/ \ PERKINS LIBRARY DuKe University Kare Dooks ; MAPS, PLANS, VIEWS and COINS, ILLUSTRATIVE OF TUE TRAVELS ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER GREECE, CURING THE MIDDLE OF THE FOURTH CENTURY BEFORE THE CHRISTIAN ./ERA. D U B L I N: INTED BY AND FOR M. MILLS, 36, DORSET-STI. * ^ fc a— — == ■ I \ \ * i TABLE £' ft OF THE PLATES. } INTRODUCTION No. I. Greece and the Grecian Ifland*. a. Plan of the Pafs df Thermopylae. 3. Plan of the Battle of Salamis. 4. Eflay on the Battle of Platsea. 5. Chart of the Palus Mxotis and Pcntus Euxinus. .... 6. The Bofphorus of Thrace. 7. The Hellefpont. S. Plan of the Environs of Athens. 9. Attica, Megaris, and Part of the Ifland of V chap. vi. Eubcea. • 10. Plan of the Academy and its Environs. - - chap. vii. 11. Plan of a Grecian Pulxftra, after Vitruviui. - chap. viii. iz. Plan of Athens. - - - -v 1 j. Plan and Elevation of the Propylxa. 14. Plan of the Temple of Thefeus, Elevation and View of the Parthenon. - - - J 15. Phocis and Doris. - - - "> 16. Effay on the Environs of Delphi and View of > chap. xxii. Paruaffus. - - - - J I-. Plan of a Grecian Houfe after Vitruviui. - chap. xxv. 18. Bceotia. ..... chap, xxxiv. J9. Tl.clTuly. - - - , CHAP. XXXV. go. Corinthia, Sicyonia, Phliafia and Achaia. - chap, xxxvii. CHAP. XII. I ts V TABLE or the PLATES. • No. 21. Elis andTriphyli3. - - - "J 1 '• chap, xxxvrif. 2 2. EfTay on the Topography of Olympia. - -J 23. Meffenia. - chat. xl. 24. Lacenia and the ffland of Cythera. 25. Effajr on the Topography of Sparta and its Environs - 16. Arcadia. - chap. lii. 1 7. Argolis, Epidatiria, Trcezenia, Hermionis, the Ifle of JEgina and Cynuria. - - chap, liii, 18. Plato on the Promontory of Sunium, difcourf- ing to his Difciplcs. Vic-v. - - <*hap. lix. 19. Ancient Greek Theatre. - - chap. lxx. 30. The Cyclades. - - chap, lxxtt, 3 1 . Coins from the Cabinet of the King of France. k CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAPS of ANCIENT GREECE: COMPILED For the TRAVELS of ANACHARSIS the YOUNGER. Ev M. BARBIE DU BOCAGE JlN geography, when a map is copied from another map, the imitation fhould be candidly avowed ; and when it differs effentially from all other maps of the fame country, the authorities on which fuch differ- ence is founded fhould be affigned. In compliance with this principle, I fliall proceed to explain, as fuccin&ly as poffible, the guides I have followed, and the reafons by which I have been influenced, in compiling the maps of Ancient Greece, which ac- company the Travels of Anacharfis. In this examination I fliall not include the parti- cular plans, becaufe each of them would furnifh mat- ter for one, or even for more than one memoir. I mud, however acknowledge, that thofe of the bat- t i t 6 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS Jf ties of Salamis and Platsea would have been very im- perfect, if the Count de la Luzerne, the prefent mi- nifter for naval affairs, had not been fo obliging as to favour me with his advice, and read the ancient authors with my drawings before him. I am like- wife indebted to the Count de Choifeul-Gouffier, for his generous communications of all the plans and furveys he had taken in the country ; and it is cer- tain that the mod accurate of my maps are thofe which are laid down after his plans. They are al- molt all by M. Foucherot, engineer for bridges and caufeways *, who not only put into my hands his drawings and manufcript journals, but has alio de- fcribed to me, as diflinclly as poflible, the parts of his route where he had not time to take cjbferya- tions, and which were neceflary to my defign. The geographical collection for foreign affairs, in which the late Count de Vergennes permitted me to make refearches, has alfo furniihed me with a number of other plans of ports and iflands ; and I have found in the library of the king, though not the entire voyage of the Abbe Fourmont, yet at lead feveral fragments of it, of which I have made every poffible ufe. The heirs of the late M. D'Anville have alfo communicated to me the notes of that cele- brated geographer, to whom the fcience of geogra- phy is fo much indebted, and whofe very errors are j efpe&able, fince they only prove the imperfection of geographical knowledge at the time when he compiled his maps. I have alfo found in fome geo- graphical manuscripts of the late M. Freret, well known for his profound erudition, digefted extracts from the Portulans f which I Ihall frequently have occafion to cite. It now only remains for me to, * Ing6nieur des ponrser chauffees — f ColIeClHns, of (.harts, furveys and defcriptions of different ports, roads, &c. ON THE MAPS, 7 fpeak of a work on geography, in modern Greek, by Meletius, archbilhop of Athens, and a native of Joannina in Epirus, written about the end of the laft century, and printed at Venice, in 1728, in one volume folio. I have made ufe of it in feveral in- flances, for the northern parts of Greece; but 1 could not for the Peloponnefus, becaufe the maps of that peninfula were already engraved before this work fell into my hands. I muff like wife add that, if my maps are lefs imperfect than thofe which have preceded them, they are indebted for a part of their merit to the author of the Travels of Anacharfis, who has aflifted me in my enquiries, and difcuffed with me feveral effential points. I likewife fharl not include in this examination the chart of the Palus Maeotis and Pontus Euxinus, becaufe time and events having furnifhed us with a confiderable acceffion to our knowledge of thofe places fince it has been completed, it would be ne- ceflfary to lay it down entirely anew. I mail there- fore confine myfelf to the general map of Greece, and the particular maps of each of its provinces. I have made ufe of all the agronomical obferva- tions that I have been able to procure, when I have found them accurate ; and, in defect of thefe, have had rccourfe to the diflances given by the ancients and moderns. But it will be firft neceflary to give an account of the meafures I have employed. In all the maps, I have ufed, for the comparative fcale, the common French leagues of 2500 toifes, becaufe they have appeared to me in general to cor- refpond very nearly with the hour's journey employ- ed by travellers in thefe countries. The Olympian ftadium, which in my maps I eftimate at 94 toifes 5 feet, is deduced from the length which M. Le Roi af- figns to the Grecian foot (a). As to the Pythian (a) Le Rci, Ruines de la Grcce, t. i. p. 32. 8 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS fladium, it is that which M. D'Anville has before ufed, and which he fixes at one tenth part of the Roman mile, or four fifths of the Olympian fladi- um (b). I have named it Pythian, becaufe it appears to me to have been principally in ufe in the north of Greece ; and becaufe, according to the remark of Spon (V), the fladium which dill exifts at Delphi is fhorter than that of Athens. By the meafures which we have of the latter, it appears that it was of the length, or nearly fo, of the Olympian fla- dium. It is true that Cenforinus (d\ when com- paring the fladia which he calls Italian, Olympian and Pythian, makes the latter confift of icoo feet ; while the firfl, according to him, only contains 625, and the fecond 600. But Aulus Gellius, who wrote in Greece, exprefsly fays {e) that the Olympian was the longefl of all the fladia ; and, befides, M*. D'Anvillc (y), and before him Lucas Pectus, have already remarked that Cenforinus here diflinguiihes the Italian from the Olympian fladium, only from not knowing the difference of the feet of which they were compofed, and that 625 Roman feet are equal to 6co Grecian Olympian feet We cannot therefore rely on the meafure of the Pythian fladi- um of Cenforinus. Yet if we take the 1000 feet for the meafure of the diaulus, or double fladium, we fhall ftill have, for the length of the Pythian fladi- um, 500 feet, which are exactly four fifths of 625 Roman feet. However this may be, the Pythian fladium, being (Loiter by one fifth than the Olym- pian, fladium, mufl be equal to 75 toiies, 5 teet, 2 inches, _< r lines, French meafure, or, to avoid trac- tions, j6 toifes (161 yards, 2 feet Eng.) as it has been _i by M. D'Anville (g). (/) D'Anville, trait! des Mef. h(n.