%t^ w^^iy COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON FLOWERS MEMORIAL COLLECTION DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DURHAM, N. C. PRESENTED BY W. W. FLOWERS Q:^it^^y/^nJUt-&^ Plclk I 1 Camp of a *• • Ke'^inient of liifaufrj^ r 1 \ \ 1 lr~J \ ill a/or/ine J>t.fcs. <)")Wy' fi/ .^^'«J' 1 -4 -' a a a D aa j3 aa p m 1 nr aa aa a □ aa au aa a a da Q a ■F - - 1. 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The Rules and Articles of War established by the laws of the United Stales for the government of the Army are hereby declared to be of force, except that whereyer the words " United States" occur, the words " Confedei-ate States" shall be substituted therefor. — Act [No 52] /or the organization of the Army of the Confederate States o/Arwrim ALSO CONTAINING THE ARTICLES OF WAR, « ACTS OF CONGRESS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. NEW -ORLEANS: HENRY P. LATHROP, 74 MAGAZINE STREET. JACKSON, Miss. POWER & CADWALLADER isei- ^ • ^ TS ^' •,\',vi->^^ .": ■ J U' TAGE. Appolutmeuts 6 Artilery Practice 12 Absence, leave of 32 Arrests and Confinements 39 Army Transporf ation 168 Articles of War .221 Acts of Congress (extracts) 2:^9 Act Organizing Army 239 " for Public Defense.... 2-12 " to raise Additional Force 243 •' to make Further Provision, &c 244 Bivouacs 92 Battles 114 Baggage Trains 123 Barracks and Quarters 156 Companies 18 (/ompany Books 23 Clothing, allowance of .164 Council of Administration 35 Companv Fund 37 Chaplains 38 Contributions.'. 85 (^amps 86 Camps of Infantry 89 Cavalry 90 Artillery 92 Convoys and Escorts 119 Courts'-Martial 138 Certificate of Disability. 107 Certificate of Discharge 198 Deceased Officers 27 " Soldiers 28 Deserters 29 Discharges 30 Discussions and Publications .S9 Depots 86 Detachments 106 Kxchange or Transfer of Officers 7 Employment of soldiers 22 Escorts 46 Expenses of Courts-Martial 162 Extra-Duty Men 162 Equipage, allowance of 163 Engineers, Corps of 202 Fortifications, care of 8 armament of U Furloughs 1^4. Funeral Honors 46 Fortified Places, Defense of 13.5 Forage 160 FORMS— See Quartermasters Depart- ment, &o. Guard Mounting 6(5 '■'uards 71 22 r.iaE. Grand Guard 98 Honors to be paid by the Troops 42 Horses for Mounted Officers 163 Inspection of Troops 60 Intrenched Posts 105 Laundresses 25 Military Discipline 4 Marks on Arms 20 Aiesses, soldiers 21 Mustei-s 65 Marches 100 Medical Department 192 Ordnance Sergeants 23 Orders and Correspondence 75 Orderlies 85 Ordnance Department 203 Promotion g Post-Books 17 Post Fund 36 Parades 56 Police Guard 93 Pick.t 96 Partisans and Flankers 109 Prisoners of War 118 Public Property, Money, oard re]iort in favor of the applicant, he will be deemed • •li'j-ible for n commission in the army. Reaignaiion . . Exchanges. 7 ARTICLE V RESIGNATIONS OF OFFICERS. No officer will be considered out of service on the tender of his resignation, until it shall have been duly accepted by the proper authority. Resignations will be forwarded by the commanding offi- cer to the Adjutant-General of the army for decision at the War Department. Resignations tendered under charges, when forwarded by any commander, will always be accompanied by a copy of the charges: or, in the absence of written charges, by a report of the case, for the information of the Secretary of War. Before presenting the resignation of any officer, the Ad- jutant-General Avill ascertain and report to the war Depart- ment the state of such officer's accounts of money, as well as of public property, for which he may have been respon- sible. In time of war, or with an army in the field, resignations .«^hall take effect within thirty days from the date of the order of acceptance. Leaves of absence will not be granted by commanding officers to officers on tendering their resignation, unless the resignation be unconditional and immediate. ARTICLE VI EXCHANGE OR TRANSFER OF OFFICEKS. The transfer of officers from one regiment or corps to another will be made only by the War Department, on the mutual application of the parties desiring the exchange. An officer shall not be transfered from one regimeiit or corps to another with prejudice to the rank of any officer of the regiment or corps to which he is transferre( ^ ARTICLE VII — APPOINTMENTS ON THE staff! As far as practicable, all appointments and det£(j}S on ihe staff will be equalized on the several regim( 8 Distribution of Troops . . Care of Fortifications. General Officers appoint tlieir own Aides-de-camp. An officer shall not fill an}" staff appointment, or other situation, the duties of which will detach him from his compan}^, regiment, or corps, until he has served at least three years with his regiment or corps; nor shall any offi- cer (aides-de-camp excepted) so remain detached longer til an four years. x\n officer of a mounted corps shall not be separated from his regiment, except for duty connected with his par- ticular arm. The Senior Lieutenant present, holding tlie ai)point- ment of Assistant Commissary of Subsistance, is entitled to perform the duties.. ARTICLE VIII — DISTRIBUTION OF THE TROr^I'S. , The military geographical departments will be establish- ed by the War Department. In time of peace, brigades or divisions will not bo formed, nor the stations of the troops I'lianged, without authority from the War Depart- ment. ARTICLE IX— CARE OF fortificatioxs. No person shall be permitted to walk upon any of the slopes of a fortification, excepting the ramps and glacis. If, in any case, it be necessary to provide for crossing them it should be done by placing wooden steps or stairs against the slopes. The occasional walking of persons on a para- pet vrill do no harm, provided it be not allowed to cut the surface into paths. No Ci'.Ule, horses, sheep, goat, or other amimal, shall ever be ]><'rmitted to go upon the slopes, the ramparts, or tlie para])cts, nor upon the glacis, except within fenced limits, wliich should not approach the crest nearer than CO fl'ct. Care of Forlificalions . 9 All grassed surfaces, excepting the glacis, will be care- fully and frequently mo^Yed (except in dry weather,) and the oftener the better, while growing rapidly — the grass never being allowed to be more than a few inches liigh. In order to cut the grass even and close, upon small slopes a light one-handed scythe should be used; and in mowing the steep slopes, the mower should stand on a light ladder resting against the slope, and not upon the grass. Crops of hay may be cut on the glacis; or, if fenced, it may be used as pasture; otherwise it sliould })e treated as other slopes of the fortification. On all the slopes, spots of dead grass will be cut out and replaced by fresh sods. All weeds will be eradicated. A very little labor, applied steadily and judiciously, will maintain the grassed surfaces^ even of the largest of our forts, in good condition. The burning of grass upon ftuy portion of a fortificatioQ is strictly forbidden. Particular attention is required to prevent the formation of gullies in the parade, terreplein, and ramps, and especi- ally in slopes where grass is not well established. If neg- ■lected, they soon involve heavy expense. Earth, sand, or ashes must not be placed against wood- work; a free ventilation must be preserved around il; and all wooden floors, platforms, bridges, &c., will be kept clean swept. The machinery of draw-bridges, gates, and posterns must be kept in good working order by proper cleaning and oiling of the parts; the bridges will be raised, and the gates and posterns opened as often as once a week. The terrepleins of forts, the floors of casemates, capon- niers, store-rooms, barracks, galleries, posterns, maga- zines, &c., and the sidewalks in front of quarters and bar- racks, as well as other walks, are sometimes paved with ])ricks or stones, or formed of concrete. Thcr o surfaces 10 Care of Fortifications. must be preserved from injury with great care. In trans- })orting guns and carriages, and in mounting tliem, strong way-planks will be used, and neither the wheels nor any other part of the carriages, nor machinery, such as shears, gins, &e.,nor any handspike or other implements, will be allowed to touch those surfaces. Unless protected in a simi- lar manner, no wheel-barrow or other vehicle, no barrels, hogheads, &c., will be rolled upon these surfaces. No vio- lent work will be suffered to be done upon them, such as cutting wood, breaking coal, &c., and. no heavy weight be thrown pr permitted to fall thereon. In using machines, as gins, &c., in casemates, care must be taken not to injure the arch or ceiling, as well as the floor. Neglect of these precautions may cause injuries slight in appearance, but serious in effect, from the leaking of water into masonry and casemates, and expensive to repair. The doors and windows of all store-rooms and unoccu- pied casemates, quarters, barracks, &c., will be opened several times a week for thorough ventilation. The masonry shot furnaces will be heated only on the approach of an enemy. For ordinary practice with hot shot, h'on furnaces are provided. The foregoing matters involve but little expense ; tlie labor is within the means of every garrison, and no tech- nical knowledge is called for beyond what will be found among soldiers. Other repairs requiring small disburse- ments, such as repainting exposed wood or iron work, can be also executed by the garrison; but reports, estimates, and ri(|uisitions may be necessary to obtain the materials. No alleration will be made in any fortification, or in its casemates, quarters, barracks, magazines, store-houses, or any other building belonging to it; nor will any building of any kind, or work of earth, masonry, or timber, be erected within the fortification, or on its exterior within Care of Armaments and Ammunition. 11 halfamile,except under the superintendence of the Engineer Department, and by the authority of the Secretary of AVar. ARTICLE X — CARE OF armament of fortifications. At eacli permanent post with a fixed batteiy, and gar- risoned by not more than one company, there will be kept mounted, for purposes of instruction and target practice, three heavy guns, and at posts garrisoned by more than one company, at tiie rate of two for each of tlie companies composing its garrison. The other guns dismounted will be properly placed within their own traverse circles, aud the carriages preserved from the weather. All guns should be sponged clean and their vents exam- jff^^ ined to see that they are clear. The chassis should b^ traversed and left in a different position, the top carriage moved backward and forward and left alternately over the front and rear transoms of the chassis; the elevating screws or machines wiped clean, worked and oiled if required, and the nuts of all bolts screwed up tight. This should all be done regularly once in every week. When tarpaulins, or pent houses, are placed over the guns, they should be removed once a week when the weather is fair, the carriages and guns brushed off, and, if damp, allowed to dry. All old sponge staff and head should be used for drill. The new^ sponges should never be used unless the gun is fired. The implements should be kept in store, under cover, and be examined, wiped clean or brushed at once a month. The magazine should be frequently examined to see that the powder is well preserved. It should be opened every other day when the air is dry and clear. Barrels of powder should be turned and rolled occasionaj|^. Un- 3casiona]|^. if I(>h. 12 Ar tiller y Practice. dor ordinary circumstance?, only a few cartridges sliould be kept filled. If the paper body of the cartridge be- comes soft or loses its sizing, it is certain that the maga- zine is very damp, and some means should be found to improve the ventilation. Cartridge bags may be kept in the magazine ready for filling; also port-fires, fuzes, tubes, and primers. Stands of grape, canisters, andwads for barbette guns, should be kept in store with the imple*ments. For casemate guns, wads may Ije^liung in bundles, and grape and canisters placed near the guns. Shot, well lac- quered and clean, may be placed in piles near the guns. ARTICLE XL— Artillery Practice. At all posts with fixed batteries, tlie position of every gun, mounted or to be mounted, will have its number, and this number be placed on the gun when in position. For every such work a posl-book of record will be kept, under the direction of the commander of the post, in which will be duly entered — the number of each mounted gun, its calibre, weight, names of founder and its inspec- tor, and other n:arks; the description of its carriage, and date of reception at the post; where from; and the great- est field of fire of the gun in its position. Every commander of a fort or other fixed battery will, before entering on artillery practice, carefully reconnoitre and cause to be sketched for his record-book, the water- channels with their soundings, and other approaches to the work. Bnoys^or marks will be placed at the extreme and intermediatc'ranges of the gnns, and these marks be nunikically noted on the sketch. A buoy at every five h.un^fcd yards ma-y-^uffice. aWIic time of practice, a distinct and careful iiote will be la^de for the record-book of every shot or shell that I'lnv l>e'^Uii'own, designating the guns fired by their num- Artillery FracUce. 13 b.ers, the charge of^ powder used, the times of flight of shots and shells, the ranges and ricochets, and the posi- tions of guns in respect to the horizontal and vertical lines. The time of flight of a shell may be noted with sufficient accuracy by a stop-watch, or by counting the beats ( previously ascertaining their value ) of other matches, and the range may sometimes be computed by the time of flight. Other modes of ascertaining the range will readily occur to officers of science. When charged shells with fuzes are thrown; the time of bursting will be noted. If they are intended to fall on land, onl}^ a blowing charge vrill be given to the shells, so that they may be picked up for further use. jJL On filling from the barrel, the proof range of powder-i'^*^ vuU be marked on the cartridges. The general objects of this practice arc — to give the officers and men the read}' and effective use of batteries; to preserve on record the more important results for the benefit of the same, or future commanders, and to ascertain the efficiency of guns and carriages. Commanders of field artillery will also keep registers of their practice, so that not a shot or shell shall be thrown in the Army, for intruction, without distinct objects, such as range, accuracy of aim, number of ricochets, time of bursting, in the case of shells, etc. Every company with a field battery will be allowed for annual practice 500 blank cartridges and a third of that number of shot or shell. Companies vv^th fixed batterj will be allowed 100 cartridges each, with seventy-five or shells. This ammunition will be expended in equal parts in the three months designated below, and if the com^pany be mounted, eight blank cartridges will-be allowed for each of the other months in the yeajg Tlii^ qfual ^1 14 Regiments. allowance is intended only for companies 2-)ermanentli/ serving with batteries. The firing with field-guns by other Artillery companies must be confined to blank cartridges. For artillery there will be annually three periods of practice in firing — Aptil, June, and October for the latitude of Washington and south; and May, July and September north of that latitude. At the termination of each period of practice, the com- manding officers of posts will transmit to the Adjutant- General full reports of the results, in order that proper tabular statements may be prepared for the War Depart- ment. To determine accuracy of aim in firing shot and shell, ^ butts or targets will be used. Where no natural butt presents itself, targets will be erected. A form for float- ing targets will be sent to the commanders of the several forts. As practice in gunnery is a heavy expense to govern- ment, commanders of companies and their immediate superiors are charged with the strict execution of the fore- going details; and all officers authorised to make tours of inspection will report, through the prescribed channels, on such execution. ARTICLE XTI— Regiments. On the organization of a regiment, the companies re- ceive a permanent designation by letters beginning with A, and the officers are assigned to companies; afterw^ard, company officers succeed to companies, as promoted to fill vacancies. Companies take place in the battalion ac- cording to the rank of their captains. Captains must serve with their companies Though subject to the temporary details of service, as for courts- Regiments. 15 martial, military boards, etc., they shall not bo detailed for any duty which may separate them for any considerable time from their companies. The commander of a regiment will appoint the adjutant from the subalterns of the regiment. He will nominate the regimental quarter-master to the Secretary of War for appointment if approved. He will appoint the non-com- missioned staff of the regiment; and, upon the recom- mendation of the company commanders, the sergeants and corporals of companies. In cases of vacancy, and till a decision can be had from regimental head-quarters, the company commanders may make temporary appointments of non-commissioned of- ficers. Commanders of regiments are enjoined to avail them selves of every opportunity of instructing both officers and men in the exercise and management of field artillery; and all commanders ought to encourage useful occupa- tions, and manly exercises, and diversions among their men, and to repress dissipation and immorality. It is enjoined upon all officers to be cautious in reprov- ing noncommissioned officers in the presence or hearing of privates, lest their authority be weakened; and non- commissioned officers are not to be sent to the guard-room and mixed with privates during confinement, but be consi- dered as placed in arrest, except in aggravated cases, where escape may be apprehended. Non-commissioned officers may be reduced to the ranks by the sentence of a court-martial, or by order of the commander of the regiment on the application of the company commander. If reduced to the ranks 1)y gar- rison courts, at posts not the head-quarters of the regi- ment, the compan}^ commander will immediately forward a transcript of the order to the regimental commander. 