DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Glenn Negley Collection of Utopian Literature Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Duke University Libraries littp://www.arcliive.org/details/anatomyofmelancOOburt * i •t/1* forgotten quite All former sceues of dear delist , Connubial love -parental joy- "No STinjathies like these Ins soul employ; But all 13 dark "svithin \'f Fenrose FRONTISPIETE TO THE ORIGINAJL EDITTOX THE ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY, WHAT IT IS, WITH ALL THE KINDS, CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, PROGNOSTICS, AND SEVERAL CURES OF IT. IN THEEE PAETITIONS. WITH THEIR SEVERAL SECTIONS, MEMBERS, AND SUBSECTIONS, PKILOSOPHICALLV, MEDICALLY, HISTORICALLY OPENED AND CUT UP. BY DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. WITH A SATIRICAL PREFACE, CONDUCING TO THE FOLLOWING DISCOURSii CORRECTED, AND ENRICHED EV TRANSLATIONS OF THE NUMEROUS' CLASSICAL EXTRACTS. BY DEMOCRITUS MINOR. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR. Omne tulit punctum, qui miscuit utile dulci He that joins instruction with delight, Profit with pleasure, carries all the votes. PHILADELPHIA: J. W. MOORE, 195 CHESTNUT STREET 18..5.. « f uj ) \jroP/A ■b i,?j 3"^^ HOXORATISSIMO DOMINO, WON MINVS VtRTUTE StA, QUA^I GENERIS SPLENDORE ILLVSTRISSLMO, GEOPvGIO BEllKLEIO, inLlTI DE BALNEO, BARONI DE BERKLEY, JIOUBREY, SEGRAVE, D. DE BRUSE, DOMINO SUO MULTIS NOJUNIBUS OBSERVANDO, HANC SUAM METANCHOLIiE ANATOMEA", JAM SEXTO REVISAM, D. D. DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR. (iv) ADVEETISEMEjNT TO THE LAST LONDON EDITION. The work now restored to public notice has had an extraordinary fate. At the lime of its original publication it obtained a great celebrity, which continued more than half a century. During that period few books were more read, or more de- servedly applauded. It was the delight of the learned, the solace of the indolent, and the refuge of the uninformed. It passed through at least eight editions, by which the bookseller, as Wood records, got an estate ; and, notwithstanding the objection sometimes opposed against it, of a quaint style, and too great an accumulation oi" authorities, the fascination of its wit, fancy, and sterling sense, have borne down all censures, and extorted praise from the first writers in the English language. The grave Johnsox has praised it in the warmest terms, and the ludicrous Sterne has interwoven many parts of it into his own popular performance. Miltox did not dis- dain to build two of his finest poems on it; and a host of inferior w^riters have em- bellished their works with beauties not their own, culled from a performance which they had not the justice even to mention. Change of times, and the frivolity of fashion, suspended, in some degree, that fame which had lasted near a century; and the succeeding generation affected indifl'erence towards an author, who at length was only looked into by the plunderers of literature, the poachers in obscure volumes. The plagiarism? of Tristram Shandy, so successfully brought to light by Dr. Fer- RiAR, at length drew the attention of the public towards a writer, who, though then little known, might, without impeachment of modesty, lay claim to every mark of respect; and inquiry proved, beyond a doubt, that the calls of justice had been little attended to by others, as well as the facetious Yorick. Wood observed, more than a century ago, that several authors had unmercifully stolen matter from Blrtox without any acknowledgment. The time, however, at length arrived, when the merits of the Jlnatoviy of Mcluncholi/ were to receive their due praise. The book was again sought for and read, and again it became an applauded performance. Ite excellencies once more stood confessed, in the increased price which every copy offered for sale produced ; and the increased demand pointed out the necessity of a new edition. This is now presented to the public in a manner not disgraceful to the memory of the author ; and the publisher relies with confidence, that so valuable a lepository of amusement and information will continue to hold the rank to whicli it has been restored, finnly supported by its own merit, and safe from the influence and blight of any future caprices of fashion. To open its valuable mysteries to those who have not had the advantage of a classical education, translations of the countless quotations from ancient writers Avhich occur in the w'ork, are now for the first time given, and obsolete orthography is in all instances modernized. (V) ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, RoHERT Burton was the son of Ralph Burton, of an ancient and genteel family at Lindley, in Leicestershire, and was born there on the 8th of February 1570.* He received the first rudiments of learning at the free school of Sutton Coldfield, in Warwickshire,! from whence he was, at the age of seventeen, in the long vacation, 1593, sent to Brazen Nose College, in the condition of a com- moner, where he made considerable progress in logic and philosophy. In 1599 he was elected student of Christ Church, and, for form's sake, was put under tlie tuition of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards Bishop of Oxford. In 1614 he was admitted to the reading of the Sentences, and on the 29th of November, 1616, had the vicarage of St. Thomas, in the west suburb of Oxfopd, conferred on him by the dean and canons of Christ Church, which, with the rectory of Segrave, in Leicestershire, given to him in the year 1636, by George, Lord Berkeley, he kept, to use the words of the Oxford antiquary, with much ado to his dying day. He seems to have been first beneficed at Walsby, in Lincolnshire, through the muni- ficence of his noble patroness, Frances, Countess Dowager of Exeter, but resigned the same, as he tells us, for some special reasons. At his vicarage he is remarked to have always given the sacrament in wafers. Wood's character of him is, that " he was an exact mathematician, a curious calculator of nativities, a general read scholar, a thorough-paced philologist, and one that understood the surveying of lands well. As he was by many accounted a severe student, a devourer of authors, a melancholy and humorous person; so by others, who knew him well, a person of great honesty, plain dealing and charity. I have heard some of the ancients of Christ Church often say, that his company was very merry, facete, and juvenile; * His elder brother was William nurton, the Leicestershire antiquary, born 24th August, ],57o, filiicati d at Sutton Coldfield, admitted commoner, or gentleman commoner, of Brazen Nose College, 15.T1 ; at the Inner Temple, 20tli May, 1503; B. A. 2-2d June, 1594; and afterwards a barrister and reporter in the Court of Common Pleas. "But his natural genius," says Wood, "leading him to the studies of heraldry, genealogies, and anti- qnities, he became excellent in those obscure and intricate matters; and look upon him as a gentleman, Wiia accounted, by all that knew him, to be the best of his time for those studies, as may appear by his ' Description of Leicestershire.'" His weak constitution not permitting him to follow business, he retired into the country, and his greatest work, " The Description of Leicestershire," was published in folio, 1622. He died at Palde. after suffering much in the civil war, 6lh April, 1645, and was buried in the parish church belonging thereto, called Hanbury. 1 This is Wood's account. His will says, Nuneaton ; but a passage in this work [see fol. 304, J mcntiotia Sutton Coldfield ; probably lie may hare been at both schools. A'^ VI Account of the Author. and no man in his time did surpass him for his ready and dexterous interlarding his common discourses among them with verses from the poets, or sentences from classic authors; which being then all the fashion in the University, made his company the more acceptable." He appears to have been a universal reader of all kinds of books, and availed himself of his multifarious studies in a very extra- ordinary manner. From the information of Hearne, we learn that John Rouse, the Bodleian librarian, furnished him with choice books for the prosecution of his work. The subject of his labour and amusement, seems to have been adopted from the infirmities of his own habit and constitution. Mr. Granger says, " He composed this book with a view of relieving his own melancholy, but increased it to such a degree, that nothing could make him laugh, but going to the bridge-foot and hearing the ribaldry of the bargemen, which rarely failed to throw him into a violent fit of laughter. Before he was overcome with this horrid disorder, he, in the intervals of his vapours, was esteemed one of the most facetious companions in the University." His residence was chiefly at Oxford; where, in his chamber in Christ Church College, he departed this life, at or very near the time which he had some years before foretold, from the calculation of his own nativity, and which, says Wood, " being exact, several of the students did not forbear to whisper among themselves, that rather than there should be a mistake in the calculation, he sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his neck." Whether this suggestion is founded in truth, we have no other evidence than an obscure hint in the epitaph hereafter inserted, which was written by the author himself, a short time before his death. His body, with due solemnity, was buried near that of Dr. Robert Weston, in the north aisle which joins next to the choir of the cathedral of Christ Church, on the '2Tth of January 1039-40. Over his grave was soon after erected a comely monu- ment, on the upper pillar of the said aisle, with his bust, painted to the life. On the right hand is the following calculation of his nativity : Account of the AutTior. t^ and under the bust, this inscription of his own composition : — Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, Hie jacet Democritus junior Cui vitam dedit et mortem Melancholia Ob. 8 Id. Jan. A. C. mdcxxxix. Arms : — Azure on a bend O. between three dogs' heads O. a crescent G. A few months before his death, he made his will, of which the following is a copy: Extracted from the Registry of the Prerogative Court of Canterburt. In nomine Dei Amen, August 15th One thousand six hundred thirty nine because there be so many casualties to which our life is subject besides quarrelling and contention which happen to our Successors after our Death by reason of unsettled Estates I Robert Burton Student of Christ- church Oxon. though my means be but small have thought good by this my last Will and Testa- ment to dispose of that Uttle which I have and being at this present I thank God in perfect health of Bodie and Mind and if this Testament be not so formal according to the nice and strict terms of Law and other Circumstances peradventure required of which I am ignorant I desire howsoever this my Will may be accepted and stand good according to my true Intent and meaning First I bequeath Animam Deo Corpus Terrse whensoever it shall please God to call me I give my Land in Higham which my good Father Ralphe Burton of Lindly in the County of Leicester Esquire gave me by Deed of Gift and that which I have annexed to that Farm by purchase since, now leased for thirty eight pounds per Ann. to mine Elder Brother William Burton of Lindly Esquire during his life and after him to his Heirs I make my said Brother William likewise mine Executor as well as paying such Annuities and Legacies out of my Lands and Goods as are hereafter specified I give to my nephew Cassibilan Burton twenty pounds Annuity per Ann. out of iny Land in Higham during his life to be paid at two equall payments at our Lady Day in Lent and Michaelmas or if he be not paid within fourteen Days after the said Feasts to distrain on any part of the Ground or on any of my Lands of Inheritance Item I give to my Sister Katherine Jackson during her life eight pounds per Ann. Annuity to be paid at the two Feasts equally as above said or else to distrain on the Ground if she be not paid after fourteen days at Lindly as the other some is out of the said Land Item I give to my Servant John Upton the Annuity of Forty Shillings out of my said Farme during his life (if till then my Servant) to be paid on Michaelmas day in Lind- ley each year or else after fourteen days to distrain Now for my goods I thus dispose them First I give an Ctti pounds to Christ Church in Oxford where I have so long lived to buy five pounds Lands per Ann. to be Yearly bestowed on Books for the Library Item I give an hundredth piund to the University Library of Oxford to be bestowed to purchase five pound Land per Ann. to he paid out Yearly on Books as Mrs. Brooks formerly gave an hundred pounds to buy Land to the same purpose and the Rent to the same use I give to my Brother George Burton twenty pounds and my watch I give to my Brother Ralph Burton five pounds Item I give to the Parish of Sea. grave in Leicestershire where I am now Rector ten pounds to be given to a certain Feoffees to the perpetual good of the said Parish Oxon* Item I give to my Niece Eugenia Burton One hundredth pounds Item I give to my Nephew Richard Burton now Prisoner in London an hundredth pound to redeem him Item I give to the Poor of Higham Forty Shillings where my Land is to the poor of Nuneaton where I was once a Grammar Scholar three pound to my Cousin Purfey of Wadiake [Wadley] my Cousin Purfey of Calcott my Cousin Hales of Coventry my Nephew Bradshaw of Orton twenty shillings a piece for a small remembrance to Mr. Whitehall Rector of Cherkhy inyne own Chamber Fellow twenty shillings I desire my Brother George and my Cosen Purfey of Cal- cott to be the Overseers of this part of my Will I give moreover five pounds to make a small Monument for my Mother where she is buried in London to my Brother Jackson forty shillings to my Servant John Upton forty shillings besides his former Annuity if he be my Servant till I die if he be till then my Servantf— ROBERT BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness. » So in the Register. t So in the Register. viij Account of the Aullior. An Appendix io this my Will if I die in Oxford or whilst I am of Christ Church and with good Mr. laynes August the Fifteenth 1639. I give to Mr. Doctor Fell Dean of Christ Church Forty Shillings to the Eight Canons twenty Shillings a piece as a small remembrance to the poor of St. Thomas Parish Twenty Shillings to Brasenose Library five pounds to Mr. Rowse of Oriell Colledge twenty Shillings to Mr. Heywooii xxs. to Dr. Metcalfe xxs. to Mr. Sherley xxs. If I have any Books the University Library hath not, let them take them If I have any I3ooks our own Library hath not, let them take them I give to Mrs. Fell all my English Books of Husbandry one excepted to her Daughter Mrs. Katherine Fell my Six Pieces of Silver Plate and six Silver spoons to Mrs. lies my Gerards Herball To Mrs. Morris my Country Farme Translated out of French 4. and all my English Physick Books to Mr. Whistler the Recorder of Oxford I give twenty shillings to all my fellow Students Mfs of Arts a Book in fol. or two a piece as Master Morris Treasurer or Mr. Dean shall appoint whom I request to be the Overseer of this Appendix and give him for his pains Atlas Geografer and Ortelius Theatrum Mond' I give to John Fell the Dean's Son Student my Mathe- matical Instruments except my two Crosse Staves which I give to my Lord of Doiinol if he be then of the House To Thomas lies Doctor lies his Son Student Saluntch on Paurrhelia and Lucian's Works in 4 Tomes If any books be left let my Executors dispose of them with all such Books as are written with my own hands and half my Melancholy Copy for Crips hath the other half To Mr. Jones Chaplin and Chanter my Surveying Books and Instruments To the Servants of the House Forty Shillings ROB. BURTON— Charles Russell Witness — John Pepper Witness — This Will was shewed to me by the Testator and acknowledged by him some few days before his death to be his last Will Ita Testor John Morris S Th D. Prebendari' Eccl Chri' Oxon Feb. 3, 1639. Probatum fuit Testamentum suprascriptum, &c. 11° 1640 Juramento Willmi Burton Fris' et Executoris cui &c. de bene et fideliter adminislrand. &c. coram Mag'ris Nathanae.le Stephens Rectore Eccl. de Drayton, et Edwardo Farmer, Clericis, vigore commis- sionis, &c. The only work our author executed was that now reprinted, which probably was the principal employment of his life. Dr. Ferriar says, it was originally published in the year 1G17; but this is evidently a mistake;* the' first edition was that printed in 4to, 1621, a copy of which is at present in the collection of John Nichols, Esq., the indefatigable illustrator of the History of Leicestershire ; to whom, and to Isaac Reed, Esq., of Staple Inn, this account is greatly indebtea for its accuracy. The other impressions of it were in 1624, 1628, 1632, 1638, 1651-2, 1660, and 1676, which last, in the titlepage, is called the eighth edition. The copy from which the present is re-printed, is that of 1651-2 : at the con- clusion of which is the following address: "TO THE READER. " BE pleased to know (Courteous Reader) that since the last Impression of this Book, the ingenuous Author of it is deceased, leaving a Copy of it exactly corrected, with several consider- able Additions by his own hand ; this Copy he committed to my care and custod}', with directions to have those Additions inserted in the next Edition ; which in order to his command, and the Publicke Good, is faithfully performed in this last Impression." H. C. (i. e. HEN. CRIPPS.) ♦Originating, perhaps, in a note, p. 448, 6th edit. (p. 455 of the present), in which a book is quoted as having been " printed at Paris 1624, seven years after Burton's first edition." As, however, the editions after that of 1621, are regularly marked in succession to the eighth, printed in 1676, there seems very little reason to doubt that, in the note above alluded to, either 1624 has been a misprint for 1628, or seven years for three years. The numerous typographical errata in other parts of the work strongly aid this latter supposition. Account of the Author. ix The following testimonies of various authors will serve to show the estimation in which this work has been held : — "The AsTATOMY OF MELANCHOLr, wherciii the author hath piled up variety of much exceller learning. Scarce any book of philology in our land hath, in so short a tiiae, passed so many edition*." — Fuller's Worthies, fol. IG, " 'Tis a book so full of variety of reading, that gentlemen who have lost their time, and are put to a push for invention, may furnish themselves with matter for common or scholastical discourse and writing." — Wood's At/tenas Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 628. 2d edit. •'If you never saw BunTov urotf Melancholy, printed 1G76, I pray look into it, and read the ninth page of his Preface, < Democrifus to the Reader.'. There is something there which touches the point we are upon ; but I mention the author to you, as the pleasantest, the most learned, and the most full of sterling sense. The wits of Queen Anne's reign, and the beginning of George the First, were not a little beholden to him." — Archbishop Herring's Letters, 12mo. 1777. p. 149. '■ Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, he (Dr. Johnson) said, was the only book that ever took him out of bed two hours sooner than he wished to rise." — Bvswell's Life nf Johnson, vol. i. p. 580. Bvo. edit. " Bithton's Anatomy of Melancholy is a valuable book," said Dr. Johnson. " It is, per- haps, overloaded with quotation. But there is great spirit and great power in what Burton says when he writes from his own mind." — Ibid, vol. ii. p. 325. '•It will be no detraction from the powers of Milton's original genius and invention, to remark, that he seems to have borrowed the subject of V Allegro and // Penserosn, together with som-e particular thoughts, expressions, and rhymes, more especially the idea of a contrast between these two dispositions, from a forgotten poem prefixed to the first edition of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, entitled, 'The Author's Abstract of Melancholy; or, A Dialogue between Pleasure and Pain.' Here pain is melancholy. It was written, as I conjecture, about the year 1600. I will make no apology, for abstracting and citing as much of this poem as will be sufficient to prove, to a discerning reader, how f\ir it had taken possession of Milton's mind. The measure will appear to be the same ; and that our author was at least an attentive reader of Burton's book, may be already concluded from the traces of resemblance which I have incidentally noticed in passing through the V Allegro and II Penseroso." — After extracting the lines, Mr. Warton adds, "as to the very elaborate work to which these visionary verses are no unsuitable introduction, the writer's variety of learning, his quotations from scarce and curious books, his pedantry sparkling with rude wit and shapeless elegance, miscellaneous matter, intermixture of agreeable tales and illustiations, and, perhaps, above all, the singularities of his feelings, clothed in an uncommon quaintness of style, have contributed to render it, even to modern readers, a valuable i.'jpository of amusement and information." — Warton's Milton, 2d edit. p. 94. "The Anatomy of Melancholy is a book which has been universally read aid admired. This work is, for the most part, what the author himself styles it, ' a cento ;' but it is a very ingenious one. His quotations, which abound in every page, are pertinent ; but if ht had made morn use of his invention and less of his commonplace-book, his work would perhaps have beeii more valuable than it is. He is generally free from the aflfected language and ridiculou*, metaphors which disgrace most of the books of his time." — Granger's Biographical History. " Buhton's Anatomy of Melancholy, a book once the favourite of the learned and the witty, and a source of surreptitious learning, though written on a regular plan, consip*K chiefly of quotations : the author has honestly termed it a cento. He collects, under every divtt'vin, the opinions of a multitude of writers, without regard to chronological order, and has too oftja the modesty to decline the interposition of his own sentiments. Indeed the bulk of his m.iierials generally overwhelms him. In the course of his folio he has contrived to treat a great variety of topics, that seem very loosely connected with the general subject ; and, like Bayle, when he starts a favourite train of quotations, he does not scruple to let the digression outrun the princip?! question. Thus, from the doctrines of religion to military discipline, from inland navigation to the morality of dancing-schools, every thing is discussed and determined." — Ferriar's Illustrations of Sterne, p. 58. 2 X Account of ilie Author. ' The archness which Buhtox displays occasionally, and his indulgence of playful digression* from the most serious discussions, often give his style an air of familiar conversation, notwith- standing the laborious collections which supply his text. He was capable of writing excellent poetry, but he seems to have cultivated this talent too little. The English verses prefixed to his book, which possess beautiful imagery, and great sweetness of versification, have been frequently ])ublished. His Latin elegiac verses addressed to his book, shew a very agreeable turn for raillery." — Ibid. p. 58. " When the force of the subject opens his own vein of prose, we discover valuable sense and brilliant expression. Such is his account of the first feelings of melancholy persons, written, probably, from his own experience." [See p. 154, of the present edition.] — I/jid. p. 60. " During a pedantic age, like that in which Burton's production appeared, it must have been emrnently serviceable to writers of many descriptions. Hence the unlearned might furnish them- selves with appropriate scraps of Greek and Latin, whilst men of letters would find their enquiries shortened, by knowing where they might look for what both ancients and moderns had advanced on the subject of human passions. I confess my inability to point out any other English author who has so largely dealt in apt and original quotation." — Manuscript note of the lute George Steerens, Esq., in his copy of The Anatojit of Melancholy. (^i) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR AD LIBRUM SUUM. Vade libur, qualis, non aitsim dicere, fcBlix, Te nisi tcelicem fecerit Alma dies. Vade tamen quocunque lubet, quascunque per oras, Et Gcnium Domini fac imitere tui. I blandas inter Cliarites, mystamque saluta Musarum quemvis, si tibi lector erit. Rura colas, urbem, subeasve palatia regum, Submisse, placide, te sine dcnte geras. Nobilis, aut si quia te forte inspexerit heros, Da te morigerum, perlegat usque lubet. Est quod Nobilitas, est quod desideret heros, Gratior hasc forsan charta placere potest. Si quis morosus Cato, tetricusque Senator, Hiinc etiam librum forte videre velit, Sive magistratus, turn te reverenter habeto ; Sed nuUus ; muscas non capiunt Aquilee. Non vacat his tempus fugitivum impendere nugis, Nee tales cupio ; par mihi lector erit. Si matrona gravis casu diverterit istuc, Illustris domina, aut te Comitissa legat : Est quod displiceat, placeat quod forsitan illis, Ingerere his noli tc modo, pande tamen. At si virgo tuas dignabitur inclyta chartas Tangcre, sive schedis haereat ilia tuis: Da modo tc facilem, et quaedam folia esse me- mento Conveniant oculis quae magis apta suis. Si generosa ancilla tuos aut alma puella Visura est ludos, annue, pande lubens. Die utinam nunc ipse meus* (nam diligit istas) In pra3sens esset conspiciendus herus. Ignotus notusve mihi de gente togata Sive aget in ludis, pulpita sive colet, Sive in Lycceo, et nugas evolverit istas, Si quasdam mendas viderit inspiciens. Da veniam Authori, dices ; nam plurima vellet Expungi, quag jam displicuisse sciat. Sive Melancholicus quisquam, seu blandus Amator, Aulicus aut Civis, sou bene comptus Eques Hue appellat, age et tuto te crede Icgenti, Multa istic forsan non male nata leget. Quod fugiat, caveat, quodque amplexabitur, ista Pagina fortassis promere multa potest. At si quis Mcdicus coram te sistet, amice Fac circumspecte, et te sine labe geras: Inveniet namque ipse meis quoque plurima scriptis, Non leve subsidium quce sibi forsan erunt. Si quis Causidicus chartas impingat in istas. Nil mihi vobiscum, pessima turba vale ; Sit nisi vir bonus, et juris sine fraude peritus, Tum legat, et forsan doctior inde siet. Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus Hue oculos vertat, quaa velit ipse legat ; Candidus ignoscet, meiuas nil, pande libenter, Offensus mendis non erit ille tuis, Laudabit nonnuUa. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, Limata et tersa, et qui bene cocta petit, Claude citus librum ; nulla hie nisi ferrea verba, Ofiendent stomachum quae minus apta suum. At si quis non eximius de plebe poeta, Annue ; namque istic plurima ficta leget. Nos sumus e numero, nullus mihi spirat Apollo, Grandiloquus Vates quilibet esse nequit. Si Criticus Lector, tumidus Censorque molestus, Zoilus et Momus, si rabiosa cohors : Ringe, freme, et noli tum pandere, turba ma- lignis Si occurrat sannis invidiosa suis: Fac fugias ; si nulla tibi sit copia eundi, Contemnes, tacitu scommata quffique feres. Frendeat, allatret, vacuas gannitibus auras Impleat, baud cures; his placuisse nefas. Verum age si forsan divertat purior hospes, Cuique sales, ludi, displiceantque joci, Objiciatque tibi sordes, lascivaque : dices, Lasciva est Domino et Musa jocosa tuo, Nee lasciva tamen, si pensitet omne ; sed esto ; Sit lasciva licet pagina, vita proba est. Barbarus, indoctusque rudis spectator in istam Si messem intrudat, fuste fugabis eum, Fungum pelle procul (jubeo) nam quid mihi fungo ? Conveniunt stomacho non minus ista suo. Sed nee pelle tamen ; teto omnes accipe vuifu, Quos, quas, vel quales, inde vel unde viros. Gratus erit quicunque venit, gratissimus hospes Quisquis erit, facilis difficilisque mihi. Nam si culparit, quasdam culpasse juvabit, Culpando faciet me meliora sequi. Sed si laudarit, neque laudibus efterar ullis. Sit satis hisce malis opposuisse bonum. Haec sunt qua; nostro placuit mandare libello, Et quae dimittens dicere jussit Herus. * Hsc comiQd dicta cave ne mal6 capias. ( ^ij ) DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO HIS BOOK. PAKArHKASTIC METRICAL TRANSLATION. jo forth my book into the open day ; Happy, if made so by its garish eye. O'er earth's wide surface take thy vagrant way, To imitate thy master's genius try. The Graces three, the Muses nine sahite, Should those who love them try to con thy lore. The country, city seek, grand thrones to boot. With gentle courtesy humbly bow before. Should nobles gallant, soldiers frank and brave Seek thy acquaintance, hail their first advance : From twitch of care thy pleasant vein may save, ■Vlay laughter cause or wisdom give perchance. Some surly Cato, Senator austere. Haply may wish to peep into thy book : Seem very nothing — tremble and revere : No forceful eagles, butterflies e'er look. riiey love not thee : of them then little seek, And wish for readers triflers like thyself. (">! ludeful matron watchful catch the beck. Or gorgeous countess full of pride and pelf. They may say " pish !" and frown, and yet read on: Cry odd, and silly, coarse, and yet amusing. Should dainty damsels seek thy page to con. Spread thy best stores : to them be ne'er re- fusing : Sqv, fair one, master loves thee dear as life ; Would he were here to gaze on thy sweet look. Should known or unknown student, freed from strife Of logic and the schools, explore my book : Cry mercy critic, and thy book withhold: Be some few errors pardon' d though observ'd : An humble author to implore makes bold. Thy kind indulgence, even undeserv'd, Should melancholy wight or pensive lover, Courtier, snug cit, or carpet knight so trim Our blossoms cull, he'll find himself in clover, Gain sense from precept, laughter from our whim. Should learned leech with solemn air unfold Thy leaves, beware, be civil, and be wise : Thy volume many precepts sage may hold. His well fraught head may find no trifling prize. Should crafty lawyer trespass on our ground, Caitifl's avaunt ! disturbing tribe away ! Lnless (white crow) an honest one be found ; He'll better, wiser go for what we say. Should some ripe scholar, gentle and benign, With candour, care, and judgment thee peruse: I Thy faults to kind oblivion he'll consign; I Nor to thy merit will his praise refuse. Thou may'st be searched for polish' d words and I verse ! By flippant spouter, emptiest of praters : '< Tell him to seek them in some mawkish verse : I My periods all are rough as nutmeg graters. The doggerel poet, wishing thee to read. Reject not ; let him glean thy jests and stories. His brother I, of lowly sembling breed : ] Apollo grants to few Parnassian glories. Menac'd by critic with sour furrowed brow, I Momus or Troilus or Scotch reviewer: Ruffle your heckle, grin and growl and vow : Hl-natured foes you thus will find the fewer. When foul-mouth'd senseless railers cry the-e down. Reply not : fly, and show the rogues thy stern: They are not worthy even of a i'rown: Good taste or breeding they can never learn ; Or let them clamour, turn a callous ear, As though in dread of some harsh donkey's bray. If chid by censor, friendly though severe, To such explain and turn thee not away. Thy vein, says he perchance, is all too free ; Thy smutty language suits not learned pen : Reply, Good Sir, throughout, the context see ; Thought chastens thought ; so prithee judge again. Besides, although my master's pen may wander Through devious paths, by which it ought not stray. His life is pure, beyond the breath of slander : So pardon grant ; 'tis merely but his way. Some rugged ruffian makes a hideous rout — Brandish thy cudgel, threaten him to baste ; The fihhy fungus far from thee cast out ; Such noxious banquets never suit my taste. Yet, calm and cautious moderate thy ire. Be ever courteous should the case allow — Sweet malt is ever made by gentle fire : Warm to thy friends, give all a civil bow. Even censure sometimes teaches to improve, Slight frosts have often cured too rank a crop, So, candid blame my spleen shall never move. For skilful gard'ners wayward branches lop. Go then, my book, and bear my words in mind ; Guides safe at once, and pleasant them you'll find. ( xi'i ) THE ARGUMENT OF THE FRONTISPIECE. Ten distinct Squares here seen apart, Are joined in one by Cutter's art. Old Democritus under a tree, Sits on a stone with book on knee ; About him hang there many features, Of Cats, Dogs and such Hke creatures Of which he makes anatomy, The seat of black choler to see. Over his licad appears the sky, And Saturn Lord of melancholy. II. To the left a landscape of Jealousy, Presents itself unto thine eye. A Kingfisher, a Swan, an Hern, Two fighting-cocks you may discern. Two roaring Bulls each other hie, To assault concerning venery. Symbols are these ; I say no m.ore, Conceive the rest by that's afore. The next of solitariness, A portraiture doth well express. By sleeping dog, cat: Buck and Doe, Hares, Conies in the desert go : Bats, Owls the shady bovvers over, In melancholy darkness hover. Mark well: If't be not as 't should be. Blame the bad Cutter, and not me. I'th' under column there doth stand Inamorato with folded hand; Down hangs his head, terse and polite, Some ditty sure he doth indite. His lute and books about him lie, As symptoms of his vanity. If this do not enough disclose. To naint him, take thyself by th' nose. Hy-pocondrincus leans on his arm, ^ WinH in his side doth him much harm, And troubles him full sore, God knows Much -ain V" hath and many woes. About him pots and glasses lie. Newly brought from's Apothecary. This Saturn's aspects signify. You see them portray'd in the sky. Beneath them kneeling on his knee, A superstitious man you see : He fasts, prays, on his Idol fixt, Tormented hope and fear betwixt: For Hell perhaps he takes more pain. Than thou dost Heaven itself to gain. Alas poor soul, I pity thee. What stars incline thee so to be ? But see the madman rage downright With furious looks, a ghastly sight. Naked in chains bound doth he lie, And roars amain he knows not why ! Observe him ; for as in a glass. Thine angry portraiture it was. His picture keeps still in thy presence ; 'Twixt him and thee, there's no difierence. VIII, IX. Borage and Hellehor fill two scenes. Sovereign plants to purge the veins Of melancholy, and cheer the heart, Of those black fumes which make it smart ; To clear the brain of misty fogs. Which dull our senses, and Soul clogs. The best medicine that e'er God made For this malady, if well assay'd. X. Now last of all to fill a place, Presented is the Author's face ; And in that habit which he wears. His image to the world appears. His mind no art can well express, That by his writings j'ou may guess. It was not pride, nor yet vain glory, (Though others do it commonly) Made him do this : if you must know, The Printer would needs have it so. Then do not frown or scoiTat it. Deride not, or detract a whit. For surely as thou dost by him. He will do the same again. Then look upon't, behold and see. As thou lik'st it, so it likes thee. And I for it will stand in view. Thine to command. Reader, adieu. (xiv) THE AUTHOFx'S ABSTRACT OF MELANCHOLY, A.«A«y;,. \Vhe\ I go musing all alone Thinking of divers things fore-known. When I build castles in the air, Void of sorrow and void of fear, Pleasing myself with phantasms sweet, Methinks the time runs very fleet. All my joys to this are folly, Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I lie waking all alone, Recounting what I have ill done. My thoughts on me then tyrannise, Fear and sorrow me surprise, Whether I tarry still or go, Methinks the time moves very slow. All rny griefs to this are jolly. Naught so mad as melancholy. When [o myself I act and smile, With pleasing thoughts the time beguile, By a brook side or wood so green, Unheard, unsought for, or unseen, A thousand pleasures do me bless. And crown my soul with happiness. All my joys besides are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. When I lie, sit, or walk alone, I sigh, I grieve, making great mone, In a dark grove, or irksome den. With discontents and Furies then, A thousand miseries at once Mine heavy heart and soul ensonce, All my griefs to this are jolly, ^ None so sour as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methmks I see, ^^weet nmsic, wondrous melody, Towns, palaces, and cities fine ; Here now, then there ; tiie world is mine. Rare beauties, gallant ladies shine, Whate'er is lovely or divine. All other joys to this are folly. None so sweet as melancholy. Methinks I hear, methinks I see Ghosts, goblins, fiends; my phantasy Presents a thousand ugly shapes. Headless bears, black men, and apes, Doleful outcries, and fearful sights, My sad and dismal soul affrights. All my griefs to this are jolly, \ None so damn'd as melancholy. Methinks I court, methinks I kiss, Methinks I now embrace my mistress. blessed days, sweet content. In Paradise my time is spent. Such thoughts may still my fancy move, So may I ever be in love. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. When I recount love's many frights, My sighs and tears, my waking nights, My jealous fits ; O mine hard late 1 now repent, but 'tis too late. No torment is so bad as love. So bitter to my soul can prove. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so harsh as melancholy. Friends and companions get you gone, 'Tis my desire to be alone ; Ne'er well but when my thoughts and I Do domineer in privacy. No Gem, no treasure like to this, 'Tis my delight, my crown, my bliss. All my joys to this are folly. Naught so sweet as melancholy. 'Tis my sole plague to be alone, I am a beast, a monster grown, I will no light nor company, I find it now my misery. The scene is turn'd, my joys are gone. Fear, discontent, and sorrows come. All my griefs to this are jolly. Naught so fierce as melancholy. I'll not change life with any king, I ravisht am: can the world bring More joy, than still to laugh and snule. In pleasant toys time to beguile ? Do not, O do not trouble me. So sweet content I feel and see. All my joys to this are folly. None so divine as melancholy. I'll change my stale with any wretch, Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch • My pain's past cure, another hell, I may not in this torment dwell ! Now desperate I hate my life. Lend me a halter or a knife ; All my griefs to this are jolly, Naught so damn'd as melancholy. DEMOCRITUS JUNIOR TO THE READER. fy ENTLE reader, I presume thou wilt be very inquisitive to know what antic or vT personate actor this is, that so insolently intrudes upon this common theatre, to the world's view, arrogating another man's name; whence he is, why he doth it, and what he hath to say; although, as 'he said, Primum si noluero, non rcspondeho, quis coacturus est? I am a free man born, and may choose whether I will tell; who can compel me ? If I be urged, 1 will as readily reply as that Egyptian in ^Plutarch, when a curious fellow would needs know what he had in his basket, Quumvides velatam, quid inquiris in rem absconditam ? It was therefore covered, because he should not know what was in it. Seek not after that which is hid; if the contents please thee, ■^and be for thy use, suppose the Man in the Moon, or whom thou wilt to be the Author;" I would not willingly be known. Yet in some sort to give thee satisfac- tion, which is more thaa I need, 1 will show a reason, both of this usurped name, title, and subject. And first of the name of Democritus ; lest any man, by reason of it, should be deceived, expecting a pasquil, a satire, some ridiculous treatise (as I myself should have done), some prodigious tenet, or paradox of the earth's motion, of infinite worlds, in infinito vacuo^ ex fortuita atomorum collisione^ in an infinite waste, so caused by an accidental collision of motes in the sun, all which Democritus held, Epicurus and their master Lucippus of old maintained, and are lately revived by Copernicus, Brunus, and some others. Besides, it hath been always an ordinary custom, as * Gellius observes, " for later writers and impostors, to broach many absurd and insolent fictions, under the name of so noble a philosopher as Democritus, to get themselves credit, and by that means the more to be respected," as artificers usually do, JS'ovo qui marmori aserihunt Praxatilem suo. 'Tis not so with me. 5 Non hie Centaiirus, non Gorgonas, Harpyasque 1 No Centaurs here, or Gorgons look to find, Invenies, honiinem pagina nostra sapit. 1 My subject is of man and human kind. Thou thyself art the subject of my discourse. " Quicquid asunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, I Whate'er men do, vows, fears, in ire, in sport, Gaudia, discursus, nostri farrago libelli. I Joys, wand'rings, are the sum of my report. My intent is no otherwise to use his name, than Mercurius Gallobelgicus, Mercu- rius Britannicus, use the name of Mercury, '' Democritus Christianus, &c. ; although there be some other circumstances for which I have masked myself under this vizard, and some peculiar respect which I cannot so w^ell express, until I have set down a brief character of this our Democritus, what he was, with an Epitome of his life. Democritus, as he is described by ^Hippocrates and ^Laertius, was a little wearislt"^ old man, very melancholy by nature, averse from company in his latter days,'" and much given to solitariness, a famous pliilosopher in his age, ^^cocsvics with Socrates, wholly addicted to his studies at the last, and to a private life: wrote many excellent works, a great divine, according to tlie divinity of those times, an expert physician, . a politician, an excellent mathematician, as '^Diacosmus and the rest of his works /f do witness. He was much delighted with the studies of husbandry, sailh '^Columella, and often I find him cited by " Constantinus and others treating of that subject. He knew the natures, differences of all beasts, plants, fishes, birds ; and, as some say, could '^understand the tunes and voices of them. In a word, he was omnifariam doctus, a general scholar, a great student ; and to the intent he might better contem- ' Seneca in ludo in mortem Claudli Csesaris. 8 Hip. Epist. Dameget. SLaert.IibO. 'o Hor- ' Lib. de Curiositate. ^ Mod5 heec tibi usui sint, tulo sibi cellulam seligens, ibi(iue seipsum includeus, q\ienivis auctoreni fingito. Wecker. ^ Lib. 10, c. vixit solitarius. " Floruit Olympiade 80; 700 annis 12 Multa a mal6 feriatis in Democriti nomine com- postTroiam. " Diacos. quod cunctis operibus facil6 Dienta data, nobililatis, auctoriiaiisque ejus perfugio I excellit. LaSrt. is Col. lib. 1. c. 1. '■< Const, lib. iitentibus. * Martialis, lib. 10, epigr. 14. e Juv. de agric. passim. Js Volucrum voces et liiiguas sa*. J ' Aulh. Pet. Besseo edit. Colonic, If '.6. | intelligere se dicit Abderitans Ep. Hip. 1 6 Democrifus to the Reader. plate, '^ I find it related by some, that he put out his eyes, and was in his old age voluntarily blind, yet saw more than all Greece besides, and '^writ of every subject, J\lhil in iota opificlo natiira;, de quo nan scripsit.^^ A man of an excellent wit, pro- found conceit ; and to attain knowledge the better in his younger years, he travelled to Egypt and '^Athens, to cqnfer with learned men, ^""admired of some, despised of others." After a wandering life, he settled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was sent for thither to be their law-maker, Recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking himself to his studies and a private life, "■"^'saving that sometimes he would walk down to the haven, ^^and laugli heartily at such variety of ridiculous objects, which there he saw." Such a one was Democritus. But in the mean time, how doth this concern me, or upon what reference do I usurp his habit .'' I confess, indeed, that to compare myself unto him for aught 1 have yet said, were both impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any parallel, Jlniisiat viihi inUUJms trecentis, ^parvus sum, nullus sum, altum ncc spiro^ nee spcro. Yet thus much I will say of myself, and that I hope without all suspi- cion of pride, or sell-conceit, I have li ved a silentj. .^ eden lai::v", solitary, private life, mihl et musls m - tho Univor sity, as long almost as Xenocrates in "Athens, «fZ scnecTam fere to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study. For I have been brought up a student in the most flourishing college of Europe,-^ augustlssimo collegia, and can brag with ^^Jovius, almost, in cci luce domicilii Vacicani, totius orhis csle- herrimi, jjcr 37 annos miilla opportunaque didici ;" for thirty years I have continued (having the use of as good ^"^ libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be there- fore loth, either by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonour- able to such a royal and ample foundation. Something I have done, though by my profession a (Hvine, yet turbine rap)tus ingcnii, as ^'he said, out of a running wit, an imeonstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able to attain to a superficial skill in any) to have some smattering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus, nullus in sin- gulis^^ which ^°Plato commends, out of him ^"Lipsius approves and furthers, "as fit to be imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell alto- gether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, cenlum pucr artiwn, to have an oar in every man's boat, to ^' taste of every dish, and sip of every cup," which, saith '^^ Montaigne, was Avell performed by Aristotle, and his learned countryman ,\t{rian Turnebus. This roving humour (though not widi like success) I have ever had, and like a ranging spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving his game, I liave followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, qui ubique est, misquam est^'^ which '^'Gesner did in modesty, that I have read many books, but to little purpose, for want of good method ; I have confusedly tumbled over divers authors in our libraries, with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, judgment. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted with tlie study of Cosmography. ^^ Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c,, and Mars prin- cipal significator of manners, in partile conjunction with my ascendant; both fortunate in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich •, nihil est, nihil dcest, I have little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I could never get, so am I not in debt for it, I have a competence (laus Deo) from my noble and munificent patrons, thougl] I live still a collegiate student, as Democritus ill his garden, and lead a monastic life, ipse mild theatrum, sequestered from those tu- mults and troubles of the world, Et tanquam in specula positus, (^^as he said) in some '6SabelIiciisexenipl.,lib.lO. Oculisseprivavit, utme- Hist. 26 Keeper of our college library, lately re- lius contemplationi operam daret, sublinii vir ingenio, i vived by Olho Nicolson, Esquire. '^' Scaliter. profuudai ciigitatioiiis, &c. '^ Naturalia. moralia, ! 28 Somebody in everything, nobody in each thing, malhematica, liberales disciplinas, artiunique om- i 59 in Theat. so piJa. Stoic, li. diff. 8. Dogma cu- niuin peritiain callebat. '" Nothing in nature's jiidis et curiosis ingeniis impriinendum, ut sit talis qui power to contrive of which he has not written, nulli rei serviat,aut exacts unum aliquid elaboret, alia i« Veni Athenas, et nemo me novit. 20 jdeni con- ; neglisens, ut artifices, &c. si Delibare gratum de temptui et admirationi habitus. 21 Solebat ad quocunque cibo, et pittisare de quocunquo dolio ju- poriam ambiilare, et inde, &c. Ilip. Ep. Dameg. cundum. ^-i Essays, lib. 3. -is He f-at is -■Perpetuorisu pulrnonein agitare solebat Democritus. ' everywhere is nowhere. s' Pra;fat. bibliothec. Juv. Sat. 7. '■* Nnn sum dignus praestare niatella. ss Anibo fortes et fortunati. Mars idem niagisletii do- Marl. " Christ Church in Oxford. ^ Prsefat. minus juxta primani Leo vitiiregulam. !« Hensiui Democritus to the Reader. 17 high place above you all, like Stoicus Sapiens, omnia scecula, praterita presmtisque ' vidcns.uno velut intuitu, i hear and see what is done abroad, how others ^"run, ride, tunnoil, and macerate themselves in court and country, far from those wrangling xawsuits, aulce vanitatem, fori amUtionem, ridere mecuni soleo : I laugh at all, ^only secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, I have no wife nor children good or bad to provide for. A mere spectator of other men's fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which methinks are diversely presented unto me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news everv day, and those ordinarj^ rumours of war, plagues, fires, inundations, thefts, murders," massacres, meteors, comets, spectrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns taken, cities besieged in France, Germany, Turkey, Persia, Poland, kc, daily musters and preparations, and such like, Avhich these tempestuous tunes aftbrd, battles fought, so many men slain, monomachies, shipwrecks, piracies and sea-fights ; peace, leagues, stratagems, and fresh alarms. A vast confusion of vows, wishes, actions, edicts, petitions, lawsuits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances are daily brouofht to our ears. New books every day, pamphlets, cuiTantoes, stories, whole catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, con- troversies in philosophy, religion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, mummeries, entertainments, jubilees, embassies, tilts and tournaments, trophies, triumphs, revels, sports, plays : then again, as m a new shifted scene, treasons, cheating tricks, robberies, enonuous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, deaths of princes, new discoveries, expeditions, now comical, then tragical matters. To-day we hear of new lords and officers created, to-morrow of some great men deposed, and then again of fresh honours conferred ; one is let loose, another imprisoned ; one purchaseth, another breaketh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another . rides, wrangles, laughs, weeps, &i.c. Thus J daily hear, and such like, both private and public news, amidst the gallantry and misery of the world •, jollity, pride, pei-plexities and cares, simplicity and villany ; subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixed and ofiering themselves; I rub on privus privatus ; as I have still lived, so I now continue, statu quo prills, left to a solitaiy life, and mine own domestic discontents : saving tliat sometimes, ne quid mentiar, as Diogenes went into the city, and Democritus to the haven to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into the world, and could not choose but make some little observation, non tarn sagax observator, ac simplex rccitator,^^ not as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a mixed passion. *" Bilem sffp6, jocum vestri mov6re tumultus. Ye wretched mimics, whose fond beats have been. How oft; the objects of my mirth and spleen. I did sometime laugh and scoff with Lucian, and satirically tax with Menippus^ lament with Heraclitus, sometimes again I was *^petulanti splene chachinno, and then again, *^urere bilis jecur, I was much moved to see that abuse which I could not mend. In which passion howsoever I may sympathize with him or them, 'tis for no such respect I shroud myself under his name ; but either in an unknown habit to assume a little more liberty and freedom of speech, or if you will needs know, for that reason and only respect which |Tippocrat.ps re1,ites atj arge in his Epistle to ^Tnfi;(*lin. u.jvvherein hp doth ^ex-press, how c^ominYT'it'"ri g<^*"gtimo^ ivnllrintT ThA-^TT^rpci-nf ]]\^ hnok wnf' inP^''"'"bn]Y " ^id madness; abo ut him lay the ca rcases, iULmaa v several beasts, ney l y by him ctit. up and an ntnipispd "nnt thiTtlTr did con- temn God's creatures, as he told Hippocrates, but to tind out the seat of this afra b i U s ,.Qr. joae\ an el] oT v^wb pncp it proceeds, and how it was engendered in men's bodies, to the intent he might better cure it jn himself, and by his wiitings and observation ^ Calide ambientes, solicite litigantes, aut misere ex- 1 *" Hor. lib. 1, sat. 9. ^' Secundum mcEiiia locus era* eidentes, voces, strepitum contentiones, &c. 3« fyp | frondosis populis opacus, vitibusque spnnte natis, ad Donat. Unice securus, ne escidam in foro. aut in ! tenuis prope aqua defluebat, placide murmurans, ubi mari Indico bonis elua, de dote filije. patrimonio filii ' non sum snlicitus. 3^ Not so sagacious an ob- server as simple a narrato> ••■> Hor. Ep. lib. 1. r««.,20. "Per. A laughter with a petulant spleen b2 sedile et donuis Democriti conspiciebatur. '^ Ipse composite considebat, supe. genua volumen habent, et utrinque alia patentia parata, dissectaqiie anitnalia curaulatim strata, quorum viscera rimabatur. . 8 Democritus to the Reaaer. ■•^ teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his, Hippocidiea liighly commended : Democritus Junior is therefore bold to imitate, and because he left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi mccenturiator Dcmocriti, to revive again, prosecute, and fimsh in this treatise. You have had a reason of the name. If the title and inscription offend your gravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more fantastical names. Howsoever, it is a kind of policy. in these days, to prefix a fantastical title lo a book which is to be sold ; for, as larks come down to a daj'-net, many vain readers will tarry and stand gazing like silly passengers at an antic picture in a painter's shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And, indeed, as ''^Scaliger observes, " nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlooked for, unthought of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet," turn maxhne cum novitas excitat. ^'pa- latum. "IMany men," saith Gellius, "are very conceited in their inscriptions," "' and able (as "'*' Pliny quotes out of Seneca) to make him loiter by the way that went in haste to fetch a midwife for his daughter, now ready to lie down." For my part, I have honourable *' precedents for this which I have done : I will cite one for all, Anthony Zara, Pap. Epis., his Anatomy of Wit, in four sections, members, subsec- tions, &c., to be read in our libraries. If any man except against the matter or manner of treating of this my subject, and will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one ; I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, '■' no better cure than business," as ^"Rhasis holds : and howbeit, stultus labor est ineptiarum, to be busy in toys is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, aJiud agcre qucmi n'lhiJ, better do to no end, than nothing. I wrote therefore, and busied myself in this playing labour, otiosaq ; diligentid ut vitarcm torporcm feriandi with Vectius in JMacrobius, atq ; otiiim in utile verterem negotium. 51 Simiil et jucunda et idonea dicere vitre, Lectorein deluctando simul atque monondo. Poets would profit or delight mankind. And with the pleasing have th' instructive joined. Profit and pleasure, then, to mix with art, T' inform the judgment, nor otiend the heart, Shall gain all votes. To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that " recite to trees, and declaim to pillars for want of auditors : " as " Paulus jEgineta ingenuously confesseth, '• not that anything was unknown or omitted, but to exercise myself," which course if some took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls ; oi peradventure as others do, for fame, to show myself ( Scire tuum nihil est^ nisi le scire hoc sciat alter). I might be of Thucydides' opinion, ®^" to know a thing and not to express it, is all one as if he knew it not." AVhen I first took this task in hand, et quod ait ^illr, impellente gcnio negotium suscepi, this I aimed at; ^ vel ut ■ lenirem animum scribcndo, to ease my mind by writing; for I had gravidum cor^ fcetum caput., a kind of imposthume in my head, Avhich I was very desirous to be unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not well refrain, for uhi dolor., ibi digitus, one must needs scratch where it itches. I was not a little oflended with this malady, shall I say my mistress " melancholy, " my -iEgeria, or my malus genius? and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, I would expel clavum clavo, '^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness wdth idle- ness, ut ex viperd Theriacmn, make an antidote out of that which was the prime cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom "' Felix Plater speaks, ^hat thought he had some of Aristophanes' frogs in his belly, still crymg Breec, ckcx, coax, coax, oop, oop, and for that cause studied physic seven years, and travelled over most part *> Cum mundus extra se sit, et mente captus sit, et | Antimony, &c. ^oCont. I. 4, c. 9. Non est nesciat se lan^'uere, ut medelani adhibeat. « Sea- i cura mel'ior quim labor. si Hor. De Arte Poaet. liger, Ep. ad Patisonem. Nihil masis lectorem invitat i 53 Non quod de novo quid addere, aut i veteribus pr"' Cardan, ■" Non I mense Aprili nuUus fere dies quo non aliquis recitavit. i"^ Idem. 30 principibus etdoctoribus deliberandum relinquo, ut arguantur auctorum furta et niilies repe- tita tollantur, et temere scribendi libido coerceatur, aliter in infinitum progressura. 9' Onerabuntur inaenia, nemo legendis sufiicit. s- Libris obruimur, oculi legendo, manus volitando dolent. Fam. .Strada Monio. Lucretius. ^" Quicquid ubique bene dictum facio meum, et illud nunc nieis ad compendium, nunc ad fidem et auctoritatem alieois exprimo verbis, omnea auctores meos clientes esse arbitror, &c. Sarisburi- ensis ad Polycrat. prol. 'Jj in Epitaph. Nep. il'.aii pra? ad Consol. >^ Hor. lib. I, sat. 4. w Epist. I Cyp. hoc Lact. illud Hilar, est, ita Victorinus, in hunc lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit, modum loquutus est Arnobius, &c. Democritus to the Reader. 21 to their affected fine style, I must and will use) sumpsi, non suripui; and what Varro, lib. 6. de re rust, speaks of bees, juinime maleJiccB nullius opus vellicantes faciunt deterius, I can say of myself. Whom have I injured .'' The matter is theirs most part, and yet mine, apparet unde sumplum sit (which Seneca approves), aliud tamen qunm unde sumptum sit apparef, which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies incorporate, digest, assimilate, I do concoquere quod hausi., dispose of what I take. I make them pay tribute, to set out this my Maceronicon, the method only is mine own, I must usurp that of ^^ Wecker e Ter. nihil dictum quod non dictum prius, methodus sola artijicem ostC7idit, we can say nothing but what hath been said, the composition and method is ours only, and shows a scholar. Oribasius, iEsius, Avi- cenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, diverse slilo, non diversd fide. Our poets steal from Homer ; he spews, saith jElian, they lick it up. Pivines use Austin's words verbatim still, and our story-dressers do as much ; he that comes last is commonly best, donee quid grandius fetas Poslera sorsque ferat melior. 96 Though there were many giants of old in Physic and Philosophy, yet I say with ^Didacus Stella, "A dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself;" I may likely add, alter, and see farther tlian my predecessors ; and it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for jElianus ]\Iontaltus, that famous physician, to write de morbis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Ileurnius, Hildeshehn, &c., many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rhetorician, after another. Oppose then what thou wilt, AUatres licet usque nos et usque Et gannilibus iniprobis lacessas. I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, ^ Doric dialect, extempora- nean style, tautologies, apish imitation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from several dung-hills, excrements of authors, toys and fopperies confusedly tumbled out, without art, invention, judgment, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, fantastical, absurd, insolent, indiscreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull, and dry ; 1 confess all ('tis partly affected), thou canst not think worse of me than I do of myself. 'Tis not worth the reading, I yield it, I desire thee not to lose time in perusing so vain a subject, I should be peradventure loth myself to read hun or thee so writing; 'tis not opercs pretium. All I say is this, that I have ^precedents for it, which Isocrates calls perfugium lis qui peccant, others as absurd, vain, idle, illiterate. Sec, JVonnulli alii idem fecerunt ; others have done as much, it may be more, and perhaps thou thyself, J\"ovimus et qui te, Slc. We have all our faults ; scijmis, et hanc, veniam, Slc; '""thou censurest me, so have I done others, and may do thee, Cedimus inque vicem, Stc, 'tis lex talionis, quid pro quo. Go now, censure, criti- cise, scoff, and rail, 1 Nasutus CIS usque licet, sis denique nasus : I -yvert tliou all scoffs and flouts, a very Momus, Aon potes in nugas dicere plura meas, -^.j^^^n ^.^ ourselves, thou canst not say worse of us. Ipse ego quam dixi, &c. | Thus, as when women scold, have I cried whore first, and in some men's censures I am afraid I have overshot myself, Laudare se vani., vitiqjerare siulti, as I do not arrogate, 1 will not derogate. Primus vestriim non sum, nee imus, I am none of the best, I am none of the meanest of you. As I am an inch, or so many feet, so many parasangs, after him or him, I may be peradventure an ace before thee. Be it there- fore as it is, well or ill, I have essayed, put myself upon the stage ; I must abide the censure, I may not escape it. It is most true, stylus virum arguit, our style bewrays us, and as ^hunters find their game by the trace, so is a man's genius descried by his works, Multo melius ex sermone quhm lineamentis, de moribus hominum judi- cainus; it was old Cato's rule. I have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, turned mine inside outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not; for, to say truth with Erasmus, nihil tnorosius hominum judiciis, there is nought so peevish as men's judg- s^PrtEf. ad Syntax, med. s" Until a later ace and ' apes. Lipsius adversus dialogist. MUnoabsurdo a happier Int produce something more truly grand. ' dato niille sequuntur. ^"^ Non duhito niultos lec- *" In I,uc. 10. torn. 2. Tigniei Gigantum huniens • tores hie fore stultos. ' Martial, 13, 2. 2 Ut impositi plusquam ipsi Gigantes vident. ""• Nee j venatores feram 6 vestigio impresso, virum scriptiun- aranearum textus ideo melior quia ex se fila gignuntur, culi Lips. nee noster id 30 vilior, quia ex alienis libamus ut ' 22 - Deinocrilus to the Reader. inents ; yet this is some comfort, ut palata, sic judicia., our censures are as various as our palates. .^ ... . ,. . ., I Three eue3ls 1 have, dissentins at my feast, s Tres mihi conviva; prope dissentire videntur, Uenuirins each to gratify his taste Poscenles vario niultum diversa palato, &;c. With different food. Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests, our books like beauty, that which one admires another rejects ; so are we approved as men's fancies are inclined. Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata Ubelli. Tliat which is most pleasing to one is amaracum sui, most harsh to another. Quot homines., tot sententice, so many men, so many minds : that which thou condemnest he commends. ■* Quod petis, id sane est invisum acidumque duohiis. He respects matter, thou art wholly for words ; he loves a loose and free style, thou art all for neat composition, strong lines, hyperboles, allegories ; he desires a fine frontispiece, enticing pictures, such as * Hieron. Natali the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the reader's atten- tion, A\hich thou rejectest ; that which one admires, another explodes as most absurd and ridiculous. If it be not pointblank to his humour, his method, his conceit, ^sl quid for san omissum, quod is animo conccpcrit, si quce dictio, &c. If aught be omit- ted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipium paucce lectioriis., an idiot, an ass, nulhis es, or plagiarius, a trifler, a trivant, thou art an idle fellow ; or else it is a thing of mere hidustry, a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. ' Facilia sic putant omnes qua jam facta., ncc de salcbris cogitant,ubi via strata ; so men are valued, their labours vilified by fellows of no worth themselves, as things of nouglit, who could not have done as much. Unusquisque abundat sensu sua., every man abounds in his own sense ; and whilst each particular party is so allected, how should one please all .'' sQuiddem? quid non deml Reiiuis tu quod jubet ille. -What courses must I chuse ■? V^Miat noti What both would order you refuse. How shall I hope to express myself to each man's humour and ' conceit, or to give satisfaction to all .'' Some imderstand too little, some too much, qui similiter in Icgendos libros, at que in salutandos homines irruunt., non cogit antes quale s., scd quibus vcstibus induti sint, as '"Austin observes, not regarding what, but who write, ^^ orexin habet auctores ccZe&n'tas, not valuing the metal, but stamp that is upon it, Canfharum aspiciunt, non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though never so well qualified, he is a dunce ; but, as '-Baronius hath it of Cardinal Carafia's works, he is a mere hog that rejects any man for his poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween, others come with a prejudice to carp, vilify, detract, and scoff; (qui de me forsan, quicquid est., omni contcmptu contemptius judicant) some as bees for honey, some as spiders to gather poison. What shall I do in this case ? As a Dutch host, if you come to an inn in Germany, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, &c., replies in a surly tone, " "• aliud tibi qucrras diver sorium^'''' if you like not this, get you to another inn : I resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem thy censure, take thy course, it is not as thou Avilt, nor as I will, but when we have both done, that of "Plinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, " Every man's v/itty labour takes not, except the matter, subject^ occasion, and some commending favour- ite happen to it." If I be taxed, exploded by thee and some such, I shall haply be approved and commended by others, and so have been (Expertus loquor), and may truly say with '^ Jovius in like case, (absit verbo jactantia) heroum quorimdam., pon- tificum., et virorum nobilium familiaritatem et amicitiam., gratasque gratias, et multo- rum "^ bene laudatorum lau'des sum inde proineritus., as I have been honoured by some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first pub- iishing of tliis book, (which '"Probus of Persius satires), editum libnun conlinuo mirari homines, aique avide deripere cceperunt, I may in some sort apply to this my work. The first, second, and third edition were suddenly gone, eagerly read, and, as I have said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejected by others " Hor. ■• Hor. 6 Antwerp, fol. 1607. e Mu- I dotera ex amplitudine redituum sordide demetitur. retus. ■? Lipsius. *■ Hor. '^ Fieri non po- i3 Erasm. dial. "Epist. Vib. 6. Cujusque inge- test, ut quod quisque cogitat, dicat unus. Muretus. nium non statiin emersit, nisi materia faulor, occasio, ""Lib. 1. de ord., cap. 11. "Erasmus. '-An- commendatorqueconlingat. '» Pra;f hist. "Lau- nal. Tom. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui sacer- | dari ^ laudato laus est. " Vit. Persii. Democrittis to the Reader. 2 ^ Bu< it was Democritus his fortune, Idem admirationi et ^"irnsioni halitus. 'Twas Sfciieca's fate, that superintendent of wit, learning-, judgment, '^ ad stuporem doctus, the best of Greek and Latin writers, in Plutarch's opinion ; that renowned correc- tor of vice," as ^Tabius terms him, "and pamfu^ omniscious philosopher, that writ so excellently and admirably well," could not please all parties, or escape censure. Huw is he vilified by ^' Caligula, Agellius, Fabius, and Lispsius himself, his chief prupugner ? In eo plcraque pcrnitiosa, saith the same Fabius, many childish tracts anxi sentences he hath, sermo iUahoratiis, too negligent often and remiss, as Agellius observes, oratio vulgaris et jjrotrita, dicaces et inept(£, senfe^itia;, eruditio plcheia, an homely shallow writer as he is. In partibus spinas et fastidia hahct, saith ^^ Lip- sius ; and, as in all his other works, so especially in his epistles, alice in argutiis et incptiis occupant ur, intricatus alicuM, et parum composiius^ sine copid^ reriim hoc fecit, he jumbles up many things together immethodically, after the Stoics' fashion, parum ordinavit, multa accimiulavit, &c. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous men that I could name, what shall I expect ? How shall I that am vix umhra tanti philosophic hope to please ? " No man so absolute (^ Erasmus holds) to satisfy all, except antiquity, prescription, &c., set a bar." ' But as I have proved in Seneca, this will not always take place, how shall I evade ? 'Tis the common doom of all writers, ■I must (I say) abide it; I seek not applause; "JVon ego ventoscB venor suffragia plehis j again, non sum adeo informis, I would not be ^vilified. 26 laudatus abunde, Non fastiditus silibi, lector, ero. I fear good men's censures, and to their favourable acceptance I submit my labours, 27 et linguas mancipiorum Contemno. As the barking of a dog, I securely contemn those malicious and scurrile obloquies, flouts, calumnies of railers and detractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore 1 have said, pro tenuitatc meu, I have said. One or two things yet I was desirous to have amended if I could, concerning the manner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologise, dejirecari, and upon better advice give the friendly reader notice : it was not mine intent to prosti- tute my muse in English, or to divulge secreta Minervcc, but to have exposed this more contract in Latin, if I could have got it printed. Any scurrile pamphlet is welcome to our mercenary stationers in English ; they print all, cuduntque libellos In quorum foliis vix simia nuda cacaret ; But in Latin they will not deal ; which is one of the reasons ^^ Nicholas Car, in his oration of the paucity of English writers, gives, that so many flourishing wits are smothered in oblivion, lie dead and buried in this our nation. Another main fault is, that I have not revised the copy, and amended the style, v/hich now flows remissly, as it was first conceived ; but my leisure would not permit ; Feci nee quod potui, nee quod volui, I confess it is neither as I would, nor as it should be. 2^Ciim relego scripsisse pudet, quia plurima cerno I When I peruse Ibis tract which T have writ, Me quoque qua fuerant judice digna lini. | I am abash' d, and much I liold unfit. Et quod gravissimmn, in the matter itself, many things I disallow at this present, which when I writ, ^'^JVon eadem est cetas, non mens ; I would willingly retract much, &.C., but 'lis too late, I can only crave pardon now for what is amiss. I might indeed, (had I wisely done) observed that precept of the poet, nonum- qiie premaiur in annum, and have taken more care : or, as Alexander the physician would have done by lapis lazuli, fifty times washed before it be used, I should have revised, corrected and amended this tract ; but I had not (as I said) that happy leisure, no amanuenses or assistants. Pancrates in ^'Lucian, wanting a servant as he went from Memphis to Coptus in Egypt, took a door bar, and after some superstitious '» Minuit prsesentia famara. i9 Lipsius .ludic. de turpe frigide laudari ac insectanter vitnperari. Pha- Peneca. '-"Lib. 10. Plurimum studii, niultam vorinus A. Gel. lib. 19, cap. 2. -i^Ovid, trist. 11 reruni cognitionem. ornnem siudiorum materiam, &c. i eleg. 6. ""Juven. sat. 5. 2eA.ut artis inscii multa in eo probanda, niulta admiranda. '^' Suet. I aut qufestui magis quaiu Uteris student, hab. Cantab. Arena sine calce. , '-'■' Introduct. ad Sen. "3Ju du'. de Sen. Vix ali'quis tarn absoliitus, ut alteri per omnia satisfaciat, nisi longa temporis pra'scriptio, se- niota jiidicandi libertale, religione quadam animos iKcuparil. a^Hor. Ep. 1, lib. 19. ^^^que et Lond. Excus 1976. 2'j Ovid, de pont. Eleg. 1. 6 soHor. 'JiTom. 3. Philopseud. accepto pessulo quuni carmen quoddam dixisset, etfecit ut ambularei aqnam bauriret, urnara pararet, &.c. 24 Democritus to the Reader. words prononnced (Eucrates the relator was then present) made it stand up like a serving-man, fetcli him water, turn the spit, serve in supper, and what work he would besides ; and when he liad done that service he desired, turned his man to a stick again. I have no such skill to make new men at my pleasure, or means to hire tliem ; no whistle to call like the master of a ship, and bid them run, &t.c. I have no such authority, no such benefactors, as that noble ^^Ambrosius was to Origen, allowing him six or seven amanuenses to Avrite out his dictates ; I must for that cause do my business myself, and was therefore enforced, as a bear doth her whelps, to bring forth this confused lump ; J had not time to lick it into form, as she doth her voung ones, but even so to publish it, as it was first written qmcquid in huccam ve~ nit, in an extemporean style, as ''^I do commonly all other exercises, ejfudi quicquid diet av it genius metis, out of a confused company of notes, and writ with as small deliberation as I do ordinarily speak, without all affectation of big words, fustian phrases, jingling tenns, tropes, strong lines, -that like ^^ Acesta's arrows caught fire as they flew, strains of wit, brave heats, elogies, hyperbolical exornations, elegancies, &.C., which many so much affect. I am ^^aquoi potor, drink no wine at all, which so much improves our modern wits, a loose, plain, rude writer, ficuni, vnco ficum ct ligonem ligonem, and as free, as loose, idem calamo quod in mente, ^I call a spade a spade, cmimis hccc scribo, non cmrihus, I respect matter not words ; remembering that of Cardan, verba propter res, non res propter verba : and seeking with Seneca, quid scribam,nonquemadmodum, rather ?f/«rt< than lioio to write : for as Philo thinks,'^' '-'• He that is conversant about matter, neglects words, and those that excel in this art of speaking, have no profound learning, S8 Verba nitcnt phaleris, at nullus verba medullas Inlus habent Besides, it was the observation of that wise Seneca, ^'" M'hen you see a fellow careful about his words, and neat in his speech, know this for a certainty, that man's mind is busied about toys, there's no solidity in him. JVon est ornamentum virile concin- nitas: as he said of a nightingale, vox es, prceterea nihil, &c. I am therefore in this point a professed disciple of "'"Apollonius a scholar of Socrates, I neglect phrases, and labour wholly to inform my reader's understanding, not to please his ear ; 'tis not my study or intent to compose neatly, which an orator requires, but to express myself readily and plainly as it happens. So that as a river runs sometimes precipi- tate and swift, then dull and slow \ now direct, then per ambages ; now deep, then shallow ; now muddy, then clear ; now broad, then naiTow ; doth my style flow : now serious, then light ; now comical, then satirical ; now more elaborate, then remiss, as the present subject required, or as at that time I was afl'ected. And if thou vouchsafe to read this treatise, it shall seem no otherwise to thee, tlian the way to an ordinary traveller, sometimes fair, sometimes foul ; here champaign, there inclosed ; barren in one place, better soil in another : by woods, groves, hills, dales, plains, &.C. I shall lead thee per ardua montium, et lubrica vallium, el roscida cespitur.i, et ^^ glcbosa camporum, through variety of objects, that which thou shalt like and surely dislike. For the matter itself or method, if it be faulty, consider I pray you that of Cohi- mella, JYihil perfectum, aut a singulari cpnsummatum industrid, no man can observe all, much is defective no doubt, may be justly taxed, altered, and avoided in Galen, Aristotle, those great masters. JBoni venatoris ('^one holds) plures feras capere, non omnes ; he is a good huntsman can catch some, not all : I have done my endeavdTlr. Besides, I dwell not in this study, JS^on hie sulcos ducimus, non hoc pulvere desudamus, I am but a smatterer, I confess, a stranger, ''^here and there I pull a flower; I do easily grant,, if a rigid censurer should criticise on this which I have writ, he should not find three sole faults, as Scaliger in Terence, but three hundred. So many as «* Ensebius, eccles. hist. lib. 6. » Stans pede in U10, as he made verses. 34 Virg. sjjijon eadom ft sUTiiino e.xpectes, minimoque poeta. s6 stylus hie nullus, prfeler parrhesiam. 3' Qui rebus se e.vercet, verba iiegligit, et qui callet artem dicendi, nullam disciplinam jiabet recofinitam. s* palin- genius. Words may be resplendent with ornament, but they contain no marrow within. ^■^ Cujuscun- que orationem vides politam e* sollicitam, scito ani- mura in pusilis occupatum, in scriptis nil solidum. Epist. lib. 1. 21. 'o Philostratus, lib. 8. vit. Apol. Negligebat oratoriam facultatem, et penitus asperna- batur ejus professores, quod linsuam duntaxaf, non autem mentem redderent eruditioretn. ^' Ilic enim, quod Seneca de I'onto, bos herbam, ciconia larisam, canis leporem, virgo fiorem lesiat. 4^ I'et. Nanniua not. in Hor. i-i Non liir colonus domicilium liabeo, sed topiarii in morem, liinc inde florein vellico, u'. r - nis Nilum lumbens. Democritus to the Reader. 25 he hath done m Cardan's subleties, as many notable errors as '"Gul Laurembergius, a late professor of Rostocke, discovers in that anatomy of Laurentius, or Barocius the Venetian in Sacro ioscus. And ahhough this be a sixth edition, in which I shouhl have been more accurate, corrected all those former escapes, yet it was magni laboris opus, so difhcult and tedious, that as carpenter? do find out of experience, 'tis much better build a new sometimes, than repair an old house ; I could as soon write as much more, as alter that which is written. If aught therefore be amiss (as I grant there is), I require a friendly admonition, no bitter invective, ^^Sint musis soch Charites, Furia omnis ahesfo, otherwise, as in ordinary controversies, funem contenfionls necta- mus, scd cut bono ? We may contend, and likely misuse each other, but to what purpose ? We are both scholars, say, *s Arcades ambo I Both youns Arcadians, both alike inspir'd Et Cantare pares, et respondere parati. | To sing and answer as the song requir'd. If we do wrangle, Avhat shall we get by it ? Trouble and wrong ourselves, make sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, I will amend. Si quid bonis moribus, si quid veritati dissentanexun, in sacris vel humanis Uteris a me dictum sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favourable censure of all faults omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasms of words, tautological repetitions (though Seneca bear me out, nunquam nimis dicitur, quod nunquam satis dicitur) perturbations of tenses, numbers, printers' faults, £cc. My translations are sometimes rather para- phrases than interpretations, 7ion ad verbum, but as an author, I use more liberty, and that's only taken which Avas to my purpose. Quotations are often inserted in the text, which makes the style more harsh, or in the margin as it happened. Greek authors, Plato, Plutarch, Athenaeus, 8cc., I have cited out of their mterpreters, because the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra prophanis, but I hope not pro- phaned, and in repetition of authors' names, ranked themj)er accidcns, not according to chronology ; sometimes Neotericks before Ancients, as my memor\' suggested. Some things are here altered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much added, because many good ''^authors in all kinds are come to my hands since, and 'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum, or oversight. ■ss Nunquam ita quicquam bene subductS. ratione ad vitam fuit, Quin res, ietas, usus, semper aliquid apportent novi, Aliquld moneant, ut ilia quEB scire te credas, nescias, Et quE tibi putaris prima, in exercendo ul repudias. Ne'er was ought yet at first contriv'd so fit, But use, age, or something would alter it; Advise thee better, and, upon peruse. Make thee not say, and what thou tak'st refuse But I am now resolved never to put this treatise out again, JVe quid nimis, I will not hereafter add, alter, or retract; I have done. The last and greatest exception is, that I, being a divine, have meddled with physic, <3 Tantumne est ab re tui otii tibi, Aliena ut cures, eaque niliil quce ad te attinent. Which Menedemus objected to Chremes ; have I so much leisure, or little business of mine own, as to look after other men's matters which concern me not ? What have I to do with physic ? Quod mcdicornm est promitfant medici. The ^Lacede- monians wore once in counsel about state-matters, a debauched fellow spake excellent well, and to the purpose, his speech was generally approved : a grave senator steps up, and by all means would have it repealed, though good, because dehonestabatur pessimo auctore, it had no better an author; let some good man relate the same, and then it should pass. This counsel was embraced, factum est, and it was registered forthwith, Et sic bona scntcntia mansit, mains auctor mutatus est. Thou sayest as much of me, stomachosus as thou art, and grantest, peradventure, this which I have written in physic, not to be amiss, had another done it, a professed physician, or so , but why should 1 meddle with this tract ^ Hear me speak. There be many other subjects, I do easily grant, both in humanity and divinity, fit to be treated of. of which had I written ad ostentationcm only, to show myself, I should have rather chosen, and in which I have been more conversant, I could have more willingly ■H Supra bis mille notahiles errores Laurentii de- I Adelph. Philo de Con. -"^ Virg. lib. 18, cap. 3. ♦" Frainbesa>ius, Senneitus, Ferandus, &c. -i^ Ter. 1 26 Democritus to the Reader. luxuriated, and better satisfied myself and others; but tluit at this timp I was Tatally driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by-stream, Avhich, as a riilet, is deducted from the main channel of my studies, in which I have pleased and busied myself at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and conmiodious. Not that I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity 1 saw no such great need. For had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many commentators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teams of oxen cannot draw them ; and had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might have haply printed a sermon at Paul's Cross, a semion in St. Marie's Oxon, a sermon i:i Christ-Church, or a sermon before the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon before the right worshipful, a sermon in Latin, in English, a sermon with a name, a sermon witliout, a sermon, a sermon, Stc. But I have been ever as desirous ic. suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publisli theirs. To have written in controversy had been to cut off an hydra's head, ^' lis litem ge^erat, one begets another, so many duplications, triplications, and swarms of ques- tions. In sacro hello hoc quod stili mucrone agilur^ that having once begun, I should never make an end. One had much better, as *^ Alexander, the sixtk pope, long since observed, provoke a great prince than a begging friar, a Jesuit, or a seminary priest, I will add, for inexpugnahile genus hoc hominum^ they are an irrefragable society, they must and will have the last word ; and that with such eagerness, impudence, abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that as he ^ said, y^rorne ccecus, an rapit vis acrior, an culpa, responsum date ? Blind fury, or error, or rashness, or Avhat it is that eggs them, I know not, I am sure many times, which ''^Austin perceived long since, tempestate contentionis, scrcnifas charitatis ohnubilatur, with this tempest of contention, the serenity of charity is overclouded, and there be too many spirits conjured up already in this kind in all sciences, and more than wc can tell how to lay, which do so furiously rage, and keep such a racket, that as ^^Fabius said, "It had been much better for some of them to have been born dumb, and altogether illiterate, than so far to dote to their own destruction. At melius fiierat non scribere, namque tacere'^ Tutuiii semper erit, 'Tis a general fault, so Severinus the Dane complains "in physic, "unhappy men as we are, we spend our days in unprofitable questions and disputations," intricate subtleties, de land caprina about moonshine in the water, " leaving in the mean time those chiefest treasures of nature untouched, Avhercin the best medicines for all manner of diseases are to be found, and do not only neglect them ourselves, but hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are willing to inquire after them. These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal subject. If any physician in the mean time shall infer, JVe sutor ultra crepidam, and find himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do not otherwise by them, than they do by us. If it be for their advantage, I know many of their sect which have taken orders, in hope of a benefice, 'tis a connnon transition, and why may not a melancholy divine, that can get notliing but by simony, profess physic .^ Drusianus an Italian (Crusianus, but corruptly, Trithemius calls him) '''^'" because he was not fortunate in his practice, forsook his profession, and writ afterwards in divinity." Marcilius Ficinus was semel et simul ; a priest and a physician at once, and ^^T. Linacer in his old age took orders. The Jesuits profess both at this time, divers of them permissu superionun, chirurgeons, panders, bawds, and midwives, &c. Many poor country-vicars, for want of other means, are driven to their shifts ; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, and if our 5' Et inde catena quEedam fit, quae hsredes etiam Jicat. Cardan. Hensius. ^2 Malle se bellum cum magiio priiicipe ^erere, quam cum uno ex fratrum niendicantium ordine. m Hor. epod. lib. od. 7. ^ Epist. b6, ad Casulam presb. ^ Lib. 12, cap. 1. Mutos nasci, et omiii scientia esere satius fuisset, qucLm sic in prnpriam perniciem insanire. ^ But tt would be better not to write, for silence is the safer course. '7 lofelis mortahtas inutilibus qusstiou- ibus ac disceptationibus vitam traducimus, natura; principes thesauros, in quibus pravissima! niorborum medicinsE collocat. prorsus expcrs, in the theory of physic I have taken some pains, not with an intent to practice, jbut to satisfy myself, which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. If these reasons do not satisfy thee, good reader, as Alexander Olunificus that bountiful prelate, sometimes bishop of Lincoln, when he had built six castles, ad invidiam opcris eluendam^ saith ^^Mr. Camden, to take away the emy of his work ( which xery words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who in king Stephen's time built Shirburn castle, and that of Devises), to divert the scandal or imputation, Avhich might be thence uaferred, built so many religious houses. If this my discourse be over-medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise thee that I Avill hereafter make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this I hope shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the matter of this my subject, rem siihstratam, melancholy, madness, and of the reasons following, which were my chief motives : the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and tlie commodity or common good that will arise to all men by the knowledge of it, as shall at large appear in the ensuing preface. And I doubt not but that in the end you will say with me, that to anatomise this humour aright, through all the members of this our Microcosmus, is as great a task, as to reconcile those chronological errors in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds of the north-east, or north-west passages, and all out as good a discover}" as that hungr\- *^ Spaniard's of Terra Australis Incognita, as great trouble as to perfect the motion of Mars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectify the Gregorian Kalender. I am so affected for my part, and hope as ^Theophrastiis did •» M. W. Burton, preface to his description of Leices- te*»hire, printed at London by W. Jaseard, for J. White, 10-22. oi Jn Hygiasticon, neqiie enim hic tractatio aliena videri debet k theologo, fcc. agitur de morbo animse. <» d. Clavton in comitiis, anno ld21. 63Hor. "Lib. de pestil. «^InNewarlt in Nottinchamshlre. Cum duo edjticasset castella, ad ollendam struciiouis invidiam, et expiandam macu- 1am, duo instituit ctEnobia, et collegis reliaiosi;^ imple- vit. <^ Ferdinando de Quir. anno 161-2. Amster- dam! impress. C7 praefat. ad Characteres : Spero enim (O Policies) libros nostros nieliores inde futuroe, quod istiusrnodi memoriae mandata reliquerimus, ex preceptis et exemplis nostris ad vitara accommodatiat nt se inde corrigant. 28 hemocritus to the Reader. by his characters, " That our posterit)', O friend Policies, shall be the better for this which we have written, by correcting and rectifying what is amiss in themselves by our examples, and applying our precepts and cautions to their own use." And as that great captain Zisca would have a drum made of his skin when he was dead, because he thought the very noise of it would put his enemies to flight, I doubt not but that these following lines, when they shall be recited, or hereafter read, will drive away melan- choly (though 1 be gone) as much as Zisca's drum could terrify his loes. Yet one caution let me give by the way to my present, or my future reader, who is actually melancholy, that he read not tlie *^* symptoms or prognostics in this following tract, lest by applying that which he reads to himself, aggravating, appropriating things generally spoken, to his own person (as melancholy men for the most part do) he trouble or hurt himself, and get in conclusion more hann than good. I advise them therefore warily to peruse that tract, Lapides loquitur (so said '^'^ Agrippa de occ. Phil.) et cavcant lectores ne cerebrum Us exculiat. TJie rest I doubt not they may securely read, and to their benefit. But I am over-tedious, I proceed. Of the necessity and generality of tliis which I have said, if any man doubt, I shall desire him to make a brief survey of the world, as ™ Cyprian adviseth Donat, '"sup- posing himself to be transported to the top of some high mountain, and thence to be- hold the tumults and chances of this wavering world, he cannot chuse but either laugh at, or pity it." S. Hierom out of a strong imagination, being in the wilder- ness, conceived with himself, that he then saw them dancing in Rome ; and if thou shalt either conceive, or climb to see, thou shalt soon perceive that all the world is mad, that it is melancholy, dotes ; that it is (which Epichthonius Cosmopolites ex- pressed not many years since in a map) made like a fool's head (with that motto. Ca- put hellehoro dignum) a crazed head, cavca stuUorum^ a fool's paradise, or as Apol- lonius, a common prison of gulls, cheaters, flatterers, Slc. and needs to be reformed. Strabo in the ninth book of his geography, compares Greece to the picture of a man, wliich comparison of his, Nic. Gerbelius in his exposition of Sophianus' map, ap- proves ; the breast lies open from those Acroceraunian hills in Epirus, to the Sunian promontory in Attica ; Pagae and JMagoera are the two shoulders ; that Isthmus of Corinth the neck ; and Peloponnesus the head. If this allusion hold, 'tis sure a mad head ; Morea may be Moria ; and to speak wliat I think, the inhabitants of modern Greece swerve as much from reason and true religion at this day, as that Morea doth from the picture of a man. Examine the rest in like sort, and you shall find that kingdoms and provinces are melancholy, cities and families, all creatures, vegetal, sensible, and rational, that all sorts, sects, ages, conditions, are out of tune, as in Cebes' table, omncs crrorcm hlhmU., before they come into the world, they are intoxicated by error's cup, from the highest to the lowest have need of physic, and those particular actions in " Seneca, where father and son prove one another mad, may be general ; Porcius Latro shall plead against us all. For indeed who is not a fool, melancholy, mad ? — ^^ Qui nil moUtur incpte, who is not brain-sick .? Folly, melancholy, madness, are but one disease, Delirium is a common name to all. Alex- ander, Gordonius, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, Guianerius, Montaltus, confound them as dirtering secundum mngis et minus ; so doth David, Psal. xxxvii. 5. " I said unto the fools, deal not so madly," and 'twas an old Stoical paradox, ojnncs stultos insanire, '^a\\ fools are mad, though some madder than others. And who is not a fool, who is free from melancholy } Who is not touched more or less in habit or disposition ? If in disposition, " ill dispositions beget habits, if they persevere," saith "Plutarch, habits either are, or turn to diseases. 'Tis the same which Tully main- tains in the second of his Tusculans, omnium insipientum animi in morho sunt, et per- iurbaforum, fools are sick, and all that are troubled in mind : for what is sickness, but as '"Gregory Tholosanus defines it, "A dissolution or perturbation of the bodily league, which health combines :" and who is not sick, or ill-disposed ? in whom doth 6-thcrius sol. | As the sun rising doth obscure h star. Or that so much renowned Empedocles, *" Ut vix humana videatur stirpe creatus. All those of v/hom we read such ^' hyperbolical eulogiums, as of Aristotle, that he was Avisdom itself in the abstract, ^-'a miracle of nature, breathing libraries, as Euna- pius of Longinus, lights of nature, giants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, eagles in the cloxids, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, .V»//rt fcrant talem secla futura vinim : monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit and learning, oceanus^ phccjiix, atlas, monstrum, portentum hominis, orhii universi nviscEum, ullimus humana naluriB ^onatus, natures maritus. -meritb cui doctior orliis Submissis defert fuscibus iniperium. As ^lian writ of Protagoras and Gorgias, we may say of them all, tanfum a sapientibus abfuerunt, quantum a viris pueri., they were children in respect, infants, not eagles, but kites ; novices, illiterate, Eiinuchi sapientice. And although they were the Avisest, and most admired in their age, as he censured Alexander, I do them, there were 10,000 in his army as worthy captains (had they been in place of command) as valiant as himself; there were myriads of men wiser in those days, and yet all short of what they ought to be. ^^Lactantius, in his book of wisdom, proves them to be dizards, fools, asses, madmen, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets, and brain-sick positions, that to his thinkiiig never any old woman or sick person doted worse. ^^ Democritus took all from Leucippus, and left, saith he, " the inheritance of his folly «; T.ib. 10. ep. 97. « Au?. ep. 178. » Quis n'si mentis inops, &c. *■•* Quid insaniiis qnam pro nionipiitanea felicitate a-ternis te niancipare siippliciis'! ^ In fine I'iuTdonis. Hie finis fuit ainici nostri 6 Eii- crates, nostro quideni judicio omnium quos experti sumus optinii et apprime sapic.nissinii, et justissimi. *«• Xenop. I. 4. Ho djctis Socratis ad finem. talis fuit P -crates qu«».M omnium optimum et frelicissimuni sta- tuam. 'x Lib. 25. Platonis Convivio. * Lu- retius. si Anaxagoras oliiu mens dictus ab anti- quis. *■ Heeula naturs, natur.T mirarulum, ippa eruditio da'monium hominis, sol scientiarum. mare, Sophia, antistes literarum et sapientia>, iil Scioppius olr.„ ^^ Seal, et Ileinsius. Aqnila In nnbilms, Impc- rator literatorum, columen literarum, abys^iis erudi- tionis, ocellus Europa-, Sealiper. *^* Lib. ."?. de sap c. 17. et 20. omnes Philosoplii. avit stniti, aut insani ; nulla anus nullus a-ger ineptiiis deliravit. x !>*- moeritus & Leucippo doctus, ba^redilatem stultiim reliquit Epic. Democritus to the Reader. 31 to Epicurus," ^^insanienH dum sapienticB, &c. The like he holds ot Plato, Aristippus. and the rest, making no ditFerence ^" betwixt them and beasts, saving that they could speak." ^^Theodoret in his tract, De cur. grcc. affect, manifestly evinces as much of Socrates, whom though that Oracle of Apollo confirmed to be the wisest man then living, and saved him from plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of whom some Avill as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera, he was an illiterate idiot, as ^Aristophanes calls him, irjiscor et ambitiosus, as his master Aristotle terms him, scurra Jitticus, as Zeno, an ^^ enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athaeneus, to philoso- phers and travellers, an opiniative ass, a caviller, a kind of pedant ; for his manners, as Theod. Cyrensis describes him, a ®^ sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) iracwidns et ebrms, dicax., &c. a pot-companion, by "* Plato's own confession, a sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very madman in his actions and opinions. "Pythagoras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. If you desire to hear more of Apollonius, a gi-eat wise man, sometime paralleled by Julian the apostate to Christ, I refer you to that learned tract of Eusebius against Hierocles, and for them all to Lucian's Piscator, Icaromcnippus, A^cci/omajitia .-"their actions, opinions in general were so prodigious, absurd, ridiculous, Avhich they broached and maintained, their books and elaborate treatises were full of dotage, whicli TuUy ad Atticum long since observed, delirani plerumq ; scriptores in Ubris suis, their lives being opposite to their words, they commended poverty to others, and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and prose, but not a man of them (as 'Seneca tells them honie) could moderate his affec- tions. Their music did show us fcbiles rnodos, &c. how to rise and fall, but they could not so contain themselves as in adversity not to make a lamentable tone. They will measure ground by geometr\-, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but cannot yet prescribe quantum Jwmini satis, or keep within compass of reason ana discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls, describe right lines and crooked, &c. but knoAv not what is right in this life, quid in vita rectum sit, ignorant ; so that as he said, JVescio an Jlnticyram ratio illis destinet omnem. I th-ink all the Anticyree will not restore them to their wits, ^ if these men now, that held ^Xenodotus heart. Crates liver, Epictetus Ian thorn, were so sottish, and had no more brains than so many beetles, what shall we think of the com- monalty ? what of the rest ? Yea, but you will infer, that is true of heathens, if they be confen-ed with Chris- tians, 1 Cor. iii. 19. "The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, earthly and devilish," as James calls it, iii. 15. " They were vain in their imadiiations, and their foolish heart was full of darkngss," Rom. i. 21, 22. "When they professed themselves wise, became fools." Their witty works are admired here on earth, whilst their souls are tormented in hell fire. ' In some sense, Cliristiani Crassiani., Christians are Crassians, and if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Qids est sajnnis? Solus Deus, ■* Pythagoras replies, " God is only wise," Rom. xvi. Paul determines "only good," as Austin well contends, "and no man living can be justified in his sight." '-God looked doAvn from heaven upon the chddren of men, to see if any did understand," Psalm liii. 2, 3, but all are comipt, err. Rom. iii. 12, "None^doeth good, no, not one." Job aggravates this, iv. 18, "Behold he found no stedfastness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels," 19. "Plow much more on them that dwell in houses of clay .'" In this sense we are all fools, and the ^Scripture alone is arx Minervce, we and our writings are shallow and imperfect. But I do not so mean ; even in our ordinary dealings we are no better than fools. "All our actions," as ^ Pliny told Trajan, "upbraid us of folly," our whole course of life is but matter of laughter: we are not soberly Avise ; and the world itself, Avhich ought at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as ^Hugo de 95IIor. car. lib. 1. od. 34. 1. epicur. 96 Nihil I tati csecutiie non possunt. » Cor Xeriodoti et interest inter hos et bestias nisi ijuod loqtiantiir.de jeciir Craietis. ^ Lib. de nat. boni. ;- Hic sa. 1. 26. c. 8. 9^ Cap. de virt. * j\ch. et proftindissinia! Sophia? fodinae. <= panpjrvr. Tra- 1?"'^' ";* 'Jraniumdisciplinariiniicnanis. '«» Pul- jano omnes actiones exprobrare stiiltitiam videntur ihrorum adolescentum caiisi freniientur gymnasium, " Ser. 4. in dnmi Pal. Miindus qui ob antiqiiitiilein de- obibat &c. 1 Seneca. Seis rotunda metiri, sod | beret esse sapiens, semper stultizat. et nullis flaeollis non tuum animum. 2 Ab uberibus sapientia lac- , iileratur, sed ut puer vult rosis Ht floriljus coronan. 32 Democntus to the Reader. Prato Florido will have it, semper shdtizaf, is every day more foolish than other; the more it is whipped, the worse it is, and as a child will still be crowned with roses and flowers." We are apish in it, asini hipcdcs., and every place is fnll invcr- sorum Jlpulcionim, of metamorphosed and two-legged asses, inversorum SiIc7iorum, childish, jmeri instar binuiU, trcmula patris dormicntis in ulna. Jovianus Pon- tanus, Antonio Dial, brings in some laughing at an old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond, but as he admonisheth there, JYc mircris mi hospes de hoc sene^ marvel not at him only, for tola hccc civitasaeUrlum, all our town dotes in like sort, Sve are a company of fools. Ask not Avith him in the poet, ^ Larvcc hunc intempericB insaniaquc agitant senem f What madness ghosts this old man, but what madness ghosts us all ? For we are ad uniim onncs, all mad, sc?nel insani- vimus omncs, not once, but alway so, et semel, et smul, ct semper, ever and altogether as bad as he ; and not senex his puer, delira anus, but say it of us all, semper piucri, young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca ; and no difference betwixt us and children, saving that, majora ludimus, et grandioribus pupis, they play with babies of clouts and such toys, we sport with greater baubles. We cannot accuse or condemn one another, being favdty ourselves, deliramenla loqueris, you talk idly, or as '"Mitio upbraided Demca, insanis, avferte, for we are as mad our ownselves, and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis universally so, ^^V'ltam regit fortuna, nan sapientia. When '-Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and to that purpose had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools ; and though it procured him both anger and much envy, yet in all companies he would openly profess it. When "'Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over Europe to confer with a Avise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could fi,nd none. "Cardan concurs with him, "Few there are (for aught I can perceive) well in their wits." So doth '^Tully, " 1 see everything to be done foolishly and unadvisedly." Ule sinistrorsiini, hie dextrorsum, uniis utrique I One reels to tlii.?, another to tliat wall, Erroi, sed variis illudit partihus oinnes. | 'Tis the same error that deludes them all. '^They dote all, but not alike, Mai-ta yap rco-rnv ojuota, not in the same kind, " One is covetous, a second lascivious, a third ambitious, a fourth envious, &c." as Dama- sippus the Stoic hath well illustrated in the poet, " Desipiunt omnes anue ac tu. 1 ^^^ ^^^^ "'*'" •^»" y" '"""'' ^^'"> ci"^' «='^'™ 1 May plead an ample title to the name. Tis an inbred malady in every one of us, there is seminarium skdtlliai, a seminary of folly, " Avhich if it be stirred up, or get a-head, Avill run in in/inilum, and infinitely ' varies, as Ave ourselves are severally addicted," saith '* Balthazar Castillo: and cannot .so easily be rooted out, it takes such fast hol(4i, as Tully holds, altcB radices slultilicB, '^so Ave are bred, and so Ave continue. Some say there be tAvo main defects of wit, error and ignorance, to AA'-hich all others are reduced ; by ignorance Ave knoAV not things necessary, by error Ave knoAV them, falsely. Ignorance is a privation, error a positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from error heresy, &c. But make how many kinds you Avill, divide and subdivide, fcAV men are free, or that do not impinge on some one kind or other. ^ Sic plerumque agitat stultos inscilia, as he that examines his own and other men's actions shall find. ^'Charon in Lucian, as he Avittily feigns, Avas conducted by Mercury to such a place, Avhere he might see all the Avorld at once ; after he had sufficiently vieAved, and looked about, IMercury Avould needs knoAV of him Avhat he had observed : He told him that he saAV a vast multitude and a promiscuous, their habitations like molehills, the men as emmets, "he could discern cities like so many hives of bees, Avherein every bee had a sting, and they did nought else but sting one another, some domineermg like hornets bigger than the rest, some like filchmg Avasps, others as ■I Insanumteomnes pueri, clamantque puella;. Hor. 'alius alio morbo laboret, hie libidinis, ille avaritia, « Plautus Aubular. '» Adelph. act. 5. seen. 8. ambitionis, invidiie. " Ilor. 1. 2. sat. 3. i" Lib. '- Tully Tusc. 5. fortune, not wisdom, governs our 1. de aulico Est in unoquoq ; nostrum seminarium lives. 12 Plato Apologia Socratis. " Ant. aliquod stultitise, quod si quandoexcitetur, in infinitum Dial. *< Lib. 3. de sap. pauci ut video sanae mentis facile excrescit. '» Primaque lux vita; prinna emit. 15 stulte et ineaute omnia agi video, juroria erat. » Tibullus, stulli pritereunt diei, « Insania non omnibu.s eadem, Erasm. chil. 3. cent, their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools commonly 10. nemo mortalium qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet | dote. ^ Dial, conlemplanies, Tom. 2, Democritus to the Reader, 33 drones." Over their heads were hovermg a confused company of perturbations, hope, fear, an^er, aA arice, ignorance, &c., and a multitude of diseases hanging, which they still pulled on their pates. Some were brawling, some fighting, riding, running, solllcite ambicntes, callide Utigantes^ for toys and trifles, and such momentary thijigs. Their towns and provinces mere factions, rich against poor, poor against rich, nobles against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest, hi conclusion, he condemned them all for madmen, fools, idiots, asses, O stidti., qucEuam hcBC est amentia ? O fools, O madmen, he exclaims, insana studia^ insani labores, &c. Mad endeavours, mad actions, mad, mad, mad, ^0 seclum insipiens et infacetum^ a giddy-headed age. Heraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of men's lives, fell a weeping, and with continual tears bewailed their misery, mathiess, and folly. Democritus on the other side, burst out a laughing, their whole life seemed to him so ridiculous, and he was so far carried whh this ironical passion, that the citizens of Abdera took him to be mad, and sent therefore ambassadors to Hippocrates, the physician, that he would exercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at large by Hippocrates, in his epistle to Damogetus, which because it is not impertinent to this discourse, I will insert verbatmi almost as it is delivered by Hippocrates hunself, with all the circum- stances belonging unto it. When Hippocrates was now come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking about him, some weeping, some intreating of hun, that he would do his best. After some little repast, he went to see Democritus, the people following him, whom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs all alone, -^^^ sitting upon a stone under a plane tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busy at his study." The multitude stood gazing round about to see the congress. Hippocrates, after a little pause, saluted him by his name, whom he resaluted, ashamed almost that he could not call hun likewise by his, or that he had forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him what he Avas doing : he told him that he was ""busy in cutting up several beasts, to find out the cause of madness and melancholy." Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure ? Because, replied Hip- pocrates, domestic affairs hinder, necessary to be done for ourselves, neighbours, friends ; expenses, diseases, frailties and mortalities which happen ; wife, children^ servants, and such busmess which deprive us of our time. At this speech Demo- critus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weepuig in the mean time, and lamenting his madness). Hippocrates asked the reason w-hy he laughed. He told him, at the vanities and the fopperies of the time, to see men so empty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition ; to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be favoured of men ; to make such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing, with loss of their lives and fortunes. Some to love dogs, others horses, some to desire to be obeyed in manv provinces,^^ and yet themselves will know no obedience. ^*Some to love their wives dearly at first, and after a while to forsake and hate them j begetting children, with much care and cost for their education, yet when they grow to man's estate, ^to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the world's mercy. ^ Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly ? When men live in peace^ they covet war, detesting quietness, '® deposing kings, and advancing others in their stead, murdering some men to beget children of their wives. How many strange humours are in men ! W^hen they are poor and needy, they seek riches, and when they have them, they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else wastefuUy spend them. O wise Hippocrates, I laugh at such things being done, but much more when no good comes of them, and when they are done to so ill purpose. There is no truth or justice found amongst them, for they daily plead one against another, ^^ the son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindred 22 Catullus. 2! Sub ramosa platano sedentem, bilisq ; naturam disquirens. is Aust. 1. 1- in Gen. solum, discalceatum, super lapidem, valde pallidum , Jumenti & servi tui obsequium rigide postiilas. et ta ac macilentum, promissa barba, librum super genibus : nullum prseslas aliis, nee ipsi Deo. 21. c s ores habentem. -* De furore, mania melancholia scribo, ' ducunt, mox foras ejir.iunt. 27 Puerns amant, mox ut sciam quo pacto in hominibus gignatur, fiat, crescat, fastidiunt. 2» Qui d hoc ab insania deest 1 ^ R«- cumuletur, minuatur ; haec inquil animalia quae videa \ ges eligunt, deponunt. 20 Coiitra parentes, fratre*^ propterea seco, non Del opera perosus, sed fellia ' cives, perpetuo riiantur, e^' 5 34 Democritus to the Reader. and friends of the same quality ; and all this for riches, whereof after death they cannot be possessors. And yet notwithstanding they Avill defame and kill one another, commit all unlawful actions,- contemning God and men, friends and countrv They make great account of many senseless things, esteeming them as a great pari of their treasure, statues, pictures, and such like movables, dear bought, anil so cun- ningly wrought, as nothing but speech wanteth in them, ^'and yet they hate living persons speaking to them.'^ Others affect difficult things ; if they dwell on firm land they will remove to an island, and thence to land again, being no way constant to their desires. They commend courage and strength in wars, and let themselves be conquered by lust and avarice ; they are, in brief, as disordered in their minds, as Thersites was in his body. And now, methinks, O most worthy Hippocrates, you should not reprehend my laughing, perceiving so many fooleries in men; '"for no man will mock his own folly, but that which he secth in a second, and so they justly mock one another. The drunkard calls him a glutton whom he knows to be sober. Many men love the sea, others husbandry ; briefly, they cannot agree in their own trades and professions, much less in their lives and actions. When Hippocrates heard these words so readily uttered, without premeditation, to declare the world's vanity, full of ridiculous contrariety, he made answer. That necessity compelled men to many such actions, and divers wills ensuing from divine permission, that we might not be idle, being notliing is so odious to them as sloth and negligence. Besides, men cannot foresee future events, m this uncertainty of human affairs ; they would not so marry, if they could foretel the causes of their dislike and separation ; or parents, if they knew the hour of their children's death, so tenderly provide for them ; or an husbandman sow, if he thought there would be no increase ; or a merchant adventure to sea, if he foresaw shipwreck ; or be a magis- trate, if presently to be deposed. Alas, worthy Democritus, every man hopes the best, and to that end he doth it, and therefore no such cause, or ridiculous occasion of laughter. Democritus hearing this poor excuse, laughed again aloud, perceiving he wholly mistook him, and did not well imderstand what he had said concerning perturbations and tranquillity of the mind. Insomuch, that if men would govern their actions by discretion and providence, they would not declare themselves fools as now they do, and he should have no cause of laughter ; but (quoth he) they swell in this life as if they were immortal, and demigods, for want of understanding. It were enough to make them wise, if they would but consider the mutability of tliis world, and how it wheels about, nothing being fimi and sure. He that is now above, to-morrow is beneath ; he that sate on this side to-day, to-morrow is hurled on the other : and not considering these matters, they fa.U into many inconveniences and troubles, coveting things of no profit, and thirsting after them, tumbling headlong into many calamities. So that if men would attempt no more than what they can bear, they should lead contented lives, and learning to know themselves, would limit their ambition, '^ they would perceive then that nature hath enough without seeking such superfluities, and unprofitable things, which bring nothing with them but grief and molestation. As a fat body is more subject to diseases, so are rich men to absurdities and fooleries, to many casualties and cross inconveniences. There are many that take no heed what happeneth to others by bad conversation, and there- fore overthrow themselves in the same manner through their own fault, not foreseeing dangers manifest. These are things (O more than mad, quoth he) that give me matter of laughter, by suffermg the pains of your impieties, as your avarice, envy, malice, enormous villanies, mutinies, unsatiable desires, conspiracies, and otlier incurable vices ; besides your '' dissimulation and hypocrisy, bearing deadly hatred one to the other, and yet shadowing it with a good face, flying out into all filthy lusts, and transgressions of all laws, both of nature and civility. JMany things which they have left off, after a while they fall to again, husbandry, navigation ; and leave " Idola inaniniata amant, animata odio liabent, sic ] et finire laborem incipias, partis quod avebas, mere pontificii. 3-i Credo equidem vivos ducent 6 mar- Ilcr. st Astutam vapido servalsub ppclore vulpem more viiltus. -^ Suam stiiltitiani perspicit nemo, | Et cum vulpo positus paiiter vulpinariei t'reliian sed alter alterum deridet. ^i Denique sit finis que- | dum cum Crete. r«ndi, cuniquc^^^l^^us, puuperiem meiuas minus, | Democritus to the Reader. 35 again, fickle and inconstant as they are. "^Mien they are young, they would be old , and old, young. '*'' Princes commend a private life; private men itch after lionour . a magistrate commends a quiet life ; a quiet man would be in his otTice, and obeyed as he is : and what is the cause of all this, but that they know not themselves .' Some delight to destroy, ^''one to build, another to spoil one country to enrich another and himself. ^**In all these things they are like children, in whom is no judgment or counsel and resemble beasts, saving that beasts are better than they, as being contented with nature. ^° When shall you see a lion hide gold in the ground, or a bull contend for better pasture ? When a boar is thirsty, he drinks what will serve him, and no more ; and Avhen his belly is full, ceaseth to eat : but men are immodeiats in both, as in lust — they covet carnal copulation at set times ; men always, ruinating thereby the health of their bodies. And doth it not deserve laughter to see an amor- ous fool toirnent himself for a wench ; weep, howl for a mis-shapen slut, a dov/dy sometimes, that might have his choice of the finest beauties .'' Is there anv remedy for this in physic ? I do anatomise and cut up these poor beasts, '*°to see these dis- tempers, vanities, and follies, yet such proof were better made on man's body, if my kind nature would endure it: ^'who from the hour of his birth. is most miserable weak, and sickly ; when he sucks he is guided by others, when he is grown great practiseth unhappiness ^^and is sturdy, and when old, a child again, and repenteth him of his life past. And here being internipted by one that brought books, he fell to it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my fonner speeches, look into courts, or private houses. '"'Judges give judgment according to their own advantage, doing manifest wrong to poor mnocents to please others. Notaries altei sentences, and for money lose their deeds. Some make false monies ; others coun- terfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea con-upt their own sisters ; others make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd and vicious. Some rob one, some another : ''^magistrates make laws against thieves, and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not obtaining their desires. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast and banquet, whilst others sigh, languish, mourn and lament, having neither meat, drink, nor clothes. ''^Som.e prank up their bodies, and have their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about ^^to bear false witness, and say anything for money; and though judges know of it, yet for a bribe they wink at it, and suffer false contracts to prevail against equity Women are all day a dressing, to pleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at home, not caring to please their own husbands whom they should. Seeing men are so fickle, so sottish, so intemperate, why should not I laugh at those to whom ■^' folly seems wisdom, will not be cured, and perceive it not "i It grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the citizens came about flocking, to know how he liked him. He told them in brief, tliat notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, ''^the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to say that he was mad. Thus Democritus esteemed of the world in his time, and this was the cause cf his laughter : and good cause he had. Democritus did well to laugh of old. <" Olim jure quidem, nunc plus Democrite ride ; Quill rides) vita lisc nunc mag6 ridicula est. Good cause he had, but now much more ; This life of ours is more ridiculous Than that of his, or long before. Never so much cause of laughter as now, never so many fools and madmen. -Tis not one ^^° Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days ; we have now need of a 3f Qui fit Mecspnas ut nemo quain sibi sorlem. Seu Damnat foras judex, quod intus operatur, Cyprian, ratio dederit, seu sors olijecerit, ilia contentus vivat, ^=Vultus magna cura, magna animi incuria. Am. &c. Hor. 31 Diruit, ffditicat, miitat quadrata rotun- Marcel. J" Horrenda res est, vix duo verba sine dis. Trnjanus ponleni struxit super Danubiuin, quern niendacioproferuntur : etquamvis solenniter homines successor ejus Adriaiius statim deinolitus. ^^ q,,^ ad veritatem dicendum invitentur, pejerare tamen non quid in re ali infantibus differunt, quibus mens et sen- duhitant, ut ex decem testibus vix unus verum dicat. sus sine ratione inest, quicquid sese his offert volupe Calv. in fe John, Serm 1. ^'J Sapieniiam insaniam est. 3a i(]eni Plut. ^'i Ut insanii'E causam dis- esse dicunt. ^f Siquidem sapientia; suae admira- qiiirain bruta macto ef seco, cum hoc potius in honii- tione me complevit, offendi sapientissimum virum, nibus investigandum esset. ^' Totns i nativitate qui salvos potest omnes homines reddere. <»E. morbus est. -i- In vigore furibundus, quum decre- Graec. epis. «i Plures Democriti nunc non suffi- fcit insanabilis. " Cyprian, ad Uonatum. Qui i ciunt, opus Democrito qui Demoojitum rideat. Eras eedet criniinu judicaturus, &c. ■«Tu pessimus 1 Moria. aiEDium latxo es, as a thief told Alexander in Curtius. I 86 Democritus to the Reader. " Democritus to laugh at Democritiis ;" one jester to flout at another, one fool to flear at another : a great stentorian Democritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus F<:)v now, as *' Salisburiensis said in his time, totus mundus hlstrionem agit, the whole world plays the fool ; we have a new theatre, a new scene, a new comedy of eiTors, a new company of personate actors, volupice sacra ("as Calcagninus willingly feigns in his Apologues) are celebrated all the world over, "where all the actors Were mad- men and fools, and every hour changed liabils, or took that which came next. He that was a mariner to-day, is an apothecary to-morrow ; a smith one while, a philoso- her another, in his volupice. hulls ; a king now with his crown, robes, sceptre, attend- ants, by and by drove a loaded ass before him like a carter, &c. If Democritus were alive now, he should see strange alterations, a new company of counterfeit vizards, whilllers, Cumane asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, outsides, fan- tastic shadows, gulls, monsters, giddy-heads, butterflies. And so many of them are indeed (^'^ if all be time that I have read). For when Jupiter and Juno's wedding was solemnised of old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble men besides : Amongst the rest came Crysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich in golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an ass. The gods seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give him place, ex habitu hominrm metkntes ; " but Jupiter perceiving what he was, a light, fantastic, idle fel- low, turned liim and his proud followers into butterflies : and so they continue still (for aught I know to the contrary) roving about in pied coats, and are called chrysa- lides by the wiser sort of men : that is, golden outsides, drones, and Hies, and tilings |if no worth. Multitudes of such, &c. " ubique invenles Stultos avaros, sycopliantas prodigos." ^s Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity, should Democritus observe, were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come see fashions, as Charon did in Lucian to visit our cities of 3Ioronia Pia, and Moronia Foelix : sure I think he would break the rim of his belly with laughing. ^^ S'lforet in terris rideret De- vwcritus., seu^i &.c. A satirical Roman in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness were all at full sea, "'' Omne in prcecipiti v ilium stetit. '^ Josephus the historian tiixeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst themselves who should be most notorious in villanies; but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them, „,,,.. . ..- ■ .. I And yet with crimes to us unknown, 59 Mox daturi progen.em v.tiosiorem," | q^, ^^^ns shall mark the coming age their own, and the latter end (you know whose oracle it is) is like to be worse. 'Tis not to be denied, the world alters every day, Rtiunt urbcs, regna transfer untur^ 8tc. varian- tur hahitus, leges innocantur^ as ^Petrarch observes, we change language, habits, laws, customs, manners, but not vices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and madness, they are still the same. And as a river, we see, keeps the like name and place, but not water, and yet ever runs, ®' Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis cevxim ; our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be; look how night- ingales sang of old, cocks crowed, kine lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirped, dogs barked, so they do still : we keep our madness still, play the fools still, nee dumjinitus Orestes ; we are of the same humours and inclinations as our predeces- sors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, et nati nuto- ruvi, et qui nascuntur ab illis. And so shall our posterity continue to the last. But to speak of times present. It Democritus were alive now, and should but see the superstition of our age, our ^'^ religious madness, as ^Meteran calls it, Religiosam insaniam, so many professed =' Polycrat. lib. 3. cap^S. 6 Petron. ^^ubi omnes 1 protinusq ; vestis ilia manicata in alas versa est, et delirabaiit, omnes insani, iScc. hodie nauta, cms philo sophus ; hodie faber, eras pharraacopola ; hic modo regem agebat multo sattellitio, tiara, et sceptro orna- tus, nunc vili amictiis centiculo, asinum elitellarium impellit. =3 Calcagninus Apol. Crysalus 6,C£eteris auro dives, manicato pepio et tiara conspicuus, levis alioquin et nulliu|^mi|mi &c. magno fastu ingredi- ptiti as9iirgu|M^^^^^Hk|^ Sed hominis levitatem inortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines. ^'You will meet covetous fools and projjigal syco- phants everywhere. ^ojuven. ,' ^" Juven. '^ De hello Jud. 1. 8. c. 11. Iniquitates v^estra; nemi- nem latent, inque dies singulos certamen babc-tis quia pejor sit. 6u Hor. eoLjb. 5. Epist. 8. ' c Hor. ^^•Superslitio est insanus error. "Lib. 8. hj«. Belg. Democriius to the Reader. 37 Clitistians, yet so few imitators of Christ ; so much talk of religion, so much science so little conscience ; so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice ; such variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides, ®^ obvia signis Signa,&LC., such absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies : If he should meet a '"'" Capuchin. a Franciscan, a Pharisaical Jesuit, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned ]Monk in his robes, a begging Friar, or see their three-crowned Sovereign Lord the Pope, poor Peter's successor, scrims servorum Dei^ to depose kings witli his foot, to tread on emperors' necks, make them stand bare-foot and bare-legged at his gates, hold his bridle and stirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this !) If he should observe a ^^ Prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those Red-cap Cardinals, poor parish priests of old, now Princes' companions; what would he say ? Coclum ipsum pcti- tur stuUitia. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusa- lem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, S. lago, S. Thomas' Shrine, to creep to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques ; had he been present at a mass, and seen such kissing of Paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, pictures of saints, ^'indulgences, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, kneeling at Ave-Marias, bells, with many such ; jucunda nidi spectacula pJebi., '^ praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads. Had he heard an old woman say her prayers in Latin, their spruikling of holy water, and going a procession, 69 "incedunt monachoruin a^mina mille ; Quid moiiierem vexilla, cruces, idoUque culla, &,c." Their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beans, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and baubles. Had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks' Alcoran, or Jews' Talmud, the Rabbins' Comments, what would he have thought ? How dost thou think he might have been affected ? Had he more particularly examined a Jesuit's life amongst the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, "°and yet possess moie goods and lands than many princes, to have infinite treasures and revenues ; teach others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves ; like watermen that row one way and look another. "'Vow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivum pecus, a very goat. Plonks by profession, '- such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavelian rout '■"interested in all manner of state : holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, lust, ambition, hatred, and malice ; fire-brands, adulta patrice pestis^ traitors, assassi- nats, hdc itur ad asira, and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves and others. Had he seen on tlie adverse side, some of our nice and curious schis- matics in another extreme, abhor all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, tlian do or admit anything Papists have formerly used, though in thmgs indiflereul (they alone are the true Church, sal terrcB^ cum sint omnium insulsissimi). Formal- ists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks turn round, a rout of temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed in hope of preferment : another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, watching for a prey of Church goods, and ready to rise by the downfall of any : as "^ Lucian said in like case, what dost thou think Deraocritus would have done, had he been spectator of these things ? Or had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of their fellows drawn by the bonis over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se cunque rajnt tcmpcslas, to credit all, examine notliing, and yet ready to die before they will adjure any of tliose ceremonies to which they have been accustomed ; others out of hypocrisy frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, pretend zeal, desire reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, monsters of men, harpies, devils in their lives, to express nothing less. M Lucaii. 66 Father Aupelo, tin; Duke of Joyeux, going liare-foot over the Alps to Koine, tc. •» Si cui intueri vacet qum paliunlur superstitiosi, invenies tam indecora honestis, tani iiitliina liberis, tarn dissi- niilia sanis, nt nemo fuerit duhitaturus fiirere eos, si cum paucinrllpus fnerent. .Senec. ^~ Quid dicam de eorum induluentiis, ohlationibus, votis, solutionibus, jejuniis, coenobiis, soniiiiis, horis, orsanis, cantilenis, campanis. s iinulachris, missis, purgatoriis, iiiitris, bre leus de actis Rom. Pont. ^ Pleasing spectacles to the ignorant poor. ^9 xh. Neageor. ■■*' Dum simulant spernere, acquisiv^ runt sibi 30 annoruni spatio bis centena millia llbrarum annua. Arnold. '■' f;t quura interdiu de virtute loquuti sunt, sero in latibulis clunes aeitant labore nocturno, Agryppa. ■- 1 Tim. iii. 13. But they shall prevail no longer, their madness shall be known to all men. p Benig- nitaiis sinus solebat esse, nunc litium officina curia viariis, bulli,<, lustralibus, aquis, rasuris, unriionibus, ' Roniaiia Buda?us. j^g^^j^^^^detur facluius candelis, calicibus, crucibus, mappis, cereis. thuribulis, j DemocritUB, si borum j i«c«nUUoiut)US. exorcisuiis, sputis, legendis, &c< Ba- f 3S Democriftts to the Reader. What would he have said to see, hear, and read so many bloody battles, so many thousands slain at once, such sti-eams of blood able to turn mills : vnius oh noxam furwsque. or to make sport for princes, without any just cause, ""for vain titles (saith Austin\ precedency, some wench, or such like toy, or out of desire of domi- neering, vaingrlorv, malice, revenge, folly, madness," (goodly causes all, oh quas vnh-rrsi;s orhis beUis et CfBcUhiis jnisceatur^) whilst statesmen themselves in tlie mean time are secure at home, pampered with all delights and pleasures, take their ease, and follow their lusts, not considering what intolerable misery poor soldiers endure, their often wounds, huno-er, tliirst, kc, the lamentable cares, tonnents, calamities, and oppressions that accompany such proceedings, they feel not, take no notice of it. *■'■ So wars are bearun, by the persuasion of a few debauched, hair-brain, poor, dissolute, hunsrrv captains, parasitical fawners, unquiet hotspurs, restless innovators, green heads, to satisfy one man's private spleen, lust, ambition, avarice, &c. ; tales rapuu}f scelerafa in prcelia causcz. Flos hominum^ proper men, well proportioned, carefuUv brought up, able both in body and mind, sound, led lil\e so many "'* beasts to the slaughter in the flower of their years, pride, and full strength, without all remorse and pitv, sacriiiced to Pluto, killed up as so many sheep, for devils' food, 40.000 at once. At once, said I, that were tolerable, but these wars last always, and for many ages ; nothing so familiar as this hacking and hewing, massacres, murders, desolations ignoto c.xhim clangore re/nitirit^ they care not what mischief they procure, so that they may enrich themselves for the present ; they will so long blow the coals of contention, till all the world be consumed with lire. The "siege of Troy lasted ten years, eight months, there died 870,000 Grecians, 070,000 Trojans, at the takinsr of the city, and after Averc slain 276,000 men, women, and children of all sorts. C;rsar killed a million, ^^lahomet the second Turk, 300,000 persons; Sicmius Dentatus fouglit in a hundred battles, eight times in single combat he over- came, had forty wounds before, was rewarded with 140 crowns, triumphed nine, times for his good service. 31. Sergius had 32 wounds ; Scaeva, the Centurion, I know not how many ; ever}' nation had their Hectors, Scipios, Caesars, and Alex- anders ! Our ''Edward the Fourth was in 26 battles afoot: and as they do all, he glories in it, 'tis related to his honour. At the siege of Hierusalem, 1,100,000 died with sword and famine. At the battle of Cannas, 70,000 men were slain, as "'Poly- bius records, and as many at Battle Abbey witli us ; and 'tis no news to fight from sun to sun, as they did, as Constantine and Licinius, &.c. At the siege of Ostend (the deviPs academy) a poor town in respect, a small fort, but a great grave, 120,000 men lost their lives, besides whole towns, dorpes, and hospitals, full of maimed soldiers ; there werft engines, fire-works, and whatsoever the devil could invent to do mischief with 2,500,000 iron bullets shot of 40 pounds weight, three or four millions of gold consumed. ^'^'AVho (saith mine author) can be sutTiciently amazed at their tlinty hearts, obstinacy, fur}*, blindness, who witliout any likelihood of good success, hazard poor soldiers, and lead them without pity to the slaughter, which may justly be called the rage of furious beasts, that run without reason upon their own deaths:" ^quis malus gcnitis^ qxicc furia quce pest is, &c. ; what plague, what fury brought so devilish, so brutish a thing as war first into men's minds .'' Who made so soft and peaceable a creature, born to love, mercy, meekness, so to rave, rage like beasts, and run on to their own destruction .'' how may Nature expostulate with mankind, Ego te divinum animal finri, &c. ? I made thee an harmless, quiet, a divine creature : how may God expostulate, and all good men f yet, horum facta (as '^one condoles) tanfum admirantur, et heroum mcnitro hahcnt : these are the brave spirits, the gallants of the world, these admired alone, triumph alone, have statues, crowns, pyramids, obelisks to their eternal fame, that immortal gehius attends on them, h/tc i'ur ad astra. AVhen Rhodes was besieged, ^fosscB urhis cadaverihus replete^ siint^ tlie ditches were full of dead carcases : and as when the said Solyman, great Turk, beleaguered Vienna, they lay level with the top of the walls. This they make a 'f Ob inanes ditionutn titulos, ob prereptum locum, » Lib. 3. ^' Hist, of the siege of Ostend, fol. 33. obinterceptainnnilierciilam,vel quoii ^stiiltitia natum, vel e malitia, quod cupido dominandi. libido nocendi, &c. "« Bellum rem plane bellui nam vocat Morus. Ttop lib. 2.^g^Mtam|^ Co^mo^. I. 5, c, 3 E. I>ict. Cistea^^^^^^^^^HjL ejus. '^ Comineus ^ Erasmus de bello. Ut placidum illiid animal beae- volenti^e natum tam ferina vecordi^ in mutuam ruert>t perniciem. ^ Rich. Dinotb. prsfai. Belli civilis Gal. »< JoTias. Democritus to the Reader. 39 sport of, and will do it to their friends and confederates, against oaths, vows, pro- mises, by treachery or otherwise; *^ dolus an virtus? quls in haste requiralf leagues and laws of arms, (^^ silent leges inter arma^) for their adva'^lage, o^rtTiiajwra, divina, humana, proculcata plerumque sunt ; God's and men's laws are trampled under foot, the sword alone determines all; to satisfy their lust and spleen, they care not what they attempt, say, or do, ^^Rarajides^ probitasque viris qui castra sequuntur. Nothing so common as to have ""father fight against the son, brother against brother, kinsman against kinsman, kingdom against kingdom, province against pro- vince, Christians against Christians :" a quibus nee unquam cogitatione fuerunt li£si^ of whom they never had oflence in thought, word, or deed. Infinite treasures con- sumed, towns burned, flourishing cities sacked and ruinated, quodque aiiimus mtmi- nissc horrci, goodly countries depopulated and left desolate, old inhabitants expelled, trade and traffic decayed, maids deflowered, Virgines nondum thalamis jugatce^ ci comis nondum positis ephozbi ; chaste matrons cry out with Andromache, ^" Concu- bitum mox cogar pati ejus, qui interemit Hectoretn, they shall be compelled perad- venture to lie with them that erst killed their husbands : to see rich, poor, sick, sound, lords, servants, eodem omnes incommodo macti, consumed all or maimed, Sec. Et quicquid gaudens scelere animus audet, et perversa mens, saith Cyprian, and wdiatsoever torment, miseiy, mischief, hell itself, the devil, ^ fury and rage can invent to their own ruin and destruction ; so abominable a thing is '^ war, as Gerbelius con- cludes, adeofceda et abominanda r^s est bellum, ex quo hominum ccedes^ vastutiones, Sec, the scourge of God, cause, effect, fruit and punishment of sin, and not ionsura humani generis as TertuUian calls it, but ruina. Had Democritus been present at the late civil wars in France, those abominable wars bellaque matribus detestata, ^''•" where m less than ten years, ten thousand men were consumed, saith CoUignius, twenty thousand churches overthrown ; nay, the whole kingdom subverted (as ^-Richard Dinoth adds). So many myriads of the commons were butchered up, with sword, famine, war, tanto odio vtrinque ut barbari ad abhorrendam lanienam ohstupescercnt, with such feral hatred, the world was amazed at it : or at our late Pharsalian fields in the time of Henry the Sixth, betwixt the houses of Lancaster and York, a hundred thousand men slain, ^^one writes; ^^ another, ten thousand families were rooted out, "■ That no man can but marvel, saith Comineus, at that barbarous immanity, feral madness, committed betwixt men of the same nation, language, and religion." ^Quis furor, O cives? '^ Why do the Gentiles so fmiously rage," saith tlie Prophet David, Psal. ii. 1. But we may ask, why do the Christians so furiously rage ? ^Arma volunt, quare poscunt, rapiuntque juventus f Unfit for Gentiles, much less for us so to tyrannize, as the Spaniard in the West Indies, that kflled up in 42 years (if we may believe ^'' Bartholomeeus a Casa, their own bishop) 12 millions of men, with stupend and exquisite torments ; neither should I lie (said he) if I said 50 millions. I omit those French massacres, Sicilian evensongs, ^the Duke of Alva's tyrannies, our gunpowder machinations, and that fourth fuiy, as ^one calls it, the Spanish mquisition, which quite obscures tliose ten persecutions, '°° scBvit toto Mars impius orbe. Is not this ^mundus furiosus, a mad world, as he terms it, insanum bellum ? are not these mad men, as ^Scaliger concludes, qui in prcelio acerbd morte, insanice siice memoriam pro perpetuo teste relinquunt posteritati ; which leave so frequent battles, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeeding ages .' Would this, thmk you, have enforced our Democritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep with ^Heraclitus, or rather howl, ^roar, and tear his hair in commiseration, stand amazed ; or as the poets feign, that Niobe "< Dolus, asperitas, in jiistitia propria bellorum ne- gladio, bello, fame miserabiliter perierunt. ^ Pont, gotia. Tertul. i^ Tully. * Lucan, t^ Pater Huterus. '■« Comineus. Ut nuUus non execretur et in liiium, affiiiis in afflneiii, amicus in amicum, &c. admiretur crudelitatem, et barbaram insaniam, quse Regio cum regione, resnum regno coUiditur. Populus inter homines eodem sub ctclo natos, ejusdem lingua;, populo in miituam perniciem, belluarum instar san- sanguinis, religionis, esercebatur. •>■ Lucan. guinolente ruentium. »* Libanii declani. ^s Ira w Virg. ^' Bishop of Cuseo, an eye-witness, enira et furor Bellonffconsultores, &c. dementessacer- * Read Meteran of his stupend cruelties. ' * Hen dotes sunt *' Bellum quasi bellua et ad omnia sius Austriaco. !«> Vir?. Georg. "impious war ■celera furor immissus. "i Gallorum decies centum rages throushout the whole world."" ' .lanseniiis »>iJlia ceciderunt. Ecclesiaris 20 millia fundamentis Gallobelgicus 1596. Mundus furiosus, insrriptio libri. excisa »- Belli civilis GaJ. 1. 1. hoc ferali bello et ^ Exercitat. 250. serm. 4. ^ Fleat Heraclitus an ca?dil>u< omnia repleveriint, et regnum amplLssimum k ■ rideat Democritus. ■• C]j{^^^^ loquuAur, in- futidameutis pene everterunt, plebis tot myriades i gentes stupent. 40 Democntus to the Reader. was for griei qmtt stupified, and turned to a stone ? I have not yet said the worst- that which is more absurd and ^mad, in their tumults, seditions, civil and unjust Avars, ^quod stulte sucipitur, ivipie gcritur, miscre fmitur. Such wars I mean ; for all are not to be condemned, as those fantastical anabaptists vainly conceive. Oui Christian tactics are all out as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx , to be a soldier is a most noble and honourable profession (as the world is), not to be spared, they are our best walls and bulwarks, and I do therefore acknowledge that of 'Tully to be most true, " All our civil affairs, all our studies, all our pleading, industry, and commendation lies under the protection of warlike virtues, and when- soever there is any suspicion of tumult, all our arts cease ;" Avars are most behoveful, et hellatorcs agricolis civitati sunt utiliores, as ^Tyrius defends: and valour is much to be commended in a Avise man; but they mistake most part, aiiferre, trucidare., rapere,, falsls nominihus virtutem vacant^ &c. ('TAvas Galgacus' observation in Tacitus) they term theft, murder, and rapine, virtue, by a Avrong name, rapes, slaughters, massacres, &.c. jocus et bidus^ are pretty pastimes, as Ludovicus Vives notes. '^ They commonly call the most hair-brain blood-suckers, strongest thieves, the most desperate villains, treacherous rogues, inhuman murderers, rash, cruel and dissolute caitiffs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and Avorthy captains, '"brave men at arms, valiant and renoAvned soldiers, possessed Avith a brute persuasion of false honour," as Pontus Huter in his Burgundian history complains. By means of Avhich it comes to pass that daily so many voluntaries offer themselves, leaving their SAveet Avives, children, friends, for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lie sentinel, perdue, give the first onset, stand in the fore front of the battle, marching bravely on, Avith a cheerful noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming in the air, glittering armours, motions of plumes, Avoods of pikes, and sAVords, variety of colours, cost and magnificence, as if they Avent in triumph, noAV victors to the Capitol, and Avith such pomp, as Avhen Darius' army marched to meet Alexander at Issus. Void of all fear they run into imminent dangers, cannon's mouth, &c., ut vulnerihus suis ferrum hoslium hebetcnt, saith "Barletius, to get a name of valour, honour and applause, Avhich lasts not either, for it is but a mere flash this fame, and like a rose, intra diem unum extinguitur, 'tis gone in an instant. Of 15,000 prole- taries slain in a battle, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the General perhaps, and after a Avhile his and their names are likeAvise blotted out, the Avhole battle itself is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summa vi ingenii et ehquentioi^ set out the renowned overthroAvs at ThermopylcB^ Salamis, Marathon, Micale, Man- tinea., Cherona;a, Platcsa. The Romans record their battle at Cannas, and Pharsa- lian fields, but they do but record, and Ave scarce hear of them. And yet this supposed honour, popular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and vain-glory spur them on many times rashly and unadvisedly, to make aAvay them- selves and multitudes of others. Alexander Avas sorry, because there Avere no-more worlds for him to conquer, he is admired by some for it, animosa vox videtur, el re gia, hwas spoken like a Prince; but as Avise '^Seneca censures him, 'tAvas vox inquissima et stultissima, 'tAvas spoken like a Bedlam fool ; and that sentence Avhich the same "Seneca appropriates to his father Philip and him, I apply to them all, »\>>/i minores fuere pestes mortalium quain inundatio, qudm conjlagratio, quibus, &.c. they did as much mischief to mortal men as fire and Avater, those merciless elements Avhen they rage. "Which is yet more to be lamented, they persuade them this hellish course of life is holy, they promise heaven to such as venture their lives bcUo sacro. and that by these bloody Avars, as Persians, Greeks, and Romans of old, as modern Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, ut cadant infeliciter. 