284 The Hiftory r/ W A L E S. 
 
 Prince Lhewelyn hearing of this, and finding his 
 own Subjects to forfake him, but more efpecially be- 
 ing defirous to recover his efpoufe the Lady Eleanor, 
 thought it likewife advifable to fubmit, and therefore 
 fued to King Edward for a Peace, who granted it, but 
 upon very fevece Conditions upon Lhetoelyns fide. 
 The Agreement coniifted of ten Articles, which were, 
 I. That the Prince fhould fet at liberty all oaanner 
 of Prifoners, that upon the King's Account were de-' 
 tained in Cuftody. ^. That for the King's favour 
 and good will, he fhould pay 50000 Marks, to be re- 
 ceived at the King's pleafure. 3. That thefe four 
 Cantreds or Hundreds, vi:^. Cantref I^s where the 
 King's Caftle of Teganwy itands ; t(jfonioc^ where 
 Denbigh ; Tegengl, where S^uthltm ; Dyffryn Clwyd^ 
 where ^uthyn itands, Ihould remain in the King's 
 hands. 4. That the Lords Marchers Ihould quietly ' 
 enjoy all the Lands they had conquered within Vi^ales^ 
 excepting in the Ifle of Angle fey ^ which was wholly - 
 granted to the Prince. 5. That in confideration oP- 
 this llland, the Prince iliould pay 5000 Marks in- 
 hand, vvith the referve of a loco Marks yearly to be- 
 gin at Michaelmas ; and in cafe the Prince died with- 
 out Iffue, the wiiole Ifland (hould return to the King. 
 
 6. That the Prince thould come every year to England 
 to pay his Homage to the King for ail his Lands. 
 
 7. That all the Barons of Wales^ excepting five in 
 Snowderty thould hold their Lands and Eftates of the 
 King, and no other. 8. That the Title of Prince 
 fhould remain only for his Life, and not defcend to 
 bis Succeflbrs, and after his Death, the five Lords of- 
 Snowden Ihould hold their Lands only from the King*-'' 
 9. That for the performance of thele Articles^ the- 
 Prince Ihould deliver up for Hoftages ten Perfbns of 
 the beft Quality in the Country, without imprilbn--* 
 ing. difinheriting, and any lime of redemption de- * 
 termined. And farther, that the King fiiould chttfe" 
 Twenty Perfons within North-PVales, who befides the 
 Prince, Ihould take their Oaths for ihe due perfor- 
 mance of theie Articles, and in cafe the Prince (hould 
 fwerve and recede from them, and upcn admonition 
 
 thereof 
 
Tht Htjlory 0/ W A L E S. 185 
 
 thereof nor repent, they fhould forfake him, and be- 
 come his Enemies. 10. The Prince was obhged to 
 fufFer his Brethren quietly to enjoy their Lands in 
 fValeSj whereof David for his Service was dubbed 
 Knight by the King, and had the Earl of Derby % 
 Widow given him in Matrimony, and with her as 
 a Portion, the Caftle of Denbigh in 'North-JVales^ be- 
 fides a icoo Pounds in Lands. His other Brother 
 f{pderic was lately efcaped out of Prifon inro England^ 
 and the younger called 0«wi, was upon his Compo- 
 (ition delivered out of Prifon. 
 
 King Edward having impofed thefe fevere and un- 
 merciful Conditions upon Prince LheiPe!)n, and for 
 a better fecurity for the performance of them, built 
 a Caftle at Aberyftwyth, returned very honourably 
 into England ; upon whofe arrival, the People wil- 
 lingly granted him a Subfidy of the Twentieth part 
 of their Eftates towards his Charges in this War. 
 But it feems very probable that Prince Lhewelyn 
 fubmitted to thefe intolerable Conditions, more up- 
 on the account of his Amours, and to regain the 
 Lady Eleanora out of the King of England's hand, 
 than that he was apprehenfive of any confiderablc 
 Danger he might receive by the Englijh Troops. 
 For it is hardly conceivable, that a Prince of luch 
 notorious Condudl and Valour, would lb eafily ac- 
 cept of fich hard Terms, and in a mealure deliver 
 up his Principality, when there was no neceflity fo 
 to do, without refifting an Enemy, whom he had 
 frequently overcome, snd forced to retire back with 
 greater inequality than the Englijh had at prefent 
 over him. But the force of Love worked Won- 
 ders, and in this cafe, proved moll irreliitible, 
 which to obtainj Lhewelyn did not think hard to 
 forfeit his proper Right to his inveterate Enemies, 
 and for ever to exclude his Polterity from fucceed- 
 ing in their lawful Inheritance, The next year 1*7^. 
 therefore, he had his Wilh accomplifhed, and was 
 married to Eleanora at Worcefier , the King and 
 , Queen, with all the Nobility and Perfonsof i^ality 
 in England, honouring the Wedding with their pre- 
 ^ce. But« 
 
• ^S6 The Hiflory of W A L E S. 
 
 But this fpecious Amity, and the Peace lately 
 concluded betwixt them did not laft: long, the En- 
 gltjh Governours in the Marches and in-land- Coun- 
 tries of Wales, prefuming upon the Pnnce's fubmif- 
 fion to the King, grievoufly opprefled the Inbabi- 
 tanrs of the Country, with new and unheard of ex- 
 aftions, and with intolerable partiality openly en- 
 couraged the Englijh to defraud and oppreis the 
 fVelch. Thefe infup portable pradlices moved the 
 iVelcb to go in a Body to David Lord of Denbigh, 
 to endeavour a reconciliation between him and his 
 Brother the Prince, that they both being at Unity, 
 might eafily deliver themfelves and their Coun- 
 try from the unmercifiil Tyranny of the Emlijh, 
 liSr, David was not ignorant of the mileries of his Coun- 
 try-men, and therefore gladly fubmitced to be recon- 
 ciled to his Brother, with promife never to fide again 
 with the Kiiig of England, but to become his utter 
 Enemy. This happy Union being thus efFedied, 
 David was chofe General of the Army, with which 
 he prefenrly marched to Hnvarden^ and furprizing 
 the CaPiIe, flew all that oppofed him, and took ^ger 
 Clifford Prifoncr, who had been i'ent by King Edward, 
 Jiifiitiar into thofe parts. From thence, being joyn- 
 cd by the Prince, he pafled to I^ahlan, and laid Siege 
 to the Caftle ; but upon notice given that the King 
 was marching to raife the Siege, he thought conve- 
 nient to withdraw, and to retire back. At the fame 
 time, ^hys ap Maelgon and Gruffydh ap Meredith ap 
 Owsn, with other Lords ot South-Wales, took fi-om 
 the Englijh the Caftle of Aberyfitvyth, with divers 
 others in that Country, and fpoiled all the People 
 thereabouts, who owned fubjediion to the Crown of 
 England. In the me^n while, 'john PeckJ^am Arch- 
 bifhop of Canterbury, perceiving how matters were 
 like to proceed between the King and the Prince, and 
 how the Kingdom was elfedtur.lly involved in a War, 
 of his own proper motion came to Prince Lhettelyn, 
 to endeavour a re-fubmiiTion from him and his Bro- 
 ther David to King Edward^ and fo to put a Itop to 
 any farther Holtiiities. 
 
 Bmc 
 
The Hipfy < W A L E S. 'i%j 
 
 . But he fent before-hand to the Prince and Peo- 
 ple of Wales; intimating to them, ' That for the 
 *' Love he bore co the I4^elch Nation, he under- 
 *' took this Arbitration, without the knowledg, and 
 *' contrary to the King's liking ; and therefore ear- 
 *' ncftly defired, that they would fubmit to a Peace 
 *' with the EngHJh, which himldf would endeavour 
 *' to bring to pafs. And becaufe he could make no 
 V^ Jong continuance in thofe Parts, he wilhed thera 
 f to confider, how that if he (hould be forced to 
 *' depart before any thing was brought to a con- 
 " cluiion, they could hardly find another who would 
 *' fo heartily efpoufe their Caufe; and farther threat- 
 *' ned, that in cafe they contemned and derided his 
 .*' Endeavours, he would not only inftigate the E>]g- 
 " iijh Army, now greatly ihengthned and increafed, 
 *' to fall upon them, but alfo fignifie their Stubborn- 
 "/nefe to the Court and Bilhop of I{ome , who e- 
 ^ fteemed and honoured Eiig'nnd, beyond any other 
 *"' Kingdom in the World. Moreover, he much la- 
 " mented to hear of the cxceftive Cruelty of the 
 *' fVelch, even beyond that of the Saracens and other 
 *' Infidels, whenever refufed to permit Slaves and 
 ** Captives to be ranfomed ; which the i^Vetch were 
 *' fo far from pradifing, that even foaie time chey 
 *' flew thofe for whoTe Redemption they received 
 ** Money. And whereas they were wont to eileem 
 *' and reverence holy and ecclefiaftical Perfons, they 
 *' are now fo far degenerated from Devotion and 
 *' Sandity, that nothing is more acceptable to them 
 *' than War and Sedition , which they had now 
 " great need to forfake and repent of Laftly, he 
 •** prOpofed, that they would (ignifie to him, where- 
 •*' in, and what Laws and Conltitutions of theirs 
 <6 ^yas violated by the Enghjh. and by wh..t means 
 " a firm and a lafting Peace mif;ht be efta- 
 '^ blifhcd ; which, if they rejected, th°y muft ex- 
 ♦' pe(5t to incur the Decree and Cenfure of the 
 ** Church, as well as endure the violent In-roads and 
 •*' Depredations of a powerful Army. To thefe, 
 partly Admonitions, md. partly Threatnings of the 
 
 Arch- 
 
283 The Hiflory of Vf ALES: 
 
 Archbifliop, Prince Lhewelyn returned an Anfwerji 
 
 *' That he humbly thanked his Grace for the Pairii 
 
 " and Trouble he undertook in his and his Subjeds 
 
 " behalf j and more particularly, becaufe he would 
 
 " venture to come to fVales, contrary to the plca- 
 
 " fure and good liking of the King. And as for 
 
 " concluding a Peace with him, he would not have 
 
 "^ his Grace be ignorant , that with all readinefs he 
 
 "^ was willing to fubmit to it , upon condition that 
 
 " the King would duly and fincerely obferve the 
 
 " fame. And though he would be glad of his lon- 
 
 iioi, « ger continuance in Wales ^ yet he hoped that nO 
 
 " Obftruftions would happen of his fide , why 2 
 
 *' Peace (which of all things he moft defircd) might 
 
 *' not be forthwith concluded , and rather by his 
 
 " Graces procuring than any others ; fo that there 
 
 " would be no farther need of acquainting the Pope 
 
 '* with his Obftinacy, nor moving the King of £»g;- 
 
 *' land to ufe any Force againft him. And though 
 
 *' the Kingdom of England be under the immediate 
 
 *' Protection of the See of B^me^ yet, when his Ha- 
 
 *»• linefs comes to underftand of the great and uniuf- 
 
 *' ferable Wrongs done to him by the Englijh j how 
 
 *' the Articles of Peace were broken, Churches 
 
 *' and all other religious Houles in Wales were burre- 
 
 *' ed down and deftroyed, and religious Perfons un- 
 
 *' chriflianly murthered, he hoped he would rather 
 
 «< pity and lament his Condition, than with addition 
 
 «' of Punilhment increafe and augment his Sorrow, 
 
 »' Neither ihall the Kingdom of England be any wife 
 
 <« difquieted and molefted by his means , in cafe the 
 
 *' Peace be religioufly obferved towards him and his 
 
 «t Subjeds. But who they are, that delight them- 
 
 «c felves with War and Bloodfhed, manifeftly ap- 
 
 *4 pears by their Adions and Behaviour ; the Welch 
 
 . tc being glad to Jive quietly upon their own, if they 
 
 <c might be permitted by the Englijh , who coming 
 
 ic to the Country, utterly deftroy whatever comes in 
 
 «« their way, without regard either lo Sex, Age, or 
 
 <* religious places. But he was extreme Torry that any 
 
 *• one ftiould be ilain, having paid his Ranfomj the 
 
 '* Awthofl 
 
The Htflory cfW ALES. 289 
 
 *' Author of which unworthy A6tion he did not 
 " pretend to maintain , but would inflid upon him 
 *' his condign Punifbment, in cafe he could be got 
 **out of the Woods and Defarts , where as an 
 •'Outlaw , he hves undifcovered. Bat as to com- 
 •'mencing a War in a Seafon inconvenient, he po- 
 *' tefted he knew nothing of that till now ; yet 
 *' thofe that did fo , do folemnly aiteft that to be 
 *' the only meafure they had to fave therafelves, and 
 " that they had no other fecurity for their Lives 
 " and Fortunes, than to keep themfelves in Arras. 
 *' Concerning his Sins and Trelp^fles againft God, 
 *' with the afSftance of his Grace, he would endea- 
 " vour to repent of ; neither ftould the War be 
 *' wilh'ngly continued by him, in cafe he might fave 
 *' himfelf harmlefs ; but before he would be unjuftly 
 *' difpoffefled of his legal Propriety, he thought it 
 *' but realonable, by all poffible meafures to defend 
 *' himfelf. And he was very wiHing, upon due Exa- 
 *' mination of the Trefpafles committed, to make 
 •' Satisfaction and Retribution of all Wrongs com- 
 " mitted by him and his Subjeds j fo that the Engm 
 *' /tflj would obferve the fame of their fide ; and like- 
 *' wife was ready to conclude a Peace , which he 
 *c thought was impoflible to be eftabliihed , as long 
 *' as the Englijh had no regard to Articles , and fliil 
 « opprefs his People with neW and unwarrantable 
 " Exadions. Therefore feeing his Subjeds w^ere un- 
 *' chrittianly abufed by the King's Officers, and all 
 <t his Country moft tyrannically harafled, he (aw no 
 « reafon why the Englijh, upon any fault of his fide, 
 *' (hould threaten to bring a formidable Army to his 
 « Country, nor the Church pretend to cenfure him ; 
 «t feeing alfo, he was very wilhng upon the afore- 
 *' faid Conditions, to fubmit to a Peace. And lalUy, 
 «6 he defired hii Grace, that he would not give the 
 «'c more credit to his Enemies , becaufc they were 
 «c near his Perfon, and couid deliver their Complaints 
 «« fre<juehtly, and by word of mouth ; for they who 
 " made no confcierice of opprefiing, woiild not in 
 f*3ll probability, Itick to defam6, and mske falfc Ac- 
 
190 The Hiflory ef W ALES. 
 
 *' cufations ^ and therefore his Grace would make 3 
 " better Eftimation of the whole matter, hy examin- 
 *' ing their Actions, rather than beheving their Words. 
 Pnrxe Lkewelyn having to this purpofe replyed in 
 general to the Archcifhop's Articles , prefented him 
 with a Copy of the feveral Grievances, which him- 
 fclf and others of his Subjeds had wrongfully and 
 unjultly received at the hands of the Englijh. And 
 thele, though feme what tedious, are thought necef- 
 fary to be particularly infeited in the Appendix by 
 realon that they demoniirably vindicate the Welch 
 Nation, from the unrealonablc Afperfions which the 
 Eyigltjh of thele times cad upon it. For, the bieach 
 of Peace, and che occafion of thofe difmal Difturban- 
 ces in the Kingdom , arc, by the Enghjh Wrfters 
 of thofe times, wholly attributed to the reUlefs and 
 rebellious Humour and unconitant Temper of the 
 fVelch Whereas, had they looked at home, they 
 miphc have found the Original of all thefe Troubles, 
 to have proceeded from the intolerable Extortions 
 and infupportabie Oppreffions of their own Nation, 
 -For whoever confiders tbefe unmerciful Grievances, 
 and the manifold Wrongs the Welch endured, it can- 
 not in reafon be expedted, but that they would endea- 
 vour to vindicate themfelves, and repel Force by Force. 
 For, had the Englijh the liberty of dilpolfefling them 
 wrongtully of their proper Inheritance and Eftates, 
 and it was not lawful for the Welch to endeavour 
 the defending and keeping their own ? And muft 
 tiiey be reckoned disobedient, and Promoters of Se- 
 dition , upon the account that they would not be 
 trampled under, and enflaved by the EngUjh ? Thefe 
 Meafures were too hard and intolerable , and fcarce 
 allowable in an Infidel Nation ; to oppreli, ( and 
 what in them lay ) eradicate a People, for no other 
 reafon, than becaufe they were weaker and more 
 helplefs than themlelves; and then, what is worfe, 
 to accule them of being Auihcrs of Sedition, be- 
 caule they would not lutfer themfelves to be peace- 
 ably enfljved , l.ut endeavoured to vindicate their 
 Right by main r'orce. But it is highly probable, 
 
 that 
 
/ 
 
 The Hiflory <?/ W, A L E S. 29 S 
 
 tiiat King Edto.xrd had no inclination to obfervc, 
 what Articles of Agreement foever were concluded 
 upon ; and therefore encouraged his Deputies in the 
 Marches and inland Country of iVales, in all their 
 Oppreflions and finirtrous Dealings towards the 
 PFelcb. This was the belt Method, and the ipoft 
 expedient Means to reduce the Country of Pf^ales 
 to fubjedion to the Crown of England^ which th^ 
 King had lono ago intentionally ctf^rded : And to 
 accufe the IVelcb of not obferving the Conditions 
 of Peace, was a fpecious Pretence to bring that a- 
 ftually to pafs, and to lead an Army into the Coun- 
 try. But whaever ihe EngH/io might pretend, 'cis evi- 
 dent the fVelch had the gicater cccafion to complain, ggg f[,g 
 as appears from the Grievances committed as vi/di jppg„£^^ 
 agiinft the Prince himfelf, as others of his Subjeds. 
 
 The Archbifliop having read over thefe Grievances, 
 and finding the fi'^elch to be upon good reafon guilc- 
 lefs of that fevere Charadler, which by the malici- 
 ous Infinuations of the Englijh^ he had conceived of 
 them, went to King Edward-^ requeuing hira to 
 take into confideracion the unjud Wrongs and Inju- 
 ries done to the fj^^elch ; which if he would not re- 
 drefs, at Icaft he might excufe them from any breach 
 of Obedience to hira, feeing they had fo juft a rea- 
 fon for what they did. The Kin|^ replyed, That he 
 willingly forgave them, and would make reafonable 
 Satisfaction for any VVrong done ; fo that they had 
 free accefs to declare their Greivanccs before him ; 
 and then might f?.fely depart, in cafe ic would ap- 
 pear juft and lawful they ibould. The Archbifhop 
 upon this thought he hsd obtained his purpofe, and 
 therefore, without any (lay , po'ted it to Sncwdcn^ 
 where the Prince and his Brother D^f /c? refidcd j and 
 having acquainted them with the King's mind, ear- 
 neftly dcllred that they, and the reft of the Nobilicy 
 of TVales, would lubmit therafelves. and by him be 
 introduced to the King's preience. Prince Lhewdyn, 
 after (ome times Conference and Debate, declared 
 that he was ready to fubroit to tixe King, svith the 
 • ficferve only of two pajticular? ; namely, his Confci- 
 
 XX i cnce. 
 
2^2, Ihe Hijlory e/ W A L E S. 
 
 tnce, whereby he wa? obliged to regard the Safety 
 and Liberties of his People j and then the decency of 
 his own State and Quality. But the King under- 
 ftanding by the Archbifhop, how that the Prince 
 ftood upon Terras , pofitively refiifed to confent to 
 any more Treaty of Peace, than that he fliould fim- 
 p!y fubmit, without any farther Conditions. The 
 Archbifhop had experience enough, that the IVelch 
 would never agree to fuch Propofals j and therefore 
 defired of his Majefty , that he would give hire 
 leave, with the reft of the Englifh Nobility prefent, 
 to confer and conclude upon the matter; which be- 
 irg granted, they unanimoufly refolved upon the fol- , 
 lowing Articles, and fent them to the Prince by John 
 TVatlenfis, Bifliop of S. Davids. 
 
 I. The Kjng will have no Treaty of the four Can* 
 
 treds, and other Lands tfihich he has bcjiom* 
 ed upn his Nobles ; nor of the Ifle of Ang- 
 lefey. 
 
 II. In cafe the Tenants of the four Cantreds fub- 
 
 mit themfelves, the King furpofeth to deal 
 kind'y and honourably tvith them ; tvhich ttfe 
 are fnfficiently fatisfied of and ttfiU, what in 
 lis lyes, endeavour to further. 
 ni. 0^e tinll do the like touching Prince Lhewelyn, 
 concerning tvhom tve can return no other An- 
 ftoer, than that he mujl barely fubmit him' 
 felf to the I\jng, ttfithout hopes of any other 
 Conditions. 
 
 Thefe were the publick Articles agreed upon by 
 the Englifh Nobility, and fent to Prince Lhewelyn ; 
 beiides which, they fent fome private Meafures of 
 Agreement, relating both to him and his Brother Da- 
 vid ; promifing, that in cafe he would fubmit, and 
 put the King in quiet pofleflion of Snotvden, his Ma- 
 jefty would beftow an Englijh County upon him, 
 with the yearly Revenue of a Thouland Pound Ster- 
 ling. And moreover, his Daughter fhould be pro- 
 vided for, fwitable to lier Biitly and Quality, and all 
 
 his 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES, 293 
 
 his Subjeds according to their Eftate and Condi- 
 tion J and in cafe he ihould have Male Iflfue by a 
 fecond Wife, the aforefaid County and a Thoufand 
 Pound ihould remain to his Pofterity for ever. As 
 for David the Prince's Brother, if he would confent 
 to go to the Holy-Land, upon condition not to re- 
 turn but upon the King's Pleafure , all things ftiould 
 be honourably prepared for his Journey with refpeft 
 to his Quality ; and his Child inaiDtain'd and pr&- 
 vided for by the King. To thefe the Archbifliop 
 added his Threats ; That in cafe they did not com- 
 ply, and fubmit themfelves to the King's Mercy, 
 . there were very fevere and imminent Dangers hang- 
 ing over their Heads j a formidable Army was ready 
 to make an inroad into their Country, which would 
 not only gaul and opprefs them, but in all proba- 
 bility totally eradicate the whole Nation ; Befidcs 
 which, they were to expeft the fevered Cenfure and 
 Punifliment of the Church. 
 
 But all this could not force fo unlimited a Sub- 
 miflion from the Prince, but that he would flick up- 
 on fome certain Conditions ; and therefore by Let- 
 ter he acquainted the Archbifliop, '' That he was 
 " with all willingnefs defirous to fubmit himfelf to 
 " the King j but withal, that he could not do it but 
 *' in fuch a manner as was fafe and honeft for him. 
 *' And becaufe the Form of Submiflion contained in 
 " the Articles fent to him, were by himfelf and his 
 " Council thought pernicious and illegal for him to 
 *' confent to, as tending rather to the Deftrudion, tharj 
 " the Security of himfelf and his Subjeds, he could in 
 " no wife agree to it ; and in cafe himfelf fhould be 
 " willing, the reft of his Nobility and People would 
 " never admit of it, as knowing for certain the Mif- 
 *' chief and Inconveniency that would enfue thereby. 
 " Therefore he defired his Lordlhip, that for a Con- 
 " firmation of an honeft and a durable Peace, which 
 " he had all this while earneftly laboured for , he 
 *' would manage Matters circumfpedly , and witl> 
 *' due regard to the following Articles. For it was 
 I much more honourable for the King, and far more 
 U 5 '' confo^ 
 
2 94 ^^'^ ^^fi'U cfW ALES. 
 
 '• ccnronant to Reafon , that he fiiould hold his 
 " Lands in the Country where he was born and 
 *' dwelt in, than that by difpoffeffing of bini, his 
 *' Eftate fr.ould be beftowed upon Strangers. With 
 this xvas fent the general Anlwcr of the PVelch to 
 the Archbilhop's Articles, vi:(. 
 
 1. Though the King would not confent to treat of 
 the four Cantreds, nor of the Ifle of AngUfey ; yet 
 unlefs thcfe be comprehended in the Treaty, the 
 Prince's Council will not conclude a Peace ; by rea- 
 fon that thefe Cantreds have ever, fince the time of 
 ■Camber the Son of Brutus, properly and legally be- 
 longed to the Princes of IVales j beiides the Confir- 
 mation which the prelent Prince obtained by the 
 Confe.'it of the King and his Father, at the Treaty 
 before Cardinal Ottobonus the Pope's Legate, whofe 
 Letters Patents do iliil appear. And more, the Ju- 
 ftice of the thing it felt is plainly evident, that it is 
 more reafonable for our Heirs to hold the faid Can- 
 treds for Money, and ether Services due to the Kingi 
 than that Strangers enjoy the fame, who will forci* 
 bly abufe and opprefs the People. 
 
 2. All the Tenants of the Cantreds of iVales do 
 unaniraoufly declare, that they dare not lubreit them- 
 felves to the King's Pleafure ; by reafon that he ne- 
 ver from the beginning took care to obferve either 
 Covenant, Oath, or any other Grant to the Prince 
 and his People ; and becaufe his Subjcfts have no re- 
 gard to Religion, but moft cruelly and unchriftianly 
 tyranize over Churches and religious Perfons ; and 
 then, for that we do not underiland our felves any 
 way obliged thereunto, feeing we be the Prince^ 
 Tenants, who is willing to pay the King all ufual and 
 gccuftomed Services. 
 
 • 5. As ro what is required, that the Prince (hoxilA 
 {imply commit himfelf to the K:ng's Will, we all de- 
 clare, than for the aforefaid Fvealon?, none of usdiire 
 come, neither will wc permit oc; Prince to come to 
 hini upon thofe Conditjons. 
 
 4. Tha; 
 
The Htflory tf/ W A L E S. 195 
 
 4. That fome of the Englifo Nobility will endea- 
 vour to procure a provifion of a Thoufancl Pounds 
 a Year in England; we would let them know, that 
 we can accept of no fuch Penlion j becaufe it is 
 procured for no other end, than that the Prince being , 
 difinherited , therafelves may obtain his Lands in 
 Wales. 
 
 y. The Prince cannot in honefty refign his pater- 
 nal Inheritance, which has for many Ages been. en- 
 joyed by his Predeceflburs, and accept of other Lands 
 among the Engltfh, of whole Cuitoms and Language 
 he is ignorant j and upon that fcore, moy at leagch; 
 be fraudulently deprived of all, by his malicious and- 
 inveterate Enemies. - ■ j^ 
 
 6. Seeing the King intends to deprive him of hii^ 
 antient Inheritance m [Vales, where the Land is more 
 barren and untilled ; it is not very probable that he 
 will beftow upon him, a more fruitful and an arable 
 Eftate in England. 
 
 7. As to the Claufe, that the Prince. fhould give 
 the King a perpetual PofTeffion oi Snowdeni wconly 
 affirm, that feeing Snowden effentially belongs to the 
 Principality of fVa/es, which the Prince and his Pre- 
 decefifors have enjoyed (ince Brute, the Prince's Coun-; 
 cil will not permit him to renounce it , and accept 
 another Ellate in England, to which he has not equal 
 Right. 
 
 8. The People of Snowden decLire , That though 
 the Prince ihould give the King polTeflion of it, they 
 would never own, and pay Sui^miflion to Strangers ; 
 for in fo doing , they would bring upon themlelves 
 the fame Mifery, that the Peopit of the Four Can- 
 treds have for a long time groaned under 5 being 
 moll rudely handled and unjuRly opprelTed by the 
 King's Officers i as wofuUy appears by their leverai 
 Grievances. 
 
 9. As for David, the Prince's Brother, we fee no. 
 reafon, why again:! his Will he Ihould be compeli'd 
 to take a Journey to the Hoy.l,and; which if he 
 happens to undertake hereafter upon the account of 
 Rehgion, it is no caufe that his ilTue fhould be dilijj/ 
 Jjgjiitfid, but rathgr encouraged, Li 4 Npvy; 
 
2^6 The Hijlory cf W ALES. 
 
 Now feeing neither the Prince nor any of his Sub- 
 jeifts upon any account whatfoever, have moved and 
 begun this War, but only defended themfelves, their 
 Properties, Laws, and Liberties, from the Encroach-f 
 nients of other Perfons ; and fitice the EngUJh , for 
 dther Malice or Covetoufnels to obtain our Eftates, 
 have unjuftly occafioned all thefe Troubles and Broib 
 in the Kingdom, we are affuied that our Defence is 
 juft and lawful , and therein depend upon the Aid 
 and Airiftance of Heaven j which will be molt cruel- 
 ly revenged upon our (acrilegicus and inhumane Ene- 
 mies, who have left no manner of Enormities, in 
 relation to God and Man, uncommitted. Therefore 
 your Grace would more juftly threaten your Eccle- 
 fiaflical Cenfurcs, againft the Authors and Abettors 
 of fuch unparallelld Villanies, than the innocent Suf- 
 ferers. And befides, we much adoiire , that you 
 /hould advife us to part with our own Eftates, and 
 to live among our Enemies j as if, when we cannot 
 peaceably enjoy what is our own unqueftionable 
 ^ight, we might expedl to have quiet poffeflion of 
 another Mans : And though, as you fay, it be hard 
 to live in War and perpetual Danger ; yet much 
 harder it is, to be utterly deftroyed and reduced to 
 nothing ; efpecially, when we feek but the Defence 
 of our own Liberties from the infatiable Ambition 
 of our Enemies. And feeing your Grace has pro- 
 mifed to fulminate Sentence againft all them that ei- 
 ther for Malice or Profit would hinder and obftiudt 
 the Peace ; it is evident who in this refped are Tranf- 
 greffors and Delinquents; the fear and apprehenfion 
 of Imprifonment and Ejedion out of our Eftates, the 
 lenfe of Oppreflion and tyrannical Government, have- 
 ing compeird us to take up Arms for the fecurity of 
 our Lives and Fortunes. Therefore as the EngUJh are 
 roc difpoflefTed of their Eltarcs , for their Offences 
 againft the King, fo we are willing to be punifhcd,. 
 or make other Satisfadion for our Crimes , without 
 being difinherited ; and as to the breach of the Peace, 
 *tis notorious that they were the Authors , who ne- 
 ver regarded either Promife or Covenant , never 
 • made 
 
The Uiftory 0/ W A L E S. 297 
 
 made Amend* for Trefpaffei, not Remedy for our 
 Complaincs. 
 
 When the Archbifhop faw there was no likelihood 
 of a Mediation, and that a Peace was impoflible to 
 be concluded as long as the PVeUh ftuck upon Con- 
 ditions ; he prefently relinquiihed his pretended Af- 
 fection towards them , and denounced a Sentence of 
 Excommunication againft the Prince and all his Ad- 
 herents. Ft was a fubjeft of no little wonder, that a 
 Perfon of fo reputed a Sandity, who eileeined the 
 feveral Grievances done to the Welch to be intoler- 
 able, fhould now condemn them for refufal of unli- 
 mited Submiffion to the King of England ; whereas 
 he had already owned it to be unreafonable. But 
 this ecclefiaftical Cenfure was only a Prologue to % 
 more melancholy Scene ; King Edward immediately 
 upon it, fending an Army by Sea to Anglefejy with- 
 out any great Oppofition, conquered the Ifland, and 
 without any Mercy, put all that withftood him to the 
 Sword. From thence deligning to pafs over to the 
 Continent, he caufed a Bridg of Boats covered with 
 Planks to be built over the Menay ( being an Arm 
 of the Sea which parteth the Ifle from the main Land} 
 at a place called Moel y don , not far from Bangor^ 
 where the Water is narrowed. The Bridg being fi- 
 niftied, which was lo broad as that Threefcore Men 
 might pafs in a breaft, William Latimer^ with a ftrong 
 Party of the beft experienced Soldiers, and Sir Lucas 
 Thanyy Commander of the Gafcoigns and Spaniards, 
 whereof a great number ferved the King, pafTed o- 
 ver, but could difcover no fign, or any the leaft inti- 
 mation of an Enemy. But as (oon as the Tide be- 
 gqn to appear, and the Sea had overflown befide the 
 Bridg, down come the H^elch fiercely out of the 
 Mountains, and letting upon the dilheartned Englijh, 
 killed or drowned their whole number, excepting La- 
 timer, who by the fwimraing of his Horfe gor (afe to 
 the Bridg In this Acftion, ieveral worthy Soldiers of 
 the Englifk iide were loft ; among whom^vere Sir /,«- 
 cas Thany, Robert Clifford, Sir Salter Lpidfey, two 
 Brothers of Robert Burnet Bifhop of Bath, with many 
 
 others 
 
ipS Th6 Hiflory <?/ W A L E S. 
 
 others; in all to the number 6f Thirteen Knrghu, Se- 
 venteen young Gentlemen, and-Two Hundred com- 
 moo Soldiers. A little after, or as fome fay afore, an- 
 other Engagement paffed between the Englijh and the 
 fj^elch, wherein the former loft Fourteen Colours, the 
 Lords Audley and Clifford the younger being flain, ind 
 the King hirafelf forced to retreat for fafety to the Ca- 
 ftle of Hope. ■ 
 
 And while thefe things paiTed in North-Wales, the 
 Earl of Glocefler and Sir Edmund Mortimer aded vi- 
 goroufiy with their Voxels in South-Pf^ales ', and fight- 
 ing the PVelch at Lhandeito Fawr , overthrew them, 
 with the Ibfs of no confiderable Perfon, faving ?^/— 
 Ham de Valence the King's Cofin-German , and Four 
 Knights befides. Prince Lhewelyn was all this while 
 in Cardigan^ a wafting and deltroying all the Coun- 
 try, and principally the Lands of R^ys ap Meredith^ 
 who very unnaturally held with the King of England 
 in all thefe Wars. But being at length tired with 
 Adion, with a few Men privately feparated himfelf 
 from bis Army, and came to Buelh, thinking to eafe 
 and refpit himtelf there undifcoveied. But coming to 
 the River Tfye , he met with Edmund Mortimer and 
 John Gifford^ with a confiderable Party of the People 
 of that Country, which Mortimer was Lord of. But 
 neither Party venturing to aflail the other , Prince 
 Lhewe'^n with one only Servant retired to a private 
 Grove in a neighbouring Valley, there to confult with 
 certain Lords of the Country, who had appointed to 
 meet him. ' In the mean time Mortimer defcends from 
 the Hill, with intencion to fall upon Lheivelyn% Men; 
 which they perceiving, betook themfelves to the Bridg 
 called Po^it Oretpyn^ and manfully defended the P4I- 
 fagc he w:is to crofs. Mortimer could effed: nothing 
 againft them,'ttll he had gained the Bridg, the River 
 being uiipaflTablc ; and to forc?e them to quit it, feem- 
 cd altogether impradicable. But at lalt, the River 
 was dilcovered to be ford able a little below, and fo 
 Hellas H'^a'^yn was detached with a Party through 
 the Kiv^r, wh'o unexpededly failing upon the backa 
 of the Defendants, eafily forced them (0 leave the 
 
 Bnd§, 
 
TJje HIpory of W ALES. 25^^ 
 
 Bridg, and fave themfelves by flight, Piince Lhc 
 welyn all this while in vain expeded the Lords of 
 Buelht, and in fine continued to wait fo long, till 
 Mortimer having paffed over the Bridg , furroundeci 
 the Wood he was in with armed Men. The Prince 
 perceiving himfelf to be betrayed , thought to make 
 his efcape to his Men 5 but the Englifo fo clofely pur- 
 fued him, that before he could come in , one A Jam 
 Prancion, not knowing who he was, run him through 
 with his Sword, being unarmed. The ppelch ftill ex- 
 pected the arrival of their Prince, and though but a 
 few in number, lo gallantly maintained rheir ground, 
 that in fpight of the far greater number of the Englijhy 
 they were at length with much ado put to Might. 
 The Battel being over, FranBon returned to plunder 
 his dead ; but perceiving him to be the Prince of 
 Wales, he thought himfelf to have obrained a fuffi- 
 cient Prize , and thereupon prefcntly chopt off his 
 Head, and fent it to King Edward zK.Contpey, who 
 very joyfully caufed it to be placed upon the higheft 
 Pinacle of the Tower of London. And thus fell this 
 worthy Prince, the greateft, though the Jaft of the Bri- 
 tijh Blood , betrayed moft balely by the Lords of 
 Buelht, and being dead, moft unworthily dealt with 
 by the King of England ; who contrary to all Prefi- 
 dents, treated a lawful Piince like a Traytor, and ex- 
 pofed his crowned Head to the Derifion of the Mul- 
 titude. 
 
 Not long after, D^W the Prince's Brother was 
 dehvered up by the IVelch themfelves, and in a Par- 
 liament for that puipofe affembled at Shrewsb:iry, was 
 condemned to dye; his Head to be fent to accompa- 
 ny his Brothers upon the Tower of London^ and his 
 four Quarters to rhe four Oties of Brijloi^ North- 
 lampton, Turl{, and J^Vincheflsr. Then the King for 
 the ealier keeping the iVi-lch in due fubjection, built 
 Two Ilrong Caitles in North Wales ;■ the one at Con- 
 ft^^)' and the other at Caernarvon- There was none 
 that now ftood out besides Bl^ys 'FychanoiTjiratywy^ 
 and he, finding /)4wV was gone, and himfelf like to- 
 «Io nothing to purpofe, fair'y yielded himfelf up to 
 
 ch€ 
 
50© The Hiftory of W ALES. 
 
 the Earl of Hereford , who by the King's Orders 
 committed him Prifoner to the Tower of London » 
 an4 fo all the Gsuntry of IVales became ever fincc 
 fcbjed to the Crown of England. 
 
 7he?Kit,cE$ of WALES 
 of Englifli-S/W. 
 
 PRince Lhemelyn and his Brother David being to 
 bafely taken off, and leaving no body to lay any 
 fpecious Claim to the Principality of finales ; King 
 Edward by a Statute made at t^thlan, incorporated 
 Ami II. jj,^ annexed it to the Crown of England ; conftU 
 Bduf. I. tutjng feveral new and wholfom Laws ; as concern^ 
 ing the Divifion of fVales into feveral Counties, the 
 Form and Manner of Writs, and Proceedings in Try^ 
 als, with many others not very unlike the Laws and 
 Conftirutions of the EngUJh Nation. But all thit 
 could never win the Auction of the Welch toward 
 him ; who by no means would own him as theic 
 Sovereign, unlefs he would condefcend and agree ta 
 live and reign among them. They had not forgot 
 the cruel Oppreflions and intolerable Infolencies of 
 Englijh Officers j and therefore they flatly told him, 
 they would never yield Obedience to any other, than 
 a Prince of their own Nation, of their own Language^ 
 and whole Life and Converfation was fpotlefs and 
 unblameable. King Edward perceiving the Jfilch ta 
 be refolute and inBexible , and abfolutely bent againft 
 any other Prince, than one of their own Country, 
 happily thought of this politick, though dangerouf 
 Expedient. Queen Eleanor was now quick with 
 Child, and ready to be delivered j and though the 
 Seafon was very fevere, it being the depth of Win- 
 ter, the King fent for her from England, and remov*d 
 her to CaernarvoHCa&ki the place defign'd for her to 
 
 lye 
 
Th Hipry of W ALES. 3ox 
 
 lye in. When the time of her Delivery was come. 
 King Edward called to him all the Barons and chief 
 Perfons throughout all PVales to t^tblan , there to 
 confulc about the publick Good and Safety of theic 
 Country. And being informed that his Queen was 
 delivered of a Sen, he told the PFelch Nobility, that 
 whereas they had oftentimes intreated him to appoinc 
 them a Prince, he having at this time occafion to de- 
 part out of the Country, would comply with their 
 * Requeft, upon condition they would allow of, and 
 obey him whom he (hould name. The Welch readi- 
 ly agreed to the motion, only with the fame Referve, 
 that he (hould appoint them a Prince of their own 
 Nation. King Edward alfured them, he would name 
 fuch an one as was born in Wnles^ could fpeak n» 
 English, and whole ^Life and Coaverration no body 
 could (lain j whbm the Welch agreeing to own and 
 obey, he named his own Son Edward^ but little befor« 
 born in Caernarvon Caftle. 
 