16 Jleglmenis. Every non-commissioned officer shall be furni.slied witli a certificate or warrant of his rank, signed by the colonel and counter-signed by the adjutant. Blank warrants on parchment, are furnished from the Adjutant-General's office. The first, or orderly sergeant, will be selected by the captain from the sergeants. When it is desired to have bands of music for regi- ments, there will be allowed for each, sixteen privates to act as musicians, in addition to the chief musicians an thorized by law, provided the total number of privates in the regiment, including the band, does not exceed tlie legal standard. The musicians of the band will, for the time being, be dropped from company muster-rolls, but they will be in- structed as soldiers and hable to serve in the ranks on any occasion. They will be mustered in a separate squad un- der tlic chief musician, with the non-commissioned staff, and be included in the aggregate in all regimental returns. When a regiment occupies several stations, the band will be kept at the head-quarters, promded troops (one or more companies) be serving there. The field music belonging to companies not stationed at regimental head- quarters will not be separated from their respective com- panies. No man, .unless he be a carpenter, joiner, carriage- maker, blacksmith, saddler, or harness-maker, will be mustered as an "artificer." Every article, excepting arms and accoutrements, be- l^gjng to the regiment, is to be marked Vvith the number 'a^SSkiiue of the regiment. Such articles as belong to companies are to be marked with tiie letter of the company, and number and name of the regiment; and such as belong to men, with their in- dividual numbers, and the letter ol the company. Fost Books. n The books for each regiment shall be as follows: 1. General Order Booh, of three quires of paper, 16 inches by lO.V inches, to contain all orders and circulars from general, depart" ment, division, or brigade head-quarters, with an index. 2. Begimental Order Book, of three quires of paper, 16 inches by lOJ inches, to contain regimental orders, with an index. 3. Letter Book, of three quires of paper, 16 inches by 10^- inches, to contain the correspondence of the commanding officer on regimental subjects, with an index. 4. An index of letters required to be kept on file, in the following form: No. 1 Name of loriter. Date. Suljject. 1 2 3 4 Captain A. B Adjt.Gen. R.J.. Captain F. G . . . Lieutenant C. D. July 15, 1846 Sept. 4,1846 Oct. 11,1846 Nov. 2.1846 Appoin't of non. com. officers. Recruting service. Error in company return. Application for leave. The date of receipt should be indorsed on all letters. They should be numbered to correspond with the index, and filed in regular order, for easy reference. 5. Descriptive Book, of five quires of paper, 16 inches by 10^ incites, to contain a list of the officers of the regiment, with their jain:k, and dates of appointment, and promotions; transfers, leareaof absence, and places an(J dates of birth. To contain, alsO', the names of all enlisted soldiers, entered according to priority of enlistments, giving their desa-iption, the dates and periods of their enlistment; and, under the head of remarks, the cause of discharge, character, death, desertion, transfer; in short, every thing relating to their military history. This book to be in- dexed. One copy of the monthly returns will be filed. POST BOOKS. The following books will be kept at each post : a Mor- ning Eeport Book, a Guard Report Book, an Order Book, a Letter Book, each two quires foolscap; also copico of the monthly post returns. 2 1 8 Companies. ARTICLE XIII— Companies. The captain will cause the men of the company to be numbered, in a regular series, including the non-commis- sioned officers, and divided into four squads, each to be put under the charge of a non-commissioned officer. Each subaltern officer will be charged with a squad for the supervision of its order and cleanliness; and captains will require their lieutenants to assist them in the perfor- mance of all company duties. As far as practicable, the men of each squad will be quartered together. The utmost attention will be paid by commanders of companies to the cleanliness of their men, as to their person, clothing, arms accoutrements, and equipments, and also as to their quarters or tents. The name of each soldier will be labeled on his bunk, and his company number will be placed against his arms and accoutrements. The arms will be placed in the arm-racks, the stoppers in the muzzles, the cocks let down, and the bayonets in their scabbards; the accoutrements suspended over the arms, and the swords hung up by the belts on pegs. The knapsack of each man will be placed on the lower shelf of his bunk, at its foot, packed with his effects, and ready to be slung; the great-coat on the same shelf, rolled and "strapped; the coat, folded inside out, and placed under the knapsack; the cap on the second or upper shelf; and the boots well cleaned. Dirty clothes will be kept in an appropriate part of the iMt||tsack; no article of any kind to he put under the bed- Cooking utensils and table equipage will be cleaned and arranged in closets or recesses; blacking and brushes out >of view; the fuel in boxes. Companies. 19 Ordinarily the cleuning will be on Saturdays. The chiefs of squads will cause bunks and bedding to be over- hauled; floors dry rubbed; tables and benches scoured; arms cleaned; accoutrements whitened and polished, and every thing put in order. Where conveniences for bathing arc to be had, the men should bathe once a week. The feet to be washed at least twice a week. The hair kept short, and beard neatly trimmed. Non-commissionend officers, in command of squads, will be held more immcdiatcl}^ responsible that their men ob- serve what is prescribed above; that they wash their hands and faces daily; that they brush or comb their heads; that those who are to go on duty put their arms, accoutrements, dress, etc., in the best order, and that such as have permission to pass the chain of sentinels are in the dress that may be ordered. Commanders of companies and squads will see that the arms and accoutrements in possession of the men are always kept in good order, and that proper care be taken in cleaning them. When belts are given to a soldier, the captain will see tliat they are properly fitted to the body; and it is forbidden to cut any belt without his sanction. Cartridge-boxes and bayonet-scabbards will be polished with blacking; varnish is injurious to the leather, and will not be used. All arms in the hands of the troops, whether browned or bright, will be kept in the same state in which they are issued by the Ordnance Department. Arms will not taken to pieces without permission of a commissio officer. Bright barrels will be kept clean and free fr rust without polishing them; care should be taken in rub bing not to bruise or bend the barrel. After firino^ wash 111 111^ ™ 20 Companies . . Marks on Aarms, Sjc. out the bore; wipe it diy, and tlien pass a bit of cloth, slTghtly greased, to the bottom. In these operations, a rod of wood with a loop in one end is to be used instead of the rammer. The barrel, when not in use, will be closed with a stopper. For exercise, each soldier should keep himself provided with a piece of sole leather to fit the cup or countersink of the hammer. (For care of arms in service, see Ordnance Manual, page 185, etc.) Arms shall not be left loaded in quarters or tents, or when the men are oif duty, except by special orders. ■Ammunition issued will be inspected frequently. Each man will be made to pay for the rounds expended without orders, or not in the way of duty, or which may be damaged or lost by his neglect. Ammunition will be frequently exposed to the dry air, or sunned. Special care shall be taken to ascertain that no ball-car- tridges are mixed with the blank cartridges issued to the men. All knapsacks are to' be painted black. Those for the artillery will be marked in the centre of the cover with the number of the regiment only, in figures of one inch and a half in length, of the character called full face, witli yellow paint. Those for the infantry will be marked in the same way, in white paint. Those for the ordnance will be marked with two cannon, crossing; the cannon to be seven and a half inches in length, in yellow paint to resemble those on the cap. The knapsack straps will be :black. The knapsacks will also be marked upon the inner side with the letter of the company and the number of the soldior, on such part as may be readily observed at in- spections. Soldiers^ Mess. 21 Haversacks will be marked upon the flap with the number and name of the regiment, the letter of the corn- pan}^, and number of the soldier, in black letters and fig'ures. And each soldier must, at all times, be provided with a haversack and canteen, and will exhibit them at all inspections. It will be worn on the left side on marches, guard, and when paraded for detached service — the can- teen outside the liaversack. The front of the drums will be painted with the arms of the United States, on a blue field for the infantr}^, and on a red field for the artillery. The letter of the company and number of the regiment, under the arms, in a scroll. Officers at their stations, in camp or in garrison, will al- ways wear their proper uniform. Soldiers will wear the prescribed uniform in camp or garrison, and will not be permitted to keep in their pos- session any other clothing. When on fatigue parties, they will wear the proper fatigue dress. In camp or barracks, the company oflicers must visit the kitchen daily and inspect the kettles, and at all times carefully attend to the messing and economy of their res- pective companies. The commanding officer of the post or regiment will make frequent inspections of the kitchens and messes. The bread must be thoroughly baked, and not eaten until it is cold. The soup must be boiled at least fiv« hours, and the vegetables always cooked sufficiently to be perfectly soft and digestible. Messes will be prepared by privates of squads, including private musicians, each taking his tour. The greatest care will be observed in washing and scouring the co("" ing utensils; those made of brass and copper shouldj lined with tin. The messes of prisoners will be sent to them cooks. 22 Special Employment of Soldiet's. No persons will be allowed to visit or remain in tlie kitchens, except such as may come on duty, or be oc- cupied as cooks. Those detailed for duty in the kitchens will also be re- quired to keep the furniture of the mess-room in order. On marches and in the field, the onlj^ mess furniture of the soldier will be one tin plate, one tin cup, one knife, fork, and spoon, to each man, to be carried by himself on the march. If a soldier be required to assist his first sergeant in the writing of the company, to excuse him from a tour of miUtary duty, the captain will previously obtain the sanc- tion of his own commander, if he have one present; and whether there be a superior present or not, the captain will be responsible that the man so employed does not miss two successive tours of guard-duty by reason of such employment. Tradesmen may be relieved from ordinary military duty to make, to alter, or to mend soldiers' clothing, etc. Com- pany commanders will fix the rates at which work shall be done, and cause the men, for whose benefit it is done, to pay for it at the next pay day. Each company officer, serving with his company, may take from it one soldier as waiter, with his consent and the consent of his captain. No other officer shall take a soldier as a waiter. Every soldier so employed shall be so reported and mustered. Soldiers taken as officers' waiters shall be acquainted with their military duty, and at all times be completely armed and clothed, and in ever}^ respect equipped accor- ing to the rules of the service, and have all their neces- Spies complete and in good order. They are to fall in with tlicir respective companies at all reviews and inspec- tions, and are liable to such drills as the commanding of- Ordnance Sergeants. 23 ficer shall judge necessary to fit them for service in tlie ranks. Non-commissioned officers will, in no case, be permitted to act as waiters; nor are they, or private soldiers, not waiters to be emplo3^ed in any menial office, or made to perform any service not military, for the private benefit of any officer or mess of officers. COMPANY BOOKS. The following books are allowed to each company : ope descriptive book, one clothing book, one order book, one morning report book, each one quire, sixteen inches by ten. One page of the descriptive book will be appropria- ted to the list of officers; two to the non-comniissioned of- ficers; two to the register of men transfered; four to re- gister of men discharged; two to register of deaths; four to register of deserters — the rest to the company descrip- tion list. LAUNDRESS. Four W04nen will be allowed to each company a? wash- erwomen, and will receive one ration per day each. The price of washing soldier's clothing, by the month, or by the piece, will be determined by the Council of Ad- ministration. Debts due the laundress by soldiers, for washing, will be paid, or collected at the pay-table, under the direction of the captain. ARTICLE XIV.— Ordnance Sergeants. The Secretary of War selects from the sergeants of the line of the army, as many Ordnance Sergeants as the service may require, not exceeding one to each militai post. Captains will report to tlieir colonels such sergeants by their conduct and service, merit such appointment, ting forth the description, lenght of service of. the the ^ ii 24 Ordnance Sergeants. gcant, the portion of liis service he was a non-commission- ed officer, his general cliaracter as to fideUty and sobriety, hi.« qualification as a clerk, and his fitness for the duties to be performed by an ordnance sergeant. These reports will be forwarded to the Adjutant-General, to l)e laid be- fore the Secretary of War. When a company is detached from the head-quarters of the regiment, the reports of the comnlending officer in this matter will pass to the regimental head-quarters through the commanding officer of the post or detach- ment, and be accompanied by his opinion as to the fitness of the candidate. Ordnance Sergeants will be assigned to posts when ap- ., pointed, and are not to be transferred to other stations except by orders from the Adjutant-General's office. At the expiration of their term of serv^ice, Ordnance Ser- geants may be re-enlisted, provided they shall have con- ducted themselves in a becoming manner, and performed their duties to the satisfaction of the commanding officer. If the commanding officer, however, shall not think proper to re-enlist tiie Ordnance Sergeant of his post, he will not discharge him at the expiration of his service, unless it shall be the wish of the sergeant, but will communicate to the Adjutant-General his reasons for declining to re- enhVt him, to be submitted to the War Department. The officers interested must be aware, from the nature of the duties assigned to Ordnance Sergeants, that the judicious selection of them is of no small importance to the interests of the service; and that while the law con- ^aemplates, in the appointment of these non-commissioned H^cers, the better preservation of the ordnance and ord- *^fcce stores in deposit in the several forts, there is the further motive of offering a reward to those faithful and well-tried sergeants who have long served their country, Ordnance Sergeants, 25 and of thus giving encouragement to the soldier in the ranks to emulate them in conduct, and thereby secure substantial promotion. Colonels and Captains can not, therefore, be too particular in investigating the characters of the candidates, and in giving their testimonv as to their merits . Th\3 appointment and removal of Ordnance Sergeants, stationed at military posts, in pursuance of the above pro- visions of law, shall be reported by the Adjutant-General to the chief of the Ordnance Department. When a non-commissioned ofiicer receives the appoint- ment of Ordnance Sergeant, he shall be dropped from the rolls of the regiment or company in which he may be serving at the time. The duty of Ordnance Sergeants relates to the care of the ordnance, arms, ammunition, and other military stores at the post to which they may be attached, under the direction of the commanding officer, and according to the regulations of the Ordnance Department. 