— (r) Spon, V«>yag. t. ii, n. 38— [d)Q nfor! de Pie Nat. enjx 13 — f-) Aul. Gelll No!. Am. lib. 1, cap. i — {[) D'Anville, Trait, des Mef. p. 14 ei 7c. — [g] Id. ibid. p. 71. O N T HE M APS. 9 I have fome'times made ufe of a ftill fhorter ftadi- um, or that which M. U'Anville calls the Macedo- nian, or Egyptian (b), and which he eftimates, in feveral places, from fifty toifes to fifty-four, or even more. The projection of the general map is on the hy- pothefis which confiders the earth as a plane ; at leaft the diminution oi rhe degrees of longitude is calculated from the table at the end of the Supple- ments to the Aftronomy of M. de la Lande (/') ; for the difference between this hvpothefis and that of the fpherical figure of the earth is almoft infenfible on the fcale that I have chofen. The meridians be* ing right lines on my map, their intervals have been afcertained by the "tangents of the parallels 36 and 40 ; and I have always taken the degree of latitude at 57000 toifes, in round numbers, as it has been eftimated in the table of M. Schulze {&), for the la- titude of 39 degrees. It is not neceffary to mention that the curvature of the parallels has been deter- mined and laid down on each meridian from the dif- ference of the fecant and the radius ; but it may be proper to remark that, if the parallels are right lines on the particular maps, it is becaufe it would other- wile have been very diilicult to lay down the diffe- rent bearings of which I mall have occafion to fay more prefently ; and becaufe, befides, the curva- ture would have been fcarcely perceivable. I have likewife not marked the lengitude on the particular maps ; becaufe, having no obfervation relative to it through the whole extent of country which they reprefent, it would have been neceffary at leafl to reach Salonichi, from which it muff have been com- puted. Uu Id. Eclaircif. Geogr. fur l'Anc. Gaule, p. 162; Trait, d-'s Mel'. Iiin. p. 93 — (/) D_* la Lande, Aftronorn. t. iv. p. — Ik) Id. ibid. p. 777. io CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS • The general map, on the contrary, is fupported by feveral obfervations of longitude and latitude. The pofition of Conftantinople, formerly Byzanti- um, is taken from the Connor (fane e des Temps for the year 1788 ; and the latitude and longitude of Salo- nichi, formerly Therma, at the bottom of theTher- maic Gulf; of Smyrna, on the coaft of Afia ; and Candia and Canea, in the ifland of Crete, have been pbferved by father Feuillee. M. De Chazelles has given us the latitude of Rhodes, and other naviga- tors have furnifhed me with that of feveral of the iflands of the Archipelago. I have not been able to make ufe of the observa- tion of father Feuiilee at Milo, becaufe it appears to me erroneous. M. D'Anville had before judged it to be fo, fince the longitude which he afligns to that ifland in his maps differs by about twenty mi- nutes from that of father Feuillee. The longitude of Melos in my map is almoft the fame with that in which it is laid down by M. D'Anville. The particular maps have for their bafis : 1. The obfervations of latitude taken by Vtrnon at Athens, Negropont, or Chalcis, in Eubcea, and Sparta. 2. Two obfervations of latitude, which I found in the papers of M. Freret, They were taken by M. De Chazelles, one in the port of the ifland of Zante, or Zacynthus, and the other to the fouth of Cape Ma- tapan, or Tserianim, directly weft of the moft fouthern point of the ifland of Cythera. 3. The latitude of Volo, formerly Pagafae, at the bottom of the Pagafitic Gulf, in Theifaly, given by Dapper, though I know not whence he obtained it. 4. 'I hat of Corfu, from the tables of Riccioli and Pimentel. 5. That of Durazzo, or Epidamnus, in Iilyricum, according to the table of Philip Laniberge. And, 6. The latitude and longitude of Salonichi, to which I have had reeourfe t3 determine the longitude of all Greece in the general map. ON T H E M A P S. 1 1 The latitude of Athens, from which I have taken my departure for all my particular maps, accord! to the obfervations of Vernon (/), is 38° 5'. i\i. D'Anville mentions another observation, which places that city in 38 4' only (;;/) ; but as I have not found it among his papers, 1 have followed that of Vernon. I have adjufted to the pofition of Athens the plan of the bay and hie of Coulouri, which was t. by M. Foucherot in 1781, and which I have accu- rately copied in my plan of the battle of Salamis. I have alfo adjufted to the fame pofition, a manu- fcript map of the gulf of Engia, taken by the mar- quis dc Chabert, in 1776. This map has likewife given me the figure of all the i Hands of the Saror nic Sea, the point of Cape Scyllaeum, and even the pofition of the Acro-corinthus. The bearing of the promontory of Sunium from the fummit of the mountain in JEgina, does not, indeed, accord with that given by Wheler (//) ; but the pofition of the Acro-corinthus is alfo in this map more foutherly than that of Athens, by about four thoufand one hundred and fifty toiLs, or a little more than four minutes of latitude, precifely as I found it in 1782. I have afcertained this pofition entirely from com* paring and combining the bearings giving by Whe- ler of Athens and Mount Hyinettus, from the Acro- corinthus (0), and of the Acro-corinthus from Mount Hvmettus (p ) ; for I then had not kvn the map of JVJL Ue Chabert. The latitude of Corinth therefore cannot be, as the obfervation of Vernon makes it, 38 14' (7) ; but mult be about 38 1' 30", as it is laid down in my maps. (/) Journal de Vernon, i la (aire de la Reponfe de Spon a la Criiiqtie de Guillet, p. 302. — {m) D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grt\'e.- ■ -{») Wheler's Journey, book vi. p. 4.49 («) Id. ibid. p. 443. — [/>) Id. ibid. p. 410. — ; ? ) Journal de Vernon, p. 302. 12 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS The fituation of Corinth thus determined, I have adjufted to its pofition a map of the Iflhmus, taken geometrically by the Venetians in 1697, of which an engraving has been given by Bellin, in his defcrip- tion of the gulf of Venice and the Morea (/-)• This map, which is confr.ru6r.ed with great care, has ena- bled me to aflign with fufBcient accuracy the fituation of the promontory Olmias, though it is not found in it. Whcler has obferved that this promontory bears north-north-eaft of the Acro-corinthus (s) ; and Li- vy fays that a temple of Juno Acrsea, built on this promontory, was only about feven Roman miles diftant from Corinth (t). Between Corinth and Argos, the ancients, accord- ing to Strabo, reckoned two hundred ftadia (?/) ; -and, at prefent, about eight or nine hours are re- quired to go, by the fhortefr. road (#), from Corinth to Napoli di Romania, or Nauplia, which is but a little farther than Argos. \n my maps, the diftance between Corinth and Argos, in a right line, is one hundred and eighty Olympian ftadia, and about fe- ven hours and one third, of twenty-five hundred toifes each, between Corinth and Nauplia. Argos has aiways been placed in the maps almoft due fouth of Corinth ; but the fituation of the fouthern coaft of Argolis, and in particular the po- fition of the ifle of Hydrcea, has obliged me to lay it down much more to the w r eft. The citadel of Argos, Nauplia, or Napoli, and Tiryns, at prefent Old Napoli, are laid down from obfervations, taken on the fpot by M. Foucherot, from two different Hations ; firft, on coming out of a defile near My- cenae, and afterwards from the city of Argos itfeif. From the latter ftation M. Foucherot has alio ob- (r) Bellin, Defcripr. du Golfe de Ven. pi. xlviii. p. 230 — (s) Wheler's Journey, b 00k vi. p. 443. — (/) Liv. lib. 32, cap. 23. («) Srrab. lib. 8, p. 377. [xj Pooock, c. iii. p. 175. Foucherot, Voyag. manufcr. ON THE MAPS. *3 ferved the bearing of that part of the coaft of La- conia which advances mod to the eaft. All t: obfervations have been taken according to the north indicated by the compafs ; but I have rectified them to the true meridian, by allowing for the variation of the needle 13 15' towards the weft, which was found to be its variation in thefe countries, by M. De Chabert, in 1776. To the iituation of Nauplia, or Napoli, I have adjufted two manufcript charts taken, in 1735, by the late M. Virguin, engineer in the naval fervice. They have furnifhed me with the coaft and iflands of Argolis, from the confines of Laconia to Cape Acra. I fhall fay nothing of the merit of thefe charts, but content myfelf