 King Edward having by thefe means deluded the 
 Pf^elch , and reduced the whole Country of PPUles to 
 his own Devotion, began to reward his Follow^ 
 with other Mens Proprieties, and beftowed whole 
 Lordihips and Towns in the midft of the Country 
 upon Englijh Lords, among whom Henry Lacy Earl of 
 Lincoln obtained the Lordfliip of Denbigh ; {(eginatd 
 Grey, fecond Son to John Lord Grey ot WiUon^ the 
 Lord(hip of t(uthyn. This Henry Lacy was Son to 
 Edmund Lacy^ the Son of John Lacy, Lord of Halton 
 F$mfret, and Conftable oiCheJier, who married Mar^ 
 garet the eldeft Daughter , and one of the Heirs of 
 Bfibert Quincy Earl of Lincoln. This Henry Lacy Lord 
 of Denbigh married the Daughter and fole Heir of 
 ff^illiam Long/pear Earl oiSalusbury^ by whom he had 
 Iffue two Sons, Edmund and John, who both dyed 
 young, one by a Fall into a very deep Weil within 
 the Caftle of Denbigh ; and z Daughter named Alicia ^ 
 who was married to Thomas Plantagenet Earl of Lan- 
 cafier^ who in right of his Wife was Earl of Lincoln 
 and Sarim, Lord of Denbigh, Halton Pomf'tt, and 
 Con^BbkoiQhefter, After his Death, %:\x)^Ed0aYd\\, 
 
 bcitowed 
 
301 The Hiflory of W ALES, 
 
 beftowed the faid Lordihip^-ot Denbigh, upon Hiigir 
 Lord Spencer Earl of JVincbeJIer, upon whofe deceafc. 
 King Edward i\\. gave it, together with many other 
 Lordfhips in rhe Marches, to ^ger Mortimer EarJ of 
 March, in performance of a Promife he had made, 
 whilft he remained with his Mother in France, ihac 
 as fooM as he Ihould come to the pofleffion of the 
 Crown of England, he would beftow upon the faid 
 Ear! of March, to the value of a Thoufand Pound 
 yearly, in Lands. But within few Years after, Mor- 
 timer being attainted of High Treafon, King Edward 
 bellowed the faid Lordihip of Denbigh upon Monta- 
 gue Ear! of Salushury j but it was quickly reftored 
 again to the Mortimers, in which Houfe it continued, 
 till the whole Eftate of the Earls of March, came 
 with a Daughter to the Houfe oiTork^, and fo to 
 the Crown, Richard Duke of Torkj. Grand- Father to 
 Edward the Fourth, having married the fole Daughter 
 and Heir cf the Houfe of the Mortimers. And fo ic 
 continued in the Crown to Queen Eli3(^abeths time, 
 who in the Sixth Year of her Reign, bellowed the 
 faid Lordfhip upon her great Favourite l{nbert Earl 
 of Leicelfer, who was then created Baron of Denbigh, 
 After liim it returned again to the Crown, where ic 
 has continued to this prefent Year 1696. when his 
 prefent Majefty granted a Patent under t]*e great Seal 
 to William Earl of Portland , for the Lordfhips of 
 Denbigh, Bromfield, and Tale. Some of the tf^elch 
 Reprelcntatives, perceiving how far (uch a Grant 
 encroached upon the Properties and Priviledge^ of 
 the Subjed, difclofed their (Srievances to the Ho- 
 nourable Houfe of Commons, >\ ho after fome con- 
 sideration, refolved (nemine contradicente) that a Pe- 
 tition ftiould be prefented to his Majefty by the Body 
 of the whole Houfe, to requeft him to recall his 
 Grant to the laid Hail of Portland; which was ac- 
 cordingly done in the manner following ; 
 
 May 
 
TheHi/ioryofWALES, 303 
 
 May it pleafe Your Moft Excellent Majefty, 
 
 W£ Totir Mttjeftf's moji Dutiful and Loyal Sub' 
 jeHsy the Kp^ghti, Citt:{ens, and Bur/ejjfes 
 in Parliament Ajjembled 5 Humbly lay before 
 Tottr Majefly. That whereas there is a Grant fajfing 
 to William Earl of Portland, and his Heirs, xf the 
 'Mannors of Denbigh, Bromfield, and Yale, and di- 
 vers other Lands in the Principality of Wales ; to- 
 gether with feveral Efiates of Inheritance, enjoyed by 
 many of Tour Majefty s SuhjeSs by Virtue of Antient 
 Grants from the Crown ; 
 
 That the faid Mannors, with the large and exten- 
 five KpyaltieSi Powers, and Jurifdiclions to the fame 
 belonging, are of great Concern to Tour Majefly and the 
 Crown of thit B^alm ; And that the fame have been 
 ufually Annexed to the Principality of Wales , and 
 Settled on the Princes of Wales for their Support: 
 And that a great number of Tour Majefty s SubjeSs, in 
 thofe Parts, hold their Efiates by l(pyal Tenure, under 
 great and valuable Compofitions, Rents, Bfiyal-Pay- 
 merits, and Services to the Crown and Princes of Wales j 
 and have by fiich Tenure great Dependance on Tour Ma- 
 jefty and the Crown of England ; and have enjoyed 
 great Privileges and Advantages with their Eftates^ 
 under fuch Tenure. 
 
 We therefore moft humbly befeech Tour Majefty , to 
 put a ftop to the Pajfing this Grant to the Earl of 
 Portland, of the faid Mannors and Lands ; and that 
 the fame may not be difpofed from the Crown, but by 
 Confent of Parliament : For that fuch Grant, is in 
 Diminution of the Honour and Intereft of the Crown , 
 by placing in a Subje^,, fuch large and extenfive Rqyal» 
 ties. Powers, and JurifdiEiions, which ought only to le 
 in the Crown ; and will Sever that Dependance, which 
 fo great a 'Number of Tour Majefty s SubjeBs, in thof^ 
 Parts, have en Tour Majefty and the Crown, by reaftn 
 of their Tenure ; atid may be to their ^.reat Opprefticn 
 in thofe lights which they have purchafed, and hither- 
 to enjoyed with their Eftatet : And alft, on Occafton of 
 
 great 
 
504 The Hiftory cfWAtES: 
 
 great Vexation to many of Tour Majelffs SuhjeSs } 
 who have long bad the abfolute Inheritance of Jevefol 
 Lands ( comprehended in the faid Grant to the Earl 
 of Portland ) hj Antient Grams from the Croitn, 
 
 His Majesty's Anfwer. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 I Have Kindnefs for my Lord Portland ; which he 
 has defervedof Me, by long and faithful Services ; 
 but I Jhould not have given him thefe Lands, if 
 I had imagined the Houfe of Commons could have been 
 concern d -, I will therefore thecal the Grant, and find 
 fome other way of fhewing My Favour to him. 
 
 The LordAip of ^utfjyn continued in the poflef- 
 fion of the Grays, till the Reign of Henry VII. when 
 George Grey Earl of iCf »f , and Lord of l{uthyn, upon 
 feme Bargain, pafled the fame over to the King, fince 
 which it hat been in the poiTeflfion of fome of the 
 Earls of JVarwicl{. and afterwards came to the Mid- 
 dletons of Chirl{_ Caftlc in the County of Denbigh, 
 where it ftili continues ; being now enjoyed by the. 
 Right Worihipful Sir Richard Middleton, Baronet. 
 
 But befides Henry Lacy and B^ginaid Grey, feveral 
 other Gentlemen of Quality, came at this time with 
 King Edward to Korth'Wales, who in fome time be- 
 came to be Men of great Poffeffions and Sway in 
 the Country, whofe Poikrity enjoy the fame to this 
 time. But he that expefted to fare beft in the di- 
 ftribution of thefe Lordftipi and Eftates in Waks^ 
 was one B^ys ap Meredith, a 11^e!ch Man, and one 
 that, contrary to the Allegiance Iworn to his Prince, 
 and his Duty to his Native Country, had ferved the 
 King of England in all thefe Wars , and done the 
 greateft hurt of any Man to the Intereft of Prince 
 Lhewelyn. For thefe great Services done to King 
 Udwardi Rhys exp«^cd no lefs than to be prortJOteS 
 
The Hifiory of VJ kh ES. 30$ 
 
 to the hi^heft Prefermects j whom the King after the 
 Prince of PFaUs's Overthrow, firft dubbed Knight, 
 and afterwards fed him with fair Words and gceat 
 Promifcs. 
 
 But when he, and all his Neighbours and Coun- 
 trymen had fubmitted themfelves to the Government 
 of the King of England ; it happened that the Lord 
 Pain Tiptoft, Warden of the King's Caftles which 
 joyned to Rbys\ Country, and the Lord Alan Pluck- 
 pet, the King's Steward in fVales, cited Sir ^hyj ap 
 Meredith, with all the reft of the Country, to the 
 King's Court j which he refufing to do, alledging his 
 antient Priviledges and Liberties, together with the 
 King's Promifes to him, the forefaid Officers pro- A. D. 
 cceded againft him according to Law. Whereupon ixij. 
 Sir ^ys being greatly vexed to be thas ferved by thofe 
 whole Intereft he had all this while (o warmly efpou- 
 led, thought to be revenged of Pu;» Tiptcji , and the 
 reft of the EngUJh. And to that end, having drawn 
 J:ogether fome of feis Tenants and Countrymen, he 
 fell upon the faid Pain liptqfl ; between whom fe- 
 veral Skirmiihes afterwards happened , and feveraj 
 Men were flain on both fides. King Edward was 
 now at Arragm, to compofe the Difference betwixt 
 th* Kings of Arragon and Naples ; but being in- 
 formed of the Difturbances which had happened in 
 Wales, betwixt his Minifters there, and Sir Rhys ap 
 Meredith ; he writ to this latter , requiting him to 
 keep the Peace , till his return ; at what time he 
 would redrefs all Grievances, and reduce Matters 
 to a good and reafonable Order. But Sir Rh)s have- 
 ing already waited fufficiently upon the King's Pro- 
 mifes, and being now in a good condition to offend 
 his Enemies by force of Arms, would not give over 
 the Enterprize he faw fo promiiing, but marching 
 with his Forces to his Enemies Lands, burnt and 
 fpoiled feveral Towns belonging to the Enghjh. Up- 
 on this, the King fent to the Earl of Cornwal, whom 
 he had appointed bis Deputy during his abfence , to 
 inarch with an Army into PVales , to reprefs the In- 
 folencies, and to preveot any farther di [orderly AXr 
 
 X tempts 
 
^c6 The Hifiory 0/ W A L E S. 
 
 rempts of the Wekh. The Earl accordingly prepared 
 an Army and went againll Sir I{h/s's^ whofe Army he 
 quickly difperfed, and overthrew his Caftle of Dre- 
 folan, but not without the lofs of ibme of his Chief 
 Men. For as they befieged and undermined the faid 
 Caltle, the WitHs unexpectedly fell down, by which 
 unlucky Accident, feveral of the Engliftjvittt oppref- 
 fed and bruiied to Death, among whom were the 
 Lord Strafford, and the Lord William de Monchency, 
 Bm withm a while after, I{obert Tiftofl Lord Deputy 
 of fVaies, raifed a very powerful Army againft Sir 
 , Rl^s, and after a flaughtcr of 4000 of the Welch, took 
 
 him Prilbner, who the Michaelmas following, at the 
 Kind's going to Scotland, was condemned and executed 
 at Tork- 
 *i93' But the Death of Sir ^hjs did not put a final pe- 
 riod to all the Qiiarrels betwixt the Englijh and 
 VT^elch, for in a fliort time after, there happened a 
 new occalion for the Welch to murmur againft, and 
 upbraid the Government of the Engltjh over them. 
 King Edttfard was now in adhial Jbnmity and War 
 with the King of Frrfwce, for the carrying on of which, 
 he wanted a liberal Subfidy and Supply from his Sub- 
 jects. This Tax was with a great deal of paffion 
 and reludlancy levied in divers places of the King- 
 dom , but more efpecially in iVales, the Wekh being 
 never acquainted with fucb large Contributions be- 
 ta 54* fore, violently ftormed and exclaimed againft it. But 
 not being latisiied with villifying the King's Com- 
 mand, they took their own Captain ^pger de Ptielejdon, 
 who was appointed Collecflor of the laid Subfidy, and 
 I hanged him up, together with divers others who a- 
 
 betted the coUeding of the Tax. Then Wefi-H^ales 
 Men chofe Mae'gon Fychan for their Captain, and lb 
 cntring into Caermardhyn and Pembroki'Jhires, they 
 cruelly haraffed all the Lands that belonged to the 
 Enghjki and then returned laden with confiderable 
 ^oty. The Glanwrgan-Jhire Men, and they towards 
 the South Parts, chole one Morgan for their Leader, 
 and fee upon the Earl ofGloceJier, whom they forced 
 to make his efcape out of the Country 3 and fo Mor- 
 
 \ 
 
The Hifiory ofVJ kLES, 307 
 
 gan was put in pofTeflfion of thofe Lands which the 
 Anceftors of the Earl of Glocejisr had forcibly taken 
 away {:omMorgans fore-Fathers. On the other fide,the 
 'North-Wales Men let up one Madoc, related to the 
 laft Lhewelyn flain at Buelht, who having drawn to- 
 gether a great Number of Men, came to Caernarvon, 
 and fetting upon the Englifh, who in great multitudes 
 had then referred thither to a Fair, flew a great many, 
 and afterwards fpoiled and ranfacked the whole 
 Town. King Edward being acquainted with thefe 
 different Infurredlions and Rebellions in Wale:, and 
 defirous to quell the Pride and Stubbornefs of thie 
 TVelch, but moft of all to revenge the Death of his 
 great favourite B^ger ds Pulefdon, recalled his Brother 
 Edmund Earl of Lancajler^ and Hemy Lacy Earl of 
 Lincoln, and Lord of Denbigh, who with a confider- 
 able Army were ready to embark for Gafcoign, and 
 countermanded ihzmimoWales. Being arrived there, 
 they pafled quietly forward, till they came to De«- 
 blgh, and as loon as they drew near unto the Caftle, 
 upon St. Martins day the Welch with great Fury and 
 Courage faced them, and joyning Battels, forced 
 them back wirh a very conliderable lols. Polydore 
 Virgil fays, ( but upon what Authority is not known ) 
 that the Welch obtained this Vidory rather upon the 
 account that the EngUJh Army was hired with fuch 
 Money as had been wrongfully taken out of the Ab- 
 bies and other Religious places, fb that it was a Judg- 
 ment from above, more than the Force of the Welcb^ 
 that overcame the EngUJh Army. But be the caufe 
 of it what it will, 'tis certain the Evglijh wefc van- 
 quifhed, upon which account King Edward came in 
 Perfon to Wales, and kept his Chr'jlmas at /ihcrcontvey, 
 where I^obert Wtnchelfey Archbilhop of Canterbury be- 
 ing returned from R^me^ came to him, and having 
 done Homage, returned honourably again to Eng- 
 Und. But as the King advanced farther into the 
 Country, having but one part of his Army with him, 
 the Wt^tch let upon and took moft of his Carriages, 
 which contained a great quantity of Viduals and 
 Provifion, fo that the King with all his followers were 
 X 2i qonftrained^ 
 
3c8 The H'Jlory cf WALES. 
 
 conftrained to enfjure a great deal of hardfiiips, in fb 
 niuch that at laft Water mixed with Honey, and very 
 courfe and ordinary Bread with the falteft Meat, , 
 were accounted the greateft Delicacies for his Maje- 
 fly's own Table. But their Uiifery was like to be 
 greater, had not the otiier paf t of the Army come in 
 time becaufe the IVelchhud encompaffed the King 
 round, in hopes to reduce him to the uimoft diftrefs, 
 by reafbn that the Water was fo rifcn, that the reft 
 of the Aimy "could not get to him. But the Water 
 within fome time aficr abating, the remainder of the 
 Army came in, whereupon the fK-'cb prcfenrly retired, 
 and made their eicape. One thing is very remark- 
 able of King f^/i'/zr^^ during his diftrefs at Smipden, 
 that when the Army was reduced to very great extre- 
 "ri'iry, a frrall quantity of Wine "was found, w^hich 
 they thought to refer ve for the King's own ufe. But 
 he to prevent any difcontent, which might thereupon 
 be railed in his Souldiers, abfolutely rcfufed to tafVe 
 thereof, telling them, That tn titne of Necejjitj all 
 things fioould he common, and di he was the Caufe and 
 jiuthor of th:ir Cijlrefs, he would net be f referred he- 
 fo.e them in his Diet. 
 
 But whiitt the King remained in Snottden, the Earl 
 of fVarwi-k being informed that a great Number c{ 
 iVelch VJQTC aflembled, and had lodged themfelveS in 
 a certain Valley betwixt two Woods, chofe out a 
 Troop of Horfe, together with Ibme Crofs-Bows and 
 Archers, and fet upon them in the Night time. The 
 iVclch being thus furprifed, and unexped:edly en- 
 compaffed about by their Enemies, made the beft 
 they could to oppofe them, and fo pitching their 
 Spears in the groand,and dire^flin^ the points towards 
 their Entmics, endeavoured by luch means to keep 
 otf the Horfe. But the Earl of Warwick, having or- 
 dered his Battel lb, as that between every two Horfe 
 rhere ftood a Crofs-Bow, fo gauled the Welch with the 
 fhot of the quarrel-, that the Spsar-mcn fell apace, 
 ' and then the Horfe breaking eafily in upon the reft-, 
 
 bare them down with lb great a flaughrer, as the 
 . fK/f^ had .never received before. After this, King 
 ' " Edw.iri 
 
the Htjlory (?/ W A L E S. 509 
 
 EJu^ard to prevent any more rebellious atremprs of 
 the H^dcb, cut down a!I the Woods in Wales, where- 
 in, in any time of D.:nger, they were wont to hide 
 and fave them(elve<-. And for a farther fecurity, he 
 repaired and forafied all ihe Caftles and places of 
 Strength in PVahs^ and built the Caltle of Bewmoris 
 in the Ifle of Anglefey, and fo having put all things 
 in a fettled poltuie. and puniHied thofe that had been 
 the occafion of the Death of ^ger de Pulcfdcn, he re-. 
 turned with his Army into England' But as fbon as 
 the King had lefc the VPelch, AUdcc, who, as it is laid 
 before, was chofen Captain by the North-TVales Men, 
 gathered fome Forces together, and came to Oftfejiry^ 
 which prefently yielded to him. And then meeting 
 with ihe Lord Strange near IQtoi/kine, who with a 
 Detachment of the Marchers came to oppole him, gave 
 him Battel, vanquifhed his Forces, and miferably ra- 
 vaged his Country. The like Succels he obtained a 
 fecond time againlt the Marchers, but at lalt they 
 brought together a very great Number of Men, and 
 met Madoc marching towards Sheipsbury , upon 
 the Hills of Cefn Digo'h, not far from Carr.rs Caltle, 
 where after a bloody Fight en both lides, Madcc was 
 taken Prifoner, and his Army vanquilhed and put to 
 flight. Then he was lent to Londm, and there ier.- 
 tcnced to remain in perpetual Imprilbnment in the 
 Tower, tho' others affirm, that Madoc was never taken, 
 but that after feveral Adventures and fevere Confli(5J:s, 
 whereby the Welch were reduced to great extremi-; 
 ties, he came in, and fubxiitteJ himleif to the King, 
 who received him upon Condition he would nor de- 
 lift to purfue Morgan Captain of the Glamorgah-frme 
 Men, till he brought him Prilbner before him- Ma^ 
 d:c having performed this, and the wbo'e Country 
 being peaceable and undiltu-bed, leveral Ho..ages 
 from the Chiefelt Nobility of fVa/es for dieir order- 
 ly and quiet behavioar were delivered to th' K*ng, 
 who dilpoledof them inro divers Caitles in. England, 
 where they continued in fafe. Cuftody till the end of 
 the War, which v/as rrtfcntly commencd with 
 Scotland. 
 
 X 5 In 
 
510 The Hifloty of W ALES. 
 
 tjci. In the i^th. year of King Edward's teign, the 
 Prince of fVales came down to Cbeper, and received 
 Homage of all the Free- holders in J^'ales as follows, 
 Henry Earl of Lancajler for Monmouth ; Reginald Gray 
 for ^uthyn ; ft/W/je Fit:(wanen for his Lands j the 
 Lord H^flliam Martyn for his Lands in Cemaes ; i^o^^r 
 Mortimer for his Lands in jTd/f j •, Henry Lacy Earl of 
 Lincoln for i^ioj and ^h}for,eioc ; i^o^frf Lord Montalt^ 
 for his Lands, and Gruffydh Lord of Poo/^, for the 
 Lordfhip of Pottr^s, at the fame time paid their Ho- 
 mage Tudor ap Grono of Anglejey, Madoc ap Tudor 
 Archdeacon of Angle fey, Eineoyi ap Hotvel oiCaernarvony 
 Tudor ap Gruffydh^ LhzWelyn ap Ednyfed, Gruffydh ty^ 
 chan Son of Gruffydh ap lormerth, Madoc Fychan 
 Denglfield, Lhctveyn Biffiop of St. Afapb, and I{icbard 
 de Pulefdon. This laft in the Twelfth Year of King 
 Edward was conftituted Sheriff of Caernarvon for life, 
 with the ftipend of Forty Pounds fierlitig yearly. At 
 the fame place, Gruffydh ap Tudor, Ithel Fychan, Itbel 
 ap Blethyn, with many more did their Homage. Then 
 the Prince came to l^//f/)/4«, where the Lord l^chard 
 de Suttcn Baron of Malpas, paid Homage and Fealty 
 for the faid Barony of Malpas. Thence the Prince 
 removed to Conwey, where Eineon Billiop of Bangor^ 
 and David Abbot of Maynan did their Homage ; as 
 did Lewis de Felton Son of Richard Felton, for the 
 Lands which his Father held of the Prince in Maclor 
 Saejneg, or Englifh Maelor. John Earl J4^arren fwore 
 Homage for the Lordfliips of Br om field and Tale^ and 
 his Lands in Hope-Dale, at London in the Chappel of 
 the Lord John de Kf^'kh fometime Bilhop of E/y ; as 
 alfo a while after, Edmund Mortimer for his Lands of 
 Cery and Cydewen. 
 
 But befides all thefe, there paid Homage to the 
 Prince oiPVales at Chejler, Sir Gruffydh Llwyd Son of 
 l^ys ap Gruffydh ap Edfjyfed Fychan, a flout and a va- 
 liant Gentleman, rho' nor very fortunate, and as 
 Florus fays of Ser tortus, he was magn^e cjuidem, fed 
 calamitofd virtutis. He was Knighted by King 
 Edward the Firlf, upon his bringing the firlt News 
 oi the Queen's fafe delivery of a Son at Caernarvon 
 
 Caltie, 
 
The Hiflory of W \LE S. 3U 
 
 Caftle, the King holding then a Parliament at I^uthlan. 
 This Sir Grujfydh coniinued for fome time very gra- 
 tious with the King of England, but obferving at 
 length the intolerable Opprellion and Tyranny exer* 
 cifed by the Englijh Officers, efpecially by Sir Fipger 
 Mortimer Lord of Cbirkf and Juftice of North-fVales, 
 towards his Country-men the Vfelcb, became fo far 
 concerned and dilcontented with fuch unwarrantable 
 Pra(5tices, that he prclenrly brake out into open Ke- 
 bellion againft the Engltfh. And the better to efFedl 
 what he purpofed, he treated with Sir Edward Bruce 
 Brother to ^bert then King of Scotland, who had 
 conquered Ireland^ to bring or fend over fome Forces 
 to allill him in his Defign againft the Englijh, upon 
 which account he fent him the following Letter. 
 
 t^ohili in Chrifio Conqueftori Domino Ed- 
 vardo, Illuftrifjimo Regi Hiberniae, fuus^ 
 Ji placet J Griiliftus Llwyd /> North- Wall: 
 
 reverent iam ^chitam in honors, 
 
 AVdita nobis veftri in terrarum conquifitione fama 
 egregla in partthus noftris, fracipue debelland. 
 amulos noftros (3 vejirost qui tarn vos quam nos ab 
 Hareditatibus vi injufte expellendo dejirttxerunt, ^ 
 nomen noftrum memorianujue in terris delere conatifiie- 
 tunt, ab initio fupra modum applaudimus, ut merit^ 
 debemus, omnes unanimiter in partibits nojiris, unde 
 ifobis ex parte iVallenfium Nobilttim fignifico p^r pr£' 
 ftntes^ quod fi ad Walliam cum hominibm vefiris 
 dignemini venire., velft vos in propria perfona accedere 
 illuc n n poteritii., aliquem Nobilcm Albanen. Comitem^ 
 Barouem vel Militem, cum paucis, fi plurimi ne/jueanf 
 adeffe, ad didds partes mfiras volueritis mandare. Pa- 
 
 rufi erimus cmncs tmanitniter dicem ea 
 
 quod nomen veflrum celebre ubique publicetur expug- 
 nat : Ji (]uid Saxonibiis tn Albania, per illuflrem %- 
 gem fratrem vefttum iiltim. per vs in Hihernia, pet 
 sic; ^ 710S in Wallia fiat urn vejlrum prifiinum per 
 
 X 4 B'litam 
 
311 The Hijlory of W ALES. 
 
 Brulum conquifitum recuperahimus, iffifque Juppeditd' 
 tiSi covfups & differfis, Britannia juxta dijcretam 
 vejira dominntionis ordinationi-m inter Britones t3 
 Aibaneos in fojierum divifa cohxredttabitur. Valeat 
 dominatio vejira liegia per cunBa Sacula. 
 
 To this Letter of Sir Gr.'ffydh Lloyd's j Sir Edward 
 Bruce returned the following Anfwerl 
 
 OMnihus defideravtihtis a fervitute liberari faiu- 
 tern in eo. Qui defiderant in fe relevat. & 
 libaat. ab angujiiis, temporibus opportunism quia qui- 
 Itbet Chrijiianus obligatur fuo proximo in omni angu- 
 jiia fubvenlre, (3 pracipue illis qui ex una rad>ce 
 originis five parenteU & patria primitus procejferunt^ 
 idea compatientes veftra fervititi (^ atgujii^, fam 
 
 Anglicana molejlia indtgenti decrevimus 
 
 (auxiHante ahtjfimo) vejlro gvavamini occurrere, (3 
 innaturalem (3 barbaricam totis viribus Angitcanam de 
 vejlris fimbus expellere fervitutem, vtfic ficut a pnn- 
 c-pio Albanicus S Britannicus populus expulfis hofitbui 
 in ptrpetuumfiet units. Et quia jguHus tniniicus faci- 
 iiter relevatur libenter pr^cipimus^ fi jugum Angltca* 
 nam in tantum vos deprimit, quantum nuper defrejfe- 
 rut popnlum Scotianum, ut fie ex vejiro concordt cona- 
 wine, i3 nojl,o fiiperveniente {juv amine dtfponente 
 fetnper divir.o ) pojitis jura vejira ^ jnfittiam recu- 
 
 feraie (3 froprtitatem hxredttatem pact- 
 
 ficc poffidcre. Vcruntamen Dei cum omnia ferviunt tn 
 ifio propojito filium invocamus, quod non ex prafum- 
 ptionc (3 ambitione injufiii dominii talia attemptamui, 
 fjd ex mera compajjione ejfujionts innoccntis vefiri fan^ 
 gu'nis (3 fubjetttonis int oiler abt Us (3 figr^ant : ad hoc 
 quod veltenius ihimicorum vejirorum (3 nofirorum vi- 
 res reprimere, qui nee p.icem nee ccncordiam dejiderant. 
 Imo veftram (3 nojlram finakm deftrii^ionem, ficut a 
 ■pnncipto ingrejfionis eorum in B)itai,niam incejjantcr 
 diebiis ac noitibus molientur, (3 quia nulla modo ejl 
 nofira canfcienttce qucmquam decipere, nee etiam de- 
 dpi a quocunque. nojham intentionem (3 Propofit. fine 
 tergivtrfitticne aliqua declaramus quod libenter Jcire- 
 
 mus 
 
The mjiory of W ALES. 313" 
 
 THUS vefiram voluntatem, Ji rationem nojlri laborit (^ 
 conam'inis intuitu relevationis vejira acceptare decre* 
 tnent. nobis committere profecutionem quereU ve^ra 
 t3 jujlitice nee non capitale dominium •vejiri prout 4- 
 lius haSienus Ptinceps vejier liberius habere confuevit. 
 Jta quod vos omnes & Jlnguli cujufcunque extiteritis 
 amditionis prijiinis hcereditatibus, tenisj libertatibut, 
 fojjejjionibus confuetis , (3 omnibus conditionibus ad vos 
 expeilantibus integrc & finaliter gaudeatis. Vcfiram 
 igttur voluntatem Jiiper htis, ^ (juibujcunqag aliis in 
 qutbus vos confolari poterimus^ /i videatiir exfedtens 
 came (3 celeriter nobis remandetis, Valcte Domini in 
 Domino. 
 
 But for all thar iliefe Letters pafTed berwixt them, 
 whether by realbn that Bruce's Terms were conceived 
 unreafbnable, nothing however was concluded upon, 
 and the whole Treaty came co nothing. But Sir 
 Gruffjdh, tho' without any hopes of afliltance from 
 the Scots, would not lay afide what he had once un-« 
 dertaken, and therefore having gathered all the For- 
 ces he could, defperateiy kt upon, and almolt in an 
 inftant over- ran aii N-rtb-fVales and the Marches, (ti- 
 ling upon all the Caltlcs and Strong- holds thro' the 
 Country. But all to no purpofe, tor as the molt 
 violent ftream is quickly over, lo Sir Gruffjdh's Army 
 was prefently fpent, and then being met with by a 
 ftrong Detachment of Engltft:, his Parry was eafily 
 difcomfited, and hirnfelf taken Priloner. 
 ■ The fame Year being the I'j^th. of the reign of King ijii. 
 Edward the Second, his eldelt Son Ediva.d born at 
 fVmdfor, in a Pailiamenc hoiden at 2or4, was created 
 Frince of Wales, Duke of Aquttame, and Earl of 
 Chejier. This Prince liicceeded his Father in the 
 Kingdom of England, by the Name of Edward the 
 Third, one ot rhe greateft and molt poweri'ul Mo- 
 narchs that ever fat upon the Englifh Thronev. 
 
 Edtvard born at Woodfiock,, eljelt Son and Heir to ' 
 Kit)g Edward the Third, was created Prince o^ Wales, "^ 
 upon the i ith. day of May in the i jth, ye^r of his 
 ..Father's reign, being then about fourteen years of 
 
314 77;^ fJipry of W ALES. 
 
 age. He was a Prince oi incomparable Qualifica-i 
 tionSj but fo fignally Famous in Martial Affairs, that 
 upon the account of the feveral Adions he was en- 
 gaged in, he received the Name of Black:Prince. He 
 rook John the French King Prifoner at the Battel 
 vf Poitiers, and ftiamefully vanquifhcd the French 
 Army in the Battel of Cre^. He did not live to en- 
 ioy the Crown, but died one year before his Father, 
 in the Forty Sixth Year of bis Age ; no Prince was in 
 his life- time better beloved, and after his Death more 
 lamented by the Fnglijh Nation, who had he lived 
 to fit upon the Helm, no one doubted but that he 
 would have exceeded as to all Qualifications, the 
 moft glorious Renown of the greateft of his Ance- 
 Itors. 
 
 in the time of Edward the Third, lived Sir "Tudof 
 Vaughan ap Gronoy defcended lineally from Ednyfed 
 Vaugban, a Perfon as to Eftate, Power and Intereit, 
 one of the Chiefeft in North l^Vales. Upon Ibme 
 motive, either of Ambition or Fancy, he aflfumed to 
 himfelt the Honor of Knighthood, requiring all 
 People to call and ftile him Sir Tudor ap Grono, as 
 if he did prognofticate and fore-fee, that out of his 
 LoyAs (hould aril'e thole that fliould have Power to 
 confer that Honor. King Edward being informed of 
 fuch unparallell'd Prefumption. feat for Sir Tudor, and 
 asked him, iVtth what Confidetice he durjl, invade 
 his Prerogative, by ajfuming the degree of J^ighthoody 
 without h's Authm-y. ' Sir Ttidor replied. That by the 
 Laws and Conjiitittion of Kjng Arthur, he had the Li- 
 berty of taking upon himfelf that Titlcy in regard he 
 had thofe thiee Qualifications^ which whofoever ufjs 
 endued itith, codd by thofe Laws claim the Honor of 
 a Knight. I. He was a Gentleman, z. He had a 
 fi,^cieyit Efi-te, And 3. He was Valiant and Ad' 
 venturous ; adding this withal. If my Valour and Har- 
 dincfs he dnibted of, he hore I throw down my Glove^ 
 and for due proof of niy Courage, I am ready to Figh 
 ttfith any M^n, whatever he be. The King apppio- 
 ving and liking well the Man's for ward nels andrefo- 
 lutlon, was eaiily perfuaded to confirm the Honor of 
 
 Knighthood 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES. ji$ 
 
 Knighrhood upon him. From this Sir Tudor lineally 
 defcended Henry the Seventh King of England, who 
 was the Son of Edrmmd Earl of Richmond^ the Son 
 of Sir Owen Tudor, Son to Meredith, the Son of this 
 Sir Tudor ap Gono. 
 
 After the Death of the Black Prince, his Son I{ichard 
 bom at Bourdeaux in France, being but Ten Years 
 of age, was created Prince of If ales at Havering at 
 Botvre, on the ^cth. day of November, and in the ^^'''' 
 ^oth. Year of Edward the Third, his Grandfather's 
 reign, whom he fucceeded in the Crown of Eng- 
 iatid. 
 
 Henry born at Monmouth, Son and Heir to Benty 
 the Fourth King of England, upon the i ^th. oiOHober^ 
 in the ijl. Year of his Father's reign, was created 
 Prince of Wales at iVeftminJltr, who fucceeded his 
 Father in the Er^liflo Crown by the Name of Henry 
 the Fifth. 
 
 Whilft Bicbard the Second reigned, one Owen ap 
 Cruffydh Fychan, defcended of a younger Son of 
 Gruffydh ap Modoc Lord of Brom^eld was not a lit- 
 tle Famous. This Owen had his Education in one c^ 
 the Imtsof-Court, where he became Barijier at Law, 
 and afterwards in very great Favour and Credit 
 ferved King Bichard, and continued with him at F/me 
 CalVle, till at length the King was taken by Henry 
 Duke of Lancajler. Betwixt this Owen and ^ginald 
 Lord Gray of Bputhyn, there happened no fmall Dif- 
 ference touching a Common lying between the Lord- 
 fhip of B^uthyn^ vahtv&oi B^gitiald was Owner, and 
 the Lordlhip o£ Gljndowrdwy m the poiTeffion qi Owen, 
 whence he borrowed the Name of Glpidrr, Du- 
 ring the reign of l^chard the Second, Owen as being 
 a Courtier, and in no mean efteem with the King, 
 did over-power Reginald, who was neither fo well be- 
 friended at Court, nor beloved in the Country as 
 Owen was. But after King ^chard's depofal, the 
 Scene was altered, and B^ginald, as then better be- 
 friended than Owen, encred upon the Common, which 
 occaiioned Owen'm the iirlt Year of fTeKr;* the Fourth 
 SO make his Complaint in Parliament againft him. 
 
 for 
 
i6 The Hijlory p/ W A L E S. 
 
 for thus dl veiling hitn of his Right. No rcdrefs be- 
 ing found, theBifhopof St. Afafh wifhed the Lords to 
 take care, that by thus flighting his Complaint, they 
 did not irritate and provoke the Welch to an Infurre- 
 (fiion, to which fome of the Lords replied, That 
 they did not fear thofe rafcally bire-footed People. 
 Glynd/pr therefore perceiving how his Petition was 
 flighted in Parliament, and finding no other method 
 to redrefs himfelf, having feveral Friends and Pol- 
 lowers, put himfelf in Arms againft Reginald, and 
 meeting him in the Field, overcame and took him pri- 
 foner, and fpoiled his Lordihip o^ ^huthyn. Upon 
 this many reforted to him from all parts of Wales, 
 fome thinking him to be in as great Favour now, as 
 in King I{ichard*s days, others putting in his head, 
 that now the time was come when the Britains b/ 
 his means might again recover the Honor and Liber- 
 ties of their Anceftors. But Reginald being thus kept 
 prifoner, and very feverely handled by Omn, to ter- 
 rify him into compliance with him in his rebellious 
 Actings, and not permitted to have bis Liberty, un- 
 der Ten 1 houfand Marks for his Ranfom, whereof 
 Six Thoufand to be paid upon the Feaft of Sf. Martyn, 
 in the ^th. Year of Henry the Fourtli, and to deliver 
 up his eldeit Son with ibme other Perfons of Qua- 
 lity as Hoi-ages for the remainder ; the King at the 
 humble fute of I{eginald, feeing no other way for his 
 enlargement, gave way thereto, authorizing Sir PVtl- 
 Ham de B^ou Sir I^chard de Grey, Sir l^tiUam de Wtl- 
 Itighhyt Sir 1-Vtlli.tm !e Z^uche, Sir Hugh Hu!s, as aIfo» 
 John Hirvey, William Vans, John Lee, John Langford, 
 Thomas Payne, and Jolm Elnejlcw, to treat with Otoen 
 and his Council, and to conclude in what they thbuld 
 conceive molt expedient and neceilaiy to be done for 
 his redemption. Whereupon they confencing to give 
 the ium demanded by G!)ndttir. for his deliverance, 
 the King gave Licenle ro [{obert Braybroke Bifiiop of 
 London, as aifo to Sir Gerard Braybroke the Father, and 
 Sir Gerard the Son, then Feoffees of divers Lordlhips 
 for this Reginald, to fell the Mannor of Hertelegb in 
 the County,of /*^^«fj towards the rai^ng of that 
 
 Money. 
 
The Hiflory of W ALES, 317 
 
 Money. And for the better enabling hina to pay Co 
 great a Fine, the King was pleafed to grant, that 
 whereas it was enacted, that fuch Perlbns who were 
 owners of Lands in Ireland, and did not there refide, 
 lliould for fuch their negled,' forfeit two parts of the 
 Profits of them to the King ; that notwichftanding 
 this Ad:, he fhould forfeit nothing for non-refidence 
 there, during the term of fix years next enfuing. 
 
 This good Succefs over the Lord Gray, together 
 with the numerous refort of the Pfelch to him, and 
 the favourable interpretations of the Prophecies 
 of Merdhyn, which feme conftrued very advantagi- 
 ouHy, made the fwelling mind of Glyndwr over- 
 -flow its Banks, and gave him ibme hopes of reftoring 
 this Ifland back to the Britains. Wherefore he fet 
 upon the Earl of "March, who met him with a nu- 
 merous party of Hereford-poire Men, but when they 
 came to clofe, the ?^7c/j-men proved too powerful, 
 and having killed above a Thoufand Men of the En- 
 glijh, they took the Eiil of March Prifoner. King 
 Henry upon this Vv^as frequently requefted to Ranfoni 
 the Earl.but to no purpofe j for whether by realbn that 
 Mortimer had a julter Title to the Crown than himfelf, 
 he being the next Heir in Blood after King Richard, 
 who was as yet living, or becaufe of fome other private 
 odium, the King would never hearken to his Redemp- 
 tion, alledging that he-wilfully threw himfelf into the 
 hands of Glyndwr. But about the midft of Auguji, 
 to corred the prelumptuous Attempts of the PVelch^ 
 the King went in Perfon with a great Army into 
 PVales-j but by reafon of extraordinary excels of wea« 
 ther, which fome attributed to the Magic of Glyndwr, 
 he was glad to return fafe. 
 