'If a post be evacuated, the Ordnance Sergeant shall remain on duty at the station, under the direction of the chief of the Ordnance Department, in charge of the ord- nance and ordnance stores, and of such other public pro- perty as is not in charge of some officer or agent of other departments; for which ordnance stores and other property he will account to the chiefs of the proper departments until otherwise directed. An Ordnance Sergeant in charge of ordnance stores at a post where there is no commissioned officer shall be held responsible for the safe-keeping of the property, and shall be governed by the regulations of the Orduan Department in making issues of the same, and in pre ring and furnishing the requisite returns. If the means at his disposal are not sufficient for the preservation of the eld ^ he^ 20 Ordnance Sergeants. property, he shall report the circumstances to the chief of the Ordnance Department. Ordnance Sergeants are to be considered as belonging to the non-commissioned stalf of the post, under the orders of the commanding officer. They are to wear the uniform of the Ordnance Department, with the distinctive badges prescribed for the non-commissioned staff of regiments of artillery; and they are to appear under arms with the troops at all reviews and inspections, monthly and weekly. When serving at any post which may be the head-quar- ters of a regiment. Ordnance Sergeants shall be reported by name on the post returns, and mustered with the non- commissioned staff of the regiment; an dat all other posts they shall be mustered and reported in some company stationed at the post at which they serve; be paid on the muster-roll, and be charged with the clothing and all other supplies previously received from any officer, or sub- sequently issued to them b}^ the commanding ofticer of the company for the time being. Whenever the company may be ordered from the post, the Ordnance Sergeant will be transferred to the rolls of any remaining company, by the order of the commanding otUcer of the post. In the event of the troops being all withdrawn from a post at which there is an Ordnance Sergeant, he shall be furnished with his descriptive roll and account of clothing and pay, signed by the proper officer last in command, accompanied by the remarks necessary for his military history; and on his exhibiting such papers to any Pay- master, with a letter from the Ordnance Office acknowledg- ing the receipt of his returns, and that they are satisfac- )ry, he will be paid on a separate account the amount "dch may be due him at the date of the receipt of the returns mentioned in such letter, together with commuta- tion of rations, according to the regulations of the Sub- Transfer of Soldiers. .Deceased Officers. 2t sisteiice Department.. A certified statement of his pay- account will be furnished the Ordnance Sergeant by the Paymaster by whom he may be last paid. When there are no troops at the post, the Ordnance Sergeant will re- port to the Adjutant-General's office, by letter, on the last day of every month. ARTICLE XV — TRANSFER oy soldiers. No non-commissioned officer or soldier will be transfer- red from one regiment to another without the authority of the commanding general. The colonel may, upon the application of the captains, transfer a non-commissioned officer or soldier from one company to another of his regiment — with consent of the department commander in case of change of post. When soldiers are authorized to be transferred, the transfer will take place on the first of a month, with a view to the more convenient settlement of their accounts. In all cases of transfer, a complete descriptive roll will ac- company the soldier transferred, which roll will embrace an account of his pay, clothing, and other allowances; also, all stoppages to be made on account of the govern- ment, and debts due the laundress, as well as such other facts as may be necessary to show his character and mili- tary history. ARTICLE XVI DECEASED OFFICERS. Whenever an officer dies, or is killed at any military post or station, or in the vicinity of the same, it will be the duty of the commanding officer to report the fact rect to the Adjutant-General, with the date, and any o information proper to be communicated. If an office at a distance from a military post, any officer having^.i teUigence of the same will in like manner communicate itf 28 Deceased Soldiers. specif3'ing the day of his decease; a duplicate of the re- port will be sent to Department Head-Quarters. Inventories of the effects of deceased officers, required by the 94th Article of War, will be transmitted to the Adjstant-General, if a legal administrator or family connection be present, and take charge of the effects, it will be so stated to the Adjutant-General. ARTICLE XVII —DECEASED SOLDIERS. Inventories of the effects of deceased non-commissioned officers and soldiers, required by the 95th Article of War, ^ will ])Q forwarded to the Adjutant-General, by the com- mander of the company to which the deceased belonged, and a duplicate of the same to the colonel of the regiment. Final statements of pay, clothing, etc., will be sent with the inventories. When a soldier dies at a post or station absent from his company, it will be the duty of his imme- diate commander to furnish the required inventory, and, at the same time to forward to the commanding officer of the company to which the soldier belonged, a report of his death, specifying the date, place, and cause; to what time he was last paid, and the money or other effects in his possession at the time of his decease; which report will be noted on the next muster-roll of the company to which the man belonged. Each inventory will be indorsed, "In- ventory of the effects of , late of company (— ) regiment of , who died at , the day l^f: , 18 — ." If a legal representative receive the effects, Hkwill be stated in the report. If the soldier leave no ^^Kcts, the fact will be reported. ^^Bhould the effects of a deceased non-commissioned officer or soldier not be administered upon within a short period after his decease, they shall be disposed of by a k Deceased Soldiers, .Deserters. 29 Council of Administration, under the authority of the commanding ofiicer of the post, and the proceeds deposi- ted with the Paymaster, to the credit of the United States, until they shall be claimed by the legal represen- tatives of the deceased. In all such cases of sales by the Council of Administra- tion, a statement in detail, or account of the proceeds, duly certified by the council and commanding officer, accompji- nied by the Paymaster's receipt for the proceeds, will be forwarded by the commanding officer to the Adjutant- General. The statement will be endorsed, " Report of the proceeds of the effects of , late of company (— ) regiment of , who died at , the day of , 18—." ARTICLE XVIII— DESERTERS. If a soldier desert from, or a deserter be received at, any post other than the station of the company or detachment to which he belonged, he shall be promptly reported by the commanding officer of such post to the commander of his company or detachment. The time of desertion, ap- prehension and delivery will be stated. If the man be a recruit, unattached, the required report will be made to the Adjutant-General. When a report is received of the apprehension or surrender of a deserter at any post other than the station of the company or detachment to which he belonged, the commander of such company or datach- ment shall immediately forward his description and account of clothing to the officer making the report. A reward of thirty dollars will be paid for the apprj hension and delivery of a deserter to an officer of the ar at the most convenient post or recruiting station. _ wards thus paid will be promptly reported by the dis- bursing officer to the officer commanding the company in m 30 Deserters . . Discharges. which the deserter is mustered, and to the authority com- petent to order his trial. The reward of thirty dollars will include the remuneration for all expenses incurred for apprehending, securing and delivering a deserter. When non-commissioned officers or soldiers are sent in ))ursuit of a deserter, the expenses necessaril}^ incurred will be paid whether he be apprehended or not, and reported as in case of rewards paid. Deserters shall ma]^e good the time lost b}^ desertion, unless discharged by competent authority. No deserter shall be restored to duty without trial, except by the authoritj^ competent to order the trial. Rewards and expenses paid for apprehending a deserter will be set against his pay, when adjudged by a court- martial, or when he is restored to duty without trial on such condition. In reckoning the time of service, and the pay and allow- ances of a deserter, he is to be considered in service when delivered up as a deserter to the proper authority. An apprehended deserter, or one who surrenders him- self, shall receive no pay while waiting trial, and only such clothing as may be actually necessary for him. ARTICLE XIX— DISCHARGES. No enlisted man shall be discharged before the expira- tion of his term of enlistment without authority of the War Department, except by sentence of a general court- martial, or by the commander of the Department or of an ^rmy in the field, on certificate of disability, or on appli- ^ion of the soldier after twenty years service. hen an enlisted man is to be discharged, his company lander shall furnish him certificates of his account. iSlank discharges on parchment will be furnished from the Adjutant- General's office. No discharge shall be made Discharges. . Traveling on Duty. 31 in duplicate, nor any certificate given in lieu of a discharge. The cause of discharge will be stated in the body of the discharge, and the space at foot for character cut off, unless a recommendation is given. Whenever a non-commissioned officer or soldier shall be unfit for the militar}'- service, in consequence of wounds, disease, or infirmity, his captain shall forward to the com- mander of the department or of the army in the field, through the commander of the regiment or post, a state- ment of his case, with a certificate of his disability, signed by the senior surgeon of the hospital, regiment, or post, according to the form prescribed in the Medical Regula- tions. If the reccommendation for the discharge of the invalid be approved, the authority therefor will be indorsed on the "certificate of disability,*' which will be sent back to be completed and signed by the commanding officer, who will then send the same to the Adjutant General's office. Insane soldiers will not be dischar^-ed, but sent, under proper protection, by the Department commander to Washington for the order of the War Department for their admission into the Government Asylum. The history of the cases, with the men's descriptive list, and -accounts of pay and clothing, wall be sent with them. The date, place, and cause of discharge of a soldier absent from his company will be reported by the com- mander of the post to his company commander. Company commanders are required to keep the blank discharges and certificates carefully in their own custody. ARTICLE XX TRAVELING ON DUTY. Whenever an officer traveling under orders arrives his post, he will submit to the commanding officer a port, in writing of the time occupied in the travel. 32 Traveling on Duty . . Leaves of Absence. copy of the orders under wliich the journey was performed, and an explanation of any delay in the execution of the orders ; which report the commanding officer shall trans- mit, with his opinion on it, to Department Head-Quarter. If the officer be superior in rank to the commander, the required report will be made by the senior himself. Orders detaching an officer for a special duty, imply, unless otherwise stated, that he is thereafter to join his proper station. ARTICLE XXI — LEAVES of absence to officers. In no case will leaves of absence be granted, so that a company be left without one of its commissioned officers, or that a garrisoned post be left without two commissioned officers and competent medical attendance ; nor shall leave of absence be granted to an officer during the season of active operations, except on urgent necessity. When not otherwise specified, leaves of absence will be considered as commencing on the day that the officer is relieved from duty at his post. He will report himself monthly, giving his address for the next thirty days, to the commander of his post and of his regiment or corps, and to the A-djutant-General ; and in his first report state the day when his leave of absence commenced ; at the expiration of his leave he will join his station. In time of peace, commanding officers may grant leaves of absence as follows: the commander of a post not to exceed seven days at one time, or in the same month; the commander of a geographical department not to exceed sixty days; the general commanding the army not to ex- four months. Applications for leaves of absence for [ore than four months, or to officers of engineers, ordnance, the general staff, or serving on it (aides-de-camp ex- ), for more than thirty days, must be referred to Leaves of Absence. 33 the Adjutant-General for the decision of the Secretary of War. In giving a permission to apply for the extension of a leave of absence, the term of the extension should be stated. The immediate commander of the officer appljnng for leave of absence, and all intermediate commanders, will indorse their opinion on the application before forward- ing it. The commander of a post may take leave of absence not to exceed seven days at one time, or in the same month, reporting the fact to his next superior. Xo leave of absence exceeding seven da3's, except on extraordinary occasions, when the circumstances must be particularly stated, shall be granted to any officer until he has joined his regiment or corps, and served therewith at least two years. Officers will not leave to go beyond sea, without per- mission from the War Department. All leaves of absence to Chaplains and Schoolmasters employed at military posts will be granted by the com- manding officer, on the recommendation of the post Coun- cil of Administration, not to exceed four months. An Application for leave of absence on account of sick- ness must be accompanied by a certificate of the senior medical officer present, in the following form: of the regiment of — , having applied fw a certificate on lohkh to ground an application for leave of absence, I do herehj certify that I have carefully examined this officer and find tJuit — [Here the nature of the disease, wound or disability is to be fully stated, and the pei'iod daring which the officer has suffered under its effects.] Arid that, in consequence thereof he is, in my opinion, unfit for duty. I fh ther declare my belief that he mil not. be able to resume his duties in a lesspe than [Here state candidly and explicitly the opinion as to period which will probably elapse before the officer will be abk resume his duties. When there is no reason to expect a rec^ or when the prospect of recovery is distant and uncertain, or 3 34 Leaves of Absence . . Furloughs. change of climate is recooiraendcd, it must be so stated.] Dated a ( , this day of . Signature of the Medical officer. When an officer is prevented by sickness from joining his station, he will transmit certificates in the above form monthly, to the commanding otlicer of his post and regi- ment or corps, and to the Adjutant-General: and when he can not procure the certificates of a medical officer of the army, he will substitute his own certificate on honor to his condition, and a full statement of his case. If the officer's certificate is not satisfactory, and whenever an of- ficer has been absent on account of sickness for one year, he shall be examined by a medical board, and the case specially reported to the President. In all reports of absence, or applications for leave of ab- ^%*. sence on account of sickness; the officer shall state how long he has been absent already on that account, and by whose permission, ARTICLE XXII — FURLOUGHS to enlisted men. Furloughs wall be granted only by the ^commanding of- ficer of the post, or the commanding officer of the regimentv auctually quartered with it. Furloughs may be prohib- ited at the discretion of the officer in command. Soldiers on furlough shall not take with them their arms or accoutrements. Form of furlough : TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN. The hearer Kermf, , « Sergeant {corporal, or private, as the -om nuiy be) of Captain company, regiment of , aged — years, — feet — inches high, complexion, eyes, hair, ~ by jyrofession a ; born in the of , and enlisted at — , in the of , on the — day of , eighteen hundred and ; to serve for the period of , is hereby permitted to go to , in the of , State of , he havinq received a Furlough from the — — , to the — day of , at which period he will rejoin his company it at J or wherever it then may he. or he considered a deserter. Council of Administralion . 