with referring to M. D'Anville (v), who did not make ufe of them till he had afcertained their accuracy. Some obferva- tions that have been taken of the bearings of the neighbouring places from Cape Acra, and the iflands of Tiparenus and Ariftera, now the ifles of Efpeci and Efpeci-Poulo, have given me the pofition of Mount Buporthmos, and the, iflands Aperopia and Hydraza. Thefe obfervaions, which I have found among the papers of M. Freret, have appeared to me to be by M. Verguin, which has induced me to make ufe of them with confidence. The figure of thefe iflands, and that of the coaft oppofite to Scyllaeum, are taken from another manufcript chart, drawn by the pilot Vidal, in 1735, which I have compared with that of this fame coaft, given by Deiinou- ceaux (2). (y) D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grc:e. — (z) Extrair. lu Voyag. de Defmouceaux a la fuite du Yoyag. de Corn le iruyn, t. v p. 466. i 4 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS The fituation of Hermione, now Caftri, is lifce- vife ascertained by its diftance from Troezen, or Damala. M. Fourmont fays (a), that he employed four or five hours in going from one of thefe places to the other. That of the ifland Hydraca is alfo given by the obfervation of Tournefort (£), of its bearing from his ftation in the ifland of Zia, for- merly Ceos ; and the latter is laid down from its dif- tance from the promontory of Sunium, and from the bearings obferved by Wheler from that promon- tory (c) which extend to Anti-Milo. Leaving Argos, Pliny has enabled me to deter- mine the breadth of Pelopcnnefus. He fays that the diftance from Argosto Olympia, eroding Arcadia, is fixty-eight Roman miles (d). I have taken thefe in a right line ; becaufe, after having confidered the road which pafles through Megalopolis, I have found that it does not depart much from a right line, and yet gives a confiderably greater diftance. In fact, the table of Peutinger (e) gives twelve miles from Olympia to Melsenae, twenty-two from Melse- nse to Megalopolis, and twenty from Megalopolis to Tegea. From Tegea to Argos the diftance is want- ing ; but this is eafily fupplied from modern tra- vellers. M. Foucherot (/') reckons ten hours jour- ney between Napoli di Romania and Tripolizza ; and we fhall be convinced that the latter town is near the place where Tegea flood, if, with the abbe Fourmont, we find the lite of Tegea in Palaeo-Tri- polizza, or Old Tripolizza. We may therefore reckon eighty-feven or eighty-eight Roman miles {n) Fnurmom, Voyng. manufcr. de l'Arg Hde.-*-(£) Tour- tijsf. Voyag. t. i. p. 341.— U) Wheler's Journey, book vi. p. 449. — (d) Piin. lib. 4, cap. 6, t. i. p. 196. — ' K e) Peuting. Tab. Segm. 7, edit. Scheyb. Vindob. 1753, »n fol. — if) Fouche- rot, Voyag. Manufcr. ON THE MAPS. 1$ from Olympia to Argos, or Nauplia, pairing through Megalopolis ; and thus the reduction of the dif- tance to fixty-eight in a right line will ftill be very- great. Tripolizza is at prefent the capital of theMorea, or Peloponnefus, and the refidence of a pacha, or mouhafil, who is governor of the whole country. It is a modern town ; but Leondari is not the an- cient Megalopolis, as has been hitherto fuppofed, on the authority of M. De Fourmont (g). Leon- dari is built on the declivity of Mount Taygetus, and Megalopolis was fituated in the plain beyond the Alpheus. I am therefore inclined to believe that the fite of the latter city is at the place called Sina- no, which M. Fourmont has taken, without fuffi- cie.nt proof, for the ancient Mantinca (/>) ; and with- in the extenfive circuit of which he fays there are many ruins (/'). Leondari is probably the ancient Leuclra mentioned in Xenophon (k), which fhut in one of the entrances of Laconia. Olympia fubfifts in a fmall place now called Miraca. Mr. Chandler and M. Foucherot (/) found there but few ruins ; but M. Fauvel, who accompanied M. Foucherot, has been mere fuccefsful in a fecond journey, which he made in 1787, by order of the count de Choifeul-Gouffier. He then discovered the hippo- drome, the ftadium, the theatre, and the temple of Jupiter ; fo that we fhall foon be in porlcfliori of the exad dimenfions of all thefe relics of anti- quity. (g) Fourmont, Lett. Manufcr. a la Bibl. du Roi. — '//) Four- mont, ibid. — (») Mem. de l'Acad. des Bell. Lettr. t. vii. p. 356. (k) Xenoph. Hift. Gra?c. lib. 6, p. 607. — (/) Chand- ler's Travels in Greece, chap, lxxvi. p. 294. Foucherot, Voy- as. Manufcr. tG CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS To place Olympia in my maps, its diftance from Argos, however, was not fufficient ; it was neceffary alio to obtain its latitude. This has been deduced from that of Zante, or Zacynthus, in the iiland of the lame name; obferved, a9 I have already faid, by M. de Chazelles : which obfervation, taken in the harbour, directly to the eaft of the caltle (;;/), fixes the latitude of Zante 37 46' 3^ ' • The road of Zante, from the city to Cape Bafi- lico, the eaflern extremity of the ifland, has been laid down from a plan taken by M. Verguin ; and able navigators, according to Bellin (;z), when failing between this cape and that of Tornefe, an- ciently Chelonites, on the Continent, have obferved the former to bear fouth-weft, and the latter north-eanV. The diftance between thefe two capes is given 'differently by different travellers ; but I have made it, with Texeira, exaftly ten Italian miles (0). From Cape Chelonites, Strabo fays that two hun- dred and eighty ftadia were reckoned to the mouth of the Alpheus(/>). The Portulans, from feveral bearings, give reafon to conclude, on the whole, that the direction was fouth-eaft by fouth ; and I have therefore placed the mouth of the Alpheus in this direction from Cape Chelonites. I have not, however, in my maps, allowed more than two hun- dred and twenty-five Olympian ftadia for the dif- tance between thefe two points ; becaufe the coaft, in this fpace, makes great bays, and a great projec- tion; and becaufe, befides, Mr. Chandler and M. Foucherot, who made the journey by land from (w) More Manufcr. de M. Freret" — !») Bellin, Defcripr. c!u Gdlfe de Ven. \o) Texeira, Viage, p. 208 : en Amberes, 1610, in 8v.). — {/>) Strab. lib. 8, p. 34.3. ON THE MAP S. 17 Pyrgb, near the mouth of the Alpheus, to Chiaren- za, anciently Cyllene, not far from Cape Chelonites, give reafon to believe that they did not employ more than nine hours in going from one of thefe places to the other (q). From the mouth of the Alpheus to Olympia I haveifollowed a fmall drawing which M. Foucherot o drew for me of his route ; and which agrees with PaufaniaSj who reckons a hundred and twenty ftadia from Olympia to Letrini (/■). The latter place was at the mouth of the Alpheus ; we mull therefore correct Strabo, who makes the diftance between the mouth of that river and Olympia but eighty fta- dia (s). The greater part of the Portulans, Levanto (/), and many maps, agree in making Prodano, an- ciently the ifland Prote, on the coaft of Meflenia, bear fouth-fouth-eaft of Cape Bafilico, in the ifle of Zante ; and alfo of Cape Chelonites. It is precifely in this direction, with refpect to the former of thefe capes, that I have placed that ifland in my maps ; but for the diftance I have followed in preference the Portulan of Romagna, becaufe that alone can be made to agree with the diltances taken by land ; thofe given by the others being either too great or too little. From Prote to Pylos in Mcfienia, at prefent old lavarins, or Zonchio, three Portulans give for the liitance ten miles. Thefe miles are Greek miles, md are confequently reduced in my maps to fix Italian miles and two thirds. The direction is eaft- fcuth-eait. [q) Chandler's Travels in G'eece, chap. 73, p. 284. F911- cheror, Voyag;. Manuf. — ir) Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 22, p. 5:^. ■■-(*) Str^b. lib. S, p. 343 — {() Levanto, Specchio del Mare, jv 106. B 18 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS To the pofition of Pylos I have afterwards adjufl- ed two manufcript maps by M. Verguin, of which M. D'Anville has alfo made ufe (u). I could not follow more accurate guides than thefe maps : they have conducted me to Cape Gallo, anciently the promontory of Acritas, at the entrance of the gulf of Meflenia. Thence it was eafy for me to afcend to Corone, now Coron. That city was fomewhat more than a hundred and fixty ftadia from the pro- montory of Acritas, according to Paufanias (#) ; and travellers ( y ) reckon by land from Modon, an- ciently Mothone, to Coron, fix hours journey, or eighteen Italian miles. From Coron navigators, according to Bellin (z), have obferved Cape Gros, anciently Thyrides, in Laconia, to bear fouth-eafl and five degrees to the fouth. The variation appears to me corrected in this' bearing. This cape is not far from Tenarum, now Cape Matapan. Paufanias reckons only feven- ty ftadia between them (a) ; and Bellin fays that Matapan is diftant from Cape Gallo, or the promon- tory of Acritas, thirty miles, or ten marine leagues, to the eaft-fouth-eaft (b). ' This diftance, which is the breadth of the entrance of the gulf of Meflenia, is much greater according to the Portulans. Pliny, however, makes it lefs (c) ; on which account 1 have adhered to the meafure given by Bellin, and em- ployed it in a right line in my maps. (k) D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 20. (x) Paufan. lib. 4, cap. 34, p. 365 et 367. — ( y ) Breydenbach, Peregr. Terr. Sandt. p. 31 : Mogunt. i486, in fol. Pellegrin. Voyag. de la Moree, p. 7. Foucherot. Voyag. Manufcr.