 But the Earl of March perceiving rh.^t he was not 
 like to obtain his Liberty by King Henrys means, 
 whether out of compliance, by reafon of his tedious 
 Captivity, or Affedion to the young Lady, he agreed 
 to take part with Owen againlt the King of Etigland, 
 and to marry his Daughter J with them joyned the 
 Earl of I'Vorcefter, and his Brother the Earl of Nor" 
 fhumhrlaad, with his Son the valiant Lord Percy, who 
 
 confpiring 
 
3i8 The Hiflory ^/ W A L E S. 
 
 confpiring to dcpofe the Kingof England^ in the Houfe 
 oi the Archdeacon of Bangor^ by their Deputies di- 
 vided the Realoi amonglt them, caufing a tripartite 
 Indenture to be made, and to be fealed with every 
 one's Seal ; by which Covenant all that Countiy ly- 
 ing betwixt the Severn and the Trenty Southward, was 
 affigned to the Earl of March j all JVales, and the 
 Lands beyoud the Severn, Vf^eftwardy were appointed 
 Glyndwr ; and all from the Trent, Northtoard, to the 
 Lord Fercy. This was done ("as fomelaid) thro' a 
 foolilh Credit they gave to a vain Prophecy, as tho* 
 King Henry was the execrable Moldwarp, and they 
 three the Dragon, the Lion, and the Wolf which (hould 
 pull him down, and diliribute his Kingdom among 
 themfelves. After that they exhibited Articles of their 
 Grievances to King Henry, and divulged their Rea- 
 fons for taking up Arms ; at length they marched 
 with all their Power towards Shresvsbury to fight the 
 King, depending mainly upon the arrival of Glyndwr 
 and his J^elch-men. But the matter Was gone fo 
 far, that whether he came in or no, they mult fight, 
 and fo both Armies being joyned, the King's Party 
 prevailed, young Percy being flain upon the fpot, 
 and Douglas, befides moft of the Englijh of Quality, 
 who with a Party of Scotch had come to the Aid of 
 the Confederates, was taken Prifbner, but afterwards 
 honourably fet at Liberty by the Interceflion of the 
 Prince of Wala. In the mean time the Earl of 
 tiorthumherland was a marching forward with a 
 great Party from the Norths but the King having 
 fettled Matters about Shrewsbury, coming to Tork^y 
 and fending to him to lay down his Anus, he vo- 
 luntarily fubmitted and difmifled his Forces. Then 
 the King returning from Yorkcfkire, determined to 
 pafs over to North-JVales, to chaftife the prefump- 
 tuous Pradices of the immorigerous Welch, who 
 after his departure from Shrewsbury, had made in- 
 Roads into the Marches, and done much hurt to his 
 Englijh Subjeds. But other Bulinefs of greater 
 Conlequence intervening, he detached his Son the 
 ]pfince of Waks^ who took the Caftle of Aheryftipythy 
 
 . ' which 
 
The Hidory ^/ W A L E S. 319 
 
 which was quickly again retaken by Owen Glyndwr^ 
 who thriift into it a ftrong Garrifon of Welch. But 
 jn the 3atcel of Husk^ fought upon the fifteenth of 
 March, the Welch received a very confiderable Blow 
 from the Prince's Men, Gljndwrs Son being taken 
 Prifoner, befides Fifteen Hundred more taken and 
 flain. After this, we hear litrie of Glyndwr, ex- 
 cepting that he continued and perfifted to vex and 
 plague the Engli/h upon the Marches, to the tenth 
 year of King Henr/s reign, when he miferably ended 
 his life ; being as Holingfhed reporteth. towards his Uolinf, 
 latter days driven to that extremity, that defpairing 
 of all comfort, he fled and lurked in Caves and other 
 the moft folitary Jplaces, fearing to fliew his face to 
 any Creature, till at length being ftarved for hun- 
 ger and lack of fudenance, be miferably ended his 
 life. 
 
 But thefe rebellious Pradices of Glyndtvr, highly 
 exafperated King Henry againft the TVelch, intomuch 
 that feveral rigorous and unmerciful Laws were 
 enadled, relating to Wales, which in effedt deftroyed 
 all the Liberties of the Welch Subjed:. They were 
 made incapable of purchafing any Lands, or to be 
 eledted Members of any County orBurrough, and 
 to undertake any Office, whether Civil or Military 
 in any Town incorporated. If any Suit at Law- 
 happened betwixt an Englijh Man and a Welch 
 Man , the former could not be convidled , but 
 by the Sentence of an Englijh Judge, and the Ver- 
 di(ft of an Englijh Jury ; befides, that any En- 
 glifh Man who married a Welch Woman , was 
 thereby forthwith diitranchifed from all the Liber- 
 ties of an Englijh Subjedr. It was farther enadt- % 
 ed, that no Welch Man fliould be in poiTeliion of 
 any Caftle, or other place of Strength, and that 
 no Vidkuals or Armour fhould be brought into 
 Wales, without a fpecial Warrant from the King 
 or his Council ; and farther, that no Welch Man 
 was capable of undertaking the Office of Juftice, 
 Chamberlain, Sheriff or any other place of Truft 
 in any pare of Wales, notwithltanding any Patent 
 
310 The Hiflory of W A L E S, 
 
 or Licenfe heretofore given to the contrary. Thel«v: 
 with many others mott rigorous and unjuft Laws, 
 particularly that forbidding any Welch Man to bring 
 up his Children to Learning, or to bind thetn Ap- 
 prentices to any Trade or Occupation, were enadled 
 by the King againft the PVelch ; (o that nothing could 
 cool his difpleafure, but that a whole Nation (hould 
 be wrongfully opprelfed, for the fault and mifcarriage 
 of one Perfon. But one might tliink, that this 
 was no politick method to fecure a Nation in its 
 Allegiance, which upon lighter Affronts was ufed 
 to defend its Priviledges ; and therefore we may well 
 attribute the quiet difpofition of the tV^elcb towards 
 this time, to the moderation of Henrjxhe Fifth, who 
 within a little time fucceeded his Father in the Crown 
 of England. 
 
 Co-temporary with G/^w^r was Sk David Gam, 
 fo called by reafon he had but one Eye, the Son of 
 Lhewelyn ap Howel Vaughan of Breck^tock.^ by Maw J 
 the Daughter of lefan ap Rjjys ap Ifor of Eluel. 
 He was a great ftickler for the Duke of Lancafiery 
 and for that reafon became mortal Enemy to Glyn- 
 dtPTi vvho having iiis Education, as is faid before, 
 at one of the Inns of Court, got to be preferred to 
 the fervice of King Richard the Second, who, as 
 Walfingbim fays, made him his Scutifcr, or Shield- 
 bearer. But being informed that his Mafter I^chard 
 was depofed and murdered, and withal being pro- 
 voked by feveral Wrongs and Affronts done him 
 by his Neighbour the Lord Gi'oy of B^uthyn, 
 whom King Henry greatly countenanced, and look- 
 ing upon Henry as an Ufurper, he caufed himfelf 
 to be proclaimed Prince of Wales. And for a 
 better grace of the matter, he feigned himfelf to be 
 defcended by a Daughter from Lheuelyn ap Grujfydb 
 the laft Prince 5 whereas in truth, he came Pater- 
 nally but from a younger Brother of the Houfe of 
 powys. But as Ambition has no moderation , fo 
 Glyndwr for a time adted the part of a Prince, 
 and fummoned a Parliament to meet at Machynlleth^ 
 Whiiher the Nobility and 'Gentry of H^ales ap,» 
 
 pcared^ 
 
The Hiftory of W hLES. jii 
 
 peared, and among the reft Sir David Gam, but 
 not upon the fame defign with the reft, having an 
 intention in this meeting to murder Glyndyfwr. But 
 the Plot being difcovered, and Sir David lecured, 
 he had liked to undergo prefent Execution, had not 
 Glyndyfwr & bell Friends, and the greateft Upholders 
 of his Caufe, pleaded in his behalf, by whofe in- 
 tercelTion ha was prevailed with to grant Sir David 
 both his Life and Liberty, upon condition he would 
 ever after continue True and Loyal to him. Sir 
 David proiuifed very loudly, but with the referva- 
 tion never to perform ; for as Ibcn as he came to 
 his own Country, where he- was a Perlbn of very 
 confiderable Sway and Intereft, he did exceedingly 
 amnoy and moleit thofe that any way favoured or 
 adhered to Glyndyftor. While Sir David lay in Pri- 
 fon at Macbynlletby for his attempt againlt OfPen'$ 
 Life, this Englyn was made upon him. 
 
 Dafydd Gam dryglam dreigl., iti yn wanfrwydr^ 
 Frada^r ^iffiart Bhrenin, 
 Llivyr y rhoes Diawl ( hawn hwyl Flin 
 Tfath yfiad) eifys itb Din. 
 
 But Glyndyfwr receiving information, how that Sit 
 David Gam, contrary to the Promife he had made 
 at his releafemenr, endeavoured all he could to de- 
 ftroy his intereft among the PVslch, entred the 
 Marches, and among other tokens of his Indigna- 
 tion, burned the Houfe of Sir David, and as the 
 report goes, calling to him one of Sir David's Te- 
 nants, Ipake to him thus merrily in Verfe, 
 
 O Gwelt dl tfr coch Cam 
 Tn ymofyn y Girnigwen 
 Dywed ei bod hi Tan y Lan 
 A nod y glo ar ei Pbcnn. 
 
 But Sir Divid had the luck to efcape his reach, 
 and was conftrained to retire to England, where 
 
 Y hf 
 
Ji* 7he Hijlory cfWkLES. 
 
 he lived for the nioft part at Court, till the Deatli 
 of Cylyndyftvr. 
 
 When King IJenry the Fifth went with ati Army 
 to Trance againft the French King, Sir David Gam 
 brought into his lervice a nuinerous Party of Stout 
 and Valorous H'elch-Mtn, who upon all occafioAs 
 exprefied their Courage and Relolution. In the 
 Battel of /iglncourt , News being brought to the 
 King that the French /\rmy was advancing to- 
 wards him, and that they were exceeding nume- 
 rous, he detached Crjptain Gam to obferve their 
 tnotion, and review their number. The Captain 
 having narrowly eyed the French found them twice 
 to exceed the Etigltjh, but nor being in the leait 
 dtunted at fuch a multitude, he returned to the 
 King, who enquiring of him what the Number of 
 the French mi^ht be, he made anlwer. Ant fleaje 
 jou my Licge^ they are enough to he killed, enough to 
 run away, and enough to be tal^en Pnfoners. King 
 Henry was well plealed, and much encouraged with 
 this refolute and undaunted anlwer of Sir David's^ 
 v;hofe Tongue did not exprei's more Valor than 
 his Hands performed. For in the heat of Battel, the 
 ' King's Perlbn being in danger, Sir David charged 
 the Enemy with that eagerneG and mafcuiine Br*j, 
 very, that they were glad to give ground, and fo 
 ftcured the King, tho' with the lofs of much Blood, 
 ar d alfo his Life , himfelf and his Son-in-Law 
 jRoger Vuughan , and his Kinfman Water Llttfyd of 
 Brecknccki having received their mortal Wounds 
 in thit encounter. When the King heard of their 
 Condition, how that they were pi(t ail hopes of 
 recovery, he came to them, and in recompence 
 of their good Services, Knighted (hem all three- 
 in the Field where they foon after died ; and (b 
 funded the Life, but not the Fame of the fignally Va- 
 liant Sir David Gat». 
 
 BdiPt'd 
 
The Hijlory of W ALES. 323 
 
 Edipard of fVefitniniler, the fole Iflue of that un- 
 fortunate Prince King Hcnr;/ the Sixth, by Margaret 
 the Daughter of R^yner Duke of Anjou , and titular 
 King of Jeriifalem, Sicily, and Arragon ; was crea- 
 ted Prince of PVales , in a Parliament held at JTc/?- 
 jTiinfler, oa the lythday oi March, in the Thirty 
 Second Year of his Fathers Reign. When the Day 
 was loft at Tewk.^bury\ this young Prince thought to 
 make his efcape by flight, but being unfortunately 
 taken, and brought to the prefence of King Edward 
 the Fourth, who then fat upon the Helm, made fuch 
 refoiute and unexpefled Replies , that he put the 
 King to fuch a pafTion, that he fmote him on the 
 Mouth wirh his Gauntlet ; and then his Brother Ri- 
 chard the Crouch-back, ran him into the Heart with 
 his Dagger, 
 
 Edward, born in the Sanduary at ^ejltninfler, the 
 eldeft Son of King Edward the Fourth, was, after 
 his Fathers Expulfion out of England, in the Fourty 
 Ninth Year of King Henry the Sixth, created Prince 
 of H^ales and Earl of Chejier, in the Eleventh Year 
 of his Fathers Reign. Upon the death of Edward 
 the Fourth, this young Prince being then at Ludlow 
 in the Marches o( (Vales, was prefently fent for to 
 London, and proclaimed King of England, but never 
 liv'd to be crowned ; for his Uncle Richard Duke of 
 Ghcejier, who was appointed his Protedor, rpoft vi- 
 lainoufly made him away, together with his Brother 
 the Duke of Tork^; and afterwards was him felf pro- 
 claimed and crowned King. 
 
 Edward the Fourth, in his Wars againft Henry the. 
 Sixth, was very much afllfted by the fVelch ; in re- 
 compence of which Service, he dcfign'd to reform 
 Matters fo in Wales , as that intolerable Oppreflion 
 which they had hitherto endured, Ihould be regulat- 
 ed and taken off. And to that end , he meant to 
 eftablilh a Court within the (aid Principality, and 
 conftituted ^ohn Bilhop of Worcejler Prefident of the 
 Prince's Council in xhtMarches ; who, together with 
 Anthony Earl of I{ivers, fat in the Town- Hall of 
 ibrewsbury^ and conltituted certain Ordinances foi: 
 
 Y *" tfe'S 
 
324 r^^ H'My < W A L E S. 
 
 the publick Good and TratKjuility of that place* 
 But the matter proceeded no farther ; for the Trou- 
 bles and Difquietnefs of his Kingdom, coming heavy 
 upon him, and the iliortnefs of his Reign after his 
 Hrtabliilimenc not permitting, he was forced to leave 
 ttat to others, which himfelf thought once to bring 
 about. 
 
 Edward, born at Middkham near Richmond in the 
 County of Tork, the only Son of King Richard the 
 Third, v'sas at Ten Years of Age created by his Fa- 
 ther Prince of Wales, and dyed foon after. 
 
 Arthur, the cldelt Son of King Henry the Seventh, 
 born at fVincheJler, was in the Seventh Year of his 
 Fathers Reign created Prince of f4'ales. About the 
 Fifteenth Year of his Age, being then newly married 
 to Catherine the Infanta of Sfain, he was fent by 
 his Father into Wales, that by his prefcnce he might 
 keep that Country in better awe. With hinm King 
 TVokjns Henry fent Dr. fVilltam Smith, afterwards made Bi- 
 p. 789. fhop of Lincoln, as Prefident of his Council; toge- 
 ther with Sir Richard Pool, his Chamberlain, Sir H(?»- 
 ^ ry Vernon, Sir I{tchard Crofts, Sir Davtd Philip, Sir 
 
 jVilltam Vdal, Sir Thomas Englefield, Sir Peter Netif' 
 ton, and others, to be his CSunfellors and Directors 
 in his management of Affairs. But the Prince had 
 not continu'd long there, but he fell fick at his Ca- 
 ftle at Ludlow, of which Indifpofition he ihortly af- 
 ter dyed , and was buried with great Solemnity in 
 the Cathedral Church oifVorcefler. But the creating 
 of his Brother Henry Duke of Torl{_ Prince of Wales 
 xn his Head , was deferred for about the fpace of 
 a Month , to dilcover whether the Lady Katherine 
 was got with Child by Prince Arthur. But when ic 
 appealed for certain, ibe had not conceived ; on die 
 I 8th day of February, in the Nineteenth Year of his 
 Father, King Henry the Seventh's Reign, Henry Duke 
 of Tork^ was created Prince of Wales. 
 
 King Henry the Seventh, being by his Grandfather 
 Owen Tudor defcended out of Wales, and having fuf- 
 ficiently experienced the AfTciStion of the [Felch to- 
 wards him j litlt, of thofe, whoupon his lirlHand- 
 
 Jng, 
 
the Hiflory < W A L E S. 325 
 
 jng, opportunely joyned him under Sir Rhysap Thomasi 
 and then of thofe , who under the command of Sir 
 ffilliam Stanley^ hold oi Bromiield^ Tale, and Chirl{^ 
 land, aided him in Bofworth-Vkld ; could not in Ho- 
 nour and Equity, but bear fome regard to the mife- 
 rable ftate and condition of the PFe/ch , under the 
 Engltjh Government, And therefore this prudent 
 Prince, finding the Calamities of the TVelch to be in- 
 fupportable, and feeing what grievous and unmerciful 
 Laws were enaded againlt them by his Predeceflburs, 
 he took occafion to redreis and reform the fame, and 
 granted to the fVelcb a Charter of Liberty and Im- 
 munity , whereby they were relfca fed from the cruel 
 Opprefljon, which iince their Subjedtion to the £»?- 
 itjh Government, they had moft cruelly fuftaincd. 
 And feeing the Birth and Quality of his Grardtather 
 Owen Tudor was called in queftion, and that he was 
 by many upbraided of being of a mean and ignoble 
 Parentage ; King Henry direded a Commiflion w the 
 Abbot of Lhan Egweji, Dr. Owen Pool Canon of He- 
 refordy and Jofm King Herald al Arms, to make in- 
 quifition concerning the Pedigree of the faid Owen j 
 who coming to fVaies, made a diligent enquiry into 
 this matter -, and by the afliftance of Sir John Leyaf, 
 GuttynOwen Bardh , G'uffydh ap Lhewelyn Ap Efan" 
 Fjchan, and others, in the confultation of the Britijh 
 Books of Pedegrees, they drew up an exact Genealo- 
 gy of Owen Tudor, which upon their return, they pre- Vide Ap- 
 fented to the King. ^.^4^ 
 
 Edward , Son to Henry the Eighth , by the Lady 
 "J^ne Seymour, his third Wife, was born at Hampton' 
 Court, on the nth of October ; and upon the i8th, 
 of the faid Month , was created Prince of H-'ales, 
 Duke of Cornwal, and Earl of Chefter. 
 
 King Henry the Seventh, had already abrogated 
 thofe unreafonable and intollerable Laws, which the 
 former Kings of England, particularly Henry ths 
 Fourth , had made againft the Welch ; and now , 
 King Henry the Eighth, willing to make a plenary 
 Reformation of what his Father had wifely begun, 
 thought it necelTary towards the Good and Tranquil 
 
336 The HiJIory of W ALES. 
 
 lity cf both Nations , to make the ff^elch fubjed to 
 the fame Laws, and the fame Government with the 
 Evglijh. He underftood that the ufual Holtihties 
 and Depredations were ftill continued and kept up 
 by both fides upon the Borders ; and though his Fa- 
 ther had eafed the Yoak of the Welch, yet he per- 
 ceived, that it did contribute but little towards the 
 difannuHing of that inveterate and implacable Envy 
 and Aniraofity which raged in the Marches. There- 
 fore to remedy this, otherwife unavoidable, Diftera- 
 per, he concluded that it was the only €ffe(5lual Me- 
 thod , to incorporate the iVelch with the Evglijh ; 
 . that they being fubje(^ to the fame Laws, might e- 
 
 qually fear the Violation of them. And according- 
 153^' ly ^ in the Twenty Seventh Year of his Reign, an 
 A^ of Parliament paffed to that purpofe, which to- 
 gether with another Ad in the Thirty Fifth of his 
 Reign, made a plenary Incorporation of the PVelch 
 with the Engltjh, which Union has had that blelTed 
 Effed, that it has dilbelkd all thofe unnatural Diffe- 
 rences which heretofore were To rife and irreconcilable. 
 When the Reformation was firft ellabhfhed in 
 iVales , it was a mighty Inconveniency to the vulgar 
 People , fuch as were unacquainted with the Engltjh 
 Tongue, that the Bible was not tranflated into their 
 native Language. Queen Eli:^ahetb was quickly ap- 
 prehenfive of the Inconveniency which the ffilch in- 
 curred, for the want of fuch a Tranllation ; and there- 
 Js6r, fore , in the Eighth Year of her Reign, an Ad of 
 Parliament was palled, whereby the Biihops of He- 
 reford , S. Davids , S. Afaph, Bangor , and Landaff", 
 were ordered to take care that the Bible containing 
 the Old and New Teiiament, with the Book of 
 Common- Prayer, and Adminiftration of the Sacra- 
 ments, be truly and exactly tranflated into the Britijh 
 or H^elcb Tongue, ar.d that the fame fo tranflated, 
 being by them perufed and approved, be printed to 
 fuch a number at leaft ; as that every Cathedral, Col- 
 legiate and Parifh-Church and Chappel of eafe with- 
 in the laid Diocefs where that Tongue is vulgarly 
 ipok(n, might be fupplyc4 fecfoie the Firft oiMarcK 
 
 Anm 
 
The Hillory of W \LES, 32/ 
 
 /Inno 1^66. And from that time forward, the fVelcb 
 Divine Service Ihould be ufed in the Britifo Tongue , 
 in all places throughout thofe Dioceffes, where the 
 H^elcb ij commonly fpoke, after the fame manner as it 
 was ufed in the EngHJh Tcngue ; and that the Charge 
 of procuring the faid Bible and Common-Piayer, 
 fliould equally depend betwixt the Parfon and tho 
 Parifli ; the former being obliged to pay one half of 
 the Expence ; and that the Price of the Book fliould 
 be fet by the forefaid Bilhops, or by Three of them 
 at the leaft. But this MX of Parliament was not 
 punftually obferved ; for the Old Tcftament was 
 wholly omitted, and only the New, with the Book 
 of Common-Prayer and Adminiftration of the Sacra- 
 ments, then tranflated, which Tranflation W/Cs chief-' 
 ly owing to ^chard^\{\^o^ of S. Davids^ who was 
 aflifled by fVWiam Salmbury^ a Perfect Critick in the 
 fVelch Tongue, and one excellently convcifant in ail 
 Britijh Antiquities. But in the Year 1588. DiWil- 
 Ham Morgan, firft Bilhop of Landajf^ and then of 
 S.Afafh, undertook the Tranflarion of the whole Bi- 
 ble ; and by the help of the Bifliops of S. Afaph and 
 Bangor, Gabriel Goodman Dean oi ffyimitijler, David 
 Powell, D.D. Edmund Price Archdeacon ot" Mericnythy 
 and RichardVaughan, he effectually finifhed it. This 
 was of lingular Profit and Advantage to the ff^elch, 
 to have the whole Scripture read and perufed in their 
 own native Tongue ; by which means they received 
 a clearer demonftration of the Corruptions of the 
 Church of ^me, when they faw many of their Prin- 
 ciples apparently contradicting, and others not very 
 firmly founded upon the Holy Scriptures, And on the 
 other hand they perceived the Neceflky and Advan, 
 tage of the Reformation, they eafily difcovered that 
 the whole Doctrine of the Church of England was 
 found and orthodox, and that they were now happi- 
 ly delivered from that Popifli Slavery which their 
 Forefathers ignorantly adored ; and therefore being 
 convinced of the Truth of their Religion, they be- 
 came, and continued generally, very ftii(5t Adherents 
 and firm Obferveis ef phe UoClrine and Difcipime of 
 ihij Church, Y ^ And 
 
328 The Hiftory i?/ W A L E S. 
 
 And here by the bye, I cannot but obferve what a 
 reverend Writer has lately infinuated, relating to the 
 Chriftian Religion planted in H^aUs. For that Learn* 
 ed Perfon in his Funeral Sermon upon Mr. OMgCy. 
 would fain induce the World to believe, that Chri* 
 llianity was very corrupt and imperfeft among the 
 Welch, before it was purifyed by that, whom he 
 terms Apoftolical Man. Whereas k is notorioufly 
 evident , that fince the Reformation was fetled in 
 that Country, and the Bible, with the Book of Com- 
 mon-Prayer, tranflated into the Pi^elch Tongue, no 
 place has been more exact, in keeping to the ftti(3:: 
 Kubrick and Gonftitution of the Church of England, 
 both as to the Sublbnce and Form of Wotfliip. But 
 what may more truly be attributed to Mr.Gouge^is thac 
 iince his Travels into Wales^ and the propagating of 
 his Dodrin^ among the ignorant of that Country,. 
 Presbytery, which before had fcarce taken root, has 
 daily increafed, and grown to a Head. 
 
 Henry, eldeft Son of King James the Firft, being . 
 arrived to the Age of Seventeen Years, was created 
 Prince oi IVales, on the 30th. of Ai<y, Anno ifiio.- 
 but he dying of a malignant Feavcr , about Two-. 
 Years after ; his Brother Charles being Fifteen Years 
 of Age , was created Prince of H^ales in his room,- 
 Anno 1615. For joy of this new Creation, the Town 
 o^ Ludlo0, and City of London, performed very great' 
 Triumphs 5 and the more to honour this Solemnity,: 
 the King made Twenty Five Knights of the Bath,"- 
 all Lords or Barons Sons ; and the Inns of Courf, td> 
 expreft their Joy, elected out of their Body Forty-> 
 choice Gentlemen, to perform folemn Jufls and Bar»i 
 y}'ers, = • 
 
 Charles, eldeft Son cf King Charles the Fiift, by 
 Henrietta Maria^ Daughter to King Henry the Focrth 
 of 'France^ was born Ma-j 29. 1630, and afterwards 
 created Prince of Wales. 
 
 Since the happy Incorporation of the IVekh with 
 fche Englijh, the Killoiy of both Nations, as wcH as 
 the People is united s and therefore i fhall not re- 
 peai: that whicfi !5 (0 ccpiouily and ^c^aenty deli- 
 vered 
 
The Hifiory of W AL E S. 329 
 
 vercd by the Englijh Hiftorians ; but fliall conclude 
 with Dr. Heylyn, That fmce the Welch have been in- 
 corporated tpith the EngliHi, they havejhewed them/elves 
 moji loyal, hearty^ and affe^ionate SubjeSis of the St ate i 
 cordially devoted to their I^ng , and :^ealous in Defence 
 of their Laws^ Liberties, and I^ligionj as well as any 
 of the befi of their Fello»-Subje3s. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
I 
 
33" 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The return of a CommiSion fent Into 
 Wales hy fQng Henry the Seventh^ 
 to fearch out the Tedi^rees of Qwea 
 Tudor, 
 
 HE AT R r the Seventh King of EtiglaaJ, 
 &c. Son of Edmund Earl of Ricbmond, 
 Son of Oivtn ap Meredith y and of 
 Queen Catherine his Wife, Daughter 
 to Charles the Sixth, King of France. This 
 Owen was Son of Meredith ap Tudor ap Gronw 
 ap Tudor y ap Gronw, ap Ednyfed Fychan^ Baron 
 of Erinf tingle in Denbigh Land, Lord of Kric- 
 eth, Chief Juftice and Chief of Council to 
 Llewelyn aplor'werth Drwyndwn Prince of all 
 Wales. And in the time of Prince Llfwelyn 
 grew a Variance between King John of Eng- 
 land and the faid Prince ; whereupon Ednyfed 
 came with the Prince's Hoft, and Men of 
 War, and alfb a number of his own People, 
 and met thefe Englijh Lords in a Morning, at 
 what tiyme the(e Englijh Lords were hoftied and 
 (lain ; and immediately brought their Heads, 
 being yet bloody to the faid Prince Llewelyn. 
 The Prince, feeing tha (amej cauled Ednyfed 
 -' ■ Fycba»y 
 
33i APPENDIX. 
 
 Fychan, from thencefoi th to bear in his Arms 
 or Shield, three bloody Heads in token of his 
 ViAory, where he had born in his Arms be- 
 fore a Saracens Head ; and fo ever after this 
 Ednyfed bore the faid Arms, his Son, and his 
 Son's Son, unto the time of Tudor ap Gronw, 
 ap Tudor ap Gronvf, ap Ednyfed Fy chart. And 
 after thisEdnyfed wedded onoGwenllian Daugh- 
 ter to Rhys Prince of South WaleSy and had 
 Iflue by her Grmw : which Ednyfed Fychan had 
 in fVales divers goodly Houfes, Royally a- 
 dorn'd with Turrets and Garrets ; fbme in 
 Angkfey, (bmc other in Caernarvon jhire, and 
 and fome in L>c«%i6- Land ; but his chiefeft 
 Mannor-Houfe was in the Commot of Cr;'- 
 tbin in Caernarvon-^nrey which was a Royal 
 Palace, now decay'd for want of Reparations. 
 Alfo he builded there a Chappel in the Wor- 
 ftiip of cur Lady, and had Licenfe of the 
 Pope for evermore to fing Divine Service 
 therein for his Soul, and his Ancsftors and 
 Progenitors Souls always ; and had Authority 
 * r/j fo give his T\ thes and Offerings to his Cha- 
 ferm^ ^" P^^'" ^Q'iQ * ftarving ; which Ednyfed Fychan 
 was Son to Kyner ap [en ap Givgan-^ ap Mar- 
 chudd, which was one or the fifteen Tribes 
 of Nort'b- Wales, and Son to Kynan ap Elfyn, 
 ap Mcr^ ap Mynan, ap Isbtvis NeTJ^mtyrche, ap 
 Isbms ap Cadrcd Caleb Efynydd, Earl ol Dun- 
 fiabk and Lord ot Nortban^pton, ap Cywyd 
 Cindionj ap Cynfelyn ap Art buys, ap Murydd 
 ap Cynna-w^ ap Coel Godeboc King of Bri' 
 taWf of whom King Henry the Seventh de- 
 scended lineally by Iilue-Male, and is Son to 
 the (aid Coel in the thirty firit Degree, as k 
 is aDDroved by old Chronicles in H^ales, Which 
 
 Cod 
 
A F P E t^ D I X. 335 
 
 Ceel was Son of Teg fan ap Debeuframt^ ap Tui- 
 hwyl, ap Urhaftj ap Gradd, ap Rh/fedel, ap 
 Rhydeirne, ap Endtgant, ap Endeyrn, ap Enid^ 
 ap EndoSj ap Enddolaw, ap /Jfalacb^ ap Affleck^ 
 ap Belt mawr King of Britain^ of whom King 
 Henry the Seventh defcendeth by Iflue-Male, 
 and IS Son to him in forty one Degree. Which 
 Belt was Son to Monmgon King, ap King 
 Kaxor, ap King Pyr, ap King SaTvl Bentffely ap 
 Rbytherech King, ap Rydion King, ap Eidal 
 King, ap Arthafel King, ap Seiffilt King, ap 
 Owen King, ap Caxhc King, ap Bleuddyd King, 
 ap Metrion King, ap Gwrguft King, ap Elydno 
 King, ap Clydawc King, ap Ithel King, ap 
 Urien King, ap Andrew King, ap Kereni King, 
 ap Vortex Kingi ap Coel King, ap Cadell King, 
 ap Geraint King, ap Elidr King, ap Merydd 
 King, ap Dan King, ap Seiffilt King, ap Cjr- 
 helyn l^mgi ap Gwrgan Yimg (alias) Farf- 
 drwcbj ap Belt King, ap Djfnwal King, ap 
 Dodion King, ap Enyd, ap Kwrwydj ap Cyrdon 
 ap Dyfufartb Prydain, ap Aedd mawr^ ap An- 
 tonius ap Seifilk King, ap Rbegaw Daughter 
 and Heir of King Lyr, and Wife of H^nwm 
 Prince of Cornwall. This Lyr was Son of 
 Bleuddyd J ah Rbunhaladr bras , ap Lleon, ap 
 Brutus darian las^ ap Eff'rce CadarVj ap Mjm- 
 byvj ap MadoCy ap Locrim, ap Brutus which in- 
 hsrited firft this Land, and after his Name 
 was called Britain, and had three Sons Locrine 
 Kamber^ and AlbanaBus. Locrine the eldeft, 
 parted the Ifle with his Brethren, and kept 
 haiflhe Land for himlelf, and called it Loe' 
 gria. Kamber fecond Son had the Land hQ- 
 yon^Severn^ and named it Ka?nbria. in Erjg!i[h, 
 Wales, Albana^Ms had Scotland, which he then 
 
 called 
 
134 APPENDIX, 
 
 called Albania after his own Name. O^ 
 which Brute King Henry the Seventh is line- 
 ally defcended by Iflue-Male, faving one Wo- 
 man, and is Son to Brute in five fcore Degrees. 
 
 How Owen Grandjire to King Henry the Se- 
 'venth, conteth of Beli ntawr by Angharad, ^ 
 M^herto Ednyfed by Iffue Female, by Gittin* 
 OwQn, and Sir ]ohnhQ\zVs Books, 
 
 TH E Mother of Ednyfed was Angharad, 
 Daughter of Hwfa^ap Cymti apRhywallon, 
 fip Dinged, ap Tudor Trefor^ ap Mymbyr^ ap 
 Cadfarcb, ap Gwrgenarv, ap Gwaethia'wc, af 
 Bytvyn, ap Biordderch, ap Gwriawn, ap G'wnnaHj 
 <7p Gwnfi-w frycbf ap CadcU Dehurnlluc, ap Fafgaftg 
 ap Rbydwff ap Rbudd Fedel frycb, ap Cyndeirn, 
 ap Gwrtbeirn Givrtbenau, called in Englifh Vor- 
 tiger i by whom King Henry the Seventh, by 
 the forefaid Angbarad, Mother to Ednyfed 
 FychaHy and Wife to Cyner ab lersy ap Gwgoti, 
 is Son to the faid Vorttger in thirty Degrees*, 
 Which Vorttger was Son to Rbydeym ap Debeu- 
 fraint, ap Eidfganty ap Endeirn^ ap Enid^ ap Endos, , 
 ap Enddolau, ap Afallach^ ap Afflech^ ap Beli 
 tnawr, to whom King Henry the Seventh is 
 Son by Angbarad, Mother to Ednyfed Fychait 
 m forty Degrees. 
 
 How King Henry the Seventh cotneth ofhtXx 
 mawr by Gwenllian Wife to Ednyfed Fy- 
 chan, and Daughter to the Lord Rhj'S, called 
 Arglwydd Rhys, by Ijfue- Female, 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gronw', ap 
 Tffdor, ap GronWf ap Gwenllian, Daughter to 
 
'APPENDIX, 355- 
 
 Hhyi Prince of South Wales, af Grttjfydh Princej 
 ap Rhys Prince, ap Tudor mawr Prince, ap 
 CaJeU Prince, ap Rodri mawr Prince of all 
 WaUi. This Kodr't had three Sons, and di* 
 vided the Principahty ofWaUt between them 
 in three Parts ; to Merfyn his firft Son, Prince 
 of North' fVales, all North- Wales ^ which died 
 without Iflue ; and Anarawd Prince of P0117/, 
 and Cadell Prince of SoutbWaks^ of whom 
 King Henry the Seventh defcendeth, by 
 GwenJllan Daughter to Prince Rhysy called 
 Arglwydd Rhys, Wife t> Ednyfed Fychan ; and 
 the faid King Henry the Seventh is Son to 
 Kodri mawr in the feventeenth Degree ; which 
 Rodri rna-wr was Son to Merfyn firft King of 
 Man, which wedded EJftllt Daughter and Heir 
 to Cynan Dyndaethwy. 
 
 This Merfyn frycb was Son to GwriaJ af 
 Ehdur^ ap Handdear Akvon, ap Tepd, ap Gwiar, 
 ap D-wytvcyap Llyaarcb ben^ ap Elidur Lydanivin, 
 ap Metrchion, ap Grwfi, ap Cenaw, ap Coel 
 Godeboc King oi Britain, as before. This Cod 
 was King of Britain and Earl of Colchefier, a 
 right worthy King, to whom King Henry the 
 Seventh is Son, by the faid GivenUian Wife to 
 Ednyfed Fychan, in the thirty firft Degree, by 
 the i^aid Gittin Owen, and Sir John Leia\ Books. 
 
 How Owen Grandfire to King Henry the Seventh 
 cometb of Beli mawr, by Effillt Daughter to 
 Cynan Dyndaethwy, 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gronw, ap 
 Tudor ap Gronw, ap GwenUian Daughter of 
 Prince Rhys, ap Gruffydb ap Rby/, ap Tudor 
 mawr, ap Engion, ah Owen, ap Howell Dda, 
 
 ap 
 
S36 APPENDIX. 
 
 ap CadeUj ap Rodri matvry ap Eljilk Daughter 
 oi Cynm Dyndaetbwy and Heir, Prince of 
 Wales, ap Rodri Moelwynoc, ap Idival jwrcb^ 
 ap Cadwalader Fendigatd K.ing of alJ Britain^ 
 to whom King Henry the Seventh is Son in 
 the twenty iecond Degree. Cadwalader 
 was Son to Cadwallan King, ap Cadfan King, 
 ap laf^o, ap Belt, ap Khun, ap Maelgivn Gwy- 
 nedd Kim^, ap CaffwaUan Lawhtr^ ap Eimon 
 irth, ap Cynedda iveledicr , ap Edeirn, which 
 wedded. Gji/^W, ¥erch Coel Godeboc King, 
 which Edeiffi was Son to Padarn Peifiydd, ap 
 Tegid, ap lego, ap Gemdawc, ap Cain, ap Gwr- 
 gain, ap Dolt, ap Grvrthsli, ap. Dufu, ap Gor- 
 ddafUf ap jimv/erid, ap Otnwedd, ap Diwc 
 Brichwain, ap Owen, ap AffaUacb, ap Afflecb, 
 •up Belt mawr^ to whom King Henry the Se- 
 venth is Son by the faid G-wenUian in the fiftieth 
 Degree. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap "tttdor ap Gronw, ap 
 Tudor ap Gronw, ap Gwenllian, Daughter to 
 Arglwydd Rhys^ Son to Gwenllian Daughter 
 o^Gruffydh Prmce, ap Cjnan Prince of North- 
 Wales, Son of lago Prince, ap Idwall Prince, 
 ap Metivic Prince, ap Idwall Foel Prmce, ap • 
 Anarawd Prince, ap Uodri mawr Prince of 
 all Wales, to whom Kmg Her^y the Seventh 
 is Son by GvjenUian Modier to the Arghvydd 
 Rhys in the (eventeemh Degree. 
 
 Ovom ap Meredith ap Ttidor ap Gronw, ap 
 Tudor, ap Gronw, ap Gwenllian, Fercb Arglwydd 
 Rhys, ap Gwladis, Ferch Rhywallon ap Cynfyn 
 Prince of Vowys, and Angharad Wife to Cynfyn, 
 Daughter and Heir to Meredith Prince cf 
 Fowys, Son of Owen Prince of Vowys and 
 S^^ih- Wahsi Son to Cadd Prince there. Whicii 
 
 Owm 
 
APPEND! t, S]? 
 
 Owen ap Howell dda, had two Sons, Meredith 
 and Eineotty and Owen their Father gave the 
 Principality of South-JFales to Eineon his Son, 
 and the PrincipaUty of Powys to Meredith his 
 oth^r Son. VVhich Meredith had Iffue An- 
 gharadj that wedded Cynfyn, by whom he was 
 Prince of Vowys, which Cadell was Son to 
 Rodri mawrVnnzz of all Wales ^ Son to Mer- 
 fjn frych, 8cc. to Bell mawr^ as above written 
 by Guitin Owens Book. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gronw, ap 
 Tuder, ap Gronw, ap Gwenllian, Ferch Arglwydd 
 Rhys, ap Grujfydh, ap Rhys, ap "Tudor, ap Eineon^ 
 ap Eineon^ ap Howell Dda, ap Cadell, ap An-^ 
 gharad, Wife to Rodri tnawr, Daughter to; 
 Meyric ap Dyfnwal, ap Arthen^ ap Seifillt, ap 
 Clydawcj ap Artholes, ap Arnothen, ap Brothan„ 
 ap Seirwell, ap UJJ'a, ap Caredic, ap Cwnedda 
 weledic, ap Edeirn, ap Tadarn Peifrydd, which 
 Edeirn wedded Gwawl ferch Coel Godehoc, Mo- 
 ther to Cwnedda weledyc, &c. 
 
 How Owen cometh o/'Meuryc Lord ofGwcnt^ 
 by Morfydd'j Daughter, If^ife to GronW ap' 
 Ednyfed Fychan. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap "Tudor dp Gronw, ap 
 Tudor, ap Morfydd, ferch Meuryc L. of Gwent, 
 
 Hoi^ Owen cometh of Ko^ri mawr, ^7 Angha- 
 rad , Daughter to Ithel Fychan, ap Ithel 
 Llwyd, and IVife of Tudor ap Gronw, 
 ap Ediiyfed Fychan. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap GronW, af 
 Angbarad, ferch Itbd P)chan, ap Ithel Llwyd, ap 
 
 Z Itket 
 
tgS A ? P E iJ D I X. 
 
 Ithel Gam, ap Meredith ap Vcbdrud^ ap Edwin 
 King of Tegengle in Flmtflnre. 
 
 HowOwtn comet h of Koi^n mawr hj Adleis, 
 fVtfe to Ithel Fychapj Daughter to Ricait. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gron-w , ap 
 Angharad Ferch Adlets Wife to Ithel Fychan^ 
 Daughter to Ricart, ap Cadwalader, apGrufydh, 
 ap Kynan Prince of North-Wales^ ap lago, ap 
 Idwal Foelj ap Ararawd, ap Rodn Adawr^ 6cc. 
 All this by Gjttm Owens Book. 
 
 How Owen cometh of Beli Mawr hy Gwerfill 
 Ferch Madawc,. o'r hen dwr, Wife to Gronw 
 ap Tudor, ap Gronw, ap Ednyfed Fychan. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gwerfill Fercb 
 Madawc or bin dwr^ ap JerSy ap Madawc, ap 
 Meredith J ap Bleddyn, ap Kynfn Prince of Fowis, 
 &c. and fo to Beli Mawr. 
 