35 Subsistence has been furnisJied to said to the — day of , and pay to the — day of , both inclusive. Given under my hand, at , this — day of , 18 — . Signature of the officer I giving the furlough, f . ARTICLE XXIII — COUNCILS of administration. The commanding officer of every post shall, at least once in every two months, convene a Post Council of Ad- ministration, to consist of the three regimental or company officers next in rank to himself; or, if there be but two, then the two next: if but one, the one next; and if there be none other than himself, then he himself shall act. The junior member will record the proceedings of the Council in a book, and submit the same to the command- ing officer. If he disapprove the proceedings, and the Council, after a reconsideration, adhere to its decision, a copy of the whole shall be sent by the officer commanding to the next higher commander, whose decision shall be final, and entered in the Council book, and the whole be published in orders for the information and government of all concerned. The proceedings of Councils of Administration shall be signed by the president and recorder, and the recorder of each meeting, after entering the whole proceedings, to- gether with the final order thereon, shall deposit the book with the commanding officer. In like manner, the ap- proval or objections of the officer ordering the Council will be signed with his own hand. The Post Council shall prescribe the quantity and kind of clothing, small equipments, and soldiers' necessaries groceries, and all articles which the sutlers may be quired to keep on hand; examine the sutler's books papers, and fix the tariff of prices of the said good commodities; inspect the sutler's weights and meas 36 Council of Administration . . Post Fund. j5x the laundress- charges, and make the regulations for the post school. Pursuant to the 30th Article of War, commanding of- ficers reviewing the proceedings of the Council of Admin- istration will scrutinize the tariff of prices proposed by them, and take care that the stores actually furnished by the sutler correspond to the quality prescribed . POST FUND. A Post Fund shall be raised at each post b}^ a tax on the sutler, not to exceed 10 cents a month for every officer and soldier of the command, according to the average in each month, to be ascertained b}^ the Council, and from the saving on the flour ration, ordinarily 33 per cent., by baking the soldiers' bread at a post bakery. Provided, that when want of vegetables or other reasons make it necessary, the commanding officer may order the flour saved, or any part of it, issued to the men, after paying expenses of baking. The commanding officer shall designate an officer to be post treasurer, who shall keep the account of the fund, subject to the inspection of the Council and commanding officer, and disburse the fund on the warrants of the com- manding officer, drawn in pursuance of specific resolves of the Council. The following are the objects of expenditure of the post fund: — 1st. Expenses of the bake-house; 2d. expenses of the soldiers' children at the post school. On the last day of April^ August, and December, and len relieved from the duty, the treasurer shall make out lis account with the fund since his last account, and sub- it, with his vouchers, to the Council of Administra- te be examined by them, and recorded in the Ooun- Pod and Company Funds 37 cil book, and then forwarded by the commanding officer to the Department Head-Quarters. At each settlement of the treasurer's account, the Coun- cil shall distribute the unexpended balance of the post fund to the several companies and other troops in the rates of their average force during the period. When a company leaves the post, it shall then receive its distributive share of the accrued fund. The regulations in regard to a post fund will, as far as practicable, be applied in the field to a regimental fund, to be raised, administered, expended, and distributed in like manner, by the regimental commander and a regimental council. COMPAY FUND. The distributions from the post or regimental fund, and the savings from the company rations, constitute the Com- pany Fund, to be disbursed by the captain for the benefit of the enlisted men of the company, pursuant to resolves of the Company Council, consisting of all the company officers present. In case of a tie vote in the Council, the commander of the post shall decide. The Council shall be convened once in two months by the captain, and whenever he may think proper. Their proceedings shall be recorded in a book, signed by all the Council, and open at all times to the inspection of the commander of the post. Every four months, and whenever another officer takes command of the company, and when the company leaves the post, the account of the company fund shall be made up, audited by the Council, recorded in the Council book, and submitted, with a dupli ' cate, to the post commander, who shall examine it ai forward the duplicate to Department Head-Quarters. The supervision of the company fund by the post 38 Ghaplai7is . . SiUlei's . mander herein directed shall, in the field, devolve on the commander of the regiment. ARTICLE XXIV— CHAPLAINS. The posts at which Chaplains may be employed v^nll be announced by the War Department. The Council of Administration of the post will report to the Adjutant-General, for the approval of the Secretary of War, the rate of pay allowed the person they select to officiate as Chaplain and perform the duties of Schoolmas- ter; the decision of the Secretary will be notified to the commanding officer of the post by the Adjutant-General. ARTICLE XXV— SUTLERS. Every military post may have one Sutler, to be appoint- ed by the Secretary of War on the recommendation of the Council of Administration, approved by the comman- ding officer. A Sutler shall hold his office for a term of three years, unless sooner removed; but the commanding officer may, for cause, suspend a Sutler's privilege until a decision of the War Department is received in the case. In case of vacancy, a temporary appointment may be made by the commanding officer upon the nomination of the Council of Administration . Troops in campaign, on detachment, or on distant ser- vice, will be allowed Sutlers, at the rate of one for every regiment, corps, or separate detachment, to be appointed by the commanding officer of such regiment, corps, or de- tachment, upon the recommbndation of the Council of Ad- ^nistration, subject to the approval of the General or ler officer in command. \o tax or burden in any shape, other than the author- sessmentfor the post fund, will be imposed on the Dicussions and Publications .. AiTesfs. , 39 Sutler. If their be a spare building, the use of it may bo allowed him/ he being responsible that it is kept in repair. If there be no such building, he ma}^ be allowed to erect one; but this article gives the Sutler no claim to quarters, transportation for himself or goods, or to any military al- lowance whatever. The tariff of prices fixed by the Council of Administration shall be exposed in a conspicuous place in the Sutler's store. No difference of prices will be allowed on cash or credit sales. Sutlers are not allowed to keep ardent spirits or other intoxicating drinks, under penalty of losing their situa- tions. Sutlers shall not farm out or underlet the business and privileges granted by their appointment. • ARTICLE XXVI. 3ni.ITARY DISCUSSIONS AND PUBLICATIONS. Deliberations or discussions among any class of military men, having the object of conveying praise, or censure, or any mark of approbation toward their superiors or others in the military service; and all publications relative to transactions between officers, of a private or personal na- ture, whether newspaper, pamphlet or handbill, are strictly prohibited ARTICLE XXVII — arrests and confinements. None but commanding officers have power to place offi- cers under arrest, except for offences expressly designated in the 27th Article of war. Officers are not to be put under arrest for light offenc( For these the censure of the commanding officer will, most cases, answer the purposes of discipline. An otficer in arrest mav, at the discretion of 40 i Hours of Service. manding- officer, have larger limits assigned him than his tent or quarters, on written application to that effect. Close confinement is not to be resorted to, unless under circumstances of an agravated character. Inordinary cases, and where inconvenience to the ser- vice would result from it, a medical officer will not be put in arrest until the court-martial for his trial convenes. The arrest of an officer or confinement of a soldier, will, as soon as practicable, be notified to his immediate com- mander. All prisoners under guard, without written charges, will be released by the officer of the day at guard mounting, unless orders to the contrary be given by the commanding officer. On a march, company officers and non-commissioned officers in arrest will follow in the rear of their respective companies, unless otherwise particularly ordered. Field officers, commissioned and non-commissioned staff officers, under the same circumstances, will follow in the rear of their respective regiments. An officer under arrest will not wear a sword, or visit officially his commanding or other superior officer, unless sent for; and in case of business, he will make known his object in writing. ARTICLE XXVIII — hours of service and roll-calls. In garrison, reveille will be at 5 o'clock in Maj^, June, July and August, at G in March, April, September, and ;tober, and at half past 6 in November, December, Jan- ^ry-and Febuary; retreat at sunset; the troop, surgeon^ s signah for breakfast and dinner, at the hours pre- •ibed by the commanding officer, according to climate scar-on. In the cavalry, stable calls immediately after Signals . . Roll- Calls . 4 1 reveille, and an hour and a half before retreat; watei' calls at the hours directed by the commanding officer. In camp, the commanding officer prencribes the hours of reveille, reports, roll-calls, guard-mounting, meals, sta- ble-calls, issues, fatigues, &c. SIGNALS. 1 . To go for fuel — -poi?!^ stroke snd ten-stroke roll. 2. To go for water — two strokes and a flam. 3. For fatigue party — pioneer's march. 4 . Adjutant's call — first part of the troop. 5. First Sergeant's call — one roll and four taps. 6. Sergeant's call — one roll and three taps. 7. Corporal's call — one roll and two taps. 8. For the drummers — the drummer'' s call. T\\^ drummer'' s call Q\\2i\\hQ beat by the drums of the police guard five minutes before the time of beating the stated calls, when the drummers will assemble before the colors of their respective regiments, and as soon as the beat begins on the right, it will be immediately taken up along the line. ROLL-CALLS. There shall be daily at least three stated roll-calls, viz: at reveille, retreat and tattoo. They will be made on the company parades by the first sergeants, superintended by a commissioned officer of the companies. The captains will report the absentees without leave to the Colonel or commanding officer. Immediately after reveille roll-call (after stable duty the cavalry), the tents or quarters, and the space ar< them, will be put in order by the men of the companies^ perintended by the chiefs of squads, and the guard-h or guard-tent by the guard or prisoners. lel or i 42 Honors to he paid by the Troops The morning reports of companies, signed by the cap- tains and first sergeants, will be handed to tlie Adjutant before eight o'clock in the morning, and will be consolida- ted by the the Adjutant within the next hour, for the in- formation of the colonel; and if the consolidation is to be sent to higher authority, it will be signed by the Colonel and the Adjutant. ARTICLE XXIX — honors to be paid by the troops. The Frei^ident or Vice-President is to be saluted with the highest honors — all standards and colors dropping, officers and troops saluting, drums beating and trumpets sounding. A Gene/ (d commanding -in-chief is to be received — by cavalry, with sabres presented, trumpets sounding the march, and all the officers saluting, standards dropping; by infantry, with drums beating the march, collors dropping, officers saluting, and arms presented. A 3fajor- General is to be received — by cavalry, with sabres presented, trumpets sounding twice the trumpet- flourish, and officers saluting; by infantry, with three ruf- fles, colors dropping, officers saluting, and arms presented. A Brigadier- General is to be received — by cavalry, with sabres presented, trumpets sounding once the trumpet- flourish, and officers saluting; by infantry, with two ruffles, colors dropping, officers saluting, and arms presented. An Adjutant-General or Insjicctor-General, if under the rank of a General officer, is to be received at. a review or inspection of the troops under arms — by cavalry, with bres presented, officers saluting; by infantry, officers sa- g and arms presented. The same honors to be paid td^y field-officer authorized to review and inspect the t^^s. When the inspecting officer is junior to the officer ing the parade, no compliments will be paid; lie Honors to he paid by the Troops. 43 will be received only with swords drawn and arms vshoul- dered. All guards are to turn out and present arms to General Officers as often as they pass them, except the personal guards of General Officers, which turn out only to the Generals whose guards they are. and to officers of superior rank. To commanders of regiments, garrison, or camp, their own guard turn out, and present arms once a day; after which, they turn out with shouldered arms. To the members of the Cabinet; to the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Repre- sentative of the United States; and to Gomnors, within their respective States and Territories — the same lienors will be paid as to a General commanding-in-chief. Officers of a foreign ser^ vice may be complimented with the honors due to their rank. American and Foreign Envoys or Ministers will be receiv- ed with Ihe compliments due to a Major-Geueral. The colors of a regiment passing a guard are to be salu- ted, the trumpets sounding, and the drams beating a march. When General officers, or persons entitled to salute, pass in the rear of a guard, the officer is only to make his men stand shouldered, and not to face his guard about, or beat iiis drum. When general officers, or persons entitled to salute, pass guards while in the act of relieving, both guards are to salute, receiving the word of command from the senior officer of the whole. All guards are to be under arms when armed partij approach their posts; and to parties commanded by c^ missioned officers, they are to present their arms, dr beating a march, and officers saluting. No compliments by guards or sentinels will be paid 44 Honors to be paid by the Troops. tweon retreat and reveille, except as prescribed for grand 7vunds. All guards and sentinels are to pay the same compli- ments to the officers of the navy, marines, and militia, in the service of the United States, as are directed to be paid to the officers of the army, according to their relative ranks. It is equally the duty of non-commissioned officers and soldiers, at all times and in all situations, to pay the proper compliments to officers of the navy and marines, and to officers of other regiments, when in uniform, as to officers of their own particular regiments and corps. Courtesy among military men is indispensible to disci- })line. Respect to superiors will not be confined to obe- dience on duty, but will be extended to all occasions. It is always the duty of the inferior to accost or to offer first the customary salutation, and of the superior to return such complimentary notice. Sergeants, with swords drawn, will salute by bringing them to a present — with muskets, by bringing the left hand across the body, so as to strike the musket near the right shoulder. Corporals out of ranks, and privates not sentries, will carry their muskets at a shoulder as ser- geants, and salute in like manner. When a soldier without arms, or with side arms only, meets an officer, he is to raise his hand to the right side of the visor of his cap, pUni to the fromt, elbow raised as high as the shoulder, looking at the same time in a respectful and soldier-like manner at the officer, who will ^urn the comphment thus offered. non-commissioned officer or soldier being seated, and tout particular occupation, will rise on the approach o^fi officer, and make the customary salutation. If stand- he will turn toward the officer for the same purpose. Salutes. 45 If the parties remain in the same place or on the same ground, such compHments need not be repeated. SALUTES. The national salute is determined by the number of States composing the Union, at the rate of one gun for each State. The President of the United States alone is to receive a salute of twenty-one guns. The Vice President is so receive a salute of seventeen guns. The Heads of the great Executive Departments of the Na- tional Government; the General commanding the army; the Governors of States and Territories, within their respective jusisdictions, fifteen guns. A Major-General, thirteen guns. A Brigadier-General, eleven guns. Foreign ships of war will be saluted in return for a sim- ilar compliment, gun for gun, on notice being officially re- ceived of such intention. If there be several posts in sight of, or within six miles of each other, the principal only shall reciprocate compliments with ships passing. Officers of the Navy will be saluted according to relative rank. Foreign officers invlied to yMI Si fort or post may be saluted according to their relative rank. Envoys and Ministers Q^ the Vnited States and foreign powers are to be saluted with thirteen guns. A general officer will be saluted but once in a year each post, and only when notice of his intention "^ to v the post has been given. Salutes to individuals are to be fired on their ar only. A national salute will be fired at meridian on the^ 4G Escorts of Honor . . Funeral Honors. vorsary of the Independence of the United States, at each military post and camp provided with artillery and ammu- nition. ESCORTS OF HONOR. Escorts of honor may be composed of cavalry or infan- try, or both, according to circumstances. They are guards of honor for the purpose of receiving and escorting per- sonages of high rank, civil or militar}^ The troops for this purpose will be .selected for their soldierly appearance and superior discipline. The escort will be drawm up in line, the ceutre opposite to the place w^here the personage presents himself, with an interval between the wings to receive him and his ret- inue. On his appearance he will be received with the honors due to his rank. When he has taken his place in the line, the w^hole will be wheeled into platoons or com- panies, as the case may be, and take up the march. The same ceremony wdllbe observed and the same honors paid on his leaving the escort. When the position of the escort is at a considerable dis- tance from the point -where he is expected to be received, as, for instance, where a courtyard or wharf intervenes, a double line of sentinels will be posted from that point to the escort, facing inward, and the sentinels will succes- sively salute as he passes. An officer will be appointed to attend him, to bear such communications as he may have to make to the comman- der of the escort. FUNERAL HONORS. Pn the receipt of official intelligence of the death of the sident of the United States, at any post or camp, the manding officer shall, on the following day, cause a gun be fired at every half hour, beginning at sunrise, and i Funeral Honors. 