— (z) Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. p. 202. — {a) Paufan. lib. 3, cap. 25, p. 276. — (£) Bellin. ibid. p. 200. (c) Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. 193. ON THE MAPS. 19 From Tccnarum it was not difficult for me to gain the promontory of Malea. M. Verguin, from the latter cape, had taken the bearing of the former, from two different Rations ; and thus determined the pofition of the promontory of Tcenarum with refped to that of Malea. By taking the oppcfite diredions, I have afcertained the pofition of Malea from Tcena- rum. All the environs of the former cape are laid down from a manufcript chart of the fame M. Ver- guin, which has given me the coaft from the pro- montory of Malea, now Cape St. Angelo, to the Me of Cervi, inclufively ; as alfo the northern coaft of the ifland of Cerigo, or Cythera. To this chart is added another of the anchoring place of St. Nicholas, anciently the Phoenician port, in the fame ifland of Cythera. The remainder of the ifland is taken from Coronelli (J), whofe defcription has been compared with other materials. The ifle of Cervi was formerly only a peninfula, the mofl foutherly point of which was called Onu-gnathos, or the jaw-bone of the afs. In the interior part of Peloponnefus, Lacedamion, or Sparta, is laid down from its diltance from Mega- lopolis. Paufanias fays that from Sparta to Olympia, the diflance is fix hundred and fixty fladia (e) ; and Livv informs us that the road palled through Megalo- polis (/). We have feen the table of Peutinger rec- kons, in two diftances, thirty-four Roman miles from Olympia to Megalopolis. Thefe thirty-four miles make two hundred and feventy-two Olympian fladia ; which, fubduded from fix hundred and fixty, 1 three hundred and eighty-eight fladia for the diilance from Megalopolis to Sparta. The diflance in my maps, in a right line, is three hundred and thirty (<-/) Coronelli, D-uript.dela Mbree, p. 82: Paris, 16S7, info'. — ( f ) Paufan lib. 6, cap. i5, p. 492 — '/) Liv.lib Bap 28. ES 2 20 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ftadia ; and Sparta is placed in the latitude of 37® 1 o' N. according to the obfervation of Vernon (g). It has not been the fame with Coron : I have not been able to place this city in the latitude obferved by Vernon (/>). The fouthern part of Peloponnefus, however, as I have already faid, refts on an obferva- tion of latitude made at fea by M. de Chazelles, to the fouth of Cape Tasnarum or Metapan, and di- rectly weft of the mod fouthern point of the ifland of Cythera (/). This obfervation afcertains the la- titude of the extreme point of Cerigo to be 36 ° 10' N. In the northern part of Peloponnefus, the fitua- tion of Dyme in Achaia is determined by its diftance from Olympia. From Olympia to Elis there were two roads : one through the plain, three hundred ftadia in length (k) ; and the other, which was the fhorteft, over the mountain. By the latter it was reckoned twelve miles, or ninety-fix ftadia, from Olympia to Pylos near Elis (/), and feventy or eighty ftadia from Pylos to Elis itfelf (;;;) ; in the whole, a hundred and fixty-fix, or a hundred and feventy-fix, ftadia, from Olympia to Elis. From the latter city, proceeding into Achaia, Paufanias reckons a hun- dred and fifty-feven ftadia (;z) to the paflage of the river Lariffus ; and he adds (0) that, from this river to Dyme, it is about four hundred ftadia. All thefe diftances appear to me accurate except the laft, which cannot be made to agree with the meafures taken at fea. Paulmier has indeed perceived that there mult be an error in this number (p) ; but he has not cor- rected it. I would propofe to fubftitute in the Greek (g) Journal de Vernon, p. 302 ■■ ■ (fi) Id. ibid — (/) Note Manufcr. de M. Freret. — — (/£) Strab. lib. 8, p. 367. Paufan. lib. 6, cap. 22, p. 510.— (/) Plin. lib. 4, cap. 5, t. i. p. 193. — (m) Diod. Sic lib. 14, p. 248. Paufan. lib. 6, p. 509. («) Paufan. ibid. cap. 26, p. 520.— (0) Id. lib. 7, cap. 17, p. 564. — (/>) Palmer, Exercit. p. 412. ON THE M APS. 21 the numeral letter which denotes forty for thaUvhich fignifies four hundred ; and we (hall then have three hundred and fixty-three, or three hundred and fe- venty-three, ftadia, for the diftance from Olympia to Dyme. My maps give more than three hundred and twenty in a right line. I could not place Dyme at a greater diftance from Olympia. Dyme was only fixty ftadia from the pro- montory of Araxus, according to Strabo (q) ; and the Venetian Portulan reckons only eighteen miles in a right line from this cape to Chelonites, the fitua- tion of which has already been determined. M. Verguin has taken the plan of an anchor- ing place fituated to the eaft of the promontory of Araxus, now Cape Papa, which extends to Dyme. From this anchoring place the town of Patras, anci- ently Patras, has been obferved, according to Bel- lin (r), to bear eaft by north. The variation ap- pears to me to have been corrected in this obferva- tion. But the diftance from Dyme to Patras, ac- cording to feveral ancient authors, is a hundred and twenty ftadia (s) : from the promontory of Araxus to Patras, therefore, the diftance was a hundred and eighty ftadia. In my maps it is a hundred and fixty- fbur, or a hundred and fixty-five, in a right line. The fituation of Patras is alio determined by its diftance from the ifthmus of Corinth. This diftance is feven hundred and twenty ftadia, according to Agathemerus (/) ; and there is no reafon to fufpect an error, fince Pliny eftimates it at the fame. The latter fays that the length of the gulph of Corinth, or of the fea of Criffa, to the ifthmus, is eighty-five miles (w) ; and he adds, that from the promontory of (?) Strab. lib. 8, p. 337- — CO Bellin, Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. p. 1S6. — [s) Apollod. in Steph. Frag. voc. aJ^. Strab. ibid. p. 386. Paufan. lib. 7, cap. 18, p. 567, 568. Peuting. Tab. Segm. 7.— (/) Agathem. lib. 1, cap. 4, p. 10, ap. Geo- graph. Min. Grsec. t. ii.— («) Plin. lib. 4, cap. 4, t. i. p. 193. 22 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS Rhium it is five miles to Patra; (x) ; in the whole, ninety miles, which make exactly feven hundred and twenty fladia. This meafure alio agrees very well with fome particular diftances on the coaft of Achaia, given by Paufanias and the Peutinger table ( v). In my maps, the diflance in a right line between the part of the ifthmus on the fea of Criffa where a wall terminates, and the pofition of Patrse, is fix hun- dred and fixcy-five fladia. It may perhaps be thought that I have not made a fufficient allowance in reduc- ing the itinerary meafure to a right line ; but it is to be obferved that the cbaft is almofl ftraight, and makes no other elbow than that of the cape of Si- cyon. This cape has been obferved by Wheler (z) to bear north-wed by north of the Acro-corinthus ; and the Greek and Venetian Portulans place Patrse, in the direction, of welt by fouth, and even welt- fcuth-weft, from that cape. << In front of Patrae is the ifland of Cefalonia, anci- ently Cephallenia, which, according to Strabo (V), is only eighty ftadia diftant from the promontory of Chelonites in Peloponnefus, and fixty from the ifland of Zacynthus. The figure of it is taken from a Ve- netian chart, the fame that M. D'Anville has made ufe of (/>). This chart, which appears to me to have been drawn with care, has alfo furnifhed me with a part of the ifland of Ithaca, now Teaki ; and the ports iituated in the north of the latter ifland aro laid down from a plan taken by M. Verguin. From Cephallenia Strabo again reckons fifty ftadia to Lcucadia (r). But this diflance is erroneous : for navigators eflimate it at not lefs than three marine leagues, or nine Italian miles (d) j at which diflance (x) Plin. lib. 4, cap. $, p. 193. — (y) Paufan. lib. 7, paflim. V ur'mg. Tab. fegm. 7. — (ti) Whe'ier's Journey, b. 6, p. 442. — (a) Srr;;b. lib. 10, p. 456 et 45S. — (b) D'Anville, Anal, des I .r.tes de la Grcce, p. id, 21. — (c) Strab. lib. 10, p. 456.