 How Owen cometh to Beli Mawr hy the Mo- 
 ther of the [aid Gwerfill Ferch Madawc. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith , ap Tudor , ap Gwerfill 
 Ferch Madawc or hen dwr, ap Lleucu Fercb 
 Angharad , Fercb Meredith , ap Madawc, ap 
 Grujfudb Mae lor Prince o[ Peivis.This Madawc 
 ap Gruffudh Maelor, builded the Abby of F^aU- 
 cruciSf in ffelJJ), Manachlog Llan Egwefllj the 
 Year of our Lord iioo. and lyeth there bu- 
 ried, and this Gruffudh Maelor was Son to Mu' 
 dawCf ap Meredith, ap Bleddin, ap Cynfin, ap 
 Gwerifian^ ap Gwalthfoed, ap G wry dor, ap Ca- 
 riadawc^ ap Lies Llaw Vdeawc^ ap Edwal, ap 
 
 .. Cwyft' 
 
A P P E N D I Xr '339 
 
 Gwnnan , ap Gwnnawc Varf Sjch ^ ap Keidic^ 
 a} Corf, ap Cadna-ivc, ap Tegenwy^ ap Teon^ ap 
 Grvinaf Daafreuddwyd y ap Powj/r lew, ap 
 By -w dec, ap Rbun rhudd baladr , ap Llary^ ap 
 Casfar IVledic, ap Lludd, ap Belt Mawr King 
 of all England and Pf^ales , to whom King 
 Henry the Seventh is Son this way by Ludd 
 in 36 degrees. 
 
 How Owen cometb to Beli Mawr hy the Mc\ 
 thsrs fide of Gwerfill Ferch Mad awe. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Tudor, ap GwerjiU Ferch 
 Eva, Ferch Llewelyn ap Grujfydb, ap Gwenwyn- 
 •win, ap Owen Cyfeilioc, ap Gruff, ap Madawc, 
 ap Meredith o^Powit, ap Bleddyn^ ap Cynfin, &c. 
 to Belt Mawr, 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor ap Gwerfill Ferch 
 Eva, Ferch Margret, Ferch Meredith goch, ap 
 Meredith, ap lers Fychan, ap lers gSch, ap Mc 
 redith ap Bleddyn, ap Cynfin, &c. to Beli. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith ap Tudor, ap Gwerfyll, 
 Ferch Eva^ Ferch Margret , Ferch Meredith 
 goch, ap Cbrijlin, ap Bledrws, ap Edwal Owen 
 Bendew one of the fifteen Tribes of JAorth- 
 Wales, Son to Cynan Feiniard ap Gwalthfoed, 
 ap Gwlyddien, ap Gwridor, ap Caradawc, ap 
 Lies Llaw ddeawc, ap Edwal^ ap Gwnnan, ap 
 Gwnnawc Farf fych, ap Ceidio, ap Corf , ap 
 Cadnawc, ap Tegonwy, ap Teon^ ap GwinaU dau 
 FreudJwyd, &c. and fo to Belt. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Margret Ferch To- 
 fnas, ap Lhewelin, ap Owen ap Meredith Lord 
 Ifcoed, ap Owen, ap Gruffydh, ap Rhys Prince of 
 South Walet^ lb to Rodri Mawr^ 
 
 % z Owtn 
 
540 A P P E M D I Xi. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Margret , Ftrch To- 
 was ap Llywelm, ap Angharad, Ferch Arglwydd 
 Sion, John of Haffon by William ap David ap 
 Grujfydh. Dubium. 
 
 Owe7} ap Meredith, ap Margret , Ferch T'omas 
 ap LleTPeljn^ ap Angbarad Ferch Margret, Fercb 
 Vhilip, ap If or Lord l[cQzd by William ap Gruf- 
 fydh. Dubium. 
 
 Oimn ap Meredith y ap Margret, Fercb Tomat 
 ap Llewelyn, ap Angharad, Fercb Margret, Fercb 
 jingharad , Ferch Llewelyn ap lers drwyndvpn 
 Prince of all Wales. This Llewelyn wedded 
 Init Daughter of King John^ which was Son 
 to Henry the Second, Son to Man>d the Em- 
 prefs, Daughter to Hemy the Firft, Son to 
 William the Conquerour, Son to Robert Duke 
 of Normandy. .rsr.VJ. 
 
 Oiven ap Meredith, ap Margret, *Fercb Tomas 
 ap Elinor Fercb ..... Lord Barre by Gyttin 
 Oweny by information ofDr. Ow/c» Tool, and 
 Mr. Lingams Wife by an old Pedigree.' 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Margret, Fercb Tomas 
 ap Elinor^ ferch Elinor, Fercb Edward Longfhanks 
 King of England. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Margret, Fercb To' 
 mas 3 ap Elinor Ferch. Elinor Ferch Elinor fecond 
 to King Edward abovefaid. Dubium. 
 
 Owen ap Mtredith, ap Margret, Fercb Elinor 
 Ferch Meredith^ ap Owen, ap Gruffydh, ap Rhys * 
 Prince of South-Wales, by Madawc ap Lkwe- 
 lyn ap Howel his Books. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith , ap Margret , Fercb Eli' 
 mr, Ferch Catrin, ferch Llewelyn ap Gruffydh 
 lafl" Prnce of Wales. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith , ap Margret , Ferch Eli- 
 nor, Fercb Llewelyn ap Gruffydh, ap Tangwifil^ 
 
 Fetch 
 
. A P P E M D I X. 341 
 
 Fercb Llywarch gocb, ap Lhoivarch ap Fjill, ap 
 Cynan, ap Einion ap Gwridoy gocb, ap Helic , 
 ap Glannawc, ap Gwgon Gleddyfrudd , ap Co" 
 riadawc Freicbfras, ap Llir Merini^ ap Einion 
 irtbj ap Cunedda v^ledic. 
 
 Owen ap Meredith\, ap Margret , Fercb E- 
 linor^ Fercb Caterin, Fercb Elinor ap Grujfydh, 
 ap Tangiviftly Fercb Tangwiflly Fercb Llowarch^ 
 ap Bran, ap Dinhval, ap Efnjdd^ ap Alawe 
 Alfer, ap Tudwalj ap Rodri mawr : by Gyitin 
 Owen. 
 
 Gwen ap Meredith, ap Margret , Fercb Eli- 
 nor Fycban, Fercb Simon MohtfordEarl of Lei- 
 cefieri by Gyttin Ovpen, 
 
 Owen ap Meredith, ap Margret , Ferch Eli- 
 nor J Ferch Caterin, Fercb Elinor Fycban, Ferch 
 Elenor, Fercb John King of England. / ^ 
 
 Hereafter followetb the antient Lineage of the 
 faid Owen's Mother Margret Wife to Me- 
 redith ap Tudor. 
 
 Owen ap Margret , Fercb Dafydd Fycban, 
 ap Dafydd Llwyd, ap Cyner, ap Gronw, ap 
 Cyner, ap lers, ap Hwfa , ap Cwmtis, ap Cil- 
 lin, ap Maeloc dda, ap Gredef, ap Kwwui du, 
 ap Cillm Tnad , ap Tredur Teirnee, ap Mcilir 
 Eryr, gwyrgorfedd, ap Tiday, ap Tyfodde, ap 
 Gwyhfyw, ap Marchwin, ap Branap Pill, ap 
 Cerfyr, ap Meilir Meilirion, ap Goron, ap Cu- 
 nedda wledic, ap Gwawl Fercb Coel Gedchoc as 
 before. 
 
 Owen ap Margret, Fercb Dafydd Fycban, ap 
 
 t>afydd Llwyd^ ap Cyher, ap Gronw, ap Cyner^ 
 
 ap lers, ap Hwfa, ap Generis Fercb Ednowain 
 
 henderPf ap Cynon Finiaid, ap Gwarthfoed, ap 
 
 7j 3 Gwridr 
 
342. APPENDIX. 
 
 Gwridr ap CradeCy ap Lies Haw ddeuawc^ ap 
 Edtval, ap G-ivynnan : and fo to Luddy ap Belt 
 mawrj as before by Gyttin Owen. 
 
 Owen ap Margretj terch Dafydd Fychan, ap 
 Dafydd Lhwyd ap Cjner , ap Llayfedd Daugh- 
 ter to S\iWtlliant Tw}chet, Knight, by fVil- 
 liaf». Indub. 
 
 Owen ap Margret , Fercb Dafydd Fychan^ 
 ap Dafydd Lbwyd^ ap Alisy Fercb Robert, ap 
 Turfian Holland Capitain of Harlecb : by ff^tl- 
 Ham. 
 
 Owen ap Margret, Fercb Dafydd Fycban , ap 
 Dafydd Lbwyd, ap Alis, Fercb Margret, Fercb 
 Alan Norris, Knight, by Wtlliam. Indub. 
 
 Owen ap Margret, Fercb Dafydd Fythan^ ap 
 Angharad, Fercb Howell ap Meredith, ap lers, 
 ap Cadwgan, ap Llywarcb, ap Bran, as befone, 
 &c. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Dafydd Fycban, ap 
 AfJgbarad Fercb Howell ap Meredith, ap lers, 
 ap Gwenllian, Fercb Cynan ap Owen Gwjnedd^ 
 ap Grujfydh ap Cynan, &c. 
 
 Owen ap Margret, Fercb Dafydd Fycban, ap 
 Angbarad, Fercb Owen ap Bleddin, ap Owen BrO' 
 gennwn, ap Madawc, ap Meredith, ap Bleddiv, 
 ap Cytifin Prince of Fowls ; thsfe 3 by Gyttin 
 Owen. 
 
 Owen ap Margret , Fercb Dafydd Fycban, 
 ap Angbarad, Fercb Gwladis, Fercb Lleweltn 
 getbni, ap Edwal, ap Gruffydb, ap Adeuric, ap 
 Cadhayarn, ap Gwrydd, ap Rhys goch one of 
 the 15 Tribes of North (Vales; which was 
 Son to Sandwr ap larddwr, ap Mor, ap Tegerin, 
 ap Aclaw, ap Gredres, ap Cwmus du^ ap Cil' 
 lin Tnady &c. to Coel Godeboc, 
 
 ^ ... i. . - 
 
 Owen 
 
A P P E M D I X. 345 
 
 Oiven ap Margret, Fercb Dafydd Fychan^ ap 
 Angharady Fercb Gwladus^ Fercb Mali Llwyd, 
 Fercb lers ap Engion, ap Geraintj ap Tegwared, 
 Mp Cynfaivr , ap Madatvc dtfaetb, which were 
 Rulers and Great Men in Pentraetb. 
 
 Ovfen ap Margaret ^ Fercb Nefi, Fercb Jiv 
 my^ ap Gruffydb^ ap Howell^ ap Mereditb, ap 
 Engion^ apGwgon^apMerwyddy ap Golwj/n, one 
 of the 1 5 Tribes o^ Ncrtb-Wales, Son to Tang- 
 no j ap Cadfael, ap Lludd, ap Llen^ap Llaminod 
 Angel y ap Pafgen, dp Urten Rbeged, ap Meir^ 
 chion, ap Grwft, ap Cennaf^ap Coel godeboc King 
 as before. 
 
 Owen ap Merg'et^ Fercb Nefi, Fercb Jer- 
 my^ ap GwerfUl^ fercb Gwladasj Ferch Ed-wal 
 Fycban as before. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Nefi, Fercb Angbarad, 
 Fercb Gruffydb, ap Dafydd gocb, ap Gruffyib^ap 
 Lleiveljn Prince of Wales. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Ne(i, Fercb Angba- 
 rad^ Fercb Gruffydb ap Dafydd gocb, ap Dafydd, 
 ap Gruffydhf apTangwifil^ Fercb Lloivarcb gocb, 
 ap Llowarcb Holhwrcb, ap Pill , ap Cynaaiy ap 
 Gwridor gocb, ap Helic, ap Glannoc as btfove. 
 
 Owen ap Margret fercb Nejt , Fercb Angha- 
 rady Fercb Gruff ydby ap Dafydd gocb, ap Rhanullt, 
 Ferch RbeinalU King of Man. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Nefi, Ferch Angba- 
 rad, Fercb Gruffydb, ap Angbarad, Fercb Heylyn, 
 ap Tudor J ap Ednyfed Fycban. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Nefi, Fercb Angba- 
 hady Fercb Gruffydb ^ ap Angharad, Ferch Heylyn^ 
 ap Adleir^ Fercb Ricart, ap Cadwalader, ap Gruf- 
 fydb, ap Cynan Prince. Thefe 4 by Gyttm Owen. 
 
 Owen ap Margret Fercb Neft, Ferch Angharady 
 fercb Gruffydb,ap Angbar ad, ferch Heylyn^op Adleis, 
 
 Z 4 Ferch 
 
344 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Fercb Ricart, ap Cadwalader^ ap GrufyJb, af 
 Cynan, ap Afandrec Wife to Ufro , Daughter 
 to Gwayrf ap Pill, ap Cynatiy ap Cynddelw gam^ 
 ap Elgudi, ap Gr-ivyffiadj ap Di-wgludd,ap Tegawc, 
 ap Cyffiertb, ap Madoc Madogion, ap Sauddl hyd 
 Jingei, ap Llylwarch hen^ ap Elidor Ludanwin^ ap 
 Meirchion gul, ap Erwfi galedlwm^ ap Cenaw, ap 
 Coel godeboc King as before. 
 
 Q-ii^en ap Margret Fercb Nefi, Fercb Angbarad, 
 Fercb Marretj Fercb Tudor, ap lers^ap EwrgwnoKy 
 ap Cyfnertbj ap Rhuort, ap Nefydd bardd, one of 
 the 1 5 Tribes of Nortb Wales. 
 
 Owen ap Margaret Fercb Nefi , Fercb Ang- 
 harad^ Fercb Margaret.^ Fercb Tangivifil, Fercb 
 Madawc, ap Cyfnerth, ap Cyhelyn, ap Llywarcb 
 Fychatjj ap Llywarcb gocb^ ap Llowarcb Holbwrcbj 
 fp Pill, ap Cynon, ap Givrydr goch, ap Heltc ap 
 Glannoc, ap Gwgou gleddyfrudi^ ap Cariadoc 
 freicb frds, ap Glir Meirini, ap Engionyrtb, ap 
 Cynedda "wledic^ by Gytttn Owen, 
 
 AhfiraBed out of tie oldCronicks o/" Wales, 
 by Sir John Leiaf, Priefi, Guttin Owen, 
 GrufFydh ap Llewelyn ap Jermy , 
 Fychan , Madawc ap Llewelyn ap 
 Howell, Robert ap Howell ap Tho- 
 mas, John King, witb many others, at 
 : the King's Majefiys Co(ts and Charges, 
 Ihe Abbot of Llanegweltle, ajid Dr. 
 Owen Poolj Canon of Harf^ Over^ 
 feers. 
 
 A P P E N- 
 
345 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I{ex omnihuSi &c. 
 
 S Claris, quod cumLewelinusPrinciepsdeAberfFraw 
 & Dominus Snawerden, nobis concefferic 8c fir- 
 miter promiferit, quod ftabic provilioni venera- 
 bilium Patrum Redulphi Ciceftreafis Epilcopi & Can- 
 cellarii noftri, & Alexandri Conventrenlis & Lich- 
 field Epifcopi, & diledorum & fidelium noftrorum 
 Richardi Marefchalli Comitis Pembroch, Johannis de 
 Lafcy Comiris Lincolniae 8c Conftabularii Ceftrise, 
 Stephani de Segrave Jufticiarii noltri Angliae, 8c Ka- 
 dulphi filii Nicholai Senefchalli noftri, una cum Idne- 
 vet Senefchallo ipfius Lewelini 8c VVerrenoc fratre 
 ejus, Imano Vachan 8c David Clerico, quam ipfi fa- 
 (fturi lunc fuper congruis emendis nobis faciendis, de 
 omnibus exceflibus nobis & noftris, ab eo &c fuis t'a- 
 dlis 8c de reftitutione nobis 8c hominibus noftris fa- 
 cienda de omnibus terris 8c pofTefllonibus noftris, 8c 
 noftrorum per ipfum Lewelinum 8c Wallenles occu- 
 patis, occaiione Werra? inter nos 8c ipl'um motae ; fi- 
 mul eciam de recipienda reftitutione a nobis &c no- 
 ftris, de omnibus terris iplius Lewelini 8c hominum 
 fuorum per nos 8c noftros occupatis, occaiione Werrx 
 prxdivftK, & de aliignando David lilio iplius Lewe- 
 lini 8c Ylabellse uxori ejus primogenitx filia: 8c haere- 
 redis. Willielmi de Breus, rationabili portione ipfam 
 Yfabeilam contingente, de terris quae fuerunt pra:- 
 didli Willielmi patris lui, 8c de refuiione pecuni* no- 
 bis, facienda, pro prxditflis exceiiibus congrue emen- 
 dandis 8c portione praedida ailignanda 3 Provila ta- 
 
 men 
 
54^ APPENDIX. 
 
 men fuper hoc ab eifdem fufficiente fecuritare de 
 fideli feruitio nobis praeftando & de tranquilitare no- 
 bis & regno noftro Angliae, obfervanda. Ita jquod 
 dampnum vel periculum, nee nobis nee regno noftro 
 inde poffit evenire. Et C\ pendente provifione praedida, 
 aliquid de novo emerferir emendandum, idem Lewe- 
 linus voluerit & conceflerir, quod per praedidlos pro- 
 vifores emendetur. Nos provifionem eorundem quam 
 fadkuri funt fuper omnibus praemillis, gratam habe- 
 mus & accepram pro nobis, & noftris ficut praefatus 
 Lewelinus pro fe & fuis & in hujus rei teftimonium 
 has liceras patentes inde fieri fecimus. Tefte me 
 ipfo apud Salop fcptimo die Decembris 8c decimo fep- 
 timo anno Regni noftri. "^ 
 
 ^x^ &c 
 
 L EWE LINO Principi de Aberfraw falutem, Sol- 
 aris quod recepimus in gratiam noftram, Gil- 
 berrum Marefchallum & omnes qui fuerunt imprifii 
 Richardi Marefchalli tarn de Angha quam de Wallia 
 qui ad pacem noftram venire voluerunt & eis reddi- 
 dimus omnes terras & tenementa fua qux de nobis 
 tenueruntj 8c de quibus diflefliti fuerunt occa- 
 fione guerrae motae inter nos 8c praediclum comi- 
 tem, & nobis remanent quieta quajcunque fuper 
 nos 8c noftros per praedidum comitem, vel fuos 
 imprifios occupata fuerunt quse vobis duximus figni- 
 ficanda. Volentes quod vobis innotefcant quae penes 
 nos adta funt in hac parte, 8c quia per venerabilem 
 patrem Edmundum Cantuarienfem Archiepifcopura 
 & Co-epi(copos fuos captae funt Treugae inter nos 
 & vos fub firma fpe tradtandi de pace inter nos 8c 
 vos formanda 8c fortius firmanda. Mittimus pro- 
 pter hoc prajdidlum Archiepifcopura 8c venerabiles 
 Patres Alexandrum Coventrenfem 8c Lichfieldenfem 
 8c Henricum RofFenlem Co-epifcopos fuos ad partes 
 Marchiae j ita quod erunt apud Salop die Lun^e in 
 Craftino fan^wtae Trinitaiis : Et rogamus vos quatenus 
 iieuc noitram deiideratis amicitiamjj^on omittatis quin 
 
 in 
 
A P P E M D I X. 947 
 
 in Craftino die Martis loco tuto & compeEenti, quern 
 prxdidus Archiepifcopus vpbis fignificabic ipfi Archi- 
 epifcopo & Coepifcopis fuis occuratis ad tradatum 
 eum eis habendum fuper praemiflls. In quorum e- 
 tiam ore quaedam quae hon duximus fcripto com- 
 mendanda pofuimus vobis plenius exponenda j rogan- 
 tes quatinus ficut decet taliter ea quae reformatio- 
 nem pacis refpiciunt & quae ipfi plenius in hac parte 
 vobis explicabunt audire cum efFedu & eifdem ad- 
 quiefcere velitis, quod non ftet per vos quin firmutn 
 & (labile pacis vinculum inter nos & vos roborerur 
 ad noftrum pariter & veftrum commodum & ho- 
 norem. 
 
 liex, &c. 
 
 D' 
 
 klledlo & fideli fuo Richardo Comiti Cornubias 
 Sc Pidaviae falutem. Sciatis quod treugae cap- 
 lae funt inter nos & Lewelinum Principem de Aber- 
 fraw per venerabilem patrem Edmundum Archie- 
 pifcopum Cantuarienfem & Epifcopos (ecum adjun- 
 tos & quoldam alios fideles noftrofs propter hoc ad 
 partes Wailiae deftinatos duraturae a fefto Sandli Ja- 
 cobi anno regni noftri decimo oftavo ufqiie in duos 
 annos fequentes in hac forma. Quod omnes injuriae 
 8c damnae hinc inde fada infra ultimam treugam 
 capram per venerabilem Patrem Henricum Roffen- 
 fem Epilcopum in media quadrageffima proximo prae- 
 terita per Didatores ejuidem treugae emendabuntur, 
 quod omnes terrae hinc inde occuparae per ultimam 
 Guerram motam, reftituentur hisquibus poftea fint 
 oblatae, homines etiam illi qui hinc inde recefferint 
 a fidelitate dominorum fiiorum & (e tenuerunt ex 
 parte adverfa libere revertantur. Ita quidem quod 
 durantibus trcugis praedidis in nullo occafionabuntur 
 nee aliquid dampni vel mali eis fiet occafione prae- 
 dida. Adjedum eft etiam in eadem provifione treuga- 
 rum ; quod fi vos 8c diledus 8c fidelis nofter Radul- 
 
 phus 
 
AV P B N D IX. 
 
 phus de Thorny nolueritis fub eifdem. treugis com- 
 prehendi bene placebit eidem Lewelino. Sin autem 
 nihilominus, quod ad nos & alios fideles noftros eas 
 firmicer obkrvabit. Et fub tali conditione quod fi 
 forte tenere non velletis contra vos fe defendet. Ita 
 quod contra ipfum & defenfionem fuam nullum vo- 
 bis faciemus nee facere poterimus per nos vel per aii- 
 quem de Marchia vel alium interim confilium vel 
 auxilium ad ipfum gravandum, & taliter funt treu- 
 gae pr2edi(5l2e ex parte ipfius Lewelini juratae & afle- 
 curatae & in adventu praedi^i Archiepifcopi ad nos 
 fimiliter ex parte noftra eas jurari fademus & afle- 
 curari, & ideo vobis mandamus firmiter injungentes, 
 quatinus praedidlis treugis fine difficulrate aliqua ad- 
 quiefcentes eas teneatis & ex parte veftra eas teneri 
 faeiati*. Quia modis omnibus volumus quod eas te- 
 neatis & firinicer obfervetis. Quid autem inde fa- 
 cere propofueritis aperte refponfum veitrum nobis fub 
 teftinatione fcire faciatis. Telle Rege apud Weltmo- 
 nafterium tricefimo die Junii. 
 
 Radulphus Herefordenfis Epifcopus, Decanus He- 
 refordiae, Walterus de Clifford &c Walterus de bello 
 Campo iterum conftituti funt Di(^atores emendarum, 
 fadendarum & redpiendarum de incerceptionibus fa- 
 (Sis, ut dicitur Lewelino Principi de Aberfraw, 8cc. 8< 
 Morgano de Carleon quoad Caftrum Carleon 8c eil» 
 dem dicfiatoribus afTociati funt Prior de Wenloc 8c Jo- 
 hannes extraneus 3c debenc coovenire in craltino 
 claufi Pafchae apud vadum de Montgomery ad cons. 
 lequendum quod priore die ad hoc conllituto debu- 
 iffet tuifle executum. Telle Rege apud Northamton 
 iexto die Martii. 
 
 f^Ex: 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 i^9 
 
 RE X omnibus ad quod prajfenres literse pervene- 
 rint. Sciatis quod conceflimus bona fide & fine 
 malo ingenio 8c raras habemus 8c gratas treugas cap- 
 ias apud Theokesburiam die Veneris in Fefto Sandi 
 Benedi(fti, anno regni noftri vicefimo per venerabilern 
 Patrem Edmundum CantuarienfemArchiepifcopmn in^ 
 ler nos 8c omnes homines 8c imprifios noftros apertos 
 ex una parte, 8c Lewelinum Principem de Aberfraw 
 8c Dominum de Snaudan 8c omnes homines 8c in- 
 prifios fuos apertos tarn Walenfes quam alios ex ali^ 
 parte duraturos a Fefto Sandli Jacobi, anno eodem 
 ufque in unum annum completum. Ita fcihcet quod 
 tarn nos 8c noftri quam praedidlus Lewelinus 8c fui 
 limus in eifdem terris 8c tenementis, hominibus 8c ho- 
 magiis in quibus fuimus praedidto die captionis treu- 
 garum iftarum. Salva Morgano de Garfcon reftiru- 
 tione fua ram de terris quam de bonis 8c Mobilibus 
 fuis quae comes Gilbertus Marefchallus occuparerar, 
 fuper eum infra treugas aKas inter nos 8c ipfum Le- 
 welinum ultimo captas. Siquid autem interim fue- 
 rit foris fa(9:um per captionem terrarum vel caftro- 
 rum vel bonorum mobilium 8c manifeftum de cap- 
 tione terrarum vel caftrorum illorum terras ; 8c caftra 
 ftatim reddantur non expe(ftata aliqua corredtione 
 emendatorum treugae, fed de bonis mobilibus ita cap- 
 tis per ipfos corredtores fiant emendae, treugis nibil- 
 ominus durantibus in fua firmitare in forma prx- 
 didta. Ira quod hinc inde nulla namia capiantur pro 
 aliqua interceptione fad:a infra treugas iftas de bonis 
 mobilibus, nee pro aliqua contenrione ante captionem 
 hujus treugae ona/ed per ipfos correcftores fiant. Nul- 
 lus etiam receptet in poteftate fua imprifios alterius 
 inde emends ficut piaedidtum eft durantibus treu- 
 gis. Nullum etiam caftrum novum firmetur in Mar- 
 chia vel dirutum reficiatur durantibus treugis, Sc terras 
 fini communes fecundum formam treugarum^ quK 
 ultimo captae fuerunt inter nos 8< ipfum Lewelinum. 
 
 Juraverunc 
 
3 so 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 Juraverunt autem in anitnam noftram ex paite no- 
 lira in banc treugam bona fide, & fine raalo inge- 
 nio fideliter obfervandara ufque ad praedidura termi- 
 num dilicti & fidcles noftri Henricus de Aldithely, 
 Johannes Lcftrange & Henricus de Stafford, in cujus, 
 &c. Tefte me ipfo apud Theokesburiamj undecirao 
 die Julii, anno regni noftri vicefimo. 
 
 Sciant prxfentes & futuri,quod ita convenit interDo- 
 minum Heniicum Regem Anglic ilJuftrem ex una parte, 
 (t David filium Lewelini quondam Prineipis Nor- 
 wallix & Dominuni de Aberfraw ex altera, apud GIou- 
 ceftriam die Martis proximo ante Feftum San6li Dun^ 
 ftanni, anno regni ipfius regis vicefimo quarto, dc 
 Horaagio ipfiu'? David quod ipfe offerrcbat eidem Do- 
 mino Kegi pro jure fuo Norwalliae & de terris quas 
 Barones ipfius Domini Regis icilicet Griffinus filius 
 Wennuwan & alii Barones Domini Regis petebant 
 verfus iplum David ut jura fua excepra de monte alto 
 fecund um, quod continetur in fcripto nuper confedo 
 apud crucem Griffini per Senefchallos Domini Regis, 
 qua: ad pr^efens excipitur ab arbitrio, faJvo tamen in 
 pofterum jure Senefchalli Ceftriaj in terra ilia fi quod 
 nabent. Scilicet, quod prxdidus Dominus Rex ce- 
 pit homagium prxfati David de prxdido jure fuo Nor- 
 wallia:, & quod tarn idem Dominus Rex pro praefatis 
 Baronibus fuis de confccnfu eorundem quam pra^fatus 
 David pro fe & fuis & hiredibus eorum fuper omni- 
 bus terris prasdiiftis fe fubmiferunt, arbitrio venerabji- 
 um Patruoa Ottonis Sandti Nicolai in Carcere Tulli« 
 ano Diaconi, Cardinalis Apoftoiici fedis legati; Wi-^ 
 gornix & Noriveci Epifcoporum, & nobilis viri Ri- 
 chardi Comitis Pidavia; & Cornubia:, fratris ipfius 
 Domini Regis & Johannis de Monemue ex parte ip- 
 fius Domini Regis, & vcnerabilis Patris Epifcopi de 
 Sando Afaph Idnevet Vaghan, Eynguan Vaghan ex 
 parte prasfati David. Ita quod quomodo libet ab ipfis 
 omnibus vel a majori parte eorundem, fuper pra^mif- 
 fiis fuerit arbirratum, utraque pars ipforum ftabit Ar- 
 bitrio & illud in perpetuum firmiter obfervabit ; & ad 
 ha:c fideliter fine frawde fervanda VVilliflmus de Can- 
 
APPElJDIX. 351 
 
 tclupo de praecepto Regis Juravic in animam ipfius 
 Regis & idem David in propria perfona fua corporate 
 praeliiric Sacramencum. Et iniiiper (e fubmiferunt jurif- 
 didlioni & inordinationi praefati Domini legati quam- 
 diuinAnglia legationis fungatur of5cio,ur partem contra 
 praemilTa venientem per cenfuram Eccleliafticam mo- 
 dis omnibus quibus meJius viderit expedire, ram ad 
 praedidum arbitrium obfervandum quam ad tranf- 
 greflionem contra illud perpetraum emendandam va- 
 leat coercere, ordine juris obfervato. Dum tamea 
 idem David vel fui, fi foriitan contra prxdida venire 
 praefumpf^int prius coram dido Domino legato vel 
 aliquibus alifs ad hoc ab ipib deputandis & partibus 
 merito non fufpedis in confinio Marchiae loco eidem 
 David & fuis tuto legitime communicantur, fi ad hoc 
 vocaM venerint : Vel fi legitime vocati non venerint 
 pro contumacibus habeantur nifi rationabile & (iiffi- 
 ciens habeant impedimentum, finito vero prxdidse 
 legationis officio lub forma prxfcripta & cohercioni & 
 jurifdidioni Domini Cantuarienfi Archiepifcopi & fuc- 
 ceflbrum fuorum & Ecclefiae Cantuarienfis fe partes 
 praedidae fubmiferunt. Et fciendum quod per hanc 
 pacem remanent Domino Regi & haeredibus fuis om- 
 nia homagia Baronum Wallix quieta, & remittuntur 
 omnia incendia, homicidia, & alia mala tarn ex parte 
 Anglicorum quam Wallenfium perpetrata ; ita quod 
 ad invicem plene reconcilientur. Salvo praefati David 
 jure fuo, fi quod habet in aliis terris. Et fi forte ali- 
 quis praedidorum arbitrorum ante hoc arbitrium 
 completum in fata deceflerir, vel per impedimentum 
 rationabile praedido arbitrio faciendo non poflit in« 
 terefle j alius loco fuo fubftituetur qui neutri partium 
 merito fufpedus habeatur : Ad hoc praefati Epifcopus 
 de Sando Afaph Idnevet 8c Ignan & Griffinus filius 
 Rotherich praelliterunt Sacramentum, quod quantum 
 in eis eft, praedida fideliter obfervabunt & ab ipfo 
 David 8c fuis modis omnibus quibus poterunt, fadenc 
 obfervari : Ad majorem autem hujus rei fecuritatem 
 fadum eft hoc fcriptum inter ipfos Regem 8c David 
 in modo Chirographi. Ita quod parti remanenti pe- 
 pes ipfum Dominum Regem appofitum eft Sigillum 
 
 ipfius 
 
351 APPENDIX. 
 
 ipfius una cum Sigillo proedidlorum Epifcopt de 
 San(5to Afapho Idnevet, Ignan 8c GrifEni, &/parti pe- 
 nes ipfum David remanenti appofitum eft figillum Do* 
 mini Regis : His teitibus venerabilibus ParribusOttone 
 San6ti Nicolai in carcere Tulliano Diacono, Cardinal! 
 apoftolicae Sedis legato; WalteroEboracenfi Archiepi- 
 fcopo, WalteroCarleolenfi, Wakero Wygornenfi Sc 
 Willielmo Norwicenfi Epifcopis ; RichardoComite Pi- 
 (itavias & Comubias fraiire Domini Regis, venerabili 
 PatreEpifcopo de Sandto Antando ; Senefchallis noftris 
 Joanne extraneo, Edenyfet Watham, Griffino filio 
 Rotherich, David Arehidiacon de SanAo Afaph 8i 
 aliis. 
 
 r\ AVID filio Lewelini lalutem. Bene recoil- 
 ^^ mus qualicer nos vobis nuper in mandatis dedi- 
 mus, quod coram nobis apud Wigorniam comparere* 
 tis ad providendum arbitros qui loco eorum qui pri- 
 mo ad hoc ei£(^i fucrint & qui ad partes receflerunt 
 rranfmarinas, juftitiam fecundum formam pacis inter 
 & vos provife fingulis conquerentibus exhiberent ; &c 
 in arbitrio praedicSto fecundum formam debitam proce- 
 derent 8< fimilirer ad juftitiam recipiendam de por* 
 fione uxorem veftram contingente de hajreditate liia i 
 Et fimilirer ad ftandum redo fuper his de quibus Se- 
 nefcallus de Monte alto & aliis de vobis lunt conqueftf. 
 Et quia ad diem & locum vobis praefixos non accefli- 
 ftis, led literas veftras nobis mifiltis ; continentes quod 
 tres ex vettris ad nos loco veftro deftinaftis, ex quibus 
 fantum unus ad nos acceflit qui ad pra:mifla adiq;^- 
 plenda nullam poteftatem habuit j unde quibuldaof' 
 ex noftris vifum fuerat quod hoc malitiofe 8c ut fub* 
 terfugium quxreretis per vos fa(5lum fuit. Nos u-*> 
 men hoc non credent es fed fideliratem veftram adhue 
 magis probare volentes, vobis mandamus in fide qua 
 nobis tenemini, pra^cipiendo quatinus omni occallone 
 
 poftpofita, 
 
APPENDIX, 35J 
 
 poftpolira perlbnaliter compareatis apnd Salop, die 
 Dominica ante Dominicam Palmarum coram fide- 
 libus noltris quos illuc duxerimus tranfmittendos ad 
 confentiendum in perfonas certas, ad procedendum in 
 arbirrio praedidlo loco eorum qui ad partes ttanf- 
 marinas recelferunt & ad faciendum in eodem arbi- 
 trio id quod adhuc reftat faciendum ; & ad recipien- 
 dam jultitiam de portione uxorem veftram de haere- 
 ditate fua contingente &c ad ftandum redVo Senefchallo 
 Celtria^ & aliis de vobis conquerenribus. Quod (i 
 perfonaliter ad hoc faciendum venire non poiTitis tales 
 loco vellro mitcatis qui plenam poreltatem habeanc 
 ha;c omnia nomine vellro faciendi Nos enim vobis 
 & vcitris per cos quos ibidem mittimus aut per nof- 
 met ipfos falvum 8c fecuram provideri faciemus con- 
 dudum. Tefte Rege apud Wudeitoclc decimo nono 
 die Februarii. 
 
 Anno Domini millefimo duceritefimo quadrage- 
 fimo primo, die Dominica proxima ante inventionem, 
 Sandse crucis airignata,David filio Lewelini quondam" 
 Principis Norwallise 8c Marchionibus ad confentien- 
 dum in arbitros luftituendos loco abfentium &i. ad fa- 
 ciendam 8c recipiendam jultitiam fecundum formani 
 pacis convener inter Dominum Regem 8c didum 
 David comparuit Thudius Senefchallus ipfius David, 
 Cancelhrius 8c Philippus filius ibor Clericus ex parts 
 David prccuratores ; otlendentes literas ipfius David» 
 in quibus didtus David promittebat fe ratum liabitu- 
 rum quicquid per ipfos fieret fecundum formam pa- 
 cis fapradidar. Radulphus vero de mortuo mari 8c 
 Rogerus Senefchallus Ceitriae 8c Griffinus pro le &i 
 aliis Marchionibus comparuerunt j perentes inftanief 
 quod fecundum dicta cellium produdcrum coram 
 Domino Stephano de Segrave, Sc conjudicibu? fuis 
 vicem Domini Regis gercncibus apud ialop eifdem 
 exhiberecur juudse complementum. Sed contra prc- 
 curatores pra;fati David afftrebant didos teltes non 
 effe receptos fecundum formam pacis. Qitire fe- 
 cundum dida eorum non dicebat nee porerac judi- 
 carL Tandem continuaia die &C ahcrcatione magna 
 
 A a lur?f 
 
354 J P P E N D I X. 
 
 Tuper hoc & .iliis habirata inter partes, forma pacis 
 pr.Tdidl.-e produdta in medio vifaque 8f p(?rfe(5ta loco 
 abfentium arbirrornm fcilicec Domini Orronis Sandli 
 Nicplai in carcere Tulliano Diaconi Cardinalis, Do- 
 mini Papx quondam legati in Anglia Wigornerifis 8c 
 Korwicenfis Epifcoporum fullrogati funt per Domi- 
 num Regem de conlenfu didorum procuratorum 
 Epifcopus Ccventrenfis, Johannes fih'us Galfi idi & He- 
 reberius filius Marthxi, & Walterus de Clifford : Qui- 
 bus data eft eadem poteftas quam haberent abfen- 
 tes fi prxfentes effenc fecundum formam pacis prae- 
 didae 8c aflignata eft dies partibus d die Pentecoftes 
 proximo in unum menfem apud pontem de Mane- 
 ford ultra Salop ad probanda hinc inde {\vt per 
 produdlos teftes ; non obitante produdlione jam fada 
 per alios 8c quolibet probationis genere five per in- 
 Ibumenra, live alio modo quae voluerunc 8c libi no- 
 verint expedienda ; 8c ilia die dabirur alia ad judicium 
 audiendurn fecundum probata coram eifdem arbitris 
 juxta formam pacis fuperius praelibatae- 
 
 TTV AVID filio Lewelini quondam Principis Nor- 
 •*-' walliaj falutem. Ex certa quorundam relatione 
 didicimus quod vos contra juramcntum nobis praefti- 
 tum quofdam fratres Griffini filii Madoc 8c etiam 
 qaofdam homines noftros de Keri, qui homagia nobis 
 feccrunt vobL<J confeoderatis 8c ab oblequio & fide- 
 litate noftra fubtraxiftis 8c fratres p^a.'di^5i:i Griffini 
 contra rws in terra veftra receptatis. Tres quidem 
 de Senelchallis veil r is in fucGurfum eorum qui ex- 
 pugnant diledum 8c fidelem noltrum Radulphum 
 de Mortuo mari deltinaftis cajdes 8c incendia per vos 
 8c veliros in terra fua 8c terris aliorum fidcliumcom- 
 iTiiitendo, terras etiam quse in curia noltra abjudi- 
 cate fnciunt Owcno Vaghan 8c nepotibus luis, cis 
 coiitra juitiriam dcforciatis, non permirtentes quod 
 
 cxccutio 
 
APPENDIX. 3j^ 
 
 eiecutio fiat de his quse in curia noftra funt cori(i« 
 derata. Quandam etiam navem Ceftriae quse in pp- 
 teftate veftra applicuir Cartata blado & aliis vidluali- 
 bus areftari feciltis per vos & gentem veftra m, in 
 nullo his quorum bladum & viAualia fuerunr inde 
 latisfacientes fuper quibus non modicum admiramur 
 & mo'vemur j & multo fortius quod cum nuper mi- 
 fiflemus niintios veftros folempnes ufque Salop, urpote 
 veriefabilem Patrem Henricum Coventrenfem & Lich- 
 fieldenfein EpifcopUin, & diledtos & fideles noftroi 
 Jdhannem filium Galfridi, & Henricum de Adirhelc^ 
 paratos ad erhendas faciendas & recipiendas de in- 
 terceptionibus fa(ftis, tarn ex parte noltra, quam ex 
 pirte veftra, vos tanquam in contemptum noftrunri 
 prasditflis fidelibuj noftris non occurrifti% ntc per ali- 
 quos de veftris in eorum occurfum mi:rere curaftis, 
 quod quidem a-gre nos movet cum cot & tantas inju-^ 
 rias quas longum eifet enumerare contra nos & no^ 
 ftros nUUo mode attemptare debuirtis : & ideo vobis 
 mandamus quod praedidtos fideles noftros tarn fratrcs 
 prididli Griffini quam homines noftros de Keri quos 
 a fidelitate noftra fubtruxiftis ad fidem noitram re- 
 dire facialis. Non impedientes quin prxdidhis Owenus 
 Vaghan & nepotcs lui fccundum abjudicatum eft in 
 cUria noHra terris fuis gaudere polfint 8c eas paci- 
 fice poiTidere. Id etiam quod contra dileiflum & fi- 
 delem noftriim Radulphum, de morcuo mari & alios 
 fideles noftros & etism quod de naViilla Celirenfi at- 
 tempraftis, fie emendari faciatis ; quod nobis non re- 
 linquatur materia injurias praediflas gravius ulcilcen- 
 di quod nollemus. Nee omitaris quin citra feiiunrr 
 Sandi Petri ad vincula nobis (ignificetis qua liter 
 dampna & injurias pradnftas, quae nullo modo diifi* 
 mulare poterimus nobis emendare volueritis. Tefter 
 Rege apod Merlebergh, quarto decimo die Julii. 
 