47 (•!iding at sunset. When posts are contiguous, the firing will take place at the post only commanded by the supe- rior officer. On the day of the interment of a General commanding- in-chief, a gun will be fired at every half hour, until the ])rocession moves, beginning at runrise. The funeral escort of a General commanding-in-chief shall consist of a regiment of infantry, a squadron of cavalry and six pieces of artillery. That of a Major-General, a regiment of infantry, a squad- ron of calvary, and four pieces of artillery. That of a Brigadier-General, a regiment of infantry, one t'ompany of (cavalry, and two pieces of artillery. That of a Colonel, a regiment. That of a Lieutenant- Colonel, six companies. That of a Major, four companies. That of a Captain, one company. That of a Subaltern, half a company. The funeral escort shall always be commanded by an officer of the same rank with the deceased; or, if none such be present, by one of the next inferior grade. The funeral escort of a non-commissioned staff officer • shall consist of sixteen rank and file, commanded by a Sergeant. That of a sergeant, of fourteen rank and file, command- ed by a Sergeant. That of a Corporal, of twelve rank and file, commanded by a Corporal ; and, That of a private, of eight rank and file, commanded by a Corporal. The escort will be formed in two ranks, opposite to quarters or tent of the deceased, with shouldered a and bayonets unfixed; the artillery and cavalry on right of the infantry. i 48 Funeral Honors. On the appearance of the corpse, the officer command- ing the escort will command, Present — Arms! when the honors due to the deceased will be paid by the drums and trumpets. The music will then play an appro- priate air, and the coffin will then be taken to the right, where it will be halted. The commander will nex order, 1. Shoulder — Arms! 2. By company (or platoon), left icheel. 3. March! 4. Reverse — Arms! 5. Column, forward, 6. Guide right. 7. March! The arms will be reversed at the order by bringing the firelock under the left arm, butt to the front, barrel down- ward, left hand sustaining the lock, the right steadying the firelock behind the back; swords are reversed in a similar manner under the right arm. The column will be marched in slow time to solemn music, and, on reaching the grave, will take a direction so as that the guides shall be next to the grave. When the centre of the column is opposite the grave, the com- mander will order, 1. Column. 2. HaCt! Right into line, ivheel. 4. March! The coffin is then brought along the front, to the opposite side of the grave, and the commander then orders, 1. Shoulder — x\rms! 2. Present — Arms! And when the coffin reaches the grave, he adds, 1. Shoulder — Arms! 2. Rest on — Arms! The rest on arms is done by placing the muzzle on the ft foot, both hands on the butt, the head on the hands or Lwed, right knee bent. Funeral Honors. 49 After the funeral service is performed, and the coffin is lowered into the grave, the commander will order, \. Attention! ^.Shoulder — Arms! ^. Load at will. i.\jOkT)\ When three rounds of small arms will be fired by the es- cort, taking care to elevate the pieces. This being done, the commander will order, 1. By company (or platoon)^ right wheel. 2. March! 3. Column^ forward. 4. Guide left. 5. Quick — March! The music will not begin to play until the escort is clear of the enclosure. When the distance to the place of interment is consid- erable, the escort may march in common time and in column of route, after leaving the camp or garrison, and till it approaches the burial-ground. The pall-bearers, six in number, will be selected from the grade of the deceased, or from the grade or grades next above or below it. At the funeral of an officer, as many in commission of the army, division, brigade, or regiment, according to the rank of the deceased, as can conveniently be spared from other duties, will join in procession in uniform, and with side-arms. The funeral of a non-commissioned officer or private will be attended, in like manner, b}^ the non-com- missioned officers or privates of the regiment or company, according to the rank of the deceased, with side-arms only. Persons joining in the procession follow the coffin in the inverse order of their rank. The usual badge of military mourning is a piece black crapie around the left arm, above the elbow, and al upon the sword-hilt; and will be worn when in full or i undress. 4 ie ^1 m 50 Inspections of the Troojys . Form of Insfpcction As family mourning, crape will be worn bv officers (wiien in uniform) only around the left arm. The drums of a funeral escort will be covered with black cra|)0, or thin black serge. Funeral honors will be paid to deceased officers without military rank according to their assimilated grades. ARTICLE XXX — inspections oy the troops. The inspection of troops, as a division, regiment, or other body composing a garrison or command, not less than a companp, will generally be preceded by a review. There will be certain periodical inspections, to wit : 1. The commanders of regiments and posts will make an inspection of their commands on the last day of every month . 2. Captains will inspect their companies every Sunday morning. No soldier will be excused from Sunday inspec- tion except the guard, the sick, and the necessary attend- ants in the hospital. 3. Medical officers having charge of hospitals will also make a thorough inspection of them every Sunday morn- ing. 4. Inspection when troops are mustered for payment. Besides these inspections, frequent visits will be made by the commanding officer, company and medical officers, during the month, to the men's quarters, the hospital, guard-house; etc. FORM OF INSPECTION. The present example embraces a battalion of infantry, e inspecting officer and the field and staff officers will on foot. battalion being in the order of battle, the Colonel cause it to break into open column of companies, Form of Inspection. 51 right in front. He will next order the ranks to be opened, when the color-rank and color-guard, under the direction of the Adjutant, will take post ten paces in front, and the l)and ten paces in' rear of the column. The Colonel, seeing the ranks aligned, will command, 1. Officers and Sergeants, to the front of your com2mmes. 2. March! The officers Avill form themselves in one rank, eight paces, and the non-commissioned officers in one rank, six paces, in advance, along the whole fronts of their respective com- panies, from right to left, in the order of seniority; the pioneers and music of each compan}^, in one rank, two paces behind the non-commissioned offteers. The Colonel will next command, Field and Staff, to the front — March! The commissioned officers thus designated will form them- selves in one rank, on a line equal to the front of the column, six paces in front of the colors, from right to left, in the order of seniority; and the non-commissioned staff, in a similar manner, two paces in rear of the preceding rank. The Colonel, seeing the movement executed, will take post on the right of the Lieutenant-Colonel, and wait the approach of the inspecting officer. But such of the field officers as may be superior in rank to the Inspector will not take post in front ot the battalion. The Inspector will commence in front. After inspecting the dress and general appearance of the field and commis sioned staff under arms, the Inspector, accompanied these officers, will pass down -the open column, looking ever}^ rank in front and rear. The Colonel will now command. 52 Form of Inspection 1. Order Arms. 2. Rest! when the Inspector will proceed to make a minute inspec- tion of the several ranks or divisions, in succession, com-, mencing in front. As the Inspector approaches the non-commissioned staff, color-rank, the color-guard, and the band, the Adjutant will give the necessary orders for the inspection of arms, boxes, and knapsacks. The colors will be planted firm in the ground, to enable the color bearers to display the contents of their knapsacks. The non-commissioned staff may be dismissed as soon as inspected; but the color-rank and color-guard will remain until the colors are to be es- corted to the place from which they were taken. As the Inspector successively approaches the compa- nies, the Coptains will command, 1. Attention. 2. Company. 3. Inspection — Arms! The inspecting officer will then go through the whole company, and minutely inspect the arms, accoutrements, and dress of each soldier. After this is done, the Captain will command, Open — Boxes ! when the ammunition and the boxes will be examined. The Captain will then command, 1. Shoulder — Arms! 6. To the rear, oj^en order. 2. Close order, 7. March! 3. March! 8. Front rank- Kbq\jt-Y acz\ ^^ 4. Order — Arms! 9. Unsling — Knapsacks. ^^L 5. Stack — Arms! 10. Open — Knapsacks. ^^wThe Sergeants will face inward at the 2d command, and ^^■oseupon the centre at the 8d, and stack their arms at H^h command; at the 6th command they face outward, ■'" and resume their positions at the 7th. When the ranks Form of Impedion. 53 are closed, preparitoiy to take arms, the Sergeants will also close upon the centre, and at the word, take their arms and resume their places. The knapsacks will be placed at the feet of the men, the flaps from them, with the great coat on the flaps, and the knapsacks leaning on the great-coats. In this posi- tion the Inspector will examine their contents, or so many of them as he may think necessar}', commencing with the non-commissioned officers, the men standing at attention. When the Inspector has passed through the company, the Captain will command. Rep acJc — Knapsa cks, when each soldier will repack and buckle up his knap- sack, leaving it on the ground, the number upward turned from him, and then stand at rest. The Captain will then command, 1. Attention. 2. Company, 3. Sling — Knapsacl-:^. At the word sling, each soldier will take his knapsack, holding it by the inner straps, and stand erect; at the last word he will replace it on his back. The Captain will continue, 4. Front rank — About — Face! 8. Shoulder — Arms! 5. Close order. 9. Ojfficers and Sergeants, 6. March! to your posts. 7. Take—Amisl 10. March! and will cause the company to file off" to their tents o-r quarters, except the company that is to re-escort the colors, which will await the further orders of the Coloue In an extensive column, some of the rearmost eo panics may, after the inspection of dress and general pearance, be permitted to stack arms until just before tlie 54 Form of InspecHon. Inspector approaches them, when they will be directed to tal-e arms and resume their position. The inspection of the troops being ended, the field and staff will next accompany the inspector to the hospital, magazine, arsenal, quarters, sutler's shop, guard-house, and such other places as he may think proper to inspect. The Captains and subalterns repair to their companies and sections to await the inspector. The hospital being at all times an object of particular interest, it will be critically and minutely inspected. The men will be formed in the company quarters in front of their respective bunks, and on the entrance of the Inspector the word Attention! will be given by the senior non-commissioned officer present, when the whole will salute with the hand, without uncovering. The Inspector, attended by the company officers, will examine the general arrangement of tlje interior of the quarters, the bunks, bedding, cooking and table utensils, and such other objects as may present themselves; and afterward the exterior. The Adjutant will exhibit to the Inspector the regimental books and papers, including those relating to the transac- tions of the Council of Administration. The company book^ and papers will also be exhibited, the whole to- gether, generally at the Adjutant's office, and in the pre- sence of the officers not otherwise particularly engaged. The Inspector will examine critically the books and ac- counts of the administrative and disbursing officers of the command, and the money and property in their keeping. The inspection of cavalry and artiller}'- will conform to ^the principles laid down in the foregoing paragraphs, re- being had to the system of instruction for those arms service respectively. Miisiers. 55 ARTICLE XXXI— MUSTERS. The musters will be made by the Inspector-General, if present, otherwise by an officer specially designated by the Commander of the Army, Division, or Department; and in absence of either an Inspector-General or officer specially designed, the muster will be made by the com- mander of the post. When one inspecting officr can not muster all the troops himself on the day specified, the commanding officer will designate such other competent officers as ma}^ be neces- sary to assist him. All stated musters of the troops shall be preceded by a minute and careful inspection in the prescribed mode; and if the command be more than a company, by a remeic, before inspection. The mustering officer having inspected the companies ill succession, beginning on the right, returns to the first company to muster it. This company being at ordered arms with open ranks, as when inspected, the Captain wiilj^as the mustering officer approaches, command, 1. Attention. 2. ComjDanyf 3. Shoulder — x\rms! 4. Support — Arms! The mustering officer will then call over the names on the roll, and each man, as his name is called, will dis- tinctly answer, Here! and bring his piece to a caiTij and to an order. After each company is mustered, the Captain will order it to be marched to the company parade, and there dismis- sed to quarters to await the Inspector's visit. After mustering the companies, the mustering officer, tended by the company commanders, will visit the guai and hospital, to verify the presence of the men report/ there. 56 Forms of Parade. .Dress Parade Tbe muster and pny rolls Avill be made on the printed forms furnished from the Adjutant-General's office, and according to the directions given on them. On the muster- rolls companies are designated by the name of the Cap- tain, whether present or absent. The pay-roll is left blank, to be filled b}^ the Paymaster. One cop3^ of each muster-roll will be transmitted by the mustering officer to the Adjutant-Generars office in the War Department within three days after the muster. ARTICLE XXXII— FORMS of parade. On all parades of ceremony, such as Reviews, Guard- mounting, at Trooi^ or Retreat parades, instead ol the word " -Res^," which allows the men to move or change the position of their bodies, the command will be '' Parade — Rest!" At the last word of this command, the soldier will carry the right foot six inches in rear of the left heel, the left knee slightly bent, the body upright upon t-lie right leg; the musket resting against the hollow of the right shoulder, the hands crossed in front, the backs of them outward, and the left hand uppermost. At the word "Attention!" the soldier will resume the correct position at ordered arms. In the positions here indicated, the soldier will remain silent and motionless; and it is parti- cularly enjoined upon all officers to cause the commands above given, on the part of the soldier, to bo executed with great briskness and spirit. Officers on all duties under arms are to have their swords drawn, without waiting for any words of command for that purpose. I, DRESS PARADE. There shall be daily one dress parade, at troop or retreat, [s the commanding officer may direct. Dress Parade. 5t A signal will be beat or sounded half an hour before trooj) or retreat, for the music to assemble on the regi- mental parade, and each company to turn out under arms on its own parade, for roll-call and inspection by its own officers. Ten minutes after that signal, the Adjutant's call will be given, when the Captains will march their companies (the band playing) to the regimental parade, where they take their positions in the order of battle. When the line is formed, the Captain of the first company, on notice from the Adjutant, steps one pace to the front, and gives to his company the command, ''Order — Arms! Parade— Rest!" which is repeated by each Captain in succession to the left. The Adjutant takes post two paces on the right of the line; the Sergeant-major two paces on the left. The music will be formed in two ranks on the right of the Ad- jutant. The- senior officer present will take the command of the parade, and will take post at a suitable distance in front, opposite the centre, facing the line. When the companies have ordered arms the Adjutant will order the music to heat off, when it will commence on the right, beat in front of the line to the left, and back to its place on the right. When the music has ceased, the Adjutant will step two paces to the front, face to the left, and command, 1. Attention! 