6 Arma amens capio, nee sat rationis in armis. | vitam, que non assueverlt armis. |> Lib. 10. vit. 6 Erasmus. 'Pro Murena. Omnes urhanse res, Scanperbeg. "jvulli beatiores habiti, quftm qui omnia studia, omnis forensis laus et industria latet in , in pra'liis lecidissent. Brisonius de rep. Persarum. 1 tulela et prsecidis bellica; virtutis, et siniiil atque in- 3. fol. 3. 44. Idem Lactantiua de Ronianis et Oraris crepuit suspicio tumultus, artes illico nostras contices- cunt. » Ser. 13. '■' Crudelissimos s»vissi- niosque latrones, fortissimos haberi propugnatores, fidissiniiJ dnrrJ hatwiit. bruta persuasione donaii. loEolii! :- lluj.isus."Q*«»ilkls omnis in armis vita pla- cet, noL uila juv^^ii^^B^nec ullam esse putant Idem Ammianus, lib. 23. de Parthis. Judicatur is solus beaius apud eos. qui in prcclio fuderit animani. Ue Benef. lib. 2. C.I. '= Nat. quiest. lib. 3. ''llo- lerus Arnpbitridlon. Busbcquius Turc. hist. Per cede* el ^ansruinem parare bcniinibus asrensum in ceel' /» putant, Lactan. de falsa relig. 1. 1. cap. 8. Democntm to the Reader. 4 1 ^' It they die in the field, iliey go directly to heaven, and shall be canonized for saints." (O diabolical invention !) put in the Chronicles, in perpeliiam rci memoriam, to their eternal memory : when as in truth, as '^some hold, it were much better (since Avars are the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal men's peevishness and folly) such brutish stories were suppressetl, because ad morum instUuiioncm nihil habenf, they conduce not at all to manners, or good life. But they will liave it dius nevertheless, and so they put note of "*" divinity upon themost cruel and pernicious plague of human kind," adore such men with grand titles, degrees, statues, images, " honour, applaud, and higlily reward them for their good service, no greater glory than to die in tlie field. So Africanus is extolled by Ennius : Mars, and '* Hercules, and I know not how many besides of old, were deified ; went this way to heaven, that were indeed bloody butchers, wicked destroyers, and troublers of tlie world, prodigious monsters, hell-hounds, feral plagues, devourers, common executioners of human kind, as Lactantius truly proves, and Cyprian to Donat, such as were despe- rate in wars, and precipitately made away themselves, (like those Celtes in Dama- scen, with ridiculous valour, ut dedecorosum putarent muro ruenti se suhducere,, a disgrace to run away for a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads,) sucli as will not rush on a sword's point, or seek to shmi a cannon's shot, are base cowards, and no valiant men. By which means, Madct orbis mutuo sanguine^ the earth wal- lows in her own blood, '^ Scsvit ■amor ferri et scelerati insania. belli ; and for that, which if it be done in private, a man shall be rigorously executed, ^° " and which is no less than murder itself; if the same fact be done in public in wars, it is called manhood, and the party is honoured for it." "^^Prosperum etfcelix scclus., virtus vacatur . We measure all as Turks do, by the event, and' most part, as Cyprian notes, in all ages, countries, places, scEvitiiB magnitudo impunitatem scelcris acquirit, the foulness of the fact vindicates the ofit3nder. ^^ One is crowned for that "which another is tor- mented : Ille cruceni sceleris precium tuUt, hie diadema ; made a knight, a lord, an earl, a great duke, (as ^Agrippa notes) for that which another should have hung in gibbets, as a terror to the rest, 2^ "et tamen alter, Si fecisset idem, caderet sub judice morum." A poor sheep-stealer is hanged for stealing of victuals, compelled peradventure by necessity of that intolerable cold, hunger, and thirst, to save himself from starving : but a ^ great man in office may securely rob whole province^, undo thousands, pill and poll, oppress ad libitum, flea, grind, tyrannise, enrich himself by spoils of the commons, be uncontrolable in his actions, and after all, be recompensed with tur- gent titles, honoured for his good service, and no man dare find fault, or ^"^ mutter at it. How would our Democritus have been affected to see a wicked caitiff, or ^^"fool, a very idiot, a funge, a golden ass, a monster of men, to have many good men, wise, men, learned men to attend upon him with all submission, as an appendix to his riches, for that respect alone, because he hath more wealth and money, ^^and to honour him with divine titles, and bombast epithets," to smother him with fumes and eulogies, whom they know to be a dizard, a fool, a covetous wretch, a beast, &lc. " because he is rich V To see sub cxtwiis leon'is onagrum, a filthy loathesome carcass, a Gor- gon's head puffed up by parasites, assume this unto himself, glorious titles, in worth an infant, a Cuman ass, a painted sepulchre, an Egyptian temple .'' To see a wither- ed face, a diseased, deformed, cankered complexion, a rotten carcass, a viperous mind, and Epicurean soul set out with orient pearls, jewels, diadems, perfumes, curious '^Quoniaiii bella acerbissima deiflagellasunt quibus hominum pertinaciam punit, ea perpetua oblivione sepelienda potius quam meiiioris maiulanda plerique judicant. Rich. Diiioth. praef. hist. Gall. "^ Cru- entam humani generis pesteni, et perniciem divinita- tis not4 insigiiiunt. '■ Et quod doleiidum, applau- sum habent et occursum viri tales. '^Herculi eadem porta ad coelum patuit, qui magnam generis hun-..ini partem perdidlt. i^ Virg. .^neid. 7. 20 Hnuiicidiuni quum comniittunt singuli, crimen est, quuiH public^ geritur, virtus vocatur. Cyprianus. "'Seneca. Successful vice is called virtue. '^Ju- ven. 2.1 Dg Ya,ait. scient. de priucip. nobilitalis. 51 Juven. Sat. 4. '6 pausa rapit, quod Natta reli- quit. Tu pessimus omnium latro es, as Demetrius the Pirate told Alexander in Curtius. "<^'!\(m ausi mutire, &c. jEsop. 2? jfnprobum et stultum, si divitem multos bonos viros in servitutoin habentem, ob id dunta.xat quod ei contingat aureorum numis- matuin cumulus, ut appendices, et aildilamenta nu- mismatum. Morus Utopia. -s Eoruniq ; detes- taiitur Utopienses insaiijam, qui divinos honores iis impendunt, quos sordidos el a^y^i^ignoscunt ; non alio respectu honuruutus, quam quoU dues iint. Idem. lib. 2. 43 Demoeritus to the Reader. elaborate works, as proud of his clothes as a child of his new coats ; and a goodly person, of an angel-like divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meet spirit clothed in rags, beg, and now ready to be starved ? To see a silly contemptible sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speech, of a divine spirit, wise ? another neat in clothes, spruce, full of courtesy, empty of grace, wit, talk nonsense ? To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice ; so many magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet never more disorders ; Tribunal litium segetem, the Tribunal a labyrinth, so many thousand suits in one court sometimes, so violently followed ? To see injuslisshnum sccpe juri prcBsiden- tern, wipium religioni, hnperitisshnum erudUioni., ollosissimum labors moiistrosum humanitati? to see a lamb ^''executed, a wolf pronounce sentence, latro arraigned, and far sit on the bench, the judge severely punish others, and do worse himself, ^ eundem furtum facere et punire, '^Wapinam pleclcre., quum sit ipse raptor f Laws altered, misconstrued, interpreted pro and con, as tlie '^^ Judge is made by friends, bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or finn in his opinion, cast in his ? Sentence prolonged, changed, ad arhilrium judicis, still the same case, ^'•' one thrust out of his inheritance, another falsely put in by favour, false forged deeds or wills." Jncisce leges negliguntur, laws are made and lot kept ; or if put in execution, " they be some silly ones that arp punished. As, put case it be fornication, the father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashier him (out, villain, be gone, come no more in my sight) 5 a poor man is miserably tormented with loss of his estate perhaps, goods, fortunes, good name, for ever dis- graced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost ; a mortal sin, and yet make the worst o[ it, nunquid aliud fecit, sn'iih Tranio in the ^poet, ?i(SJ quod f admit sum- mis nati generihusf he hath done no more than what gentlemen usually do. ^JYe- que novum, ncque viirum, neque secus quam alii solcnt. For in a great person, riglit worshipful Sir, a right honourabk Grandy, 'tis not a venial sin, no, not a peccadillo, 'tis no offence at all, a common and ordinary thing, no man takes notice of it; he justifies it in public, and peradventure brags of it, ^ " Nam quod turpe bonis, Tilio, Seioque, decebat Crispin mil" For what would be base ia good men, Tilius, and Seius, became Crispinus. *-Many poor men, younger brothers, Stc. by reason of bad policy and idle education (for they are likely brought up in no cidliiig), are compelled to beg or steal, and then hanged for theft ; than which, what can be more ignominious, non minus enim turpe principi multa supplicia, quam medico multa funera, 'tis the governor's fault. Libcntius verberant quam decent, as schoolmasters do rather correct their pupils, than teach them when they do amiss. ^^" They had more need provide there should be no more thieves and beggars, as they ought with good policy, and take away the occa- sions, than let them run on, as they do to their own destruction : root out likewise those causes of wrangling, a multitude of lawyers, and compose controversies, lites lustrales et scculares, by some more compendious means." Wliereas now for every toy and trille they go to law, '^"Mugit litibus insanum forum, et scBcit invicem discor- danlium rabies, tliey are ready to pull out one another''s throats ; and for commodity *'to squeeze blood," saith Hierom, " out of their brother's heart," defame, lie, dis- grace, backbite, rail, bear false witness, swear, forswear, fight and wrangle, spend their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harpy advocate, that preys upon them both, and cries Eia Socrates, Eia Xantippe ; or some corrupt Judge, that like the ''^Kite in ^sop, while the mouse and frog fought, carried both away. Generally they prey one upon anotlier as so many ravenous birds, brute beasts, devouring fishes, no medium, ^^o/w/ies hie aut captantur aut captant ; autcada- vera quce lacerantur, aut corvi qui lacerant, either deceive or be deceived ; tear others 2sCyp. 2. ad Donat. ep. Ut reus innocens pereat, i tratiium culpa (it, qui malos imitantur prtecepiores, sit nocens. Judex daninat foras, quod intus operatur. : qui discipulns libentius verberant quam docunt. Mo- '"Sidonius Apo. 3i g^ivianus 1. 3. de orav-iden. rus, Utop. lib. 1. s" Decernuntur furi yravia et *2 Ergo judicium nihil est nisi publica merces. 1-etro- horrenda supplicia, qanm potius provideiidiini niull6 nius. Quid faciant leges ubi sola pecunia regnaf? foretnefures sint, ne cuiquam. tarn dira furandi aut Idem. 33 Hie arcentur hsreditatibus Hberi, hie donatur Imnis alitm^ijjlsum consiilit. alter testamen- tum ciirr i.u.'il.'&eTlaerii. '■" ^ i\at censura co- lumb;is. -ia plMgu|natel. -'Mt-m. 37juven. Bat. \, ^^^^^Hta^^fures et luendici, ma pereundi sit necessitas. Idem. ■"'Boterus de aug- ment, urb. lib. 3. cap. 3. '' E frater»o corde san- guinem eliciiint. •'Milvus rapit »c deglubii ■'•' Petronius de Crotone civil. Democritus to the Reader. 43 or be torn irt pieces themselves ; like so many buckets in a well, as one riseth another falleth, one's empty, another's full ; his ruin is a ladder to the third ; such are our ordinary proceedings. What's the market? A place, according to ""Ana- charsis, wherein they cozen one another, a trap; nay, what's the world itself? *^A vast chaos, a confusion of manners, as fickle as the air, domiciUum insanorum, a turbulent troop full of impurities, a mart of walking spirits, goblins, the theatre of hypocrisy, a sliop of knavery, flattery, a nursery of villany, the scene of babbling, the school of giddiness, the academy of vice ; a warfare, uhi veils nolis pvgncmdum, auf vincas aid succianhas, in which "kill or be killed ; Avherein every man is for him- self, his private ends, and stands upon his own guard. No charity,^'' love, friendship, fear of God, alliance, affinity, consanguinity, Christianity, can contain them, but if they be any ways offended, or that string of commodity be touched, they fall foul. Old friends become bitter enemies on a sudden for toys and small oflences, and they that erst were willing to do all mutual offices of love and kindness, now revile and persecute one another to death, with more than Vatinian hatred, and will not be reconciled. So long as they are behoveful, they love, or may bestead each other, biit when there is nO more good to be expected, as they do by an old dog, hang him up or cashier him : which ''''Cato counts a great indecorum, to use men like old shoes or broken glasses, which are flung to the dunghill ; he could not find in his heart to sell an old ox, much less to turn away an old servant : but they instead of recompense, revile him, and when they have made him an instrument of their villany, as ■'^Bajazet the second Emperor of the Turks did by Acomethes Bassa, make him away, or instead of '*'' reward, hate him to death, as Silius was served by Tiberius. In a word, every man for his own ends. Our summum bonum is commodity, and the goddess we adore Dea moneta^ Queen money, to Avhom we daily ofler sacrifice, which steers our hearts, hands, ^"affections, all : that most powerful goddess, by whorq we are reared, depressed, elevated, ^' esteemed the sole commandress of our actions, for which we pray, run, ride, go, come, labour,^and contend as fishes do for a crumb that falleth into the water. It's not worth, virtue, (that's bonum thealrale,) wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency for which we are respected, but ^^ money, greatness, office, honour, authority ; honesty is accounted fol- ly ; knavery, policy ; °^men admired out of opinion, not as they are, but as they seem to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting, counterplotting, temporizing, flattering, cozening, dissembling, *''" that of necessity one must highly offend God if he be con- formable to the world," Cretizare cum Crete,'-'' or else live in contempt, disgrace and misery." One takes upon him temperance, holiness, another austerity, a third an affected kind of simplicity, when as indeed, he, and he, and he, and the rest are ^" hypocrites, ambidexters," out-sides, so many turning pictures, a lion on the one side, a lamb on the other .^^ How would Democritus have been affected to see these things ! To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion, or as Proteus, omnia trunsfurmans sese in miracula rerum, to act twenty parts and persons at once, for his advantage, to temporize and vary like Mercury the Planet, good with good ; bad with bad ; having a several face, garb, and character for every one he meets ; of all religions, humours, inclinations ; to fawn like a spaniel, mentitis et mimicis obsequis, rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a serpent, as meek as a lamb, and yet again grin like a tiger, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and yet others domineer over him, here command, there crouch, tyrannize in one place, be baffled in another, a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. To see so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasangs betwixt ■■J Quid forum'! locus quo alius alium circiimvenit. I tia odium redditur. Tac. wpaucis charior est ^^Vastum chaos, larvarura emporium, thealrum hypo- fides quam pecunia. Salust. '' Prima fere vota et crisios, &c. ••'■Nemo ccelum, nemo jusjurandum, cunctis, &.c. ^-Et genus et forniam regina pecu- nemo Jovem pluris facit, sed omnes apertis oculis nia donat. Quantum quisque sua nummorum nerval bona sua coniputant. Petron. 47pimarch. vit. in area, tantum habet et fidei. «> j^on a peritia sed ejus. Indecorum animatis ut cilceis uti aut vitris, ab ornatu et vulgi vocibus habemur excellentes. Car- qujE ubi fracta abjicimus, nam ut de nieip?o dicam, dan. 1. 2. de cons. ^iPerjurata suo postponit nu- nec bnvem senem vendideram, nedum hominem natu grandem laboris socium. ■»f Jovius. Cum innu- niera illius beneficia rependere non posset aliter, in- terfici jussit. « Beneficia eo usque lata sunt dum videntur solvi posse, ubi multum antevenere pro gra- mina lucro, Mercator. TJt netessarium sit vel Deo displicere, vel ab hominibus contemni, vexari, neg- ligi, -^Qui Curios .-iuiiilajtJiiHT«.a,lji;inalia vivunt. °«Tragelaplio siiniiti vjl'centanris, sursunf-^omines, deorsum equi. 44 Democritus to the Reader. tongue and heart, men like stage-players act variety of parts, ^"give good precepts to otliers, soar aloft, whilst they themselves grovel on the ground. To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ^^queni mallet truncaium viderc *' smile with an intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he salutes, ^"magnify his friend unworthy with hyperbolical eulogiums ; his enemy albeit a good man, tc vilify and disgrace him, yea all his actions, with the utmost that livor and malice can invent. To see a ®' servant able to buy out his master, him that carries the mace more worth than the magistrate, which Plato, lib. 11, de leg., absolutely forbids, Epictetus abhors. A horse that tills the ^^ land fed with chafT, an idle jade have provender in abundance ; him that makes shoes go barefoot himself, him that sells meat almost pined ; a toiling drudge stai-ve, a drone flourish. To see men buy smoke for wares, castles built with fools' heads, men like apes follow the fashions m tires, gestures, actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; *3" Rides? majore chachinno Concutitur, ttet si lachrymas conspexit amici." ** Alexander stooped, so did his courtiers ; Alphonsus turned his head, and so did his parasites. ^^Sabina Poppea, Nero's wife, wore amber-coloured hair, so did all tlie Roman ladies in an instant, her fashion was theirs. To see men wholly led by aflectioh, admired and censured out of opinion with- out judgment : an inconsiderate multitude, like so many dogs in a village, if one bark all bark without a cause : as fortune"'s fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- manded by some great one, all the W'orld applauds him ; " if in disgrace, in an instant all hate him, and as at the sun when he is eclipsed, that erst took no notice, now gaze and stare upon him. To see a man "wear his brains in his belly, his guts in his head, an hundred oaks on his back, to devour a hundred oxen at a meal, nay more, to devour houses and towns, or as those Anthropophagi, **to eat one another. To see a man roll himself up like a snowball, from base beggar)' to right worship)- ful and right honourable titles, unjustly to screw himself into honours and offices; another to starve his genius, danm his soul to gather wealth, which he shall not en- joy, which his prodigal son melts and consumes in an instant.**^ To see the xaxo^T;>jiav of our times, a man bend all his forces, means, time, fortunes, to be a favorite's favorite's favorite, Ss-c, a parasite's parasite's parasite, that n^ay scorn the servile world as having enough already. To see an hirsute beggar's brat, that lately fed on scraps, crept and whined, crying to all, and for an old jerkm ran of errands, now ruffle in silk and satin, bravely mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kin- dred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meal's meat ; a scrivener better paid for an obligation ; a falconer receive greater wages than a student : a lawyer get more in a day than a philosopher in a year, better reward for an hour, than a scholar for a twelvemonth's study ; him that can '° paint Thais, play on a fiddle, curl hair, &.C., sooner get preferment than a philologer or a poet. To see a fond mother, like .^sop's ape, hug her child to death, a " wittol wink at his wife's honesty, and too perspicuous in all other aflairs ; one stumble at a straw, and leap over a block; rob Peter, and pay Paul; scrape unjust sums with one hand, purchase great manors by corruption, fraud and cozenage, and liberally to distribute to the poor with the other, give a remnant to pious uses, &c. Penny wise, pound foolish; blind men judge of colours; wise men silent, fools talk; "find fault with s'PrsEceptis suis coelum promittunt, ipsi interim nius 1.37. cap. 3. capillos habuit succineos, exinde pulveris terreni vilia mancipia. sf^neag Silv. factum ut omnes paellae Romans colorera ilium affec- »Arridere homines ut sa;viant, blandiri ut fallant. ; tarent. « Odit damnatos. Juv. "Asrippa Cyp. ad Donatum. «>Love and hale are like the ep. 28. 1. 7. Quorum cerebrum est in ventre, inseni- two ends of a perspective glass, the one multiplies, \ um in patinia. ««Psal. They eat up mv people the other makes less. ^ Ministri locupletiores iis as bread. «» Absumit haerea cecuba Jii,'nior ser- quibus niinistratur, servus majores opes habens quam vata centum clavibus, et mero distineiiet pavimentig patronus. s^Quilerram colunt equi paleis pas- superbo, pontificum potiore coenis. Ilor. "oQni cuntur, qui otiantur caballi aveni saeinantur, discal- Thaidera pinaere, inflare tibiam, crispare crine-i. ceatus discurrit yii^a lres aliis facit. rajuven. , " Doctus spectare lacunar. "Tiillius. Est enirr. Di y.iu 1 iiij>ii > he isslhltetiil y ^^till greater laughter? | proprium siultitiic aliorum cernere vilia, obliiisci gi>- li. \\i,c»>s also \vhe^he has Lc h e ld th e tears of his orum. Idem Aristippus Charidemo apud Lucianum fi^jiO. J^||JHB|^dd tefllftM)* <^- Tli- 1 Omnino Btultitis cujusdam esse puto, &c. Democritus to the Reader. 46 others, and do worse themselves ; "denounce that in public which he doth in secret ; and which Aurelius Victor gives out of Augustus, severely censure that in a third, of which he is most guilty himself. To see a poor fellow, or an hired servant venture his life for his new master that will scarce give him his wages at year's end ; A country colone toil and moil, till and drudge for a prodigal idle drone, that devours all the gain, or lasciviously con- sumes with phantastical expences ; A noble man in a bravado to encounter death, and for a small flash of honour to cast away himself; A worldling tremble at an ex- ecutor, and yet not fear hell-fire ; To wish and hope for immortality, desire to be happy, and yet by all means avoid death, a necessary passage to bring him to it. To see a fool-hardy fellow like those old Danes, qui decollari malunt quom verherari., die rather than be punished, in a sottish humour embrace death with alacrity, yet '■* scorn to lament his own sins and miseries, or his dearest friends' departures. To see wise men degraded, fools preferred, one govern towns and cities, and yet a silly woman overrules him at home; "Command a province, and yet his own ser- vants or children prescribe laws to him, as Themistocles' son did in Greece ; '*'-'What I Avill (said he) my mother will, and what my mother will, my father doth." To see horses ride in a coach, men draw it ; dogs devour their masters ; towers build masons ; children rule ; old men go to school ; women wear the breeches ; '' sheep demolish towns, devour men, &c. And in a word, the world turned upside doAvnward. O viveret Democritus. '* To insist in every particular were one of Hercules' labours, there's so many ridiculous instances, as motes in the sun. Quantum est in rebus inane ? (How much vanity there is m things !) And who can speak of all ? Crimine ah uno disce mnnes., take this for a taste. But these are obvious to sense, trivial and well known, easy to be discerned. How would Democritus have been moved, had he seen '^ the secrets of their hearts } If every man had a window in his breast, which Momus would have had in Vulcan's, man, or that which Tully so much wished it were written in every man's forehead, Quid quisque dc republicd sentiret^ what he thought ; or that it could be effected in an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make him discern semel et simul rumores et susurros. " Spes hominum CEccas, morbos, votumque labores, | "Blind hopes and wishes, their thousrhts and affairs, Et passim toto volitantes EBthere curas." | Whispers and lumours, and those flying cares." That he could cuUculorum ohductas foras recludere et secreta cordium penetrare, which ^ Cyprian desired, open doors and locks, shoot bolts, as Lucian's Gallus did with a feather of his tail : or Gyges' invisible ring, or some rare perspective glass, or Ofacousiicon^ which Avould so multiply species, that a man might hear*and see all at once (as ^' Martianus Capella's Jupiter did in a spear which he held in his hand, which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth), observe cuckolds' horns, forgeries of alchemists, the philosopher's stone, new pro- jectors, &c., and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears and wishes, what a deal of laughter would it have afforded ? He should have seen windmills in one man's head, an hornet's nest in another. Or had he been present with Icarome- nippus in Lucian at Jupiter's whispering place, *^ and heard one pray for rain, an- other for fair weather ; one for his wife's, another for his father's death. Sec ; ''• to ask that at God's hand which they are abashed any man should hear :" How would he have been confounded.^ Would he, think you, or any man else, say that these men were well in their wits .'' Hccc sani esse hominis quis sanus juret Orestes f "Execrari publice quod occulta agat. Salvianus ' ep. prsed. Hos. dejerantes et potantes deprehendet. lib. de pro. acres ulciscendis vitiis quibus ipsi vehe- i hos vomentes, illos litigantes, insidias molientes, siif- nientcr indulgent. '^ Adanius eccl. hist. cap. 212 Siquis damnatus fuerit, iKtus esse gloria est; nam lachrynias et planctum casteraque compunctionum genera qus nos salubria censemus, ita abominantur Daiii, ut nee pro peccatis nee pro defunctis amicis ulli fragantes, venena niiscentes, in amicorum accusalio- nem subscribentef, hos gloria, illos ambitione, cupidi- tate, mente captos, &c. to Ad Donat. ep. 2. I. 1. O si posses in specula sublimi constitutus, &c. ti Lib. 1. de nup. Philol. in qua quid singuli nationum popull flere liceat. 'sOrbi dat leges foras, vix famulum i quotidianis niotibus agitarent. relucebat. '^-O Ju regit sine strepitu domi. ""^ Quicquid ego volo hoc \ piler contingat mihi aurum hsereditas, &;c. Multos da vult mater mea, et quod mater vult, facit pater. ' Jupiter annos. Dementia quanta est hominum, tur • '' OvBs, olim mite pecus, nunc tam indomitum et edax pissima vota diis insusurraif^^siquis adraoverit aurem, ■Jt homines devorent, &c. Morus. Utop. lib. 1. '^^ Di- conticescunt ; et quod scire tagpiines nolunt, Dco aar- »ersos variis tribuit natura furores. tapemo^rit. i rant. Senac. ep. iO. 1. 1. 46 Denwcritus to the Reader. Can all the hellebore in the Anticyrse cure these men ? No, sure, ^' " an acre of hellebore will not do it." That which is more to be lamented, they are mad like Seneca's blind woman, and will not acknowledge, or ^ seek for any cure of it, for pauci vidcnt morhum suu7n, omnes amant. If our leg or arm offend us, we covet by all means possible to redress it ; ^ and if we labour of a bodily disease, we send for a physician ; but for the diseases of the mind we take no notice of them: "^^Lust harrows us on the one side ; envy, anger, ambition on the other. We are torn in pieces by our passions, as so many wild horses, one in disposition, another in habit ; one is melancholy, another mad ; ^' and which of us all seeks for help, doth acknowledge his error, or knows he is sick .? As that stupid fellow put out the candle because the biting fleas should not find him ; he shrouds himself in an unknown habit, borrov.-ed titles, be- cause nobody should discern him. Every man thinks with himself, Egomet videor 7nihi s(mi(s, I am Avell, I am wise, and laughs at others. And 'tis a general fault amongst them all, that ^ which our forefathers have approved, diet, apparel, opinions, humours, customs, manners, we deride and reject in oiu- time as absurd. Old men account juniors all fools, Avhen they are mere dizards; and as to sailors, terra- que urbesque reccdiint they move, the land stands still, the world hath much more wit, they dote themselves. Turks deride us, we them ; Italians Frenchmen, accounting them light headed fellows, the French scoff again at Italians, and at their several customs ; Greeks have condemned all the world but themselves of barbarism, the world as much vilifies them now ; we account Germans heavy, dull fellows, explode many of their fashions ; they as contemptibly think of us ; Spaniards laugh at all, and all again at them. So are we fools and ridiculous, absurd in our actions, carriages, diet, apparel, customs, and consultations ; we ^' scoff and point one at another, when as in conclusion all are fools, ®°'^and they the veriest asses that hide their ears most. A private man if he be resolved with himself, or set on an opinion, accounts all idiots and asses that are not affected as he is, " nil reclum^ nisi quod placnit sihU ducit^ that are not so minded, ^(quodque vohint homines se bene vcUc jmfant^) all fools that think not as he doth : he will not say with Atticus, Suam quisque sponsmn^vii/ii meam, let every man enjoy his own spouse; but his alone is fair, suns amor, Stc, and scorns all in respect of himself, ^ Avill imitate none, hear none ^ but himself, as Pliny said, a law and example to himself. And that which Hippo- crates, in his epistle to Dionysius, reprehended of old, is verified in our times, Quis- que in aJio superjluum esse censet, ipse quod nan habet nee curat, that whicli he bath not himself or doth not esteem, he accounts superfluity, an idle quality, a mere fop- pery in another : like ^Esop's fox, when he had lost his tail, would have all his fel- low foxes cut off theirs. The Chinese say, that we Europeans have one eye, they themselves two, all the world else is blind': (though '^ Scaliger accounts them brutes too, merum pecus,) so thou and thy sectaries are only wise, others indifferent, the rest beside themselves, mere idiots and asses. Thus not acknowledging our own errors and imperfections, we securely deride others, as if we alone Avcre free, and spectators of the rest, accounting it an excellent thing, as indeed it is, Jlliena opti- mum f mi insanin, to make ourselves merry Avith other men's obliquities, when as he himself is more faulty than the rest, mutate nomine, de te fahula nnrratur, he may take himself by the nose for a fool ; and which one calls maxinmm siultitice specimen, to be ridiculous to others, and not to perceive or take notice of. it. as Marsyas was when he contended with Apollo, non intelligcns se deridiculo haberi, saith ^ Apu- leius ; 'tis his own cause, he is a convicted madman, as ^'Austin well infers '' in the eyes of wise men and angels he seems like one, that to our thinkmg walks with his S3 Plautus Menech. non potest hac res Helleboriju- priscis eiprobrat. Bud.de affec. lib. 5. W'Senes gero obtinerier. "^Eoqiie gravior morbus quo ig- pro stnltis habentjuvenes. Balth. Cast. *!>Clodiui potior periclitanti. '^■'Quie la^dunt oculos, fcstinas aciusal machos. »o Omnium stultissimi qui auri- demere ; si quid est ammum, differs curnndi tempus culas studios^ tegunt. Sat. Menip. si Hor. Kpisl. 2. in annum. Hor. i* Si caput, crus dolet, brachiura, '^- Prosper. * Statim sapiunt, statim sciiint, nemi- &c. Medicum accersimus, recte et honesle, si p:»r nera reverentur, neminem imitantur, ipsi sibi exem- eliam indu.-triain animi morbis poneretur. Joh. Pe- plo. Plin. Epist. lib. 8. w.Xulli alteri fapera lenus Jesulta. lib. 2. de hum. affec. morborumquecura. concedit, ne desipere videatur. A-irip. "Omni* "" Et quoti'squisque tawen e»t qui contra tot pestes orbis persechio a persis ad Lusitaniam. "^S Florid. niedicurii . »»iuirat-«»Ki^tiJt,ii r s,- risno?cat? ebullit | «■ August. Qualis inoculis hominiimqui inv«*rsi» n*di- jra, Ac. E t 00^ j^jJHIfcffi gf OS . iieaamus. Into- bus ambulat, talis in oculis sapienium et aageloram luDi^ medjaBajJll^B^ Prresens a;ta3 slultitium . qui sifn pli' et. aut cui passiones duminautur. JJemocritics to the Reader. •'• iJ heels upwards," So thou laughest at me, and I at thee, both at a third ; and he re- turns that of the poet upon us again, ^Hei mUd, insanire vie aiunf, qnum ipsi ullrb insaniant. We accuse others of madness, of folly, and are the veriest dizards our- selves. For it is a great sign and property of a fool (which Eccl. x. 3, points at) out of pride and self-conceit to insult, vilify, condemn, censure, and call other men fools {JYon videmus mant'icce quod a tergo est) to tax that in others ol' which we are most faulty ; teach that which we follow not ourselves : For an inconstant man to write of constancy, a profane liver prescribe rules of sanctity and piety, a dizard himself make a treatise of Avisdom, or with Sallust to rail downright at spoilers of countries, and yet in ^^ office to be a most grievous poler himself. This argiies weakness, and is an evident sign of such parties' indiscretion. ^''°Peccat uler nostrum cruce digniics ? " Who is the fool now ?" Or else peradventure in some places we are all mad for company, and so 'tis not seen, Satietas erroris et dementicPi pariler absurdltatem et admirationem tolllt. 'Tis with us, as it was of old (in ' Tuliy's cen- sure at least) with C. Fimbria in Rome, a bold, hair-brain, mad fellow, and so es- teemed of all, such only excepted, that were as mad as himself: now in such a case there is ^ no notice taken of it. " Niiniruni insaniis paucis videatur ; e& quod I " When all are mad, where all are like opprest Maxima pars hominum morbo jactatur eodem." | Who can discern one mad man from the resl?"' But put case they do perceive it, and some one be manifestly convicted of madness ^he now takes notice of his folly, be it in action, gesture, speech, a vain humour he hath in building, br'gging, jangling, spending, gaming, courting, scribljling, prating, for which he is ridi ulous to others, ^ on which he dotes, he doth acknowledge as much : yet with all the rhetoric thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, but to the contrary notwithstanding, he will persevere in his dotage. 'Tis amahlUs imanicu et mentis gratissimus error., so pleasing, so delicious, that he * cannot leave it. He knows his error, but Avill not seek to decline it, tell him what the event v.ill be, beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, madness, yet ^''an angry man will prefer vengeance, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, before his welfare." Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man of his irregular course, wean him from it a little, pol me occidisiis ami.ci, he cries anon, you have undone him, and as ''a "dog to his vomit," he returns to it again; no persuasion will take place, no counsel, say what thou canst, " Clames licet et mare coelo -Confundas, surdo narras,"8 demonstrate as Ulysses did to ^Elpenor and Gryllus, and the rest of his companions " those swinish men," he is irrefragable in his humour, he will be a hog still ; brav him in a mortar, he will be the same. If he be in an heresy, or some pen'erse opi- nion, settled as some of our ignorant Papists are, convince his understanding, show him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, vcris viu- cor, make it as clear as the sun, '" he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is ; and as he said " si in hoc erro, Uhenter erro, nee liunc errorcm mtferri mihi volo ; I will do as I have done, as my predecessors have done, '^and as my friends now do : I will dote for company. Say now, are these men '^mad or no, ^^Heusage rcsponde ? are they ridiculous ? cedo quemvis arhitrum., are they sance mentis, sober, wise, and discreet ? have they common sense } • '^ titer est insanior horum ? I am of De- mocritus' opinion for my part, I hold them worthy to be laughed at ; a company of brain-sick dizards, as mad as "^ Orestes and Athamas, that they may go " ride the ass," and all sail along to the Anticyra;, in the " ship of fools" for company together. I need not much labour to prove this which I say otherwise than thus, make any ^Plautiis Menechmi. iioGovernor of Asnich by ] honores, avarus opes, &c. odimus haec et accercimus. Coesar's appointment. lo^Nunc sanilatis patroci- ' Cardan. 1. 2. de conso. ' Prov. xxvi. 11. " Al- nium est insanientiiim turba. Sen. i Pro Roseio j thoufrh you call out, and confound the sea and sky. Ameriiio, et quod inter omnes constat insanissimus, nisi inter eos, qui ipsi qunque insaniunt. ^ Ne- cesse est cum insanientibus furere, nisi solus relin- queris. Petronius. 3 Quoniam non est genus unum st\il!itiffi qua me insanire putas. * Stultum you still address a deaf man. a Plutarch. Gryllo. suilli homines sic Clem. Alex. vo. '"i\on per- suadebis, etiamsi persuaseris. I'Tiilly. '- Malo cum illis insanire, quam cum aliis bene sentire. '" Qui inter hos enutriuntur, non maffis sapere possunt, me fateor, liceat concedere verum, .Atque etiam insa- ' quim qui in culinS, bene olere. Patron. " '■'Per num. Hor. ^ Odi nee possuni cupiens nee esse I sius. >»Hor. 2. ser. which of these is the more quod odi. Ovid. Errore grato libenter omnes insani- ' mad. '^Vesanum exagitant j-t»e«,- innnpi^nu* mns. 6 Amator scortum vitae pra-ponit, iracundiis 1 puellee. * "" Vindictam ; fur pricdam, parasitus gulani, anibitiosuB | 48 Democritus to the Reader. solemn protestation, or swear, I think you will believe me without an oath ; say at a word, are they fools ? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen yourselves, and I as mad to ask the question ; for what said our comical Mercury ? J" " Justum ab injustis petere insipientia est." | I'll stand to your censure yet, what think youl y^ But forasmuch as I undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were ^ melancholy as well as private men, I will examine them in particular, and that which I have hitherto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will particularly insis* in, prove with more special and evident arguments, testimonies, illustrations, and that in brief '^JYunc accipe quare desipiant omnes aqttc ac tu. My first argument is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn out of. his sententious quiver. Pro. iii. 7, "■ Be not wise in thine own eyes." And xxvi. 12, " Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit ? more hope is of a fool than of him." Isaiah pronounceth a woe against such men, cap. v. 21, "that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight." For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much . deceived that think too well of themselves, an especial argument to convince them of folly. Many men (saith '^Seneca) " had been without question wise, had they not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge already, even before they had gone half way," too forward, too ripe, prceproperi, too quick and ready, '^°cUd prudentes, clto pii, cilo marifi, cito patres^ cilo saccrdotes, cito otnnis officu capaces et curiosi, they had too good a conceit of themselves, and tliat marred all ; of their worth, valour, skill, art, learning, judgment, eloquence, their good parts ; all their geese are swans, and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. In former times they had but seven wise men, now you can scarce find so many fools. Thalcs sent the golden Tripos, which the fishermen found, and the oracle commanded to be ^''' given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon," Stc. If such a thing were now found, we should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the golden apple, we are so wise : we have women politicians, children metaphysicians"; every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosopher's stone, interpret Apocalypses, make new Theories, a new system of the world, new Logic, oew Philosophy, &c. J\^ostra utique regio^ saith '^^Petronius, " our country is so full of deified spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man amongst us," we think so well of ourselves, and that is an ample testimony of much folly. My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture," which though before mentioned in effect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and by Plato's good leave, I may do it, ^ S^i ro xa7jbv prjOiv ovbtvPTjantu) " Fools (saith David) by reason of their transgressions." &.c. Psal. cvii. 17. Hence Musculus infers all tran.sgressors must needs be fools. So we read Piom. ii., "• Tribulation and anguish on the soul of every man that doeth evil;" but all do evil. And Isaiah, Ixv. 14, " My servant shall sing for joy, and ^^ye shall cry for sorrow of heart, and vexation of mind." 'Tis ratified by the common consent of all philosophers. " Dishonesty (saith Cardan) is nothing else but folly and madness. "^Prohus quis nobiscum vivit? Show me an honest man, JYemo malus qui non sttdtiis, 'tis Fabius' aphorism to the same end. If none honest, none wise, then all fools. And well may they be so accounted : for who will account him otherwise, Qui iter adornat in occidentem, quum properaret in orienfem f that goes backward all his life, westward, when he is bound to the east ? or hold him a wise man (saith ^*3Iusculus) " that prefers momen- tary pleasures to eternity, that spends his master's goods in his absence, forthwith to be condemned for it ?" JVequicqtiam sapit qui sibi non sapit, who will say that a sick man is wise, that eats and drinks to overthrow the temperature of his body ? Can you account him wise or discreet that would willingly have his health, and yet will do nothing that should procure or continue it.' ^'Theodoret, out of Plotinus the Platonist, '• holds it a ridiculous thing for a man to live after his own laws, to do '■ Plautus. 18 Hor. 1. 2. sat. 2. Superbam stulti- i •» Malefactors. 50 Who can find a faithful man 1 tiam Plinius vocat. 7. epist. 21. quod semel dixi.lixum Prov. xx. 6. « In Psal. xlix. Qui momentanea ratumque sit. 'BMultisapientes proculdubio fuis- sempiternis, qui delapidat heri absentia bona, mox in sent, si se non putassent ad sapientii SMmmum per- viii.sse. . -"Idein, '^ Plut irrlm?! Solone. !)• ' r ^apientiori. ^aja' ug plena iiuiiiinibusj ut facUius possis i hoimiH jus vocandus et damnandus. ^ Perquam ridi- culum est homing ex animi sententia vivere, et qu« Diis ingrata sunt exequi, et tamen & solis Diis vella ^^^^^^^^ ^ —1^ Bolvos fieri, quum proprie salutia curam abjecerint. "tiuu^^^^ggtSajthw^^^^,.. uon* noeSTT^ Xtieod. c. 6. de provid. lib. de ctuat. greec. affect Democntus to the Reader. 4* 49 that which is offensive to God, and yet to hope that he should save him : and when he voluntarily neglects his own safety, and contemns the means, to think to be deliver- ed by another : who will say these men are wise ? A third argument may be derived from the precedent, '^'all men are carried away with passion, discontent, lust, pleasures, &c., they generally hate those virtues they should love, and love such vices they should hate. Therefore more than melancholy, quite mad, brute beasts, and void of reason, so Chrysostom contends ; " or rather dead and buried alive," as ^^Philo Judeus concludes it for a certainty, '' of all such that, are carried away with passions, or labour of any disease of the mind. Where is fear and sorrow," there ^°Lactantius stiffly maintains, " wisdom cannot dwell. 'qui ciipiet, inetuet quoque poir6, Qui metuens vivit, liber mihi non erit unquam.' " si Seneca and the rest of the stoics are of opinion, that where is any the least perturba- tion, wisdom may not be found. "What more ridiculous," as ^^Lactantius urges, '' than to hear how Xerxes whipped the Hellespont, threatened the Mountain Athos, and the like. To speak ad rem., who is free from passion.'' ^Mortalis nemo est quern non attingat dolor, morbusve, as **Tully determines out of an old poem, no mortal men can avoid sorrow and sickness, and sorrow is an inseparable companion from melancholy. ^^ Chrysostom pleads farther yet, that they are more than mad, very beasts, stupiiied and void of common sense : " For how (saith he) shall I linow thee to be a man, when thou kickest like an ass, neighest like a horse after women, ravest in lust like a bull, ravenest like a bear, stingest like a scorpion, rakest like a wolf, as subtle as a fox, as impudent as a dog } Shall I say thou art a man, that hast all the symptoms of a beast .' How shall I know thee to be a man .? by thy shape ? That affrights me more, when I see a beast in likeness of a man. * Seneca calls that of Epicurus, magnificam vocem, an heroical speech, "A fool still begins to live," and accounts it a filthy lightness in men, every day to lay new foundations of their life, but who doth otherwise .' One travels, another builds ; one for this, another for that business, and old folks are as far out as the rest ; O dcmen- tem senectutem, TuUy exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, are all stupid, and dote. ''^iEneas Sylvius, amongst many other, sets down three special ways to find a fool by. He is a fool that seeks that he cannot find : he is a fool that seeks that, which being found will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that having variety of ways to bring him to his journey's end, takes that which is worst. If so, methinks most men are fools ; examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizards and mad men the major part are. Beroaldus will have drunkards, afternoon men, and such as more than ordinarily delight in drink, to be mad. The first pot quencheth thirst, so Panyasis the poet detemiines in Jlthenceus, secunda gratiis, horis et Dyonisio : the second makes merry^ the third for pleasure, quarta ad insaniam, the fourth makes them mad. If this posi- tion be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have ? what shall they be that drink four times four .' JYo7ine supra omnem furorem, supra omnem insanian red- dunt insanissimos ? I am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than mad. The '^Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, because he was sometimes sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Hdc Patria (saith Hippocrates) ol risum. furere et insanire dicunt, his countrymen hold him mad because he laughs ; ''^and therefore " he desires him to advise all his friends at Rhodes, that they do not laugh too much, or be over sad." Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but »| Sapiens sibi qui imperiosus, &c. Hor. 2. ser. 7. '•' Conclus. lib. de vie. offer, certum est animi morbis laborantes pro mortuis consendos. 3iLib. de sap. IJbi timer adest, sapientia ade^sse tiequit. s' He who is desirous is also fearful, and he who lives in fear never can be free. 3'^Qiiid insanius Xer.xe Helles- pontum verberante, &c. s^EccI. xxi. 12. Where is bitieriv-ss, there is no understanding. Prov. xii. 16. An angry man is a fool. 3^3 Tusc. Injuria in sapientera non cadit. ^iiHom. 6. in 2 Epist. ad Cor. Hominera te agnoscere nequeo, cum tanqu:ini a>inus I recalcitres, lascivjas ut taurus, hinnias ut equus [n-t 7 .^ E mulieres, ut ursus ventri indulgeas, quum rapias ut lupus, &c. at inquis formam hominis habeo, Id magis terret, quum feram humana specie videre me piitem. 3fi Epist. lib. 2. 13. Stultus semper incipit vivere, foeda hominum levitas, nova quotidie fundamenta vitas ponere, novas spes, &c. 3" De curial. miser. Stultus, qui quterit quod nequit invenire, stultus qui quffirit quod nocet inventuii]. stultus qi" cum plures habet calles, deteriorem delisit. Mjhi v-^dentur omne» deliri, amentes . &c. - JL£u I>enragete.'"^~-^<'.Amici» ii'^stri'i R h 4J »dlMWft^Tiimium rideanjt^ut nimiu<^ trislL-s sint 30 Democritus to the Reader. seen what '"•fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have concluded, we had been all out of our wits. Aristotle in his ethics holds fcclix idemque sapiens^ to be wise and happy, are leciprocal terms, bonus idemque sapiens honesfus. 'Tis ^' Tully's paradox, "wise men are free, but fools are slaves," liberty is a power to live according to his own laws, as we will ourselves : who hath this liberty ? who is free ? -"sapiens sibique imperiosus, "He is wise that can command his own will, Valiant and constant to himself Ftill, W'lnm poverty»ior death, nor bands can fright. Checks his desires, scorns Honours, just ana rigni. Quem neque pauperis, neque mors, neque vincula terrent, Besponsare cupidinibns, contemnere honores Forlis, et in seipso totus teres atque rotundas." But where shall such a man l)e found ? If no where, then e dlamctro, we are all slaves, senseless, or worse. jXemo malus feelix. But no man is happy in tliis life, none good, therefore no man wise. ^'^Ruri quijrpe honi For one virtue you shall find ten vices in tb.^ same party ; pauci Promcthei^ muld Epimcthci. We may per- adventure usurp lue name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, Philippus Bonus, Lodovicus Pius, Slc, and describe the properties of a wise man, as TuUy doth an orator, Xenophon Cyrus, Castillo a courtier, Galen temperament, an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found ? " Vir bonus et sapiens, qualem vix reppcrit unuui Millibus 6 multis honunum consultus Apollo." ' A wise, a good man in a million, Apollo consulted could scarce find one." A man is a miracle of himself, but Trismegistus adds. Maximum miraculum homo sapiens, a wise man is a wonder : mulli T/tirsigeri, pauci Bacchi. Alexander when he was presented with that rich and costly casket of king Darius, and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to keep Homer's works, as the most precious jewel of human wit, and yet ** Scaliger upbraids Homer's muse, JVulricem insayice sapiendce, a nursery of madness, *^ impudent as a court lady, that blushes at nothing. Jacobus iMycillus, Gilbertus Cognatus, Erasmus, and almost all posterity admire Lucian's luxiuiant wit, yet Scaliger rejects him in his censure, and calls him the Cerberus of the muses. Socrates, whom all the world so much mag- nified, is by Lactantius and Theodoret condemned for a fool. Plut;irch extols Sene- ca's wit beyond all the Greeks, yiulli secunduSj yet ■'"Seneca saith of himself, " when J would solace myself with a fool, I rellect upon myself, and there I liave him." Cardan, in his Sixteenth Book of Subtilties, reckons up twelve super-eminent, acute philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom: Archimedes, Galen, Vitnivius, .Ar- chitas Tarentinus, Euclid, Geber, that first inventor of Algebra, Alkindus the .Mathe- matician, both Arabians, with others. But his triumviri trrrarirm far beyond the rest, are Ptolomajus, Plotinus, Hippocrates. Scaliger exercitat. 224, scolis at this censure of his, calls some of them carpenters and mechanicians, he makes GaUn Jimhriam Hippocralis, a skirt of Hippocrates: and the said ^"Cardan himself else- where condemns both Galen and Hippocrates for tediousncss, obscurity, confusion. Paracelsus will have them both mere idiots, infants in physic and philosophy. Sca- liger and Cardan admire Suisset the Calculator, qui pene modum excessit humani in- genii, and yet ^"^Lod. Vives calls them nugas Suisseticas : and Cardan, opposite to hunself in another place, contemns those ancients in respect of tunes present, *''Ma- joresque nostras ad presentes coUatos juste pueros appellari. In conclusion, the said ^Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, *' but only prophets and apostles ; how they esteem tliemselves, you have heard before. We are worldly-wise, admire ourselves, and seek for applause : but hear Saint ^Bernard, quanta magis foras es sapiens, tanlo nagis intus stultus ejjiceris, &c. in omnibus es prudens^ circa tcipsum insipiens : the more wise thou art to others, the more fool to thyself. I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a divine fury, a holy madness, even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God them- selves ; sanctum insanium Bernard calls it (though not as blaspheming ^Vorstiu?, would infer it as a passion incident to God himself, but) familiar to good men, a* ^oPcr multum risnm poteris cognoscere stultum. Offic. 3. c. 9 Ji Sapientes liberi, stiilti servi, li- bertas est polestas. &c. "Ilor. 2. ser. 7. <■ Ju- ven. "CLMil^^ili&iiLr scarce." "ITypocrit. ^ < I irmCe^Aultca nulliifti^uikMiMi^A i . ' - 1 33. i volo, non est Ini me «i de causis corrupt, artium. <» Actione ad aubtil. in Seal. fol. 1226. '''Lib. 1. de sap. " Vide mi»el homo, quia totum est vanitas, totuni stultitia, totum dementia, quicquid facis in hoc niundo, prwtcr hoc so- lum quod propter J)euin facis. Ser. de miser, hom. '-< In 2 Platonis dial. 1. de justo '^Dum iram cl in Deo re vera ponit. Democntus to the Reader. 51 Jiiat of Paul, 2 Cor. " he was a fool," &c. and Rom. ix. he wisheth himself to he anatliematized for them. Such is that drunkenness which Ficinus speaks of, when the soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, which poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Dionysius, and in this sense with the poet, ^* insanire bihet., as Austin exhorts us, ad ehrictatcm se quisque paret, let's all be mad and ^^ drunk. But we commonly mistake, and go beyond our commission, we reel to the opposite part, ^we are not capable of it, ^^and as he said of the Greeks, Vos GrcBci semper puerl, vos BrUanni, Galli, Germany Itali, &c. you are a company of fools. Proceed now a partibus ad totum., or from the whole to parts, and you shall find no other issue, the parts shall be sufficiently dilated in this following Preface. The whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is niacl, ^^ hellua multorum capitum, (a many-headed beast), precipitate and rash without judgment, stultum animal^ a roaring rout. ®^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle, Vulgus dividi in opposUum contra sapiejitcs, quod vulgo videtur veruin^faJsum est ; that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false, they are still opposite to wise men, but all the world is of this humour (vulgus), and thou thyself art de vulgo, one of the commonalty ; and he, and he, and so are all the rest ; and there- fore, as Phocion concludes, to be approved in nought you say or do, mere idiots and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the whole pack, wink and choose, you shall find them all alike, " never a barrel better herring." Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplerus, Origanus, and others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is inhabi- ted : if it be so that the earth is a moon, then are we also giddy, vertigenous and lunatic within this sublunary maze. 1 could produce such arguments till dark night : if you should hear the rest, " Ante diem clauso component vesper Olimpo : " I " V"°''S^' ""^'^, f ^'■=''" "^/'"'^i" '{ \^^r^^ '''"'„ *^ I The day would sooner tlian the tale be done : but according to my promise, I will descend to particulars. This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. I speak not of those creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, as lead, and such like mine- rals, or those plants, rue, cypress, &c. and hellebore itself, of which ^"Agrippa treats, fishes, birds, and beasts, hares, conies,, dormice, &c., owls, bats, nigh thirds, but that artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant, it will pine away, which is especially perceived in date trees, as you may read at large in Constantine's hus- bandry, that antipathy betwixt the vine and the cabbage, vine and oil. Put a bird in a cage, he will die for sullenness, or a beast in a pen, or take his young ones or companions from him, and see what effect it will cause. But who perceives not these common passions of sensible creatures, fear, son-ow, &c. Of all other, dogs are most subject to this malady, insomuch some hold they dream as men do, and through violence of melancholy run mad ; I could relate many stories of dogs that have died for gi'ief, and pined away for loss of their masters, but they are common in every " author. Kingdoms, provinces, and politic bodies are likewise sensible and subject to this disease, as ^^Boterus in his politics hath proved at large. "As in human bodies (saith he) there be divers alterations proceeding from humours, so be there many dis- eases in a commonwealth, which do as diversely happen from several distempers," as you may easily percieve by their particular symptoms. For where you shall see the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peaceable and quiet, rich, fortunate, ^^ and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a country Avell tUled, many fair built and popidous cities, uli incolce nitcnt as old ^' Cato said, the people are neat, polite and terse, ubi bene, beateque vivunt, which our politicians make the " Virg. 1. Eccl. 3. K Ps. inebriabuntur ah uber- tate doinus. sr, jn Psal. civ. Austin. '' In Pla- tonis Tim. sacerdos iEgyptius. ^Hjior. vuleis in- sanum. ""Patet ea diviso probabilis, &c- ex. Arist. corporis, atyp Top. ib. 1. c. 8. Rog. Bac. Epist. de secret, art. et iiat. | regts phildSophantur, Plato c. 8. non est judicium in vulgo. c" D^^^pJ^k^lti. losop. 1. 1. c. 25 et 19. ejusd. 1. Lib. in. c.ip 4. ^' See Lipsius epist. ""De politai illustriuin lili. 1. cap. 4. ut in hunianis coporibus vari fc.'^rolJt. I. 5. c. 3. '0 Boterus Polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe princepa rerum gercndaruni imperitus, sepnid, osci- tans, sulque muneris inimemor, aut fatuus est. " Non viget respublica cujus caput infirniatur. Sa- lisburiensis, c. 22. '"See Dr. Fletcher's rete- tion, and Alexander Gaeninus' history. '' Abun- dans omni divitiaruni affluentia incolarum mullitudine c potenlia. '< Not above 200 miJea In rith, according to Adricomtuf. Democntus to the Reader. 53 jugo premifur ('^one saith) not only fire and water, goods or lands, secZ ipse spiritus itb insolentissimi vicioris pendet nutu, such is their slaverj-, their lives and souls depend upon his insolent will and command. A tyrant that spoils all wheresoever he comes, insomuch that an ''^historian complains, " if an old inhabitant should now see them, he would not know them, if a traveller, or stranger, it would grieve his heart to behold them." Whereas "Aristotle notes, JYovcs exactiones., nova onera imposita, new burdens and exactions daily come upon them, like those of which Zosimus, lib. 2, so grievous, ut viri uxores, patres filios prostituerent ut exactoribus e quesiu, Sic, they must needs be discontent, hinc civitafum gemitus et j^^oratus, as '"Tully holds, hence come those complaints and tears of cities, " poor, miserable, rebellious, and desperate subjects, as ™Hippolitus adds; and '^as a judicious country-man of ours observed not long since, in a sun'ey of that great Duchy of Tuscany, the people lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest com- plainings in that kind. " That the state was like a sick body which had lately taken physic, whose humours are not yet well settled, and weakened so much by purging, that nothing was left but melancholy." Whereas the princes and potentates are immoderate in lust, hj-pocrites, epicures, of no religion, but in show : Quid hypocrisi fragilius ? what so brittle and unsure .? what soone-r subverts their estates than wandering and raging lusts, on their subjects' wives, daughters ? to say no worse. That they shoidd faccm jjritferre, lead the way to all virtuous actions, are the ringleaders oftentimes of all mischief and disso- lute courses, and by that means their countries are plagued, ^' " and they themselves often ruined, banished, or murdered by conspiracy of their subjects, as Sardanapalus was, Dionysius, junior, Heliogabalus, Periander, Pisistratus, Tarquinius, Timocrates, Childericus, Appius Claudius, Andronicus, Galeacius Sforsia, Alexander jMecUces," Stc. Whereas the princes or great men are malicious, envious, factious, ambitious, emulators, they tear a commonwealth asunder, as so many Giielfs and Gibelines disturb the quietness of it, ^^and with mutual murders let it bleed to death; our his- tories are too full of such barbarous inhumanities, and the miseries that issue from them. Whereas they be like so many horse-leeches, hungry, griping, corrupt, ^^ covetous, avariticE mancipia, ravenous as wolves, for as Tully writes : qui prcBCst prodest, et qui pecudibus prceest, debet eoru7n iitiUtati inservire : or such as prefer their private before the public good. For as ^^he said long since, res privatcB publicis semper officere. Or whereas they be illiterate, ignorant, empirics in policy, ubi deest facul- tas, ^virtus (^ristot. pol. 5, cap. 8,) et scientia, wise only by inheritance, and in authority by birth-right, favour, or for their wealth and titles ; there must needs be a fault, ^^ a great defect : because as an ^' old philosopher affinns, such men are not always fit. " Of an infinite number, few alone are senators, and of those few, fewer good, and of that small number of honest, good, and noble men, few that are learned, wise, discreet and sufTicient, able to discharge such places, it must needs turn to the confusion of a state." For as the ^ Princes are, so are the people ; Qualis Rex, talis grex : and whicii ^Antigonus right well said of old, qui Maccdonice regem erudit.,07nnes efiatn subditos erudit, he that teacheth the king of Macedon, teacheth all his subjects, is a true saying still. ,»i^ T> • .... .1, I. 1 .u u „i I " Velocius et citiui nos "For Pnnces are the glass the school, the book Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla doni-stka, niasnis Where subjects' eyes do learn, do read, do look. | ^^^ snbeaul aniinos auctoribus." ^- Their examples are soone/st followed, vices entertained, if they be profane, irreli- " Romulus Amascus. 'sSahellicus. Si quis in- plant and overthrow their adveKaries, enrich them- cola vetus, non agnosceret, si quis peregrinus inge- selves, get honours, dissemble; but what is this to tlie misceret. ■>- Polit. 1. 5. c. 6. Crudelitas principum, bene esse, or preservation of a Commonwealth 1 irapunitas scelerum, violatio leguni, peculatus pecunisR f^' Imperiiim suapte sponte corruit. "" Apul. Prim. publics, etc. ■"'Epist. 'J De increm. urb. cap. Flor. Ex innumerabilibus, pauci Senatores genere 20. subditi miseri, lobelles, desperati, &c. « R. | nobiles, 6 consularibus pauci boni, 6 bonis adhiic pauci Darlinston. 1596. conclusio libri. t>' Eoterus 1. 9. eruditi. t' Xon solum vitia concipiunt ipsi prinri- c. 4. Polit. Quo fit ut aut rebus desperatis exulent, pes, sed etiam intundunt in civitatem, plusque exemplo aut conjuratione subditorum crudelissime tandem tru- quam peccato nocpnt Ci'- 1 rlelegibus. - Epist. cidentur. t; Mutiiis odiis et ca>dibus exhausti. Ace. ad Zen. Juven. t^ar 1 I rtas sedUio_neni gignit K" Lucra ex malis, scelerasii;que causis. w Saliist. et maleficium. Ar;~' ! i I , ^ lu f-For most p^rt we mistake the name nf Politicians, me^tic e\aiiyjj(jfc^erat_e more qui^ accounting such as read Machiaveland Tacitus, great_^s^lg^t:ct«jd'T Matesmen, that can dispute of poiitical 54 Democritus to the Reader. gious, lascivious, riotous, epicures, factious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will the commons most part be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, dnuikards, and therefore poor and needy (17 rctvia ordsiv efntoLet xai xaxovfiyicw, for poverty begets sedition and villany) upon all occasions ready to mutiny and rebel, discontent still, complaining, mur- muring, grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, shifters, cozeners, outlaws, Projiigaice faiiKS ac vitcc. It was an old "'politician's aphorism, " They that are poor and bad envy rich, hate good men, abhor the present government, wish for a new, and would have all turned topsy turvy." When Cati- line rebelled in Rome, he got a company of such debauched rogues together, they were his familiars and coadjutors, and such have been your rebels most part in all ages, Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Ketle, and his companions. Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, many laws, many lawsuits, many lawyers and many physicians, it is a manifest sign of a distempered, melancholy state, as '^^ Plato long since maintained : for where such kind of men swarm, tliey will make more work for themselves, and that body politic diseased, which was otherwise sound. A general mischief in these our times, an insensible plague, and never so many of them: " which are now multiplied (saith Mat. Geraldus, ^^ a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, but the plagues of the country, and for the most part a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious generation of men. ^ Crumcnimiilga natio, &c. A purse-milking nation, a clainoV- ous company, gowned vultures, ^^qui ex injuria vivcnt ct S(ingui7ie civiiim, tliicves and seminaries of discord ; worse than any polers by the highway side, auri accijA- tres, auri exterebronidcs, pccuniarum hamiolce, quadnipJalorcs, curicc hnrpagoncs, fori tintinabula, monsira hominum^ 7nangones, &c. that take upon ihein to make peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of our peace, a company of irreligious har- pies, scraping, griping catchpoles, (I mean our common hungry pettifoggers, ^rahu- la$ forenses, love and honour in the meantime all good laws, and worthy lawyers, that are so many "oracles and pilots of a well-governed commonwealth). Without art, without judgment, that do more harm, as ""Livy said, quam bclla externa, fames, morbive, than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases ; " and cause a most incredible de- struction of a commonwealth," saith "•' Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris, as ivy doth by an oak, embrace it so long, until it liath got the heart out of it, so do they by such places they inhabit; no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, niai eum prcmuheris, he must be fed still, or else he is as mute as a lish, better open an. oyster without a knife. Expcrto crede (saith "^Salisburiensis) in manus eorum millies incidi, et Charon immitis qui nulli pcpercit unquam, his loiige clemcnlior est ; '* I speak out of experience, I have been a thousand times amongst them, and Charon himself is more gentle than they; ' he is contented with his single pay, but they multiply still, they are never satisfied," besides they have damnificas linguas, as he terms it, nisi funibus argcnfcis vincias, they must be fed to say notliing, and '■'get more to hold their peace than we can to say our best. They will speak their clients fair, and invite them to their tables, but as he follows it, ^''•of all injustice there is none so pernicious as that of theirs, which when they deceive most, will seem to be honest n>en." They take upon them to be peacemakers, et fovere cunsas humi- lium, to help them to their r'urhu palrocinunlur a^ic^/s, '"but all is for their own good, u< locuhs plcniorom exhauriant, they plead for poor men gratis, but they are but as a stale to catch others. If there be no jar, ^they can make a jar, out of the law itself tind still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and continue causes so long, lustra aliquot, I know not hoAV many years before the cause is heard, and when 'tis judged and deternuned by reason of some tricks and errors, it is as fresh to begin, after twice seven years sometimes, as it was at first ; and so they prolong »i Salust. Semper in civitate quibus opes nullae sunt I * Lib. 3. "Lib. 1. de rep. Galloriim, iiicredibilem bonis invident, vctera odere, nova exoptant, odio su- reipub. perniciem afferunt. '"> Polycrat. lib. ' Is arum rerun) mutari omnia petunt. '■<- De le^ibus. stipe contentus, et hi asses iolei»roH sihi niultiplicari proflicatas in repub. disciplince est indicium jurisperi- | jubent. '•' Plus accipiunt tacere, fiuam nos loqui. toriim numerus, ot medicorum copia. >" In pra;t'. i ^ Totius injustiliffi nulla capitalior, qiiAin eorum qui Ptud. juris. iMulliplic.iiitur nunc in tcrris ut locustse ' cum raaxime decipiunt, id aijunl, ut buni viri esue vi- non paj^^^m^l^. simI pestes, pc;^pinii Imminrs, ma- deantur. ■* Nam quocunque modo causa procednt, lipci^CfflAkii^^iittiMi^i. ■. 1 ' n.jc semper agitur, ut loculi impleantur, eisi avaritia ,ent. **Dousa « ;.)il. i ■■ quit s;i Georc. Keeker. ^Tani hieine titice. Sabellicus de Germania. Si quis videret Ger- (iu4in aj.staie intrepide gulcant Oceanum. et duo illo- maniam url)ibu3 hodie excultain, non diccret ut ollm rum duces non minore audaciil quam forliin^ lotiua iristcmcul^jl^^nicrelo, ierr;im iiiformein. « Hy I ortiem terra' circumnavis^runt. Ampliilhcatro Hole- ti ~ .Maj*KF^S^MBey'Gci(eriUjiien;.*_ -■ \- Z- i|i- I riis. *' A lertile soil, t'ood air, &c. Tin, Lead **Froiii (. a i.)j W,i,,i, Satfron, &c. ^i Xota Britannia uiuca ve u ••i^Orii'lias Democritus to the Reader. 57 wise, learned, religious king, another Numa, a second Augustus, a true Josiah ; most worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, Sec. Yet amongst many roses, some thistles grow, some bad weeds and enonnities, which much disturb the peace of this body politic, eclipse the honour and glory of it, fit to be rooted out, and with all speed to be reformed. The first is idleness, by reason of which we have many swarms of rogues, and beggars, thieves, drunkards, and discontented persons (whom Lycurgus in Plutarch calls morbos reipublica;, the boils of the commonwealth), many poor people m all our towns. Civitatcs ignobiles, as ^'^Polydore calls them, base-built cities, inglorious, poor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of mhabitants. Our land is fertile we may not deny, full of all good things, and why doth it not then abound with cities, as Avell as Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries ? because their policy hath been other- wise, and we are not so thrifty, circumspect, industrious. Idleness is the 7nalus genius of our nation. For as ^^ Boterus justly argues, fertility of a country is not enough, except art and industry be joined unto it, according to Aristotle, riches are either natural or artificial ; natural are good land, fair mines, Stc. artificial, are manu- factures, coins, &.C. Many kingdoms are fertile, but thin of inhabitants, as that Duchy of Piedmont in Italy, which Leander Albertus so much magnifies for corn, wine, fruits, &.c., yet nothing near so populous as those which are more barren. *"' England," saith he, '^ London only excepted, hath never a populous city, and yet a fruitful country. I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, a small province in Germany, 50 castles, an infinite number of villages, no ground idle, no not. rock) places, or tops of hills are untilled, as ^"Munster informeth us. In ^'^ Greichgea, a a small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I read of 20 walled towns, innumerable villages, each one containing 150 houses most part, besides castles and noblemen's palaces. I observe in ^"Turinge m Dutchland (twelve miles over by their scale) 12 counties, and in them 144 cities, 2000 villages, 144 towns, 250 cas- tles. In ^^ Bavaria 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. ^Portiigallia interamnis^ a small plot of gi-ound, hath 1460 parishes, 130 monasteries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, yields 20,000 inhabitants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciardine's relations of the Low Countries. Holland hath 26 cities, 400 great villages. Zealand 10 cities, 102 parishes. Brabant 26 cities, 102 parishes. Flanders 28 cities, 90 towns, 1154 villages, besides abbeys, castles, &.c. The Low Countries generally have three cities at least for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but their industry and excellency in all manner of trades ? Their commerce, which is main- tamed by a multitude of tradesmen, so many excellent channels made by art and oppor- tune havens, to which they build their cities ; all which we have in like measure, or at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone which draws all manner of commerce and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soil, but industry that enricheth them, the gold mines of Peru, or Nova Hispania may not compare with them. They have neither gold nor silver of their own, wine nor oil, or scarce any corn growing in those united provinces, little or no wood, tin, lead, iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or metal ; and yet Hungary, Transylvania, that brag of their mines, fertile England cannot compare with them. 1 dare boldly say, that neither France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy, Valentia in Spain, or that pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine and oil, two har- vests, no not any part of Europe is so flourishing, so rich, so populous, so full of good ships, of well-built cities, so aboundmg with all things necessary for the use of mein. 'Tis our Indies, an epitome of Chma, and all by reason of their mdustry, good policy, and commerce. Industry is a load-stone to draw all good things ; that alone makes countries flourish, cities populous, ■*" and wUl enforce by reason of much ma- nure, which necessarily follows, a barren soil to be fertile and good, as sheep, saith *' Dion, mend a bad pasture. Tell me politicians, why is that fruitful Palestma, noble Greece, EgjiJt, Asia s^Lib. 1. hist. ss Increment, urb. I. 1. c. 9. 38 0rtelius 6 Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. s^Anhun- •♦Anglia;, excepto Londino, nulla est civitas memora- dred families in each. wpooulimultitudo dili- bilis, licet ea natio rerum omnium rnpja ahundel. gente cultura^Joecun^g^SilllliflHHHfthri^^ ^' ssCosmng. Lib. 3. cop. 119. Villaniiu !. i. -' iiume-^*|Oraf . S.i.ytT rus, nullus locus otiosus aiit incultur- ' '^^j^JH/^gfiU at&lCM oiat. edit. Fiancof. 15S3. Maginus 58 Democritus to the Reader. Minor, so much decayed, and (mere carcases now) fallen from that they were ? The eround is the same, but the government is altered, the people are grown slothful, idle, tlieir good husbandry, policy, and industry is decayed. JVon fatigata aut effccta humuS:, as ^^ Columella well informs Sylvinus, sed nostra jit inertia^ Stc. May a man believe that which Aristotle in his politics, Pausanias, Stephanus, Sophianus, Gerbe- lius relate of old Greece ? I find heretofore 70 cities in Epirus overthrown by Paulus ^milius, a goodly province in times past, ""^now left desolate of good towns and al- most iidiabitants. Sixty-two cities in Macedonia in Strabo's time. I find 30 in Laconia, but now scarce so many villages, saith Gerbclius. If any man from Mount Taygetus should view the country round about, and see tot delicias, tot itrbcs per Pelopone- sum dispcrsas^ so many delicate and brave built cities with such cost and exquisite cunning, so neatly set out in Peloponnesus, ^^ he should perceive them now ruinous and overthrown, burnt, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground. Incrcdibilc dictu, &c. And as he laments, Quis taliafando Tcmperet a lachnpnis? Qids tarn durus aut ferreus, (so he prosecutes it).'*^ Who is he that can sulRciently condole and commiserate these ruins.? Where are those 4000 cities of Egypt, those 100 cities in Crete .'' Are they now come to two } What saith Pliny and .^lian of old Italy ? There were in former ages 1106 cities : Blondus and Machiavel, both grant them now nothing near so populous, and full of good towns as in the time of Au- gustus (for now Leander Albertus can find but 300 at most), and if we may give credit to ^"Livy, not then so strong and puissant as of old: "They mustered 70 Legions in former times, which now the known world will scarce yield. Alexander built 70 cities in a short space for his part, our Saltans and Turks demolish twice as many, and leave all desolate. 3Iany will not believe but that our island of Great Britain is now more populous than ever it was ; yet let them road Bedo, Leland and others, they shall find it most flourished in the Saxon Heptarchy, and in the Con- queror's time was far better inhabited, than at this present. See that Doomsday Book, and show me those thousands of parishes, wliich are now decayed, cities ruined, villages depopulated, &.c. The lesser the territory is, commonly, the richer it is. Parvus scd bene cultiis ager. As those Athenian, Lacedirmonian, Arcadian, Aelian, Sycioiiian, Messenian, &.c. conmionwealths of Greece make ample proof, as those imperial cities and free states of Germany may witness, those Cantons ofSwit- zers, Rheti, Grisons, Walloons, Territories of Tuscany, Luke and Senes of old, Pied- mont, Mantua, Venice in Italy, Ragusa, &.c. That prince therefore as, '"Boterus adviseth, that will have a rich country, and fair cities, let him get good trades, privileges, painful inhabitants, artificers, and suffer no rude matter unwrought, as tin, iron, wool, lead, &.C., to be transported out of his country, — '*a thing in part seriously attempted amongst us, but not eflected. And because industry of men, and multitude of trade so much avails to the ornament and enriching of a kingdom; those ancient ^^^Massilians would admit no man into their city that had not some trade. Selym the first Turkish empercr procured a thousand good artificers to be brought from Tauris to Constantinople. The Polanders indented with Henry Duke of Anjou, their new chosen king, to bring with him an hundred families of artificers into Poland. James the first in Scotland (as ^Buchanan writes) sent for the best artificers he could get in Europe, and gave them great rewards to teach his subjects their several trades. Edward the Thial, our most renowned king, to his eternal memory, brought clothing first into this island, transporting some families of artificers from Gaunt hither. How many goodly cities could I reckon up, that thrive wholly by trade, where thousands of inhabitants live singular well by their fingers' ends : As Florence in Italy by making cloth of gold ; great Milan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings ; many cuies in Spain, many in France, Germany, have none other maintenance, especially those within the land. ^' Mecca, in Arabia Petraea, stands in a most unfruitful coun- <-De r*" rust. I. 2. cap. 1. The soil is not tired or '■'"Lib. 7- Sepfiiaginta olim lesiones scriptiE diciintm ; exhaustril. liiit lii< become barren throueli our sloth, qiias vires hodie, &:c. *■ Polit. 1. 3. c. e. "For ■» Hodie urhibik^^^Miatur. ct nia?na ex parte incolis dyeing of clolh^, and dressini;. Sec. *■• Valer. I. 2. d*'-'liJiB»i^^^^(IWji6C-^ttra;r;^J:l.. »■ ^' Vi- r.' 1. wHist. Scot. Lib. 10. Magnis pronositia ■^-'—^^ — ■ ^— •-• • ■..»■-... eversaji, aift .snTo . ; .ij. . ur rt-mii'i. ut Scoti ab iis edocercniur. '■ Munsi. Aero omnium rerum infcecundiHsiiuiij r >axet:i, urb^i tamen eleganlisiii et Occideiitis. Democritus to the Reader. 59 try, that wants water, amongst the rocks (as Vertomanus describes it), and yet it is a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the traffic of the east and west. Ormus in Persia is a most fomous mart-town, hath nought else but the opportunity of the haven to make it flourish. Cormth, a noble city (Lumen Greciae, TuUy calls it) the Eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Lecheus, those excellent ports, drew all that traffic of the Ionian and ^Egean seas to it ; and yet the country about it was curva ct supcrciUosa, as ^^Strabo terms it, rugged and harsh. We may say the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes, Sparta, and most of those towns in Greece. Nuremberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city, by the sole industry of artificers, and cunning trades, they draw the riches of most coun- tries to them, so expert in manufactures, that as Sallust long since gave out of the like, Sedem animce. in extremis digilis hahent^ their soul, or intellectus agcnSy was placed in tlieir fingers' end ; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Frankfort, kc. It is almost incredible to speak what some Avrite of Mexico and the cities adjoining to it, no place in the world at their first discovery more populous, ^^ Mat. Riccius, the Jesuit, and some others, relate of the industry of the Chinese most populous coun- tries, not a hpggar or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means they prosper and flourish. We have the same means, able bodies, pliant wits, matter of aii sorts, wool, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, &c., many excellent subjects to work upon, only industry is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they make good use of to their necesshies, set themselves a work about, and severally improve, sending the same to us back at dear rates, or else make toys and baubles of the tails of them, which they sell to us again, at as gieat a reckoning as the whole. In most of our cities, some few excepted, like '^Spanish loiterers, we live wholly by tippling-inns and ale-houses. IMalting are their best ploughs, their great- est traffic to sell ale. ^^Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit so industrious as the Hollanders : " Manual trades (saith lie) which are more cu- rious or troublesome, are wholly exercised by strangers : they dwell in a sea full of fish, but they are so idle, they will not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, but buy it of their neighbours." Tush^*^ Mare liberum^ they fish under our noses, and sell it to us when they have done, at their own prices. 'Pudet haec opprobria nobis Et diti potuisse, et non potuisse refelli." I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers, and know not how to answer it. Amongst our towns, there is only ^"London that bears the face of a city, ^^ Epitome Britannia^ a famous emporium^ second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola crcscit., decresccntibus aliis ; and yet, in my slender judgment, defective in many things. The rest (^^some few excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor, and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idle- ness of their inhabitants, riot, which liad rather beg or loiter, and be ready to starve, than work. I cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities, ^° that they are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom (concerning build- ings) hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses,) so rich, thick sited, populous, as in some other countries ; besides the reasons Cardan gives, Suhtil. Lib. 11. we want Avine and o*il, their two harvests, we dwell m a colder air, and for that cause must a little more liberally ^' feed of flesh, as all northern countries do : our provisions will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many ; yet notwith- standing we have matter of all sorts, an open sea for traffic, as well as the rest, goodly havens. And how can we excuse our negligence, our riot, drunkenness. Sec, 5-Lib. 8. Genrgr . ob aspernm situm. ^3 Lib. s* Camden. MTork, Bristow, Norwich, Worcester,&c. Edit, a Nic. Tresant. Bels. A. 1616. expedit. in Sinas. £0M. Gainsfnrd's Argument : Because gentlemen dwell 5^Ubi nobiles probi loco habent artera aliquam profi- , with us in the country villases, our cities are less, is leri. Cleonnrd. ep 1. 1. •'^'*Lib. 13. Belg. Hist.' nothing to the purpose: put three hundred or four Don tarn laboriosi ut Belgas, sed ut Hispani otiatores hundred villages in a shire, and every village yield a vitani ut plurimum otiosam agentes : artes manuariffi gentleman, what is four hundred families to increase quiP plurininm habent in se laboris et difficuitatis, ma- one of our cities, or to contend with theirs, which joreniq ; requirunt industriam, a peregrinis et exteris stand thicker 1 And whereas ours usually consist^of exercentnr; habitant in piscosissimo mari, interea , seven thousand, their^consist *anium non piscantur quantum insula; suffecerit sed i ' bitants. vicini? emere coguntur. ^Grotii Liber, anirais nuineroque potens, et robore ; 60 Democntus to the Reader. and such enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, you will say, severe statutes, houses of correction, Slc, to small purpose it seems ; it is not liouses will serve, but cities of correction ; ^^our trades generally ought to be reibnned, wants supplied. In other countries they have tiie same grievances, I confess, but that doth not excuse us, ^'^ wants, defects, enormities, idle drones, tumults, discords, contention, law-suits, many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and law-suits, excess in apparel, diet,~ decay of tUlage, depopulations, "especially against rogues, beggars, Egyptian vagabonds (so termed at least) which have ''^swarmed all over Germ^iy, France, Italy, Poland, as you may read in "^Munster, Cranzius, and Aventinus ; as those Tartars and Arabians at this day do in the eastern countries : yet such has been the iniquity of all ages, as it seems to small purpose. JVemo in nostra cicitate mendlcits esto^^'' saith Plato: he will have them purged from a •'"com- monwealth, ^'^"as a bad humour from the body," tiiat are lilvc so many ulcers and boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. What Carolus Magnus, the Chinese, the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony and many other states have decreed in this case, read Jlrnlseus^ cap. 19 j Botcrus, lihro 8, cap. 2 ; Osorius de Riibus gest. E/nan. lib. 11. When a country is overstocked with people, as a pasture is oft overlaid with cattle, tliey had wont in former times to disburden themselves, by sending out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by em- ploying them at home about some public buildings, as bridges, road-ways, for which those Romans were famous in this island; as Augustus Cajsar did in Rome, the Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosi in Peru, where some 30,000 men are still at work, 6000 furnaces ever boiling, &c. '"aqueducts, bridges, havens, those stupend works of Trajan, Claudius, at "Ostium, Dioclesiani Therma, Fucinus Lacus, that Piraeum in Athens, made by Themistocles, ampitheatrums of curious marble, as at Verona, Civitas Philippi, and Ileraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Fla- minian ways, pr(>digii:)us works all may witness ; and rather than they siiould be ^^idle, as those "Egyptian Pliaraohs, Maris, and Sesostris did, to task their subjects to budd uimecesijary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, channels, lakes, gigantic works all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness, ''*Quo sclUcet alaniur el ne vagando lahorare desucscant. Anotlier eye-sore is that want of conduct and navigable rivers, a great blemish as '^Boterus, "^Hippolitus a CoUibus, and other politicians hold, if it be neglected in a commonwealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low Countries on this behalf, in the dutchy of Milan, territory of Padua, in " France, Italy, China, and so likewise about corrivations of water to moisten and refresh barren grounds, to drain fens, bogs, and moors. Massinissa made many inward parts of IJarbary and Numidia in Africa, before his time incult and horrid, fruitful and bartablc by tliis means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countries in this kind, especially in Egypt, about Babylon and Damascus, as Vertomannus and '*'Gotardus Arthus relate ; about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, Milan in Italy ; by reason of which, their soil is much impoverished, and infinite commodities arise to the inhabitants. The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmus betwixt Africa and Asia, which "Sesostris and Darius, and some Pharaohs of Egypt bad formerly undertaken, but with ill success, as **Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny, for that Red-sea being tliree *' cubits higher than Egj-pt, would have drowned all the country, cceplo des- "■-Refrtenate monopolii licentiam, pauciores alantur otio, redintegretur agricolatio, latiificiuru instauretur, ut sit honestum negotium quo se exerceat otiosa ilia turba. Nisi his nialis medcntur, frustra exercent jiia- titiam. Mor. Utop. Lib. 1. ^ajianciplis locuples eget aeris Cappadocum rex. Hor. "Regis digni- tatis non est exercere imperium in niendicos sed in opulentos. Non est regni decus, sed carceris esse ciistos. Idem. ^^Colluvies linminum inirabiles eicocti solo, immiindi vestes ftedi visu, furti imprimis acres, &c. ** Cosmog. lib. 3. cap. 5. *'"Let no one in our city be a besgar." **• Seneca. Haud minii3 ui^^^WnAin^niiUa supplicia, quclm medico a corpore curratur, opificia condiacantur, tenues subleventur. Bodin. 1. 6. c. 2. num. 6, 7. " Amasis iEsypti rex legem promulgavit, ut omnes subditi quniunnis ratio- nem redderent unde viverent. "Buscoldus dis- cursu polit. cap. 2. "whereby they are supported, and do not become vagrants by being less accustomed to labour." "Lib. 1. de rncrem. Urb. cap. 6. '"Cap. 5. de increm. urb. Quas flumen, lacus, aut mare alluit. "' Incredibilem commoditatem, vecturA merciuni ires fluvii navigabiles, &c. Boterus de Gallic. ""He- rodotus. '»Ind. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam in medio flumine constituunt, cui ex pellibus aniinaliiim ronsu- tos uteres appendunt, hi dum rota niovetur, aquiin per canules, to. "Centum pedes lata fosia 30. Contrary to that of Archimede», wb* ificies of all waters even. Democritus to the Reader. 61 titeranf, they left off; yet as the same ^Diodonis writes, Ptolemy renewed the Work many years after, and absolved in it a more opportune place. That Isthmus of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Deme- trius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy ^passage, and less dangerous, from the Ionian and iEgean seas ; but because it could not be so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a wall like our Picts' wall about Schaj- nute, where Neptune's temple stood, and in the shortest cut over the Isthmus, of which Diodorus, lib. 1 1 . Herodotus, lib. 8. Vran. Our latter writers call it Hexa- milium, which Amurath the Turk demolished, the Venetians, anno 145o, repaired in 15 days with 30,000 men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from Panama to Nombre de Dios in America ; but Thuanus and Serres the French his- torians speak of a famous aqueduct in France, intended in Henry the Fourth's time, from tlie Loire to the Seine, and from Rhodanus to the Loire. The like to which was formerly assayed by Domitian the emperor, ^^from Arar to Moselle, which Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the 13 of his annals, after by Charles the Great and others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or mending channels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from Egypt to the city, vadum aJvel tumcntis effodit saith Vopiscus, et Tiberis ripas extruxit he cut fords, made banks, &.c.) decayed havens, which Claudius the emperor with infinite pains and charges attempted at Ostia, as I have said, the Venetians at this day to preserve their city ; many ex- cellent means to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provin- ces of Euprope, as planting some Indian plants amongst us, silk-worms, *Uhe very mulberry leaves in the plains of Granada yield 30,000 crowns per annum to the king of Spain's coffers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about them in the kingdom of Granada, Murcia, and all over Spain. In France a great benefit is raised by salt. Sic, whether these things might not be as happily attempted with us, and with like success, it may be controverted, silk-worms (I mean) vines, fir trees, &lc. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully per- suaded they would prosper in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part neglected ; our streams are not great, I confess, by reason of the narrowness of the island, yet they run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and shelves, as foaming Rhodanus and Loire in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent Durius in Spain, with cataracts and whirlpools, as the Rhine, and Danubius, about Shaffausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad shallow, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in Italy ; but calm and fair as Arar in France, Hebrus in Macedonia, Eurotas in Laconia, they gently glide along, and might as well be repaired many of them (I mean Wye, Trent, Ouse, Thamisis at Oxford, the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to London. B. Atwater of old, or as some will Henry I. ^made a channel from Trent to Lincoln, navigable ; which now, saith Mr. Camden, is decayed, and much men- tion is made of anchors, and such like monuments found about old *'' Verulamium, good ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, whose channels, havens, ports are now barred and rejected. We contemn this benefit of carriage by waters, and are therefore compelled in the inner parts of this island, because por- tage is so dear, to eat up our commodities ourselves, and live like so many boars in a sty, for want of vent and utterance. We have many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, Sec. equivalent if not to be preferred to that Indian Havanna, old Brundusium in Italy, Aulis in Greece, Ambracia in Acarnia, Suda in Crete, which have few ships in them, little or no traffic or trade, which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities, sed vi- derinf polifici. I could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects among us, and in other countries, depopulations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, qucB nunc in aurem susurrare non lihet. But I must take heed, ne quid gravius dicam, s^Lib. 1. cap. 3. WDion. Pausanias, et Nic. Ger- I Altimul. lit navigabilia inter se Occidenti? belius. Munster. Cosm. Lib. 4. cap. 36. Ml brevior tentrionis littora fierent. 65 R^gjjjiu foret navigatio et minus periculosa. w Charles the | lerus de rep. iljiveW-t ib i' l w deOBritA. great went about to malte a channe' from the R^iji^^l^^cflla^tiire, Fossedike. to the Danube. Bil. Pirkimerus descr ruias are yet seen about Wessenbitra ^ 62 Democrilus to the Reader. that I do not overshoot myself, Sus Minervam, I am forth of my element, as you perad- venture suppose; and sometimes Veritas odium parit, as he said, "verjuice and oat- meal is good for a parrot." For as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician. He that will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or law, but lay out the matter truly as it is, not caring what any can, will, like or dislike. We have good laws, I deny not, to rectify such enormities, and so in all other countries, but it seems not always to good purpose. We had need of some general visitor m our age, that should reform what is amiss ; a just army of llosie-crosse men, for they will amend all matters (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, sciences, &c. Another Attila, Tamerlane, Hercules, to strive with Achelous, Jlugea stabulum purgare^ to subdue tyrants, as ^^ he did Diomedes and Busiris : to expd thieves, as he did Cacus and Lacinius : to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione : to pass the torrid zone, the deserts of Lybia, and purge the world of monsters and Centaurs : or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels and controversies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god in Athens. "As Hercules ^purged the world of monsters, and subdued them, so did he fight against envy, lust, anger, avarice, Slc. and all tliose feral vices and monsters of the mind." It were to be wished we had some such visitor, or if wishing would serve, one had sucli a ring or rings, as Thnolaus desired in ^Lucian, by virtue of which he should be as strong as 10,000 men, or an army of giants, go invisible, open gates and castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to what place he desired, alter affections, cure all manner of diseases, that he might range over the world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as he would himseli". He might reduce those wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, Poland, on the other ; and tame the vagaboiid Arabians that rob and spoil those east- ern countries, tliat they should never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct them. He might root out barbarism out of America, and fully discover Terra Jius- tralis Incognita^ had out the north-east and north-west passages, drain those mighty JVLeotian fens, cut down those vast Hircinian woods, irrigate those barren Arabian deserts. Sec. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorbulum, plica, morbus JVeapolita- nus, &.C. end all our idle controversies, cut off our tumidtuous desires, inordinate lusts, root out atheism, impiety, heresy, schism and superstition, which now so cru- cify the world, catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, S[)aiu of superstition and jealousy, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern coiuitry of glut- tony and intemperance, castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tutors ; lash disobedient children, negligent servants, correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons, enforce idle persons to work, drive drunkards off the alehouse, repress thieves, visit corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, &c. But as L. Licinius taxed Timolaus, you may us. These are vain, absurd and ridiculous wishes not to be hoped : all must be as it is, '^Bocchalinus may cite commonwealths to come before Apollo, and seek to rei''orm the world itself by commissioners, but there is no remedy, it may not be redressed, desincnt homines turn demum stullescere quando esse desinent, so long as they can wag their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules labours to be performed ; let them be rude, stuj)id, ignor^int, incult, lapis super lapi- dem sedeat, and as the *^ apologist will, resp. tussi, et gravcolentia laboret, mundus vitio, let them be barbarous as they are, let them ^tyrannize, epicurize, oppress, luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superstitions, lawsuits, wars and con- tentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their own dung, with Ulysses' companions, slultos jubeo esse libenter. I will yet, to satisfy and please myself, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical common- wealth of mine own, in which I will freely domineer, build cities, make laws, sta- tutes, as I list myself. And why may I not ? ^Pictoribus atque poelis, kc. You know what liberty poets ever had, and besides, my predecessor Democritus f-sLisins Girald. Nat. comes. ^ Apiileius, lib. 4. I monstra philosophus iste Hercules fiiit. Pestes eat Flor. I, .ir lam i li.iris i iitf r hominea .Ttaii.s suie cultiis iiuTiiibus exegii oinnes, &.c. » Votii navig. ' " '■ ""^ " 'iirsiQC'i'!' '"'^'' f"""pi"qii Ita lex A^raria olln Roms. '-Ilic segetes, illic venlunt fselicius uva?, Arborei fxtus alibi, atq ; injussa virescunt Gramina. Virg. 1. Georg. "Lucanus, I. 6. '«Virg. iJJoh. Valent. Andreas, Lord Verulam DemocrUus to the Reader. 65 absurd and ridiculous, it takes away all splendour and magnificence. I will have several orders, degrees of nobility, and those liereditary, not rejecting younger bro- thers in the mean time, for they shall be sufficiently provided for by pensions, or so qualified, brought up in some honest calling, they shall be able to live of tliemselves I will have such a proportion of ground belonging to every barony, he that buys the land shall buy the barony, lie that by riot consumes his patrimony, and ancient demesnes, sliall forfeit his honours.'® As some dignities sliall be hereditary, so some again by election, or by gift (besides free officers, pensions, annuities,) like our bishoprics, prebends, the Bassa's palaces in Turkey, the ''procurator's houses and offices in Venice, which, like the golden apple, shall be given to the worthiest, and best deserving both in war and peace, as a reward of their wortli and good sei-vice, as so many goals for all to aim at, (phonos alit artes) and encouragements to others. For I hate these severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, whicli exclude plebeians from honours, be they never so wise, rich, virtuous,; valiant, and well qualified, they must not be patricians, but keep their own rank, this is nalu- roE heUum inferre, odious to God and men, 1 abhor it. My form of government shall be moiwrchical. 1^ " nunquam libertas gralior extat, Qiiani sub Rege pio," &c. Few laws, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, by which it shall be chiefly maintained : '^and parents shall teach their children one of three at least, bring up and instruct them in the mysteries of their own trade. In each town these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the rest from danger or oflTence : fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal- men, &c., shall dwell apart by themselves : dyers, tanners, felmongers, and such as use water in convenient places by themselves : noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as butchers' slaughter-houses, chandlers, curriers, in remote places, and some back lanes. Fraternities and companies, I approve of, as merchants' bourses, colleges of drug- gists, physicians, musicians. Sec, but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as our clerks of the market do bakers and brewers ; corn itself, what scarcity soever shall come, not to extend such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought in, ^"if tliey be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly concern man's life, as corn, wood, coal, &c., and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom paid, no taxes ; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as wine, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &c., a greater impost I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, ^'and some dis- creet men appointed to travel into all neighbouring kingdoms by land, which shall observe what artificial inventions and good laws are in other countries, customs, alterations, or aught else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common good. Ecclesiastical discipline, penes Episcopos, subordinate as the other. No impropriations, no lay patrons of church livings, or one private man, but common societies, corporations, Stc, and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the Universities, examined and approved, as the literati in China. No parish to con- tain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priest as shoidd imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbours as themselves, temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, philosophers should know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozening, magistrates corruption, Stc, but this is impossible, I must get such as I may. I will therefore have ^of lawyers, judges, advocates, physicians, chirurgeons, &c., a set number, ^''and every man, if it be possible, to plead his own cause, to tell that tale " So is it in the kingdom of Naples and France. " See Contareniis and Osorius de rebus gestis Ema- nuelis. "■ Claudlan 1. 7. " Liberty never is more gratifying than under a pious king." '» Herodotus Erato lib. 6. Cum .SIpypiiis Lacedemonii in hoc con- gruunt, quod eorum praecones, tibicines, coqui, et re- iqui artifices, in paterno artificio succedunt, et coquus & coquo gignitur, et paterno opere perseverat. Idem Marcus poJus de Quinzay. Idem Osorius de Emanuele rege Lusitano. Riccius de Sinis. -"Ilippol. k collibus de increm. urb. c. SO. Plato idem?. ^ftlgfi^HBB'^ patrono,^UMails erit bus, qux ad vitam necesiaria, et quibua carere ^^^^^bu el' 9 ^^^^ possumus, nullum depend! vectigal, &c. « Plato 12. de legibus, 40. annos natos vult, ut ei quid memo- rabile viderent apud exteros, hoc ipsum in rempub recipiatur. "Simlerus in Helvetia. ^Uto- pienses causidicos excludunt, qui causas callide et vafre tractent et disputent. Iniquissiinum censens hominem ullis oblieari legibus, qua- aut numerosioret sunt, qu&m ut perlepi queant, aut obscungres qu&m ut k quovis possint injelliei. 'N'olunt wt'SiiaWtiaisqj causam apai, eamq; referat Judici quara narraturus 66 Democritus to the Reader. to the judge which he doth to his advocate, as at Fez in Africa, Bantam, Aleppo, Ragusa, suani quisq ; causam dicere teneiur. Those advocates, chirurgeons, and ** physicians, w^hich are allowed to be maintained out of the ^common treasury, no fees to be given or taken upon pain of losing their places ; or if they do, very small fees, and when the ^ cause is fully ended. ^'He that sues any man shall put in a pledge, which if it be proved he hath wrongfully sued his adversary, rashly or maliciously, he shall forfeit, and lose. Or else before any suit begin, the plaintiff shall have his complaint approved by a set delegacy to that purpose ; if it be of moment he shall be suffered as before, to proceed, if otherwise they shall determine it. All causes shall be pleaded suppresso nomine, the parties' names concealed, if some circumstances do not otherwise require. Judges and other officers shall be aptly disposed in each province, villages, cities, as common arbitrators to hear causes, and end all controversies, and those not single, but three at least on the bench at once, to determine or give sentence, and those again to sit by turns or lots, and not to continue still in tlie same office. No controversy to depend above a year, but without all delays and further appeals to be speedily despatched, and finally concluded in that time allotted. These and all other inferior magistrates to be chosen '^as the literati, in China, or by those exact suffrages of the ^ V'enetians, and such again not to be eligible, or capable of magistracies, honours, offices, except they be sufficiently *' qualified for learning, manners, and that by the strict approbatit)n of deputed ex- aminers : ^' first scholars to take place, then soldiers ; for I am of Vigetius his opin- ion, a scholar deserves better than a soldier, because Unitis a;tatis sunt quce fortitcr fi.u7it, qucB vera pro utilitate Reipub. scribuntur, ceterna : a soldier's work lasts for an age, a scholar's for ever. If they ^^ misbehave themselves, they shall be deposed, and accordingly punished, and whether their offices be annual ^or otherwise, once a year they shall be called in question, and give an account ; for men are partial and pas- sionate, merciless, covetous, corrupt, subject to love, hate, fear, favour, &.C., omne sub regno graviore regnum : like Solon's Areopagites, or those Roman Censors, ^ome shall visit others, and **be visited inviccm themselves, ^'they shall oversee that .no prowling officer, under colour of authority, shall insult over his inferiors, as so many wild beasts, oppress, domineer, flea, grind, or trample on, be partial or corrupt, but that there be aquabile jus, justice equally done, live as friends and brethren together.; and which ^''Sesellius would have and so much desires in his kingdom of France, " a diapason and sweet harmony of kings, princes, nobles, and plebeians so mutually tied and involved in love, as well as laws and authority, as that they never disagree, insult, or encroach one upon another." If any man deserve well in his -office he shall be rewarded. "quia enim virtutem amplectitur ipsam, Prcemia si »ollas V ^ He that invents anything for public good in any art or science, writes a treatise, ''or performs any noble exploit, at home or abroad, ^' shall be accordingly enriched, "*° honoured, and preferred. ! say with Hannibal in Ennius, Hostem quifcriet eril miki Carthaginensis, let him be of what condition he will, in all offices, actions, he that deserves best shall have best. Tilianus in Philonius, out of a charitable mind no doubt, Mushed all his books were gold and silver, jewels and precious stones, *'to redeem captives, set free »« Medici ex pubUco victum siimunt. Boter. 1. 1. c. 5. I years, Arist. polit. 5. c. 8. *• jjam quis custodiet Ae ^gyptiis. '•*^ De his leee I'atrit. I. 3. tit. 8. de ipsos custodes I sscytreus in Gruisgeia. Qui non reip. Inslit. '^ Nihil d. clientibiis patroni acciptant, | ex sublimi despiciant inferiores, nee ut be.stias concul- priusquam lis finita est. Barcl. Argen. lib. 3. >" It ] cent sibi subditos auctoritatia noinini, confisi, &c. is so in most free cities in Germany- * Mat. Ric- i sfi Seselliiis de rep. Gallorum, lib. 1 & 2. '■>'■ " For cius exped. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 5. de examinatione elec- | who would cultivate virtue itself, if you were to take tionura copios6 agit, &.c. -'^Contar. de repub. Ve- i away the reward V *" Si quisegregium ?ut be'lo net. 1. 1. soQsor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Eroan. Qui I aut pace perfecerit. Sesel. 1. 1. ^•' Ad regendara in Uteris maxiinos progressus feccrint maximis hono- \ reotpub. soli literati admittuntur, nee ad earn rem rfbus afficiunlur, secundus honoris gtadus militibus gratia magistratuum aut regis indigent, omnia explo- assignalur, poslremi ordinis mechanicis, doctorum rata cujusq ; scientia et virtute pendent. Ricciua lib. bominuni judiciis in altiorem locum quisq ; priesertur, i 1. cap. 5. «" In defuncti locum euin jussit sabro- et qui a pluriniis approbatur, ampliores in rep. digni- t pari, qui inter majores Tirtute reliquLs preiret; non tates consequitur. Qui in hoc examine primas habet, fuit apud mortales ullum eicellentius certanien, aut insigni per totam vitain dinnitati- in = i'jriiiiir. marchioni cujus victoria maeis esset expetenda, non enim inter ■■' ^" ^1-1 tin- rina togjE. ; celereg,celerrimo, non inter robustos robustissimo, Ac. cerne, FrVbn /.etland, a ' <' Nullum videresvel in hac vel in vicinis regionibu« it,pT">»r<''^, nullum obaeratum, &c. Democritus to the Reader. 67 prisoners, and relieve all poor distressed souls that wanted mP4ns ; religiously done. I deny not, but to what purpose ? Suppose this were so well done, Avithin a little after, though a man had Croesus' wealth to bestow, there would be as many more. Wherefore I will suffer no ''^beggars, rogues, vagabonds, or idle persons at all, that cannot give an account of their lives how they '"maintain themselves. If they be im- potent, lame, blind, and single, they shall be sufficiently maintained in several hos- pitals, built for that purpose ; if married and infirm, past work, or by inevitable loss, or some such like misfortune cast behind, by distribution of ''''corn, house-rent free, annual pensions or money, they shall be relieved, and highly rewarded for their good service they have formerly done; if able, they shall be enforced to work. ''^"For I see no reason (as ''^he said) why an epicure or idle drone, a rich glutton, a usurer, should live at ease, and do nothing, live in honour, in all manner of pleasures, and oppress others, when as in the meantime a poor labourer, a smith, a carpenter, an husbandman that hath spent his time in continual labour, as an ass to carry burdens, to do the commonwealth good, and without whom we cannot live, shall be left in his old age to beg or starve, and lead a miserable life worse than a jument." As *'all conditions shall be tied to their task, so none shall be overtired, but have their set times of recreations and holidays, indulgere genio, feasts and merry meetings, even to the meanest artificer, or basest servant, once a week to sing or dance, (though not all at once) or do whatsoever he shall please; like ''^that Saccaruni fcstum amongst the Persians, those Saturnals in Rome, as well as his master. ''^ If any be drunk, he shall drink no more wine or strong drink in a twelvemonth after. A bankrupt shall be ^° Caladcmiatus in Jlmphitheatro, publicly shamed, and he that cannot pay his debts, if by riot or negligence he have been impoverished, shall be for a twelve- month imprisoned, if in that space his creditors be not satisfied, *' he shall be hanged. He ^-tliat commits sacrilege sliall lose his hands ; he tliat bears false witness, or is of perjury convicted, shall have his tongue cut out, except he redeem it with his head. Murder, ®^ adultery, shall be punished by death, ^'but not theft, except it be some more grievous offence, or notorious offenders : otherAvise they shall I)e con- demned to the galleys, mines, be his slaves whom they have offended, during their lives. I hate all hereditary slaves, and that diiram Persarnm legem., as ^^Brisonius calls it; or as "^ ^7nmiamis, impendio formidatas et ahominandas leges., per quas oh noxam unius, omnis propinquitas peril hard law that wife and children, friends and allies, should suffer for the father's offence. No man shall marry until he ^'be 25, no woman till she be 20, ^nisi alihir dis- pensatum fucrit. If one ^'die, the other party shall not marry till six months after ; and because many families are compelled to live niggardly, exhaust and undone by great dowers, *none shall be given at all, or very little, and that by supervisors rated, they that are foul shall have a greater portion ; if fair, none at all, or very little : ^' howsoever not to exceed such a rate as those supervisors shall think fit. And when once they come to those years, poverty shall hinder no man from marriage, or any other respect, ®^but all shall be rather enforced than hindered, " Niillus mendicus apud Sinas, nemini sano quam- vis nculis turbalus sit mendicare periiiittitur, onmes pro viribus lahorare, cogmitur, caeci niolis trusatilibus versandis addicunlur, soli hospiliis gaudeiit, qui ad labores sunt inepti. Osor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Enian. HemiiiL'. de rt;g. Chin. 1. 1. c. 3. Gotard. Arth. Orient. Ind. descr. « Alex, ab Alex. 3. c. 12. « Sic oliin Romae Isaac. Ponlan. de his optime. Amstol. 1. 2. c. 9. <'Idem Arisiot. pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosum quuni soli pauperum liheri educantur ad labores, no- bilium et divitum in voluptatibus et deliciis. <« Quas hffic injustitia ut nobilis quispiam, aut fenerator qui nihil agat, lautam et splendidam vitam agat, otio et deliciis, quum interim auriga. faber, agricola, quo res- pub, carere non potest, vitam adeo miseram ducat, ut ppjor quam jumentorutn sit ejus conditio I Iniqua resp. qusp dat parasitis, adulatoribus, inanium volup- tatum artificibus generosis et otiosis tanta munera prodigit, at contra, agricolis, carbonariis, auriiris, fa- bris, &c. nihil prospicit, sed eorum abusa lahirre flo- rentis H-tatis fame penset et lerumnis, Mor. Utop. 1. 2. ♦^ In Segovia nemo oliosus, nemo mendicus nisi per etatem aut morbum opus facere non potest : nulj deest unde victum qua>rat, aut quo se exerceat.^ Echovius Delit. Hispan. \ullui Genevffi oiioai septennis puer. Paulus Heuzner Itiner. <*Athe- nteus, 1. 12. •'^Simlerus de repub. Helvct. M Spartian. olim RomfB sic. ^' He that provides not for his family, is worse than a thief. Paul. s'^Alfredi lex. utraq ; manus et lingua prscldatur, nisi eam capita redemerit. "> Si quia nuptam stupra- rit, virga virilis ei prsciditur ; si mulier, nasus et au- ricula prffcidatur. Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri Martiq; timendas. "Pauperes non peccant, quum extrema necessitate coacti rem alienam capiunt. Mal- donat. summula qusest. 8. art. 3. Ego cum illis sentio qui licere putant i divite clam accipere, qui tenetur pauperi subvenire. Emmanuel Sa. Aphor. confess. "Lib. 2. de Reg. Persarum. « Lib. 24. "■ Aliter Aristoteles. a man at 25, a woman at 20. polit. * Lex olira Licurgi, hodie Chinensium ; vide Plutarch- um, Riccium, Hemmingium, Arniseum, Nevisanum, et alios de hac qua>stione. •'■» Alfredus. f« Apud Lacones olim virgines fine dote nubebant. Boter. I. 3. c. 3. «' Lege cautum non ita pridem apud Venetos, nequis Patritius dotem excederet 1500 cor^. f'Bux. Synag. Jud. Siii» Ij^4aj. Lea Afer Africa tltfecxyJt- ne incoDlineii ^ 68 Democritus to tlie Reader. "except they be ^dismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some enormous hereditary disease, in body or mmd ; in such cases upon a great pain, or mulct, ^'^ man or woman shall not marry, other order shall be taken for them to their content. If people overabound, they shall be eased by ^^ colonies. ^^No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. ^^ Luocus fune- rwm shall be taken away, that intempestive expense moderated, and many others. Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet because hie cum hominibus non cum diis agitur, we converse here with men, not with gods, and for the hardness of men's hearts I will tolerate some kind of usury .^^ If we were honest, I confess, si probi essemus, we should have no use of it, but being as it is, we must necessarily admit it. Howsoever most divines contradict it, dicimus injicias, sed vox ea sola reperta est, it must be winked at by politicians. And yet some great doctors approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanchius, P. Martyr, because by so many grand law- yers, decrees of emperors, princes' statutes, customs of conmionwealths, churches' approbations it is permitted, 8tc. I will therefore allow it. But to no private person.s, nor to every man that will, to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to em- ploy it ; and those so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to a ""common bank which shall be allowed in every city, as in Genoa, Geneva, Nurem- berg, Venice, at ^'5, 6, 7, not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or cerarii prcb- fecti shall tliink fit. " And as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use, not to prodigals and spendthrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, such as stand in need, or know honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause and condition the said super- visors shall approve of. I will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude, ''multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies, weights and measures, the same throughout, and those rectified by the Primum mobile, and sun's motion, three- score miles to a degree according to observation, 1000 geometrical paces to a mile, five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &lc. and from measures known it is an easy matter to rectify weights, &.c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, stereometry. I hate wars if they be not ad popiili salutcm, upon urgent occasion, """• odimus accipitrim, quia semper vivit in armis,'''' ''ollensive wars, except the cause be very just, I will not allow of For I do highly magnify that saying of Hannibal to Scipio, in ^^Livy, '^ It had been a blessed thing for you and us, if God had given that mind to our predecessors, that you had been content with Italy, we with Africa. For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and pains, so many fleets and armies, or so many famous Captains' lives." Omnia prius tcntanda, fair jneans shall first be tried. " Peragit tranquilla potestas, Quod violenta nequit. I will have them proceed with all moderation : but hear you, Fabius my general, not Minutius, nam ''^qui Consilio nititur plus hostibus nocet, quam qui sini animi ralione, viribus : And in such wars to obstain as much as is possible from " depopulations, burning of towns, massacreing of infants, &c. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, soldiers in procinctu, et quam ^Bonfinius apud Hungaros suos vult, virgam ferream, and money, which is nerves s^Morbo laborans, qui in prolem facile diffunditur, dearer, and better improved, as he halh judicially ne genus humanum foeda coniagione leedatur, juven- proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the I'arlift- tute castratur. mulieres tales proeul d. consortio viro- inent anno 1621. ''UIoc fere Zanchius com. in 4 rum ablegantur, &c. Hector Boethius hist. lib. 1. de cap. ad Ephes. sequissimam vocat usuram, et charitati vet. Scotorum moribus. " Speciosissinii juvenes Christians consentaneara, modo non exigant, &.c. nee liberis dabiint operani. Plato 5. de lesibus. ^^The omnes dent ad ftenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona ha- Saxons exclude dumb, blind, leprous, and such like bent, et ob setatem, sexum, arlis alicujus ignorantiam, persons from all inheritance, as we do fools. ^Vt non possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed niercatoribus et olim Romani, Ilispani hodie, &e. •"Ricciuslib.il. i lis qui honeste impendent, &e. " jj^m apud Per- cap. 5. de Sinarum. expedit. sic Hispani cogunt Mau- sas olim, lege Brisoniurn. '*" We bate the hawk, ros arma deponere. So it is in most Italian cities, because he always lives in battle." "Idem Plato ••Idem Plato 12. de legibus, it hath ever been immode- de legibus. '"Lib. 30. Optimum quidem fuerat rate, vide Guil. Stuckiura antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. eam patribus nostris nientem a diis datam esse, ut vo« * Plato 9. de legibus. '" As those Lombards beyond Italiie, nos Africse imperio contenti essemus. Neque Seas, though with somp rnfnrnntion. mons pietatis, or enim Hicilia aut Sardinia satis digna precio »iint pro tot classibus, &c. " Claudian. "Tauciilide*. J^ A depopulatione, agrorum incendiis, et fjusmodi '" imiiianibus. Piaio. t^IIungar. dec. I. Democritus to tJie Reader. belli, still in a readiness, and a sufficient revenue, a third part as in old ^' Rome and Egypt, reserved for the commonwealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and impositions, as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other public defalcations, expenses, fees, pensions, reparations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertainment^! All things in this nature especially 1 will have maturely done, and with great *^ deli- beration : ne quid ^temere, ne quid remisse ac timide fiat ; Scd quo feror hospes ? To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Manum de tabella, J have been over tedious in this subject ; I could have here willingly ranged, but these straits wherein I am included will not permit. From commonwealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many corsives and molestations, as frequent discontents as the rest. Great affinity there is betwixt a political and economical body ; they differ only in magnitude and pro- portion of business (so Scaliger^ writes) as they have both likely the same period, as ^Bodin and "^Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so many times they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows ; as namely, riot, a com- mon ruin of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending, riot in apparel, &c. be it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A *' corographer of ours speaking ohiter of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue so long, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason but this, luxus omnia dissipavit, riot hath consumed all, fine clothes and curious buildings came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since ; nan sine dispendio hospitalitatis, to the decay of hospitality. Howbeit many times that word is mistaken, and under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowded riot and prodigality, and that which is commendable in itself well used, hath been mistaken heretofore, is become by his abuse, the bane and utter ruin of many a noble family. For some men live like the rich glutton, consuming thernselves and their substance by continual feasting and invitations, with ^^Axilon in Homer, keep open house for all comers, giving entertainment to such as visit them, ^^ keeping a table beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of old) are blown up on a sudden ; and as Actseon was by his hounds, devoured by their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers. ^"It is a wonder that Paulus Jovius relates of our northern countries, what an infinite deal of meat we consume on our tables ; that I may truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often abused, but riot and excess, gluttony and prodigality ; a mere vice ; it brings in debt, want, and beggary, hereditary diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate expense in building, those fantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, Stc. gaming, excess of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled to break up house, and creep into holes. Seselliusin his commonwealth of '"France, gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts : '' First, because they had so many law-suits and contentions one upon another, which were tedious and costly ; by which means it came to pass, that commonly lawyers bought them out of their possessions. A second cause was their riot, they lived beyond their means, and were therefore swallowed up by merchants." (La Nove, a French writer, yields five reasons of his countrj-men's poverty, to the same effect almost, and thinks verily if the gentry of France were divided into ten parts, eight of them would be found much impaired, by sales, mortgages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their estates.) "• The last was immoderate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- nues." IIow this concerns and agrees with our present state, look you. But of this elsewhere. As it is in a man's body, if either head, heart, stomach, liver, spleen, or any one part be misaflected, all the rest suffer with it : so is it with this economical body 6' Sesellius, lib. 2. de repub. Gal. valde enim est in- decorum, ubi quod prseter opiiiionem accidit dicere, Non putarani, presertim si res pra;caveri potuerit. Livius, lib. 1. Dion. lib. 2. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 2. — f^- Peragii tranquilla potestas. Quod violcnta nequit.— Claudian. f^^ Belluin nee limendum nee provocan- dum. Plin. Panegjr. Trajano. MLib. 3. poet, cap. 19. ^o Lib. 4. de repub. cap. 2. f^Teucer. lib. 1. de divinat. >^ Camden in Clieshire. '"Iliad. 6. lib. 89 Vide Puteani Comum, Goclenium de tentosis coenis nostrorum temporum. ^'Mirabile dictis est, quantum opsoniorum una domus singulis diehus ahsuiuat, sternuntur mensae in onines pene boras calenlibus semper eduliis. Descrip. Britan. '■"Lib. 1. de rep. Gallorutn ; quod tot lites et causse forenses, alia; ferantur ex aliis, in immensum produ- cantur, et niaunos sumplus requirant unde tit ut juris administri plerumque unliilinin pnssessiones adqul- lant, turn n imH^i Mihrn ..' vi\ aiureL^ me££UAiit>Ui plendissiiii^ vestu 70 Democritits to the Header. If the Ixead be naught, a spendthrift, a drunkard, a whoremaster, a gamester, how shall the family live at ease ? ^^Ipsa si cupiat salus servare, prorsus, non potest hanc familiam^ as Demea said in the comedy. Safety herself cannot save it. A good, hon- est, painful man many times hath a shrew to his wife, a sickly, dishonest, slothful, foolish, careless woman to his mate, a proud, peevish flirt, a liquorish, prodigal quean, and by that means all goes to niin : or if they difler in nature, he is thrifty, she spends all, he wise, she sottish and soft; what agreement can there be ? wliat friend- ship ? Like that of the thrush and swallow in iEsop, instead of mutual love, kind compellations, whore and thief is heard, they fling stools at one another's heads. '"^QufE mtcmpcries vexat hanc familiam? AW enforced marriages commonly pro- duce such eflects, or if on their behalfs it be well, as to live and agree lovingly together, they may have disobedient and unruly children, that take ill courses to disquiet them,** " their son is a thief, a spendthrift, their daughter a whore ;" a step '^mother, or a daughter-in-law distempers all f^ or else for want of means, many torturers arise, debts, dues, fees, dowries, jointures, legacies to be paid, annuities issuing out, by means of which, they have not wherewithal to maintain themselves in that pomp as their predecessors have done, bring up or bestow their children to their callings, to their birth and quality,^" and will not descend to their present fore- times. Oftentimes, too, to aggravate the rest, concur many other inconveniences, unthankful friends, decayed frienils, bad neighbours, negligent servants ^^scrvi fu- races^ Vcrsiprllea^ calhdi, occlusa sibi millc clavlbus rose rani ^ furl imque ; raptant^ consiiniunt, liguriunt ; casualties, taxes, mulcts, chargeable otlices, vain expenses, entertaimnents, loss of stock, cnniities, emulations, frequent invitations, losses, surety- ship, sickness, dtath of friends, and that which is the gulf of all, improvidence, ill husbandry, disorder and confusion, by which means they are drenched on a sudden in their estates, and at unawares precipitated insensibly into an inextricable labyrinth of debts, cares, woes, want, grief, discontent and melancholy itself. 1 have done with families, and wdl now briefly run over some few sorts and con- ditions of men. The most secure, happy, jovial, and merry in the world's esteem are princes and great men. free from melancholy : but for their cares, miseries, sus- picions, jealousies, discontents, folly and madness, 1 refer you to Xenophon's Tyran- nus, whyie king Hieron discourseth at large with Simonides the poet, of this subject. Of all others they are most troubled with perpetual fears, anxieties, insomuch, that as he said in '•'^Valerius, if thou knewest with what cares and miseries this robe were stuflTed, thou wouldst not stoop to take it up. Or put case they be secure and free from fears and discontents, yet they are void '"'of reason too oft, and precipitate in their actions, read all our histories, quos de stultis prodidcre stulli, Iliades, JEfteides, Anuales, and what is the subject ? " .Stulioruui regiini, et populorum conunet aestus." I ''"'"' S'ddy tumults aud the foolish rage I Of kings and people. How mad they are, how furious, and upon small occasions, rash and inconsiderate in their proceedmgs, how they doat, every page almost wdl witness, '-delirant rages, plectuntur Achivj." I When dotinc monarclis urce I Unsound resolveti, their subjects feel the scourge. Next in place, next in miseries and discontents, in all manner of hair-brain actions, are great men, procul a Jove^ procul a fulmine^ the nearer the worse. If they live in court, tney are up and down, ebb and flow with their princes' favours, Ingmium vultu statque caditqiie suo^ now aloft, to-morrow down, as 'Polybius describes them, '• like so many casting counters, now of gold, to-morrow of silver, that vary in worth as the computant wdl ; now they stand for units, to-morrow for thou.sands ; now before all, and anon behind." Beside, they torment one another with mutual factions, emulations : one is ambitious, another enamoured, a third in debt, a prodigal, overruns his fortunes, a fourth soUcitous with cares, gets nothing, &.c. But for tliese men's discontents, anxieties, I refer you to Lucian's Tract, de mercede conductis, »2Ter. MAmphit. Plaut. »' Paling. Filius »-piautU3 Aulular. »J Lib. 7. cap. 6. 'w Pel- aut fur. asCatus turn mure, duo galli simul in litur in beJIis sapientia, vijjerilur res. Vetus prover- Jede, Et glotes binte nunquam vivunt sine lite, bjuni, aut regem aut fatuum nasci oportere. ' I.lb. *Re9 angusta domi. "^ When pride and beggary 1. hist. Rom. similes a. bacculoruin calculis, secundum meet in a family, t^y roar and howL and cause as computantis arbilrium, modu icrei sunt. inodO aurei ; msnjf^^Btee of .^rumnosique Solones in Sa. 3. De miser, curia- , sapientiam adipiscetur. nEpist. 21. 1. lib. Non Hum. 3 F. Dousa; Epid. lib. 1. c. 13. ^ Hoc rognomento colionestati Romsp, qui caeleros mortales sapienii^ prffistarent, testis Plin. lib. 7. cap. 34. * j,,. sanire parant certa ratione modoque, mad by the book tliey, &c. 6 Juvenal. "O Pliysicians : opt'n the nii'ldle vein." ' Snlnnion. *" Communis irri- Bor stiiltiliiP. Wif whither wilt 1 '"Scaliger exercitat. 331. " Vit ejus. 12 Enniiis. '^Lu- eian. Tei mille dradmiis olim empta ; studens indea^ oportet orationem sapientis esse politam aut solicitara. "Lib. 3. cap. 13. mullo anhelitu jactatione furenlea pectus, frontem ctedentes, &c. leLjpsiii.s, voces sunt, priEtcrea nihil. i" Lib. 30. phis mali facere videtnr qui oratione quim qui prsetio quemvis cor- rumpil : nam.&c. "^InGors. Plaioiii-. ^'In naugerin. -' Si furor sit I, : !-..:vi ■:': :ii:~ lurit, furit, furi_{,,Adidn8j Lib.-ns. et Putt 1, ■v.. 72 Democritus to the Reader. of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did of Germanub Brixius' poenM in particular. — " vehuntur In rate stultitias sylvam habitant Furi®."'" Budseus, in an epistle of his to Lupsetus, will have civil law to be the tower of wisdom ; another honours physic, the quintessence of nature ; a third tumbles them both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious critics, grammatical triflers, note-makers, curious antiquaries, find out all the ruins of wit, ineptiarum delicias, amongst the rubbish of old writers ; ^Pro stullis hahent nisi atiquid suffidant invcnire, quod in aliorum scriptis vertant vitio, all fools with them that cannot find fault ; they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle themselves to find out how many streets in Rome, houses, gates, towers, Homer's country, iEneas's mother, Niobe's daughters, an Sappho publica fuerit ? ovum ^'^prius exiiterit an gallina ! &.c. et alia quce dediscenda essent scire, d scires, as ''"'Seneca holds. What clothes the senators did wear in Rome, what shoes, how they sat, where they went to the closestool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce, which tor the present for an historian to relate, ^^according to Lodovic. Vives, is very ridiculous, is to them most precious elaborate stufl', they admired for it, and as proud, as triumphant in the meantime for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or con- quered a province ; as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis aucto- res ahsurdis commentis suis percacant et stercorant., one saith, they bewray and daub a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, corrcctorum ster- quilinia ^ Scaliger calls them, and show their wit in censuring others, a company of foolish note-makers, humble-bees, dors, or beedles, inter sicrcora utplurinuwi versan- tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and prefer a manuscript many times before the Gospel itself,^ ihesaurum criticum, before any treasure, and with their deleaturs, alii legunt sic, mens codex sic habct, with their postrema editiones, anno- tations, castigations, &c. make books dear, themselves ridiculous, and do nobody good, yet if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in amis on a sud- den, how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter invectives, what apologies ? ^Epiphilledes hce sunt ut merce nugcc. But I dare say no more of, for, with, or against Uiem, because I am liable to their lash as well as others. Of these and the rest of our artists and philosophers, I will generally conclude they are a kind of madmen, as ^Seneca esteems of them, to make doubts and scruples, how to read them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingevia sanare, memoriam ojiciorum ingerere, ac Jidem in rebus humanis relinere, to keep our wits in order, or rectify our manners. JYurnqtiid tibi dcmens videtur, si istis opcram impendcrit f Is not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whilst his house is ransacked, and his city besieged, when the whole world is in combustion, or we whilst our souls are in danger, (mors sequitur, vitafugit) to spend our time in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth .? That ''"loveis are mad, I think no man will deny, Jlmare sirmd et sapere, ipsi Jovi non datur, Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. 51 " Non ben6 conveniunt, nee in unS. sede morantur Majestas et amor." Tully, when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not sbnul amare et sapere oe wise and love both together. ^^Est orcus ilk, vis est immedicabilis, est rabies insana, love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease ; inpotentem et insanam libidinem ^^ Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. I shall dilate this sub- ject apart ; in the meantime let lovers sigh out the rest. ** Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiom, " most women are fools," ^^ consilium fceminis invalidum ; Seneca, men, be they young or old ; who doubts it, youth is mad as Elius in Tully, Stulti adolescentuli, old age little better, deliri senes, he. Theophrastes, m the 107th year of his age, *said he then began to be to wise, turn 2> "They are borne in the bark of folly, and dwell I 3' Ovid. Met. " Majesty and I-ove do not asrree well, in the grove of madness." 22 Mortis Utop. lib. 11. nor dwell together." ''•'IMulareh. Amatorio est i'i£Ta) Gad. ■"'If it be his work, which Gasper Vert-tus sLS^iTuyx. Opes quidem mortalibus sunt amentia. The- suspects. f' Livy, Ingentes virtutes ingentia viiia. ognis. ^oFortuna nimium quern fovet, stultum I ^H""-- Quisquis ambitione mala aut argenti pallet facit. « Joh. 23. « Mag. Loral, lib. 2 el lib. 1 . , ainore, Qujsqu.s luxuria, t"^«>q"e !''Pf ^ 'V,*',"'^,,!^,^:'- Bat. 4. « Hor. lib. 1. sat. 4. " Insana gi.la, in- " Cf?n'ca ^lavonica ad annum 12o,. de cuju, pecunia sanx obstrucliones, insanum venandi studium discor- ,Jam incredibilia dixerunt. ^o A fool and his money dia demens. Virg. ^n. «Heliodorus Carthaai- : "e soon partecL . " Orat. 4p^iajayambitiosuj et nensis ad extremum orbis sarcopbago tesiamento me ; audax nav^g^^Biticyras f4 Democritus to the Reader. tianem. l<2sam (saith Nymannus) " and their madness shall be evident," 2 Tim. iii. 9. "Fabatus, an Italian, holds seafaring men all mad i ''the ship is mad, for it never stands still ; the mariners are mad, to expose themselves to such imminent dangers : the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest, they know not whence they come, whither they would go: and those men are maddest of all that go to sea ; for one fool at home, they find forty abroad." He was a madman that said it, and thou peradventure as mad to read it. ^Faelix Platerus is of opinion all alchemists are mad, out of their wits ; ^xAtheneus saith as much of fiddlers, et musarum luscinias, "Musicians, omnes iihicines insaniunt, ubi semel effiant^ avolat illico mens, in comes music at one ear, out goes wit at another. Proud and vain-glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are ^lascivious ; 1 can feel their pulses beat hither ; honi-mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and wink at it. To insist^' in all particulars, were an Herculean task, to ^Heckon up ^^insanas suhstructiones, insanos lahores, inscmum luxum, mad labours, mad books, endeavours, carriages, gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures ; insanam gulam, insa- 7uam villarum, insana jurgia, as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend structures •, as those ^Egyptian Pyramids, Labyrinths and Sphinxes, Avhich a com- pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationcm opum, vainly built, when neither the archi- tect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known : to insist in their hypocrisy, inconstancy, blindness, rashness, demcntcm temeritatem^ frauds cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, ingratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^tem- pora infecta et adulatione sordida, as in Tiberius' times, such base flattery, stupend, parisitical fawning and colloguing, &.c. brawls, conflicts, desires, contentions, it would ask an expert Vesalius to anatomise every member. Shall I say .'' Jupiter himself, Apollo, Mars, &c. doatcd ; and monster-conquering Hercules that subdued the world, and helped others, could not relieve himself in this, but mad he was at last. And where shall a man walk, converse with whom, in what province, city, and not meet with Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Ma-nades, and Corybantes .-' Their speeches say no less. ^^Efungis nati homines., or else they fetched their pedigree from those that were struck by Samson with the jaw-bone of an ass. Or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's stones, for durum genus sumus, ''^marmorei su7nus, we are stony-he£trted, and savour too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that enchanted horn of Astolpho, that English duke in Ariosto, which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for fear ready to make away with themselves ; ^^ or landed in the mad haven in the Euxine sea of Daphnis insana, which had a secret quality to dementate ; they are a company of giddy-heads, afternoon men, it is Midsummer moon still, and the dog- days last all the year long, they are all mad. Whom shall I then except ? Ulricus Huttenus ^riemo, nam, nemo omnibus horis sapit, J\''emo nascitur sine vitiis, Crimine J\'emo caret, JVemo sorte sua vivit contentus, J\''emo in amore sapit, JYemo bonus^ JS^mo sapiens., JS'emo, est ex omni parti beatus, kc. ^^ and therefore Nicholas Nemo, or Monsieur No-body shall go free. Quid valeat nemo, JVcmo referre potest ^ But whom shall I except in the second place .^ such as are silent, vir sapit qui pauca loquitur ; '^ no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom in a third t all senators, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wase, and conquerors valiant, and so are all great men, non est bonum ludere cum di'is, they are wise by authority, good by their office and place, his licet impune pessimos esse, (some say) we must not speak of them, neither is it fit ; per me sint omnia protinu^ alba, I will not thhik amiss of them. Whom next .'' Stoics ? Sapiens Stoicus, and he alone is 5-Navis stulla, quae continue movetur nautae stulti i lidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantur, idem et alibi qui se periculis exponunt, aqua insana que sic fre- ' dicas. Taniian. Strade de bajulis, de marniore niit, &.C. aer jactatur, (Sec. qui mari se coumiitit stoli- duni unum teira fugiens, 40. mari invenit. Caspar Ens. Moros. ^'^ Cap. de alien, mentis. ^Dip. nosophist. lib. 8. saXjbicines mente Captl. Erasm. Chi. 14. car. 7. ^eprov. 30. Insana libido, Hie rogo non furor est, non est hsc mentula demens. Mart, ep. 74. 1. 3. 5' Mille puellarum et puerorum mille jurores. ^exjter est insanior horuni. Hor. Ovid. Virg. Plin. 5»Plin. lib. 36. » Tacitus 3. An- nal. " OvidJ^. met. E. fungis nati homines ut uliiQ^MMMAtnBsvf illius loci seniisculpti. ^Arianus peripio maris Euxini por- tus ejus meminit, et Gillius, 1. 3. de Bosplier. Thra- cio et laurus insana qus allata in convivium convivas omnes insania alfecit. Guliel. Sluccbius comment, itc. wLepidum poema sic inscriptum. «i"\o one is wise at all hours, — no one born without faults,— no one free from crime,— no one content wiili nis lot, — no one in love wise. — no good, or wise man ;.erfeclly happy." wgtultitiam simulare non poie« :iiai tacituinitate. Democritics to the Reader. 75 subject to no perturbations, as *'' Plutarch scoffs at him, "he is not vexed with tor- ments, or burnt with fire, foiled by his adversary, sold of his enemy : though he be wrinkled, sand-blind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautiful, and like a god, a king in conceit, though not Avorth a groat. He never doats, never mad, never sad, drunk, because virtue cannot be taken away," as ®^Zeno holds, "by reason of strong appreliension," but he was mad to say so. ^^Anticyrce ccbIo hide est opus aut dolabrd, he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would seem to be. Chrysippus himself liberally grants them to be fools as well as others, at certain times, upon some occasions, amitti virtulem alt per eirietatein, aut afribi- larium morbum, it may be lost by drunkenness or melancholy, he may be sometimes crazed as well as the rest : ''°ad summum sapiens nisi quum pituita molesta. I should here except some Cynics, Menippus, Diogenes, that Theban Crates ; or to descend to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity " of the Rosicrucians, those great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergius, and such divine spirits have pro- phesied, and made promise to the world, if at least there be any such (Hen. '^ Neu- husius makes a doubt of it, "Valentinus Andreas and others) or an Elias artifex their Theophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet some will have to be " the '* renewer of all arts and sciences," reformer of the Avorld, ■and now living, for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis, that great patron of Para- celsus, contends, and certainly avers '^" a most divine man," and the quintessence of wisdom wheresoever he is ; for he, his fraternity, friends, &,c. are all '^" betrothed to wisdom," if we may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except Lipsius and the Pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools. For besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, "A Sole exoriente Mseotidas usque paludes, ' Nemo est qui justo se tequiparare queat." '^ Lipsius saith of himself, that he was ''^humani generis quidem pcedagogus voce et stylo, a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all, and foi thirteen years he brags how he sowed wisdom in the Low Countries, as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did in Alexandria, '^cum humanitate literas et sapicntiam cum prudentia : antistes sapicn- iice, he shall be Sapientum Octavus. The Pope is more than a man, as ^°his parats often make him, a demi-god, and besides his holiness cannot err, in Cathedra belike : and yet some of them have been magicians. Heretics, Atheists, children, and as Pla- tina saith of John 22, Et si vir literatus, multa stoliditatem et Icevitatem prce se ferrnlia egit, stolidiet socordis vir ingenii, a scholar sufficient, yet many things he did foolishly, lightly. I can say no more than in particular, but in general terms to the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and, as Ariosto feigns, 1. 34, kept in jars above the moon. "Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition. Some following ei Lords and men of high condition. Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, Others in Poetry their wits forget. Another thinks to be an Alchemist, Till all be spent, and that his number's mist." Convicted fools they are, madmen upon record ; and I am afraid past cure many of them, " crepunt inguina, the symptoms are manifest, they are all of Gotam parish : M"Quum furor haud dubius, quum sit manifesta phrenesis," Since madness is indisputable, since frenzy is obvious. what remains then "but to send for Lorarios, those officers to carry them all together for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. If any man shall ask in the meantime, who I am that so boldly censure others, ^Extortus non cruciatur, ambustus non iKditur, prostratus in lucta, non vincitur ; non fit captivus ab lioste venundatus. Et si ruf^osus, senex edenluius, luscus, deformis, formosus tamen, et deo similis, felix, dives, re.v nullius egens, et si denario non sit dignus. ^ Ilium contendunt non injuria affici, non insania, non inebriari, quia virtus non eripilu" i^ constantes coni- prehensiones. Lips. phys. Stoic, lib. 3. diffi. IS. oJTarreus Hebus epig. 102. 1. 8. 'oHor. ■" Fra- tres sanct. RosetE crucis. "An sint, quales sint, unde nomen illud asciverint. '^Turri Babel. 1* Omnium artium et scientiarum instaurator. '" Oi- vinus ille vir auctor notarum. in epist. Rog. Bacon, ed. Hambur. 1608. '^ gapientise desponsati, " " From the Rising Sun to the MsBotid Lake, there was not one that could fairly be put in comparison with them." "^ Solus hie est sapiens alii volitant velut umbriB. ""In ep. ad Balthas. Moretum. *jRejectiuncul£B ad Patavum. Felinus cum reliquis. *' Magnum virum sequi est sapere, some think ; others desipere. Catul. f- Plant. Menec. sain Sat. 14. ■^^Or to send for a cook to the .\nticyrcB to make Hel- lebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. 76 Democritus to the Reader. tu nullane hales vitia? have I no faults ? *'Tes, more than thou nast, whatsoever thou art. JVos numerus sumus, I confess it again, I am as foolish, as mad as any one. "» " Insanus vobis videor, r.on deprecor ipse. Quo minus insanus," — I do not deny it, demens de populo dematur. My comfort is, I have more fellows, and tnose of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is melancholy, or mad, doals, and every member of it, I have ended my task, and sufficiently illustrated that which I took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present I have no more to say ; His sanam mentem Democritus, I can but wish myself and them a good physician, and all of us a better mind. And although for the abovenamed reasons, I had a just cause to undertake this subject, to point at these particular species of dotage, that so men might ackaow- ledge their imperfections, and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a moie serious intent at this tune^ and to omit all impertinent digressions, to say no more of such as are improperly melancholy, or metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in dispo- sition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridicu- lous, beastly, peevish, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doating, dull, desperate, harebrain, &,c. mad, frantic, foolish, heteroclites, which no new ^'hospital can liold, no physic help ; my purpose and endeavour is, in the following discourse to anato- mize this humour of mdancholy, tlu'ough all its parts and species, as it is an habit, or an ordinary disease, and that philosophically, medicinally, to sliow the causes, symptoms, and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoided. Moved tiiere- unto for the generality of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as ^Mercurialis observes, "in these our days; so often happening," saitli ^"Laurentius, " in our miserable times," as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same mind is ^Elian Montalius, ** Melancthon, and others ; *'Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it the " fountain of all other diseases, and so common in this crazed age of ours, that scarce one of a tliousand is free from it;" and that splenetic hypochondriacal wind especially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Bting then a disease so grievous, so common, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and spend my time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady, an epidemical disease, that so often, so much crucifies the body and mind. If I have overshot myself in this which hath been hitherto said, or tliat it is, which I am sure some will object, too fantastical, " too light and comical for a Divine, too satirical for one of my profession, I will presume to answer with ^^ Erasmus, in like case, 'tis not I, but Democritus, Democritus dixit : you must consider what it is to speak in one's own or another's person, an assumed habit and name; a differ- ence betwixt him that affects or acts a prince's, a philosopher's, a magistrate's, a fool's part, and him that is so indeed ; and what liberty those old satirists have had ; it is a cento collected from others ; not I, but they that say it. ^ " Dixero si quid fortfi jocosiui, hoc mihi juris I Yet some indulgence 1 may justly claim, Cum venid dabis" 1 If too familiar with another's fame. Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget myself, 1 hope you will par- don it. And to say truth, why should any man be olJtjnded, or take exceptions at it ? "Licuit, semperque licebit, I It lawful was of old, and still will be, Parcere personis, dicere de vitiis." | To speak of vice, but let tlie name go free. I hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased, or take aught unto him- self, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ^ Erasmus excuse himself to Dorpius, si parva licet componcre magnis) and so do I ; " but let him be angry with himself, that so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it to himself: ^if he be guilty and deserve it, let him amend, whoever he is, and not MAUquantulum tamen inde me solabor, quod un4 borum occasio existat. «Mor. Encom si quia ca- cum multis et sapientibus et celeberrirais viris ipse lumnietur levius esse quam decet Theoloeum, aul insipiens sim, quod se Menippus I.uciani in Necyo- i mordaciusquam deceat Christianum. "^Hor. Sat. mantia. i-c Petronius in Catalect. "That I 4.1.1. "< Epi. ad Dorpium de Moria. si quispiam mean of Andr. Vale. Apolog. Manip. 1. 1 et 26. Apol. ] offendatur et sibi vindicet, non habet quod expostulet * HsBC affectio nostris temporibus frequentissima. cum eo qui scripsit, ipse si volet, eecuni agat injuriain, ** Cap^^. ^^J^^ i«Deanima. Nostro hoc saeculo utpote sui proditor.qui derlaravit hoc ad se propne ■ ■~^' |imus. "'Consult. 98. adeo | pertinere. »»Si quia se Isesum claraabit, aut con- jienter ingruit ut imllus fere ; scientiam prodit suam, aut eerie metum, Pbedx lib iui ot OUBUIID fere mor'^A Maop. Fab. ot onuuuiD 1 Democritus to tJie Reader. 77 be angry. " He that hateth correction is a fool," Prov. xii. 1 If he be not guilty, it concerns him not ; it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a galled back of his own that makes him wince. " Suspicione si quis errrabit s)ii, Et rapiet ad se, quod erit commune omnium, Stult6 nudabit animi conscientiam."*' I deny not this which I have said savours a litde of Democritus ; ^ Quamvis rider^ tern dicere venim quid vetat ; one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is somewhat tart, I grant it; acriora orexim excitant embammata, as he said, sharp sauces increase appetite, ^nec cihus ipse juvat morsu fraudatus aceti. Object then and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all with ^Democritus's buckler, his medicine shall salve it ; strike where thou wilt, and when : Democritus dixit, Democritus will answer it. It was Avritten by an idle fellow, at idle times, about our Saturnalian or Dyonisian feasts, when as he said, nullum Ubertati periculum est, servants in old Home had liberty to say and do what them list. When our countrymen sacrificed to their goddess '°°Vacuna, and sat tippling by their Vacunal fires. I writ this, and published this ovtij txtyiv, it is neminis nihil. The time, place, persons, and all circumstances apologise for me, and why may not I then be idle with others ? speak my mind freely ? If you deny me this liberty, upon these presumptions I will take it : I say again, I will take it. 1 "Si quis est qui dictum in se inclementius Existimavit esse, sic existimet." If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his girdle, I care not. I owe thee nothing (Reader), I look for no favour at thy hands, I am independent, I fear not No, I recant, I will not, I care, I fear, I confess my fault, acknowledge a great offence, •• mctos praestat componere fluctus." | let's first assuage the troubled waves I have overshot myself, I have spoken foolishly, rashly, unadvisedly, absurdly. I have anatomized mine own folly. And now methinks upon a sudden I am awaked as it were out of a dream ; I have had a raving fit, a fantastical fit, ranged up and down, in and out, I have insulted over the most kind of men, abused some, offended others, wronged myself; and now being recovered, and perceiving mine error, cry with ^Orlando, Solvite 7«e, pardon (o boni) that which is past, and I will make you amends in that which is to come ; I promise you a more sober discourse in my following treatise. If through weakness, folly, passion, 'discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknowledge that of ''Tacitus to be true, Jlsperce facetice ubi nimis ex vero traxere, acrem sui memoriam relinquunt, a bitter jest leaves a sting behind it : and as an honourable man observes, '" They fear a satirist's wit, he their memories." I may justly suspect the worst ; and though I hope I have wronged no man, yet in Medea's words I will crave pardon, "Illud jam voce extrema peto, Ne si qua noster dubius effudit dolor, Maneant in animo verba, sed melior tibi Memoria nostri subeat, hsec irs data Obliterentur " And in my last words this I do desire. That what in passion I have said, or ire. May be forgotten, and a better mind Be had of us, hereafter as you find. 1 earnestly request every private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offence. I will conclude in his lines, -Si me cognitum haberes, non solum donares nobis has facetias nostras, sed etiam indignum duceres, tarn humanum aninum, lene ingenium, vel minimam suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my * modesty and simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee misconceived. If hereafter anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, as an unskilful 'prentice I lance too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make it smart, or cut awry, ''pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife, 'tis a most dif- ^Ifanyone shall err through his own suspicion, Rosinus. > Ter. prol. Eunuch. a Ariost. I. 39. and shall apply to himself what is common to all, Staf. 58. 3 Ut enim ex sludiis gaudium sic studia he will foolishly betray a consciousness of guilt. ' ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo suo, ep. "Hor. 8' Mart. 1. 7. 22. w Ut lubet feriat, I lib. 8. < Annal. 15. ^ Sir Francis Bacon Jn abstergant hos ictus Democriti pharmacos. '""Rus- his Essays, now Viscount St. Albans. « Quod ticorum dea preesse vacantibus et otiosis putabatur, I Probus Persii /i/e^eajoc virginal! verecundi^ Persium cui post lahores agricola sacrificabat. Plin. I. 3. c. 12. , fuisse dicit, ego, &.c. ' Qiias aut incuria fudiU Ovid. I. 6. Fast. Jam quoque cum fiunt antiquae sacra j aut bumana parum cavit natura. llut^^^ Vacunse, ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos. | ^^^ 78 Democritus to the Reader. ficult thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out ; diffic'.le est Safyram non scrihere, there be so many objects to divert, inward pertur- bations to molest, and the very best may sometimes err ; aliqua\do bonus dormitat Homcrus (some times that excellent Homer takes a nap), it is impossible not in so much to overshoot ; opere in longo fas est ohrepere sumnum. But what needs all this ? I hope there will no such cause of offence be given ; if there be, ^J\''emo aliquid recognoscat^ nos mentimur omnia. I'll deny all (my last refuge), recant all, renounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he can accuse ; but I presume of thy good favour, and gracious acceptance (gentle rea- der). Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. ' Prol. quer. Plaut. " Let not any one take these things to himself, they are all but fictions." (79) LECTORI MALE FERIATO. Tt- vero cavesis edico quisquis es, ne temere sugilles Auctorem hujusce operis, aut cavillator irrideas, Imo ne vel ex aliorum censura lacite obloquaris (vis dicam ver- bo) nequid nasutiilus inepte improbes, aut falso fingas. Nam si talis revera sit, qua- lera prae se fert Junior Democritus, seniori Democrito saltern affinis, aut ejus Genium vel tantillum sapiat; actum de te, censorem Beque ac delatorem 'aget econtra {petu- lanti splene cum sit) sufflabit te in jocos, comminuet in sales, addo emim ct deo nsui te sacrificabit. Iterum moneo, ne quid caviUere, ne dum Democritum Juniorem conviciis infames, ut ignominfose vituperes, de te non male sentientem, tu idem audias ab amico cor- dato, quod olim vulgus Mderitamim ab '^Hippocrate, concivem bene meritum et po- pularem suum Democritum, pro insano habens. JVe iu Democrite sapis, stuUi autem et insani Abderitce. 3 " Abderitanffi pectora plebis habes." Haec te paucis admonitum volo (male feriate Lector) abi. TO THE READER AT LEISURE. Whoever you may be, I caution you against rashly defaming the author of this work, or cavilling in jest against him. Nay, do not silently reproach him in con- sequence of others' censure, nor employ your wit in foolish disapproval, or false accusation. For, should Democritus Junior prove to be what he professes, even a kinsman of his elder namesake, or be ever so little of the same kidney, it is all over with you : he will become both accuser and judge of you in your spleen, will dissi- pate you in jests, pulverise you into salt, and sacrifice you, I can promise you, to the God of Mirth. I further advise you, not to asperse, or calumniate, or slander, Democritus Junior, who possibly does not think ill of you, lest you may hear from some discreet friend, the same remark the people of Abdera did from Hippocrates, of their meritorious and popular fellow-citizen, whom they had looked on as a madman ; " It is not that you, Democritus, that art wise, but that the people of Abdera are fools and madmen."' "You have yourself an Abderitian soul;" and having just given you, gentle reader, these few words of admoniti«n, farewell. I Si me commOrit, melius non tangere clamo. Hor. 3 Hippoc. epist. Damageto, accercitus sum ut Demo- critum tanquam insanuni curarem, sed postquam con- veni, non per Jovem desipieniiae negotium, sed rerum omnium receptaculum deprehendi, ejusque ingeniura demiratus sum. Abderitanos vero tanquam nonsano* accusavi, veratri potione ipsos polius eguisse dicens. 3 Mart. (80) Heraclite fleas, misero sic convemt aevo, Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. Ride etiam, quanturaque lubet, Democrite ride Non nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides. Is fletu, his risu modo gaudeat, unus utrique Sit licet usque labor, sit licet usque dolor. Nunc opes est (nam totus eheu jam desipit orbis) Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) transeat omnis Mundus in Auticyras, gramen in Helleborum. Weep, O Heraclitus, it suits the age, Unless you see nothing base, nothing sad. Laugh, O Democritus, as much as you please. Unless you see nothing either vain or foolish. Let one rejoice in smiles, the other in tears ; Let the same labour or pain be the office of both. Now (for alas ! how foolish the world has become), A thousand Heraclitus', a thousand Democritus* are required. Now (so much does madness prevail), all the world must be Sent to Anticyra, to graze on Hellebore. (n \ THE SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITION. In diseases, consider Sect. 1. Memb I. fTlieir Causes. Subs. 1. Or Definition, Member, Division. Subs. 2. I {Impulsive ; < Sin, concupiscence, &c. Instrumental ; i Intemperance, all second causes, »^ jests, Subs. 4. remote, ad- ^ J Loss of liberty, servi- ventitious, '^ | tude, imprisonment. Subs. .5. Poverty and want, Subs. 6. A heap of other acci- dents, death of friends, Or '■'^ L ''^*^' ^*^" '^"^*' "J^" In which the body works on the mind, and this malady is caused by Contingent, precedent diseases ; as inward, an- agues, pox, &c.. cr tecedent, temperature innate, nearest. 1 Subs. 1. Memb. 5. Or by particular parts dis- Secl. 2. tempered, as brain, heart, spleen, liver, mesentery, pylorus, stomach, &c. Subs. 2. Particular to the three species. See EI. Inward Of head Melancholy are Subs. 3. Outward n Particular causes. Sect. 2. itemb. 5. Of hypo- [Inward chondriacal, or windy or melancholy are, j^ Outward . r Inward Over all the J or body are, | , Subs. 5. I Outward Innate humour, or from distemperature adust. .\ hot brain, corrupted blood in the brain. \ Excess of venery, or defect. I Agues, or some precedent disease. [ Fumes arising from the stomach, dec. Heat of the sun immoderate. A blow on the head. Overmuch use of hot wines, spices, gariick, onions, hot baths, overmuch waking, &c. Idleness, solitariness, or overmuch study, vehement labour, &c. [ Passions, perturbations, &c. (Default of spleen, belly, bowels, stomaco, mesentery miseraic veins, liver, «&c. Months or hemorrhoids stopped, or any other ordi- I nary evacuation. Those six non-natural things abused. {Liver distempered, stopped, over-hot, apt to engender melancholy, temperature innate. fBad diet, suppression of hemorrhoids, 6cc. and sach < evacuations, passions, cares, dec those six Doo- « natural things abased. Synopsis of the First Partition. 83 b Neces- sary causes, as those six non- nataraJ things, which are, Sect. 2 Memb. 2. Diet offend- ing in Subs. 3 Sub- stance r Bread ; coarse and black, &c. Drink ; thick, thin, sour, &c. Water unclean, milk, oil, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. r Parts ; heads, feet, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, &c. Flesh -i ,,. , fBeef, pork, venison, hares, goats, pigeons, pea- 1 Kinds ' T . . . Quali- ty, as in Quan- Uity Herbs, Fish, l&c. i cocks, fen-fowl, &c. Of fish ; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. Of herbs ; pulse, cabbage, melons, garlick, onions, &c. All roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. Preparing, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, soused, fried, broiled, or made-dishes, &c. fDisorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonable times, &c. \ Subs. 2. [Custom; delight, appetite, altered, &c. Subs. 3. Retention and eva- fCostiveness, hot baths, sweating, issues stopped, Venus in excess, or cuation. Subs. 4. \ in defect, phlebotomy, purging, &c. Air ; hot, cold, tempestuous, dark, thick, foggy, moorish, &c. Subs. 5. Exercise,! Unseasonable, excessive, or defective, of body or mind, solitariness, idleness. Sub. 6. 1 a life out of action, &c. Sleep and waking, unseasonable, inordinate, overmuch, overlittle, &c. Subs. 7. r Sorrow, cause and symptom, Subs. 4. Fear, cause and symptom. Subs. 5. Shame, repulse, disgrace, I &c. Subs. 6. Envy and malice. Subs. 1. Emula- \ tion, hatred, faction, desire of revenge, Subs. 8. Anger a cause. Subs. 9. Discontents, cares, miseries, &c. Subs. 10. Memh. 3. Sect. 2. Passions and perturbations of the mind, Subs. 2, With a digression of the force of imagination. Subs. 2. and divi- I sion of passions I into Subs. 3. Irascible concupis- cible. B. Symp- toms of me- lancho- ly are either Sect. 3. to all most. Vehement desires, ambition. Subs. 11. Covetousness, ^tJuxpyvpi'ar, Subs. 12. Love of pleasures, gaming in excess, &c. Su6s. 13, Desire of praise, pride, vain- glory, &c. Subs. 14. Love of learning, study in . excess, with a digression, of the misery of scholars, and why the Muses are melancholy. Subs. 15. fBody, as ill digestion, crudity, wind, dry brains, hard belly, thick blood, much waking, heaviness, and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, &c., Subs. 1. rCommon fFear and sorrow without a just cause, suspicion, jealousy, discon- tent, solitariness, irksomeness, continual cogitations, restless thoughts, vain imaginations, &c. Subs. 2. r Celestial influences, as h '4 d", «&c. parts of the body, heart, brain, liver, spleen, stomach, &c. f Sanguine are merry still, laughing, pleasant, meditating on plays, women, music, &c. Phlegmatic, slothful, dull, heavy, &c. Choleric, furious, impatient, subject to hear and see strange apparitions, &c. Black, solitary, sad; they think they are bewitched, dead, &c. Or mixed of these four humours adust, or not adust, infinitely varied. < Their several f Ambitious, thinks himself a king, a lord ; co- Or, ^S Particu- lar to private persons, ] according to Subs. \ 3. 4. Hu- mours vetous, runs on his money; lascivious on his \ mistress; rehgious, hath revelations, visions, is a prophet, or troubled in mind ; a scholar on his l^ book, &c. [ Pleasant at first, hardly discerned; afterwards harsh and intolerable, if inveterate. , (I. Falsa co^italio. J Hence some make ^ Cogitata loqui. three degrees, [^_ Exequi loquutum. I By fits, or continuate, as the object varies, pleasing, L or displeasing. Simple, or as it is mixed with other diseases, apoplexies, gout, caninut appeiitus, &c. so the symptoms are various. customs, con- ditions, incli- nations, dis- cipline, &c. Continu- ance of time as the hu- mour is in- tended or re- mitted, &c. . * AA^ 84 Synopsis of the First Partition. Particular symptoms to tLe three dis- tinct species. Sect. 3. Memb. 2. Head me- lancholy. Subs. 1. Hypo- chondria- cal, or windy melan- choly. Subs. 2. Over all the body. Suh8. 3. In body Or In mind. In body Or In mind. In body Or In mind. iHeadach, bindings and heaviness, vertigo, lightness, singing of the ears, much waking, fixed eyes, high colour, red eyes, hard belly, dry body ; no great sign of melancholy in the other parts. {Continual fear, sorrow, suspicion, discontent, super- fluous cares, solicitude, anxiety, perpetual cogita- tion of such toys they are possessed with, thoughts like dreams, &c. Wind, rumbling in the guts, belly-ach, heat in the bowels, convulsions, crudities, short wind, sour and sharp belchings, cold sweat, pain in the left side, suffocation, palpitation, heaviness of the heart, singing in the ears, mucli spittle, and (^ moist, &c. (Fearful, sad, suspicious, discontent, anxiety. &c. Lascivious by reason of much wind, troublesome dreams, affected by fits, &c. ( Black, most part lean, broad veins, gross, thick blood, 1 their hemorrhoids commonly stopped, ollonii. atram. Ilesiod. 1. oper. '^Honi. 5. ad pop. .\n- Injustitiam ejus, et scelerataii nuplias, et ciptera quae liocli. '6 Psal. cvii. 17. " Pro. i. 27. i<'Qu6d prtcter rationein feceral, morboruni cau!«a8 dixit. *! 16. auleni crebrius bella roncutiant, quod sterilitas et '^19. M20. '■"Verse 17. '^'iS Ueu« quoi lames solicitudinem cumulent, qu6il gevientibus Dior- diligit, castigat. ''Isa. v. 13. Verse 15. *Nof- bis valitudo fraiigitur, quod hunianiini genus luis popu- tre salutis avidug continenler aures vellicat, ac raia- latione vastutur ; ob peccatuiii omnia. Cypr. '".Si mitate subinde nos exercet. I.eviniia I.t-mn. I. 2. c W. raro desuper pluvia descendat, si terra situ pulveris de occult nat. niir. =< Vexatio dal iDtelleclum. ■qualleal, si vix jejunas et pallidas tierbas sterilig | Isa. ixviii. 19. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diseases in General. 87 deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds bleed, remembered that he was but a man, and remitted of his pride. In morbo recolligit se animus^^ as ^' Pliny well perceived ; " hi sickness the mind reflects upon itself, with judgment surveys itself, and abhors its former courses ;" insomuch that he concludes to his friend Marius, ^^''that it were the period of all philosophy, if we could so continue sound, or perform but a part of that which we promised to do, being sick. Whoso is wise then, will consider these things," as David did (Psal. cxliv., verse last) ; and whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it. If he be in sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, misery, this or that incurable disease is inflicted upon him ; it may be for his good, ^' sic expedit, as Peter said of his daughter's ague. Bodily sickness is for his soul's health, perilsset nisi periisset, had he not been visited, he had utterly perished ; tor ^^ " the Lord correcteth him whom he loveth, even as a father doth his child in whom he dehghteth." If he be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all mannei of infirmity ; ^^ et cui "Gralia, forma, valetudo coniingat abundd Et miindus victus, non deficiente cruniena." "And that he have grace, beauty, favour, health, A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth." Yet in the midst of his prosperity, let hun remember that caveat of Moses, *^ " Beware that he do not forget the Lord his God ;" that he be not pufied up, but acknowledge •them to be his good gifts and benefits, and '' " the more he hath, to be more thank- ful," (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. Instrumental Causes of our Injirinities.] Now the instrumental causes of these our infirmities, are as diverse as the infirmities themselves; stars, heavens, ele- ments, &c. And all those creatures which God hath made, are armed against sin- ners. They were indeed once good in themselves, and that they are now many of them pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption, which hath caused it. For from the fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth accursed, the influence of stars altered, the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are now ready to oflend us. " The principal things for the use of man, are water, fire, iron, salt, meal, wheat, honey, milk, oil, wine, clothing, good to the godly, to the sinners turned to evil," Ecclus. xxxix. 26. " Fire, and hail, and famine, and dearth, all these are created for vengeance," Ecclus. xxxix. 29. The heavens threaten us with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, quartiles, and such unfriendly aspects. The air with his meteors, thunder and lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather; from whicli proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, con- suming infinite myriads of men. At Cairo in Egypt, every third year, (as it is re- lated by '' Boterus, and others) 300,000 die of the plague ; and 200,000, in Con- stantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrify and oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in '^ China, Japan, and tliose eastern climes, swallowing up sometimes six cities at once ? How doth the water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, brido'es, &c. besides shipwrecks ; whole islands are sometimes suddenly overwhelmed with all their inhabitants in '«' Zealand, Holland, and many parts of the continent drowned, as the ^' lake Erne in Ireland ? ''Mhilque prater arcium cadavera patenti cernimus freto. In the fens of Friesland 1230, by reason of tempests, ^^ the sea drowned muUa hominuni millia., et jumenta sine numero, all the country almost, men and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that merciless element, consuming in an instant whole cities ? What town of any antiquity or note hath not been once, agam and again, by the fury of this merciless element, defaced, ruinated, and left desolate ? In a word, «"I?nis pepercit, unda mergit, aeris Vis pestilentis aequori ereptum necat, Bello superstes, tabidus uiorbo peril." ' Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea. Pestilent air doth send to clay ; ^^ Whom war 'scapes, sickness takes away. " In sickness the mind recollects itself. " Lib. 7. Cum judicio, mores el facia recognoscit et se intuetur. l)um fero languorem, fero religionis ainorem. Expera lunguoris non sum memoi hujus amoris. ^' Sum- niuin esse tolius philosophice, ut tales esse persevere- miis. quales nos futuros esse infirnii profitemur. Si l'.-.trarch wprov. iii. 12. s^Hor. Epis. lib. 1. 4 ^Dem. viii. 11. Qui slat videat ne cadat. 3'Quanto majoribus beneficiis a Deo cumulatur, lanto obiigatiorem se debitorem fateri. so Boterus de Inst, urbium. 39 Lege hist, relationem Lod. troui de rebus Japonicis ad annum 159C. «Guicc.ard. descript. Belg. anno 1421. 4iGiraIdus Cambrens. 4^ Janus Dousa, ep. lib. 1. car. 10. And we perceive no- thing, except the dead bodies of cities in the open sea. 43 Munster. 1. 3. Cos. cap. 462. « Buchanan. Baptwt 88 Diseases in General. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men ? Lions, wolves, bears, &c. Some with hoofs, liorns, tusks, teeth, nails : How many noxious serpents and venemous creatures, ready to offend us with stings, breath, sight, or quite kill us ? How many pernicious fishes, plants, gums, fruits, seeds, flowers, &c. could I reckon up on a sudden, which by their very smell many of them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death itself? Some make mention of a thousand several poisons : but these are but trifles in respect. The greatest enemy to man, is man, who by the devil's instigation is still ready to do mischief, his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself, and others. ** We are all brethren in Christ, or at least should be, members of one body, servants of one Lord, and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. Let me not fall therefore (saith David, when wars, plague, famine were offered) into the hands of men, merciless and wicked men : « " Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni, Qu^mque lupi, steva: plus feritatis habenl." We can most part foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely avoid them ; Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrologers fortel us ; Earthquakes, inundations, ruins of houses, consuming fires, come by little and little, or make some noise be- forehand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries and villanies of men no art can avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, Avails and towers, defend ourselves from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons ; but this malice of men, and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert., no vigilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one another. Sometimes by the devil's help as magicians, ''^witches : sometimes by impostures, mixtures, poisons, stratagems, single combats, wars, we hack and hew, as if we were ad interne Clone m nati., like Cadmus' soldiers born to consume one another. 'Tis an ordinary thing to read of a hundred and two hundred thousand men slain in a battle. Besides all manner of tortures, brazen bulls, racks, wheels, strappadoes, guns, en- gines, &.C. ^Jld unum corpus huvianum suppUcia plura,, quam memhra : We have invented more torturing instruments, than there be several members in a man's body, as Cyprian well observes. To come nearer yet, our own parents by their offences, indiscretion and intemperance, are our mortal enemies. ''^"The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge." They cause our grief many times, and put upon us hereditary diseases, inevitable infinnities : they torment us, and we are ready to injure our posterity; 50 " ,„ov daturi oroeeniem vitiosiorem " I " '*"'' >'^' *"*' "'""^* '" "^ "nknown. mo.\ uaiuri progeniem viiiosiorem. | ^J^^ ^^^^^ ^^^„ j^^^^^ ^^^^ coming age their own ;" and the latter end of the world, as ^' Paul foretold, is still like to be the worst. We are thus bad by nature, bad by kind, but far worse by art,. every man the greatest enemy unto himself. We study many times to undo ourselves, abusing those good gifts which God hath bestowed upon us, health, wealth, strength, wit, learning, art, memory to our own destruction, ^^Perditio tua ex te. As "Judas Maccabeus killed ApoUonius with his own weapons, we arm ourselves to our own overthrows ; and use reason, art, judgment, all that should help us, as so many instruments to umlo us. Hector gave Ajax a sword, which so long as he fought against enemies, served for his help and defence ; but after he began to hurt harmless creatures with it, turn- ed to his own hurtless bowels. Those excellent means God hath bestowed on us, well employed, cannot but much avail us ; but if otherwise perverted, they rum and confound us : and so by reason of our indiscretion and weakness they com- monly do, we have too many instances. This St. Austin acknowledgeth of him- self in his humble confessions, " promptness of wit, memorj', eloquence, tliey were God's good gifts, but he did not use them to his glory." If you will particularly know how, and by what means, consult physicians, and they will tell you, that it is in oflfending in some of those six non-nalural things, of which I shall ^'dilate more at large ; they are the causes of our infinnities, our surfeiting, and drunkenness, our Hor. I. 3. Od. 6. " 2 Tim. iii. 2. «« Ovid, de Trist. \. 5. Eleg. 8. ••■ Miscenl aconita » Eze. xviii. 31. Thy desiructinn is from thyself. novercse. «> Lib. 2. Epiat. 2. ad Doiiatum. ^Eze. | «>21 Mace. iii. 12. Mpart. I. tiec. 2. Mtiub. 2 Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Def. JVum. Div. of Diseases. S9 immoderate insatiable lust, and prodigious riot. Plures crapuJa, quam gladius, is a true saying, the board consumes more than the sword. Our intemperance it is, that pulls so many several incurable diseases upon our heads, that hastens ^^old age, per- verts our temperature, and brings upon us sudden death. And last of all, that which crucifies us most, is our own folly, madness {quos Jupiter perdit, dementat ; by subtrac- tion of his assisting grace God permits it) weakness, want of government, our facility and proneness in yielding to several lusts, in giving way to every passion and pertur- bation of the mind : by which means we metamorphose ourselves and degenerate into beasts. All which that prince of ^ poets observed of Agamemnon, that when he was well pleased, and could moderate his passion, he was — os ocidosque Jovi par : like Jupiter in feature. Mars in valour, Pallas in wisdom, another god ; but when he be- came angry, he was a lion, a tiger, a dog, &c., there appeared no sign or likeness of Jupiter in him ; so we, as long as we are ruled by reason, con-ect our inordinate ap- petite, and conform ourselves to God's word, are as so many saints : but if we give reins to lust, anger, ambition, pride, and follow our own ways, we degenerate into beasts, transform ourselves, overthrow our constitutions, " provoke God to anger, and heap upon us this of melancholy, and all kinds of incurable diseases, as a just and deserved punishment of our sins. SuBSEc. II. — The Dejinition, JYumber, Division of Diseases. What a disease is, almost every physician defines. ^ Fernelius calleth it an " Affection of the body contrary to nature." ^^ Fuschius and Crato, " an hinderance, hurt, or alteration of any action of the body, or part of it." ^° Tholosanus, " a dis- solution of that league which is between body and soul, and a perturbation of it ; as health the perfection, and makes to the preservation of it." *' Labeo in Agellius, " an ill habit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it." Others otherwise, all to this effect. JVianber of Diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet deter- mined ; ^' Pliny reckons up 300 from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot : elsewhere he saith, morborum infinita viultitudc, their number is infinite. Howso- ever it was in those tunes, it boots not ; in our days I am sure the number is much augmented : 63 "macies, et nova febrium Terris incubit cohors." For besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altogether unknown to Galen and Hippocrates, as scorbutum, small-pox, plica, sweating sickness, morbus Gallicus, &c., we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. JS'o man free from some Disease or other.] No man amongst us so sound, of so good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind, Quisque suos patimur manes, we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will be peradventure in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in *" Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment ; a Pol- lio Romulus, that can preserve himself ''^''with Avine and oil;" a man as fortunate as Q,. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags ; a man as healthy as Otto Hervvar- dus, a senator of Augsburg in Germany, whom ^"^ Leovitius the astrologer brings in for an example and instance of certainty in his art; who because he had the signi- ficators in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and Mars, being a very cold man, "" could not remember that ever he was sick." ^-Paracel- sus may brag that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that their is no certain period of man's life ; but it may still by temperance and physic ^ Nequitia est qus te non sinet esse senem. M Homer. Hiad. s'lntemperantia, luxus, iiiglu- vi«s, et infinita hujusmodi flagitia, qua? divinas poenas merentur. Crato. ^'Fern. Path. 1. 1. c. 1. Mor- bus est affectus contra, naturam corpori insides. s^Fusch. Instit. 1. 3. sect. 1. c. 3. i quo priniuiii vitia- tur actio. f»Dissolutio federis in corpore, ut sa- nitas est consummatio. "Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus eM habitus contra naturam, qui usum ejus, &c. 12 H "Cap. 11. lib. 7. c3Horat. lib. 1. ode 3. "Ema- ciation, and a new cohort of fevers broods over the earth." "Cap. 50. lib. 7. Centum et quinqus visit annos sine ullo incommodo. '^'' Inlus mulso. foras oleo. w Esemplis senitur. pracfi.tis Ephemer cap. de infirmilat. ^ Qui, quoad piieritioe ulliman memoriam recordari potest non meminit se aEgrotun decubuisse. ^Lib. de vita longa 90 Div. of the Diseases of the Head. [Part. 1. Sect. 1. be prolonged. We find in the meantime, by common experience, that no man can escape, but that of ®^ Hesiod is true : ' ' n>.8/« i«fv^7f e > '■'''« ''*'','=^ f ^""I ^f .^a'A=t7!ra, I .. .j.^. g^^jjj.g f^„ „f ^al.-jdies, an.I full the sea, No-jiTs/.f avtJ^orroJ i;v sj o^s^w, ocT e^< vyxr* Which set upon us both by night and day." Btvislon of Diseases.] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary diseases which are incident to men, 1 refer you to physicians ;™ they will tell you of acute and chronic, first and secondary, lethales, sulutares, errant, fixed, simple, compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging to parts or the whole, in habit, or in disposition, &.c. My division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) shall be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, a brief catalogue of whicli Fuschius hath made, Institut. lib. 3, sect. 1, cap. 11. I refer you to the vo- luminous tomes of Galen, Areteus, Rhasis, Aviccnna, Alexander, Paulus jEtius, Gor- donerius : and those exact Neoterics, Savanarola, Capivaccius, Donatus Altomarus, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius Ff/enlinus. Wecker, Piso, Stc, that have methodically and elaborately written of them all. Those of the mind and head I will briefiy handle, and apart. SuBSECT. III. — Division of the Diseases of the Head. These diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs in the head, which are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head which are divers, and vary much according to their site. For in the head, as there be several parts, so there be' divers grievances, which according to that division of ''Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arculanus,) are inward or outward (to omit all others which pertain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldness, falling of hair, furfaire, lice, &.c. "Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called dura and pia mater, as all head-aches, Stc, or to the ventricles, caules, kels, tunicles, creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caro, vertigo, incubus, apoplexy, falling .sickness. The diseases of the nerves, cramps, stupor, convulsion, tremor, palsy : or belonging to the excrements of the brain, catarrhs, sneezing, rheums, distillations : or else those that pertain to the substance of the brain itself, in which are conceived phrensy, letharg}-, melancholy, madness, weak memory, sopor, or Covia Vigilia et vigil Coma. Out of these again I will single such as properly belong to the phan- tasy, or imagination, or reason itself, which '^Laurentius calls the disease of the mind ; and Hililesjieim, morbos imaginationis, aut rationis IcescB., (diseases of the imagination, or of injured reason,) which are three or four in number, phrensy, madness, melancholy, dotage, and their kinds : as hydrophobia, lycanthropia. Chorus sancli viti, morhi damoniaci, (St. Vitus's dance, possession of devils,) which I will briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this of melancholy, as more eminent than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptoms, prognostics, cures : as Lonicerus hath done de apoplexid, and many other of such particular diseases. Not that I find fault with those which have written of this subject before, as Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, Montaltus, T. Bright, Stc, they have done very well in their several kinds ami methods ; yet that which one omits, another may haply see ; that which one contracts, another may enlarge. To conclude with '^^Scribanius, '' that which they had neglected, or profunctorily handled, we may more thoroughly ex- amine ; that which is obscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and amplified by us :" and so made more familiar and easy for everj' man's capacity, and tlie common good, which is the chief end of my discourse. SuBSECT. IV. — Dotage, Phrensy, Madness, Hydrophobia, Lycanthropia, Chorus sancti Viti, Extasis. Delirium, Dotage.] Dotage, fatuity, or folly, is a common name to all the fol- lowing species, as some will have it. "Laurentius and ^* Altomarus comprehended •^Oper. et dies. "> See Fenielius Path. lib. 1.1 tug, Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jagon rratenvii, tec. cap. 9, Ki, 11, 12. Fuschius Instit. 1. 3. seci. 1. c. 7. "J Cap. 2. de inelanchol. "Cap. 2 de I'hisiolfigi* Wecker. 8ynt. "' Praefat. de morbis capitis. In 1 sagarum : Quod alii, minus recte forlas^e dixerint, capite ut varis habitant paries, ita varis querelse ibi I nos examinare, melius dijudicare, corneere studea- eveniunt. '^Of which read Heurnius, Montal- | mus. "Cap. 4. de mol. '"Art. Med. 7. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Diseases of the Mind. 91 niailness, melancholy, and the rest under this name, and call it the summum genus of ihem all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs, and over-much brain, as we see in our common fools ; and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some are wiser than otliers : or else it is acquisite, an appendix or symptom of some other disease, wliich comes or goes ; or if it continue, a sign of melancholy itself. Prensi/.] Pkrcnitis^ which the Greeks derive from the word ^^v, is ti disease of the mind, with a continual madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever annexed, or else an inflammation of the brain, or the membranes or kels of it, with an acute fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It difi(3rs from melancholy and madness, because their dotage is without an ague : this continual, with Avaking, or memory decayed, &c. Melancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like ditlerences are assigned by physicians. Madness^ Madness, phrensy, and melancholy are confounded by Celsus, and many writers ; others leave out phrensy, and make madness and melancholy but one disease, whicli "Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they dilfer only sccun- dam majus or minus^ in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other, and both proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu, saith '''^Gordonius, as the humour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is '^Areteus, Alexander Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanarola, Heurnius ; and Galen himself writes promis- cuously of them both by reason of their affinity : but most of our neoterics do handle them apart, whom I will follow in this treatise. Madness is therefore defined to be a vehement dotage ; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melan- choly, full of anger and clamour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the patients with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, witliout all fear and sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men cannot hold tliem. Differing only in this from phrensy, that it is without a fever, and their memory is most part better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler adust, and blood incensed, brains inflamed, &cc. '^Fracastorius adds, "-a due time, and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it con- firmed impotency, to separate it from such as accidentally come and go again, as by taking lienbane, nightshade, wine, &c. Of this fury there be divers kinds; *' ecstasy, which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one when he list; in wliich the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the witches in Lapland, as Olaus Magnus writeth, 1. 3, cap. 18. Extasi omnia pra-dicere, ansAver ail questions in an extasis you will ask ; what your friends do, where they are, how they fare, &c. The other species of this fury are enthusiasms, revelations, and visions, so often mentioned by Gregory and Beda in their works; obsession or pos- session of devils, sibylline prophets, and poetical furies ; such as come by eating noxious herbs, tarantulas stinging, &c., Avhich some reduce to this. The most known ^re these, lycanthropia, hydrophobia, chorus sancti viti. Lycanlhropia.] Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam insaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts. "iEtius and ^^Paulus call it a kind of melancholy; but I should rather refer it to madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it whether tlicre be any such disease. ''^Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: **^Wierus tell§ a story of such a one at Padua 1541, that would not believe to the contrary, but that he was a wolf. . He hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a bear; ^"Forrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the rest of which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a poor husbandman that still hunted about graves, and kept in churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful look. Such belike, or little better, were king Prastus' "daughters, that thought '■ Plerique medici uno complexu perstringunt hos ' firmatam habet impotentiani bene operandi circa in- duns morhns, quod ex eadcm causa oriantur, qundque lellecluni. lib. 2. de intelleclione. "'Of which reap niasniludine et modo solilni distent, et alter gradus ad Fojlix Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienatione. ''■'Lib altJrnm eiistat. Jason Pratens. '"Lib. Med. : 6. cap. 11. "S Lib. 3. cap. 16. -i Cap. 9. Art '■' Pars man iiE inihi videtur. »■» Insanus est, qui med. ssDe prsestig. Dienionuni, 1. 3. cap. 21 etate debita, et tenipore debito per se, non momenta- "^Observat.lib. 10. de morbis cerebri, cap. 15. *" Hip neam el fugacem, ut vini, solani, Hyoscyami, sed con- I pocrates lib. de insania. «-«. 92 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some interpreters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to tliat bold assertion of *** Pliny, " some men were turned into wolves in his time, and from wolves to men again :" and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to *^ Ovid's tale of Lycaon, &.C. He that is desirous to hear of this disease, or more examples, let him read Austin in his 18th book de Civitate Dei, cap. 5, Mizaldus, cent. 5. 77. Sckcnkius, lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicel. 2. de Mania. Forrestus lib. 10.de morbis cerebri. Olaus Magnus, Vincentius'' Bellavicensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122. Pierius, Bodine, Zuinger, Zeilger, Peucer, Wierus, Sprauger, Slc. This malady, saith Avicenna, trou- bleth men most in February, and is now-a-days frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, according to ^Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie hid most part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at graves and deserts ; ^' "• they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and pale," '^'saiih Altomarus ; he gives a reason there of all the symptoms, and stts down a brief cure of them. Hydrophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which coiner by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching, saith ''^ Aurelianus ; touching, or smelling alone sometimes as ** Sckenkius proves, and is incident to many other creatures as well as men : so called because the parties affected cannot endure the sight of water, or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And which is more wonder- ful ; though they be very dry, (^as in tliis malady they are) they will ratlier die tiian drink: ^'Cailius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this Hydro- phobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part atlected is the brain : the cause, poison that comes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it con- sumes all tlie moisture in the body. ^Hildesheijn relates of some tliat died so mad \ and being cut up, had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To such as are so atH'Cted, tlie fear of water begins at fourteen days after they are bitten, to some again not till forty or sixty days after : commonly saith Heurnius, they begin to rave, tly water and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty days after (if some remedy be not taken in the meantijne) to lie awake, to be pen- sive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoon, and often- times tits of the falling sickness. *^Some say, little things like whelps will be seen in their urine. If any of these signs appear, they are past recovery. Many times these symptoms will not appear till six or seven mouths after, saith ^Codronchus ; and sometimes not till seven or eight years, as Guianerius ; twelve as Albertus •, six or eight months after, as Galen holds. Baldus the great lawyer died of it : an Au- gustine friar, and a woman in Delft, that were ^■'Forrestus patients, were miseralily consumed with it. The common cure in the country (for such at least as dwell near the sea-side) is to duck them over head and ears in sea water \ some use charms : every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, is from the most approved physicians; they that will read of them, may consult with Dioscorides, lib. 6. c. 37, Heurnius, Hildesheim, Capivaccius, Forrestus, Scken- kius, and before all others Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two ex- quisite books on the subject. Chorus sancti Viti, or St. Vitus''s ddince ; the lascivious dance, '""Paracelsus calls it, because they that are taken from it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to St. Vitus for help, and after they had danced there awhile, they were ' certainly freed. 'Tis strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, tables ; even great bellied Avomen sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) will dance so long that they can stir neither hand nor foot, but seem to be quite deau. One in red clothes they cannot abide. Music above all things they love, and there- fore magistrates in Germany will hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty sturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very common in * Lib. 8. cap. 22. Hoinines interdum lup6s feri; el, 13. de morbis acuUs. •'Spicel. 2. >^ Sclienkiui, con«ra. "»* Met. lib. 1. w Cap. de Man. »' Ul- cerata crui %, sitis ipsis adest iniiiiodica, pallidi, lingua sicca. « Cap. 9. art. Hydrophobia. >*Lib. 3. cap. 9 »*Lib. 7. de Venenis. "Lib. 3. cap. lib. de Venenia. >^Lib. de liydiophobia. '^Ob- serval. lib. 10. 25. "i>jLascivain Choreani. To. 4. de morbii amentium. Tract. 1. i Evenlu ui plu- limum rem ipsam coaiprobante. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Melancholy in Disposition. 93 Germany, as appears by those relations of ^ Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book of Madness, who brags how many several persons he hath cured of it. Felix Plateras de mentis allenat. cap. 3, reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, that danced a whole month together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsy. Bodine in his 5th book de Repuh. cap. 1 , speaks of this infirmity ; Monavius in his last epistle to Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. The last kind of madness or melancholy, is that demonaical (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils, which Platerus and others would have to be pre- ternatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions, fasting, prophesying, speaking languages they were never taught, &c. Many strange stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and Barrel have written large volumes on this subject pro and con.) I voluntarily omit. Tuschius, Institut. lib. 3. sec. 1. cap. 11, Felix Plater, ^Laurentius, add to the«e another fury that proceeds from love, and another from study, another divine or re ligious fury ; but these more properly belong to melancholy ; of all which I will speak * apart, intending to write a whole book of them. SuBSECT. V. — Melancholy in Disposition^ improperly so called., Equivocations. Melancholy, the subject of our present discourse, is either in disposition or habit. In disposition, is that transitory melancholy which goes and comes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or per- turbation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent, or thought, which causeth anguish, dulness, heaviness and vexation of spirit, any ways opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and improper sense, we call him melancholy that is dull, sad, sour, lumpish, ill disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions, ® no man living is free, no stoic, none so wise, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly, so divine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but more or less, some time or other he feels the smart of it. Melancholy in this sense is the character of mortality. ' '^ Man that is born of a woman, is of short con- tinuance, and full of trouble." Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, whom '^lian so highly commends for a moderate temper, that " nothing could disturb him, but going out, and coming in, still Socrates kept the same serenity of countenance, what niisery soever befel him," (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with It. Q. Metellus, in whom ^ Valerius gives instance of all happiness, " the most for- tunate man then living, born in that most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful, rich, honourable, a senator, a con- sul, happy in his wife, happy in his children," &c. yet this man was not void of melancholy, he had his share of sorrow. '"Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring mto the sea, because he would participate of discontent with others, and had it miraculously restored to him again shortly after, by a fish taken as he angled, was not free from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure himself; the very gods had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own "poets put upon them. In general, '^ " as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair, sometimes overcast, tem- pestuous, and serene ; as in a rose, flowers and prickles ; in the year itself, a tempe- rate summer sometimes, a hard winter, a drought, and then again pleasant showers : so IS our life intermixed with joys, hopes, fears, sorrows, calumnies : Invicem cedun* dolor et voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and pain. " -"medio de foiite lepdrum Surgit amari aliquid, in ipsis floribus angat." " Even in the midst of laughing there is sorrow," (as " Solomon holds) : even in the 2 Lib. Leap, de Mania. 'Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. < Cap. 4. de mel. spART. 3. " De quo homine securitas, de quo certum gaudiumi quocunqiie se convertit, in terrenis rebus amaritudi- nem animi inyeniet. Aug. in Psal. viii. 5. ' Job. i. 14. "Omni tempore Socratem eodem vultu videri, sive domum rediret, sive domo eerederetur. oLib. 7. cap. 1. Natus in florentissima^totius orbis civitate, nobilissimis parentibus, corpores vires habuit et raris- siraas animi dotes, uxorem conspicuam, pudicam, frelices liberos, consulare decus, sequentes triiimpbos, &c. '".flElian. "Homer. Iliad. -Lipsius, cent. 3. ep. 45, ut coelum, sic nos homines sumus : illud ex intervallo nubibus obducitur et obscuratiir. In rosario flores spinis intermixti. Vita sirailis aeri, udum modo, sudum, tempestas, serenitas : ita vices rerum sunt, prsemia gaudiis, et sequaces curie. "'Lu- cretius, 1. 4. 1124. »Prov. xiv. 13. Extremum gaudii luctas occupat. 94 Melancholy in Disposition. [Part, 1 . Sec. 1 , niidst of all our feasting and jollity, as '^Austin infers in his Com. on the 41st Psalm, there is grief and discontent. Inter delicias semper aliquid scevi nos strangulate, for a pint of honey thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gall, for a dram of pleasure a pound of pain, for an inch of mirth an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these mise- ries encompass our life. And it is most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man to look for a perpetual tenure of happiness in his life. Nothing so prosperous and pleasant, but it hath '^ some bitterness in it, some complaining, some grudging ; it is all y'KvxvTtix^ov, a mixed passion, and like a chequer table black and white : men, fami- lies, cities, have their falls and wanes ; now trines, sextiles, then quartiles and oppo- .sitions. We are not here as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many ages : but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupted, tossed and tumbled up and down, carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each slender occasion, "uncertain, brittle, and so is all that we trust unto. '^"' And he that knows not this is not armed to endure it, is not fit to live in this world (as one condoles our time), he knows not the condition of it, where with a reciprocalty, pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring." Kxi e mundo., get thee gone hence if thou canst not brook it ; there is no way to avoid it, but to ann thyself with patience, wiili magnanimity, to '^oppose thyself unto it, to sutler afiliction as a good soldier of Christ ; as ^ Paul adviseth constantly to bear it. But forasmuch as so few can emliVace this good council of his, or use it aright, but rather as so many brute beasts give away to their passion, voluntary subject and precipitate themselves into a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and sutler their soijls to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they onglit to do, it falleth out oftentimes that these dispositions become habits, and " many affects contemned (as ^'Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one distillation, not yet grown to custom, makes a cough ; but continual and inveterate causeth a consump- tion of the lungs ;" so do these our melancholy provocations : and according as the humour itself is intended, or remitte^l in mei\, as their temperature of body, or ra- tional soul is better able to make resistance ; so are they more or less affected. For that which is but a fiea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another ; and Mhich one by his singular moderation, and well-composed carriage can happily over- come, a second is no whit able to sustain, but upon every small occasion of miscon- ceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, humour, &c. (if solitary, or idle) yields so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindered, his sleep gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypochondries misaffected ; w^ind, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with melancholy. As it is with a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the gaol, every creditor will bring his action against him, and there likely hold him. If any discontent seize upon a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for — qua data porta ruunt.) will set upon him, and then like a lame dog or broken-winged goose he droops and pines away, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy itself. So that as the philosophers make ^^ eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eighty- eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are diversely seized with it, or have been plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or w^aded deeper into it. But all these melancholy fits, howsoever pleasing at first, or displeasing, violent and tyrannizing over those whom they seize on for the time; yet these fits I say, or men affected, are hut improperly so called, because they continue not, but come and go, as by some objects they are moved. This melancholy of which we are to treat, is a habit, mosbus sonticus, or rhronicus, a chronic or continuate disease, a settled humour, as loNatalitia inquit colehrantur, miptiae hie sunt ; at destitutos in prnfundo iniseriarum valle miserahilitT ibi quid celebratiir quod nnn dolet. quod non transit! immergunt. Valerius, lib. 6. cap. 11. -oHuic >' Apuleius 4. florid. Nihil quicquid homini lani pros- pprum divinitus datum, quia ei admi.xtum sit aliquid difficultatis ut etiani ainplissima quaqua Ixtitid, subsit qnrppiam vel parva querimnnia conjujjatione quadain mellis, et fellis. '' Caduca nimiruni et fragilia, et puerilibiis consentanea crepundiis sunt ista qua; vires et opes humanfe vocanuir, affluunt subltft, repente de- lahuntur, nullo in loco, nulla in persona, stabilibus nixa radicibiis cnnsistunt, sed iucertissimo flaiu for- uiite quos in sublime e.xtulerunt iinproviso recursu Beculo paruin aptus es, aut polius oninuim nostrorunn conditionem ienoras, quibus reciproco qiiodain iii-xn, &.C. Lorchanus Gollobelgicus, lib. 3. ad annum \'>9K. '''Ilorsum omnia studia dirigi dcbenl, ut humana for- titer feramiis. ™2 Tim. ii. 3. " Epist. «6. lib. 10. Affectus frequentes conteniptique niorbum faciiint. Distillatio una nee adhuc in morem udaucta, tunsini facit, assidua et violenta pthisim. '" Calidum ad octo : frigidum ad octo. Una hirundo non facii xstatem. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Digression of Anatomy. 95 ^Aurelianus and "others call it, not errant, but fixed ; and as it was long increasing, so now being (pleasant, or painful) grown to an habit, it will hardly be removed. SECT. I. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Digression of Anatomy. Before I proceed to define the disease of melancholy, what it is, or to discourse farther of it, I hold it not impertinent to make a brief digression of the anatomy of the body and faculties of the soul, for the better understanding of that which is to follow; because many hard words will often occur, as myrache, hypocondries, emrods, &c., imagination, reason, humours, spirits, vital, natural, animal, nerves, veins, arteries, chylus, pituita ; which by the vulgar will not so easily be perceived, what they are, how cited, and to what end they serve. And besides, it may perad- venture give occasion to some men to examine more accurately, search further into this most excellent subject, and thereupon with that royal ^prophet to praise God, (" for a man is fearfully and Avonderfully made, and curiously wrought") that have time and leisure enough, and are sufficiently informed in all other worldly businesses, as to make a good bargain, buy and sell, to keep and make choice of a fair hawk, hound, horse, &c. But for such matters as concern the knowledge of themselves, they are wholly ignorant and careless ; they know not what this body and soul are, how combined, of what parts and faculties they consist, or how a man diflers from a dog. And what can be more ignominious and filthy (as ^Melancthon well inveighs) " than for a man not to know the structure and composition- of his own body, espe- cially since the knowledge of it tends so much to the preservation of his health, and information of his manners ?" To stir them up therefore to this study, to peruse those elaborate works of ^^ Galen, Bauhines, Plater, Vesalius, Falopius, Laurentius, Remelinus, &.C., which have A\Titten copiously in Latin; or that which some of our industrious countrymen have done in our mother tongue, not long since, as that translation of ^^ Columbus and ^^Microcosmographia, in thirteen books, I have made this brief digression. Also because ^Wecker, ^'Melancthon, '^Fernelius, ^Fuschius, and those te^dious Tracts de Animd (which have more compendiously handled and written of this matter,) are not at all times ready to be had, to give them some small taste, or noti<-»j of the rest, let this epitome suffice. SuBSECT. II. — Division of the Body., Humours., Spirits. Of the parts of the body there may be many divisions : the most approved is that of ** Laurentius, out of Hippocrates : which is, into parts contained, or containing. Contained, are either humours or spirits. Humours.] A humour is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended m it, for the preservation of it ; and is either innate or born with us, or adventitious and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary "humours of ros and gluten to main- tain it : or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary humours, coming and pro- ceeding from the first concoction in the liver, by which means chylus is excluded. Some uivide them into profitable and excrementitious. But ^Crato out of Hippo- crates will have all four to be juice, and not excrements, without which no living creature can be sustained : which four, though they be comprehended in the mass of blood, yet they have their several affections, by which they are distinguished from one another,' and from those adventitious, peccant, or ^ diseased humours, as Melancihon calls them. Blood.] Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the miseraic veins, and made of the most temperate parts of the chylus in the liver, whose office "Lib. 1. c. 6. MFuschius, 1. 3. sec. 1. cap. 7. Hildesheim, fol. 130. a' Psal. xxxi.x. 13. '-^re Anima. Turpe enim est homini ienorare sui corporis (ut ita dicani) sditicium, prceserlim cum ad valeludi- nem et more^ htec cognitio plurimum coiiducat. ^^ De usu part. * History of man. 2)D. Crook*. *>Iii .Syntaxi. . 3i ©g Anima. =^Instit. lib. 1. S3 Physiol. 1. 1, 2. MAnat. I. 1. c. 18. '-^ li> Micro, succos, sine quibus animal sustentari non p<- test. *Morbosos humored. 96 Similar Parts. [Part. 1. Sec. » is to nourish the whole body, to give it strength and colour, being dispersed by the veins through every part of it. And from it spirits are first begotten in the heart, which afterwards by the arteries are communicated to the other parts. Pituita, or phlegm, is a cold and moist humour, begotten of the colder part of the chylus (or white juice coming out of the meat digested in the stomach,) in the liver ; his office is to nourish and moisten the members of the body, which as the tongue are moved, that they be not over dry. Choler, is hot and dr}-, bitter, begotten of the hotter parts of the chylus, and gathered to the gall : it helps the natural heat and senses, and serves to the expelling of excrements. Melancholy.] Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, begotten of the more feculent part of nourishment, and purged from the spleen, is a bridle to the other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourish- ing the bones. These four humours have some analogy with the four elements, and to the four ages in man. Seru?n^ Siceal, Tears.] To these humours you may add serum, which is the matter of urine, and those excrementitious humours of the third concoction, sweat and tears. Spirits.] Spirit is a most subtile vapour, which is expressed from the blood, and the instrument of the soul, to perf^cm all his actions; a common tie or medium between the body and the soul, as some will have it ; or as ^'^ Paracelsus, a fourth soul of itself. Melancthon holds the fountain of those spirits to be tlie heart, be- gotten there ; and afterward conveyed to the brain, they take another nature to them. Of these spirits there be three kinds, according to the three principal parts, brain, lieart, liver; natural, vital, animal. The natural are begotten in the liver, and thence dispersed through the veins, to perform those natural actions. The vital spirits are made in the heart of the natural, which by the arteries are transported to all the other parts : if the spirits cease, then life ceaseth, as in a syncope or swoon- ing. The animal spirits formed of the vital, brought up to the brain, and difiused by tiie nerves, to the subordinate members, give sense and motion to them all. SuBSECT. III. — Similar Parts. Similar Parts.] Containing parts, by reason of their more solid substance, are either homogeneal or heterogencal, similar ot dissimilar ; so Aristotle divides tliem, lib. 1, cap. I, de Hist. Animal.; Laurent ius., cap. 20, lib. 1. Similar, or homogeneal, are such as, if they be divided, are still severed into parts of the same nature, as water into water. Of these some be spcrmatical, some fleshy or carnal. '® Spermati- cal are such as are immediately begotten of the seed, which are bones, gristles, liga- ments, membranes, nerves, arteries, veins, skins, fibres or strings, fat. Bones.] The bones are dry and hard, begotten of the thickest of the seed, to strengthen and sustain other parts: some say there be 304, some 307, or 313 in man's body. They have no nerves in them, and are therefore without sense. A gristle is a substance softer than bone, and harder than the rest, flexible, and serves to maintain the parts of motion. Ligaments are they that tie the bones together, and other parts to the bones, with their subserving tendons : membranes' office is to cover the rest. Nerves, or sinews, are membranes without, and full of marrow within ; they pro- ceed from the brain, and carry the animal spirits for sense and motion. Of these some be harder, some softer ; the softer serve the senses, and there be seven pair of '.hem. The first be the optic nerves, by which we see ; the second move the eyes ; the third pair serve for the tongue to taste; the fourth pair for the taste in the j^'ate ; the fifth belong to the ears ; the sixth pair is most ample, and runs almost over c\\ the bowels ; the seventh pair moves the tongue. The harder sinews serve for the motion of the inner parts, proceeding from the marrow in the back, of whom there be thirty combinations, seven of the neck, twelve of the breast, &.c. Jlrteries.] Arteries are long and hollow, with a double skin to convey the vital spirit ; to discern which the better, they say that Vesalius the anatomist was wont " SpiritalU aDima. ■ Lanrentiaa, cap. 30, lib. 1. Anat. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Dissimilar Parts. 97 to cut up men alive. ^'They arise in the left side of the heart, and are principally two, from which the rest are derived, aorta and venosa : aorta is the root of all the other, which serve the whole body ; the other goes to the lungs, to fetch air to refrigerate the heart. Veins.] Veins are hollow and round, like pipes, arising from the liver, cany-ing blood and natural spirits ; they feed all the parts. Of these there be two chief, Vena porta and Vena cava., from which the rest are corrivated. That Vena porta is a vein coming from the concave of the liver, and receiving those meseraical veins, by whom he takes the chylus from the stomach and guts, and conveys it to the liver. The other derives blood from the liver to nourisli all the other dispersed members. The branches of that Vena porta are the meseraical and lisemorrhoides. The branches of the cava are inward or outward. Inward, seminal or emulgent. Outward, in the head, arms, feet, &c., and have several names. Fibro', Fat, Flesh.] Fibrae are strings, white and solid, dispersed through the whole member, and right, oblique, transverse, all which have their several uses. Fat is a similar part, moist, without blood, composed of the most thick and unc- tions matter of the blood. The '"'skin covers the rest, and hath culiculum., or a little skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &.c. Sue SECT. IV. — Dissimilar Paris. Dissimilar parts are those which we call organical, or instrumental, and they be inward or outward. The chiefest outward parts are situate forward or backward : — forward, the crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, forehead, temples, chin, eyes, ears, nose, &.c., neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypocondries. navel, groin, flank, &c. ; backward, the hinder part of the head, back, shoulders, sides, loins, hipbones, as sacrum, buttocks, &c. Or joints, arms, hands, feet, legs, thighs, knees, &c. Or common to both, which, because they are obvious and well known, 1 have carelessly repeated, eaque prcecipua et grandiora tantum ; quod reliquum ex lihris de onimd qui volet, accipiat. Inward organical parts, which cannot be seen, are divers in number, and have several names, functions, and divisions ; but that of '''Laurentius is most notable, into noble or ignoble parts. Of the noble there be three principal parts, to which all the rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, liver ; according to whose site, three regions, or a threefold division, is made of the whole body. As first of the head, in \vhich the animal organs are contained, and brain itself, which by his nerves give sense and motion to the rest, and is, as it were, a privy counsellor and chancellor to the heart. The second region is the chest, or middle belly, in Avhich the heart as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life to the whole body. The third region is the lower belly, in Avhich the liver resides as a Legat a latere^ with the rest of those natural organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelling of excrements. This lower region is distinguished from the upper by the midriff, or diaphragma, and is subdivided again by ^^ some into three concavities or regions, upper, middle, and lower. The upper of the hypocondries, in whose right side is the liver, the left tlie spleen ; from which is denominated hypochondriacal melan- choly. The second of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim. The last of the water course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Ara- bians make two parts of this region, Epigastriwn and Hypogastrium, upper or lower. Epigastrium they call Mirach., from whence comes Mirachialis Melancholia, some- times mentioned of them. Of these several regions I will treat in brief apart ; and first of the third region, in wliich the natural organs are contained. De Anirnd. — The Loiver Region, JVatural Organs.] But you that are readers in the meantime, '•'■ Suppose you were now brought into some sacred temple, or majes- tical palace (as ""^ jMelancthon saith), to behold not the matter only, but the singular art, workmanship, and counsel of this our great Creator. And it is a pleasant and profitable speculation, if it be considered aright." The parts of this region, which 3' In these they observe the beatins of the pulse. M Cujus est pars simiilaris a vi cutifica iil interiora muniat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 252. ■" Anal. lib. 1. c. 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partium divisio in 13 I principes et ignohiles partes. *^ D. Crooke out of Galen and others. 43 Vos vero veluli in tenipluni ac sacrarium quoddam tos duel putetis, &c< Salvia - et utilis cognitio. 98 Anatomy of the Body. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 present themselves to your consideration and view, are such as serve to nutrition or generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction ^ as the oesophagus or gullet, whicli brings meat and drink into the stomach. The ventri- cle or stomach, which is seated in the midst of tliat par* of the belly beneath the midriff, the kitchen, as it were, of the first concoction, and which turns our meat into chylus. It hath two mouths, one above, anotlier beneath. The upper is some- times taken for tlie stomach itself; the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is named Pylorus. This stomach is sustained by a large kcU or kaull, called omentum ; which some will have tlie same with peritoneum, or rim of the belly. From the stomach to the very fundament are produced the guts, or intestiua, which serve a little to alter and distribute tlie chylus, and convey away the excrements. They are di- vided into small and great, by reason of their site and substance, slender or thicker : the slender is duodenum, or whole gut, which is next to the stomach, some twelve inches long, saith '"Fuschius. Jejunum, or empty gut, continuate to the other, which hath many mcseraic veins annexed to it, which take part of the chylus to the liver from iL ilion the third, which consists of many crinkles, which serves with the rest to receive, keep, and distribute the chylus from the stomach. The thick guts are three, the blind gut, colon, and right gut. The blind is a thick and short gut, having one mouth, in which the ilir^n and colon meet : it receives the excrements, and con- veys them to the colon. This colon hath many windings, that the excrements pass not away too fast : the right gut is straight, and conveys the excrements to the funda- ment, whose lower part is bound up with certain muscles called sphincters, that the excrements may be the better contained, until such time as a man be willing to go to the stool. In the midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midriff, composed of many veins, arteries, and much fat, serving chielly to sustain the guts. All these parts serve the first concoction. To the second, which is busied either in refining the good nourishment or expelling the bad, is chielly belonging the liver, like in colour to congealed blood, the shop of blood, situate in the right hypercondry, in figure like to a half-moon — Gcnrrosuin membrum Melancthon styles it, a generous part ; it serves to turn the chylus to blood, for the nourishment of the body. The excre- ments of it are either choleric or watery, which the other subordinate parts convey. The gall placed in the concave of the liver, extracts choler to it : the .spleen, melan- choly; which is situate on the left side, over against the liver, a spungy matter, lliat draws this black choler to it by a secret virtue, and feeds upon it, conveying the lest to tlie bottom of the stomach, to stir up appetite, or else to the guts as an ex- crement. That water}' matter the two kidneys expurgate by those emulgent veins and ureters. The emulgent draw this superfluous moisture from the blood; the two ureters convey it to the bladder, which, by reason of his site in the lower belly, is apt to receive it, having two parts, neck and bottom : the bottom holds the water, the neck is constringed with a muscle, which, as a porter, keeps the water from run- ning out against our will. Members of generation are common to both sexes, or peculiar to one ; which, because they are impertinent to my purpose, I do voluntarily omit. Middle Ilcgion.] Next in order is the middle region, or chest, which compre- hends the vital faculties and parts; which (as I have said) is separated from the lower belly by the diaphragma or midrifl^ which is a skin consisting of many nerves, membranes ; and amongst other uses it hath, is the instrument of laughing. Tliere is also a certain thin membrane, full of sinews, which covereth the whole chest within, and is called pleura, the seat of the disease called pleurisy, when it is infiamed ; some add a third skin, which is termed Mediastinus, which divides the chest into two parts, right and left ; of this region the principal part is the heart, which is the seat and fountain of life, of heat, of spirits, of pulse and respiration — the sun of our body, the king and sole commander of it — the seat and organ of all passions and affections. Prirnum u/tens, uU'umnn rnoriens^ it lives first, dies last in all creatures. Of a pyramidical form, and not much unlike to a pine-apple; a part worthy of **ad- miration, that can yield such variety of affections, by whose motion it is dilated or contracted, to stir and command the humours in the body. As in sorrow, melan- « Lib. 1. cap. 12. sect. 5. «H8bc res est pra-ci- ] cietur cor, quod omnes retrittes et IkU; staiioi corda DuAOjgiia admiri.lione, quod tanta affectuuiD varietate \ feritnt et movent. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Anatomy of the Soul. 99 ^holy ; in auger, choler ; in joy, to send the blood outwardly ; in sorrow, to call it in ; moving the humours, as horses do a chariot. This heart, though it be one sole member, yet it may be divided into two creeks right and left. The right is like the aioon increasing, bigger than the other part, and receives blood from Vena cava^ distributing some of it to the lungs to nourish them ; the rest to the left side, to engender spirits. The left creek hath tlie form of a cone, and is the seat of life, which, as a torch doth oil, draws blood unto it, begetting of it spirits and fire ; and as fire in a torch, so are spirits in the blood ; and by that great artery called aorta, it sends vital spirits over the body, and takes air from the lungs by that artery which is called venosa ; so that both creeks have their vessels, the right two veins, tlie left two arteries, besides those two common and fractuous ears, which sen-e them both ; the one to hold blood, the other air, for several uses. The lungs is a thin spungy part, like an ox hoof, (saith ''Ternelius) the town-clerk or crier, ("one terms it) the instrument of voice, as an orator to a king ; annexed to the heart, to express their thoughts by voice. That it is the instrument of voice, is manifest, in that no crea- ture can speak, or utter any voice, which wanteth these lights. It is, besides, the instrument of respiration, or breathing ; and its office is to cool tlie heart, by sending air unto it, by the venosal artery, which vein comes to the lungs by that aspera arteria, which consists of many gristles, membranes, 'nerves, taking in air at the nose and mouth, and by it likewise exhales the fumes of the heart. In the upper region serving the animal faculties, the chief organ is the brain, which is a soft, marrowish, and white substance, engendered of the purest part of seed and spirits, included by many skins, and seated within the skull or brain pan ; and it is the most noble organ mider heaven, the dwelling-house and seat of the soul, the habitation of wisdom, memory, judgment, reason, and in which man is most like unto God ; and therefore nature hath covered it with a skull of hard bone, and two skins or membranes, whereof the one is called dura ynater, or meninx, the other pia mater. The dura mater is next to the skull, above the other, which includes and protects the brain. When this is taken away, the pia mater is to be seen, a thin membrane, the next and immediate cover of the brain, and not covering only, but entering into it. The brain itself is divided into two parts, the fore and hinder part ; the fore part is much bigger than the otlier, which is called the little brain in respect of it. This fore part hath many concavities distinguished by certain ventricles, which are the receptacles of the spirits, brought hither by the arteries from the heart, and are there refined to a more heavenly nature, to perform the actions of the soul. Of these ventricles there are three — right, left, and middle. The right and left answer to their site, and beget animal spirits ; if they be any way hurt, sense and motion ceaseth. These ventricles, moreover, are held to be the seat of the common sense. The middle ventricle is a common concourse and cavity of them both, and liath two pas *iges — the one to receive pituita, and the other extends itself to the fourth creek; in ihis they place imagination and cogitation, and so tlie three ventricles of the fore part of the brain are used. The fourth creek behind the head is common to the cerebel or little brain, and marrow of the back-bone, the last and most solid of all the rest, which receives the animal spirits from the other ventricles, and conveys them to the marrow in the back, and is the place where they say the memory is seated. SuBSECT. V. — Of the Soul and her Faculties. According to ''^Aristotle, the soul is defined to be ivtt'kixsui, perfectio et actus primus corporis organici., vitam hahentis in potcntia : the perfection or first act of an organical body, having power of life, which most *^ philosophers approve. But many doubts arise about the essence, subject, seat, distinction, and subordinate faculties of it. For the essence and particular knowledge, of all other things it is most hard (be it of man or beast) to discern, as ^Aristotle himself, ^'TuUy, ^-Picus Mirandula, "Tolet, and other Neoteric philosophers confess : — ^**" We can understand all things « Physio. 1. 1. c. 8. *^ Ut orator regi : sic pulmo I si Tuscul. quaest. m Lib. 6. Doct. Va. Gentil. c. 13. TOfis instrumentum annectilur cordi, &c. Melancth. | pag. 1215. ssxristot. ^Anima qusque in *• De anim. c. 1. « Scalig. exerc. 307. Tolet. in telligimus, et tamen qujB sit ipsa intelligere noi 1 00 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part 1 . Sec. 1 by her, but what she is we cannot apprehend." Some therefore make one soul, divided into three principal faculties ; others, three distinct souls. Which question of late hath been much controverted by Picolomineus and Zabarel. "Paracelsus will have four souls, adding to the three grand faculties a spiritual soul : M'hich opinion of his, Canipanella, in his book de senm rerum,^ nnich labours to demonstrate and prove, because carcasses bleed at the sight of the murderer; with many sucli argu- ments: And "'some again, one soul of all creatures whatsoever, differing only in organs ; and that beasts have reason as well as men, though, for some defect of organs, not in such measure. Others make a doubt whether it be all in all, and all in every part; which is amply discussed in Zabarel amongst the rest. The ** com- mon division of the soul is into three principal faculties — vegetal, sensitive, and rational, which make three distinct kinds of living creatures — vegetal plants, sensi- ble beasts, rational men. How these three principal faculties are distinguished and connected, Hmiwno ingenio inaccessumvidclur.,is beyond human capacity, as ""Tau- rellus, Philip, Flavins, and others suppose. The inferior may be alone, but the superior cannot subsist without the other; so sensible includes vegetal, rational both ; wliich are contained in it (saith Aristotle) ut trigonus in telragono, as a tri- angle in a quadrangle. Vegetal SouJ?[ V^egetal, the first of the three distinct faculties, is defined to be "■ a substantial act of an organical body, by wliicli it is nourished, augmented, and begets another like imto itself." in which definition, three several operations are sjiecified — dtrix. auctrix, procreatrix ; the first is "^'^ nutrition, whose object is nourishment, nuat, drink, and the like ; his organ tlie liver in sensible creatures ; in plants, the root or f>ap. His office is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourishtd, whicli he performs by natural heat. Tliis nutritive operation iiath four other subor- dinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, expulsion. Allraciion.] ^'Attraction is a ministering faculty, which, as a loadstone doth iron, draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oil ; and this attractive power is very necessary- in plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as anotlier mouth, into \\\e sap, as a like stomach. Rd'iilion.] Retention keeps it, being attracted unto the stomach, until such time it be concocted; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished. Digestion.] Digestion is pcrlormtd by natural heat ; for as the llame of a torch consumes oil, wax, tallow, so doth it alter and digest the nutritive matter. Indiges- tion is opposite unto it, for want of natural heat. Of tliis digestion there be three differences — maturation, elixation, assation. Maturation^ Maturation is especially observed in the fruits of trees ; which are then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sown again. Crudity is opposed to it, which gluttons, epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no exercise to stir natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire. Elixation.] Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomach, l^y the said natural heat, as meat is boiled in a pot ; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation.] Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat ; his opposite is semiustulation. Order of Concoction four fold.] Besides these three several operations of diges- tion, there is a four-fold order of concoction : — mastication, or chewing in the mouth; chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomach ; the third is in the liver, to turn this chylus into blood, called sanguification ; the last is assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion.] Expulsion is a power of nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores ; as by purg- ing, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, hairs, nails, See. Augmentation.] As this nutritive faculty ser\es to nourish the body, so doth the augmenting faculty (the second operation or power of the vegetal faculy) to the in- " Spiritualem animam a reliquis distinctam tuetur, | lip. de Anima. ca. 1. Cffilius, 20. antiq. cap. 3. Plutarch ctiam in cadavere inhtErentem post mortem per aliquot | de placit. philos. " De vit. et mort. part. i. c. 3 menses. 'Lib. 3. cap. 31. s' Coelius, lib. 2. i prop. 1. de vit. et mort. 2. c. 22. «"Nutritio est c. 31. Plutarch, in Grillo Lips. Cen. 1. ep. 50. jossius alimenti Iransmutatio, viro naturalis. Seal, extrc. 101 dt: Ri6u Ki Fletu, Averroes, Campanella, &c. ^- Phi- sec. 17. " Bee more of Attraction in Seal. exer. 343 Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Anatomy of the Soul. 101 creasing of it in quantity, according to all dimensions, long, broad, thick, and to make it grow till it come to his due proportion and perfect shape ; which hath his l)eriod of augmentation, as of consumption ; and that most certain, as the poet observes : — " "Stat sua cuique dies, breve et irreparabile tempus I " A terra of life is set to every man, Jmnibus est vita;." | Which is but short, and pass it no one can." Generation] The last of these vegetal faculties is generation, which begets another by means of seed, like unto itself, to the perpetual preservation of the species. To this faculty they ascribe three subordinate operations : — the first to turn nourishment into seed, &c. Life and Death concomitants of the Vegetal Faculties.] 'Necessary concomitants or affections of this vegetal faculty are life and his privation, death. To the preser- vation of life the natural heat is most requisite, though siccity and humidity, and those first qualities, be not excluded. This heat is likewise in plants, as appears by their increasing, fructifying. Stc, though not so easily perceived. In all bodies it must have radical ''^moisture to preserve it, that it be not consumed; to which preservation our clime, country, temperature, and the good or bad use of those six non-natural things avail much. For as this natural heat and moisture decays, so dotli our life itself; and if not prevented before by some violent accident, or interrupted through our own default, is in the end dried up by old age, and extinguished by death for want of matter, as a lamp for defect of oil to main-tain it. SuBSECT. VI. — Of the sensible Soul. Next in order is the sensible faculty, which is as far beyond the other in dignity, as a beast is preferred to a plant, having those vegetal powers included in it. 'Tis defined an " Act of an organical body by which it lives, hath sense, appetite, judg- ment, breath, and motion." His object in general is a sensible or passible qualitv, because the sense is affected with it. The general organ is the brain, from which principally the sensible operations are derived. This sensible soul is divided into two parts, apprehending or moving. By the apprehensive power we perceive the species of sensible things present, or absent, and retain them as wax doth the print of a seal. By the moving, the body is outwardly carried from one place to another ; or inwardly moved by spirits and pulse. The apprehensive faculty is subdivided into two parts, inward or outward. Outward, as tlie five senses, of 'touching, hear- ing, seeing, smelling, tasting, to which you may add Scaliger's sixth sense of titilla- tion, if you please; or that of speech, which is the sixth external sense, according to Lullius. Inward are three — common sense, phantasy, memory. Those five out- ward senses have their object in outward things only, and such as are present, as the eye sees no colour except it be at hand, the ear sound. Three of these senses are of commodit}', hearing, sight, and smell ; two of necessity, touch, and taste, without which we cannot live. Besides, the sensitive pow-er is active or passive. Active in sight, the eye sees the colour ; passive when it is hurt by his object, as the eve by the sun-beams. According to that axiom, Visibik forte destruit sensum^^ Or "if the object be not pleasing, as a bad sound to the ear, a stinking smell to the nose, &c. Sight.] Of these five senses, sight is held to be most precious, and the best, and that by reason of his object, it sees the whole body at once. By it we learn, and di.scern all things, a sense most excellent for use : to the sight three thinirs are re- quired ; tlie object, the organ, and the medium. The object in general is visible, or that which is to be seen, as colours, and all shining bodies. The medium is the illumination of the air, which comes from "light, commonly called diaphanum ; for in dark we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which by those optic nerves, concurring both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. Between the organ and object a true distance is required, that it be not too near, or too far off. ]\Iany excellent questions appertain to this sense, discussed by philoso- phers : as whether this sight be caused intra juittendo^ vel extra mittendo, Sec, by receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out, which ^'^ Plato, ^''' Plutarch, 62 Vita consistit in calido et humido. « "Too I actus perspicui. Lumen i luce provenit, lux est IB Dright an object destroys the organ. " Lumen est | corpora lucido. "Satiu. 7. c. 14. «ln PhiBdon. l2 102 Anatomy of the Soul [Part. 1. Sec. 1. ^'Macrobius, ^^Lactantius and others dispute. And, besides, it is the subject of the perspectives, of which Alhazen the Arabian, VitelUo, Roger Bacon, Bapiista Porta, Guidus Ubaldus, Aquilonius, kc, have written whole vohnnes. Hearing.] Hearing, a most excellent outward sense, "• by which we learn and get knowledge." His object is sound, or that which is heard; the medium, air; organ, the ear. To the sound, which is a collision of the air, three things are required; a body to fetrike, as the hand of a musician ; tlie body struck, which must be solid and able to resist; as a bell, lute-string, not wool, or sponge; the mediuni, the air; which is inward, or outward ; the outward being struck or collided by a solid body, still strikes the next air, until it come to that inward natural air, which as an exqui- site organ is contained in a little skin formed like a drum-head, and struck upon by certain small instruments like drum-sticks, conveys the sound by a pair of nerves, approj)riated to that use, to the conunon sense, as to a judge of sounds. Tliere is great variety and much delight in them ; for tlie knowledge of which, consult with Boethius and other musicians. Smcllhig.] Smelling is an "outward sense, which apprehends by the nostrils drawing in air ;" and of all the rest it is the weakest sense in men. The organ in the nose, or two small hollow pieces of llcsh a little above it : the medium the air to men, as water to tish : the object, smell, arising from a mixed body resolved, wliich, whether it be a quality, fume, vapour, or exhalation, I will not now dispute, or of their diHerences, and how they are caused. This sense is an organ of health, as sight and hearing, saith ''''Agellius, are of discipline ; and that by avoiding bad smells, as by choosing good, which do as nuu-h alter and allect tiie body many times, as diet itself. Taslc] Taste, a necessary sense, " which perceives all savours by the tongue and palate, and tliat by means of a thin spittle, or watery juice." His organ is the tongue witli his tasting nerves; the medium, a watery juice ; tiie object, Uiste, or savour, which is a quality in the juice, arising from tlie mixture of things tasted. Some make eight species or kinds of savour, bitter, sweet, sharp, salt, &.c., all which sick men (as in an ague) cannot discern, by reason of their organs misafiected. Touching.] Touch, the last of the senses, and most ignoble, yet of as great neces- sity as the other, and of as much pleasure. This sense is exquisite in men, and by his nerves dispersed all over the body, perceives any tactile quality. His organ the nerves ; his object those first qualities, hot, dry, moisf, cold ; and those that fullow them, hard, soft, thick, thin, &.c. Many delightsome questions are moved by philo- sophers about these five senses ; their organs, objects, mediums, which for brevity I omit SuBSECT. VH. — Of the Inivard Senses. Common Sense.] I.wer senses are three in number, so called, because they be within the brain-pan, as conunon sense, phantasy, memory. Their objects are not only things present, but they perceive the sensible species of things to come, past, absent, such as were before in the sense. This common sense is the judge or mode- rator of the rest, by whom we discern all differences of objects ; for by mine eye I do not know that I see, or by mine ear that I hear, but by my common sense, who judgeth of sounds and colours : they are but tlie organs to bring the species to be censured ; so that all their objects are his, and all their offices are his. The fore part of tlie brain is his organ or seat. Phantasy.] Phantasy, or imagination, which some call estimative, or cogitative, (confirmed, saith '"Fernelius, by frequent meditation,) is an inner sense whicli doth more fully examine the species perceived by common sense, of things present or absent, and keeps them longer, recalling them to mind again, or making new of his own. In time of sleep this faculty is free, and many times conceive strange, stu- pend, absurd shapes, as in sick men we commonly observe. His organ is the mid- dle cell of the brain; his objects all the species communicated to hirn by the com- mon sense, by comparison of which he feigns infinite other unto himself. In melan- choly men this faculty is most powerful and strong, and often hurts, producing many " De pract. PkJ^M 4. «Lac cap. 6. de opif. Dei, 1. "Ijb. 19. cap. 2. 'o PhU. I. 5. c. A Mem. 2. Subs. 8.] Anatomy of the Saul 103 monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up by some terrible object, presented to it from common sense or memory. In poets and painters ima- gmation forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, antics, images : as Ovid's house of sleep. Psyche's palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and governed by reason, or at least should be ; but in brutes it hath no superior, and is atio brutoru7n, all the reason they have. Meinory.] Memory lays up all the species which the senses have brought in, and records them as a good register, that they may be fortlicoming when they are called for by phantasy and reason. His object is the same with phantasy, his seat and organ the back part of the brain. Jiffcclions of the Senses, sleep and leaking.] The affections of these senses are sleep and waking, common to all sensible creatures. " Sleep is a rest or binding of the outward' senses, and of the common sense, for the preservation of body and soul" (as ''Scaliger defines it); for when the common sense resteth, the outward senses rest also. The phantasy alone is free, and his commander reason : as appears by those imaginary dreams, which are of divers kinds, natural, divine, demoniacal, &c., which vary according to humours, diet, actions, objects, &c., of which Artemidorus, Cardanus, and Sambucus, with their several interpretators, have written great volumes. This litigation of senses proceeds from an inhibition of spirits, the way being stopped by wliich they should come ; this stopping is caused of vapours arising out of the stomach, filling the nerves, by which the spirits should be conveyed. When these vapours ar^ spent, the passage is open, and the spirits perform their accustomed duties : so that " waking is the action and motion of the senses, which the spirits dispersed over all parts cause." SuBSECT. VIII. — Of the Moving Faculty. Appetite.] This moving faculty is the other power of the sensitive soul, which causeth all those inward and outward animal motions in the body. It is divided nto two faculties, the power of appetite, and of moving from place to place. This of appetite is threefold, so some will have it ; natural, as it signifies any such incli- nation, as of a stone to fall downward, and such actions as retention, expulsion, which depend not on sense, but are vegetal, as the appetite of meat and drink ; hun- ger and tliirst. Sensitive is common to men and brutes. Voluntary, the third, or intellective, which commands the other two in men, and is a curb unto tliem, or at least should be, but for the most part is captivated and overruled by them; and men are led like beasts by sense, giving reins to their concupiscence and several lusts. For by this appetite the soul is led or inclined to follow that good which the senses shall approve, or avoid that which they hold evil : his object being good or evil, the one he embraceth, the other he rejecteth ; according to that aphorism. Omnia appe- tunl bonim, all things seek their own good, or at least seeming good. This power is inseparable from sense, for where sense is, there are likewise pleasure and pain. Ilis organ is the same with the common sense, and is divided into two powers, or inclinations, concupiscible or irascible: or (as "one translates it) coveting, anger invading, or impugning. Concupiscible covets always pleasant and delightsome things, and abhors that which is distasteful, harsh, and unpleasant. Irascible, '^quasi aver sans per iram et 0(^m7?i, as avoiding it with anger and indignation. . All affections and perturbations arise out of these two fountains, which, although the stoics make light of, we hold natural, and not to be resisted. The good afii^ctions are caused by some object of the same nature; and if present, they procure joy, which dilates the heart, and preserves the body : if absent, they cause hope, love, desire, and concu- piscence. The bad are simple or mixed : simple for some bad object present, as sorrow, Avhich contracts the heart, macerates the soul, subverts the good estate of the body, hindering all the operations of it, causing melancholy, and many times death itself; or future, as fear. Out of these two arise tliose mixed affections and passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge; hatred, which is inveterate anger: zeal, which is offended with him who hurts that he loves ; and iTtixaLpsxaxia, a coir " Exercit. 280. Tax. W. Jesuite, in bis Passions of the Minde. '" VfVcMtio. 104 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1, pound affection of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are grieved at their prosperity; pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &c., of which elsewhere. Moving from place to place., is a faculty necessarily following the other. For in Tain were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to pro- secute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place : by this faculty therefore we locally move the bod}', or any part of it, and go from one place to another. To the better performance of which, three things are requisite : that which moves ; by what it moves ; that which is moved. That which moves, is either the efficient cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed ; as in a dog to catch a hare, Stc. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasy, which apprehends good or bad objects : in brutes imagination alone, which moves the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which by an admirable league of nature, and by meditation of the spirit, commands the organ by which it moves : and iliat con- sists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed through the whole body, contracted and relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or ''* nerves in the midst of them, and draw the cord, and so per conscquens tlie joint, to the place intended. That which is moved, is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting, and such like, referred to the predicament o[ situs. Worms creep, birds fly, iishes swhn ; and so of parts, the chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed. The outward air is drawn in by the vocal artery, and sent by mediation of the midrilF tactile lungs, whicb, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetcli it in, and send it out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence now being hot, convey it again, still taking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because many have written whole books, I will say nothing. * ^ SuBSECT. IX. — Oftlie Rational Soul. I.v the precedent subsections I have anatomized those inferior faculties of the soul; the rational remaineth, "a pleasant, but a doubtful subject" (as "one terms it), and with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about the essence and original of it ; whether it be fire, as Zeno hehl ; harmony, as Aristoxe- nus ; number, as Xenocrates; whether it be organical, or inorganical ; seated in the brain, heart or blood; mortal or immortal; how it comes into the body. Some hold that it is ex traduce, as Phil. 1. de minima., TertuUian, Lactantius de opijic. Dei, cap. 19. Hugo., lib. de Spiritu et Animd, Vincentius Bellavic. spec, natural, lib. 23. cap. 2. et II. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many '*late writers; that one man begets another, body and soul; or as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the seed : otherwise, say they, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast that begets both matter and form ; and, besides, the three faculties of the soul must be together infused, which is most absurd as they hold, because in beasts they are begot, the two inferior I mean, and may not be well separated in men. "Galen sup- poseth the soul crasin esse., to be the temperature itself; Trismogistus, Musaeus, Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Phairecides Syrus, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those British "Druids of old. The ™ Pythagoreans defend Metempsychosis ; and Palingenesia, that souls go from one body to another, epota prius Lethes xtndd, as men into wolves, bears, dogs, hogs, as they were inclined in their lives, or participated in conditions : •• "inque ferinas Possunms ire dooms, pecudumqae in corpora condi." *' Lucian's cock was first Euphorbus, a captain : "llle eso (nam memini) Trojani tempore belli, Pamhojdes Euphorbus eram. A horse, a man, a sponge. ^^ Julian the Apostate thought Alexander's soul was descended into his body : Plato in Tmiaeo, and in his Phaedon, (for aught I can per- "*Nervi i spiritu moventiir, spiritiis ab anima. Me- > sf^quantur, &c. '"Caesar. 6. com. "Read kinct. ''Velcurio. Jucundum et anceps subjec- I .£neaa Gazeus dial, oftlie immortality of the f*oiil. turn. "Goclenius in •ir-j/^iK. pag- 302. Bright in '•'Ovid. Met. 15. " We, who may take up our abode in Phvs. Scrib. 1. 1. David Crusius, Melancthon, Hippius wild beasts, or be lodeed in the breaita of rattle." Becniug. Lcvinua Lemnius. &...._ r: Lib. an mores 1 "In GaJlo. Idem. '"iNicephoruB, hist lib. 10. c. 3i. Mem. 2. Subs. 9.] ' Anatomy of the Soul. 105 ceive,) differs not much from this opinion, that it was from God at first, and knew all, but being inclosed in the body, it forgets, and learns anew, which he rails remi- niscenfin, or recalling, and that it was put into the body for a punishment; and thence it goes into a beast's, or man's, as appears by his pleasant fiction de sortitione animarum., lib. 10. dc rep. and after ^ten thousand years is to return into the fomier body again, S4 "post varios annos, per mille figuras, Rursus ad humans fertur primordia vila;." Others deny the immortalhy of it, which Pomponatus of Padua decided out of Aris- totle not long since, Plinias Avunculus., cap. 1. lib. 2, ct lib. 7. cap. 55 ; Seneca, lib. 7. epist. ad Lucilium, epist. 55; Dicearchus in Tull. Tusc. Ejncurus, Jlratus, Hijipocra- tes, Galen, Lucretius, lib. 1. " (PraetereS. gigni pariter cum corpore, et una. Cresere sentimus, pariterque senescere mentem.)"'* Averroes, and I know not how many Neoterics. ^"This question of the immor- tality of the soul, is diversly and wonderfully impugned and disputed, especially among the Italians of late," saith Jab. Colerus, lib. de immort. animce, cap. 1. The popes themselves have doubted of it : Leo Decimus, that Epicurean pope, as "some record of him, caused this question to be discussed pro and con before him, and con- cluded at last, as a profane and atheistical moderator, with that verse of Cornelius Gallus, Et redit in nihilum, quod fuit ante nihil. It began of nothing, and in nothing it ends. Zeno and his Stoics, as ''^Austin quotes him, supposed the soul so long to continue, till the body was fully putrified, and resolved into materia prima : but after that, in fumos evanescere, to be extinguished and vanished; and in the meantime, whilst the body was consuming, it wandered all abroad, et e longinquo nmlta annun- ciare, and (as that Clazomenian Plermotimus averred) saw pretty visions, and suffered I know not what. ^^Errant exangues sine corpore et ossibus umbra;. Others grant the immortality thereof, but they make many fabulous fictions in the meantime of it, after the departure from the body : like Plato's Elysian fields, and that Turkey para- dise. The souls of good men they deified; the bad (saith ^"Austin) became devils, as they supposed; with many such absurd tenets, which he hath confuted. Hierome, Austin, and other Fathers of the church, hold that the soul is immortal, created of nothing, and so infused into the child or embryo in his mother's Avomb, six months after the ®' conception ; not as those of brutes, which are ex traduce, and dying with them vanish into nothing. To whose divine treatises, and to the Scriptures them- selves, I rejourn all such atheistical spirits, as Tully did Atticus, doubting of this point, to Plato's Phajdon. Or if they desire philosophical proofs and demonstra- tions, I refer them to Niphus, Nic. Faventinus' tracts of this subject. To Fran, and John Picus in digress : sup. 3. de Anima, Tholosanus, Eugubinus, To. Soto, Canas, Thomas, Peresius, Dandinus, Colerus, to that elaborate tract in Zanchius, to Tolet's Sixty Reasons, and Lessius' Twenty-two Arguments, to prove the immortality of the soul. Campanella, lib. de sensu rerum, is large in the same discourse, Albertinus the Schoolman, Jacob. Nactantus, tom. 2. op. handleth it in four questions, Antony Bru- nus, Aonius Palearius, Marinus Marcennus, with many others. This reasonable soul, which Austin calls a spiritual substance moving itself, is defined by philosophers to be '' the first substantial act of a natural, humane, organical body, by which a man lives, perceives, and underscands, freely doing all things, and with election." Out of which definition we may gather, that this rational soul includes the powers, and per- forms the duties of the two other, which are contained in it, and all three faculties make one soul, which is inorganical of itself, although it be in all parts, and incor- poreal, using their organs, and working by them. It is divided into two chief parts, differing in office only, not in essence. The understanding, which is the rational power apprehending ; the will, which is the rational power moving : to which two, all the other rational powers are subject and reduced. s^Phsdo. "Clafldian, lib. 1. de rap. Proserp. ] cap. 16. WQvid. 4. Met. "The bloodless shades 'Besides, we observe that the mind is born with the bod), prows with it, and decays with it." *^'''Ha;c qu^stio inultos per annos varifi, ac niiraliliter impug- nata, tc. '' Colerus, ibid. * Ul- eccles. dog. 14 without either body or bones wander." "" Bono- rum lares, malorum ver6 larvas et lemures. "^ Some say at three days, some six weeks, others other- wise. 106 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1 SuBSECT. X. — Of the Understanding. '■ UxDERSTANDiNG is a power of the soul, ^by which we perceive, know, remem- ber, and judge as well singulars, as universals, having certiiiii innate notices or begin- iiigs of arts, a reflecting action, by which it judgcth of his own doings, and examines them." Out of this definition (besides his chief ofiice, which is to apprehend, judge all that he performs, without the help of any instruments or organs) three diflerences appear betwixt a man and a beast. As first, the sense only comprehends singulari- ties, the understanding universalities. Secondly, the sense hath no innate notions. Thirdly, brutes cannot reflect upon themselves. Bees indeed make neat and curious works, and many other creatures besides ; but when they have done, they cannot judge of them. His object is God, Ens, all nature, and whatsoever is to be under- stood: wliicli successively it apprehends. The object first moving the understanding, is some sensible thing; after by discoursing, the mind finds out the corporeal sub- stance, and from thence the spiritual. His actions (some say) are apprehension, composition, division, discoursing, reasoning, memory, which some hiclude in inven- tion, and judgment. The connnon divisions are of the understanding, agent, and patient ; speculative, and practical ; in habit, or in act ; simple, or compound. The agent is that which is called the wit of man, acumen or subtility, sharpness of in- vention, when he doth invent of himself without a teacher, or learns anew, which abstracts those intelligible species from the phantasy, and transfers them to the pas- sive understanding, ^^^ because there is notliing in the understanding, which was not first in the sense." That which the imagination hath taken from the sense, this agent judgeth of, whether it be true or false; and being so judged he commits it to the passible to be kept. The agent is a doctor or teacher, the passive a scliolar; and his oflice is to keep and further judge of such things as are conmiitted to liis charge ; as a bare and rased Uible at first, capable of all forms and notions. Now these notions are two-fold, actions or habits : actions, by wiiich we take notions of, and perceive things ; habits, whicli are durable lights aiul notions, which we may use when we will. Some reckon up eight kinds of them, sense, experience, intelli- gence, faith, suspicion, error, opinion, science ; to which are added art, prudency, wisdom : as also ^ synteresis, dictamen rationis, conscience ; so that in all there be fourteen species of the understanding, of which some are innate, as the three last mentioned ; the "other are gotten by doctrine, learning, and use. Plato will have all to be innate : Aristotle reckons up but five intellectual habits ; two practical, as pru- dency, whose end is to practise ; to fabricate ; wisdom to comprehend the use and experiments of all notions and habits whatsoever. Which division of Aristotle (if it be considered aright) is all one with the precedent; for three being innate, and five acquisito, the rest are improper, imperfect, and in a more strict examination excluded. Of all these I should more amply dilate, but my subject will not permit. Three of them I will only point at, as more necessary to my following discourse. Synteresis, or the purer part of the conscience, is an innate habit, and doth signify " a conversation of the knowledge of the law of God and Nature, to know good or evil." And (as our divines hold) it is rather in the understanding than in the will. This makes tlie major proposition in a practical syllogism. The dictamen rationis is that w hich doth admonish us to do good or evil, and is the minor in the syllogism. The conscience is that which approves good or evil, justifying or condemning our actions, and is the conclusion of the syllogism : as in that familiar example of Regu- lus the Pioman, taken prisoner by the Carthaginians, and suflered to go to Rome, on that condition he should return again, or pay so much for his ransom. The synte- resis proposeth the question ; his word, oath, promise, is to be religiously kept, although to his enemy, and that by the law of nature. ®*Do not that to another which thou wouldest not have done to thyself" Dictamen applies it to him, and dictates this or the like : Regulus, thou wouldst not another man should falsify his oath, or break promise with thee : conscience concludes, therefore, Regulus, thou '-Melancthon. "^ Nihil in intellectu, quod non I of the conscience. **Quod tibi fieri dob vis, al- prius fuerat ia sensu. Velcurio. w The pure part | teri ne feceris. Mem. 2. Subs. 11.] Anatomy of the Soul. 107 dost well to perform thy promise, and oughtest to keep thine oath. More of this m Religious Melancholy. SuBSECT. XL— 0/^/ie Will Will is the other power of the rational soul, ^'' which covets or avoids such things as have been before judged and apprehended by the understanding." If good, it approves ; if evil, it abhors it : so that his object is either good or evil. Aris- totle calls this our rational appetite ; for as, in the sensitive, we are moved to good or bad by our appetite, ruled and directed by sense; so in this we are carried by reason. Besides, the sensitive appetite halli a particular object, good or bad; this an universal, immaterial : that respects only things delectable and pleasant ; this honest. Again, they differ in liberty. The sensual appetite seeing an object, if it be a convenient good, cannot but desire it ; if evil, avoid it : but this is free in his essence, ^"''much now depraved, obscured, and fallen from his first perfection; yet in some of his operations still free," as to go, walk, move at his pleasure, and to choose whether it will do or not do, steal or not steal. Otherwise, in vain were laws, de- liberations, exhortations, counsels, precepts, rewards, promises, threats and punish- ments : and God should be the author of sin. But in ^^ spiritual things we will no .good, prone to evil (except we be regenerate, and led by the Spirit), we are egged on by our natural concupiscence, and there is ataxia, a confusion in our powers, ^^" our whole will is averse from God and his law," not in natural things only, as to eat and drink, lust, to which we are led headlong by our temperature and inordinate appetite, 'ooi'is'ec nos obniti contra, nee teiidere tantiim Sufficiiuus, " we cannot resist, our concupiscence is originally bad, our heart evil, the seat of oui affections captivates and enforceth our will. So that in voluntary things we are averse from God and goodness, bad by nature, by ' ignorance worse, by art, discipline, custom, we get many bad habits : suffering them to domineer and tyrannise over us ; and the devil is still ready at hand with his evil suggestions, to tempt our depraved will to some ill-disposed action, to precipitate us to destruction, except our will be swayed and counterpoised again with some divine precepts, and good motions of the spirit, which many tunes restrain, hinder and check us, when we are in the full career of our dissolute courses. So David corrected himself, when he had Saul at a vantage. Revenge and malice were as two violent oppugners on the one side ; but honesty, reliffion, fear of God, withheld him on the other. The actions 9f the will are velle and nolle, to will and nill : which two words comprehend all, and they are good or bad, accordingly as they are directed, and some of tliem freely performed by hnnself ; although the stoics absolutely deny it, and will have all things inevitably done by destiny, imposing a fatal necessity upon us, which we may not resist ; yet we say that our will is free in respect of us, and things contingent, howsoever in respect of God's determinate counsel, they are inevitable and necessary. Some other actions of the will are performed by the mferior powers, which obey him, as the sensitive and moving appetite ; as to open our eyes, to go hither and thither, not to touch a book, to speak fair or foul : but this appetite is many times rebellious in us, and will not be contained within the lists of sobriety and temperance. It was (as I said) once well agreeing with reason, and there Wcis an excellent consent and harmony between them, but that is now dissolved, they often jar, reason is overborne by passion : Fertur equis auriga, nee audit currus hubenas, as so many wild horses run away with a chariot, and will not be curbed. We know many times what is good, but will not do it, as she said, 2"Trahit invitum nova vis, aliudque cupido, Mens aliud suadet, •' Lust counsels one thing, reason another, there is a new reluctancy in men. ''Odi, nee possum, ciipiens non esse, quod odi. We cannot resist, but as Phaedra confessed ^ Res ab intellectu monstratas recipit, vel rejicit; approbat, vel iniprobat, Philip. Ignoti nulla cupido. '■ Melancthon. Operationes plerumque fera", etsi libera sit ilia in essentia sua. w In civilibus libera, sed non in spiritualibus Osiander. ss Tola voluntas aversa ^ Deo. Omnis bomo mendax. ^i" Vixi " We are neither able to contend against them, nor only to make way." i Vel propter ignorantiun\ quod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens ut debuit aut divinis prsceptis exculta. ^ Med. Ovid 3 Ovid. 108 Definition of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. to her nurse, *qii(2 loqueris., vera sunt, sed furor suggerit sequi pejora : she said well and true, she did acknowledge it, but headstrong passion and fury made her to do that whicli was opposite. So David knew the fihhiness of his fact, what a loathsome, foul, crying sin adultery Avas, yet notwilhstandmg he would commit murder, and take away another man's wife, enforced against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. Those natural and vegetal powers are not commanded by will at all ; for " who can add one cubit to his stature .'" These other may, but are not : and thence come all those headstrong passions, violent perturbations of the mind ; and many times vicious habits, customs, feral diseases ; because we give so much way to our appetite, and follow our inclination, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two ia number, virtue and vice, whose peculiar definitions, descriptions, differences, and kinds, are handled at large in the ethics, and are, indeed, the subject of moral phi- losophy. MEMB. III. SuBSECT. I. — Definition of Melancholy, JYame, Difference. Havi.vg thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to the rest ; I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object, to most men's capacity ; and after many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is, show his name and differences. The name is imposed from the matter, and disease denominated from the material cause : as Bruel observes, Mt'Ka.vxo'h.a quasi MfXatwi;i;"^»;, from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an effect, a disease or symptom, let Donatus Altomarus and Salvianus decitle ; I will not contend about it. It hath several descriptions, notations, and definitions. ^Fracastorius, in his second book of intellect, calls those melancholy, '' wlnmi abundance of that same depraved humour of black choler hath so misatfected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the un- derstanding." 'Melanelius out of Galen, Ruffus, jEtius, describe it to be '^ a bad and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts :" Galen, " a privation or iiifection of the middle cell of the head, &.c." defining it from the part afiected, which "Hercules de Saxonid approves, lib. 1. cap. 16. calling it ''a depravation of the principal function:" Fuschius, lib. 1. cap. 23. Arnoldus Breviar. lib. I. cap. 18. Guianerius, and others : '^ By reason of black choler," Paulus adds. Halyabbas simply calls it a " commotion of the mind." Aretajus, ^'' a perpetual anguish of tln^ soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague ; which definition of his, Mercurialis de affect, cap. lib. 1. cap. 10. taxeth : but ALlianus Montaltus defends, lib. de morb. cap. 1. de Melon, for sufficient and good. The common sort define it to be ''a kind of dotage without a fever, having for his ordinary companions, fear and sadness, without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso. lib. 1. cap. 43. Donatus Altomarus, cap. 7. art. medic. Jacchinus, in com. in lib. 9. Rhasis ad A\- mansor, cap. 15. Valesius, exerc. 17. Fuschius, institut. 3. sec. 1. c. 11. &i.c. which common definition, howsoever approved by most, * Hercules de Saxonid will not allow of, nor David Crucius, Theat. morb. Herm. lib. 2. cap. G. he holds it insuffi- cient : as '"rather showing what it is not, than what it is :" as omitting the specific difference, the phantasy and brain : but I descend to particulars. The sum.mu7n gciiiis is " dotage, or anguish of the mind," saith Areta?us ; *"• of the principal parts," Her- cules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsy, and such diseases as belong to the outward sense and motions [depraved] " to distinguish it from folly and madness (which Montaltus makes angor animi, to separate) in which those functions are not depraved, but rather abolished ; [without an ague] is added by all, to sever it from phrensy, and that melancholy which is in a pestilent fever. (Fear * Seneca. Hipp. ^ MelanchoUcos voeamug, quos animi in una contentione defixus, absque febre. eTuperantia vel pravitas Melancholia ita male habet, I » Cap. 16. 1. 1. '» Eorum detinitio morhuri quid noo ut iiide insaniant vel in omnibus, vel in pluribus iisque I sit potiiis quam quid sit, explicit. " .\niiiis fiinc- manifestis sive ad rectam ralianem, voluntat6 perti- 1 tiones imminuuntur in fatuitate, tolluntur in mama, nent, vel elcctionem, vel intpllfetns operationes. I depravanlur solum in melancholia. Ilerc. de Sai • Pessimum et pertinacissim':n- rm -'um qui homines cap. 1. tract, de Mel*iwp>. inbrutadegeneraiecogit. 'rainii.Med. ^ Angor Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Parts affected, S^c. 109 and sorrow) make it' differ from madness : [without a cause] is lastly inserted, to specify it from all other ordinary passions of [fear and sorrow.] We properly call that dotage, as '^Laurentius interprets it, "when some one principal faculty of the mind, as imagination, or reason, is corrupted, as all melancholy persons have." It is without a fever, because the humour is most part cold and dry, contrary to putre- faction. Fear and sorrow are the true characters and inseparable companions of most melancholy, not all, as Her. de Saxonia, Tract, de posthumo de MehmcJioUa, cap. 2. well excepts ; for to some it is most pleasant, as to such as laugh most part ; some are bold again, and free from all manner of fear and grief, as hereafter shall be declared. SuBSECT. II.— 0/ the part affected. Affection. Parlies affected. Some difference I find amongst writers, about the principal part affected in this disease, whether it be the brain, or heart, or some other member. Most are of opinion that it is the brain : for being a kind of dotage, it cannot otherwise be but tliat the brain must be affected, as a similar part, be it by '=' consent or essence, not in his ventricles, or any obstructions in them, for then it would be an apoplexy, or epilepsy, as '^ Laurentius well observes, but in a cold, diy distemperature of it in his substance, which is con-upt and become too cold, or too dry, or else too hot, as in madmen, and such as are inclined to it: and this '^ Hippocrates confirms, Galen, the Arabians, and most of our new writers. Marcus de Oddis (in a consultation of his, quoted by '<^Hildesheim) and five others there cited are of the contrary part; be- cause fear and sorrow, which are passions, be seated in the heart. But this objec- tion is sufficiently answered by "Montaltus, who doth not deny that the heart is affected (as '"Melanelius proves out of Galen) by reason of his vicinity, and so is the midriff' and many other parts. They do compati., and have a fellow feeling by the law of nature : but forasmuch as this malady is caused by precedent imagination, with the appetite, to whom spirits obey, and are subject to those principal parts, the brain must needs primarily be misaffected, as the seat of reason; and then the heart, as the seat of affection. '^ Cappivaccius and Mercurialis have copiously discussed this question, and both conclude the subject is the inner brain, and from thence it is communicated to the heart and other inferior parts, which sympathize and are much troubled, especially when it comes by consent, and is caused by reason of the stomach, or myrach, as the Arabians term it, whole body, liver, or ^° spleen, which are seldom free, pylorus, meseraic veins, &c. For our body is like a clock, if one wlieel be amiss, all the rest are disordered ; the whole fabric suffers : with such ad- mirable art and harmony is a man composed, such excellent proportion, as Ludo- vicus Vives in his Fable of Man hath elegantly declared. As many doubts almost arise about the 2' affection, whether it be imagination or reason alone, or both, Hercules de Saxonia proves it out of Galen, ^tius, and Altomarus, that the sole fault is in ^^ imagination. Bruel is of the same mind : Mon- taltus in his 2 cap. of Melancholy confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates the contrary by many examples : as of him that thought himself a shell-fish, of a nun, and of a desperate monk that would not be persuaded but that he was damned ; reason was in fault as well as imagination, which did not correct this error : they make away themselves oftentimes, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things. Why doth not reason detect the ihllacy, settle and persuade, if she be free ? ^Avi- cenna therefore holds both corrupt, to w^hom most Arabians subscribe. The same is maintained by ^^Areteus, ^^Gorgonius, Guianerius, &C. To end tlie controversy, no man doubts of imagination, but that it is hurt and misaffected here ; for the other I determine with ^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua, that it is first in " imagi- I'^Cap. 4. de niel. "Per consensum sivc per ! 20 Rarb qoisquam tumorem effugit lienis. qm hoc e^•9entia^^. >*Ca^. t. de mel. '^Sec. 7. de i morbo afficilur, Piso. Quis affectus. -' ."^eo Uonat. nior. vulsar. lib. 6. "oSpirel. de melancholia. 1 ab Altoinar. -.Facultas imaginandi. non cogiianai, 1" Cap. 3. do mel. Pars affoc a cerebrum sive per con- nee memorandi l'Ini Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] Speeiea of Melancholy. 1 1 1 is cold and dry, " so that it be more ** than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered," saith Faventius, " and diseased ;" and so the other, if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adus- tion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this me- lancholy matter may be engendered of all four humours, about the colour and temper of it. Galen holds it may be engendered of three alone, excluding phlegm, or pituita, whose true assertion *^ Valesius and Menardus stiffly maintain, and so doth ^Fuschius, Montaltus, '•''Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? But Hercules de SaxoniS, Ub. post, de mela. c. 8, and ""^ Cardan are of the opposite part (it may be engendered of phlegm, etsi rarb contingaf, though it seldom come to pass), so is ■'^Guianerius and Laurentius, c. 1. with Melanct. in his book de Anima, and Chap, of Humours ; he calls it Asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that he was an eye-witness of it: so is ^Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one kind ; from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from phlegm, which is dull ; and the last from blood, which is best. Of these some are cold and dry, others hot and dry, ^'varying according to their mixtures, as thay are intended, and remitted. And indeed as Rodericus a Fons. cons. 12. 1. determines, ichors, and those serous matters being thickened become phlegm, and phlegm degenerates into choler, choler adust becomes cBruginosa melancholia., as vinegar out of purest wine putrified or by exhalation of purer spirits is so made, and becomes sour and sharp ; and from the sharpness of this humour proceeds much waking, troublesome thoughts and dreams, &.c. so that I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is, saith ^^Faventinus, " a cause of dotage, and produceth milder symptoms : if hot, they are rash, raving mad, or inclining to it." If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are 'hot; much madness follows, with violent actions : if cold, fatuity and sottisliness, *'Capi- vaccius. ""The colour of this mixture varies likewise according to the mixture, be it hot or cold; 'tis sometimes black, sometimes not, Altomarus. The same ^^Melanelius proves out of Galen; and Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy (if at least it be his), giving instance in a burning coal, " which when it is hot, shines ; when it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour." This diversity of melan- choly matter produceth diversity of effects. If it be within tht **'body, and not putrified, it causeth black jaundice ; if putrified, a quartan ague ; if it break out to the skin, leprosy ; if to parts. Several maladies, as scurvy, &c. If it trouble the mind ; as it is diversly mixed, it produceth several kinds of madness and dotage • of which in their place. SuBSECT. IV. — Of the species or kinds of Melancholy. When the matter is divers and confiised, how should- it otherwise be, but tliat tlie species sliould be divers and confused ? Many new and old writers have spoken con- fusedly of it, confounding melancholy and madness, as ^"Heurnius,Guianerius, Gor- donius, Salustius, Salvianus, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that Avill have madness no other than melancholy in extent, differing (as I have said) in degrees. Some make two distinct species, as Ruffus Ephesius, an old writer, Constantinus Africanus, Areteeus, *®Aurelianus, ^^Paulus iEgineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave them indefinite, as ^tiiis in his Tetrabiblos, "^^Avicenna, Zi/^. 3. Fen. 1. Trad. 4. cap. 18. Arculanus, cflp. IG. m 9. Rasis. Montanus, me d. part. I. ^'" If natural me- lancholy be adust, it makelh one kind ; if blood, another; if choler, a third, differ- ing from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds, as there ■"Secundum magis aut minus si in corpore fuerit, 1 pr.-pter modiim calefactus, et alias refriseratus evarfit : ad intemperiem plusquam corpus saluliriter ferre poterit: inde corpus morbosum effitur. •'^Lib. 1. controvers. cap. 21. i^Llb. 1. sect. 4. cap. 4. 4'Concil. 26. •" Lib. 2. contradic. cap. 11. "De feb. tract, ditf. 2. cap. 1. Non est negaiidum exhac fieri Melaneholicos. '"In Syntax. si Varie aduritur, et mi^cetur, unde varia- amentium species. Melanct. M Humor fripidus delirii causa, furoris ralidus, &c. ^Lib. 1. cap. 10. de affect, cap. '^ Nigrescit hie humor, aliquando supercalefactus, alicjando super fngefactus, ca. 7. <* Humor hie niger aliquando nam recenlihiis carbonibus ei quid simile accidil, qui durante flanima pellucidissime candent, e4 e.xtinrta prorsus nigrescunt. Hippocrates «=Guianeriiis, diff. 2. cap. 7. 57 j\on est mania, nisi exten.sa me- lancholia. ^ Cap. 6. lib. 1. '"2 Ser. 2. cap 9. Morbus hie est omnifarius. f Species indefinite sunt. 61 gj aduratur naturalis melancholia, alic fit species, si sanguis, alia, si flavihilis alia, diversa i primis : maxima est inter has difTerentia, et tot Doc- torum sentenlis, quot ipsi nuinero sunt. 112 Species of Melancholy- [Part. 1. Sec, 1. be men tliemselves." ^^ Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, "material and immaterial ; one from spirits alone, the other from humours and spirits." Savana- rola. Rub. 11. Tract. 6. cap. 1. le cegrilud. capitis, will have the kinds to be infi- nite , one from the myracn, called myrachialis of the Arabians ; another stomachalis, irom the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hemrods, ^" one beginning, another consummate." Melancthon seconds him, *^"as the humour is diversly adust and mixed, so are the species divers ;" but what these men speak of species I think ought to be understood of symptoms, and so dotli ^^Arculanus interpret him- self: infinite species, id est, symptoms ; and in that sense, as Jo. Gorrheus acknow- ledgeth in his medicinal definitions, tlie species are infinite, but they may be reduced to three kinds by reason of their seat; head, body, and hypochrondries. This threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his Book of Melancholy, (if it be his, which some suspect) by Galen, lib. 3. de loc. affectis, cap. 6. by Alexander, lib. 1. cap. 16. Rasis, ///;. 1. Continent. Tract. 9. lib. 1. cap. 16. Avicenna and most of our new writers. Th. Erastus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which is head me- lancholy ; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by lits, which he subdivides into the other two "kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some again make four or five kinds, with Rodericus a Castro, de morbis mulier. lib. 2. cap. 3. and Lod. Mercatus, who in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4. will have that me- lancholy of nuns, widows, and more ancient maids, to be a pecidiar species of melancholy diflfering from the rest : some will reduce enthusiasts, cxtatical and de- moniacal persons to this rank, adding ^love melancholy to the first, and lycanthro- pia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the sole fault of the brain, and is called head melancholy ; the second sympathetically proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melancholy : the tliird ariselh from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane, called mcseuterium, named livjiochondriacal or windy melancholy, which '' Laurentius subdivides into three parts, from those three members, hepatic, splenetic, mescraic. Love melancholy, which Avicenna calls llisha : and Lycanthropia, which he calls cucubuthe, are com- moidy included in head melancholy ; but of this last, which Gcrardus de Solo calls amoreusi, and most knight melancholy, with that of religious melancholy, virginum et viduarum, maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus, and the other kinds of love melancholy, I will speak of apart by themplves in my third partition. The three precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which I will anatomize and treat of through all their causes, symptoms, cures, together and apart ; that every man that is in any measure afl"ected with this malady, may know how to ex- amine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. It is a hard matter, I confess, to distinguish these three species one from the other, to express their several causes, symptoms, cures, being that they are so often con- lou!ided amongst themselves, having such afhnity, that they can scarce be discerned by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixed with other diseases, that the best experienced have been plunged. Montanus consil. 26, names a patient that had this disease of melancholy and caninus appetitus both together ; and consil. 23, with vertigo, *' Julius Cssar Claudinus with stone, gout, jaundice. Trincavellius with an ague, jaundice, caninus appetitus, Stc. "Paulus Regcjline, a great doctor in his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptoms, that he knew not to what kind of melancholy to refer it. '"Trincavellius, Fallopius, and FrancauTianus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party, at the same time, gave three diflerent opinions. And in another place, Trincavellius being demanded what he thought of a melancholy young man to whom he was sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not to what kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation there is the like dis- agreement about a melancholy monk. Those symptoms, which others ascribe to misaffected parts and humours, '' Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered spirits, and tL^se immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern «- Tract, de mel. cap. 7. "Quedam incipicns quedam consummata. ^Cap. de humor, lib.de aniina. Vari6 adiirilur et miscetur ipsa melancholia, Jnde varrtE amentium species. «* Cap. 16. ia 9. Rasis. "Laurentius, cap. 4. de mel. "^ Cap. 13. 1^480. et 116. consult, consil. 12. "Mildeshelm. spicil. 2. fol. 166. '"Trincavellius, torn. 2. consU. 15 et 16. ^'CftP^ 13. tract, posth.de melao. Mem. 3. Subs. 4.] Causes of Melancholy. 113 ihis disease from others. In Reinerus Solinander's counsels, {Sect, consil. 5,) he and Dr. Brande both agreed, that the patient's disease was hypocondriacal melancholy. Dr. aiathoklus said it was asthma, and nothing else. '^Solinander and Guarionius, lately sent for to the melancholy Duke of Cleve, Avith others, could not define what species it was, or agree amongst themselves. The species are so confounded, as in Caesar Claudinus his forty-fourth consultation for a Polonian Count, in his judgment ^^"he laboured of head melancholy, and that which proceeds from the whole tem- perature botli at once." I could give instance of some that have had all three kinds semel etmnul, and some successively. So that I conclude of our melancholy spe- cies, as "many politicians do of their pure forms of commonwealths, monarchies, aristocracies, democracies, are most famous in contemplation, but in practice they are temperate and usually mixed, (so ^^Polybius informeth us) as the Lacedemonian, the Roman of old, German now, and many others. What physicians say of distinct species in their books it much matters not, since that in their patients' bodies they are commonly mixed. In such obscurity, therefore, variety and confused mixture of symptoms, causes, how difficult a thing is it to treat of several kinds apart; to make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, distractions, when seldom two men shall be like effected per omnia f 'Tis hard, I confess, yet never- theless I M'ill adventure through the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errors, and so proceed to the causes. SECT. II. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. " It is in vain to speak of cures, or think of remedies, mitil such time as we have considered of the causes," so '^ Galen prescribes Glauco : and the common expe- rience of others confirms that those cures must be imperfect, lame, and to no pur- pose, wherein the causes have not first been searched, as "Prosper Calenius well observes in his tract de atrc'i Me to Cardinal Csesius. Insomuch that "^'Fernelius puts a kind of necessity in the knowledge of the causes, and witliout which it is impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease." Empirics may ease, and sometimes help, but not thoroughly root out ; suhlatd causa toUitur effexlus, as the saying is, if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanquished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes whence they are, and m such '^'ariety to say what the beginning was. ^°He is happy that can perform it aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the first to the last, general and particular, to every species, that so they mav the better be described. ' General causes, are either supernatural, or natural. " Supernatural are from God and his angels, or by God's permission from the devil" and liis ministers. That God hmiself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evident unto us, Ps. cvii. 17. "■ Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness." Gehazi was strucken with leprosy, 2 Reg. v. 27. Jehoram with dysentery and flux, and great diseases of the bowels, 2 Chron. xxi. 15. David plagued for numbering his people, 1 Par. 21. Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease is peculiarly specified, Psalm cxxvii. 12. "He brought down their heart through heavmess." Deut. xxviii. 28. " He struck them with madness, blmdness, and as- tonishment of heart." ^'" An evil spirit was sent by the Lord upon Saul, to vex "■- Guarion. cons. med. 2. "3 Laboravit per e?sen- tiam et a toto corpore. '* Machiavel, &c. Smithus de rep. Angl. cap. 8:Ub. 1. Buscoldus, discur. polit. ducurs. 5. cap. 7. Arist. 1. 3. polit. cap. ult. Keckerm. i'"; *-c. '=Lib. 6. " Priiiio artis curiliva. " Nostri primum sit propositi affectionum c»usas in- dagare; res ipsa hortari videtur. nam alioqui earuni curatio, tnanca et inutilis .-^^.-t '"TatK lib. 1 15 cap. 11. Rerum cognoscere causaa, medicis imprimis necessarium, sine qua nee morbum curare, nee pr»- cavere licet. '"Tanta enim morbi varietas ac differentia ut non facile dignoscatur, unde initium morbus sumpserit. Melanelius 6 Galeno. foFoilix. qui potuit rerum cognoscere caiteag. ^'1 Saiu.