—— <\/) CoroneJli, Defeript. dela fylorSe, p. 65. Bcllin. Defcripr. riu Golfe de Ven. p. 163. ON THE MAPS. 23 I have placed thefe two iflands in my map, following the bearing which the Venetian Portulan has given between the mod northern cape of Cefalonia and the mod: fouthern of Leucadia. The latter ifland is now called St. Maura, and was long only a peninfula : it is laid down from a map of Coronelli's, of which M. D' Anvil le has alfo made ufe (f). The coaft of the oppofite continent, towards Alyzia, as well as the iflands between that and Leucadia, are taken from a plan by M. Verguin. The town Leucas was not fituated in the fame place as that of St. Maura is at prefent. The ruins of it are (till to be feen at fome diftance on the fea more, and in a place where the ifland approaches neareft to the main land. It was built by the Corin- thians, on the ifthmus by which the ifland anciently was joined to the continent ; but the ifthmus having been cut through, the town remained on the ifland, and the channel took the name of Dioryclos. Ac- cording to the accounts of ancient authors (/), the diftance from Patras to Leucas was eftimated at feven hundred ftadia ; but in my map it is but five hun- dred and feventy-nve, in a right line, becaufe the navigation from one of thefe ports to the other is much embarrafted ; and becaufe, befides, the dif- tance from Naupa&us to Dioryctos, according to the table of Peutinger, would not allow me to make it more. Naupactus, now called Lepanto, lies more to the eaft than Patron This city is fituated on the fea of CrifTa, not far from the promontory of Antirrhium. From it the Peutinger table (g) gives, at feveral dif- tances, feventy-eight Roman miles to Dioryctos. Thefe feventy-eight miles amount to fix hundred (e) D'Anville, Anal. d?s Cotes de la Gre:e, p. 10.— (/) Po- lyb. ap. Strab. lib. 2. p. 105. Plin. lib. 2, cap. 108, t. i. p. 124; lib. 4, cap. 4, p. 192. Agathem. lib. 1, cap. 4, p. 10, ap. Geogr. Min. Grsec. t. 11. — (g) Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. 24 - CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS and twenty-four Olympian Madia ; and I have made the diMance more than fix hundred, in a right line. On the road from Patrae to Dioryctos, the Ache- ]ous, now called Afpro-potamo, or the White Ri- ver, was crolfed. Coronelli has given a map of a part of the courfe of this river (/_>), which was taken in confequence of an incurfion that the Venetians made into Acarnania and iEtolia in 1684. I have found in it the track of the ancient road ; bur as the fcaie of it is erroneous, I have rectified it from the diftances pointed out by M. Foucherot (/'), who has travelled through the countrv ; and have adjufted the whole map to the pofition of CEniadce, which was fituated at the mouth of the Alpheus, and dif- tant one hundred Madia from the promontory Araxus in Peloponnefus (£). This map extends to the ruins of Stratos, which was built on the right bank of the river, at the dif- tance of more than two hundred Madia from its mouth, according to Strabo (/). Yet the fame au- thor fays, foon after (m), that Stratos was half-way between Alyzia and Anaftorium ; and the latter city Mood on the gulf of Ambracia. Paulmier has en- deavoured (n) to reconcile thefe two paffages : but his ufual penetration appears here to have fprlaken him ; he offers nothing fatisfaclory. If he had at- tended to the refpective fituation of the places, he might eafily have perceived that the fecond paflage is corrupted ; and that inMead of 'Av«x*o«w, we mould read Ayvifpiov. From Leucas, Strabo reckons two hundred and forty Madia to the temple of Actium, at the entrance of the gulf of Ambracia, on the coaM of Acarna- nia (0). This diMance appears to me erroneous j (h) Coronelli, Defcripr. de la Mnree, p. 69. — (/) Fnucheror, Voyag. Manufcr.— (i) Po'.yb. Hift. lib. 4, p. 329— (/) Srrab. lib. 10, p. 45c. — (m) Id. ibid. — («) Palmer. Graec. Antiq. p. 388.-r-(o) Strab. lib. ic, p. 451. ON THE MAPS. 25 for the Peutinger table only gives fifteen miles be- tween Dioryctos and Nicopolis, which was after- wards built by Auguftus, on the other fide of the gulf, in Epirus (/>) ; and the Portulans and travel- lers (q) compute the diibance between the fortrefs of St. Maura and that of La Preveza at only twelve miles. Thefe miles, which can only be Greek miles, I have laid down in a right line on my map. Foi the bearing I have followed that given by Bellin (/). The gulf of Ambracia, at prefent the gulf of Arta, is laid down from a large map of Coronelli's, the fame that M. D'Anville has made ufe of (s) ; but, like him, I have been obliged to correct its fcale, and adjuft the map to the meafures which Po- lybius hns given of this gulf (/). In this latitude Greece is fliut in between two gulfs ; that of Ambracia to the well, and that of Malia to the eaft ; fo that the interval that feparates them is confidered by Strabo as an iflhmus, of which he gives the meafure (?/), which he makes to be eight hundred Madia from the bottom of the gulf of Am- bracia to Thermopylae on the Maliac gulf. This meafure has enabled me to determine the point of Thermopylae, which is alfo given by ether means. The fame author fays that from the bottom of the gulf of Criffa the diitance to Thermopylae, in a right line, is five hundred and eight iladia (v). What Strabo calls the gulf of Criila is the fea of Crifla, or of Alcyon, which was afterwards named the gulf of Corinth. He fays nothing of any particular gulf of Crilfa, near Delphi ; and perhaps I have been 1 (/>) Peuting. Tab. fegm. 7. (7) Des Hayes, Voyag. du Levant, p. 467 : Paris, 1632, 4 . Spon. Voyag. r. i. p 8:. — (r) Bellin. Defcript. du Golfe de Ven. p. 161. (s) D'An- ville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 10. Mem. de TAcad. des Bell. Letrr. t. xxxii. p. 513. — (0 Polyb. Hift. lib. 4, p. 327. — — («) Strab. lib. 8, p. 3H- Li. Epitom. lib. 8, p. 112, ap. Ge >gr. Min. Graec. t. ii. — (x) Id. ibid. 26 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS wrong in reprefenting it diftinct from this fea in my maps. Laftly, the bottom of the gulf of Criila, in Strabo, is in the environs of Pagx, in Megaris ( v). In my maps the diftance from Thermopylae to this city, in a right line, is four hundred and feventy fta- dia, which does not exactly agree with that given by Strabo ; but the comparifon of the bearings, of which I fhall fpeak prefently, would not permit me to admit a greater. The firft diftance is laid down }n a right line within about twelve ftadia. The bottom of the fea of Crifla is determined — ■ i. From the diftance from Pagae to Megara, or to Nifaea (z). i. From that between Creufis in Bceotia and the promontory of Olmise near Corinth (a). 