2. Battalion. 3. Shoulder — Arms! 4. Prepare to open ranks! 5. To the rear, open order! 6. March! At the sixth command, the ranks will be opened according to the system laid down in the Infantry Tactics, the com- missioned officers marching to the front, the company o^ ficers four paces, field officers six paces, opposite to th positions in the order of battle, where they will halt dress. o8 Uress Parade. The Adjutant, seeing the ranks aligned, will command, feont! and march along the front to the centre, face to the right, and pass the line of company officers eight or ten paces, where he will come to the right-about and command, Present — Arms! when arms will be presented, officers saluting. Seeing this executed, he will face about to the com- manding officer, salute, and report, "/S'ir, the parade is formed.^l The Adjutant will then, on intimation to that effect, take his station three paces on the left of the com- manding officer, one pace retired, passing round his rear. The commanding officer, having acknowledged the sa- lute of the line by touching his hat, will, after tiie Adju- tant has taken his post, draw his sword, and command, 1. Battalion. 2, Shoulder — Arms! and add such exercises as he may think proper, conclud- ing with Order — Arms! then return his sword, and direct the Adjutant to receive the reports. The Adjutant will now pass round the right of the com- manding officer, advance upon the line, halt midway be- tween him and the line of company officers, and command, 1. First Sergeants, to the front and centre. 2. March! At the first command they will shoulder arms as Ser- ants, march two paces to the front, and face inward, the second command, they will march to the centre, halt. The Adjutant will then order, Parade Dress. 59 1. Front— ?xc^\ 2. Report. At tlie last word, each in succession, beginning on tlic right, will salute by bringing the left hand smartly across the breast to the right shoulder, and report the result of the roll-call previously made on the company parade. The Adjutant again commands, 1. First Sergeant, outward— Yacy.] 2. To your pods — March ! when they will resume their places, and order arms. The Adjutant will now face to the commanding officer, salute, report absent officers, and gire the result of the First Sergeant's reports. The commanding officer will next di- rect the orders to be read, when the Adjutant will face about and announce. Attention to Orders. He will then read the orders. The orders having been read, the Adjutant will face to the commanding officer, salute, and report; when, on an intimation from the commander, he will face again to the line, and announce, Parade is dismissed. All the officers will now return their swords, face inward, and close on the Adjutant, he having taken position in their line, the field officers on fhe flanks. The Adjutant commands, 1. Fj^ont — Face! 2. Forward — March! when they will march forward, dressing on the centre, the music playing, and when within six paces of the com- mander, the Adjutant will give the word, RaJfl The officers will then salute the commmanding officer 60 Review. raising:: tlic hand to the cap, and llicro remain until ho .shall have communicated to them such instructions as he , may have to give, or intimates that the ceremony is fin- ished. As the officers disperse, the First Sergeants will close the ranks of their respective companies, and march them to the company parades, where they will be dismis- sed, the band continuing to play until the companies clear the regimental parade. All field and company officers and men will be present at dress parade.^, unless especially excused, or on some duty incompatible with such attendance. II. REVIEW OF A BATTALION OF INFAXTRY. Preparatory to a review, the Adjutant will cause a camp- color to be placed 80 or 100 paces, or more, according to the length of the line, in front of, and opposite to, where the centre of the battalion will rest, where the reviewing officer is supposed to take his station; and, although he may choose to quit that position, still the color is to be considered as the point to which all the movement and formations are relative. The Adjutant will also cause points to be marked, at suitable distances, for the wheelings of the divisions ; so that their right flanks, in marching past, shall only be about four paces from the camp-color, Avhere it is supposed the reviewing officer places himself to receive the salute. The battalion being formed in the order of battle, at shouhlcird arms the Colonel will command. Balled ion, 2'>reparefor review ! 2. To the rear, open order. 3. March! .t the word March, the field and staff officers dismount ; le company officers and the color-rank advance four pa- in front of the front rank, and place themselves oppo- Review. 61 site to their respective places, in the order of battle. The color-guard replace the color-rank. The staff officers place themselves, according to rank, three paces on the right of the rank of company officers, and one pace from each other; the music takes post as at parade. The non-commissioned staff take post one pace from each other, and three paces on the right of the front rank of the battalion. When the ranks are aligned, the Colonel will command, Front ! and place himself eight paces, and the Lieutenant-Colonel and Major will place themselves two paces, in front of the rank of company officers, and opposite to their respective places in the order of battle, all facing to the front. When the reviewing officer presents himself before the centre, and is fifty or sixt}^ paces distant, the Colonel will face about, and command, Present — Arms ! and resume his front. The men present arms, and the officers salute, so as to drop their swords with the last mo- tion of the firelock. The non-commissioned staff salute by bringing the sword to a poise, the hilt resting on the breast, the blade in front of the face, inclining a little outward. The music will play, and all the drums beat, according to the rank of the reviewing officer. The colors only salute such persons as, from their rank, and by regulation (see Article XXIX), are entitled to that honor. If the review- ing officer be junior in rank to the commandant of the parade, no compliment will be pqjid to him, but he wij he received with arms carried, and the officers will not lute as the column passes in review. The reviewing officer having halted, and acknowledge! the salute of the line by touching or raising his hat, the Colonel will face about and command, 62 Review. Shoulder — Arms ! when the men shoulder their pieces ; the officers and non- commissioned staff recover their swords with the last mo- tion, and the Colonel faces to the front. The reviewing officer will then go toward the right, the whole remaining perfectly steady, without paying any fur- ther compliment, while he passes along the front of the battalion, and proceeds round the left flank, and along the rear of the file-closers, to the right. While the reviewing officer is going round the battalion, the band will play, and will cease when he has returned to the right flank of the troops. When the reviewing officer turns off, to place himself by the camp-color in front, the Colonel will face to the line and command, 1. Close Order. 2. March ! At the first command, the field and company officers will face to the righi-ahout, and at the second command, all per- sons except the Colonel, will resume their places in the or- der of battle ; the field and staff officers mount. The reviewing officer having taken his position near the camp-color, the Colonel will command, 1. By company, right wheel. 2. Quich — March! 3. Pass in Review. 4. Column, fonvard . 5. Guide Right. 6. March ! The battalion, in column of companies, right in front, will then, in common time, and at shouldered arvis, be put in motion ; the Colonel four paces in front of the Captain of Jthe leading company ; the Lieutenant-Colonel on a line th the leading company; the Major on a line with the r company ; the Adjutant on a line with the second mpany; the Sergeant-Major on aline with the company ext preceding the rear — each six paces from the flank ■»%,. Review. 63 (left) opposite to the reviewing officer; the staff officers ia one rank, according to the order of precedency, from the right, four paces in rear of the column; the music, prece- ded b}^ the principal musician,' six paces before the Colo- nel; the pioneers, preceded by a Corpora], four paces be- fore the principal musician ; and the Quartermaster-Ser- geant two paces from the side opposite to the guides, and in line with the pioneers. All other officers and non-commissioned officers will march past in the places prescribed for them in the march of an open column. The guides and soldiers will keep their heads stea- dy to the front in passing in review. The color-bearer will remain in the ranks while passing and saluting. The music will begin to play at the command to march, and after passing the reviewing officer, wheel to the left out of the column, and take a position opposite and facing him, and M'ill continue to play until the rear of the column shall have passed him, when it will cease, and follow in the rear of the battalion, unless the battalion is to pass in quick time also, in which case it will keep its position. The officers will salute the reviewing officer when they arrive within six paces of him, and recover their swords when six paces past him. All officers, in saluting, will cast their eyes toward the reviewing officer. The Colonel, when he has saluted at the head of the bat- talion, will place himself near the reviewing officer, and will remain there until the rear has passed, when he will rejoin the battalion. The colors will salute the reviewing officer, if entitled it, when within six paces of him, and be raised when the, have passed by him an equal distance. The drums will be a march, or ruffle, according to the rank of the reviewing officer, at the same time tifat the colors salute. ^ 64 Review. When the column has passed the reviewing officer, the Colonel will direct it to the ground it marched from, and command, Guide left, in time for the guides to cover. The column having arrived on its grounil, the Colonel will command, 1. Column, 2. Halt ! form it in order of battle, and cause the ranks to be opened. The review will terminate hy the whole saluting as at the beginning. If, however, instructions have been previously given to march the troops past in quick time also, the Colonel will, in- stead of changing the guides, halting the column, and wheel- ing it into line, as above directed, give the command, 1. Quick time. 2. March ! In passing the reviewing officer again, no salute will be offered by either officers or men. The music will have kept its position opposite the reviewing officer, and at the last command will commence playing, and as the column ap- proaches, Avill place itself in front of, and march off with the column, and continue to play until the battalion is halted on its original ground of formation. The Review will terminate in the same manner as prescribed above. The Colonel will afterward cause the troops to perform such exercises and manoeuvres as the reviewing officer may direct. AVhen two or more battalions are to be reviewed, they will e formed in parade order, with the proper intervals, and will so perform the same movements that are laid down for a igle battalion, observing the additional directions that are given for such movements when jyDplied to the line. The Brigadier-General and his staff, on foot, will place themselves Review, 65 opposite the centre of the brigade ; the Brigadi^M'-General two paces in front of the rank of Colonels ; his aid two paces on his right, and one retired ; and the other brigade staff oflicers, those having the rank of field officers, in the rank of Lieutenant-Colonels and Majors ; and those below that rank, in the rank of company officers. In passing in review, a Major-General will be four paces in front of the Colonci of the leading battalion of his division; and the Brigadier-General will be on the right of the Colonels of the leading battalions of their brigades ; staff officers on the left of their Generals. When the line exceeds two battalions, the reviewing offi- cer may cause them to march past in quick time only. In such cases the mounted officers only will salute. A number of companies less than a battalion will be re- viewed as a battalion, and a single company as if it were with the battalion. In the latter case, the company may pass in column of platoons. If several brigades are to be reviewed together, or in one- line, this further difference will be observed : the reviewing personage, joined by the General of the division, on the right of his division, will proceed down the line, parallel to its front, and when near the Brigadier-Generals respectively, will be saluted by their brigades in succession. The music of each, after the prescribed salute, will play while the review- ing personage is in front, or in rear of it, and only then. In marching in review, with several battalions in common time, the music of each succeeding battalion will commence to pla}' when the music of the preceding one has ceased, in order to follow its battalion. When marching in quick time the music will begin to play when the rear company of th' preceding battalion has passed the reviewing officer. The reviewing officer or personage will acknowledge th salute by rising, or taking off his cap or hat, when the 5 GQ Review— -Guard Mounling. mander of the troops salutes liim ; and also when the colors pass. The remainder of the time occupied by the passage of the troops he will be covered. The review of Cavalry and Artillery will be conducted on similar principles, and according to tlie systems of instruction for those arms of service. III. (iUARD-MOUNTING. Camp and garrison guards will be relieved every twenty- four hours. The guards at outposts will ordinarily be re- lieved in the same manner, but this must depend on their dis- tances from camp, or other circumstances, which may some- times require tiieir continuing on duty several days. In such cases, they must be previously warned to provide themselves accordingly. At the first call for guard-mounting, the men warned for duty turn out on their company parades for inspection by the First Sergeants; and at the second call, repair to the regi- mental or garrison parade, conducted by the First Sergeants. Each detachment, as it arrives, will, under the direction of the Adjutant, take post on the left of the one that preceded it, in open order, arms shouldered, and bayonets fixed; the supernumeraries five paces in the rear of the men of their respective companies; the First Sergeants in rear of them, The Sergeant-Major will dress the ranks, count the files verify the details, and when the guard is formed, report to the Adjutant, and take post two paces on the left of the front rank. The Adjutant then commands Front, when the ofHcer of the guard takes post twelve paces in front of the centre, the "^ergeants in one rank, four paces in the rear of the officers; Md the Corporals in one rank four paces in the rear of the Sergeants — all facing to the front. The Adjutant then as- signs their places in the guard. The Adjutant will then com- mand, Guard Mounting. 67 1. Officer and non-commissionhd officers. 2. About — Face. 3. Inspect your guards — MAKCir. The non-commissioned officers then take their posts. The commander of the guard then commands, 1. Order — Arms. 2. Inspection — Ar3is. and inspects his guard. When there is no commissioned of^cer on the guard, the Adjutant M'ill inspect it. During inspection the band will play. The inspection ended, the officer of the guard takes post as though the guard were a compauy of a battalion, in open order, under review ; at the same time, also, the officers of the day will take post in front of the centre of the guard ; the old officer of the day three paces on the right of the new officer of the'day, and one pace retired. The Adjutant will now command, \. Parade— Rest I 2. Troop— Beat of / when the music, beginning on the right, will beat down the line in front of the officer of the guard to the left, and ])ack to its place on the right, where it will cease to play. The Adjutant then commands, [. AUentionf 2. Shoulder — Arms! o. Close order — March? At the word " close order," the officer will face about ; at " march," resume his post in line. The Adjutant then commands, Pi' e sen t — Arms! At which he will face to the new officer of the day, salute and report, " Sir, the guard is formed.'" The new officer of the day, after acknowledging the salute, will direct the Adju- tant to march the guard in review, or by flank to its po§^^ But if the Adjutant be senior to the officer of the day, will report without saluting with the sword then, or Vfi marching the guard in review. OS Guard Mounding. In review, the guard march past the officer of the day, ac- cording to the order of review, conducted by the Adjutant, marching on the left of the first division ; the Sergeant-Ma- jor on the left of the last division. When the column has passed the officer of the day, the officer of the guard marches it to its post, the Adjutant and Sergeant- Major retiring. The music, wliich has wheeled out of the column, and taken post opposite the officer of the day, Mill cease, and the old officer of the day salute, and give the old or standing orders to the new officer of the day. The supernumeraries, at the same time, will be marched by the First Sergeants (o their respective com[)atiy parades, and dis- missed. In bad weather, or at night, or after fatiguing, marches, the ceremony of turning ofl^may be dispensed with, but not the inspection. Grand guards, and other brigade guards, are organized and mounted "on the brigade parade by the stafT officer of the parade, under the direction of the field officer of the day of the brigade, according to the principles here prescribed for the police guard ofa regiment. The detail of each regiment is assembled on the regimental parade, verified by the Adjutant, and inarched to the brigade parade by the senior officer of the detail. After inspection and review, the officer of the day directs the several guards to their respective posts. The officer of the old guard, having his guard paraded, on the approach of the new guard commands, Present — Akms! The new guard will march, in quick time, past the old guard, at shoiddercd arms, officers saluting, and take post four paces on its right, where, being aligned with it, its commander \vl'll order, Present — Arms ! 