 Sciant praefentes & futuri quod ita eonvenit inteif 
 Dominum Henricum Regem Angli.v illuftrem ex una 
 parte & Senanam uxorem Griffini filii Leweiini quon- 
 dam Principis Norwalliae, quem David frater ejus 
 tenet carceri mancipatum cum Owen tilio fuo nomine 
 A a i ejutdecxs 
 
550 
 
 e APPENDIX. 
 
 ejufdeiTi GiiiTini es altera ; fcilicct quod prsedi'ila Se- 
 nana tnanucepit pro pra:dici:o Griffino viro fuo quod 
 dabit Domino Regi fexcentas Marcas, ut Rex eutn 
 & prsdidtnm Owen filium fuum liberari faciat a car- 
 cere detineri. Et ut Rex poltea judicio Curiae luae 
 fecundum legem Walenlem ei & hsredibus fuis ha- 
 bere faciar fuper portione quae eum continget de hx- 
 redirate qua; luii prxdifti Lewelini patris fui & quim 
 prxdidus David, ipli Griffino deforciavir. Ita fi quod 
 idem Griffinus vel haeredes fui per co'nfiderationem 
 curias Domini Regis reciperenc portionem quam fe 
 dicunr contingere de hoereditate pra'did:a, eadem Se- 
 nana manucepir pro prsdido Griffino 8c hxredibus 
 fuis quod ipfc &c hxredes fui imperpcruum inde red- 
 dene Domino Regi Sch^redibus luis trecer.tas Marcas' 
 annuas. Scilicet rertiam partem in dcnariis8c tertiam 
 partem in bobus & vacci% & tertiam partem in equis 
 perasftimationem legalium hommum liberandas vice- 
 comiti Salop, apud Salop, & per manum ipfius vice- 
 comicis ad faccarium Regis deferendas & ibidem li- 
 berandas, fcilicet unam medietatem ad feftum Sandti 
 Michaelis & aliam medietatem ad Pafcham. Eadem;. 
 etiam Senana manucepit pro praedidlo Griffino viro 
 fuo & hxredibus fuis quod firmam Pacem tenebunt 
 cum prxfato David fuper portione quse eidem David 
 remanebit de haereditate pra2di<5ta : Manucepit etiam 
 Senana pro praefato Griffino & h^eredibus fuis, quod 
 fi aliquis Walenlis aliquo tempore Regi ve! haeredibus 
 fuis rebellis extiterit, praefatus Griffinus & haeredes 
 fui ad cultum luum proprium ipfum compellent ad 
 fatisfacicndum Domino Regi & ha^redibus fuis. Ec 
 de his omnibus lupradi«5^tis obfervandis, dicta Se- 
 nana dabir Domino Regi David Sc Rorhery filios 
 luos ob'ides : ita tamcn quod li de praefato Griffino 
 8< Uweyno hlio fuo qui cum eo eft in carcere huma- 
 nities contingar antequam inde deliberentur 5 alter 
 prididtorum hliorum eidem Senanae reddetur reli- 
 quo obiide remanente : Juravit infuper Senana ta- 
 Ctis Sacrc-San(ftis Evangeliis pro fe & prxfaio Grif- 
 fino & hxredibus fuis quod haec omnia firmirer ob- 
 lervabunt_. Et manucepit qucd p-sefatus Griffinus 
 
 idem 
 
APPENDIX. 357 
 
 idem jurabit cum a carcere liberatus fuerir, & fupsc 
 prcemilfis fe fubniifit nomine dioti Griffini juriCdiitioni 
 rierefordends & Conventrenfis Epifcoporum. Ira 
 quod praefati Epifcopi, vel alter eorum quem Da- 
 minus Rex elegeric ad requifitionem ipfius ilegis per 
 fententias excommunicationis in perfonas & interdiili 
 in terras corum coherceanc ad omnia projdidla &: fin- 
 gula obfervanda. Hxc omnia manucepir prxdiila 
 Senana &r bona fide promifit fe faduram 8c curaru- 
 ram quod omnia impleantur, 8c quod prxfarus Grif- 
 finus cum liberarus fuerit, & hsredes iui hxc omnia 
 graca habebunt & complebunt 8c inftrumentum fuura 
 inde dabunt Domino Regi in forma prxdida. Ad 
 majorem fiquidem hujus rei fecuritatem fadum eft 
 hoc fcriptum inter ipfum Dominum Regem 8c prxfa- 
 ram Senanam nomine prxfati Griffini viri fui. ita 
 quod parti remanent! penes ipfam Dominum PwCgem 
 appofitum eft (jgillum prxfati Griffini per manum 
 prxfatx Senanse uxoris lu-e una cum ligillo iplius Se- 
 nanae ; 8c parti remanenti penes ipfam Senanam nomine 
 prjefati Griffini appofitum eft figillam ipfius Domini 
 Regis; De fupradidlis etiam omnibus complendis 8c 
 firmirer obfervandis dedit prjzdidla Senana nomine 
 praefaii Griffini Domino Regi piegios fubrcrip:os,'z;.;{. 
 Radulphum de Mortuo Mari, Walterum de Clifford, 
 Rogerum de Monte alto Senefcallum Ceitrix, Mail- 
 gun filium Mailgwn, Mereduc filium Roberti, Griffi- 
 num filium Maddoc de Baunfeld. Howel 8c Mereduc 
 fratres ejus, Griffinum filium Wennwcn, qui hare 
 omnia pro pn-gfata Senana manucepeiunt 8c Cartas 
 fuas ip.i Dcmino Regi inde fecerunt. Adum a pud 
 Sa'oj die Lunae proxi na ante alfumptionem bca:« 
 Maris anno ipfms Regis viceiiimo quinto. 
 
 /^Mnibus hoc fcriptuiT) vifuris Rogerus de Monte 
 ^^ ako ienefchallus Celirias lalutem. Sciatis quod 
 ego me conltituti plegtum Senan3e,uxoris Griffini filii 
 Leolini quondam Principis Norwalli.-e, 8c mana cepi 
 A a 3 prok 
 
A P P E ^^ D I X. 
 
 pro ca erga Dominum meum Henricum Regem An- 
 glic illuftrem, <juod omnia quae conventionavit eidcm 
 Domino mco nomine prasfati viri fui a carcere in ^uo 
 David frater ejus eos detinet & pro portione quae 
 ipfum Griffinum contingit de hasreditate qua fuit pra:- 
 di(^i Leolini parris fuis & quam prastatus David fra- 
 ter ejus ei deforciat, Domino Regi firmiter obferva- 
 bit. In cujus rei teftimonium huic fcripto figillutn 
 meum appofui, Adum apud Saiopesbury die Lunae 
 an'-e affumptionem Beata; Mariar, Anno regni ipfius 
 vicefimo quinto. 
 
 Sub eadem forma fecerunt finguli plegii prasfcripti. 
 
 Sciant praefentes & futuri quod e^o Mereducus fi- 
 iius Howel, tadis racrofanftis juravi quod ab ifto die 
 in antea omnibus diebus vitae meae ero ad fidelitateni 
 Domini Regis Anglix , & ferviam ei fideliter & de- 
 vote cum omnibus viribus meis & toto pofle meo 
 quandocunque indiguerit fervitio meo , & treuganj 
 inrer Dominum Radulphum de mortuo mari & me 
 initam ulque ad feftum S. Michaelis anno Regni Re- 
 gis Henrici vigefimo quinto ex parte mea fideliter 
 obfervabo : & tarn ad fidelitatem Domino Regi in 
 perpetuum obfeivandum quam ad tieugas prajdidtas 
 oblervaiidas ufque ad rerminum praed'iitum fuppofui 
 me jurildiclioni Domini Herefordenfis Epifcopi , & 
 Domini Coventrenfis 6i Lichfieldenfis Fpilcopi , vel 
 akcrius eorum , quern Dominu? Rex ad hoc elegerit, 
 ut fi in aliquo contra prxdi(ftam hdeiitdtem Domini 
 Regis , vel contra obfervantiam piafdidarum treug^- 
 rum venerit, liceat eis vel eorum alceri quem Domi- 
 iius Rex ad hoc elegerit perfonam n-eam & omncs 
 , neos excommunicare& terram meam inte'rdicere', do- 
 nee de tranfgreflione iplam fatijfecero ad plenum. Et 
 fi forfitan infra pratdidtum Feftum Sandti Mich^eli in- 
 ter prsedidum Radulphum de mortuo maii & me nul- 
 la pax fuerit formata , licet poll feftum iilud beliuip 
 tnoveant prxdido Radulpho, non cbligabit me pra?di- 
 i^um juramentum dum tamen erga Dominum Regern 
 fidelitatem obfervam continuaro," ficut prxdi^um eft. 
 
APPENDIX, 359 
 
 Etfi bellum poft prardidiium-terrainum inter nos movea- 
 tur, nihilominus Dominus Rex fuftinebic quod ego &. 
 mei receptemur in terra lua ficut alii fideles fui. Ad 
 prsdidla autem obfervanda Domino Regi & hasredi- 
 bus fuis obligo me per jaranientum prsedidum , & 
 per figilli mei appofitionem quod huic fcripto appo- 
 lui, ad majorem confirraationem prxdi6ioiun:i. A(5turo 
 in craftino aflumptionis BeaicC Maria:, anno regni Re- 
 gis -Henrici vigefimo quinto. 
 
 Sub eifdem verbis fecerunt Domino Regi chattas 
 fuas, Owen filius Howell. Mailgon filius Mail- 
 gun. Mereduc filius Mereduc. Howcl filius 
 Cadwachian, & Cadwachlan filius Howel. 
 
 OMnibus Chrifti fidelibus ad quos prsefentes li- 
 teral pervenerunt, David, filius Leolini, faiu- 
 tem. Sciatis quod concelli Domino meo Henrico 
 Regi Anglix illuftri filio Domino Johannis Regis ; 
 quod deliberabo Griffinum fratrem meum quern teneo 
 incarceratum una cum filio fuo primogenito & aliis 
 qui occafione prardifti Griffini funt in parte mea in- 
 carcerati , & ipfos eidera domino meo Regi rradam. 
 Ec poftea ftabo juri Curiae ipfius Domini Regis tarn 
 fuper eo , utrum idem Griifinus debeat teneri captus 
 quam fupcr portione terrx quae fuit prxdiiSi Leolini 
 patris mei, fi qua ipfum Griffinum contingere debeat, 
 fecundum confuetudinem Walenfium. Jta quod pax 
 fervetur inter me & praedidum Griffinum fratrem me- 
 ura quod caveatur de ipfa tenenda fecundum confi- 
 derationem curi^ ipfius Domini Regis, & quod ram 
 ego quam prsdidus Griffinus portiones noilras quse 
 nos contingent de pra°di6lis terris tenebimus in ca- 
 pite de praedi^Vo domino Rege. Et quod reddam Ro- 
 gero demonte alro Senefchallo Ceftriie terram fuara de 
 Monthaut cum pertinentjis : & fibi & aliis Baronibus 
 & fideJibus domini Regis fcifinas terrarum fuarum 
 occupatarum a tempore belli orti inter ipfum domi- 
 nium Johannem Regero & pracdidtum Leolinum pa- 
 
360 APPEND! X. 
 
 trem meum, (alvo jure proprictati's cujullibet padli & 
 inftrumenci fuper quo fiabitur juri hinc inde in curia 
 jpfius domini Regis : & quod reddam ipfi domino re- 
 gi omnes expenfas quas ipfe & fui fecerunt occaiione 
 cxercituj iftius. Et quod iacisfaciam de damnis & ia- 
 juriis illatis fibi & fuis (ecundum confiderationero prae- 
 diclas cuiiae vel malefadores ipfos , ipfi domino regi 
 reddam omnia homagia qux dominus Johannes rex 
 pater ejus habuit, & qua: dominus Rex de jure ha* , 
 bere debet ; & fpeciahter omnium nobiliura Wallen- 
 lium. Et quod idem dominus rex non dimittit ali- 
 quem de fuis captivis quin ipfi domino regi & fuis 
 remaneant feifinaj fuse. Ec quod terra de Engufmere 
 cum perrinentiis fuis in perpetuum remanebit domi- 
 no regi, vel h^redibus fuis, Zz quod de c^tero non 
 receptabo vilagas vel foiis banniaws ipfius domini 
 regis, vel Baronum fuorum de Marchia in terra raea, 
 nee permittan:! reccptari ; & de omnibus articuhs fu- 
 pradiclis, & fingulis firmircr & in perpetuum obfer- 
 vandis, domino regi, & hiredibus luis, prorae & h^e- 
 redibus meis cavcbo per obfides & pigaora 8c aliis 
 modis quibus dominus rex dicere volmt vel didare- 
 Et in his & in omnibus aiiis ftabo voluntati, & man- 
 datis ipfius domini legis & juri parebo omnibus in cu- 
 ria fua. In cujus rei teftimonium , pijefenti fcripto 
 figillum meum appendi. A(^um apud Acrietum ju- 
 xta fluvium Elvey de S. Afapho in fefto decolla- 
 tionis S. ]ohanni Babtifl^, anno praedidi doinini re- 
 gis Henrici vigefinno quinto. 
 
 Sciendum quod illi qui capti detinentur cum prafdi- 
 flo Griffino, eodem modo tradentur domino regi do- 
 nee per curiam luam confideratum fuent , utrum & 
 quomodo debeant deiiberari. Ec ad omnia firmiter 
 fcenenda, ego David juravi fuper crucem fanitam 
 quam coram me feci deportari. Venerabiiis etiarrt 
 pater Howelus epifcopus de S. Afaph ad petitionemi 
 meam firmiter promific in ordine (uo, quod hxc om- 
 nia prajdidia faciet, & procurabit modis quibus po- 
 terit, obfervari. Ednevet fiquidem Waugam per prac- 
 ceptura meum, illud idem juravir fuper crucem prasdi- 
 
 (^tam. 
 
APPENDIX. 361 
 
 6lam. A<5lum ut fupra. Prsterea ccnceflj pro me 
 & haetcdibus meis quod fi ego, vel haeredes mei con- 
 tra paceni domini regis, vel haeredium fuorum, vel 
 contra articulos prsdidos , aliqutd attentaverimus 
 tota hxreditas noftra domino legi, & haeredibus fuis 
 incurratur. De quibus omnibus & fingulis fuppofui 
 me , & haeredes meos , juri(di(5lioni Archiepifcopi 
 Cancuarienfis, & epiicoporum Londinenfis, Herefor- 
 denfis, & Covenrrenfis, qui pro tempore przerunr, 
 quod omnes, vel unus eorum, quem domifiUs rex ad 
 hoc elegerit , poflit nos excommunicare , & terram 
 noftram interdicere, fi aliquid conrra ptsdidta atten- 
 taverimus. Et procuravi quod epifcopi de Bangor & 
 de S. Afaph chartas fuas domino regi fecerunt per 
 quas conceflerunt, quod omnes fcntentias tarn excom- 
 municutionis quam interdidti i prxdidis Archiepif- 
 copo, epifcopis, vel aliquo eorum, ferendas, ad man» 
 datum eorum exequentur. 
 
 B^x omnibus, 3:c. 
 
 DAVID filius Lewelini quondam principis 
 Norwaili^e, Salutem. Noverint univerfitas 
 vcftra me fpontanea voluntate mea pepegiflfe Domi- 
 no meo Henrico Dei gratia Anglia?, quod ego & 
 hsredes mei eidem domino regi, & hajredibus fuis 
 omnibus diebus vitx noftrae conftanter & fideliter 
 ferviemus, nee aliquo tempore contra eos erimus .- 
 Quod ii forte eveneuc, quod a fideli fervicio fuo, vel 
 hsredum fuorum, quod abllr,receirerimus,tcta terra no- 
 tlra erga ipfum dominum regem & haeredes fuos in- 
 curratur, & in ulus eorum perpetuis cedat temporibus, 
 Hanc autem padlionem & conceflionem figilli mei ap- 
 pofitione roboravi, & ad majorem hujiis rei declara- 
 tionem venerabiles parres Bangorenfem, &: deS.Afaph 
 Epifcopi, ad petitionem meam prazfenti fcripco figiJIa 
 fua appofuerunr. A(^um apud Rothetan triccflmo pri- 
 mo die Augufti, 
 
 Illufi 
 
 ri 
 
36r APPEND/ X. 
 
 TLluftri viro domino Henrico Dei gratia regi Anglo- 
 l rum, &c. Abbates Haberconwiaf, & de de Kemerc 
 Ciftcrcienlis ordinis inquificores dati k domino Papa, 
 falutem in Domino. Mandatum domini Papaf recipi- 
 mus in hxc verba, Innocentius Epifcopus, Icrvus fer- 
 vorum Dei, diledtis filiis Abbatibus de Haberconwias, 
 & de Kemere Ciftercienfis ordinis Kangorum diocefis 
 falutem & apoftolicam benedidlionem. Ex parte di- 
 le(5ti filii noftri nobilis viri David Principis Northwal- 
 lis fuit propoCtum coram nobis , quod cum inter ip- 
 fum, quem parentes ejus in alumnum Romanae Ec- 
 clefir donaverunt , 8c chariflimum in Chrifto filium 
 noftrum regem Anglorum illuftrem beilum longo tem- 
 pore perduraflet , tandem poftquam fuit in venerabi- 
 lem fratrem noftrum epifcopum de S. Alaph, & col- 
 legas ipfius de ftando hinc inds eoruro arbitrio Ta- 
 per omnibus querelis juramento a partibus prasftito 
 concorditer bonis viris mediantibus conpromiffum. 
 Idem rex, non attendens quod pendente illorum ar- 
 bitrio, fibi fuper hoc aliquid attentare non iicebit in 
 praediilum principem ex infperato hoftiliter irruit ad 
 praeftandum, quod fuper praedidis de quibus conpro- 
 miffum fuerit & juratum, ac aliis ipfius regis, mandate 
 per vim computit, & riietum qui cadere poterat in 
 conftantem. 
 
 Cum igitur ea qux vi &r metu fiant, carere dcbeant 
 robore firmitatis, difcretioni veftra; per apoftolica fcri- 
 pra mandamus, quatenus inquifita fuper' hoc diligen- 
 tius veritate, fi rem inveneritis ita efle, aucloritatc 
 noftra prxdi(5tum principem ab obfervatione fie ex- 
 torti juramenci penitus abfolventes, fententia, fi qua 
 occafione ejufmodi in ejus perfonam , vel terram ab 
 aliquo forfan tota fuerir, juxta formam ecclefia: fine 
 difficultate quaiibet, ficut juftum fuerit relaxetis. Te- 
 iles vero, &c. Datum Janthn feptimo calendas Au- 
 gufti Pontificatus noltri anno fecundo Hujus igitur 
 auroritate muniti vobis mandamus quatenus in vigiJia 
 5>. Agnetis Virginis, apud Keyrus in ecclefia Gufte- 
 fi?rd coram vobis compareatis, fuper contentis in Au- 
 tentico di^o principi refponfuri s fi vobis videritis 
 i5xpedire. 
 
APPENDIX. 365 
 
 IJli funt A R T I C U L I intimati Do- 
 tniHO L £ o L I N o Prittcipi Walliar, 
 ^ populo ejufdem loci, ex parte Archi- 
 epifcopi fupra di^u 
 
 PI{imfli quod propter falutem eorura fpiritualem, 
 & ceroporalem ad parces iftas venimus , quas 
 Temper dileximus, ut plmcs eorum noverunt. 
 
 Secundo^ Quia venimus contra Domini regis volun- 
 tatem, cui etiam adventus noftcr dicitur plurimum dif- 
 plicere. 
 
 Tertioj Quia rogamus eos & fuppJicamus eis pro 
 fanguine Jeiu Chrilti, quatenus venire velint ad uniJ 
 latem cum gente Anglorum , & ad paccm Domini 
 regis, quam eis intendimus, quanto meJius poterimus 
 procurare. 
 
 Quarto, Volumus eos fcire quod in his partibus 
 Domini non poterimus remanere. 
 
 Quinto, Volumus eos attendere quod poft recefTum 
 noftrum non invenient aliquem, qui ita velit fua am- 
 plcdi negotia promovenda, qui vcliemus, fi placerec. 
 Altifllma vita noftra temporali corporum paccm ho- 
 nettam & ftabiiem perpetuo procurafle. 
 
 Sexto, Qiiia fi nollras preces fpreverint & labores, 
 ftatim iptendimus eorum pertinaciam fcribere fummo 
 Pontifici &Curif Romanae, propter peccata mortalia, 
 qux multiplicantur occafione difcordiaj omni die. 
 
 Septimo, Novcrint quod nifi citius ad pacem venc- 
 rint aggravabitur eis bellum, quod non poterunt fufti- 
 nere, quia crefcit regia potenna omni die. 
 
 O^avoj Noverint quod regnum Anglix eft Tub fpe- 
 ciaii proteftione fedis Apoltolicae , & quod Roma* 
 
364 APPENDIX. 
 
 na Curia plus inter regna cjetera diligere confuevit. 
 
 l4ono, Quod eadem Curia nullo modo volec per- 
 rnittere ftatum regni Angliae vacillare, quod fibi Ipc- 
 cialibus obfequiis eft devotum. 
 
 Decimo, Amariffime plangimus hoc quod dicitur 
 Wallenfes crudeliores exiftere Saracenis 5 quia cum 
 Saraceiii capiunt Chriftianos, eos fervant pecunia re- 
 dimendos, quos Wallcn(es capcos dicuntur illico ju- 
 gulare quafi folo fanguine deledentut } imnio quod 
 eft decerius, quos promitcunc redimi, tradunc accepca 
 pecunia jugulandos. 
 
 Vndecimo, Quod cum confueverit Deum & perfo- 
 .nas Ecclefiafticas revereri , a devotione hominum vi- 
 dentur mulcipficirer receififfe, qui in tempore fandlif- 
 fimo in redemptoris injuriani raoverunt feditionem, 
 homicidia & incendia perpetrantes, in quo eos nullus 
 poterit excufare. 
 
 Duodecimo, Petimus ut tanquam veri Chriftiani ad 
 cor redeant poenitentes, quia coeptam dilcordiam non 
 poflent continuare etiam fi jurafTent. 
 
 Tertiodecimo , Petimus ut nobis fignificent quibus 
 modis velint & valeant turbationem pads regis , 1«- 
 fioncm reipublicae, & mala alia emendare. 
 
 QuartodecimOi Ut figniftcent nobis quaiiter valeat 
 ipfa Concordia ftabiliri, fruftra enim pax iirmari vide- 
 bitur quse tam affidue violatur. 
 
 Qujntodecimo, Ut fi dicant leges fuas vel foedera ex 
 padlo inito non fervari , nobis fignificent qua? lunc 
 ilia. 
 
 Sextodecimo, Noverint quod etiam pofito quod eis 
 derogatum fuiiret, quod nefciraus, nullo modo licebit 
 eis quafi elTcnt judices in caufa fua taliter majefta- 
 tem regiam impugnare. 
 
 Septimodecimoy Quod nifi modo pax fiat, procedi- 
 tur contra eos forfitan ex decreto militia?, facerdo- 
 ti, &: populi convocati. 
 
 RevcrendiiUmo 
 
APPENDIX, 365 
 
 REverediflimo Patti in Chrifto Domino J. De 
 gratia Cantuaricnfi Archiepifcopo totius Ani 
 gliae Primati , fuus humilis & dtfotus filius Leolinus 
 Princeps Wallix, Dominus Sraudcn, falutcm & iilia- 
 km diledionem cum cmnimoda rcverentia, fubjcdio- 
 ne & honore , fariias patcinitati veftrar pro labore 
 vobis quafi intolerabiJe qutm affumpfiftis ad pia:fens 
 pro diledione quam eiga ros & noflram nationcm 
 geritis, omni qua pofTumus devotione rcgratianrcs vo- 
 bis afluigimus ; & eo amplius quod contra Domini re- 
 gis voluntatem veniftis prcut nobis intimaflis. Ca:- 
 terum quod nos rogaftis ut ad paceip Domini regis 
 veniamus , fciie debet vcftra fanditas quod ad hoc 
 prompti fumus, dummodo idem dominus rex paccra de- 
 bitara & vcram nobis & ncftris velit obfervare. Ad 
 hoc licet gauderemus de mora veftra facienda in 
 Wallia, tamen per nos non critis impediti quin pax 
 fiat, quantum in nobis eft, quam optamus per veflram 
 indufiriam magis quam alicujus alterius roborari. Et 
 fperamus nee per Dei gratiam erit opportunura propter 
 noftram pertinaciam aJiquid fcribere Domino Paps. 
 Nee veHras paternas preces ac graves Jabores fper- 
 nemus , fed eas ampledlimur omni cordis atfedu uc 
 tenemur. Nee erit opus quod Dominus Rex aggra- 
 vet contra nos manum, cum prompti fumus iibi obe- 
 dire juribus ncftris & iegibus nobis ut praemitratur re- 
 Jervatis. 
 
 Et licet regnum Angliae fit Curia* Romans fpecia- 
 liter fubjedum & diledtum , tamen cum Dotninus Pa- 
 pa, necnon & Curia Romana audiverint quanta no- 
 bis per Anglicos mala funt illata, videlicet qucd pax 
 prius formata non fu)t nobis feivata nee pacta ; de- 
 inde devaftationes, combuftiones, & Ecclefiafticarum 
 perfonarum inrerfe^iones, facerdotum videlicet & in- 
 cluforum, & aliarum religiofarura perfonarum paflim 
 malierura & infantium fuggentium ubera & in utero 
 portantiura, combuftiones etiam hofpitalium & aliarum 
 domorun:! religiofarura, hoinicidiorum in co^roirerii! , 
 Ecclefiis, & fuper Altitia, & alioruro facriiegiorum & 
 flagicioium auditu etiam hoiribilium, audita Pagano- 
 
 ruin 
 
^66 APPENDIX, 
 
 rum ficut expreHius in aliis rotulis confcrfpta vobis 
 tran (mittimus infpicienda. 
 
 Speramus imprimis, quod veftra pia 8c fandla pa* 
 ternitas clementer nobis coropatietur, nee non & Cu- 
 ria fupra di^a, nee per nos regnum Anglix vacillabic, 
 dum, ut promiflum eft, pax debita nobis fiat & fer- 
 vctur. Qui vero fanguinis effufione deledantur ma- 
 nifeftum eft fadtis. Nam Anglici hadenus nuUi fe- 
 xui vcl Ktati feu languori pepercerunt , nulla Eccle- 
 fiae vel loco facro detuierunt, qualia vel confimilia 
 Wallenles non fccerunt. Super eo autem quod unus 
 redemprus fuit interfe^us, mulcum dolemus, nee oe- 
 ciforem manu tenemus, led in fylvis uti latro vagatur^ 
 De CO vero quod incepcrunt guerrara aliqui in tem- 
 pore indebito, iliud ignoravimus ufque poft fadum^ 
 & tamen ipfi aflerunt quod nifi eo tempore hoc fe- 
 ciffenc mortes & eaptiones eis imminebunt, nee au- 
 debunt in domibus refidere, nee nifi armati incedere, 
 & fie pr£ timore tali tempore id fecerunt. De eis 
 vero quae fecimus contra Dominum, ut veri Chci- 
 ftiani per Dei gratiam poenitebimus, nee erit ex par- 
 te noftra quod beilum continuetur , dum Tumus in- 
 deranes ut deberaus. Ne tamen exhafredemur & paf. 
 fim occidemur, oportet nos defendere ut valemus. 
 Cum vero injuria & damna hinc inde confiderentur 
 & ponderentur parati fumus emendate pro viribus 
 qua: ex parte noftra funt comraifla, dum de prxdittis 
 injuriis & damnis nobis fa(5lis & aliis cmenda nobis 
 fiat. £t ad pacem firmandam & ftabiliendam fimi- 
 liter fumus prompti debitis modis. 
 
 Quando tamen regales charta: & pada inita nobis 
 non fervatur, fieut nee hucufque Tunc obfervata, non 
 poteft pax ftabiliri, nee quando novae exadtiones & 
 inauditx contra nos & noftros omni die adveniunt. 
 Vobis autem tranfmittimus in rotulis damna nobis 
 illata & fosdcra non fervata fecundum formam paeis 
 prius fa(flam. Quod verb guerravimus quafi neceffi- 
 tas nos cogebat ; Nam nos & omnes Wallenles cra- 
 mus adeo oppreffi St Tupped itati & ipoliati & in fer- 
 vitutcm redadti per regales Juflicianos & Ballivos con- 
 tra formara pacis Sc omnem jufticiam amplius quam 
 
 fi 
 
APPENDIX, 367 
 
 fi Saraceni eflemus vel Judaei, llcut credimus & facpe 
 denunciavimus Domino Kegi, nee aliquam emendam 
 habere potuimus. Sed femper mittcbantut jufticiarii 
 & ballivi ferociores & crudeliores , & quando illi 
 erant faturati per fuas injudas exadtiones, alii de no> 
 vo roittebantur ad populutn excoriandum in tantum 
 quod populus mallebat mori quam vivere. Nee opor- 
 tet militiam ampliorem eonvoeare, vel contra nos mo- 
 veri Saeerdocium dum nobis fiat pax & fervetur mo- 
 dis debitis ut fuperius eft exprcfTum. Nee debitis fan- 
 fte pater omnibus verbis credere noftrorum adverfario- 
 rum ; ficut enim nos failis oppreflTerunt & oppriraunc, 
 ita & vobis diffamanr, nobis imponentes qux volunr. 
 
 Ipfi enim vobis funt praefentes & nos abfentes, ipfi 
 opprimentes & nos opprefli. Et ideo propter Deum 
 fidem eis in omnibus non exhibeatis , fed fafta potius 
 examinetis. Valeat fani^itas vcftra ad regimen Eccle- 
 iia: per tempora longa. 
 
 Primus Artieulus eft talis. Cum in forma pacis fic 
 contineatur ut fequitur. Si vero idem Leolinus jus 
 vendicaverit in aliquibus tern's quas alii prstec di- 
 £tum dominum Kegem occupaverint extra quatuor 
 Cantredos praedi6tos, pleniariam fibi juditiamexhibe- 
 bit prxfatus dominus Rex fecundum leges 8c confue- 
 tudines partium illarum in quibus terrae illae conliftunt : 
 qui Articulus non fuit obfcrvatus fuper terris Arwyft- 
 ley & inter Dyvy 8d du(5lus fluviorum, pro eo quod 
 cum Dominus Leolinus diftas terras vendicafTet co- 
 ram Domino Rege apud Ruthlan , & Rex fibi coa- 
 cefTiflet caufam examinare fecundum leges & confue- 
 ludines Wallia: ac advocati pretium fuiflent introdu- 
 (5ti coram Rege ut judicarent de didis terris fecun- 
 dum leges Wallicanas j parte rea coraparente & re- 
 fpondente adeo quod eo die deberet finaliter tei rai- 
 nari ex praefixione Domini Regis qui apud Glover- 
 niam exiftens diem proedidlum paitibus aflignavit, li- 
 cet fxpius in diverfis locis coram julHciariis fuiflct 
 dicta caufa examinaca, & terras ip(£ efifent in purl 
 Wallia. Nee unquam judicata fuit fuper eis nili fe- 
 cundum leges Wallicanas 3 Nee Dominus Rex polfet 
 
 vel 
 
68 A P P B N D it 
 
 vel deberet prorogare nifi fecund um leges Wallis : 
 Diem tamen ipfum motu proprio prorogavit & contra 
 leges antediflas, & ad ultimo fuit vocatus ad loca va- 
 ria ad quje non de-buit evocari, nee jufticiam obtinere 
 potuit, nifi fecundum leges Angliae contra illud quod 
 in difto Articulo continetur. Ec idem fadum fuic 
 corann jufticiariis apud Montgomery , cum partes ef- 
 fent in judicio conltitutx & rirmatx, & dies datus ad 
 fententiam audiendam, diem prorogaverunt leges me- 
 moratas, Demum apud Londinum poft mukos labo- 
 res & expenfas varias Rex ipfe juflitiam fibi denega- 
 vit, nifi veliet fecundum leges Anglias fubire judicium 
 in caufa memorata. 
 
 Secundus Aiticiilus non fervatus eft talis. Et omnes 
 tranigiefliones injuriac &r excelfus hinc inde {:i&.£ poe- 
 nitus lemittuntur ufque in diem hodiernum. Irte Ar- 
 ticulus non fuit obleivatus quia Dominus Reginaldus 
 de Grey ftatira cum fuit facitus Jufticiarius, movit va- 
 rias qua:ftiones & innumerabiles contra homines de 
 Tegengl , & nos fuper tranfgreffis quae (s6tx fuerunt 
 in tempore Domini Henrici Kegis, & didli Domini 
 Leolini dum Dominum in partibus illis obtinebat un- 
 de difti homines multum timcntes non audebant in 
 domibus fuis permanerc. 
 
 Tertiiis Articulus , Ubi di<5lus Rys Vachan filius 
 Ne/r filii Maelgon cum terra quam nunc tenet & cum 
 poit pacem ihitam fuic fpoJiatus de terra de Gene- 
 verglyn, quam tunc tenebat cum hominibus & Ave- 
 riis eorundem. 
 
 . Qiutrtus Articulus , Item concedit Dominus Rex^ 
 quod omnes terras tenentes in quatuor Cantredis, & 
 in aliis terris quas Dominus Rex retinet in manu lua, 
 teneanc eas adeo libere & pleniarie ficut ante guer- 
 ram tenere confueverint , & eifdem libertatibus & 
 confuetudinibus gaudeant quibus prius gaudere fole- 
 banc, & cum contra iftum Articulum didus Keginal- 
 dus confuetudines varias de novo introduxit, & hoc 
 contra pacis formam fupradidtam. 
 
 Item Quintus Aniculus, Concroverfiae &: contentio- 
 nes moc^ vel movend* inter Principcm & quofcun- 
 que terminabantur 8c decidentur fecundum leges 
 
 March's? 
 
APPENDIX. ^6p 
 
 Marchiae de his qux emergunt in Marchia, & fecun- 
 dum leges WalHa; de rebus contentiofis qux in "VVal- 
 lia orientur. Contrn iftum Articulum venic Dcminus 
 Kex mittendo jufticiarios ufque ad Montgomery, 
 qui ibidem judicare praelurapferunc homines dicn 
 Leolini, vindiiiam poncndo fuper illos contra legti 
 Wallias, cum hoc veJ aliud iimile nunquam fadluni 
 fuiflet ibidem temporibus retroadis, quofdam incar- 
 cerando, ahos in exilium mittendo, cum ipfe idem 
 Princcps paratus efleE de eifdem hominibus fuis ex- 
 hibere jultitia: complemenrum omnibus quasrelantibus 
 de eildem. 
 
 Item Sextus Articidtis. Item cum fic conrentum 
 in diifta pacis forma, quod Griffinus Vachan homa- 
 pium faccrct Domino Kegi, de terra, de Yal , & 
 priiicipi de terra de Edeyrnahu Juiliciarii Domini in- 
 troduxerunc in totam terram pr^di^ftam de Edeyina- 
 hu cujus cognitio caula; ad Principem perrinebat fim- 
 phciter,. & non ad illos Jufliciarips ; & tamen ptobo- 
 no pacis piinceps hoc tokrabat cum ip(e Ptinceps pa.» 
 ratus efTct cidcm Dorninje iuper hoc juftitiam exhi- 
 here. 
 
 Septimus Articuluf, ubi dicitur S: licet idem Prin- 
 ceps fe noflrx ut diclum elt luppoluerit voluntati, 
 nos tamen concedimus & voiumus quod voluntas no- 
 
 lira ultra didos Aiticulos fe in alicjuo non 
 
 extendant. Contra iltum Articulum exigebatur Au- 
 jum ad opus Reginoj in qualibet folutione fa(51:a Kegi 
 
 cum Aurum nunquam fuit exacftum VVailen- 
 
 fibus, nee in tempore Domini Hentici, vel ahcujus 
 aiterius Kegis Anglix ; quod Aurum exlbivit pro bono 
 pacis, cum tamen nihil de hoc tadum fuit in forma 
 pacis vel excogitatum : & nunc infuper exigitur a 
 rrincipe Aurum ad opus Reginse fenions matris vide* 
 licet Domini Edvardi nunc Regis Angliaj, pro pace 
 fada in tempore Domini Henrici nunc Regis Ang- 
 lix', cum nihil de hoc tunc fuerat didium vel quo- 
 quomodo excogitatum, videlicet duo millia Marca^ 
 fum & dimidium , & nifi didtse Marcae folverentur, 
 minibatur didla Regina quod bona ejufdem Leolini 
 ^ccuparet qugg in venue poterac in Dominio Regis, &: 
 
270 J P P E N D 1 A\ 
 
 homines fuos capere vel venundare quoufque didam 
 lummam haberet ad plenum. Item cum invitaffec 
 Dominus Rex didum Principem adfe(^tum Wiggor- 
 nienfem verbis blandiflimis prcraittendo ei quod d^ret 
 tunc confanguineam fuam fibi in uxorem, 8c multis di- 
 taret honoribus j Nihilominus cum illuc veniffet in die 
 defponfationis, ante mifTam petiit Dominus Rex unara 
 literam conlignari a Principe continentem inter ca:- 
 rera, quod idem Princeps nullum omnino honorem in 
 terra lua teneret contr Regis voluntatem, vel manu 
 teneret ex quo poflif contingere quod omnes fideles 
 Principis ab eo commoverentur. Quam quidem lite- 
 ram fibi Cgillaram tradidir, computans per metura qui 
 cadere polTct in conftantem virum, cum tamen in for- 
 ma pacis, ut prarmiflum eft, contineatur quod nihil ab 
 eo deberet exigi , ultra quod in di(5ia forma conti- 
 nerur. 
 
 Item, Cum fecundum candem pacis formam confue- 
 tudines eidem Principi confirmentur quibus ufus fue- 
 rat ab antiquoi ac idem Princeps & Anteceflbres fui, 
 ex confuetudine diutina & obtenta bona de naufra- 
 giis in terris fuis provenientia confueverant recipere, 
 & in fuos ufus convertere ad libitum: Jufticiarius 
 Ceftrenfis namium recepit fuper Principem pro bonis 
 quse recepit de naufragiis ante guerram contra di(flam 
 pacis forman) per quam hinc inde erant remifla , & 
 contra confuetudines ante didtas. Dato etiam quod 
 hoc eflet foris faitum namium recepit tale, videlicet 
 quindecem libratas mellis & plures equos ac homines 
 Juos incarceravit, & hoc ex propriis bonis Principis 
 antedidi. Preterea, accipit fcaphas de Banweys qua: 
 venerant apud Liverpol cum mercandiis per mercato- 
 resj & eas numquam deliberavic donee pecuniam pro 
 eis accepit quantum volebat. 
 