- xvi. 14. 1 14 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1, Sec. 2. him." ^Nebuchadnezzar did eat grass like an ox, and liis "heart was made like ihe beasts of the tield.'- Heathen stories are full of such punishments. Lycurgus, because he cut down the vines in the country, was by Bacchus driven into madness : so was Pentheus and his mother Agave for neglecting tlieir sacrifice. "Censor Fi.l- vius ran mad for untiling Juno's temple, to cover a new one of his own, which he had dedicated to Fortune, ^''and was confounded to death with grief and sorrow of heart." When Xerxes woidd have spoUed ''ApoHo's teuiple at Del])lK)s of those infinite riclies it possessed, a terrible tluuuler came from heaven and struck four thousand men dead, the rest ran mad. ^^A little after, the like liappened to Brennus, lightning, thunder, earthquakes, upon such a sacrikgious occasion. If we may be- lieve our pontifical writers, they will relate unto us many strange and prodigious punislmients in this kind, indicted by their saints. How ^'Clodoveus, sometime king of France, the son of Dagobert, lost his wits for uncovering the body of St, Denis : and how a ■** sacrilegious Frenchman, tliat would have stolen a silver image of St. John, at Birgburge, became frantic on a sudden, raging, and tyrannising over his own flesh : of a ^''Lord of Rhadnor, that coming from hunting late at night, put his dogs into St. Avau's church, (Llan Avan they callctl it) and rising betimes next morning, as hunters use to do, found all his dog.s mad, himself being suddenly stricken blind. Of Tyridates an ^Armenia»n king, for violating some lioly nuns, that was punished in like sort, with loss of his wits. But poets and papists nuiy go together for fabulous tales; let them free their own credits: howsoever they feign of their Nemesis, and of their saints, or by the devi^^s means may be deluded ; we find it true, that ultor a tergo Deus, ""He is God the avenger," as David styles liim ; and that it is our crying sins that pull this and many other maladies on our own heads. That he can by his angels, which are his ministers, strike and heal (saith ^-Dionysius) whom he will; that he can plague us by his creatures, sun, moon, and stars, which he uselh as his instruments, as a husbandman (sailh Zan- chius) doth a hatchet : hail, snow, winds, &.c. **'' El conjurali veniunl in classira venti ;" as in Joshua's time, as in Pharaoh's reign in Egypt ; they are but as so many executioners of his justice. He can make the proudest spirits stoop, and cry out with Julian the Apostate, Vicisti Galiltre : or with Apollo's priest in '"Chrysos- tom, O cceliim! 6 hrra! unde hoslis hicf What an enemy is this .^ And pray with JDavid, acknowledging his power, " 1 am weakened and sore broken, I roar for the ;grief of mine heart, mine heart panteth, Stc." Psalm xxxviii. 8. '•• O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chastise me in thy wrath," Psalm xxxviii. 1. '"• Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which thou hast broken, may rejoice," Psalm li. 8. and verse 12. ^^ Restore to me the joy of thy salvation, ami stablish me with thy free spirit." For these causes belike ''Hippocrates would have a phy- sician take special notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural cau.se, or whether it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by Fran. Valesiu!?, de sacr. philos. cap. 8. '^Fernelius, and '^J. Ca?sar Claudinus, to whom I refer you, how tliis place of Hippocrates is to be understood. Paracelsus is of opinion, that such spiritual diseases (for so he calls them") are spiritually to be cured, and not otherwise. Ordinary means in such cases will not avail : j^on est reluclandum cum Deo [we must not struggle with God.) When that monster-taming Hercules overcame all in the Olympics, Jupiter at last in an unknown shape wrestled with him ; the victory was uncertain, till at length Jupiter descried himself, and Her- cides yielded. No striving with supreme powers. .V/7 jtivat immensos Cra/ero promiltere monies, physicians and physic can do no good, *''•* we must submit our- selves unto the mighty hand of God, acknowledge our oflTences, call to him for mercy. If he strike us una eademque manus vnlmis opemque feret, as it is with them that are wounded with the spear of Achilles, he alone must help ; otherwise our diseases are incurable, and we not to be relieved. *2Dan. V. 21. "-s Lactam, instil, lib. 2 rap. 8. versat, nee mora sarriletius mentis inops, atqne in ^ Menle capius. et sumiiio aninii mcerore consnniptus. semet insaniens in pro[irio3 arms dcn^jvit. "* Gi- •^ Mu.isler cosmos, lil). 4. c-ap. 43. Ue ccelo sul)sti;riie- raidus Cambrensis, lib I. c. 1. Itinerar. Cambrle. bantur, tanquam iii:-ani de saxis pra-cipitati, gee. ■" Delrio, torn. 3. lib. 6. sect. 3. qiifest. 3. »■ Psal •"Liviiis lib 36. "• Gaffuin. I. 3. c. 4. Quod Diotiy?ii xlvi. I. »^ Lib. 8. cap. de Ilierar. »> ciaudiat). corpus dis" De BabilA Martyre. i*^ Lib. cap. 5. prog. "Lib lib. y. sub. Car..i.,o.~»:trroriim c.iiii. ij,;,t,,r, lempli ton- 1 .!)• Abiliiisicuifl^^sis. " Respons. raed. 13 bug eMractis, duui D. Jotaannis ar^t-iii'.uin dimulacrum r> -p rapere conteBdi^^iM|MM^verda I'acie dorsiuu ei Mem. 1. Subs. 2.1 JValure of Devils. 115 Sub SECT. II. — A Digression of the nature of Spirits, bad Angels, or Devils, and how they cause Melancholy. How far the power of spirits and devils doth extend, and whether they can cause this, or any other disease, is a serious question, and worthy to be considered : for the better understanding of which, I will make a brief digression of the nature of spirits. And although the question be very obscure, according to '-''^Postellus, "full of contro- versy and ambiguity," beyond the reach of human capacity, y«/cor excedere vires inlentionis mece, sailh '^'Austin, I confess I am not able to understand i\.,fmilum de infinito non potest slatuere, we can sooner determine with Tully, de nat. deorwiu quid non sint, quam quid sint, our subtle sclioolmen. Cardans, Scaligers, profounil Thom- ists, Fracastoriana and Ferneliana acies, are weak, dry, obscure, defective in these mysteries, and all our quickest wits, as an owPs eyes at the sun's light, wax dull, and are not sufficient to apprehend them ; yet, as in the rest, I will adventure to say something to this point. In former times, as we read. Acts xxiii., the Satkhicees de- nied that there were any such spirits, devils, or angels. So did Galen the physician, the Peripatetics, even Aristotle himself, as Pomponatius stoutly maintains, anil Scali- ger in some sort grants. Though Dandinus the Jesuit, com. in lib. 2. de anima, stiffly denies it; substantim separatee and intelligences, are the same which Chris- tians call angels, and Platonists devils, for they name all the spirits, dcemnnes, be they good or bad angels, as Julius Pollux Onomasticon, lib. 1. cap. I. observes. Epi- cures and atheists are of the same mind in general, because they never saw them. Plato, Plotinus, Porphyrins, Jamblichus, Proclus, insisting in the steps of Trisme- gistus, Pythagoras and Socrates, make no doubt of it : nor Stoics, bivt that there are such spirits, though much erring from the truth. Concerning the first beginning of them, the ' Talmudists say that Adam had a wife called Lilis, before he married Eve, and of her he begat nothing but devils. The Turks' "Alcoran is altogether as absurd and ridiculous in this point : but the Scripture informs us Christians, how Lucifer, the chief of them, with his associates, 'fell from heaven for his pride and ambition; created of God, placed in heaven, and sometimes an angel of light, now cast down into the lower aerial sublunary parts, or into hell, "• and delivered into chains of darkness (2 Pet. ii. 4.) to be kept unto damnation." JYafure of Devils.] There is a foolish opinion which some hold, that they are the souls of men departed, good and more noble were deified, the baser grovelled on the ground, or in the lower parts, and were devils, the which with TerluUian, Por- phyrins the philosopher, M. Tyrius, ser. 27 maintains. "• These spirits," he ^saith, "which we call angels and devils, are nought but souls of men departed, which either through love and pity of their friends yet living, help and assist them, or else persecute their enemies, whom they hated," as Dido threatened to persecute iEneas: "Omnibus umbra locis adero : dal)is iniprobe poBiias." " My anirry ghost arising from the deep, Sliall hrtuiit thee waking, and disturb thy sleep; At least my shade thy punishment shall know. And Fame shall spread the pleasing news below." They are (as others suppose) appointed by those higher powers to keep men from their nativity, and to protect or punish them as they see cause : and are called boni et mali Genii by the Romans. Heroes, lares, if good, lemures or larvae if bad, by the stoics, governors of countries, men, cities, saith ^Apuleius, Deos appellant qui ex hnminum nuniero iuste ac prudenter vita; curriculo gubernato, pro nitmine^ poslea ab honiinibus prcedili fanis ct ceremoniis vulgo admittuntur, ut in JSgypto Osijris, &.c. Pro'stites, Capella calls them, "which protected particular men as well as princes," Socrates had his DcBmonium Salurninum et igniiim, which of all spirits is best, ad sublimes cogitationes animum erigentem, as the Platonists supposed ; Plotinus his, »*Lib. 1. c. 7. de orbis contordia. In nulla re major fuit altercatio, major obscnrilas, minor opinionum Con- cordia, quim de da;monibus et substanliis separatis. i*^Lib. 3. de Trinit. cap. 1. i Pererius in Genesin. Ub. 4. in cap. 3. v. 23. 2 gee Slrozzius Cicogna omnifarisB. Mag. lib. 2. c. 15. Jo. Aubanus, Bredenha- chius. SAngelus per supt^gbtau'S^aAalus i. Deo, qui in verltate non stetit^^A'Tltill i^a ^ Nihil aliud sunt Dtemones quam nudre animn; qux corpore dcpo- sito priorem niiserati vitani, cognati? succurriint com- moti misericordia, &c. °Ui! Vcn 8ocratis. All those mortals are called Gods, wlm. the course of life being prudently guided ajjd"o\ nrned. are honoured by men with temples-aMTftwIU^fii as Osiris i« .iiigypl, &.C. il6 Mature of Devils. [Part. 1. Sec. a, and we christians our assisting angel, as Andreas Victorellus, a copious writer of this subject, Lodovicus de La-Cerda, the Jesuit, in liis voluminous tract de Angela Custodc, Zanchius, and some divines think. But this absurd tenet of Tyreus, Pro- clus confutes at large in his^book de Jinirnn ct dcemone. *Pse]lus, a christian, and sometimes tutor (saith Cuspinian) to Michael Parapina- tius. Emperor of Greece, a great observer of tlie nature of devils, holds they are 'corpereal, and have "aerial bodies, tliat they are mortal, live and die," (which Martianus Capella likewise maintains, but our christian philosophers explode) " that "they are nourished and have excrements, tliey feel pain if they be hurt (wliich Car- dan confirms, and Scaliger justly latighs hiin to scorn for; Si pasciintur aerc^ cur non jnignant ob puriorejn acra f Slc.) or stroken :" and if their bodies be cut, witli admirable celerity they come together again. Austin, in Gen. lib. iii. lib. arbit., approves as much, mutata casu corpora in dcteriorem quaJitatem aeris spissioris., so doth Hierome. Comment, in epist. ad Ephes. cap. 3, Origen, Tertullian, Lactantius, and many ancient Fathers of the Church : tliat in their fall their bodies were changed into a more aerial and gross substance. Bodine, lib. 4, Theatri Naturae and David Crusius, Hermeticaj Philosophia?, lib. i. cap. 4, by several arguments proves angg^ and spirits to be corporeal : quicquid contimlur in loco Corporcum est ; Jit spiritiis coiitinetur iji loco., ergo.' Si spiritus sunt qunnti^ eriint Corporei : At sunt quun'.i, ergo. Hunt Jiniti, ergo quant i, &.c. '"Bodine goes farther yet, and will have these, Jlnimcc separatee genii, spirits, angels, devils, and so likewise souls of men departed, if corporeal (which he most eagerly contends) to he of some sliape, and that abso- lutely round, like Sun and 3Ioon, because that is the most perfect form, qtut niliil Imhet asprritatis, nihil anguUs incisuin, nihil anfractihus ini'olutem., nihil emin< ns., s''d inter corpora perficta est per feci issintum ; " tlierefore all t^pirits are corporeal he concludes, and in their proper sliapes round. 1'liat they can assume other aerial bodies, all manner of shapes at their pleasures, appear in what likeness they will themselves, that they are most swift in motion, can j)a.ss many miles in an instant, and so likewise '■'transform bodies of others into what sliape they please, and with admirable celerity remove them from place to place; ^as tiie .\ngei did liabakkuk to Daniel, and as Philip the deacon was carried away by the Spirit, when he had ba[)- tised tlie eunuch ; so did Pythagoras and Apollunius remove tht-tnselvt's and others, with many such feats) that they can represent castles in the air, palace's, armies, spectrums, progidies, and such strange objects to mortal men's eyes, '* cause smells, savours, &c., deceive all the senses ; most writers of this subject credibly believe ; and that they can foretel future events, and do many strange miracles. Juno^s image spake to Camillus, and Fortune''s statue to the Roman matrons, with many such. Zanchius, Bodine, Spondanus, and others, are of opinion tliat they cause a true me- tamorphosis, as Nebuchadnezzar was really translated into a beast. Lot's wife into a pillar of salt ; Ulysses' companions into hogs and dogs, by Circe's charms ; turn themselves and others, as they do witches into cats, dogs, hares, crows, &.c. Stroz- ziiis Cicogna hath many examples, lib. iii. omnif. mag. cap. 4 and 5, which he there confutes, as Austin likewise doth, de civ. Dei lib. xviii. That they can be seen when and hi what shape, and to whom they will, saith Psellus, Tamelsi nil tale viderim, nee opt em videre, though he himself never saw them nor desired it; and use some- times carnal copulation (as elsewhere I shall "prove more at large) with women and men. Many will not believe they can be seen, and if any man shall say, swear, and stiffly maintain, though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learned, that he hath seen them, they account liim a timorous fool, a melancholy dizard, a weak fellow, a dreamer, a sjck or a mad man, they contemn hhn, laugh him to scorn, and yet Marcus of his credit told Psellus that he had often seen them. And Leo Siiaviiis, a Frenchman, c. 8, in Commentar. 1. 1. Paracelsi de vita lungci. out of some Plato- • He lived 500 years since. 'Apuleius : spiritus animalia sunt aninio pas^sibilia, mente rationalia, cor- pore aeria, tempore seinpiterna. " Nuiriuntur, et ficrenienta habent, quod pulsata doleant $:olido per- cussa corpore. ' Whatever occupies space is corporeal: — spirit occupies space, tkerrfort, ic. itc. '«4lib. 4. Theol. nat. fol . 53a. "Which has no ro'ighnes'", a in Epist. montes etiam et animalia transferri posnuntl as the devil did Christ to the top of the pinnacle; and witches are often translated. See more in ."4B«^tanto.-iB«liores 1 lid JVature of Spirits. [Part. I. Sec. 2 -)ther divines and philosophers hokl, post prolixum iempus moriuntur omncs ; The ^ Platonists, and some Rabbins, Porphyrins and Phitarch, as appears by that relatioa of Thamus: "'' The great God Pan is dead ; ApoHo Py thins ceased; and so the rest. St. Hierome, in the hfe of Panl the Hermit, tells a story how one of them ap- peared to St. Anthony in the wilderness, and told him as much. ^ Paracelsus of our late writers stiffly maintains that they are mortal, live and die as other creatures do. ZoziiBUS, 1. 2, farther adds, that religion and policy dies and alters with them. The ^Gentiles' gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine,and together with them. Imperii Romani majestas, et for tuna inter iit^ et jirnjligatu est ; The fortune and ma- jesty of the Roman Empire decayed and vanished, as that heathen in ^Minutius for- merly bragged, when the Jews were overcome by tlie R< mans, the Jew's God was likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites, no God should deliver them out of the haiuls of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copidations, are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. c. 10, 1.4. Pererius in his connneiu, and Tos- tatus questions on the 6th of Gen. Th. Aquin., St. Austin, Wierus, Th. Erastus, Delrio, tom. 2, I. 2, qu.est. 29 ; Sebastian Michaelis, c. 2, de spiritibus, D. Reinolds Lect. 47. They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not t;ike true bodies, or make a real metamorphosis; but as Cicogna proves at large, tlity are ^'I/lusorice et prcpsti- giatrices transformatimies, omnif. mng. lih. 4, cap. 4, mere illusions aiul cozenings, like that tale of Pasetis obiilus in Suidas, or that of Autolicus, Mercury's son, that dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure l)y cozenage and stealth. Ilis father Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, tauglu him many fine tricks to get means, ^^for he could drive away men's cattle, and if any pursued him, turn them into what shapes he would, aiul so did mightily enrich himself, hoc astii maximutn prcedam <-st adsecutus. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in general. Thomas, Durand, and others, grant that they liave understanding far be- yond men-, can probai)ly conjecture and "foretel many things; they can cause and cure most diseases, deceive our senses ; they have excellent skill in all .Arts ai>d Sciences ; and that the most illiterate devil is Quovis homine sciintior (more know- ing than any man), as "^Cicogna nuiintains out of others. They know the virtues of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, kc. ; of all creatures, birds, beasts, the four ele- ments, stars, planets, can aptly apply and make use of them as tlu-y see good; per- ceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like : Dant se culoribus (as ^Austin liath \i) accomnwdunt se figuris., adharent sonis., suhjiciunt se odoribus, infundunt se sapo- ribus, omnes sensus etiam ipsam inlelligentiam dcpinanesfullunt, tliey deceive all our senses, even our understanding itself at once. *They can produce miraculous alter- ations in the air, and most wonderful effects, conquer armies, give victories, help, further, hurt, cross and alter human attempts and projects [Dei permissu) as they see good themselves. "When Charles the Great intended to make a channel betwixt the Rhine and the Danube, look what his workmen did in the day, these spirits flung down in the night, Ut couatu Rex desisteret^ perviccre. Such feats can they do. But that which Bodine, 1. 4, Theat. nat. thinks (following Tyrius belike, and the Platonists.) they can tell the secrets of a man's heart, aut cogitutiows hmninum^ is most false ; his reasons are weak, and sutficiently confuted by Zanch. lib. 4, cap. 0. Hierom. lib. 2, com. in .Alat. ad cap. 15, Athanasius qua;st. 27, ad Antiochum Prin- cipem, and others. Orders?^ As for those orders of good and bad devils, which the Platonists hold, is altogether erroneous, and those Ethnics honi et mali Genii., are to be exploded : these heathen writers agreeiiot in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes, • Cibo et priiu mi et venere cum hominibus ac tan- dem niori, Cicogna. 1. part. lib. 2. c. 3. -' Plutarch, de defect, orarulorum. > Lib. de Zilphis et Pist- mei3. '^ Dii eentium a Consiantio proatieati sunt, &c. iOQctovian. dial. Juda^urum deiiin fuisse Romanoruni numinibus una rum gente captivum. ' Omnia spiritibus plena, et ex eorum concordia et dUeordia nuioes boni et mali etfeclus proiuanant. om- nia liumana reguntur: paraduxa veteruni de qu6 Ci- cogna. omnif. mag. 1. 2. c. 3. "Oves quad abac- tur'j era. in qua^u Iiy^iuut Lia^unqu^urmas vertebat Pau!mo, Cicogna. *' Aventinus, quirquid inierdiu exhau- rirbatur, noctu explebatur. Inde pavefatti cura lores, &.C. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JVature of Spirits. 119 ^n sint ^mali non conveniunt, some will have all spirits good or bad to us by a mistake, as if an Ox or Horse could discourse, he would say the Butcher was his enemy because he killed him, the Grazier his friend because he fed him ; a Hunter preserves and yet kills his game, and is hated nevertheless of his game ; nee pisca- torem piscis amare potest, &c. But Jamblichus, Psellus, Plutarch, and most Plato- nists acknowledge bad, et ab eorum maleficiis cavenduin, and we should beware of their wickedness, for they are enemies of mankind, and this Plato learned in Egypt, tliat they quarrelled with Jupiter, and were driven by him down to hell.^^ That which ''"Apuleius, Xenophon, and Plato contend of Socrates Daemonium, is most absurd : That which Plotinus of his, that he had likewise Deum pro Damonio ; and that which Porphyry concludes of them all in general, if they be neglected in their .sacrifice they are angry ; nay more, as Cardan in his Hipperclien will, they feed on men's souls, Elementa sunt plantis elementw7i, miimalibus jylania, hominibus unima- lia, erunt et homines aliis, non autem diis, nbnis enim remota est eorum natura a nostra, quapropier dcEmonibus : and so belike that we have so many battles fought in all ages, countries, is to make them a feast, and their sole delight : but to return to that I said before, if displeased they fret and chafe, (for they (eei belike on the souls of beasts, as we do on their bodies) and send many plagues amongst us ; but if pleased, then they do much good ; is as vain as the rest and confuted by Austin, 1. 9. c. 8. de Civ. Dei. Euseb. 1. 4. prajpar. Evang. c. 6. and others. Yet thus much I find, that our School-men and other ■" Divines make nine kinds of bad Spirits, as Dionysius hath done of Angels. In the first rank are those false gods of the Gen- tiles, which were adored heretofore in several Idols, and gave Oracles at Delphos, and elsewhere ; whose Prince is Beelzebub. The second rank is of Liars and iEquivocators, as Apollo, Pythius, and the like. The third are those vessels of anger, inventors of all mischief; as that Theutus in Plato ; Esay calls them *^ vessels of fury ; their Prince is Belial. The fourth are malicious revenging Devils ; and their Prince is Asmodaeus. The fifth kind are cozeners, such as belong to Magicians and Witches ; their Prince is Satan. The sixth are those aerial devils that ^'^ corrupt the air and cause plagues, thunders, fires, &e. ; spoken of in the Apocalypse, and Paul to the Ephesians names them the Princes of the air ; Meresin is their Prince. The seventh is a destroyer, Captain of the Furies, causing wars, tumults, combus- tions, uproars, mentioned in the Apocalypse ; and called Abaddon. The eighth is that accusing or calumniating Devil, whom the Greeks call AmiIjo.oj, that drives men to despair. The ninth are those tempters in several kinds, and their Prince is Mam- mon. Psellus makes six kinds, yet none above the jMoon : Wierus in his Pseudo- monarchia Daemonis, out of an old book, makes many more divisions and subordi- nations, with their several names, numbers, offices, &c., but Gazseus cited by ''''Lip- sins will have all places full of Angels, Spirits, and Devils, above and beneath the Moon,^^ aetherial and aerial, which Austin cites out of Varro 1. vii. de Civ. Dei, c. 6. '•■ The celestial Devils above, and aerial beneath," or, as some will, gods above, Se- midei or half gods beneath. Lares, Heroes, Genii, which climb higher, if they lived well, as the Stoics held ; but grovel on the ground as they were baser in their lives, nearer to the earth : and are Manes, Lemures, Laniiae, &c. *^ They will have no place b\it all full of Spirits, Devils, or some other inhabitants ; Plenum Cccluni, aer, aqua terra, et omnia sub terra, saith ■" Gazaeus ; though Anthony Rusca in his book de Inferno, lib. v. cap. 7. would confine them to the middle Region, yet they will have them everywhere. " Not so much as a hair-breadth empty in heaven, earth, or waters, above or under the earth." The air is not so fall of flies in summer, as it is at all times of invisible devils : this ■** Paracelsus stiffly maintains, and that they have ever}' one their several Chaos, others will have infinite worlds, and each world his peculiar Spirits, Gods, Angels, and Devils to govern and punish it. " Singula M nonnulli credunt quoqiie sidera posse I "Some persons believe each star to he a world, and Dici orbes, terraniqiie appellant sidus opacum, , this earth an opaque star, over which the least of the Cui minimus divum prKsit." 1 gods presides." ^ In lib. 2. de Anima text 29. Ilomerus discrimina- i " Vasa irae. c. 13. « Quibus datum est nocere terriB tim omnes spirilus dieniunes vocal. -^^ A Jove ad ' et mari, &c. " Physiol. Stoicorum 6 Senec. lib. 1. inferos piilsi, &,t. <' Ue Deo Socratis adest mihi cap. 28. ■'^ Usque ad lunain aninia.-s esse sthereas dniiia sorte D.-pmoninin qnoddam a. prima piieritia me vocuriqiie heroas, lares, geni' ,-. " Marl. Capella seciitum, siepe dissiiailei, impellit nonnunquam instarl" .Nihil vacuum ab his u&i vel capiUuij] in aere vel ovis, Plato. ^' Atiniet babltare it>iina1diVoruin nomine coluntur i PontifiCiii. "Lib de lerum ver. 122 Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of late, that showed Maxmiilian the emperor his wife, after she was dead ; Et ve.r' rucam in coUo ejus (sailh ™Godohnaii) so much as tlie wart in her neck. Delrio, lib. ii. hath divers examples of their feats : Cicogna, lib. iii. cap. 3. and Wierus in his book de prcestig. dcBmonum. Boissardus de magis et veneficis. Water-devils are those Naiads or water nymphs whicli have been heretofore con- versant about waters and rivers. Tiie water ( as Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, wherein they live; some call them fairies, and say that llabundia is their queen; these cause inundations, many times shipwrecks, and deceive men diveis Avays, as Succuba, or otherwise, appearing most part (saith Tritemius) in women's shapes. "Paracelsus hath several stories of them tliat have lived and been married to mortal men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, have forsaken ihem. Such a one as iilgeria, witli whom Numa was so familiar, Diana, Ceres, &tc. '^Olaus Magnus hath a long narration of one Hotlierus, a king of Sweden, that having lost liis company, as he was hunting one day, met with these water nymplis or fairies, and was feasted by them; and Hector Boethius, or Macbeth, and Banquo, two Scottish lords, that as ihey were wandering in the woods, had their fortunes told them by three strange women. To these, heretofore, they did use to sacririce, by that vSpo^cwTt'ia, or divination by waters. Terrestrial devils are those " Lares, Genii, Fauns, Satyrs, "Wood-nymphs, Foliots, Fairies, Robin Goodfellows, TruUi, &.C.. which as they are most conversant with men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and temples erected to them. Of this range was Dagon amongst the Philistines, Bel amongst the Babylonians, Astarles amongst the Sidoiiians, Baal amongst the Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amongst the Egyptians, itc. ; some put our '^laries into iliis rank, which have been in former limes adored with much su[)ersiition, with sweeping their houses, and setting of a pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like, and tlien lliey sliould not be pinched, but rind money in their shoes, and be fortunate in their enterprises. These are they that dance on heaths and greens, as ""Lavater thinks with Tritemius, and as "Olaus Magnus adds, leave that green circle, which we commonly lind in plain rields, which others hold to proceed from a melec^r falling, or some accidenuil rankness of the ground, so nature sports herself; iliey are sometimes seen by old women and chil- dren, llierom. Pauli, in his description of the city of Bercino in Spiin relates how they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hills ; .Yannun- quam (saith Tritemius) in sua latibula monlium simpliciores homines ducant., stu- penda miranlibus osttnles miracula, nolarum sanitus., spectacula., fccc." Giraldus Cambrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded. "Paracelsus reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats, some two feel long. A bigger kind there is of them called with us hobgoblins, and Robin Goodfellows, that would in those superstiii• terras irnprimufU-jM^»#«rn>rftiis Part 1. c- I'J. Abducunt nigri, feles, variis formis, &.c. "^Ep^t. lib. 7. , eos k recta via, et viam iter facientibus uitercludunt. 124 Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sect. 2 places, which (saith ^^Lavater) " draw men out of the way, and lead them all night a hye-way, or quite bar them of their way ;" these have several names in several places ; we commonly call them Pucks. In the deserts of Lop, in Asia, such illusions of walking spirits are often perceived, as you may read in M. Paulas the Venetian his travels ; if one lose his company by chance, these devils will call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him^ Ilieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of Spain, relates of a great ^ mount iii Cantabria, where such spectrums are to be seen ; Lavater and Cicogna have variety of examples of spirits and walking devils in this kind. Sometimes they sit by the liighway side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride (if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus in.*Nubrigensis), tliat had an especial grace to see devils, Gratiam diviniliis co//a/«;n, and talk with them, Et i/n- pavidus cum spiritibus sermonem miscere, v. ithoixt offence, and if a man curse or spur his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoice at it; with many such pretty feats. Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much barm. Olaus Magnus, Jib. 0, cap. 19, make six kinils of ihem ; some bigger, some less. These (saith ^Munster) are commonly -seen about mines of metals, and are some of them noxious ; some again do no harm. The metal-men hi many places account it good luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore when they see tliem. Georgius Agricola, in his book de subterraneis animantibus. cap. 37, reckons two more notiible kinds of them, which he calls **Getuli and Cobali, both '^ are clothed after the manner of metal-men, and will many times imitate their works." Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus think, is to keep treasure in the earth, tliat it be not all at once revealed ; and be- sides, *® Cicogna avers that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earthquakes "which often swallow up, not only houses, but whole islands and cities;" in his third book, cap. 11, he gives many instances. The last are conversant about the centre of the earth to torture the souls of damned men to the day of judgment; their egress and regress some suppose to be about iEtna, Lipari, Mons llecla in Icelaiul, \'esuvius, Terra del Fuego, Stc, because many shrieks and fearful cries are continually heard thereabouts, and familiar appa- ritions of dead men, ghosts and goblins. Their Offices., Operations., Study.] Thus the devil reigns, and in a thousand several shapes, " as a roaring lion still seeks whom he may devour," 1 Pet. v., by sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though "*9ome will have his proper place the air; all that space between us and the moon for them that transgressed least, and hell for the wickedest of them, Hie velttt in carcere ad Jincm mundi,tunc in locum funestio^ rum trudendi., as Austin holds de Civil Dei., c. 22, lib. 14, cap. 3 ct 23; I)ut be where he wdl, he rageth while he may to comfort himself, as 'Lactantius thinks, with other men's falls, he labours all he can to bring them into the .same pit of per- dition with him. '^ Foremen's miseries, calamities, and ruins are the devil's ban- queting dishes. By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our souls. The Lord of Lies, saith 'Austin, " as he was deceived himself, he seeks to deceive others, the ringleader to all naughtiness, as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom Siid Gomorrah, so would he do by all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covet- ousness, drunkenness, pleasure, pride, Stc, errs, dejects, saves, kills, protects, and rides some men, as they do iheir horses. He studies our overthrow, and generally *> Lib. I. cap. 44; Dtemonum cernuntiir el abdiantur ibi t'requeiites illusiones, uiidu viaioriliu* cav^nilurn ne ce dijsocieni, aut & lergo niancant, voces eniiij fin^uTit sQcioniiii, lit a recto iiinere abducant, &.c. »> Mons sterilis et nivosus, ubi intenipe^ta nocte um- brse apparent. i* Lib. 2. cap. 21. Otfendicula fa- riunt transeiintibiie in via et petulaiiter ridet cum vel bomineni vel jiir;ientuni ejus pedes-alterere faciant, et maxinid si liuDio maledicius et calcaribus ssvint. " In Cosmogr. ^ Veslili more nietallicorum, gestiis et opera eorum imitantur. "' Inuiiieso in terrtR carceres vento norribiles terrip motus elBciunt, quibus sa>pe non domus modo et turres, sed civitates intesrie et insulic liaustie sunt. I'^Hierom. in 3. Ephes. Idc-'tn Michaelis. c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem Thyreus de Inri-i infe .sn^^^ 1 l..Trtaiiiiii« 2. de errur'4^^^HH^^^HBBMHH||p|y^MjUem terrain v ^aiX^^^Wwi^^^^^^^BJ^ ^Ifc^i e i TO h -- I dis bominibus operantur. > Mortalium ralaml- I tales epiila: aunt maloruin da-nionuin, .S)n<-iiiua. ' I>aminu!i mendacii H neipso deceptus, alios de('ip«-re I cupit, adversarius humani eeneria. Inventor mnrtia, i ituperbiie inxtitutor, radix inaliiie, 8cel>:rum caput, ; princeps omnium vitiorum, fuit inde in Dei contume- I iiam, iiomiiium perniciem : de hornni conatibui et operalionibus lege Epiphanium. 2. Tom. lib. 2. Dio- I nysiuni. c. 4. Ambrog. Epintol. lib. 10. ep. et M. Au- ' KUBt. de civ. Dei lib. 5. c. U, lib H. cap. 22. lib. 18. : lib 10 21. Theophil. in 12 .Mat. Panil ep. 111. Leonem Her. Theodoret. in 11. Cor. ep. 22 (liryg. horn. 53 Id > 12. Gen. Greg, in I. c. John. Uarlhol. de prop. 1. 9. e. 20. Zanch. I. 4. de malia anceliii. Terer. in Gen. I. 8. in c. 6 2. Orieen. sa-pe prvliiii inierwunt, llin^ra ft I negotia nontra quiccunique dirii;uiil, riandeittinii «ah- I nidii* npt.-»to« g»>pe pr'*l>eni «ucceit«u«, Pel. M<\r. in Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. 125 seeks our destruction ; and although he pretend many times human good, and vin- dicate himself for a god by curing of several diseases, agris sanitatcm, et ccecis luminis iisum resiiluendo, as Austin declares, lib. 10, de cioit Dei, cap. 6, as Apollo, iEsculapius, Isis, of old have done ; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretend their, happiness, yet nihil Ms impuriu^ scelestius, nihil hiwiano gencri infestius., nothing so impure, nothing so pernicious, as may well appear by their tyrannical and bloody sacrifices of men to gat urn and Moloch, which are still in use among those barbarous Indians, their ^ey^yal deceits and cozenings to keep men in obe- dience, their false oracles, sacrifices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, &c. Heresies, superstitious observations of meats, times, &c., by which tliey ^cru- cify the souls of mortal men, as shall be showed in our Treatise of Religious ]Me- lancholy. Modico adhuc tempore sinitur maligjiari, as ^Bernard expresseth it, by God's permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to hell and darkness, "• which is prepared for him and his angels," Mat. xxv. How far their power doth extend it is hard to determine ; what the ancients held of their effects, force and operations, I will briefly^ show you : Plato in Critias, and after him his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils, " were men's governors and keepers, our lords and masters, as we are of our cattle." "^"They govern pro- vinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries," drearns, rewards and punishments, pro- phecies, inspirations, sacrifices, and religious superstitions, varied in as many forms as there be diversity of spirits ; they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, dearth, plenty, \idstantes hie jam nob^s, spectantes, et arbitranfes, &c. as appears by those histories of Thucydides, Livius, Dionysius Halicarnassus, with many others that are full of their wonderful stratagems, and were therefore by those Roman and Greek commonwealths adored and worshipped for gods with prayers and sacrifices, &.C. 'In a word, JVihil magis qucerunt quam metum et admirationem hominum ; ^and as another hath it, Dici non potest, quam impotenfi ardore in homines dominium, et Divinos cultus maligni spiritus ajfec1ent.'° Tritemius m his book de sej)tem secun- dis, assigns names to such angels as are governors of particular provinces, by what authority I know not, and gives them several jurisdictions. Asclepiades a Grecian, Rabbi Achiba the Jew, Abraham Avenezra, and Rabbi Azariel, Arabians, (as i find them cited by "Cicogna) farther add, that they are not our governors only, S^d ex eoriwi Concordia et discordid, boni et mali affectus promanant, but as they agree, so do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, Apollo a good friend, Jupiter indifferent, JEqua Venus J'eucris, Pallas iniquafuii . some are for us still, some against us, Premente Deo, fert Dens alter opem. Reli- gion, policy, public and private quarrels, wars are procured by them, and they are '-delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are with cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, &c., plagues, dearths depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all our other peculiar actions, (for as Anthony Rusea contends, lib. 5, cap. 18, every mai? hath a good and a bad angel attending on him in particular, all his life long, which Jamlilichus calls dcemonem,) preferments, losses, weddings, deaths, rewards and punishments, and as '^Proclus will, all ofiices whatsoever, alii genetricem, alii opificem jmtestatem habent, &c. and several names they give them according to their offices, as Lares, Indegites, Preestites, &c. When the Arcades in that battle at Che- ronae, which was fought against King Philip for the liberty of Greece, had deceitfully carried themselves, long after, in the very same place, Diis Grcecice ultoribus (saith mine author) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and mali genii favour or dislike us : Saturni non conveniunt Jovialibus, &.c. He that is Saturninus shall never likely be preferred. "That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, whereas discreet, wise, virtuous and worthy men 4 Et velut mancipia circunifert Psellus. s Lib. de thehonourof being divinely worshipped." " Oninif. trans, mut. Malac. ep. « Custodes sunt hominum, mag. lib. 2. cap. 23. i'^ Liidus deorum sunius. et eorum, ut nos animalium : turn et provinciis praepo- 12 Lib. de anima et dsmone. n Quoiies fit, ut Bill regunt auguriis, soinniis, oraculis, pramiis, &c. Principes novitium aulicum divitiis et di2iiitatil)U3 ' Lipsius, Physiol. .Stoic, lib. 1. cap. 19. * Leo pene obruant, et niultorum annorum ministriun, qui Suavis. idem et Tritemius. '' "They srfk nothiii? non seme! pro hero peticulum ^iibtit, nn teruiitio do- more earnestly ihan the fear and adniir^lin iC n, n " ncut.'&c. Ideiff. Quod Philosophi rtton lennin'-rentur, '""It is scarcely possi^]^^|^l^cribu tJ«»,'ampotent | cum scurra et ineptus ob^insulsunijocum sapb pne- ardour with which 12fi Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. are neglected and unrewarded ; they refer to those domineering spirits, or subordi- nate Genii ; as they are inclined, or favour men, so they thrive, are ruled and over- come ; for as '^Libanius supposeth in our ordinary conflicts and contentions. Genius Genio ccdit et obtemperat, one genius yields and is overcome by another. All par- ticular events almost they refer to these private spirits ; and (as Paracelsus adds) they direct, teach, inspire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraordinary famous in any art, action, or great commander, tliat had not familiarem dccmonem to inform him, as Numa, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128, Arcanis prudenlice civdis., ^^Speciali siquidcm gratia., se a Deo donari asscrunt magi^ a Geniis cmlcstibus instrui, ah iis doceri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes. ineptcR et fabulosce nugcc, rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis true they have, by God's permission, power over us, and we find by experience, that they can '' hurt not our fields only, cattle, goods, but our bodies and minds. At Ilammel in Saxony, Jin. 1484. 20 Junii, the devil, in likeness of a pied piper, carried away 130 children that were never after seen. Many times men are '* afVrighted out of tlicir wits, carried away quite, as Scheretzius illustrates. Jib. 1, c. iv., and seve- rally molested by his means, Plotinus the Platonist, lib. 14, advers. Gnos. laughs them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many tliink he can work upon the body, but not upon the mind. But experience pro- nounceth otlierwise, that he can work both upon body and mind. Tcrtullian is of this opitiion, c. 22. "'' That he can cause both sickness and health," and that secretly. '^ Taurellus adds '' by clancular poisons he can infect the bodies, and hinder the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not, closely creeping into them," sailh ^'Lipsius, and so crucify our souls: Et nociva melancholia furiosos efficit. For being a spiritual body, he struggles with our spirits, saith Rogers, and suggests (according to ^Cardan, verba sine voce., species sine visti., envy, lust, anger &.C.) as he sees men inclined. The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus in his Oration against Bodine, suffix ciently declares. **'' He begins first with the phantasy, and moves that so strongly, that no reason is able to resist. Now tl»e phantasy he moves by mediation of hu- mours ; although many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, and produce this disease i>f himself. Quihu.sdam medicurum visum., saith ".Avicenna, quod Melancholia contingat a diemonio. Of the same mind is Psellus and lUiasis the Arab. lib. 1. Tract. 9. Cont. ^'"That this disease proceeds especially from the devil, and from him alone." Arculanus, cap. 6. in 9. Rhasis, iEIianus Montahus, in his 9. cap. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 11. confirm as much, that the devil can cause this disease; by reason many times tiiat the parties aflected prophesy, speak strange language, but non sine inlerventu humoris., not without the humour, as he interprets himself; no more doth Avicenna, si contingat a danionio, sujjicit nobis ut convertat complexionem ad choleram nigrami, et sit cmisa ejus propinqua cholera nigra; the immediate cause is choler adust, which "Pomponatius likewise labours to make good : Galgerandus of .Mantua, a famous Physician, so cured a da^moniacal woman in his time, that spake all languages, by purging black choler, and thereupon belike this humour of Melancholy is called Balneum Diaboli, the DeviPs Bath; the devil spying his opportunity of such humours drives them many times to despair, fury, rage, &c., mingling himself among these humours. This is lliat which Tertid- lian avers, Corporibus infligunt aeerhos casus., animaque repentinos, membra distor- quent., occulte repentes, kc. and which Lemnius goes about to prove, Immisccnt se mali Genii pravis humorihus., atque atrcE bill, Stc. And "Jason Pratensis, " that the '5 Lib. de cruelt. Cadaver. '« BoissardHS. c. 6 maiia. '■ Godelmanuj, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Maeis. idem Zanchius, lib. 4. cap 10 et 11. de malis aneelis. '■ .Nociva Melancholia fiirio-sos efticii, et quandoque peniliis interficit. G. Picoloniinens Idemque Zanch. cap. 10. lib. 4. si Deus permrttat, corpora nostra mo- vere pns^junt, alterare, quovis murbdrum et nialorum genere affirere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et s*vire. '» Inducere p^fn^t mirhi occultC) ni'i ti>r.]Uf riL^ Lijis. I'lul >loic. 1. 1. c IJ -I). >^ r: 10. c. nequit, prirnum movit pbantasiam, et ita obfirmat va- nis conceptibus aul ut ne queni facultriii s-glinutlvc ralioni Inctim rclinquat. Spiritus niaius invadit atii- inarn, turbat len^us, in Turorein conjicit. Austin, de vit. Beat. ••u8 wonders, witciiing impst^f Ilt^ll, The nightly goblin, and enchanting .snull ) They laugh at all such stories ; but on the contrary are most lawyers, divjines, phy- sicians, philosophers, Austin, Hemingius, Dananis, Cliy trams, Zanchiij.s^ Aretius, Jkr. Delrio, Springer, **Niderius, lib. 5. Fornicar. Guialius, Bartolus, comil^.Qt, torn. 1. Bodinc, diEmonianl. lib 2. cap. 8. Godehnan, Dainhoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, Scribanius, Camerarius, &c. The parties by whom tlie devil deals, may be reduced to these two, such as command him in show at least, a.s conjurors, and magicians, whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called ^Arbatell ; dcemonis enim advocati prasto sunt., seque cxorcismis et conjurutionibus quasi cogi patiiinfur., ut miserum magnnim genus, in impietutc detineant. Or such as are coin- inaiuled, as witches, that deal ex parte implicite, or explicite, as the *king hath well defined ; many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sorcerers, witches, enchanters, charmers, kc. They have been tolerated heretofore some of them ; and masfic hath been publicly professed in former times, in '^Salamanca, * Cracow, and other places, though after censured by several ^'Universities, and now generally con- tradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, Tanquam res se- creta qua; non nisi viris magnis et pecitliari bvw ficin de Cmlo instructis communicatnr (I use ^'^BiBsartus his words) and so far approved by some princes, Ut nihil aiisi ug- gredi in poUlicis., in sacris., in consilii.'i, sine eoriim arbitrio ; they consult still with them, and dare indeed do nothing without their advice. Nero and Ileliogabalus, Maxentius, and Julianus Apostaia, were never so much addicted to magic of old, as some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now-a-days. Erricus, King of Sweden, had an ^' enchanted cap, by virtue of which, and some magical mur- mur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the air, and make the ■wind stand which way he would, insomuch that when there was any great wind or storm, the common people were wont to say, the king now had on his conjuring cap But such examples are infinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the devil himself, who is still ready to satisfy their desires, to oblige them the more unto him. They can cause tempests, stonns, which is familiarly practised by witches in Norway, Iceland, as I have proved. They can make friends enemies, and enemies friends by philters; *^Turprs amores conciliare, enforce love, tell any man where his friends are, about what employed, though in the most remote places ; and if they will. *^" bring their sweethearts t,o them by night, upon a goat's back flying in the air." Sigismund Scheretzius, part. 1. cap. 9. de spect. reports confidently, that he conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard witches themselves confess as much; hurt and infect men and beasts, vines, com, cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to conceive, *• barren, men and women un- ■^ De Lamils. " Et quomodo venefici liant enar- | ficig. « Rotatum Pileum hat>ebat, quo ventoi rit 34 De quo plura le^as in Boissardo, lib. 1. de viulentoa cieret, aerem turbarel, et in quam partem, prii-iti?. ■' u. V i,.,:i.M, II.,,,,, I 1 1 . 3 &c. "Erastus « Ministerio hirci noctorni. ^ An univpr ; he!" 8teril>-3 nnpifiS et inhabilci, vi,|.> Petrum de Pallude. chief town s«4By^4.uliJiiinct. 34 Paulum Guiclandum !■■■■■? }.■■■.: - -- Mem, 1. Subs. 3.j Causes of Melancholy. 129 apt and unable, married and unmarried, fifty several ways, saith Bodine, lib. 2. c. 2. fly in the air, meet when and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and Lavat. de spec. j)art. 2. c. 17. "steal young children out of their cradles, minlst.erio dcemonum^ and put deformed in their rooms, which we call changelings," saith ''^Scheretzius, part. 1, c. 6. make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent ; and tlierefore in those ancient mono- machies and combats they were searched of old, ''^they had no magical charms ; they can make ^' stick frees, such as shall endure a rapier's point, musket shot, and never be wounded : of which read more in Boissardus, cap. 6. dc Magid, the manner of the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used in expcditionibus bellicis., prcBliis, duelUs, &c., with many peculiar instances and examples ; they can walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel no pain on the rack, aid alias torluras sentire ; they can stanch blood, ■** represent dead men's shapes, alter and turn themselves and others into several forms, at their pleasures. ^^Agaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, would do as much publicly to all spectators, Modo Pusilla, modo anus., modb proccra vt quercus, modo vacca., avis, coluber, &.c. Now young, now old, high, low, like a cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not .'' She could represent to others what forms they most desired to see, show them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxima omnium admiratione, &.c. And yet for all this subtilty of theirs, as Lipsius well observes, Physiol og. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap. 17. neither these magicians nor devils themselves can take away gold or letters out of mine or Crassus' chest, et CUentelis suis largiri, for they are base, poor, contemptible fellows most part; as ^"Bodine notes, they can do nothing inJudicum decreta aut pm7ias, in regum concilia vcl arcana, nihil in rem nummariam aut thesauros, they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges' de- crees, or councils of kings, these minuti Genii cannot do it, altiores Genii hoc sihi adservarunt, the higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then peradventure there may be some more famous magicians like Simon Magus, *'Apol- lonius Tyaneus, Pasetes, Jamblicus, ^^Odo de Stellis, that for a time can build castles in the air, represent armies, &c., as they are ^'said to have done, command wealth and treasure, feed thousands Avith all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect them- selves and tiieir followers from all princes' persecutions, by removing from place to place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, make them appear that died long since, and do many such miracles, to the world's terror, admiration and opinion of deity to themselves, yet the devil forsakes them at last, they come to wicked ends, and raro aut nunquam such impostors are to be found. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose, they can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this of '^melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus, Tom. 4. de morbis amenfium, Tract. 1. in express words affirms; MuUi fascinantur in melancholiam, many are bewitched into melanclioly, out of his experience. The same saith Danaeus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. Villi, inquit, qui Melancholicos morbos gravissimos induxerunt : I have seen those that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, ^^ dried up women's paps, cured gout, palsy ; this and apoplexy, falling sickness, which no physic could help, solu tactu, by touch alone. Ruland in his 3 Cent. Cura 91. gives an instance of one David Helde, a young man, who by eating cakes which a witch gave him, max deli- rare ccepit, began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad : F. H. D. in ^^Hildes- neim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly magical, and partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Hercules de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work are usually charms, images, a.s that in Hector Boethius of King Dufl^e ; characters stamped of sundry metals, and at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, phUters, Slc, which generally make the parties affected, melancholy ; as ^' Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle ♦'^Infantes matribus suffurantur, aliis suppositivis fn locum verorum conjectis. ^jijUes. iij), Luther, in primum priEceptum, et Leon. Varius, lib. 1. de Fascino. i" Lavat. Cicofi. « Boissardus de Magis. M Daemon, lib. 3. cap. 3. ^i Vide Phi- lostratum, vita ejus ; Boissardum de Mads. ^Tiu- brigenses lege lib. 1. c. 19. Vide Suidam de Pas.;t. De Cruent. Cadaver. ^F.ra.stiis ^^^^^^ i>aniu!i. M Virg^^^tflBcnMb^W^^^^^Sescri' 17 bens: Hiec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes. Quas velit, ast aliis duras inimittere curas. '^^Go- delmannus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricum mammas prsesic- cant, solo tactu podagram, Apoplexiam, Paralysin, et alios morbos, quos medicina curare non poterat. ^ Factus inde Maniacus, spic. 2. fol. 147. " Om- ryaiiiiilliaetsi inter se differant, hoc habent commune^ quod faomiuem efficiant melancholicUul Kepi st. 231. Scbg 130 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. of his to Acolsius, giving instance in a Bohemian baron that was so troubled by a philter taken. Not that there is any power at all in those spells, charms, characters, and barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them. Ut fidehs inde magos (saith ^'^Libanius) in officio rctineat, turn in consortium malefacto- Tum vocet. SuBSECT. IV. — Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy., Metoposcopy., Chiromancy. Natural, causes are either primary and universal, or secondary and more particii- lar. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, Stc, by their influence (as our astrologers hold) producing this and such like eflects. I will not here stand to dis- cuss obiter., whether stars be causes, or signs ; or to apologise for judical astrology. If either Sextus Empericus, Picus Mirandula, Sextus ab Ileminga, Pererius, Erastus, Chambers, kc, have so far prevailed with any man, that he will attribute no virtue at aii to the heavens, or to sun, or moon, more than he tioth to their signs at an inn- keeper''s post, or tradesman"'s shop, or generally conilemn all such astrological apho- risms approved by experience: I refer liim to Bellaiitius, Pirovanus, ^Maiascallerus, Gocieni\is, Sir Christopher Heidon, &c. If thou shall ask me what I think, I must answer, nam et doctis hisce erroribus vcrsaliis siim., i^for 1 am conversant with these learned errors,) they do incline, but not compel ; no necessity at all : """^agunt non cogunt : and so gently incline, tliat a wise man may resist them ; sapiens dominnbitur astris : they rule us, but God rules them. All this (methinks) '^'Joh. de Indagine hath comprised in brief, Quandry, buildings, pools, marshes, springs, woods, walks," &c. Thaddirus Hagu^esius, in his Metoposcopia, hatli cer- tain aphorisms derived from Saturn's lines in the foreliead, by which he collects a melancholy disposition; and "^Baptista Porta makes observations from those other parts of the body, as if a spot be over the spleen ; ^®^' or in the nails ; if it appear black, it signifieth much care, grief, contention, and melancholy ;" the reason he refers to the liumours, and gives instance in himself, that for seven years space he had such black spots in his nails, and all that while was in perpetual law-suits, con- troversies for his inheritance, fear, loss of honour, banishnu nt, grief, care, Stc. and when his miseries ended, the black spots vanished. Cardan, in his book dc lihrls propriis^ tells such a story of his own person, that a little before his son's death, he had a black spot, which appeared in one of his nails ; and dilated itself as he came nearer to his end. But 1 am over tedious in these toys, which howsoever, in some men's too severe censures, they may be held absurd and ridiculous, I am the bolder to insert, as not borrowed from circumforanean rogues and gipsies, but out of the writings of worthy philosophers and physicians, yet living some of them, and reli- gious professors in famous universities, who are able to patronize that which they have said, and vindicate themselves from all cavillers and ignorant persons. SuBSECT. V. — Old age a cause. Secondary peculiar causes efficient, 30 called in respect of the other precedent, are either congenita., internee., innatci, as they term them, inward, innate, inbred ; or else outward and adventitious, which happen to us after we are born : congenite or born with us, are either natural, as old age, or prater naluram (as Ternelius calls it") that distemperature, which we have from our parent's seed, it being an hereditary disease. The first of these, which is natural to all. and whicli no man living can avoid, is ®'old age, which being cold and dry, and of the .same quality as melancholy is, must needs cause it, bv diminution of spirits apd substance, and increasinif of adust humours ; therefore "Melancthon avers out of Aristotle, as an undoubted truth, Sews phrunqtie delirasse in senectd, that old men familiarly dote, ob atram bdem^ for black choler, which is then superabundant in them : and Rhasis, that Arabian physician, in his Cont. lib. 1. cap. 9, calls it *^"a necessary and inseparable accident," to all old and decrepit persons. After seventy years (as the P.salmist saith) **" all is trouble and sorrow ;" and common experience confirms the truth of it in weak and old persons, especially such as have lived in action all their lives, had great employ- ment, much business, much command, and many servants to oversee, and leave off ex ahrupto; as ^'Charles the Fifth did to King Philip, resign up all on a sudden ; they are overcome with melancholy in an instant : or if ifiey do continue in such courses, they dote at last, (senex bis pxier.,) and are not able to manage tlieir estates through common infirmities incident in their age ; full of ache, sorrow and grief, children again, dizzards, they carle many times as they sit, and talk to themselves, they are an^ry, waspish, displeased with every thing, " suspicious of all, wayward, coveitjtis, liard ■"Saturniiia il Rascetta per medram manum decur- Idem macule in ungulia nierae, lites, rixai, melancho- rens. usque ad radicem niontis Salurni, & oarvis liam signiticanl, ah humnre in corite tali. « Lib. 1 lineis inleisecia, arsuit melancholicog. Aphoris. 7ft. | Hath. cap. 11. -' Venit eniin properata ma'.u '^ Acitaniur niiseriis, rontinuis iirquietudinihus, neque inopina seni.>ctU8 : et dolor statem jusJil inesse mi-am unquriiii a -MluiKlin-' li'. ri -int. aniie affi^untiir .imi. 11...1 luu, n.pi 1. de rontojl. Philo^i. "-Cap. dd rissi' inoe^^^^iyH^ ' 1 dr .\niiiia. '^ Ncceaaariiim acci men i,yK^^^^^f%>i. I.', I'l insi-p.irabile. •• ptal. se 10 Mem. 1. Subs. 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 133 (saith Tully,) self-willed, superstitious, self-conceited, braggers and admirers of them- selves," as ^^Balthasar Castalio hath truly noted of them.*'' This natural infirmity is most eminent in old women, and such as are poor, solitary, live in most base esteem and beggar}^, or such as are witches ; insomuch that Wierus, Baptista Porta, Ulricus Molitor, Edwicus, do refer all that witches are said to do, to imagination alone, and this humour of melancholy. And whereas it is controverted, whether they can be- witch cattle to death, ride in the air upon a coulstafT out of a chimney-top, trans- form themselves into cats, dogs. Sec, translate bodies from place to place, meet in companies,^ and dance, as they do, or have carnal copulation with the devil, they ascribe all to this redundant melancholy, which domineers in them, to ** somniferous potions, and natural causes, the deviPs policy. JVon Icediint omninb (saith Wierus) aut quid mirum fachmf, [de Lamiis^ lib. 3. caj). 36), ut putatur., solam viliatam Jinbent phantasiam ; they do no such wonders at all, only their ^^ brains are crazed. '°'-^ They think they are witches, and can do hurt, but do not." But this opinion Bodine, Erastus, Danasus, Scribanius, Sebastian Michaelis, Campanella de Sensu rerum, lib. 4. cap. 9. ^'Dandinus the Jesuit, lib. 2. de Jlnimd explode ; ^''Cicogna confutes at large. That witches are melancholy, they deny not, but not out of corrupt phantasy alone, so to delude themselves and. others, or to produce such effects. SuBSECT. VI. — Parents a cause hy Propagation. That other inward inbred cause of Melancholy is our temperature, in whole or part, which we receive from our parents, which ^^Fernelius calls Prater naturam^ or unnatural, it being an hereditary disease; for as he justifies ^^ Quale parcntum maxim'e patris semen obtigerit., tales evadunt similares sjjermaticceque partes., quocun- que etiam morbo Pater quum general tenetur, cum semine transfert in Prolem ; such as the temperature of the father is, such is the son's, and look what disease the father had when he begot him, his son will have after him; ®'"and is as well inhe- ritor of his infirmities, as of his lands. And where the complexion and constitution of the father»is corrupt, there (°® saith Roger Bacon) the complexion and constitution of the son must needs be corrupt, and so the corruption is derived from the father to the son." Now this doth not so much appear in the composition of the body, according to that of Hippocrates, ^"'- in habit, proportion, scars, and other lineaments ; but in manners and conditions of the mind, Et patrum in natos abeunt cum semine mores. Seleucus had an anchor on his thigh, so had his posterity, as Trogus records, 1. 1 5. Lepidus, in Pliny 1. 7. c. 17, was purblind, so was his son. That famous fimiily of iEnobarbi were known of old, and so surnamed from their red beards ; the Aus- trian lip, and those Indian flat noses are propagated, the Bavarian chin, and goggle eyes amongst the Jews, as ^** Buxtorfius observes ; their voice, pace, gesture, looks, are likewise derived with all the rest of their conditions and infirmities ; such a mother, such a daughter; their very ^''affections Lemnius contends "• to follow their seed, and the malice and bad conditions of children are many times AvhoUy to be imputed to their parents ;" I need not therefore make any doubt of Melancholy, but that it is an hereditary disease. '""Paracelsus in express words affirms it, lib. de morb. amtn- iium to. 4. tr. 1 ; so doth 'Crato in an Epistle of his to Monavius. So doth Bruno Seidelius in his book de morbo incur ab. MontaUus proves, cap. 11, out of Hippo- crates and Plutarch, that such hereditary dispositions are frequent, et hanc (inquit) fieri reor ob participatam melancholicam iniemperantiam (speaking of a patient) I f 8 Sunt morosi nnxii. et iracundi et difficiles senes, si quieriimis, etiam avari, Tull. de senectute. *■ Lib. 2. de Aulico. Senes avari, niornsi, jactatmndi, phi- lanti, deliri, snperstiliosi, siispiciosi, &c. I.il). 3. de Laniiis, cap. 17. et 18. ^ Solanum, opium liipiadeps, lacr. asiiii, &c. sanguis infantum, &c. '"'■' C'orrupta est iis ah humore Melanctiolico phantasia. Nynianus. «" Putant se Iredere quando non liedunt. "• Qui lisc in imaL'inationis vim referre conati sunt, atrs hilis, inaneilj prorsus laborein .susceperunt. "-Lih. 3. cap. 4. oninif mag. »• Lib. 1. cap. 11. path. »■ Ut arlhritici E|iilcp. &c. S'Ut filii nmi tnm po==es- sionum quam morborum tjeredos sint. ■' K|n." Affectus parentuin in ftRtus tran- seunt, et puerorum malicia parenlibus imputanda, lib. 4. cap. 3. de occult, nat. mirac. i'«Ex pituitosis pituitosi, ex biliosis liiliosi, c.\ lienosis et melancho- licis melancholiri. i Epist. 174. in Scoltz. Nascitur nobisciiHiJlli^jU'"r'l"s et uni aim parentibus habe ic assemr Jo. Pelesiii^^lili^. de cur» fectuum. 134 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. think he became so by participation of Melanclioly. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part 2. cap. 9, will have his melancholy constitution derived not only from the fatlier to tlie son, but to the whole family sometimes ; Quandoque totis famil'iis hercdUaii- varn, ''■ Forestus, in his medicinal observations, illustrates this point, with an *>xample of a merchant, his patient, that had this infirmity by inheritance ; so doth Rodericus a Fonseca, torn. 1. consul. 69, by an instance of a young man that was so aflected tx maxrc melanclwllca^ had a melancholy mother, H victu ?nelancJiolico, and bad diet together. Ludovicus IVIercatus, a Spanish physician, in that excellent Tract which he hath lately written of hereditary diseases, torn. 2. oper. lib. 5, reckons up leprosy, as those ^Galbots in Gascony, hereditary lepers, pox, stone, gont, epilepsy, Sic. Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, which he calls a miraculous thing in nature, and sticks for ever to them as an incurable hal)it. And tliat whicli is more to be wondered at, it skip)s in some families the father, and goes to the son, '''•'or takes every other, and sometimes every third in a lineal descent, and doth not always produce the same, but some like, and a symbolizing disease." These secondary causes hence derived, are connnonly so powerful, that (as ^Wol- phius holds) scepe mutant dccreta sldcrum, they do often alter the primary causes, and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the Church and connnon- wealth, human and Divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary diseases, forbid- ding such marriages as are any whit allied; and as Mercatus adviseth all families to take such, si fieri possit quce maxime distant natura^ and to make choice of those that are most diflering in complexion from them ; if they love their own, and respect the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been orclered by God's especial pro- vidence, that in all ages there should be (as usually there is) once in *G00 years, a transmigration of nations, to amend and purify their blood, as we alter seed upon our land, and that there should be as it were an immdation of those northern Goths and Vandals, and many such like people which came out of that continent of Sian- dia and Sarniatia (as some suppose) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe and Africa, to alter for our good, our complexions, which were imich defaced with hereditary infirmities, which by our lust and intemperance we had contracted. A sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as those northern men usually are, innocuous, free from riot, and free from diseases ; to qualify and make us as those poor naked Indians are generally at this day ; and tho.se about Brazil (_as a late ^writer observes), in the Isle of Maragnan, free from all hereditary diseases, or other contagion, whereas without help of physic they live commonly 120 years or more, as in the Orcades and many other places. Such are the common effects of temperance and intemperance, but I will descend to particular, and show by what means, and by whom especially, this infirmity is derived unto us. Filii ex scnibus nati, rarb sunt firini tcmperamcnli.^ old men's children arc seldom of a good temperament, as Scoltzius supposeth, consult. 177, and therefore most apt to this disease; and as ^Levinus Lenmius farther adds, old men beget most part wayward, peevish, sad, melancholy sons, and seldom merry. He that begets a cliild on a full stomach, will either hare a sick child, or a crazed son (as ^Cardan thinks), contradict, mod. lib. 1. contradict. 18, or if the parents be sick, or have any great pain of the head, or megrim, headache, (Ilieronimus Wolfius '"doth instance in a child of Sebastian Caslalio's) ; if a drunken man get a child, it will never likely have a good brain, as Gellius argues, lib. 12. cap. 1. Ebrii gignunl Ebrios., one drunkard begets another, saith "Plutarch, symp. lib. I. quest. 5, whose sentence '^Lemnius approves, 1.1, c. 4. Alsarius Crutius, Gen. de qui sit med. cent. 3. fol. 182. 3Ia- crobius, lib. 1. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen. 21. Tract 1. cap. 8, and Aristotle himself, .vrct. 2. prob. 4, foolish, drunken, or hair-brain women, most part bring forth children like unto themselves, morosos et languidos, and so likewise he that lies with a men- 2 Lib. 10. obsprvat. 15. ' Maginus Geog. * Sape I Damianus ft Ooes de Scandia. • Lib. 4. c. 3. de non eundeni, sed similem producit »trectuni, et illajso occult, nat. iiiir. Tetricog plerumque filioa genes pro- parente transit, in nepotem. s Dial, prafix. geni- . penerant et iristes, rarios eihilaratos. » (oitui turis Leoviiii. • Bodin. de rep. cap. de periodia reip. ' super repletioiiem pensinius, ei filii qui turn eienuntiir, ' Claudiua .\baville, Capurhion, in his voyase to Ma- j aut tnorbogi sunt, nut ctolidi. '» Dial, pra-rn ragnan I'"!', cap. !j N.-iuc ('■ rt ■ jr m^, - inn omnes | Leovilo. i' L de ed. liberie. " De occult. na(. W robu-.u > -r^u^c viVUni unno^ iM, 140. SfltaMl^^^nir. teroulentie et sKdidi iiiulieres libero* pleiuiuqu* cilia. Iiii^j^Hector Boetliius de insulis Qi^^^^^^HBu^te^ribisniiili.-: Mem. 1. Subs, 6.] Causes of Melancholy. 135 struous Avoman. Intemperantia veneris, quam in nautis prcBsertim insectatur "Lem- iiius, qui uxores incunt, nulla, menstrui decursus ratione Jiahitd nee olscrvafo inter- lunio, prcEcipua causa est, noxia, pernitiosa, concuhitum hunc cxitialem ideo, et pes- tiferum vocat. "Rodoricus a Castro Lucitanus, dctestantur ad unum omnes mcdici, turn ct quartd hind co7iccpti, infaslices plerumque et amentes, deliri, stolidi, morhosi, impuri, invalidi, tetra lue sordldi ininbne vltales, omnlhus bonis corporis atque animi destituti : ad laborcm nati, si scniorcs,inquitILustSLthms,ut Hercules, et alii. ^'"Judczl maxime iiisectanlur foidum hunc, ct immundimi apud Christianos Concuhitum, id illicitum abhorrent, et ajmd suos prohihent ; et quod Christian!, toties lejjrosi, aincntes, tot morbili, impetigines, alphi, psorce, cutis et faciei de color ationcs, tarn multi morbi epidemici, acerhi, ct venenosi sint, in hunc immundum concuhitum rejiciunt, et cru- deles in pignora vacant, qui quartd lund projluente hdc viensium illuvie concuMturn hunc non perhorrescunt. Damnavit olim divina Lex et morte viulctavit hujucmodi homines, Lev. 18, 20, et inde nati, siqui deformcs aid mutili, j^atcr dilapjidatus,quod non contineret ah '^ immundd muliere. Gregorius Magnus, petcnti Augustino nunquid apud '" Britannos hujusmodi concuhitum toleraret, severe prohihuit viris suis turn misceri fceminas in consuetis suis menstruis, £tc. I spare to English this which I have said. Another cause some give, inordinate diet, as if a man eat garlic, onions, fast overmuch, study too hard, be over-sorrowful, dull, heavy, dejected in mind, • perplexed in his thoughts, fearful, Stc, " their children (saith '^Cardan subtil, lib. 18) will be much subject to madness and melancholy ; for if the spirits of the brain be fusled, or misaffected by such means, at such a time, their children will be fusled in tlie brain : they will be dull, heavy, timorous, discontented all their lives." Some are of opinion, and maintain that paradox or problem, that wise men beget com- monly fpols ; Suidas gives instance in Aristarchus the Grammarian, duos reliquit flios Arislarchum et Aristachorum, ambos stultos ; and which '^Erasmus urgelh in his Moria, fools beget wise men. Card. suht. I. 12, gives this cause, Quonium spi- ritus sapientujn oh studium resolvuntur, et in cerebrum feruntur a corde : because their natural spirits are resolved by study, and turned into animal ; drawn from the heart, and those other parts to the brain. Lemnius subscribes to tliat of Cardan, and assigns this reason, Quod persolvant dehitum languide, et obscitanter, wide fatus a parentum gencrositate desciscit : they pay their debt (as Paul calls it) to their wives remissly, by which means their children are weaklings, and many times idiots and fools. Some other causes are given, which properly pertain, and do proceed from the mother : if she be over-dull, heavy, angry, peevish, discontented, and melancholy, not only at the time of conception, but even all the while she carries the child in her womb (saith Fernelius, path. 1. 1, 11) her son will be so likewise aflected, and worse, as ^Lemnius adds, 1. 4. c. 7, if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted, or by aiiy casualty be affrighted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she en- dangers her child, and spoils the temperature of it ; for the strange imagination of a woman works effectually upon her infant, that as Baptista Porta proves, Physiog. ccelestis 1. 5. c. 2, she leaves a mark upon it, which is most especially seen in such as prodigiously long for such and such meats, the child will love those meats, saith Fernelius, and be addicted to like humours : ^''' if a great-bellied woman see a hare, her child will often have a hare-lip," as M'e call it. GarccBUS, de Judiciis genitura- rum, cap. 33, hath a memorable example of one Thomas Nickell, born in the city of Brandeburg, 1551, -"'•' that went reeling and staggering all the days of his life, as if he would fall to the ground, because his mother being great with child saw a drunken man reeling in the street. Such another I find in Martin Wenrichius, com. de orlu monstrorum, c. 17, I saw (saith he) at Wittenberg, in Germany, a citizen that looked like a carcass ; I asked him the cause, he replied,^ " His mother, w,heu she "Lib. 2. c. 8. de occult, nat. mir. Good Master' 129. mer. Socrates' children were fools. Sabel. Schoolmaster do not Knslish this. '■* De nat. niul. I ''" De occul. nat. mir. Pica morbus mulierum "^ Bap- lib. 3. cap. 4. I'lJu.xdorphius, c. 31. Synag. Jud. j tista Porta, loco prsd. Ex leporum intuitu plerique Ezek. 18. "^Drusius obs. lib. 3. cap. 20. '' Bcda. ! infantes ednnt bifido superiore labeH|>. -'-Quasi Eccl. hist. lib. 1. c. 27. re.spons. 10. '"Nam spiritus [ mox in terram collapsurus, per oinne vitam incedebat i-erebri si turn male afficiantur, tales procreant, et cum mater gravia ehrium hominem sic incedentem Q'lales fiierint affectus. tales filioniin : ox iri-tii.i.g ^nljf -*- ^ "-- CiveiifTSRlfWBflfttrQ^ifcaui dixit, &.C liistes, ex jucundi 136 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 1, bore him in her womb, saw a carcass by chance, and was so sore affria^hted with it, that ex eo foetus ei assimilaijis, from a ghastly impression the chikl was like it." So many several ways are we plagued and punished for our father's defaults ; in- somuch that as Fernelius truly saith, "" It is the greatest part of our felicity to be well born, and it were happy for human kind, if only such parents as are sound of body and mind should be suffered to marr}-." An husbandman will sow none but the best and choicest seed upon his land, he will not rear a bull or a horse, except he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well assured of his breed ; we make choice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the neatest kine, and keep the best dogs, Quanto id dilii^entiufi in procrrandis lihcris observandum f And how careful then should we be in begetting of our children ? In former times some ^ countries have been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that if a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away ; so did the Indians of old by the relation of Curtius, and many other well-governed commonwealths, according to the discipline of those times. Heretofore in Scotland, saith *^llect. Boethius, " if any were visited with the falling sickness, ijiadness, gout, leprosy, or any such dangerous disease, whicli was likely to be propagated from the father to the son, he was instantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if by chance having some such disease, she were found to be with child, she witli her brood were buried alive : and tliis was done for the common wood, lest the whole nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom you will say, and not to be used amongst Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now by our too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast confusion uf hereditary diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some grievous innriiiity or other, when no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stidlions of the race ; or if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, unable, intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot, as he said, '^ jura hiereditario sapcre jubentur ; they must be wise and able by inheritance : it comes to pass that our generation is cor- nipt, we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases raging amongst us, crazed families, parentes., peremptores ; our fathers bad, and we are like to be worse. MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Bad Diet a cause. Substance. Quality of Meats. AccoRDiN-G to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secondary causes, which are inbred with us, 1 must now proceed to the outward and adventi- tious, which happen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, re- mote, or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into neces.sary and not necessary. Necessary (^because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as they are used, or abused) are those six non-natural things, so much spoken of amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease. For almost in every consuhation, whereas they shall come to speak of the causes, the fault is found, and this most part objected to the patient ; Peccavit circa res sex non nalurales : he hath still offended in one of those six. Montanus, consil. 22, consulted about a melan- choly Jew, gives that sentence, so did Frisemelica in the same place ; and in his 244 counsel, censuring a melancholy soldier, assigns that reason of his malady, ^''he »« Optimum bene nasci, maxima para fselicitalis in prolem transmiuilur, laborantes intor eo§, inKentl Dostrs bene nasci ; quamobrem praclere humano fnrta indagine, inventos, ne gen» f»cl« cnninsiooa generi consultiiiii videretur, si soli3 parentis bene Irderetiir, ex iis naia, castraverunt, iiiulir-reii liuju<- babiti et sani, IfAris operam darent. '"Infantes modi pri»cul a virorum consortio al>ie;':irunt. quod «l Intirrai pr«cipitio necali. Bohtinu-!, lib. 3 c. 3. Apud hirum aliqiia concepis-"' iriv.tiieNriiiir, »iniul cum Lacones olIm^Lips^^^l^l^i.^- .. rmi^ ^ Helga g. fo-tu nondum edit", dHfodi.liatiir viva. J- Kuphor- Dionysio Ayji|^|M^^Kaliqna'iB«rtBBrdn^|fe|^^|iioSatyr. '' F>'< it -li(ii qiiir hen pos- iiiiitil Mem. 2. Subs. l.J Causes of Melancholy. 137 offended in all those six non-natural things, which were the outward causes, from which came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. These six non-natural things are diet, retention and evacuation, which are more material than the other because they make new matter, or else are conversant in keeping or expellmg of it. The other four are air, exercise, sleeping, waking, and perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance, or accidents, that is, quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a ma- terial cause, since that, as ^^ Fernelius holds, "it hath such a power in begetting of diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor pertur- bations, nor any of those other evident causes take place, or work this eflect, except the constitution of body, and preparation of humours, do concur. That a man may say, this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will, and from this alone, melancholy and frequent other maladies arise." Many physicians, I confess, have written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all manner of meats ; as namely, Galen, Isaac the Jew, Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesue, also four Arabians, Gordonius, Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruerinus, sitoJogia de Escukn- tU et Poculcntis, Michael Savanarola, Tract 2. c. 8, Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de regi- minc semna. Ucusque frcqueDtaiU, I " All fish, that etaailin^ pools, and lakes frenuent, .Semper plus succi deterioriri lial>«nt." | Do ever yield bad juice and nouriHhiiieiit." Lampreys, Paulus Jovius, c. 34. de piscibus Jluvial., highly magnifies, and saith, None speak against them, but inepli et scrupulosi, some scrupulous persons ; but *^eels, c. 33, '' he abhorreth in all phtces, at all limes, all physicians detest them, es- pecially about the solstice." Gomesius, lib. 1. c. 22, de sale., doth immoderately extol sea-fisli, wliich others as much vilify, and above llie rest, dried, soused, iiuhirate fish, as ling, fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, haberdine, poor-jolm, all shell-fish. "Tim. Bright excepts lobster and crab. Mes.sarius commends salmon, which Brue- rinus contradicts, lib. 22. c. 17. Magninus rejects conger, sturgeon, turbot, mackarel, skate. Carp is a fish of which I know not what to determine. Franciscus Bonsuetus *Parum ohsunt i natura Leponim. Bruprinug, ] theor. p. 2. Isaac, Bruer. lib. 15. cap. 30. ei 31. I 13. cap. 25. pullorum lenera et optima. ^^ Ill.iiidi- <■ Cap. 18. part. 3. «Omni loco el oiiini lemiw.r* bilis succi naiis-:im provor:iTit " Piso .Wn.nriT. ' jn-iJiti d.'t>-»taiiiur anmiill.in prn.,erliui circa »ol»l.- s--- Curio. Fri'-t i;:..j-.Ma^iiuiu»rt>art. J. cjp. IT^'Mtmmtl^i. hh. D.imiiriniiir mm tini- luiu a-grin « Cap 6. riali«. de ang^mii. 1. c. 10. excepts all milk memJa jiAk^telLLvr M Mtrwi. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 139 accounts it a muddy fish. Hippolitus Salvianus, in his Book de Piscium nalura et prceparatione, which was printed at Rome in folio, 1.554, with nlost elegant pictures, esteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Paulus Jovius on the other side, disallowing tench, approves of it ; so doth Dubravius in his Books of Fisli^onds. Freitagius ""^ extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the iishes of the best rank ; and so do most of our country gentlemen, that store their ponds almost with no other fish. But this controversy is easily decided, in my judgment, by Bruerinus, /. 22. c. 13. The, difference riseth frojn the site and nature of pools, ■*' sometimes muddy, sometimes sweet ; they are in taste as the place is from whence they be taken. In like manner almost we may conclude of other fresh fish. But see more in Rondoletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, lib. 7. caj). 22, Isaac, I. 1, especially Hippolitus Salvianus, who is inslar omnium solus, &c. Howsoever they may be wholesome and approved, much use of them is not good ; P. Forestus, in his medi- cinal observations, ''^ relates, that Carthusian friars, whose living is most part fish, are more subject to melancholy than any other order, and tliat he found by experi- ence, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delft, in Holland. He exemplifies it with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well liking, that by solitary living, and fish-eating, became so misaffected. . Herbs.] Amongst herbs to be eaten I find gourds, cucumbers, coleworts, melons, "disallowed, but especially cabbage. It causeth troublesome dreams, and sends up black vapours to the brain. Galen, he. affect. I. 3. c. 6, of all herljs condemns cab- bage ; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. 1. Jlniince. gravitalemfacit, it brings heaviness to the soul. Some ^re of opinion that all raw herbs and salads breed melancholy blood, except bugloss and lettuce. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2, speaks against all herbs and worts, except borage, bugloss, fennel, parsley, dill, balm, succory. Magninus, regim. sani- tads, pari. 3. cap. 31. Omnes herbce. simplicifer mala, via cibi ; all herbs are simply evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoffing cook in "'''Plautus hold : ' Non ego cccnam condio ut alii coqiii soleiit, Qui iiiilii coiidita prata in patinis proferuiit, Loves qui convivas faciuin, li'erliasque.-iggerunt." "Likfi othpr cooks I tlo not supper dress, Thai put vvliole meadows into a platter, And make no better of their guests than beeves, Willi herbs and grass to feed them falter." Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and salads (which our said Plautus calls canas terrestras, Horace, ccenas sine sanguine), by which means, as he follows it, 1' •'llic homines lam brevem vitain colunt I "Their lives, that eat such herbs, must needs be short. Qui herbas hujusmodi in alvum siium congerunt, 1 And 'lis a fearful thing for to rejjort, Formidolosnm diclu, non esu mode), 1 That men should feed on such a kind of meat, Qiuis herbas [jecudes non edunl, homines edunt." | Which very juments would refuse to eat." ■''^Tliey are windy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, though quali- fied with oil, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every ''"husbandman and herbalist. Roots.] Hoots, Etsi quorundam gentium opes sint, saith Bruerinus, the wealth of some countries, and sole food, are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head : as onions, garlic, scellions, turnips, carrots, radishes, parsnips : Crato, lib. 2. consil. 11, disallows all roots, though ''some approve of parsnips and potatoes. ^^ Magninus is of Crato's opinion, °^" They trouble the mind, sending gross fumes to the brain, make men mad, especially garlic, onions, if a man liberally feed on them a year to- gether. Guianerius, tract. 15. caj>. 2, complains of all manner of roots, and so doth Bruerinus, even parsnips themselves, which are the best, Lib. 9. cap. 14. Fruits.] Pustinacarujn usus succos gignit improbos. Crato, consil. 21. lib. 1, ut- terly forbids all manner of fruits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts, medlars, serves, &c. Sanguinem in/iciunt, saith Villanovanus, they infect the blood, and putrefy it, Magninus holds, and must not therefore be taken via cibi, aut quan- filate magnd, not to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. " Cardan makes that ^■•Optime nulrit omnium judicio inter prima; noise pisces gnstu prsslanti. ^^Non est dubium, quin pro variorum situ, ac natura, macnas alimenlorum sortiantur difTerentias, alibi suaviores, alibi luiulen- tiores. «" Observat. 16. lib. 10. i" Pseudolus ^In Mizaldo de Ilorlo, P. Crescent. Ilerbastein, Sec. ^' Cap. 13. part. 3. Brijiht, in his Tract of Mel. s-Intelleclum turbant, producunt insaniam. kiau- divi (inqnit Magnin.) quod si quis ex iis per annum continue comedai, in insaniam caderet. cap. 13. Im- acl. 3. scen.2. <*' Plautus, ibid. ^Quare rec- prohl succi sunt. cap. 12. *^De rerum varietal, litis valedutini su.t (luij^qm- coiisnii.'l, q\ii hipsu^: [irio-^la>d. 140 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. a cause of their continual sickness at Fessa in Africa, " because they live so much on fruits, eating them thrice a day." Laurentius approves of many fruits, in liis Tract of Melancholy, which others disallow, and amongst the rest apples, which some likewise commend, sweetings, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy ; but to him that is any way inclined to, or touched with this malady, "BJTicliolas Piso in his Practics, forbids all fruits, as windy, or to be sparingly eaten at least, and not raw. Amongst other fruits, ^Bruerinus, out of Galen, excepts grapes and figs, but I find them likewise rejected. Pulse] All pulse are naught, beans, peas, vetches, 8tc., they fill the brain (saith Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause troublesome dreams. And therefore, that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever ap- plied to melancholy men, -4 fabis ahslinete., eat no peas, nor beans ; yet to such as will needs eat them, I would give this counsel, to prepare them according to those rules that Arnoldus Villanovanus, and Frietagius prescribe, for eating, and dressing, fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. Spices.] Spices cause hot and head melancholy^ nnd are for that cause forbitldeu Dy our physicians to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cin- namon, cloves, mace, dates, &c. honey and sugar. "Some except honey; to those that are cold, it may be tolerable, but ^Didcia se in bilem ver/unfy (sweets turn into bile,) they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice, in a consultation of his, for a melancholy schoolmaster. Omnia aromatica et quicquid san^uinem adurit : so doth Fcrnelius, consil. 45. Guianerius, tract 15. cap. 2. Mercurialis, cmis. 189. To these I may add all sharp and sour things, luscious and over-sweet, or fat, as oil, vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are cor- rosive. Gomesius, in his books, de sale^ 1. 1. c. 21, highly commends salt ; so doth Codronchus in his tract, de sale Msyntkii, Lemn. /. 3. c. 1). de occult, nal. mir. yet connnon experience finds salt, and salt-meats, to be great procurers of this disease. And for that cause belike those Egyptian priests abstained from salt, even so mucli, as in their bread, ut sine perturbatione anima essct, saith mine author, that their souls might be free from perturbations. Bread.] Bread that is made of baser grain, as peas, beans, oats, rj'e, or ^'over-hard baked, crusty, and black, is often spoken against, as causing melancholy juice and wind. Joh. Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends much for the wholesomeness of oaten bread : it was objected to him then living at Paris in France, that his countrymen fed on oats, and base grain, as a disgrace ; but he doth ingenuously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use that kind of bread, that it was as wholesome as any grain, and yielded as good nou- rishment. And yet Wecker out of Galen calls it horse-meat, and fitter for juments than men to feed on. But read Galen himself, Lib. 1. Ve cibis boni et mali siicci, more largely discoursing of corn and bread. IVine.] All black wines, over-lwn, compound, strong thick drinks, as Muscadine, Malmsey, Alicant, Rumney, Brownbastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they have thirty several kinds in Muscovy, all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, to such as are hot, or of a sanguine choleric complexion, young, or inclined to head- melancholy. For many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculaiuis, c. 16. in 9. Rhasis, puts in *wine for a great cause, especially if it be immoderately used. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 2, tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave entertainment in his house, '• that *' in one month's space were both melancholy by drinking of wine, one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen, I. de camis morb. c. 3. Matthiolus on Dioscorides, and above all other Andreas Bachius, I. 3. 18, 19, 20, have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine : yet notwithstand- ing all this, to such as are cold, or sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physic, and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25, in that case', if the temperature be cold, as to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used. Cider, Perry.] Cider and perry are both cold and windy drinks, and for that cause to be neglected, and so are all tho«p Imt «piced strong drinks. »Cap. d^. Lib. 11. c. 3. wwfglr it adustam. Sclml. Sa l. «> Vinum lurbi. C ^Jm^ I' '^ '^'*!L^£''£^&riHyii* I "' K«iMiH|HMnikii)iiionL-, duo Alemaiv Mem. 2. Subs. 1.1 Causes of Melancholy. 141 Beer.] Beer, if it be over-new or over-stale, over-strong, or not sodden, smell of the cask, sharp, or sour, is most unwholesome, frets, and galls, &.c. Henricus Avrf>- rus, in a ^^consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypochondriacal melancholy, discommends beer. So doth ^^ Crato in that excellent counsel of his, Lib. 2. co7isil.2l. as too windy, because of the hop. But he means belike that thick black Bohemian beer used in some other parts of "Germany. " nil spissius ilia Duni bihitur, nil clariiis est duin niingitur, unde Constat, quOd multas feces in corpore linquat." " Nothing comes in so thick, Nothing goes out so thin, It must needs follow then The dregs are left within. As that ^^ old poet scoffed, calling it SfyglcB monstrum conforme paludi, a monstrous drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they list, to such as are accustomed unto it, " 'tis a most wholesome (so "Polydor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasant drink," it is more subtile and better, for the hop that rarefies it, hath an especial virtue against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuchsius approves. Lib. 2. sec. 2. instit. cap. 11, and many others. Waters.] Standing waters, thick and ill-coloured, such as come forth of pools, and moats, where hemp hath been steeped, or slimy fislies live, are most unwhole- some, putrefied, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, corrupt, impure, ■ by reason of the sun's heat, and still-standing ; they cause foul distemperatures in the body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink of, to dress meat with, or to be*" used about men inwardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestic uses, to wash horses, water cattle, &c., or in time of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opi- nion, that such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething doth defecate it, as "'Cardan holds. Lib. 13. suJjtil. " It mends the substance, and savour of it," but it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholesome as the other, as "^Tobertus truly justifieth out of Galen, Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox 5, that the seething of such impure waters doth not purge or purify them, Pliny, lib. 31. c. 3, is of the same tenet, and P. Crescentius, agricult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. U. et c. 45. Pamphilius Herilachus, 7. 4. de nat. aquariun, such waters are naught, not to be used, and by the testimony of ™ Galen, " breed agues, dropsies, pleurisies, splenetic and melancholv pas- sions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad temperature, and ill disposition of the whole "body, with bad colour." This Jobertus stiffly maintains, Paradox, lib. 1. part. 5, that 'it causeth blear eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to sucli as use it : this which they say, stands with good reason ; for as geographers relate, the water of Aslracan breeds worms in such as drink it. "Axius, or as now called Yerduri, the fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aleacman now Peleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas, L. Aubanus Rohemus refers that '^ struma or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians to the nature of their waters, as '^Munster doth that of Valesians in the Alps, and ''Bodine supposeth the stuttering of some families in Aqnitania, about Labden, to proceed from the same cause, "and that the filth is derived from the water to their bodies." So. that they that use filthy, standing, ill-coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies. And because the body Avorks upon the mind, they shall have grosser understandings, dull, foggj^, melancholy spi- rits, and be really subject to all manner of infirmities. To these noxious simples, we may reduce an infinite number of compound, artifi- cial, made dishes, of which our cooks afford us a great variety, as tailors do fashions in our apparel. Such are "puddings stuffed with blood, or otherwise composed; baked, meats, soused indurate meats, fried and broiled buttered meats ; condite, pow- dered, and over-dried, "^all cakes, simnels, buns, cracknels made with butter, spice, &.C., fritters, pancakes, pies, sausages, and those several sauces, sharp, or over-sweet, ^Hildesheim, spice!, fol. 273. ^acrassum gene- rem rat sanguinen-.. "About Dantzic in Spruce, Ilam- hiirgh, Leips=- ss Henricus Abrincensis. fe Po- ms turn salui-^s turn jucundus, 1. 1. ^ Galen, 1. 1. de san. tuend Cavendae sunt aquce qua; ex stagnis haurnintur, et qua; turbids and male olentes, &c *Inno.xiuMi nddit et bene olentum hffic vitia cnitiunr noii frru-nd-iri. tate aqui. Ii\(lifipeni atJget, febres pulridus, spMnem, •■■ ses, noctt oculis, mjjB^Jiabitum corporis et " Mag. Nigritatem inducit si pecora bihe- rint. "Aqua; ex nivibus coacta" strumnsns fariunt. " Cosmog. 1. 3. cap. 36. ''Method, hist, cap 5. Balbutiunt Labdoni in Aquitania ob aquas, atque hi morbi ab acquis in corpora derivantur. '-'Edulia «x sanguine et suffncato paria. Hildesheim. "'-Cu- f^Contendit nedia^ro, placentiP, btllaria, cniriiiifntnfjiie alia cu- ■"Lib. de b"ni^*nosf pistorum et coquorum, gusttfi ser\i-i ■.iuni cone aorbos turn corpori turn animo insanti ----- Philo 142 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of y, Iiich scienfia popina, as Seneca calls it, hath served those "Apician tricks, and perfumed dishes, which Adrian the sixth Pope so much admired in the accounts of his predecessor Leo decimus ; and which prodigious riot and prodigality have in- vented in this age. These do generally engender gross humours, fill the stomach with crudities, and all those inward parts with obstructions. Montanus, consil. 22. gives instance, in a melancholy Jew, that by eating such tart sauces, made dishes and salt meats, with which he was overmuch dcliglited, became melancholy, and was evil affected. Such examples are familiar and common. SuBSECT. II. — Quantity of Diet a Cause. There is not so much harm proceeding from the substance itself of meat, am' quality of it, in ill-drcssinjf and preparing, as there is from the quantity, disorder of time and place, unseasonable use of it, '-ijUcmperance, overmuch, or overlittle taking of it. A true saying it is, Phircs crapuJa quam ghtdiiis. This gluttony kills more than the sword, this otnnii'orantiact homicida gitlay this all-devouring and murdering gut. And that of "Pliny is truer, " Simple diet is the best; heaping up of several meats is pernicious, and sauces worse ; many dishes bring many diseases." '""Avicen cries out, ''That nothing is worse than to feed on many dishes, or to protract the time of meats longer than ordinary ; from thence proceed our infirmities, and 'tis the fomitain of all diseases, which arise out of the repugnancy of gross humours." Thence, sailh ^''Fernelius, come crudities, wind, oppilalions, cacochymia. plethora, cachexia, bradiopepsia, ^Hinc subitce mortcs, atqtie intestata senectus, sudden death. &.C., and what not. As a lamp is choked with a multitude of oil, or a little fire with overmuch wood quite extinguished, so is the natural heat with inunoderate eating, strangled in the body. Pcrniliosa scntinn est ahdomcn insalurahile : one saith, An insatial)le paunch is a pernicious sink, and the fountain of all diseases, both of body and mind. "^Mer- curialis will have it a peculiar cause of this private disease; Solenander, consil. .5. sect. 3, illustrates this of .Mercurialis, with an example of one so melancholy, ah inteinpestiris cotnmrssalionibus, unseasonable fi-astitig. **Crato confirms as much, in that often cited Counsel, 21. lib. 2, putting superlluous eating for a main cause. But what need I seek farther f<)r proofs .' Hear '^ llippDcnites himself. Lib. 2. Aphor. 10. " Impure bodies the more they are nourished, the uiore they are hurt, for the nouri'^h- ment is putrefied with vicious humours." And yet for all this harm, which apparently follows surfeiting and drunkennes:*, see how we luxuriate and rage in this kind ; read what Johannes Stuckius hath written lately of this subject, in his great volume De Jintiquorum Conviviis^ and of our present age; Quam ^ portentosce ccence^ prodigious suppers, *'' Qui dum inviiant ad coenam cfferunt ad srpulchrnm, what Fagos, Epicures, Apetios, Heliogables, our times all'ord ? Lucullus' ghost walks still, and every man desires to sup in .Apollo; iEsop''s costly dish is ordinarily ser\'ed up. ^JMairis ilia juvant^ qua: pluris emun- tur. The dearest cates are best, and 'tis an ordinary thing to bestow twenty or tiiirty pounds on a dish, some thousand crowns upon a dinner: '*Mully-Hamet, king of Fez and Morocco, spent three pounds on the sauce of a capon : it is nothinir m our tunes, we scorn all that is cheap. '' We loathe the ver\'*' light (some of us, as Seneca notes) because it comes free, and we are offended with the sun's heat, and those cool blasts, because we buy them not." This air we breathe is so common, we care not for it ; nothing pleaseth but what is dear. And if we be " witty in any- thing, it is ad gulam : If we study at all, it is erudite luxu, to please the palate, ant' " As lettuce steeped in wine, hirds fed with fennel titai nimia. »lnipura corpora quanio mapiff and sugar, as a Pope's conruhine nsed in .\vi;;non. I niitris, tanto magis ledis : puirefacit eiiim slitnentiin. Stephan. '" Anitnse ne^otium ilia facessit, et de vitiosus humor. " Vul. Goclen. di-- portcntfwir tenipio Dii inimundiim stabulum farit. Peleiiiis, 10. c. cwnii, tec. piiteani Com. "■" Aiiih. lih. de Jfju '» Lib. 11. c. 5'2. Homini cibtis titilissimus sirhplfx, acer- cap. 14. "They who invite us to a Hupper, only cnn- Vatio cirlinruin pestifera. et coinliineiita pernicinsa, duct us to our tomb." » Juvenal. •• Th-' hiiftie»i niultns morbos miilta forcula fernnt. ^'31. Dec. priced dishes afford the greatMst eralificaiion ' 2. c. Nihil deteriiis quam si tempiis justo lonsiiu '•ttiiiccardin. «> Na. quipxt. 4. ra. tilt, fanliil'o e«. coniedendo ,)rotrahatnr, I't van 1 .'■•.•,,...,,, r , ,.,,,. in^ien gratultum, dolet quod si'le, quod vpirituu. juneaiitui : indemuxljuruin >>- t^^^inere non p i 'u^^fti^^&.r ndeo i|^u1|^k^^^iu1 quod carum •■'t Sat.s^^^HWfiili-repletiociij. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Diet, a Cause. 143 to satisfy the gut. " A cook of old was a base knave (as ^Livy complains), but now a great man in request ; cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are gen- tlemen :" Venter Deus : They wear " their brains in their bellies, and their guts in their heads," as ^''Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time, rushing on their own destruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword, usque dum rumpaniur cdmedunt, " They eat till they burst :*" ®*A11 day, all night, let the physician say what he will, imminent danger, and feral diseases are now ready to seize upon them that will eat till they vomit, Edunt ut vomant., vomut ut edant, saith Seneca ; which Dion relates of Vitellius, Solo transitu ciborum nutriri judicatus : His meat did pass through and away, or till they burst again. ^Strage animantium ventrcm one- raM/, and rake over all the world, as so many ^"slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents, Et totus orhis ventri nimis angustus, the whole world cannot satisfy their appetite. ^" Sea, land, rivers, lakes, &c., may not give content to their raging guts." To make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place } Senem potiim pota trahebat anus^ how they flock to the tavern : as if they were fruges consumere nati.^ born to no other end but to eat and drink, like Offellius Bibulus, that famous Roman parasite, Qui dum vixit, aut bihit aut minxit ; as so many casks to hold wine, yea worse than a cask, that mars Avine, and itself is not marred by it, yet these are brave men, Silenus Ebrius was no braver. Et qucB fuerunt vitia., mores sunt : 'tis now the fashion of our times, an honour : JVi/nc verb res isfa eb rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 30. in V. Ephes. comments) Ut effeminatce ridendceque ignavicB loco habeatur, nolle inebriari ; 'tis now come to that pass that he is no gentleman, a very milk-sop, a clown, of no bringing up, tliat will not drink ; fit for no company ; he is your only gallant that plays it ofl^ finest, no disparagement now to stagarer in the streets, reel., rave, &c., but much to his fame and renown ; as in like case Epidicus told Tliesprio his fellow-servant, in the ^*Poet. Mdipol facinus improbum, one urged, the other replied, Jit jam alii fe cere idem, erit illi ilia res lionori., 'tis now no fault, there be so many brave examples to bear one out ; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry his liquor well ; the sole contention who can drink most, and fox his fellow the soonest. 'Tis the summu7n bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life, and soul, Ta7ita dulcedine affectant, saith Pliny, lib. 14. cap. 12. Ut magna pars non aliud vita; prcBmium intelligat., their chief comfort, to be merry together in an alehouse or tavern, as our modern Muscovites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coffee- houses, which much resemble our taverns ; they will labour hard all day long to be drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores, as St. Ambrose adds, in a tippling feast ; convert day into night, as Seneca taxes some in his times, Fervertunt qfficia anoctis et lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our antipodes, " Nosque ubi primvis equis oriens afflavit anhelis, lUis sera rubens ascendit lumina vesper." So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius. «i> "Nodes visilibat ad ipsum I "He drank the nisht away Mane, diem totum stertebal." | Till rising dawn, then snored out all the day" Snymdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set so much as once in twenty years. Verres, against whom Tully so much inveighs, in Avinter he never was extra tectum vix extra lectuvu never almost out of bed, "'° still Avenching and drinking; so did he spend his time, and so do myriads in our days. They have gi/mnasia bibo- num, schools and rendezvous ; these centaurs and lapitha; toss pots and boAvls as so many balls; invent ucav tricks, as sausages, anchovies, tobacco, caviare, pickled oysters, herrings, fumadoes, kc. : innumerable salt meats to increase tlieir appetite, and study how to hurt themselves by taking antidotes '"to carry their drink the better; *and Avhen nought else serves, they Avill go forth, or be conveyed out. to empty their gorge, that they may return to drink afresh." They make laAVS, insanas leges, contra bibcndi fallacias, and *brag of it Avhen they have done, crowning that « Olim vile mancipiiim, nunc in omni EBstimatione, I de miser, curial. sspiautus. sailor, lib. 1. nunc ars haheri oa-pta, &c. 'J^ Epist. 28. 1. 7. Quorum Sat. 3. '™ Diei brevitas convivils, noctis longi- in ventre ingenium, in patinis, &c. '^* In luceni tudo ptupris conterebratur. ' Et quo plus capiant, cosiiat. .Sertorius. s^.Seiieca. »" Mancipia irritanienta excocitaiitur. 2 Fores portartur ut ad gulae, dapes non sapore scd sump''! -ntriciilu8 avidius rc>iii|i|iTiiiiir, expeditiuitqiie ror. Aphnri||^pi , 1. j ffiqiiit, et qua- displlcent avfrxatiir. "Nothinc "Pi-MJK^^^^^ Miiii, I avaui.t .1 pa««l4M«nMi. a« iIm' n.-iyinir ia. "Lib ' ^. e. 19. D^^^^^^^ '- AiiUiHs. 17. .^ In ill- ^ t «'10.arti«. «>Uue eicernuntur au' Jubiiif— ^'^ "^ — *■' — Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Retention and Evacuation, Causes. 147 Costiveness.] In the first rank of these, I may well reckon up costiveness, and keeping in of our ordinary excrements, which as it often causeth other diseases, so this of melancholy in particular. ""^Celsus, lib. 1. cap. 3, saith, " It produceth inflamma- tion of the head, dulness, cloudiness, headache," &c. Prosper Calenus, Uh. de atra bile, will have it distemper not the organ only, ^°" but the mind itself by troubling of it :" and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the lirst book of ^' Skenkius's jMedicinal Observations. A young merchant going to Nordeling fair in Germany, for ten days' space never went to stool ; at his return he was ^grievously melancholy, thinking that he was robbed, and would not be persuaded but that all his money was gone ; his friends thought he had some philtrum given him, but Cnelius, a physician, being sent for, found his ^^ costiveness alone to be the cause, and thereupon gave him a clyster, by Avhich he was speedily recovered. Trincavellius, consult. 35. lib. 1, saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom he administered physic, and Rodericus a Fonseca, consult. 85. tom. 2, ^of a patient of his, that for eight days was bound, and therefore melancholy affected. Other retentions and evacuations tliere are, not simply necessary, but at some times ; as Fernelius accounts them. Path. lib. 1. cap. 15, as suppression of haemorrhoids, monthly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate or no use at all of Venus : or any other ordinary issues. ^'Detention of hfcmorrlioids, or monthly issues, Villanovanus Breviar. lib. I. cap. 18. Arculanus, cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis, Vittorius Faventinus, pract. mag. Tract. 2. cap. 15. Bruel, &.c. put for ordinary causes. Fuchsius, 1. 2. sect. 5. c. 30, goes farther, and saith, ^^^ That many men unseasonably cured of the haemorrhoids have been corrupted with melancholy, seeking to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charybdis. Galen, I. de hum. commen. 3. ad text. 26, illustrates this by an example of Lucius JIartius, whom he cured of madness, contracted by this means : And " Skenkius hath two other instances of two melancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression of their months. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly stopped, and have been formerly used, as °* \^illanovanus urgeth : And ^^ Fuchsius, lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. 33, stilHy maintains, " That without great danger, such an issue may not be stayed." Venus omitted produceth like effects. Mathiolus, ejpist. 5. 1, penult., ^^ <•' avoucheth of his knowledge, that some through bashfulness abstained from venery, and there- upon became very heavy and dull ; and some others that were very timorous, me- lancholy, and beyond all measure sad." Oribasius, med. collect. I. 6. c. 37, speaks of some, ^' " That if they do not use carnal copulation, are continually troubled with heaviness and headache ; and some in the same case by intermission of it." Not use of it hurts many, Arculanus, c. 6. in 9. Rhasis, et Magninus, part. 3. cap. 5, think, because it ^^" sends up poisoned vapours to the brain and heart." And so doth Galen himself hold, " That if this natural seed be over-long kept (in some parties) it turns to poison." Hieronymus jMercurialis, in his chapter of ^Melancholy, cites it for an especial cause of this malady, "Priapismus, Satyriasis, Stc. Haliabbas, 5. Theor. c. 36, reckons up this and many other diseases. Villanovanus Breviar. I. 1. c. 18, .saith, "He knew ^^many monks and widows grievously troubled with melan- choly, and tliat from this sole cause. ''^Ludovicus Mercatus, I. 2. de mulierum affect. cap. 4, and Rodericus a Castro, de morbis nnilier. I. 2. c. 3, treat largely of this sub- ject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melancholy in stale maids, nuns, and widows, Ob suppressioncm mensium et venercm omissam, timidce, moestiP., anxicp, verecund(2, suspiciosce, languentes, consilii inopes, cum summa vitcp. et rerum melio- rum desperatione, Stc, they are melancholy in the highest degree, and all for want «Ex ventre suppresso, inflamniationes, capitis do- coitu abstinentes, turpidos, pigrosque factos ; nonnul- lores, calisiiies crescunt. '"Excrementa retpnta I05 etiam melancholicns, prKter tnoduni ma??tos. timi-, mentis agitationem parere snient. '' Cap. de Mel. , dnsque. «■ Nonnulli nisi coeant assidufi capitis 6i Tani delirus, ut vix se honiineni acnosceret. ^ Al- , gravitate infestantur. Dicit se novisse quosdam tristes VMS astrictus causa. sjper octodies alvum siccum hahet, et nihil reddit. ^ Sive per nares, sive hae- morrlinides. -e Miilti intempestive ab ha;niorrhoidi- bus ciirati, melancholia corrupti sunt. Incidit in Scyl- latn, &c. s' I,ib. 1. de Mania. ■''■ Breviar. 1. ~. c. IS. 'ONon sine magno iiioommndn eju=, cui sanenis a naribns promanat, noxii sanguinis vacuatio impediri potest. «>Nf,vi quosdani prEB pudore & el ita factos ex interinissione Veneris. '■- Vapores venenatos mittitsperma ad cor et cerebrum. Spernia pill? din retentum, transit in venenum. '^ graves prodiicif corporis et animi cegritudines. ^' Ex sper- niate supra modum retento monacbosxt viduas me- lancholicos s*pe fieri vidi. eeMelanch'-ln firia 4 yasis seminariis in utero. Its Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 of husbands, ^lianus Montaltus, cap. 37. de melanchol.^ confirms as much out of Galen; so doth Wierus, Christoferus a Vega de art. med. lib. 3.c. 14, relates many such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Foelix Plater jn the first book of his Observations, *^" tells a story of an ancient gentleman in Alsatia, that married a young wife, and Avas not able to pay his debts in that kind for a long time together, by reason of his several infirmities : but she, because of this inhibition of Venus, fell into a horrible fury, and desired every one that came to see lier, by words, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her, &.c." " Bernardus Pater- nus, a physician, saith, " He knew a good honest godly priest, that because he would neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, fell into grievous melancholy fits." Hildesheim, spicel. 2, hath such another example of an Italian melancholy priest, in a consultation had Jlnno 1580. Jason Pratensis gives instance in a married man, that from his wife's death abstaining, ^^' after marriage, became exceeilingly me- lancholy," Rodericus a Fonseca in a young man so misaffected, Tom. 2. consult. 85. To these you may add, if you please, that conceited tale of a Jew, so visited in like sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Florentinus. Intemperate Venus is all but as bad in the other extreme. Galen, /. 6. de mnrhis popu- lar, sect. a. text. 26, reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases which are ''*" ex- asperated by venery :" so doth Avicenna, 2, 3, c. 11. Oribasius, loc. citat. Ficinus, lib. 2. de sanitate tuendn. Marsilius Cognatus, Montaltus, cap. 27. Gnianerin-^, Tract. 3. cap. 2. Magninus, cap. fi. part. 3, '"gives the reason, because "^'■it infri- gidates and dries up the body, consumes the spirits ; and would therefore have all such as are cold and dry to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy." Jac- chinus in 9 Rhasis., cap. 15, ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, '^''and so dried himself with cham- ber-work, that he became in short space from melancholy, mad :" he cured him by moistening remedies. The like example I find in Lfclius a Fonte Engubinus, consult. 129, of a gentleman of Venice, that upon the same occasion was first melancholy, afterwards mad. Read in him the story at large. Any other evacuation stopped will cause it, as well as these above named, be it bile, "^ ulcer, issue, Stc, Hercules de Saxonia, lib. I.e. 16, and Gordonius, verify this out of their experience. They saw one wounded in the head who as long as the sore was open, Lucida habuit mentis intervalla., was well ; but when it was stopped, Rediit melancholia., his melancholy fit seized on him again. Artificial evacuations are much like in effect, as hot houses, baths, blood-letting, purging, unseasonably and immoderately used. ''^ Baths dry too much, if used in ex- cess, be they natural or artificial, and oflend extreme hot, or cold \ '^ one dries, the other refrigerates overmuch. Montanus, consil. 137, saith, they over-heat the liver. Job. Struthius, Stigmat. artis. I. 4. c. 9, contends, "*'•' that if one stay longer than or- dinary at the bath, go in too oft, or at unseasonable times, he putrefies the humours in his body." To this purpose writes Magninus, /. 3. c. 5. Guianerius, Tract. 15. c. 21, utterly disallows all hot baths in melancholy adust. ""I saw (saith he) a man that laboured of the gout, who to be freed of this malady came to the bath, and was instantly cured of his disease, but got another worse, and that was madness." But this judgment varies as the humour doth, in hot or cold : baths may be good for one melancholy man, bad for another; that which will cure it in this party, may cause it in a second. Phlebotomy.] Phlebotomy, many times neglected, may do much harm to the body, when there is a manifest redundance of bad humours, and melancholy blood; and when these humours heat and boil, if this be not used in time, the parties afTected, «NobiIis senex Alsatus juvenem uxorem duiit, at i corpus, gpiritus consumit, &c. caveant ab hoc sieci, ve- ille colico dolore, et niultis inorbis correptus, non po- i lut iniinico niortali. '- Ita exsiccatiis ut 6 melancho- tuit prrestare offlciiiin mariti, vix inito matrimonio lico atatitn fuerit insanus, ab humectanlibus ciiratiis. efrotus. Ilia in horrendiim furorum incidit, ob Ve- p^ Ex cauterio et ulcere exsiccato. i*Gord. c. IOl Herein cohibitam ut omnium earn invisentium con- I lib. 1. Discommends cold baths as noxious. '■• Sic- pressum, voce, vultii, pestii expeteret, et quum non 'cum reddunt corpus. ■=« ^^i quis Inniilus mori-tur ronsentirent, molossos Anslicanos masno expetiit cla- in iia, aut nimis frequenter, aut impurtun^ utainr, more. c- Vidi gacerdotem optimum et pinm. qui hiimor<-« piilreCirjt. " E20 anno superiore. qii i)iiod nolI^ygliMH^M^ia melancholica s^yiuptumala d iin L'iiti"-uiij \ nli ndui^tum, qui ut llbt-rarelur de gut- incidil^^^^^^^^Bbienl|M^> cuncubitu incidit in 1 i:i. mei^nR^^^^^^^B^tiK^ coitD esacerbantur. ' faciii^ incid_^^^^^^^^^^|^ld||^& cuncubitu incidit in 1 i:i. ml Inlnfa :ici.c:iAit, el de gutta liberatus, inanlaciu Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Bad Air, a Cattse. 149 so inflamed, are in great danger to be mad ] but if it be unadvisedly, importunely, immoderately used, it doth as much harm by refrigerating the body, dulling the spirits, and consuming them: as Joh. "* Curio in his 10th chapter well reprehends, such kind of letting blood doth more hurt than good: ™"The humours rage much more than they did before, and is so far from avoiding melancholy, that it increaseth it, and weakeneth the sight." ^Prosper Calenus observes as much of all phlebotomy, except they keep a very good diet after it ; yea, and as *' Leonartis Jacchinus speaks out of his own experience, *'^''' The blood is much blacker to many men after their letting of blood tlian it was at first." For this cause belike Salust. Salvinianus, Z. 2. c. 1, will admit or hear of no blood-letting at all in this disease, except it be manifest it proceed from blood : he was (it appears) by his own words in that place, master of an hospital of mad men, ^"and found by long experience, that this kind of evacua- tion, either in head, arm, or any other part, did more harm than good." To this opinion of his, ^■*Foelix Plater is quite opposite, •■' though some wink at, disallow and quite contradict all phlebotomy in melancholy, yet by long experience I have found innumerable so saved, after they had been twenty, nay, sixty times let blood, and to live happily after it. It was an ordinary thing of old, in Galen's time, to take at once from such men six pounds of blood, which now we dare scarce take in ounces : scd vidcrint medlc'i ;" great books are written of this subject. Purging upward and downward, in abundance of bad humours omitted, may be for the worst ; so likewise as in the precedent, if overmuch, too frequent or violent, it ^^ weakeneth their strength, saith Fuchsius, I. 2. sect. 2 c. 17, or if they be strong or able to endure physic, yet it brings them to an ill habit, they niake their bodies no better than apothecaries' shops, this and such like iniirmities must needs follow SuBSECT. V. — Bad Air, a cause of Melancholy. Air is a cause of great moment, in producing this, or any other disease, being that it is still taken into our bodies by respiration, and our more inner parts. ^^-^ If it be impure and foggy, it dejects the spirits, and causeth diseases by infection of the heart," as Paulus hath it, lib. 1. c. 49. Avicenna, lib. 1. Gal. de san. tuendd. Mer- curialis, Montaltus, &c. ^'Fernelius saith, "A thick air thickeneth the blood and hu- mours." ^^Lemnius reckons up two main things most profitable, and most pernicious to our bodies ; air and diet : and this peculiar disease, nothing sooner causeth *^( Jo- bertus holds) " than the air wherein we breathe and live." ^^ Such as is the air, such be our spirits ; and as our spirits, such are our humours. It offends commonly if it be too ^' hot and dry, thick, fuliginous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous air. Bodine in his fifth Book, De rcjnih. cap. 1, 5, of his Method of History, proves that hot countries are most troubled with melancholy, and that there are therefore in Spain, Africa, and Asia Minor, great numbers of mad men, insomuch that they are compelled in all cities of note, to build peculiar hospitals for them. Leo ^^Afer, lib. 3. de Fessa urbe, Ortelius and Zuinger, confirm as much : they are ordinarily so choleric in their speeches, that scarce two words pass without railing or cliiding in common talk, and often quan-elling in their streets. *^Gordonius will have every man take notice of it : " Note this (saith he) that in hot countries it is far more familiar than in cold." Although this we have now said be not continually so, for as ^'Acosia truly saith, under the Equator itself, is a most temperate habitation, wholesome air, a paradise of pleasure : the leaves ever green, cooling showers. But it holds in such as are intemperately hot, as ^^Johannes a Meggen found in Cyprus, others in Malta, ''On Schola Salernitana. "Calefactio et ebiil- litio per veiiie incisionem, ma^is sa;pe incitatur et aiiiretur, majore impetu liuiiinres per corpus discur- riint. *■" Lib. de flatulenta Melancholia. Froqiiens sanguinis missio corpus extenuat. »' In 9 Rliasis, airam bilem parit, et visum dcbilitat. '•-Miilto nigrior spectalur sanguis post dies quosdani, quim fuit ab initio. '■3 Non lando eos qui in desipientia dooent secandam esse venani froiitis, quia spiriius de- hac ratione sanatos longa observatione cognovi, qui vigesies, sexagies venas tundendo, &c. f^ Vires debilitat. ''^Inipurus aer spiriius dejicit, infecto corde gignit niorbos. >■' Sanguinem densat, et huniores, P. 1. c. 13. f* Lib. 3. cap. 3. --'Lib. de quartana. Ex acre ambiente contrabitnr humor nielanchnlicus. "'Qualis aer, talis spiritus • et cujusmodi spiritus, huniores. 9' jElianus Montal- tus, c. 11. calidus et siccus, frigidus et siccii.?. paludi- bilitatur inde, et ego \«u'n\. e.xperientia ohserva\'i in ' nosus, crassns. "-i Mnlta hie in Xenndochiis fana- proprio Xeiindochio, qufpd desJiiiiMites cx pbleboloinia t ticnrurn niillia qui striclissim6 catenata sf-rvantur niagis KTdunlur, et niai;i.-> di>i|)iiiiit, vi iiu-lantluilici I '•'■' Lib. med. part. 2. c. 19. Tntellige, quod in raluiis sfepe fiunt inde pejore^.— ♦• *41)e iiitiitis aljenat. regionibus, frequenter accidit mania, in frigidi; au- cap. 3. eisi in^j^s boc impiob^se sciam, innumerosi tern mJ|, ** Lib. ^ tyjMBfcJlii't cap*." ^ ^ 150 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 2 Aupulia, and the * Holy Land, where at some seasons of the year is nothing but dust, their rivers dried up, the air scorching hot, and earth inflamed ; insomuch that many pilgrims going barefoot for devotion sake, from Joppa to Jerusalem upon the hot sands, often run mad, or else quite overwhelmed with sand, profimdis arenis, as in many parts of Africa, Arabia Deserta, Bactriana, now Charassan, when the west wind blows "'Involutl arenis Iranseunles nccanlur. ^ Hercules de Saxonia, a professor in Venice, gives this cause why so many Venetian women are melancholy, Quod diu sub sole degant, they tarry too long in the sun. IMontanus, consil. 21, amongst other causes assigns this ; Why that Jew his patient was mad. Quod tain muUum exposuit se cnlori et f rigor i : he exposed himself so much to heat and cold, and for that reason in Venice, there is little stirring in those brick paved streets in sunnner about noon, they are most part then asleep : as they are likewise in the great MogoPs countries, and all over the East Indies. At Aden in Arabia, as^'Lodovicus Vertomannus relates in his tra- vels, they keep their markets in the night, to avoid extremity of heat ; and in Ormus, like cattle in a. pasture, people of all sorts lie up to the chin in water all day long. At Braga in Portugal ; Burgos in Castile ; Messina in Sicily, all over Spain and Italy, their streets are most part narrow, to avoid the sunbeams. The Turks wear great turbans ud fugandos solis radios, to refract the sunbeams ; and much inconvenience that hot air of Bantam in Java yields to our men, that sojourn there for traffic ; where it is so hot, '*'•' that they that are sick of the pox, lie commonly bleaching in tlie sun, to dry up their sores." Such a complaint I read of those isles of Cape Verde, fourteen de- grees from the Equator, they do male andire : 'One calls them the uidiealthiest clime of the world, for (luxes, fevers, frenzies, calentures, which commonly seize on seafar- ing men that touch at them, and all by reason of a hot distemperature of the air. The hardiest men are oflended with this heat, and stillest clowns cannot resist it, as Con- stantine affirms, Agricull. I. 2. c. 45. They that are naturally born in such air, may not -endure it, as Niger records of some part of .Mesopotamia, now called Diarbecha Quihusdam in locisscBi-ieiiti ceslui adeo subjecta est^ut pleruque aninudia fcrvore solis el cceli extinguanlur, 'tis so hot there in some places, that men of the country and cattle are killed with it ; and '.Adricomius of Arabia Felix, by reason of myrrh, frank- incense, and hot spices there growing, the air is so obnoxious to their brains, that the very inhabitants at some times cannot abide it, much less weaklings and strangers. ■•Amatus Lusilanus, cent. 1. curat. 45, reports of a young maid, tiiat was one V^incent a currier'-s daughter, some thirteen years of age, that would wash her hair in the lieat of the day (in July) and so let it dry in the sun, *"to make it yellow, but by that means tarrying too long in the heat, she inflamed her head, and made herself mad." Cold air in the other extreme is almost as bad as hot, and so doth Montaltus esteem of it, c. 1 1, if it be dry withal. In those northern countries,, the people are therefore generally dull, heavy, and many witches, which (as I have before quoted) Saxo Gram- maticus, Olaus, Baptista Porta ascribe to melancholy. But these cold climes are more subject to natural melancholy (not this artificial) which is cold and dry : for which cause ^Mercurius Britaimicus belike puts melancholy men to inhabit just un- der the Pole. The worst of the three is a 'thick, cloudy, misty, foggy air, or such as come from fens, moorish grounds, lakes, muckhills, draughts, sinks, where any carcasses, or carrion lies, or from whence any stinking fulsome smell comes : Galen, Avicenna, Mercurialis, new and old physicians, hold that such air is unwholesome, and engenders melancholy, plagues, and what not ? ^Alexandretta, an haven-town in the Mediterranean Sea, Saint Juhn de Ulloa, an haven in Nova-Hispania, are much condemned for a bad air, so are Durazzo in Albania, Lithuania, Ditmarsh, Pomptinae PaUides in Italy, the territories about Pisa, Ferrara, &c. Komney Marsh with us ; the. Hundreds in Essex, the fens in Lincolnshire. Cardan, de rerwn varietate., I. 17, c. 'J6, finds fault Mith the sight of those rich, and most populous cities in the Low Coun ^ Apulia ajslivo calore maxiind fervet, ita ut ante rineni Mail pene exusl;i sit. '••••• They perish in clouds of sand." Maginus Pers. ^^ I'anllieo scu Prart. nied. I. 1. cap. 16. Venetje mulieres qua? diu BUb sol- viviint. aliquando iiiel.iiittiolica; cv.uliir.i ^Navi 4. coiiiniercia node, lion 6b nil: ' viuiit intordiu Kstus ' borantes, exponunt ad £< Observaiipns, sect. 13. 'Hippocrates, 3. .\phoris- morum idem ait. *Ideni Maginus in PerHia < Descrip. Ter. sanctat!. 'Quurii ad t^olis radios in leone longam niorani traheret, ut capillo:) nlavos r'dderct, in nianiani incidit. < Mundus alter et in, seu Terra Auslralis incn(»nila. ^ CrasiiiM lurpidus a»!r, tri^lyiyillicit aniinam. "Com- Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Bad Air, a Cause. 15) tries, as Bniges, Ghent, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, Sec. the air is bad ; and so at Slockliohn in Sweden ; Regium in lialy, Salisbury with us, Hull and Lynn : they may be commodious for navigation, this new kind of fortification, and many oiher good necessary uses ; but are they so wholesome } Old Rome hath descended from the hills to the valley, 'tis the site of most of our new cities, and held best to build in plains, to take the opportunity of rivers. Leander Albertus pleads hard for the air and site of Venice, though the black moorish lands appear at every low water : the sea, fire, and smoke (as he thinks) qualify the air; and ^some suppose, that a thick foorgy air helps the memory, as in them of Pisa in Italy ; and our Camden, out of Plato, commends the site of Cambridge, because it is so near the fens. But let the site of such places be as it may, how can they be excused that have a delicious seat, a pleasant air, and all that nature can afford, and yet through their own nastiness, and sluttishness, immund and sordid manner of life, suffer their air to putrefy, and themselves to be chocked up ? j\Iany cities in Turkey do wiaZe audire in this kind : Constantinople itself, where commonly carrion lies in the street. Some find the same fault in Spain, even in jMadrid, the king's seat, a most excellent air, a pleasant site ; but the inliabitants are slovens, and the streets uncleanly kept. A troublesome tempestuous air is as bad as impure, rough and foul weather, im- petuous winds, cloudy dark days, as it is commonly with us, Cxliitu visu fccdwi^ 'Tolydore calls it a filthy sky, et in quo facile generantur nuhes ; as Tully's brother Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then Quaestor in Britain. "In a thick and cloudy air (saith Lemnius) men are tetric, sad, and peevish : And if the western Avinds blow, and that there be a calm, or a fair sunshine day, there is a kind of alacrity in men's minds ; it cheers up men and beasts : but if it be a turbulent, rough, cloudy, stormy weather, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected, angry, waspish, dull, and melancholy." This was "Virgil's experiment of old, Veruni ubi tempestas, et coeti niobilis humor I " But when the face of Heaven changed is Mutavore vices, et Jupiter humidus Austro, | To tempests, rain, from season fair; Vertuntur species animorum, et pectore niotus I Our minds are altered, and in our breasts Ck)ncipiunt alios" I Forthwith some new conceits appear." And who is not weather-wise against such and such conjunctions of planets, moved in foul weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons ? ^^Gelidutn conlrislat Aquarius annum : the time requires, and the autumn breeds it ; winter is like unto it, ugly, foul, squalicf, the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such as are' melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds, '^ "• They are most moved with it, and those which are already mad, rave downright, eitlier in, or against a tempest. Besides, the devil many times takes his opportunity of such storms, and when the humours by the air be stirred, he goes in with them, exagitates our spirits, and vexeth our souls ; as the sea waves, so are the spirits and humours in our bodies tossed with tempestuous winds and storms." To such as are melancholy therefore, Montanus, consil. 24, will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and consil. 27, all night air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. Lemnius, I. 3. c. 3, discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. Montanus, consil. 3L '■"' Will not any windows to be opened in the night." Consil. 229. et consil. 230, he discommends especially the south wind, and nocturnal air : So doth '^ Plutarch. The night and darkness makes men sad, the like do all sub- terranean vaults, dark houses in caves and rocks, desert places cause melancholy in an instant, especially such as have not been used to it, or otherwise accustomed. Read more of air in Hippocrates, jEtius, I. 3. a c. 17L ad 175. Oribasius, o c. 1. ad 21. Avicen. I. 1. can. Fen. 2. doc. 2. Fen. 1. c. 123 to the 12, kc. SuBSECT. VI. — Immoderale Exercise a cause, and 1iow. Solitariness, Idleness. Nothing so good but it may be abused : nothing better than exercise (if oppor- tunely used) for the preservation of the body : nothing so bad if it be unseasonable, 9 Atlas geographicus memnria, valent Pisani, quod | afire citooffenduntur, et multi insani apud Belgas ante crassiore fruantur aere. loLib. 1. hist. lib. 2. cap. 41. tempestates sa;viunt, aliter quieti. Spiritus qtioque Aura densa ac caliginosa tetrici homines existunt, et i agris et mali cenii aliquando se lenipestatibus inge- Bubstristes, et cap'. 3. stante subsolano et Zc|ili\ ro, runt, et nieiiti huniana' se biierilT^^ in_8 huic uialo inscripto. '^Instit. ail vit. Christ, cap. 44. cibos masis obnoxios qui plane oliosi sunt, quain eo« qij' crudos in venas rapit, qui putrescsnles illic spiritus aliquo muoere versanlur exequendo. ^ I)e Tran- aninialis infiriunl. '•'Crudi hacc hiiinoris copla per quil. animiB. Sunt qua ipsum otiuin in aninii rnnj'^'^ venas affgrediiur, unde rnorbi multiplices. -olin- a-gritudinein. '« Nihil est quod s-qiit- inclanrholl- modicuin exercitium. -' Hoin. 31. in 1 Cnr vi. uii alal ac aueeat, ac otium et abstlneiitta & rorpon* Nam qua inen^^pUiiii■'» I' mimi exercitationihiis. '< Nihil niacin excvcat linuo circ^l^^^^Mitationes disciirr ' lltclUTn, quam oti um_. Go rdoniug de obMrvat. vit aliqiig^^^l^^HRtetur, ad melancii^ .auok lib. 1. ~ "' Mem. 2. Subs. 6.] Idleness a Cause. 153 more harm, than a week's physic, labour, and company can do good. ^Melancholy seizeth on them forthwith being alone, and is such a torture, that as wise Seneca well saith, Malo mihi male quam mollitcr esse, I had rather be sick than idle. This idleness is either of body or mind. That of body is nothing but a kind of benumb- ing laziness, intermitting exercise, which, if we may believe ^ Fernelius, •'• causeth crudities, obstructions, excremental humours, quencheth the natural heat, dulls the spirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing whatsoever." ~,4,,, ... o ^,- ■ ■ ,, I " for, a nejrlected field ffl^Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agns." | g,,^,, ^^ t„g gj^jts thorns and thisUes yield." As fern grows in untilled grounds, and all manner of weeds, so do gross humours in an idle body, Ignavum corrumpunt otia corpus. A horse in a stable tlwt never tra- vels, a hawk in a mew that seldom flies, are both subject to diseases ; which left unto themselves, are most free from any such incumbrances. An idle dog will be mangy, and how shall an idle person think to escape ? Idleness of the mind is much worse than this of the body ; wit without employment is a disease ^j^riigo cinimi, ruhigo ingenii: the rust of the soul, ^'a plague, a hell itself, Maxinmm animi nocumentum., Galen calls it. ^^" As in a standing pool, worms and filthy creepers increase, {et vi- tium capiunt ni moveantur aqucE., the water itself putrefies, and air likewise, if it be not continually stirred by the wind) so do evil and corrupt thoughts in an idle person," the soul is contaminated. In a commonwealth, where is no public enemy, there is likely civil wars, and they rage upon themselves : this body of ours, when it is idle, and knows not how to bestow itself, macerates and vexeth itself with cares, orriefs, false fears, discontents, and suspicions ; it tortures and preys upon his own bowels, and is never at rest. Thus much I dare boldly say, " He or she that is idle, be they of what condition they will, never so rich, so well allied, fortunate, happv, let them have all things in abundance and felicity that heart can wish and desire, all content- ment, so long as he or she or they are idle, they shall never be pleased, never well in body and mind, but weary still, sickly still, vexed still, loathing still, weeping, sigh- hig, grieving, suspecting, offended with the world, with every object, wishing them- selves gone or dead, or else carried away with some foolish phantasy or other. And this is the true cause that so many great men, ladies, and gentlewomen, labour of tills disease in country and city ; for idleness is an appendix to nobility ; they count it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, and will therefore take no pains ; be of no vocation : they feed liberally, fare well, want exercise, action, employment, (for to work, I say, they may not abide,) and company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humours, wind, crudities ; their minds disquieted, dull, hea\y, &c. care, jealousy, fear of some diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too ^familiarly on them. For what will not fear and phantasy work in an idle body ? what distempers will they not cause ? when the children of ^Israel murmured against Pharoah in Egypt, he commanded his officers to double their task, and let them get straw themselves, and yet make their full num- ber of bricks ; for the sole cause why they mutiny, and are evil at ease, is, '• they are idle." When you shall hear and see so many discontented persons in all places where you come, so many several grievances, unnecessary complaints, fears, suspi- cions, ^^ the best means to redress it is to set them awork, so to busy their minds ; for for the truth is, they are idle. Well they may build castles m the air for a time, and sooth up themselves with phantastical and pleasant humours, but in the end they will prove as bitter as gall, they shall be still I say discontent, suspicious, ''^feartul, jealous, sad, fretting and vexing of themselves ; so long as they be idle, it is impossible to please them, Oiio qui nescit uti., plus hahet negotii quam qui negotium in negotio, as that "^Agellius could observe : He that knows not how to spend his time, hath more busi- ness, care, grief, anguish of mind, than he that is most busy in the midst of all his business Oliosus animus nescit quid volet: An idle person (as he follows it) knows ^ Patli. lib. 1. cap. 17. exercitationis intermissio, 1 Sen. ss Now this lesr, now that arm, now their inertem calorem, languidos spiritus, et ienavos, et ad head, heart, &.c. 3unt, quibus corpori animus seu patibulo affigitur. ducatur : qui non movetur, aut sa.xum, aut Deus est. Jamb, de mist. «'Lib. de sanitat. tuend. ^" Pro- U: Instit. I. 2. de hunianorum affect, morborumque log de virtute Christi ; Qu;e utitur corpore, ut faber curat. cs Epist. 105. eacranatensis. '" Virg. malleo s^ Vita Apollonij. lib. 1. s^Lih. de hi Pe civitrDei.-l. 14. c. 9. qiiali? in orulis hominum anini. ab inconsideraniia, el iuMioraiitia onini-5 aiiiuiirraui iriversis pedibus ambulat, talis in ociilia sapientum, lotus. J^pVhvsiol. StMR. ' r;r.id 1. i^f" > EpistJJ^r^ <=.aaiaaii|^^ "l.ilf. t. cap. 6. fcX »58 Causes of Melancholy. [Pait. 1. Sect. 2. the more grievous maladies. But we find that of our Saviour, Mat. xxvi. 41, most true, <■' The spirit is willing, the flesh is weak," we cannot resist ; and this of "Philo Judieus, " Perturbations often offend the body, and are most frequent causes of melancholy, turning it out of the hinges of his health." Vives compares them to ""Winds 'upon the sea, some only move as those great gales, but others turbulent quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easy, and more seldom, to our thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us : yet if tliey be re- iterated^ ''''as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone, so do tlicse perturbations pene- trate the mind : '^and (as one observes) "• produce a habit of melancholy at the last, which having gotten the mastery in bur souls, may well be called diseases. How these passions produce this effect, ""^Agrijipa hath handled at large, Ocailt. Philos. I 11. c. 63. Cardan, I. 14. suhtil. Lemnius, I. 1. c. 12, de occult, nal. mir. f/ lib. 1. cap. 16. Suarez, Met. dlsput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25. T. Bright, cap. 12, of his Melancholy Treatise. Wright the Jesuit, in his Book of tlie Passions of the Mind, &c. Thus in brief, to our imagination cometh by the outward sense or memory, some object to be known (residing in the foremost part of the brain), which he mis- conceiving or amplifying presently communicates to the lieart, the seat of all allec- tions. The pure spirits forthwith tlock from the brain to the heart, by certain secret channels, and signify what good or bad object was presented; ''which immediately bends itself to prosecute, or avoid it; and withal, draweth with it other humours to help it : so in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melan- choly blood ; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent, it sends great store of spirits to, or from the heart, and makes a deeper iiiv- pression, and greater tumult, as the humours in the body be likewise prepared, and the temperature itself ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and .stronger ; so that the first step and fountain of all our grievances in this kind, is '" ia-sa ima>^'inatio^ which misinforming the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confu- sion of spirits ami humours. By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is hindered, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as ''Dr. Navarra well declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick spirits engendered with melancholy blood. The other parts caimot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion ; so we look upon a thing, and see it not ; hear, and observe not ; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with ■ "Arnoldus, Maxima vis est phantasi(e., el huic uni fere., non aulem corporis inlem- periei., ornnis melancholice causa est ascribenda : " Great is the force of imagination, and much more ouajht the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, than lo the distemperature of the body." Of Mhich imagination, because it hath so great a stroke in producing this malady, and is so powerful of itself, it will not be im- proper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and how |t causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression, howsoever some dis- like, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of ^'Beroaldus's opinion, "Such digres- sions do mightily delight and refresh a weary reader, they are like sauce to a bad stomach, and I do therefore most willingly use them." SuBSECT. II. — Of the Force of Imagination. What imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy of the soul. 1 will only now point at the wonderful effects and power of it ; which, '2 Lib. de Decal. passiones maxime corpus ofTendiint 1 the countenance to good or evil, and dislraciion of et aniinam, el frtqiientissimiB causx nrjelancholia. | the mind causeth distemperature of the l)Mdy.'' ditnovente« ah inseiiio et sanitate pristina, I. 3. de i "'tipiritus et sanzuis 4 Isesa Imaginatione contarninan- anima. '^Frsenaet stimuli animi, velut in mari | tur, humore:) enim mutati actlones aiiinii iinuiutanl, quBPdam aurae levcs, quacdam placida?. quxdam tur- Piso. ■" Montani, consil. 22. Mk vero i)ii(imeantem, c|iiiiilam quuM in'■■< Scalis. exereit. ■:t__ auior, >Scc. I. S.-c. S. "- " e.x vir^o ur?o, talem cl ifnctionil)iis ?f c nsuciioi^temoni pessimal iiiii- peperif. '•*» Lib. 1. cap. 4. de occult, nat. niir. si lieres qui iis acLijjjus suum v^BflRiiiWini phaiita=i- inter amplexus et suavia cogitet de uno, a^it alio ab- am regit^duf^^e ad lofiuH^^^KSiafKtltcTt^rpora gama^^smggggL^mgtm^Jim^g^ elucere. "~ 160 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 caused in their children by force of a depraved phantasy in them : Ipsam speciem quam animo ejigiat.,fi£tui inducit : She imprints that stamp upon her child which she "'con ceives unto herself. And therefore Lodovicus Vives, lib. 2. de Christ, fcem., gives a special caution to great-bellied women, "^ That they do not admit such absurd con- ceits and cogitations, but by all means avoid those horrible objects, heard oj- seen, or filthy spectacles." Some will laugh, weep, sigh, groan, blush, tremble, sweat, at such tilings as are suggested unto them by their imagination. Avicenna speaks of one that could cast himself into a palsy when he list ; and some can imitate the tunes of birds and beasts that they can hardly be discerned : Dagebertus' and Saint Francis' scars and wouiuls, like those of Christ's (if at the least any such were), ^^Agrippa supposeth to have happened by force of imagination : that some are turned to wolves, from men to women, and women again to men (which is constantly believed) to the same imagination; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes. ^Wierus as- cribes all those famous transformations to imagination ; that in hydrophobia they seem to see the picture of a dog, still in their water, "Hhat melancholy men and sick men conceive so many phantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls ; that they are heavy, light, transparent, great and little, senseless and dead (as shall be showed more at large, in our ** sections of symptoms), can be imputed to nought else, but to a corrupt, false, and violent imagination. It works not in sick and melancholy men only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound : it makes them sud- denly sick, and ''^alters their temperature in an instant. And sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension, as "^ Valesius proves, will take away diseases : in both kinds it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremlile, giddy or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehension and fear is so strong in tliis kiiul, that they will have the same disease. Or if by some soothsayer, wiseman, fortune-teller, or physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously appre- hend it, that they will instantly labour of it. A tiling familiar in China (saith Ric- cius the Jesuit), ^^' If it be told them they shall be sick on such a day, when that day conies they will surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes they die upon it. Dr. Cotta in his discovery of ignorant practitioners of physic, cap. 8, hath two strange stories to this purpose, what fancy is able to do. The one of a parson\s wife in Northamptonshire, ,^7i. 1007, that coming to a physician, and told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured (a disease she "wa* free from), the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous fit of a sciatica : and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was so troubled with the cramp, after the same manner she came by it, because her phy- sician did but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of phantasy. I have heard of one that coming by chance in company of him that was thought to be sick of the plague ( which was not so) fell down suddenly dead. Another was sick of tlie plague with conceit. One seeing his fellow let blood falls down in a swoon. Another (saith ""Cardan out of Aristotle), fell down dead (which is familiar to wo- men at any ghastly sight), seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ' Lo- dovicus Vives), came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, that lay over a brook in the dark, without harm, the next day perceiving what danger he was in, fell down dead. Many will not believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, and deride when they hear of them ; but let these men consider with themselves, as ' Peter Byarus illustrates it. If they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they would be giddy, upon which they dare securely walk upon the ground. Many (saith Agrippa),'"' strong-hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights, dazzle, and " Quid non fstui adhuc matri unito, subita spirituum vibratione per nervos, quibiie matrix cerebro con- juncta est. inipriiiiit inipregnatte imasinatiol ut si imaginetur malum sranatiini, illiud notas secum pro- feret fetus : Si leporero, infans editur supremo labcllo bitido, et dissecto : Veheiiiens cogitatio inovet rerum species. Wier. lib. 3. cap. 8. •'- Ne dum uteruin gestent. adiiiittant absiirdas cogitationes, seil et visu, auditiii|ii>: f:y(\:i et tiorreuJa (l»vki:iit. "O. cuii, Philo*. 