3. From the bearing of this fame promontory, as obferved by Wheler (Ji), from the harbour of San Bafilio, which lies to the eaft of that anciently called Eutretus, and now Livadoftro. For the interior part cf Attica, Bceotia, and Pho- cis, it would at firft view feem to admit of no doubt that we ought to follow the map of Wheler ; but if we examine it with attention we fhall find that it is not to be confided in. The map of this traveller differs efTentially from his journal. The bearings he has given in the latter are not found the fame in the map. I (hall inftance only in the pofition of Corinth. We have feen that, according to the bearings given by Wheler, that city mull be more to the fouth than Athens ; yet in the map, in whatever manner it be taken, it will be found to lie more to the north. I know well that the difference of latitude found be- tween thefe two cities on the map may be diminifhed by taking the north for that indicated by the cora- pafs ' y but, even thus, Corinth cannot be brought (y) Strab. lib. 8, p. 336, 379; lib. 9, p. 409. (2) Id. ibid. p. 334. Id. Epitom. lib. 8, p. Ill, ap. Geogr. Min. Graec. t. ii. Peiuing. Tab. fegm. 7 — (tf) Strab. lib. 9, p. 409. — -(£) Wheler's Journey, b. 6, p. 472. ON THE MAP S. 27 Sown to its true place. It is the fame with other places obferyed by Vernon. If we take the map of Wheler as it Hands, we (hall find they are all in the latitudes he has given ; Wheler has then adjufted his map to the obfervatians of Vernon. But of this proofs are unnecefiary ; Whelcr has himfelf told us fp in his preface. ' He has not perceived that thefe latitudes, for the molt part erroneous, deflroy the accuracy of ail his own operations. Befides, how could he lay down places according to their latitude on a map taken by the compafs, without correcting the variation ? We can therefore only make me of this map partially ; it is rather to be had recourfe to as containing memorandums that have their value, than as an exact reprefentation of the country. I have taken all the bearings given by Wheler ; and have followed the Englifh original, becaufe the French tranflation is frequently faulty. Wheler in- deed has only given the points of the compafs, which leave us in an uncertainty of 1 1 ° 15' ; but, by com- paring a great number of thefe bearings, I have been able to afcertain fome points with tolerable accu- racy, and have reafon to believe that I have reftored his map to what it was before he had adjufted it to the observations of Vernon. I have only corrected, in all his bearings, the variation ; which I have ta- ken, with M. D'Anville (V), at a point of the com- pafs towards the weft. The plans of M. Foucherot have given me the fummits of Mount Pentelicus, Mount Hymettus, and the Cerate Mountains. I have taken my ftation with Wheler on the two latter, and alfo at the Acfo- corinthus, to determine the pofition of Citha^ron. From Citha:ron and the Acro-corinthus I have deter- mined Helicon, and alfo the fummit of ParnafTus called Lycoria, which has been obferved by Wheler (c) D'Anville, Anal, des Cotes de la Grece, p. 25. tS CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS to be directly north of the Acro-corinthus (d). From Cithaeron, Helicon, and Parnaffus, I have af- certained the pofition of Mount Ptous, in Boeotia ; from the latter and Cithaeron, Mount Teumeffus, near Chalcis, or Negropont ; from Cithaeron and Mount Hymettus, Mount Parnes ; from Mount Ptous, feveral mountains in the ifland of Eubcea, and one near Opus, now called Talanda. Laflly, from the Acro-corinthus I have determined feveral capes which run out into the fea of Crifla. Among all thefe fituations, the pofition of Chalcis or Ne- gropont in Eubcea is found in the latitude given by Vernon (e) ; but I have not been able to place Thebes or Delphi in the latitudes afftgned them by that tra- veller. From Turco-Chorio, anciently Elatea, Wheler has obferved the fummit of Parnaffus to bear fouth by weft (jf) : by taking the oppofite direction I have determined the pofition of Elatea from Parnaffus. Turco-chorio is laid down in a map of Thermopylae, taken in 1781, by M. Foucherot ; fo that it has been eafy to adjufl this map to mine. It is the fame which I have copied, in part, in the plan of the pafs of Thermopylae. It has conducted me to Zei- toun, and has befides given me the point of the ifland of Eubcea. Zeitoun is the ancient Lamia, as is proved by an inscription given by Paul Lucas (g) , but the country in the environs is fcarcely to be known for the fame. The Sperchius no longer flows in the fame channel as formerly ; the marines which exifted in the time of Herodotus are now become firm ground ; the Maliac gulf fills up every day ; and the flrait of Thermopylae is at prefent much wider than it was in the time of Xerxes. From Athens to Thermopylae many of the dif- tances which are given by ancient authors have ap- (d) Wheler's Journey, b. 4, p 318. — (e) Journal de Ver- non, p. 302.-r-(/) Whel. ibid. b. 6, p. 462. — (g) Paul Lucas, Second Voyag. t. i. p. 405. Infcript. 52. ON THE MAP S. 29 peared to me to be computed in Pythian ftadia, or Itadia which are fhorter by one fifth than the Olym- pian. I fhall here only inflance in fome that are given near Thermopylae ; by comparing which with the fame diftances in Roman meafures, we mall per- ceive that the ftadia in which they are eftimated are in the proportion of ten to the mile. Herodotus, when defcribing this famous pafs, reckons forty-five ftadia from Anticyra, along the Sperchius, to Trachis (/;) ; and Strabo fays that the Sperchius is diflant from Lamia thirty ftadia (/; ; in the whole, feventy-five ftadia from Trachis to La- mia. But Trachis having been deftroyed, according to the fame Strabo (£\ Heraclea was built at about fix ftadia diftance. Subduct thefe fix ftadia from feventy-five, and there will remain fixty-nine for the diftance from Lamia to Heraclea ; and Livy fays exprefsly, fpeaking of thefe two cities, interfunt fep- tem millia fcrme pafjuum (/). The fame proportion is likewife found in the diftance from Heraclea to the hot fprings at Thermopylae. This diftance is forty Itadia, according to Thucydides (w), which meafure is confirmed by Strabo (n) ; yet Pliny makes it only four Roman miles (0). An obfervation taken by M. Foucherot, at Ther- mopylae, of the bearing of that part of the coaft of Theffaly which extends fartheft to the fouth, has given me the direction of the channel which fcp;i- rates this country from Eubcea. This channel is much longer than it is reprefented in the greater part of maps, but it is extremely narrow ; for I have not been able to employ the eighty ftadia afligned by He- rodotus (p) for the diftance between Artemifiuni and Aphetae, but by taking them at only fifty-three toifes each, as M. D'Anville has done in his map of (A) Herodot. lib. 7, cap. 198. — (;') Strab. lib. 9, p. 4.33 — ' (^) Id. ibid. p. 4Z8 — (/) Liv. lib. 36, cap. 25 — {m) Thucyd. lib. 3, cap. 92. — '«) Strab. lib. 9, p. 429. (0) Plin. lib. 4, cap. 7, t. i. p. 199 — (/>) Herod:>t. lib. 8, cap 8. 3d CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS ancient Greece. The length I have given to this channel is the fame with that of the coafl of Eubcea which borders it ; and this coafl extends the fpace of thirty-fix Italian miles, according to a manufcript chart of the Archipelago, drawn by the pilot Gau- tier, in 1738. On the moft northern cape of the ifland of Eubcea formerly flood the city of Cerin- thus, the name of which has been corrupted by ma- riners into that of Capo Rhento. Several maps make this cape bear due north of the promontory of Sepias, now cape St. George ; and the chart of Gautier places the latter dire&ly foutb of the point of Caffander, anciently the pro- montory of Pofidium, in the peninfula of Pallene* The diflance from the promontory of Pofidium to Sepias appears to me to be about thirty-five Italian miles ; Gautier makes it more ; but it cannot much exceed this, for the latitude of the promontory of Pofidium is determined by that of Therma, now Sa- lonichi, at the bottom of the Thermaic gulf. The whole coafl from that city to the promontory of Ca- naflreum, now' Canoniftro, is laid down from a chart taken geometrically, in 1738, by M. Le Roi, an engineer who accompanied the marquis d'Antin. The map of M. Le Roi has alfo furnifhed me with the mouths of the Axius, and even the coafl of Theffaly, though the latter be only laid down from eftimation. The longitude and latitude of Salonichi have been obfevved by father Feuille'e (q). It is iituated 20° 48' eafl of Paris, and in latitude 40 41' io 7/ N. From the pofition of this place I have determined the longitude of all Greece, in my general map. The l'ummit of Mount Olympus, in Theffaly, is afcertained by its bearing from Salonichi. The val- ley oi Tempe is given from a manufcript map of (?) Mem. de PAcad. des Sciences, ann. 1702, p. 9. ON T H E M A P S. 31 Mr. Stuart, a learned Englifhman, who has publifh- cd the Antiquities of Athens ; and the bottom of the Pagafitic gulf is determined, as I have already faid, from the latitude of Pagafas, now the caftle of Volo. The latitude of this