 Item, Cum quidam homines de Geneurglyn quxdam 
 bona abftuliflent ab aliis vicinis fuis de Geneurglyn, 
 dum eflent in Dominio Principis de Merpyreton homi- 
 nes Regis de Llanbadarn proedam fecerunt, 8c acce- 
 perunt de terra Principis de Merpyreton, & cum ho- 
 mines fui venifTent illuc'ad quaerendura quare di(5bam 
 prsdara receperant , unum de eis inteifecerunt, &r 
 
APPENDIX. j;i 
 
 alios vulnerarerunt, & quofdam incarceraverunt. Ec 
 cum in dida pads forma contineatur quod in Marchia 
 deberent emendari qua? in Marchia comraittebantur, 
 tamen didti homines Regis homines Principis audire 
 noluerunt alibi quam in Caftro de Llanbadarn, & hoc 
 contra pacis formam antedidam, fuper quo hadknus 
 nullam juftitiam habere potuerunt. In iitis Articulis 
 injuriatus Dominus Rex Principi 5c fuis, & etiam m 
 multis aliis ; Ec licet Princeps tarn per fe quam per 
 fuos petiviflet fxpius ^ Domino Rege quod pacis for- 
 mam fupradidam erga fe & fuos faceret obfervari, in 
 nullo tamen extitit obfervata fed omni die de novo 
 Jufticiarii & Ballivi Domini Regis in partibus illis in- 
 jurias injuriis, & vatia gravamina cumulaverunc ; pro- 
 pter quod mirum non debet videri alicui {[ Princeps 
 prajfatus alTenfum prxftitit illis qui guerrare coeperunt, 
 cum in his fides quam in animam Domini Regis libi 
 Dominus Robeitus Tibetot juraverat in nullo (ervaba- 
 tur, & maxima & principaliter cum Princeps fuifler 
 praemunitus ^ perfonis fide dignis quod Princeps fo= 
 ret a Rege capiendus in fuo primo accefTu apud Ruth- 
 Ian, & etiam fuifTet captus fl Rex illuc accefllffet polt 
 Natale ficut propofuerat. 
 
 Nee gravamina & alia quafi innumerabilia, fandle 
 Puter, confiderantes, nobis aflfeftu paterno compacia- 
 mini, & pro falute anima? Domini Regis, & noftrae, 
 & etiam mulcorum aliorum, ad pacem bonam utriuf- 
 que populi laboretis fru(fluosc. 
 
 Cum Dominus David primo vemfTct ad Dominum 
 Edvvardum tunc Comitem Ceflrix, ac homagium fi- 
 bi feciffet, idem Dominus Edwardus eidem Davidi 
 duas Cantredas, videlicet de dyffryn-Clwyd & Cywo- 
 nant cum omnibus fuis pertinentiis dedit plenarie, & 
 literas fuas patentes fuper hoc fieri fecit, tandem etiam' 
 donationem eidem invocavir, poflquam creatus eft in' 
 Regem, & etiam ilium Davidem in pofleflionem illa- 
 lum Cantredarum induxit corporalem. 
 
 Den)um Domina Gwenthian de Lacy mortua, tres 
 villas quas in dictis Cjantredis tenuk quoad vitam.qu^ 
 a^ "rpiuta- Diividtn* fpeiiabant ratione Djnationis fu^ 
 
372 APPENDIX. 
 
 pradiflJE D.-rninus Rex fibi abftulit minus jufte contra 
 tcnorcm Charta; fua;. 
 
 Item^ Cum diifcus David ex donaticne Domini Re- 
 gis prjediai villas de Hope & Elton obcinere: inWal- 
 lia, de qjibus nulli rclj^ondere renebatur ni;i fecun- 
 dum leges \Vallicana$ ; randem Jufticiarius Ceilrien- 
 fis tecic ipfum ad inrtantiam cujuldam Anglici WilJh. 
 de \'anabel n'^mine ad cciBicatjm Ceftrienfem fupe: 
 d ft;s vilulis ad judicium evocari. He licet didus Do- 
 minus David perivifiec mu.coties quod injuriofe contra 
 eundem non procederetur in dicto comiratu, pro eo 
 quod ibidem refpondere nullatenus renebatur fupcr 
 villis prjedidis qui f.tx erant in WalHa, fed potius 
 tractaretur, hoc fibi plane denegavic. 
 
 Item^ Idem Juiticiarius Ceftrienfis in gravamen di- 
 <^\ Domini Davidis nemus fuum de Lleweni &: Syl- 
 vas fuas de Hope fecit fuccidi tam per villanos de 
 Ruthlan, qunm per alios, cum idem Jurticiarius in ter- 
 lis pr^didli Dcfliini Davidis nullain omnino haberec 
 jurifdictir.ncm, 8c non ccntenti qucd niir:t7:ium ibi- 
 dem qusrerent ad idificia exigenda tam apud Rode- 
 lanum quam alibi in patria , fed nemus deflruend6 
 mnemium ibidem fedum ad veodendum in Hyber- 
 niam tranliulerunt. 
 
 Item. Cum idem Dominus David quofdam Fortani' 
 cos de terra Domini Regis qui in nemoiibus htitabanc 
 cepiflet, ac fufpendio tradidiflet, idem tamen Juftici- 
 arius ipfum Davidera penes Regem accufabat, ac fi 
 jpfe didos malefadores defenderet &: manutenerct, 
 quod venlimile non erat cum ipfe David didos latro- 
 nes fufpendi tacerer & occidi. 
 
 Item, Cum effct cautum in forma pacis quod Wal- 
 fenfes deberent in cauCs fuis tractari fecundum leges 
 VVallicanas , iftud tamcn circa didum Davidera & 
 faos homines in nullo extitit cbfervatum. 
 
 De premiflis ?ero gravaminibus & aliis petiit idem 
 David aiiquam emendationem vel fecundum leges Wal- 
 lv£, vel confuetudmes, vel etiam ex graria fpecialij 
 & hoc eriain petiit a Domino Rege, quorum neu- 
 rrum potuit aliquatenus obtinere : £r cum hoc prjc- 
 maaitus fuit a quibuidafla a Curia Dcjmini Regis, qucd 
 
 in 
 
APPENDIX. 975 
 
 ^n prlmo regreflu Domini Reginald i de Gray de Curia 
 idem David effet capiendus ut filii fui capiendi pro 
 obfedibus elTct, infuper fpoliajidus caftro (uo dc Hope, 
 & cciam fylva fua ibidem fuccidctida. Ideo cum idem 
 David mulcum laboiafTet pro Dcmino Rege prxdido 
 in diverfis gucriis tam in Anglia qjam in Wallia, &: 
 expofuiffet fe 8: fuos variis periculis & injuriis , ac 
 araififlet nobiliores de fuis & fortiores, ac multos ni- 
 mis, nihilominus dedidtisgravaminibus & aliis nullam 
 omnino juftitiam, emendationem, feu gratiam potuit 
 obtinere. Propter quse gravamina & pericula, timens 
 mortem propriam aut filiorum fuorum, vcl incarcera- 
 tionem perpetuam, vel faltem diutinam, qua/i coadus 
 & invitus incepit prouc potuit fe & fuos dcfenfare. 
 
 Hcc eft forniii (jiuxm Dowimis H^x Anglic frnyni fit 
 hominihus de Ros, anteqiiaui ipfi fccenmt fibi ho- 
 magiitm, & i'lam formam eis promijit inviolabi" 
 liter obfirvare, videlicet, 
 
 Quod ipfeDominus Rex concederet unicuique eo- 
 rum jus fuum, & jurifdi(5lionem fuam, & etiam Do- 
 minium, bonx mcmorijc Domini Hcnrici quondam Re- 
 gis Anglic, fecundum quod ^xxd\ti\ homines de Ros 
 referent ip'os haberent tempoiilus prxdiili Henrici. 
 
 Item^ Promilit pr.Edii5tus Dominus Kex rupradi<5tis 
 hominibus quod non darentur ncc ad firmnm poneren- 
 tur J quibus articulis conceflis prxfatis hominibus ho- 
 magiura fecerunt Domino Reg', & ipfc eis ptomifiE 
 ore proprio A\t\o% articulos obfervare. Hoc non ob- 
 f^ante quid jm Cementarii redeunres ad villam. de Ruth- 
 Ian, de loco ul t infi operabantur, obviaverunt cuidam 
 nobili rranfeunti cujti uxore (ua per viam regiam fuper 
 pace Domini Rtgi«, qui Cemenrarii per vim propofue- 
 runt aufcrre a prxdidto nobili fuam uxorem, & quia 
 ipfe nobilis defendit (u.im uxorem ne ab ipfo auferetur, 
 praedidi Cementarii prxdidum nobilem interfecerunr. 
 Ille autem cui plus opponebatur didum homicidium 
 perpetrafife, cum quibufdam fociis fuis capti fqerunt ; 
 Ht cum parenteb pi^sdicb interkdti pctierit juflitiam a 
 Pomino Jufticiario Celtrienfi de mcrte conianguinii 
 
 B b 2 eorum^ 
 
374 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 eorum, illi de parentela ipfius interfedi fuerunt incar- 
 cerati, & interfedores fuerunt a carcere Jiberati. 
 
 Itenti Quidam homo interfecit quendam nobilem 
 qui videlicet filium Goionu de Heylyn nutriverat , & 
 jnterfeCtor captus fuit : Et cum quidam de parentela 
 prasdidti inteife<!;li peterent jufticiam de eorum confan- 
 guineo a Domino Julliciario Celirienfi, quidam eorum 
 capti fuerunt, & interfedior fuit in Caitello Domini 
 Regis liberatus , & adhuc eft ibi, denegata jufticia 
 prxdiiftx parentelse. 
 
 Item, Quidam nobiles vindicaverunt jus in quibuf- 
 dam rerris, & de mobilibus fuis obtulerunt Domino 
 Regi magnam fummam pecuniae pro jufticia habenda 
 per rationem & veredicftum proborum & legalium ho- 
 roinum de patriae qus quidem terrse adjudicate fue- 
 junt, prasdiclis vendicantibus totam terrara praedi<5lani 
 cum omnibus sedificiis btadis, & aliis bonis in ipfiscon- 
 tentis, Dominus Reginaldus de Grey; & fie amife- 
 runt primo pecuniam quam pro terra pacaverunt, & 
 poRea terram. 
 
 Item, Jurifdidicnis noftra; eft quod nullu? extianeus 
 extirparet fylvas noftras , nifi prius habita licentia no- 
 lira ; hoc non obflante, prcclamatum fuit apud Rodo- 
 Janum quod licerec unicuique Anglicano extirpare fyl- 
 vas noftras fine noftra hceutia ad libitum eorum vo- 
 luntatis, & quod nobis fuit prohibitum didtas fylvas 
 noftras extirpare. 
 
 Item, Terras quas probi homines a Domino Davide 
 filio Lcolini bon£ memoriaj habuerunt per donationem 
 prajdic^i Davidis abftulit piasdiclus Jufticiarius a prse- 
 di(ftis probis homiraibus. 
 
 Item, Quando aliquis ad villam de Ruthlan veniret 
 cum mercandiis fuis, fi refutaret ilJud quod Anglicus 
 cidem offerrct pro fuis mercandiis , ftatim duceretur 
 jJIe WalJenfis ad caftrum, & emptor ibidem haberet 
 rem quam larginaverat, & Dominus Rex haberet pre- 
 tium d\€ix rei, tunc Caftellam di(5ium VVallenfem fpo- 
 iiatum & arrociter verberatiim deliberabant , pacatis 
 prius Portario Caftri quatuor denariis. Si vero aliquis 
 Wallenfis emeret aliquam rem in ?il]a de Rathlao, 
 Anglicus qualifcunque fuperveniret, & rem venditam 
 " • didlo 
 
APPENDIX, 37S 
 
 di6lo Wallenfi aufeiet ab ipfo pro niinori pretlo quam 
 diftus Wallenfis folverat pro eadem. 
 
 Item, Contra promiflionem Domini Regis pracdidtij 
 hominibus de Ros , ipfe dedit territorium villas de 
 Maenam in Penmayn & Lhysfaen. 
 
 Item, Taurus cujufdam probi hominis deprehenfus 
 fuic in pratis Domini Regis apud Ros, & captus, &: 
 Dominus ejus vocatus fuit ad piacitum ufque Rodola- 
 num, & fuit condemnatus in quinque libris occafione 
 dii^ii tauri ; bis adivit Londinium pro juftitia petenda, 
 & nullam foit aflecutus, & in illis duabus vicibus ex- 
 pendidit praediiitus homo tres libras. 
 
 Item, Quidam nobiles de Cantreda de Rosemerunt 
 officia pro certa fumma pecunix ; pacata pecunia, me- 
 ritis fuis non exigentibus, Dominus JuHiciarius Ceftren- 
 fis abftulit ab eis eorum officia. 
 
 Item, Qiiidam tufticus Goronow ab He^l^n condem- 
 ratus fuit in 17 /. bon3e& legalis monets juris, ordine 
 non fervato. 
 
 Item, Goronow filius Heylyn accipic ad firmam ter- 
 ritorium de Pennmaen & Lhysfaen a Magiftro Godfri- 
 do M. pro certa pecunix fumma, ufque ad iinem qua- 
 tuor annorum , quo fadto Dominus Kobertus de C. 
 cum equis & armis, & cura viginti quatuor equicibus 
 venit ad inequitandum prxdiclum Goronow occafio- 
 ne divtae terrje, ita quod fie non fuit fecurus tranfitus 
 nee ufque Rodolanum , nee ufque ad Jufticiarios nifi 
 cur^ fcrti '^■''njitjiura de fua parentela & etiam de fuis 
 amic :. 
 
 Item, In reformationem pacis ultra fadia? & firmatas 
 inter Dominum Regem, & fuos ex una parte, & Do- 
 minura Principem & fuos ex altera exprefse contineba- 
 tur J quod omnes injuria: & tranfgrefliones fadt^ ex u- 
 traque parte penitus remitterentur ; hoc non obftante, 
 oppofitum fuit contra quofdam nobiles quoddam fore 
 fadum tempore guerrz, & ftatim capti fuerunt, nee 
 potuerunt a carcere liberari antequam ipfi pacarent 
 fedecem Marcas, 
 
 Item, Cum Caufae debenttradari &r terminari fecun- 
 
 dum legem & confuetudinem terra? noftia?, compellun- 
 
 tur hoqaincs Cantreda noftrac ad jurandum in caufis 
 
 ;^ b 4 prafditlis 
 
2y6 A P P B N D I X. 
 
 praedidis contra fuam confcientiam , nee aliter jurare 
 putiuntur. 
 
 Vrxtetea no^ co/ifiavimus trecentas Marcas eundo ad 
 Dominum Regt;ni pro jurtitia petenda in prxdidis Ar- 
 ticulis, ibidem morando, & ad propria redeundo ; & 
 cum nos credebamus habere plenam jullitiam de fin- 
 gulis Articulis pixdidh , Dominus Rex tranfmifit ad 
 panes noftras Dominum Rcginaldum de Grey, cui di- 
 d:us Dominus Rex totam terram ad tirmam conceflic, 
 ad tradandos homines prxdidlar Cantred* prout fuse 
 placerct voluntati ; qui compulfit nos jurare per manum 
 luam cum dehcremus jurare per manum Domini Regis, 
 & ubi Ciux Domini Regis levari deberct, quod Crux 
 prxdiffti Rej;;inaldi levaretur, in (ignum cjuod ipfecrat 
 verus Dominus. Didlus vero Reginaldus in (uoadventu 
 ad p;ntes Walliae vendidic quibuldam fervientibus Do- 
 mini Regis ofiicia fua, qux pra:diLl:i iervicntes priuscmc- 
 wnt a Dom. Rege pro 2 3 Marcis, d<c ilia oflicia non de- 
 berent vendi niii cum dominium domiuoiuin mutaretur. 
 
 Item, Dominus Rex dedit Marcdudo filio Madoc 
 Magiiterium faccllitum pro fuo iervitio, Dominus Re- 
 ginaldus de Grey abliuht ab eo fuum ofticium , nee a 
 Domino Rege afll-qui potuit aliquam jultitiam. 
 
 Item, Unus de confiiio prasdidi Reginaldi nobis di- 
 xit ore cenus, fcilicet Cynwricus Fychan, quod in ad- 
 ventu prsdifli Reginald ad partes vVallia:, viginti qua- 
 tuor homines de probioribus horainibus cujullibet Can- 
 tredjE caperet ad incarcerandos ipfos perpetuo vel de- 
 capitnndos : Propter iila gravanaina, & alia qua? di- 
 £tas Reginaldus nobis fecit, & ctiam propter minas 
 quasipie nobis intulir, videlicet quod fi mitteremus ali- 
 quos nuntios ad Curiam Domini Regis pro jurtitia pe- 
 tenda decapitarentur. Multa alia damna nobis allata, 
 & injuria fadlx ; 8.r quando mittebamus ad Curiam 
 Domiri Regis, nuntii non permittebantur nee aufi fue- 
 runt intrare, fed expendebant multa inutiliter ; ob ifta 
 j;ravamina seltimabamus nos effe liber os a juramento fa- 
 €lo Domino Regis coram Deo. 
 
 Item, Bledyn Seis & Anjanus filius Genaf de Ros 
 quoddam maiefaitum fecerunt temporibus David filii 
 Lewdini, be Heni;ici Regis, de horaicidiis faflis tune 
 ' fatif" 
 
A P P E l<f D I X. ^yy 
 
 fatisfailioneni &: emendam fatisfacere monllraVerMnt 5. 
 Ec rnodo de novo Reg'maldus de Grey vellec i^'coge- 
 rec illam emendam venovare, donee oportuit ipfos ter- 
 ras proprias relmquere. 
 
 Item, Cenfus & obventiones quos folvimusde vete- 
 ri moneta per mediecatem unius anni ante adventucn 
 novae monetx , cogerunt nos reddere eis novas mone- 
 tas pro veteri & hoc fub eodera numerOa 
 
 Ijia funt gravamina per Dominum Hegon (^ fuos 
 Jujiictarios i I lata Rjpefo parvo de 7)Jirad Tywy. 
 
 Primum efi-, Poflquam didus Rhys dedit & concef- 
 lit Domino Regi caftrum fuum apud Dynefowr pofl: 
 ultimampacis formanjj qui dii5tus Rhefus tunc tempo- 
 ris erat in temilio Damini Payn de Gadfry, eodem tem- 
 pore interfedi fuerunt fex nobiles viri Domini Rhys , 
 de quibus fatisfafitioncm nee jufticiani umquam habuic 
 quod fuit eis damnum & gravamen. 
 
 Item, Johannes Gitfard calumniavit eum Rhefum 
 fuper h.jcreditarem propriam apud Hirwryn, quicquid 
 Rhefus inquifivit a Domino Rege legem patris fua?, 
 aut kr^m eomicatus Caermardden , in quo comitatu 
 Antecclfores didli Rhys folebant habere leges, quando 
 fierent in unitatem Anglicorum, & Tub eorum domi- 
 niis; quod idem Rhys nulias leges habuit , & fuam 
 terram pr^didam totalicer amific j vellent ipfum in- 
 ftringcre in Comitatu Heretordienfi , ubi numquam 
 anteceCfores ejus refponderunt. 
 
 Prxterea in terris prxfati Rhefi taiia gravamina fue- 
 runt per Anglicos fadta, maxime pertinent ad Eccle- 
 liafticos, videlicet in Ecciefia Sandi Davidis quse vo* 
 catur L/4M^Wdtt?cfeceruntftabula. & mererrices colic- 
 caverunt, &: omnia bona quje in ea eoncinebantur orani- 
 no afportaverunt atque totos domos combulTerunt; &: in 
 eadem Ecclefia juxta aram percufTerunc Capellanum cum 
 gladio ad caput ejus &c eum reliquerunr lemivivum. 
 
 Item, in eadem patria Ecclefiam Dyngad & Eccie- 
 flam Llantredaf fpoliaverunt & eombulTerunc ; ca?teraf- 
 que Ecclefias in partibus illisomninolpoliaveruni cal« 
 cibus, &: librisj ac omnibus aliis ornamentis & rebus. 
 
 GravaKiin^ 
 
378 APPENDIX. 
 
 Grdvamina Lewelini filii H^ys, (3 Howeli fratris ejus 
 per Dominum B^gem illata funt h^c. 
 
 Poftquam in formam pads inter Dominum Henri- 
 cum tunc temporis Rcgem Anglic & Dominum Prin- 
 cipem apud ^ydchiffnna, tunc prxfatus Rex concef- 
 fic, & per Cartas fuas confirmavit praefaio Principi 
 So long as, homagium prsedidorum Nobibium exos. Praedidti 
 Nobiles fuerunt fideles & conftantes cum praefaio Prin- 
 cipe, juxra eorum donationem & Cariarum fuaruai 
 confirmationem : Edwardus nunc Rex Anglix praedi- 
 d:os Nobiles dehsereditavit, denegando eifdeui omnes 
 leges & confuetudines Wallise j ita quod non habue- 
 runt terras fuas nee per legem, nee per gratiam. 
 
 Jjia funt gravaminnj damna, feu molejiia per Anglicot 
 illata filiis Maredudi filii Oweni. 
 
 Primum eft quamquam Dominus Rex coiiceiTit 
 prxdidlis Nobilibus fuas proprias haereditates poft pa- 
 ds formam, videlicet Geneur'glyn & Creudhyn; 
 prxfarus vero Rex, contra fuam donationem & pacis 
 formam, terrisiupradidlis antedidtos Nobiles dehxri- 
 ditavit, denegando eidem omnes leges & confuetudi- 
 nes WalliaCj & Angliae, atque Comicatus Caermar- 
 dhyn. 
 
 Secundum eft quod pr^efatus Rex in fuo comitatu 
 de Cardigan, per fuos jufticiarios antedidtos Nobiles 
 compellit, ut ipfi traderent judicium fuper ignobiles 
 ac lubditos Patriae, 8c quod tales homines i Comijfo 
 judicium fuper ipfos opponerent, ubi numquam ante- 
 jceffores eorum ab Anglicis talia fuftinuerunt. 
 
 Tertium eft, quod Jufticarii Domini Regis Curiam 
 eorum Nobilium abftulerunr, compellendo homines 
 fuos proprios coram eis latisfacere, quia de jure coram 
 praedidlis Nobilibus deberent latisfacere. 
 
 Quartum eft, quod quoddam Naufragium in terris 
 aniedidorum Nobilium fuir, qui quidem Nobiles 
 bona Naufragii receperunt, ficut anteceffores eoruai 
 fecerunc, & hoc non fuit eis prohibitum per aliquos 
 
 ex 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ex parte Regis : Antedidus vero Rex contra eorutn 
 conliictudinem & legem, occafione iliius Naufragii 
 eofdem damnavit in odoginta Marcis iterlingorum ; 
 atque bona quse in Naufragio continebantur omnmo 
 afportaverunr. 
 
 Quintum eft, quod nullus noftrnm in Comitatu 
 UfFegd de Cardigan aufus eflet venire inter Anglicos 
 propter timorem carceris & nifi fuifTet propter peri- 
 culum Nobilibus Metrop<'. nihil contra honorcm Do- 
 mini Regis moverent. 
 
 Significant vero quod omnes Chriftiani habent le- 
 ges & confuerudines in eorum propriis terns j Judaei 
 vero inter Anglicos habent leges, ipfi vero in terris 
 fuisj & eorum anteceflbres habuerunt leges immuta» 
 biles & confuetudines, donee Angna poft ultimaiij 
 guerram ab eis leges fuas ablhilerunc. 
 
 Memorandum de (^ujnrelis omnium NohiUum virorum de 
 Tfiradatuy eifdem latis ac fa8ts per l^gerum de Clyf. 
 ford, G? B^gerum Crofcil vicem Domini Hogeri de 
 Clyfford geremem centra frivilegium, jujlitiam, ^ 
 confugtudtnem frxdi^onim virorum de TJlratuy^ ut 
 dicunt G? p^obant. 
 
 Primus Articulus eft quod cum dic3i Rogeri co- 
 gcTuni diiftos homines de Yftradatuy reddere fibi pro 
 conluetudinibus fuis viginti Marcas fterlingorum, & 
 poit lolucionem didae pecuniae cito fregerunt in hunc 
 a.odum, quod pofuerunt fuper 17 viros judicantes fe- 
 cundum jus Angli:e ; quod numquam fuit confuetudo 
 nee privilegium di(5tae patriae. 
 
 Item. Madeeus filius Bledyn condemnatus fuit in 
 quatuor Marcio injufte. 
 
 Item. Lewelinus Rufus condemnatus fuit in quia- 
 que Marcis 8c 1 7 averiis contra privilegium & confue- 
 tudinem patriae. 
 
 Item. Quod ipfi Rogeri fecerunt foreftam fuper 
 terram propriam virorum patriae : Et propter pedem 
 unius Cervi inventum in ore canis alicujus, tr?5 homi- 
 nes fueruni fpoliati omnino. 
 
 Itsm^ 
 
 379 
 
380 APPENDIX. 
 
 Item. Michael ab Ygudyl condemnacus fuit in 
 decern folidis pro fatfto patris fui, quadraginta annis 
 elapfis. 
 
 Item, Cogerunt parentes Ennii k Strabonis ad red- 
 dendum fuum relevagum in vita fua. 
 
 Item. Quod ipfi pofuerunt fuper nos omnes fatelli- 
 tos de Anglicis, quod numquana fuit noftra dimidietas. 
 
 Item. Dati fuimus Domino Mauririo de Crumy, 
 & venditi fuimus Domino Rogero de Clyflford, quod 
 numquam fuit fuper parentes noftros. 
 
 Item. Relida Roberti de Monre alto, petiit, a Do- 
 mino Rege tertiam partem terrae de Monte alto in 
 Ward, & dijudicata fuit coram Domino Rege quod 
 numquam didta terra fuit in Ward data. 
 
 Hi flint Articuli ^uajlionum illati ah hominihus de 
 Penlhyn, injufie fer Conftabitlarium Aibi Monajierii 
 C^ fuos cives. 
 
 Primo. Cynwric filius Madoci fuit fpoliatus ab 
 CIS tempore pacis oiflo libris, & quatuor bobus, & 
 blado laboris unius aratri, per duos annos & valore 
 trium librarum a tribus hominibus ejufdem ; alfir- 
 mat etiam quod folvic 1 6 libras per odlo in valore, 
 8c majorem habuit injuriam imponendo manus in 
 ipfum Guam totum quod amiiit. quia tunc er^t Con- 
 ftabulanus Domini Principis apud Penllyn : Noii fuit 
 alia caufa didlae fpoliationis nifi quia dicebatur inve- 
 nire 24. garbas de decimis in domo cujufdam hominis 
 didi Cynwrici. 
 
 Item. Adam Preco condemnatus fuit in feptem Co- 
 lidis& odio denariis, & Equa valoris unius libr^, im- 
 ponendo manus in ipfum & liberando latronem didlaj 
 equa?, quia ipfe venerat ibidem cum didlo latrone capto. 
 
 Item. Ednevot ab Gruffydh condemnatus fuit in 
 27 s. nee fuit caufa ni{i quia vendidit equam unam ad 
 unum miliare citra villam, ficut fblebant a tempore 
 quo non extat memoria, quando veniebant ad nun- 
 dinas. 
 
 Item. Adaf Ddu condemnacus fiiit in 30 j. eo 
 quod duo boves qucs propofuerar vendere in fjro Albi 
 
 Monafterif 
 
APPENDIX. 381 
 
 Monarterii cxibant villam ipfo connivente, 8c captus 
 fuit & detentus ufque ad foiucionem 30 /. nee ipfi bo- 
 ves exierant nifi de Plateo qua itabaHC ufquc ad aliatn 
 Plateam. 
 
 Item. Biryt filius Gwyn, condemnanus fuit in quln- 
 que folidisj 8c in carcerem dudlus ; eo quod percuf- 
 fit unum bovem indomitum iplum calcantem in 
 foro. 
 
 Item. Yorwerch ab Gorgonon condemnarus fuit 
 JO s. eo quod evalerat quondam de carcere eorum 
 tempore guerrae, 8c in tempore pads inventus fuit ia 
 di(5ta villa, 8c hoc contra formam pacis inicae inter Do- 
 minum Regem, 8c Dominum Principero. 
 
 Item. Duo famuli Kenwric ap Gruffydh condem- 
 nati fuerunt induabus Marcs, coquod dicebanr ipfos 
 non folvifl'e toletum poftquam folveranr. 
 
 Item. Caducanus Niger famulus Conftabularii de 
 Penllyn captus fuit & condemnarus in ^ j. 8c 4 ^. eo 
 quod nolebat recipere veterem monccam pro nova. 
 
 Item. Gruffydh ap Goronow tercinarius Dovnxnx /iServOfii 
 Principis fpoliatus fuit uno bove valoris n j. 8c 8 <i. 
 8c poltquam arraveret Conftabularius cum dicto bove 
 per feptem menfes, folvit didtus Gruffynus pro didlo 
 bove, 40 ^, 
 
 Item. Howel ab David fpoliatus fuit per fatel- 
 lites albi Monafterii duobus Iblidis extra villam, eo 
 quod denegaverat prius munera ut folenc fatellites pe- 
 tere. 
 
 Item. David ab Gronov^^ ab Eynion fpoliatus fuit 
 30 J. eo quod quidam Gives albi Monattcrii dixit, quod 
 quidam de Penlhyn, qui mortuus fuerat, denegaba- 
 tur ei in quibufdam rebus. 
 
 Item. Duo famuli Y bongam capti fuerunt ^ con- 
 demnati in duabus libris, eo quod pofuerunt manum 
 in quendam latronem qui fpoliabat eos in villa per no- 
 (5tem, 8c libera verunt Jatronem. 
 
 Item. Eneyon filius ichael captus 8c verberatus 
 fuit, 8c fpoliatus duobus bobus valoris, 24 j. 8c 6 ^. 
 nulla alia de caufa, nifi quod boves ipfo connivente 
 moverunt fe de platea ad aliam plateam. 
 
 « 
 
 Item. 
 
^H APPENDIX. 
 
 Item. Adaf ap Ychael condemnatus fuit in duabus 
 libris pro una libra, &: ipfe poluerac in juramento cu- 
 jufdam civis de albo Monatterio quod non tenebatur 
 m(i in una libra pro Principe, nee voluit jurare, &: 
 ideo fpoliatus fuit una libra. 
 
 Item, Guyan Maeftran fpoliatus fuit 5 5. eo quod 
 dicebat quod quidam MercuLor de Ardydwy teneba- 
 tur eis in quibufdam rebu<:, cum ipfe nee erat de 
 dida Balliva : Item condt'mnatus fuit in 8 d. quia 
 dicebanc ipfum vendere quafdam oves extra villam 
 cum ipfe non vendiderar. 
 
 Item. Famulus Lewelini ab Gwyn fpoliatus fuit fep- 
 tem ovibuSjSc y j. & fuo paUio,eo quod dicebant iplum 
 cITe de Domino Griifydh abGwyn cum ipfe non erat. 
 
 Item, lorwerch ab Meylir captus fuit 8c condem- 
 natus in 15 /. cum pallio, eo quod denegavit dare 
 munuj fatellitibus quod petebant, ipfi finxerunt eum 
 in villa pernodare. 
 
 Item. Gives albi Monafterii rapuerunt a Madoca 
 Rufo filio Ychael unum bovem valoris, 11 s. Sc 6 d. 
 
 Ifta omnia fada fuerunt per Henricum Gamber 
 diiiti loci Conltabularium, cum aliis innumerabilibus 
 Articulis. 
 
 Item. Ybicre captus fuit in negotio Domini Prin- 
 cipis, & condemnatus in 5^. abfquealiqua caufa. 
 
 Hxc funt gravamina Gormottf fiUi Ueylyriy viz. 
 
 Quod quidem Villanus d\0(.\x% Coronon vocanis 
 fuit ad Curiam Domini Regis occafione indebitae 
 caufae. Tunc dictus Goronow venit ad Ilium villa- 
 num defendendum, & petiit pro ipfo veritatem a Do- 
 niino Jufticiario, aut Legem qua utuntur homines 
 fux patriae ; omnibus autem his eidem denegatis, di- 
 ctus villanus condemnatus fuit in 27 libris, & tribus 
 obolis : Tunc didtus Goronow adivit Londonium pro 
 juiiitia habenda, & expendit quinque Marcas & qua- 
 luor Solidos, & promiffa fuit fibi jultiiia, 8c nullam 
 fuit alfecueus. 
 
 Item. Quidam Nobilis fuit interfedhis, vidtljcet, 
 qui nutriverat filiam didCx Goronow, & illc inter-- 
 
 tedop 
 
APPENDIX. 3§j 
 
 fedor captus fuit 8c deportatus fuic apud Caftrum de 
 Kuthlan : Tunc didus Goronow & quidem de paren- 
 tela interfedi petierunt jultitiam de interfedore : TuncT 
 denegata eis jullitia, quidam fuerunt incarcerati, 8c 
 ille incerfeftor fuic in Caftello liberatus. Tunc didus 
 Goronow iterum adivit Londonium propter fupradida 
 gravamina ad jultitiam petendam, 8c expendic, 2o 
 Marcas, 3 /. 4 *^. £t Dominus Rex promifit eidem 
 plenariam juniciam, 8c nullam fuit adeptus cum per- 
 venitad patriam luam. 
 
 Item. Tertio ex defedu juftitise oportuit didurrx 
 Goronow adire Londonium occafionibus fupradidis 
 pro juftitta petenda, 8c expendic ilia vice 18 Marcas, 
 6 s. %d bonae 8c legalis Monetx ; 8c tunc fimplicirer 
 promilk Dominus Rex eidem juiiiiiam perhibere j dc 
 quando credebac habere jultitiam, tunc venit Regi- 
 naldus de Grey, 8c dixit aperte quod iple deberit era- 
 dare totam patriam per charras Domini Regis, 8c 
 abltulic totam Ballivam a dido Goronow ; quam fihi 
 Dominus Rex concelTxc, 8<: vendidit il'am Ballivam 
 ad voluntatcm fuam, 8c tunc petiit didus Goronow 
 jultitiam a Domino Reginaldode gravaminibus ("upra- 
 didis, <k nullam fuit adeptus. 
 
 Item. Di^us Goronow recepit terram, videlicet, 
 Penmaen 8c Llysfaen ad hrmam de Godfrido Merlyn, 
 ufquead finem quatuov annorum pro certa pecuniae 
 fumma. Tunc Robertas de Cruquer venit cum equis 
 fuis 8c armis ad quaerendum didam terram per vim, 
 & quia didus Goronow non permitteret auferre di- 
 dam terram ab eodem ufque terminum praefigna- 
 tum, tunc vocatus fuit ad Curiam didus Goronow 
 ilia occalione 5 Tunc venit Regmaldus de Grey, cum 
 viginti quatuor equitibus armads ad proponendum 
 capere didum Goronow, vel ad eundem decapi- 
 tandum j 8c quia viderunt quod non poflTcnt implere 
 fuum propolitum illo die, vocaverunt didum Go- 
 ronow craitino die apud Ruthlan, 8c tunc didus Go- 
 ronow habuit confihum ita quod non deberent adire 
 didam Curiam : Irerum didus Goronow vocatus fuit 
 adplacitum apud Caerwys, & non aufus fuit adire di- 
 dum placiium nili per condudum Doir.ini Epifcopi 
 
 Afaphenlis, 
 
g84 APPENDIX, 
 
 Afaphenfis, quia didus Reginaldus 8c fui complures 
 ibidem erant armari. 
 
 Item. Propter ifta gravamina de quibus nullam 
 habuit juftitiam nifi laborare 8f expendere duas libr, 
 quatuor Marcas, 8< 9 d; 8< quia non aufus fuit in pro- 
 pria perfona adire Curiam, mifit quendam nuncium 
 deportantem duas literas, unam ad Dominum Regem, 
 & aliam ad fratrem Lewelinum, ad fignandum Do- 
 mino Regi quod amicteret totam patriam, & didum 
 Goronow quia non obfervavit illud quod eifdem pro- 
 mifit ; Sc quia nullam poffent homines de Ros & Ar- 
 glifeld aifequi juftitiam., & quia noluit corrigere iive 
 emendare ilta gravamina propter hoc amilit totam 
 patriam. 
 
 Supplicant fandicati veftr^, Domine Archiepifcope 
 Cantuarienfiis totius Anglise Primas, Nobiles viri de 
 Tegengyl, & vobis demonftrant quod cum praedidi 
 Nobiles fecerunt homagium Domino Edwardo Regi 
 Anglic, ipfe Rex eildcm promifit quod eofdem im- 
 munes oblervarec & indemnes, tarn in bonis, liberta- 
 tibus, juribus, jurifdidionibus, privilegiis quibas u(i 
 fuerunt tempore Henrici Regis per fuum obtentum 
 privilegium j ex quibus privilegiis fuerunt poftmodo 
 ipoliari. 
 
 Imfrimis. Juribus 8c confuetudinibus patri;^ fue- 
 runt IpoUati, VIZ. pradiilus Edwardus compellendo 
 quod ip(i procederent in caufis fecundum legem Ar>- 
 glicanam, cum fecundum tenorem privilegii fui fe- 
 cundum legem Wallicanam procedere debuiflent, viz. 
 apud Tref Edwyn, 8c apud Ruthlan, ScapudCaer- 
 wys j 8c optimati de patria fuerunt manu capii quia 
 ip(i provocabant quod ipfi procederent in caula apud 
 Tref Edwyn fecundum legem 8c confuetudinem Wal- 
 licanam fecundum tenorem privilegii. 
 
 Secundo. Quia unus julticiarius duceret in caufis 
 peragendis, alius fuus prajdecellbf in irrirum revoca- 
 ret, viz. in caufa Davidis Reginaldus de Grey reci- 
 tavic proceffum quern fuus Anteceifor ratum habuir, 
 Sc etiam approbavit, 
 
 X rtio. 
 
APPENDIX. 385 
 
 Tertio. Quod fi unus Nobilis de patria fuilTet pro- 
 pter calamniam fibi impolitam captus, quod non re- 
 initterent eundciii pro caiuione fidevijjoria evadere. Surety. 
 quod facere debuiflent. 
 
 Quarto. Quod tres unius Nobilis dedudi ad Ca- 
 ftrum fuerunt de Flynt, propter parvam accufatio- 
 nem, una cum Averiis fuis, nee potuerunt de Caliro 
 devenire, nee dilationem obtinere donee unufquifque 
 dedit unum bovem Conftabulario de Flynt, & donee 
 folverunt tres libras Kynwrico Sets pro dilatione ha- 
 benda. 
 
 Quinto. Reginaidus de Grey terras virorum de 
 Merton dedit & conceflit Abbati de Bafingwerk ordi- 
 nis Ctjlerciend. contra legerei Wallicanam, & patrie 
 confuetudinem 5 8c contra formam pacis inirx inter 
 Donainum Lewelinum Principem 8c Dominutn Re- 
 gem, viz. \6.Catatatas terr<ie. 
 
 Sexto. Miranrur Nobiles 8c optimati patriae pro 
 eo quod Dominus Rex fecit aedificare Caltrum fuper 
 terram 8c polTeiiionem magnatutn, 8c m^ndavir Domi- 
 nus Rex Julliciario fuo quod ipfe folveret eque bo- 
 nam terram illis fpoliatis 8c adhucaliquam terram, nee 
 fuae terrae seftimationem funt confecuti in Flynt. 
 
 Seftimo. Reginaidus de Grey non permitteret pof- 
 feflbres fy I varum uti lylvis iuis, donee ab eifdem 
 pretium 8c praemmm fuiflec coniecutus, 8< aliis ru- 
 itieis gratis permitteret fylvam prxdidlorum abfcidere, 
 cum non debuiffent keundum patria: conluetudineiu 
 & legem Wallicanam. 
 
 O^avo. Cum homines de Cyrchynan fecerunt pa- 
 <^um cum Domino Rege, quod cum ipfi concederenc 
 dimidietatem cujufdam prati, ad hoc quod Dominus 
 Rex non permitteret fylvam prsediilorum abfcidere 
 Howelo filio Gruffydd praefente, 8c molt modum Re- 
 ginaidus de Grey praedi^um pratum innrmavit, viz. 
 concedendo aliis quod abfciderent fylvam praediito- 
 lum, 8c eofdem dimidietate prari fui fpoliando. 
 
 'Nono. Filius Kynwrici ab Goronow fuit captus 
 apud Ruthlan culpa fua minime praecedente, nifi vel- 
 let pignus fuum ac.juietare a quidam muliere, 8: Con- ^gj^gm 
 ilabularius de Ruihlin fecit eundem decradi in car- f/,^ Qage. 
 * C c cerem 
 
38, 
 
 A P ? E N DI X. 
 
 cerem injuriofe, nee potuit exinde deliberari donee 
 praediAus fuit condemnatus ultra fuorum bonorucn 
 Value. hypothec a. 
 