111'. 1 mp. 64. "iLib. 3. de Lamii.'?, cap. Ju •« Agni'pi, lib. 1. cap. 64. «< Sect. 3. memb. 1. sub- 3 t 3. v^ Malleus malefic. fqi^JOLcorfiwt nu vj'.>:it, in diveii *Fr. Vales. I. 5. cont. 6. nonnunquam etiam morbi diuturiii consequuntur, quandoque rurantur. "» Ex- pedit. ill Sinas, I. 1. c. 9. tantum pnrro uiulti pracdicto- ribug hisce tribuunt ut ipse metus (idem faciat : nam si priedictum lis fuerit tali die eos morbo corripiendo?, ii ubi dies advenerit, in morbum incidunt, et vi metus afflicti, cum segritudlne, aliquando etiam cum morte colluctantur. "» Subtil. 18. > Lib. 3. de anima, cap. de mel. 'Lib. de Peste. 3 Lib. 1. cap. 63, V.x iilto despiciente^^iau^rK timure contremUcunt, calizant, ii\£jj|^m^^mi^%iy§||iLm, febres, morbl ue reeeduBl. ]\Icm. 3. Subs. 3.] Division of Perturbations. 16. are sick, if they look but down from a high place, and what moves them but con- ceit ?" As some are so molested by phantasy ; so some again, by fancy alone, and a good conceit, are as easily recovered. We see commonly the tooth-ache, gout, fall- ing-sickness, biting of a mad dog, and many such maladies cured by spells, words, characters, and charms, and many green wounds by that now so much used Ungwn- tum Armarium.^ magnetically cured, which Crollius and Goclenius in a book of late hath defended, Libavius in a just tract as stiffly contradicts, and most men controvert. All the world knows there i^ no virtue in such charms or cures, but a strong conceit and opinion alone, as •* Pomponatius holds, '• which forceth a motion of the humours, spirits, and blood, which takes away the cause of the malady from the parts affected." The like we may say of our magical effects, superstitious cures, and such as are done by mountebanks and wizards. "As by wicked incredulity many men are hurt (so saith ^ ^V'ierus of charms, spells, &c.), we find in our experience, by the same means many are relieved." An empiric oftentimes, and a silly chirurgeon, doth more strange cures than a rational physician^ Nymannus gives a reason, because the pa- tient puts his confidence in him, ^ which Avicenna " prefers before art, precepts, and all remedies whatsoever." 'Tis opinion alone (sahh 'Cardan'), that makes or mars physicians, and he doth the best cures, according to Hippocrates, in whom most trust. So diversely doth this phantasy of ours affect, turn, and wind, so imperiously command our bodies, which as another *" Proteus, or a chameleon, can take all shapes ; and is of such force (as Ficinus adds), that it can work upon others, as well as ourselves." How can otherwise blear eyes in one man cause the like affection in another ? ^^ hy doth one man's yawning ^make another yawn i One man's pissing provoke a second many times to do the like .? Why doth scraping of trenchers offend a third, or hack- ing of files .? Why doth a carcass bleed when tlie murderer is brought before it, some weeks after the murder hath been done .? Why do witches and old women fascinate and bewitch children : but as Wierus, Paracelsus, Cardan, Mizaldus, Valleriola, Cajsar Vanninus, Campanella, and many philosophers think, the forcible imagination of the one party moves and alters the spirits of the other. Nay more, they can cause and cure not only diseases, maladies, and several infirmities, by this means, as Avicenna, de anim. I. 4. sect. 4, supposeth in parties remote, but move bodies from their places, cause thunder, lightning, tempests, which opinion Alkindus, Paracelsus, and some others, approve of. So that I may certainly conclude this strong conceit or imagina- tion is astrum hominis.) and the rudder of this our ship, which reason should steer, but, overborne by phantasy, cannot manage, and so suffers itself, and this whole vessel of ours to be overruled, and often overturned. Read more of this in Wierus, Z. 3. dc Lamiis, c. 8, 9, 10. Franciscus Yalesius, med. controv. Z. 5. cont. 6. Marcellus Donatus, Z. 2. c. 1. de hist. med. mirahil. Levinus Lemnius, de occiilf. nat. mir. I. 1 c. 12. Cardan, Z. 18. de rerum var. Com. Agrippa, de occult, philos. cap. 04, 65 Camerarius, 1 cent. cap. 54. horarum subcis. Nymannus, viorat. de Imag. Lauren tins, and him that is instar omnium^ Fienus, a famous physician of Antwerp, that wrote three books de viribus imaginationis. I have thus far digressed, because this imagination is the medium deferens of passions, by whose means they work and produce many times prodigious effects : and as the phantasy is more or less intended or remitted, and their humours disposed, so do perturbations move, more or less, and take deeper impression. SuBSECT. HI. — Division of Perturbations. Perturbatio.vs and passions, which trouble the phantasy, though they dwell be- tween tlie confines of sense and reason, yet they rather follow sense than reason, be- cause they are drowned in corporeal organs of sense. They are commonly '° reduced into two inclinations, irascible and concupiscible. The Thomists subdivide them mto * Lib. de Incantatione,Imaginatio subitum humorutn, I ' Plures sanat inquemplure3Confidunt.lib.de sapi- et spirituum motum infert, unde vario atTectu rapitur entia. i' Marcelius Ficinus, 1. 13. c. 1ft. de theolog. sanauis, ac uni niorbificas causas partibus affectis [ Platonica. Imaginatio est tanqu&ui Proteus vel Cha- eripit. 'Lib. 3. c. 18.de pra;stis. Ut impia ore- niteleon, corpus proprium et alienum nonnunquani dulilatequis la-ditur, sic et levari eundem tredibile est, afficiens. ,*CiitvQscitanUs oscitcnt, Wierus. usuque observatum. ".^gri persuasio et fiducia, "jJ^V./SMlit. * Dinni arti et consilio eUMllMHkHfiUitLi''^^' '^^''^£!L>'' ^^"^-^ « 162 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. eleven, six in flie coveting, and five in tlie invading. Aristotle rediiceth all to plea- sure and pain, Plato to love and hatred, " Vives to good and bad. If good, it is pre- sent, and then we absolutely joy and love; or to come, and then we desire and hope for it. If evil, we absolute hate it ; if present, it is by sorrow ; if to come fear. Tliese four passions '- Bernard compares " to the wheels of a chariot, by which we are car- ried in this world." All other passions are subordinate unto tliese four, or six, as some will : love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear; the rest, as anger, envy, emula- tion, pride, jealousy, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontq^it, despair, ambition, avarice, &.C., are reducible unto the first; and if they be innnoderate, tiiey '^consume the spirits, and melancholy is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men theri are, that can govern themselves, and curb in these inordinate atl'ections, by religion, philosophy, and such divine precepts, of meekness, patience, and tlie like; but mosi part for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, tluv sulltn- tlumselves wholly to be led by sense, and are so far from repressing rel)elli()iis inclinations, that they give all encouragement unto them, leaving the reins, and using all provocations to further them : bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, '^custom, education, and a perverse will of their own, they follow on, wheresoever their unbridled alliictions will transport them, and do more out of custom, self-will, tiian out of reason. Con- tumax voluntas., as Melancthon calls it, vialumfucil : this stubborn will of ours per- verts judgment, which sees and knows what should and ought to be done, and yet vail not do it. Mancipia gulce., slaves to their several lusts and appetite, they pre- cipitate and plunge 'themselves into a labyrinth of cares, blinded with lust, blinded with ambition ; '""They seek that at God^s hands which they may give unto them- selves, if they could but refrain from those cares and perturbations, wherewith they continually macerate their minds." But giving way to these violent passions of fear, grief, shame, revenge, hatred, malice, Stc, they are torn in pieces, as Acta^on was with his dogs, and ''crucify their own souls. SuBSECT. IV. — Sorrow a Cause of Melancholy. Sorroxc. Iiisanus dolor.] I.v this catalogue of passions, which so much torment :the soul of man, and cause this malady, (for 1 will briefly speak of them all, and in their order,) the first place in this irascible appetite, may justly be challenged by sorroi^. An inseparable companion, ''"Ttie mother and daughter of melancholy, her epitome, symptom, and chief cause :" as Hippocrates hath it, they beget one another, and tread in a ring, for sorrow is both cause and symptom of this disease. How it is a symp- tom shall be shown in its place. That it is a cause all the world acknowledgeth. Dolor nonnuUis Insanice catisa fuit.,et aliorum morhorum insanabilium, saith Plutarch • to ApoUonius ; a cause of madness, a cause of many other diseases, a sole cause of this miscliief, "Lemnius calls it. So doth Rha.sis, cont.l. I. tract. 9. Guinerius, TVact. 15. c. 5. And if it take root once, it ends in despair, as ^Tcelix Plater ob- serves, and as in ^'Cebes' table, may well be coupled with it. ^Chrysostom, in his seventeenth epistle to Olympia, describes it to be " a cruel torture of the soul, a most inexplicable grief, poisoned worm, consuming body and soul, and gnawing the very heart, a perpetual executioner, continual night, profound darkness, a whirlwind, a tempest, an ague not appearing, heating worse than any fire, and a battle tliat hath no end. It crucifies worse than any tyrant ; no torture, no strappado, no bodily punish- "3. deAnima. "Ser. 35. Hie quatuor passiones boles atri humoris sunt, et in circqiiim »e procreant. Eunttanquam rot!eincurru,quibus vehiniiir hoc mundo. Hip. Apliori:^. 23. 1. fi. Idem Monlaltus, cap. 19. Vjc- '^Ilariiiii qiiippe immoderatione, spiritiis marcescunt. lorius Faventinus, pract. iiiiag. '» M'llti ux inemre Fernel. I. 1. Path, c 16. "Mala cpe- jneliora proboqiie deteriora sequor. Ovid. '^ Nemo raiionem desiiiit. -■ llle luctng. i-jus ver6 «oror la^ditiir nisi 4.s>-ipso. '" Miiiti se in inqiiietudinem desperatio siniul ponilur. '^'' Aniinaium crudele prsecipltant amhiiione et cupiditalilius exc.Tcati, ni>n torinentum, dolor inexplicabilis, tinf;a non solum ossa, intelligunt se illud k diis petere, quod sibi ipsis si ve- sed corda pertineens, perpetuus carnifex, vires animc lint prestare possint, si curis et perturbaiionibus, qui- consumens, juzis nox. et tenebrip profundiB, tempestas bus assidue se niacerant, imperare velleiit. '■ Tarito et turbo et febris non apparena, omni igne validius studi" r.i-. n , mill causas. et j^linipnn iji.inriu" 'I'l^ri- ncendens ; lonirior. el pugnn.- fineni non liabcnt inu>. 'C^feflMSflplTlCrn^luin ' -' r:i- Crucem circunilVTl dolor, fuciemque omni lyrannc bil> I ^^^^^^mpeCat. de Ri^iiii'itii^m^. crudeliorem i '' Tii ^.til^^^^^^HHiaHeiit, causa et «5»— Mem. 3. Subs. 5. FeaVi) a Cause. 163 ment is like unto it. 'Tis the eagle without question uhich the poets feigned to gnaw ^Prometheus' heart, and "no heaviness is like unto the heaviness of the heart," Eccles. XXV. 15, 16. ^'^ Every perturbation is a misery, but grief a cruel torment," a domineering passion : as in old Rome, when the Dictator was created, all inferior magistracies ceased ; when grief appears, all other passions vanish. " It dries up the bones," saith Solomon, ch. 17. Pro., "makes them hollow-eyed, pale, and lean, fur- row-faced, to have dead looks, wrinkled brows, shrivelled clieeks, dry bodies, and quite perverts their temperature tliat are misafi'ected with it. As Eleonara, that exiled mournful duchess (in our ^'^ English Ovid), laments to her noble husband Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, ' Sawest tliou those eyes in whose sweet cheerful look Duke Humphrey once such joy and pleasure took, Sorrow hath so despoil 'd me of all prace, Thou couldst not say this was my Elnor's Like a foul Gorgon," &;c. face. '^"it hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomach, colour, and sleep, thickens the blood, ^■'(Fernelius, ?. 1. c. 18. de morb. causis,) contaminates the spirits." 2S(Piso.) Overthrows the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body and mind, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howl and roar for very anguish of their souls. David confessed as much. Psalm xxxviii. 8, " I have roared ■for the very disquietness of my heart." And Psalm cxix. 4, part 4 v. " JMy soul melteth away for very heaviness," v. 38. " I am like a bottle in the siTioke." An- tiochus complained tliat he could not sleep, and that his heart fainted for grief, ^^ Christ himself, Vir dolorum, out of an apprehension of grief, did sweat bloodi Mark xiv. " His soul was heavy to the death, and no sorovv was like unto his." Crato, comil. 21. ?. 2, gives instance in one that was so melancholy by reason of ^ grief ; and Montanus, consil 30, in a noble matron, ^'" that had no other cause of this mischief" I. S. D. in Hildesheim, fully cured a patient of liis that was much troubled witli melanclioly, and for many years, ''^but afterwards, by a little occasion of sorrow, he fell into his former fits, and was tormented as before." Examples are common, how it causeth melancholy, ^ desperation, and sometimes death itself; for (Eccles. xxxviii. 15,) "Of heaviness comes death; worldly sorrow causeth death." 2 Cor. vii. 10, Psalm xxxi. 10, "My life is wasted with heaviness, and my years with mourning." Why was Hecuba said to be turned to a dog ? Niobe into a stone ? but that for grief she was senseless and stupid. Severus the Emperor ^^ died for grief; and how ^'many myriads besides .^^ Tanfa illi est fcrilas^ tanta est insania luclus?^ Melancthon gives a reason of it, '''" the gathering of much melan- choly blood about the^heart, which collection extinguisheth the good spirits, or at least duUeth them, sorrow strikes the heart, makes it tremble and pine away, with great pain ; and the black blood drawn from the spleen, and diffused under the ribs, on the left side, makes those perilous hypochondriacal convulsions, Avhich happen to them that are troubled with sorrow." SuBSECT. V. — Fear, a Cause. Cousin german to sori'ow, is fear, or rather a sister, Jidus Achates^ and continual companion, an assistant and a principal agent in procuring of this mischief; a cause and symptom as the other. In a word, as '^Virgil of tlie Harpies, I may justly say of them both. "Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee ssBvior ulla Pestis et ira Deum stygiis sese extulit undis." "A sadder monster, or more cruel plague so fell, Or vengeance of the gods, ne'er came froni Styx or Hell. This foul fiend of fear was worshipped heretofore as a god by the liacedaerao- nians, and most of those other torturing ''^ affections, and so was sorrow amongst 5= Nat. Comes Mythol. 1. 4. c. 6. s^Tully 3. Tusc cmnis perturbatio miseria et carnificina est dolor. "^ .M. Drayton in his Her. ep. -'' Crato consil. 21. lib. 2. nioe.stiiia universum infripidat corpus, calorem iiinatuni extinsult. appetitum deslruit. -'" Cor re- frigerat tristitia, spiritus exsiccat, iiinatumqne calorem oliruit, vigilias inducit, concoctionem laberfactat, san- puinem incrassat, exageratque melancliolicum suc- cuni. ■■'' Spiritus et sanguis hoc conlaniinatur. Piso. -JJIaic. vi. 10. 11. ■< Mnmre niaceror, marcesco et cons(iii-..( ,, mi-, r pellis sum misera macritudl( r I'l tut. m inceptum et actum a tristiU^i .-ola. • ii, , - iiii, -t,jiif (-L.9- de melaiicliulia, mxrore ulMiMMfiiLJiccedente, in priora symptomata incidit. s^Vives, 3. d. anima, c. de ni.Trore. Sahin. in Ovid. aiHerodian. 1. 3. ma^rore magis quem morbo consumptus est. ^'■> Both- wellius atribilarius oliiit Brizarrus Genuensis hist. (fee. ""'So great is the fierceness and madness of melan- choly. 37 iMoestitia cor quasi percussum conslringi- tur, tremit et languescit cum acri sensu doloris. In tristitia cor fugiens attrahit ex Splene leutum humo- rem melanchollcuui, qui effusus sub costis iti sinistro latere hypocoiidrlacos flatus facit, quod s.ipe accidit iis qui diuturna cura e't nioeslilia conliKt.ininr. Me- ^ifCthon. s-Lib. 3. ai;ii. 4. a^iEt ruelum ideo deam sacrarunt ut bonam mentem conceUeict. Varro, LaGjaiitiuSv ' 164 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. the rest, under the name of Angerona Dea, they stood in such awe of them, as Austin, dc Civifat. Dei, Jib. 4. cap. 8, noteth out of VaiTO, fear was commonly *° adored and painted in their temples with a lion's head ; and as Macrobius records, /. 10. SdturnaTnim ; •"'• In the calends of January, Angerona had her holy day, to whom in the temple of Volupia, or goddess of pleasure, their augurs and bishops did yearly sacrifice ; that, being propitious to them, she might expel all cares, anguish, and vexation of the mind for that year following." jMany lamentable eflects this fear causeth in men, as to be red, pale, tremble, sweat, ^^it makes sudden cold and heat to come over all the body, palpitation of the heart, syncope, &c. It amazeth many men that are to speak, or show themselves in public assemblies, or before some great personages, as Tully confessed of himself, that he trembled still at the beginning of his speech ; and Demosthenes, that great orator of Greece, before Philippus. It confounds voice and memory, as Lucian wittily brings in Jupiter Tragoedus, so much afraid of his auditory, when he was to make a speech to the rest of the Gods, that he could not utter a" ready word, but was compelled to use Mercury's help in prompting. Many men are so amazed and astonished with fear, they know not where they are, what they say, ''^ what they do, and that which is worst, it tortures them many days before v.ith continual athiglits and suspicion. It hinders most honourable attempts, and makes their hearts ache, sad and heavy. Tliey that live in fear are never free, "resolute, secure, never n:erry, but in continual pain : that, as Vives truly said, JVulla est. miscria major quavi mclua, no greater misery, no rack, nor torture like unto it, ever suspicious, anxious, solicitous, they are childishly drooping without reason, without judgment, ''^"especially if some terrible object be ofiered," as Plutarch hath it. It causeth oltentimes sudden mad- ness, and almost all manner of diseases, as I have sullicicntly illustrated in my ■•* digression of the force of imagination, and shall do more at large in my section of '"terrors. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to come to us, as *" Agrippa and Cardan avouch, and tyrannizelh over our phantasy more than all other aflections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men, as ^'Lavater saith. Qua meluunt, Jinguni ; what they fear tlvey conceive, and feign unto themselves ; they think they see goblins, hags, devils, and many times beconif melancholy thereby. Cardan, subtil, lib. 18, hatli an example of such an one, so caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bugbear; all his life after. Augustus Cajsai durst not sit in the dark, nisi aliquo assidente, saith ^Suetonius, jyunquam tenebris r.vigilai'if. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto them- selves, if they go over a church-yard in the nigiit, lie, or be alone in a dark room, how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled willi future events, foreknowledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the Emperor, Adrian and Domitian, Quod sciret ullimum vitcp diem, saith Suetonius, ralde soUcilus, much tortured in mind because he foreknew his end ; with many such, of which I shall speak more opportunely in another place.'' Anxiety, mercy, pity, indignation, kc, and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I volun- tarily omit; read more of them in "Carolus Pascalius, ^Dandinus, &.c. SuBSECT. VI. — Shame and Disgrace, Causes. Shame and disgrace cause most violent passions and bitter pangs. Ob pudorem el dedecus publicum, ob errorum commissum scBpe move.ntur generosi aniini (Ftelix Plater, lib. 3. de alienat mentis.) Generous minds are often moved with shame, to despair for some public disgrace. And he, saith Philo, lib. 2. de provid. dei, "" that subjects himself to fear, grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, *0LiliU3 Girald. Syntag. 1. de diia nilscellaniis. I '''Lib. de forlitudiiie et virlule .\lt-xan- ^lum memuriMt-coBsiernat, ted et insiitiiium anlltii ' lori^, amhujiMllPpiffinp,-4*-li« f^n >'<>i "'d ouinino C0DatunMiM|iit^ Thucidides. Iflnfflf^nRInislintlU torquctiiTei ' ria. Mem. 3. Subs. 6.] Shame and Disgrace, Causes. 1 65 torturecf with continual laDour, care, and misery." It is as forcible a batterer as any of the rest : ^^"Many men neglect the tumults of the world, and care not for sflorv, and yet they are afraid of infamy, repulse, disgrace, (TuL qffic. I. 1,) they can se- verely contemn pleasure, bear grief indifferently, but they are quite ^battered and broken with reproach and obloquy :" [siquklem vita et fama pari passu arahulant) and are so dejected many times for some public injury, disgrace, as a box on tlie ear by their inferior, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a speech, some foul fact committed or disclosed, Stc. that they dare not come abroad all their lives after, but melancholize in corners, and keep in holes. The most generous spirits are most subject to it; Spiritus altos frangit et generosos : Hiero- nymus. Aristotle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus, for grief and shame drowned himself: Ccelius Rodigirws antiquar. lee. lib. 29. cap. 8. Home- rus pudore co7isiimptus, was swallowed up with this passion of shame ^'"because he could not unfold the fisherman's riddle." Sophocles killed himself, ^'" for that a tragedy of his was hissed off the stage :" Valer. max. lib. 9. cap. 12. Lucretia stabbed herself, and so did *^ Cleopatra, "when she saw that she was reserved for a triurtjph, to avoid the infamy." Antonius the Roman, ''"•'•after he was overcome of his enemy, for three days' space sat solitary in the fore-part of the ship, abstaining from all company, even of Cleopatra herself, and afterwards for very shame butchered himself," Plutarch, vita ejus. " Apollonius Rhodius ^' wilfully 'banished himself, forsaking his country, and all his dear friends, because he was out in recitinsr his poems," Plinius, lib. 7. cap. 23. Ajax ran mad, because his arms were adjudged to Ulysses. In China 'tis an ordinary thing for such as are excluded in those famous trials of theirs, or should take degrees, for shame and grief to lose their wits, ^\Mat Riccius expedit. ad Sinas, I. 3. c. 9. Hostratus the friar took that book which Reuclin had writ against him, under the name of Epist. obsciirorum viroru?n, so to heart, that for shame and grief he made away with himself, ''^Jovius in elosiis. A grave and learned minister, and an ordinary preacher at Alcmar in Holland, was ''one day as he walked in the fields for his recreation) suddenly taken with a lax or loose- ness, and thereupon compelled to retire to the next ditch ; but being " surprised at unawares, by some gentlewomen of his parish wandering that way, was so abashed, that he did never after show his head in public, or come into the pulpit, but pined away with melancholy: [Pet. Forestus med. observat. lib. 10. observat. 12.) So shame amongst other passions can play his prize. I know there be many base, impudent, JDrazen-faced rogties, that will '^\Xulld pallescere culpa, be moved with nothing, take no infamy or disgrace to heart, laugh at all ; let them be proved perjured, stigmatized, convict rogues, thieves, traitors, lose their ears, be whipped, branded, carted, pointed at, hissed, reviled, and derided with ®*Ballio the Bawd in Plautus, they rejoice at it, Cantores probos ; "babe and Bombax," what care they ? We have too many such in our times, " Exclamat Melicerta perisse Frontera de rebus. "<>" Yet a modest man, one that hath grace, a generous spirit, tender of his reputation, will be deeply wounded, and so grievously afiected with it, that he had rather give myriads of crowns, lose his life, than sufier the least defamation of honour, or blot in his good name. And if so be that he cannot avoid it. as a nightingale. Que can- tando victa raoritur, (saith "^^ Mizaldus,) dies for shame if another bird sing better, he languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit. ''Mjlti contemnunt inundi strepitum, reputant pro nitiilo i;loriani..sed tiinenl infaniiain, offensionem, re- pulsain. VoUiptaieraseverissini6 conteranuiit, in do- lore sunt molliores, gloriam neeliguiit, fraiiguntiir intamia. ^Gravius contiinieliam feriniiis quain detrimentum, ni abjecto niiiiis aniiiio simus. I'lut. in T'lnol. 1" Quod piscatoris apni«n)a scilvt;re non po?spt. s^ Ob Trancediani explosani, niorism sihi gladio concivit. "Cum vidit in triuniphum se servari, causa ejus isnoniinix vitanda mortem sibi concivit. Plut. f Hello vicliis. per tres dies sedit ii prora navis, abstinent ah onini coiisortio, etiani CieopatiT, porstea se intvr citasset Argonautica, (il> : dam prsB verecundia siim. duiit, eo quod a-literalorum •'I C'lim male re- ^'ilavit. "'-Qui- 1. le li^Lnjaniajri inci- Ldu^aeAaTbiQe '«£xlu- ' duntur. ^ Hostratus cucullatus adeo sraviter ob Reuclini librum, qui inscribitur, Epistoloe obscurorura virorum, dolore simul et pudore sairciatus, ut seipsum interfecerit. " Propter ruborem confiisus. statim cepit delirare, &c. ob suspiiionem, quod vili ilium criniine accusarent. t; Herat. f-« Ps. linpudice U. Iia psti Ps. sceleste. B. dicis vera Ps. Verbero. B. quippeni Ps. furciftr. B. factum opiime. Ps. soci fraude. B. sunt mea istsec Ps. parricida B. perge tu , Ps. sacrilege. B. fatenr. Ps. perjure B. vera dicis. Ps. pernilies adolescentuin B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babe. Ps. fugitive. B. bomlias. Ps. fraus populi. B. Planis- >!nie. Ps. iii;[iuri- 1i.-ih>. faniii}^ P, i:n:\ f- probos. P-.'udaios. act. 1. .Seen. 3. " ^^ ilei«.t -J i -Aclaims, '•all shame has vanished from human traMeactions." Persiua, Sat. V. ^ Cent» 166 Causes of Melancholy. Tart. l.Sec. 2. SuBSECT. VII. — Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes. EwY and malice are two links of this chain, and both, as Guianerius, Tract. 15. cap. 2, proves out of Galen, 3 Aphorism, corn. 22, ®®" cause this malady by them- selves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to melancholy." 'Tis Va- lescus de Taranta, and Foelix Platerus' observation, ™''Envy so gnaws many men's hearts, that they become altogether melancholy." And therefore belike Solomon, Prov. xiv. 13, calls it, '• the rotting of the bones," Cyprian, vulniis occultum ; "1 " Siculi non iiivenere tyranni Mnjus tornieiituni" The Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. It crucifies their .souls, withers their bodies, makes them hollow-eyed, '- pale, lean, and ghastly to behold, Cyprian, ser. 2. dc zelo et livore. "^' As a moth gnaws a garment, so," sailh Chrysostom, '* doth envy consume a man ;" to be a living anatomy : a " skeleton, to be a lean, and "^ pale carcass, quickened with a "fiend, Hall in Charact." for so often as an envious wretch sees anotlier man prosper, to be enriched, to thrive, and be fortunate in the world, to get honours, otHces, or the like, he repines and grieves. -" intabeucitqiie videndo Suceessua homiiiuiu suppliciuiiique suuin est." He tortures himself if his e([ual, friend, neighbour, be preferred, commended, do well; if he uiulerstand of it, it galls him afresli ; and no greater pain can come to him than to hear of another man's well-doing; 'tis a dagjrer at his heart every such object. He looks at him as they that fell down in Lucian's rock of honour, with an envious eye, and will damage himself^ to do another a miscliief : Alquc cadet suhito, dum super Jiostc cadat. As he did in ./^Esop, lose one eye willingly, that his fellow might lose both, or that rich man in "Quintiliun that poisoned the flowers in his garden, because his neighbour's bees should get no more honey from them. His whole lilt' is sorrow, and every word he speaks a satire: notiiing fats him but other men's ruins. For to speak in a woid, envy is nouglit else but Tristilia de bonis alients, sorrow for other men's good, be it present, past, or to come : et gaudium de adversis. and '*joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, '''which grieves at otlier men's mischances, and misallt-cls tlie body in another kind ; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. de orthod. fid. Thomas, 2. 2. qucest. 30. art. 1. Aristotle, /. 2. Rhet. c. 4. et 10. Plato Pliihbo. Tully, 3. Tusc. Greg. J\'ic. I. de virt. animce, c. 12. Basil, de Invi- dia. Pitidarus Od. 1. ser. 5, and we find it true. 'Tis a connuon disease, and almost natural to us, as ^Tacitus holils, to envy another man's prosperity. And 'tis in most men an incurable disease. *'*' I have read," saith Marcus Aurelius, "Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee authors ; 1 have consulted with many wise men for a remedy for envy, I could find none, but to renounce all happiness, and to be a wretch, and miserable for ever." 'Tis the beginning of hell in this life, and a passion not to be excused. *^" Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or will admit of an excuse*, envy alone wants both. Other sins last but for awhile; the gut may be .satisfied, anger remits, hatred hath an end, envy never ceaseth." Cardan, lib. 2. de sap. Divine and humane examples are very familiar; you may nm and read them, as that of Saul and David, Cain and Abel, angebat ilium non proprium peccntum, sed fratris prosperitas, saith Theodore!, it was his brother's good fortune galled him. Hachcl envied her sister, being barren. Gen. xxx. Joseph's brethren him, Gen. xxxvii. David had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth, "^Ps. 37. *^ Jeremy and '^Habbakuk, «< Multos vide mus propter invidiam et odium in melaneholiaiii incidisse : et illos poiissimuin quorum corpora ad tianc apia suiit. ^"liividia afflizil ho- mines adeo et corrndit, ut hi nielancholici peniius tiant. '1 Hor. '-His vullus miiiax, torvus aspectus, pallor in fticie, in labiis tremor, stridor in dentihus, Sec. "-Ul tinea corri>dit vestimentum sic, invidix eun> qui zelatur consumit. '^ I'allor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto. .Nusquam recta acies, liveiit rubizine denies. ''■Diaboli eipressa Iniaso, to.xicuni clia- ritatis, venenum amicitia', ahyssus mentis, nun est eo monsirosins monstrnm, daiiiiii>.3. °"lnHitum mortalibiis a ratuta reiienlem aliorem fielicitaleiu ieifris oculis iniuirrl, In^t. I. '2. Tacit. ■' Legi Chuldipos, Gra.ios, Hebrtfos. ron- gului sapientes pro rrMnedio invidiie. Imc eniiii inveni, renunciarc felicilali, et perpetu6 miser e^je ^•'Omne iinccatum aut excusationein seciim babel, aiit Tolup '^D-m, sola iiividia utraque caret, rcliijua villa finem ibfiit, ira derenuy|0(,^^la saliatur, odium tinem tt iiiuiMltrprOpter wilt. Mem. 3 Subs. 8,] Emulation, Hatred, Sfc. 167 they repined at others' good, but in the end they corrected themselves, Ps. 75, " fret not thyself," Sec. Domitian spited Agricola for his worth, ^^" that a private man should' be so much glorified. ^'Cecinna AVas envied of his fellow-citizens, because he was more richly adorned. But of all others, **" women are most weak, ob pul- chritudlnem invidcR sunt famincB {Musceus) aut amat^ aut odlt, nihil est tertium ( Granatensis.) They love or hate, no medium amongst them. ImplacaUlcs jile- rumque IdscB mulieres^ Agrippina like, ^^" A woman, if she see her neighbour more neat or elegant, richer in tires, jewels, or apparel, is enraged, and like a lioness sets upon her husband, rails at her, scoffs at her, and cannot abide her ;" so the Roman ladies in Tacitus did at Solonina, Cecinna's wife, ^'"■' because she had a better horse, and better furniture, as if she had hurt them with it ; they were much offended.^ In like sort our gentlewomen do at their usual meetings, one repines or scoffs at another's bravery and happiness. Myrsine, an Attic wench, was murdered of her fellows, ^'"because she did excel the rest in beauty," Constantine, Agrlcult. Z. 11. c. 7. Every village will yield such examples. SuBSECT. VIII. — Emulation, Hatred, Faction, Desire of Revenge, Causes. ■ Out of this root of envy ^spring those feral branches of faction, hatred, livor, emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are, serrcB animcB, the saws of the soul, ^^ consternationis pleni affectus, affections full of desperate amazement; or as Cyprian describes emulation, it is ^""'a moth of the soul, a consumption, to make another man's happiness his misery, to torture, crucify, and execute himself, to eat his own heart. Meat and drink can do such men no good, they do always grieve, sigh, and groan, day and night without intermission, their breast is torn asunder :" and a litde" after, ^^^' Whomsoever he is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoid thee, but thou canst neither avoid him nor thyself; wheresoever thou art he is with thee, thine enemy is ever in thy breast, thy destruction is within thee, tliou art a captive, bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst r.ot be comforted. It was the devil's overthrow ;" and whensoever thou art thoroughly affected with this passion, it will be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no passion so common. I A potter emulates a potter: ^ Ka; x«»at| I,aie patet invidis f-pcunda- perniiies, et livor radi-^t ' minante captivus : nee solatia tibi ulla subveniunt- nmnlum malorum, fo!i> rladinm. iiide odium surcit hinc diahnlu? inier iniTia .Siatifli.miin'li. •■! periit pri- i!lii!ilatio Cyprian, ser -^ ili^J.^orL'. '-'^Valerius, miis, et perdidit, Cyprian, ser."^. tit " '■'< el livore. . 3 cap. 9" ■■'^Qiiuli!! est animi tinea, qua; tabes , i*Hesiod op dies. mRama cupida a;qua<)di bovem, ;ec'oris z-lnrc in altcro vel aliorum felititatem auairi 1 se distendebat, &c. 168 Cames of MelanchoJij. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 but with bitter invectives tliey fall foul one on the other- and their adherents; Scotists Thomists, Reals, Nominals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, Stc, it holds in all professions. Honest *^ emulation in studies, in all callings is not to be disliked, 'tis ingeniorum cos, as one calls it, the whetstone of wit, the nurse of wit and valour, and tliose noble Romans out of tliis spirit did brave exi)loits. Tliere is a modest ambition, as Themistocles was voused up with the glory of Miliiades; Achilles' trophies moved Alexander, *«" Ambire semper stiilta confidentia est, A)iil)irti iiuni|iiuiii descs arrugiimiu csi." 'Tis a sluggisli hunT^.r not to emulate or to sue at all, to witlidraw himself, neglect, refrain from such places, liononrs, otlices, through sloth, niggardliness, fear, !)aslifid- ness, or otherwise, to which by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, fit, and well able to unilergo ; but when it is inunoderate, it is a plague and a miserable pain. What a deal of money did Henry VMIl. and Francis I. king of France, spend at that '""famous interview? ami how many vain courtiers, seeking each to outbrave other, spent themselves, their livelihood ami fortunes, and died begsjars r* '.Adrian the Empercn* was so galled with it, that he killed all his equals; so did Nero. This passion made ^Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philo.xenus the poet, because they did excel and eclipse his glory, as he thought; the Romans exile Coriolanus, confine Camillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks by ostracism to expel Aristides, Nicias, Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion, Stc. \Vlien Ricliard 1. ami Philip of France were fellow soldiers together, at the siege of Aeon in the Holy Laud, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant man, insomuch that all men's eyes were upon him, it so galled Philip, Francum urchal Regis viclorin, sailli mine ^author, /rtm cvgre ferebal Ricluirdi gloriam^ul carpfre dichu cnlumniari facta; that he cavilled at all his proceedings, and fell at length to open defiance; he could contain no longer, but hasting home, invaded his territories, and professed open war. ''Hatred stirs up contention," Prov. x. 12, and they break out at last into immortal enmity, into viridency, and more than Vatinian hate ami rage; ^tliey persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts, hostile wars, scurrile invectives, libels, calumnies, fire, sword, and the like, and will not be reconciled. Witness that Guelph and Ghibelline faction in Italy; that of the Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; that of Cneius Papirius, and Quintus Fabius in Rome; Cjesar and Pompey ; Orleans and Burgundy in FVance ; York and Lancaster in England: yea, this passion so rageth^ many times, tliat it subverts not men only, and families, but even populous cities. * Carthage and Corinth can witness as mucli, nay, fiourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, faction, and desire of revenge, invented first all those racks and wheels, strappadoes, brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws to macerate and torment one another. How liappy might we be, and end our time with blessed days and sweet content, if we could contain ourselves, and, as we ought to do, put up injuries, learn humility, meekness, patience, forget and forgive, as in "God's word we are enjoined, ."ompose such final controversies amongst ourselves, moderate our passions in this kind, '-and think belter of others," as *Paul w(udd have us, '• than of our- selves: be of like affection one towards another, and not avenge ourselves, but have peace with all men." But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and proud, so factious and seditious, so malicious and envious ; we do invicem angariare^ maul and vex one another, torture, dis(iuiet, and precipitate ourselves into that gulf of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and eternal damnation. ^iEmuIatio alit ingenia : Paierculus poster. Vol. | desiit. Paterculiis, vol. 1. » Ita «a!vH ha-c «y»ia ••Grolius. E|iiq. lib. 1. " Ambition always is a foolisli j niiiiisira ut urbes subvcrtat alii|iinnil(), (iel»;at popiil<>«, confidence, never a slothful arroL'ance." '""Anno | provincias alioqui florenles rcdiijat in soliludinen, 1519. between Arde.s and (iniiie. ' .Spartian. inortalcs vero n\iseros in profiimla ini.-'criariim valle - Plutarch. 3 Johannes IIeraldu.«, 1. 2 t. 12. de '. mi.-ierabililer iniuiercal. « Cariha^'o leniula Ro- Uello sac. * Nulla dies taniiiin poinrii leiiire l"u- i niani imperii funditus interiit. SaJBsl. Caul. ' Paul, »orem. ^Eteina. be lla. p - .i. --,t. Jurat 3. Col. » Rom. 12. odium, nee ant^^nBpfai i ,a' Reg. sanit. pane 2. c. S. in apertaiii insaniam mox diiciter iratus. '■'f;iII)erto C'lL'nali) inierprete. Mulii:!, et pren!i :" 1 With tender feet treadini; so soft," Homer's Goddess Ate liath not involved into this discontented •^''rank, or plagued with some miserj' or other. Hyginus,y*«i. '^20, to this purpose hath a pleasant tale. Dame Cura by chance went over a brook, and taking up some of the dirty slime, made an image of it; Jupiter eflsoons coming by, put life to it, but Cura and Jupiter could not agree what name to give him, or who should own hun ; ihe matter wa! referred to Saturn as judge; he gave this arbitrement : his name shall be Homo al humo, Cura euvi possideat (juamdiu vivat. Care shall have him whilst he lives, Jupi- ter his soul, and Tellus his body when he dies. B(it tf» leave tales. A geueral cause, a continuate cause, an inseparable accident, to all men, is discontent, care, misery; were there no other particular affliction (which who is free from ?) to molest a man in this life, the very cngitation of that common misery were enough to macerate, and make him weary of his life; to tliink that he can never be secure, but still in danger, sorrow, grief, and persecution. Vdv to begin at the hour of his birth, as ^" Pliny doth elegantly describe it, '*■ he is born naked, and falls ^a whining at the very lirst : he is swaildled, and bound up like a prisoner, canmn lielp himself, and so he continues ■ to his life's end.'' Cujasquc ferce pabulum, saith ^Seneca, impatient of heat and cold, impatient of labour, impatient of idleness, exposed to fortune's contumelies. To a naked mariner Lucretius compares him, cast on shore by shipwreck, cold and com- fortless in an unknown land : * no estate, age, sex, can secure hhnself from tliis com- mon misery. '•'• A man that is born of a woman is of short continuance, and full of trouble," Job xiv. 1, 22. '^ And while his flesh is upon him he shall be sorrowful, and while his soul is in him it shall mourn. All his days are sorrow and his travels griefs: hjs heart also taketh not rest in the night." Eccles. ii. 23, and ii. 11. "All that is in it is sorrow and vexation of spirit. '' Ingress, progress, regress, egress, much alike : blindness seizeth on us in the beginning, labour in the middle, grief in the end, error in all. AVhat day ariseth to us without some grief, care, or anguish ? Or what so secure and pleasing a morning have we seen, that hath not been overcast before the evening?" One is miserable, another ridiculous, a third odious. One complains of this grievance, another of that. Aliquando nervi, aliquando pedes rex- ant, ^^ Seneca) mmc dislillatio, nunc epulis morbus ; nunc deest, nunc supcrest sangtiis : now the head aches, then the feet, now the lungs, then the liver, &.c. IJuic scnsus exuberat, sed est pudori degener sanguis, Stc. He is rich, but base born"; he is noble, " Lib. 2. Invidia est dolor et ambitio est dnior, Ice. i hominem nudum, et ad vagitum edit, natura. Flent ab 2= Insonines Claudianus. Tristes, Virg. Mordaces, Luc. initio, devinctus jacet, tic. * Aax^t/ ^Jcn •^niun. Edanes, Hor. mcEsta!, amara;, Ovid danunose, inquietae, ^^, J-ljxPt/Tstt fTid-jKr.Ka, tu ■Vf^oc uv'7f»Ti/ TOviaK- .Mart. I: rentes, Rodentes. Mant. &c. =< Galen, I .•». I > - •, , ' ^ c.T.delocisaffectis, ho,„in..<..,.,tn.axir, '■■ ■ - ' f^'' "'"^"'f ''!*i"''- Lacl.rytnans nalus snm e« liri, quando vigiliiMManc*, et sol.c.iuair. larliryn.ans n.orior. tec. - \,\ .Marmum. loe- rib.is, et curr^ UKlircumventi. I V",'"- •*' Inilmni c|jUag^rot:r..,.Mn lutmr. e.xiti.m Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cures, &,c. 171 but poor ; a third lialh means, but he Nvants health perad\ enture, or wit to manage his estate; children vex one, wife a second, &c. JYcino facile cum condiliojie sua concordat, no man is pleased with his fortune, a pound of sorrow is familiarly mixed with a aram of content, little or no joy, little comlbrt, but ^^ everywhere danger, con- - tention, anxiety, in all places : go where thou wilt, and thou shalt find discontents, cares, woes, complaints, sickness, diseases, incumbrances, exclamations : "■ If thou look into the market, there (saith ^ Chrysostom) is brawling and contention ; if to the court, there knavery and flattery, &.c. ; if to a private inan's house, there's cark and care, heaviness," &c. As he said of old, '^JYil hombie in terra spiral miserum rnagis alma ? No creature so miserable as man, so generally molested, ^^ in mise- ries of body, in miseries of mind, miseries of heart, in miseries asleep, in miseries awake, in miseries wheresoever he turns," as Bernard found, JYunquid icnfatio est vita humana super terrain? A mere temptation is our life, (Austin, confess, lib. 10. cap. 28,) catena perpetuorum malormn, ct quis potest molestias et difpcullates pali f Who can endure the miseries of it ? ^^ '•'■ In prosperity we are insolent and intolerable, de- jected in adversity, in all fortunes foolish and miserable. ^' In adversity I wish for prosperity., and in prosperity I am afraid of adversity. What mediocrity may be found .^ Where is no temptation ? What condition of life is free? '''^ Wisdom hath labour aimexed to it, glory, envy; riches and cares, children and incumbrances, plea- sure and diseases, rest and beggary, go together : as if a man were therefore born (as the Platonists hold) to be punished in this life for some precedent sins." Or that, as '" Pliny complains, '• Nature may be rather accounted a step-mother, than a mother unto us, all things considered : no creature's life so brittle, so full of fear, so mad, so furious ; only man is plagued with envy, discontent, griefs, covetousness, ambition, superstition." Our Avhole life is an Irish sea, wherein there is nought to be expected but tempestuous storms and troublesome waves, and those infinite, 40"Tantuni nialorum pelaaus aspicio, Ut iioii sit iiide eiiatandi copia," no halcyonian times, wherein a man can hold himself secure, or agree with his pre- sent estate ; but as Boethius infers, ■" There is something in every one of us which before trial we seek, and having tried abhor : '^Sve earnestly wish, and eagerly covet, and are eftsoons weary of it." Thus between hope and fear, suspicions, angers, ^^Inter spcmque meliimque, timores inter et iras, betwixt falling in, falling out, &.C., we bangle away our best days, befool out our times, we lead a contentious, discontent, tumultuous, melancholy, miserable life ; insomuch, that if we could foretell what was to come, and it put to our choice, we should rather refuse than accept of this painful life. In a word, tlie world itself is a maze, a labyrinth of errors, a desert, a wilder- ness, a den of thieves, cheaters, &c., full of filthy puddles, horrid rocks, precipi- tiums, an ocean of adversity, an heavy yoke, wherein infirmities and calamities over- lake, and follow one another, as the sea waves ; and if we scape Scylla, we fall foul on Charybdis, and so in perpetual fear, labour, anguish, we run from one plague, one mischief, one burden to another, duram servientes servitutcm, and you may as soon separate weight from lead, heat from fire, moistness from water, brightness from the sun, as misery, discontent, care, calamity, danger, from a man. Our towns and cities are but so many dwellings of human misery. " In which grief and sorrow ^\as he right well observes out of Solon) innumerable troubles, labours of mortal men, and all manner of vices, are included, as in so many pens." Our villages are like mole- hills, and men as so many emmets, busy, busy still, going to and fro, in and out, and 3'-i;t)ique periciilum, ubique dolor, ubiqiie naufra- giuiii, in hoc anibitu quocunque ine vertairi. Lipsius. •^Honi. 10. Si in tbruni iveris, ibi rixae, et pugna? ; si in turiani, ibi fraus, adulatio: si in doniinn priva- tum, &c. 3^ Homer. s^Muitis repletur homo niiseriis, corporis miseriis, aiiimi miseriis, diim dor- mit. diini vigilat, quocunque se vertil. Lususque re- rum. teniporunique nasciiiiur. 3'' In blandiente fnrtuna inioleraiidi, in calamitatibus lugiibres, semper slufti et niiseri. Cardan. s; Prospera iu adversis desidero, et adversa prosperis timeo, quis inter hcec niedius locus, ubi iion lit humana; Vila; tentatiol •^ (^irdan. consol. SapienliiP Labor annexiis, gloria" in- vidia, diviliis curffi. solioli solicitudn, voluplati morbi, quieti [laupertas, ut quasi fruendorum scelerum ^^lia nasci hominem possis cum Platonistis agnoscere. ^"Lib. 7. cap. 1. Non satis Kstiraare, an nielior parens natura honiini, an tristior noverca fuerit: Nulli fra- cilior vita, pavor, confusio, rabies major, uni aiiiman- tium ambitio data, luctus, avaritia, uni superstiiio. ■""Euripides. "I perceive such an ocean of troubles before me, that no means of escape remain." ■" De consol. 1. 2. Nemo facil6 cum conditione sua concor- dat, inest singulis quod imperiti petant, expert! horre- ant. -1- Esse in honore juvat, mox dis|ilicfct. ''^ Hor. "Borrheus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nihil aliud sunt quam humanarum a-ruinnarum domicilia quibus luctua et mcerdl-i'et nicrialiuin 'vartl-iufinitiqiie labores, et ■oAnls generis vitia, quasi septis mi 172 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 2. crossing one another's projects, as the lines of several sea-cards cut each other in a globe or map. *"• Now light and merry, but '''(as one follows it) by-and-by sorrowful and heavy ; now hoping, then distrusting ; now patient, to-morrow crying out ; now pale, then red ; running, sitting, sweating, trembling, halting," &c. Some few amongst the rest, or perhaps one of a thousand, may be PuUus Jovis, in the world's esteem, GalUncB flius albcE^i an happy and fortunate man, rtd invidiam filiv, because rich, fair, wellallied, in honour and office; yet peradventure ask himself, and he will say. that of all others ■** he is most miserable and unliappy. A fair shoe, Hie soccus novus, clegans, as he '"said, sed nrscis ubi urat, but thou knowest not where it pincheth. It is not another man's opinion can make me happy: but as ^"^ Seneca well liatli it, '•He is a miserable wretch tliat doth not account himself happy, tliougli he be sove- eign lord of a world : he is not happy, if he thiidv liimself not to be so; for what availeth it what thine estate is, or seem to others, if tliou thyself (hslike it .'" A com- mon humour it is of all men to think well of other men's fortunes, and dislike theii own: '^^Cui placet alterius., sua nimirum est odio sors ; but "^(pii Jit Meccenas., kc, how comes it to pass, what's the cause of it } Many men are of such a perverse nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith *' Theodoret,) " neither with riches nor poverty, they complain when they are well and when they are sick, grumble at all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a ban-en, plenty or not plenty, nothing pleaseth them, war nor peace, witli children, nor with- out." This for the most part is the humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable, and most unhappy, as we think at least ; and show me him that is not so, or that ever was otherwise. Ouintus Metellus his felicity is iiiHnitely admired amongst the Romans, insomuch that as "Paterculus mentioneth of him, you can scarce find of any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in a word, Bona (inimi, corporis et fortuna-, goods of mind, body, and fortune, so had P. Mutianus, "^Crassus. Li'mipsaca, that Ljicedemonian lady, was sucli anotiier in *' Pliny's conceit, a kinsj^s wife, a king's mother, a king's daughter: and all the world esteemed as much of Polycnites of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Asjlaus, Omni vitd frlir., ah omni periculo immnnis (which by the way Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans of their "" Cato, Curius, Fabricius, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates, government of passions, and contempt of the world : yet none of all these were happy, or free from discontent, neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates, for he died a violent death, and so did Cato ; and how much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret speak of Socrates, a weak man, and so of the rest. There is no content in this life, but as "^he said, "AH is vanity and vexation of spirit;" lame and imperfect. Hadst tJiou Sampson's hair, Milo's strength, Scanderbeg's arm, Solomon's wisdom, Absa- lom's beauty, Crcesus' wealth, Pasetis ohidum., Ctesar's valour, Alexander's spirit, Tully's or Demosthenes' eloquence, Gyres' ring, Perseus' Pegasus, and Gorgon's head, Nestor's years to come, all this would not make thee absolute ; give thee con- tent, and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our mirth, jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief, or if there be true happiness amongst \ us, 'tis but io'- a time, 6^ " Desinat in piscem mulier formosa supem6:" ] " A handsome woman with a fish'3 tail," a fair morning turns to a lowering afternoon. Brutus and Cassius. once renowned, both eminently happy, yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna mafurius destilurit, whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his life, met with his match, and was subdued at last, Occurrit forti, qui mage fortis crit. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis *' Nat. Chytreus de lit. Europs". Lstus nunc, mox tris- i graviler ferunt, atque ut gemel dicam, nihil eos delec- tis ; nunc sperans, paulo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, | tat, fcc. *■ Vix ullius gentia, aftatis, onlini:), homi- cras ejulans; nunc pallens, rubens, current, sedens, nem invenies cujus felicitateni fortiinip Mt;l>;lli com- claudicans, tremens, &c. ^Sua cuique calamitas pares. Vol. 1. " P. Crassus Muti:inu<, r)uin<|Uii prjpcipua. <■ Cn. Gfiecinus. •«■ Epi.st. 9. 1. 7. Miser est qui se beatissimuin non jndirat, licet impe- ret muiulo non est beatus, qui se non putat: quid eiiim refert qualis status tuus sit, ^i tibi videtur ma- • us. «Hor. ep. 1 UJ .JI r S' r^l. -^ it 1. »' Lib. de curat^»i*c7a fleet, cap. 0. de providei^l seir Multis nihil j^jJB^tqtte adeo et divitiaia damnant,^^ Vyu^i pauper'.; ^, de iQAifelHHMHllliiBk^hMMIialeiites habuisse dicitur rerum bonarum niaxiiiin, quod esse, ditisstinus, quod egset nobitissiinu.s, eloquLniisgimu*, JurisconsultissimuK, Pontifex maximus. ^ I.ib. 7. Ri.-ai.s filia. Reels uxor, Rcjis nntcr "Qui nihil uiiquam mail aut di\ lut iicnr it,>qui ben< semper fecit, quod all n potuii " Solo- Eccleg. 1. 14. - ilur. Ml I'oet V Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cares, Sfc. 173 aureis do7iatus, crowned, honoured, admired ; by-and-by his statues demolished, he hissed out, massacred, Stc. ^^ Magnus Gonsalva, that famous Spaniard, was ot' the prince and people at first honoured, approved ; forthwith confined and banished. Admirandas actioncs ; graves plerunque scquuntur invidicc, et acres calumnice : 'tia Polybius his observation, grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, commonly follow renowned actions. One is born rich, dies a beggar ; sound to-day, sick to-morrow ; now in most flourishing estate, fortunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, captivated, impoverished, as they of '^^ Rabbah put under iron saws, and under iron harrows, and under axes of iron, and cast into the tile kiln," 10 " Quid me felicem toties jactastis amici, Qui cecidit, stabili non erat ille gradu." lie tliat erst marched like Xerxes with innmnerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now s!iil\s for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the Turk, and a footstool with Aurelian, for a tyrannising conqueror to trample on. So many casualties there are, that as Seneca said of a city consumed with fire, U7ia dies interest inter maximam civifatem et nullam, one day betwixt a great citv and none : so many grievances from outward accidents, and from ourselves, our own indiscre- tion, inordinate appetite, one day betwixt a man and no man. And which is worse, as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us : homo homini dcpmon, we maul, persecute, and study how to sting, gall, and vex one another with mutual hatred, abuses, injuries; preying upon and devouring as so many ®' ravenous birds ; and as jugglers, panders, bawds, cozening one another ; or raging as ^^ wolves, tigers, and devils, we take a delight to torment one another; men are evil, wicked, malicious, treacherous, and ^'naught, not loving one another, or loving themselves, not hospitable, charitable, nor sociable as they ought to be, but counterfeit, dissem- blers, ambidexters, all for their own ends, hard-hearted, merciless, pitiless, and to benefit themselves, they care not what mischief they procure to others. "Praxinoe and Gorgo in the poet, when they had got in to see those costly sights, they then cried bene est, and would thrust out all the rest : when they are rich themselves, in honour, preferred, full, and have even that they would, they debar others of those pleasures which youth requires, and they formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table in a soft chair at ease, but he doth remember in the mean time that a tired waiter stands behind him, ''an hungry fellow ministers to him full, he is athirst that gives liim drink (saith ''^Epictetus) and is silent whilst he speaks his pleasure: pensive, sad, when he laughs." Pleno se proluit auro : he feasts, revels, and profusely spends, hath variety of robes, sweet music, ease, and all the pleasure the world can afford, whilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, wants clothes to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights peradventure from sun to sun, sick and ill, weary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and sorrow of heart. He loathes and scorns his inferior, hates or emulates his equal, envies his superior, insults over all such as are under him, as if he were of another species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or human infirmities. Generally they love not, are not beloved again : they tire out others' bodies with continual labour, they themselves living at ease, caring for none else, sibi nati ; and are so far many times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, even most worthy and well deserving, better than themselves, those whom they are bv the laws of nature bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lies, they will let them caterwaul, starve, beg, and hang, before they will any ways (though it be in their power) assist or ease : ^® so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful; so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition. And being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards another, how is it possible but that we should be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ? If this be not a sufficient proof of their discontent and misery, examine every con- s^.Ioviup, vita, ejus. waSam. xii. 31. <»Boethius, 1 lum inter eos, aut belli praeparatio, aut infida pax, 'ill. 1. Met. Met. 1. ei Qnines hie aut captanlur, idem ego de mundi accolis. ''^ Theocritus Edyll. If). aui raptrint : aut cadavera quie lacerantur, aut corvi SJiQui sedet in mensa, non meniinit sibi otinso minis- |ui lacerant. Petron. e- jjonio omne monstrum I trare negotiosos, edentresuricntHS, bibenti sitientes, • «t. ille nam susperat feras, luposqiie et ursos pectore i &c. "Quando in adolescenlia. sua ipsi vixerint, ohscuro tPL'it. Hens. kiquoJ paterculug de populo laiiciua et liberius v^iw^tes suas ejtpleverint, illi Romatiu durante bellQJkH^o per annos 115, aut bel- | gii|M[|fettkH|M|ria|g^^Hb|M^B leges. 174 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 dition and calling apart. Kings, pruices, monarclis, and magistrates seem to be most happy, but look into their estate, you shall ^'tiud them to be most encumbered with cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousy : that, as ®^he said of a crown, if they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not stoop to take it up. Qucm mihi regcm dahis (saith Chrysostom) no7i curis pfcnimi? What king canst thou show me, not full of cares.' ^^"Look not on his crown, but consider his afflictions , attend not his number of servants, but multitude of crosses.'" J\^ihil allud potestas C7ihiinis, quam tempcstas mentis^ as Gregory seconds him ; sovereignty is a tempest oi the soul : Sylla like they have brave titles, but terrible fits : splen- dorem tifulo., cruciahim animo : which made '"Demosthenes vow, si vel ad tnbtinal^ vel ad hilerilum duccretur : if to be a judge, or to be condemned, were put to his choice, lie would be condemned. Rich men are in the same predicament; what their pains are, sttilti ncsciunt^ ipsi scyiliimt : they feel, fools perceive not, as I shall prove elsewhere, and their wealth is brittle, like children's rattles : they come and go, there is no certainty in them: those whom they elevate, they do as suddenly depress, and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are as so many asses to bqar burdens ; or if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselvHS, and constime their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emulation, &,c. The poor I reserve for another "place and their discontents. For particular professions, I hold as of the rest, there's no content or security in any; on what course will you pitch, how resolve ? to be a divine, 'tis contemptible in the world's esteem; to be a lawyer, 'tis to be a wrangler; to be a physician, "'^pudct lolii, 'tis loathed ; a philosopher, a madman ; an alchymist, a beirgar ; a poet, pswri/, an hungry jack; a musician, a player; a schoolmaster, a drudge; an hus- bandman, an emmet ; a merchant, his gains are uncertain ; a mechanician, base ; a chirurgeon, fidsome ; a tradesman, a '^liar; a tailor, a thief; a serving-man, a slave; a soldier, a butcher; a smith, or a metalman, the pot's never from his nose; a cour- tier a parasite, as he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself; I can show no state of life to give content. The like you may say of all ages ; children live in a perpetual slavery, still under that tyrannical government of masters ; young men, and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares of the world, to treachery, falsehood, and cozenage, ''"' "Ijjceitit per ignfg, I "you incautious tread Supposito« ciiieri doluso," | On fires, with faitlilesi ashes overhead." "old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, siliccrnia^ dull of hearing, weak sighted, hoary, wrinkled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot know their own face in a glass, a burthen to themselves and others, after 70 years, "■ all is sorrow" (as David hath it), they do not live but linger. If they be sound, they fear diseases ; if sick, wearj' of their lives : jyon esi vivere, sed valere vita. One complains of want, a second of servitude, '® another of a secret or incurable disease ; of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, ship- wreck, persecution, imprisonment, disgrace, repulse, "contumely, calumny, abuse, i"jui"y? contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scoffs, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single life, too many children, no children, false servants, unhappy children, barrenne.ss, banishment, oppression, frustrate hopes and ill-success, &.c. '8"Talia de gencre hoc adeo sunt multa, loquacem ut I "But, cvory various instance to repeat, Delassare valent Faliium."^ | Would tire even Fabius of inccssiuil prate." Talking Fabius will be tired before he can tell lialf of them ; they are the subject of whole volumes, and shall i some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. In the meantime thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucify the soul of man, '^ittenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, shrivel them up like old apples, make them as so many anatomies ^[ossa afque pellis est totus., ita curis macct) they cause tempus fa:du?n et squalidum, cumbersome days, ingrafaque tcmjutrc, slow, dull, and heavy times : make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs, as sorrow did ^ Lueubris Ate luctuqiie fero Regum tumidas ob«i- I et urina, medicorum ferctila prima. 'sNihH lu- det arces. Res e*l inquiota f;ilicitas. t- pi,,,; aloos cranlur, nisi adniodiim nieiitiendo. Tull. OtVic. "*Hor. <)uam nii'llia li;ibet. .\on Iniiiii jarcnlem tcillen/s. 1. i. od. 1. ;i|!:.rii< t, hv ui..,nqiie seriex. Sieneca \ aler. I. 7. c -^ Jiiuii di id.iiri. uspicii-, sid , in Her. n'teo. ms, exuleg, mendicon, »iiani afllicti iiu itlertani, non catervas satellituiu, . riuo^ nemo audet !> Card. lib. b. c. 46. de »ed curaruiii imiltitudi nem.^ ''" As Plutart^h r^- ^ r-r \nr " Sjuc... 4..*. ...jir ji I'TniK. " Hor. Utetb. ;• Sect. 2^mMriHi|u^mi^^^^l^^iertu3 | 'Ai' uuani vigileBccaMMiKiubili' curs. "Tlaato* Mem. 3. Subs. I].] ^miition, a Cause. 175 in ^'Cebes' table, and groan for the very anguish of our souls. Our hearts fail us as David's did, Psal. xl. 12, " for inniunerable ti-oubles that compassed him;" and we are ready to confess with Hezekiah, Isaiah Iviii. 17, " behold, for felicity I had bitter grief;" to weep with Heraclitus, to curse the day of our birth with Jerem}-, xx. 14, and our stars with Job : to hold that axiom of Silenus, ^^" better never to have been born, and the best next of all, to die quickly :" or if we must live, to abandon the world, as Timon did ; creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast all into the sea, as Crates Thebanus ; or as Theombrotus Ambrociato's 400 auditors, preci- pitate ourselves to be rid of these miseries. SuBSECT. XI. — Concvpiscible Appetite, as Desires, Ambition, Causes. These concupiscible and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, nnnu- ally mixed one with the other, and both twining about the heart : both good, as Austin holds, l. 14. c. 9. de civ. Dei, ^3" if they be moderate; both pernicious if they be exorbitant. This concupiscible appetite, howsoever it may seem to carry with it a show of pleasure and delight, and our concupiscences most part affect us" with con- tent and a pleasing object, yet if they be in extremes, they rack and wring us on the other side. A true saying it is, '' Desire hath no rest ;" is infinite in itself, endless ; and as "one calls it, a perpetual rack, ^ or horse-mill, according to Austin, still going round as in a ring. They are not so continual, as divers, /t^Zfcms alomos dcnii- merare possem, saith ^"^ Bernard, qmm motus cordis ; nunc hcEC, nunc ilia cogito, you may as well reckon up the motes in the sun as them. "" It extends itself to ever)-- thing," as Guianerius will have it, " that is superfluously sought after :" or to any ^^ fervent desire, as Fernelius interprets it ; be it in what' kind soever, it tortures if immoderate, and is (according to -^ Plater and others) an especial cause of melancholy. MuUuosis concupiscentiis dilanianfur cogitationesmcLe, ""Austin confessed, that he was torn a pieces with his manifold desires : and so doth ®' Bernard complain, " thai he could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then I desire to-be such and such." 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being they are so various and many, impossible to apprehend all. I will only insist upon some few of the chief, and most noxious in their kind, as that exorbitant appetite and desire of honour, which we commonly call ambition ; love of money, which is covetousness, and that greedy desire of gain : self-love, pride, and inordinate desire of vain-glory or applause, love of study in excess ; love of women (which will re- quire a just volume of itself), of the other I will briefly speak, and in their order. Ambition, a proud covetousness, or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the mind, composed of envy, pride, and covetousness, a gallant madness, one ^- defines it a pleasant poison, Ambrose, ''a canker of the soul, an hidden plague :" '^Bernard, '' a secret poison, the father of livor, and mother of hypocrisy, the moth of lioliness, and cause of madness, crucifying and disquieting all that it takes hold of." ^^ Seneca calls it, rem solicitam, timidara, vanani, vcniosam., a windy thing, a vain, solicitous, and fearful thing. For commonly they that, like Sysiphus, roll this restless stone of and)ition, are in a perpetual agony, still "' perplexed, semper taciti, fritcsque recedunt (Lucretius), doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loath to offend in word or deed, still cou- ging and collogueing. embracing, capping, cringing, applauding, flattering, fleering, visiting, waiting at men's doors, with all aflability, counterfeit honesty and humilitv.^ If that will not serve, if once this humour (as ^ Cyprian describes it) possess his thirsty soul, amhilionis salsugo ubi bilulum animam possidci, by hook and- bv crook he will obtain it, " and from his hole he will climb to all honours and offices, if it 51 Ha-c qii^ crines evellit, ieriinina. "- Optimum molestiils inqiiietat. secretum virus, pestis occulta. &c. non tiasci, aut cito mori. 'SUoncB si rectain ra- epist. 126. »^' Ep. &8. s^ Nihil infeliciiis his, tinnem seqiiiintur, mala? si exorliilant. ^' Tlio. qiiantus iis timor, quanta dubitatio. quaittus conatiis, Buovie. Prob. 18. e^i.Molam asinnriam. ^sTract. quanta soiicitudn. nulla illis k ninlesliis vacna hora. de Inter, c. 92. ^' Circa qiiamlibet rem munili h*c , * Semper ationiius. semper pavidu.^ quid ditat, taci- passio fieri potest, quje superfliie diliqatur. Tract 15. atve : ne displiceat humilitatem siinulat. honeslatr^tii c. 17. '^Ferventhus desiderium. '^Imprimis mentitur. 'J' Cypr. Prolog, ad ser. To. 2. ciinctos veri) Appetitus, &c. 3. de alien, nient. ^ Conf. honorat. universis indinal, subsequiiur, ohsequiiur. I. c. 29. "'Perdiversa loca vaeor. nullo temporis frequentat curias, visilat, opiimates amplexatur. np. momento quirsro. talis et t.ilis esse ciipio. illud atque iMu<". haher.. .1. -I ' Anjhros. 1. 3. super Lu- ca» erufjo ;•.: i::. Mliil aninium crucial, nihi^f memento quirsro. talis et t.dis esse ciipio. illud atque plaiidit^dulalUf^-paj^fas-eWn'-fas d latebris. in om- iMu*". haher.' .1. - . Atuhros. 1. 3. super Lu- uearigTadum ubi aditus patet Ee*ta{K£it, discurrit. ,v 176 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. be possible for him to get up, flattering one, bribing another, he will leave no means unessay'd to win all." ®^ It is a wonder to see how slavislUy these kind of men sub- ject themselves, when they are about a suit, to every uiil-rior person; what pains they will take, run, ride, cast, plot, countermine, protest and swear, vow, promise, "what labours undergo, early up, down late ; how obsequious and afl'able they are, how popular and courteous, how they grin and fleer upon every man they meet ; ^vith what feasting and inviting, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, in seeking, that many times, which they had much better be Avithout; as '^Cyneas the orator told Pyrrhus : with wliat waking nights, painful hours, anxious thoughts, and bitterness of mind, infer spcmque metumque^ distracted and tired, ihey consume the in- terim of their time. There can be no greater plague fur tlie present. If they do ob- tain their suit, whicli with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not so freed, their anxiety is anew to begin, for they are never satisfied, nildl aliiid 7iisi imperium spirant., their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sovereignty and ho- nour, like ^'^ Lues Sforsia tliat hulflng Duke of Milan, '-a man of singidar wisdom, but profound ambition, born to his own, and to the destruction of Itidy," tliough it be to their own ruin, and friends' undoing, they will contend, they may not cease, but as a dog in a wheel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in a chain, so ' Buda»us com- pares them; ^tlrey climb and climb still, with much labour, but never make an end, never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and tiien a viscount, and then an earl, &.C.; a doctor, a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune to praHor ; from bailifl'to major; first this oflice, and then that; as Pyrrhus in * Pfutarch, they will first have Greece, then Africa, and then Asia, and swell with i^^sop's frog so lo7\g, till in the end they burst, or come down with Sejanus, ad Gf manias scalas., and break their own necks ; or as Evangelus the piper in Lucian, that blew his pipe so lomj, till he fell down dead. If he chance to miss, and have a canvass, he is in a liell on the other side ; so dejected, that he is ready to hang himself, turn heretic, Turk, or traitor in an instant. Enniged ajrainst his enemies, he rails, swears, fights, slanders, detracts, envies, murders : and for his own part, si appclitum explore non potest., furore cnrripitur; if he cannot satisfy his desire (as ^Bodine writes) he runs mad. So that both ways, hit or miss, he is distracted so long as his ambition lasts, he can look for no other but anxiety and care, discontent ami grief in the meantime, ^madness itself, or violent death in the end. Thf event of this is common to be seen in populous cities, or in princes' courts, for a courtier's life (as Bud.eus describes it) 'Ms a ''gallimaufry of ambition, lust, fraud, imposture, dissimulation, detraction, envy, pride ; ^ the court, a common conventicle of flatterers, time-servers, politicians, &.c. ;" or as "Anthony Perez will, '^ the suburbs of hell itself" If you will see such dis- contented persons, there you shall likely find them. *And which he observed of the markets of old Rome, "Qui perjurum conveiiire viilt honiineit), miitn in Comitium; Uui rtiendarem et i;liiri(>duiii, apiid C'liiasiiis i-acruni ; Dues, daniii(is<)§ murilos, tub basilica quarito, Ice." Perjured knaves, knights of the post, liars, crackers, bad husbands, &c. keep their several stations ; they do still, and always did in every commonwealth. SiBSECT. XII. — ^iXafyvfix, Cnvctoiisness, a Cause. Plutarch, in his '"book whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than those of the soul, is of opinion, ^* if you will examine all the causes of our miseries in this life, you shall find them most part to have had their beginning from stubborn anger, that furious desire of contention, or some unjust or immoderate aflection, "^Turti^e cosit anibitio reeem inservire, iit Homenis alirujus, honesl* vel inlionestiE, phantasiam Isdunt ; Ainmeiiinont'iii qucreiitpiii imliicit. 'J Pluiarciina. unde niuiti aiitbitiosi, phiUuti, irati, avari, iiiiiani, ice. Quill i-niiviveimir, et in otio nos oblecteinur, (|iioniam Fwlix I'lait-r, I. 3. de mentis aliiMi. ' Aiilica vita i'l prompln id nobis sit, &c. '""Jovius liist. 1. 1. colliivle.4 aiiibitionis, tupiditatis. simulationis, impov- \ir singulari prudentia, sed profunda ambitione, ad turte, fraudis, invidiae, superbia' Titannica- divt-rciirium fxitium Italia? natu». ' Ut hedera arbori adba^ret, aula, el eonitnune conventiculuiu aaaentandi artiHruni, pii- ainbiiio, tec. ^ I.ib. 3. de contemptu reruin 4cc. Buds-iis de asse. lib. 5. "In his Aphor. fortiiitariini. Maeno conalii et impetu movenliir, super » Plautus Ciirrul. Act. 4. See. 1. ">Toni. 2. Rt joiteni rentro r ' 'li. n 'm |ir'.n<.iiuit. lur ul fiii. m |i.r- i-iamines, ouines niiseriie causas vel a fiirio«o eootrn- VPniuni. iidl t>t>iilio, vel ab injusta cupidilate,origin6 tniti«se riiinfarilei! i.-a. Idem fere Chr Moalo mua com. in c. 6. »& H>- d-; re^is in^t ! . i ' 1 .n m gpr. 11. primia Mem. 3. Subs. 12.] Covetousness, a Cause. as covetousness, &c." From whence " are wars and contentions amongst you ?" "St. James asks : I will add usury, fraud, rapine, simony, oppression, lymg, swear- ing, bearing false witness, &c. are they not from this fountain of covetousness, tliat greediness in getting, tenacity in keeping, sordity in spending ; that tliey are so wicked, '^"unjust against God, their neighbour, themselves;" all comes hence. "The desire of money is the root of all evil, and they that lust after it, pierce themselves through with many sorrows," 1 Tim. vi. 10. Hippocrates therefore in his Epistle to Crateva, an herbalist, gives him this good counsel, that if it were possible, '^amongst other herbs, he should cut up that M^eed of covetousness by the roots, that there be no re- mainder left, and then know this for a certainty, that together with their bodies, thou mayest quickly cure all the diseases of their miiids." For it is indeed the pattern, image, epitome of all melancholy, the fountain of many miseries, much discontented care and woe ; this " inordinate, or immoderate desire of gain, to get or keep money," ns '* Bonaventure defines it : or, as Austin describes it, a madness of the soul, Gregory a torture; Chrysostom, an insatiable drunkenness; Cyprian, blindness, spcciosum supplicium.^ a plague subverting kingdoms, families, an '^incurable disease ; Budffius, an ill habit, '^"yielding to no remedies :" neither iEsculapius nor Plutus can cure them : a continual plague, saith Solomon, and vexation of spirit, another hell. I know there be some of opinion, that covetous men are happy, and worldly, wise, that there is more pleasure in getting of wealth than in spending, and no deliglit in the world like unto it. 'Twas '^Bias' problem of old, "With what art thou not weary ? with getting money. What is most delectable .'' to gain." What is it, trow you, that makes a poor man labour all his lifetime, carry such great burdens, fare so hardly, macerate himself, and endure so much misery, undergo s\ich base offices with so great patience, to rise up early, and lie down late, if there were not an extraordinary delight in get- ting and keeping of money ? What makes a merchant that hath no need, satis supcr- que domi, to range all over the world, through all those intemperate '* Zones of heat and cold ; voluntarily ' venture his life, and be content with such miserable famine, nasty usage, in a stinkmg ship ; if there were not a pleasure and hope to get money, which doth season the rest, and mitigate his indefatigable pains .' What makes them go into the bowels of the earth, an hundred fathom deep, endangering their dearest lives, enduring damps and filthy smells, when they have enough already, if they could be content, and no such cause to labour, but an extraordinary delight they take in riches. This may seem plausible at first show, a popular and strong argument ; but let him that so thinks, consider better of it, and he shall soon perceive, that it is far otherwise than he supposeth ; it may be haply pleasing at the first, as most part all melancholy is. For such men likely have some lucida intervaUa, pleasant symptoms intermixed ; but you must note that of '^ Chrysostom, " 'Tis one thing to be rich, another to be covetous : "generally they are all fools, dizards, mad-men, ^° miserable wretches, living besides themselves, sine arte fruendi^ in perpetual slavery, fear, suspicion, sorrow, and discontent, plus aloes quam mellis hahent ; and are indeed, " rather possessed by their money, than possessors :" as ^' Cyprian hath it, mancipati pecuniis ; bound prentice to their goods, as ^ Pliny; or as Chrysostom, servi diviti- arum, slaves and drudges to their substance ; and we may conclude of them all, as ^ Valerius dotli of Ptolomseus king of Cypras, " He vi-as in title a king of that island, but in his mind, a miserable drudge of money : "potiore metallis libertate carens' wanting his liberty, which is better than gold. Damasippus the Stoic, in Horace? proves that all mortal men dote by fits, some one way, some another, but that covetous men ^'are madder than the rest; and he that shall truly look into their "Cap. 4. 1. i^xjt sit iniquus in ileum, in proxi- currit mercator ad Indos. Hor. '8 Qua re non ea mum, in seipsum. "Si vero, Crateva, inter caete- lassusl lucrum faciendo : quid maxime delectabilel ras herharum radices, avaritiffi radicem secare posses Uicrari. '^Hom. 2. aliud avarus aliiid dives, amaram, ut nulla; reiirjiiiEe essent, probe scito, &c. | 20 Divitice ut spina; animuni hominis timoribus, solici- " Cap. 6. Diets salutis : avaritia est amor immoderatus I tudinibiis, angoribus mirifice pungunt, vexant, cru- pecunis vel acquirenila', vel retiiienda;. '^Ferum ciant. Greg, in hom. -' Epist. ad Donat. cap. 2. profecto dirunique ulcus aniuii, romediis non redens | "-i Lib. 9. ep. 30. ^Lib. 9. cap. 4. insute rex titulo, medendo exasperatur. '^ Mains est morbus male- 1 spd anipiopecunis miserabile mancipiiim. 24Hor. que afficil avariiia siquiclem ceii^^en. &c. avariiia diffi- 10. lib. 1. siDanda est bellebori multo pars maxi- cilius curatur quam insania : q'u'oniam bar mnes fere ma avi -^diri laboraut. Ilib. «p. Abderit. '■■ GXtremosJ 23 \ 178 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sect. 2. estates, and examine their symptoms, shall find no better of them, but that they are all -"^ fools, as Nabal was, Re et nomine (1. Reg. 15). For what greater folly can there be^ or ^^ madness, than to macerate himself when he need not .-' and when, as Cyprian notes, -^"he may be freed from, his burden, and eased of his pains, will go on still, his wealth increasing, when he hath enough, to get more, to live besides himself," to starve his genius, keep back from his wile ^"and chikh-en, neither letting them nor other friends use or enjoy that which is theirs by right, and wliich they much need perhaps ; like a hog, or dog in the manger, he doth only keep it, because it shall do nobody else good, Imrting himself and others : and for a little momentary pelf, damn his own soul } They are commonly sad and tetric by nature, as Achab'a spirit was because he could not get Naboth's vineyard, (1. Reg. 22.) and if he lay out his money at any time, though it be to necessary uses, to his own chililren"'3 good, he brawls and scolds, liis heart is heavy, much disquieted he is, and loath to part from it : Miser ahstinet el timet uli, Ilor. lie is of a wearish, dry, pale consti- tution, and cannot sleep for cares and worldly business; his riches, saith Solomon, will not let him sleep, and unnecessary business which he heapclli on himself; or if he do sleep, 'tis a very unquiet, internipt, unpleasing sleep : with his bags in his arms, "cone;estis iimliqiie sacc Indormii inhiaiid," And though he be at a banquet, or at some merry feast, " he sighs for grief of heart l^as ^Cyprian hath it) and cannot sleep though it be upon a down bed; his weari-sh body takes no rest, ^'-troubled in his abundance, and sorrowful in plenty, imhappy for the present, and more unhappy in the life to come." Basil, lie is a perpetual drudge, ^^ restless in his thouijhts, and never satisfied, a slave, a wretch, a dust-worm, semper quod idolo suo itnmoht, sedulns observul., Cypr. prolog, ad sermon, still seek- ing what sacrifice he may offer to his golden god, per y^s et nefas, he cares not how, his trouble is endless, ^crescunt divitiie, tamen curtce nescio quid semper abestrei : his wealth increaseth, and the more he hath, the more ** he wants : like Pharaoh'.s lean kine, wiiich devoured the fat, and were not satisfied. ^Austin therefore defines covetousness, quarumlibet rerum inhoneslam et insatiabilem cupiditatem, a dishon- est and insatiable desire of gain; and in one of his epistles compares it to hell; ^•'wliich devours all, and yet never hath enough, a bottomless pit," an endless misery ; in quern scopulum uvarilict cadaverosi senes vtplurimum impijtgunf., anil that which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and chstrust. He thinks ids own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen him, his ser\'ants are all false : " Rem suain periisse, seque eradicarier, Et divuni at(|ue hoiiiinuiii claiuatcontinuO fideoi, Ue suo tigilli) si qua exit foraa." ' If his doors creek, then out he cri<>a anon. His gooda are gone, and be is quiie undone." Timidus Plutus, an old proverb, As fearful as Plutus : so doth Aristophanes and Lucian bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man, '^"They are afraid of tempests for their corn; they are afraid of their friends lest they should ask something of them, beg or borrow ; they are afraid of their enemies lest they hurt them, thieves lest they rob them ; they are afraid of war and afraid of peace, afraid of rich and afraid of poor ; afraid of all." Last of all, they are afraid of want, that they shall die beggars, which makes them lay up still, and dare not use that they have : what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss ? and were it not that they are loth to ^-lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and sometimes die to save charges, and make away themselves, if their corn and cattle 9"Luke. zii. 20. Stnlie, hac nocte eripiam animam t cessat qui petunias supplere dili^unt. Ouinner. tract, luam. KOpes quidein niorlalilius sunt dementia 15. c. 17. ^illor. 3. Od. 24. Qao plus sunt poiae, Theog. -" Ed. 2. lib. 2. Exonerare cum se possit plus gitiunter aquae. '** liar. I. 2. 8at. fi, O ai aii- el relevare ponderibus pergit iiwcis fortiinis augenti- bus penuiaciter Inrnbiire. -'••N'on amicis, non li- beris, non ipsi ^ibi quidquam imperlit. possidet ad hoc tantum, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Ilieron. ad Paulin. tarn dt-est quod habet quani quod non habet. ^ Epist. 2. lib. 2. Suspirat in convivio, bibat licet pem- niid et I'lro molliofp marrirlum corpus condid^rit. vi?i ulus ille proxinius accedat, qui nunc deformat aeeU lum. ^Lib. 3. de lib. arbit. Iniinoritur studiis, et aniore senescit habendi. >*Avarug vir intVrno p?t siniilis, ice. moduni non habet, h^t ntentior quo plura h.ibet. y Erasm. Adag. chil. 3. cent. 7. pro. 72 Nulli fidentes omnium forinidant opt;i. ideo pavidiim malum vocat Euripides : metuunt it'nipentateii nb Iru- iat iniiluini ' :' 1 \ ili'in! 1 - ii-ntum, amicos ne roL'<-nt, inimicim ne ledani, ftilf» trislamr ^\ , ra;!ieiiiit)Ui> raplant, belluin tiiii«'nt, pacem timent, summni, fclicior in I . iim cositatio n j<>dioii, Infinos. ''Ilall Char. Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] ' Love of Gaming, Sfc. 179 miscarry ; though they have abundance left, as ^'Agellius notes. ''^ Valerius makes mention of one that in a famine sold a mouse for 200 pence, and famished himself : such are their cares, '" griefs and perpetual fears. These symptoms are elegantly ex- pressed by Theoplirastus in his character of a covetous man ; '"^" lying in bed, he asked his wife whether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the capcase. be sealed, and whether the hall door be bolted ; and though she say all is well, he riseth out of his bed in his shirt, barefoot and barelegged, to see whether it be so, with a dark lanthorn searching every corner, scarce sleepjng a wink all night." Lucian in that pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Mycillus the cobler disputing with his cock, sometimes Pythagoras ; where after much speech pro and con, to prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras' cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to Gnyphon the usurer's house at midnight, and after that to Eucrates ; whom they found both awake, casting up their accounts, and telling of their money, *^ lean, dry, pale and anxious, still suspecting lest somebody should make a hole through the wall, and so get in ; or if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sudden, and run- ning to the door to see whether all were fast. Plaulus, in his Aulularia, makes old Euclio ''■' commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the fire to be put out, lest anybody should make that an erraud to come to his house : when he washed his hands, ■*' he was loath to fling away the foul water, complaining that he was undone, because tlie smoke got out of his roof. And as he went from home, seeing a crow scratch upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omen, an ill sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their actions, shall find these and many such passages not feigned for sport, but really per- formed, verified indeed by such covetous and miserable wretches, and that it is, ^'5 "manifesta plvretiesis Ut locuples niorlaris egenti vivere fato." A mere madness, to live like a wretch, and die rich. SuBSECT. XIII. — Love of Gaming, &fc. and pleasures immoderate ; Causes. It is a wonder to see, how many poor, distressed, miserable wretches, one shall meet almost in every path and street, begging for an alms, that have been well de- scended, and sometimes in nourishing estate, now ragged, tattered, and ready to be starved, lingering out a painful life, in discontent and grief of body and mind, and all through iannoderate lust, gaming, pleasure and riot. 'Tis the common end of all sensual epicures and brutish prodigals, that are stupified and carried away head- long with their several pleasures and lusts. Cebes in his table, St. Ambrose in his second book of Abel and Cain, and amongst the rest Lucian in his tract de Mercede conductis^ hath excellent well deciphered such men's proceedings in his picture of Opulentia, whom he feigns to dwell on the top of a high mount, much sought after by many suitors ; at their first coming they are generally entertained by pleasiu-e and dalliance, and have all the content that possibly may be given, so long as their money lasts : but when their means fail, they are contemptibly thrust out at a back door, headlong, and there left to shame, reproach, despair. And he at first that had so many attendants, parasites, and followers, young and lusty, richly arrayed, and all the dainty fare that might be had, with all kind of welcome and good respect, is now upon a sudden stript of all, ^'pale, naked, old, diseased and forsaken, cursing his stars, and ready to strangle himself; having no other company but repentance, sorrow, grief, derision, beggary, and contempt, which are his daily attendants to his life's end. As the ■** prodigal son had exquisite music, merry company, dainty fare at 2" Acellius, lib. 3. cap. 1. interdum po sceleris per- veniiinl ob liicriiin, ul vitani piopriam coinmuteiit. ^"I.ib. 7. cap. 6. ■" Oiiiiies perpetuo niorbo agi- taiiiiir. suspjcaiur omiips limidus, sibique ob au/uin iiisidiari putat, nunquaiii quiescens, I'lin. I'rBoethius. ^<' In Oeconom. Quid si nunc oaten- ' toribus ut augeantur pascua feris. Majeftatia dam eos qui mngna vi arjienli domug inutjies a>difl-' reu§ agricola si eustarit "A novalihui iab Tom. 2 de vitis illii^lrium, I. 4 driiiii, qili dum nimium venalinni in.ja- I Leon. 10. « Venalionibug ad<-o perdite stud^bal .unt, ipsi ahjiM i .. .rmii liunrmil it.- in T r i- iI.-l.'. ii.-r int, et aucupiif. " Aut infeliriter vrnaliif lam Inipa ■ ul Actfiin, • - r I tiens inde, ut sumnms «.Tpp virus rirntu *■' Af rippa di . n, | nieliis i>neraret. et inrr(>i'i^ hubiiu d'>l>>r|aiMn^^^iie prKf«rre», fcr. • usiici-i. *pe iiaiifraciuin fa- ciuiil, jariura tuni peciiiiia- tuoi mentis Erasni. in Prov. calicuui romiges. chil. 4. cent. 7. Pro. 4L '"S«r. 33. ad frat. in Eremo. «>Lit)erK unius hora; insaniam vltrnn leinporis twtio (>»-n«;ipil ei >|„nniKlcr. w Prov. 5. "SMerIi sure blots •• Hor. omneiD pccuniarum conlemptum lia)K-nl, n iiulli iina- ginationix tntius munili ae iiaiiii»cui-riut. et tyraiiuica* corporis concupiscenli.ia austiiiut-riiil. tu miiHotiea capti a vana gloria onniia pvrdideruni. ^ Mac c<>rri?pli non cogitant du rnedt?lH. ""Iiii lali-m a i>-rria averliie p«-!>tem. "Epad Eii^lochniin, d>; cunlot] vircin '"Lyp'. Ep. ad Boiicianiiiu ' Kp lili. 'J. Omnia tua Triiita piiirli-rriiyj^^^ai^^iuiiuie lanieo liU, qua Mera. 3. Subs. 14.J Philautia, or Self-love, 8fc. 183 rinus, " all thy writings are most acceptable, but those especially that speak of us." Again, a little after to Slaximus, °^^'I cannot express how pleasing it is to me to hear mysell commendetl." Though we smile to ourselves, at least ironically, when para- sites bedaub us with false encomiums, as many princes cannot choose but do, Quum tale quid nihil intra se repererint, when they know they come as far short, as a mouse to an elephant, of any such virtues ; yet it doth us good. Though we seem many times to be angry, ^''"and blush at our own praises, yet our souls inwardly rejoice, it puffs us up;" his fallax suavitas, blandus dcemon, "makes us swell beyond our bounds, and forget ourselves." Her two daughters are lightness of mind, immode- rate joy and pride, not excluding those other concomitant vices, which '"lodocus Lorichius reckons up ; bragging, hypocrisy, peevishness, and curiosity. Now the common cause of this mischief, ariseth from ourselves or others, ^^we are active and passive. It proceeds inwardly from ourselves, as we are active causes, from an overweening conceit we have of our good parts, own worth, (which indeed ds no worth) our bounty, favour, grace, valour, strength, wealth, patience, meekness, hospitality, beauty, temperance, gentry, knowledge, wit, science, art, learning, our * excellent gifts and fortunes, for which, Warcissus-like, we admire, flatter, and ap- plaud ourselves, and think all the world esteems so of us ; and as deformed women easily believe those that tell them they be fair, we are too credulous of our own good parts and praises, too well persuaded of ourselves. We brag and venditate our '''own works, and scorn all others in respect of us; Injati scientia, (saith Paul) our Avis- dom, ^^our learning, all our geese are swans, and we as basely esteem and vilify other men's, as we do over-highly prize and value our own. We will not suffer them to be in secundis, no, not in tertiis ; what, Mecum conferiur Ulysses? they are Mures, Musca:, culices pra>. se, nits and flies compared to his inexorable and supercilious, eminent and arrogant worship : though indeed they be far before him. Only wise, only rich, only fortunate, valorous, and fair, pufted "up with this tympany of self-con- ceit; ^^as that proud pharisee, they are not (as they suppose) " like other men," of a purer and more precious metal : '°°SoU rei gerendi sunt efficaces, which that wise Periander lield of such: ^mcditanfur omne qui prius negotium, &c. JYovi quendam saith ^Erasmus) I knew one so arrogant that he thought himself inferior to no man living, like ^Callisthenes ,the philosopher, that neither held Alexander's acts, or any other subject worthy of his pen, such was his insolency; or Seleucus king of Syria, who thought none fit to contend with him but the Romans. '^Eos solos dignos ratus quihuscum de impcrio certaret. That which Tully writ to Atticus long since, is still in force. ^ " There was never yet true poet nor orator, that thought any other better than himself." And such for the most part are your princes, potentates, great philo- sophers, historiographers, authors of sects or heresies, and all our great scholars, as ^Hierom defines; "a natural philosopher is a glorious creature, and a very slave of rumour, fame, and popular opinion," and though they write de conlemptu gloria:, yet as he observes, they will put their names to their books. Vohis etfamce me semper dedi, saith Trebellius Pollio, I have wholly consecrated myself to you and fame. "'Tis all my desire, night and day, 'tis all my study to raise my name." Proud 'Pliny seconds him ; Quamquam O ! &c. and that vain-glorious ^ orator is not ashamed to confess in an Epistle of his to Marcus Lecceius, Jlrdeo incredihili cupididate, See. " I burn with an incredible desire to have my ^name registered in thy book. Out of this foun- tain proceed all those cracks and brags, '°speramus carminafingi Posse linenda eedro, et Icni servanda cupresso "Aon usitata nee tenuiferarpenna. nee in terra morabor longius. JSll parvum aid humili modo, nil mortale loquor. Dicar qua violens obstrepit Jiusidus. Exegi monumentum cere perennius. lamqiie opus exe'gi *'Exprimere non possum quam sit jucundum, &;c. *5 Hierom. et licet nas iinlignos dicimus et calidiis rubor era perfundat, attamen ad laudeni suaiii iiitritisecus aniiiio: Ixlnntur. "^Thesaur. Then. s^NeceniiTi niilii oiriiea fibra est. Per. ^ E manilius illis, Nascen- tur violse. Ters. 1. Sat. 9" Omnia eiiiiii nostra, supra modum pVacent. a* Fab. 1. 10. c, 3. Ridentur mala componnnt carmina, verum gaudent scribentes, et se veneranttir, et ultra. Si taceas landant, qiiicquid scrip- BHre beati. Hor. ep. 2. I. ■.'. » Luke xviii. 10. looDe li.-'inre luto fiiixit prrr- i !i,i Titan. i Auson. sap. t iiil. 3. cent. 10^ pri). y?. Uui m' crederot nemiiiem ulla B re prEestantiuriitn. aranto fastu scripsit, ut Alexandri gesta inferiora scriptis suis existimaret, lo Vossius lib. 1. cap. 9. de hist. 4 piutarcli. vii. Cato nis. 5 Nemo unquam Poeta ant Orator, qui quen qiiam se meliorem arbitraretur. s^'onsol. ad Pam machium mundi Philosophus, gloria; animal, et popula ris aura; et rumorum venale mancipinm. 'Epist. 5, Capitoni sue Dii'bus ac nortibus, hoc solum cogito si qua me possum Uxan- liiiiiin. [d voto meo sufficit, &c "Tullius. a(jt inriii, n m, imi scriptis, tuis illustretur Inquies animus stiiuio uiierniiays, noctes et dies ange batur. Uensius forat. uneb. de Seal. '" Hor. art Pciet. " Od. Vit. Jjjfc, J amque opus exi;gi. Vad« liber 18* Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. quod nee Jovis ira, nee ignis, &.c. cum venit ille dies, &c. parte tamen mcliore met super alta perennis astra fcrar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum. (This of Ovid I have paraphrased in English.) " And when I am dead and gone, I And I shall be alive. My corpse laid under a stone I" these my works for ever. My fame shall yet survive, I My glory shall persever," &.c. And that of Ennius, " Xemo nie lachrymis decoret, neque fiinera Acta Faxit, cur? volito docta per era virum." " Let none shed tears over me, or adorn my bier with sorrow — because I am eter- nally in the mouths of men." With many such proud strains, and foolish flashes too common with writers. Not so mucli as Democharis on the '^Topics, but he will be immortal. Typotius de famd, shall be famous, and well he deserves, because he writ of fame; and every trivial poet must be renowned. ** Plausuque petit clarescere vulgi.^^ '^ He seeks the applause of the public." This puthiig humour it is, that hath produced so many great tomes, built sucli famous inc*iuiiu€4its, strong castles, and Mausolean tombs, to have their acts eterilised, *•• Digilo monsLrari^ et dicier hie est;'''' ''to be pointed at with tlie linger, and to have it said 'there he goes,' " to see their names inscribed, as Phryae on tlie walls of Thebes, Phryne fecit; this causeth so many bloody batUes, >■' El nodes cogit vigilure serenas;'''' "and induces us to watch during calm niglits." Long journeys, '■'■JMagnum iter in- tendo, std dat mihi gloria I'ires,'''' •' I contemplate a monstrous journey, but llie love of glory strengtliens me for it," gaining honour, a little apj)lause, pride, self-love, vain-glory. This is it which makes them t*\ke such pains, and break out into those ridiculous strains, this high conceit of themselves, to "scorn all others; ridiculo fastu et intolerando contemptu; as '^Palajinou the grammarian contemned Varro. secufn el nutas el morituras literas jactans, and brings them to that height of inso- lency, that they cannot endure to be contradicted, '^or hear of anything but their own commendation," which llierom notes of such kind of men. And as "'Austin well seconds him, '• 'tis their sole study day and night to be commended and applauded." When as indeed, in all wise men's judgments, quibus cor sapit., they are ''mad, empty vessels, fungts, beside themselves, derided, et ut Camelus in provcrbio qucerens cor- nua^ etiam quas hubebat aures amisity '"their works arc toys, as an almanac out of date, ^^authuris ptreunt garrulitate siti, they seek fame and immortality, but reap dis- honour and mfamy, they are a common obloquy, insensuti, and come far short of that which they suppose or expect. '"0 puer ul sis vitalis nietuo^ "How much I dread Thy days are eliorl, some lord shall strike thee dead." Of SO many nmiads of poets, rhetoricians, philosophers, sophisters, as "'Eusebius well observes, which have written in former ages, scarce one of a thousand's works remains, nomina et libri simul cum corporibus intericrunl, their books and bodies are perished together. Jt is not as they vainly think, they shall surely be admired and immortal, as one told Philip of Macedon insultingly, after a victory, that his shadow was no longer tlian before, we may say to them, " iVo3 deniiramur, sed non cum deside vulgo, I " We marvel too, not as the vulvar we, Sed veliil Harpyas, Gorgoiias, et Furias." | But as we Gorgons, Uurpi'.s, or Furies see." Or if we do applaud, honour and admire, quota pars^ how small a part, in respect of the whole world, never so much as hears our names, how few take notice of us, how slender a tract, as scant as Alcibiades' land in a map! And yet every man must and will be immortal, as he hopes, and extend his fame to our antipodes, when as half, no not a quarter of his own province or city, neither knows nor hears of him • but say they did, what's a city to a kingdom, a kingdom to Europe, Europe to the world, the world itself that must have an end, if compared to the least visible star in the firmament, eighteen times bigger than it .' and then if those stars be infinite, and every star there be a sun, as some will, and as this sun of ours hath his planets about him, all inhabited, what proportion bear we to them, and where 's our glory.' Orbem » In lib. 8. "Dp pmiie lUjir. r.v '" ?i.:ton. I quam sic ob eloriam rnn'i.ir] ■> In^aaniam ialam dooiine lib. degram. ^ \iiu»4i.».. iles | lonee fac 4 me. Am- in. rip. :C. »"A« kuas. •< Egi*. .:>r> Nihil .. .:.'i. Camelus in the n i'i!> ears while he was taut nisi u^f^udii^Jiy^la . i:<4- I Im.kiij/ f. r a pdii ' ' M >n i j Jl Mem 3. Subs. 14.] Vain-glory, rnde, Joy, Praise. 185 terrarum victor Rornanus hahcbat, as he cracked in Petronius, all the world was under Augustus : and so in Constantine''s time, Eusebius brags he governed all the ^\ orld, universiiin mundum prcBcIare admodum administravit, et omnes orhis gentes Impcratori subjecti : so of Alexander it is given out, the four monarchies. See. when as neither Greeks nor Romans ever had the fifteenth part of the now known world, nor half of tliat which was then described. What braggadocioes are they and we then.? quam brevis hie de nobis sermo, as ^he said, '^^pudthit audi nominis, how short a time, how little a while doth this fame of ours continue ? Every private province, every small territory and city, when we have all done, will yield as generous spirits, as brave examples in all respects, as famous as ourselv.es, Cadwallader in Wales, Rollo in Normandy, Robin Hood and Little John, are as much renowned in Sher- wood, as Caesar in Rome, Alexander in Greece, or his Hephestion, ^^Omnis cetas omnisque populus in exemplum et admiralioneni veniet, every town, city, book, is full of brave soldiers, senators, scholars; and though ^Bracydas was a worthy captain, a good man, and as they thought, not to be matched in Lacedaemon, yet as his mother truly said, plures habet Sparta Bracyda meliores, Sparta had many better men than ever he was ; and howsoever thou admirest thyself, thy friend, many an obscure fel- low the world never took notice of, had he been in place or action, Avould have done much better than he or he, or thou thyself. Another kind of mad men there is opposite to these, that are insensibly mad, and know not of it, such as contemn all praise and glory, think themselves most free, when as indeed they are most mad : calcant sed aliofastu: a company of cynics, such as are monks, hermits, anachorites, that contemn the world, contemn themselves, contemn all titles, honours, offices : and yet in that contempt are more proud than any man living whatsoever. They are proud in humility, proud in that they are not proud, scepe homo de vance glorice contemptu, vaniiis gloriatur, as Austin hath it, con- fess, lib. 10, cap. 38, like Diogenes, inlus glorianiur, they brag inwardly, and feed themselves fat with a self-conceit of sanctity, which is no better than hypocrisy. They go in sheep's russet, many great men that might maintain themselves in cloth of gold, and seem to be dejected, humble by their outward carriage, when as in- wardly they are swoln full of pride, arrogancy, and self-conceit. And therefore Seneca adviseth his friend Lucilius, ^*"in his attire and gesture, outward actions, especially to avoid all such things as are more notable in themselves : as a rugged attire, hirsute head, horrid beard, contempt of money, coarse lodging, and whatso- ever leads to fame that opposite way." All this madness yet proceeds from ourselves, the main engine which batters us is from others, we are merely passive in this business : from a company of parasites and flatterers, that with immoderate praise, and bombast epithets, glosing titles, talse eulogiums, so bedaub and applaud, gild over many a silly and undeserving man, that they clap him quite out of his wits. Res imprimis viole.nta est, as Hierom notes, this common applause is a most violent thing, laudum placenta, a drum, fife, and trumpet cannot so animate ; that fattens men, erects and dejects them in an instant. -''Palma negata macrum, donata reducit opimum. It makes them fat and lean, as frost doth conies. ^*''' And who is that mortal man that can so contain himself, that if he be im- moderately commended and applauded, will not be moved ?" Let him be what he will, those parasites will overturn him : if he be a king, he is one of the nine worthies, more than a man, a god forthwith, ^^edictum Domini Deique nostri : and they will sacrifice unto him, 30" divinos si tu patiaris honores, Ultro ipsi dabimus meritasquc sacrabirous aras." If he be a soldier, then Theraistocles, Epaminondas, Hector, Achilles, duo fulmina belli, triumviri terrarum, &c., and the valour of both Scipios is too little for him, he is invictissimus, sercnissimus, multis trophcEus ornatissimus, natures dominus, although he be lepus galeatus, indeed a very coward, a milk-sop,"' and as he said of Xerxes, "Till. som. Scip. 23Boethius. "Putean.Ci- salp. hist. lib. I. ss Plutarch. Lycurgo. ^OEpist. 13. Illud te arfmoneo, ne eoruiii more facias, qui non pro- ficere, sed conspici cupiunt, qux in habitu tuo, aut genere fita; nolabilia sunt. Asp^Miafli^UuiD et vitiosura caput, bile humi positum, et quicquiit ad laudem p.3rversa via sequitur evita. ^i p^r. i^Cims vero taiu bene mo- dulo sno metiri ge novit, ut%um a.<~i'liirE et iinmodicaj laudationes non moveant ? Hen. Stepii. -^ Alart. 30 Stroza. " If you will accept divine honours '.\-wilI iegligeiitiorem barbaiii,4i||Ka||||^ngento odium, cu- | u'illinglyeu|iM|^iOiua|MiMiKStoyou.'' -'Jusua 24 ^^■K q2 ,«^^..a.^^«B. 186 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2, poslremus i7i pit g7id, primus i7ifugd, and such a one as never durst look liis enemy iu the face. If he be a big man, then is he a Samson, another Hercules ; if he pro- nounce a speech, another Tully or Demosthenes; as of llerod in the Acts, "the voice of God and not of man:" if he can make a verse, Homer, Virgil, kc. And then my silly weak patient takes all these eulogiums to himself; if he be a scholar so commended for liis nmch reading, excellent style, method, Stc, he will eviscerate himself like a spider, study to death, Laudalas ostendit avis Junonia pennas., pea- cock-like he will display all his feathers. If he be a soldier, and so applauded, his valour extolled, though it be ivipar congressus, as that of Troilus and Achilles, Infe- lix puer^ he will combat with a giant, run tirst upon a breach, as another ^^Philippus, he will ride into the thickest of his enemies. Commend his housekeeping, and he will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself. " laudataqiie virtus Cri'scit, et iiiiiiiensuui gloria calcar habet."" he is mad, mad, mad', no woe with him : impatiens consortis crit, he will over the ^'Alps to be talked of, or to maintain his credit. Commend an ambitious man, 'some proud prince or potentate, si plus aquo laudctur (saith *' Erasmus) cristas eri- git^ ex'uit hominem, Deum sc putat, he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man but a God. 3« " nihil est qiirul credrrp ile se Noil audt't quuni laudatur diis rqua polestas."*' How did tliis work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupiter's son, and go like Hercules in a lion's skin .' Domitian a god, ** ( Dominus Veus nosier sic fieri jubet,) like the ^^ Persian kings, whose ima^e was adored by all that came into the city of Babylon. Commodus the emperor was so gulled by his flattering parasites, that he must be called Hercules. ^"Antonius the Koinan wouUl be crowned with ivy, car- ried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king of Thrace, was married to *' Minerva, and sent three several messengers one after another, to sec if she were come to his bed-charaber. Such a one was "Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus, Jovia- nus, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian kuig, brother of the sun and moon, and our modern Turks, that will be goerciliiii. iit iiat<>llitr-« riiitt<-r>-t ad i» in, a Hiurosptctantibiis.egregiuiii ducebat. O'-Ap- ' viilenduia num dt-a in ttialainis veni!«el.&.c. "/Julian, plauded virtue grows apace, and glory includes within ' li. 12. *' Do mentii) alienat. c.-ip. 3. " Se<|ui. It an iniaiense impulse." ^I deineng, et sxvaj> curre turque superbia forinam. LivmihIi. ]]. Orarulum e»l, per /l[»<'S. Aude Aliquid, tic. ut pueri^ placeas, et de- . vivida sa-pe ingenia. lu.xiiriare har ft ovn;v*rerf mul- clainatio fi.-is. Juv. Sat. 10. ^ In moriiE Encom. I tosque sensuin penitus aniisirtie. Hoiniii'ii inluentiir. >" Juvenal. Sat. 4. ^ " There is nothing which over- ac »i ipsi iioii esseiit huniiiies. u(;ali-ii» di- riib<-ic, lauded power will not presume to iiiiagiiie of itaclf." civh no»ter ralxTfL-rrurius, nb iiivi-Mtioiioin iimtriiinenli *-SilPton. r. !■:. in n. inili.i'i'.. -' Hri-. .nius. t-.-Xn- Cocle« oliui Arching .ii- ,;i. ii |.r .• l-iiiii n-.MHit. ti'nius ab rt-m «< Incaiiia p.^tmi)'!'. "o- apellari ju- li^. eantiaiii. ' ^-^ d'-ra,etcnr .' ,,jr (lor. Forlmiam rt »i5tiue su^ii La:i cuui^ielu^^bcUMA^'tL^a- liives ab exili ]Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 187 vain conceits transported, there is no rule with them. Epaminondas, therefore, the next (lay after his Leuctrian victory, *^ *•' came abroad all squalid and submiss," and gave no other reason to his friends of so doing, than that he perceived himself the day before, by reason of his good fortune, to be too insolent, overmuch joyed. That wise and virtuous lady, ''^ Queen Katherine, Dowager of England, in private talk, upon like occasion, said, "that ^°she would not willingly endure the extremity of either fortune ; but if it were so, that of necessity she must undergo the one, she would be in adversity, because comfort was never wanting in it, but still counsel and government were defective in the other:" they could not moderate tlieraselves. SuBSECT. XV. — 'Love of Learnings or overmuch study. With a Digression of the misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are Melancholy. Leoxartus Fuchsius Instil, lib. iii. sect. 1. cap. 1. Faelix Plater, lib. iii. de mentis alicnat. Here, de Saxonia, Tract, post, de melanch. cap. 3, speak of a ^'peculiar fury, which comes by overmuch study. Fernelius, lib. 1, cap. 18, ^^puts study, contem- plation, and continual meditation, as an especial cause of madness : and in his 86 consul, cites the same words. Jo. Arciilanus, in lib. 9, Rhasis ad JUnansorem., cap. 16, amongst other causes reckons up studium vehemens : so doth Levinus Lemnius, lib. de occul. nat. mirac. lib. 1, cap. 16. ^''"Many men (saith he) come to this malady by continual ^* study, and night-waking, and of all other men, scholars are most sub- ject to it:'" and such Rhasis adds, ^^'■'that have commonly the finest wits." Cont. lib. 1, tract. 9, Marsilius Ficinus, de sanit. tuenda, lib. I. cap. 7, puts melancholy amongst one of those five principal plagues of students, 'tis a common ]Maul unto them all, and almost in some measure an inseparable companion. Varro beUke for tiiat cause calls Tristes Philosophos et severos, severe, sad, dry, tetric, are common epithets to scholars : and ^ Patritius therefore, in the institution of princes, would not have them to be great students. For (as Machiavel holds) study weakens their bodies, dulls the spirits, abates their strength and courage; and good scholars are never good soldiers, which a certain Goth well perceived, for when his countrymen came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cried out against it, by no means they should do it, ^'" leave them that plague, which in time will consume all their vigour, and martial spirits." The ** Turks abdicated Cornutus the next heir from the empire, because he was so much given to his book : and 'tis the common tenet of the world, that learning dulls and diminisheth the spirits, and so per conse- qiicns produceth melancholy. Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to this m.alady than others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sibi et musis, free from bodily exercise, and those ordinary disports which other men use : and many times if discontent and idleness concur with it, which is too frequent, they are precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study ; too much learning (as ^^Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad-, 'tis that other extreme which efl^ects it. So did Trincavelius, lib. 1, consil. 12 and 13, find by his experi- ence, in two of his patients, a young baron, and another that contracted this malady bv too vehement study. So Forestus, obs^rvat. I. 10, observ. 13, in a young divine in Louvaine, that was mad, and said ^° " he had a Bible in his head :" Marsilius Ficinus de sanit. tuc7id. lib. 1, cap. 1, 3, 4, and lib. 2, cap. 16, gives many reasons, ^''•' why students dote more often than others." The first is their negligence; ^" other men ^" Processit squaliilus et submissug, ut hesterni Diei gainiiiiiii iiituinjierans hodie castigaret. **Uxor Hen. 8. m jveutrius se fortuiiiE extremum libenter experturain dixit: sed si necessitas alterius subiiide iiiiponeretur, optare se difiicilem et adversam : quod in luic nulli miquani defuit solatium, in altera iimltis con- siliuni, &(•.. Lod. Vives. =' Peculiaris furor, qui ex litfifis fit. 52 Nihil raagis auget, ac assidua studia, et profiindDE cogitationes. ssfjon desuut, qui ex juili studio, et iiitempestiva lucubratione, hue devene^ runt, hi praj CiEtcris enim plerunque melancholia solent intestari. »< Study is a continual and earnest medi- tation, applied to something with great desire. Tully. 5JEt illi qui sunt suhtilis iiigenii, et multa- praemedita- ti'Oii-. 'in r,ii ill iiMi.liiut in iMelancliiiliuui. 5«ob siuJi'jtuiii ji/luylLiiiutjui Ijb. 5. Tit. a. ='Gaspar Ens Thesaur Polit. Apoteles. 31. Grxcis banc pestem relinquite qua" dubiuni non est, quin brevi nniiicra iis vigorem ereptura Maniusque spiriius exhaustura sit; Ut ad arma tractanda plane inhabiles futuri sint. ^Knoles 'I'urk. Hist. =» .'icts, xxvi. -24. «" Nimiis sludiis melancliolicusevasit,riicensse Biblium incapite habere. ^i Cur melancholia assidua, crebrisque de- lirninentis vexentur eorum aiiimi ut desipere cogantur. ^Solers quilibet artifex instrunienta sua diligentissime curat, penicellos pictor ; malleos incudesque faber fer- rarius; miles cquos, arma venator, auceps aves, et canes, Cytliarain ('\ lliaradiis. i,c. soli musaruni mystx tain negligenli-.- su it. nt iii-tninientum illud quo mun- dum universum melin iulenl, spinlum scilicet, penitus negligere videaiitur. 188 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. look to their tools, a painter will wash his pencils, a smith will look to his hammer anvil, forge ; a husbandman will mend his plough-irons, and grind his hatchet if it be dull ; a falconer or huntsman will have an especial care of his hawks, hound?, horses, dogs, Sac. ; a musician will string and unstring his lute, &.C. ; only scholars neglect that instrument, their brain and spirits (I mean) which they daily use, and by which they range overall the world, which by much study is consumed." Vide (saith Lucian) ne funic ulum 7iimis iniendendo aliquando abrumpas : "See thou twist not the rope so hard, till at length it *^ break." Facinus in his fourth chap, gives some other reasons ; Saturn and Mercury, the patrons of learning, they are both dry planets : and Origanus assigns the same cause, why jMercurialists are so poor, and most part beggars ; for that their president Mercury had no better fortune himself. The desti- nies of old put poverty upon him as a punishment; since when, poetry and beggary are Gemelli, twhi-born brats, inseparable companions ; M "And to this liay is every srhnlar poor ; Gross gold from them runs headlong to the boor :" Mercury can help them to knowledge, but not to money. The second is contem- plation, ^^" which dries the brain and extinguisheth natural heat ; for whilst the spirits are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomach and liver are left destitute, and thence come black blood and crudities by defect of concoction, and for want of exercise the superfluous vapours cannot exhale," &.c. The same reasons are repeated by Gomesius, lib. 4, cap. l,(/e sale '^JVymannus oral, de Imag. Jo. VoschiMs, lib. 2, cap. 5, de pesle: and something more they add, that hard students are commonly troubled with gouts, catarrhs, rheums, cachexia, bradiojjepsia, bad eyes, stone and colic, ^crudities, oppilations, vertigo, winds, consumptions, and all such diseases as come by overmuch sitting; they are most part lean, dry, ill-coloured, spend their fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives, and all through inunoderate pains, and extraoixlinary studies. If you will not btlifve tlie truth of this, look upon great Tostatus and Thomas Afniiivas's works, and tell me wiiether those men took pains .' peruse Austin, Ilierom, &tc.^ vul many thousands besides. " Qui ciipit optatain cursu c<)ntiu);ere metam, I " ile (hat di.-sire« this wished goal to gain, .Multa tulit, rccitt|ue puer, suduvit et alsit." | Must sweat and freeze before he can attain," and labour hard for it. So did Seneca, by his own confession, ep. 8. '^''Not a day that I spend idle, part of the night I keep mine eyes open, tired with waking, and now slumbering to their continual task." Hear Tully pro ^rchia Pocta: "whilst others loitered, and took their pleasures, he was continually at his book," so they do that will be scholars, and that to the hazard (I say) of their healths, fortunes, wits, aud lives. How much did Aristotle and Ptolemy spend } unitis rcgni precium they say, more than a king''s ransom ; how nmny crowns per annum, to perfect arts, the one about his History of Creatures, the other on his Almagest i How much tune did Thebet Benchorat employ, to find out the motion of the eighth .sphere .' forty years and more, some write: how many poor scholars have lost their wits, or become dizards, neglecting all worldly aflairs and their own health, wealth, esse and bene esse., to gain knowledge for whicli, alter all their pains, in this world's esteem they are accounted ridiculous and silly fools, idiots, asses, and (^as oft they are) rejected, contemned, derided, doting, and mad. Look for examples in Hildesheim spied. 2, de mania tt delirio: read Trincavellius, l.',i,consil. 36, et c. 17. 3Iontanus, consil. 233. '''Garceus de Judic. gcnif. cap. 33. jMercurialis, consil. 80, cap. 25. Prosper ™Calenius in his Book de atrd bile; Go to Bedlam and ask. Or if they keep their wits, yet they are esteemed scrubs and fools by reason of their carriage : " after seven years' study" •' staiud taciturniui exit, Plerunique et risum populi quatit." " He becomes more silent than a statue, and generally excites people's laughter." dinsi sunt Cacectici et nunquani bene colurati, propter debilitalein digestivie farultati.t, niultiplicantor in IM superttuitates. Jo. Voschius parte 2. cup. .j. lU- ix-nte. * Nullus luihi iierotium dies exit. pan. M m* dedico, nun vero gooino, Bed uculus vi|;i a- n Arcus et arnia tibi non sunt iuiitanda Diane Si nunquani cess«'8 tendere mollis erit. Ovid. **Ephemer. «* Coiiteinplalio cerebrum exsiccat et exlinsuit ealorein naturalem, unde cerebrum frigidum el siccum evadit qui^j e:»< inelaiichoiicuoi. Accvdit ad hoc, quod natura in coiiteiiiplatione, rerebro prorsus curiii.iiL- iut.jtila, I deiile«que, in i)i» ram Oi ijn.-.. '^J Btoniachuiu heparque dea^^^^nd^«x > :;ile | chius liuheniM- c . tio | Phreni'! < bruiu ei8kMtijr,cor]>on4^|HHm^kMwt. vi^iliam, et diuiutua biudia 1>il'. .>Iem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. ISO ' Obstipo capite, et figentes luinine terram, Murmura ciini secuin, et rabiosa silentia rodunt, Alqiie experrecto Iriiliiiantur verba labello, ^groti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni De nihilo niliiluiii ; in iiihiluiii nil posse reverti." Because they cannot ride a horse, which ever}-- clown can do ; salute and court a gentlewoman, carve at table, cringe and make conges, which every common swasher can do, ''^hos populus riclet, &.C., they are laughed to scorn, and accounted silly fools by our gallants. Yea, many times, such is their misery, they deserve it : "a mere scholar, a mere ass. 74 •' who do lean awry Their heads, piercing the earth with a fiit eye; When, by themselves, they gnaw their niurniuring, And furious silence, as 'twere balancing Each word upon their out-stretched lip, and when They meditate the dreams of old sick men, As, ' Out of nothing, nothing can be brought ; And that which is, can ne'er be turn'd to nought.' " Thus they go commonly meditating unto themselves, thus they sit, such is their action and gesture. Fulgosus, I. 8, c. 7, makes mention how Tli. Aquinas supping with king Lewis of France, upon a sudden knocked his fist upon the table, and cried, conclusinn est contra Manichceos, his wits were a wool-gathering, as they say, and his head busied about other matters, when he perceived his error, he was much ^^abashed. Such a story there is of Archimedes in Vitruvius, that having found out the means to know how much gold was mingled with the silver in king Hieron's crown, ran naked forth of the bath and cried iv^r^xa., I have found: "®"and was com- monly so intent to his studies, that he never perceived what was done about him : when the city was taken, and the soldiers now ready to rifle his house, he took no notice of it." St. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, and asked at last where he was, Marullus, Uh. 2, cap. 4. It was Democritus's carriage alone that made the Abderites suppose him to have been mad, and send for Hippocrates to cure him : if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a laughing. Theophrastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he continually wept, and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacus, because he ran like a madman, ''' saying, "• he came from hell as a spy, to tell the devils what mortal men did." Your greatest students are commonly no better, silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, absurd, ridiculous to others, and no whit experienced in worldly business ; they can measure the heavens, range over the world, teach others wisdom, and yet in bargains and contracts they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men fools .' and how should they be otherwise, " but as so many sots in schools, when [diS '* he well observed) they neither hear nor see such things as are commonly practised abroad.^" how should they get experience, by what means.? "'•' I knew in my time many scholars," saith .^neas Sylvius (in an epistle of his to Gasper Scitick, chancellor to the emperor), " excellent well learned, but so rude, so silly, that they had no common civility, nor knew how to manage their domestic or public affairs." " Paglarensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, when he heard him tell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal." To say the best of this profession, I can give no other testimony of them in general, than that of Pliny of Isasus ; ^" He is yet a scholar, than which kind of raeii there is nothing so simple, so sincere, none better, they are most part harmless, honest, upright, innocent, plain-dealing men." Now because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconveniences as dotage, madness, simplicity, Stc. Jo. Voschius would have good scholars to be highly rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, '^ to have greater '*' privileges than the rest, that adventure themselves and abbreviate their lives fqr_th£^ public good." But our patrons of learning are so far now-a-days from respecting the muses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward which they deserve, and are allowed by those indulgent privileges of many noble princes, that after all their "Pers. Sat. 3. They cannot fiddle; but, as Themisto- cles said, he could make a small town become a great city. "pers. Sat. ''Ingenium sibi quod vanas desumpsit Athenas et septem studiis annos dedit, in- tenuilqiie. Libris et curis statua taciturnius exit, Plerunque et risu populum quatit, Hor. ep, 1. lib. 2. "Translated by M. B. Holiday. '^xhoinas rubore cnnfusus dixit se de arguniento cogitasse. '^piutarch. Vila Marcelli, Nee sensit iirhem captam. nee milites in domum irnientes, adeo intentus studiis, &c. "Sub Furi:e larva eirciimi vit urben). dictitans-oeexploratorem aD inferis V6uies0',d(ilaturumd£monibu8inorlaliuni pec- cata. 'spetronius. Ego arbitror in grholis stultis- simos fieri, quia nihil eorum qus in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident. ™\ovi meis diebus, piprosque studiis literarum de.litos, qui disciplinis admodum abun- dahant, sed si nihil civilitatis habent, nee rem pubt. nex domesticam regere norant. Stupuit Paglarensis et furti vilicum accusavit, qui suem foBtam undecim por^ cellos, asinam unum duntaxat pullumenixam relulerat. ^Lib. 1. Epist. 'i. Adhuc scholasticu? tantum est; quo genere hominum, nihil aut e.st finipliriiis, ant sinceriiis aut melius. *iJure privilegiandi. qui ob commune bonum abbref 190 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 2. pains taken in the universities, cost and charge, expenses, irksome hours, laborious tasks, wearisome days, dangers, hazards, (barred interim from all pleasures which other men liave, mewed up like hawks all their lives) if they chance to wade through them, thev shall in the end be rejected, contemned, and which is their greatest misery, driven to 'their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggary. Their famili;>- attend- ants are, «" Pallentps morbi, liirtus, ciirsque laborque I "Grief, labour, care, pale sickness, miseries, Et iiu'tus, er malpsi.a.la fames, et turpis egestas. Fear, filthy poverty, hunger that cnrs. Tern biles visu foriniE" I Terrible monsters to be seeu with eyes. If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough to make them all melancholy. Most otlier trades and professions, after some seven years' apprenticeship^ are enabled by their craft to live of themselves. A merchant adventures his goods at sea, and though his hazard be greit, yet if one ship return of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husbandm'• '• ^ ''^''' azricolHti : .rrr.m. Sec. "t^aa^jtuii t\nu\ , 1. de contem. amo^ •ul«« et pri/<:ui.jtultt8^taM|^H^^^BWfDoii Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] the time of his life. in the mean time, Study, a Cause. 191 Bui if he offend his good patron, or displease his lady mistress ' Diicetiir Plantd velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus, Ponetiirqiie foras, si quid teniaverit unquam as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, away with him. If he bend his forces to some other studies, with an intent to be a secretis to some nobleman, or in such a place with an ambassador, he shall find that these per- sons rise like apprentices one imder another, and in so many tradesmen's shops, when the master is dead, the foreman of the shop commonly steps in his place. Now for poets, rhetoricians, historians, philosophers, ^ mathematicians, sophisters, &c. ; they are like grasshoppers, sing they must in summer, and pine in the winter, for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe that pleasant tale of Socrates, which he told fair Phaedrus under a plane-tree, at the banks of the river Isens ; about noon when it was hot, and the grasshoppers made a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell him a tale, hovv grasshoppers were once scholars, musicians, poets. Sec, before the Muses were born, and lived without meat and drink, and for that cause were turned by Jupiter into grasshoppers. And may be turned again, /n Tythoni Cicadas, aut Lyciorum ranas, for any reward I see they are like to have: or else in the mean time, I would they could live, as they did, without any viaticum, like so many ^' manucodiatae, those Indian birds of paradise, as we commonly call them, those I mean that live with the air and dew of heaven, and need no other food ; for being as they are, their *^ " rhetoric only serves th'em to curse their bad fortunes," and many of them for want of means are driven to hard shifts ; from grasshoppers they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and make the muses, mules, to satisfy their hunger-starved paunches, and get a meal's meat. To say truth, 'tis the common fortune of most scholars, to be servile and poor, to complain pitifully, and lay open their wants to their respectless patrons, as ^^ Cardan doth, as ^ Xilander and many others : and which is too common in those dedicatory epistles, for hope of gain, to lie, flatter, and with hyperbolical eulogiums and commendations, to magnify and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his excel- lent virtues, whom they should rather, as ^* Machiavel observes, vilify, and rail at downright for his most notorious villanies and vices. So they prostitute themselves as fiddlers, or mercenary tradesmen, to serve great men's turns for a small reward. They are like ^^ Indians, they have store of gold, but know not the worth of it : for I am of Synesius's opinion, ^''"Kiiig Hieron got more by Simonides' acquaintance, than Simonides did by his ;" they have their best education, good institution, sole qualification from us, and when they have done well, their honour and immortality from us : we are the living tombs, registers, and as so many trumpeters of their fames : what was Achilles without Homer ? Alexander without Arian and Curtius ? who had known the Caesars, but for Suetonius and Dion ? "Vixerunt fnrtes ante Agamemnona Multi : sed omnes lllachrymabiles llrgentur, ignotique longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro." 'Before great Agamemnon reign'd, Reign'd kings as great as he, and brave, Whose huge ambitioti's now contain'd III the small compass of a grave: In endless night they sleep, unwept, unknown. No bard they had to make all time their own." they are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them ; but they undervalue themselves, and so by those great men are kept down. Let them have that encyclo- paedian, all the learning in the world; they must keep it to themselves, ^^"live in base esteem, and starve, except they will submit," as Buda^us well hath it, '^ so many good parts, so many ensigns of arts, virtues, be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate potentate, and live under his insolent worship, or honour, like parasites," Qui tua- quam mures alienum panem comedunt. For to say truth, artes hce non sunt Lucra- tiva:, as Guido Bonat that great astrologer could foresee, they be not gainful arts these, sed esurientes etfamellccc, but poor and hungry. 69Juv. Sat. 5. «> Ars colit astra. 9' Aldrovandus de Avibus. I. 12. Gesner, &c. '-Literas fiabent queis Bibi et fortunsB suae maledicant. Sat. .Menip. »3Ljb. de libris Prnpriis fnl 24. w Pnfat translat. Plutarch. " Polit. (ii- • '- ' ; pxtollunt ens ac si virtutibus pollerent ita scelera potius vituperare oportsret. .-t-'s know not tiieireirength, they consider not their own worth. '" Plura ex Simonidis faniiliaritate Hieron consequutusest, quamex Hinroiiig Simonides. 99 Hor. lib. 4. oil. 9. 9« Inter inertes ft Plebeios fere jacpt, ultiraum locum hahen'!. ni«^! tot artis virtiiti?qiie insiL'nia, turpiter obnoxii. '''"' ' '"> fascibussubjeceritproterva insolentisqi' &. U de contempt. 192 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 2 "The rich physici<">n, honoiir'd lawyers ride. Whilst the poor scholar foots it by iheir side." >••" Dat Galenus opes, dat Justinianiis honores, Sed genus et species cogitur ire pedes:" Poverty is the muses' patrimony, and as that poetical divinity teacheth us, when Jupiter's daughters were each of them married to the gods, the muses alone wer« left solitary, Helicon forsaken of all suitors, and I believe it was, because they had no portion. 'Calliope longum etelebs cur viiit in tevum? Nenipe nihil dolis, quod nunierarct, erat." " Why did Calliope live so long a maid 1 Because she had no dowry (u be paid." Ever since all their followers are poor, forsaken and left unto themselves. Insomuch, tliat as ' Petronius argues, you shall likely know thcra by their clothes. " There came," sahh he, " by chance into my company, a fellow not very spruce to look on, that I could perceive by that note alone he was a scholar, whom commonly rich men hate : I asked him wliat he was, he answered, a poet : I demanded again why he was so ragged, he told me this kind of learning never made any man rich." '"Qui Pelago credit, inagno se fenore tollit, Ciui pugii.is et rnstra petit, pr^cingitur auro: Vilis adulator picto jncet ebriu.s ostro. Sola pruinosis hnrret t'acundia pauiiis." " A merchant's gain is great, thai goes to sea; A soldier embossed all in mM ; A rtallerer lies foxM in brave array; A scholar only ragged to behold." All which our ordinary students, right well perceiving in the universities, how unpro- fitable these poetical, mathematical, and philosophical studies are, how little respect- ed, how few patrons ; apply themselves in all haste to those three commodious professions of law, physic, and divinity, sharing themselves between them, "rejecting these arts in the mean time, history, philosophy, philology, or lightly passing them over, as pleasant toys fitting only table-tidk, and to furnish them with discourse. They are not so behoveful : he that can tell his money hath aritlimetic enough : he is a true geometrician, can measure out a good fortune to himself; a perfect astrolo- ger, that can cast the rise and fall of others, and mark their errant motions to his .)wn use. The best optics are, to rellect the beams of some great mairs favour and grace to shine upon him. He is a good engineer that alone can make an instrument to get preferment. 'I'his was the common tenet and practice of Polantl, as Cromerus observed not long since, in the first book of his history ; their universities were g<^nerally base, not a philosopher, a mathematiciaik, an antiiiuary, kc, to be found of any note amongst them, because they had no set reward or stipend, but every, man betook himself to divinity, hoc solum in votis habens^ opimum saccrdolitim, a good parsonage was their aim. This was the practice of some of our near neighbours, as * Lipsius inveighs, '' they thrust their children to the study of law and divinity, before they be informed aright, or capable of such studies." Scilieel omnibus arlibus antistat spts lucri, et formosior est cumulus auri, quam quicquid Graci Latinique delirantes scripserunt. Ex hoc numero deinde veniunt ad gubemacula reipub. inter- sunt et prasunt consiliis regum, o pater., o patria ? so he complained, and so may otherSi For even so we find, to serve a great man, to get an office in some bishop's court (to practise in some good town) or compass a benefice, is the mark we shoot at, as being so advantageous, the highway to preferment. Although many times, for aught I can see, these men fail as often as the rest in their projects, and are as usually frustrate of their hopes. For let him be a doctor of the law, an excellent civilian of good worth, where shall he practise and expa- tiate .'' Their fields are so scant, the civil law with us so contracted with prohibi- tions, so few causes, by reason of those allnlevouring municipal laws, quibus nihil illiteratius, saith ^Erasmus, an illiterate and a barbarous study, (for thougli they be never so well learned in it, I can hardly vouchsafe them the name of scholars, except they be otherwise qualified) and so few courts are left to that profession, such slender offices, and those commonly to be compassed at such dear rates, that I know not how an insrenious man should thrive amongst them. Now for physicians, there are in every village so many mountebanks, empirics, quacksalvers, paracelsians, as they rail themselves, Caucijici et sanicidcn, so ® Clenard terms them, wizards, alchemists, poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians' men, barbers, and good wives, professing i"" Buchanan, eleg. lib. i In Satyricon. intrat senex, I paiipcrtate animui nihil eiiniium, aut sublimv cngilar* •nl enlta non ita speciosus, ut facile appareret eum hac potest, amnnitatea literaruin, aut el)-gantiam,(]uoniam nota literatum esse, quoa divitesodisae aolent. Ego nihil prsfiidii in his ad vilip coniniodum vid>?t. priioA inq'iit Poeta luiBj^Xui^eil^AKSato restitua esT negligere, mox odiase incipit. Ileni. < Eptntol. Prop(.Cic«run. dial, divitvm 1 1. ■jrtUQUIiniHIk- »Oppfe«eiiii ' lib. 1. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 193 great skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be their patients. Besides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them such harpies, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent ; and as '' he said, litigious idiots, "dulbiis loquacis affatim arrogantise est, Peritiae parurii aiit nihil, Ner. ulla mica literarii salis, Cruniermimlga natio: Loquuteleia turba, litium strophas, Mali>;na litigaiitiiiin cohors, logati vultures, Laveriise alumni, Agyrtse," &c. " Which have no skill but prating arrogance. No learning, such a purse-milking nation ; Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litigious rout Of cozeners, that haunt this occupation," &;c. that they cannot well tell how to live one by another, but as he jested in the Comedy of Clocks, they were so many, ^ major pars populi aridd reptant fame, they are almost starved a great part of them, and ready to devour their fellows, ^ Et noxid calUditale se corripere, such a multitude of pettifoggers and empirics, such impostors, that an honest man knows not in what sort to compose and behave himself in their society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout, scientm nomen, tot smnptibus partum et vigiliis, prqfileri dispudeat, postquam, 8^~c. Last of all to come to our divines, the most noble profession and worthy of double honour, but of all others the most distressed and miserable. If you will not believe me, hear a brief of it, as it was not many years since publicly preached at Paul's cross, '° by a grave minister then, and now a reverend bishop of this land : " We that are bred up in learning, and destinated by our parents to this end, we sufler our childhood in the grammar-school, which Austin calls magnam tyrannidem, et grave malum, and compares it to the torments of martyrdom ; when we come to the uni- versity, if we live of the college allowance, as Phalaris objected to the Leontines, rta.v twv ivbiis Ttxrjv uixov xai ^6^3ov, needy of all things but hunger and fear, or if we be maintained but partly by our parents' cost, do expend in unnecessary maintenance, books' and degrees, before we come to any perfection, five hundred pounds, or a thousand marks. If by this price of the expense of time, our bodies and spirits, our substance and patrimonies, we cannot purchase those small rewards, which are ours by law, and the right of inheritance, a poor parsonage, or a vicarage of 50Z. per annum, but we must pay to the patron for the lease of a life (a spent and out-worn life) either in annual pension, or above the rate of a copyhold, and that with the hazard and loss of our souls, by simony and perjury, and the forfeiture of all our spiritual preferments, in esse and posse, both present and to come. What father after a while will be so improvident to bring up his son to his great charge, to this neces- sary beggary .^ What christian will be so irreligious, to bring up his son in that course of life, which by all probability and necessity, cogit ad turpia, enforcing to sin, will entangle him in simony and perjury," when as the poet said, Invitatus ad hcec aliquis de ponte negahit : " a beggar's brat taken from the bridge where he sits a begging, if he knew the inconvenience, had cause to refuse it." This being thus, have not we fished fair all this while, that are initiate divines, to find no better fruits of our labours, " hoc est cur palles, cur quis non prandeat hoc est ? do we macerate ourselves for this ^ Is it for this we rise so early all the year long .'' '^" leaping (as he saith) out of our beds, when we hear the bell ring, as if we had heard a thunder- clap." If this be all the respect, reward and honour we shall have, '^ frange leves calamos, et scinde Thalia libeUos : let us give over our books, and betake ourselves to some other course of life ; to what end should we study ? '"* Quid me litterulas stulti docuere parentes, what did our parents mean to make us scholars, to be as far to seek of preferment after twenty years' study, as we were at first : why do we take such pains .? Q^dd tantum insanis jnvat impallescere chartis ? If there be no more hope of reward, no better encouragement, I say again, Frange leves calamos^ et scinde Thalia libellos ; let 's turn soldiers, sell our books, and buy swords, guns, and pikes, or stop bottles with them, turn our philosopher's gowns, as Cleanthes once did, into millers' coats, leave all and rather betake ourselves to anv other course of life, than to continue longer in this misery. '' PrcBStat dentiscalpia radere, quam literariis monumentis magnatum favorem emendicare. Yea, but methinks 1 hear some man except at these words, that though this b« 'Ja.Dniisa Ejinrinn. lib. 2. car. 2. » Plautus. j " Pers. Sat;'3. WE lectoe^silientes, ad subitum tin ' Hnrf Ari'Dis lib. J. '" Joh. Howson 4 Novembris | tinuabQIi plausum^uaai ftttmijie territl. 1. '^Marl loy?. ihe sermon was printed by Arnold Hartfleld. | "Mart. -- - - - R 194 Causes of MelancJulij. [Pan. 1. Sec. 2. true which I have said of the estate of scliolars, and especially of divines, that it is miserable and distressed at tliis lime, that tlie church suffers shipwreck of her goods, and that they have just cause to complain; there is a fault, but whence proceeds it? If the cause were justly examined, it would be retorted upon ourselves, if we were cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be found guilty, and not able to excuse it That there is a fault among us, I confess, and were there not a buyer, there would not be a seller; but to him that will eon.sider better of it, it will more than mani- festly appear, that the fountain of these miseries proceeds from these griping patrons. In accusing them, I do not altogether excuse us ; both are faulty, they and we : yet in my judgment, theirs is the greater fault, more apparent causes and much to be condemned. For my part, if it be not with me as 1 would, or as it should, I do ascribe the cause, as "'Cardan did in the like case; mco hiforlumo po/iiis quam illo- rum scelf'rU to "mine own infelicity ratlier than their naughtuiess : allliougli I have been baiHed in my time by st>me of them, and have as just cause to conii)lain as another : or rather indeed to mine own negligence ; for I was ever like tliat Alexan- der in '"Plularch, Crassus his tutor in philosophy, who, though he lived many years familiarly with rich Crassus, was even as poor when from, (which many wondered at) as wiien he came first to him; he never asked, the other never gave him any- thing; when he travelled with Crassus he borrowed a hat of him, at his return restored it again, I have had some such noble friends' acquaintance and scholars, but niost part (conmion courtesies and ordinary respects excepted) they and I parted as we met, they gave me as much as I requested, and that was — And as Alexander ab Jllexundro Genial, dier. I. 6. c. 16. made answer to Hieronimus jMassainus, that wondered, qunm plures ignavos et ignohiles ad dignilates et sacerdotia promotos quo- tidie vidcret., when other men rose, still he was in the same state, eodim tcnore et forluna cui mcrctdem laburum sludiarumque debcri pularet, whonj he thought to deserve as well as the rest. He made answer, that he was content with his present estate, was not ambitious, and although objurgdbundus suam segniticm accusaref, cum obscurcE sortis homines ad sacerdotia et pontifical us evectos, <^-c., he chid him for his backwardness, yet he was still the same : and for my part (though I be not worthy perhaps to carry Alexander's books) yet by some overweening and well-wishing friends, the like speeches have been used to me; but I replied still with Alexander, that I had euonirh, and more peradventure than I deserved ; and with Libanius So- phista, that rather chose (^wheii honours and offices by the emperor were oflL-red unto Jiim) to be talis Sophisia, quam talis Magistratus. I had as lief be still Democritus junior, and privus prii-alus, si mihi jam daretur optio, quam talis forlasse Doctor^ talis Dominus. Sed quorsum hcec ? For the rest 'tis on both sides facinus detestandum, to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church, that which God's and men's laws have bestowed on it ; but in them most, and that from the covetousnegs vand ignorance of such as are interested in this business ; I name covetousness in the first place, as the root of all these mischiefs, which, Achan-like, compels them to • commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not) to their own ends, " that kindles God's wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and a heavy visitation upon themselves and others. Some out of that insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be enriched, care not how they come by it per fas et nefas^ hook or crook, so they have it. And others when they have with riot and prodigality eml)ezzled their estates, to recover themselves, make a prey of the church, robbing it, as ^^ Julian the apostate did, spoil parsons of their revenues (in keeping half back, '^' as a great man amongst us observes:) "and that maintenance on which tliey should live:" by means whereof, barbarism is increased, and a great decay of christian professors: for ■who will apply himself to these divine studies, iiis sou, or friend, when after great pains taken, they shall have nothing whereupon to live ? But with what event do they these things ? ""Oppsque tntis viritius venatnini. At inde nic8«ig aceidit niiiierriina." "Lib. 3. de eons. •" I li.id no money, I wanti-d im- I nc.c facile jiidicare potest utrum paup<*rior cum priino piidencp, I could not scraniblo. teuipi.ri-.