caftle is 39 ° 21', ac- cording to Dapper (r). I know not whence he ob- tained this observation, but it appears to me fuffici- ently accurate. The ifles Sciathos, Scopelos, and the others near to them, are taken from the chart of Gautier ; except that of Scyros, which is laid down from the plan given of it by the Count de Choifeul- Gouffier (j). On the weftern coafl I flopped at the gulf of Am- bracia. I fhall now proceed to determine the pofi- tion of the ifland'of Corcyra, at prefent Corfu. Co- ronelli has given a map of this ifland, which is fuf- ficiently minute ; but the fcale of it is defective* M. D'Anville has corrected it (t), by comparing it with a plan taken by M. Verguin. I have done the fame ; and have afterwards adjufled to the poiition of this ifland the coaft of Epirus, from Buthrotum to the promontory Chimssrium, and even beyond. The greater number of the Portulans place the iflands called Paxre to the eafl and fouth-eafl of Corfu ; they are neverthelefs laid down very nearly fouth in all the maps, and fo they are found in mine. In giving their figure I have followed a map by Van Keulen. From thefe iflands the Greek and compiled Por- tulans make Cape Sidero, the moft wefterly point of Cephallenia, to bear fouth by eafl ; and Levanto fays (u) this is in general the courfe fleered in failing from Corfu to Cefalonia. The diilance is different, according to different authors ; but it is determined by the latitude of Corfu, which, according to the ta- (r) Dapper, Defcript. de l'Archip. p. 342. — [s) Vnyag. Pit- tor, de la G;e:e, pi. 40, t. i. p. 77. — (/) D'Anville, Anal, des Coies de Grece, p. 9. [iQ Levaato, Specchia del Mare, p. 3 i CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS bles of Riccioli and Phnentel (#), which are con- flructed from the obfervations of navigators, is 39 37' N. The pofition of Corfu agrees with the feven hundred fladia which the ancients computed between Lcucas and Corcyra ( y). The latter city is not in- deed the fame with Corfu ! the ruins of it are feen at a little diflance to the fouth, in a peninfula now called Cherfopoli ; and from this peninfula to Leucas, the diflance, in a right line, on my map, is fix hun- dred and twelve Olympian fladia, which appears a fuitable reduction. From Corcyra the ancients again reckoned feven hundred fladia (z) to the Acro-ceraunian mountains ; or perhaps only fix hundred and fixty, which is the number in the manufcript of Agathemerus (a) ; though Tennulius has thought proper to correct it from the text of Pliny. He would have done better to have corrected Pliny (b) by Agathemerus. In my map the diflance of five hundred and ninety fladia will be found, in a right line, between Corcyra and the point of the Acro-ceraunian or Ceraunian moun- tains, now called La Linguetta. This reduction is not too great. The pofition of that point is likewife ascertained by other means. The latitude of this point is taken from a large chart of the Gulf of Oricum, now La Valona, geo- metrically taken, in 1690, by a Venetian engineer, named Alberghetti, in which the latitude feems to have been given from an aftronomical obfervation made at La Valona, though it is not mentioned in the chart. Its longitude is deduced from its bearing with refpecl to the mofl northern point of Corfu : (x) Ricciol. Geograpli. et Hydrogr. Reform, lib. 9, cap. 4, p. 384: Venet. 1672, in fol. Pimentel, Arte de Navegar, p. 216: Lifboa, 1722, in fol. — [y) Polyb. ap. Strab. lib, 2, pi 105. Piin. lib. 2, cap. ioS, t. i. p. 124. Agathem. lib. 1, cap. 4, p. ic, ap. Geogr. Min. Grace, r. 11 -[z) Puiyb. ap. Strab. ibid. — [a) Agathe:n. ibid. — [b) Piin. ibid. ON THE MAP S. 33 at leaft, Levanto fays (V) that Corfu lies ten leagues to the fouth-fouth-eaft of the ifle of Safeno, anci- ently Safo. The leagues- of this pilot are always four Italian miles each, as has been remarked by M. D'Anville ([m) S:rab. ibid. . («) D'Anville, Trait, des Mes. Itin. p. 44. — {o) Scyl. p. II, ap. ^ejgr. Min. Graec. t. i. Sirab. lib. 7, p. 324. , J 6 CRITICAL .OBSERVATIONS and Pliny (till more pofitively fays (p) that the Ache- ron, after having flowed out of the lake Acherufia, makes a courfe of thirty-fix miles to arrive at the fea. This is in fact the diftance from Joannina to port Veliki, anciently Glycys, or the Sweet Port. The Acheron in this fpace lofes itfelf for fome time under ground, according to Meletius (7) ; and this it is, no doubt, which has caufed it to be reprefent- ed as one of the rivers of hell. The fame is proba- bly the cafe with the Cocytus, which rifes out of the fame lake. I mall not enter into fo minute a detail of the re- mainder of the general map, though all the parts of it have been laid down on the fame fcale as the par- ticular ones. The general map is, as I may fay, only the extract of a work of much greater labour ; it will therefore be fufficient to indicate the princi- pal points. Ihe figure of the three peninfulas of Chalcidice and the Gulf of Pieria, to the ifle of Thafos inclu- fively, is taken from a manufcript chart of .the pilot Gauthier, found among the papers of M. Freret. This chart has been adjufted to that of the eafterns coaft of the Thermaic Gulf, taken geometrically by M. Le Roi, and of which I have already fpoken. In this chart of Gauthier's the peninfula in which Mount Athos is fituated, extends to a fomewhat greater length than in another manufcript map of the Archipelago, which is to be found in the Geogra- phical Collection for Foreign Affairs : but I have reafon to believe the manufcript which I have fol- lowed accurate, becaufe it agrees with the meafures of this peninfula given by Pliny and Belon (r) ; and becaufe, beiides, the fummit of Mount Athos has (/>) P'in. lib. 4, cnp. I, r. i. p. 189. [q) MsAsf. Tjaiyp. lib. I, f'ecff. 18, cap. 3, No. 10: Verier. 1728, in fol. — [r) P:in. lib. 4, tap. ig, t. i. p. 202. Belon, Obicrv. liv. 1, chap. 35. ON THE M A P S. a7 precifely the fame bearing from the ruins of Alexan- dria Troas, more anciently Sigeum, which it was obferved to have by Mr. Chandler (.»). The'iile of Lemnos is laid down according to irs diflances from Mount Athos and the Hellefpont, and the bearings indicated by the fhadow of Mount Athos, as it projects itfelf on that ifland. Myrina, the principal city of Lemnos, could not be at the north-welt point, as it is found in fome maps. The fhadow of Mount Athos, -according to the teftimony of almoft all antiquity, did not reach a brazen cow which ftood in the forum till the fummer folftice (/) ; and Belon has remarked («) that the fhadow already projected on the north-welt angle of Lemnos, on the 2d of June. The coaft of Thrace, from Thafos to the mouth of the Hebrus, is laid down from the in- dications of the Portulans, compared with the Ro- man itineraries. The latitude of the Dardanelles, anciently the Hellefpont, has been obferved by M. de Chazel- les (.v) ; but for their pofition I have entirely follow- ed a large manufcript chart taken within diefe few years by M. Tondu, an aftronomer, who has ascer- tained their longitude and latitude. This chart has furnifhed me with the coaits of the Gulf of Melas, the Thracian Cherfonefus, and the oppofite Afiatic fnore, to Tenedos. To this is added another char 1 :, alfo in manufcript, taken by M. Truguet, captain of a frigate, under the orders of the count de Choi- feul-Gouffier. From this I have obtained the re- mainder of the coaft of the Troas, the Gulf of Adra- myttium to the entrance of that of Cyme, and the whole ifland of Lelbos. is) Ghand. Trav. in Afia Min. chap. 8, p 23. — (/) Sophocl. ap. Etymol. Magn. in Aflwj. Apollon. Rhod. Argon, lib. i, v. 604. Plin. lib. 4, cap. 12, t. i. p. 214. Piur. de Fac. in Orb. Lun. r. ii. p. 935. S>>lin. cap. ii. p. 31. — (r<) Belon. Obferv. liv. 1, chap. 25. -(x) Mem,, de l'Acad. des Sciences, ano. ' 1761, p. 168. 