 Decimo. Cum Ballivus de Rmhian erat in convi- 
 vio apud villain Four Hutmus de Limayl quendatn 
 virum Nobilem crudeliter vulneravit in praefentia 
 Ballivi fupradidi ; cujus vulneris occafione prxdi- 
 (flus Hutmus fnit in oiflo libris condemnatus ; 8c 
 quum ille cui injuria fuiflet fada petere voluiflet pra^- 
 didas libras, eundem fecic detiudi in caicerem 
 una. 
 
 Vndecimo. Nuntii Reginaldi de Grey propofue- 
 runt facere illud quod erat abfurdum & aiflbnum ju- 
 ris fecundum Canonicas fandliones ; videlicet petere 
 ab eifdem quod ipii ararent Reginaldo de Grey, & 
 quod ipfi feininarent illatn araturam ; & illi fuerunt 
 Nuntii, viz. Kynwricus Seis 8c Hutmus de Limayl, 
 quod prjedititus vero Kynwricus in praefentia omnium 
 de patria juravir, nifi omnes de patria ararent quod 
 ipfi mfra tempus psniterent, 8< ipfi multum timu- 
 erunt metu qui potuit cadere in conitantem vi- 
 rum, 
 
 Duodecimo. Quod Praecones de Tegeyngl emerunt 
 ofUcium Praeconias pro 30 Marcis a. Domino Rege, 
 & poftmodum Keginaldus de Grey prxdidtos prae- 
 cones ram pecunia quam prasconia fpoliavit contra 
 legem 8c confuetudinem Anglicanam, 
 
 lertiodecimo. Septem Nobiles fuerunt interfeAi 
 minus jufte ab Anglicis, 8c adhuc parentes praedi- 
 d:orum aliquam fatisfaftionem non habuerunt, cum 
 ill! malefadores fuerunt capti ; 8c poltmodum prae- 
 diclos malefadores remiferunt pr^dicti Coniiabuiarii 
 impuniros. 
 
 Quartodecimo. Conftabularius unus de Ruthlan de- 
 tradit duos Satellites Domini Regis in carcere, pro 
 eo quod ipfi tenuerunt aliquem Anglicum qui grave 
 delictum commifit hominem alium vulnerando. 
 
 Illi omnes Articuli in prxmilfis nominati, fuerunt 
 perpetrati contra praedictorum virorum libertatem, 
 jurifdidionem, & piivilegium & contra legem 8c con- 
 fuetudinem Wallicanamj videlicet, quod non erant 
 
 Auli 
 
APPENDIX. 387 
 
 Auii eorum querelas Domino Regi per fuos nuncios 
 denuntiare, propter mctum Reginaldi & timorem, 
 qui metus poruic cadere in conftantem virum : quia 
 praedidlus Reginald us fua voce Dilvada fuit protelia- Openly, 
 rus ; quod fin inveniret nuntios prsdidloruni quod eof- 
 dem decapi:aret prouc nobis ex parte unius ex conlT- 
 lio fuo fuit certive inhmatuin. In tan:um quod lin- 
 gua non poteft proftne, nee penna Icribere in quan- * 
 rum prxdidi homines de Tegeypgl fuerunt aggra- 
 vati. 
 
 Conqueritur vobis, Domine Archiepifcope Canrua- 
 rienh's totius Anglise Primas, Lewelihus hliu; Griffini 
 filii Madoci de Conilabulario de Cruce Ofwaldi Re- 
 gis, & de hominibus ejuldem Villx qui prxdidlum 
 Lewelinum rertia parte cujufdam V'lllie quae vocatur 
 Ledrot, &c Curia patris lui, fine oblervatione juris 
 parri£ iVLs vel confuetudine inequiter fpoliarunc. 
 
 Prxterea. Praedidus Con.tabubrius & iui complu- 
 res eundem Lewelinum communi paftura, qua prx- 
 diclus Lewclinus u'us fuit rem poribus retroa6tis, or- 
 dine juris patriae minime oblervatOj fpoliarunt, & in 
 70 libris occafione prxditflae pafturae condemnaverint. 
 Cajterum Dominus Kex Anglic conceifit quafdam li- 
 teras cuidam Baftardo, fcil. Griffino Fychan ab Cyn- 
 Ihaeth, ad liiigandum conna eundem Lewelinum pro 
 toto Dominio fuo obtincndo, qnarum literarum occa- 
 iione idem Lewelinus expcndit cc/. fterlingorum le- 
 gaJis ufualifje monetx. 
 
 Itemm. Pr^ediiflus Conf^abularius compnlfir prse- 
 dicluTi Lewelinum ad mittendum duos fuos Nobiles 
 ad eos fufpendendos ad prxdii^um Conliabularium 
 quicquid viri Nobiles fufpendi mitiime debuilfent, 
 quam fufpenfionem nolient parentes prjediftorum ho- 
 minum luftinuifle pro ccc libris fterlingorum. Poft- 
 midum prxJidus Conitabularius incaccrravit bis 60 
 homines prxdivfli Leweiini nulla prxmifla rarione, ni(i 
 quod quidam gareo emiiit quandam voccm, nee po- 
 luerunt evadere tuum carcerem doaec quilibet eorun;i 
 folvit decern lo'.ido^ pro lui deliberaiione. 
 
 C c 2. Item, 
 
388 APPENDIX. 
 
 Item. Quando homines praedidti LeweJini veni- 
 rent ad forum ad fuos boves vendendos, praedicftus 
 Conitabularius faceret boves deduct ad Caftrum, nee 
 poftmodum boves reftitueret, nee pretium folveret 
 venditori : Prselerrim idem Conitabularius & fui ce- 
 perunt jumenta prsedidi Lewelini ad terram luam 
 propriam, & de eildem jumentis feceruntfuam volun- 
 , tatem. 
 
 Pnttcrea. Jufticiarii Domini Regis compulferunt 
 prjedidlum Lewelinum ad tradendum quandam vil- 
 1am filiis Eneoni filii Griffini ; qui quidem praediAam 
 villam, nee a fe, nee a prxdeeeflbribus fuerunt con- 
 fecuti, ordine juris patriae luae in hac parte minime 
 cbfervato. 
 
 Tdon. Prjedid;us Conftabularius abftulit equum 
 Ballivi prrcdicli Lewelini fine aliqua ratione, nee fibi 
 aliquid debebacur ; nee adhuc pradictus Ballivus fatif- 
 faCtionem aliquam eft confecutus. 
 
 Citterum. Quando prasdictus Lewelinus volebac 
 adire villam quje vocatur Caerlleon cum literis Do- 
 mini Regis ad comperiendum ibidem in die libi allig- 
 nata; filii Griffini filii Gwenynny & Armigeri Domini 
 Rogeri Starainge ex confilio Rogeri eundem Leweli- 
 num & fuos incarcerarunt in fui injuriam & fuorum 
 non modicam Ixfionem ; quam injuriam &: laefionem 
 noUet prxdidtus Lewelinus & fui fultinuilfe pro ccc 
 Marcis iterlingorum j nee ab eifdem potuit evaderc 
 donee invcnic pro fe fufficientem caunionem. 
 
 His & aliis reeeptis in Icripcis acceirit, Archiepifco- 
 pus ad Dominum Regem ; lupplieans ei humiliter ut 
 gravamina luppradidia dignetur avertere, & ea cor^ 
 red:ione debira terminare : Et falrcm pro ranto ha- 
 bere exceffus Wallenfium excufatos : Qui refpondit 
 Wallenfes in injariis iibi illatis eff; excufabiles, quia 
 cmni tempore paratus extiterat omni facere juititiam 
 conqnerenci : Quoaudito, Archiepilcopiis Hegiiterum 
 fupplicavit ut permitrerec VVaJlenles pro fuis grava- 
 mmibus exponendis Sf remediis afferendis ad ipfum 
 habere accefTum liberum & regrelfum : Qui refpon- 
 dit quod libere permitteret eos ad fc accedere ied 8c 
 fcdire; d lecundiim juftidam resreffus eorummerids 
 
 rclponderei. 
 
APPENDIX. 589 
 
 refponderet. Qiiibus auditis acceffit Archiepifcopus 
 ad principem Walliae in Snawdoniam ut tam ipfum 
 quam Davidem fratrem fuum & casteros Wallenles ad 
 aliquam humilitaris regulam ipforum anitnos ir.cli- 
 naretj per quam poflec qui ipforum nuntius regiam 
 clementiam ad ipfos admirtendos in gratiam inclinare. 
 Poft varios aurem tradtatus refpondic princeps j quod 
 pararus erat voluntati regias fefupponere duobusprse- 
 fuppofitis, falva fcilicet confcienria fua qua populo fuo 
 afliltere tenebatur ; falva eriam condefcentia flatus 
 fui. Quae cum Archiepifcopus retuliffec Domino Regi, 
 refpondic Dominus Rex quod nullum alium de pace 
 volebat cum Principe ac fubditis fuis habere tra<5ta- 
 tum, nifi quod ipfi fupponerent fe in omnibus regis 
 voluntati : Et cum conftaret Archiepifcopo Wallenfes 
 nullo modo velle fe regia? voluntati fupponere, nifi 
 praecite in forma eis tolerabili &: accepta, tracftatum 
 habuit ex permillione Domini Regis cum m:^gnatibus 
 tunc prsfentibus, qui omnes confenferunt in Articu- 
 los infra (criptos, quos per fratrem Johannem Wal- 
 lenfem infcriptos principi & fuis Archiepifcopus defti* 
 navit. 
 
 Primo. Qiiod Dominus Rex de quatuor Cantredis 
 St terris ab eo daris, Magnatibus fuis nullum vult ha- 
 bere tradtatum, nee etiam de Infula Anglefey. 
 
 Idem. De tehencibus eorum Cantredoram fi ad 
 fuam pacem venerint, proponit facere prout condecet 
 Regiam Majeftatem, credimus tamen quod aget cum 
 eis mifericorditer fi ad pacem venerint, & ad hoc 
 proponimus una cum casteris amicis efficaciter laborare, 
 iperantes efficaciter exaudiri. 
 
 Item. De fa6to Domini Lewelini nullum potuimus 
 aliud habere refponfum nifi quod fimpliciter 8f abfolute 
 conformet ad Domini Regis voluntaiem ; ut credimus 
 firmiter quod Dominus Rex cum eo aget miferecor- 
 diter, &: ad hoc intendimus cum totis viribus laborare 
 cum caeteris amicis exaudiendis ut conhdimus cum 
 effedu. 
 
 Primo. Quod procercs hanc formam gratiae rcgiae 
 
 conceperunt; ut videlicet Domino Lewelino fe Regise 
 
 gratis fubmittente, provideatiir ei per I^egem, hono- 
 
 Q c "i rifice 
 
39Q A P P E N D I A^. 
 
 rifice in mille libratis fteilingorum de aliquo honorf- 
 fico comitatu, in aliquo loco Anglise ; ita tannen quod 
 pr.Tdid:usLewe]inus ponar Dominnm Rcgein in Seyfina 
 Snaudonum abfoluce, perpetue & quiete. Et ipfe Rex 
 filiae Principis fecunduai condiceftiam fui proprii San- 
 guinis providebit, & ad hoc Tperant fe pofle Regis ani- 
 itiuoiinclinare. 
 
 Item. Si contingat Lewelinum ducere uxorena 5c 
 habere de ea puellam mafculam, intendunt impe- 
 trare Pioceres a Domino Rege, uc proles ilia fucce- 
 dat perpctuo hxredirario Lewelini in terra malculo- 
 rum liberoruiTi videlicet Comiratu. 
 
 Itein. De po^ulo Principi immediate fubjedo ran) 
 in Snaudon quam alibi providebitur fecundum Deum 
 prouc complete ialuti cjufdem populi 8c honori ; 8c 
 ad hoc eft Regia dementia fatis prona, populo delide- 
 rans confolabiiiter providere. 
 
 Prinw. Quod fi ad honorem Dei 8c fuum juxta 
 crucis airua-ipt3e debitum velit in terr^ landl^e fubli- 
 dium proiicilci, providebitur ei honorifice fecundum 
 condefcentiam Status fui, ita taraen quod non redeat 
 mil per Regiam clementiam vocatus : Rogabimus 
 €tiam Dominum Regem, 8c fperamus eificaciier ex- 
 audiri, ut providear prohTuaj. 
 
 His omnibus motu noftro fubjungimus VVallenfi- - 
 bus omnia pericula imminere longe gravius quam eis 
 diximus oraculo vivx vocis ; fcribimus dura valde fed 
 longe durius eft obrui vi & armis, 8c in line totaliter 
 extirpari, quoniam omni die pericula nobis imnninen- 
 lia apgravaniur. 
 
 Item. Longe difficilius eft omni tempore in guer- 
 ra elTe in angultia cordis 8c , corporis vivere, 8c Tem- 
 per in inlidiis palignari, 8c cum hoc vivere 8c morj 
 in peccaro mortali continuo 8c rancore. 
 
 Item. De quo doleremus valde fi ad pacem mi- 
 r.ime veniatis, indubitanter timemus contra vos de- 
 bcre fententiam Ecclelialticam intolerabiliter aggra- 
 varj pro exceilibus veltris ; de quibus non poteritis vos 
 aliquatenus excuiare in quibus invenietis milericor- 
 diam, ii ad pacem veniatis Sc de his nobis refpondeatur 
 ill icriptis. 
 
 ^evereft" 
 
APPENDIX. S9i 
 
 Reverendijjlmo in Chriji^o Vatri ac Domino J. Dei 
 gratia Archiepifcopo Cantuarienji ac totius An- 
 gline Trrimati fuus in Chrijlo devotus films 
 Lewelinus Princeps Wallite, Dominus Snaudon^ 
 Jalutem cum dejideriis henevolenti<£ fdialis ac 
 reverentits muldmodu d^ honoribus, 
 
 SAnd^e Pater, ficut vofmec confuluiftis, ad gratiam 
 Regiam parati fumus venire fub forma tamen 
 nobis fecura & honefta : Sed qu'a forma contenta in 
 Articulis nobis miffis minime fecura eft & honefta 
 prout nobis 8c confilio noitro videtur ; 8c de qua 
 naulcum admirantur omncs audiences, eo quod plus 
 tendic ad deftrucflionem 8c ruinam populi nollri ae 
 noftram, quam ad noltram honeftatem 8c fecuritatem, 
 nullo modo permittee confilium noftrum nos in ea con- 
 fentire fi vellemus ; alii quoque Nobiles 8c populus 
 nobis fubjecftus nullo modo confentirent in eandem ob 
 indubicatam deltrudlionem & diffipationem qux Knde 
 eis polfent evenire. 
 
 Tamen fupplicamus veftrae (andbeparternitati qua- 
 tenus ad reformationem pacis debita;. honefta, & fe- 
 cutae, ob quam tot labores aflumputtis, proindelabo- 
 retis, collationem habeiues ad Arciculos quos vobis 
 mittimus in fcriptis : Honorabilius enim elt 8c rationi 
 magis confonum ut de Domino Rege teneamus terras 
 in quibus jus habemus, quam nos exhsredare 8c eas 
 tradere alienis. Datum apud Garthcelyn. 
 
 Prima. Quod licet Dominus Rex de quatuor Carv 
 tredis 8c aliis terris ab eo dacis magnatibus fui--, ac 
 de Infula Angleley nullum vpluerit habere rradlaiiim, 
 tamen confilium Principis non permittit, fi connngac 
 aliqium pacem fieri, quin traCletur de premiiiis ; eo 
 quod ifti Cantredi func de puro Principis tenemento, 
 i,n quibus merum jus habuerunt Principes Sc prxde« 
 celTores fui a temporibus Cambri filii Bruti, tumi qui^ 
 (Ijnc de principatu, cuju* confirm^tionem Princeps 
 C c a obtinev 
 
991 A P P B N D IX, 
 
 Poj)e. obtinet pro bonae memoriaz Odtobonum (cdisApoJloli'c£ 
 legatum in Anglia, confenfu Domini Regis 8c iui Pa- 
 tris ad hoc iniervenienti, ficut patet Chartas eorum 
 infpicienti, rum quia euiam eqnius eft quod veri haere- 
 des teneant didos Cantredos de Domino Rege pro 
 pecunia &c fervitiis confuetis, quam eos dari cxtraneis 
 6c Advenis, qui & (i fuerunt regere aliquam ramen 
 per vim 8c potentiam. 
 
 Dicunt etiam comiter omnes tenenres de omnibus 
 Cantredis Walliaz quod non funt aufi venire ad volun- 
 tatem Regis,ut de eis difponac fecundum Regiam Ma- 
 jellatem . 
 
 Prima. Quod Dominus Rex nee padla, nee jura- 
 tnenta. nee Chartas fervavit ab initio verfus Domi- 
 num fuum Principem 8c ipfos, 
 
 Secundo. Quia regales in Ecclefias & Ecclefia- 
 ilicas perfonas inivit crudeliirimam tyrannidem. 
 
 Tertio. Quod non tenentur ad prazdida, cum fint 
 homines Principis qui etiam paratus eft de didlis te- 
 nementis Domino Regi obedire per fervitia conliieta. 
 Ad id quod dicit quod Princeps veniet fimplicirer 
 & abfolute ad voluntarem Domini Regis : Refpon- 
 detur quod cum nulli de d'lAis Cantredis aufi fine 
 venire ad talem voluntatem propter caufas pi'sedidtas, 
 ncc comitas eorum permitrat Principem venire ad di- 
 cilam voluntatem modo praedicto. 
 
 Item. Quod proceres regni procurent ut Domino 
 Principi provideatur in mille libratis in aliquo loco 
 Angiise ; dicatur quod illam provifionem non debet 
 acceptare cum fit procurata per dicflos proceres, qui 
 nituntur ad exhxreditationem Principis, ut habeanc 
 terras luas in Wallia. Item idem princeps non tene- 
 tur dimirtere haereditatem fuam 8c progenitorum fuo- 
 rum in Wallia a tempore Bruti, 8c etiam fibi confir- 
 matam per Romanae fed is Legatum, ut dicSbum eft ; 
 Sc terram in Anglia acceptare, unde linguam, mores 8c 
 leges ac confuetudines ignorat j ubi poUcnt etiam fibi 
 quxdam maliciori imponi ex odio inveterate a vici- 
 nis Anglicis quibus terra ilia privaretur in perpe- 
 »aum, ■■:•■■ ■•.'.■ 
 
 If em. 
 
APPENDIX. 391 
 
 Item. Ex quo Rex proponit privare Principem 
 foa priftina haeredirate, non videtur probabile quod 
 Rex permitteret ei habere ret ram in Anglia ubi nul- 
 lum jus videtur habere. Et fi etiam non permittere- 
 tur Principi rerra fterihs 8c inculta jure haerediurio ab 
 antiquo & debita in Wallia ; nullatenus permitteremr 
 eidem in Anglia terra fertilis culta & babundans. 
 
 Item. Quod didus Princeps ponat Dominum Re- 
 gem in Seyfino Snawdon abfolure, perpetue 8c quiete : 
 Dicatur quod cam Snawdon fit de appendiciis princi- 
 patus Walliae, quern ipfe 8c anrecelfores fui tenuerunt 
 a tempore Bruti, uc didlum eft ; confilium fuum non 
 permittit eum renuntiare did:o loco, & locum nimis 
 fibi debitum in Anglia receptare. 
 
 Item. Populus Snawdon dicit, quod licet Princeps 
 vellet dare Regi Seyfmam eorundem, ipfi tamen nol- 
 lent homagium facere alicui extraneo, cujus linguam, 
 mores, legefque penitus ignorant. Quia fie poflet 
 contingere eos in perpetuum captivari, ac crudeliter 
 tradtari, ficut alii Cantredi circumquaque per Balli- 
 vos Regis ac alios regales alias tradtati fuerunt, cru- 
 delius quam Saraceni j prout patet in rotulis quos vo- 
 bis, miferunt fande pater. Ifta fiint dicenda pro Da- 
 vide fratre Principis. Quod cum volueric terram 
 landtam adire hoc faciei voluntarie 8c ex voto pro Deo 
 non pro homine, unde invitus non peregrinabitur Deo 
 dante ; Qui coafta iervitia Deo novit difplicere. Et 
 fi contingat ipfum in pofterum terram fandtam adire 
 bona dudtus voluntate, non propter hoc deberent 
 ipfe 8c haeredes fui in perpetuum exhaereditari ; 
 iinm6 potius prasmium obtinere. Praeterea quia 
 Princeps, 8c fui caufa odii, ad aliquos concipiendi, vel 
 lucri captandi non moverunt guerram alienas terras in- 
 vadendo; fed fuam propriam haereditatem jura li- 
 bertatefque, necnon fuorum defendendo ; Dorainuf- 
 que Rex & fui odio inveterato, & caufa lucrandi ter- 
 ras noftras guerram fecit : Credimus in hoc juflam 
 guerram nos fovere , & fperamus in hac Deum nos 
 velle juvare, ac in Ecclefiarum devaftatores divinam 
 uitionem convertere, qui Ecclefias funditus de(truxe- 
 tunc ac combuiTefunt, facta ex eis rapueruDt, Sacer- 
 
 dotes, 
 
394 APPENDIX. 
 
 dotes, Clericos religiolos, claudos, furdos, mucoj, in- 
 fantes, ubera ladentcs, ac debiles 8d rairerabiles perfo- 
 nas, ut ufque fexu occiderunt ; & alia enormia per- 
 petrarunt, ficut in didis rotulis vobis tranfmiflls conti- 
 neatur .- Unde abfjt a. fandla paternitate veftra ienten- 
 ciam aliquam fulminare in alios quam in illos qui prx. 
 di^la pcrpetratunt. Not enim qui regalibus prxdidla 
 pafli fuimus, fperamus a vobis fuper praemiflis paternum 
 (blatium, & remedium obtinere ^ 8c in prxdi(^os fa- 
 crilegos eorumque fautores, qui nullo fuper his privi- 
 legio defenduntur, animadvertere ; ne prx defedln 
 digns correftionis feu ultionis in eos exercendo prardi- 
 da mala in perpetuum per alios trahancur in exemplum. 
 
 Mirantur etiam quaraplures in terra noftra, quod 
 confuluiftis nobis dimittere terram noftram propriam, 
 & alienam adire inter holies noftros comerfando; quia 
 ex quo non poITutnus pacem habere in terra qux no- 
 ftra eft ipfo jure noftro , minime potcrimus in aliena 
 terra inter hoftes noftros pacifice confervari : Et licet 
 durum (it in guerra Sz infidiis vicam ducere ; durius ta- 
 men eft funditus deftrui, Sc ad nihilum, nifi Deus a- 
 vertat, deduci populum Chriftianum qui nihil aliud 
 quaerit nifi fua jura defendere ; Unde neceffiras ad hoc 
 nos cGgit,& iniraicorura cupiditas non offendit ; & vos, 
 fande pater, coram nobis dixiftis, quod vos fententia- 
 ftis in omnes qui impediunt pacem caufa odii vel lucri ; 
 fed manifeftum eft qui funt illi qui guerrant iftis caufis. 
 
 Timor enim mortis, & incarcerationis, vel perpe- 
 tuae exhaeredicationis, nulla obfervatio foederum pa- 
 dorum vel chartarum, tyrannica dorainatio, vel mulfca 
 alia confimilia cogunt nos effc in guerris ; & hoc Deo 
 82 vobis oftendimus, & petimus a vobis paternum ad^ 
 jutorium, ut patet in Uteris noftris. 
 
 Ad hoc raulti alii in regno Anglias offender unt Re- 
 gem & tamen nullos exha:redavit in perpetuum, ut 
 dicitur j unde fi aJiqui ex noftris ipfum offenderunt 
 injufte, dignutn eft ut fatisfaciant prout poflint fine 
 exhajredatione ; & ficut in vobis confidimu?, fupplica- 
 raus quod ad hoc laboretis fande pater: Nam etfi 
 nobis imponatur quod fregimus pacem, taraen illi ve- 
 lius ftegerunt qui nulluna foe4«s vel pa^wm nobis fer- 
 
 vavprunt i 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 yaverunt ; qui nullam emendaip de quaerimoniis nobis 
 -fecerunt, uc patec in rotuiis. 
 
 Prima atditis referipjit Archiipifcopus Walknfihus 
 in hxe verba : 
 
 IN nomine Domini, Amen. Cum nos frater J. per- 
 miffione divina Cantuanenfis Ecclefiae roinifter hu- 
 milis rotius Anglix primas, fcicntes noftro incumbere 
 officio, pro vobis Domine Leweline Princeps Walliac 
 ac fubditis veftris exponere nos & noftra fpretij via- 
 rum incommodis & periculis , vtitram adjuverimus 
 prsfentiam oves erroneas reduftun ; & fpeculatoris 
 fungsntis officio vobis myfteria: viv;E vocis diximus pe- 
 ricuia (ju£ genti veftrx videbamus luce clarius immi- 
 nere, lubjundis remediis eoiundcm ; tefte optantes 
 altiflitno jttxta pontificale debitum cuilibet veftrum 
 Ecclcfiam minima de coipore noftro pontera facere ad 
 iaiutis littora reducendo. Tandem vettris audicis pre- 
 Cib'JS &c anguftiis eas uc neceilitatis veftra: nuntius prx- 
 iepcayinius regias majeltati, quem ab dim ad poeniten* 
 tes adveilarios introicum fcimus efle propitium ; uC 
 qu'.dam de veftris & aliis uc nobis certis conftat indi- 
 ciis ipfius dementia abutantur. Tradavimus infuper 
 cum magnatibus & proceribus Anglix praslentihus de 
 modifacione gratia: regis ipforum afliftentia noftris vo- 
 bis iupplicationibus imprctranda, cujus modificationis 
 feriem per fervum Dei fratrem Johannem Wallenfem 
 vobis mifimus in fcriptum , una cum confilio noftro 
 quod vobis fecundum Deum falubrius videbatur j vo$ 
 autem deliberationem veftram nobis in quadam renii- 
 fiftis cedula per eundem, cujus cedulae pernitiofas late- 
 bras vobis paterno atfcdu prasfentibus aperimus. Pr i- 
 n)o igitur didtis vos jjri nolle cedere quatuor Cantre- 
 darum, quia progenicores veftri a temporibus Cambri 
 filii Bruti in eildem juris plenitudinem habuerunC; fed 
 ne fimpliciores in vpbis de fucceflu bujufmodi glorian- 
 tur, falva in onyiibus pace veftra, vobis licet inviti ip- 
 |ius radicem originis ex geftis Britonum & Angloraiii 
 ad memoriam revocatnus, Difperfis enim olim Troja- 
 m> pro eo quod Paridis adukenum defenfarunt j fate- 
 
 ^9$ 
 
396 A P P E 1^ D I X. 
 
 mur progenitores veftra: raultltudinis interpofltis quibuf- 
 dara feditionibus fug« fibi prsfidium afTumpfifle ; & 
 utinam non maneat in eis hujufmodi contagii memoria 
 qui fie libera matrimonia parvipendunt uc fpurios & 
 inceftu genicos a fucceffione hsereditaria ut dicitur non 
 repellunt, quin pocius uxores legitime Howeli da patro- 
 cinia?, contra Evangelium dato repudio fama tefte, vel 
 potius infamia repelluntur j qualiter demum Brutus 
 Dianae prasfagiis non fine Diaboli prajftigiis per Ido- 
 latriam immolato Cervse Venatitix obtentis , Infu- 
 lam Britannicara pervaferit per famofas hiftorias de- 
 daratur; pervaferit inquam inhabitatam Infulam, 
 agentibus ftatura proceris quarum peremit fortiflimum 
 Corineus. Gentibus inquam de boreali prafapia quas 
 
 non folum verum etiara Scytbiam trans 
 
 Danubium ab occidente noftro per Aquilonis latera uf- 
 que in Orientales terminos occupavit. Quam ergo 
 quaefumus fecerunt vobis injuriam Angli & Saxones e- 
 jufdem generis , fi vos proceflli temporis ab ufurpato 
 Dominio percurbarunt ; Cum fcriptura efle noveritis, 
 vas qui praedaris in omne prxdaberis. Non oportet 
 autem fimplices in radice adulterina proceflu Idolola- 
 rri^e, & ufurpationis fpoliis gloriari. Progenitores in- 
 fupcr veftri moderniores , cum enervati deiiciis fibi 
 non fufficerent defenlandis, obruentibus eos Scotis & 
 Pi(5tis, denegato etiam eis Romani imperii prxHdio 
 poftulato, ad Germanorum refugium convc'arunt, qui 
 venientes repudiarunt, hoftes ulque in prsfentem diem 
 fuarum labores manuura manducantes. Ex his caufis 
 qntim fedet fola a vobis infula olim populo plena, ve- 
 Itro profcribente Jeremia, quia Prophetae tui viderunc 
 tibi vana & ftulta ; Item praedidorum juribus Can- 
 tredorum confirraationera legati frivole allegatis, cum 
 non fuerit intentionis fuas jura Regia , feu etiara jura 
 civilia & Canonica, ficut nee potuit enervare ; Pro 
 crimine enim lefa: majeftatis, in quod vos incidifle 
 dicimini, juxta quod fcribitur fexta quasftione. Se- 
 cunda paragrapho ; Si ^uis cum militibm^ & 22, 
 Quaeft. ultima capitulo de forma fidelitatis. Oinne 
 perit jus hsereditatium & expirat : In Cantredis igi- 
 tur prsdidis in quibus ab olim Domino Regi jus dici- 
 tur adquificum , & in Snawdon ac ca^teris quas renetis 
 
 jure 
 
APPENDIX. 397 
 
 jure haereditario, nihil poteftis ficut ncc fubditi veftri, 
 ut ex prxallegatis videtur, nifi ex Tola regia dementia 
 prseftolari. Dicitur demum quod populus non vulc ad 
 gratiam regiam convolare, quia Dominus Rex, nee 
 pa(aa, nee juramenca, nee cnartarum foedera Principi 
 confervavit. Ec nos quxrimus ex cujus vel quorum 
 iftud fit judicio declaratum, nifi per vos qui in caufa 
 propria judicium ufurpatis, & per fingulas iuftrales pe- 
 riodos pacem infringitis, innocentes jugulatis, incen- 
 dia facitis, munitiones regias pro vinbus vaftatis ; ac 
 Domini Howell da quitalia injuriarum remedia in lege 
 fua quam vidimus inltituit, autoritate quam ei Diabo- 
 lus delegavit. Pra?rerea in regem impungitis, dicen- 
 tes, quod regales Ecclefias & perfonas Ecclefiafticas 
 crudeli vaftavit lyrannide, & confumunt ; Ad quod ta- 
 liter refpondenjus, quod Dominus Rex prsdida mala 
 nee fieri mandavic, nee rata habuit, quVn potius nobis 
 obtulic ukronei, quod quam cito aderit oportunitas 
 Ecclefiarum proponit difpendia refarcirc ; quod diffeit 
 ufque ad fedatam guerrae tempeftatem, ne fi prius fie- 
 let deftruerentur iterum per latrones. Praeterea timetis 
 in Anglia honorem fufcipere, ne confequenter vobis oc- 
 caflonaca malitia auferatur, cum tamen fateamini quod 
 Dominus Rex nullum fuum exhazredaverit inimicum ; 
 quod fruftra vos timere credimus, fi legaliter vivere 
 vos & veftri didiceritis , & non a pari cum domino 
 veftro contendere vel certare. Mores vobis & popu- 
 lo veftro caufaminj incognitos ; & nos e contrario opi- 
 namur quod expediret vobis omnibus in modum alium 
 & mores penitus transformari. Cum enim fitis ficut 
 caeteri homines donis Dei gratuitis adornati, fed in ve- 
 ftro Anglo devoramini ; ut nee Ecclefiam juvetis con- 
 tra hoftes fidei mihtando j Nee Clerura ftudio fapien- 
 tiae, exceptis pauciflimis, decoretis j quin potius ma- 
 jor pars veftrum torpet otio & lalciviis , ut pene ne- 
 fciat mundus vos efle populum, nifi per paueos ex vobis 
 qui videntur ut plurimum in — mendicare. Deinde 
 icribitis quod creditis altiffimum vos juvare pro juftitia 
 decertantes j utinam inquam ahifTimus juvet vos Jalu- 
 briter & dirigat ad falutem, Sed ne luinas aliquas 
 Anglorum ex inconfideratione fua proveniences veitris 
 
 velicjs 
 
393 APPENDIX. 
 
 velitis mentis arrogare curctis advertere qualiter qui iri 
 coelis habitat fatuos fublimat & clevat ad modicum 
 uc perpetuo allidat ; fie certe olim populus Dei eledus 
 ante harum repertam civitatem pro unius Anathema- 
 te Confortis verl'us in fugam quofdam fuorura perdidic 
 bellatorum : Sic certe quater centena millia bellatorum 
 ducdecim ttibuum Ifrael in fuo numero & fortitudine 
 confidentes ab unius tribu^ modico populo, occifis ex 
 40 millibus bellatorum, per vices varias funt confufi : 
 Cum tamen purgato unius Anathemate,praedicta Civi- 
 tas finaliter deleta fueric per illos , qui prius confufi 
 fuerant, & per lacrymas placato Domino cum jejuniis, 
 oblatis Sacriftciis, tribus ilia qu£ prsvaiuerat prius, per 
 prius confulos quafi totaliter lit deleta 5 fie certe ali- 
 ter liagellat Dominus filios quos recipit, & aliter quos 
 decernit ut arbores fteriles extirpare. Ifta vobis icri- 
 bimus in cordis amaritudine ab his pavtibas recedentes, 
 nee prenidicare intcndimus falubriori confilio, fi vobis 
 coelitus deftinctur, neclatere vos volumus quod nullum 
 per vos invenimus excufationis fulficiens reraedium, quo 
 obflante mininie debeatis in excors Inam incidifTe 
 pemuntiari : Dudum latet in Oxon confilio contra pa- 
 cis regiae turbatores, viam autem pacis aliam invenire 
 non poffumus, nee adhuc in fpe fumus aiiud obtinen- 
 di. Sed fi nobis aliquid confultius videatur agendum, 
 vobis numquam claudemus gremium, nee auxilium de- 
 negabimus opportunum. Dat. apud Ruthelan 18 Ca- 
 lend. Decemb. Ann. Dom. 1281. 
 
 Lewelinus autem princeps Walliae praedidlus fpretis 
 omnibus oblationibus & pacii formis poft fcriptis, in- 
 vafit hoftihter terram Domini Regis Angli^e deftruen- 
 do eam ineendio & rapina, nee non homines terras il- 
 lius ad fe trahendo , & a bonitate pacis regise fepa- 
 rando. Q^ tamen princeps infra mcnfem ilium igno- 
 minofa morte primus de cxercitu fuo occifus eft , per 
 familiam Domini Cadmundi de mortuo mari, filii Do- 
 mini Rogeri de mortuo maiii &: totus exercitus luus 
 vel occilus, vel in fugam converfus in partibus Montis 
 G'omerici die Veneris froxiyno^ anre Feftum S. Lucar, 
 videlicet 3. Id. Decemb. fub Anno Dom. xaSi. In 
 
 • — decima litera dominicali D. currenre. 
 
 A 
 
A 
 
 TABLE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Moft Remarkable Things 
 in this BOOK. 
 
 a: 
 
 ABerfFraw dejlroyed hy the Irifli, fage 57^ 
 Adelred K'wf of the Weft- Saxons vanquijhed hy 
 f /;e Britains, 15. 
 Addred married Emma Daughter cf the Duke of Nor- 
 mandy, and the reafons of it, Jo. The confeguence of 
 the Marriage^ 71. Fltej with his Wife and Children 
 into Normandy, 75. Returns, ibid. His Deaths 78. 
 Aedan ap Blegorad having flain his Competitor Conan, is 
 froclaimed Prince 0/ North- Wales, 69. Isjlain ttfitb 
 his four Sons in Battel^ 79. 
 Alan the id. l^ing 0/ Little Britain aj/ified Cadwalader, 9. 
 
 Advifed him to obey the Vifion, i j . 
 Alfred Kjng^ an Encourager of Learning, and Founder 
 of the Vniverfiity of Oxfordj 2. Inputs the D^nes.ihid. 
 Makes them forjwear the fight o/Er.glifh Ground, 3 J. 
 He caufed the Laws of Dyfhwal Moeloiut and S>ueeft 
 Marfia to be tran/lated into Englifti, &c- 43. 
 
 Alfred 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Alfred propojed to be fent for to be J^rg over the En- 
 
 gl<(h,85. Oppofed by EarlGoQdvi)i\,6^. Bad bis 
 
 Eyes put out^ ibid. 
 Anarawd Prince of North-Wales fucceeds his Father 
 
 Rodri, ?7. Dyes, his IJfue, 45. 
 Anglefey dejiroyed by the Men of Dublin, 46. Ravaged 
 
 by Madoc ap Meredith PrinceofVov/ys, but all his Men 
 
 tt? ere cut off, 175. 
 Arthur K^ng of Britain, his Sepulchre found in the IJle of 
 
 Afalon, 206. The Infcription upon it, 107. 
 Arthur eldefi Son to Kjng Henry the Seventh^ created 
 
 Prince of Wales, and Dies at Ludlow, ; 14. 
 Athelftane, tho* a Bujiard, the worthiefi Prince of the 
 
 Saxon Blood, 48. His Vt3ery over the Danes, Scots 
 
 and Normans, tbid. Removes the Britain* to Cornwal, 
 
 Dies, 49. 
 Aulafe and all his Danes received Baptifm, 49. Sttfsars 
 
 never to moleji England, 66. 
 
 B, 
 
 B Aid win Archbifhop 0/ Canterbury, the fir fi that made 
 his J^tfitation in Wales, 208. 
 Bede/jw Education and Writings, 16. 
 Bible, how,when,and by whom tranflated into Welch, J i6. 
 Blethyn and Rhywalhon Princes of North- Wales ajiji 
 
 Edric againfi the Kjng 0/ England, 10 1. A Rebellion 
 
 formed againfi them by Meredith,4«(i Ithel ap Gruflfydb, 
 
 ibid. Battel wherein Rhywalhon and Ithel tvereflain^ 
 
 Blethyn w^wr^er^^ Rich. 104. 
 Britain, hotif and when forfal^en by the Roman Forces, i. 
 
 Invaded by the Scots andVv^s, ibid. 
 Britains, their fad Complaints to JEtms thrice Conful, 2. 
 
 The R^afons of their weakjiefs, 3 and 4. Their Mef- 
 
 fage to the Saxons, 5. The Britains o/Stratclwyd and 
 
 Cumberland fettle /w North- Wales, 38. 
 Brochwel once Prince of ^ovi^s a great Defender of the 
 
 Monks of Bangor, 23. 
 Bruce de William, Lord of Brecknock under pretence of 
 
 Friendfh:p, barbaroufly murders Sitfylht ap Dyfnwal, 
 
 his Son and followers, 204. 
 Bruce Sir Edward, kis Letter to Sir GrifFydh Llwyd, 312,, 
 
 and^i^, 
 
 \ Caddh 
 
The TABLE, 
 
 c. 
 
 CAdelh Prince of South- Wales dyes, hit IJfue, 44. 
 Cadelh take: Caermardhyn, and beats the Normans 
 <awi Flemings, 165. Like tobemurderedi i-]o. Gone 
 upon Pilgrimage, I71. 
 
 Cadwgan murdered by Madawc, 138. 
 
 Cadwalader f >t« lad Kjvg of Britain of the Bnti(h^cet 8. 
 Retires to Alin K^ng 0/ Little Britain, ;'^/^. Learned 
 in a Vtfion to go to Rome, and therejioom a Monk., lo. 
 
 Cadwalader with his BrotherOwenGy/yatdhfrom North- 
 Wales in conjunHion with feveral South Wales Lords 
 made an horrible flaughter of the Normans and Fle- 
 mings, and drove them cut <)/ South Wales, i 57, 158. 
 
 Cadwalader /orcff^l to flee from his Brother Owen to Ire- 
 land, 165. Returns iPith Irilh Forces, concludes a 
 Peace tvith his Brother, made Prifoner by the Irifli, 
 refcued by his Brother, \6^, Efiapes out cf Prijon, 
 171. F//>j ^0 England, .'/'/</. His Death and Ifflie.zoo, 
 
 Canterbury redeemed by the Citi:(ens from being burnt 
 by theVmesfor 3000/. 73. Betrayed aftertvard to 
 them and burnt, T^. 
 
 Caradoc K^vg of North- Wales j?|^/7/j and is flain by the 
 Saxons, 21. Hn Pedigree, ibid. 
 