-, >iir: 1. ile sttriJ. irium aiiiMiniin •■^Ovid. Fast. -■■' Ue dial.' ilixres. Mgtrabo. lib. 4. Geng. 31 \,h et fraiide parr eiteriore frauilei = opes evcrtPt, quain avaritia [ • - iiim seram a'lilas tali area? et uam^ommuiiias, int!is tamen iftuani. die. rn'9M(iriiilri ^ Acad. ^Ars neminein habet iniin 'iiii prater iioi - plagis, supcrUque vacavit." ^Antonius, Adrian, Nero, Seve. Jul. he. ^"Michael the emperor, and Isacius, were so much given to their studies, that no base fellow would take so much pains : Orion, Perseus, Alphonsus, Ptolomeus, famous astronomers; Sabor, Mithridates, Lysima- chus, admired physicians : Plato's kings all : Kvax, that Arabian prince, a most e.xpert jeweller, and an excpiisite philosopher ; the kings of Egypt were priests of old, chosen and from thence, — Idem rex hominum, Phiehique sacerdos : but those heroical times are past ; the Muses are now banished in this bastard age, ad sordida tuguriola; to meaner persons, and confined alone almost to universities. In those days, scholars were highly beloved, ■" honoured, esteemed ; as old Emiius by Scipio Africanus, Vir- gil by Augustus ; Horace by Mecapnas : princes' companions ; dear to them, as Ana^- rreon to Polycrates ; Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded. Alexander sent Xenocrates the philosopher fifty talents, because he was poor, risM rerum,, aut cru- ditione f)rcestajites r/r<, viensis ohm regum adhibili, as Philostratus relates of Adrian and Lampridius of Alexander Severus : famous clerks came to these prhices' courts, velut in Liicceum, as to a university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi dioum epulis accnmbentes ; Archilaus, that Macedt)nian king, would not willingly sup with- out Euripides, (amongst the rest he drank to him at supper one night, and gave him a cup of gold for his pains) delectatus poetce suavi sermone ; and it was fit it should be so ; because as *^ Plato in his Protagoras well saith, a good philosopher as much excels other men, as a great king doth the commons of his country ; and again, *^quoniam illis nihil deest., et minime egere sohnt., et disciplinas qiias prflfitentur, soli a contemptu vindicare possunt, they needed not to beg so basely, as they compel "scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chuff" for a meal's meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts which they professed. Now they would and cannot : for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keep them poor, will make them study ; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pam- pered, ^Jllendos volunt., non saginandos, ne melioris mentis ftammula extinguulur ; a fat bird w ill not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt, and so by this ilepression of theirs ** some want means, others will, all want *'' encouragement, as being forsaken almost ; s^Dr. Kiiie. in his last lectnre on Jonah, sometime right raverend lord l)ishop of London. ^Quibus (ipes el oliiini, hi barbaro f.isty literas rDnteriiiiiint. *■ Lncan. lib, h. sh j..-. <- i,.... .•.. . i ., . j[„jg_ ♦■ Nicet. 1 \:. i! i'ilii int. •lOrwniiii.Uii IS i.liMi et i ,.iri. bant lieroas. Erasin. ep. Jo. Fabio epis. Vii-n. « Pro- bud vir et Phili>!«^>phiJ!i niai!i!< prtL-Htat inter alios homi- nes, quain rex inclitiis inter plebeioi>. oHeiniiiii* prafat. Poematum. oArvile noiiien Schojarm jam. "Seneca. *'Haud facile eincrgnnl. &r. <' Media quod noctid ab liora !ii3.^' .... tu.i.iii di^iii' ' sidi h.nt. qui (lu«et%Wt«iu(^^li||^^^^^|^)(|^erro^rara UuiU||^B^jBH^|Mik.AMtW oma- . luiiiMi liK.rces. Juv. iSat. 7> , Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 197 and generally contemneJ. 'Tis an old saying, Sint Mecanates, non deerunt Flacce Marones, and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes I may not deny it the main fault in in ourselves. Our academics too frequently offend in neglecting jiatrons. as *' Erasmus well taxeth, or making ill choice of them ; negligimus oblatos aid amplec- timur parum aptos^ or it we get a good one, non studemus mututs nJjicUs. far orem ejus alere, we do not ply and follow him as we should. Idem mihi accidit Adolescenti (saith Erasmus) acknowledging his fault, et gravissime peccavi, and so may ^^ I say myself, I have offended in this, and so peradventure have many others. We did not spondere magnatum favor ilus, qui cczperunt nos amplecti, apply ourselves with that readiness we should : idleness, love of liberty, immodicus amor libertatis ejfecit ut dill cum pcrjidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci pauperale colluctarer, bashful- ness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remiss. So some offend in one extreme, but too many on the other, we are most part too forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent ; we commonly complain deesse J\Icecenates, of want of encouragement, want of means, when as the true defect is in our own want of worth, our insufficiency : did Maecenas take notice of Horace or Virgil till they had shown themselves first } or had Bavins and ilevius any patrons ? . Egregium specimen dent, saith Erasmus, let them approve themselves worthy first, sufficiently qualified for learning and manners, before they presume or impudently intrude and put themselves on great men as too many do, with such base flattery, parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate that it is a shame to hear and see. ImmodlccB iaiides conciliant invidiam, pot ius quam laudem, and vain commendations derogate from truth, and we think in conclusion, non meliiis dc laudato, pejus de laudante, ill of both, the commender and commended. So we offend, but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. How beloved of old, and how much respected was Plato to Dionysius } How dear to Alexander was Aristotle, Demeratus to Philip, Solon to CroDsus, Anexarcus and Trebatius to Augus- tus, Cassius to Vespatian, Plutarch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hieron.^ how honoured } 'o " Sed hffic prius fuere, nunc recondita Senent quiete," those days are gone ; Et spes, et ratio stiidiorum in CoRsare tantum : ^' as he said of old, we may truly say now, he is our amulet, our '^ sun, our sole comfort and refuge, our Ptolemy, our common ]\Intri>d in Caesar aloi^^ •> ,*'^>mn fst quern non did, 1' - f rward. I ifiiL'lit havi; liaply I..-, ii a- Phihu< hic poster, solo intuitu lubenii r m reddat. preai - luany of my equals. ■■ (':i;mII i>. | -' riiiiesyr. ^Virgil.. as Raru^ ■ inni I'erine Jiy-"" -- All our hopes and iaducemenls tu "l; a..d come ioK,Mher Ul pueri Juuoms avein" T.. hear and «..• a w,,rthy « hola .p.-ak. *^ I As children do a peacock s feaUi^r." He shall have all the good words that may b^ given, "^'a proper man, and 'tis pity he hath no preferment, all good wishes, but inexorable, indurate as he is, he will not prefer him, though it be in his power, because he is indotalus, he hath no money Or if he do give him entertainment, let him be never so well qualified, plead atlinity, consanguinity, sufficiency, he shall serve seven years, as Jacob did for Rafhel, before he shall have it. " If he will enter at first, he must iret in at that Simoniacal gate, come off soundly, and put in good security to perform all covenants, else he will not deal with, or admit him. But if some poor scholar, some parson chaff, will oiler himself; some trencher chaplain, that will take it to the halves, thirtls, or accepts of what he will give, he is welcome; be conformable, preach as he will have him, he likes him before a million of others; for the best is always best cheap: and then as Ilierom said to Cromatius, patella dignum operculum, such a patron, such a clerk ; the cure is well supplied, and all parties pleased. So that is still verified in our age, which '^Chrysostom complained of in his time, Qui opulent Lores sunt, in ordinem parasito- "ftuis enim senerosum dixerit hunc que Indi»nu»-| Sat. ■?. "Juvenal. <• Tu vero licet Orphtru* eenere, et pra'claro nomine tantiim, Insignis. Juve. 8i», saxa Bonu tesludinisemntliens, nisi plumlM-a coriim Sat. 8. "I have often met with myself, and con- I corda, auri vel artrenti malleo eniolliaK, 4,c. 3aliii- ferred with divers worthy seiitUmcn in thf- coiiMlry, no huriensis Pnli.ril. lil.. .'». c. 10. «'Jiiven. Hat 7. whit inferior, if nol^o^,tirui.rriMl i;,r ilivr-* kinds of , o Euge bent - I) usa e(md. liti.-2. — dos ipaa learning to mauSHKr academics. ~~ J; -licet . scieiitia .sitii'; .:ii e^t. •^Uualnor ad Musis veniasjf^^^^^^Hpmere, Nil tamen .iltui* rl:4, | porla^ RrrN- .uuca, -^ i ,'yii.i- ,• it .-' uiMiia, ibis Homere I^^^^^^^^IMHM|ki||nricus uucli>r<;. . r , - ,[^ uLqiie 1;' i. •'Lib.< Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 199 rum cogunt eos^ et rjjsos tanquam canes ad mensas suas enutriunf, eorumquc impudenfes Venires iniquarmn ccznarum reJiquiis differtiunt, iisdem pro arhilro abiUcntes : Kick men keep these lecturers, and fawning parasites, like so many dogs at their tables, and filling their hungry guts with the offals of their meat, tiaey abuse them at their pleasure, and make them say what they propose. ^®"As children do by a bird or a butterfly in a string, pull in and let him ouf as they list, do they by their trencher chaplains, prescribe, command their wits, let in and out as to them it seems best. If the patron be precise, so must his chaplain be ; if he be papistical, his clerk must be so too, or else be turned out. These are those clerks which serve' the turn, whom they commonly entertain, and present to church livings, whilst in the meantime we that are University men, like so many hide-bound calves in a pasture, tarry out our time, wither away as a flower ungathered in a garden, and are never used ; or as so many candles, illuminate ourselves alone, obscuring one another"'s light, and are not discerned here at all, the least of which, translated to a dark room, or to some coun- try benefice, where it might shine apart, would give a fair light, and be seen over all. Whilst we lie waiting here as those sick men did at the Pool of ^" Bethesda, till the Angel stirred the water, expecting a good hour, they step between, and beguile us of our preferment. I have not yet said, if after long expectation, much expense, travel, earnest suit of ourselves and friends, we obtain a small benefice at last ; our misery begins afresh, we are suddenly encountered with the flesh, world, and devil, with a new onset ; we change a quiet life for an ocean of troubles, we come to a ruinous house, which before it be habitable, must be necessarily to our great dajiiage repaired ; we are compelled to sue for dilapidations, or else sued ourselves, and scarce yet settled, we are called upon for our predecessor's arrearages ; first-fruits, tenths, subsidies, are instantly to be paid, benevolence, procurations, &c., and which is most to be feared, we light upon a cracked title, as it befel Clenard of Brabant, for his rec- tory, and charge of his Begince ; he was no sooner inducted, but instantly sued, cepi- musqtie ^^(saith he) strenue lUigare, et implacaiili bcUo conjtigere: at length after ten years' suit, as long as Troy's siege, when he had tired himself, and spent his money, he was fain to leave all for quietness' sake, and give it up to his adversary. Or else we are insulted over, and trampled on by domineering officers, fleeced by those greedy harpies to get more fees ; we stand in fear of some precedent lapse ; we fall amongst refractory, seditious sectaries, peevish puritans, perverse papists, a lascivious rout of atheistical Epicures, tliat Avill not be reformed, or some litigious people (those wild beasts of Ephesus must be fought with) that will not pay their dues without much repining, or compelled by long suit ; Laid clericis oppido infesti, an old axiom, all they think well gotten that is had from the church, and by such uncivil, harsh deal- ings, they make their poor minister weary of his place, if not his life ; and put case tiiey be quiet honest men, make the best of it, as often it falls out, from a polite and tei-se academic, he must turn rustic, rude, melancholise alone, learn to foi-get, or else, as many do, become maltstei-s, graziers, chapmen, Stc. (now banished from t'ae academy, all commerce of the muses, and confined to a country village, as Ovid was from Rome to Pontus), and daily converse with a company of idiots and clowns,,^ Nus interim quod attinet [nee enim imniunes ah Jinc noxn snrmis) idem reatus manet, idem nobis, et si non multo gravius, crimni objici potrst : Jiostrd rnim culpa sit, nostra incurid, nostra, avaritid, quod tarn frcquentes, foedccque Jiant in EcclesiA nundinationes, (tempium est VEenale, deusque) tot sordes invehantur, tanta grnsse- tur impietas, tanta ntquiiia, tam insanus miscriarum Euripus, et turbarum cestuor rium^ nostra inquam, omnimn {Academicorum imprimis) vilio sit. Quod tot Rfsp. malis afficiatur, a nobis seminarium; ultrb malum hoc accersimus, et qudvis contu- melid, qudvis inti7-im miseria digni, qui pro virili non occurrimus. Quid tnhn fieri posse speramus, quum tot indies sine delectu pauperes alumni, tcrrce filii, et cvjus- cunque ordinis komunciones ad gradus certatim odmittantur ? qui si dcfinitionem, distinetionemrque nnam ant altrram memoriter edidicf rint , rt pro more tot annos in dialietira posucrint, non rrftrt quo profectu, quales drmum siiif, idiotce, nugatores otiatorcs, alentores, compotores, indigni, libidinis voluptatumque administri, " Sponsi rs pr^.^criliiuit. iin|ie.'niit. in nrdiruMii cngunt, inje- [ cpnsent(a.'1fWMhft(W>|jHBBp>5.- «* Fpi^t. lih. ? 11 iinsiriiin iii'nul )|>.~i^ videljilur, abtrinnimt et re- | Jam sum:c(us mVi^Bll^^^^bi, prntHiu.- 'vrtus es . .\aitt lit pnpiliuiieni piieri aiit bruchuin &lo demit- adversarius, AMB^^^^^^^^Kes, suiuptuf, .kc tuui, aut atirahuat, noa a libidine sua peudere Kquum £00 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 3 Penelopes, ncbulones, Alcinoique," modo tot annos in academic insumpserint, et se pro togatis vindilarint; lucri causa, et amicorum interctssu prcesenlantur; addo ttiani et magnijicis nonnu iguam elogiis morum et scientice; etjani valedicturi testi' monialibus liisce tltteris, amplissime conscn'ptis in eoruin gratiam hunorantur, ab its, qui Jidei Slue et existimationis jactiiram prociddubio faeiunt. Doctorea eniin et professores {quod ait *^^ille) id unum curant, ut ex protessionibus frequeiitibus, et tumultuariispotius quam legitimis, comnioda sua proinoverant, et ex disueudio pub- lico suuiii faciant increinentuiii. Id solum in votis habent annui plerumque iiuti^is- t7-otus, ut ab incipieniium numero '°pecunias emungant, nee multuin interest qui sint, litrratores an literati, modo pingues, nitidi, ad uspectuui spn:iosi, et quod verba dicain,peeuniosi sint. ''Philosupkastri tieentieiiitur in urtibus, urtem qui nun habent,'^ Eosque sapientes esse jubeiit, qui nulla prajditi sunt sapientia, et iiiiiil ad graduin prajterquaui velle adferuut. Theologastri [soloant mudo) satis superque duUi, per omnes honorum gradus eve/iuntur et ascendunt. Atque Itinrjit quod tarn viles seurree, tot passim idiotce, literarhm crcpusculo positi, larvce pastorum, eireunifurunei, vagi, harbi, fungi, erassi, asini, vierum pecus in saerosanetos theolugiw aditus, illotis pedibus irrumpant, proeter inverecundani frontem adferentes nihil, vulgares quas- dam quisquilins, et scholarium quccdeim nut^amenta, indigna quee vel reeipiantur in triviis. Hoe illud indignum genus huminum et famelicum, indigum, vagum, ventris maneipium, ad stivam potius relegeindum, ad haras aptius quam ad uras, quod divi- nas hasce Uterus turpiter prustituit ; hi sunt qui pulpita coinplent, in cedes nubiliuni irrepunt, et quum reliquis vitcc destituuntur subsidiis, ob corporis et animi egesta- tem, aliarum in repub. partium miniiiie eapaees suit; ad sacrani hane anchoram con- fugiunt, sacerdotiuni qvoDisino a^niuiii ut a|' Ims | 'M'luiiinent. in Gal. 't- Hi-iitavit. '« t>r.U-ntai. ma ii- ••;tSin pyrstri tijti, , li.i | "■ LuMi. in GaJr "•"•"Pers.-Bfils"*!- "''■^H'Ujrt. latiiiu ,ii .^Me, Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 201 Leone dicam) gratiam non accepit, si non accipit, non nabet, et si non habct, nee gratus potest esse ; tantuin enim ahsunt istorum nonnulli, qui ad clavurn sedent d pro/novendo reliqiios, ut penitus impediant, probt sibi conscii, quibus artibus illic pervenerinf. ^"Nam qui ob Titeras emersisse illos credat, desipil; qui vero ingenii, eruditionis, experientite, probitatis, pietatis, et Musarum id esse pretium putat {quod olim revera full, hodie jjromitlUur) plaaissime insanit. Utcunque vel undecunque malum hoc originem ducat, non tiltra quceram, ex his primordiis coepit vitiorum col- luvies, oinnis calamitas, omne mlseriarum agmen in Ecclesiam invehitur. Hinc tarn frcqucns slmonia, hinc ortce querela, fraudcs, imposturcB, ah hoc fonte se derivdrunt omncs nequitice. JYc quid obiter dicam de ambllionc, adulatione plusquam aulicd, ne trisii domicccnio laborent, de luxu, de feado nonnunquam vitcB exemph, quo nonnullos ojfendunt, de compotationc Sybaritica, Sac. hinc ille squalor academicus, iristes hac tempestate Camenae, quum quivis homunculus ariium ignarus, hie arlibus assurgat, hunc in modum promoveatur et ditescat, ambitiosis appellationibus insignis, et multis dignitutibus augustus vulgi oeulos perstringat, bene se habeat, et grandia gradicns majestatem quandam ac amplitudincm prcz se ferens, mlramque solliciludinetn, barba rcverendus, toga nitidus, purpura coruscus, supellectllis splendore, et famulorum numcro maxime conspicuus. Quales statuae {quod ait ^' ille) quae sacris in asdibus colunniis imponuntur, velut oneri cedentes videntur, ac si insudarent, quum revera sensu sint carentes, et nihil saxeam adjuvent firraitatem : atlantes videri volunt, quum sitit slatucB lapidccs, umbratiles revera homunciones, fungi, forsan et bardi, nihil a saxo difercntcs. Quum interem docti viri, et vitce sanctioris ornament is j^rcediti, qui cestum diei sustinent, his iniqua sorle serviant, minimo forsan salario content I, pur is nominibus nuncupati, humiles, obscuri, multoquc digniores licet, egentcs, inhonorati vitatn privam privatam agant, tcnuique sepulti sacerdotio, vel in collcgiis suis in cetcr- nuin incarcerati, inglorie dclitescant. Sed nolo diuiius hanc movcre sentinam, hinc illcz lachrynur-, lugubris musarum habitus, ^^hinc ipsa religio {quod cum Secellic dicam) in ludibrium et contemptum adducitur, abjectum sacerdotium (atque hccc uhi fiunt, aiisim dicere, et putidum ^^putidi diclerium de clero usurpare) putidum %ulgus_ inops, rude, sordidum, melancholicum, miserum, despicabile, contemnendum. ^"^ eoSat. Menip. 8iBu(Ia>usde Asse, lib. 5. ^Lib. de rep. Gallorutn. MCaiiipian. ^'i As for ourselves (for neither are we free from this fault) the same guilt, the same crime, may be objected against us : for it is throuL'h our fault, negligence, and avarice, that so many and such shameful corruptions oc- cur in tlie church (both the temple and the Deity are offer- ed for sale), that such sordidness is introduced, such im- piety committed, such wickedness, such a mad gulf of wretchedness and irregularity — these I sayarise from all our faults, hut more particularly from ours of the Univer- sity. We are the nursery in which those ills are bred with which the state is afflicted ; we voluntarily introduce them, and are deserving of every opprobrium and suf- furing, since we do not afterwards encounter them ac- cording to our strength. For what better can we ex- pect when so many poor, beggarly fellows, men of every order, are readily and without election, admitted to degrees? Who, if they can only commit to memory a few dfcfinitions and divisions, and pass the customary period in the study of logics, no matter with what etTect, whatever sort they prove to be, idiots, triflers, idlers, gamblers, sots, sensualists, " mere ciphers in the hook of life Like those who boldly woo'd Ulysses' wife ; IJorn to consume the fruits of earth: in truth, As vain and idle as Pheacia's youth ;" only let them have passed the stipulated period in the University, and professed themselves collegians: either for the sake of profit, or through the influence of their friends, they obtain a presentation; nay, sometimes even accompanied by brilliant eulogies upon their morals and acquirements; and when they are about to take leave, they are honoured with the most flattering literary testimonials in their favour, by those who un- doubtedly sustain a loss of reputation in granting them. For doctors and professors (as an author says) are anxious about one thing only, viz., that out of their various callinss they may promote their own advantage, ■' ....ri ri,,. piiiiii^ loss into their prlv:ito gains. l£Lc. rs wjsli this only, llml tli^-e u ho ther they are taught oruntauLht is of ,.j ...>^...v.... -uall be sleek, fat, pigeons, worth the plucking. The Philosoplvastic are admitted to a degree in Arts, because they have no acquaintance with them. And they are desired to be wise men, because they are endowed with no wisdom, and bring no qualificatioQ for a degree, except the wish to have it. The Theolo- gastic (only let them pay) thrice learned, are promoted to every academic honour. Hence it is that so many vile buifoons. so many idiots everywhere, placed in the twilight of letters, the mere ghosts of scholars, wan- derers in the market place, vagrants, barbels, mush- rooms, dolts, asses, a growling herd, with unwashed feet, break into the sacred precincts of theology, bring- ing nothing along with them but an impudent front, some vulgar trifles and foolish scholastic technicalities, unworthy of respect even at the crossing of the high- ways. This is the unworthy, vagrant, vohiptuous race, fitter for the hog sty (haram) than the altar (aram), that basely prostitute divine literature : these are they who till the pulpits, creep into the palaces of our nobility after all other prospects of existence fail them, owing to their imbecility of body and mind, and their being incapable of sustaining any other parts in the common- wealth ; to this sacred refuge they fly, undertaking tlie office of the ministry, not from sincerity, but as St. Paul says, huckstering the word of God. Let not any one suppose that it is here intended to detract from tliose many exemplary men of which the Church of England may boast, learned, eminent, and of spotless fame, for they are more numerous in that than in fliiy other church of Europe : nor from those most learned universities which constantly send forth men endued with every form of virtue. .-Vnd these seminaries would produce a still greater number of inestimable scholars hereafter if sordidness did not obscure the splendid light, corruption interrupt, and certain truckling har pies and beggars envy them their usefulness. Nor can any one be so blind as not to perceive this — anyso Sto- lid as not to understand it— any so perverse as not to acknowledge how sacred Theology has been contami- nated by those notorious idiots, arid the celestial Mu«e treated with profan-ftyi« Vr l fc tfi»Wi aj"'d'ss souls (says Luther; lor the sake of gain, like flies it a milkpail, crowd round the table|ka£^l^^£bility in tt.\pectation of a church lisiiAMliMl^^^^Btepur, and\luck into 202 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 MEMB. IV. Sl'bsect. I. — J\"'on-necessary, remote, outward, adventitious, or accidental causes : as first from the JVurse. Of those remote, outward, ambient, necessary causes, Ihave sufficiently discoursed ia the precedent member, the non-necessary follow ; of which, saith "^ Fuchsius, no art can be made, by reason of their uncertainty, casualty, and multitude ; so called '• not necessary" because according to ** Fernelius, '^ they jnay be avoided, and used without necessity." Many of these accidental causes, whicli I shall entreat of here, might have well been reduced to the former, because they cannot be avoided, but fatally happen to us, though accidentally, and unawares, at some time or otlier ; the rest are contingent and inevitable, and more properly inserted in this rank of causes. To reckon up all is a thing impossible ; of some tlierefore most remarkable of these contingent causes which produce melancholy, I will briedy Rpeak and in their order. From a child's nativity, the first ill accident tlmt can likely befall him in this kind is a bad nurse, by whose means alone he may be tainted with this ''^malady from his cradle, Aulus Gellius /. 12. c. 1. brings in Phavorinus, that elo(iuent j)hil()sopher, pnn'ing this at large, ^^»'that there is the same virtue and property in the milk as in tlie seed, and not in men alone, but in all other creatures ; he gives instance in a kid and lamb, if either of them suck of the other's milk, the lamb of the goat's, or the kid of the ewe's, the wool of the one will be hard, and the hair of the other soft." Girdldus Camhrcnsis Itinerar Cambria', I. I.e. 2. confirms this by a notable example which happened in his time. A sow-pig by chance sucked a brach, and when she was grown '*^'-' would miraculously hunt all manner of deer, and that as well, or rather better, than any ordinary hound." His conclusion is, '"''•that men andbeasta any piihlic hall or city ready to accepl of any employ- Diciit liial may otl'er. ••\ (liiiig uf wood and wires by others played." Ffillowing tlie paste a.-" the parrot, they xtulter out any- tiiiriL' in iiopes of reward: ohei-quious para«ite8, says I>iistiiiis, tt-ach. say, write, admire, approve, contrary I'l tlii-ir conviction. aii>lliin; you pleanc, not to ben>'tit the pt'ople hut to improve their own fortuues. They subscrilie to any opinion!' and decisions contrary to the word of Good abject; (and since this is so, I must spfak out and use a filthy wilticisin of the filthy; a fcelid crowd, poor, sordid, melancholy, miserable, despicable, contemptible. » Proem lib. 2. Nulla ars constitiii posef '••Lib. 1. c. Iruin causis. Quas decliiiare licet aut nulla necessitate utimur. ^ Uuo wmel est imbiiia recens servabit odorem Testa diu. Hit. "'Sicut valet ad fifig>-iidas corporis at^iue aiiinii similitudines vis et natura seminis, sic qiioque laclis proprielas. \e^ue id in hominihus solum, sed in p^'rinlibiiii ani- madversum. .Vain si oviiim lacte hredi aut raiirhrum aL'ni alereiitur. constat fieri in his lannni diiriorem. m illis capilluin gigiii sevrriorein. ''.Adulla in ferariiin pi-rseqiiiitione ad niirarulum iisqu" sa:.'rix ** rai* .'iiiMfi.il i;'i"iMi h>j t um iin V.r.,.. ,1. vMi^Miu^acls IHIiri tiir. iiaiiirain contrahii. Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] JVurse, a Cause. 203 participate of her nature and conditions by whose milk they are fed." Phavorinus urges It farther, and demonstrates it more evidently, that if a nurse be «' " misshapen unchaste, dishonest, impudent, ^-' cruel, or the like, the child that sucks upon her breast wdl be so too ;" all other affections of the mind and diseases are almost ingrafted, as it were, and imprinted into the temperature of the infant, by the nurse's milk ; as pox, leprosy, melancholy, &c. Cato for some such reason would mak^ his servants' chddren suck upon his wife's breast, because by that means they would love him and his the better, and in all likelihood agree with them. A more evi- dent example that the minds are altered by milk cannot be given, than that of Dion, which he relates of Caligula's cruelty; it could neither be imputed to father nor mother, but .to his cruel nurse alone, that anointed her paps with blood still when he sucked, which made him such a murderer, and to express her cruelty to a hair • and that of Tiberius, who was a common drunkard, because his nurse was such a one Ef. SI delirafuerit {'' one observes) infantulum dclirum faciei, if she be a fool or colt, the child she nurseth will take after her, or otherwise be misaffected ■ which Fi-anciscus Barbarus I 2. c. ult. dc re uxorid proves at full, and Ant. Guivarra, lib 2 d>: Marco Aureho : the child will surely participate. For bodily sickness there is • no doubt to be made. Titus, Vespasian's son, was therefore sickly, because the nurse was so, Lampridius. And if we may believe physicians, many times chddren catch the pox from a bad nurse, Botaldus cap. Gl.de he vener. Besides evil attend ance, negligence, and many gross inconveniences, which are incident to nurses, much danger may so come to the child. ^^For these causes Aristotle Polit. lib. 7. c. 17. Phavoiunus and Marcus Aurelius would not have a child put to nurse at all, but every mother to bring up her own, of what condition soever she be ; for a sound and able mother to put out her child to nurse, is naturce intcmperics, so ''^ Guatso calls it, 'tis fit therefore she should be nurse herself; the mother will be more careful, loving and attendant, than any servile woman, or such hired creatures ; this all the world acknowledgeth, convenientissimum est (as Rod. a Castro de nat. mulierum. lib. 4. c 12. m many words confesseth) jnatrem ipsam lactare infantcm, " It is most fit that tlie mother should suckle her own infant"— who denies that it should be so .?— and which some women most curiously observe; amongst the rest, "that queen of France, a Spaniard by birth, that was so precise and zealous in this behalf, that when 111 her absence a strange nurse had suckled her child, she was never quiet till she had made the infant vomit it up again. But she was too jealous. If it be so, as many times it is, they must be put forth, the mother be not fit or well able to be a nurse, I would then advise such mothers, as »« Plutarch doth in his book de liberis cdacundis, and ^^S. Ilierom, li. 2. episi. 27. Lcptca de institut. fil. Mamiinus part 2. Rr'g. sand. cap. 7. and the said Rodericus, that they make choice of a sound woman, of a good complexion, honest, free from bodily diseases, if it be possible, all pas- sions and perturbations of the mind, as sorrow, fear, grief, '«> folly, melancholy. For such passions corrupt the milk, and alter the temperature of the child, which now being ' Udum et molle hitum, " a moist and soft clay," is easily seasoned and per- verted.^ And if such a nurse may be found out, that will be diligent and careful withal, let Phavorinus and M. Aurelius plead how they can against it, I had rather accept of her in some cases than the mother herself, and which Bonacialus the phy- sycian, Nic. Biesius the politician, lib. 4. de repub. cap. 8. approves, '" Some nurses are much to be preferred to some mothers." For why may not the mother be naught, a peevish drunken flirt, a waspish choleric slut, a crazed piece, a fool (as many mothers are), unsound as soon as the nurse .? There is more choice of nurses than mothers ; and therefore except the mother be most virtuous, staid, a woman of excellent good parts, and of a sound complexion, 1 would have all children in such cases committed to discreet strangers. And 'tis the only way ; as by marriao-e they are ingrafted to other families to alter the breed, or "if anything be amiss°in the mother, as Ludovicus Mercatus contends, Tom 2. lib. de morb. hcBved. to prevent "Iniproba, inforniis impiidica.teraulenta nutrix, &c. 1 *^Uh. 3. de civ. convers. STSteohaniH ^To 2 i'n P . ' r r ,r = V ^^W'u\ ? H'/-^^"=Bq"e | « \utrix non s.t lasciva-aut te.nulonta. H,er. >oo Pro- ■.^ \ 1. r. '\' ^•'-cK'''- h'st. »°Ne ii.sitiv,. lactis iiiterdum matribus sunt meliores alimeuto d^geiicretcorpus, et animus corruuipatur. | ^^^^y||c^u[» 204 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. See. 2. diseases and future maladies, to correct and qualify the child's ill-disposed tempera- ture, which he had from his parents. This is an excellent remedy, if good choice be made of such a nurse. Sub SECT. II. — Education a Cause of Melancholy. Education, of these accidental causes of Melancholy, may justly challenge the next place, for if a man escape a bad nurse, he may be undone by evil bringing up. 'Jason Pratensis puts this of education for a principal cause; bad parents, stop-mo- thers, tutors, masters, teachers, too rigorous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents and such as have the tuition and oversight of children, oflend many times in that they are too stern, always threatening, chiding, brawling, wliipping, or striking; by moans of which their poor children are so disheartened and cowed, that they never after have any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in anything. There is a great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the making or marring of a child. Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears, and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherwise unruly : but they are much to blame in it, many times, saith Lavater, de spectris, part 1, cap. 5. ex m^fu in morbos graves incidunt et noctu dormientes clamant., for fear they fall into many diseases, and cry out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives : these things ought not at all, or to be sparingly done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, iinpatient, hair-brain schoolmasters, aridi 7twgistri, so * Fabius terms them, Ajaccs fagrUfrri.^ are in this kind as bad as hangmen and executioners, they make many children endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school, with bad diet, if they board in their htiuses, too much severity and ill-usage, they quite pervert their temperature of body and mind : still chiding, railing, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, that they arefracti animis, moped many times, weary of their lives, ^ nimia severilate drficiitnt et desperant, and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a grammar scholar. Praiceptomm im^pliis discruciantur ingenia purroritm,^sai\h Erasmus, they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. St. Austin, in the first book of his confess, et 4 ca. calls this schooling meliculosam necessitatem., and elsewhere a martyrdom, and confesseth of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for learning Greek, nulla verba noveram^ et sctvis tcrroribus et pcenis, ut nossem., insta- butur mihi vehcmenter., I know nothing, and with cruel terrors and punishment 1 was daily compelled. ' Beza complains in like case of a rigorous schoolmaster in Paris, that made him by his continual thunder and threats once in a mind to drown him- self, had he not met by the way with an uncle of his that vindicated him frcjm that misery for the time, by taking him to his house. Trincavellius, lib. I. crmsil. 16. had a patient nineteen years of age, extremely melancholy, ob nimium stndiuin, Tur- vitii et prcBceptoris minas, by reason of ovemnich study, and his " tutor's threats. Many masters are hard-hearted, and bitter to their servants, and by that means do so deject, with terrible speeches ami hard useige so crucify them, that tliey become des- perate, and can never be recalled. Others again, in that opposite extreme, do as great harm by their too much remiss- ness, they give them no bringing up, no calling to busy themselves about, or to live in, teach them no trade, or set them in any good course ; by means of which their servants, children, scholars, are carried away with that stream of drunkenness, idle- ness, gaming, and many such irregular courses, that in the end they rue it, curse their parents, and mischief themselves. Too much indulgence causeth the like, ^inepta patris lenitas et facilitas prava^ when as Milio-like, with loo much liberty and too great allowance, they feed their children's humours, let them revel, weiich, riot, swagger, and do what they will themselves, and then punish them with a noise of musicians ; 3 Lib. (Ic morbid capitis, cap. de mania ; Baud po$tre- ma causa siippiil;itiir »"lii'a!i'>. int'>r liri'^ rri<*iitiJ abalie- natioiiis caiisas. Injii.-.ia iiuv..ri,a. M piTil'Tciniis, (luiini iiil'aiitj:im .statnn ili-- 111 11.- :?uliiiuuii«ui<)niOr isra cducatio, quam linlui^. n- "'Voeamus, itetKOs uiuiies, «( mentis ct c frangit ; fit ex his consuetudo, inde natnra. is Perinde agit ac siquis de calceo sit sollicitiis, pedem nihil cnret. Juven. Nil patri minus est qiiam filius. i^Lib. 3. de sapient: qui avans pa>dagogis pueros alendos dant, vel clausosin ccenohiis jejunare simul et sapere, nihil aliud agunt, nisi ul siiit vel non sine stultitia eruditi, vel non Integra vita supientes. "Terror et metus maxime ex improviso accedentes ita ajiiinum commovent, ut spiritiis nunquain recuperent, gravioremque melancho- liam terror facit. quam quie ab interna causa fit. Im- pressio tarn fortis in spiritibus humoribusque cerebri, ut extracta tota sanguinea uiassa, «t his wits by the unexpected sight of a crocodile, Laurentius 7. de mclan. ^The massacre at Lyons, 1572, in the reign of Charles IX., was so terrible and fearful, that many ran mad, some died, great-bellied women were brought to bed before their time, generally all affrighted aghast. Many lose their wits ^* " by the sudden sight of some spectrum or devil, a thing wery common in all ages," saiih Lavater jirtr/ 1. cap. 9. as Orestes did at the sight of the Furies, which appeared to him in black (as ^^Pausanias records). The Greeks call themjno|j^o>.ij;tfM*' which so terrify their souls, or if they be but affrighted by some counterfeit devils in jest, s" " ut pueri trepidant, atque omnia cse^is In tencbris nietuunl" as children in the dark conceive hobgoblins, and are so afraid, they are the worse for it all their lives. Some by sudden fires, earthquakes, inunilations, or any such di^^mal objects : Themison the physician fell into a hydrophobia, by seeing one sick of that disease: (^Dioscorides I. 0. c. 33.) orby the sight of a monater, a carcase, they are disquieted many months following, and cannot endure the room where a corpse hath been, for a world would not be alone with a dead man, or lie in that bed many years after in which a man hath died. At ^ Basil many little children in the spring-time went to g-ather flowers in a meadow at tlie town's end, where a malefactor hung in gibbets ; all gazing at it, one by chance flung a stone, and made it stir, by w liich accident, the children affrighted ran away; one slower than the rest^ looking back, and seeing the stirred carcase wag toward.^ her, cried out it came after, and was so terribly atfi-ighted, that for many days she could not rest, eat, or sleep, she could not be pacified, but melancholy, died. *• In the same town another child, beyond the Rhine, saw a grave opened, and upon the sight of a carcase, was so troubled in mind that she could not be comforted, but a little after departed, and was buried by it. Platerus observat. I. I, a geiulewonian of the same city saw a fat hog cut up, when the entrails were opened, and a noisome savour oifended her nose, she much mis- liked, and would not longer abide : a physician in presence, told her, as tfiat hog, so was she, tiiU of filthy excrements, and aggravated tlie matter by some other loath- some instances, insomuch, this nice gentlewoman apprehended it so deeply, that she fell forthwith a-voraiting, was so mightily distempered in mind and body, that with all his art and persuasions, for some months after, be could not restore her to her- self again, she could not forget it, or remove the object out of her sight, Idem. Many cannot endure to see a wound opened, but they are offended : a man executed, or labour of any fearful disease, as possession, apoplexies, one bewitched; *or if they read by chance of some terrible thing, the symptoms alone of such a disease, or that which they dislike, they are instantly troubled in mind, aghast, ready to apjily it to themselves, they are as much disquieted as if they had seen it, or were so affected tliemselves. Hecatas sibi vidtntur somniare., they dream and continually think of it. As lamentable effects are caused by such terrible objects heard, read, or seen, auditiis maxhtios motus in corpore facit, as '"Plutarch holds, no sense makes greater alteration of body and mind : sudden speech sometimes, unexpected news, be they good or bad, prcevisa minius oralio^ will move as much, animum obrucn, it de sede su,) dejiccre^ as a *' philosopher obsen'es, will take away our sleep and appe- tite, disturb and quite overturn us. Let them bear witness that have heard those tragical alarms, outcries, hideous noises, which are many times suddenly heard in '"Lib. de fort, et virtnt. Alex, prsesertiin inenntc I rentes, &c. mn-gta et melancholicadoniuin ndiit |x r die* pericMlo, nhi res prope a^l^^nnt lerribilt-s. *< Fit a I aliquot ve.xata. dum rnorlua e^t. I'l.Tlcr. "^ Aitera vitiinne horrenda, revera apparente, vel (x-r in^uninia, trHiisRheiiana iiigrecua ccpuklirnni receiif ni«Tlum, I'latTus. 2' A painter's wife in Basil, liAU. Soru- I VKlit cadaver, el duiiiuiii suhito reverj^a piitiivit earn iiinvit filinin belln niDrtinnn, inde Melancliolica cmiiio- | vocare, poi^t paucos dies ubiil. pro.iinin s> pnli liro rol- lari nuliiit. ■-■:<,,,,,■ llt.ri- ii.i -' U '"•' ■ "-irs locata. Altera patii"'!"'" '•■'■' i>rn iira-ii-. iiM-(n>-tiai roiiimeiil. (i' ■!> i.i tial;; 'j. I ne iirhe exclusa illi mi'le iii-l.iiii Imhca \^7-i. ^ 't uMiiiiiii aliqiii .1- I firta. t>er rniilto&^i. rini.rn". -"iJiibi. uiitiir <" eip ■ . : ■ :. tilili eat. *> l,i:.^ '■■- ■ ■ ■ •■CaU«"**Bp™"' ' ■ ■ ^■■lUiit]'- JtJ^l aoLucr.c. ^JiugUMMMMgg^iii iir.li 1. ProdrODKli Ijb. 2. Autoril~ ' rniilto&^ii. Ulem. 4. Subs. 4.] Terrors and Affrights^ Scoffs, Sfc, Causes. 207 the (lead of the night by irruption of enemies and accidental fires, &lc., those "^ panic fears, which often drive men out of their wits, bereave them of sense, understanding and all, some for a time, some for their whole lives, they never recover it. The ^'Midianiles were so affrighted by Gideon's soldiers, they breaking but every one a pitcher ; and ^^ Hannibal's army by such a panic fear was discomfited at the walls of Rome. Augusta Livia hearing a few tragical verses recited out of Virgil, Tu Mar- cellus erls, (^c, fell down dead in a swoon. Edinus king of Denmark, by a sudden sound which he heard, ^^'' was turned into fury with all his men," Cranzius, /. 5, Dan. hist, et Alexander ah Alexandro I. 3. c. 5. Amatus Lusitanus had a patient, that by reason of bad tidings became epilepticus, cen.2. cura 90, Cardan subtil. 1. 18, saw one that lost his wits by mistaking of an echo. If one sense alone can cause such violent commotions of the mind, what may we think when hearuig, sight, and those other senses are all troubled at once .'' as by some earthquakes, thunder, light- ning, tempests, Stc. At Bologna in Italy, Anno 1504, there was such a fearful eartlt- quake about eleven o'clock in the night (as ^''Beroaldus in his book de terrce motu., hath commended to posterity) that all the city trembled, the people thought the world was at an end, actum de mortalibus., such a fearful noise, it made such a detestable smell, the inhabitajits were infinitely affrighted, and some ran mad. Audi rem afrocem, ct annalihus memorandam (mine author adds), hear a strange story, and worthy to be chronicled : I had a servant at the same time called Fulco Argelanus, a bold and proper man, so gi-ievously terrified with it, that he ^'' was first melancholy, after doted, at last mad, and made away hhnself. At ^ Fuscinura in Japona " there was sucli an earthquake, and darkness on a sudden, that many men were ofl"ended with headache, many overwhelmed with sorrow and melancholy. At Meacum whole streets and goodly palaces were overturned at the same time, and there was such a hideous noise withal, like thunder, and filthy smell, that their hair stared for fear, and their hearts quaked, men and beasts were incredibly terrified. In Sacai, another city, tlie same earthquake was so terrible unto them, that many were bereft of their senses ; and others by that horrible spectacle so much amazed, that they knew not what they did." Blasius a christian, the reporter of the news, was so affrighted for his part, that though it were two montiis after, he was scarce his own man, neither could he drive the remembrance of it out of his mind, ftlany times, some years following, they will tremble afresh at the "^ remembrance or conceit of such a terrible object, even all their lives long, if mention be made of it. Cornelius Agrippa relates out of Guliehnus Parisiensis, a story of one, that after a distasteful purge which a phy- sician had prescribed unto him, was so much moved, ''""'that at the very sight of physic he would be distempered," though he never so much as smelled to it, the box of physic long after would give him a purge; nay, the very remembrance of it did effect it; '""like travellers and seamen," saith Plutarch, "that when thev have been sanded, or dashed on a rock, for ever after fear not that mischance only, but all such dangers whatsoever." SuBSECT. IV. — Scoffs, Calumnies, hitter Jests, hoto they cause Melancholy. It is an old saying, ''""A blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow with a sword :" and many men are as much galled with a calumny, a scurrilous and bitter jest, a libel, a pasquil, satire, apologue, epigram, stage-play or the like, as with any misfortune whatsoever. Princes and potentates, that are otherwise happy, and have all at command, secure and free, quihus potent ia sceleris impiinitatcm fecit, are griev- ously vexed with these pasquilling libels, and satires: they fear a railing **Aretine. more than an enemy in ihe field, which made most princes of his time (as soi;ie relate) " allow him a liberal pension, that he should not tax them in his satires." '^ ^- Effuso cerneiis fugieiites agniine tiirmas, Qiiis nva nunc iiitlal corniia Fauriiis ait. Alciat. eiiihl. 122. S3 Jiipectaculo, &.C. 3aQ^|,|,,„ subit illius tristissinia noctis liii^^n. '"(iui sojo aspectu mediriiii movehatur ad pur^anduin. "Situt viatores si .ul >.i\iiHi impezerint. aut naut*. meiiiores sul casus n i i ! i niipdo qua; otfi-ndiint, sed et similia horrent pii |h tio ( t iirmtuit. *' Levi tor volant cravitcr vulneraiit. lieruar.io.^. <^Eusissau- pliM Ml n- cor mocrore et iriclancliolia oiiru<'rrtur. ! cial corpus, 11161116111 scrinp. «S*;iatis luui es.se qui Tantum freuiituui^diibat. ut touitru fragorebi luiitan 1 a neminefeiB.c»L8Ui!iien suum ad Pai^quilli staluam fuis^se lac<>ratiim, dccrevitqiie iil^f) 'tKiiari toties mordere lic«?re »ib« potent. "Ter. Eunuch. •• Hor. ser. lib. 3. Sal. 4. " Provided he can only excit« lauffhtf r, he spares nnt his beM frit-rid." »' l.ib. 2. "Deorat. ^ l>audando. >-t mira iis persuadendo, "El'Vana in?*-'" ■■ ••■■ r.'flibilia nr riii«ndK n. de IfL'ihi- 'ill e.xi 'as qiiEPdam .Mum trir.-iiir, &c. "I't VHreantiir. i|ui.i iiia!!iiatii et vi>rp« muiIi« c i i" ar aciitiua r»^ili- viiut>»'r '"dimi. <'PelulaiiU.p.^,. >.u^iiiii(i.y. ^i..,fial r- -*« 1...... ■. >u.,,.^.. • . ^loiW«a« pfW* lib. -J. i,.i (jiiOfU Mem. 4. Subs. 4.] Scoffs^ Calumnies^ hitter Jests, 4-c. 209 so g-uUed. But what cannot such scoffers do, especially if they find a soft creature on whom they may work ? nay, to say truth, who is so wise, or so discreet, that may not be humoured in this kind, especially if some excellent wits shall set upon him; he that mads others, if he were so humoured, would be as mad himself,"as much grieved and tormented ; he might cry with him in the comedy, Proh Jupiter, tu homo ?ne adigas ad insaniam. For all is in these things as they are taken ; if he be a silly soul, and do not perceive it, 'tis well, he may haply make others sport, and be no whit troubled himself; but if he be apprehensive of his folly, and take it to heart, then it torments him worse than any lash : a bitter jest, a slander, a calumny, pierceth deeper than any loss, danger, bodily pain, or injury whatsoever; leviler enim volat, (it flies swiftly) as Bernard of an arrow, sed graviter vulnerat, (but wounds deeply), especially if it shall proceed from a virulent tongue, " it cuts (saith David) like a two-edged sword. They shoot bitter words as arrows," Psal, Ixiv. 5. "And they smote with their tongues," Jer. xviii. 18, and that so hard, that they leave an mcurable wound behind them. Many men are undone by this means, moped, and so dejected, that. they are never to be recovered; and of all other men living, those which are actually melancholy, or inclined to it, are most sensible, (as being suspi- cious, choleric, apt to mistake) and impatient of an injury in that kind : they aggra- vate, and so meditate continually of it, that it is a perpetual corrosive, not to'' be removed, till time wear it out. Although they peradventure that so scoff, do it alone m mirth and merriment, and hold it optimum alienu frui insaiiid, an excellent thing to enjoy another man's madness ; yet they must know, that it is a mortal sin (as Thomas holds) and as the prophet =^ David denounceth, " they that use it, shall never dwell in God's tabernacle." Such scurrilous jests, flouts, and sarcasms, therefore, ought not at all to be used ; especially to our betters, to those that are in misery, or any way distressed : for to such, curumnarum mcrementa sunt, they multiply grief, and as '^ he perceived, In mul- tis pudor, in multis iracundia, c^-c, many are ashamed, many vexed, angered, and there IS no greater cause or furtherer of melancholy. Martin Cromeriis, in the Sixth book of his history, hath a pretty story to this purpose, of Uladislaus, the second king of Poland, and Peter Dunnius, earl of Shrine ; they had been hunting late, and were enforced to lodge in a poor cottage. When they went to bed, Uladislaus told the earl in jest, that his wife lay softer with the abbot of Shrine; he not able to contain, replied, Et tua cum Dabesso, and yours with Dabessus, a gallant young gentleman in the court, whom Christina the queen loved. Tetigit id dictum Princfpts animum, these words of his so galled the prince, that he was long after tristis et cogitahundusy very sad and melancholy for many months ; but they were the earl's utter undoing : for when Christina heard of it, she persecuted him to death. Sophia the empress, Justinian's wife, broke a bitter jest upon Narsetes the eunuch, a famous captain then disquieted for an overthrow which he lately had : that he was fitter for a distaff and to keep women company, than to wield a sword, or to be general of an army: but it cost her dear, for he so far distasted it, that he went forthwith to the adverse part, much troubled in his thoughts, caused the Lombards to rebel, and thence procured many miseries to the commonwealth. Tiberius the emperor withheld a legacy from the people of Rome, which his predecessor Augustus had lately given, and perceiv- ing a fellow round a dead corse in the ear, would needs know wherefore he did so ; the fellow replied, that he wished the departed soul to signify to Augustus, the com- mons of Rome were yet unpaid : for this bitter jest the emperor caused him forth- with to be slain, and carry the news himself For this reason, all those that other- wise approve of jests in some cases, and facete companions, (as who doth not ?) let them laugh and be merry, rumpantur et ilia Codro, 'tis laudable and fit, those yet will by no means admit them in their companies, that are any way inclined to this malady: non jocandum cum iis qui miscri sunt, et cerumnosi, no jesting with a discon- tented person. 'Tis Castillo's caveat, ^ Jo. Pontanus, and *'Galateus, and every ffood man's. ' -^ ^ " Plajr with me, but hurt me not : Jest with me, but shame me not." 210 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Comitas is a virtue between rusticity and scurrility, two extremes, as afTability is between flattery and contention, it must not exceed ; but be still accompanied with that ^^d^Xtt^fta or innocency, quce nc/nini nocet, omnem injurice ohlutioncm abhorrenSy nurts no man, abhors all offer of injury. Though a man be liable to sucli a jest or obloquy, have been overseen, or committed a foul fact, yet it is no good manners or humanity, to upbraid, to hit him in the teeth with his offence, or to scoff at .such a one; tis an old axiom, turpis in reum omnis exprohrutio.''^ 1 speak not of such a.s generally tax vice, Barclay, Geutilis, Erasmus, Agrippa, Fishcartus, kc, the Varron- ists and Lucians of our time, satirists, epigrammists, comedians, apologists, Stc, but such as personate, rail, scoff, calumniate, perstringe by name, or in presence oHend ; •*" Ludit qui =tnll(la procacitate Nun est Sestius ille sed cabullus:" 1'is horse-play this, and those jests (as he "saith) "are no better than injuries," biting jests, mordcntes et aeuleati^ they are poisoned jests, leave a sting behind them, and ought not to be used. ••"Set not thy foot to make thehlind to fall; Nor wilfully ortend ttiy woaki-r limtlier: Nor wound the deail with thy loiii;ii.'"s Ititter gall, Neither rejoire thou in the fall of other." If these rules could be kept, we should have much more ease and quietness than we have, less melancholy; whereas on the contrary, we study to misuse each other, how to sting and sfall, like two fighting boors, bending all our force ant! wit, friends, for- tune, to crucify " one anotlier's souls ; by means of which, there is little content apd charity, much virulency, hatred, malice, and disquietness among us. SuBSECT. V. — Loss of Liberty^ Servitude, Imprisonment, how they cause Melancholy. To this catalogue of causes, I may well annex loss of liberty, servitude, or impri- sonment, which to some persons is as great a torture as any of the rest. Tiioiigli they have all things convenient, sumptuous houses to their use, fair walks and gardens, delicious bowers, galleries, good fare and diet, and all things correspondent, yet they are not content, because they are confined, may not come and go at their pU^asure, have and do what they wUl, but live ** aliena quadra, at another man's table and ■cammand. As it is **in meats so it is in all other things, places, societies, sports; let them be never so pleasant, commodious, wht)lesome, so good ; yet omnium rcrum est satietas, there is a loathing satiety of all things. The children of I.srael were tired with manna, it is irksome to them so to live, as to a bird in his cage, or a dog in his kennel, they are weary of it. They are happy, it is true, and have all things, to another man's judgment, that heart can wish, or that they themselves can desire, bona si sua nurint: yet they loathe it, and are tired with the present: Est natura hominum novitatis avida; men's nature is still desirous of news, variety, delights; and our wandering allectioiis are so irregular in this kind, that tliey must change, though it must be to the worst. Bachelors must be married, and married men would be bachelors; they do not love their own wives, though otherwise fair, wise, vir- tuous, and well qualified, because they are theirs ; our present estate is still the ■worst, we cannot endure one course of life long, et quod modo vovcrat, odif, one calling long, esse in honor e juv at, mox displicet ; one place long, ™ Roma; Tibur amo, ventosus Tybure Romatn, that which we earnestly sought, we now contemn. Hoc quosdam ogit ad mor/em, (saith '' Seneca) quud proposita sape mutando in eadem revolvuntur, et non relinquunt novitati locum : Fastidio capit esse vita, et ipsus mun- • dus,et subit illud rapidissimarum deliciarum.,Qtiousque eadetii ? this alone kills many a man, that they are tied to the same still, as a horse in a mill, a dug in a wheel, they run round, without alteration or news, their life groweth odious, the world loathsome, and that which crosseth their furious dcligiits, what .' still the same.' Marcus Aurelius and Solomon, tliat had experience of all worldly deligiits and plea- sure, confessed as much of themselves ; what they most desired, was tedious at last, and that their lust could never be satisfied, all was vanity and aHliction of mind. "• reproach uttered pirileil." iiriiii nnn iC III his Quadraint 37. •' Kgo hiiju!< niift-ra fatuitale pi de- nieiiiia conflictor. Tijll. ad Atlic li. II »" Viwriiin e«t aliena viVer>' quadra. Juv . «» L'ramt)* tii< ci.ct*. Vittt nigjudcirfrfori. • *" U*M^^^m4J^''Vul nr;i;nr. Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want, Ceruses 211 Now if it be death itself, another hell, to be glutted with one kind of sport, dieted with one dish, tied to one place ; though they have all things otherwise as they can desire, and are m heaven to another man's opinion, what misery and discontent shall they have, that live in slavery, or in prison itself? Quod tristius morte, in servitute viveiidum, as Hennolaus told Alexander in '^Curtius, worse than death is bondage : ''hoc animo scito omnes fortes, ut mortem servituti anteponant, All brave men at arms (Tully holds) are so affected. '''^ Equidem ego is sum, qui servitutem extremum om- nium malorum esse arbitror : I am he (saith Boterus) that account servitude the extremity of misery. And what calamity do they endure, that live with those hard taskmasters, in gold mines (like those 30,000 '^Indian slaves»at Potosi, in Peru), tin- mines, lead-mines, stone-quarries, coal-pits, like so many mouldwarps under ground, condemned to the galleys, to perpetual drudgery, hunger, thirst, and stripes, without all hope of delivery i How are those women in Turkey affected, that most part oi the year come not abroad; those Italian and Spanish dames, that are mewed up like hawks, and locked up by their jealous husbands ? how tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together.^ as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the '^pole itself, where they have six months' perpetual night. Nay, what misery and discon- tent d,o they endure, that are in prison } They want all those six non-natural things at once, good air, good diet, exercise, company, sleep, rest, ea-se, &c., that are bound in chains all day long, suffer hunger, and (as " Lucian describes it) " must abide that filthy stink, and rattling of chains, bowlings, pitiful outcries, that prisoners usually make ; these things are not only troublesome, but intolerable." They lie nastily among toads and frogs in a dark dungeon, in their own dung, in pain of body, in pain of soul, as Joseph did, Psal. cv. 18, "They hurt his feet in the stocks, tlie iron entered his soul." They live solitary, alone, sequestered from all company but heart- eating melancholy ; and for want of meat, must cat that bread of affliction, prey upon themselves. Well might "^Arculanus put long imprisonment for a cause, espe- cially to such as have lived jovially, in all sensuality and lust, upon a sudden are estranged and debarred from all manner of pleasures : as were Huniades, Edward, and Richard II., Valerian the Emperor, Bajazet the Turk. If it be irksome to miss our ordinary companions and repast for once a day, or an hour, what shall it be to lose them for ever .^ If it be so great a delight to live at liberty, and to enjoy that variety of objects the world affords ; what misery and discontent must it needs" bring to him, that shall now be cast headlong into that Spanish inquisition, to fall from heaven to hell, to be cubbed up upon a sudden, how shall he be perplexed, what shall become of him ? ™ Robert Duke of Normandy being imprisoned by his youngest brother Henry I., ab illo die inconsolabill doJore in carccre contabuif, saith Matthew Paris, from that day forward pined away with grief. ^° Jugurtha that gene- rous captain, " brought to Rome in triumph, and after imprisoned, through anguish of his soul, and melancholy, died." *' Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, the second man from King Stephen (he tliat built that famous castle of *^ Devizes in Wiltshire,) was so tortured in prison with hunger, and all those calamities accompanying such men, ^ lif vivere noluerit, mori nescierit, he would not live, and could not die, between fear of death, and torments of life. Francis King of France was taken prisoner by Charles V., ad mortem fere melancholicus, saith Guicciardini, melancholy almost to death, and that in an instant. But this is as clear as the sun, and needs no further illustration. SuBSECT. VI. — Poverty and Want, Causes of Melancholy. Poverty and w^ant are so violent oppugners, so unwelcome guests, so much ab- horred of all men, that I may not omit to speak of them apart. Poverty, although i'\i considered aright, to a wise, understanding, truly reofenerate, and contented man) u be donum Dei, a blessed estate, the way to heaven, as ^'' Chrysostom calls it, God's » Lib. 8. -aTulliUs Lepirio Fam. 10. 27. '* Bote rus I, 1. polit. cap. 4. '^L-iPt. descrip. America. "If there he any inliabit.ints. " In Taxari. Interdiu Quidein collum vinctiim est, et manus cnnstricta, noctii ™ William the Conqueror's eldest son. ^JSalust. Ro- mam triiimpho ductus tandemqiie in carceretnconjectas, animi dolore periit. ^i Camden in VViltsh. iniserum senem ita fame et calamitatibus incarcere fregit, inter vero tcifiim CMrims vincitiir. ad lin= niis('ria>' accidit cnr- 1 mortis metum, et vitae lormenta, &c, "^Vies bodie P'lri? fat' r. >t|;i4i»iub ejuiaiitium, souiai brevita*. ha'c raggneca. 8«Com. ad Hebraos. omaia plaiig molesta et intolerabilia. ""^ia 9 Rhs 212 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. gift, tlie mother of modesty, and much to be preferred before liches (as shall be shown in his ^ place), yet as it is esteemed in the world's censure, it is a most odious falling, vile and base, a severe torture, summum scelus., a most intolerable burden ; we ■^ shun it all, cane pejus et anguc (worse than a dog or a snake), we abhor the name of it, "*' Paupertas fugltur^ totoque arcessitiir orhe., as being the fountain of all other mise- ries, cares, woes, labours, and grievances whatsoever. To avoid which, we will take any pains, — extremos currit mercator ad Indos, we will leave no haven, no coast, no creek of the world unsearched, though it be to the hazard of our lives, we will dive to the bottom of the sea, to the bowels of the earth, ^^ five, six, seven, eight, nine hundred fathom deep, through all five zones, and both extremes of heat and cold : we will turn parasites and slaves, prostitute ourselves, swear and lie, damn our bodies and souls, forsake God, abjure religion, steal, rob, murder, rather than endure this insufferable yoke of poverty, which doth so tyrannise, crucify, and generally depress us. For look into the world, and you shall see men most part esteemed according to their means, and happy as they are rich: ^^Ubique ttinti qu'isquc quantum hahuit fiiit. If he be likely to thrive, and in the way of preferment, who but he ? In the vulgar opinion, if a man be wealthy, no matter how he gets it, of what parentage, hoAV qualified, how virtuously endowed, or villanously inclined ; let him be a bawd, a gripe, an usurer, a villain, a pagan, a barbarian, a wretch, ^"Lucian's tyrant, "on whom you may look with less security than on the sun ;" so that he be rich (and liberal withal) he shall be honoured, admired, adored, reverenced, and highly *' mag- nified. " The rich is had in reputation because of his goods," Eccl. x. 31. He shall be befriended : " for riches gather many friends," Prov. xix. 4, — multos numerahit flffucos, all ^ happiness el)bs and flows with his money. He shall be accounted a gracious lord, a Meca?nas, a benefactor, a wise, discreet, a proper, a valiant, a fortu- nate man, of a generous spirit, Pullus Jovis,et guUincp Jiinis aV>ce: a hopeful, a good man, a virtuous, honest man. Quundo ego le Junonium purrum^ el matris partum vert aureum., as ^'TuUy .said of Octavianus, while he was adopted Casar, and an heir ^ apparent of so great a monarchy, he was a golden child. All ^ honour, offices, applause, grand titles, and turgent e])itliets are put ypon him, omnes omnia bona dicere ; all men's eyes are upon him, God bless -his good worship, his honour; * every man speaks well of him, every man presents him, seeks and sues to him for his love, favour, and protection, to serve him, belong unto him, every man riseth to him, as to Thcniistocles in the Olympics, if he speak, as of Herod, Vox Dei, non hominis, the voice of God, not of man. All the grapes. Veneres, pleasures, elegances attend him, ^ golden fortune accompanies and lodgeth with him ; and as to those Roman emperors, is placed in his chamber. ■ "Secura navi^et aura. Fortunamque eiio ijemperet arbitrio;" he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure, jovial days, splendour and magnificence, sweet music, dainty fare, the good things, and fat of the land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows are at his command, all the world labours for him, thousands of artificers are his slaves to drudge for him, run, ride, and post for him : *® Divines (for Pythia Philippisal) lawyers, physicians, phi- losophers, scholars are his, wholly devote to his service. Every man seeks his "*" acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him, though he be an oaf, a ninny, a monster, a goosecap, uxorem ducat Danaen, ' when, and whom he will, Jninc optant generum Rex et Regina he is an excellent ^ match for my son, my daughter, my niece, &c. Quicquid calcaverit hie, Rosajiet, let him go whither he will, trumpets * Part. 2. Sect. 3. Memb. 3. Mauem ut difficilem aiorbuni piieris trailere fiirmidoniiis. Pint. ""Liican. 11. <** As in the silver mines at Friburgh in Ger- many. Fines Morison. WEiiripides. <*Toin. 4. di.ll. minore periculo Sniem quum hunc dcfixis oculis hopeful ; why ? he \» lieir apparent to the right wor- shipful, to the ri^ht honourable. &c. •*Onutiiroi, nuinmi : vobis hunc prsstat honureni. >"F^xinde sapere euni umne.s liiciniua, ac (juisque forlunam habet. Plaut. Pseud. <" Aurea forluna, principum ruhirulit licet intiieri. »'Oninis enim res, virtus, fania. decus, reponi sulita. Julius Capitolinus Vila .Antrxiini. •" Pe divina, liunianaque pulchris Divitiis parent. Mor. Ser. I tronius. "Theologi opulentis adharcnt. Juriaperili 1.2. Sat. 3. Clariia en* t""rli>< jnstii-- -■■ ■ nam pecuniosiB, literati nuninuisis, libcralrliU!) artifice*. rei. Et quicqui^ul -t. Ilur. « tl . .iiii, ><>'' .Multi ilium juvenes, niulta: petiere puclli^ ' " Mo regina necuuj^BMat. Money add^ -, ' isf. •"■^" hau^ ^TIIM Vtt wife. " ^ '• Duromodo «it dive* *c. 'leP^Sl. ad Atticum. "nj ter. )• n a na i; ly. v Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want, Causes. 213 gound, bells ring, &c., all happiness attends him, every man is willing to entertain him, he sups in ^Apollo wheresoever he comes ; what preparation is made for his * entertainment ? fish and fowl, spices and perfumes, all that sea and land affords What cookery, masking, mirth to exhilarate his person ; s" Da Trebio, pone ad Trebium, vis frater ab illis llibus ?" What dish wUl your good worship eat of .'' * " dulcia poma, I " Sweet applea, and whate'er thy fields afford, Et quoscunque feret cultus tibi fundus hnnores, Before thy Gods be serv'd, let serve thy Lord." Ante Larein, guste' venerabilior Lare dives." | What sport will }'our honour have } hawking, hunting, fishing, fowling, bulls, bears cards, dice, cocks, players, tumblers, fiddlers, jesters, Stc, they are at your good wor- ship's command. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terraces, galleries, cabinets, plea- sant walks, delightsome places, they are at hand: ''in aureis Idc^vlnum in argenteis, adahscenlulce ad 7iutum speciosce, wine, wenches, &.c. a Turkish paradise, a heaven upon eartli. Though he be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet if he be borne to fortunes (as I have said) ^jure hcereditario sapere jubetur, he must have honour and office in his course: ^ JVemo nisi dives honore dlgnus (Ambros. offic. 21.) none so worthy as hunself : he shall have it, atque esfo quicquid Servius aut Labeo. Getmoney enough and command '° kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, hands, and affections ; thou shalt have popes, patriarchs to be thy chaplains and parasites : thou shalt have (Tamerlane-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be thy laundresses, emperors thy footstools, build more towns and cities than great Alexander, Babel towers, pyramids and mausolean tombs, &c. command heaven and earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal, auro emitur diadema, argento caelum pan- ditiir, denarius philosopJnmi conduclt, nummus jus cogit, oholus literatum pjoscifj metallum sanitatem conciliate ms amicos conglutinat. " And therefore not without good cause, John de Medicis, that rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, calling Iris sons, Cosmo and Laurence, before him, amongst other sober sayings, repeated this, animo quieto digrcdior, quod vos sanos et divites post me rellnquam, " it doth me good to think yet, though I be dying, that I shall leave you, my chil- dren, sound and rich :" for wealth sways all. It is not with us, as amongst those Lacedemonian senators of Lycurgus in Plutarch, " He preferred that deserved best, was most virtuous and worthy of the place, '■^ not swiftness, or strength, or wealth, or friends carried it in those days :" but inter optimos opiimus., inter temperantes iera- perantissimus, the most temperate and best. We have no aristocracies but in con- templation, all oligarchies, wherein a few rich men domineer, do what they list, and are privileged by their greatness. "^ They may freely trespass, and do as they please, no man dare accuse them, no not so much as mutter against them, there is no notice taken of it, they may securely do it, live after their own laws, and for their money get pardons, indulgences, redeem their souls from purgatorj' and hell itself, clausum possidet area Jovem. Let them be epicures, or atheists, libertines, machia- velians, (as they often are) '^ '■'Et quamvis perjuris erit, sine gente, cruentus,'''' thev may go to heaven througli the eye of a needle, if they will themselves, thev may be canonised for saints, they shall be '^ honourably interred in mausolean tombs, com- mended by poets, registered in histories, have temples and statues erected to their names, — ■ — e manibus illis — jiasctntur violce. If he be bountiful in his life, and liberal at his death, he shall have one to swear, as he did by Claudius the Emperor in Tacitus, he saw his soul go to heaven, and be miserably lamented at his funeral. dinbubaiarum collegia, &;c. Trimalcionis topanta in Petronius recta, in caelum abiit, went right to heaven: a base quean, '^''thou wouldst have scorned once in thy misery to have a penny from her ;" and why r modio nummos metiit, she measured her money by the bushel. These prerogatives do not usually belong to rich men, ' Plut. in Lucullo, a rich chamber so called. < Panis i a man of letters; precious metal procures health; pane nielior. 5 Juv. Sat. 5. « fjor. Sat. 5. lib. 2. v\ealth attaches friends." "Non fuit apud mortales ' Boheniiis de Tiirci.^et Bredenbacb. * Enphormio. i ullum excellentius cerlamen, non inter celeres celerri- ' (iui p'.'cuniani habeiit, elati sunt animis, lofty spirits, 1 mo, non inter rftbu:;^? rnhiistissimo, &.C. '^Quicquici brave ineii at arms; all rich men are generous, courage- I II bet licet. n Hor. r^at. 5. lib. 2. '■'■Cum morltur ous, tc. 1" NummiLs ail pro me nuhat Cornnbia 1 dives concurruai iiihli<|iie elves: Pauperis ad funus vji Hill,:,. U-- A .ii;i-i..... .< r„,r,.i, .... I ,,-,.i, .,,,1.1 • ° E$t $angui.-< atque , *Plautu». »> Iasj. .^fer. ca. ult. I. I. edunt non •piritus pecunia iiiortalibus. >» Euripides. ••"'Xeno- ut bene vivaiit, serf ut furtiter lalH>rerit. lleinKiu*. pbon. Cyropid. I. 8. '-' lo leiiui rara est facuiidia ' " Munster de ru^tticiK Oerniania:. Co^iiniig. cap 'JT. lib. 1 panno. Juv. »Hor. "more worthle»s than r.-ji-cled j "Ter. Eunuch. "PaufM.r parus lactiii, queui raiu- wceos." ^ Ejcro r=t ofTendere, et indigere scelesluin culit couiniingant. =" Lib. I. ca> ull. '•IVo* esae. Sat. >!• I'laut. a ct. 4. ^Nullum oiuiics illi^i mrinsi.s diira (juibut siuie rihiT' \ . i.-si^B^S^^^^^^I^^at r^iiUi^MMfHUU^^^. _' IV-rrKnii. Hicro*. daily carr Mem. 4. Subs. 6.j Poverty and Want, Causes. 215 genus similia exercent, 8fc. like those people that dwell in the "^Alps, chimney- sweepers, jakes-farmers, dirt-daubers, vagrant rogues, they labour hard some, and yet cannot get clothes to put on, or bread to eat. For what can filthy poverty give else, but ^ beggary, fulsome nastiness, squalor, contempt, drudgery, labour, ugliness, hun- ger and thirst; pedicuIoru/Uj et pulicuin numerum? as ^' he well followed it in Aris- tophanes, fleas and lice, pro paUi.o vestem laceram, et pro puhinari lapidem bene magnum ad caput., rags for his raiment, and a stone for his pillow, pro cathedra, ruptce caput urnce, he sits in a broken pitcher, or on a block for a chair, et malucR ramos pro panibus comedit, he drinks water, and lives on wort leaves, pulse, like a hog, or scraps like a dog, ut nunc nobis vita afficitur, quis non pittabit insaniam esse, inf elicit atemquef as Chremilus concludes his speech, as we poor men live now-a- days, who will not take our life to be ""^ infelicity, misery, and madness ? If they be of little better condition than those base villains, hunger-starved beggars, wandering rogues, those ordinary slaves, and day-labouring drudges; yet they are commonly so preyed upon by **^ polling officers for breaking the laws, by their tyran- nising landlords, so flayed and fleeced by perpetual *"* exactions, that though they do drudge, fare hard, and starve their genius, they cannot live in "'^some countries ; but what they have is instantly taken from them, the very care they take to live, to be drudges, to maintain their poor families, their trouble and anxiety " takes away their sleep," Sirac. xxxi. 1, it makes them. weary of their lives: when they have taken all pains, done their utmost and honest endeavours, if they be cast behind by sick- ness, or overtaken with years, no man pities them, hard-hearted and merciless, uncha- ritable as they are, they leave them so distressed, to beg, steal, murmur, and "" rebel, or else starve. The feeling and fear of this misery compelled those old Romans, whom Menenius Agrippa pacified, to resist their governors : outlaws, and rebels in most places, to take up seditious arms, and in all ages hath caused uproars, murmur- ings, seditions, rebellions, thefts, murders, mutinies, jars and contentions in every commonwealth : grudging, repining, complaining, (hscontent in each private family, because they want means to live according to their callings, bring up their children, it breaks their hearts, they cannot do as they would. No greater misery than for a lord to have a knight's living, a gentleman a yeoman's, not to be able to live as his birth and place require. Poverty and want are generally corrosives to all kinds of men, especially to such as have been in good and flourishing estate, are suddenly distressed, *'' nobly born, hberally brought up, and by some disaster ami casualty miserably dejected. For the rest, as they have base fortunes, so have they base minds coi-re- spondent, like beetles, e stercore orti, e stercore viclus, in stercore delicium^ as they were obscurely born and bred, so they delight in obscenity; they are not thoroughly touched with it. Jlngustas animas angusto in pectore versant."^^ Yet, that which is no small cause of their torments, if once they come to be in distress, they are for- saken of their fellows, most part neglected, and left unto themselves; as poor *^ Terence in Rome was by Scipio, Laelius, and Furius, his great and noble friends. " Nil Piibliiis Scipio profuit, nil ei Lrelius. nil Furius, Tres per idem Icmpus qui agitabant nobiles facillinie, Hiiruni ille opera ne donium quidem habuit conductitiain."5o 'Tis generally so, Tempora si fuerint nubita, solus eris, he is left cold and comfortless, nullas ad a7nissas ibit amicus opes, all flee from him as from a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads. Prov. xix. 4. " Poverty separates them from their ^' neighbours." " " niiiii fortiina favct vultuin servatis amici, I " Whilst fortune favour'd, friends, you sniil'd on me. Cum cecidit, turpi vertitis era fuga." | But when she tied, a friend I could not see." Which is worse yet, if he be poor ^' every man contemns him, insults over him, oppresseth him, seoffs at, aggravates his misery. s^Ortelius in Helvetia. Qui habitant in Cffisia valle try, wondered how a few rich men could keep so many ut plurimuni latonii, in Oscelia valle cultrorum fabri poor men in subjection, that Ihey did not cut theii fumarii, in Viiietia sordidum genus hominum, quod throats." <" Augustas animas aniinoso in pectore repurgandis caminis victum parat. ^^ I write not ' versans. 4S" a narrow breast conceals a narrow this any ways to upbraid, or scoff at, or misuse poor soul." ^9 Donatus vit. ejus. so ■■ Puhiius Scipio, men, but rather to condole and pity iliem by express- L.-elius and Furius, three of the most distinguished ing, &c. <' Chremilus, act. 4. Plant. <- Pau- noblemen at that day in Rome, were of so little service pertas durum onus miseris mortalibus. ■'^ Vexat to him, that he could scarcely procure a lodging through Tpnsiira columbas. •"Deux ace non possunt, et Iheir patronase." ^i prov. xix. T. "Though he be c. -,.;.., J.,.. <,,i,,.r„ ,..,1.,,,,. i-...,,|j|,„5 p.;, rinttim quater instant, yet they will not. ".^Bj^jl^etroniiis. « Non an'clia'.'AlTica. l,ltu:uila, jest qui tloleat vicem, ut F^^^^Q^^n, juraiit rtaii> Jiiiliaiis I hominem i coun- 216 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 Sect. 2 ""Guiinp 'ffpit quassata domus subsidere, partes lu proclinatas omne recumbit onus." ' When once the totterinis; house begins to s^hrink, Tliither conies all the weight by an instinct." Nay they are odious to their own brethren, and dearest friends, Pro. xix. 7. " Hia brethren hate him if he be poor," ^omnesvicini odemnt, " his neighbours hate him," Pro. xiv. 20, ^omnes me noti ac ignotl desenmf^'diS he complained in the comedy, friends and strangers, all forsake me. Which is most grievous, poverty makes men ridiculous, JVil habet infelix paupertas diirius in se, quam quod ridlculos homines facit^ they must endure ^'jests, taunts, tiouts, blows of their betters, and take all ip good part to get a meal's meat: ^ mognum pauperies opprobrium^ jubcl. quidvis et facere et pati. He must turn parasite, jester, fool, cum desipicntibus dcsipcre ; saith *' Euripides, slave, villain, drudge to get a poor living, apply himself to each man's humours, to win and please, &c., and be buffeted when he hath all done, as Ulysses was by Melanthius ^°in Homer, be reviled, ballled, insulted over, i'or '^^ potent iorum stultitia perferend-a est, and may not so much as mutter against it. He must turn rogue and villain; for as the saying is, JS^ecessitas cogit ad turpia, poverty alone makes men thieves, rebels, murderers, traitors, assassins, '•'• because of poverty we have sinned," Ecclus xxvii. 1, swear and forswear, bear false witness, lie, dissemble, anything, as I say, to advantage themselves, and to relieve their necessities : ''^ Culpa scelerisque magistra est, when a man is driven to his shifts, what will he not do.-" B3" si miserum fortuna Sinonem Finjtit, vanuiii etiani menilaceniquc improba finget." he will betray his father, prince, and country, turn Turk, forsake religion, abjure God and all, nulla tarn horrenda proditin^ quam illi lucri causa (saith '''Leo Afer) perpetrare nolint. *^ Plato, therefore, calls poverty, "■thievish, sacrilegious, filthy, wicked, and mischievous:" and well he might. For it makes many an upright man otherwise, had he not been hi want, to take bribes, to be corrupt, to do against his conscience, to sell his tongue, heart, hand, Stc, to be churlish, hard, unmerciful, uncivil, to use indirect means to help his present estate. It makes princes to exact upon their subjects, great men tyrannise, landlords oppress, justice mercenary, lawyers Tultures, physicians harpies, friends importunate, tradesmen liars, honest men thieves, devout assassins, great pien to prostitute their wives, daughters, and themselves, middle sort to repine, commons to mutiny, all to grudge, murmur, and complain. A great temptation to all mischief, it compels some miserable wretches to counterfeit several diseases, to dismember, make themselves blind, lame, to have a more plausible cause to beg, and lose their limbs to recover their present wants. Jodocus Damho- derius, a lawyer of Bruges, praxi rerum criminal, c. 1 12. hath some notable examples of such counterfeit cranks, and every village almost will yield abundant testimonies amongst us ; we have dummerers, Abraham men, &C. And that which is the extent of misery, it enforceth them through anguish and wearisomeness of their lives, to make away themselves; they had rather be hanged, drowned, Slc, than to live with- out means. «" In mare esetiferum, ne te preinat aspera egestas, Desili, et a celsis corrue Cernc jugis." ' Much better 'tis to break thy nerk, Or drown thyself i" the sea. Than suffer irksome poverty ; Go make thyself away." A Sybarite of old, as I find it registered in "Athenajus, supping in Phiditiis in Sparta, and observing their hard fare, said it was no marvel if the Lacedaemonians were valiant men; '•'for his part, he would rather run upon a sword point (and so would any man in his wits,) than live with such base diet, or lead so wretched a life." ^In Japonia, 'tis a common thing to stifle their children if they be poor, or to make an abortion, which Aristotle commends. In that civil commonwealth of China, *®the mother strangles her child, if she be not able to bring it up, and had rallier lose, than sell it, or have it endure such misery as poor men do. Arnobius, lib. 7, adversus gentes, ™Lactantius, lib. 5. cap. 9. objects as much to those ancient Greeks and MOvid. in Trist. " Horat. sexer. Eunuchus, I "Theognis. ffi Dipnosophist lib. 12. .Millief> p^iliug act. 2. ^'Uuid qiioJ materiam prsbet causainque , monturuin (si qiiis sibi niente co^^'lu^el) (piaiii tarn jocandi : Si toca sordida ?it. J'lv. Pat 2 ^ Hor. " " '"' ' ' "' " ••In Phanii! • "Since c made hnn lib. ] . Mcrilc.' eoQdyss fgOH^Ii. vilis et terumnnsi victus coiiiinunioneni lialu-rc. "'Uas. per Vilela Jesuita epist. J;ii">ii. Ii''. <«.M,il. Riccujt ex|M'ilit in Siiias lib. I. r. t. ''Vris Kiniiaiii prr rrr.itd? &iia^am^t^^amlm^uumiiilijS.uuiir. i!lraii''U Mem. 4. Sub. 6.] Poverty and Want, Causes. 217 Romans, " they did expose their children to wild beasts, strangle, or knock out their brains against a stone, in such cases." If we may give credit to " Munster, amongst us Christians in Lithuania, they voluntarily mancipate and sell themselves, theii wives and children to rich men, to avoid hunger and beggary; '^^niany make away themselves in this extremity. Apicius the Roman, when he cast up his accounts, and found but 100,000 crowns left, murdered himself for fear he should be famished to death. P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, hath a memorable example of two brothers of Louvain that, being destitute of means, became both melancholy, and in a discontented humour massacred themselves. Another of a merchant, learned, wise otherwise and discreet, but out of a deep apprehension he had of a loss at seas, would not be persuaded but as "Ventidius in the poet, he should die a beggar. In a word, thus much I may conclude of poor men, that though they have good ''^ parts they cannot show or make use of them: "fl& inopid ad virtutem obsepta est via, 'tis hard for a poor man to '* rise, hand facile emergant, quorum virtutihus obstat res angusta domi.'''' " The wisdom of the poor is despised, and his words are not heard." Eccles. vi. 19. His works are rejected, contemned, for the baseness and obscurity of the author, though laudable and good in themselves, they will not likely take. " Nulla placere did, neque vivere carmina possunt, Q,u« scribuntur atqus potoribus." " No verses can please men or live long that are written by water-drinkers." Poor men cannot please, their actions, counsels, consultations, projects, are vilified in the world's esteem, amittunt consilium in re, which Gnatho long since observed. ™ Sapiens crepidas sibi nunquam nee soleas fecit, a wise man never cobbled shoes , as he said of old, but how doth he prove it .? I am sure we find it otherwise in our days, ''^pruinosis horrct ftcundia pannis. Homer himself must beg if he want means, and as by report sometimes he did ^''" go from door to door, and sing ballads, with a company of boys about him." This common misery of theirs must needs distract, make them discontent and melancholy, as ordinarily they are, wayward, peevish, like a weary traveller, for ^^ Fames et mora bilem in nares conciunt, still murmuring and repining : Ob inopiam morosi sunt, quibus est male, as Plutarch quotes out of Euripides, and that comical poet well seconds, 82 " Omnps quibus res sunt miniis secnnds, nescio qiiomodo Suspitiosi, ad contumeliam omnia accipiunt magis, Propter suam iaipotentiam se credunt negligi." " If they be in adversity, they are more suspicious and apt to mistake : they think themselves scorned by reason of their misery :" and therefore many generous spirits in such cases withdraw themselves from all company, as that comedian ^Terence is said to have done ; when he perceived himself to be forsaken and poor, he volun- tarily banished himself to Stymphalus, a base town in Arcadia, and there miserably died. ^ "ad summam inopiam redactus, Itaque e conspectu omnium abiit Gra-ciaj in terram ultimam." Neither is it without cause, for we see men commonly respected according to their means, (^an dives sit omnes qucerimt, nemo an bo7U(s) and vilified if they be in bad clothes. ^ Philophaemen the orator was set to cut wood, because he was so homely attired, ^'Terentius was placed at the lower end of Cecilius' table, because of his homely outside. ^*Dante, that famous Italian poet, by reason his clotlies were but mean, could not be admitted to sit down at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar friend because of his apparel, ^^ Hominem video pannis, annisque obsitu?n, hie ego ilium conlempsi prcB me. King Persius overcome sent a letter to ^''Paulus ^Emilius, the Roman general ; Persius P. Consuli. S. but he scorned him any answer, tacite exprohrans fortunam suam (saith mine author) upbraiding him with a present fortune. "Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of '"(Josmog.4. lib. cap. 22. vendunt liberosvictu carentes I poet. Polentiorum sdes ostratim adiens. aliquid arci- tanquain pecora interdum et seipsos; ut apud divites piebat. canens carmina sua. concomiiante eum puero- Baturentur cibis. " Vel tionoruin desperatione vel I rum choro. «' Plautus Ampl. «Ter.Act.4 Seen. malorum perpepsione fracti et fatigati, plures violentas | 3. Adelph. Hegio. ''S Donat. vita ejus. ^^" Reduced manus sib* inferuiit. "3 Hor. ." Ingenio pote- to the greatest necessity, he withdrew from the saze of ram =M|>»'ra<: volitarc per arrest tJt me plmm iivnr. sir ' fh>> public to the niost remote village in Greece"' - „ "" 'Ji-uaa-. - ! M Ua." ' «'Pliiiarch.^'»^a^ij»ji^ '"VitaTer V cnnnot easil> risi ■ ^ius ib. 3. c. il. de sale. fSTw,^: i inch. Act. . vertj at bOMJI^ -2. _^l,iv. dec. 9. I. ;r 111 218 Causes of Melancholy. [Fart. 1. Sec. 2. Exeter, exiled, run after his horse like a lackey, and would take no notice of him ; ^""tis the comaion fashion of the world. So that such men as are poor may justly be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery, and all may pray with ^^ Solomon, ''•Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor poverty; feed me with food convenient for me." SuBSECT. VII. — .yj heap of other Accidents causing Melancholy., Death of Friends^ Losses, Sfc. In this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intricate I find the passage, multce ambages, and new causes as so many by-paths ofl'er them- selves to be discussed : to search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter for Theseus: I will follow mine intended thread; and point only at some few of the chiefest. Death of Friends.] Amongst which, loss and death of friends may challenge a first place, multi tristantur, as *^Vives well observes, ^os< deUcias, convivia, dies feslos, many are melancholy after a feast, holiday, nierry meeting, or some pleasing sport, if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, or \v ant their ordinary companions, some at the departure of friends only whom they shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her calf, or a child takes on that goes to school after holidays. Ut me hvdrat tuns adventus, sic discessus afflixit, (which "^Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not so welcome to me, as thy departure was harsh. Montanus, consil. 132. makes men- tion of a country woman that parting with her friends and native place, became grievously melancholy for many years ; and Trallianu3 of another, so caused for the absence of her husband : which is an ordinary passion amongst our good wives, if their husband tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour, they take on presently with sighs and tears, he is either robbed, or, dead, some mis- chance or other is surely befallen him, they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in mind, till they see him again. If parting of friends, absence alone can work such violent effects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in this world to meet again .'' • This is so grievous a torment for the tune, that it takes away their appetite, desire of life, extinguisheth all delights, it causeth deep sighs and groans, tears, exclamations, (" O dulce ^erinen matrix, 6 sanguis ineuti, Ehen te|n;nt Mem. 4. Subs. 7. Other Accidents and Grievances. 219 So Stroza Filius, that elegant Italian poet, in his Epicedium, bewails his father's death, he could moderate his passions in other matters, (as he confesseth) but not in this, he yields wliolly to sorrow, "Nunc fatenr do terga malis, mens ilia fati.-cit, ludoniitus quondam vigor et constantia mentis." How doth "Quintilian complain for the loss of his son, to despair almost: Cardan lament liis only cliild in his book de libris propriis, and elsewhere in many of his tracts, ^ St. Ambrose his brother's death .'' an ego possum non cogitare de te, aut sine lachrymis cogitare ? O amari dies, o flehiles noctes, Sfc. " Can I ever cease to think of thee, and to think with sorrow ? O bitter days, O nights of sorrow," &c. Gre- gory Nazianzen, that noble Pulcheria ! O decorem, Sfc.Jlos reccns, pullulans, Sfc. Alexander, a man of most invincible courage, after Hephestion's death, as Curtius relates, triduum jaciiit ad moriendum obstinatus.) lay three days together upon the ground, obstinate, to die with him, and would neither eat, drink, nor sleep. The woman that communed with Esdras [lib. 2. cap. 10.) when her son fell down dead. "• fled into the field, and would not return into tlie city, but there resolved to remain, neither to eat nor drink, but mourn and fast until she died." "Rachael wept for her .children, and would not be comforted because they were not." Matt. ii. 18. So did Adrian the emperor bewail' his Antinous ; Hercules, Hylas ; Orpheus, Eurydice ; David, Absalom ; (O my dear son Absalom) Austin his mother Monica, Niobe her children, insomuch that the ^ poets feigned her to be turned into a stone, as being stupitied til rough the extremity of grief '^ jEgeas, signo lugubri jilii consternatus., in mare se prcccipitatem dedit, impatient of sorrow for his son's death, drowned himself Our late physicians are full of such examples. Montanus const/. 242. ^ had a patient troubled with this infirmity, by reason of her husband's death, many years together. Trincavellius, I. I.e. 14. hath such another, almost in despair, after his "mother's departure, ut seferme jjrcecipitatcm dartt ; and ready through distraction to make away himself: and in his Fifteenth counsel, tells a story of one fifty years of age, '' that grew desperate upon his mother's death ;" and cured by Fallopius, fell many years after into a relapse, by the sudden death of a daughter which he had, and could never after be recovered. The fury of this passion is so violent some- times, that it daunts whole kingdoms and cities. Vespasian''s death was pitifully lamented all over the Roman empire, totus orbis lugebat., saith Aurelius ^^ictor. Alexander commanded the battlements of houses to be pulled down, mules and horses to have their manes shorn off", and many common soldiers to be slain, to accompany his dear Hephestion's death ; which is now practised amongst tlie Tar- tars, when ^ a great Cham dieth, ten or twelve thousand must be slain, men and horses, all they meet ; and among those the ^ Pagan Indians, their wives and servants voluntarily die with them. Leo Decimus was so much bewailed in Rome after his departure, that as Jovius gives out, ^° commu7iis saliis, publica hilaritas, the common safety of all good fellowship, peace, mirth, and plenty died with him, tanquam eodem sepulchro cum Leone condita lugebantur: for it was a golden age whilst he lived, " but after his decease an iron season succeeded, barbara vis etfceda vaslitas., et dira malorum omnium incomriioda, wars, plagues, vastity, discontent. When Augustus Caesar died, saith Paterculus, orbis ruinam timuerajnus, we were all afraid, as if hea- ven had fallen upon our heads. '^ Budaeus records, how that, at Lewis the Twelfth his death, tarn subila mutatio, ut qui prius digilo cxlum atlingere videbantur, nunc hiimi dcfepenle serpere., sideratos esse diceres., they that were erst in heaven, upon a sudden, as if they had been planet-strucken, lay grovelling on the ground ] W"Concu?sis cecidere animis, s€u frondibus Liigens Sylva dolet lapsis" they looked like cropped trees. "At Nancy in Lorraine, when Claudia Valesia, Henry the Second French king's sister, and the duke's wife deceased, the temples for 2 Prafat. lib. 6. s Lib. de obitu Satyri fratris. ejus. "Lib. 4. vitas ejus, auream a;tatera condiderat « Ovid. Met. 5 Plut. vita ejus. « Nobilis matrona niKlanclinlica i>b mortem mariti. ' Ex niatri.^ obitu in desperirtionem iiicidit. « Maihias a Michou. Boter. An^'hillifiii. 9 Lo Vertoman. .M. Polus Venelus lib. ad humani generis salutem quum nos ^tatinl ab optimi principis exct-ssu, vere ferream palereniur, famem, pes- tern, &c. i2Lib. 5. de asse. is .\rapl). ' They be- c.inie fallen in feelings, as the great forest laments its 11- f.ill.ii liuvis." "OrfeliufTWimario: ob annum rum a cantu, tripudiis et s%Uationl|fe^otacivilaa Vita uoatiuere jut] 220 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. bee. 2 fortv days were all shut up, no prayers nor masses, but in that room where she was. The senators all seen in black, " and for a twelvemonth's space throughout the city, they were forbid to sing or dance.*' The swains forgol their sheep, nor near the brink Of running waters brought their henls lo drink; The thirsty cattle, of themselves, ahstaineU W" Non ulli pastos illis egre diebus Frigida (Uapliue) boves ad flumina, nulla nee aniuein Libavit qiiadrupes, nee graniinis attigit herbam." From water, and their grassy fare dibdain'd." How were we affected here in England for our Titus, delicicB humani generis, Prince Henry's immature death, as if all our dearest friends' lives had exhaled with his ? '^ Scanderbeg's death was not so much lamented in Epirus. In a word, as '■ he Saith of Edward the First at the news of Edward of Caernarvon his song's birth, immor- talifer gavisiis, he was immortally glad, may we say on the contrary of liiends' deaths, immortaliter gementes, we are diverse of us as so many turtles, eternally dejected with it. There is another sorrow, which arises from the loss of temporal goods and for- tunes, which equally alHicts, and may go hand in hand with the preceding ; loss of time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes, will much torment; but in my judgment, there is no torture like unto it, or that sooner pro- cureth this malady and mischief: 18" Ploratuf lachryniis amissa pecunia veris :" | " Lost money is bewailed with grief sincere." it wrings true tears from our eyes, many sighs, nUich ^orrow from our hearts, and often causes habitual melancholy itself, Guianerius trad. 15. 5. repeats this for an especial cause: "''Loss of friends, and loss of goods, make many men melanclioly, as I have often seen by continual meditation of such things." The same causes Arnoldus Villanovanus inculcates, Breviar. I. I.e. 18. ex rerum amissione, damno, amicorum morte, S^-c. Want alone will make a man mad, to be Sans argent will cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like ^ Irishmen in this behalf, who if they have a good scimitar, had nillier have a blow on their arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods : and the grief that cometh hence, continuelh long (saith *' Plater) " anjj out of many dis- positions, procureth an habit." ^'Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of 22 years of age, that so became melancholy, ah amissam pecuniam, for a sum of money which he had unhappily lost. Sckenkius hath such another story of one melancholy, because he overshot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary build- ing. " Roger that rich bishop of Salisbur)', emitus opibiis et castris a Rege Stepfiano^ spoiled of his goods by king Stephen, ri doloris absorptus., afqiic in amentiam versus^ indeccntia fecit., through grief ran mad, spoke and did he knew not wliat. Nothing so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind to make away them- selves. A poor fellow went to hang himself, (which Ausonius hath elejfanily expressed in a neat '"Epigram) but rinding by chance a pot of money, tlimg away the rope, and went merrily home, but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged himself with that rope which the other man had left, in a discontented humour. " At qui condiderat, poetguam non repent aurum, Aptavit collo, quein reperii laqueum." Such feral accidents can want and penury produce. Be it by suretyship, shipwreck, fire, spod and pillage of soldiers, or what loss soever, it boots not, it will work the like effect, the same desolation in provinces and cities, as well as private persons. The Romans were miserably dejected after the battle of Cannae, the men amazed for fear, the stupid women tore their hair and cried. The Hungarians, when their king Ladislaus and bravest soldiers were slain by the Turks, Luctus publicus, <^c. The Venetians when their forces were overcome by the French king Lewis, the French and Spanish kings, pope, emperor, all conspired against them, at Cambray, the French herald denounced open war in the senate : Lauredane Venetorum dux., ^-c, and they had lost Padua, Brixia, Verona, Forum Julii, their territories in the continent, and had now nothing left, but the city of Venice itself, et urbi quoque ipsi (sailh '"Bern- bus) timendum putarent, and the loss of that was likewise to be feared, tantus repcnte 1* Virt. '« S<-.- i;,irl. tills de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. I Hi«t. ^'Cap. 3. Melanrh.ilia i>emp>-r v i i. •..•.. lib. 13. hist. •'. >^ Jiurenalig. '".Mulli | ram pecuinB'. victuria-. r. | iij.ain. iin.ii qui rrs aniai ' '^SMi^Bl^tSlfi ^("eran- I quibus lonKn pua*wi«M*-ai H'I'-'i' Ai»l;iur^.». •ions' •Toa|i||dUl. 3(Jatap)o^Auri pun I. ■ M.t. 2. ^M^a^^^^Va. cap. CI. — ~-*^ Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 223 why do we spend so many years in their studies ? Much better to know nothino- at all, as those barbarous Indians are wholly ignorant, than as some of us, to be so sore vexed about unprofitable toys : stultus labor est ineptiarum, to build a house without pins, make a rope of sand, to what end ? cui bono ? He studies on, but as the boy told St. Austin, when I have laved the sea dry, thou shalt understand the mystery of the Trinity. He makes observations, keeps times and seasons ; and as *^Conradus the emperor would not touch his new bride, till an astrologer had told him a masculine hour, but with what success ? He travels into Europe, Africa, Asia, searcheth every creek, sea, city, mountain, gulf, to what end ? See one promontory (said Socrates of old), one mountain, one sea, one river, and see all. An alchemist spends his fortunes to find out the philosopher's stone forsooth, cure all diseases, make men long-lived, victorious, fortunate, invisible, and beggars himself, misled by those seducing impostors (which he shall never attain) to make gold ; an antiquary consumes his treasure and time to scrape up a company of old coins, statues, rules, edicts, manuscripts, &c., he must know what was done of old in Athens, Rome, what lodging, diet, houses they had, and have all the present news at first, though never so remote, before all others, what projects, counsels, consultations, &c., quid Juno in aurem insusurret Jovi, wiiat's now decreed in France, what in Italy : who was he, whence comes he, Avhich way, whither goes he, &.c. Aristotle must find out the motion of Euripus ; Pliny must needs see Vesuvius, but how sped they ? One loseth goods, another his life ; Pyrrhus will conquer Africa first, and then Asia : he will be a sole monarch, a second immortal, a third rich ; a fourth commands. *' Turbine magno spes solicitce in urbihus errant; we run, ride, take indefatigable pams, all up early, down late, striving to get that which we had better be without, (Ardelion's busy-bodies as we are) it were much fitter for us to be quiet, sit still, and take our ease. His sole study is for words, that they be Lepidce. lexeis com- postcR ut tesserulee ovmcs^ not a syllable misplaced, to set out a stramineous subject: as thine is about apparel, to follow the fashion, to be terse and polite, 'tis thy sole business : both with like profit. His only delight is building, he spends himself to get curious pictures, intricate models and plots, another is wholly ceremonious about titles, degrees, inscriptions : a third is over-solicitous about his diet, he must have such and such exquisite sauces, meat so dressed, so far-fetched, peregrini aeris volu- cres, so cooked, &c., something to provoke thirst, something anon to quench his thirst. Thus he redeems his appetite with extraordinary charge to his purse, is sel- dom pleased with any meal, whilst a trivial stomach useth all with delight and is never offended. Another must have roses in winter, alieni temporis flores^ snow- water in summer, fruits before they can be or are usually ripe, artificial gardens and fish-ponds on the tops of houses, all things opposite to the vulgar sort, intricate and rare, or else they are nothing worth. So busy, nice, curious wits, make that insup- portable in all vocations, trades, actions, employments, which to duller apprehensions is not offensive, earnestly seeking that which others so scornfully neo-lect. Thus through our foolish curiosity do we macerate ourselves, tire our souls, and run head- long, through our indiscretion, perverse will, and want of government, into many needless cares, and troubles, vain expenses, tedious journeys, painful hours ; and when ail is done, quorsum hcec? cui bono? to what end ? 46" Xescire velle qua; Masrister raaximus Bocere non vult, erudita inscitia est." Unfortunate marriage.] Amongst these passions and irksome accidents, unfortu- nate marriage may be ranked : a condition of life appointed by God himself in Para- dise, an honourable and happy estate, and as great a felicity as can befall a man in this world, ^^if the parties can agree as they ought, and live as ^Seneca lived with his Paulina ; but if they be unequally matched, or at discord, a greater misery cannot be expected, to have a scold, a slut, a harlot, a fool, a fury or a fiend, there can be no such plague. Eccles. xxvi. 14, " He that hath her is as if he held a scorpion, &c." xxvi. 25, " a wicked wife makes a sorry countenance, a heavy heart, and he had rather dwell with a lion than keep house with sucji a wife.". Her °' properties Jovianus i^Afnt, I'nrii, 5" >• ! . i n . -1= Jo~. Scaliger in M^ "A virtuous woman is th" rr . ■. , f ii r husb-iiid." '^■'" '^'i' I -■ :i ..i.-inclinalimi Imt luar know- Prov. .\]i. 4. •■ bul slu',' 'ic. iSc.:. i.- . . T. ejiist. ]Ui. IcJye vviiitii s b..} iid our reach, is j>eclanuc i^Mijraiice." | °^[|litioiiatur, candelabratur, &.c. 224 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Pontanus hath described at large, ^nt. dial. Tom. 2, under the name of Euphorbia. Or if they be not equal in years, tlie like mischief happens. Cecilius in JigcUius lib. 2. cap. 23, complains much of an old wife, dam ejus morli iiihio, egomet niortuus vivo inter vivos^ whilst I gape after her death, I live a dead man amongst the living, or if they dishke upon any occasion, ""Judge who that are unfortunately wed What 'tis to come into a loathed bed." The same inconvenience befals women. M" At vos 6 duri miseram lugete parentes, I .. p^^j hearted parents both lament my fate. Si ferro aui laqueo leva hac me essolvere Borte jj. ,f £ ^,„ ^; ^ (^ ^ ^' „ Sustineo:" I " ' "A young gentlewoman in Basil was married, saith Felix Plater, ohservat. Z. 1, to an ancient man against her will, whom she could not affect ; she was continually melan- choly, and pined away for grief; and though her husband did all he could possibly to give her content, in a discontented humour at length she hanged herself. Many other stories he relates in this kind. Thus men are plagued with women ; they again with men, when tliey are of divers humours and conditions ; he a spendtlirift, she sparing; one honest, the other dishonest, kc. Parents many times disquiet their cluldren, and tliey their parents. **'*A foolish son is an heaviness to his mother." Irijusta noverca : a stepmotlier often vexeth a whole family, is matter of repentance, exercise of patience, fuel of dissension, which made Cato's son e.\postulate with his father, why he should offer to marry his client Solinius' daughter, a young wench, Cttjus causa novercam induceret; what offence had he done, that he should marry again ? Unkind, unnatural friends, evil neighbours, bad servants, debts and debates, &c., 'twas Chilon's sentence, comes cfris alieni ct litis est miseria., misery and usury do commonly together; suretyship is the bane of many families, Sponde^ prastu noxa est : '•' he shall be sore vexed that is surety for a stranger," Prov. xi. 15, " and he that hateth suretyship is sure." Contention, brawling, lawsuits, falling out of neiglibours and friends. discordia dfmens ( Virg. jfjU. G,) are equal to tiie first, grieve many a man, and vex his soul, \ihil sane miserabdius eurum mrntibus^ (as ^Koter holds) " nolliing so miserable as such men, full of cares, griefs, anxieties, as if they were stabbed with a sharp sword, fear, suspicion, desperation, sorrow, are their ordinary companions.'"' Our Welshmen are noted by some of their " own writers, to con- sume one another in this kind ; but whosoever they are that use it, these are their common symptoms, especially if they be convict or overcome, **cast in a suit. Arius put out of a bishopric by Eustathius, turned heretic, and lived after discon- tented all his life. ''Every repulse is of like nature ; heu quanta de spe decidi ! Dis- grace, infamy, detraction, will almost effect as much, and that a long time after. Hipponax, a satirical poet, so viliiied and lashed two painters in his iambics, ut ambo laqueo se suffocarent., ^ Pliny saith, both hange Daniel in Rosamund. ^^chalinorus lib. 9. de rniiub. Ariel. ** Klegans virgo invita cuidam 6 nog- irnlitxie hupsit. &c. ** Prov. "Pe increm. iirlj. lili. :<. c. :i. tHTi<|iiaiii diro mucrone confossi, hia nulla requi' - i ■ u. ^'.Haiulredud LIuvd I Plater obaer aput.. I \.>>rahaii|uai Urlelium. M. Vaugbaa in Golden Fleece. Litibus et controversiis usque ad om- nium bonorum consuniptioneni contendunl. ** Spre- tcque injuria forme i^Uua-qiie repuUa gravii, '^i Lib. 3U. c. 5. "■ Nihil a'quu amoruui, quMn diu pcMiilere : quidam cquiore ammo fcrunt prcciii «a. Virg Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 225 her gossips, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter what) in public, and so much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudines qua;rere, omnes ab se oMcgare, ac tandem in gravissimam incidens melanchoUam, contabcscere, forsake all company, quite moped, and in a melancholy humour pine away. Others are as much tortured to see themselves rejected, contemned, scorned, disabled, defamed, detracted, undervalued, or "" left behind their fellows." Lucian brings in ^tamacles, a philo- sopher in his Lapith. convivio, much discontented that he' was not invited amongst the rest, expostulating the matter, in a long epistle, with Aristenetus their host. Praetextatus, a robed gentleman in Plutarch, would not sit down at a feast, because he might not sit highest, but went his ways all in a chafe. We see the common quarrel ings, that are ordinary with us, for "taking of the wall, precedency, and the like, which though toys in themselves, and things of no moment, yet they cause many distempers, much heart-burning amongst us. Nothing pierceth deeper than a contempt or disgrace, '^especially if they be generous spirits, scarce anything affects them more than to.be despised or vilified. Crato, consil. 16, 7. 2, exemplifies it, and common experience confirms it. Of the same nature is oppression, Ecclus. 77, "surely oppression makes a man mad," loss of liberty, which made Brutus venture his hfe, Cato kill himself, and ''^ Tully complain, Omnem hiJaritalcm in perpetmim amisi, mine heart's broken, I shall never look up, or be merry aganiy^^hcec jactura tntolerabilis, to some parties 'tis a most intolerable loss. Banishment a great miser\', as Tyrteus describes it in an epigram of his, ■• Nam tniserum est patria amissa, laribusque vagari I " A miserable thing 'tis so to wander, Mendicum, fit timida voce rogare cibns : | And like a begcar for to wliine at door Omnibus invisus, quocunque accesserit exul I Cnntemn'd of all the world, an exile is teeniper erit, semper spretus egensque jucet," &c. | Hated, rejected, needy still and poor." Polynices in his conference with Jocasta in ^^ Euripides, reckons up five miseries of a banished man, the least of which alone were enough to deject some pusillanimous creatures. Oftentimes a too great feeling of our own infirmities or imperfections of body or mind, will shrivel us up ; as if we be long sick : " O beata sanitas, te pr^sente, amsnum Ver fiorit gratiis, absque te nemo beatus:" O blessed health! "thou art above all gold and treasure," Ecclus. xxx. 15, the poor man's riches, the rich man's bliss, without thee there can be no happiness : or visited with some loathsome disease, offensive to others, or troublesome to ourselves; as a stinking breath, deformity of our limbs, crookedness, loss of an eye, leg, hand, pale- ness, leanness, redness, baldness, loss or want of hair. &.C., hie ub'i fluere ccFpit, diros ictus cordi infer t, saith ^'Synesius, he himself troubled not a little oh coma> defectum^ the loss of hair alone, strikes a cruel stroke to the heart. Acco, an old woman, seeing by chance her face in a true glass i^for she used false flattering glasses belike at other times, as most gentlewomen do,) animi dolore in insaniam delapsa est, (Cselius Rhodiginus /. 17, c. 2,) ran mad. ^^Brotheus, the son of Vulcan, because he was ridiculous for his imperfections, flung himself into the fire. Lais of Corinth, now grown old, gave up her glass to Venus, for she could not abide to look upon it. ^'^Qualis sum nolo, qualis cram nequeo. Generally to fair nice pieces, old age and foul linen are two most odious things, a torment of torments, thev may not abide the thought of it, * " '"" 6 deoriim I . .1 Quisquis ha;c audis, utinam inter errem , ^"^ "'"• ^""""^ eracious heavenly power, Niida leones ^' nous dire this naked corse devour. Antequam turpis macies decentes I ^'^ cheeks ere hollow wrinkles seize, Occupet malas, tenera;quesuccus Ere yet their rosy bloom decays : Defluat pra;d siiit, ' ciiras a'ts^nLcnrpii"! "iccant^aomnnm minuunt. ^ Ad nraque cenluin. Omnia cauaaruin pcrcurri-Te nomina p.issrra. "3(Ji-lius I. 17. cap. -2. '' Iia inente eiajji- tali siinl.ut in irirenii seconstitutos piitarenl, manque vadabuiulo teinpesiaie jactatos, proiinle naurragiuiii veriti, egeslis undique rebus vasa nmnia in viara 6 fene>tris, seu in tnare pr^cipitarunl : poslridie, Ac li .Aram vobis g-rvalipribus iliis crisemus. '• l.ib. de geaiinis. "Quie gestaise infelicem el iristem re. pluvia? ct taun-n iniulcnt flurnina. dnmus ejiciunt, tinienda ergo ruina iiiuHitu. dims, SI nun luagnitudiiiig. Mem. 5. Subs. 1.] Continent, inward Causes, 4'c- 227 MEMB. V. SuBSECT. I. — Continent, imoard^ antecedent, next ca , ,jrfid how the Body works on the Mind. As a purly hunter, I have hitherto beaten ab .i the circuit of the forest of this microcosm, and foHowed only those outward ai, cntitious causes. I will now break into the inner rooms, and rip up the antecedent immediate causes which are there to be found. For as the distraction of the mind, amongst other outward causes and perturbations, alters the temperature of the body, so the distraction and distemper of the body will cause a distemperature of tJie soul, and 'tis hard to decide which of these two do more harm to the other. Plato, Cyprian, and some others, as I have formerly said, lay the greatest fault upon the soul, excusing the body ; others again accusing the body, excuse the soul, as a principal agent. Their reasons are, because ^^^ the manners do follow the temperature of the body," as Galen proves in his book of that subject, Prospef' Calenius de Jltra hile, Jason Pratensis c. de Mania, Lcmnius I. 4. c. 10. and many others. And that which Gualter hath commented, horn. 1 0. in cjnst. Johannis, is most true, concupiscence and originals in, inclinations, and bad humours, are ^^ radical in every one of us, causing these perturbations, affec- tions, and several distempers, offering many times violence unto the soul. " Every man is tempted by his own concupiscence (James i. 14), the spirit is willing but the tiesh is weak, and rebelleth against the spirit," as our ''■■ apostle teachcth us : that methinks the soul hath the better plea against the body, which so forcibly inclines us, that we cannot resist, JYcc nos oiniti contra, nee tendere taciturn sujficimus. How the body being material, worketh upon the immaterial soul, by mediation of humours and spirits, which participate of botli, and ill-disposed organs, Cornelius Agrippa hath discoursed lib. 1. de occult. Philos. cap. 63, 64, 65. Levinus Lemnius lib. 1. de occult, nat. niir. cap. \2. et 16. et 21. institut. ad opt. vit. Perkins lib. 1. Cases of Cons. cap. 12. T. Bright c. 10, 11, 12. "in his treatise of melancholy," for as *" anger, fear, sorrow, obtrectation, emulation, &c. si mentis intimos recessus occupa- rint, saith ^^ Lemnius, corpori quoque infesta sunt, et illi teterrimos morhos inferunf, cause grievous diseases ia the body, so bodily diseases affect the soul by consent. Now the chiefest causes proceed from the *'' heart, humours, spirits : as they are purtr, or impurer, so is the mind, and equally suffers, as a lute out of tune, if one string or one organ be distempered, all the rest miscarry, ^' corpus onuslum hesfcrnis vitiis, animum quoque prcegravat una. The body is domicilium animoi, her house, abode, and stay; and as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter smell, accordino- to the matter it is made of; so doth our soul perform all her actions, better or worse, as her organs are disposed; or as wine savours of the cask wherein it is kept; the soul receives a tincture from the body, through which it works. We sec this in old men, children, Europeans ; Asians, hot and cold climes ; sanguine are merry, melan- choly sad, phlegmatic dull, by reason of abundance of those humours, and they cannot resist such passions wl^^ich are inflicted by them. For in this infirmity of Iiuman nature, as Melancthon declares, the understanding is so tied to. and captivated by his inferior senses, that Avithout their help he cannot exercise his functions, and the will being weakened, hath but a small power to restrain those outvvard parts, bvit sutlers herself to be overruled by them ; that ] must needs conclude with Lemnius, spiritus et humores maximum nocumcntum uhtimnf, spirits and humours do most harm in ''■* troubling the soul. How should a man choose but be choleric and angry, that hath his body so clogged with abundance of gross humours ? or melancholy, tliat is so inwardly disposed .? That thence comes then this malady, madness, apoplexies, lethargies, &.c. it may not be denied. Now this body of ours is most part distempered by some precedent diseases, which molest his inward organs and instruments, and so per consequens cause melan- s- Mores sequuntur tfimperaturam corporis. ^^Scin- 1 itidem morbi animam per consenpiim, a lese coiisortii tilliE latent in corporibus. -'C ,1 -,, fisgjcut ex afficiunt, et nuaiiqiiain ohj<'cta niultos motus turbtilen- animi affection i bus corpus I; , -ic ex corporis tos in honiiiie coiicittt. pracipua tniu.ii causa in corde vitiis.et ma|hMM#t>lerisipi<' criiLKUibua animiiin vide- | et hiinpHfeus spiritibusque consisut. &,c. se Hor • ^nTaTieSetafnTQalenus. ^Lib^||M^ s^ Corporis I ViJe anie.^^^J^umores pravi meutum obnubilani. 228 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. choly, according to tlie consent of tlie most approved physicians. '""This humour (as Avicenna /. 3. Fc7i. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. ArnoUlus breviar. 1. 1. c. 18. Jacchinus covimenl. in 9 Rhasis, c. 15. Montaltiis, c. 10. Nicholas Piso c. de Melan. dye. sup- oose) is beg-otten by the distemperavure of some inward part, innate, or h^ft after ome inflammation, or cl.^e included in the blood after an " ague, or some other ma- .ignant disease." This opinion of theirs concurs witli that of Galen, /. ;}. c. 6. de locis afect. Guianerius gives an instance in one so caused by a quartan ague, and Montainis consiJ.^2.'m a young man of twenty-eight years of age, so distempered after a quartan, which had molested him five years together; Ilildeshcim spied. 2. de Mania, relates of a Dutch baron, grievously tormented with melancholy after a long '^ague: Galen, I. de atra bile, c.4. puts the plague a cause. Botaldus in his book. de hie verier, c. 2. the French pox for a cause, others, phrensy, epilepsy, apoplexy, because those diseases do often degenerate into this. Of suppression of hemorrhHic humor vel a pariis intemperie generatur vel I gtomacho. hf-pati;. ab hypornndriiM, niyrache, vplfne, r-liii«{uilur post iiifl.-iniiiiationes, vel cras^ior in venin cum ibi reniarit-l humor inr-luncliolicuii. " Y.% wan- roiiclu.'o.«l lebreni n-ciji, aut aliuni niorbuni. Caliila inl'-m- ' "■Sequiliir melancholia aialnni intimixTieiri fri;;i»^nni penes iniiata. vel a febre contracta. ""Raro quiB i Pt Biccam ip»iui« cerebri. "Sa-pe fit ei calire Cffr- iliuturiio iiiorbo laborat. qui non 8it melaiicholicus, bro, aul corf>ore coiliijenle melaiirh'-liain. Puto. i* Vel .Mercuriali* de affect. ra(Mti3 lib. I. c. JO. ilc Melanc. per prcpnain nfferiiomni. vel per luiiM-iinum, cum ** \A noiiuiii lib. Rhasis ail Almaiijior. c. 10. Uiiivenia. vapores eilialant in rerehriim. .i' - ' .^b in temperie oinli*, cremeuti. '*' A^^ae, jecinore, utero, et aliis | ■• .ug , modo ralidioreg oritur. ^^I^^^HllHllll^^^^Hlgi^ curuc, in I Scoluii. Mem. 5. Subs. 3.] Causes of Head-Melancholy. 229 tpistle of his to Crato in Scoltzius, is of opinion, that hypochondriacal melancholy nidy proceed from a cold liver ; the question is there discussed. Most a"^'^ pC"'"^"--^"»t. T'od ha. partes v,,il,a-, iihris pra.cedeMs/„,ed..atirsl^ur; n'°eM.1ec 'Lie r,'Li 7 r.r '^'^ «»"!-''"'"■"' adurentes. omnia calefaciu.it. erpo ratum sit, &c. i3 Lib ] can in vasi' s^ ; nar .v., ?r , , ^ sa .suii.is putrediue i* a fatuitate inseparabiUs cerebri fiiL'iditas. is Ab diu rettMU "TiLl " • "' 1u.-.n,loqu« a spermate u.tcrno calore assatur. n i„tnmpVries innata exu v4rs, pe p 'tXtToncm viri'^^^ '" "'^l^''^'*"*"' '«•"«■ flava.n bilem ac sanguine,., ,n .m.|a.„h.,l,a,.. con- i-Er".; ,.Z. n , ad.istiu.ie,,,. " Magin.s. vertons. i« Si cerrbruin si. rali.ln.s, liet .sp.ritus ani- i,,i, .,■;,,,.,,. , , 'i '''••■'"< "■•'^■': 1-1 c:ilida et sicca , males calidiur, L-t ililinuin niaiiiacuin ; =, fn-Mdior fiei ■ ' . ' ■■'-•'y t -n .1. 4iiud jiiulti opinali i fatuita = . «uut, ..niur ei,.m a ca:oru celelifi assante sangumeni, I 230 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. morh. Hermel. lib. 2. cap. 6. de atra hile^ grants melancholy to be a disease of an intlametl brain, but cold notwithstanding of itself: calida per accidens., fr'i^kla per se, hot by accident only ; I am of Capivacciiis' mind for my part. Now tliis Innnour, according to Salvianus, is sometimes in the substance of the brain, sometimes con- tained in the membranes and tunicles that cover the brain, sometimes in the passages of the ventricles of the brain, or veins of those ventricles. It follows many times '^"phrensv, long diseases, agues, long abode in hot places, or under the sun, a blow on tlie head," as Rhasis informeth us : Piso adds solitariness, waking, intlammations of the head, proceeding most part '^° from much use of apices, hot wines, hot meats : all which Montanus reckons up consil. 22. for a melancholy Jew ; and Ileurnius repeats cap. 12. dc Mania : hot baths, garlic, onions, saith Guianerius, bad air, cor- rupt, much ^' waking, kc, retention of seed or abundance, stopping of luemorrogia, the miihifl" misatlecled; and accorchng to TrdUianus /. 1. 1(5. inunoderate cares, trou- bles, griefs, discontent, study, meditation, and, in a word, the abuse of all those six non-natural tilings. Hercules de Saxoiiia, cap. 16. lib. 1. will have it caused from a ■^cautery, or boil dried up, or an issue. Amatus I.usitaiius rc/i/. 2. r«r«. 67. gives instance in a fellow that had a hole in his arm, ^" after that was healed, ran mad, and when the wound was open, he was cured again." Triiuavellins consil. 13. lib. 1. hath an example of a melancholy man so caused by overmuch continuance in the .sun, frequent use of venery, and immoderate exercise : and in his cons. 41). lib. 3. from a ^* headpiece overheated, which caused head-melancholy. Prosper Caleiius brings in Cardinal Cssius for a pattern of such as are so melancholy by long study; but examples are infinite. Sl'Bsect. IV. — Causes of Hypochondriacal^ or Windy Melancholy. I.v repeating of these causes, I must crambem bis coclam apponcre, say that again whidi I have formerly said, in applying them to their proper 8j>ecies. IIyp(jchon- driacal or tlatuous melancholy, is tliat which the Arabians call myrachial, and is in my judgment the most grievous and freijuenl, though Bruel and I^urentius make it least dangerous, and not so hard to be known or cured. His cause*) are inward or outward. Inward from divers ports or organs, as midriff, spleen, stomach, liver, pylorus, womb, diaphragnia, meseraic veins, slopping of issues, itc. Montaltus cap. 15. out of Galen reciu-s, "^ •* heat and obstruction of those meseraic veins, as an immediate cause, by which means the passage of the cliilus to the lii'cr is detained, slopped or corrupted, and turned into rumbling and wind." Montanus, consil. 233, hath an evident demonstration, Trincavelius another, lib. 1, cap. 12, and Plater a third, observat. lib. 1, for a doctor of the law visited with this infirmity, from the said obstniction and heat of these meseraic veins, and bowels ; quoniam inter venlri- culum et jecur veme ejf e re escunlj the \eh\s are intlanied about the liver and stomach. Sometimes those other parts are together misafl'ected ; and concur to tlie production of this malady : a hot liver and cold stomach, or cold belly : look for instances in IloUerius, Victor Trincavelius, cojisil. 35, /. 3, Hildesheim Spicel. 2, /o/. 132, Sole- nander consil. 9, pro cive Lu^dunensi, Montanus con$il. 229, for the Earl of Mont- lort in Germany, 1549, and Frisimelica in the 233 consultation of the said Montanus. I. Caesar Clau(Hnus gives instance of a cold stomach and over-hot liver, almost in every consultation, con. 89, for a certain count; and con. 106, for a Poh^nian baron, by reason of heat the blood is inflamed, and gross vapours sent to the heart and brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them, c^ns. 89, **"the stomach being misatlected," which he calls the king of the belly, because if he be distempered, all the rest suffer with him, as being deprived of their nutriment, or fed with bad nourishment, by means of which come crudities, obstructions, wind, rumbling, griping, &c. Hercules de Saxonia, besides heat, will have the weakness of the liver and his obstruction a cause, fitcultalem debilem jecinoris, which he calls the mineral of melanchnly. Laurentius assigns this reason, because the liver over-hot draws the meat undigested >* Melancholia capilii accedit post phrenesim ant i tor. m A r«l*a nimis calefaeta. * Etiiriiur aanruta 'on(|am muram iub sole, aul (wrcus^ionfm in capt: ' - -. > — ...... ..........,_. cap. 13. lib. 1. *'Qui bihunl vma itxli-uln. -i >. .• aiiiia terribilia el iiilerrupls. « Virf veraalia, particulariiP, quaeiliiii inanire«ta, quadam in | ^n. «• .^oiduc esrque aculc rucialionea quar C'-rpore, quxdain in co»it.iliiine el aiiiiu>i, qufiiaw a ' cibum virul»'Uluin ciileiiluinque iiidnrein. el >i nil talr •lellis, qiiir.laiii ab huini>ribus, quie ul viniiin Ci.rpus iiieeitiiiia. lurbiilenta, r.orp eiiuin alii siidant, alii voiniinl. ^leiil, bib>inl, saltanl, alii rideul, treniiinl, doriniunt, tic. »T. Bright, cap. 30. ^ \i»re-u-it hie hiiiiier aliqiiando tupercalelaclii*. aliquamlu tiiip, ,|, i,,, eiravanlur, renti giC^B|^cnt..iiii pfactAiia li ihiiikii* .< .^mh*. aiyili* craretio, iiii3U« iicci fer&^^^^^^HMtic^^|B|Uu ai <>, ' excava Vedo, •<•'<■ iii-irvari iiossp. ^ WT. Urifiht. cap. 20 "'i' -I- I" ' uit--a*MMm»tg||i|l|||M|i|mjimtlln Tun 2 locis affect, tinior et mocsiitia, si diutius perseverent, "Stc. 66'j'ract. posthuMio de M>-lan. edit. Venetiis IG-.'O. per P,olzettaiii Bihliop .Mihi dilijentius banc rem consideranti, patft quu=daiii esse, qui nou laborant ma^rore et timoj' u3 2^4 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. understood, " fear and sorrow are no common symptoms to all melancholy ; upon moie serious consideration, I find some (saith he) that are not so at all. Some indeed are sad, -and not fearful ; some fearful and not sad ; some neither fearful nor sad ; some both." Four kinds he excepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, Nanto, Nicostrata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sybils, whom ^Aristotle confesseth to have been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him, Physiog. lib. 1, cap. 8, they were atrct bile perciti: da;moniacal persons, and such as speak strange languages, are of this rank : some poets, such as laugh always, and think themselves kings, cardinals, &.C., sanguuie they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. ^' Baptista Portia confines fear and sorrow to them that are cold ; but lovers, sybils, enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. So that I think I may truly conclude, they are not always sad and fearful, but usually so : and that ^ without a cause, timenl clc nan timendis^ (Gordonius,) qucpquc momcnli non sunt., "although not all alike (saith Alto- niarus), ^^ yet all likely fear, ^ some with an extraor(Unary and a miglity fear," Areteus. ^''^Many fear death, and yet in a contrary humour, make away themselves," Galen, lib. 3. de Joe. ajfcc. cap. 7. Some are afraid that lieaven Mill fall on their heads : some they are damned, or shall be. ""They are troubled with scruples of con- sciences, distrusting God's mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will have them, and make great lamentation," Jason Pratensis. Fear of devils, death, that they shall be so sick, of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every object, they shall die themselves forthwitli, or that some of their dear friends or near allies are certainly dead ; imminent danger, loss, disgrace still torment others, Stc. ; that they are all glass, and therefore will suffer no man to come near them : that they arc all cork, as light as feathers ; others as heavy as lead ; some arc afraid their heads will fall off their shoulders, that they have frogs in their bellies, &.c. '*•' Mon- Uiuus consil. 23, speaks of one '• that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he should swoon or die." A second *^" fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel with him, or kill him." A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should meet the devil, a thief, be sick ; fears all old women as witches, and every black dog or cat he sees he suspecteth to be a devil, every person comes near him is malifi- ciated, every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his ruin ; another dares not go over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lie in a chamber where cross beams are, for fear he be tempted to hang, drown, or precipitate himself If he be in a silent auditory, as at a sermon, he is afraid he shall speak aloud at unawares, some- thing indecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of being stilled for want of air, and still carries biscuit, aquavita;, or some strong waters about him, for fear of dcliquiums, or being sick ; or if he be in a throng, middle of a church, multitude, where he may not well get out, though he sit at ease, he is so misaffected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforeliand, but when it comes to be perl'onued, he dare not adventure, but fears an infinite number of dangers, disasters, &.c. Some are ^^" afraid to be burned, or that the Aground will sink under them, or *' swallow them quick, or that the king will call them in ques- tion for some tact they never did (^Rhasis cont.) and that they shall surely be exe- cuted." The terror of such a deatli troubles them, and they fear as much and are equally tormented in mind, *• " as they that have committed a murder, and are pensive without a cause, as if they were now presently to be put to death." Plater, cap. 3. Je mentis aJicnat. They are afraid of some loss, danger that they shall surely lose their lives, goods, and all they have, but why they kfiuw not. Trincavelius, consil. 13. lib. 1. had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being hanged, and could not be persuaded for three years together, but that he had killed a man. Plater, observat. lib. 1. hath two other examples of such as feared to be executed witliout a cause. If they come in a place where a robbery, theft, or e.ny t^ Pjob. lib. 3. " Physiog lib. 1. c. 8. Quibus multa fri^ida bilis atra, stnlidi ct tiniiJi, at qui calidi, inge- oiosi. amasii, ilivinosi, spiritu insti<;ali, &c. ^ Oiii- nes exerceiit metuset tristitia, el sine causa. ''•'Oin- tiinent licet non omnibus idem tinicndi mrHhis ricordic diffidentes, Oreo se detitinant fcBda lamriila- tione deplorantps. «> Non aM!>ug e^rcdi d'lmj ne deficeret. •*>fnl(j (]xmoiir-!i tinnMit. lalrniu-ii. iniii. dias, Aviccnna. '^Alii cornburi. alii de Rege, Rliaam. " Ne terra absorbeantur. Fonstns. •''■ Ne terra ^.ims Telrab. lib. 2. sect. c. U. *• Ingenli pavure doliis<-at. G^irdon. *" .\ "u tiuinre mnriix litni-ntui trepidant. " Multi mortem tin\^nt, el tamen sibi et niala eratia princ^yjy^^^Unl^se aliquid cuniiniiiia ip»ig mortem con-"i"'in' alii [ Ille charissimos, hie omnes homines citra discrimen 2. et alii. Trallianus 1. 1. cap. 16. "=Observat. 1. 1. timet. '2 Virgil. " Hie in lucem prodire timet, Quando iis nil nocet, nisi quod mulieribus melanchu tenehra?quequa;rit, contra, ille cali2inofafuf.'it. '^Clui- licis. "S— tinieo tanien metusque cai'«E nesciu> dam larvas. et inalos spiritus ab inimicis veneficius et causa est m<.tu.>. Ilemsius Austriaco. iiicantationibu^ib^u^^|>^^^l^iini)ucrate«, po- , 236 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 3 See. is niisaffected, they shall surely have this or that dis<:ase; still troubled in body, mind, or both, and through wind, corrupt fantasy, some accidental distemper, conti- nually molested. Yet for all this, as " Jacchinus notes, " in all other things they are wise, staid, discreet, and do nothing unbeseeming their dignity, person, or place, this foolish, ridiculous, and childish fear excepted ; which so much, so continually tor- tures and crucifies their souls, like a barking dog tliat always bawls, but sekhmi bites, this fear ever molesteth, and so long as melancholy lasteth, cannot be avoided." Sorrow is that other character, and inseparable companion, as individual as Saint Cosmus and Damian, fidus Achates., as all writers witness, a common symptom, a continual, and still without any evident cause, '* mccrent omnes, et si roges cos redder^ catisam., non possunt: grieving still, but why they cannot tell : Jlgelasti^ viastii cogi- tabimdi^ they look as if they had newly come forth of Trophonius' den. And though they laugh many times, and seem to be extraordinary merry (as they will by tits), yet extreme lumpish again in an instant, dull and heavy, sernel et simul, merry and sad, but most part sad : '^Si qua placcnl, abcunt; inimica tenacius hcerent: sorrow sticks by them still continually, gnawing as the vulture did ^Titius' bowels, and they cannot avoid it. No sooner are their eyes open, but after terrible and trouble- some dreams their heavy hearts begin to sigh: they are still fretting, cliafing, sighing, grieving, complaining, finding faults, repining, grudging, weeping, Heanlonlimnrume- Tioi, vexing themselves, *' disquieted in mind, with restless, unquiet thoughts, discon- tent, either for their own, other men"'s or public afliiirs, such as concern them not ; things past, present, or to come, the remembrance of some disgrace, loss, injury, abuses, &c. troubles them now being idle afresh, as if it were new done ; they are afflicted otherwise for some danger, loss, want, shame, misery, that will certainly come, as they suspect and mistrust. Lugubris Ate frowns upon them, insomuch that Areteus well calls it angorem animi, a vexation of the mind, a perpetual agony. They can hardly be pleased, or eased, though in other men's opinion most happy, go, tarry, run, ride, " post equitem sedct atra cura: they cannot avoid this icral plague, let them come in what company they will, ^hceret leteri lethalis arundo, as to a deer that is struck, whether he run, go, rest with the herd, or alone, this grief remains : irresolution, inconstancy, vanity of mind, their fear, torture, care, jealousy, suspicion, Stc, continues, and they cannot be relieved. So "he complained in the poet, "Domum revnrtor mcestiis, atque animo feri Perliirbalo. atque iiicerto pr» irgritijiline, Assido, accurniiil servi : buccos dt^trabuiit. Video alios festinare, lectos giornere, Conam apparare, pro se qui8t|tie ^cdiilo Facifbaiit, quo illaiii mihi leiiirent uiiscriain. " He came home sorrowful, and troubled in his mind, his servants did all they pos- sibly could to please him; one pulled otT his socks, another made ready his bed, a third his supper, all did their utmost endeavours to ease his grief, and exiiilarate his person, he was profoundly melancholy, he had lost his son, illud angcbat, that was his Cordolium, his pain, his agony which could not be removed." Tcedium vitiE.] Hence it proceeds many times, that they are weary of their lives, and feral thoughts to olfer violence to their own persons come into their minds, tcedium vitcc is a common symptom, tarda Jluunl, ingrataque tempora, they are soon tired with all things ; they will now tarry, now be gone ; now in bed they will rise, now up, then go to bed, now pleased, then again displeased ; now they like, by and by dislike all, weary of all, scquitur nunc vivendi., nunc moriendi cupido, saiih Aure- lianus, lib. 1. cap. 6, but most part ^^vitam damnant., discontent, disquieted, perplexed upon every light, or no occasion, object : often tempted, I say, to make away them- selves : ^ Viccre nolunt, mori nesciunt : they cannot die, they will not live : they complain, weep, lament, and think they lead a most miserable life, never was any man so bad, or so before, every poor man they see is most fortunate in respect of them, every beggar that comes to the door is happier than they are, they could be contented to change lives with them, especially if they be alone, idle, and parted from their ordinary company, molested, displeased, or provoked : grief, fear, agony, discontent, wearisomeness, laziness, suspicion, or some such passion forcibly seizeth ■"Cap. 15. in9. Rhasis, in multls vidi.pritter rationem I Eel. 1. •■oovid. Mot. 4. "> Inquips animut. semper aliquid timent, in cceteris tamen optiiiie se | "J Hor. 1. 3. Od. 1. "Dark care ridcj behind him." gerunt, neque aliquid praeler dignitatem coiuniittunt. |»3Virg. M Mene^m eautoiit. An 1. «r. ]. "•Alto "" AJlomarus cap 7. Areleua^risiej^^^^ "Mant. | marus. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Symptoms in the Mind. 23* on them. Tet by and by when they come in company again, which they like, or be pleased, siiani sententiam ntrsus damnant, et vita; solatia delectantur^ as Octavius Horatianus observes, lib. 2. cap. 5, they condemn their former mislike, and are well pleased to live. And so they continue, till with some fresh discontent they ie molested again, and then they are weary of their lives, weary of all, they will die, and show rather a necessity to live, than a desire. Claudius the emperor, as "Sueton describes him, had a spice of this disease, for when he was tormented with the pain of his stomach, he had a conceit to make away himself. Julius Cassar Claudinus, consil. 8 4. had a Polonian to his patient, so affected, that through **fear and sorrow, with which he was still disquieted, hated his own life, wished for death every moment, and to be freed of his misery. Mercurialis another, and another that was often minded to despatch himself, and so continued for many years. Suspicion., Jealousy.] Suspicion, and jealousy, are general symptoms: they are commonly distrustful, apt to mistake, and amplify, _/ac//e irascibiles, ^^ testy, pettish, peevish, and ready to snarl upon every '"' small occasion, cum amicissimis, and with- out a cause, datum vel non datum., it will be scandalum acceptum. If they speak in jest, he takes it in good earnest. If they be not saluted, invited, consulted with, called to counsel, &c., or that any respect, small compliment, or ceremony be omitted, they think themselves neglected, and contemned ; for a time that tortures them. If two talk together, discourse, whisper, jest, or tell a tale in general, he thinks pre- sently they mean him, applies all to himself, de se putat omnia did. Or if they talk with him, he is ready to misconstrue every word they speak, and interpret it to the worst ; he cannot endure any man to look steadily on him, speak to him almost, laugh, jest, or be familiar, or hem, or point, cough, or spit, or make a noise some- times, &c. ^' He thinks they laugh or point at him, or do it in disgrace of him, cir- cumvent him, contemn him ; every man looks at him, he is pale, red, sweats for fear and anger, lest somebody should observe hnn. He works upon it, and long after this false conceit of an abuse troubles him. Montanus consil. 22. gives instance in a melancholy Jew, that was Iracundior Mria, so waspish and suspicious, tarn facile iratus, that no man could tell how to carry himself in his company. Inconstancy.] Inconstant they are in all their actions, vertiginous, restless, unapt to resolve of any business, they will and will not, persuaded to and fro upon every small occasion, or word spoken : and yet if once they be resolved, obstinate, hard to be reconciled. If they abhor, dislike, or distaste, once settled, though to the better by odds, by no counsel, or persuasion, to be removed. Yet in most things wavering, irresolute, unable to deliberate, through fear, faciunt, et moxfacti pcenitent [Areteus) awari, et paulo post prodigi. Now prodigal, and then covetous, they do, and by-and- by repent them of that which they have done, so that both ways they are troubled, whether they do or do not, want or have, hit or miss, disquieted of all hands, soon weary, and still seeking change, restless, I say, fickle, fugitive, they may not abide to tarry in one place long. w Roms rus optans, absentem rusticus urbera Tollit ad astra" lo company long, or to persevere in any action or business. 93 "Et similis regiim pueris, pappare minutum Poscit, et iratus inammae lallare recusal," "ftsoons pleased, and anon displeased, as a man that's bitten with fleas, or that can not sleep turns to and fro in his bed, their restless minds are tossed and vary, they nave no patience to read out a book, to play out a game or two, walk a mile, sit an hour, &.c., erected and dejected in an instant; animated to undertake, and upon a word spoken again discouraged. Passionate.] Extreme passionate, Quicquid volunt valde volunt ; and what they desire, they do most furiously seek ; anxious ever, and very solicitous, distrustful, ""Cap. 31. ftuo stnmachi dolore correptum se, etiara de consciscenda morte cogitasse dixit, * Lucet et semper tristatur, solitudlnem anidt, mortem sihi preca- ■MT. vitam propriam ndio habet. 's Facile in iram 9" Ira sine causa, velocitas irs. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ?niim. Avi- *iSuspicio, diffidentia, symptomata. Crato Ep. Ju.io Alexandrine cons. 185 Scoltzii. »2 Hor. "At Rome, wishing for tile fields, in the country, extolling the city lo the skies." w pers. Sat. 3. "And like the chil- dren of nobility, require to eat papi, and, angry at the nurse, refuse her to sing lullaby." 238 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 3. and timorous, pnvious, malicious, profuse one while, sparing another, but most part covetous, muttering, repining, discontent, and still complaining, grudging, peevish, injuriarum tcnaces, prone to revenge, soon troubled, and most violent in all their imaginations, not affiible in speech, or apt to vulgar compliment, but surly, dull, sail, austere; cogitabundi still, very intent, and as ^^Albertus Durer paints melancholy, like a sad woman leaning on her ann with fixed looks, neglected habit, &.C., held tlierelbre by some proud, soft, sottish, or hall-mad, as the Abderites esteemed of Democritus: and yet of a deep reach, excellent apprehension, judicious, wise, and witty: for I am of that ^^ nobleman's mind, ".Melancholy advanceth men's conceits, more than any humour whatsoever," improves their meditations more than any strong drink or sack. They are of profound judgment in some things, although in others non rede judicant inquieti., saith Fracastorius, lib. 2. de Intell. And as Arculanus, c. 16. in 9. Rhasis, terms it. Judicium plerumque pen'crsum, corrupt i, cum judicant honesta inhonesta, ct amicitiam haheni pro inimicitia : they count honesty dishonesty, *riends as enemies, they will abuse their best friends, and dare not oflend their ene- mies. Cowards most part et ad iiiferendam injuriam timidissimi., saith Cardan, lib. 8. cap. 4. de rcrum varictate : loth to ollend, and if they chance to overshoot them- selves in word or deed : or any small business or circumstance be omitted, forgotten, they are miserably tormenteil, and frame a thousand dangers and inconveniences to themselves, ex musca elephantem., if once they conceit it : overjoyed with every good rumor, tale, or prosperous event, transported beyond themselves : with every small cross again, bad news, misconceived injury, loss, danger, alHictcd beyond measure, in great axony, perplexed, dejected, astonished, impatient, utterly undone : fearful, suspicious of all. Yet again, many of them desperate hairl)rains, rash, care- less, ill to be assassins, as being void of all fear and sorrow, according to '■* Hercules de Saxonid, " Most audacious, and such as dare walk alone in the night, through deserts and dangerous places, fearing none." Amorous.] '• They are prone to love," and ^easy to be taken; Propensi ad amorem et excandcsccnliam [MuntaUus cap. 21.