8 CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS The Propontis, now the fea of Marmara, is ad- jufted, on the one hand, to the pofition of Byzan- tium, or Gonftantinople, the longitude and latitude of which are taken, as I have already faid, from the Con,. des Temps for the year 1788 (y); and, on the other, to that of the Dardanelles. The figure of it is taken from a large manufcript map, defigned in 1 73 1 by M. Bohn, an engineer, in the fervice of prince Ragozzi. This map is the fame that M. IVAnville made ufe of Cz\ I have copied it ex- actly, except that I have thought that I ought to place Cyzicus more to the eaft, from the diftances given by ancient authors, and even by modern tra- vellers." The bottom of the Gulf of Aftacus, and the lake near to Ancora, are taken from a manu- fcript chart by M. Peilfonel ; and the Bofphorus of Thrace, now the canal of Conftantinople, is laid down from a particular plan which I have given of it. To the pofition of Smyrna, the longitude and la- titude of which have been Obferved by Father Feuil- le'e (a), I have adjufled a- large manufcript chart of a part of the Archipelago, which I had defigned in 1785. This chart contains all the iflands to the fouth of the parallel of Smyrna, and to the north of that of Rhodes, as well as the correfponding coafls of Europe and Afia. The iflands are placed in it according to the obfervations of Tournefort, and other travellers ; and their figures are taken from different plans, fome of which are manufcript. A great number of thefe plans are found in Tourne- fort ; the count de Choifeul-Gounier has given feve- ral (Z>) ; and I have alfo derived advantage from thole contained in the collections of Dapper, Bolchini, ( y ) Connoifiance des Temps pour 1788, p. 245-" (z) D'Anville, Anal, des Cores de la Grece, p. 33. — (#) Mem. de l'.-^cad. des Sciences, ann. 17^2, p. 8. — [b) Voyag. Pittor. de la Grece. ON THE MAPS. 3S and ewcn Bordohe. The plans of the iflands of Thera and Aftypalaea are maiiufcript ; they v taken in 1738 by M. Le Roi, and the latitude of the iflands has been obferved. On the ccaft of Afia the Hermaean Gulf, now the Gulf of Smyrna, has been laid down from a maim- fcript chart, taken by the fame M. Le Roi ; and the bottom of that of Cyme is afecrtained by the por- tion of Phocaea. This city was a little lei's than two hundred ftadia diilant from Smyrna, according to Strabo (c). The latter was not built till fome time after the date of the travels of Anacharfis : it was twenty fladia from the ancient city (<:/), and is that which is at prefent fo fiourifhing. The re(t of the coafl to Lvcia is taken from the charts of the count de Choifeul-Gouffier, which have been fikewife com- pared with the diftances given by ancient authors. Throughout almofl the whole of Afia Minor, the rivers bring down an immenfe quantity of fli and mud, and form accumulations of earth at their mouths. The Scamander inTroas, the Caicus near Pcrgamus, the Hern l, arid the Cayf- ter, which flows by Ephefi e enlarged the country they traverfe : but no where is there am remarkable inflance of this than in the environs of Miletus. The Mseander has heaped up fo much fend, that a deep bay, fituated between the city the river, is now only a lake ; and the iflands Lade and i\fterius, at the entrance of that bay, are be- come eminences in the plain. Near Miletus is the promontory of Trogilium, from which Strabo reckons fixteen hundred ftadia to Sunium in Attica (- 1/'uf '■/?'■/ ^ *■ Jl^ ^'" i ' ' ~l^W r ?M I'LAXcfr/,,' pass of THER310-.PT I £., vre./ >iV/5 j idafttedtotbetimeafzbefnyasionof '"-'.., ,y. Greece by Xerxes, 9 1M -' ^ ** 7? »/^^W V s I ^gl ! II ^^ BrJY./:.nui/Kw Harder.. a * ^' &" ^ — :* Jl^VP .Vr, ,/,/;■/■ /■};!■{. Ofym/,,an StacluimJi estimated at iHToaee. 5_F,('2i"l iT"£ny.) /„,',; ■r S/aJ„ e»i „l,;,r tfTeleeefm 9~*'j:„„/ * JJ French Teises-. ■V > no 1000 SrtolitliMihe. P » 7 mo _i J Jil'ntiUMJ.1 <; I i ir.^-./j . s- 4 ESSJtTON TifE BATTLE OF.PLA TJSA For the Travels of Anneliarsis . 7% f By M Bajibie nu Bocagbs mruary 1784. (*thrae P 3 1&fe»- , * ;ii « ■MMi ',w";V. ! "i'' i!:[ iS. 's'fflf'.i'. Hill -C33 Greeklfoops MM warn In fin t>y\ mm Maa «Wcrj <7". ^fanfi wins __ - Wo&hnsofthc GiTi-hTroops « _ _ . Vrfiivis- of the Hoops qfJMardomus Olympian Stadia — i — i — i — i i i i — i — . — i — i — i — i S 70 /J Br//r/j Jdises i — i — a — ■ — ii i . — i — , — , — i £iK/ftsl/ 1 J ft fas lplJ.jr.iff 6 CHARToftheP.AL.US ME OTIS AND POXTIS EUXIXUS, for the Travels of Anacharsis Destgntd principal^ u/?tr ytblAWILLE //>' M 'RiKBir. nr JiodKF. mdmxxxi. 07\m/tian Shxficr €00 to a Dcpn French Leaffltes for tli WZjr.x i//> r p.«.i-;. The BOSPIIORUS p/'THRACE fox the Travels of Amicli arsis By M.BARBJB Dlf BOCAGE, July ij8*- Oj (me.-.- ifltortpt r >eprte I . C*V. Vol I. p 'Md l£j\-yjR ojvs Athens, For the '/'rati 7s gfjinacbarses; By M.Barbie duBocage. Scfitcm bet ■ /7. i a i p > -* V v°//. Vol.1, p. a.?fi. tt-x #8$ i if ? 1 £ Scale of lOoJSnqltsh Yards. JVwi /'/" J^fc? Grecian Ja.n of si. Grecian Pal^e stm^l siFTER VlTRUVirS \ r.v. / p st 7. Rxplau ."' i >'i I tenobjA rf 'Euripides. •I Equestrian Statin . ion . I TemtUe of Certs. .' Different J'<>rtic>js. fra ofThareas. 7 /,/•. •f./it/»f'r I'lntthrrrus. Temfdt ofjipoOe Petrous. 9 Portico of the fforrruc. ■■< ■."■> die. " \nErudosureconUdmngv\eItuact ■■; vu - „ e .mdan Edifice dedicated ^Qf" Jfotfur of the irods. \HThohu. /; Statues t'<' Efwnytm. V Temfile of - Veers. /. D iff* re -it J'e m/des and Sacred Edifices. lft fhtfteZ ofMacus. 1/ Leocorium. j„ Ternjdc efCaOorerndPoM hi Cfiefidc? AgrauhiS. •jt> JYylaneiim. II Tempi* o/\Dmn.i. lnsrobouk fault Iv'J'he mistoeles. •, indent fein/tle ef^Bacthus . Vorw'T AeVCITESMlfSL 4% r ~ r ~s ' — ~s French Tenses. 1 * !>'/$ WlJ.flL /('/ •(///<'// (////(• . /'/r/// <>////< ./ay///r//r// Oaylohfc. ' / '// // ■ ('////< ■ J^ <„,„,, Room. i 'i RoomFjoirlhc Servants. 13 Communication Sdu'efn lAe a/iarttnent rf~ the Tt^fe and fiat r the Guests. 1 SfaAltc and' Court yard. m Garden . u .-/ llcys called Mrfaulx I el // /• Wao OH OF AL CYO N MnaTifJi Mil?s. fifedSi -J5" V' 3f j*; c, vi. R I £ B(EOTIA For the Travels of AtfACHAPsSlS. M Barbie du Bo c jure. EntpatrR STY/M PJ/.l L 1 .1 A i * * I *$yrW%m&°\ - -*'" -. - ^> THESSA l.t n - for the Travels of Ajiacharsis: /#» • ■/P ^v^^: S* I ~ 1*^A r»y^fe \£h"p ] " >5 ^- . ' r 1 a? 3 / J Vr>foiPlai.« V«»'" > : * " V ' v \\ A I> Jl A zv ia- ^f> ' «£ %, * Coroiu % D o L Aheilant i a % >\ / Sprri ""V, A'*/ I I*ir.l*/V 'j'halam V AT ,r-C l&QkiSf- >,^ ^^ / _SL1 \ Ttm'X r rMf-t*.^ .o 2*4 < ' "/? /• 9t V— -?>>>;^ [SZ&Cf*// t'arorn^ »>~"<^ Sr/ATiios yE G E A y S E A flfynartan Jhrfta. S £A OF E UB CE A ^>'-'^ Me&iSd ) nr.n.f.jtj \ "<;<■ Vol.Jl. p.^vg. S:n;,/,„./.s/f Mes-senia, i e Travels of-Anacharsis; Jjy MIL WEIL D r BOCAGE. January. ijSo". Olym/iiaii Stadia. •*—<—< — rjj ~^ 7^ /i'rmr/i Leagues, tinglish Miles. t Vol. Mu.'w-j o tU? ll t E S SAY *&JffW mi l!lc TOJPOGJiAPHY Sparta, _^i\'i» 77'.v EjN'VEKONS lor tlieTravels oi\Vnacharsis Ax YATTOly nl'ih.- : BERENCEJ II .'7m 'the Barriers ) S. natch. St >ftfu Ou 4 The I '/> j 'tempi, ■■ I «. //.',i-, C/y JJe, 8 /Vmon / (*«. p . Senate !•■ o/'t.'n Blitia Jo The li f ,,i l/., The Bo • orUoase oijXiaa I', !\;',r,,< j'j Tcmpte t i,m a Dictvi i-i Touts t V Emyponlideran Kinr). 14 Taapfc e . Iran e Juno 1$ Temple techitf CflloneiTei if! Tartteo Iiealersat Cftaes 1 7 T/,e & iH.JInlls en P/mtitta iy. 1'entrt.tj. Imrufir, »« n. n ',;/„. u Jr\e les. ytieCeot U Temple ,„,,„ h - ',, Vermb of ■nnt.u if'- House ,y , »,tM.i,,\,,u- It Temple y,/, ( . ] i,„ sn,„. and the Urate, *J /'emp/e Op i'enus V.-^L'/ir *ff. The Leant Pre//. *) Hero,'.- JfolmmenU.of Cadinut OtoWcus. .£i/eus. ,vtet Jmphileehat. J« Tmplr tfMurmemmM '■ & aVa fl aa 7. 77 " <* A 9 B -ft & a Amydee - fl .a a a 01 A (^ A ™ lUMp, t>\ ArcadiA, lor the Travels of Aaaoli arsis, BvMBarbie J*r Bo cage; Enalish Mihs. ^>- '7 86 ' Ofvmoran Stadia. MT ' :' — Fn-iwh Leagues. / c > SClaytonfcu/p' JPJL1TO an ' me : &rv//t/>7i4ori// ■ 4 5 JO 25 ■ ! I ' I | i - *o English Eeet. ■ ' ' a i ' - -to 20 OO 40 JO . ( .".;>>. VoUVpuRS. ' COIISTS from the Cabinet of the King- of France J&n the Travels of ^4nacAarsis. NP3. ,\°4. HST.°1. Coin of Athe/LS, own'liich appears the Grotto of 'Tan.ihe Staircase leading to the Citadel, and somcALmumcnts consecrated to Aflnerva . see Caaft. XtT. XV '2. Coin of Arcadia , The God Tan seated onAfount Olympus, the name cf which is indicated by the letters OiOTM. Cha/i-ZTT. 5T?t3. ColnofCnldUS, the Ttnus ofTraxUde* .Chaf.ZXX2T.The samefiyure is represented- on art erujrav'd aeni In the Cabinet of the Duke of Orleans, see the Descriptton of that Cabinet. ■ Tom I.Pl.XXXL.Pagel35- ]ST? 4. Coin of Samos, The Temple and Statue of Juno. On the Steps of the, Vc.stihule.apot or vase Inwhlch is a shrub Intended for the Agnus Callus. ChapZXXIK (YizySonji i F »; . '>.•'»'• ■ Trosjt » *■*, \ i, *^fw