'J^he iwo officers will then approach each other, and salute. Gvard Moimhng. 69 Thev will then return to their respective guards, and com- mand, 1 . Shoulder — Arms! 2 , Order — Arms! The officer of the new guard will now direct tfee detail for the advanced guard to be formed and marched to its post, the list of the guard made and divided into three reliefs, experi- enced soldiers placed over the arms ol the guard and at the remote and responsible posts, and ihe young soldiers in posts near the guard for instruction in their duties, and will himself proceed to t.ike possession of the guard-house or guard-tent, and the articles and prisoners in charge of the guard. During the time of relieving the sentinels and of calling in the small posts, the old commander will give to the new all the information and instructions relating to his post. The first relief having been designated and ordered two paces to the front, the Corporal of the new guard will take charge bf it, and go to relieve the sentinels, accompanied by the Corporal of the old guard, who will take command of the old sentinels, when the whole are lelieved. If the sentinels are numerous, the Sergeants are to be em- ployed, as well as the Corporals, in relieving them. The relief, withi-rms at a support, in two ranks, will march by a flank, conducted by the Corporal on the side of the lead- ing front-rank man ; and th« men will be numbered alter- nately in the front and rear rank, the man on the right of the froiit rank being No. 1. Should an officer approach, the Corporal will c.nmiand cai-ry amis, and resume the svpporf arins when the officer is passed. The sentinels at the guard-house or guard tent will be the first relieved and left behind; the others are relieved in suc- cession. When a sentinel sees the relief approaching, he will and face to it, with his arms at a shoulder. At six paces, Corporal will command, '0 Guard Moitntin, 1. Relief. 2. Halt! when the relief will halt and carry arms. The Corporal will then add, " No. 1," or ''So. 2," or" No. 3," according to the number of the post. Ar}ns — Port! The two sentinels will, with arms at ]Jot't, then approach each other, when the old sentinel, under the correction of the Corporal, will whisper the instructions to the new sentinel. This done, the two sentinels will shoulder arms, and the old sentinel will pass, in quick time, to his place in rear of the relief. The Corporal will then command, I. Support — Arms! 2. Forward. 3. March ! and the relief proceeds in the same manner until the wliol^ are relieved. The detachments and sentinels from the old guard having ■come in, it will be marched, at shouldered an?is, along the front of the new guard, in quick time, the new guard 'standing at presented arms ; officers saluting, and the music of both guards heating, except at the outposts. On arriving at the regimental or garrison parade, the com- mander ofthe old guard will send the detachments composing ing it, under charge of the non-commissioned officers, to their respective regiments. Before the- men are dismissed, their p'eces will be drawn or discharged at a target. On rejoining their companions, the chiefs of squadg will examine the arms, &c., of their men, and cause the whole to be put away in good order. ^V'hen the old guard has marched off fifty paces, the officer of the new guard will order his men to stack their arms, or place them in the arm-racks. The commander of the gjard will then make himself ac- ainted with all the instructions for his post, visit the senti- 1.?. and que.-tion them and the non-commissioned officers ^lative to the instructions they may have received from other ersons of the old guard. Guards. 7 1 ARTICLE XXXIII— GUARDS. Sentinels will be relieved esxry two hours, unless the state of the weather, or other causes, should make it necessary or proper that it be done at shorter or longer intervals. Each relief, before mounting, is inspected by the comman- der of the guard or of its post. The Corporal reports to him, and presents the old relief on its return. The Countersign, or watchword, is given to such persons as are entitled to pass during the night, and to officers, non- commissioned officers, and sentinels of the guard. Interior guards receive the countersign only when ordered by the commander of tlic troops. The parole is imparted to such officers only as have a right to visit the guards, and to make the grand rounds; and to offi- cers commanding guards. As soon as the new guard has been marched ofl^ the officer of the day will repair to the office of the commanding officer and report for orders. The officer of the day must see that the officer of the guard is furnished with the parole and countersign before 7Xt7'eat. The officer of the day visits the guards during the day at such times as he may deem necessary, and makes his rounds at night at least once after 12 o'clock. Upon being relieved, the officer of the day will makesufeh remarks in the report of the officer of the guard, as circum- stances require, and present the same at headquarters. Commanders of guards leaving their posts to visit their sentinels, or on other duty, are to mention their intention, and the probable time of their absence, to the next in comman( The officers are to remain constantly at their guards, cept while visiting their sentinels, or necessarily engaged where on their proper duty. 72 Guards. Neither officers nor soldiers are to take oft' their clothing; or accoutrements while they are on guard. The officer of the guard must see thai the countersi<;n is duly communicated to the sentinels a little before twilight. When a fire breaks out, or any alarm is raised in a garri- son, all guards are to be immediately under arms. Inexperienced officers are put on guard as supernumera- ries, for the purpose of instruction. Sentinels will not take orders or allow themselves to be re- lieved, except by an officer or non-commissioned of their guard or party, the officer of the day, or the commanding officer ; in which case tlie orders will be immediately notified to the commander of the guard by the officer giving them. Sentinels will report every breach of orders or regulations they are instructed to enforce. Sentinels must keep themselves on the alert, ob.serving everything that takes place within sight and bearing of their post. They will carry their arms habitually at support, or on either shoulder, but will never quit them. In wet weather, if there be no sentry-box, they will secure arms. No sentinel shall quit his post or hold conversation not necessary to the proper discharge of his du'y. All persons, of whatever rank in the service, are required to observe respect toward sentinels. In case of disorder, a .-sentinel must call owiihc gvard, and if a fire take place, he must cry " Fire .^" adding the number of his post. If in either case the danger be great, he must discharge his firelock before calling out. It is the duty of a sentinel to repeat all calls made from posts more distant from the main body of the guard than his ^<)wn, and no sentinel will be posted so distant as not to be hWrd by the guard, either directly or through other sentinels, feentinels will present arms to general and field officers, to the officer of the day, and to the commanding officer of the post. To all other officers they will carry arms. Guards. 7 o When a sentinel in his sentrs^-box sees an officer approach- ing, he will stand at attention, and as the officer passes will salute him, by bringing the left hand briskly to the musket, as high as the right shoulder. The sentinel at any post of the guard, when he sees any body of troops, or an officer entitled to compliment, approach, must call — ''Turn out the guard!'' and announce who ap- proaches Guards do not turn out as a matter of compliment after sunset ; but sentinels will, when officers in uniform approach, pay them proper attention, by facing to the proper front, and standing siendy ai shouldered arms. This will be observed until the evening is so far advanced that the sentinels begin challenging. After retreat (or the hour appointed by the commanding officer), until broad daylight, a sentinel challenges every per- son who approaches him, taking, at the same time, the posi- tion of arms port. He will suffer no person to come nearer than within reach of his bayonet, until the person has given the countersign. A sentinel in challenging, will call out — " Who conies there f^ If answered — ''Friend, with the countersign" tMv\ he be instructed to [^ss persons with the countersign, he will reply — " Advance, friend, with the countersign !" If an- swered — '* Friends?" he will reply — " Halt, friends ! Advance one with the countersign /" If answered — '^ Relief," "Patrol" or "Grand rounds." he will reply — "Halt.' Adrance, Sergeant {or Corporal) with the countersign /" and satisfy himself that the party is what it represents itself to be. If he have no au- thority to pass persons with the countersign, if the wrong countersign be given, or if the persons have not the counter- sign, he will cause them to stand, and call — "Corporal of the^ guardl" In the day time, when the sentinel before the guard sees the^ 74 Guards. officer of the day approach, he will call — ''Turn out the guard! officer of the day j^ The guard will be paraded, and salute with presented arms. When any person approaches a post of the guard at night, the sentinel before the post, after challenging, causes him to halt until examined by a non-commissioned officer of the guard. If it be the officer of the day, or any other officer entitled to inspect the guard and to make the rounds, the non- commissioned olHcer will call — ''Turn out the guard P'' when the guard will be paraded at shouldered arms, and the officer of the guard if he thinks necessary, may demand the counter- sign and parole. The officer of the day, wishing to make the rounds, will take an escort of a non-commissioned officer and two meg. When the rounds are challenged by a sentinel, the Sergeant will answer — "Grand roundsV and the sentinel will reply — "Hall, grand rounds! Advance, Sergeant, icilli the counter- sign!'^ Upon which the Sergeant advances and gives the countersign. The sentinel will then cry — "Advance, rounds !^'' and stand at a shoulder lill they have passed. When the sentinel before the guard challenges, and is answered — "Grand rounds,^' he will reply — "Halt, grand rounds ! Turn out the guard ; grand rounds!'' Upon which the guard will be drawn up at shouldered arms. The officer commanding the guard will then order a Sergeant and two men to advance; when within ten paces, the Sergeant chal- lenges. The Sergeant of the grand rounds answers — "Grand rounds!" The Sergeant of the guard replies — "Adcance, Sergeant, with the countersign!^^ The Sergeant of the rounds advances alone, gives the countersign, and returns to his round. The Sergeant of the guard calls to his officer — "The countersign is right!''' on which the officer of the guard calls — 'Advance, rounds!'' The officer of the rounds then advances alone, the guard standing at shouldered arms. Guards — Orders and Correspondence. 75 The officer of the rounds passes along the front of the guard to the officer, who keeps his post on the right, and gives him the parole He then examines the guard, orders back his escort, and, taking a new one, proceeds in the same manner to other guards. All material instructions given to a sentinel on post by persons entitled to make grand rounds, ought to be promptly notified to the commander of the guard. Any General officer, or the commander of a post or gar- rison, may visit the guards of his command, and go the grand rounds, and be received in the same manner as pre- cribed for the officer of the day. ARTICLE XXXIV — orders and correspondence. The orders of commanders of armies, divisions, brigades, and regiments, are denominated orders of such nrmy, division, &c., and are either general or special. Orders are number- ed, general and special, in separate series, each beginning with the year. General orders announce the time and place of issues and payments, hours for roll-calls and duties ; the number and kind of orderlies, and the time when they shall be relieved ; police regulations, and the prohibitions required by circumstauces and localities; returns to be made, and their forms; laws and reg- ulations for the army ; promotions and appointments; eulogies or censures to corps or individuals, and generally, whatever it may be important to make known to the whole command. Special orders are such as do not concern the troops gen- erally, and need not be published to the whole command ; such as relate to the march of some particular corps, the es- tablishment of some post, the detaching of individuals, the granting requests, Qonsisting of two sergeants, three corporals, two drum- mers, and men enough to furnish the required sentinels and patrols. The men are taken from all the companies, from each in proportion to its strength. The guard is com- manded by a Lieutenant, under the supervision of a Cap- tain, as regimental officer of the day. It furnishes ten sen- tinels at the camp : one over the arms of the guard ; one at the Colonel's tent; three on the color front, one of them over the colors ; three, fifty paces in rear of the field offi- cers' tents; and one on each flank, between it and the next Regiment. If it is a flank Regiment, one more sentinel is posted on the outer flank. An advanced post is detached from the police guard, composed of a sergeant, a corporal, a drummer, and nine men to furnish sentinels and the guard over the prisoners. The men are the first of the guard roster from each com- pany. The men of the advanced post must not leave it under any pretext. Their meals are sent to the post. The advanced post furnishes three sentinels ; two a few paces in front of the post, opposite the right and left Aving of the Regiment, posted so as to see as far as possible to the front, and one over the arms In the cavalry, dismounted men are employed in prefer- ence on the police guard. The mounted men on guard are sent in succession, a part at a time, to groom their horses. The advanced post is always formed of mounted men. In each company, a corporal has charge of the stable- guard. His tour begins at retreat, and ends at morning stable-call. The stable-guard is large enough to relieve the men on post every two hours. They sleep in their tents, and are called by the corporal when wanted. At retreat % 94 Police Guard. he closes the streets of the camp with corcl.>^, or uses other precautions to prevent the escape of loose horses. The officer of the day is charged with the order and cleanliness of the camp; a fatigue is furnished to him when the number of prisoners is insufficient to clean the camp, lie has the calls beaten by the drummer of the guard. The police guard and the advanced post pay the same honors as other guards. They take arms when an armed body approaches. The sentinel over the colors has orders not to permit them to be moved except in presence of an escort ; to let no one touch them but the color-bearer, or the sergeant of the police guard when he is accompanied by two armed men. The sentinels on the color front permit no soldier to take arms from the stacks, except by order of some officer, or a non-commissioned officer of the guard. The sentinel at the Colonel's tent has orders to warn him, day or night, of any unusual movement in or about the camp. The sentinels on the front, flanks and rear, see that no soldier leaves camp with horse or arms' unless conducted by a non-commissioned officer. They prevent non-commis- sioned officers and soldiers from passing out at niglit, ex- cept to go to the sinks, and mark if they return. The}'" ar- rest, at any time, suspicious persons prowling about the camp, and at night, everyone who attempts to enter, even the soldiers of other corps. Arrested persons are sent to the officer of the guard, who sends them, if necessary, to the officer of the day. The sentinels on the front of the advanced post have orders to permit neither non-commissioned officers nor sol- diers to pass the line without reporting at the advanced post; to warn the advanced post of the approach of any armed body, and to arrest all suspicions persons. The Police Guard. 