^ quickly enamoured, and dote upon all, love one dearly, till they see another, and then dote on her, Et hanc, et hanc, et illam, et omncs, the present moves most, and the last commonly they love best. Yet some again Anterotes. cannot endure the sight of a woman, abhor the sex, as that same melancholy ^ duke of Muscovy, that was instantly sick, if he came but in sight of them ; and that ^Anchorite, that fell into a cold palsy, when a woman was brought bei'bre him. Humorous.] Humorous they are beyond all measure, sometimes profusely laughing, extraordinarily merry, and then again weeping without a cause, (which is familiar with many gentlewomen,) groaning, sighing, pensive, sad, almost distracted, mulla ahsurdajingunt, et a ratione uliena (^ saith '^Frambesarius), they feign many absurdi- ties, vain, void of reason : one supposeth himself to be a dog, cock, bear, horse, glass, butter, Stc. He is a giant, a dwarf, as strong as an hundred men, a lord, duke, prince, Sec. And if he be told he hath a stinking breath, a great nose, that he is sick, or inclined to such or such a disease, he believes it eftsoons, and peradventure by force of in>agination will work it out. Many of them are immovable, and fixed in their conceits, others vary upon every object, heard or seen. If they sec a stage- play, they run upon that a week after ; if they hear music, or see dancing, they have nought but bag-pipes in their brain : if they see a combat, they are all for arms. ' If abused, an abuse tix)ubles them long after ; if crossed, that cross, &.c. Restless in dieir thoughts and actions, continually meditating, Velut 'r. *Tracl. "lvas, ct loca periculosa, nt-iiiinem timcrit. "^ Facile amant. Alton). *Bofon et accensa agitat, ilium tristis et frigens occupat: lu una melancholia causa esMMuiMwiflbymprvitii pa- ' timidi. illi inverecundi, intrepidi, Sec. V 242 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. produced from the several degrees of heat and cold, which '' Hercules de *^axonia will liave wholly proceed from the distemperature of spirits alone, animal especially, and those immaterial, the next and immediate causes of melancholy, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, and from their agitation proceeds tliat diversity of symptoms, wiiicli he reckons up, in the ^-'thirteenth chap, of his Tract of Melancholy, and that larirely through every part. Otiiers will have them come from the diverse adustion of the four humours, which in this unnatural melancholy, hy corruption of blood, adust choler, or melancholy natural, ^^ " by excessive distemper of heat turned, in com- parison of the natural, into a sharp lye by force of ailustion, cause, according to the diversity of their matter, diverse and strange symptoms," which T. Bright reckons up in his following chapter. So doth ^ Arculanus, according to the four principal humours adust, and many others. For example, if it proceed from phlegm, (which is seldom and not so frequently as the rest) '^it stirs up dull symptoms, and a kind of stupidity, or impassionate hurt: they are sleepy, saith ''*' Savanarola, dull, slo\v, cold, blockish, ass-like, ^J.s/»/- nam ync/anc/ioliam., ^' .Melancthon calls it, '■'■ they are much given to weeping, and delight in waters, [)onds, pools, rivers, fishing, fowling, kc." i^Jlrnoldus hrcciar. I. cap. 18.) They are ^"^pale of colour, slothful, apt to sleep, heavy; ""much troubled with head-ache, continual meditation, and muttering to themselves; they dream of waters, '" that they are in danger of drowning, and fear such things, Rhasis. They are fatter tlian otliers that are melancholy, of a muddy complexion, apter to spit, ^' sleep, more troubled with rheum than the rest, and have their eyes still fixed on the ground. Such a patient had Hercules de Saxonia, a widow in Venice, that was fat and very sleepy still ; Christophorus a Vega another atlected in the same sort. If it be inveterate or violent, the symptoms are more evident, they plainly denote and are ridiculous to others, in all their gestures, actions, speeches ; imagining im- ])ossibilitics, as he in Christophorus ii Vega, that thought he was a tun of wine, ^^and that Siennois, tiiat resulveil within himself not to piss, for fear he should drown all the town. If it proceed from blood adust, or that there be a mixture of blood in it, '^'" such are commonly riuldy of complexion, and high-coloured," according to Salust Salvi- anus, and Hercules de Saxonia. And as Savanarola, Vittorius Faventinus Emper. iarther adds, ^' " the veins of their eyes be red, as well as their faces." They are much inclined to laughter, witty and merry, conceited in discourse, pleasant, if they be not far gone, much given to music, dancing, and to be in women's company. They meditate wholly on such things, and think. ■'^" they see or hear plays, dancing, •and such-like sports (free from all fear and sorrow, as '"'Hercules de Saxonia sup- posetli.) If they be more strongly possessed with this kind of melancholy, Arnol- dus adds, BrcLuar. lib. 1. cap. 18. Like him of Argos in the Poet, that sate lautrh- ing ^^ all day long, as if he had been at a theatre. Such another is mentioned liy "■^ Aristotle, living at Abydos, a town of Asia Minor, that would sit after the same fashion, as if he had*been upon a stage, and sometimes act himself; now clap his hands, and laiigh, as if he had been well pleased with the sight. VV' oltius relates of a country fellow cidled Brunsellius, subject to this humour, ^'*" that being by clumce at a sermon, saw a woman fall olF from a form half asleep, at which oiiject most <>f the company laughed, but he for his part was so much moved, that for three whole days after he (hd nothing but laugh, by which means he was nuicb weakened, and worse a long time following." Such a one was old Sophocles, and Democritus him- self had Itilare delirium., much in this vein. Lxiurentius cap. 3. de inclnn. thinks this kind of melancholy, which is a little adust with some mixture of blood, to be that which Aristotle meant, when he said melancholy men of all others are most witty, "Cap. 7. fit 8. Trar-r. de Mel. '^Sisna mtlancholiae i rentius. ■•'Ca. 6. ile mcl. Si d sanguine, vcnit ruh«iln ei iiitemporif et aL'italiono spirituiiin sine materia, oculoriim et faciei, pl'irirniis ri*ii«. <• Veiim ncnlnriiin '3T. Bright cap. 10. 'I'reat. Mel. '*(.'ap. Hi. in 9. | .^unt ruhriH, vide an pru'ceo«erit vini et nroiriatiiiii ii»ii*, Khasis. '-' Brit'ht, c. 10. *Prnct. niajnr. Som- I el frqnens halncuiii. Trallinn. liti. I. Hi. nn prr'-'cssi-rit nians, piser. friiiidiis. " De ariiina cap. de humor. I mora sub sole. *■ Riilit palienn si a •'atitiiiiiie. piiiat si a Plileemale semper in aqiiis fere sunt, et eirc.i tlnvios ' fc videre thoreaf. miisiiwiin and ire. Iinlni'. &r. •'Cap. pliirant innlliiiri. * I'lijra nascitiirex colore pallido 2. Tract, de Melan. ^'Mor. ep. lib. 2. quidani hand et alho. Her. di- Sa.Toii ~ "favanarola. wMnros ijrnobilia Areis. &c. <" l,ib. ile reh iiiir. «Cnin C:iii»-lliocaderet, liilie, el fliivio> .nmant lat-s. .Me.xand. c. 10 lib. 7. et oinin-n relimj^pu n tjtj erent, riilerent, tribu* pfnt •' Semper fere doriiiit somnolent a c. 10. I. 7. <*Lau- diebus, ^" Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptoms of the Stars, Humours, 8fc. 24S which causeth many times a divhie ravishment, and a kind of enfJiusiasmus, which stirreth them up to be excellent philosophers, poets, prophets, &c. 3Iercurialis, consil. 110. gives instance in a young man his patient, sanguine melancholy, ^•- of a great wit, and excellently learned." If it arise from choler adust, they are bold and impudent, and of a more hairbrair^ disposition, apt to quarrel, and think of such things, battles, combats, and their man- hood, furious; impatient in discourse, stiff, irrefragable and prodigious in their tenets; and if they be moved, most violent, outrageous, ^' ready to disgrace, provoke any, to kill themselves and others ; Arnoldus adds, stark mad by fits, '^'■' they sleep little, their urine is subtile and fiery. (Guianerius.) In their fits you shall hear tlieni speak all manner of languages, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, that never were taught or knew them before." Apponensis in com. in Pro. sec. 30. speaks of a mad woman that spake excellent good Latin : and Rhasis knew another, that could prophecy in her fit, and fortel things truly to come. ^''Guianerius had a patient could make Latin verses when the moon was combust, otherwise illiterate. Avicenna aiul some of his adherents will have these symptoms, when they happen, to proceed from the devil, and that they are rather demoniaci, possessed, than mad or melancholy, or both together, as Jason Pratensis thinks, Immiscent se mali genii, Sec. but most ascribe it to the humour, which opinion Montaltus cap. 21. stifilv maintains, con- futing Avicenna and the rest, referring it wholly to the quality and disposition of the humour and subject. Cardan de rerum var. lib. 8. cap. 10. holds these men of all others fit to be assassins, bold, hardy, fierce, and adventurous, to undertake anything by reason of their choler adust. ^*'-' This humour, saith he, prepares them to endure death itself, and all manner of torments with invincible courage, and 'tis a wonder to see with what alacrity they will undergo such tortures," ut supra naturam res videatur: he ascribes this generosity, fur\% or rather stupidity, to this adustion of choler and melancholy : but I take these rather to be mad or desperate, than pro- perly melancholy ; for commonly this humour so adust and hot, degenerates into madness. If it come from melancholy itself adust, those men, saith Avicenna, ^"are usually sad and solitary, and that continually, and in excess, more than ordinarily suspicious more fearful, and have long, sore, and most corrupt imaginations ;" cold and black, bashful, and so solitary, tliat as ^^Arnoldus writes, '• they v/ill endure no company. t!iey (h-eam of graves still, and dead men, and think themselves bewitched or dead :"' if it be extreme, they think they hear hideous noises, see and talk ^'"with black men, and converse familiarly with devils, and such strange chimeras and visions," (Gordo- nius) or that they are possessed b'y them, tliat somebody talks to them, or witiiin them. Tales mclancholici pier unique dccmoniaci, Montaltus consil. 26. ex Aviceniui. Valescus de Taranta had such a woman in cure, ^' " that thought she had to do with the devil :" and Gentilis Fulgosus quoist. 55. writes that he had a melanclioly friend, that ^^'■' had a black man in the likeness of a soldier" still following him wheresoever he was.. Laurentius cap. 7. hath many stories of such as have thought themselve.-? bewitched by their enemies ; and some that would eat no meat as being dead. *''-inn(i 1550 an advocate of Paris fell into such a .melancholy fit, that he believed verily he was dead, he could not be persuaded otherwise, or to eat or drink, till a kinsman oi his, a scholar of Bourges, did eat before him dressed like a corse. The stor\% saith Serres, was acted in a comedy before Charles the Ninth. Some think they are beasts, wolves, hogs, and cry like dogs, foxes, bray like asses, and low like kine. a.s King Praetus' daughter.s. ^' Hddesheim spicel. 2. de mania, hath an example of a Dutch baron so afiected, and Trincavelius lib. 1. consil. 11. another of a nobleman in his country, ^-" that thought he was certainly a beast, and would imitate most of iojiivenis et non viiljraris erutlitionis. ''iSi a; a melancholia adiista. tristes, de sepulchris somniaiit, chol.ra, ftiribiiiidi, inlr-rficinrit, se ct alios, piitaiil se timeiit lie fascineiitiir, putant se iiioriiios. aspici no- viilere pugiias. s^Urina subtilis et ipnea, partim luiit. s'yidf-ntur sibi videre monachos nigros et (lormiiiiit. 53Tract. 1.5. c. 4. 5* Ad h.Tc perpe- [ damonos, et suspenses et ninrtuos. ^-Quavis nocte tramla fiirnre rapti diicuiitur, criiciatLis qiiosvis tole- I se cum daeraoiie coire putavit. °3S<.rnper fere vidisst rant, et iiirvriorn. et furore exacerbato audent ct ad sup- ' militeni nigrum pra;sentein. «> Anthony di: Verdeur .)licia plus irritantiir, inirum est quantain habeant in "Quidam musitus bourn smulaniur, et pecora se pu tormentis pationtiain. ssT-gies plus r;rteris liment, : tant, ut Prceti filis. ^Uaro quidam mugitus bourn et continue tristantnr, valde suspiciosi, solitudinem di- \ et rucitus asinorum, et aliorum animalium vocet 'igunt, corruptissimashabcjit imayiuationes, &c. *«Si effingft. 244 Symploms of MelancJioJy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. ilieir voices,'" with many sucli symptoms, which may properly be reduced to tliis kiiul If it proceed from the several combinations of these four humours, or spirit?. Here, de Saxon, adds hot, cold, dry, moist, dark, confused, settled, constringed, as it participates of matter, or is without matter, the symptoms are likewise mixed. One thinks himself a giant, another a dwarf. One is heavy as lead, another is as light as a feather. Marcellus Donatus 7. 2. cap.4\. makes mention out of Seneca, of one Seneccio, a rich man, "" that thought himself and everything else he had, great: ffreat wife, great horses, could not abide little thing?, but would have great pots to drink in, great hose, and great shoes bigger than his feet." Like her in ''' Trallianus, that supposed she "could shake all the world with her finger," and was afraid to clinch her liand toorethcr, lest she should crush the world like an apple in pieces: or liini in Galen, that thought he was "Atlas, and sustained heaven with his shoulders. Anotlier thinks himself so little, that he can creep into a mouse-hole : one fears heaven will fall on his head : a second is a cock ; and such a one, ^^Guianerius saith he saw at Padua, that would clap his hands together and crow. ^^Another thinks lie is a nightiniiale, and therefore sings all the night long; another he is all glass, a pitcher, and will therefore let nobody come near him, and such a one ''' Laurentius gives out upon his credit, that he knew in France. Christophorus a Vega cap. 3. Jib. 14. Skenkius and Marcellus Donatus /. 2. cap. 1. have many such examples, and one amongst the rest of a baker in Ferrara that thought he was composed of butter, and durst not sit in the sun, or come near the fire for fear of being melted : of another that thought he was a case of leather, stuffed with wind. Some laugh, weep; some are mad, some dejected, moped, in much agony, some by fits, others contiiuiate, SiC. Some have a corrupt ear, they think they hear music, or some hideous noise as their phantasy conceives, corrupt eyes, some smelling, some one sense, some another. ^^ Lewis the Eleventh had a conceit everything did stink about him, all the odorife- rous perfumes they could get, would not ease him, but still he smelled a filthy stink. A melancholy French poet in ™ Laurentius. being sick of a fever, and troubled witli waking, by his physicians was appointed to use ungiicnliim j)opuhum to anoint iiis temples ; but he so distasted the smell of it, tliat for many years after, all that came near him he imagined to scent of it, and would let no man talk with him but aloof ofli or wear any new clothes, because he thought still they smelled of it ; in all other things wise and discreet, he would talk sensibly, save only in this. A gentleman in Limousin, saith Anthony Verdeur, was persuaded he had but one leg, aflVighted by a wild boar, that by chance struck him on the leg ; he could not be satified \\\i leg was sound (in all other things well) until two Franciscans by chance coming that way. fully removed him from the conceit. Sed aliunde fahularum audivimiis. — enough of story-telling. SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms from Education., Custom, continuance of Time, our Con- dition, mixed with other Diseases, by Fits, Inclination, 6fc. Another great occasion of the variety of these symptoms proceeds from custom, discipline, education, and several inclinations, ""this humour will imprint in melan- choly men the objects most answerable to their condition of life, and ordinary actions, and dispose men according to their several studies and callings." Jf an ambitious man become melancholy, he forthwith thinks he is a king, an emperor, a monarch, and walks alone, pleasing himself with a vain hope of some future pre- ferment, or present as he supposeth, and withal acts a lord's part, takes upon him to be some statesman or magnifico, makes conges, gives entertainment, looks big, kc Francisco Sansovino records of a melancholy man in Cremona, that would not be induced to believe but that he was pope, gave pardons, made cardinals. Sec. '-Chris- tophorus a Vega makes mention of another of his acquaintance, that thought he was a king, driven from his kingdom, and was very anxious to recover his estate. A ''-> Omnia magna putabat, uxoreni niagnam, granrles eqiids. abhorruil omnia parva, magna piiciila, et calcen- em-iita p»'()ihu3 majora. "Lib. 1. cap. 16. putavit «e lino ilinito po!>se totum muniliini cunterere. "' Sus- tinet hiiiicrid cceltun cum Atlante. Alii cceii ruinam timent. "Cap. 1. Tract. 15. alius ae gallum puint alius lusciniam. '^Trallianus. "('ap. 7. dc mel. >* .Anthony . 2. cap. 1. '^Genilms fle.xis loqui cum illo voluit, et adstare jam tiiin putavit, &c. "■: Gordon i us, quihl sit piopheta, et intlatns a spirilu sanctc). " Q,ui fn^,•ll^^illlls caiisis insudat, nil nisi arresta cogital, et supplices libi-lios, alius non msi ver- sus facit. P. Foreslus. >Gordonius. •^Verbo non exprimunr, ncc opere, sed alta meiite recuiidunt, v2 et sunt viri pruientissimi, quos egosa^pe nnvi. cum mult: suit sine tiinure, ut qui se reges el niortuns putant plura siijna quidani habent, pauciora, majora, minora. =<> I'rallianus, lib. i. 10. alii intervalla quaidam habenl, ut etiam consueta adminislrent.alii in cDiitinno delirio sunt, &.<:. <•' Prat. ma^j. Vere tantuin et autumno ^'-^ Lib. de liumeriliiis. toGuianerius. •■' Dt mentis alienat. cap. 3. 246 Symp(07ns of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. d if idlp, or alone, a la mort, or carried away wholly ^vith pleasant dreams anv. . 'wdn- tasies. but if once crossed and displeased, " Pectore coiifipict nil nisi triple suo;" | " He will imagine naiiijht save saiinc?? in his heart ;" his countenance is altered on a sudden, his heart heavy, irksome thoujrhts crucify his soul, and in an instant he is moped or weary of his life, he will kill himself., A fifth complains in his youth, a sixth in his middle age, the last in his old age. Generally thus much we may conclude of melancholy ; that it is '*^' most pleasant at first, I say, mentis gratissimus error, ^ a most delightsome humour, to be alone, dwell alone, walk alone, meditate, lie in bed whole days, dreaming awake as it were, and frame a thousand phantastical imaginations unto themselves. They are never better pleased tlian when they are so doing, they are in paradise for the time, and cannot well endure to be interrupt; with him in the poet, ''' pol me occidislis «7«/c/, non scrvdstis aitf you have undone him, he complains, if you trouble him : tell him what inconvenience will follow, what will be the event, all is one, can'is ad vomilum, "''tis so pleasant he cannot relrain. He may thus continue peradventure many years by reason of a strong temperature, or some mixture of business, which may (hverl his cogitations: but at the last hesa imaginalio, his phantasy is crazed, and now habituated to such toys, cannot but work still like a fate, the scene alters upon a sudden, fear and sorrow supplant those pleasing thoughts, suspicion, discontent, and perpetual anxiety succeed in their places; so by little and little, by that shoeing-honi of idleness, and voluntary soJitarinLss, melancholy this feral fiend is drawn on, '^et quantum vcrtice ad auras jSlhereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit, " extending up, by its branches, so far towards Heaven, as, by its roots, it does down towards Tariarus ;" it was not so delicious at first, as now it is bitter and harsh ; a cankered s^oul macerated with cares and discontents, tadium vita", impatience, agony, incon- stancy, irresolution, precipitate them unto unspeakable miseries. They cannot endure company, light, or life itself, some unfit for action, and the like. '^ Their bodies are lean and drietl up, withered, ugly, llieir looks liarsb, very dull, and tlieir souls tor- mented, as iliey are more or less entangled, as the humour hath been intended, or according to the continuance of lime tijey have been troubled. To discern all whicli symptoms the better, *' Khasis the Arabian makes tliree degrees of them. Tlie firsi i^^fulsa cogitatioy false conceits and idle tiiouglits: to misconstrue and amplify, aggravating everything they conceive or fear ; tlie second U. fulsu cogi/ata hxjui, to talk to themselves, or to use inarticulate incondite voices, speeches, obsolete gestures, and plainly to utter their minds and conceits of their hearts, by their words and actions, as to laugh, weep, to be silent, not to sleep, eat their meat, kc: the third is to put in practice -^ that which they think or speak. Savanarola, Rub. 11. tract. 8. cap. 1. de agriludine, confirms as much, "^"when he begins to express that in words, which he conceives in his heart, or talks idly, or goes from one thing to another," which *'Gordonius calls ncc caput hahcnlia^ ntc cuudam, [" having neither head nor tail,"; he is in the middle way: '*" but when he begins to act it likewise, and to put his fopperies in execution, he is then in the extent of melancholy, or madness itsellV This progress of melaucljoly you shall easily observe in them that have been so affected, they go smiling to tiiemselves at first, at length they laugh out; at first solitary, at last they can endure no company: or if they do, they are now dizzards, past sense and shame, (juite moped, they care not what iliey say or do, all their actions, words, gestures, are furious or ridiculous. A I first his mind is troubled, he doth not attend what is said, if you tell him a tale, he cries at last, wiiat said you .- but in the end he mutters to himself, as old women do many times, or old men when they sit alone, upon a sudden they laugh, wlioop, halloo, or run away, and swear they see or hear players, * devils, lujbgoblins, ghosts strike, or strut. Sec, grow humorous in the end; like him in the poet, s^pe duccntos^ sape decern servos, (" at one time followed by two hundred servants, at anoliier only '^ L.i-vinu« Lemniiis, Jason Pratensid, hianda ab initio, incipit nperari quiE loquitur, in sutnnin grv\u est. '"■■■.\ uiorl asreeable mental delusion." " Hur. ""Cap. I'J. Panic. 2. Loquitur stciim i-t ad ali<>«. nc m Tacilis descensus averiii. t»Virg. "Corpus vere prirsentes. Aup. cap. 11. li de cura pro nmrlui* cadaverosum. Fsa. Ixvii.cariosaest faciesinea prx B-;;ri- gtrenda. Khusis. '^Uuuui r>.-s ad lii>c devpint i:l ludiiie aiiimx *■ Lib. 9. ad .-Muiansoreni. <" Hrac- ea qu£ co^'iture cx-perit.orc prninal. alque artii i ' • tica inajiire. MQuum ore loquitur qu« corde con- ceat, tiini |*-rlectn nii'Innclioliu i-nt. »» >!, r-pil, •|iiiim suhito de una re ad aliud transit, neigue ' licus »«; vnUre et auutn- p'ltat damonc*. l.av.i. ruiioMi-ui de ali'iuo reddil, tunc est in medio, at quuni epertriM, jinrt. 3. cap. .i. Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Symptoms of Head-Melancholy. 247 by ten") he will dress himself, and undress, careless at last, groves insensible, stupid, or mad. ^'He howls like a wolf, barks like a dog, and raves like Ajax and Orestes, hears music and outcries, which no man else hears. As ^Mie did whom Amatus Lusitanus mentioneth cent. 3, cur a. 55, or that woman in ^^ Springer, that spake many languages, and said she was possessed : that farmer in '°°Prosper Calenius, that dis- puted antl discoursed learnedly in philosophy and astronomy, with Alexander Achilles his master, at Bologna, in Italy. But of these I have already spoken. Who can sufficiently speak of these symptoms, or prescribe rules to comprehend them ? as Echo to the painter in Ausonius, vane quid affcclas, &.c., foolish fellow; what wilt ? if you must needs paint me, paint a voice, et simllem si vis pingere., piMge sonum ; if you will describe melancholy, describe a fantastical conceit, a corrupt ima- gination, vain thoughts and different, which Avho can do ? The four and twenty letters make no more variety of words in diverse languages, than melancholy con- ceits produce diversity of symptoms in several persons. They are irregular, obscure, various, so infinite, Proteus himself is not so diverse, you may as well make the moon a new coat, as a true character of a melancholy man ; as soon find the motion of a bird in the air, as the heart of man, a melancholy man. They are so confused, I say, diverse, intermixed with other diseases. As the species be confounded (which ' I have showed) so are the symptoms ; sometimes with headache, cachexia, dropsy, stone ; as you may perceive by those several examples and illustrations, collected by '^Hildesheim spicel. 2. Mercurialis co7isil 1 18. cap. 6 and 11. with headache, epilepsy, priapismus. Trincavelius consil. 12. lib. 1. coiisil. 49. with gout: caninus appetitus. Montanus consil. 26, &c. 23, 234, 249, with falling-sickness, headache, vertigo, lycan- thropia, &c. J. Cajsar Claudinus consult. 4. consult. 89 and 116. with gout, agues, hsemorrhoids, stone, &c., Avho can distinguish these melancholy symptoms so inter- mixed with others, or apply them to their several kinds, confine them into method ^ 'Tis hard I confess, yet 1 have disposed of them as I could, and will descend to par- ticularise them according to their species. For hitherto I have expatiated in more general lists or terms, speaking promiscuously of such ordinary signs, which occur amongst writers. Not that they are all to be found in one man, for that were to paint a monster or chimera, not a man : but some in one, some in another, and that successively or at several times. Which I have been the more curious to express and report ; not to upbraid any miserable man, or by way of derision, (I rather pity them,) but the better to discern, to apply remedies unto them ; and to show that the best and soundest of us all is in great danger; how much we ought to fear our own fickle estates, remember on miseries and vanities, examine and humiliate ourselves, seek to God, and call to llim for mercy, that needs not look for any rods to scourge ourselves, since we carry them in our bowels, and that our souls are in a miserable captivity, if the light of grace and heavenly truth doth not shine continually upon us : and by our discretion to moderate ourselves, to be more circumspect and wary in the midst of these dangers.' MEMB. II. SuBSECT. I. — Sym2)toms of Head-Melancholy. *"■ If ^ no symptoms appear about the stomach, nor the blood be misailected, and fear and sorrow continue, it is to be thought the brain itself is troubled, by reason of a melancholy juice bred in it, or otherwise conveyed into it, and that evil juice is from the dislemperature of the part, or left after some inflammation," thus far Piso. But this is not always true, for blood and hypochondries both are often afl'ected even in head-melancholy. ■* Hercules de Saxonia differs here from the common current of writers, putting peculiar signs of head-melancholy, from the sole distemperalure of spirits in the brain, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, " all without matter from the 5^ Wierus, lib. 3. cap. 31. o^ Michael a musian. | rent nee saiiijuis male affectiis, et adsunt tiiiior et m(F.s- 9 Miilleo lualef. "" l>ih. de alra hile. ' Part. 1. I titia,rerel)riiiii ipsiun existimaniluiii est, &;c. ^ 'I'racl. K'jbs.-2 Meuib. 2. 2 De delirio, melancholia et mania, de mel. cap. II?, &c. Ex intL'mperie spirituum.et cerebr" • Nidiolas Plso. Si si^na circa venlriculum non appa- | mctu, teuebrositate. 218 Symptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sect. 3. motion alone, and tenebrosity of spirits;" of melancholy which proceeds from humours by adustion, lie treats apart, with their several symptoms and cures. The common signs, if it be by essence in the head, " are ruddiness of face, high sanguine complexion, most part ruhore satnrato^'''' ^ one calls it a blucish, and sometimes fuh of pimples, with red eyes. Avicenna I. 3, Fen. 2, JVact. 4, c. 18. Duretus and others out of Galen, de affect. I. 3, c. 6. *^ Hercules de Saxonia to this of redness of iwce, adds " heaviness of the head, fixed and hollow eyes. ' If it proceed from dryness of the brain, then their heads will be light, vertiginous, and they most apt to wake, and lo continue whole months together without sleep. Few excrements in their eyes and nostrils, and often bald by reason of excess of dryness," Montaltus adds, c. 17. If it proceed from moisture : dulness, drowsiness, headache follows ; and as Sahist. Salvianus, c. 1, Z. 2, out of his own experience found, epileptical, with a multitude of humours in the head. They are very bashful, if ruddy, apt to blush, and to be red upon all occasions, prcescrtiin si metus acccsscrit. But the chiefest symptom to discern tliis species, as I have said, is this, that there be no notable signs in the sto- mach, hypochondries, or elsewhere, digna., as ^Montaltus terms them, or of greater note, because oftentimes the passions of the stomach concur with them. Wind is common to all three species, and is not excluded, only that of the hypochondries is 'more windy than the rest, saith IloUerius. iEtius tctrah. I. 2, sc. 2, c. 9 and 10, maintains the same, '" if there be more signs, and more evident in the head than else- where, the brain is primarily aflected, and prescribes head-melancholy to be cured by meats amongst the rest, void of wind, and good juice, not excluding wind, or corrupt blood, even in head-melancholy itself: but these species are often confounded, and so are their symptoms, as I have already proved. The symptoms of the mind are superfluous and continual cogitations; "''•for when the head is healed, it scorchelh the blood, and from thence proceed melancholy fumes, which troul)le the mind," Avicenna. They are very choleric, and soon hot, solitary, sad, often silent, watch- ful, discontent, Montallu.s, cup. 24. If anything trouble them, they cannot sleep, but fret themselves still, till another object mitigate, or lime wear it out. They have grievous passions, and immoderate perturbations of the mind, fear, sorrow, Stc, yet not so continuate, but that they are sometimes merry, apt to profuse laughter, which is more to be wondered at, and that by the authority of '^ Galen himself, by reason of mixture of blood, prarubri jocosis dtlectantur, ct irrisorcs plcrumque sunt, if they be ruddy, they are delighted in jests, and oftentimes scotTers themselves, conceited : and as Hhodcricus a Vega comments on that place of Galen, merry, witty, of a pleasant disposition, and yet grievously melancholy anon after : omnia discunt sine doctore^ saith Areius, tliey learn without a teacher : and as '^Laurentius supposeth, those feral passions and symptoms of such as think themselves glass, pitchers, ^fathers, &.c., speak strange languages, a colore cerebri (if it be in excess) from the brain's distem- pered heat. Slbsect. II. — Symptoms of icindy Hypochondriacal Melancholy. " I.v this hypochondriacal or flatuous melancholy, the symptoms are so ambigu- ous," saith " Crato in a counsel of his for a noblewoman, '• that the most exquisite physicians cannot determine of the part aflected." Matthew Flaccius, consulted about a noble matron, confessed as much, that in this malady he witii IloUerius, Fracastorius, Falopius, and others, being to give their sentence of a party labouring of hypochondriacal melancholy, could not find out by the symptoms which part was most especially aflected ; some said the womb, some heart, some stomach, ice, and therefore Cralo, consil. 2i. lib. 1. boldly avers, that in this diversity of symptoms, which commonly accompany this disease, "^'^no physician can truly say what part * Facie sunt rubente et livescpnte. quihiis etiain all- | ii« cerehrum primnrio afficitur, et curare oportei hupc quando attsunt pustulx. < Jn. Panthcnii. cap. de atfectuin, per ciIkm flatus exrirtcs, et Imxic coiiccjctiunii, Mt-I. Si cerebrum primario afficiatiir adeuiit capiii« tc. raroo-rKhruni alTiciuir »iiif veutriciln. ■> ?an- graviia^, lixi (iculi, &c. ' Laurent, cap. o. si a giiineni ailunt caput calidius.et indu ruiiii nidnnch'iliei rerel ex $>iccilale. turn capitis crit levitns. sutis, vigi- adu!«ti, aiiiiiiuni L'xaL'itant. ■'' I..1I1. di- l<>c. alfrrt. Iia, paucitasi siiperfliiitatuiii in <^>culi!i et naribus. » Si cap.ti. »C.'ip.6. >< HildcBh ■iiii xpicel. i. de nulla digiia liKsio, vmitriculo, ipioniarn in li»c inelan- iiiel. in Hypoclniiidriaca m.Mancholid aik-iianihisua (unt cliolia rapiris, exieua noiinuii(|uam VHiitriciili pathe- :>>iiipl<>iii.ita, ut ftiain •'XiTritatisaiiiii iii>-dici de liico mala rni-uiil, dun eiiiin lia;c uienibra sibi invicein atfec- atr-clu 8iatiit*re iioii pusoiiit. '^.Mi-dici dv loco tioiit-m transmittunt. ' Postrema inasi? flatuo:' Si iiiiii;ij luniestiae circa veniriculuin aut ventrein, in ! Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Symptoms of Head-Melancliohj. 24l> is affected." Galen lib. 3. de he. affect, reckons up these ordinary symptoms, whicli all the Neoterics repeat of Diodes ; only this fault he finds with him, that he puts not fear and sorrow amongst the other signs. Trincavelius excuseth Diodes, lib. 3. consil. 35. because that oftentimes in a strong head and constitution, a generous spirit, and a valiant, these symptoms appear not, by reason of his valour and cou- rage. '^Hercules de Saxonia (to whom I subscribe) is of the same mind (which I have before touched) that fear and sorrow are not general symptoms ; some fear and are not sad ; some be sad and fear not ; some neither fear nor grieve. The rest are these, beside fear and sorrow, '"'sharp belchings, fulsome crudities, heat in the bowels, wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and stomach sometimes, after meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the stomach, and moist spittle, cold sweat, imjiortunus sudor., unseasonable sweat all over the body," as Octavius Horatianus lib. '2. cap. 5. calls it; "-cold joints, indigestion, "* they cannot endure their own fulsome belchings, continual wind about their liypo- chondries, heat and griping in their bowels, pr(2Cordia siirsiim convelluniur., midriff and bowels are pulled up, the veins about their eyes look red, and swell from vapours and wind." Their ears sing now and then, vertigo and giddiness come by fits, tur- bulent dreams, dryness, leanness, apt they are to sweat upon all occasions, of all colours and complexions. Many of them are high-coloured especially after meals, which symptom Cardinal Cajcius was much troubled with, and of which he com- plained to Prosper Calenus his physician, he could not eat, or drink a cup of wine, but he was as red in the face as if he had been at a mayor's feast. That symptom alone vexeth many. '^ Some again are black, pale, ruddy, sometimes their shoulders and shoulder blades ache, there is a leaping all over their bodies, sudden trembling, a palpitation of the heart, and that cardiaca passio, grief in the mouth of the sto- mach, which maketh tlie patient tliink his heart itself acheth, and sometimes suffo- cation, diJicuUas anhelitus, short breath, hard wind, strong pulse, swooning.. Mon- tanus consil. 55. Trincavelius lib. 3. consil. 36. et 37. Fernelius cons. 43. Fram- besarius consult, lib. 1. consil. 17. Hildesheim, Claudinus, &c., give instance of every particular. The peculiar sygiptoms which properly belong to each part be these. If it proceed from the stomach, saith ^^ Savanarola, 'tis full of pain wind. Guianerius adds, vertigo, nausea, much spitting, &c. If from the myrach, a swelling and wind in the hypochondries, a loathing, and appetite to vomit, pulling upward. If from the heart, aching and trembling of it, much heaviness. If from the liver, there is usually a pain in the right hypochondrie. If from the spleen, hardness and grief in the left hypochondrie, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion, Avi- cenna. If from the meseraic veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite. Here, de Saxonia. If from the hypochondries, a rumbling inflation, concoction is hindered, often belching, &c. And from these crudities, windy vapours ascend up to the brain which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heavi- ness, many terrible conceits and chimeras, as Lemnius well observes, I. I.e. 16. "as ^' a black and thick cloud covers the sun, and intercepts his beam.s and light, so doth this melancholy vapour obnubilate the mind, enforce it to many absurd thoughts and imaginations," and compel good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising to the brain from the ^^ lower parts, " as smoke out of a chimney") to dote, speak, and do that which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms. One by reason of tho?;e ascending vapours and gripings, rumbling beneath, will not be persuaded but that he hath a serpent in his guts, a viper, another frogs. Trallianus relates a storv of a woman, that imagined she had swallowed an eel, or a serpent, and Felix Platerus, obscrvat. lib. 1. hath a most memorable example of a countryman of his, that by chance, falling into a pit where frogs and frogs-spawn was, and a little of that water swallowed, began to suspect that he had likewise swallowed frogs-spawn, and with that conceit and fear, his phantasy wrought so far, that he verily thought he had 16 Tract, posthumo de mel. Patavii edit. 16-20. per Bo- zettum Bihliop. cap. 2. " Acidi ructus, cruditates, Rstus in pra'cnrdiis, flatus, interdum ventricnli dolores veliemeiites, smnptuqiie cibo concnctu ditficili, sputum hiiiiiiduui iilqiie multum sequetur, ikc. Hip. lib. de mel. GaleiiuF, Melaiielius e Ruflb ct ^tio, Altoiiiarus, Piso, Montaltus, Bruel, Weclvf r, &c. le circa pra'cordia de assidua in tlatione queruntur, et cum sudore totius 32 corporis importuno, frigidos articulos s.Tpt; patiuMt;ii iudigestione lahorant, ructus suos iusuaves p<>rhorrf-s Clint, visceruin dolores liabent. i^ Montaltu?. c. 1.3 Wecker, Fuchsiiis c. 13. Altomarus c. 7. Lflureiilius c. 73. Bruel, Gordon. so pract. major: dolor in ec et ventositas, nausea. ^i ut atra densaque nubos soli olfusa, radio.s et lumen ejus intercipit et otfiiscai- sic, etc. ^ Ut fumus e camino. 250 Symptoms of Melancholy. [pArt. 1. Sec. 3 young live frogs in his belly, qui vivchanf ex alimcnto siio, that lived by his nourish- ment, and was so certainly persuaded of it, that for many years afterwards he could not be rectified in his conceit : He studied physic seven years together to cure him- self, travelled into Italy, France and Germany to confer with the best physicians about it, and A". 1609, asked his counsel amongst the rest; he told him it was wind, his conceit.__ &c., but mordicus contradicere, et ore, et scriptis probare nitehaiur: no saying woitld serve, it was no wind, bnt real frogs : " and do you not hear them croak r" Platerus would have deceived hhn, by putting live frogs into his excre- ments ; but he, being a physician himself, would not be deceived, vir pnidrns alios., et doclus, a wise and learned man otherwise, a doctor of physic, and after seven years' dotage in this kind, « phantasia Viheratus est., he was cured. Laurentius and Goulart have inanysuch examples, if you be desirous to read them. One commodity above the rest which are melancholy, these windy flatuous have, hicidia inter vol I a., their symptoms and pains are not usually so continuate as the rest, but come by fits, fear and sorrow, and the rest: yet in another they ext-eed all others; anil that is, '^^they are luxurious, incontinent, and prone to venery, ])y reason of wind, et facile amant., et quamlibet fere amant. (Jason Pratensis) ^* Rhasis is of opinion, tliat ^'^enus doth many of them much good ; the other symptoms of the mind be common with the rest. SuBSECT. 111. — Symptoms of Melancholy abounding in the ichole body. Their bodies that are affected with this universal melancholy are most part black, ^' •• the melancholy juice is redundant all over," hirsute they are, and lean, they have broad veins, their blood is gross and thick. ^'''■'' Their spleen is weak," and a liver apt to engender the humour; they have kept bad diet, or have had some evacuation Slopped, as hicmorrhoids, or months in women, which ^Trallianus, in the cure, w ould have carefully to be inquired, and withal to observe of what complexion the party is of, black or red. For as Forre.-5tus and Ilollerius contend, if "* they be black, ii proceeds from abundance of natural melancho^v' ; if it proceed from cares, agony, discontents, diet, exercise, Slc, they may be as well of any other colour : red, yellow, pale, as black, and yet their whole blood corrupt : prcerubri colore sa-pc sunt tales, scspe Jlavi^ (saith ^ Montaltus cap. 22.) The best way to discern this species, is to let them bleed, if the blood be corrupt, thick and black, and they withal free from tliose hypochondriacal symptoms, and not so grievously troubled with them, or those ol' ihe head, it argues they are melancholy, a ioto corpore. The fumes which arise from this corrupt blood, disturb the mind, and make them fearful and sorrowful, heavy hearted, as the rest, dejected, discontented, solitary, silent, weary of their lives, dull and heavy, or merry, &.c., and if far gone, that which Apuleius wished to his enemy, by way of imprecation, is true in them; ^'•'Dead men's bones, hobgob- lins, ghosts are ever in their minds, and meet them still in every turn : all the bug- bears of the night, and terrors, fairjbabes of tombs, and graves are before their eyes, and in their thoughts, as to women and children, if they be in the dark alone." If they hear, or read, or see any tragical object, it sticks by them, they are afraid of death, and yet weary of their lives, in their discontented humours they quarrel with all the world, bitterly inveigh, tax satirically, and because they cannot otherwise vent their passions or redress what is amiss, as they mean, they will by violent death at last be revenged on themselves. SuBSECT. IV. — Symptoms of Maids, JVuns, and Widows" Melancholy. Because Lodovicus Mercatus in his second book de mulier. ajfcct. cap. 4. and Rodericus a Castro de morb. mulier. cap. 3. lib. 2. two famous physicians in Spain, wHypochondriaci maxime afftctant mire, et niuiti I liirules iiigri nci]iiiKiti a Ioto corpor<-, sap-' riiliicuniii. jilicamr coitus in ipsis, eo qufxi vento^itates niultipli- WMoiitaltii? cap. -A'. Piso. Ex colore s.iiiL'uiiiiy ni iiii- Gatituriii liypochoiulriis, et coitus sapeallevat has Veil- nuas venatn. hi tluat nigcr. Jcc. ^Apiil. Iili. 1. seiii- tositales. ■-'^ Colli, lib. 1. tract. 11. **Wecker, per obvii species monuorum qiiicqiiid iiinltrariKii ext Melancholiciis succus toto corpore redundans. 2«Splen uapiain, ijuicquid Icmuruin et larvaruia f>cnli» sun aj- natura imbecilior. Montaltus cap. 2-2. *> Lib. I. eerunt, sibi Aiieutit omnia ii'ictiiiin orcursaruli. nninia cap. li>. Iiitcrroaare conveiiit, an aliqiia evacualiouis bu.'^toruiii Na- , Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Si/mptoms of JVomeii's Melancholy. 251 Daniel Seunertus of WittenberV 7/7;. \. part 2. cap. 13. with others, have v^ mchsafed in iheir works not long since j)ul)lished, to write two just treatises de MtlanchoJia virginum., Monialium et Viduarion, as a particular species of melancholy (which 1 have already specified) distinct from the rest; ^' (for it much differs from that which commonly befalls men and other women, as having one only cause proper to women alone) I may not omit in this general survey of melancholy symptoms, to set down the particidar signs of such parties so misaffected. The causes are assigned out of Hippocrates, Cleopatra, Moschion, and those old Ginicpciorum Scriptorcs., of this feral malady, in more ancient maids, widows, and barren women, oh septwji transvcrsum violatum., saith INIercatus, by reason of the midriir or Diaphragma, heart and brain offended with those vicious vapours which come from menstruous blood, in/lammatiotiem arterice. circa dorsum., Rodericus adds, an inflammation of the back, which with the rest is offended by ''^ that fuliginous exhalation of corrupt seed, troubling the brain, heart and mind ; the brain, I say, not in essence, but by consent, Universa cnim hujiis ajfcctus causa ab utero pendet., ct I! sanguinis menstrui malitia, for in a word, the whole malady proceeds from that inllammation, putridity, black smoky vapours, &,c., from thence comes care, sorrow, and anxiety, obfuscation of spirits, agony, desperation, and the like, which are in- tended or remitted ; si amaforius acccsscrit ardor, or any other violent object or per- tubation of mind. This melancholy may happen to widows, with much care and sorrow, as frequently it doth, by reason of a sudden alteration of their accustomed course of life, &.c. To such as lie in child-bed ob suppressant purgaiionem; but to nuns and more ancient maids, and some barren women for the causes abovesaid, 'tis more familiar, crebrius his quam reliquis accidit, inquit Rodericus, the rest are not altog-ether excluded. Out of these causes Rodericus defines it with Areteus, to be angorem animi, a vexation of the^mind, a sudden sorrow from a small, light, or no occasion, ^wilh a kind of still dotage and grief of some part or other, head, heart, breasts, sides, back, belly, Sj-c, with much solitariness, weeping, distraction, Stc, from which they are sometimes suddenly delivered, because it comes and goes by fits, and is not so permanent as other melancholy. But to leave this brief description, the most ordinary symptoms be these, puhatio juxla dorsum, a beating about the back, which is almost perpetual, the skin is many times rough, squalid, especially, as Areteus observes, about the arms, knees, and knuckles. The midriff and heart-strings do burn and beat very fearfully, and when this vapour or fume is stirred, flieth upward, the heart itself beats, is sore grieved, and faints, jaffces siccitate proicluduntur, ut difficuUer possif ab uteri strangulatione dcccrni,Yike fits of the mother, Ahnis plcrisque nil rcddit, aliis exiguum, acre, hilio- sunu lotium Jlavum. They complain many times, saith Mercatus, of a great pain in their heads, about their hearts, and hypochondries, and so likewise in their breasts, ^\■hich are often sore, sometimes ready to swoon, their faces are inflamed, and red, tiiey are Axj, thirsty, suddenly hot, much troubled with wind, cannot sleep, Stc. A'.ul from hence proceed /I'rt/ia deliramcnta, a brutish kind of dotage, troublesome sleep, terrible dreams in the night, subrusticus pudor et vcrecundia ignava, a foolish kind of bashfulness to some, perverse conceits and opinions, ** dejection of mind, much discontent, preposterous judgment. They are apt to loath, dislike, disdain, to be weary of every object, &.C., each thing almost is tedious to them, they pine away, void of counsel, apt to weep, and tremble, timorous, fearful, sad, and out of all hope cf better fortunes. They take delight in nothing for the time, but love to be alone and solitary, though that do them more harm : and thus they are affected so long as this vapour lasteth ; but by-and-by, as pleasant and merry as ever they were in their lives, they sing, discourse, and laugh in any good company, upon all occasions, and »' Differt enim ab ea qua; viris er reliquis feminis coniniiMiitprcoiitiiiEit, propnam habens causani. *- Ex ni'Mistrui sanguinis letra adcuret ceri^brume.xhalatione, vitiattim semen iiiLMiteiii perturbat, &.c. non |ier essen- tiaiii, sed per consi.'iisuni. Animus iiicerens ct anxius inilc malum trahit, et spiritus cerebrum obfuscanlur, quse cuncta ausientur, &.c. ^^Qu,,, tacito ilclirio ac jlolore alicujus partis interna, dorsi. hyponliondrii, cor- dis regioQein et universam mammam iulerduui occu- pantis,&c. Cutis aliquandb equalida. aspera, rugosa, praicipue cubitis, genibus, et digitorum Hrticulis, prae- cordia ingenti sa;pi' torrore a;stuant et ))ulsant, cumque vapor excitatus sursum evolat, cor palpitr.i aut premi- tur, animus deficit, &c. '^ Aninii dejeclio, perversa rerum existimatin, proBposterum judicium. Fastidios* langueiites, ta;diosa;,consilii inopes. lachrymose, timen tes, moDsts, cum summa rerum meliorura desperatioue, nulla re delectautur, sulituUinem amaut, &c. 252 ISymptoms of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3 so hy rits it takes them now and then, except the malaily oe inveterate, and then 'lis more frequent, vehement, and continuate. Many of them cannot tell how to expret^s themselves in words, or how it holds them, what ails them, you cannot understand them, or well tell what to make of their sayings ; so far gone sometimes, so stupi- fied and distracted, they think themselves bewitched, tliey are in despair, aptce ad Jletum^i desperatianem^ dolores mammis et hijpocondriis. IMercatus therefore adds, now their breasts, now their hypochondries, belly and sides, then their heart and head aches, now heat, then wind, now this, now that oflends, they are weary of all ; '^and yet will not, cannot asrain tell how, where or what offends lliem, though they be in great pain, agony, and frequendy complain, grieving, sighing, weepmg, and dis- conteixted still, sine caiisd manifesta, most part, yet I say tliey will complain, grudge, lament, and not be persuaded, but that they are troubled with an evil spirit, which is frequent in Germany, saith Rodericus, amongst the common sort : and to such as are most grievously affected, (for he makes three degrees of this disease in women,) they are in despair, surely forcspoken or bewitched, and in extremity of their dotage, (weary of their lives,) some of them will attempt to make away themselves. Some think they see visions, confer with spirits and devils, they shall surely be dannied, are afraid of some treacher}-, innnincnt danger, and the like, they will not speak, make answer to any question, but arc almost distracted, mad, or stupid for the lime, and by fits : and thus it holds them, as they are more or less allected, and as the inner humour is intended or remitted, or by outward objects and perturbations aggra- vated, solitariness, idleness, Stc. Many other maladies there are incident to young women, out of that one and only cause above specified, many feral diseases. I will not so much as mcntioa their names, melancholy alone is the subject of my present discourse, from which I will not swerve. The several cures of this infirmity, concerning diet, which mu.^l be very sparing, phlebotomy, physic, internal, external remedies, are at large in great variety in ^'Rodericus a Castro, Sennertus, and Mercatus, which whoso will, as occa- sion serves, may make use of But the best and surest remedy of all, is to see them well placed, and married to good husbands in due time, hinc ilhe lachrymcr., that is the primary cause, and this tlie ready cure, to give them content to their desires. I write not this to patronise any wanton, idle flirt, lascivious or light housewives, which are too forward many times, unruly, and apt to cast away themselves on him that comes next, without all care, counsel, circumspection, and judgment. If religion, good discipline, honest education, wholesome exhortation, fair promises, fame and loss of good name cannot inhibit and deter such, (which to chaste and sober maids cannot choose but avail much,^ labour and exercise, strict diet, rigour and threats may more opportunely be used, and are able of themselves to qualify and divert an ill-disposed temperament. For seldom should you see an hired servant, a poor handmaid, though ancient, that is kept hard to her work, and bodily labour, a coarse country wench troubled in this kind, but noble virgins, nice gentlewomen, such as are solitary and idle, live at ease, lead a life out of action and employment, that fare well, in great houses and jovial companies, ill-disposed peradventure of themselves, and not will- ing to make any resistance, discontented otherwise, of weak judgment, able bodies, and subject to passions, (grandiorcs virgines, saith^Iercatus, sleriles et viducB plc- rumque mclanchoUca,) such for the most part are misaffected, and prone to this ihs- ease. I do not so much pity them that may otherwise be eased, but those alone that out of a strong temperament, innate constitution, are violently carried away with this torrent of inwartl humours, and though very modest of themselves, sober, reli- gious, virtuous, and well given, (as many so distressed maids are,) yet cannot make resistance, these grievances will appear, this malady will take place, and now mani- festly show itself, and may not otherwise be helped. But where am I ? Into what subject have I rushed ? What have I to do with nuns, maids, virgins, widows ? I am a bachelor myself, and lead a monastic life in a college, nee ego sane implits (jui hcEC dixerim, I confess 'tis an indecorum, and as Pallas a virgin blushed, when Jupiter "Nolunt aperire molestiamquara p.itiuntur, scdcon- | crui, Sec. Familiarcs non curant. non loqoaiitur. non qiieruiitur tanieii dp napite. cordc, inaniiiii!i, tc. In | respondent, 4cc. et ha'C craviora. fi, ice. "CliittrM puteos fere niaiiiaci prosilire. ac straiisuiari ciipiunt, let lli'lleburi^muin .Mathioli suuimv lauJat. nuMa orationis suavitate ad spcm salutisrecuperandani | Mem. 3.] Causes of these Symptoms. 253 oy chance spake of love matters in her presence, and turned away her face ; me re- primam^ lhou" Ulius vidua?, aut patroniim Virginis Imjiis, Ne me forte putes, verhurii non amplius addam." MEMB. III. Immediate cause of these precedent Syinptoms. To give some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled wit!i these symp- toms, a better means in my judgment cannot be taken, than to show them the causes whence they proceed ; not from devils as they suppose, or that they are bewitched or forsaken of God, hear or see, &.c. as many of them think, but from natural and inward causes, that so knowing them, they may better avoid the effects, or at least endure them with more patience. The most grievous and common symptoms are fear and sorrow, and that without a cause to the wisest and discreetest men, in this malady not to be avoided. The reason why they are so, Ji^tius discusseth at large, Tetrahih. 2. 2. in his first problem out of Galen, lih. 2. de causis sympt. 1. For Galen nnputeth all to the cold that is black, and thinks that the spirits being darkened, and SJ Examen cone. Trident, de cslibatu sacerd. ss Cap. [that widow or this virgin. I shall not add another de Satyr, et Priapis. as Part. 3. sect. 2. Memb. 5. word." Sub. 5 ■""' Lest you may imagine that 1 patronise w 25-t , Symptoms of Melancholy [Part. 1. Sec. 3. ilie substaiice of the brain cloudy and dark, all the objects thereof appear terrible, and the '"niind itself, by those dark, obscure, gross fumes, ascending from black humours, is in continual darkness, fear, and sorrow; divers terrible monstrous tlctiuns in a tliousand shapes and apparitions occur, with violent passions, by which the brain and fantasy arc troubled and eclipsed. ''^ Fracastorius, lib. 2. dc intellect, "will have cold to be the cause of fear and sorrow; for such as are cold are ill-disposed to mirth, dull, and heavy, by nature solitary, silent; and not ibr any inward dark- ness (as physicians think) for many melancholy men dare boldly be, continue, and walk in the dark, and delight in it:" solum frii^idi tunidi : ,i( they be hot, tliey are merry; and the more hot, the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in madmen-, but lliis reason holds not, for then no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, should fear. '^Averroes scofls at Galen for his reason*, and brings five arguments to repel them : so doth Here, de Saxonia, Tract, de Melanch. cap. 3. assigning other causes, which are copiously censured and confuted by ^'Elianus Montaltus, cap. 5 and 6. Lod. Mercatus de Inter, morb. cur. lib. 1. cap. 17. Altomarus, cap. 7. de mel. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. 1. Bright cap. 37. Laurenlius, cap. 5. Valesins, mtd. cont. lib. 3., con. 1. ■"" Distemperature," they conclude, "makes black juice, blackness obscures the spirits, tlie spirits obscured, cause fear and sorrow." Laurcntius, cap. 13. supposeth these black fumes offend specially the diaphragma or niidrilK and so per consequens the mind, which is obscured as ^ the sun by a cloud. To tliis opinion of Galen, almost all tlie Greeks and Aral)ians subscribe, the Latins new ami old, internee tenebrcc oJTuscant animum, ut cxiernce nocent ptteris, as chihhen are allriirhted in the dark, so are melancholy men at all times, ^''as having the inward cause with them, and still carrying it about. Wliich black vapours, wliether they proceed from the black blooil about tlie heart, as T. \V. Jes. thinks in his Treatise of the passions of the mind, or stomach, spleen, miilrilf, or all the misallicted parts together, it boots not, they keep the mind in a perjit- tual dungeon, and oppress it with contiinjal fears, anxieties, sorrows, &.c. It is an ordinary thing for such as are sound to laugh at this dejected pusillanimity, and those other symptoms of melancholy, to make them- selves merry with them, and to woiuler at such, as toys and trilles, wliich may be resisted and withstood, if they will themselves : but let him that so wonders, con- sider with himself, that if a man should tell him on a sudden, some of his especial friends were dead, could he choo.se but grieve .' Or set him upon a steep rock, where h.e shoulil be in danger to be precipitated, could he be secure .' His heart would tremble for fear, and his head be giddy. P. Byarus, Tract, de pest, gives instance (as I have said) ^^"and put case (saith he) in one that walks upon a plank, if it lie on the ground, he can safely do it : but if the same plank be laid over some deep water, instead of a bridge, he is vehemently moved, and 'tis nothing but his imagination. yormrt cadi ndi impressa, to which his other members and faculties obey." Yea, but you infer, that such men have a just cause to fear, a true object of fear; so have melancholy men an inward cause, a perpetual fume and darkness, causing: fear, grief, suspicion, which they carry with them, an object wliich cannot be removed ; but sticks as close, and is as inseparable as a shadow to a body, and who can expel or overrun his shadow .- Remove heal of the liver, a C(dd stomach, weak spleen : remove those adust humours and vapours arising from them, black blood from the heart, all outward perturbations, take away the cause, and then bid them not grieve nor fear, or be heavy, dull, lumpish, otherwise counsel can do litde good ; you may as well bid him that is sick of an ague not to be a dry; or him that is wounded not to feel pain. Suspicion follows fear and sorrow at heels, arising out of the same fountain, so thinks ^^ Fracastorius, " that fear is the cause of suspicion, and'still they suspect some treachery, or some secret machination to be framed against them, still they distnisi." *> Vapores rrassj pt iiigri, a vcntririilo in corphriim exhalaiil. Ftl. Pl;iterus. <3Caliili liilares--, frizidi inili:-'[K>iFiii ad la-tiliaiii. et ideo solitarii, taciliiriii. non Ob t«nebras iiitTiias. ut iiKMlici voliiiil, spd ob frisns: iiiiilli iiit-larirholici iinrtK ainlnilant iiilrf|iidi. <> \'n- jxTHs tiiflaiic)il:iiii, c|fi"il i|iii< |>«-r aquaiii proruiidani, Iik-h p<>iilii<, iinu aiiiliiii.-ilnt tuio-r 'am, t'o i|iirHt imaifiiipliir in anini'> ri iiiii> i vi-li'-ni'-iitpr. iiifit. rap. \. ■" liileiiipiTies facil siircuiii niu'riiiii. forma cadenili impreeiia, cui nlM-iliiiiil iin'iiilira niiinia, ni-.Titie^. ohiu-iirat gpiridim, (ib.^iiratio spintii^ facit ' et faciiltalpn riHiipiie. •• l.ili. i. 't tristiaiii. *^Vl nubecula Solem otfi{!icat. . S(i!»i nb tiiiioreiii et obliqiiijm diMiir «iiiii. el mob- (JuiisiautiQud lib. de melancb. ^ Alloniarus c. 7. | p<.-r inde putanl sibi fieri insidia*. Laurea.3 Ulem. 3.] Causes of these Sinnvtoms. 255 Restlessness proreoits from the same spring, variety of fumes make them like and dislike. Solifanness, avoiding of light, that they are weary of their lives, hate the world, arise from tne same causes, for their spirits and humours are opposite to light, fear makes them avoia company, and absent themselves, lest they should be misused, hisrst^d at, or oveisiioot themselves, which still they suspect. They are prone to venfct \ by reasori of -iViftd. Angry, waspish, and fretting still, out of abundance of chole., ■^'nich Cdiiselh rearfiil dreams and violent perturbations to them, both sleep- ing anu wnkiUfj ; Thai they suppose they have no heads, fly, sink, thev are pots, glasses, tvc. is wind in their heads. ''^Herc. de Saxonia doth ascribe this to the several m^rvions in the animal spirits, " their dilation, contraction, confusion, altera- tion, tenebtosity, hot or cold distemperature," excluding all material humours. ^"Fra- castorius " accounts it a thing worthy of inquisition, why they sliould entertain such false conceits, as that they have horns, great noses, that they are birds, beasts," kc, why they should think themselves kings, lords, cardinals. For the first, ^'Fracasto- rius gives two reasons : " One is the disposition of the body ; the other, the occa- sion of the fantasy," as if their eyes be purblind, their ears sing, by reason of -some cold and rheum, Stc. To the second, Laurehtius answers, the imagination inwardly or outwardly moved, represents to the understanding, not enticements only, to favour the passion or dislike, but a very intensive pleasure follows the passion or displeasure, and the will and reason are captivated by delighting in it. Why students and lovers are so often melancholy and mad, the philosopher of '■- Conimbra assigns this reason, " because by a vehement and continual meditation of that wherewith they are aflected, they fetch up the spirits into the brain, and with the heat brought with them, they incend it beyond measure : and tlie cells of the inner senses dissolve their temperature, which being dissolved, they cannot perform their offices as they ought." Why melancholy men are witty, which Aristotle hath long since maintained in liis problems ; and that ^' all learned men, famous philosophers, and lawgivers, ad unum fere omnes melancholici^ have still been melancholy, is a problem much con- troverted. Jason Pratensis will have it understood of natural melancholy, which opinion Melancthon inclines to, in his book dc Jlnima^ and Marcilius Ficinus de san. tnend. Jib. 1. cap. 5. but not simple, for that makes men stupid, heavy, dull, being cold and dry, fearful, fools, and solitary, but mixed with the other humours, plileo-m only excepted ; and they not adust, *' but so mixed as that blood be half, Avith little or no adustion, that they be neither too hot nor too cold. Aponensis, cited bv Melancthon, thinks it proceeds from nieiancholy adust, excluding all natural melan- clioly as too cold. Laurentius condemns his tenet, because adustion of humours makes men mad, as lime burns when water is cast on it. It must be mixed with blood, and somewhat adust, and so thai old aphorism of Aristotle may be verified, ^Xullum magnunv ingenium sine mixturd demenUie, no excellent wit without a mix- ture of madness. Fracastorius shall decide the controversy, ^^ '• phlegmatic are dull : sanguine lively, pleasant, acceptable, and merry, but not witty; choleric are too swift in motion, and furious, impatient of contemplation, deceitful wits : melancholy men have the most excellent wits, but not all; this humour may be hot or cold, thick, or thin ; if too hot, they are furious and mad : if too cold, dull, stupid, timorous, and sad : if temperate, excellent, rather inclining to that extreme of heat, than cold." Tliis sentence of his will agree with that of Heraclitus, a dry light makes a wise mind, temperate heat and dryness are the chief causes of a good wit; therefore, saith -Elian, an elephant is the wisest of all brute beasts, because his brain is driest, et oh a*r De tis, spiritus iude latera, venas, os, oculos occupant, occult. Nat. mirac. 6i"0 mother! I beseech you '* Ei calcfaetione humidi cerebri: nam ex sicco lachry- not to persecute me with those horrible-looking furies. miE non fluuiit. '^ Res mirandas imaginantur: et | See ! see! they attack, they assault me!" »""Peacel putant se videre quEE nee vident, nee audiunt. '« Laet. peace! unhappy being, for you do not see what you. Ii'». 13. cap. 2. descript. India Occident. ■" Lib. 1. think you see."' ca. 17 cap. de mel. 's Insani, et qui morti vicini | 33 w2 258 Causes of these Symptoms. [Part. 1 . Sec. 3. tistn Tirrianns. Weak siglit and a vain persuasion withal, may effect as much, and second causes concurring, as an oar in water malies a relraction, and seems bigger, bended double, kc. The thickness of the air may cause such effects, or any object not well-discerned in the dark, fear and phantasy will suspect to be a ghost, a devil, &c. ^^Quod nimis miseri iime?it^ hoc facile credunt, we are apt to believe, and mistake in such cases. Marcellus Donatus, lib. 2. cap. 1. brings in a story out of Aristotle, of one Antei)liaron which likely saw, wlieresoever he was, his own image in the air, as in a glass. Vttellio, lib. \0. pcrspect. hath such another instance of a familiar acquaintance of his, that after the want of three or four nights sleep, as he Avas riding bv a river side, saw an(»ther riding with him, and using all suvh gestures as he did, but when more light appeared, it vanished. Eremites and anchorites have frequendv such absurd visions, revelations by reason of much fasting, and bud diet, many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot liath well showed in bis book of the dis- ''overy of witchcraft, and Cardan, subtil. 18. sullites, perfumes, suifuniigations, mixed candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they were dead, or with horse-heads, bull's-horns, and such like brutish shapes, tiie room full of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Bap- tista Porta, Alexis, Albertus, and others, glow-worms, tire-drakes, meteors. Ignis fatuiif!., which Plinius, lib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux, with many such that appear in moorish grounds, about church-yards, moist valleys, or where battles have been fought, the cau.ses of which read in Goclenius, Velouris, Fickius, &.c. such fears are often done, to frighten children with squibs, rotten wood, Slc. to make folks look as if tlicy were dead, ^^solito majnres., bigger, lesser, fairer, fouler, %tt aslanlcs sine capi/ihiis videanfur ; attt toli igniti, aut forma dcemonuin, accipe piloscanis nigri, Sfc. saitb Albertus; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptrics: who knows not tiiat if in a dark room, the liifht be admitted at one only little hole, and :i j)aper or glass put upon it, the sini shining, will represent on the opposite wall all such objects as arc illuminated by his rays .'' with concave and cylinder glasses, we may reOect any shape of men, devils, antics, (as magicians most part do, to gull a silly spectator in a dark room), we will ourselves, and that hanging in the air, when "tis nothing but such an horrible image as '^^Agrippa demonstrates, placed in another room. Roger Bacon of old is said to have represented his own image walking in the air by this art, though no such thing appear in his perspectives. But most part it is in the brain that deceives them, although I may not deny, but that ofteniiine.s the de\'il deludes tbem, takes his opportimity to suggest, and represent vain objects to melancholy men, and such as are ill atlected. To these you may add the knavish impostures of jugglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Boger Bacon spfaks, kc. de miraculis naturce et artis. cap. 1. "^ they can counterfeit tht voices of all birds and brute beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak within their throats, as if they spoke afar oil", that they make their auditors believe they hear spirits, and are thence much astonished and atfrighted with it. Besides, those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering place of Gloucester^' with us, or like the duke's place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is reverberated by a concave wall ; a reason of which Blancanus in his Echometria gives, and mathematically demonstrates. So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. "As the fool thinketh, so the bell clinketh." Theophilus in Galen thought he heard music, from vapours which made his ears sound, &.c. Some are deceived by echoes, sotnc by 1-oaring of waters, or concaves and reverberation of air in the ground, hollow places and walls. "Wt Cadurcum, in Aquitaine, words and sentences are repeated l)V a strange echo to the full, or whatsoever you shall play upon a musical instrument, more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing spoken seven times, as at Olympus, in Macedonia, as Pliny relates, lib. 30. citp. 15. •■•Senera. (imxl itirtiiunt riiniis. nunqiiam arnorcri I vociim varietatem in ventre el ffiitlnre finKenim, fnr- po««?, nw; tiilli piitaiii. f^Sanjruis iipiipce cum itielle ' inaiil vmi-s huinan.i-i a lonji"! vel propc, priiiil vulunt, compomtus ft ceiit;iiirf>a, &c. Albertus. "^Lib. I. ac si spiriliis cum hotniro; luquerotur. el boiios brutoruin urcMli. pliil ".•«. liii|i.Titi lu>niirie.4 (tirninnum et umbra- I fineuiit. &c. «' (;iouceiil<.-r catbe<(ral. "Tain ruin iiii:i:.'i'i('\f- rumque, tamen non tullunt uiiquam, sed ri.cidet acer- bior quam aiitea minima occasione, aut errorc. » I't-ri- culum est ne degenereret in Epilepsiam, Apuplexiaui, Coiivulsionem, cKcitatem. '" Montal. c. 'J5. l.,Biiren tins. Nic. Piso. " Her. de Saxonia, Aristotle, Capi- vaccius. '2 Fa vent. Humor frigldus sola delirii caiiM, furoris vero humor calidus. '^ Ileurnius calla mad ness sobolem melanchuliie. " Alexander I. 1. c. id '4 Lib. 1. part. 2. r. 1). "Montalt. c. lo. Haro mors aut nunquam, nisi sibi ipsis inferant. '' Lib. d* Insan. Fabio Calico Interprete. "Nouulli Tiolebtu ■nanus sibi inferunt. Mem. 1.] Prognostics of Melancholy. 261 .o-.r". „ - . „„ J - .I- J- •._ I " And SO far forth death's terror doth affrislit. Et sa^pe usque adeo morfs form.dine v.ts „ ^^^^^ ,,„„^^lf ^„j j,^^^^ jj,g ,■ Perc.p t .nfelix odium luc.sque v.dends. ^„ ^^^^ ^„ ^/^ ^^ ^^.^^ 3^,, „rief of hearr, Ut sibi consciscat msrenti peclore lethum. j ^^^ voluntary dies to ease his smart." In such sort doth the torture and extremity of his misery torment him, that he can take no pleasure in his life, but is in a manner enforced to offer violence unto him- self, to be freed from his present insufferable pains. So some (saith ^^ Fracastorius) " in fury, but most in despair, sorrow, fear, and out of the anguish and vexation of their souls, offer violence to themselves : for their life is unhappy and miserable. They can take no rest in the night, nor sleep, or if they do slumber, fearful dreams astonish them." In the day-time they are affrighted still by some terrible object, and torn in pieces with suspicion, fear, sorrow, discontents, cares, shame, anguish, &c. as so many wild horses, that they cannot be quiet an hour, a minute of time, but even against their wills they are intent, and still thinking of it, they cannot forget it, it grinds their souls day and niglit, they are perpetually tormented, a burden to them- selves, as Job was, they can neither eat, drink or sleep. Psal. cvii. 18. "Their soul abhorreth all meat, and they are brought to death's door, ^' being bound in misery and iron :" they ^' curse their stars with Job, ^ •' and day of their birth, and wish for death :" for as Pineda and most interpreters hold, Job was even melancholy to despair, and almost ^^ madness itself; they murmur many times against the world, friends, allies, all mankind, even against God himself in the bitterness of their pas- sion, ^^ vivere nolunt, vior'i nesciimt, live they will not, die they cannot. And in the midst of these squalid, ugly, and such irksome days, they seek at last, finding no comfort, ^^ no remedy in this wretched life, to be eased of all by death. Omnia ap- petunt bonum, all creatures seek the best, and for their good as they hope, sub specie^ in show at least, vel quia viori pulchrum putant (saith ^" Hippocrates) vel quia putant inde se majoribus malis liberari, to be freed as they wish. Though many times, as .^sop's fishes, they leap from the frj'ing-pan into the fire itself, yet they hope to be eased by this means : and therefore (saith Felix ^ Platerus) •'■ after many tedious days at last, either by drowning, hanging, or some such fearful end," they precipitate or make away themselves : " many lamentable examples are daily seen amongst us :" alius ante fores se laqueo suspendit (as Seneca notes), alius se prcecipitavil d iecto, ne dominum stomachantem audiret, alius ne reducereiur a fuga ferrum rede git in viscera., "one hangs himself before his own door, — another throws himself from the house-top, to avoid his master's anger, — a third, to escape expulsion, plunges a dag- ger into his heart," — so many causes there are His amor exitio est., furor his love, grief, anger, madness, and shame, Stc. 'Tis a common calamity, -^ a fatal end to this disease, they are condemned to a violent death, by a jury of physicians, furi- ously disposed, carried headlong by their tyrannising wills, enforced by miseries, and there remains no more to such persons, if that heavenly Physician, by his assisting grace and mercy alone do not prevent, (for no human persuasion or art can help) but to be their own butchers, and execute themselves. Socrates his cicuta, Lucreiia's dagger, Timon's halter, are yet to be had ; Cato's knife, and Nero's sword are left behind them, as so many fatal engines, bequeathed to posterity, and will be used to the world's end, by such distressed souls : so intolerable, insufferable, grievous, and violent is their pain, *'so unspeakable and continuate. One day of grief is an hun- dred years, as Cardan observes : 'Tis carnificina hominum., angor anitni. as well saith Aretpus, a plague of the soul, the cramp and convulsion of the soul, an epitome of hell ; and if there be a hell upon earth, it is to be found in a melancholy man's heart. " For that deep torture may be call'd an hell. When more is felt, tliaii one hath power to tell." Yea, that which scoffing Lucian said of the gout in jest, I may truly affirm of melan- choly in earnest. i»Lucret. I. 3. »>Lib. 2. de intell. sa;pe mortem sibi Horat. 1. 2. c. 5. "Lib. de insania. Sicsicjuvat consciscunt ob timorem et tristitiam tzciiio vita; affecti ire per umbras. *6Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. nissti ob furorem et desperationem. Est enim iiifera, &.C. degunt, dum tandem mortem quam timent, suspendio Ergo sic perpetuo atflictati vitam oderunt, se prscipi- ' aut submersione, aut aliqua alia vi, ut niulta tristia tant. his malis carituri aut interficiunt se, aut tale quid i eserapla vidimus. ^s Arculanus in 0. Rhasls. c. i6 comraittunt. *' Psal. cvii. 10. — job .x.T.xiii. ! cavendura ne e.x alto se pncipitent aut alias la:(laut. 33 Job vi. 8. **Vi doloris et tristitia: ad insaniam [ so O omnium opinionibus iiico^itabile malum. Lucian. pene redactis. ''^Seneca. win salutis sus ] .Mortesque mille, mille dum vivit iieces gerit, peritque desperatione proponunt sibi mortis desiaerium, Oct. | Heinsius Austriaco. 262 Prognostics of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. 4. • O trisle nomen • o diis (xlibile Melaiicliulia lacryiiiosa, Cocyti filia, Tu Tariari speciibus opacis edita Eriiinys, utnro quam Mtgara sun tulit, Et ab uberibus aluit, cuiqiie parvuls Amaruleiitiim in os lac Alecto d<.dit, Oinncs abominabilem te d!emoiie!i Prodiixere in luci-ni, pjitio mortalium. Non Jupiter ferit tale teluni fulniinis, \oii ulla sic procella sa;vit squoris, ]Von impetiiosi tanta vis est turbinis. An asperos snstineo morsus Cerberi ? Nuni virus Echidna? nietnbra mea depascitur? Aut tunica saiiie tiiicta Nessi sanguinis? Illacrymabile et iinniedicabile malum hoc." " O sad and odious name ! a name so fell. Is this of melancholy, brat of hell. There born in hellish darkness doth it dwell. The Furies brought it up, Megara's teal, Alecto gave it bitter milk to eat. And all conspir'd a banc lo mortal men, Et paulo To bring this devil out of that black den. post. Jupiter's thurulerbolt, not storm at sea, Nor whirl-wind doih our hearts so much dismay. What ? am I bit by that fierce Cerberus ? Or stung by m serpent so ptistiferous ? Or put on shirt that's dipt in Nessus' blood? My pain's past cure ; physic can do no good." No torture of body like unto it, SicuU non invcnere tyranni viajus tor7ncn(um, no strappadoes, hot irons, Phalaris' bulls, ^'- Nee ira deiim tantum, nee tela, nee hostis, Quantum sola nocos aniniis illapsa." " Jove's wrath, nr/r devils can Do so much harm to th' soul of man. All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontents, imbonites, insuavities are swallowed up, and drowned in this Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small brooks; his coagulum omnium cerumnarum: which ^Ammianus applied to his dis- tressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of human adrer- .«ity. the ^quintessence, and upshot; all other diseases whatsoever, are but flea- bitings to melancholy in extent: 'Tis the pith of them all, '■^IluspUium est calami- talis; quid verbis opus est f "Quamcunque malam rem quicris, illic reperies:" • What need more words ? 'tis calamities inn. Where seek for any mischief, 'lis williin ; " and a melancholy man is that true Prometheus, which is bound to Caucasus ; the true Titius, whose bowels are still by a vulture devoured (as poets feign) for so doth ^ Lilius Geraldus interpret it, of anxieties, and those griping cares, and so ought it to Ite understood. In all other maladies, we seek for help, if a leg or an arm ache, through any distemperature or wound, or that we have an ordinary disease, above all things whatsoever, we desire help and lualth, a present recovery, if by any means possible it may be procured ; we will freelv part with all our other fortunes, sub- stance, endure any misery, drink bitter j)otions, swallow those distasteful pills, suffer our joints to be seared, to be cut of]', aiiytliinir for future health : so sweet, so dear, so precious above all other things in this world is life : 'tis that we chiefly desire, long life and happy days, ^ multus da Jupiter anwis., increase of years all men wish; but to a melancholy man, nothing so tedious, nothing so odious; that which they so carefully seek to preserve **he abhors, he alone; so intolerable are his pains; some make a question, graviores morbi corporis an animi, w hether the diseases of llie body or mhid be more grievous, but there is no comparison, no doubt to be made oi it, multb enim scevior longeque est alrocior animi^ qudm corporis cruciatus (Lcm. I. 1. c. 12.") the diseases of the mind are far more grievous. — Totum hie pro vuinere corpus, body and soul is misaffected here, but the soul especially. So Cardan testifies de rerum var. lib. 8. 40. * Maximus Tyrius a Platonist, and Plutarch, have made just volumes to prove it. *^Dies adimit cpgritudincm hominibus, in other diseases there is some hope likely, but these unhappy men are born to misery, past all hope of recover) , incurably sick, the longer they live the worse they are, and death alone must ease them. Another doubt is made by some philosophers, whether it be lawful for a man in such extremity of pain and grief, to make away himself: and how tliese men thai so do are to be censured. The Platonists approve of it, that it is lawful in such cases, and upon a necessity ; Plotinus /. de beatitud. c. 7. and Socrates himself de- fends it. in Plato's Pha^don, " if any man labour of an incurable disease, he may despatch himself, if it be to his good." Epicurus and his followers, the cynics and stoics in general affirm it, Epictetus and *' Seneca amongst the rest, ua vuluntale patiatur. " Naiu linht of day, ami al>oiil to ca^t liiniwll'inlo ili*- Siygian qiiis ainphnram exsicrans I'tEcem exorberet (Sfiieca ' pool, althoueh he had not been (jiiilty of any rriiiie thai epist. 58.) qiiis in psnas et ri:suin viveret ? stijiti est i nienled death: biit. pct. on the same prophet. « Plautiii". "Marlial. "As to be buried out of Chrinliaii burial with a slake. Idem. HIalu 9. de legibus. \ult separatim sept'liri, qui sibt i(t- (> tius deligitur d i viveru quam in timore tot morborum | sis mortem consciscuot, dec. lose tlieir goods. &.C Mem. 1.] Prognostics of Melancholy. 265 extremity, they know not what they do, deprived of reason, judgment, all, ^^ as a ship that is void of a pilot, must needs impinge upon the next rock or sands, and suffer shipwreck. ^^P. Foresius hath a story of two melancholy brethren, that made away themselves, and for so foul a fact, were accordingly censured to be infamously buried, as in such cases they use : to terrify others, as it did the Milesian virgins of old ; but upon farther examination of their misery and madness, the cejisure was ^revoked, and they were solemnly interred, as Saul was by David, 2 Sam. ii. 4. and Seneca well adviseth, Irascere interfeclori^ sed miserere interfecti; be justly offended with him as he was a murderer, but pity him now as a dead man. Thus of their goods and bodies we can dispose ; but what shall become of their souls, God alone can tell ; his mercy may come inter pontem et font em, inter gladium et jugulum, betwixt the bridge and the brook, the knife and the throat. Quod cuiquam contigit, qnivis potest: Who knows how he may be tempted .? It is his case, it may be thine : ^ QucB sua sors hodie est, eras fore vestra potest. We ought not to be so rash and rigorous in our censures, as some are ; charity will judge and hope the best : God be merciful unto us all. " Navis destituta nauclero, in terribilem aliqumn scopuluin iinpingit. e? Qbservat. esgeneca tracl. 1. 1. 8. c. 4. Les, Homicida in se insepultus abji- ciatur, contradicitur ; Eo quod afferre sibi manus coac- tus sit. assiduis malis ; summara infelicitatem suam ic hoc removit, quod existimabat licere misero mori, s9 Buchanan. Elcg. lib. (260 ) THE SYlXOPSIS OF THE SECOjVD PAHTITION. Cure of melancholy ie> either Unlawful means forbidden, (Sect. 1. General to all, which contains =f Sect. 2. Dietetical, which con- sists in re- forming tltjse six non-natural lhin<;j, as in Lawful means, which are (Memb. 1. From the devil, magicians, witches, &c., by charms, I spells, incantations, images, &c. J i^ueit. 1. Whether they can cure this, or other such like diseases * (^iieit. 2. Whether, if they can so cure, it be lawful to seek to them for help ] 2. Immediately from God, a Jove principiuiu, by' prayer, &c. 3. Qitext. 1. Whether saints and their relics can help this infirmity 1 Que.st 2. Whether it be lawful in this case to sue to them for aid. Sutisect. 1. I'hysician, in whom is required science, confidence, honesty, &c. 2. Patient in whom is required obedi- ence, constancy, willingness, patience, con- fidence, bounty, &c., not to practise on himself. « 3. I'hysic, f Dietetical T' which < Pharmaceutical H consists of [Chirurgical II 'din 4. Medi- ately by Nature which concerns and works by Diet rec- tified. I 1. Memb. Fish Herbs L« 1^ Particular to the three distinct species, Such m^ats as are easy of digestion, well-dresf^ed, hot, sod, Ac, young, moist, of good nourishinenl, i:c. Bread of pure wheat, well-baked. Matter Water clear from the fountain, and qua- Wine and drink not too strong, &c. lity. r Mountain birds, partridge, pheasant, quails, 1. Subs. I Flesh { &c. ^Hen, capon, mutton, veal, kid, rabbit, dec. J That live in gravelly waters, as pike, perch, I trout, sea-fish, solid, white, &c. j Borage, bugloss, balm, succory , endive, violets, \ in broth, not raw, &c. Fruits I Raisins of the sun, apples corrected f»T wind, and roots. [ oranges, &c., parsnips, potatoes, &c. At seasonable and unusual times of rejiast, in good order, nut before the first be concocted, sparing, not overmuch of one dish. 2. Rectification of retention and evacuation, as costiveness, venery, bleeding at nose, months stopped, baths, &c. 3. Air recti- (-Naturally in the choice and site of our country, dwelling-place, to fied, with a I be hot and moist, light, wholesome, pleasant, &c. digression of | Artificially, by often change of air, avoiding winds, fogs, leinpesls, the air I. opening windows, perfumes, &c. Of body and mind, but moderate, as hawking, hunting, riding, shooting, bowling, fishing, fowling, walking in fair fields, gatlerii's, 4. Exercise ^ tennis, bar. Of mind, as chess, cards, tables, curabitiir, ant certe minus afficirtiir, si vnlet. 'Vide turn ? «i ad reDtum, cur non ad mille 7 > Hiat. Chi Kfiiatum Morey .^niniad. in <>ch'ilam Salernit, c. 2^. si | nensuin. Mem. l.j Patient. 271 Tragalthis writes) that they can do by their extraordinary skill in physic, and some of our modern chemists by their strange limbecks, by their spells, philosopher's stones and charms. * " Many doubt," saith Nicholas Taurellus, " whether the devil can cure such diseases he hath not made, and some flatly deny it, howsoever com- mon experience confirms to our astonishment, that magicians can work such feats, and that the devil without impediment can penetrate through all the parts of our bodies, and cure such maladies by means to us unknown." Daneus in his tract de Sortiariis subscribes to this of Taurellus ; Erastus de lamiis, maintaineth as much, and so do most divines, out of their excellent knowledge and long experience they can commit ^agcntes cum pafientihus, coUigere semina rerum, eaque materi(Z appli- care, as Austin infers de Civ. Dei et de Trinit. lib. 3. cap. 7. et 8. they can work stu- pendous and admirable conclusions ; we see the effects only, but not the causes of them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; cunning men, wizards, and white-witches, as they call them, in every village, which if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind, Servatores in Latin, and they have commonly St. Catherine's Avheel printed in the roof of their mouth, or in some other part about them, resistunt incantatorum prcsstigiis, (^Bois- sardus writes) morbos a sagis motos propulsant., Sfc, that to doubt of it any longer, ' '•' or not to believe, were to run into that other sceptical extreme of incredulity," saith Taurellus. Leo Sauvius in his comment upon Paracelsus seems to make it an art, which ought to be approved ; Pistorius and others stiffly maintain the use of charms, words, characters, &c. ^rs vera est, sed pauci artifices reperiunfur ; the art is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellius Donatus lib. 2. de hist, mir. cap. 1 . proves out of Josephus' eight books of antiquities, that ^ " Solomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by spells, charms, and drove away devils, and that Eleazer did as much before Vespasian." Langius in his med. epist. holds Jupiter Menecrates, that did so many stupendous cures in his time, to have used this art, and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this kind, the devil is an expert physician, as Godelman calls him, lib. I. cap. 18. and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to produce such effects, as Lavater cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. 1. Polid. Virg. lib. 1. de prodigiis, Delrio and others admit. Such cures may be done, and as Paracels. Tom. 4. de mnrb. ament. stiffly maintains, '°they cannot otherwise be cured but by spells, seals, and spiritual physic." " Arnoldus, lib. de sigillis, sets down the making of them, so doth Rulandus and many others. Hoc posito, they can effect such cures, the main question is, whether it be lawful in a desperate case to crave their help, or ask a wizard's advice. 'Tis a common practice of some men to go first to a witch, and then to a physician, if one cannot the other shall, Flectere si nequeant superos Achcronta movebunt. '^ " It matters not," saith Paracelsus, "Avhether it be God or the devil, angels, or unclean spirits cure him, so that he be eased." If a man fall into a ditch, as he prosecutes it, what mat- ter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out ? and if I be troubled with such a malady, what care I whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers by God's permission, redeem me } lie calls a '^magician, God's minister and his vicar, apply- ing that of vos eslis dii profanely to them, for which he is lashed by T. Erastus part, l.fol. 45. And elsewhere he encourageth his patients to have a good faith, '^"a strong imagination, and they shall find the eiFects : let divines say to the con- trary what they will." He proves and contends that many diseases cannot otherwise be cured. Incantalione orti incanlationc curari deberit ; if they be caused by incan- tation, '' they must be cured by incantation. Constantinus lib. 4. approves of such remedies : Bartolus the lawyer, Peter ^Erodius rerum Judic. lib. 3. tit. 7. Salicetus Godefridus, with others of that sect, allow of them ; modb sint ad sanitatem quce a SAlii dubitant an tlffimon possit morbos curare qiios non fecit, alii ncgaiit, sed quotiiliana exporientia con- firmat, tnasios magno multordm stupore morbos curare, eingulas corporis parte citra impedimentiiiii permeare, et raediis nobis ignotis curare. ^Awentia cum patientihus conjiigunt. ' Cap. 11. de Servat. f'Hic alii rident, sed vereor ne diim nolumus esse crediili, vitium non etrugiamus incredulitatis. ^Refert Solo- nionem mentis morbos curasse, et daemones abeirissR ipsos carniiuibus, quod et coram Vespasiano fecit Elea- zar. '» Spiritualcs niorbi spiritualiter curari debent. ." Sipillum e.x aiiro peculiari ad Melancholiam. &c. '2 Lib. 1. de occult. Pliilos. nihil refert an Deus an Dia- holus, angeli an iramundi spiritus aegro opem ferant, morbus ciiretur. " .Magus minister et Vicarius Dei. » Utere forti imaginatione et experieris effectum, dicanl in adversum qujcquid volunt Theologi. la Idem Pli'tiius coritenilit quosdam esse morbos qui incanta- tionibus solun) curentur. • *72 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1 magis Jiunt, seciis non, so they be for the parties good, or not at all. But these men are confuted by Remigius, Bodinus, dam. lib. 3. cap 2. Godelmanus lib. 1. cap. 8, Wierus, Delrio lib. 6. qucest. 2. Tom. 3. 77iag. inquis. Erastus de Lamiis; all our '^ divines, schoolmen, and such as write cases of conscience are against it, the scripture itself absolutely forbids it as a mortal sin, Levit. cap. xviii. xix. xx. Deut. xviii. &c. Rom. viii. 19. "Evil is not to be done, that good may come of it." Much bettor it were for such patients that are so troubled, to endure a little misery in this life, than to liazard their souls' health for ever, and as Delrio counselleth, " '' much better die, than be so cured." Some take upon them to expel devils by natural remedies, and magical exorcisms, which they seem to approve out of the practice of the primitive church, as that above cited of Josephus, Eleazer, Irajneus, Tertullian, Austin. Euse- bius makes mention of such, and magic itself hath been publicly professed in some universities, as of old in Salamanca in Spain, and Cracow in Poland: but condemned anno 1318, by the chancellor and university of '* Paris. Our pontifical writers retain many of these adjurations and forms of exorcisms still in the church ; besides those in baptism used, they exorcise meats, and such as are possessed, as they hold, in Christ's name. Read Hieron. IMcngus cap. 3. Pet. Tyreus, pari. 3. cap. 8. what exor- cisms they prescribe, besides those ordinary means of '^" fire suffumigations, lights, cutting the air with swords," cap. 57. herb?-, odours : of which Tostatus treats, 2. Reg. cap. 16. quctst 43, you shall fiiui many vain and frivolous superstitious forms of exorcisms among them, not to be tolerated, or endured. MEMB. II. Lawful Cures., first from God. Being so clearly evinced, as it is, all unlawful cures are to be refused, it remains to treat of such as are to be admitted, and those are conmionly such which God hath appointed, ^ by virtue of stones, herbs, plants, meats, &,c. and the like, which are prepared and applied to our use, by art and industry of physicians, who are the dis- pensers of sucli treasures for our good, and to be *' " honoured for necessities' sake," God's intermediate ministers, to whom in our infirmities we are to seek for help. Yet not so that we rely too much, or wholly upon them : a Jove prinripium, we must first begin with -^ prayer, and then use physic ; not one without the other, but both together. To pray alone, and reject ordinary means, is to do like him in iEsop, that when his cart was stalled, lay Hat on his back, and cried aloud help Her- cules, but that was to little purpose, except as his friend advised him, rotis lute ipse atinitaris, he whipped his horses withal, and put his shoulder to the wheel. God works by means, as Christ cured the blind man wiih clay and spittle : " Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.^^ As we must pray for health of body and mind, so we must use our utmost endeavours to preserve and continue it. Some kind of devils are not cast out but by fasting and prayer, and both necessarily re- quired, not one without the other. For all the physic we can use, art, excellent industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God, nil juvat immensos Cratero promittere mantes: it is in vain to seek for help, run, ride, except God bless us, XNon domus et Tundua, non atrm acervus et auri ' " non Siculi dapes Dulcem elaborabunt saporem. Non aniraum cytherteve cantus. iE^roto possunt domiiiu di.-ducere febres." " With house, with land, with money, and with gold, The master's fever will not be tonlroll'd." We must use our prayer and physic both together : and so no doubt but our prayers will be available, and our physic take effect. 'Tis that Hezekiah practised, 2 King. XX. Luke the Evangelist : and which we are enjoined, Coloss. iv. not the patient only, but the physician himself Hippocrates, a heathen, required this in a good practitioner, and so did Galen, lib. de Plat, et Hipp. dog. lib. 9. cap. 15. and in that '0 Qui talibus credunt, aut ad eorum domos euntes, I mcditinen of the earth, and he that in wise will not al>- ant siiis doniibns introducunt, aut interrogaiit, wiant ; hor them, Ecrlun. xxxviii. ■». "My son. fail not la se (idem Christiaiiam et haplisiiiuni pra'vancasse, et j thy sicknesis, but pray unto the Lord, and he will iiiaka Apostalas eiise. Autftin de superstit. observ. hoc pacio ' thee wh'de. Ecclus xzxviii. '.I. nu^r. oinne prin- a Dt-o defirjtur ad diabolum, P. Mart. "Mori 1 ripiuni, hue refer eiituni. Ilor. 3.carm. Od. 6. «» Mu»io prrstat i|uaiii gupersiitiose sanari. Disquid. mag. I. -J. c. I and fine fare can do no eood. >• Hor. I. I. »p. 4. U. sect. 1 qua-»t. 1. Tom. 3. '»P. Lumbard. "Suf- l»»SintCr»«i et rra»!>i licet, non ho« Paelolui aareat fitus, gladiorum ictus, Sic. *)Tbe Lord bath created 1 undaa ageni eripiet unquain d inisertu. Mem. 2.] Cure of Melancholy. 273 tract of his, an mores sequantur temp. cor. ca. 11. 'lis a rule which he doth inculcate ^^ and many others, llyperius in his first book de sacr. script, led. speaking of that happiness and good success which all physicians desire and hope for in their cures, ^ tells them that it is not to be expected, except with a true f^th they call upon God, and teach their patients to do the like." The council of Lateran, Canon 22. decreed they should do so : the fathers of the church have still advised as much : whatso- ever thou lakest in hand (saith -* Gregory) let God be of thy counsel, consult with him ; that healeth ihose that are broken in heart, (Psal. cxlvii. 3.) and bindeth up their sores." Otherwise as the prophet Jeremiah, cap. xlvi. 11. denounced to Eo-ypt, In vain shalt thou use many medicines, for thou shalt have no health. It is the same counsel which -^ Comineus that politic historiographer gives to all christian princes, upon occasion of that unhappy overthrow of Charles Duke of Burgundy, by means of which he was extremely melancholy, and sick to death: insomuch thai neither physic nor persuasion could do him any good, perceiving his preposterous error belike, adviselh all great men in such cases, ^° " to pray first to God with ail .a{>ists ; and in my judg- ment, that old doting Lipsius mitjhl have tiller dedicated his *" pen after all his labours, to this our goddess of melancholy, than to his Virgo Halensis, ami been her chap- lain, it would have become him better : but he, poor man, thought no harm in that which he diil, and will not be persuaded but that he doth well, he halh so many patrons, and honourable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eajrerly, and more than he there saith of his lady and mistress : read but superstitious Coster and Gretser's Tract de Cruce, Laur. Arcturus Fanteus de Invoc. Sanct. liellarmine, Delrio dis. mag. Tom. 3. /. 6. quasi. 2. seel. 3. Greg. Tolosaims 7V;m. 2. lib. 8. cap. 24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna lib. 4. cap. 9. Tyreus, Ilieronymus Mengus, and you shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, l)y holy waters, relics, crosses, exorcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, &.c. Barradius the Jesuit boldly j/ives it out, that Christ's countenance, and the Virgin .Mary's, would cure melancholy, if one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard in his book de pulch. Jes. et Mar. confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know not whom, that it was a common proverb in those days, for such as were troubled in mind to say, camus ad vidcndumjilium Maritf. let us see the son of Mary, as they now do post to St. Anthony's in Padua, or to St. Hilary's at Poicliers in France. *' In a closet of that church, there is at this day St. Hilary's bed to be seen, '* to v.hich they brine all the madmen in the country, and after some prayers and other ceremonies, they lay them down there to sleep, and so they recover." It is an orilinary thing in those parts, to send all their madmen to St. Hilary's cradle. They say the like of St. Tubery in ^-another place. Giraldus Cambn-nsis Ilin. Camh. c. 1. tells stramre stories of St. Ciricius' stafli that would cure this and all other diseases. Others say a.s much MLipiiioiL »C»p. 2t5. "Lib. 2. cap. 7. de D>-o Morhi-qiip in epufr.i dc^criptis (It-ni rt-ptTimui. "fpli!.-!! |ir..|iic. rap X lie itiis Syria. Rofinii*. *-S«-^ l.ilii Oiraliii •yclnt.'iiia ite diis, k.r. *> 1-J(.'hI. Jntiijarii htiAt CI Icbraiit, ut aiijjurei et aiiimi s Jn4!iK-u« Siiirenia ilin. Callir. ir>l7. Hue nifiitc riplnr (!»>ilucuiii, i-i matin nrnlionibiK. tacriMi'i' p^raciiii. in ilium lectum dorroiium {><>nunl, ice. <* lb Gallia Narboneofi. Mem. 3.] Patient. 275 (as ''^Hospinian observes) of the three khigs of Cologne ; their names written in parchment, and hung about a patient's neck, with the sign of the cross, will prochice like ed'ects. Read Lipomanaiis, or that golden legend oi Jacob as de Voragine, vou shall have infinite stories, or those new relations of our "Jesuits in Japan and China, of Mat. Riccius, Acosta, Loyola, Xaverius'si life, &c. Jasper Belga, a Jesuit, cured a mad woman by hanging St. John's gospel about her neck, and many such. Holy water did as much in Japan, &c. Nothing so familiar in their works, as such ex- amples But we on the other side seek to God alone. We say with David, Psal. xlvi. I. •■' God is our hope and strength, and help in trouble, ready to be found." For their catalogue of examples, we make no other answer, but that they are false fictions, or diabolical illusions, counterfeit miracles. We cannot deny but that it is an onHnarv thing on St. Anthony's day in Padua, to bring diverse madmen and demoniacal per- sons to be cured : yet we make a doubt whether such parlies be so affected indeed, but prepared by their priests, by certain ointments and drams, to cozen the common- alty, as "^ Hildesheim well saith ; the like is commonly practised in Bohemia as Mathiolus gives us to understand in his preface to his conrment upon Dioscorides. But we need not run so far for examples in this kind, we have a just volume pub- lished at home to this purpose. '"^" A declaration of egregious popish impostures, to withdraw the hearts of religious men under the pretence of casting out of devils, practised by Father Edmunds, alias Weston, a Jesuit, and divers Romish priests, his wicked associates, with the several parties' names, confessions, examinations, &c. which were pretended to be possessed." But these are ordinary tricks only to get opinion and money, mere impostures, ^sculapius of old, that counterfeit God, chd as many famous cures ; his temple (as '*' Strabo relates) was daily full of patients, and as many several tables, inscriptions, pendants, donories, &c. to be seen in his church, as at this day our Lady of Loretto's in Italy. It was a custom long since. " suspeiidisse potenti VcKtiinenla maris ileo."'*» Bor. Od. 1. lib. 5. Od. To do the like, in former times they were seduced and deluded as they are now. 'Tis the same devil still, called* heretofore Apollo, Mars, Neptune, Venus, .'Escvda- pius, &.C. as '*^ Lac tan tins 111). 2. de orig. erroris, c. 17. observes. The same Jupiter and those bad angels are now worshipped and adored by the name of St. Sebastian, Barbara, &c. Christopher and George are come in their places. Our lady succeeds V^enus (as they use her in many .offices), the rest are otherwise supplied, as ^"Lavater writes, and so they are deluded. ^' ''And God often winks at these impostures, be- cause they forsake his word, and betake themselves to the devil, as they do that seek after holy water, crosses," Stc. Wierus, lib. 4. cap. 3. What can these men plead for themselves more than those heathen gods, the same cures done by both, the same spirit that seduceth ; but read more of the Pagan god's effects in Austin de Civitatc Dei^ I. 10. cap. 6. and of ^Esculapius especially in Cicogna I. 3. cap. S. or put case they could help, why should we rather seek to them, than to Christ him- self, since that he so kindly invites us unto him, " Come unto me all ye that are heavy laden, and I will ease you," Mat. xi. and we know that there is one God, '" one Mediator between God and man, Jesus Christ, (1 Tim. ii. 5) who gave himself a ransom for all men. We know that we have an ^^ advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ (1 Joh. ii. 1.) that there is no other name under heaven, by which we can be saved, but by his," who is always ready to hear us, and sits at the right hand of Gotl, and from '"^ whom we can have no repulse, solus vult, solus potest., curat unt- vcrsos tanquam singulos^ et '^^ unnmqucmque nostrum et solum, we are all as one to him, he cares for us all as one, and why should we then seek to any other but to him. •»3Lil>. (le orig. Festorum. Collo suspeiisa et perga- ; garments to the deity of the lieep." ">iaiiangeli muiio iiiscripta, cum signo cnicis, &;c. " E-m. Acusta j sumpserunt olira iiomen Jovis, junonis, Apollinis, &c. reriiin in OrlenlH gnst. a societal. Jesu, Anno Iot)8. Epist. Gonsalvi Furnandis, Anno loGO. e Japo- nia. 45 Spicel. de morbis dfemnniacis, sic a sacrifi- cnlis |)arati unguentis ftlagicis corpnri illitis, nt sliilta; plebecnla; persuadeant tales curari a Sancto Antonio. <« Printed at London 4'" by J. Roberts. 1G(I5. "Grtg. lib. 8. Ciijus fanum sgrotantium multitudine refertuin, undiquaque et tabellis pendentibus, in quibus sanati languores erant inscripii. ^ " To offer tiie sailors' qnos Gentiles deos credebant, nunc S. Sebasliani, Bar- harsE, &c. nomen habent. et aliorum. ^o Part. -2. cap. '.I. de spect. Veneri substitnunt Virginem Mariani. ^^ Ad h^c ludibria Deus connivet freqiientur, nbi relicto verbo Dei, ad Satanam curritur, qiiales hi snnt, qui aqiiam lustralem, crncem, &c. lubricffi tidei hominibus offeriint. *= Uharior e.st ipsis liorao quam sibi, Paul; =3 Bernard. ** Austin. 276 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. MEMB. \\. SuBSECT. I. — Phijsickuu Patient^ Physic. Of those diverse gifts which our apostle Paul saith God hath bestowed on man, this of physic is not the least, but most necessary, and especially conducing to the good of mankind. Next therefore to God in all our extremities ('Mbr of the most high Cometh healing," Ecclus. xxxviii. 2.) we must seek to, and rely upon the Phy- sician. ''' who is Maniis Dei., saith Hierophilus, and to whom he hath given know- iedgt^ that lie might be gloritied in his wondrous works. " With such doiit he heal men, and take away their pain.?,''' Ecclus. xxxviii. 6. 7. •' when thou hast need of liim, let him not go from thee. Ti»e hour may come tliat their enterprises may have i{oo(l success," ver. 13. It is not tlierefore to be doubted, that if we seek a pliysiciaii as we ought, we may be eased of our inhnnities. such a one I mean as is sutlicieui, and Worthily so called ; for there be many mountebanks, quacksalvers, empirics, in I'very street almost, and in every village, tliat take upon them this name, make this noble and profitable art to be evil spoken of and cuntenmed, by reason of these base and illiterate artificers : but such a physician I speak of, as is approved, learned, skil- ful, lionest, &c., of whose duty Wecker, ,.J/i//(/. cap. 2 et Syntax, vied. Crato. Julius Alexaiidrmus medic. Heurnius -prax.med. lib. 3. cap. 1. Sfc. treat at large. For this particular disease, him that shall take upon him to cure it, *^ Paracelsus will have to lie a magician, a chemist, a philosopher, an astrologer; Thurnesscrus, Severinus the Dane, and some other of his followers, reipiire as much : '' many of them cannot be cured but by magic." "Paracelsus is so still" for those chemical medicines, that in his cures he will admit almost of im other physic, deriiling in the mean time llippn- crates, Galen, and all their followers: but magic, and all such remedies I liave already censured, and shall speak of chemistry ^'elsewhere. Astrology is required liy many famous physicians, by Ficinus, Crato, Fernelins; ** doubted of, and ixplodid !)y others : I will not lake upon me to ilecide the controversy my.self, Johannes I lossnrtus, Thomas Boderius, and .Maginus in the preface to his mathematical physic, shall determine for nie. Many physicians explode astrolog)' in physic (saith he), there is no use of it, unain artein «c quasi tenitrariutn inseclanfur, ac gloriam sihi ah ejus imperitia^ aucupari: but I will reprove physicians by physicians, that defend and profess it, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicen. Stc, that count them butchers without it, homicidas medicos Jistrologice ignaros, Sfc. Paracelsus goes farther, and will liavL- his physician ^ predestinated to this man's cure, this malady ; and lime of cure, the scheme of each geniture inspected, gathering of herbs, of administering astrologically observed ; in which Thurnesserus and some iatromalhemalical professors, are too superstitious in my judgment. *' Hellebore will help, but not ahvay, not given by •n-er}' physician, kc." but these men are too peremptory and self-conceited as I think. Hut what do I do, interposing in that which is beyond my reach .' A blind man cannot judge of colours, nor I peradventure of these things. Only thus much I would require, honesty in ever)' physician, that he be not over-careless or covetous, harpy -like to make a prey of his patient ; Carnificis numque est (as " VVeckcr notes) inter ipsos cruciatiis ingens precium ctposcere, as a hungry chirurge«jn often produces and wire-draws his cure, so long as there is any hope of pay, ^^ ,Yon rnissura cutem^ nisi phna cruoris Airuc/o."*^ Many of them, to get a fee, will give physic to every one that comes, when there is no cause, and they do so irritare silentem morhiim^ .IS "• Heurnius complains, stir up a silent disease, as it often fallelh out, which by good counsel, good advice alone, might have been happily composed, or by rectitica- tion of those six non-natural things otherwise cured. This is JVuturtx bcUum inferre, to oppugn nature, and to make a strong body weak. Arnoldus in his 8 and 1 1 Aphorisms gives cautions against, and expressly forbiddeth it. ^ "A wise physician ■'■* Ecclus. xxxviii. In the siglit of great men lit- eliali rap. 2 •• " The leech never releaix-* tli*- «l(in until lie III al«<>-!it iIim irsriM, qui virtii« ratiune rur;iri |«>i>iiuiii M< ir ni,. &' Lil>. lie I'otlagra. soSect. 5. " Lwineiu.s, « Mo<|c!itU(i et napieiin iiieilicuit, iiuiic|.iairi ; • J. Cvs^ir Clauiiiiiuii consult. *> Predestinatiini ail pharmaf uin. iii»i c"gfnle iiire,i .Antid. gen. lib 3 puru morbum ezpellere satagat. Mem. 4. Subs. 2.] Patient. 277 will not give physic, but upon necessity, and first try medicinal diet, before ho pro- ceed to medicinal cure." ^^ In another place he laughs those men to scorn, that think longh syrupis e.vpugnare dcBmones et anlml phantasniata., they can purge fantastical imaginations and the devil by physic. Another caution is, that they proceed upon good grounds, if so be there be need of physic, and not mistake the disease ; they are often deceived by the ^'similitude of symptoms, saith Heurnius, and I could give instance in many consultations, vi^herein they have prescribed opposite physic. Sometimes they go too perfunctorily to work, in not prescribing a just ^^ course of physic : To stir up the humour, and not to purge it, doth often more harm than good. Montanus consil. 30. inveighs against such perturbations, " that purg-e to the halves, tire nature, and molest the body to no purpose." ■ 'Tis a crabbed humour to purge, and as Laurentius calls this disease, the reproach of physicians : Bcssardus., ■iagellum medicorum^ their lash ; and for that cause, more carefully to be respected. Though the patient be averse, saith Laurentius, desire help, and refuse it again, though he neglect his own health, it behoves a good physician not to leave him helpless. But most part they ofiend in tiiat other extreme, they prescribe too much physic, and tire out their bodies with continual potions, to no purpose. Mtius telrahib. 2. 2. scr. cap. 90. will have them by all means therefore ^^"to give some respite to nature," to leave off" now and then ; and Laelius a Fonte Eugubinus in his consulta- tions, found it (as he there witnesseth) often verified by experience, '"'•'that at'ter a deal of physic to no purpose, left to themselves, they have recovered." 'Tis that which Nic. Piso, Donatus Altomarus, still inculcate, dare requiem naturcB, to give nature rest. SuBSECT. II. — Concerning the Patient. When these precedent cautions are accurately kept, and that we have now got a skilful, an honest physician to our mind, if his patient will not be conformable^ and content to be ruled by him, all his endeavours will come to no good end. Manv things are necessarily to be observed and continued on the patient's behalf: First that he be not too niggardly miserable of his purse, or think it too much he bestows upon himself, and to save charges endanger his health. -The Abderites, when they sent for ■" Hippocrates, promised him what reward he would, "" all the gold they had, if all the city were gold he should have it." Naaman the Syrian, when he weiit into Israel to Elisha to be cured of his leprosy, took with him ten talents of silver, six thousand pieces of gold, and ten changes of raiment, (2 Kings v. 5.) Another thing is, that out of bashfulness he do not conceal his grief; if aught trouble his mind, let him freely disclose it, '•'■Slultorum incurata pudor malus ulcera eclat .•" by that means he procures to himself much mischief, and runs into a greater inconvenience : he must be willing to be cured, and earnestly desire it. Pars sanitatis velle sanai .. Tiii!., (Seneca). 'Tis a part of his cure to wish his own health, and not to defer it too long "3" Q.iii blandiendo dulcp nutrivit malum. I • He tliat liy rherisliing a mischief dnth provoke, Seio recusal ferre quod subiit jugum." | Too late at last refusetli to cast otfliis yoke." "<* " Helhhorum frustra cum jam cutis a^irra tnniehit, I " When the skin swells, to seek it to appease Poscentes videas ; venieiiti occurrite iiiorlid.' | With ht'llelmre, is vain ; meet your diseas-f." By this means many times, or through their ignorance in not taking notice of iheir grievance and danger of it, contempt, supine negligence, extenuation, wretchedness and peevishness ; they undo themselves. The citizens, 1 know not of what city now, when rumour was brought their enemies were coming, could not abide to hear it ; and when the plague begins in many places and they certainly know it, they com- mand silence and hush it up-, but after they see their foes now marching to their gates, and ready to surprise them, they begin to fortify and resist when 'tis too late; when the sickness breaks out and can be no longer concealed, then they lament their supine negligence : 'tis no otherwise with these men. And often out of prejxidice, a loathing, and distaste of physic, they had rather die, or do worse, than take any of ™Crev. 1. c. 18. c" Similitiido sspe lionis medicis | hoc morho medicina nihil profecisse visi sunt, ct sibi imponir. '^'Q.iii mehincholicis pra;bent reinedia non | demissi invaluerunt. '• Abderitani ep. Hippiic. satis vnlida L'msiores uinrbi imprimis solertiam medici i '2 Qnjcquid auri apud nos est, libenter persolveriius, postulant et t'lilclitatem. qui enirn tumulluario ho? trac- etiamsi tota urbs nostra aurum esset. '3 Seneca, taut, vires absque ullocouimodo hEdunt et lran:;unt, &c. | 'i Per. 3. Sat. ''"Naturu; remissionem dare oportei. "Plerique \ 278 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. il. ."Barbarous immanity ( "^ Melancthon terms it) and folly to be deplored, so to contemn tlie precepts of health, good remedies, and voluntarily to pull death, and many maladies upon their own heads." Though many again are in that otlier extreme too profuse, suspicious, and jealous of their health, too apt to take physic on every small occasion, to aggravate every slender passion, imperfection, impedi- ment : if their linger do but ache, run, ride, send for a physician, as many gentlewo- men do, that are sick, without a cause, even when they will themselves, upon every toy or small discontent, and when he comes, they make it worse than it is, b)- ampli- fying that which is not, '^Hier. Cappivaccius sets it down as a connnon fault of all " melancholy persons to say their symptoms are greater than they are, to help them- selves." And which " Mercurialis notes, consil. 53. " to be more troublesome to their pliysicians, than other ordinary patients, that they may have change of physic." A iliird thing to be required in a patient, is contidence, to be of good cheer, and have sure hope that his physician can help him. '°Damascen the Arabian requires likewise in the physician himself, that he be contident he can cure him, otherwise his physic will not be effectual, and promise withal that he will certainly help him, make him believe so at least. '^Galeollus gives this reason, because the form of health is contained in the physician's mind, and as Galen holds ^*' conlidence and hope to be more ffood than physic," he cures most in whom most are confident. Axiocus sick ahno.-i to death, at the very siglit of Socrates recovered his former health. Paracelsus assiifus il for an only cause, wliv Hii)pocrates was so fortunate in his cures, not for any extraordinary skill he had; *' but •• because the common people had a most strong conceit of his worth." To this of confidence we may add perseverance, obedience, and constancy, not to change his physician, or dislike him upon every toy; for he tiiat so doth (^saith "Janus Damascen) "or consults with many, falls into many errors; or that usedi many medicines." it was a chief caveat of "Seneca to his friend Lucilius, that he should not alter his |>hysician, or prescribed physic: '' No- tiiinir hinders health more; a wound can never betnired, that hath .several plaslbrs." (,'rdio consil. 18(). laxeth all melancholy persons of this fault: '''"'Tis proper to them, if things fall not out to their mind, and that they have not present ease, to seek another and another;" i^as they do commonly that have sore eyes) twentv-one after another, and they still promise all to cure them, try a thousand remedies ; anti by lliis means they increase their malady, make it most dangerous and ditlicult to be cured. They try many (sailh ** Montaims) and profit by none :" and for this cause, cimsil. 24. lie enjoins his patient before he lake him in hand, **" perseverance and sulleiance, for in such a small time no great mailer can be eflected, and upon that condition he will administer physic, otherwise all his endeavour and counsel would be to small purpose." And in his 31. counsel for a n*)lable matron, he tells her, *''•* if she will be cured, she must be of a most abiding patience, faithful obedience, and singular per- severance ; if she remit, or despair, she can expect or hope for no good success." Consil. 230. for an Italian Abbot, he makes it one of the greatest reasons why lhi.'5 disease is so incurable, **»• because the parties are so restless, and impatient, and will tlierelbre have him liiat intends to be eased, "" to take physic, not for a montli, a year, l)Ul to apply himself to their prescriptions all the days of his life." Last of all, it i.s required that the patient be not too bold to practise upon himself, wilhoul an approved physician's consent, or to try conclusions, if he read a receipt in a b(x>k ; for so. many grossly mistake, and do themselves more harm than good. That which is conducing to one man, in one case, the sanie time is opposite to zinother. '*'An ass "^ D«; anima. Barbara tamen imnianitale, ei depio- i iiii|>e«lit, ac renieiliorum erebra niutalin, nee viMiil vul- r.imla iiiscilia cntiifiiinuiit prarcfpta -rit«n- el niortxw iiltro accersiint. '«Coii:>iil. ITJ^ rVoUzio liir. »« Mt-lanrlmliciiriirn propriiiiii. <|iiiiiii e» ei.rum Mfiaiirli. JEtiiorimi hoc fere propriuiii est. ul eraviora arbilrio nun lit Hubiia niulatiu in riD-liuM, alt>;rare riicaiil Hssr syniptoinala. quam revera sunt. "■' Mi-I.in ' nifilienn i|ui qni'li n. Sec. Con«il. 3l D>iin ad varia ch'ihci pliTuiiique inedicis sunt inolcgii. m alia aliin w; ninfi-ruiit. imllii prosiinl. « liiipriniii* li-ri,- •aliilt-ni. <'pre nihil >-x. A.r. •"■r>i rnrnri vull. opui caiiiinlnni efficax. nisi niedicns ctiani fuf-rit rnrtK una '•*l [terliiiari p>;riu:v>-ranlia. T itia. t-t pa- ltinaii..rii«. "D« proiniiK;. duel. cap. 15. Quoiiiani lieiitia miiijulari. hi la'^lcl am mi li.ir«bil fiaiiiialis fiirniani aninii meilici cnnlincnt. *S(K-Hfl etr»-cluiii. '•.■EL'nludin' /ii'-ndaiu. ft conlidenlia. plui valent quam mediciiia. ^> Paflicinr inde morhi inrurabiles. " N '> a. I niviiMrm anl in nifio vit» rurrirulo curatiuut op« AZet-r qui pluriinoA rimsulit meiliro^, pleriiinniif ir rain dare. "Camerariui enib. U. ceal. iL rrrureiii singuloruiii cadit. '» Nihil 1(3 sanitat>;k, ' Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Patient. 279 and a mule went laden over a brook, the one with salt, the other witli wool : tlie mule's pack was wet by chance, the salt melted, his burden the lighter, and he thereby much eased : he told the ass, who, thinking to speed as well, wet his pack likewise at the next water, but it was much the heavier, he quite tired. So one thing may be good and bad to several parties, upon diverse occasions. '■' Many things (saith ®" Penottus) are written in our books, which seem to the reader to be excellent reme- dies, but they that make use of them are often deceived, and take for physic poison." I remember in Valleriola's observations, a story of one John Baptist a Neapolitan, that finding by chance a pamphlet in Italian, -written in praise of heliebore, would needs adventure on himself, and took one dram for one scruple, and had not lie been sent for, the poor fellow had poisoned himself. From whence he concludes out of Damascenus 2 et 3. Aphoris. """that without exquisite knowledge, to work out of books is most dangerous : how unsavoury a thing it is to believe writers, and take upon trust, as this patient perceived by his own peril." I could recite such another example of mine own knowledge, of a friend of mine, that finding a receipt in Bras- sivola, would needs take hellebore in substance, and try it on his own person; but had not some of his familiars come to visit him by chance, he had by his indiscre- tion hazarded himself: many such I have observed. These are those ordinary cau- tions, which I should think fit to be noted, and he that shall keep them, as ^^Mou- tanus saith, shall surely be much eased, if not thoroughly cured. SuBSECT. III. — ■Concerning Physic. Physic itself in the last place is to be considered ; " for the Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them." Ecclus. xxxviii. 4, ver. 8. " of such doth the apothecary make a confection, &c." Of these medicines there be diverse and infinite kinds, plants, metals, animals, &c., and those of several natures, some good for one, hurtful to another : some noxious in themselves, cor- rected by art, very wholesome and good, simples, mixed, &€., and therefore left to he managed by discreet and skilful physicians, and thence applied to man's use. To this purpose they have invented method, and several rules of art, to put these reme- dies in order, for their particular ends. Physic (as Hippocrates defines it) is nought else but "^ " addition and subtraction ;" and as it is required in all other diseases, so in this of melancholy it ought to be most accurate, it being (as "'Mercurialis acknow- ledgeth) so common an afl^ection in these our times, and therefore fit to be understood. Several prescripts and methods I find in several men, some take upon them to cure all maladies with one medicine, severally applied, as that Panacea Aiiruvi polahile, so nmch controverted in these days, Herha soils., S^-c. Paracelsus reduceth all dis- eases to four principal heads, to whom Severinus, Ravelascus, Leo Suavius, and others adhere and imitate : those are leprosy, gout, dropsy, falling-sickness. To which they reduce the rest ; as to leprosy, ulcers, itches, furfurs, scabs, &c. To gout, stone, cholic, toothache, headache, &c. To dropsy, agues, jaundice, cachexia, &c. To the falling-sickness, belong palsy, vertigo, cramps, convulsions, incubus, apoplexy, &c. s^" Jf any of these four principal be cured (saith Ravelascus) all the inferior are cured," and the same remedies commonly serve : but this is too general, and by some contradicted : for this peculiar disease of melancholy, of which I am now to speak, I find several cures, several methods and prescripts. They that intend the practic cure of melancholy, saith Duretus in his notes to Hollerius, set down nine peculiar scopes or ends ; Savanarola prescribes seven especial canons. .-Elianus Montaltus cap. 26. Faventinus in his empirics, Hercules de Saxonia, &c., have their several injunctions and rules, all tending to one end. The ordinary is threefold, which I mean to follow. AiatrjjT'tzj;, Pharmacciilica., and Chirurgica, diet, or living, apothecary, chirurgery, which Wecker, Crato, Guianerius, &c., and most, prescribe; 5f which I will insist, and speak in their order. ' Prrrfat. rie nar. mod. In libellis qus vulgo vers.in- | ordine decet, pjerit. vel r.urabitur. vel certe minus affi- •sir apud litcratos, incantiores niulta lecuiit, a quibus cietur. MFuchsius cap. 2. lib. I. ^^ In pract. de-ipiuiiliir, exiiiiia illis, sed iiortcntosum hswrimit ve- n\fd. h-Kr affectiu nostiis tempnrit)us frpq^ieiilissjina. iifniim. i^^OpiTMri r-x lihris, alisqiie cr.j;iii'.,uii( ..>t e^i^o uia.iinjj pertiiiel ad nos liujiis ciirati'iiiem intclli suli'ui ingenio, pcriciilosiim est. Unde inoneinur, quaiii ' gere. siiSi aliqiiis liorum niorboriiiii, siiiiimus sa iu^ipiiliim scriptis audi. nbus credere, qiioil hie. siio di- i nalur, sanaiitur oiiines inferiores. dicit periculo. ^isCoiisil. 23. haec omnia si 'luo; 280 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 8 SLOT. Jl. MEMH. ». SuBSECT. I. — Diet rectified in substance. DiET,^t(UTrTtxj7, utc/its, or living-, according to ^'Fuchsius and others, comprehends hose six non-natural things, whicli I have before specified, are especial causes, and being rectified, a sole or chief part of the cure. ^^ Johannes Arculanus, cap. 16. in 0. Rhasis., accounts the rectifying of these six a sufficient cure. Guianerius, tract. 15, cap. 9. calls them, propriam el primam cur«m, the principal cure : so doth Mon- tanus, Crato, Mercurialis, Allomarus, &c., first to be tried, Lemnius, instit. cap. 22, names them the hinges of our healtli, ^no hope of recovery without them. Reine- rus Solenander, in his .seventh consultation for a Spanish young gentlewoman, that was so melancholy she abhorred all company, and would not sit at table with her familiar friends, prescribes this physic above the rest, '""no good to be done without it. 'Aretus, lib. I. cap. 7. an old physician, is of opinion, that this is enough of itself, if the parly be not too far gone in sickness. ^ Crato, in a consultation of his for a noble patient, tells him plainly, that if his highness will keep but a good diet, he will warrant him his former healtli. ^ 31ontanus, consil. 27. for a nobleman of France, admonisheth his lordship to be most circumspect in his diet, or else all his other physic will '"be to small purpose. The same injunction I find verbatim in J. Ca-sar Claudinus, Respon.Si. Scoltzii, consil. 183. Trallianus, cap. IG. lib. 1. Lcelius (i fonte jEugubinus often brags, that he hath done more cures in this kind by rectifi- cation of diet, than all otlier physic besides. So that in a word 1 may say to most melancholy men, as the fox said to the weasel, that could not get out of the garner, Macra caviim repetes, quern mucra subisli^^ the six non-natural things caused it, and they must cure it. Which howsoever I treat of, as proper to tlie meridian of melan- choly, yet nevertheless, that which is here said witli him in ®Tully, thougli writ especially for the good of his friends at Tarentum and Sicily, yet it will generally serve ' most other diseases, and help them likewise, if it be observed. Of these six non-natural things, the first is diet, properly so called, which consists in meat and drink, in which we piust consider substance, quantity, quality, and that opposite to the precedent. In substance, such meats are generally commended, which are ^ '• moist, easy of digestion, and not apt to engender wind, not fried, nor roasted, but sod (saith Valescus, Altomarus, Piso, &.c.) hot and moist, and of good nourish- ment;" Crato, consil. 21. lib. 2. admits roast meat, * if the burned and scorched superficies, the brown we call it, be pared off! Salvianus, lib. 2. cap. 1. cries out on ?old ai d dry meats ; '" young flesh and tender is approved, as of kid, rabbits, chickens, veal, mutton, capons, hens, parlridjie, pheasant, quails, and all mountain birds, which are so familiar in some parts of Africa, and in Italy, and as " Dublinius reports, the common food of boors and cluwns in Palestine. Galen takes exception at mutton, but without question he means that ramniy mutton, which is in Turkey and Asia Minor, wliich have those great flesliy tails, of forty-eight pounds weight, as Verto- mannus witnesseth, navitr. lib. 2. cap. 5. The lean of fat meat is best, and all man- ner of broths, and pottage, with borage, lettuce, and such wholesome herbs are ex- cellent good, especially of a cock boiled ; all spoon meat. Arabians commend brains, but '^ Laurenlius, c. 8. excepts against them, and so do many others ; '^eggs are justi- fied as a nutritive wholesome meat, butter and oil may pass, but with some limita- tion ; so '*Crjto confines it, and '• to some men sparingly at set times, or in sauce," « Instit. cap. 8. sect. 1. Victiis nomine non tarn cibus | which lean you entered." • 1. de finibii8 Tarentini* et potiis. Sf d acr, cxerciiatio, sumnus, vi;,'ilia. et rt-liquie | el Sic>ilis. •> Modo non mulliini floiigi-iitur. • Lib. res lex non-naturales continentiir. ^Suffioit pie- | 1. de melan. cap. 7. Calidiis tt hiiiiiidiiK cihuK ronrociu runique rt'siuien reruni sex nonnaluralium. i* Et | facilis, flatus ei»rUts, eliii non nssi. n<-i|iie gilii fri.»i ill his poti-sima sanilas consistit. lOo \iliil hie a»enduiii sine e.xqiiisita Vivendi ratinne, tc. i Si recens in.iluni sit nd pristiiiuin habiniiii r>-cii|M-randurn, alia inedt-l.i non est opus. > Consil. 9i). lib. i. si celsiliido Ilia, rectain victus rationein, tc. • .Moiico Ihiniine, lit sis priirlens ad victiim. sine quo cetera re- iii'^dia frii^tr.i adhibentur. < Omnia rninedia irrita et vana sine his. Novistis me pterosque ita labnrantts, virtu ihxiiis quam medicamentis ciirasse. > "When : batur. you are a^ain lean, seek an e.xit through that hole by ' !>ini. *i'i interna taiituni pulpa devurftiir. non su- perficies tnrrida ab igne. '-' IIimh- niitri>-iite« cilii, teiiella tttas inultuni valet. Ciiriicii non virorie, mx jiin- eueo. • " Hoedoper. piTi-cr. Mierosi.l. i*lniniira Ftomacho. '•Not frieil or bultered, hut |Miiclie>liatiT« buivrniii et nieiiiii. "i taiiien plus quam par sii. non proriiiidntur : rnirhari 1 1 iiM-llis us'js, uUliler ad ciboruin condimenta cnipto- Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Diet rectified. 281 and so sugar and honey are approved. '= All sharp and sour sauces must be avoided. and spices, or at least seldom used : and so saffron sometimes in broth may be tole- rated ; but these things may be more freely used, as the temperature of tlie party is hot or cold, or as he shall find mconvenience by them. The tliinnest, whitest, smallest wine is best, not thick, nor strong; and so of beer, the middling is fittest^ Bread of good wheat, pure, well purged from the bran is preferred ; Laurentius, cap. 8. would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. Water.] Pure, thin, light water by all means use, of good smell and taste, like to the air m sight, such as is soon hot, soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much approves, if at least it may be had. Rain water is purest, so that it fall not down in great drops, and be used forthwith, for it quickly putrefies. Next to it fountain water that nseth in the east, and runneth eastward, from a quick running spring, from flinty, chalky, gravelly grounds : and the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the purest, though many springs do yield the best water at their fountains. The waters m hotter countries, as in Turkey, Persia, India, within the tropics, are frequently purer than ours in the north, more subtile, thin, and lighter, as our merchants observe, by four ounces in a pound, pleasanter to drink, as good as our beer, and some of them, as Choaspis in Persia, preferred by the Persian kings, before wine itself. io"Clitorio qiiicunque siliiii de fnnte levdrit Vina fugit gaudetquc lueris abstemius undis." Many rivers I deny not are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nile in Egypt, Tiber at Rome, but after they be settled two or three days, defecate and clear, very commodious, useful and good. Many make use of deep wells, as of old in the Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided ; to fetch it in carts or gone. >l-is, as in Venice, or camels' backs, as at Cairo in Egypt, " Rad^ivilius ob- served 8000 camels daily there, employed about that business ; some keep it in trunks, as in the East Indies, made four square with descending steps, and 'tis not amiss, for I would not have any one so nice as that Grecian Calls, sister to Nice- * phorus, emperor of Constantinople, and '« married to Dominitus Silvius, duke of Venice, that out of incredible wantonness, communi aqua uti nolebat, would use no vulgar water; but she died tanta (saith mine author) /(etidissimi puris copld, of so fulsome a disease, that no water could wash her clean. "'Plato would not have a traveller lodge in a city that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream running by it ; lUud enim armnum, hoc corrmnpit valetudinem., one corrupts the body, the other the mind. But this is more than needs, too much curiosity is naught, in time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever, pure water is best, and wiiich (as Pindarus holds) is better than gold ; an especial ornament it is, and " very com- modious to a city (according to ^^Vegetius) when fresh springs are included'within the walls," as at Corinth, in the midst of the town almost, there was arx allissma scatensfontibus, a goodly mount full of fresh water springs : "if nature afford them not they must be had by art." It is a wonder to read of those -' stupend aqueducts, and mfimte cost hath been bestowed in Rome of old, Constantinople, Carthage, Alex- andria, and such populous cities, to convey good and wholesome waters : read ' Fronlinus, Lipsius de admir. ''PUnius, lib. 3. cap. 11. Strabo in his Geogr. That aqueduct of Claudius was most eminent, fetched upon arches fifteen miles, every arch 109 feet high : they had fourteen such other aqueducts, besides lakes and cis- terns, 700 as I take it ; ^ every house had private pipes and channels to serve them for their use. Peter Gillius, in his accurate description of Constantinople, speaks of an old cistern which he went down to see, 3.36 feet long, 180 feet broad, built of marble, covered over with arch-work, and sustained by 330 pillars, 12 feet asunder, and in eleven rows, to contain sweet water. Infinite cost in channels and cisterns.' from Ndiis to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the admiration of these tunes ; ^' their cisterns so curiously cemented' and composed, that a beholder wouk J^Murcurialis consil. 88. acerba omnia evitantur ii^Gvul. Met. lib. 15 " VVIiocver has allayerl his thirst with the water of the Clituriiis, avoids wine, and ah- Eteniioiis ileliirhts in pure water only." " Pregr. Hier. "•The Dukes of Venice were then permitteil u marry. '» Ue Legibus. 20 ^jb. 4. cap. 10. M;i3 la urbis utilitas cum perennes fontes muris includuntui, quod si 36 v2 natura non pra?stat, effijndiendi, &c. 21 Opera pigan- turn dicit aliquis. "De aqujeduct. -^sCurtiug Fons a quadragesimo lapide in nrhirm opere arcuato perdnctus. Plin. UG. 15. 2' aua-que domus Rom* fistulas habebat et canales, &.c. '^ Lib. 2. ca. iO. Jod. a Meggen. cap. 15. pv/eg. Hier. Belloiiius. 282 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. • take them to be all of one stone: when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, their liouse is half built. That Segovian aqueduct in Spain, is much wondered at iu these days, ^"upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying swe3t water to every house : but each city almost is full of such aqueducts. Amongst the rest *' he is eternally to be commended, that brought tliat new stream to the north side of London at his own cliarge: and Air. Olho Nicholson, founder of our water-works and elegant conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, to be conveniently provided of it : although Galea hath taken exceptions at such waters, which run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam qucB in lis gcneralur., for that unctuous ceruse, which causetli dysenteries and lluxes ; ^'^yet as Alsarius Crufius of Genna well answers, it is opposite to common experience. If that were true, most of our Italian cities, Montpelier in France, with infmite others, would lind this in- convenience, but there is no such matter. For private families, in what sort they should furnish themselves, let them consult with F. Crescentius, de Agrlc. I. I.e. 4, Pamphilius Hirelacus, and the rest. Amongst fishes, those are most allowed of, that live in gravelly or sandy waters, pikes, perch, trout, gudgeon, smelts, flounders, Stc. Hippolitus Salvianus takes exception at carp; but 1 dare boldly say with ^'Dubravius, it is an excellent meat, if it come not from ^ muddy pools, that it retain not an unsavoury taste. Erinacius Marinus is much commended by Oribatius, iEtius, and most of our late writers. ^' Crato, consil. 21. iib. 2. censures all manner of fruits, as subject to putrefaction, yet tolerable at sometimes, after meals, at second course, they keep down vapours, and have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet cherries, plums, sweet apj)les, pear-mains, and pippins, which Laurentius extt)ls, as having a peculiar property against this disease, and Plater magnifies, omnibus viodis appropriaia convvniunt^ Itut tliey must be corrected for tlieir windiness : ripe grapes are good, and raisins of the sun, musk-nulons well corrected, and sparingly used. Figs are allowed, and almonds blanched. Trallianus discommends tigs, ^Salvianus olives and capers, which ^others especially like of, and so of pislick nuts. Alontanus and Mercurialis out of Aven- zoar, admit peaches, *' pears, and apples baked after meals, only corrected with sugar, and aniseed, or fennel-seed, and so they may be profitably taken, because they strengthen the stomach, and keep down vapours. The like may be said of preserved cherries, plums, marn.tdade of plums, (juinces, Slc, but not to drink after them. ^ Pomegranates, lemons, oranges are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. '^Craio will admit of no herbs, but borage, bugloss, endive, fennel, aniseed, bauni ; Callenius and Arnoldus tolerate lettuce, spinage, beets, kc. The same Crato will allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of potatoes, parsnips, but all cor- rected for wind. No raw salads; but as Laurentius prescribes, in broths; and so Crato commends many of them : or to use borage, hops, baum, steeped in their ordinary drink. ^Avenzoar magnifies the juice of a pomegranate, if it be sweet, and especially rose water, which he would have to be used in every dish, which they put in practice in those hot countries, about Damascus, where (if we may believe the relations of Vertomannus) many hogsheads of rose water are to be sold in the market at once, it is in so great request with them. SuBSECT. II. — Diet rectified in quantity. M.\x alone, saith ^Cardan, eats and drinks without appetite, and useth all his pleasure without necessity, unimce vitio, and thence come many inconveniences unto him. For there is no meat whatsoever, though otherwise wholesome and good, but if unseasonably taken, or immoderately used, more than the stomach can well bear, it will engender crudity, and do much harm. Therefore '^Crato adviseth his patient s^Cyiir. Fxhovius dclit. Hisp. Aqua proflueiis iiide in i quiB graio sunt sapore, cocta mala, poma losta, el »ae- oiuti.s ten- iliimusducitur, ill puttiaqm.que aiilivo tern- I cliaro, vel aiiisi hoiiiiiie <:..iis|..rba, iidlir r !<(.ttiiii a pore fri;,'i(lissiina tons.Tvulur. "Sir Hii^h Middle- prandio vel a tcpiia sunn pocr^iiiit. e!i his table be jovially furnished by reason of his state and guests, yet for his own part •""Observat. lib. 1. Assucscat bis in die cibos, sumere, cp.-ta semper bora. <' Ne plus ingerat caveiidum q'laiii vciitriculus ferre potest, sempcrqur; siir^'at a iiimisa niiii satur. "Siqiiidein qui seiniiiiansum velocitur iiiacrunt cibuin, veiitriculo laboreni iiifi;rLiiit, et Mams iiiaximos promoveiit, Crato. _ "(jujdaia iiiaxiiiie coiiiedere iiiluiitiir, pulantes ea ratione se vires relectiirns ; igiioranles, noii ea qiis iiigeruiit posse vires relicere, sed quE probe concoquunt. ■'^ Multa appetiiiit, pauca digeriiiit. ■'^Saturiial. lib. 7. cap. 4. ^<' .Modiciis el leinperatus cibus el carni et aiiima; iitilis isl. -1" Uygiaslicoii reg. 14. 16. uncia; per diem suf- ficiant, foinpiitato pane, came ovis, vel aliis obsoniis, el totideiu vel paulo plures uucix prutils. -^'^ideiu reg.27. Plures in domibus suis brevi tempore pascentes ex'tinguuntur, qui si triremibus vincti fuissent, aut gregario pane pasji, sani ei incolumes in longain a-ta- teai vitam prorogasseiit. *> Nihil deterius quatn diversa nutrienlia siniiil adjungere, et comedendi tem- pus prorogare. £^0 Lib. 1. hist. siHuradlib. 5. ode ult. s^Ciborum varietate et copia in eadera mensa nihil noceiitius liomini ad luteni. Fr. Valeriola, observ. I. -X cap. tj. =3Tul. orat. pro M. .Marcel. ^ Nullus cibum sun)ere debet, nisi stomachus sit vacuus Gordon, lib. med. I. 1. c. 11. ^^ E multis eduliis unum elige, relictisqiie cteteris. ex eocouiede. ""' L. de alra bile. Simplex sit cibus el non varius: quud licet dignitati tu« ob convivas difficile videatur, &,c. 284 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. to single out some one savoury dish and feed on it. The same is inculcated by " Crato, consil. 9. I. 2. to a noble personage affected with this grievance, ho would have his highness to dine or sup alone, without all his honourable attendance and courtly company, with a private friend or so, ^^a dish or two, a cup of Rhenish wine. &c. Montanus, consil. 24. for a noble matron enjoins her one dish, and by nc means to drink between meals. Tlie like, consil. 229. or not to eat till h(' be an hungry, which rule Berengarius did most strictly observe, as Ililbertus, Ccnomcccnsls Episc. writes in his life. "cui non fuit iinquam Ante sitiiii potus, nee cibus ante faineni," and which all temperate men do constantly keep. It is a frequent solemnity still used with us, when friends meet, to go to the alehouse or tavern, they are not soci- able otherwise: and if they visit one another''s houses, ihey must both eat and drink. 1 reprehend it not moderately used ; but to some men nothing can be more otiensive; they had better, I speak it with Saint ^'^ Ambrose, pour so much water in iheir slioes. It much avails likewise to keep good order in our diet, '"'' to eat liquid things first, broths, fish, and such meats as are sooner corrupted in the stomach ; luuder meats of digestion must come last." Crato would have the supper less than the dinner, which Cardan, Contradict, lib. 1. Tract. 5. contradict. 18. disallows, and that by the authority of Galen. 7. art. curat, cap. 0. and for four reasons he will have the supper biggest : I have read many treatises to this purpose, I know not how it may concern some few sick men, but for my part generally for all, I should subscribe to that custom of the Romans, to make a sparing dinner, and a liberal supper ; all their preparation and invitation was still at supper, no mention of dinner. Many reasons I could give, but when all is said pro and con., ^' Cardan's rule is best, to keep that we are accustomed unto, though it be naught, and to follow our disposition and appetite in some things is not amiss ; to eat sometimes of a dish which is hurtfid, if we liave an extraordinary liking to it. Alexander Severus loved hares and apples above all other meats, as "^ Lampridus relates in his life : one pope pork, another peacock, &c.; what harm came of it? I conclude our own experience is the best physician; that diet which is most propitious to one, is often pernicious to anothei. such is the variety of palates, humours, and tumperatures, let every man observe, and be a law unto himself. Tiberius, in "Tacitus, did laugh at all such, that thirlv years of age would ask counsel of others concerning matters of diet ; I say the same. These few rules of diet he that keeps, shall surely find great ease and speedy remedy by it. It is a wonder to relate that prodigious temperance of some hermits, anchorites, and fathers of the church : lie that shall but read their lives, written by Ilierom, Athanasius, Stc, how abstemious heathens have been in this kind, those Curii and Fabritii, those old philosophers, as Pliny records, lib. 11. Xenophon, lib. 1. de I'it. Socrat. Emperors and kings, as Nicephorus relates, Eccles. hist. lib. 18. cap. 8. of Mauritius, Ludovicus Pius, Stc, and that admirable "^ example of Ludovicus Cornarus, a patrician of Venice, cannot but admire them. This have they done voluntarily and in health ; what shall these private men do that are visited with sick- ness, and necessarily *" enjoined to recover, and continue their health } It is a hard thing to observe a strict diet, e/ qui medice vivil, misere vivit^^as the saying is, quale hoc ipsum erit vivere, his si privatus fueris? as good be buried, as so nmch debarred of his appetite ; excessit medicina malum, the physic is more troublesome than the disease, so he complained in the poet, so thou thinkest : yet he that loves himself will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater inconvenience; e malis minimum, better do this than do worse. And as " Tully holds, '' better be a temperate old man than a lascivious youth. 'Tis the only sweet thing (which he A'Celsitudo tua prandeat sola, absque apparatu auli- omnia quotidianiim Ifporem habuit, ct |>onii«< indiilsit. CO, contentus sit ijlustrissimus princeps duobus tantiim i " Anna). 6. Ridere solehat cos, qui pf)i't 30. iriatig an- fereulis, vinoque Rhenanu solum in mensa utatur. num, ad cognoscenliin omnes morbo* curabaiit voniitu i-t ji-ju- lius in terram vina fudisses. «>Crato. Miillum ' nio. "ijohenius lili. 1. rap 5. "" lli- who liv»i referl lion ignorarc qui cibi priores. &c. Iigiiida pruce- I medically lives nii-icrabiy." "Cat. Major : .Melior dant carniurn jura, pi^^ces, fructus, &.c. CtBna brevior conditio senis vivenlisei prtMcriptuurtmuiedicof.quatl Nt prandio. <■ Tract, ti. contradict. 1. lib. I. ''Super I adolesccntis luxuriosi. Mera. 2. J Retention and Evacuation rectified. 285 adviseth) so to moderate ourselves, that we may have scnectuiem in juve7itute, et in juvenfute senectutem.^ be youthful in our old age, staid in our youth, discreet anil temperate in both. MExAIB. II. Retention and Evacuation rectified. I HAVE declared in the causes what harm costiveness hath done in procuring this disease; if it be so noxious, the opposite must needs be good, or mean at least, as indeed it is, and to this cure necessarily required ; marime conducif, saith Moataltus, cap. 27. it very much avails. ^'Altomarus, cap. 7, " commends walking in a morn- ing, into some fair green pleasant fields, but by all means first, by art or nature, he will have these ordinary excrements evacuated." Piso calls it, Beneficiuni vcnfris, the benefit, help or pleasure of tlie belly, for it doth much ease it. Lain-entius, cap. 8, Crato, consil. 21. I. 2. prescribes it once a day at least: where nature is defective, art must supply, by those lenitive electuaries, suppositories, condite prunes, turpen- tine, clysters, as shall be shown. Prosper Calenus, lib. de aira bile, commends clysters in hypochondriacal melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves ; ^^ Peter Cnemander in a consultation of his pro hypocondriaco, will have his patient continu- ally loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of potions and clysters. Mercurialis, consil. 88. if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes '° clys- ters in the first place : so doth Montanus, consil. 24. consil. 31 ei 229. he commends turpentine to that purpose : the same he ingeminates, consil. 230. for an Italian abbot. T."'is very good to wash his hands and face often,* to shift his clothes, to have fair linen about him, 'to be decently and comely attired, for sordes vitiant, nastiness de- files and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want, it duUeth the spirits. Baths are either artificial or natural, both have their special uses in this malady, and as ''Alexander supposeth, lib. 1. cap. 16. yield as speedy a remedy as any other physic whatsoever. iElius would have them daily used, assidua balnea., Tetra. 