 Celibacy enjo;/ned to the Clergy in a Synod held at Lon- 
 don, izy. 
 
 Chrtftian Faith pure in the Britilh Church, 221. 
 
 Charles Duke of York created Prince <jf Wales, 528. 
 
 Chirks eldeft Son of King Charles the Firft created Prince 
 0/ Wales, 318. 
 
 Civil War in Wales, and Edwal Son of Meyric the indi- 
 ffutable Heirfft up in North-Wales, 67. 
 
 Clare, Earl of, pojfeffed himfelf of divers Strong-holds iri 
 Cardigan, 177. 
 
 Clynnoc fawr an Abby in Arfon, 1 1. WJjen and by fvhom 
 built^ 1 2. Endowed by Prince Anarawd, 39. 
 
 Cnate theD?a:itchofen J{i}}g,and hit Cruelty to the En- 
 glifll Hofiages^T). Returns to England, liyV^, The 
 Northumbcrs fubmit to him, 76. Befieges London, is 
 Routed by Edmund, ibid. Combats Edmund, agree and 
 JmWe England between them^ 78. Generoujh punt^ 
 Jhes Edmund f ronfidc'j Murder, ibid. Marries Emm;? 
 Edelred'/ JViddow, 80. Requires a Siibfjdy of the En- 
 gliih, i>iW,' hUde a pompous Journey to Home, 8i, 
 ^ i Makei 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Makes the Scots do him Homage^ ibid. Dies, and is 
 
 fticceeded by his Son Harold Harefoot, 83. 
 Conel frognofticating the Norman Invafion, and Succefs, 
 
 loc. 
 Commotions in England, 158. 
 Connn, War between him and his Brother Howel, 22. 
 
 Diesel I. His Pedigree, ib\6. 
 Confpiracy againft William the Con^jueror by the Englifh 
 
 ayid the Welch dete^ed, and the Confpirators exe - 
 
 cuted, 104. 
 Conjiable, V/alter, marries \^c^'s Daughter, and has the 
 
 Lordfoifof Brecknock, 116. A ftrange PaJJage re" 
 
 iated by him to Henry the FirJ}^ concerning Gruflydh ap 
 
 Rliyj, tbid. 
 Croj^ens, life das a Term of reproach by the Englilh to doe 
 
 Welch, i2j. Noreafonfor it,2ii^. 
 Cyniic Prince Owens Son flam, i6i, 
 
 D. 
 
 DA nes begin to diftnrb England, 2 o,x t . They prevail 
 and Winter tn England, 28. They take And defiroy 
 Winchefter, jo. I0//Osbright avd Elba Kir.gs o/Nor- 
 tliumberhind. 31. Slew Edmund Kjng of the Angles, 
 ibid, bought five Battles with Ethelred, ibid. They 
 W'ow London <?W Redding, 33. Routed by the Weft- 
 SaxonS; 34. Are defeated by Alfred and received the 
 Chrijiian Faith, ^j. They harrafs North- Waif », 39, 
 Defeated by the Armoi ican Britaihs, ibid. Forced to 
 rife from before Exeter, andfpbit the Sea-Coafl of 
 Wales, 41. Receive agreat overthrown,/^!. They grotto 
 
 :{-. foft>erfidi -not 0}ily in England ^«t alfo m Ireland, 44. 
 Thrice overthro'wnby the Englifh, 4 5. Cruelly over- 
 thrown by Tottcnhale, 46. Routed 'by Kjng EdwartJ, 
 48. Driven out nf the Isjngdom by J^tng Edmund, 52. 
 Force the Englifli /o pay the Dane-Gelt, 65. Makfi' a 
 terrible Havock^ittWaks, and had Tribute paid them, 
 66. Make frejh devaftations in Wales and England, 
 7 o. They are maffacred by the Englifh, 7 1 . Force the 
 Englifh Nobility ito buy their Peace for ^0000 1. 72. 
 T/7t7/'e<»/f Wolfkettel,73. 5/fa? Ethelftan and ran- 
 fack^d the Country, 74 i.' 
 
 Dafydh abOwen t^ll d his Brother Howel in Battel, and 
 gets to be Prince of North-Walei, 195- Secures his 
 Urothev M-^'flgoo, reduces AnglefcyJ and banifkes his 
 
 Brethren , 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Brethren, 202. Sends a Band of Welch to accom- 
 pany K'w? Henry nito Normandy, ihtd. Is difpojjejl 
 by his e/defi Brother's So7i Lhewelyn ap lorvverth, 1 13. 
 IJngrateful to Prince Lhewelyn for his Liberty^ 124, 
 
 Dafydh ap Lhewelyn Prince ofW^ks did Homage at Glo- 
 cefter to the Kjng of England, 259. Is excomrnunt- 
 cated by the Bifhop 0/" Bangor /"or detaining his Brother 
 Gruftydh tti Prifon^ whom he rcfiifed to deliver at the 
 K^^^s ^equejt, 260. Submits to the Kjng of England, 
 262. Cajols the KJng to detain his Brother Grutfydh 
 Prtjorter, ibid. Engages the Po^e en his fide againji the 
 K^ngj but he proves falfe, 164. Fights the Enghfh 
 often mth various Succefs, ibid. Dies without fffuci 
 268. 
 
 Davids, 5"^. burnt by the Weft-Saxons, 21. Deflroyed by 
 f/:;e Danes, 45, Again by the Danes, 6c). Deftroyed by 
 Strangers, 107. The Cathedral facrtlegiovfly robbed ^ 
 1 1 r. Made jubje£l to the See of Canterbury, 115. 
 
 Dunftan, St. Btfkop 0/ Canterbury, his Predithon and 
 Death,6i. / 
 
 E/lJier, the Britaini4«^ Saxons quarrel about the Ob- 
 fervation of it, 18, 19. 
 
 Edgar* advanced to the Kjngdom in his Brother EdwinV 
 
 room,')6. He «;/?/?/ North- Wales, and agrees for a 
 
 yearly Tribute of 300 H'olves, ibid, ^gulates drinking 
 
 l^effels lecaufe of the Danes excefs, «j7. p^oieed in his 
 
 Barge by fix \^ings on the ^iverVee, $9. 
 
 Edgar Edding proclaimed Kjngfcl^ced itito Scotlm6, lot. 
 Received to K^iig William'j Mercy, 10 j . 
 
 Edmund Jsjng of EnglandV Death, and the uncertain 
 manner of it., 5^3. 
 
 Edmund Ironfidey?rf»w ^^Edric'j Son,^^. 
 
 Edwal Foel and his Brother Elis fight the Englifh, and 
 are flain,A^<). Their Iffue, ihid, 
 
 Edward fent for from Normandy and made Kjng, ^C 
 the Confeffor'j death, 98. 
 
 Edward I. Ki^gof England invades Wales, and frevaifs^ 
 183. Infifis upon Prince Lhcvidyn sjubmifiton without 
 rejerve, 292. Sets Prince Lhewelyn'j Head upon the 
 Totver c/ London, and puts his Brother David to deaths 
 ^99. Subdues all Wales, ibtd. . I^ept his Chfiltmas at 
 A*?er-Corywey, ^07. In neceffity^ rmdd tafic no nine 
 
The T A B L E 
 
 for the fatisfaBion of his Soldiers, 308. Cuts dottftt 
 
 all the Pf^oods in Wnks, and builds Beumaris-Cd/?/e,3C9. 
 Edward of CzemAtvonfirft Prince of Wales of the Englifli 
 
 Bloed, 301. Received Hcwage at Chefter of all the 
 
 Tree- holders 0/ Wales, 3 1 o. Goes farther into the Coun^ 
 
 try to the fame purpoJe,\hid. 
 Edward eldeji Son to Kjvg Edward II. created Prince of 
 
 Wales, 31?. 
 Edward eldeji Son to Kjng Edward III. created Prince of 
 
 Wales, 3 1 J, His CharaEler and Death, 314. 
 Edward 5o« to Henry VI. created Prince of Wales, 32 J. 
 
 Murdered, ibid. 
 Edward eldeji Son to Kjng Edward VI. created Prince of 
 
 Waif 5, murdered, 223. 
 Edward VI. inclined to favour the Welch, 313. 
 Edward Son to Richard III. created Prince of Wales, ?24. 
 Edward Son to Henry VIII. created Prince o/Walcs 32 >• 
 £dwyn KJng o/England vicious, diffofjefid and dies^^G. 
 "Eghni J'ole Monarch in Britain, 25. Calls the Country 
 
 EngKind, ibid. He fights the Danes, a6. 
 Eincbn invites the Normons into Wales, and ferfuades 
 
 them to flay, ill 
 Elfleda, Mercian Queen^ her Valiant Aiis both againfl the 
 
 Danes <««^ Welch, 46. Her death, j^t. Left a Daughter 
 
 Alfwyden difinherited by I^ng'Edwav6,tbid. 
 Ethelwulph I{ing of the Weft- Saxons paid Petcr-pencg to 
 
 Rome, 19. Learned and devout, ibid. 
 Eyes of J ever al plucli^d out a barbarom Cuflom, i J 5. 
 Ethelbald Kjfjg of Mercia invades Wales, i6. In con- 
 
 jun^ion tvtth Adelred, ovdfr throw theBnlamSyibid. 
 
 F. 
 
 F Landers a part of it drotvned prejudicial to the 
 Welch, 128. 
 Flemings y^^^/f^ in fart of Wales, 1 18. 
 
 G. 
 
 GAlIio routs the Scots and Pidls, 2. 'Builds a. Wall 
 crofs the Land, ibid. 
 Gam, Sir Dayi6,impr3jotied by Owen Glyndyfwr and re- 
 leajed 32 1 . Revolts from Owen, ibtd. His anfwer in 
 France to Henry V. concerning the French Army, mor- 
 tally weundedat Aginconrt, ^nigbted and died, 311. 
 
 Gare'kind, 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Gavelkind, that Cuftom in Wales, 2 1. 
 
 Geoffrey ^ Monmouth made Bijhop of St. Daviffs, 17T. 
 
 Glamorgan Lordfkif defiribed,-}!^. The beft of tt Fitzha- 
 mon the Chief of the Normans kjip to himfelf 113, 
 
 Godwyn, Earl, reb'els againft K^ng Edward, 89. Invades 
 the Land, and is reconciled to the KJng, 90. Dies 
 fiiddenly fitting at the K^ng'sTahle, 91. 
 
 Gray, Reginald, Lord of Rutnyn taken Pnfoner by Owen 
 Glyndyfwr and ranfomed, 316, 317. 
 
 Gruffydh ap Lhewelyn declaredPrince of North-WaIes,84. 
 His Country invaded by the Englifti and Danes, and 
 routed by him, 85. Reduced all Wales under hisfub- 
 jeHiou, ibid, [{puts Howel Prince of South- Wales at 
 Pencadcr, ibid. Tak^en Vrifoner by the Irifli under the 
 commafid of I.igo ap Edvvalj and recovered by his otvn 
 Men, 87. Overcomes andjlays Gruffydh ap Rhyderch 
 and his Army, 8cc. ibid. Concludes a Peace with Ha- 
 rold King EdwardV General,^^. His Palace at Ruthlan 
 burnt by the Englifh, ibid. Prince Gruffydh murdered 
 by Harold'j Contrivance after he had reigned loyears^ 
 
 Gruffydh ap Conan confirmed in the Principality of Wales, 
 109, Kefufed at firfi an accommodation with King 
 Henry, at laft fiies and obtains Peace, i^j. Carejjed 
 by the KJng, and promifed to deliver up Gruffydh ap 
 Rhys, 143. Dies i?8. His IJfue, i ^9. 
 
 Gruffydh the Son of Rhys ap Tudor laid claim to South- 
 Wales, 14?. F/;ffjw North-Wales, 143. JVifhedmth 
 his Brother Howel to withdraw into South-Wales, 
 144. Forced to bid open defyance to the KJr.g of En- 
 gland, tbid. The Flemings and Welch Lords joyn to- 
 gether to oppofe him, 145. He takes Caermardhyn, I ^6. 
 Invited to the Government o/Cardigan-fhire,?/';^. Suc^ 
 €eeds,\\i. War at Abcryftwyth, I4S. Invidtoufiy 
 difpojfefs'd of his Efiate, 154. Z)/>/, 1 5 8 , 
 
 Gruffydh Son to the Lord Rhys fucceeded his Father, 
 116. Plagued with his Brother Maelgon,2l9. A 
 hopeful Prince, dies,lll» 
 
 Grunydh ap Conan ap Owen ap Gwynedh buried in a 
 Monl(s Cowl, the Super ft ition of it, izi. 
 
 Gruffydh Prince David'j Brother endeavouring to make 
 his efcape out of the Tower of London, breaks his 
 Necl{^ 263. His Body recovered and conveyed to 
 Conytey and honourably buried, 270, 
 
 P d ^ Gruffydh 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 .Giufi^dh Lhvyd Vjii^hted by l^hig Edward I. rebels, in. 
 Treats mth Sir Robert Bruce /or Succours againji the 
 
 . Englifll.fP/V/j his Letter t$ him,ihid. Over-runs North- 
 Wale* and the Marches, and is fallen Prifoner ,313. 
 Gurmundus ^ Norwegian /row Ireland, invades Britain,74 
 Gy/cnwynv^yn iporfted by the Eng\i[h, 21S. fyfufes Ho- 
 nirge to prince Lhewelyn, 211. At lajl confents to tt, 
 
 \ J29. Detained Prtfuner at ^hvewsb\iryf 11^. Set at 
 
 I Liberty, re-gains bis Country, 218. Revolts from 
 
 t. Pri7ice Lhevidyn and jsdijpojjfjl, 2^z. 
 
 1 T 1 hrold fucceeds Canute his Brother in England, 8 J. 
 
 \< 1 Dies, and is facceeded by Hardi Canute his Bro- 
 ther, 85. 
 
 Harold'j favour tvith the Kjng, envied by his Brother 
 Tofty trio barbarously murder' d his Men at hu fioufe tn 
 H^ivetoid^and hisSaying^-j. Made King-,9^. Slain^ioo. 
 
 Hafting a Dane invades France, 40. Hts Policy to obtain 
 Limogis, 41. His Cruelty/ibid. 
 
 Henry I. his partiality in favour of the Normans, 127. 
 Makes his Brother Robert Prifoner, and puts £Ht his 
 Eyes, 128. Kjnd to Cadv^gan the Father of Oven, 
 132 Invades Wales teith three Armies 1 1^0. Overcomes 
 the French KJngt i $ i. Loji his Children at Sea^ and 
 marries, I 5 2. Invades Wales, in danger ibid. Agrees 
 ivith Meredith ap BIcthyn and returns, 155. hts Death 
 and Succejjor, 156. 
 
 Henry II. fends the Flemings into Weft- Wales, 17J. In- 
 vtced to the Conqueft 0/ Wales, ibid- B^epidfed, and in 
 danger of his Life, 174. Concludes a Peace with 
 Pr;«ce Owen, 175. Quarrels and concludes a Peace 
 with Fvar.ce, 187. Invades Wales and brings Prince 
 Rhys to do him Homage, 188. hivades Wales again 
 with a moft potent Army, 190. [{eturns tvithout any 
 thing memorable, and for Hevenge puts out the Eyef 
 eft be Hojiages, 191. Makes a tbird Expedition into 
 VVuks to as little pi^rpofe, ibid* Pajfes thro* Wales, 
 receiving Homage ofPri72ce Rhyszw his tvay to the Con- 
 f^ttc/? o/Ireland, 198, 159, Returns thro' Wales and 
 [ inclined to leave it in a peaceable Condition, 199, 2co. 
 Engaged in a Civil War againfl his Son Henry, 201. 
 Makes a Peace tfith France, and his Children forced to 
 fubmit, ici. Pies^ lo;^^ 
 
 Henry 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Henry TIL f^ng of England invades VVales, and is ivoym 
 
 fied 251. Invades Wales agaiyi ^s\, M^kss 
 
 Henry of Monmouth his General againfl the Welch, 
 
 but wtth illSuccefs 155. Laments the death of the 
 
 Earl of Pembrock 256. Invades Wales, and tn.tf^cs 
 
 Prince David tofubmtt 261, 21 Invades Wales 26 j. 
 
 Fights the Welch with no fuccefs , and invites the 
 
 Irilh into Angkfey ^6 J. Opfreffes Wales, and returns 
 
 diffatisfied 269, 170. Item 274. TVafis the Borders 
 
 275. Requires a Suhfidy tofubdiie Wales 276. Dies 
 
 aSo. 
 
 Henry, eldefi Son to Henry IV. created Prince 0/ W.j 1 8 J 
 
 Henry IV. makes unmerciful Laws againfi the Welch 
 
 319- 
 
 Henry Dul^e of York created Prince of VVales J24. 
 
 Henry VII. grants the Welch a Charter of Libert;/, and 
 
 j^ direSed a Commiffion to enquire into the Birth and 
 Uuality of his Grandfather Owen Tudor ^25. 
 
 Henry WUl.incorforates the Welch with the Englifk 32^. 
 
 Henry eldefi Son to King James created Prince of 
 VVales 328. 
 
 Howel Dha preferred to be Prince of all VVales 50, His 
 Laws ibid. Gees to Rome to have them confirmed 51, 
 His Death and Iffue J ? . 
 
 Howel ap levan expelled his Vncle lago, and took, the 
 Government of VVales upon him ^p. At laft agree 
 60. l^ills Edwal Fychan, and the I{eafons of it ibid. 
 Overthrows the Danes 61: Invades England, and is 
 flain 62, He is fucceeded by his Brother Cadwalhan, 
 who was quickly flain 6j. 
 
 Howel 4w^ Meredith, Pr;nce LhewelynV "Murderers invite 
 theVx^ Scots into South-Wales 81. Slew Rhydderch, 
 and take the Governme7it 83. Meredith y?<«/« by the 
 Sons of Conan ap Sitfylht ibid. Howel attempts the 
 recovery of South-Wales, is overcorne and flain by 
 Prince GrufFydh near Tywy-Head 87. 
 
 Howel ap Grono driven out cf Rydcors Cafile by the Nor- 
 mans, ii6. Bafely betrayed to t hem, and murthered^ 
 
 1^7. 
 Howel ap Owen Gwynedh won the Cafile of Evfyas,i 67. 
 mth his Brother Conan quarrel with their "Uncle Ca4- 
 walader,^e/iege and take the Cajile ofCyn^idfrom him^ 
 1 6 8. makes Cadwalader his Pr if oner, and poffejfes hi^ I 
 Landi ib. he lofi all his Country toC^ddh, Meredith^ 
 
 Dd 4 Aii 
 
The T A B L E. 
 
 ?>yjt^hy$ap Gruffydh, who put the Gar if on of Lhn* 
 hyftydfo the Sword, i6p. 
 
 I. 
 
 IAgo ap rdvval recovers his ^i^ht to North- Wales, 82. 
 Sinn in Battle againji GrufFydh ap Lhewelyn, 84. 
 
 l^OY fent into Britain ivith an Army, hy his Father Alan, 
 J 3. Rout s the S:\\ons, ibid. M^rrrVj Ethelburga, Ken- 
 fvvynV Cofin, and Jt{cceede>d him in the Weft- Saxon 
 I\in^d£tn)i^. Founded Ghficnbmj- Ahby, \h. Dyed 
 at Rome, 15. 
 
 John, Arch'DeacoH of Llanbadarn dies, and is canoni- 
 ^ed, 160, 
 
 John f\. of England in his way to Ireland through Wales, 
 dijcharged a Criminal that mttrtherd a Priefi, 116. 
 Famifhed Will de hvMce^and Maud his Aunt at Windfor 
 after his return, 227. The reafon of his Cruelty and 
 Dif affection to Pnejis, ib. Marches with a great Ar- 
 my into V Vales, and returns tvithout Succefs,iig,lio. 
 Makes afecond Exfedition^h. Orders Foulk Ftfcountr 
 Cardyff to fuhdue thofe that oppofe in South-VValei, 
 and they at lafi do him Homage, but quickly revolt^ 
 2?r, 2 J 2. makes an Expedition intoy^jAtt, 229. 
 Makesajeoondatid third^and hangs the tVelch Pledges, 
 reconciles him/elf to Rome, and eijgages in a Civil War 
 ^ith his Barons, xi"]. Dies, andisfucceededby hisSon 
 Henry, 242. 
 
 lorwerth ap Blethyn revolts from the Earl of SaIop,l24, 
 Bafelyufed by f^ Henry for it, the reafon of it, 125. 
 delivered out of Prifon 15?. Forbids Owen and Ma- 
 dawc to retire to his Eft ate, i j 4. Befet and Jlain by 
 Madawc <»«i3^ Lly warch ap Trahern 137. 
 
 JofephB//5bo/'o/Llandaff ^/w at Rome §8. 
 
 Ii'eland molefted with Locufls 42. 
 
 Ifhel Kjng of Gvient Jlain 28. 
 
 L. 
 
 LHewelyn ap Sytfyiht maizes himfelf Prince of all 
 Wales 79. HisgoodGovernment \h. Slays Mm- 
 ric that rebelled againn him with his own hand 80. 
 Juppreffes another ^ebenion 8 1. Bafely ftain ibid, 
 lhewelyn P. 0/ North- VVales takfs\Da}i\A ap Owen Pri- 
 foner 2. 1 7» Receives Homage of moft of the Wekh 
 
 Lords 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Lords 122. Conquers GwenwynwynV Country 225; 
 Make sail Ex f edit ion into South-VV.<7w^ M^cIgon^eM 
 225, 2i6. Marries Joan K'w^ John'j Daughter 224: 
 Sues and obtains Pence of the I(ing by the means of 
 his wife 2?!. Animates the Lords of '^ovi\\-Vfa\ts 
 to joyn tvith him in a Revolt againft the I^ing 233. 
 Dijpojfejfes the Englifli of all their Holds in his Coun^ 
 try 237. Td^tfjShiewjbury, though excommunicated 
 by the Pope 23 8. Subdues Cardigan and Carmarthen 
 240. Reconciles the Lords in Sonth-Walcs 1^1. Sub- 
 dues Powis 242. Refufes AJfJlance to Kjng John 
 agatnjl the Dauphine ibid. Makes Rynald Bruce, 
 tvho had revolted, fubmit to him 143. Receives the 
 Suhmijjion and Allegiance of the Fleming* in Dyfed 
 ibid. Subdues the revolted Flemings again 24^, 
 
 • Makfs his Son GrufFydh fubmit ibid. Complained of 
 to the King of England by young Rhys, adjujls Mat- 
 ters IV It h him 247. Sei:{es the Ca/ile of William 
 Marflul Earl of Pembroke in Wales, and occafions 
 
 • a War between them 247) 248. Worfls /j" Eng- 
 lifli ^rw^, ^^yj Homage to Henry III. 249. l>:,9roys 
 the Marches i^z. Makes a Defcent upon England 
 253. Being joyned by the Earl of Pembroke againji 
 King Henry, routs his Army 154. Makes an In- 
 cur fion into the King's Territories 155. Mak^s peace 
 ioitb the KJng 156. Sets his Son Gruflfydh at liberty 
 ibid. Buries his Princefs ]onn I'ij. Forced to quit 
 the Siege of Ruthlan 258. Makes the Welch do 
 Homage to hk Son David ibid. Dies^ his CharaBer 
 and Iffue 59, 
 
 Llewelyn ap GrufTydh, and Owen Goch his Brother, de- 
 clared Princes of Horth-Waks ^6p. (Quarrel, and 
 Owen with bis Brother David, made clofe Prifoners 
 171. [Recovers the In-land Country of North-Wales 
 from the Engfilb 272. Waftes Chelhire ibid. Beats 
 the Irilh by Sea 273. Defires peace with the Kjrig^ 
 but fails 2TJ. Kjnd to Sir Roger Mortimer 278. 
 Makes a Peace by the Popes Mediation with the 
 H^ing 179. B^fufes to attend upon KJng EdwardV 
 Coronation 280. The Reafons for ha refufal 181. 
 An Accident made him pliable 183^ Severe Condi' 
 tions of Peace impofed upon, him 284. Married to 
 EHanor Ear llAoxiX.{oiAi Daughter at Worcefter 285- 
 Ksconciled with his Brother David and joyn ag^inJi 
 
 ths 
 
. The T A B L E. 
 
 the Englifh i8 6. Offers to (ulniit to the I^ivg cm- 
 ditionally 192. Sends a Letter to the Arch.BiJhop 
 of Canterbury, and the general Aufwer of the Welch 
 to his Propofals 293, 294, 295. Betrayed in Buellt 
 ay^d kjUed 297. 
 London befieged by the Danes 65. 
 
 M. 
 
 MAhael difpoffeft of his Inheritance by his unnatu- 
 ral Mother Nefts means, and how 115. 
 Madoc ap Meredith Prince of Vomsfiickj to the Englifli 
 
 Intereji 173. 
 Madawc reconciled to Kjng Henry 138. Taken Prifoner 
 
 by Meredith ap Blethin 139. Has ha Eyes fulled out 
 
 by Owen ibid. 
 Madawc ab Owen Gwynedh fails into America 196, 
 
 Plants a Colony there ib. 
 Maelgon fi?i/?ttr^/ South -VValei 218. Beaten bjhisNe- 
 
 phetvs Rhys ayid Owen 229. 
 March, Earl of marries Owen Glyndwr'^ Daughter 3 1 8^ 
 
 Conjented by indenture to divide England bettveen 
 
 Owen, Pkrcy and himfelf 31S. 
 Maud tke Enjprefs lands m England, and is received at 
 
 Arundel 162. 
 Meredith ap Owen poffefl of ail Wales 6\. Difpojfefl of 
 
 North-Wales 67. And routed by Edwal ap Meuric 
 
 their new Prince 68. Died ivithout IJfue Male 69. 
 Meredith ap Owen made Prince of South- Wales 9^, 
 
 Slain in Battel againft Czvadoc ap Gruffydh 102. 
 Meredith and Rhys ap Gruffydh prevail in South- Wales 
 
 171. MeredithV Dm?/> a7id CharaQer 172. 
 Merfyn frych is made ^ing 0/ Wales 24. is flain ty, 
 Merlyn, Ambrofe, and Sybefter, their Time^ Country^ 
 
 and ProVhefies 10, ir. 
 Morgan Hen dies^ an Hundred Tears old; his Marriage ^ 
 
 Eft at e^ and IJfue 58. 
 Morgan ap Owen kills Robert Fitz-Gilbert and his Son 
 
 157. pain 175. 
 Morgan ap Gadogan repents of his Murder cotpmitted 
 
 156. 
 Murders committed 1 ^6. Item i^J. 
 
 Newmarch 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 N. 
 
 NEwmarch> a Norman, obtains the Lordjksp o/Breck- 
 nock, and marries l^Q^^ Daughter to Ckwelyn 
 ap Gruflydh 1 1 j. 
 
 Normans tiPice decimated and put to death in England 
 86. They wajle and plunder Dy{e6 lo^. Theyfei^e 
 upon the Lordjhip of Gbmovg^n nj. The Names 
 of the Adventurers ibid. They pojfefs them/elves of 
 fever al Lordfloips in Wales 117. Divers of i hem 
 flain in Cardigan ibid. Routed again by Cadwgan ap 
 Blethyn Prtnce 0/ South- Wales, and their Cajiles de- 
 ^royed n8. S laughter' d divers times by the Welch, 
 and forced to quit the Country 119, 120. 
 
 Northumberland invaded by the Scots i oc). ♦ 
 
 ~. ^' 
 
 OFfa Kjng of Mercia makes a Ditch from Sea to 
 Sea 20. his death 21. . 
 
 Owen ap Edwyn a Tray tor to his Country lir. Made 
 Prince of Wales by the Englifli, butfoon Icfl it 12.2,. 
 his Death and Pedigree \ 26. 
 
 Owen the Son o/Cadwgan enamoured o/Neft the Wife of 
 Gerald, 'Kjng Henry 'j Lieutenant in Wales 129. fieals 
 her atvay ibid, fltes into Ireland 1 ? 5« returns and 
 ipafis the Country, in conjunElion with Maradt)C ap 
 Riryd 133. hfs Men flay an Englifh Btjhop the 
 caufe of Cadwgan hts Fathers being difpojfejfed of 
 his Ejiate 135. forced to flee into Ireland with Ma- 
 dawc ibid, returns , and is reconciled to the Kjng 
 J 38. divides Madawc'^f Ejiate between himfelf and 
 Meredith ap Blethyn 139. flees for fear of l^ing 
 Henry into North- Wales 140. reconciled to the i\.'"g 
 
 141. Owen is brave and Flighted in Normandy 
 
 1 42. imployed by Kjng Henry againji Gruffydh ap 
 Rhys 148. flam by Gerald 149. 
 
 Owen Gwynedh ywcceei^ Prince 0/ North- Wales 1^0." 
 mightily concerned at the Death of his Son Run 165. 
 takes and rafes the Caftle of Mould 1 66. pulls out 
 his Nephettr Cunedah'j Eyes^ and caflrates him 1 70, 
 being provot^d invades Lhn^h.\n?m 193. dies, bis 
 CharaBer and Ifftie 194. 
 
 Owen Cyfeilioc and Owen Fychnn difpojfefs lorwerth 
 Goch of his E(iate in Powis 192. Cyfeilioc dies, leav- 
 ing his Ejiate to Gwenwynwyn his Son 117. Owen 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Owen Glendwr his Family, Education, and Employment 
 315. oppcfed by the Lord Ruthyn without B^edrefs, 
 takss up Arms, and makes him Prifoner gif. frc' 
 •vails, takes the Eur I of M.^rch Pnfoner 3 1 7, re- 
 takes Aberyft wyth Cajlle 3 1 9. Summons a Parlia- 
 Mint at Machynlleth 5^0. Secures David Gam upon 
 a Jiijpicion of a de/ign he had to murder him 32;. 
 burnt his Houfe^ and his Verje upsn it ibid. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAttnt of Lands granted in Wales to the Earl of Port- 
 land 302, Commons addrefs upon it 50 j. Kin^s 
 Anjlvtr ^04. 
 
 Peekham, John, Archhijhop of Canterbury endeavours a 
 ^^conciliation of Prince Llewelyn and his Brother 
 mth theKjng 286. his Rfmonjirance to the Prince 
 and People zSy, 288,289,290. Solicttes the l^ing en 
 behalf of the Welch 291. Sends Articles to the 
 Welch 292. Excommunicates the Prince of Wales 
 and his Adherents 29T. 
 
 peace in general bettt?een England and Wales , except 
 with Prince Rhys , who was forced to comply with 
 the I\ing 1 7 6. Vnjuftly dealt with 177. 
 
 Powis, Prince oft removes his Seat from Pengwcrn *o 
 Mathraval 20. Art account of tt while a Principality 
 and a Lordjhip, tPith the fever al Divipons and Pof- 
 fejjors thereof^ whether of Britifh or Englidi Blood, 
 ij^ito 185. 
 
 R. 
 
 REhellion in the Korth, caufed by Earl Tofty'^ In- 
 folence ^7. Appeafed()9, 
 RhyddeTchfei:{es upon South- Wales 82, 
 Rhydderch and Rhys the Sons of Rhydderch ap leftyn put 
 
 in their Claim to South -Wales 88. 
 Rhys Brother to Prince Gruffydh taken by the Englifli, 
 
 and put to death at Bulendun 91. 
 Rhys ap 0wen4«i Rhydderch ap C^x^Aoc joyntly govern 
 South- Wales 105. The latter dies 106. A ^^ellion 
 againU the other ibid. Invaded alfb from North- 
 Wales, flies, furfued, and /lain 187. 
 Rhys ap Theodor allowed Prince of South- Wales, as 
 lawful Heir 107. A Rebellion formed againft him, 
 flies into Ireland, returns and defeats his Enemy no. 
 
 Suppreffes 
 
 I 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 SuppreJJes another Bebellion in. Slain nedr Breck- 
 nock in a Vi^ht againft the invading Normani and 
 his ottjn rebellious SubjeEls 1 1 2. 
 Rhys ap Gruffydh Prince of South- Wales takes Llanymd- 
 dyfri Cajile 177. Subdues Cardigan I ; 8, Gives Hen- 
 ry II. Hojlages to obferve the Peace made bettPsen 
 them ib. Bt/ze^e/ Carmarthen, thenforcedtoqnitit 
 i^, Po[J(j[fedf:imfelf vf divers Lands belonging to 
 Foreigners in Wales, oi did others according to his 
 Example 189. Takes Aberteifi Cajlle and ra:^es it 
 191. S'wWwe/ Owen Cyfeilioc 197. Brings the Lords 
 c/South- Wales at Enmity with j^.Henry to do him Ho- 
 mage 203. Makes a great Feaji at Chriftmas at Aber- 
 te\ii,tphere the Bardi 0/ North- Wales 4Wtf/ South- W,.Ics 
 Jinve for the Maftery 105, 206. Takes advantage 
 upon i^ing Ilenry'i death to enlarge his Country 2-0 9. 
 His Family dimim/kes 2io- Made Prijbner by his 
 otvn Sons 2 H • Efcapes 1 1 z. Takes ttvo of his Sons 
 Prifoners % 1 4. Enlarges his Conqneft , and defeats 
 the Englifli and Nonn.ms 214,215. Dies, his Cha- 
 ra^er and fjfue 2 1 6. 
 Rliys Fyclian takes Lhanymdliyfri Caflle 227. 
 Rhys ap Gruffydh ap Rhys prevails tn South- Wales 139. 
 
 Does Homage to Hcnty III. 1^%. Dies i^j. 
 Rhys ap Meredith unfaithful to his Country 304. K*iighted 
 ^;f ^i«g Edward ; revolts ^o'^. Defeated, ta\en Pri» 
 foner, and executed 306. 
 Rhythmarch Archhijhop of S, David dies 122. 
 Richard King of Y.ng\znA's feaji s tn the Holy Land 210. 
 Taken Trtfoner in Auftria ibid. Died of his Wounds 
 received at Chalons in France 219. 
 Richard of Bourdeaux created Prince of Wales 3 r 5. 
 Robert Cyrthois rebels againjl his Father in Nofman- 
 
 dy no. 
 Robert Earl of Salop rebels againfi Henry I. 122. En- 
 gages fAe Welch in the Quarrel 12 J. Seeks Aid of 
 Magnus, Harold'j Son, and fails j banijhed tvith his 
 Brother Arnulph into Normandy 124. 
 Robert de Beliffimo a great Dijiurber of the Welch com- 
 mitted to perpetual imfrtfonment by I^ing Henry i J9. 
 Roderic Molwynoc/ttccw^/erflfor, Anno 720. 15. Dri- 
 ven by the Saxons out of the fVeJiern Countries to his 
 Inheritance m North- Wales 17. dyed foon after 18. 
 Rodcrie the Greatt Prince of Wales 27. Beats the 
 
 Danes 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Danes out of his Country i^. Fights f/jff Englilh, and 
 with his Bro;/?e>- Gwyriad is flam -^z^. His Pedigree 
 and Divifion of Wales between his three Sons ibid. 
 bis Imprudence herein 36. 
 
 S. 
 
 S Axons, their Anfwer'to the^\\\\(h Mejfage 5. They 
 ^^ frfi ^^P^^ ^^^ Scots and Pitils 6. Enter into League 
 
 ^vith the Scots tb. They incroach upon the Britains 1 9. 
 
 Scots and Pi6ts invade Britain i. 
 
 Siward, Earl, bis Saying upon his Sons being jlain tn 
 Battel 19. His foldterly Temper at his death C/i. 
 
 South Wales invaded ttvtce in one Year by \cvz{ and \igo 
 ProjceJ of North- Wales <5 J- They /juarrel, and the 
 Confequmce of it ^7' Embroyled m War between Rhys 
 ap Gmflydh and RhysFychan, and the former fuf^ 
 ported by the Englifh 2^5,236. 
 
 Stephen Kjng of England agrees fvith the King of Scots 
 1 5 7. B^avages Scotland 1 60. Supprejfes Injurreiii' 
 ens at home, andjouts the Scots by hts Lieutenants 
 161. Befieges Arundel Cajlle in vam 162. Takes 
 Lincoln, is defeated and taken Prtfoner ibid. EX' 
 chamed for Earl Robert , and overthrown a fecond 
 time at Wilton 1 6^. iVins the Battel of Farendon, 
 agrees tvtth Henry the Emprefs's Son, and dies 17*. 
 
 Stewards, the Family, and their Original 91,91. 
 
 Sullen Archbi/hop of S. Ty^vids dies 111. 
 
 Sulien a learned Man o/Uanb.idarn dies 165. 
 
 Swane the Dane wajls the Jjle o/Man. ^ Lands m North- 
 Wales 6^. Kills Edwal Prince of the Country ib. 
 His Succefs in England, and ejieemed Kjng hereof 
 
 74,75- 
 Swane Kjng 0/ Denmark invades England ^ and takes 
 York 102. forced to fiy ibid. 
 
 r. 
 
 T' Rahern Fychan flrangely hanged iij. 
 Trahern ap Caradoc made Prince o/ North- Whales 
 105. His Country invaded from Ireland by Grutfydi 
 ap Conan the right Heir ibid. They fight, andTvA" 
 hern with his Cofins worjled and alljlam 1 08. 
 T/ ibute, paid by the Prince of Wales to the Kings of Eng- 
 land 48. , 
 Tudor Vanghan ap Grono his Family, mould be fiilM 
 
 Kmih: 
 
The TABLE. 
 
 Kjiighty and his ^eafonsfor it to KJng Edward III. who 
 C07ifirmed the Honour of it 314. 
 
 V. 
 
 VOrtigern invites the Saxons into Britain 5, 
 Vortimer refds the §axon» 7. 
 
 \ •,':/. '■. ' W. 
 
 \jij Ales wafted lytheMtiCimi 24. hylsjng Egbert 
 
 y ibid. Divided linto three Provinces 27. Inva- 
 ded by the Englifli 5 », Forcibly managed by levaf 
 and lago Pnnces of North-Waits ow/y 5 6. AffitHed 
 l>y the Danes, and a Murrain 6 J. Gives Hojtages to 
 fay the antzent Tribute 5$, Seldom governed by 
 the right Heir 1 09. TVaJied by the Englirtl as far as 
 Anglefey 121. Embroiled with Civil Divtfions 151. 
 Item 153, 154. In great fcarcity i-]6. annnext to 
 the Crown of England 300. 
 
 Walwey K.ing Arthur'j Nephew his Tomb found ^ whofe 
 Body was of a prodigious length no, 
 
 Welch quarrel amovgfi themfelves »2.. Ibid. 13. They 
 defeat the Mercians nt Conwey, and call it Dial Rho- 
 dri 58. Difable the X)znt% aiid '£.ngX\^ that invaded 
 them, then fall cut amon^ them/elves 6 1. Too late 
 fee the folly of foreign 'Aid 1 1 4. Miferab'y fl aught cr'd 
 130, 1 J I. Beirg at peace from abroad, they fall to 
 their wonted Method of dejiroying one another 208. 
 Complain to their Prince of their Oppreffion from the 
 Englifli 272; Beaten by the Eng\\{h ^'J^. Worfl the 
 Englifli 297, 198. Beaten in Buelht ibid, l{etolt 
 becaufe of an heavy Tax from Edward /• every where 
 306. ^^af^^e Englifli 307. Takf the ling's Car ^ 
 riages ibid. Routed by, the Earl of Warwick 308. 
 Beat the Marchers, but are at la/i overcome, and their 
 Leader Madoe made Prifoner 309. 
 
 Welch Minftrels reformed^ whereof tPere three forts i '19. 
 
 William Duk,e of Normandy claims the Crown of Eng- 
 land 98, Lands at Haltings, and defeats the Englifli 
 100. 
 
 William 7. goes with an Army on Pilgrimage to S. Da- 
 vids no. 
 
 William Rufus invades the Welch without Succefs 1 1^. 
 Item 120. Js;_i!lcd 122. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
BOOKS Printed for and fold hy 
 Robert Clavell. 
 
 THE plaufible Arguments of a Roman 
 Catholick, anfwered by an EngliJhPrO' 
 tedant, in the ^Ftf/c^ Tongue. Price 4</. 
 
 The Ghurch-HiftorV clear'd from the Roman 
 Forgeries and Corruptions found in the 
 Councils and Baroniuij in Four Parts; frdm 
 the beginning of Chriftianity, to the end 
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 Comber, D. D. Dean of Durham, 40. 
 
 An Hiftorical Vindication of the Divine Right 
 of Tythes, from Scripture, Reafbn, and the" 
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 By Tho. Comker, D. D. Dean of Durham. 
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