95 sergeant sends persons so arrested to the officer of the guard, and warns him of the approach of any armed body. The sentinel over the arms at the advanced post guards tlic prisoners and keeps sight of them, and suffers no one to converse with them without permission. Tliey are only permitted to go to the sinks one at a time, and under a sentinel. If an}^ one is to be passed out of camp at night, the officer of the guard sends him under escort to the advanc- ed post, and the sergeant of the post has him passed over the chain. At retreat, the officer of the guard has the roll of his guard called, and inspects arms, to see that they are loaded and in order, and visits the advanced post for the same purpose. The sergeant of the police guard, accompanied by two armed soldiers, folds the colors and lays them on the trestle in rear of the arms. He sees that the sutler's stores are then closed, and the men leave them, and that the kitchen fires are put out at the appointed hour. The officer of the day satisfies himself frequently during the night, of the vigilance of the police guard and ad- vanced post. He prescribes patrols and rounds to be made by the officers and non-commissioned officers of the guard. The officer of the guard orders them when he thinks necessary. He visits the sentinels frequently. At reveille, the police guard takes arms ; the officer of the guard inspects it and the advanced post. The Ser- geant replants the colors in place. At retreat and reveille the advanced post takes arms; the Sergeant makes his re- port to the officer of the guard vvhen he visits the post. When necessary, the camp is covered at night with small outposts, forming a double chain of sentinels. These posts are under the orders of the commander of the police guard, and are visited by his patrols and rounds. -'hese ^ •olice JH 96 The Picket. The officer of the j^iiard makes his report of his tour of service, including the advanced post, and sends it, after the o'uard is marched oft', to the ofticer of the day. When the regiment marches, the men of the police guard return to their companies, except those of the ad- vanced post. In the cavalry, at the sound "boot and saddle," the officer of the guard sends one half the men to saddle and pack; when the regiment assembles, all the men join it. When the camping party precedes the regiment, and the new police guard marches with the camping party, the guard, on reaching the camp, forms in line thirty pa- ces in front of the centre of the ground marked for the re- giment. The officer of the guard furnishes the sentinels required by the commander of the camping party. The advanced post takes its station. The advanced post of the old police guard takes charge of the prisoners on the march, and marches, bayonets fixed, at the centre of the regiment. On reaching camp, it turns over the prisoners to the new advanced post. THE PICKET. The detail for the picket is made daily, after the details for duty of the first class, and from the next for detail on the roster of that class. It is designed to furnish detach- ments and guards unexpectedly called for in the twenty- four hours; it coimts as a tour of the first class to those who have marched on detachment or guard, or who have passed the night in bivouac. The officers, noncommissioned officers and soldiers of the picket are at all times dressed and equipped ; the horses are saddled, and knapsacks and valises ready to be put on . Detachments and guards from the picket are taken from ^ put on ■ Det« The Picket. 97 the head of the picket-roll in ecach company, and, if possi- ble, equally from each company. The picket of a Regi- ment is composed of a Lieutenant, two Sergeants, four Corporals, a drummer, and about forty privates. For a smaller force, the picket is in proportion to the strength of the detachment. Officers and men of the picket who march on detach- ment or guard before retreat, will be replaced. The picket is assembled by the Adjutant at guard- mounting; it is posted twelve paces in rear of the guard, and is inspected by its own commander. AVhen the guard has marched in review, the commandant of the picket marches it to the left of the police guard, where it stacks its arms and is dismissed ; the arms are under charge of the sentinel of the police guard. The picket is only assembled by the orders of the Colo- nel or officer of the day. It forms on the left of the police guard. The officer of the day requires the roll of the picket to be called frequently during the da}^ ; the call is sounded from the police guard. At roll-calls and inspections, in- fantry pickets assemble with knapsacks on, cavalry on foot. The picket is assembled at retreat ; the officer has the roll called, and inspects the arms. The picket sleep in their tents, but without undressing. The picket does not assemble at night except in cases of alarm, or when the whole or a part is to march ; then the- officer of the day calls the officers, the latter the non-com- missioned officers, and these the men, for which purpose each ascertains the tents of those he is to call ; they are assembled without beat of drum or other noise. At night, cavalry pickets assemble mounted. Pickets rejoin their companies whenever the Regiment is under arms for review, drill, march or battle. 1 t 98 Grand Guard. GRAND GUARDS AND OTHER OUTPOSTS. Grand guards are the advanced posts of a camp or can- tonment, and should cover the approaches to it. Their number, strength and position are reguhited by the com- manders of brigades ; in detached corps, by the command- ing officer. When it can be, the grand guards of cavalry and infantry are combined, the cavalry furnishing the ad- vanced sentinels. When the cavalry is weak, the grand guards are infantry, but furnished with a few cavalry sol- diers, to get and carry intelligence of the enemy. The strength of the grand guard of a brigade will de- pend on its object and the strength of the Regiments, the nature of the country, the position of the enemy, and the disposition of the inhabitants. It is usually commanded by a Captain. Under the supervision of the Generals of Division and Brigade, the grand guards are specially under the direc- tion of a field officer of the day in each brigade. In case of necessity. Captains may be added to the roster of Lieu- tenant-Colonel and Major for this detail. Staff officers, sent from division head-quarters to inspect the posts of grand guards, give them orders only in urgent cases, and in the absence of the field officer of the day of the brigade. Grand guards usually mount at the same time as the other guards, but may mount before daybreak if the Gen- eral of Brigade thinks it ncccssar}-' to double the outposts at that time. In this case they assemble and march with- out noise, and during their march throw out scouts ; this precaution should always be taken in the first posting of a grand guard. The doubling of guards weakens the corps and fatigues the men, and should seldom be resorted to, and never when preparing to march or fight. Grand Guard. 99 A grand guard is conducted to its post, in the first in- stance, by the field officer of the day, guided by a staff officer who accompanied the Generalin his reconnoissance. After the post has been established, the commander sends to the field officer of the day, when necessary, a soldier of the guard to guide the relieving guard to the post. Ho also sends to him in the evening a corporal or trusty man of the guard for the note containing the parole and coun- tersign, and sends them before dark to the detached posts. He will not suffer his guard to be relieved except by a guard of the brigade, or by special orders. If there is no pass to be observed or defended, the grand guards are placed near the centre of the ground they are to observe, on sheltered, and, if possible, high ground, the better to conceal their strength and observe the enemy ; they ought not to be placed near the edge of a wood. When, during the day, they are placed very near or in sight of the enemy, they fall back at night on posts selected farther to the rear. In broken or mountainous countries, and particularly if the inhabitants are ill disposed, intermediate posts must be established when it is necessary to post the grand guard distant from the camp. Grand guards are chiefly to watch the enemy in front ; their flanks are protected by each other, and the camp must furnish posts to protect their rear and secure their retreat. Grand guards are seldom intrenched, and never without the orders of the General, except by a barricade or ditch when exposed in a plain to attacks of cavalry. The General of Division, if he thinks proper, changes- the stations and orders of these guards, and establishes posts to connect the brigades, or protect the exterior flanks. 100 Grand Guard After a grand guard is posted, the first care of the com- mander and of the field officer of the day is to get news of the enemy; then to reconnoitre his position, and the roads, bridges, fords snd defiles. This reconnoissance determines the force and position of the small posts and their senti- neLs, day and night. These posts, according to their im- portance, are commanded b}^ officers or non-commissioned officers ; the cavalry posts may be relieved every four or eight hours. The commander of a grand guard receives detailed in- structions from the General and field officer of the day of the brigade, and instructs the commanders of the small posts as to their duties and the arrangements for defense or retreat. The commanders of grand guards may, in ur- gent cases, change the positions of the small posts. If the small posts are to change their positions at night, they wait until the grand guard have got into position and dark- ness hides their movements from the enemy ; then march .silently and rapidly under the charge of an officer. In detached corps, small posts of picked men are at night sent forward on the roads by which the enemy may attack or turn the position. They watch the forks of the roads, keep silence, conceal themselves, light no fires, and often change place. They announce the approach of the enemy by signals agreed upon, and retreat, by route's ex- amined during the day, to places selected, and rejoin the guard at daybreak. Grand guards have special orders in each case, and the following in all cases : to inform the nearest posts and the field officers of the day, or the General of Brigade, of the anarch and movements of the enemy, and of the attacks they receive or fear ; to examine every person passing near the post, particularly those coming from without ; to rrest suspicious persons, and all soldiers and camp fol- Grand Guard. 101 lowers who try to pass out without permission, and to send to the General, unless otherwise directed, all 'country peo- ple who come in. All out-guards stand to arms at night on the approach of patrols, rounds, or other parties ; the sentinel over tke arms has orders to call them out. Advanced posts will not take arms for inspection or ce- remony when it would expose them to the view of the enemy. Grand guards are often charged with the care and work- ing of telegraphic signals. The sentinels and vedettes are placed on points from which they can see farthest, taking care not to break their connection with each other or with their posts. They are concealed from the enemy as much as possible by walls, or trees, or elevated ground. It is generally even of more advantage not to be seen than to see far. They should not be placed near covers, where the enemy may capture them, A sentinel should always be ready to fire; vedettes carry their pistols or carbines in their hands. A sentinel must be sure of the presence of an enemy before he fires; once satisfied of that, he must fire, though all defense on his part be useless, as the safety of the post may depend on it. Sentinels fire on all persons deserting to the enemy. If the post must be where a sentinel on it cannot com- municate with the guard, a Corporal and three men are detached for it, or the sentinels are doubled, that one may communicate with the guard. During the day the com- munication may be made by signals, such as raising a cap or handkerchief. At night sentinels are placed on low ground, the better to see objects against the sky. To lessen the duty of rounds, and keep more men on the alert at night, sentinels are relieved every hour. To 102 G-rand Guard. prevent sentinels from being surprised, it is sometimes well to precede the countersign by signals, such as strik- ing the musket with the hand, striking the hands toge- ther, &e. On the approach of any one at night, the sentinel or- ders "J5a///" If the order is not obeyed after once re- peated, he fires, if obeyed, he calls—" Who (joes there? " If answered — '^Rounds" or " Fatrol,^^ he says — " Advance icilh the coiintersignP If niorft than one advance at the same time, or the person who advances fails to give the countersign or signal agreed on, the sentinel fires and falls back on his guard. The sentinel over the arms, as soon as his hail is answered, turns out the guard, and the Cor- poral goes to reconnoitre. When it is desirable to hide the position of the sentinel from the enem}', the hail is re- placed b}^ signals; the sentinel gives the signal, and those approaching the counter signal. With raw troops, or when the light troops of the enemy are numerous or active, and when the country is broken or wooded, the night stormy or dark, sentinels should be doubled. In this case, while one watches, the other, <'alled a flying sentinel, moves about, examining the paths and hollows. The commandants of grand guards visit the sentinels often ; change their positions when necessary ; make them repeat their orders ; ti^aeh them under what circum- stances and at what signals to retire, and particularly not to fall back directly on their guard if pursued, but to lead the enem}^ in a circuit. At night, half the men of the grand guard off post watch under arms, while the rest lie down, arms by their side. The horses are always bridled; the horsemen hold the reins and must not sleep. When a grand guard of cavalry is so placed as not to Grand Guard. 103 be liable to a sudden attack from the enemy, the General may permit the horses to be fed during the night, unbrid- ling for this purpose a few at a time — the horsemen being vigilant to prevent them from escaping. An hour before break of day, infantry grand guards stand to arms, and cavalry mount. At the advanced posts, some of the infantry are all night under arms, some of the cav- alry on horseback. The commander of a grand guard regulates the num- bers, the hours, and the march of patrols and rounds, according to the strength of his troop and the necessity for precaution ; and, accompanied by those who are to command the patrols and rounds during the night, he will reconnoitre all the routes they are to follow. Patrols and rounds march slowly, in silence, and with great precaution ; halt frequently to listen and examine the ground. The rounds consist of an officer or non-com- missioned officer, and two or three men. Toward break of day the patrols ought to be more frequent, and sent to greater distances. They examine the hollow ways and ground likely to conceal an enemy, but with great caution, to avoid being cut off, or engaged in an unequal combat ; if they meet the enemy, they fire and attempt to stop his march. While the patrols are out, the posts are under arms. Cavalry patrols should examine the country to a greater distance than infantry, and report to the infantry guard every thing they observe. The morning patrols and scouts do not return until broad daylight ; and when they re- turn, the night sentinels are withdrawn, and the posts for the day resumed. When patrols are sent beyond the advanced posts, the posts and sentinels should be warned. On their return, commanders of patrols report in regard 104 Grand Guard. to the ground and every thing they have observed of the movements of the enemy, or of his posts, and the comman- dant of the grand guard reports to the field officer of the day. The fires of grand guards should be hidden by a wall, or ditch, or other screen. To deceive the enemy, fires are sometimes made on ground not occupied. Fires are not permitted at small posts liable to surprise. The horses of cavalry guards are watered or fed by de- tachments ; during which the rest are ready to mount. If a body of troops attempt to enter the camp at night, unless their arrival has been announced, or the commander is known to, or is the bearer of a written order to the commander of the grand guard, he stops them, and sends the commander under escort to the field officer of the day, and warns the posts near him. Bearers of flags are not permitted to pass the outer chain of sentinels; their faces are turned from the post or army; if necessary, their eyes are bandaged; a non-com- missioned officer stays with them to prevent indiscretion of the sentinels. The commandant of the grand guard receipts for dis- patches, and sends them to the field officer of the day or General of Brigade, and dimisses the bearer; but if he has discovered what ought to be concealed from the enemy, he is detained as long as necessary. Deserters are disarmed at the advanced posts, and sent to the commander of the grand guard, who gets from them all the information he can concerning his post. If many come at night, they are received cautioudy, a few at a time. They are sent in the morning to the field officer of the day, or to the nearest post or camp, to be conducted to the General of the brigade. All suspected persons are searched by the commanders of the posts. Intrenched Posts. 105 VV^'hen an enemy advances to attack, unless he is in too