2. sect. 2. c. 9. Galen cracks how many several cures he hath performed in this kind by use of baths alone, and Rufus pills, moistening them which are otherwise dry. Rhasis makes it a principal cure, Tota cura sit in humeciando, to bathe and after- wards anoint with oil. Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, cap. 8. and Montanus set down tiieir peculiar forms of artificial baths. Crato, consil. 17. lib. 2. commends mallows, camomile, violets, borage to be boiled in it, and sometimes fair water alone, and in his following counsel, Balneum aquce dulcis solum scepissime profuisse compertum habemus. So doth Fuchsius, lih. 1. cap. 33. Frisi})ielica, 2. consil. 42. in Trincavelius. Some beside herbs prescribe a ram's head and other things to be boiled. "^ Fernelius, consil. 44. will have them used ten or twelve days together; to which he must enter lasting, and so contmue in a temperate heat, and after that frictions all over the body. Lelius Jilgubinus, consil. 142. and Christoph. ^Ererus, in a consultation of his, hold once or twice a week suflicient to bathe, the .'^" water to be warm, not hot, for fear of sweating." Felix Plater, obscrv. lib. 1. for a melancholy lawyer, '^''wiil have lotions of the head still joined to these baths, with a ley wherein capital herbs have been boiled." "^ Laurentius speaks of baths of milk, which I find aj)proved bv manv others. And still after bath, the body to be anointed with oil of bitter almonds, of violets, new or fresh butter, ™ capon's grease, especially the backbone, and then lotions of the head, embrocations, &c. These kinds of baths have been in former times much frequented, and diversely varied, and are still in general use in those eastern countries. The Romans had their public baths very sumptuous and stupend, »■» Debet per aniKna exerceri, et loca viridia, excretis 1 tantia, inquit Montanus consil. 26. '^In quihus prius arte vel nattira alvi excremenlis. ^ Hildestieira | jejunus diu sedeat eo tempore, ne sudorein excitenl aiit spicel. 2. de mel. Primum omnium nperam dabis ut sin- j nianifestum teporem, sed quadam refrigeratione hu- pulis diebus habeas beneficium ventris, semper cavendo | raectent. "Aqua non sit calida. sed tepicia, ne ne alvus sit diutius astricta. '"Si non sponte, clis- ^ sudor sequatur. '^ Lotiones capitis ex lixivio. in teribus purgetur. " Balneorum usus dulcium, siquid | quo herbas capitales coierint. '' Cap. 8. de mel. aliud, ipsis opitulatur. Credo lisr. dici cum aliqua jac- ; ^^ Aut axungia pulli, Piso. 286 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. as those of Antoninus and Dioclesian. Plin. 36. saith there were an infinite number of them in Rome, and mightily frequented ; some bathed seven times a day, as Com- modus the emperor is reported to have done ; usually twice a day, and they were after anointed with most costly ointments : rich women bathed themselves in milk, some in the milk of five hundred she-asses at once :. we have many ruins of such baths found in this island, amongst those parietines and rubbish of old Roman towns. Lipsius, de mag. Urh. Rom. I. 3, c. 8, Rosinus, Scot of Antwerp, and other antiquaries, tell strange stories of their baths. Gillius, /. 4. cap. ult. Topogr. Constant, reckons up 155 public ''baths in Constantinople, of fair building; they are still "frequented in that city by the Turks of all sorts, men and women, and all over Greece, and those hot countries ; to absterge belike that fulsomeness of sweat, to which they are there subject. '^Busbequius, in his epistles, is very copious in describing the manner of them, how their women go covered, a maid following with a box of ointment to rub them. The richer sort have private baths in their houses ; the poorer go to the common, and are generally so curious in this behalf, that they will not eat nor drink until they have bathed, before and after meals some, ^"and will not make water (but they will wash their hands) or go to stool." Leo Afer. I. 3. makes mention of one hundred several baths at Fez in Africa, most sumptuous, and such as jiave great revenues belonging to them. Buxtorf. cap. 14, Synagog. Jud. speaks of many cere- monies amongst the Jews in this kind ; they are very superstitious in their baths, especially women. Natural baths are praised by some, discommended by others ; but it is in a divers respect. *' 3Iarcus, dc Oddis in Hip. ajfect. consulted about baths, condenms them for the heat of the liver, because they dry too fast; and yet I)y and by, *"^in anotlier counsel for the same disease, he approves them because tliey cleanse by reasr^n of the sulphur, and would have their«water to be drunk. Areteus, c. 7. conuuends alum baths above the rest; and '^ Mercurialis, corisil.SH. those of Lucca in that hypochon- driacal passion. " He wouUl have his patient tarry there fifteen days together, and drink the water of them, and to be bucketed, or have the water poured on his head. John Eaptista, Sylvaticus cont. 64. commends all the baths in Italy, and drinking of their water, whether they be iron, alum, sulphur ; so doth ^ Hercules de Saxoniii But in that they cause sweat and dry so much, he confines himself to hypochon- driacal melancholy alone, excepting that of the head and the other. Trincavelius, consil. 14. lib. 1. refers those ''^ Porrectan baths before the rest, because of the mix- ture of brass, iron, alum, and consil. 35. /. 3. for a melanchf)ly lawyer, and cunsil. 36. in that hypochondriacal passion, the "* baths of Aquaria, and 3(5. consil. the drinking of them. Frisimelica, consulted amongst the rest in Trincavelius, consil. 42. lib. 2. prefers the waters of '"Apona before all artificial baths whatsoever in this dii^ease, and would have one nine years affected with hypochondriacal passions fly to them as to a **holy anchor. Of tlie same mind is Trincavelius himself there, and yet both put a hot liver in the same party for a cause, and send him to the waters of St. Helen, which are much hotter. Montanus, consil. 230. magnifies the *'®Chalderinian baths, and C07isil 237. et 239. he exliorteth to the same, but with this caution, '^'"that the liver be outwardly anointed with some coolers that it be not overheated." But these baths must be warily frequented by melancholy persons, or if used, to such as are very cold of themselves, for as Gabelius concludes of all Dutch baths, and especially of those of Baden, '^ they are good for all cold diseases, ^' naught for choleric, hot and dry, and all infirmities proceeding of choler, inflammations of the spleen and liver." Our English baths, as they are hot, must needs incur the same censure : hut D. Turner of old, and D. Jones have written at large of them. Of cold baths I find little or no mention in any physician, some speak against them : ^ Cardan alone out "TherratB. NympheiE. ''■Pandps lib. 1. saith, that =" Ail aquas Aponenses velut ad sncram anchnram ron- women go twice a week tothe hathsat least. "»Epist.3. i fiigiat. "Joh. Baubinns li. 3. c. 14. hint, ailiiiir. e« .N'rc alviim excernunt, quin aqiiaiii secuin portent Fontis Bollenses in diirat. VVilti'iiilicre lainiiit aquas qua partes obscapiias laveiit. Bii-^bequius pp. :). l.,pi;. ^ Brilleiiscs ad nielaiicholicus morbcis, niarrctPiii. laecina. Tiirciae. "' Hildesheini speciel. 2. de niel. Hypocon. ! tionpiii, aliaque aniini patlipinaia '■■• Itnliii'a t'hal SI nixi adesset jecoris caliditas, Thernias laiidareiii, derina. >« Hepar pxlerne iincatiir ne i-ttl«flal. et si nnn iiiiiiia hiiinoris e,Tsircalin esset niet>ieiida. >i \nceiit calidis et siccis. cliolpriciti, ft oiiiinhiis nmrbit ••Fol. Ml. f»ThiTmas Liictnsps adeat, ibiqiie aquas px cholera, hppatis. i Mons SiDto. Some call it the hiehttbt hill in the wurld, iifXl Tt'iierilfe in Ihp Canarit-s, Lat. rl. "Cap. i6. Ill his Tr.-atise of Magnetic Bodies. n Lege lib. 1. «;ip. 33. rl 2i. de oiatfiietica philosophia, et lib. 3. cap. 4. " 1612. " .M. Brigs, his map, and Northwest cap. 10. de Cambalu 3. et lib. 5. c. if*, rocminit lib. 'i. cap. 30. >*Lai. lU. Gr. Aust. It>t2. '« Lib. 4. exiH-d. ad Sinas. ca. "M. Polu.s til .A-iia I'Pfb Joh. 1' Alluarefius et alii. 'Ferdinando de Quir. Auoo Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 289 a more convenient passage io. Mar e pacificum: methinks some of our modern argo- nauts should prosecute the rest. As I go by Madagascar, I would see that great bird -' ruck, that can carry a man and horse or an elephant, with that Arabian phcenix described by " Adricomius ; see the pelicans of Egypt, those Scythian gryphes in Asia : and afterwards in Africa examine the fountains of Nilus, whether Hero- dotus, -^ Seneca, Plin. lih. 5. cap. 9. Strabo. lib. 5. give a true cause of his annual (lowing, -^Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senegal •, examine Cardan, ^'Scaliger's reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian winds, or melting of snow in the mountains under the equator (for Jordan yearly overflows when the snow melts in Mount Libanus), or from those great dropping perpetual showers which are so frequent to the inhabitants within the tropics, when the sun is vertical, and cause such vast inundations in Senegal, Marag- nan, Oronoco and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have all commonly the same passions at set times : and by good husbandry and policy here- after no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitful, as Egypt itself or Cauchintliina ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what cause they proceed, from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or earth's motion, which Galileus, in the fourth dialogue of his system of the world, so eagerly proves, and firmly demonstrates ; or winds, as -^ some will. Why in that quiet ocean of Zur, in vinri pacijico., it is scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Mediter- ranean and Red Sea so vehement, irregular, and diverse .' Why the current in that Atlantic Ocean should still be in some places from, in some again towards the nortli, and why they come sooner than go .' and so from ]Moabar to Madagascar in that Indian Ocean, the merchants come in three weeks, as -'Scaliger discusseth, they return scarce in three months, with the same or like winds : the continual current is from east to west. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, Atlas, be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, hieteors, uhi mc aurce. ncc venti spirant, (insoipuch that they that ascend die suddenly very often, the air is so subtile,) 1250 paces high, according to that measure of Dicearchus, or 78 miles per- pendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aris- totle about Caucasus ; and as ^' Blancanus tiie Jesuit contends out of Clavius and Nonius demonstrations de Crepusculis: or rather 32 stadiums, as the most received opinion is ; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea, which is, as Scaliger holds, 1580 paces, Exer. 38, others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of America, whether there be any such great city of Manoa, or Eldorado, in that golden empire, where the highways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrid and Vala- dolid in Spain; or any such Amazons as he relates, or gigantic Patagones in Chica; with that miraculous mountain ^^Ybouyapab in the Northern Bvasil., ciij us jug UJit sicrniiur in amosnissimam planitiem, Sfc. or that of Pariacacca so high elevated .in Peru. "''Tlie peak of Tenerifle how high it is .-^ 70 miles, or 50 as Patricius holds, or 9 as Snellilfs demonstrates in his Eratosthenes : see that strange ^' Cirknickzerksey lake in Carniola, whose waters gush so fast out of the ground, that ihey will over- take a swift horseman, and by and by with as incredible celerity are supped up: which Lazius and Wernerus make an argument of the Argonauts sailing under ground. And thai vast den or hole called ^'Esmellen in jMuscovia, quie visilur hor- ricndo hiatu, Sfc. which if anything casually fell in, makes such a roaring noise, that no thunder, or ordnance, or warlike engine can make the like ; such another is Gil- ber's Cave in Lapland, with many the like. I would examine the Caspian Sea, and see where and how it exonerates itself, after it hath taken in Volga, Jaxares, Oxus, and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where ? What vent the IMexican lake hath, the Titicacan in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, of wJiich Acosta I. 3. c. 16. hot in a cold country, the spring of which boils up in the middle '-'Alarum pennie continent in longitudine 12. passus, ] quinta prlvationis sextacontrarietatis. Patritiiis saith clephantem in sublime tollitre potest. Polus I. 3. c. 40. I 5-2 miles in heifiht. »3Lib, de explicatione loco- -s Lib. 2. Descript. terra sanoliE. " Natur. quapst. ' *'-•' « ■ - - „,>,_. .u ■- -.a lib. 4. cap. 2. 24 i.jh. de rag. Con-rtoiiianiiii.- I. .'i. c. Mi. iiifiitioiietli a iri-- ropcu. wine 8ylvie slrcimiit eonini cantib-nis. Miiscovit. coiiiineiit. and water to drink, oil and iiU),Mr. and ii^avts a." lileH to >> Iniiuergiint se tiuiniiiibus, lacubii.si|ue pt-r hyeineni cover lioiiries, floweru. for clothes, 4cc. "Animal totatii, ^c. '«Otc'ra.-inue volucrfs Pontiim hyeinu iiifi'Ctnm Cuhiiio. ut quis legi-Te vel scrilif-re posmi xine advenieiite c no«tris rigionibu.s Euro|H.-istransvolante8. alterins ope IniniiiiK. «^Co»nio2. Iili. |. rap. 435 et S' Survey of Cornwall. * Porro ciconia! quoiiaui lib. 3 cap. 1. Mabent nllas A natiira lortnatag e lerri e loco vejiiant. qiiu sh conf.Taiit, iiicoiiipertnm .'idbuc, i exiraclas. /liniiles illia a fi;{nlis farli^. corona*. piwe<, aemen vcnifntiuin, desciiideiiliuni, ut gruuni venii'se aves, et oniniH aninianlinni t^pecli-i. <' Ul iiolenl cerniimis, norturnis opinur te.npunbus. In patenlibus biriindiiie« el raiiic pra? IriL'orit niacnitiiiline iiiori. et .Asia; canipis cirto ilie congreeanl se, earn qua; novia- postea redeuiite vere ^4. Aprilu reviviicere lime advi ml laceraiil, inde avolant. Cosmog. I. 4. c. ; Mem. 3.] Digression of Air 291 would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and whicli Josephus Elancanus the Jesuit in his interpretation on those mathematical places of Aristotle, foolishlv fears, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances, that in time the sea will waste away the land, and all the globe of the earth shall be covered with waters; risumtcneatis amicif what the sea takes away in one place it adds in another! Methmks he might rather suspect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow up, carcasses, &c. that all-devouring fire, omnia devorans et consimcns^ will sooner cover and dry up the vast ocean with sand and ashes. I would examine the true seat of tliat terrestrial ■»' paradise, and where Ophir was whence Solomon did fetch his gold : from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonesus, as Domi- nicus Niger, Arias Montanus,Goropius,and others will. I would censure all Plinv's, Solmus', Strabo's, Sir John 3Iandeville's, Olaus ^lagnus', .^larcus Polus' lies, correct those errors in navigation, reform cosmographical charts, and rectify longitudes, if it were possible ; not by the compass, as some dream, with I\Iark Ridley in his treatise of magnetical bodies, cap. 43. for as Cabeus magnet philos. lib. 3. cap. 4. fully resolves, there is no hope thence, yet I would observe some better means to find them out. 46 / ^^•°"'*^^ '^^^*^ ^ convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercules, . Lucian's 3Ienippus, at St. Patrick's purgatory, at Trophonius' den, Hecla in Iceland, ii^tna 111 Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth : do stones and metals grow there still ? how come fir trees to be '' digged out from tops of hills, as in our mosses, and marshes all over Europe > How come they to dig up fish bones, shells, beams, ironworks, many fathoms under ground, and ancliors in moun- tains far remote from all seas .? ^» Anno 1460 at Bern in Switzerland 50 fathom deep a ship was digged out of a mountain, where they got metal ore, in which were 48 carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily found m tops of hills, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, '" Pomponius Mela in his first book, c. de .yiunidia, and familiarly in the Alps, saith ^Blancanus the Jesuit, the like IS to be seen : came this from earthquakes, or from Noah's flood, as Christians sup- pose, or IS there a vicissitude of sea and land, as Anaximenes held of old, the moun- tains of Thessaly would become seas, and seas again mountains .? The whole world behke should be new moulded, when it seemed good to those all-commandintr powers, and turned inside out, as we do haycocks in harvest, top to bottom, or bot- tom to top: or as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his centre; that which IS under the poles now, should be translated to the equinoctial, and that which IS under the torrid zone to the circle arctic and antarctic another while, and so be recipr()rally Avarmed by the sun : or if the worlds be infinite, and every fixed star a sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella conclude) 'cast three or tour worlds into one; or else of one world make three or four new, as it shall seem to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21.500 miles in =' compass, its diameter IS 7,000 from us to our antipodes, and what shall be comprehended in all that space ^ What IS the centre of the earth ? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inlia- bited (as ^ Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose chaos is the earth : or with tairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with nymphs, or as the air with spirits ? Dionisiodorus, a mathematician in ^3 Pliny, that sent a letter, ad siipems after he was dead, from the centre of the earth, to signify what distance the same centre was from the superficies of the same, viz. 42,000 stadiums, mi-rht have done well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Virgil in his guides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others poetically describe it, and as many of our divines tlnnk ? In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that \mbro- sian College, in :\Iilan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. 1. cap. 47. is stifi^ in this tenet, 'ti? a corporeal fire tow, cap. 5. l. 2. as he there disputes. "Whatsoever philo- sophers "Tite (saith =" Surius) there be certain mouths of hell, and places appointed 4=Vid. Pererium in G^n. Cor. a Lapide, et alios. *ilM NecyoM.aiitia Turn. -2. « Pracastorii.s lib. de finip. (rnnryiiis Menila lib. de mem. Julius Billiiis,&e. *'Simleriis, Orteliiis, Brachiis centum subterra reperta est, iii qua quadrasiiita octo cadavera inerant, An- chors rica, of which Acosta lib. 3. cap. 24. that fearful mount Ilecklebirg in Norway, an especial aririmient to prove it, ^^'•' where lamentable screeches and bowlings are con- tinually heard, which strike a terror to the auditors; fiery chariots are commonly .seen to bring in the souls of men in the likeness of crows, and devils ordinarily g.o in and out." Such another proof is that place near the Pyramids in Egypt, by Cairo, as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by ^ Kornmannus mirac. mort. lib. 1. cap. 38. Camerarius oper. site. cap. 37. Bredenbachiiis perrg. tcr. sand, and some others, "where once a year dead bodies arise about March, and walk, after awhile hide themselves again : thousands of people come yearly to see them." But these and such like testimonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits, and they will have no such local known place, more than Sty.x or Phlegethon, Pluto's court, or that poetical Infcrnus^ where Homer's soul was .seen hanging on a tree, Stc, to which they ferried over in Charon's boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, cnm- pendiaria ad Infernos via, ^vhich is the shortest cut, quia nullum a vmrluis naiiliim eo loci erposcmit, (saith "Gerbelius') and besides there were no fees to I)e jiaid. \V'eU then, is it hell, or purgator\', as Bellarmine: or Limbus palriim, as Galhicius will, and as Rusca will (for they have made maps of it) ^or Ignatius parler .' Virgil, sometimes bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus Anno. 745 relates^ bv Boiiifacius bi.'^hop of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held antipt)des (which thev made a doubt whether Christ died for^ and so by that means took away the .seat of hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted that opinion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius that held the earth round as a trencher I whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute) but not as a ball ; and Jerusalem where Christ died the middle of if, or Delos, as the fibidous Greeks feigned : because when Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the world's ends east and west, they met at Delos. But that scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken away by our latter divines: Franciscus Ribera, in cap. 14. Apocalyps. will have hell a material and local fire in the centre of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as he defines it out of those words, Eririt sangjiis dc terra per stadia millc .wx- centa, S^-c. But Lessius lib. 13. de morihus divinis, cap. 24. will have this local hell far less, one Dutch mile in diameter, all filled with fire and brimstone : because, as he there demonstrates, that space, cubically multiplied, will make a sphere able to hold eight hundred thousand millions of damned bodies (allowing each body six foot square) which wiL cjimdantly suffice ; Cum ccrtum si/, inqiiit, facta subductione, non fufuros centies mille million's damnandorum. But if it be no material fire (as Sco- Thoma?, Bonaventure, Soncinas, Voscius, and others argue) it may be there or else- where, as Keckerman disputes System. Theol. for sure somewhere it is, cerium est nlicubi^ eisi definitus circulus non assignetur. I will end the controversy in *'Aus- tin's words, '''Better doubt of things concealed, than to contend about uncertainties, where Abraham's bosom is, and hell fire :" ^Vix a mansuctiSyU contenliosis nunquam invenitnr; scarce the meek, the contentious shall never find. If it bo solid earth, 'lis the fountain of metals, waters, which by his innate temper turns air into water, which springs up in several chinks, to moisten the earth's superfcies., and that in a tenfold proportion (as Aristotle holds) or else these fountains come directly from the sea, by *' secret passages, and so made fresh again, by running througli the bowels of the earth ; and are either thick, thin, hot, cold, as the matter or minerals are by which they pass ; or as Peter Martyr Ocean. Decad. lib. 9. and some others hold, ■■^Ubi in is«'ra biles ejiilantiiim voces aiidiuiitiir, qui | tare de occultisi. f|ii!iin lilisare ili; inrprli*. iilii fininma aiiilitoriKii!i horriirpdi iiiciitiunt haml vulcarem, Ace. ' inlVnii, Ac. ''»S4c Dr. R<-y;i.,|(l« prrlerl. iJ. in Ap<»e •« Ex sppulrhns appnr.'nt mense Martio, »-t riirsii!) sub ' si.-Xs ih.-y rome from ihf ».-!i, so ih*-) r.?lijrn In lh«- ■(.■• tarraro se abiicondiiiit, &;c. »' Diacripl. Gfjec. lib. 6. I a^iiin by secret pas»at;ci),aii in alllikblihiMxlUieCaaptAi. de Pelop. wCunclave Ignaiii. ». Melius dubi- I sJea venta itieir into ibu Euiine or ocean. Mem. 3.] Digression of Mr. 293 rrom ^^ abundance of rain that falls, or from that ambient heat and cold, which alters that inward heat, and so per consequens the generation of waters. Or else it may be full of wind, or a sulphureous innate lire, as our meteorologists inform us, which sometimes breaking out, causeth those horrible earthquakes, which are so frequent in these days in Japan, China, and oftentimes swallow up whole cities. Let Lucian'^s Menippus consult with or ask of Tiresias, if you will not believe philosophers, he shall clear all your doubts when he makes a second voyage. hi tlie mean time let us consider of that which is sub dlo^i and find out a true cause, if it be possible, of such accidents, meteors, alterations, as happen above ground. Whence proceed that variety of manners, and a distinct character (as it were) to several nations .'' Some are wise, subtile, witty ; others dull, sad and heavy ; some big, some little, as TuUy de Fato, Plato in Timaeo, Vegetius and Bodine prove at large, victhod. cap. 5. some soft, and some hardy, barbarous, civil, black, dan, white, is it from the air, from the soil, influence of stars, or some other secret cause t Why doth Africa breed so many venomous beasts, Ireland none .-' Athens owls, Crete none.'' ^^Why hath Daulis and Thebes no swallows (so Pausanius inibrmeth us) as well as the rest of Greece, ''^ Ithaca no hares, Pontus asses, Scythia swine ? whence comes this variety of complexions, colours, plants, birds, beasts, ®^ metals, peculiar almost to every place ? Why so many thousand strange birds and beasts proper to America alone, as Acosta demands lib. 4. cap. 36. were they created in tlie six days, or ever in Noah's ark? if there, why are they not dispersed and found in other countries.? It is a thing (saith he) hath long held me in suspense; no Greek, Luiin, Hebrew ever heard of them before, and yet as differing from our European animals, as an egg and a chestnut : and which is more, kine, horses, sheep, Slc, till the Spaniards brought them, were never heard of in those parts } How comes it to pass, that in the same site, in one latitude, to such as are Peritzci, there should be such dilierence of soil, complexion, colour, metal, air, &c. The Spaniards are white, and s.o are Italians, when as the inhabitants about ^^ Caput bonce spei are blackamores, and yet both alike distant from the equator: nay, they that dwell in the same parallel line with these negroes, as about the Straits of iVIagellan, are white coloured, and yet some in Presbyter John's country in ^Ethiopia are dun ; they in Zeilan and Malabar parallel with them again black : jManamotapa in Africa, and St. TJiomas Isle are extreme hot, both under the line, coal black their inhabitants, whereas in Peru they are quite opposite in colour, very temperate, or rather cohl, and yet both alike elevated. Moscow in 53. degrees of latitude extreme cold, as tho.se northern countries usually are, having one perpetual hard frost all winter long; and in 52. deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and snow all summer, as Button's Bay, &c., or by tits ; and yet *'^ England near the same latitude, and Ireland, very moist, warm, and more temperate in winter than Spain, Italy, or France. Is it the sea that causeth this dilierence, and the air that comes from it : Why then is *"' Ister so cold near tiie Euxine, Pontus, Bithynia, and all Thrace ; frlg'idas regioncs Maginus calls them, • and yet their latitude is but 42. which should be hot : ^''Q,uevira, or Nova Albion in America, bordering on the sea, was so cold in July, that our ""Englishmen could hardly endure it. At Noremberga in 45. lat. all tlie sea is frozen ice, and yet in a more southern latitude than ours. New England, and the island of Cambiial Col- chos, which that noble gentleman Mr. Vaughan, or Orpheus junior, describes in his Golden Fleece, is in the same latitude with little Britain in France,.and yet then- winter begins not till January, their spring till May ; which search he accounts worthy ol' an astrologer : is this from the easterly winds, or melting of ice and snow dissolved within the circle arctic ; or that the air being thick, is longer before it be warm by the sunbeams, and once heated like an oven will keep itself from cold .'' ''Seneca quajs^t. lili. cap. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. de I rari qiii.s possit, in tot:i America luisciuam ni^ros Inve- caii.'sis aquaruiii perpetujs. '3 In iis iiec pullos liiriiti- iiiri, priuter paucos in loco Qimreno illi.s (iiclo: qua dines p.\tlii(liiiit, nequi.', &c. " 'i'li. Uavennas lib de vit. hoiu. pra;rnjr. ca. ult. "» At Unito in Peru Pins auri ipiuni terrx fodilur in aurifuilinis. f* .\d Caput lioiKe spei incniEsiiiit iii^'erriini : Si sol carisa, Giir non llisp;ini el Itali a-que nii'ri. in eadem latituciine, aique (li>ta]itis ali jEqtiaioce, hi ail Auslrnm, illi ad Boreani ? qui :^uti Pre^hyteri) Julian, habitant subl'usci ennt, in Zeilan et Malabar niicri, xqiie distantes ab i£]uature, eodemque cojli paralielo : sed hoc niagis mi- z2 liiijtis coliiris causa efficiens, cnslive an terrae q'lalitas, an soil prcq)rieta3, aut ipsornin hniiiiiiun) innata ratio, ant omnia? Ortelins in .\fiica Theat. ^ linKin qiidcunque anni tempore temperatissiina. Ortel. .Mul- las Gallia; et Ualia; Kegiones, molli tepore, et henisiia qiiadam temperie pror.'iiis aiitecellit, Juvi. <" Lat. 45. Daiiiibii. «iauevira lat. 40. ""InSirFra. Drake's voyage. £94 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 Our climes breed lice, ^' Hungary and Ireland male audiunt in this kind ; come to the Azores, by a secret virtue of that air tliey are instantly consumed, and all our European vermin almost, saitli Ortelius. Egypt is watered with Nilus not far from the sea, and yet there it seldom or never rains : Kho(i»^s, an island of the same nature, yields not a cloud, and yet our islands ever dropp»-jg and inclining to rain. The Atlantic Ocean is still subject to storms, but in Del Zur, or Mare pacijlco, sel- dom or never any. Is it from tropic stars, apertio porlaruni, in the dodecotemories or constellations, the moon's mansions, such aspects of planets, such winds, or dis- solvhig air, or thick air, which causeth this and the like ditlerences of heat and cold? Bodin relates of a Portugal ambassador, that coming from '■ Lisbon to '•* Dantzic in Spruce, found greater lieat there than at any time at home. Don Garcia de Sylva, legale to Philip III., king of Spain, residing at Ispahan in Persia, IGli), in his letter to the .Marquess of Bedmar, makes mention of greater cold in Ispahan, whose lat. is 31. gr. tlian ever he lelt in Spain, or any part of Eurojje. The torrid zone was by our predecessors held to be uninhabitable, but by our modern travellers found to be most temperate, bedewed with frequent rains, and moistening showers, the breeze and cooling blasts in .some parts, as '^ Acosta describes, most pleasant and fertile. Arica in Chili is by report one of the sweetest places that ever the sun shined on, Olifrnpus li rrcc, a heaven on earth : how incomparably do some extol Mexico in Nova His- p;u;ia, Peru, Brazil, &.C., in some again hard, dry, sandy, barren, a very desert, and still in tlie same latitude. Many tunes we lind great diversity of air in the same '^ country, by reason of the site to seas, hills or dales, want of water, nature of soil, and the like : as in Spain Arnigon is usjjvra ct sicca, harsh and evil iidiabiied ; Estre- madura is dry, sandy, barren most part, extreme hot by reason of his plains; Anda- lusia another paradise ; Valencia a most pleasant air, and corUiiuially green ; so is it about "'Granada, on the one side fertile plains, on the other, continual snow to be seen all summer long on the hill tops. Tiiat their houses in the Alps are three (piar- ters of the year covered witii snow, who knows not ? That Tenerille is so cold at the lop, extreme hot at the bottom : Mons Atlas in Africa, Libanus in Palestiiu-, witii many such, ^/;i/os inter ardures Jidus nivibtis," 'Vacuus calls them, and Kadzivilus epiat. 'i.jol. 27. yields it to be far holler there than in any part of Italy : 'tis true; but they are highly elevated, near the middle region, and therefore cold, ob paiicam solarium radiorum rijraclinntm^ as Serrarius answers, com. in. 3. cap.Josua quasi. 5. Ahiknsis quasi. 37. In the heat of sununer, in the king's palace in Escurial, the air is most temperate, by reason of a cold blast which comes from the snowy moun- tains of Sierra de Cada;ama hard by, when as in Toledo it is very hot : so in all other countries. The causes of these alterations are conunonly by reason of their nearness y\ say) to llie middle region; but this diversity of air, in places equally situated, elevated and distant from the pt»le, can hardly be satisfied with liial diversity of plants, birds, beasts, which is so familiar with us: witii Indians, everywhere, the sun is equally distant, the sa:ne vertical stars, the same irradiations of planets, as- pects like, the same nearness of seas, the same superficies, the same soil, or not nmch diiFerent. L iider the equator itself, amongst the Sierras, Andes, Lanos, as Ilerrera, Laet, and '* Acosta contend, there is tam inirabiUs el inopinata variefas, such variety of weather, ut meritb excrceat ingenia, that no philosopliy can yet find out the true cause of it. When I consider how temperate it is in one place, saith "Acosta, with- in the tropic of Capricorn, as about Laplata, and yet iiard by at Potosi, in that same altitude, mountainous alike, extreme cold ; extreme hot in Brazil, kc. Hic fgOy saith Acosia, philosophiam Arislolelis meteorologicam vchcmenter irrisi, ciirji, «l^-c., when the sun comes nearest to them, they have great tempests, storms, thunder and lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather : when the sun is ver- tical, their rivers overllow, the morning fair and hot, no(jn-day cold and moist : all which is opposite to us. IIow comes it to pass? ScdVi^er poet ices I. 3. c. 1(5. di.s- courselh thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this temcraria sidcrum disposilio, this rash placing of stars, or as Epicurus will, fortuita., or acciueutal ? ''1 Lansiiis orat. contra Huiigaros. ''^ Lisbon lat. | Ix-twixt Liegi- rind AJai nnt Oir diittant, l)uiiizic lat 64. '« Ue nat. novi orbis lib. I ^o .Mat'in. Uuiittiis. ^ lli^l. lib. 6. > l.iU 1 1 1. cap. 9. .~ii:ivis.*iiiius oiniiiijiii Incus, &r. " Tlie cap. 7. "* l.ib. 'i. cap. 9. Cur. fuliwi el Plata, urbt^ fame variely uf weatber ljuitiii(|ii«- Flarieiaruiii riicildr) ilt-ii<. lies 4'' miles. »' De subtil. 1. 2. " In prozyniiias. ] i" Mi Pnipyinn. lib. •.>. exeriipl.qiiiii«|>i>>. » ( Prirfiit. nil F.iicliil. Catop. " Maiiiici)ilial.-«, biriLt that live roiitiniially in the air. ami are never seen on proiinil but dead: S<,-e L'ljsses .Ablerovaiid. Ornithi>l. Bcal. exerc. cap. 229. •* Laet. dcscrip. Ainer. *> Episl. lib. 1. p. n. Ex quibus constat nee diversa nova Mel. ccclesiium 157H. '■" '' • ' •- u. Iih. 4. ■00 Multa caiifi hiiic coiisei|iiiintii' -i nihil aliiid, tot Comets' in nlliere aiui j nnlliu' orhis ductiim coinilantur, id ipnuin i-ui.f >' i.i> r lerellunl. Tycho astr. epiat. pa^-e 107. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 297 IS so mad to ihmk that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels in d clock, all impenetrable and hard, as they feign, add and subtract at their pleasure. Magmus makes eleven heavens, subdivided into their orbs and circles, and all too httle to serve those particular appearances : Fracastorius, seventy-two homocentrics • Tycho Brahe, Nicholas Rameriis, Heliseus Rceslin, have peculiar hypotheses of their own mventions ; and they be but inventions, as most of them acknowledge, as we admit of equators, tropics, colures, circles arctic and antarctic, for doctrine's sake (though Ramus thinks them all unnecessary), they will have them supposed only for method and order. Tycho hath feigned I know not how many subdivisions of epicycles m epicycles, &c., to calculate and express the moon's motion : but when all IS done, as a supposition, and no otherwise ; not (as he holds) hard, impenetra- ble, subtde, transparent, &c., or making music, as Pythagoras maintained of old, and Robert Constantine of late, but still, quiet, liquid, open, &c. If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not amiss m this aerial progress, to make wings and fly up, which that Turk in Busbe- quius made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople believe he would perform • and some new-fangled wits,methinks, should some time or other find out : or if that mav not be, yet with a Galileo's glass, or Icaronienippus' wings in Lucian, command the spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them. Whether there be o-ene- ration and corruption, as some think, by reason of etherial comets, that in Cassiopea, 1572, that in Cygno, 1600, tliat in Sagittarius, 1604, and many like, wliich by no means Jul Cssar la Galla, that Italian piiilosopher, in his physical disputation with LralUeis de phenomcnis m orbe hmce, cap. 9. will admit : or that they were created ab initio, and show themselves at set times . and as ^Helisceus Roeslin contends, have poles, axle-trees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For, non percimL sed mimmrluret disparent, ^BVancmms holds they come and go by fits, casting Iheir tails sdl from the sun: some of them, as a burning-glass, projects the sunbeams Irom It ; though not always neither : for sometimes a comet casts his tail from Venus, as 1 ycho observes. And as ^ Helisa^us Roeslin of some others, from the moon, with little stars about them ad sluporem astronomoru7n ; cum multis aliis in ccclo miracu- t>s. all which argue with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian stars, that the heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure, and open, in which the planets move certis legibus ac metis. Examine likewise, Jin cesium sit coloratum? Whether the stars be ol that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in = number, 1026, or 1720, as J. Bayerus; or as some Rabbins, 29,000 myriads; or as Galileo discovers by his glasses, mfinite, and that via lactea, a confused light of small sta-s, like so many nails m a door: or all in a row, like those 12,000 isles of the Maldives in the Indian ocean ? Whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be eighteen times bigger than the earth; and as Tycho calculates, 14,000 semi-diameters distant from It? Whether they be thicker parts of the orbs, as Aristotle delivers: or so many habitable worlds, as Democritus ? Whether they have light of their own, or trom the sun or give hght round, as Patritius discourseth ? An ceque distent a centro vmndi? Whether light be of their essence; and that light be a substance or an accident? Whether they be hot by themselves, or by accident cause heat ' Whether there be such a precession of the equinoxes as Copernicus holds, or that tJie eighth sphere move ? An bene philosophentur, R. Bacon and J Dee Apfiorism. de multipUcatione specienmi f Whether there be any such images ascendmg with each degree of the zodiac in the east, as Aliacensis feirrns ? 1ln aqua super caelum? as Patritius and the schoolmen will, a crystalline « watery heaven, which IS ' certainly to be understood of that in the middle region ? for otherwise, if at JNoah s Hood the water came from thence, it must be above a hundred years fall- ing down to us, as some calculate. Besides, An terra sit animata f which some so confidently believe, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of men, beasts, devils, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which a^rain, after some revolutions, as Plato in his Timeus, Plotinus in his Enneades more largely discuss, m,'nt'; ^U^Sl'^^^^^-J^'^' '""-rheor",":;','.^" I IcT ^""'J^''^'""' ''""'^ '^^ ^^--'- ref.n Patritius. rfplpst M,.iof.r ,, : ."^J.,. . •" llieor. iii)\a Gilberms Oii>;aiius. 'See this discussed in Sir de Comet a It'^i t^^'T'' r"'!''- t '^' "l ^^''""^'- «'"«'«"'^ L.^^tory, in Zar.ch. a.l Gasman "vid! ae uomet,^^ An .u crux et nubecula in coelis ad 1 Fro.aundum deMeteoris.lib.o. anic.5.el Lansbergiura: 298 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. they return (see Chalcidius and Bennius, Plato's commentators), as all philof;opliical niaiter, in materiam primum. Keplerus, Patritus, and some other Neoterics, have in ])an revived this opinion. And tliat every star in heaven hath a soul, angel or intel- ligence to animate or move it, &c. Or to omit all smaller controversies, as matters of less mouient, and examine that main paradox, of the earth's motion, now so much in question : Aristarchns Samius, Pythagoras maintained it of old, Democritns and many ol their sciiolars, Didacus Asiunica, Anthony Fascarinus, a Carmelite, and some other connnentators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. vcr. 4. Qui com- viovet terrain de loco suo, &c., and that this one place of scripture makes more for the earth's motion llian all the other prove against it ; whom Pineda confutes most contradict. Howsoever, it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a sup- position, as he himself confesseth in the prelace to pope Nicholas, but now main- tained in good earnest by ^ Calcagninus, Telesius, Kepler, Kotman, Gilbert, Digges, Galileo, Campanella, and especially by '" Lansbergius, nalurie,ralioni,et vcriluli con- scntancuM, by Origanus, and some " others of his Ibllowers. For if the earth be the centre of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most received '^opinion is, which, they call inordinatam cceli dispositioyiern, though stillly main- tained by Tvcho, Ptolemeus, and their adherents, quis ilk furor f &c. what fury is that, saiih '^Dr. Gilbert, satis animose, as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the heavens about willi such incomprehensible celerity in twenty-four hours, when as every point of llie tirniament, and in tlie equator, must needs move (so '^Clavius calculates) 17G,GGl) in one 24t3th part of an hour, and an arrow out of a bow must go seven times about the earth, whilst a man can say an Ave .Maria, if it keep the same space, or conq)a.ss the earth 1884 times in an hour, which is supra humanum cogilationcm, beyond iiuman conceit : ocyor et Jaculo, et venlus., cequante sagitta. A man could not ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 years, as the firmament goes in ii3 hours : or so much in 203 years, as the tirniament in one minute : quod incrcdi- bile videtur: and the "^polc-siar, which to our thinking scarce movelh out of his place, goelh a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 20,000 senji-diameters of the earth I'rom us, with the rest of the fixed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impos- sibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to the earth, the sun immovable in the centre of ihe whole world, the earth centre of the moon, alone, above "^ and '^, beneath b, '4, ^, i^oT as '"* Origanus and oifiers will, one single motion to the earth, still placed in the centre of the world, wijich is more probable) a single motion to the firma- ment, wliich moves in 30 or 2t} thousand years; and so the planets, Saturn in 30 years absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in ii, kc. and so solve all appearances better than any way whatsoever: calculate all motions, be they in longum or latum.) direct, stationary, retrograde, ascent or descent, without ej)icycles, intricate eccentrics, fitc. rectius commodlusque per unicum motum terra., saith I^nsber- gius, much more certain than by those Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true they say, according to optic principles, the visible appearances of the planets do so indeed answer to their mag- nitudes and orbs, and come nearest to mathematical observations and precedent cal- culations, tiicre is no repugnancy to physical axioms, because no penetration of orbs; but tlien between tlie sphere of Saturn and the firmament, there is such an incredible and vast ''space or distance (7,000,000 semi-diameters of the earth, as Tycho cal- culates) void of stars : and besides, they do so enhance the bigness of the stars, enlarge their circuit, to solve those ordinary objections of parallaxes and retrograda- tions of the fixed stars, that alteration of the poles, elevation in several jilaces or latitude of cities here on earth (for, say ihev, if a nmn's eye were in the firmament, he should not at all discern that great annual motion of the earth, but it would still appear punclum indivisibile, and seem to be fixed in one place, of the same bigness) that it is quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd aa disproportional (so some will) as prodigious, as that of the sun's swift motion of • Peculiar! libvllo. loCoinnient. in niortuui terrx cap. kyncr. Jo. dr Sacr. [{o«c. ^ Uml. 3. er. I. i MnWlelMTj.'! IClU. " Puculiari litxillo. "S«e Polo. »• Prul. Kplitriii. »' Wliicli iiiny Inr fj» Mr. Carp<:rittT's Geocr. cap. 4. lib. 1. Campanella el «( piancia, perba|>«, U. ^lace>-gre- gatum (as Frorauudus of Louvain in his tract, rie immobililate icrrcB argues) evchatiir inter slellas., videri d nobis nan poterat^ tam immanis est dislantia inter lellurem et fixas, sed instar imncli., 8^-c. If our world be small in respect, why may we not suppose a plurality of worlds, those infinite stars visible in the firmament to be so many suns, with particular fixed centres ; to have likewise their subordinate planets, as tlie sun hath his dancing still round him ? which Cardinal Cusanus, Walkarinus, Brunus, and some others have held, and some still maintain, Jlnimce JlristoteUsmo innulrilcB, et minidis sjjeculationibus assuetcR., seciis forsan^ ^-c. Though they seem close to us, they are infinitely distant, and so per consequens, there are infinite habitable worlds: what hinders? Why should not an infinite cause (as God is) produce infinite efl^ects .'' as Nic. Hdl. Democrit. 2}hilos. disputes: Kepler (1 confess) will by no means admit of Brunus's infinite worlds, or that the fixed stars should be so many suns, with their compassing planets, yet the said ^^ Kepler between jest and earnest in his perspectives, lunar geography, ^^ et somnio siio, dissertat. cum nunc, sidcr. seems in part to agree with this, and partly to contradict; for the planets, he yields them to be inhabited, he doubts of the stars ; and so doth Tycho in his astro- nomical epistles, out of a coiisideiation of their vastity and greatness, break out into some such like speeches, that he will never believe those gieat and huge bodies were made to no other use than this that we perceive, to illuminate the earth, a point insensible in respect of the whole. But who shall dwell in these vast bodies, earths, worlds, ^^ " if they be inhabited ? rational creatures .?" as Kepler demands, " or have '8 Luiifi circiimterrestris Planeta quuin sit, consenta- | the help of a glass eight feet long. -' Reruiii Anel. n'liiu est esse in Luna viveiites creaturas, et singulis 1. 1. c. '27 (le viridib;is pneris. 22 Jnfiniti alii m;in;li Plamaaruni gluliis sui ^:er^iunt circiil^ilrjies, ex qua 1 vel ut Brunus, terrr« haic nostr.'E similes. '-^^Libro coiisiileralione, de eoriini incolis summa piobabilitate ccincludinms, quod et Tychoni Braheo. e sola considera- lione vastilatis eorum visum fuit. Kcpl. dissert, cum nun. fid. f 20. '"Temperare non possum quin ex inventis tuis hoc moneam, veri non absimile, non tarn in Luna, sed etiam in Jove, et reliquis Planetis incolas esse. Kipl. fo. 'Jii. Si non sint accolcE in Jovis globe, qui noteiil admiranilani hanr. varietatem oculis, cui bono quatiior illi Planetae Jovem circumcursitant? 20 Some ul' those above Jupiter 1 have seen myself by Cont. philus. cap. 29. 21 Kepler fol. 2. dissert. Quid iuipedit quin credamus ex his initiis, plures alios inun- dns detegeudos, vel (ut Democrito placuit) iufinitos? ^■' Lege somnium Kepleri edit. \b'3o. -'<^(lunl igitur inquies, si sint in coelo plures globi, similes nostrae tel- luris, an cum illis certabimus, quis meliorem mundi plagam teiieat? Si noliiliores iliorutn globi, nos non sunms creaturarum rationalium nobilissimi : quoinode igitur omnia propter homineni? quomodo nos domia' operum Dei ? Kepler, fol. 29. 300 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 2. they souls to be saved ? or do they inhabit a better part of the world than we do ? Are we or they lords of the world } And how are all things made lor man r" Bif- Jicile est nodum hunc expedire., eo quod nondum omnia qiice hue pertinent exj)hrata hahcmus: 'tis hard to determine : this only he proves, that we are in prcecijmo mundi sinu, in the best place, best world, nearest the heart of the sun. ^'Thomas Canipa- nella, a Calabrian monk, in his second book, de sensu rerum^ cap. 4, subscribes to iliis of Kepler ; that they are inhabited he certainly supposelh but with what kmd of creatures he cannot say, he labours to prove it by all means : and that tliere are inlinite worlds, having- made an apology for Galileo, and dedicates this tenet of his to Cardinal Cajetanus. Others freely speak, mutter, and would persuade the world (as^*' Marinus Marcenus complains) that our modern divines are too severe and rigid against mathematicians; ignorant and peevish, in not admitting their true demonstra- tions and certain observations, that they tyrannise over art, science, and uU philoso- phy, in suppressing their labours (^saith Pomponatius), forbidding them to write, to speak a truth, all to maintain tlieir superstition, and for their protit's sake. As for those places of Scripture which oppugn it, they will have spoken ad captuni vulgiy and if rightly understood, and favourably interpreted, not at all agaiiist it ; and as Otho Gasman, ,/Js/roZ. cap. \. part. 1. notes, many great (hvines, besides Porphyrins, Proclus, Simplicius, and those heathen philosophers, doctrind et crtate vcnvrandiy Mosis Gcnesin mundanani populuris nescio cujus ruditalis, qua: longa absit (i vera Philowphorum erudtlione,, insimulant: for .\[oses makes mention but of two pla- nets, O and vi, no four elements, Stc. Read more on him, in •'^Grossius and Junius. But to proceed, these and such like insolent and boM attempts, prothgious paradoxes, inferences must needs follow, if it once be granted, which Kotman, K(pler,Gilbert, Dig- geus, Origanus, Galileo, and others, maintain of the earth's motion, that 'tis a planet, and shines as the moon doth, which contains in it *^" both land and sea as the mouu doth :" for so they find by their glasses that MacuUc in facie Lumc, " the brigliter parts are earth, the dusky sea," which Thales, Plutarcli, and Pythagoras formcriy taught : and manifestly discern hills and dales, and such like concavities, if we may subscribe to and believe Galileo's observations. But to avoid these paradoxes of the earth's motion (which the Church of Kome hath lately "condemned as heretical, as appears by Blancanus and Fronmndus's writings; our latter mathematicians have rolled all the stones that may bestirred : and to solve all appearances and objections, have invented new hypotheses, and fabricated new systems of the world, out of their own Dcdal^an heads. Fracastorius will have the earth stand still, as befI<>d'> suadent Thoulo- | cisti, iId inuculai in Luna (.-».*< iiiaria, do ; goii, suinina ii;iiiiratione versari, vcfiis scieiiiias admit- 1 »fii>t; terrain. Kepler, fol. !('». > . ... lere nelle. el tyraiinidem exercere, ill eos Talsis dogma- i " In Hypotbe*. de mundo. £(lil. 1597. - Lu^daai Ubu«,superstiiiouibu9,et religiune Caibolica detiueaut. [ lti33. Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 301 vitant stiilfi vitia in contraria currunt.,^^ as a tinker stops one hole and makes two, he corrects them, and doth worse himself: reforms some, and mars all. In the mean time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them, they hoist the earth up and down like a ball, make it stand and go at their pleasures : one saith the sun stands, another he moves; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound, and lest there should any paradox be wanting, he ^* finds certain spots and clouds in the sun, by the help of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus) a thing seen a thousand times bigger in piano., and makes it come thirty-two times nearer to the eye of the beholder: but see the demonstration of this glass in "'Tarde, by means of which, the sun must turn round upon his own centre, or they about the sun. Fabricius puts only three, and those in the sun': Apelles 15, and those without the sun, float- in his- <" Vel mains v>-l impotens, qui p^-ccatuni perniillil, &r. tons. wVcniant ad me aiidituri quo ewiili-nio ■ undf hic siipt.Tstitiii? *' Quid fi-cil Dimis ante niiin- j quo item poriilfnlo iiti dfb<'aiit, ei prsii-r aliinciiluro duni crratiiin? uhi visit otiosus i suo snhjci^o, Jtc. ' ipsiim, potuni'iue v<>iiliis nu"* dorelni, itirn afrm anitu- *• Lib. .'J. riToff. pet. cap. 3. Peter answers by th^ finiile cntis icmperiem, insiipcr regionea quas eligcrc. quat of an es? sht-ll, which is cunningly made, yet of ncces- vitare tx unu tilt. ■II) to be broken ; so is the world, &c that the excellent I Mem. 3.] Digression of Air. 303 they shall use, and besides that, I will teach them what temper of ambient air they shall make choice of, what wind, what countries they shall choose, and what avoid." Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that to this cure of melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of air is necessarily required. This is performed, either in reforming natural or artificial air. Natural is tliat which is in our election to choose or avoid : and 'tis either general, to countries, provinces; particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. What harm those extremi- ties of lieat or cold do in this malady, I have formerly shown : the medium must needs be good, where the air is temperate, serene, quiet, free from bogs, fens, mists, all manner of putrefaction, contagious and filthy noisome smells. The ^'' Egyptians by all geographers are commended to be hilarcs, a conceited and merry nation which 1 can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their air. They that live in the Orcades are registered by ^^ Hector Boethius and " Cardan, to be of fair com- plexion, long-lived, most healthful, free from all manner of infirmities of body and mind, by reason of a sharp purifying air, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Bceoti, by reason of a foggy air in which they lived, ^^Bceotum in crasso jurares acre natum^ Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. The clime changes not so much customs, manners, wits (as Aristotle Polii. lib. 6. cap. 4. Vegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist. cap. 5. hath proved at large) as consti- tutions of their bodies, and temperature itself In all particular provinces we see it confirmed by experience, as the air is, so are the inhabitants, dull, heavy, witty, sub- tle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound. In ^^ Perigord in France the air is subtle, healthful, seldom any plague or contagious disease, but hilly and barren : the men sound, nimble, and lusty ; but in some parts of Guienne, full of moors and marshes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a great diflerence between Surrey, Sussex, and Romney Marsh, the wolds in Lincoln- shire and the fens. He therefore that loves his health, if his ability will give him leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholesome, pleasant, and convenient : there is nothing better than change of air in this maladv, and gene- rally for health to wander up and down, as those '^° Tartari Zamolhcnses. that live in hordes, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had their sunnner and winter houses ; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Susa ; now at Persepolis, then at Pasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith ^' Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constantinople, sometimes at Adrianople, &c. The kings of Spain have their Escurial in heat of summer, ^^ Jladrid for a wholesome seat, Valladolid a pleasant site, &.C., variety of seccssus as all princes and great men have, and their several progresses to this purpose. Lucullus the Roman had his house at Rome, at Baise, &c. ^^ When Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero (saith Plutarch) and many noble men in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village, full of windows, galleries, and all ofiices fit for a summer house; but in his judgment very unfit for winter: Lucullus made answer that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changedi her country with the season ; he had other houses furnished, and built for that purpose, all out as commodious as this. So Tully had his Tusculan, Pliiiius his Lauretan village, and every gentleman of any fashion in our times hath the like. The ^^ bishop of Exeter had fourteen several houses all furnished, in times past. [\\ Italy, though they bide in cities in winter, which is more gentleman-like, all the summer they come abroad to their country-houses, to recreate themselves. Our gentry in England live most part in the country (except it be some few castles) building still in bottoms (saith '•^ Jovius) or near woods, corona arborum virentiuvi; you shall knov/ a village by a tuft of trees at or about it, to avoid those strong winds wherewith the island is infested, and cold winter blasts. Some discommend moated houses, as unwhole- some ; so Camden saith of ®^ Ew-elme, that it was therefore unfrequented, ob stagni '» Leo Afer, Maginns, &c. 56 Hb. 1. Scot. Iiist. | niultique nobiles viri L. Lucullum aistivo tempore con- s' Lib. 1. de rer. var. " Horat. s^MagiiiU- *" HaiTonus dc Tartaiis. si Cyropffid. li. 8. perpeluum inde ver. ™Tlie air so clfiar, it nevor breeds the plague. _ 63Leander Albertus in Campania, e Plu- larcbo vita Luculli. Ciim Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero, venissent, Pompeius inter coBnain rluui fainiliariter ji catus est, eani villam imprimis sil)i sumptuusam, et elegantem videri, fenestris, porticibus, &c. ^>Goi- wii! vita Jo. Voysye al. Harman. Lcanrier .\lbertii8. i»Cap. 21.(ie vit. hora. prorop. Lord Berkley. »<>Sir Franci» Willoughhy. >• .Mon •The poiwcssion ot' Robert Bradshaw, Esq. "> Of taiii et Marilimi galutiriortu, acclivt-a j-I ad i<q. "'J'he seat of Sir John KeppiiiKlon, ' Knight, Bar In Ins Hurvey <.f O.r^iwall, Ki. :s Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. '«Thelbo<)k2. »* Propi paludei utagtia, •-i I-** eonrava, dwf^llins'house of Hum. Adderley, Esq. ''Sir John vel ad .Auslrum, vel ad Orcidi iilfiii inclinat'T, (liiir la presented thereto by my right buouurable palroo, the ; C'hriat-churcb. Ozon now ttM Bigbt Ueverend Lord Mem. 3.] w9tr rectified. 305 so easily to be matched. P. Crescentius, in his lil. 1 . de Jlgric. cap. 5. is very- copious in this subject, how a house should be wholesomely sited, in a good coast, good air, Avind, &c., Varro de re rust. lib. I. cap. 12. " forbids lakes and rivers, marshy and manured grounds, they cause a bad air, gross diseases, hard to be cured : *^"if it be so that he cannot help it, better (as he adviseth) sell thy house and land than lose thine health." He that respects not this in choosing of his seat, or building his house, is ?nente capias, mad, ^^Cato saith, " and his dwelling next to hell its'elf," according to Columella: he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a descent. Baptista, Porta Villa;., lib. 1. cap. 22. censures Varro, Cato, Columella, and those ancient rustics, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means have the front of a house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and hotter climes, I know not, in our northern countries I am sure it is best : Steph'anus, a Frenchman, pra:dio rustic, lib. 1. cap. 4. subscribes to this, approving especially the descent of a hill south or south-east, with trees to the north, so that it be well watered ; a condition in all sites which must not be omitted, as Herbastein incul- cates, lib. 1. Julius Caesar Claudinus, a physician, consult. 24, for a nobleman in Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the ^east, and ^' by all means to provide the air be clear and sweet ; which Montanus, comil. 229, counselleth the earl of Monfort, his patient, to inhabit a pleasant house, and in a good air. If it be so the natural site may not be altered of our city, town, village, yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot countries, therefore', they make t1ie streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africa, Italy, Greece, and many cities of France, in Languedoc especially, and Provence, those southern parts : Mont- pelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, narrow streets, to divert the sun's scalding rays, which Tacitus commends, lib. 15. .Jinnat.., as most agreeing to their health, ^^ " because the height of buildings, and narrowness of streets, keep away the sunbeams." Some cities use galleries, or arched cloisters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berne^in Switzer- land, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the sun's scorching heat. They build on high hills, in hot countries, for more air; or to the seaside, as Baise, Naples, &.C. In our northern countries we are opposite, we commend straight, broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing to our clime. We builcf in bottoms for warmth : and that site of xAIitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the .-Egean sea, which Vitruvius so much discommends, magnificently built with fair houses, sed imprudenter positam, unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and when the south wind blew, the people were all sick, would make an excellent site- in our northern climes. Of that artificial site of houses I have sufficiently discoursed: if the plan of the dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, in opportune opening and shutting of windows, excluding foreign air and winds, and walking abroad at convenient times. ^^ Crato, a German, commends east and south site (disallowing cold air and northern winds in this case, rainy weather and misty days), free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muck-hills. If the air be such, open, no windows, come not abroad. Montanus will have his patient not to "^ stir at all,, if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in xMarch it is with us; or in cloudy, lowering, dark days, as in November, which we commonly call the black month ; or stormy, let the wind stand how it will, consil. 27. and 30. he must not ^'"open a casement in bad weather," or in a boisterous season, const/. 299, he especially for- bids us to open windows to a south wind. The best sites for chamber windows, in my judgment, are north, east, south, and which is the worst, west. Levinus Lem- nius, lib. 3. cap. 3. de occult, nat. mir. attributes so much to air, and rectifving of wind and windows, that he holds it alone sufficient to make a man sick or well ; to alter body and mind. ^ "A clear air cheers up the spirits, exhilarates the mind ; a Bishop Oxon, who built this house for himself and his successors. k Hyeine erit vehemeiiter frigida, et rstafe non salubris: priludes enim faciunt crassum aerein. et difficiles morbos. es Vendas qiiot assibiis possis, et si tiequeas, relinqiias. i-a Lib. I. cap. 2. ia Oreo habita. so Aurora musis arnica, Vitruv. "'.^des Orienteni speclantes vir nobilli.Consil.24. sisFenestrain non aperiat. ssDiscutit Sol horrorem crassi spiri» tus. mnntem exhilaral, non enim tam corpora, quam eV animi uiutationem inde subeunt, pro coeli et veatoruiB. 306. Cure of MelancJiohj. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 tliick. black, misty, tempestuous, contracts, overthrows." Great heed is therefore to he taken at what times we walk, how we place our windows, lights, and houses, how we let in or exclude this ambient air. The Esjy|nians, to avoid immoderate heat, make their windows on the top of the house like chimneys, with two tunnels to draw a thorough air. In Spain they commonly make greai opposite windows without glass, still shutting those which are next to the sun : so likewise in Turkey and half (Venice excepted, which brags of her stately glazed palaces) they use paper windows to like purpose ; and lie, sub dio, in the top of their llat-roofed houses, so sleeping under the canopv of heaven. In some parts of ^ Italy they have windmills, to draw a cooling air out of hollow caves, and disperse the same through all the chambers of their palaces, to refresh them ; as at Cosloza, the house of Ca;sarco Trento, a gentleman of Vicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to cor- rect nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artificial air, whicii howsoever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to he seasoned with sweet perfumes, *** pleasant and lightsome as it may be ; to have roses, violets, and sweet-smelling flowers ever in their windows, pDsies in their hand. Laurentius commends water-lilies, a vessel of warm water to evaporate in the room, wliich will make a more delightful perfume, if there be added orange-flowers, pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bays, rosewater, rose-vinegar, benzoin, laudanum, styrax. and sucii like gums, which make a pleasant and acceptable perfume. * Bes- sardus Bisantimis prefers the smoke of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. '"^Guianerius prescribes tiie air to be moistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine, and sallow (eaves, &.C., 'to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-water, rose-vinegar, which Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to behold green, red, yellow, and white, and by all means to have light enough, with windows in the day, wax candles in the night, neat chambers, good fires in winter, merry companions ; for though melancholy persons love to be dark and alone, yet darkness is a great increaser of the humour. Although our ordinarj* air be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as I have ;f!aid, still to alter it; no better physic for a melancholy man than change of air, and variety of places, to travel aljroail and see fashions. 'Leo Afer speaks of many of his countrymen so cured, without all other physic : amongst the negroes, •• there is such an excellent air, that if any of them be sick elsewhere, and brought tliither, he is instantly recovered, of which he was often an eye-witness." ^ Li|)sius, Zuinger. and some others, add as much of ordinary travel. No man, saith Lij)sius, in au epistle to Phil. Lanoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voyage, ■* " can be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation of countries, cities, towns, rivers, will not atFect." ^Seneca the philosopher was infinitely taken with tlie sighl of Scipio Africanus' house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns, baths, tombs, &.c. And how was *Tully pleased with the sight of Athens, to behold those ancient and fair buildings, with a remembrance (»f their worthy inhabitants. Paulus ..Emilius, that renowned Roman captain, after he had conijuered Perseus, the last king of Macedonia, and now made an end of his tedious wars, though he had been long absent from Rome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumn (as ' Livy describes it) made a pleasant peregrination all over Greece, accompanied with his son Scipio, and Atheneus the brother of king I-limienos, leaving the charge of his army with Sulpicius Gallus. By Thessaly he went to Delplios, llience to JMegaris, Aulis, Athens, Argos, Lacedaemon, Megalopolis, &.c. He took great content, . exceeding deliglit in that his voyage, as who doth not that shall attempt the like, though his travel be ad jactalionem magis qtiam ad usutn reipuh. (^as * one well observes) to crack, gaze, see fine sights and fashions, spend lime, rather than for his ralione, et sani aliter aflVtcli sini cojIo nubilo, aliter ! 'Lib. 1. rap. ile tnorh. Afroruin In N'isritariini ri-gion^^ •Teno. De iiatiira wntorum, see Pliny. Ijh. 2 cap. 26. tauta aeri» tfiniK^ri*, iil Bi(|ui'* nlihi iiiorbo«ui« itS adv^ 27- 2t^. Strabo, li. 7. &c. "^ Fines Slnrisoii parr. ]. hatur, nptimtp slaliin «anilati r>?i«lilualur. i|iiimI niiiltii c. 4. * .Mt Lih. di- (lere- ttiii^ oleiis. ImniiiliiM. .Moiitallu:^ iUeui ca. 2ii. 0|;'u((us^ griiiat. * Epist. 2. cen. 1 Nee Tii«oiiaiii t.ii.i ! ipn reruin suaviuiii. Laurentius, c. 8. »" .\fit Pluliis. ] atit frutex. tpn-in nun titilLit anni'na illa. » cap de iiiflaiic. '("'Tract. 15 r. 9. ex rcdolentibU!) speclio loci>riiin, urbiuni. e>'iitiiiiii, ^c. ' I. ht-rhis et f.lii* vitis viiiiforse, salicis, See ' Pavi. ^a. lib. de legibua. 'LJb. 4o. »K<-*ckrra>«ii , meiiiuiii actio, el aqua c sacea irrurare, L.aurent, c. d. ' polit. Wem. 3.] Jlir recAificd. 307 own or public good ? (as it is to many gallants that travel out their best days, too-ether with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howsoever. " For°pere- grination charms our senses with such unspeakable and sweet variety, ^ that some count him unhappy that never travelled, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his old age beholds the same still ; still, still the same, the same. Insomuch that "^Rhasis, cont. lib. 1. Tract. 2. doth not only commend, bat enjoin travel, and such variety of objects to a melancholy man, "and to lie in diverse inns, to be drawn into several companies :" Montaltus, cap. 30. and many neoterics are of the same mind: Celsus adviseth him therefore that will continue his health, to have varium viice genus, diversity of callings, occupations, to be busied about, ""■ sometimes to live in the city, sometimes in the country; now to study or work, to be intent, then again to liawk or hunt, swim, run, ride, or exercise himself." A good prospect alone v/ill ease melancholy, as Comesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. de Sale. The citizens of '^Barcino, saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much de- lighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which like that of old Athens besides Angina Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of delicious objects : so are those Neapolitans and inhabitants of Genoa, to see the ships, boats, and passengers go by, out of their windows, their whole cities being situated on the side of a hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almos't hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames: or to have a free prospect all over the city at once, as at Granada in Spain, and Fez in Africa, the river running betwixt two declining hills, the steepness causeth each house almost, as well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every country is full of such '^delieht- some prospects, as well within land, as by sea, as Hermon and '^ Rama in Palest'ina, Cola] to in Italy, the top of Magetus, or Acrocorinthus, that old decayed castle in Corinth, from which Peloponessus, Greece, the Ionian and Aegean seas were semel et simul at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great pyramid, three liundred yards in height, and so the Sultan's palace in Grand Cairo, the country being plain, hath a marvellous fair prospect as well over Nilus, as that great city, five" Italian miles long, and two broad, by the riverside: from mount Sion in Jerusalem, the Holy Land is of all sides to be seen : such high places are infinite : with us those of the best note are Glastonbury tower. Box ffill in Surrey, Bever castle, Rodway Grange, 'HValsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness, by the munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Ladv Frances, countess dowager of Exeter : and two amongst "the rest, which I may not omit for vicinity's sake, Oklbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where I have often looked about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill '^ I was born : and Hanbury in Stafibrdshire, contiguous to which is Falde, a pleasant village, and an ancient patri- mony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother. William Burton, Esquire. '"Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for ona of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, and pleasant meadows on the other. There be those that say as much and more of St. Clark's steeple in Venice. Yet these are at too great a distance : some are espe- cially affected with such objects as be near, to see passengers go by in some great road- way, or boats in a river, in sttbjecium forum despicere, to oversee a fair, a mar- ket-place, or out of a pleasant window into some thoroughfare street, to behold a contmual concourse, a promiscuous rout, coming and going, or a multitude of spec- tators at a theatre, a mask, or some such like show. But I rove : the sum is this, that variety of actions, objects, air, places, are excellent good in this infirnilty. and all others, good for man, good for beast. '^' Constantine the emperor, lib. 18. cap. 13. ex Leonfio, " holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner of sick cattle."' Lfelius a fonte iEgubinus, that great doctor, at the latter end of many of his consul- -•tations (as commonly he doth set down what success his physic had,) in melancholy 3 Fines Morison c. 3. part. 1. 'OMutatio de loco ] resisned for some special reasons. is At Lindlev in in locum, Uinfira.et voiagia longa et iiidp.terminata.et Leicestershire, the possession and dwellinff-place of .lospyare in diversis diversoriis. " Modo ruri esse, Ralph Burton, Esquire, my late deceased father. J" In niodo 111 urhe. sa;pius in agro venari, &c. i- [n Icon animorum. if ^arotantes ovps in alium Catalonia in Spain. '^Laudaturque domos longos locum transportanda- sunt, lit aliuni aervin el aquaiu quffi prospicit buds. KMany towns there are of parlicipantes, coalescant et corrobeiitur. that name, saith Adricomius, all high-sited. is Lately Cure of Melancholy. [Pan. 2. Sec. 3 308 most especially approves of this above all other remedies whatsoever, as appears omsult. 69. consult. 229. &c. "" Many other things helped, but change of air was that which wrought the cure, and did most good." MEMB. IV. Exei cise rectified of Body and Mind. To that sfreat inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and unseasonable exercise, too niucli solitariness and idleness on the other, must be opposed as an antidote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body and mind, as a most material circumstance, much conducing to this cure, and to the general preservation of our health. The lieavens themselves run continually round, the sun riseth and sets, the moon increaseth and decreaseth, stars and planets keep their constant motions, the air is still tossed by tlie winds, the waters ebb and How to their conservation no doubt, to teach us that we sluiuld ever be in action. For which cause Hieron prescribes Ruslicus the monk, that he be always occuj)ied about some business or other, *'•' that the devil ilo not find him itile.'- '^' Seneca would have a man do something, though it be to no purpose. "Xenophon wishelh one rather to plav at tables, dice, or make a jester of hitnself (though he migl\t be far belter employed) than do nothing. The ^Egyptians of old, and many llourishing (•ornmonwealths since, have enjoined labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be of some vocation and calling, and give an account of their time, to prevent those grievous mischiefs that come by idleness: »' for as fodder, whip, and burthen belntig to the ass : so meat, correction, and work unto the servant," Ecclus. xxxiii. 2:}. 'I'he Turks enjoin all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other, the (irand Seignior himself is not excused. ^''» In our memory (saith Sabellicus) Maho- met the Turk, he that conquered Greece, at thai very time when he heard ambassa- dors of other princes, did either cajve or cut wooden spoons, or frame something upon a table." '■' This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jews are most severe in this examination of time. All well-governed places, towns, families, and every discreet person will be a law unto himself. But amongst us the badge of gentry is idleness : to be of no calling, not to labour, for that's derogatory to their birth, to be a mere spectator, a drone, /tm^^* consume re nalus, to have no necessary f'mployment to busy himself about in church and commonwealth (some few govern- ors exempted), '• but to rise to eat," Stc, to spend his days in hawking, hunting, &tc., and such like disports and recreations (* which our casuists tax), are the sole exer- cise almost, and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which tliey are too innno- derate. And thence it comes to pass, that in city and countr}' so many grievances of body and mind, and this feral disease of melancholy so frequently ragcnh, and now dommeers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to spend their time (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or otherwise how to bestow them.selvcs : like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather lose a pound of blood in a single combat, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, some trade, but they do all by ministers and servants, ad otiu dunlaxat se natns rx- iMimanf, imb ad sui ipsius phrumque ct aliorum pemiciem, "as one freely taxeth such kind of men, they are all for pastimes, 'tis all their study, all their invention tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were bom some of them to no other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and inconveniences, our divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously exhort ; and >*.\lia ulilia, sed ex miitatinne aeri3 itoti^simiim cu- rstiis. * Ne tedrnion otiosum iiiveniat. s' Pnps- la( aliiid atrereqiiaiii nihil. '- Lib. 3. de dicti8S<^>crati4, Uui te!i»«ri:$ el ri!iui i.-xcitando vucaiil, alic|iiiil facinnt. ••I II licerfl lii.s iiielinra agere. ° Aiiiasia coni|>f lied f very man once a year to lell how he lived. ^ Kiistra utemoria Matuunetes Othomaiinus qui Gnecix iinpe- rium subverlil, cum oratnrum pontulala nudir<-l rxlrr- iiaruiii |;rntiiiiii, cochlearia li^nea B-.ti•( hi« viiyaee to Jerusalem. " Perkini, <'a«<-« of l.'on- 8«ienr«, I. 3. c 4 q. 3. f LuM-innii liriinnio. •■ Tliejr Deem lo think they wrre born to idlentiM, — nay mura, for the dettruclion of Ibemiielve* and olbcra." Mem. 4.j Exercise rectified. 309 for this disease in particular, ^'" there can be no better cure than continual business," as Rhasis holds, " to have some employment or other, which may set their mind a\vork,and distract their cogitations. Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, nor learning without study, neither can our health be preserved without bodily exer- cise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allows that exercise which is gentle, ^^"and still after those ordinary frications" which must be used every morning. Montaltus, cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exer- cise if it be moderate ; " a wonderful help so used," Crato calls it, '^ and a great means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing natu- ral heat, by means of which the nutriment is well concocted in the stomach, liver, and veins, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body." Be- sides, it expels excrements by sweat and other insensible vapours ; insomuch, that '^ Galen prefers exercise before all physic, rectification of diet, or any regimen in what kind soever ; 'tis nature's physician. ^' Fulgentius, out of Gordonius de con- serv. vit. liom. Vib. 1. cap. 7. terms exercise, "a spur of a dull, sleepy nature, the comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all mischiefs and vices." The fittest time for exercise is a little before dinner, a little before supper, ^^or at any time when the body is empty. Montanus, consU. 31. pre- scribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as ^^ Calenus adds, " after he hath done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, washed his hands and face, combed his head and gargarised." What kind of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2. et 3. de snnit. fuend. and in what measure, ^' " till the body be ready to sweat," and roused up ; ad ruborem., some say, non ad sudorem, lest it should dry the body loo much ; others enjoin tliose wholesome businesses, as to dig so long in his garden, to hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and ex- ercises, as sawing every day so long together (epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds them). but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; ''^ the most forbid, and by no means will have it go farther than a beginning sweat, as bemg ^^ perilous if it exceed. Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likewise included, some properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easy, some hard, some with delight, some without, some within doors, some natural, some a.re artificial. Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends Jiidum parvcb pi.lce^ to play at ball, be it witli the luind or racket, in tennis-courts or otherwise, it exerciseth each part of the body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in great re- quest of old amongst the Greeks, Romans, Barbarians, mentioned by Homer, Hero- dotus, and Plinius. Some write, that Aganclla, a fair maid of Corcyra, was the in- ventor of it, for she presented the first ball that ever was made to Nausica, the daughter of King Alcinous, and taught her how to use it. Tlie ordinary sports wliich are used abroad are hawking, hunting, Idlarcs vcnandi lahorcs, ^' one calls them, because they recreate body and mind, ''^another, the ^"" best exercise that is, by which alone many have been ''"freed from all feral diseases." Hegesippns, lib. 1. cap. 37. relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melan- choly by that means. Plato, 7. de leg. highly magnifies it, dividing it into three parts, " by land, water, air." Xenophon, in Cyropccd. graces it with a great name, Deorum iniinus, the gift of the gods, a princely sport, wliich tliey liave ever used, ^aith Langius, epist. 59. lib. 2. as well for health as pleasure, and do at this day, it being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere all over the world. Bohemus, de nior. gen/, lib. 3. cap. 12. styles it thereibrs, sUi- diuin nobilium^ communiter vcnantur., quod sibi solis licere confendimt^ 'tis all their study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too 38 Noil est cura melinr qiiam injiinsere lis iiecessaria, I inanihus et nculis, &r,. lib. de atra bile. ^i dudiisclue et iipportuna ; o|ieniin ailmiiiislralio illis nia<,'iium sam- , corpus universum iiituinescat. et floriilum appareat, su- talis iiicreiiieiitiim, et (lUCB repleaiil amnios eoriim et dortque, &c. ssoniimio sudoreiii vitenl. cap. 7. lib. incutiant iis diversas cogitationes. C'ont 1. tract. 9. ! 1. Valescus de Tar. 36 Exercitiiiiii si e,\cedat, valde S" Ante ex(trcilium, leves toto corpnre fiiclioiies coiive-j periculosmii. Salust. Salviaiius de reined, lib. 2. cap. uiunt. Ad luiiic morbiiin e.xercitatioiies, quuni recte et i 1. 3'' Camden in Staffonlsbire. aspriilevailius, suo tempore ti'int, inirifice condiicuiit, et sanitateiii j lib. ]. cap. 2. optima omnium exercitatiunum niiiiti ab tuentur, &c. S" Lib. 1. de sail, tuenil. '■'• Excrciliiim | hac soluininodo morhis liberati. S'J Jose|)liiis Quer- natura; dorniieiilis t^timiilJitin, H)eiiil)roruni solatium, i cetaiius dialect, polit. sect. 2. cap. 11. Inter omnia e.t- morborum ineilela, fufia viiioruin, iiiedicina languorum, I ercitia prspstantiie laudem iiierelur. ^ochyron in destructio omnium malorum, Crato. ^ .Alimentis I nionte Telio, pisceptor lieronm eos a niorbis animi ve- in venlriculo probe concoctis. s^ Jejuno ventre vesica nationibus et puriscibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. el alvo ab cxcreiueiilis purgato, fricatis membris, lotis 1 31C Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. iniicli after it, thoy can d ) nothing else, discourse of naught else. Paulus Jovius, descr. Brit, doth in some sort tax our '"'•'English nobility for it, for living in the country so much, and too frequent use of it, aa if they had no other means but luiwking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with." Hawking comes near to hunting, the one in the air, as the other on the earth, a sport as much aiFected as the other, by some preferred. ■•- It was never heard of amongst the Romans, invented some twelve hundred years since, and first mentioned by Firmicus, Jih. 5. cap. 8. The Greek emperors began it, and now nothing so fre- quent : he is nobody that in the season hath not a hawk on his list. A great art, and maiiy *^ books written of it. It is a wonder to hear '*'' what is related of the Turks' ofllcers in this behalf, how many thousand men are employed about it, how many hawks of all sorts, how much revenues consumed on that only (hsport, how much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The ^^ Persian kings hawk after butterflies with sparrows made to that use, and stares : lesser hawks for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may jjroduce their sport to all seasons. Tlie ]Muscovian emperors reclaim eagles to lly at hinds, foxes, Stc, and such a one was sent for a present to ^^ Queen Ehzabeth : some reclaim ravens, castril>, pies, Stc, and man them for their pleasures. Fowling is more troublesome, but all out as ilelightsome to some sorts of men, be it with jjUMS, lime, nets, glades, gins, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stalking- horses, setting-dogs, decoy-ducks, Stc, or otherwise. Some much delight to take larks with dav-nets, small birds with chatf-nets, plovers, partridge, herons, snipe, iS.c. lli'ury tlie Third, king of Castile (as .Mariana the Jesuit reports t)f him, lib. '■\. cap. 7.) was nuich atlected '"'•'• with catching of quails," and many gentlemen take a sin- gidar pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their quail-pipes, ami will take any pains to satisfy their delight in that kind. The '* Italians have gardens titled to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or industry, and are very much atlected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the choro- graphy of his Isle of Iluena, and Castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and manner of catching snudl birds, as an ornament and a recreation, wherein he himself was sometimes employed. Fishing is a kind of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling, or otherwise, a'nd yields all out as much ])lt'asure to some men as dogs or hawks ; **" When they draw their fish upon the bank," saith Nic. llenselius Silesiographia', cap. 3. sjipaking of that extraonlinary delight his countrymen took in fishing, and in making of pools. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book de pise, telleth, how tmvelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman, ^"booted up to the grnins," wading himself, pulling the nets, and labouring as much as any lislierman of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his oflice, he excused himself, ^''•' that if other men might hunt hares, why should not he hunt carps ?" 31any gentlemen in like sort with us will wade up to the arm-holes upon such occasions, and voluntarily undertake that to satisfy their pleasures, which a pot. and is to be preferred before many of them. Because hawking and hunting are very laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany ihein ; but this is still and quiet : and if so be the angler catch no fish, yel he hath a wholesome walk to the «i Nobilitas (.niriis fere urbes ra.|iire pii-caKriim criiribut ocreatuii. "Si pririripibns Vi-natii) l>-|H>riii nun iil intiimesla, nt>:><°iu quuMioilu piwalio cypriiuiriini vulrri delv'Ot pudenda. ^'>Uniiiinr> tiirpis pii>ciiliii, nu>lo «tuiliii digna. illibfralis crediia e«t, quud iiulluui *Mibct iiigeuiuui, uullaui peri>picaciain. Mem. 4.J Exercise rectified. 311 brookside, pleasant shade by the sweet silver streams ; he hath gocd air, and sweet smells of fine fresh meadow flowers, he hears the melodious harmony of birds, he sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-horns, coots, Stc, and many other fowl, with their brood, which he thinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of horns, and all the sport that they can make. Many other sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling, shooting, which Ascam recommends in a just volume, and hath in former limes been enjoined by statute, as a defensive exercise, and an ^^ honour to our land, as well may witness our victories in France. Keelpi-ns, tronks, quoits, pitching bars, hurl- ing, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foils, football, baloon, quintan, &c., and many such, which are the common recreations of the countryfolks. Riding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and tournaments, horse- races, wild-goose chases, which are the disports of greater men, and good in them- selves, though many gentlemen by that means gallop quite out of their fortunes. But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of ^^ Areteus, deamhulatio per amczna loca, to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some good companions, to visit friends, see cities, castles, towns. &5" Visere sccpe aniiies nitidos, per amcenaque Tempe, Et placicias ?uiiimis sectari in inontibus auras." 'To see the pleasant fields, the crystal fountains. And take tiie iienlle air amonj-'st the mountains.' * To walk amongst orchards, gardens, bowers, mounts, and arbours, artificial wil- dernesses, green thickets, arches, groves, lawns, rivulets, fountains, and such like pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne, brooks, pools, fishponds, between wood and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, ''" ubi varies avium cantalioJies, Jlorum colores^ ])ratorum frut.ices, &.c. to disport in some pleasant plain, park, run up a steep lull sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation. Horins jjrincipis et domus ad deleclationem facta., cum syJvd^ monte et jjificina., vulgd la vwntagna: the prince's garden at Ferrara ^^Schottus highly magnifies, with the groves, mountains, ponds, for a delectable prospect, he was much affected with it : a Persian paradise, or pleasant park, could not be more delectable in his sight. St. Bernard, in the description of his monastery, is almost ravished with the pleasures of it. '•''A sick ^^ man (saith he) sits upon a green bank, and when the dog-star parcheth the plains, and dries up rivers, he lies in a shady bower," Froude sub arbo- rea ferventia temperat astra, "• and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, herbs, trees, to comfort his misery, he receives many delightsome smells, and fills his ears with that sweet and various harmony of birds : good God (saith he), what a com- pany of pleasures hast thou made for man !" He that sliould be admitted on a sud- den to the sight of such a palace as that of Escurial in Spain, or to that which the Moors built at Granada, Fontainbleau in France, the Turk's gardens in his seraglio, wherein all manner of birds and beasts are kept for pleasure ; wolves, bears, lynxes, tigers, lions, elephants, &.C., or upon the banks of tliat Thracian Bosphorus : the pope's Belvedere in Rome,'" as pleasing as those horti ■pcnsilcs in Babylon, or that Indian king's delightsome garden in ^'iElian ; or ^' those famous gardens of the Lord Cantelow in France, could not choose, though he were never so ill paid, but be much recreated for the time ; or many of our noblen)en's gardens at home. To lake a boat in a pleasant evening, and with music *^to row upon the waters, which Plutarch so inucli applauds, Elian admires, upon the river Pineus : in those TJiessalian fields. beset with green bays, where birds so sweetly sing that passengers, enchanted as it were with tlieir heavenly music, omnium labormn et curarum obliviscantur., forget forthwith all labours, caie, and grief: or in a gondola through the Grand Canal in Venice, to see those goodly palaces, must needs refresh and give content to a' melancholy dull spirit. Or to see the inner rooms of a fair-built and sumptuous edifice, as that of the Persian kings, so much renowned by Diodorus and Curtius, in ^ Praecipua hinc Anglis gloria, crebra; vittorJEE parts. Jiivins. 'iCap. 7. *s Fracastorius. ^Ain- Imlalioni'S sulxJiules, quas horten.ses aurie ministrant, Kub fornice viridi, panipinis virenlibus concamerata;. "Theopliylact. «>itinerat. ital. ^aSedel aegroius cespite viridi, rt cum inclenieiitia Canicularis i'-rr:is extoquit, et siccat flumina, ipse securus sedet sui) arborea fronde, el ai dnloris sni solaljuin, naribus suis graiuliieas redolel species, pascit oculos lierbarum aniaena viriditas, aiires suavi modnlamine demulc-t piclarum concentus avium, &c. Dhms bone, ijuanta paiiperibus procuras solatia ! ^ Diod. SjcuIus, lib. 2. " Lib. i:). de animal, cap. 13. " Pet. Gillius. Paul. Hentzeus Itenerar. Italix. IfilT. lod. Siiicerus Itene- rar. Galliae ltil7. Simp. lib. 1. quest. 4. " Jucuti- dissiina deamhulatio ju.vta mare, et navigatio pruu-» terrain. In utraque fluminis ripa. 312 Cure of Melanchohj. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. nhich all was almost beaten gold, "chairs, stool*, thrones, tabernacles, and pillars of gold, plane trees, and vines of gold, grapes of )>recious stor«a, all the other orna- ments of pure gold, 65 ■' Fiilaet gemma floris, et jaspidc fulva supellex, Strata iiiicaiit Tyrio" With sweet odours and perfumes, generous wines, opiparous fare, Stc, besides the gallantest young men, the fairest ^'^ virgins, puclhe scitula. ministrcmles, tlie rare,-t beauties the world could allbrd, and those set out witli costly and curious attires, ad St'uporem usque spcctantium, with exquisite music, as in ^'Trimaltion's house, in every chamber sweet voices ever sounding day and night, incomparubilis lurus, all delights and pleasures in each kind which i^ please the senses could possibly be devised or had, conviva coronati, dclitiis ebrtt, &.c. Telemachus, in llomer, is brought in as one- ravished almost at the sight of that magnilicent palace, and rich furniture of iMenelaus, when he beheld """vEris fulguroin et resoiiaiitia tecta corusco Auro, alque electro nitido, aeirloqui^ clephanto, Ar<.'eiit()que simul. Talis Juvis aniua seiles, Aiiluque ccelicoltjiu slctluiis spleiiiteacit Dlyiupo." "Such glittering of gold and brightest brass to shine, Clear amber, silver pure, and ivory so fine: Jupiter's lol^y palace, wtiere the poils do dwell. Was even such a one, and did it not e.vcel." It will laxurc anirnos, refresh the soul of man to see fair-built cities, streets, tlieatres, temples, obelisks, kc. The temple of Jerusalem was so fairly built of white mar- ble, witli so many pyramids covered with gold ; tcctumque templi fulvo coruscans auro, nimio suo fulgore obcacabat oculos ilinerantium, was so glorious, and so glist- ened afar oil", that the spectators might not well abide the sight of it. But the inner parts were all so curiously set out with cedar, gold, jewels, Stc, as he said of Cleo- patra's palace in Egypt, ^^ Crassumqut trabes ubscundtrat auruin, that tlie be- holders were amazed. What so pleasant as to see some pageant or sight go by, as at coronations, weddings, and such like solemnities, to see an ambassador or a prince met, received, entertained with masks, shows, fireworks, Stc. To see two kings tight in single combat, as Porus and Alexander; Canute and Edmund Ironside; Scander- beg and Ferat Bassa the Turk ; when not honour alone but life il.self is at stake, as the '"poet of Hector, "nee eniin pro tcrgore Tauri, Pro bove nee certanien erat, q'lu- pra-inia cursus Esse «ulent, led pro oiagni viiaque aniniaque — ■ Hectoris." To behold a battle fought, like that of Cressy, or Agincourt, or Poictiers, qua nescio (^saith Froissart) an vetustas ullam proferre possit clariorem. To see one of Cassar's triumphs in old Rome revived, or the like. To be present at an interview, " as that famous of Henry the Eighth and Francis tlie First, so much renowned all over Eu- rope ; ubi tanto apparalu (sailh Iluberlus Vellius) tamque triumphuli poinpd ainbo reges corn eorum conjugibm coicre, ut nulla unquum alas turn celcbriafcstu viderU aul audieril, no age ever saw the like. So infinitely j)leasant are such i^liows, to the sight of which oftenliincs they will come hundreds of miles, give any money for a place, and remember many years after with singular delight. Bodine, wlien he was ambassador in England, said he saw the noblemen go in their robes to the parliament house, summd cum jucundilale vidimus, he was much aflected with the .^ight of it. Poinponius Columna, saith Jovius in his life, saw thirteen Frenchmen, and so many Italians, once tight for a whole army : Quod jucundissimum spectuculuin in vilil dicil mn, the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life. Who would not have been aflected with such a spectacle ? Or that single combat of " Pireaute the Frenchman, and Anthony Schets a Dutchman, before the walls of Sylvaducis in Brabant, anno 1000. They were twenty-two horse on the one side, as many on the other, which like Livy's Horatii, Torquati and Corvini fought for their own glorj' and country's honour, in the sight and view of their whole city and army. '^ When Julius Cajsar warred about the banks of Rhone, there came a barbarian prince to see him and the Roman army, and when he had beheld Ca;sar a good while, "" I see the gods now M Aurei panes, aiirea obsnnia, vis Margaritarum ace- to subaclii. &c. "-^Liican. " 'I'lie furniture glitters with lirilliaiit gems, with yellow jaspi-r, and the couches dazzle with their purple dye." ";jtKI pellices pcrilla- lort's et piiiceriiie iiiiiiiineri, pueri luti purpura iiiduti, iz-.. f\ oiiiiiiuiii pulchritudiiie delecti. ^ Ubi omnia rantu strepum. ""Oilyss. •■'Lucan. 1.8. "The liaibers were concealed by solid gold." 'o Iliad. 10. " For neither was the contest for the hide of a bull, nor fur a beeve, which are the usrial priz. s in the riic»-, bul for the life and soulof tlio great llicior." ■" U«rliie.-n Ardt^.i and Giiiiii'!>, I5IU. '-Swertiui> in deliiiin. fnl. 487. veteri lloratioruiii exi'iiiplo, virtul>- el yurci «itii ad- inirabili, c^^ls hni^lilias 17. in coii>>p<-riu piilria-. tec " Faterciilus, vol. pii^t. '*C^uos antra auilni, inquil, bodie vidi deos. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 313 (saith he) which before I heard of," ncc fceliciorem ullam vifcs mecs aid opiavi, aut sensi diem: it was the liappiest day that ever he had in his life. Such a sight alone were able of itself to drive away melancholy ; if not for ever, yet it must needs expel it for a time. Radzivilus was much taken with the pasha's palace in Cairo, and amongst many other objects which that place aflbrded, with that solemnity of cutting the banks of the Nile by Imbram Pasha, when it overflowed, besides two or three hundred gilded galleys on the water, he saw two millions of men gathered together on the land, with turbans as white as snow ; and 'tv.'as a goodly sight. The very reading of feasts, triumphs, interviews, nuptials, tilts, tournaments, com- bats, and monomachies, is most acceptable and pleasant. "Franciscus 3Iodius hath made a large collection of such solemnities in two great tomes, which whoso will may peruse. The inspection alone of those curious iconographies of temples and palaces, as that of the Lateran church in Albertus Durer, that of the temple of Jeru- salem in ''^Josephus, Adricomius, and Villalpandus : that of the Escurial in Guadas, of Diana at Ephesus in Pliny, Nero's golden palace in Rome, "Justinian's in Con- stantinople, that Peruvian Jugo's in ''^ Cusco, ut non ah horninibus, sed a dannoniis construchun videatiir; St. Mark's in Venice, by Ignatius, with many such; priscoruni artijicum ojjcra (saith that ™ interpreter of Pausanias), the rare workmanship of those ancient Greeks, in theatres, obelisks, temples, statues, gold, silver, ivory, marble images, non minore ferme quum leguntur, quam qimm cerniinlur, animum delccLalione complcnt, affect one as much by reading almost as by sight. The country hath his recreations, the city his several gymnics and exercises, IMay games, feasts, wakes, and merry meetings, to solace themselves ; the veiy being in the country; that life itself is a sufficient recreation to some men, to enjoy such pleasures, as those old patriarchs did. Dioclesian, the emperor, was so much affected with it, that he gave over his sceptre, and turned gardener. Constantine wrote twenty books of husbandry. Lysander, when ambassadors came to see him, bragged of nothing more than of his orchard, hi sunt ordines mei. What shall I say of Cincinnatus, Cato, Tully, and many such .' how they have been pleased with it, to prune, plant, inoculate and graft, to shovv so many several kinds of pears, apples plums, peaches, &.c. i"" Nunc captare feras laquno, nunc fallere visco, 1 "Sometimes with traps deceive, with line and string Ali|iip eliatii niaimos canihiis circundare saltus To ratch will liinls and b'iast?, encompassing Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres." | The grove with dogs, and out of bushes firing." et nidos avium scrutari," &c. Jucundus, in his preface to Cato, Varro, Columella, Stc, put out by him, confesseth of himself, that he was mightily delighted with these husbandry studies, and took extraordinary pleasure in them : if the theory or speculation can so much affect, what sliall the place and exercise itself, the practical part do ? The same confession I find in Herbastein, Porta, Camerarius, and many others, which have written of that subject. If my testimony were aught worth, I could say as much of myself; I am vere Saturnus; no man ever took more delight in springs, woods, groves, gardens, walks, fishponds, rivers, &c. But 8' " Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia capiat Fluuiina ;" And so do I; Velle licet, potiri non licet?'' ^"^ Every palace, every city almost hath its peculiar walks, cloisters, terraces, groves, theatres, pageants, games, and several recreations ; every country, some professed gymnics to exhilarate their minds, and exercise their bodies. The ^^ Greeks had their Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean games, in honour of Neptune, Jupiter, Apollo; Athens hers: some for honour, garlands, crowns; for ^beauty, dancing, nnming, leaping, like our silver games. The ^ Romans had their feasts, as the Athe- nians, and Lacedaemonians held their public banquets, in Pritanaeo, Panathenaeis, Thesperiis, Phiditiis, plavs, naumachies, places for sea-fights, ^ theatres, amphitheatres able to contain 70,000 men, wherein they had several delightsome shows to exhila- "PandectE Triumph, fol. 'oLib. 6. cap. 14. de i desire, but can't enjoy." fSBoterus lib. 3. polit. belln Jdil. '^procoplus. "8 Laet. Lib. 10 Amer. cap. 1. 64See Alh •na^ns dipnoso. Ludi vctivi, descript. '^iiomuhis Amaseus prafal. Paiisan. sacri, ludicri, Mesalenses, Cernales, Florales, Mar- «o \'irg. 1. CJeor. 6i " xhe thirsting Tantalus gapes tiales, &c. Rosiniis, 5. 1-2. MSee Lipsius Aniphitbe for llie water that eludes his lips." k!"X may I atrum Rosinus lib. 5. Meursius de ludis Graecorura. 40 2B :{l-t Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 2. rate the people; ^gladiators, combats of men with themselves, with wild beasts, and wild beasts one with another, like our bull-baitings, or bear-baitings (in wliich many countrymen anil citizens amongst us so much delight and so frequently use), dancers on ropes. Jugglers, wrestlers, comedies, tragedies, publicly exhibited at the empe- •or's and city's charge, and that with incredible cost and magnificence. In the Low Countries (as ^'^Meteran relates) before these wars, they had many solemn feasts, piays, challenges, artillery gardens, colleges of rhymers, rhetoricians, poets : and to tiiis (lav, such places are curiously maintained in Amsterdam, as appears by that description of Isaacus Pontanus, reriim Amslelrod. lib. 2. cap. 25. So likewise not long since at Friburg in Germany, as is evident by tliat relation of '""Neander, they had Liidos septennales^ solemn plays every seven years, which Bocerus, one of their owa poets, hath elegantly described : ^" At nunc mit:;nitico spectarula structa paratu (luiil inenioreni, vi-teri lion cunceti:>lliiii'>s ncvir iii>iiili:i d in siietM> Sparliaii, nia Rhcuiruni Rythniorniii in urbibus et inunicipiis, cer tisque dii'bus exercebaiit se sagittarii, glailiatore!>, Sec. Alia inijenii, animique exercitia, quorum pra-cipuuin eiudiuiii, priiiripeni populutn tragrciliis, cciinoediis. Tabu- lis Kenicis, aliisque id genus ludis recreare. '^Orbis terra) descript. part. 3. M-'yviiat shall I nay of "•Uelectatue lums catuloriini, pMrci'lliiriiiii, iit |>eMice* inter se piienarent, aiit iit avcx parvulie vur^iiiiii r! deorsuiii volitnreiit, his iiiaiinie del^-rtnluf D. flayward in vita ejus. >o Mus- covit. commentarium. >i Inter cives Fessanos >*" I: is better to dig than to dance." >*Tulliuk. " No sensible man danceu." i* Oe ni<>r Kcni. uPolycrat. I. 1. cap. 8. i* Idc-ni ^ali«burien«i* "UiBt.lib. 1. Mem. 4. J Exercise rectified. 317 may come, of it :" but this is evil per accidens, and in a Jiiialified sense, to avoiu a greater inconvenience, may justly be tolerated. Sir Thomas More, in his Utopian Commonwealth, "*as he will have none idle, so will he have no man labour over hard, to be toiled out like a horse, 'tis more than slavish infelicity, the life of most of our hired servants and tradesmen elsewhere (excepting his Utopians) but half the day allotted for work, and half for honest recreation, or whatsoever employment thev shall think fit for themselves." If one half day in a week were allowed to our house- hold servants for their merry meetings, by their hard masters, or in a year some feasts, like those Roman Saturnals, I think they would labour harder all the rest of their time, and both parties be better pleased : but this needs not (you will say), for some of them do nought but loiter all the week lonff. This which I aim at, is for such as avefracfi animis, troubled in mind, to ease them, over-toiled on the one part, to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep them- selves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employment will serve to the one, any honest recreation will conduce to the otlier, so that it be moderate and sparing, as the use of meat and drink ; not to spend all their life in gaming, playing, and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do ; but to revive our bodies and recreate our souls with honest sports : of which as there be diverse sorts, and peculiar to several callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those of distinct natures, to fit that variety of humours which is amongst them, that if one will not, another may : some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind : (as to some it is both business and a pleasant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, cattle, horses, SiC. To build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accounts, &c.) some without, some within doors ; new, old, &c., as the season serveth, and as men are inclined, it is reported of Phihppus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy (by Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. '^Heuter in his history) that the said duke, at the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king of Portugal, at Bruges in Flanders, which was solemnized in the deep of winter, when, as by reason of unseasonable weather, he could neither hawk nor hunt, and was now tired with cards, dice, &c., and such other domestic sports, or to see ladies dance, with .some of his courtiers, he would in the evening walk disguised all about the town. It so fortuned, as he was walking late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk; ^°he caused his followers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old clothes, and attiring him after the court fashion, when he waked, he and they were all ready to attend upon his excellency, persuading him he was some great duke. The poor fellow admiring how he came there, was served in state all the day long ; after supper he saw them dance, heard music, and the rest of those court-like plea- sures : bat late at night, when he was well tippled, and again fast asleep, they put on his old robes, and so conveyed him to the place where they first found him. Now the fellow had not made them so good sport the day before as he did when he re- turned to himself; all the jest was, to see how he ^'looked upon it. In conclusion, after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, con- stantly believed it, would not otherwise be persuaded, and so the jest ended. ^'An- tiochus Epiphanes would often disguise himself, steal from his court, and go into merchants', goldsmiths', and other tradesmen's shops, sit and talk with them, and sometimes ride or walk alone, and fall aboard with any tinker, clown, serving man, carrier, or whomsoever he met first. Sometimes he did ex insperato give a poor fel- low money, to see how he would look, or on set purpose lose his purse as he went, to watch who found it, and withal how he would be affected, and with such objects he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great men, to exhilarate themselves and others, all which are harmless jests, and have their good uses. But amongst those exercises, or recreations of the mind within doors, there is 's Nemo desidet otiosiis, ita nemo asinino more ad seraiii iioctem laborat ; nam ea plusquam servilis srum- na, qua? opificiiiii vita est, exceptis Utopiensibus qui diem in 24. horasdividum, sesdunla.xat operi deputant, reMquum a pomno et cll)o cujusque arbitrio permittitur. ■>* fierum Burguiid. lib. 4. »jijggi[ hominem de- 2b2 ferri ad palatium et leclo ducali colbcari, &c. mirari homo ubi se eo loci videt. " Ciuid inteie. diem illiua et noslros aliquot anno.';? nihil peniliia, nisi quod, &C. *»Hen. Stepliun. prsclat. flurudoti. 318 Cure of Melancholy. Part. 2. Sec. 2. none so general, so aptly to be applied to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expel idleness and melancholy, as tliat of" study : Sludia soiecUiicm oblcctant, udnh'scvniiam ttlurJ., sccundas res ornant^ adversis perfugium et solatium prcebent, domi delectartt. -lii>doro. 30 1 rend a cmisiileruble part nf ycmr upcech tx-hirc dm- iit-r. but afler 1 had dined I (inishrd it omiplelely. Ob what arguments, what eloquence! Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. - 319 and such elaborate treatises are of late written : in mechanics and their mysteries, military matters, navigation', '^ riding of horses, ^^ fencing, swimming, gardening, planting, great tomes of husbandry, cookery, falconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, &c., with exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and what not ? In music, metaphysics, natural and moral philosophy, philology, in policy, heraldry, genealogy, chronology, &,c., they afford great tomes, or those studies of ^^ antiquity, &c., et ^^ qidd snhfilius Arilhmelicis inve7ilionibus, quid jucundlus Musicis ratio7iibus, quid divinius Jlstrono- micis, quid rectius Geo7netricis demonstrationihus ? What so sure, what so pleasant ? He that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologna in Italy, the steeple and clock at Slrasburg, will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archi- medes, to remove the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his instrument : Archimedes Coclea, and rare devices to corrivate waters, musical instruments, and tri-syllable eclioes again, again, and again repeated, with myriads of such. What vast tomes are extant in law, physic, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, specu- lation, in verse or prose, &.c. ! their names alone are the subject of whole volumes, we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well furnished, like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very languages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, &c. Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, ^'^ sauvi aniTnum deJectatione allicere., oh incredibilem rerum varietatem et jucundiJafem, et ad pleni.orem sui cognifionem excitare, chorographical, topographical delineations, to behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale and compass their extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the Great, as Platina writes, had three fair silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in the second Rome neatly engraved, in the third an exquisite description of the whole world, and much delight he took in them. What greater pleasure can there now be, than to view tliose elaborate maps of Ortelius, ^"^ iMercator, Hondius, &c. ? To peruse those books of cities, put out by Braunus and Hogenbergius .'' To read those exqui- site descriptions of Maginus, Munster, Herrera, Laet, Merida, Boterus, Leander, Albertus, Camden, Leo Afer, Adricomius, Nic. Gerbelius, &c. ? Those famous expe- ditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Marcus Polus the Venetian, Lod. Vertomannus, Aloysius Cadamustus, &.c.? Those accurate diaries of Portu- guese, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver a Nort, Sec. Hakluyt's voyages. Pet. Martyr''s Decades, Benzo, Lerius, Linschoten's relations, those Hodaeporicons of Jod. a 3Ieg- gen, Brocard the monk, Bredenbachius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, &c., to Jerusalem, Egypt, and other remote places of the world ? those pleasant itineraries of Paulus Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, &.c., to read Bellonius' observations, P. Gillius his surveys ; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, by Fratres a Bry. To see a well-cut herbal, herbs, trees, flowers, plants, all vegeta- bles expressed in their proper colours to the life, as that of M&tthiolus upon Dios- corides, Delacampius, Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal of Beslar of Nuremburg, vv^herein almoi^t every plant is to his own bigness. To see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, &c., all crea- tures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact description of their natures, virtues, qualities, &c., as hatli been accurately performed by TElian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondoletius, Hippolytus Salvia- nus, &c. ''''Jlrcana Cfzli., nalurce secreta, ordine m universi scire iiiajoris felicilaiis et diilcedinis est., quam cogitatione quis assequi possit, ant. viortalis sperare. What more pleasing studies can there be than the mathematics, theoretical or practical parts : as to survey land, make maps, models, dials, &c., with which 1 was ever much de- siPliivines. ^Thibault. S8 As in travelling the rest fH) forward and look before tbem, an antiquary alone looks round about hitn, seeing; things past, cScc. hath a complete horizon. Janus Bilrons. 3iC:ir- prrefat. Merc.atoris. " It allures the mind hy its asree- able attraction, on account of ,lie incredible variety and pleasantness of the subjects, aid excites to a further step in knowledge." se Atlas Geo;.'. 3' Cardan. dan. " What is more subtle than aritinnetical conclu- "To learn the mysteries of the hiavens, the secret Fioiis; what more agreeable than musical harmonies; | workings of nature, the order of the uni verso, is a what more divine than astronomical, what more cer- greater happiness and gratification than any mortal can tain than geometrical demonstrations?" 3= Hondius | think or e.\pect to obtain." 320 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 lighted myself. Talis est Mathematum pulchritndo (saith °* Plutarch) ut his indignum sit divitiarum. phalcras istas et bullas, et puellaria spcclaaila comparari; such is the excellency of these studies, that all those ornaiiients and childish bubbles of wealth, are not worthy to be compared to them: credi mihi (^' saith one) cxtingui diilce erit Mat hematic a rum artium studio, I could even live and die with such meditation, '"'and take more delight, true content of mind in them, than tliou hast in all thy wealth and sport, how rich soever thou art. And as '"Cardan well seconds me, Honor iji- cum magis est et gloriosum hoic intelligcre, quam provinciis praesse, formosum aul ditcm juvenem esse.'*^ The like pleasure there is in all otlier studies, to such as are truly addicted to them, '''ca suavitas (one holds) ut cum quis ea degustavcrit, quasi poculis Circcis captus, non possit unquam ab ilUs dicclli; the like sweetness, which as Circe's cup bewitchetli a student, he caimot leave olf, as well may witness those many laborious hours, days and nights, spent in the voluminous treatises written by them; the same content. "Julius Scaliger was so nmch atTected with poetry, that he brake out into a pathetical protestation, he had rather be the author of twelve verses in Lucan, or such an ode in '^^ Horace, than emperor of Germany. ''•^Nicho- las Gerbelius, that good old man, was so much ravished with a few Greek authors restored to light, with hope and desire of enjoying the rest, that he exclaims forth- with, Arabihus atque Indis omnibus erimus diliorcs, we shall be richer than all the Arabic or Indian princes; of such ''^esteem they were witli him, incomparable worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysippus, two doting stoics (he was so much enamoured of tiieir works), before any prince or general of an army; and Orontius, the mathematician, so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him Dii'inum et homine mujorem, a petty god, more than a man ; and well he might, for aught I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus, of Thebes, is as much renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules or Bacchus, his fellow citizens, for their warlike actions ; et si favuim respicias, non pauciores Jirislolclis quam Jilexandri mtminerunt (as Cardon notes), Aristotle is more known tlian Alexander ; for we have a bare relation of Alexander's deeds, but Aristotle, tottu, vivit in monumentis, is whole in his works : yet 1 stand not upon this ; the delight is it, which I aim at, so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. ''-King James, 1G05, when he came to see our University of Oxford, and amongst other edifices now went to view that famous library, renewed by Sir Thomas Bodley, in imitation of Alexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speech, If 1 were not a king, I would be a university man : *'''and if it were so that i nmst be a prisoner, if I might have my wish, I would desire to have no other prison than that library, and to be chained together with so many good authors et mortuis inagistris.''^ So sweet is the delight of study, the more learning they have (as he that hath a dropsy, the more he drinks the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn, and the last day is prioris discipulus ; harsh at first learning is, radices amarce, hut fractu^ dulces^ according to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last ; the longer they live, the more they are enamoured with tlie Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Leyden in Holland, was mewed up in it all the year lo!)g: and that which to thy thinking should have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking. *•• I no sooner (saith he) come into the library, but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice, and all such vices, whose nurse is idleness, the mother of ignorance, and melancholy her- self, and in the very lap of eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat, with so lofty a spirit and sweet content, that I pity all our great ones, and rich men that know not this happiness." I am not ignorant in the meantime (notwithstanding this which I have said) how barbarously and basely, for the most part, our ruder gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a trea- sure, so inestimable a benefit, as ^sop's cock did the jewel he found in the dung- *Lib. decii|ii(l. divitiarum s» Leon. Disjrs. priefat. ad perpet. prognost. «>Plus capio voluptatis, tec. *' In HippiTchen. divis. 3. <*'• It is more honourable and clorious to understand these truths than to govern provinces, to be beautiful or to be youiic." "Cardan, priefal. reruin variet. *< Poetices lib. **L,ib. 3. Ode 9. Donee ^ratus eram tibi, &c. « De Pelopones. lib. 6. descript. (iriEC. *' Quos si intepros habere- mu$. Dii honi, quas npes. qiios tbesauros tenereinus. ** Isaark Wake mues regnante*. *>Si unquam mibi in fatis eit, ut captivue ducar, si mihi daretur opiin, boe cuperem carcere concludi, hiscatenia illigari. rum hisee captivis roncatenatis eelatem agere. w Kpist. Pri- niiero. Pleninque in qua siiiiiul ac pedem posui, foribus pesaiiliim ahdo; ambilionein auleiii. aniorem. libidi- nem, etc. exclude, quorum parens est icnavia. imperitia niitrix. et in ipso wternitatis grenim. inter t>, quid non, , Fleiiius el nieliusi C'hrysippo et Craiitore dicuiil." Nay, what shall the Scripture itself? Which is like an apothecary's shop, \jherein are all remedies for all infirmities of mind, purgatives, corilials, alteratives, corrobo- ratives, lenitives, Slc. "^ Every disease of the soul," saith *' Austin, '' hath a peculiar medicine in tiie Scripture; this 6nly is required, that the sick man take the j)i)tion which God hath already tempered." *"* Gregory calls ii " a glass wherein ve may see all our inlirmities," ignitum colloquium, P.salm cxix. 140. "'Origen a charm. And therefore Hierom prescribes Rusticus the monk, ™" continually to read the Scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read; for as mastication is to meat, so is meditation on that which we read." I would fur these causes wish him tliat is melancholy to use both human and divine authors, voluntarily to impose .some task upon hhaself, to divert his melancholy thoughts : to study the art of memory, Cosmus Rosselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkelius' Delectus, or practise Brachygraphy, kc, that will ask a great deal of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition in Euclid, in his five last books, extract a square root, or study Algebra : tfian which, as '' Clavius holds, " in all human disciplines nothing can be more excidlent and plea- sant, so ubslruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easy withal and lull of delight," omnem humanum captum stiperare videtur. By thi.s means yon may defme ex ungue leonem, as the diverb is, by his thumb alone the bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great "Colossus, Solomon's tem- ple, and Domitian's amphitheatre out of a little part. By this art you may contem- plate the variation of tlie twenty-three letters, which may be so inlinitely varied, that tlie words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the comjiass of the firmament; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways; by this art you may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of the earth, some say 148,456,800,000,000, assignando singulis passum quadratum ath:urda cnsilati une torqueri. « Altercationibus utantur, qux non pennlttunt animurii s^ubiiier^i pro- tundis cogitatioiiibiis, de quibus oliose coeilat et tri.-din. prefat. ad riielh. hist. "Op*!, ruin subcis. cap. 15. «< Hor. " Fatonduni est racudiine Olynipi coiij^titutu^ supra venlos et priH;ella<>, et oinnes res hunianas. *>" vVho explain wbal is Jair, fiiul, useful, worthless, more fully and faithfully than Chrysippus ami <'raiitiir?" •'In Ps. xxxvi. oiiinis inorlms aiiinii in scriptura hahet niedicinam; taiiluui opuii esl ut qui sit seger, uuii recuset potioncin quam Deus temperavit. •• In moral, fipeculiim quo no8 inliieri piiKsinius ™ Hoin •i'*. L'l iiirnnla- tione viris fiii;iitiir. ita lectione mubiMi. '" Iterum alque, ileruin monen, lit aniinaiii »«?." | This they have to busy themselves about, household olhces, Sec, "^ neat gardens, full of exotic, versicolour, diversely varied, sweet-smelling flowers, and plants in all kinds, which they are most ambitious to get, curious to preserve and keep, proud to possess, and much many times brag of Their merry meetings and frequent vi.tila- tions, mutual invitations in good towns, I voluntarily omit, which are so much in use, gossipping among the meaner sort, Stc, old folks have their beads : an excel- lent invention to keep them from idleness, that are by nature melancholy, and past all afiairs, to say so many paternosters, aveinarias, creeds, if it were not profane and superstitious. In a word, bcjdy and mind must be exercised, not one, but both, and that in a mediocrity ; otherwise it will cause a great inconvenience. If the body be overtired, it tires the mind. The mind oppresseth the body, as with students it often- times falls out, who (as " Plutarch observes; have no care of the body, '• but conq)el that which is mortal to do as much as that which is immortal : that whicji is earthly, as that which is ethereal. But as the ox tired, told the camel, (both serving one ■■' Printed at I^indon, Annn 16-iO. '* Once a»trono- inortaletii imniorlali, K-rrciitreni fflher*-!!; s-ijiialcm pr^ii. my reader ai Grcshain Collegf. " Printed at Liipti- t.trt; industriain : ('a-ti.-ruiii ut e'ain<-lii iiau venit, qtnid don by William Jones, h,-Z3. ""Pra-fat. Meth. ABlrol. ti b-t, piulo p<»l et pie Christe iirlii iHina sit p;ix tempore nostro. *0Cha- ipiiius cutem, et totiim onus coiferetur (emare ipi « lonerua, lib. P. de Rpp. Angel. »* Hortu8 Coronariiii . iiiorluo bove impletum; Ila animo quotjue cunliu|tl aiedicus et rui>>iariii!i, &.C. **'rom. I. de annit. , dura dcfatigato corpori, Ice. iuend. Uui rationem corporif non hab«nl, ted loguat Mem. 5.] Waking and dreams rectified. 325 master) that refused to carry some part of his burden, before it were long he shoiihl he compelled to carry all his pack, and skin to boot (which by and by, the ox being dead, fell out), the body may say to the soul, that will give him no respite, or remis- sion : a little after, an ague, vertigo, consumption, seizeth on them both, all his study is omitted, and thev must be compelled to be sick together :" he that tenders his own good estate, and health, must let tiiem draw with equal yoke, both alike, ^^ that so they may happily enjoy their wished health." MEMB. V. Waking and terrible Dreams rectified. As waking that hurts, by all means must be avoided, so sleep, which so much helps, by like waj-s, ^"" must be procured, by nature or art, inward or outward medi- cines, and be protracted longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especial help."' It moistens and fattens the body, concocts, and helps digestion (as we see in dor- mice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all winter), which Gesner speaks of, when they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of winter, as fat as butter. It expels cares, pacifies the mind, refresheth the weary limbs after long work : ** " Sninne quies reriim, plaridissime snmne deoriim, I " Sleep, rest of things, O pleasing deity. Pax animi, qiiein cura fiigit, qui corpora duris Peace of the soul, which cares dost crucify, Fessa miiiisteriis niulces reparasque labori." | Weary bodies refresh and uiollify." The chiefest thing in all physic, '^^ Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmarum su- perans et metallorum. The fittest time is ^ two or three hours after supper, Avhen as the meat is now settled at the bottom of the stomach, and 'tis good to lie on the right side first, because at that site the liver doth rest under the stomach, not molest- ing any way, but heating him as a fire doth a kettle, that is put to it. After the first sleep 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend ;" and sometimes again on the belly, but never on the back. Seven or eight liours is a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks ; but as some do, to lie in bed and not sleep, a dav, or half a day together, to give assent to pleasing con- ceits and vain imaginations, is many ways pernicious. To procure this sweet moist- ening sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it be possible) that hinder it, and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat hodie (saith Boissardus in his tract de magin., cap. 4.) multos ila fascinari ut noctes integras exigant insomnes., summu inquietudine animorum et corporum; many cannot sleep for witches and fascmations, which are too familiar in some places ; they call it, dare aliciii malam noctem. But the ordinary causes are heat and dryness, which must first be removed : ®' a hot and dry brain never sleeps well : grief, fears, cares, expectations, anxieties, great Ijusinesses, ^'In aurum utramque otiose ut dormias^ and all violent perturbations of the mind, must in some sort be qualified, before we can hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day-time, or is in suspense, fear, any way troubled in mind, or goes to bed upon a full ''^stomach, may never hope for quiet rest in the night ; nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt., as the ^* poet saith ; inns and such like troublesome places are not for sleep; one calls ostler, another tapster, one cries and shouts, another sings, whoops, halloos, sa '• ahsentem cantal amicam, Miilia prolutiis vappa iiauta atque viator." Who not accustomed to such noises can sleep amongst them ? He that will intend to take his rest must go to bed unimo seciiro, qu.ieto et libera., with a ®° secure and composed mind, in a quiet place: omnia noctes eruut placida compbsta qiiiete: and *tTt pulchram illam et amahilem saiiitateni prn^ste. ] quioscendum latere siuistro, &c. s'Sippius accidit nius. 87 Inlerdiceiida; Vigili^. somni paulo lougio- mrlancholicis. ut nimiuiii exsiccato cerebro vigiliis ai- res couciliaridi. .•\lloniariis cap. 7. Soinrius supra nio- tenueiitur. Ficinus, lib. ]. cap.'29. 92 -per. " That duni pnidcst, quovismodo conciliandus, Piso. tuovid. I you may .sleep calmly on either ear." '^Ut sis nocte ^'•' In [li|)poc. Aplioris. M Crato cons. 2t. lib. 2. duabus I jevis, sit tibi, crena brevis. ^i Jiiven. Sat. .'1. s» Kor. aiit trihus horis post cKnaiu.qiiuni jrimcibusad fundum Scr. lib. 1. Sat. 5. " The tipsy sailor and his travelling veiitriculi resederit, priniuiii super latere dextro quies- companion sins the praises of their absent sweethearts." cenduni, quod in tali decubitii jecur sub ventriculo qui- I 9<>Sepositis ciiris oninibus quantum fieri potest, una e^cat, non gravans sed cibum lalfaciens. perinde ac I cum vestibus, &.C. Kirkst. tguis lebeU-iu qui illi admovetur; post primum snmnum ' 2C 326 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 if that will not serve, or may not be obtained, to seek then such means as are requi- site. To lie in clean linen and sweet ; before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear *^ *•' sweet j«usic," which Ficinns commends, lib. 1. cap. 24, or as Jobertus, med. pract. li&Pf^ap. 10. '^'^"to read some pleasant author till he be asleep, to have a ijason of Vater still dropping by his bedside," or to lie near that pleasant murmur. Imp sonanfis aqiue. Some floodgates, arches, falls of water, like London Bridge, or some continuate noise which may benumb the senses, h:7us inolua, siknthim et teiie- hra, turn et ipsa vohmlas snmnos faciunl ; as a gentle noise to some procures sleep, so, which Bernardinus Tilesius, /t7». de 50/?njo, well observes, silence, in a dark room, and the will itself, is most available to others. Piso commends frications, Andrew Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed ; I say, a nutmeg and ale, or a good draught of muscadine, with a toast and nutmeg, or a posset of the same, which many use in a morning, but methinks, for such as have dry brains, are much more proper at night; some prescribe a '^sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a spoonful, saith ^tius Tetral)ib. lib. 2. str. 2. cap. 10. lib. (5. cup. 10. jflgimta., lib.'S. cap. 14. Piso, "a little after meat, "* because it rarefies melancholy, aiul procun's an appetite to sleep." Donat. ab Altomar. cap. 7. and Mercurialis approve of it, if the malady proceed from tlio 'spleen. Salust. Sahian. lib. 2. cap. 1. de retned. Hercules de Saxonia in Pan. jKlinus., ^lontaltus de vwrb. capitis, cap. 28. de JSLlan. are alto- gf ther against it. Lod. Mercalus, de inter. Morh. can. lib. 1. cap. 17. in some ca.ses doih allow it. ^Rhasis seems to deliberate »)f it, thougli Simeon conwnend it (^in sauce peradventure) he makes a question of it : as for baths, fomentations, oiks, potions, simples or compounds, inwardly taken lo this purpose, ''I shall speak of them elsewhere. Jf, in the midst of the night, when they lie awake, which is usual to toss and tumble, and not sleep, ■* Kanzovius would have them, if it be in warm weather, to rise and walk three or four turns ^till they be cold; about the chamber and then go to bed again. Airainst fearful and troublesome dreams. Incubus and such inconveniences, where- with melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is lo eat a light Kupj)er, and of such meats as are easy of digestion, no haie, venison, beef. Sec, not to lie on his l)ack, not to meditate or think in the day-lime of any terrible objects, or especially talk of tlu'in before he goes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian after such conference, Heeutcs soinniare intlii videor, 1 can think^of nothing but hobgoblins: and as Tully notes, '"for the most part our speeches in the day-time cause our fantasy to work upon the like in our sleep," which ijmius writes of Homer: Et cams in suinnis I'poris vcslii^ia latrat: as a dog dreams of a hare, so do men on such subjects they thought on last. «"Soiiiiiia quip Dieiite« luiluiit volitaritibua iiinliri'', Nic iJi-liit>ra ileum, nvt- ab i-ibi-re iiuiiiiiia iiiitliiiil, S3ed liibi qiii6<|ue I'acil," tc. Vox that cause when Ptolemy, king of F^ypt, had posed the seventy interpreters in order, aufl asked the nineteenth man what would make one sleep quietly in the night, he tohl him, '-'the best way was to have divine and celestial meditations, and to use fioncst actions in the day-time. •* Lod. Vives wonders how schoolmen could sleep ([uieily, and were not terrified in the niglit, or walk in the dark, they had such mon- strous questions, and thought of Sue's terrible matters all day long." Tluy had need, amongst the rest, to sacrifice to god Morpheus, whom *Philostralus jiaints in a white and black coat, with a horn and ivory box full of dreams, of the same colours, to signify good and bad. If you will know how lo interpret them, read Artemidorus, Sambucus and Cardan; but how to help them, '"I must refer you lo a more convenient place. I" Ad tiorain somni aurea suavil)u8 caiitibus et sonU I coi;ilare J-t loqui. • AristiB bi*t. " Neither tho ileliiiire. ''^ lectin jucuiida, aut serino. ad quein shrines uf the erajs, nor Uie deilieu theiiii*elve!i, M-nd alteiitior animus coMvertKiir, am aqua ab alto in sub- down from the h'-aveno thone dreanm whirh ni in ro bitiii. >w Attpnuat iiielaiicholiam, el ad ronciliHii- ourselves." ' Optimum do ctrlest ibiis et honesii* diiin soniniim jiivat. ' (lnod lieni acetum conveniat. ! meditari. et ea facere. » I,ih. W. de lau'is C"rr art. *t'opit. I. irnct. 9. meditandum de aceto. 'Sect. 5 iiiemb. I. Subst-ct. t>. * Lib. de sanit. tuenda. »ln Soin. Scip. fit eriim fere ul cojiitationes noslrie et »er- niones p.'iri.mt aliqnid in sommi, quale de llninero scri- bit Emiiiu:', de quo videlicet sspissim^ vi^ilans solebat tarn niira nionstra quirFtionum <:uiilur intrr eog, ut mirer eos iiiterliiiii in somniis non terreri, out de illis in tcnebri* audere verba fnrere, adeo re« Mini mon<el tlicin fVoin tliy mind, i$il m-r, pain and diitcunient, I Let all thy houI be net on rnKmun-nt. " Ciiras tolle graves, irasci crede profanum. If it be idleness hath caused this in- firmity, or that he perceive himself given to solitariness, to walk alone, and please h'is mind with fond imaginations, let him by all means avoid it; 'tis a bosuin eiiemv, 'tis delightsome melancholy, a friend in show, but a secret devil, a sweet pcjison, it will in the end be his undoing; let him go presently, task or set himself a work, get some good company. If he proceed, as a gnat flies about a Mndle, so long till at length he burn his bodv, so in the end he wUl undo himself: if it be arly harsh object, ill company, let him presently go from it. If by his own default, through ill diet, bad air, want of exercise, Stc, let him now begin to reform himself, '-It would be a perfect remedy, against all corruption, if," as " Roger Bacon hath it, " we could but moderate ourselves in those six non-natural things. " If it be any dis- grace, abuse, temporal loss, calumny, death of friends, imprisonment, (ianishment, be not troubled with it, do not fear, be not angry, grieve not at it, but with all courage sustain it." (Gordonius, lib. 1, c. Ib.de coriser. vit.) Tu conlra audtnliur ito. *Mf it be sickness, ill success, or any adversity that hath caused it, oppose an invincible courage, "• fortify thyself by God's word, or otherwise," mala bonis persuadenda. set prosperity against adversity, as we refresh our eyes by seeing some pleasant ujeadow, •* Pro virilius) annitendum in pradicli^, turn in aliis, i secretin artis et nalura: cap. 7. de retard, sen. Kemediiim a quilms malum voint a priniaria cniiija occasionem efsel contra corruplmneni pr>ipriani, ii| i|ijilit)el el'-rce- nactuni I'St.imaginationesalisurdx falsx(|ueet nicE.-tilia ret reeinien sanilatiis, i|iicmI consis'tit in riht:-< "-x noi q\ixcuii(|ue siibierit propuls<'tnr, ant aliiid asendo, ant natnralibiiR. *> Pr,i nliqii'i vitupern. i m'. ratione persnadraidn eariim iiintatiimem subito facere. nur pro aiiiicni'ine alicnjiiK rei. pr^i iinri c '' I. lb. '•. c. IH. de occult, nat. QMisqiii^ hnic inalo oh- pro carrere, nee pro exilio. ner pro nlin - «, no.xins est. acriler nbsistat. et suinnia ciira ohiiicteliir, ner >inied8, nee dideao, ited com " : ' i i ii i c iier iilli) iii'mIo loveat ima!!inatiiiiir!< tarite iihre|iented tomtineaii. * Uuixliii iii'i.in j- imT r- amino, hiandasi ah inilioet iiiiio|i. valesrniil, lit nulla ratinne exciili qneant. ^3. Tunc, j ptina.-*, Uei verbo ejuitque tiducia te s Cen. -2. 3'SyiiipiPS. lib. 6. cap. 10. s^ Epist. d. risci m qm-m secrela mwtra inriindamii!< ; nihil eque hb. 3. Adversa forturia habet in querelis levamentum; ' obleciat aiiimum. qiiam iibi »inl prB^arala piftora in et maloriim relatio. &c. * Alluquium rhari jnval, | qiis lutii »»-i;rrta di.-!tre nda n I , qiinruni ciiii->ri>-n(ia cqus et solanien amici. Emblem. 54. cent. 1. »* .•\s David l ac tua : quorum sermo f^oliiudiiKni l.iiiul. npnlnitia did to Jonathan, 1 tJiUii. xx. ssSeneca Epist tiT consilium exiwdial. hilaritag iruliliaMi dKHiiK-l. r«>n. »Hic in civitale nia:>iia et turba magna neminem >pectu.-ique ipsw delettet. i' Couimenl. I. 7. A4 reperire por'siimiis quficum suspirare familiariter aut I Deum confuciainun, et (x.-ccatin vcniaiii |irre^iiiiir ,iid« jocari lib.re (Kist^imus. Quare te expcctaiiius, te dexi- ad ainirog. et rui pliirimum tribuiiiiiia, noM pnti-ririJi- dt^raiiius. le arcissimus. .Multa sunt eniiii quse me mii.4 loKw, et aninii viiliiii* quo atflisiiu'jr n.oi: a4 •■-lieila It el niiaiint, <|Lis mihi videor aures tuaa nactus, reficieodum animum etficaciu*. UDiua aiubulalionid seruooe exbaurire poas«. '' I Mem. 6. Subs. 2.J Mind rectified. 331 SuBSECT. II. — Help from friends by counsel, coinfort, fair and foul means, loilty devices, satisfaction, alteration of his course of life, removing objects, 8fc. When the patient of himself is not able to resist, or overcome these heart-eating passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that wliich is wanting. SucE erit humanitatis et sapientice (which ""^Tully enjoineth in like case) siquid erra- tum, curare, aut improvisum, sua diligentid corrigere. They must all join ; nee satis medico, saith '^^ Hippocrates, suu?7i fccisse ojficium, nisi suum quoque cegrotus, suum astantes, &;c. First, tliey must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person (be it in what kind of melancholy soever) never be left alone or idle : but as pliysi- cians prescribe physic, cum custodid, let them not be left unto themselves, but with some company or other, lest by that means they aggravate and increase their dis- ease ; non oportet cegros humjusmodi esse solos vel inter ignotos, vel inter eos quos non amant aut negligunt, as Rod. a Fonseca, torn. 1. consul. 3.5. prescribes. Lugentes custodire solemus (saith ''^ Seneca) ne solitudine male utantur; we watch a sorrowful person, lest he abuse his solitariness, and so should we do a melancholy man ; set him about some business, exercise or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and ■still keep liim otherwise intent; for his fantasy is so restless, operative and quick, that if it be not in perpetual action, ever employed, it will work upon itself, melan- cholise, and be carried away instantly, with some fear, jealousy, discontent, suspi- cion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness be such that he cannot discern what is amiss, correct, or satisfy, it behoves them by counsel, comfort, or persua- sion, by fair or foul means, to alienate his mind, by some artificial invention, or some contrary persuasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may any ways molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and if it be possible, by altering his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his grievances, and will not be known of them, ''^"they must observe by his looks, gestures, motions, fantasy, what it is that offends," and then to apply remedies unto him : many are instantly cured, when their minds are satisfied. ""^ Alexander makes mention of a woman, " that by reason of her husband's long absence in travel, was exceeding peevish and melancholy, but when she heard her husband was returned, beyond all expectation, at the first sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without help of any other physic restored to her former health." Trincavellius, consil. 12. lib. 1. hath such a story of a Venetian, that being much troubled with melancholy, ■*• " and ready to die for grief, when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, instantly recovered." As Alexander concludes, '*^" If our imaginations be not in- veterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a cause." No better way to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occasion, if by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in suspicion, suspense, or any way molested, secure him, Solvitur malum, give him satisfaction, the cure is ended ; alter his course of life, there needs no other physic. If the party be sad, or otherwise affected, "• consider (saith "'^Trallianus) the manner of it, all circumstances, and forthwith make a sudden alteration," by removing the occasions, avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^^ " monstrous and prodigious aspects," tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, tragical stories ; to such as are in fear they strike a great impression, renewed many times, and recall such chimeras and terrible fictions into their minds. ^' " Make not so much as mention of them in private talk, or a dumb show tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) are offensive to their imaginations." And to those that are now in sorrow, " Seneca '' forbids all sad companions, and such as lament ; a groaning companion is an enemy to quiet- <^ Ep. a. frat. « Aphor. prim. « Epist. 10. 4s ObservaiMJo inotus, gestiis, niaiius, pedes, oculus, phantasjaiii, Piso. icjvjuiier melancholia correpta ex longa viri peregriiiatione, et iracuiide omnibus respon- liens, quuiii maritus domum leversus, preeler spem, &c, 4" Prie dolore moritiirus quuni niinciatura esset uxorera pepeiisse ft^iuni subito recuperavit. *^ Nisi affeclus l.ingi) tempore infestaverit, tali ariificio imaginatinnes turare oportet, prceserlim ubi malum ah his velut a pri- iiiaria causa uccasioueiu habuerit. ^'Lib. I. cap. lU. Si ex tristitia aut alio afl'ectu caperit, speciem coiisi- dera, aut aliud qui eorum, quK subitani alterationem facere possunt. ^Evilandi monstritici aspectus. &c. 51 Neque enini tarn actio, aut recordatio rpriirn hujus- modi displicet, sed iis vel gestus alterius linaginationi adumbrare, vehementer molestum. Galat. de mor. cap. 7. "Tranquil. Pra?cipue vitentur tristes, et omnia deplorantes; tranquillitati inimicus est comes pertur- batus, omuia geuiens. 332 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 ness." " Or if there be any such party, at whose presence the patient is not w ell pleased, he must be removed : gentle speeches, and fair means, must tirst be tried; no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; and not expel, as some do, one jnadness with another ; he that so doth, is madder than the patient himself :" all things must be quietly composed ; eversa nan evcrtcnda^ scd erigcnda., things down must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth ; ""he must be quiedy and gently used," and we should not do anything against his mind, but by litile and little eftect it. As a horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shoot- ing of a piece, may be so manned by art, and animated, that he cannot only endure, but is much more generous at the hearing of such things, much more courageous than before, and much delighteth in it : they must not be reformed ex ubrtiptu^ but by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects they could not formerly away with. Many at first cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a sick man, which afterward become good chirurgeons, bold empirics : a horse starts at a rotten post afar off, whirh coming near he quietly passelh, 'Tis much in the manner of making such kind of persons, be they never so averse from company, bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at la^t with those Roman matrons, to desire nolliing more than ui a pubhc show, to see a full company of gladiators breathe out their last. If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such distasteful and displeas- ing objects, the best way then is generdlly to avoid them. Montanus, consil. 220. to the Earl of 31ontfort, a courtier, and his melancholy patient, adviseth him to leave the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, ""cares, suspi- cions, emulations, ambition, anger, jealousy, which that place aflorded, and which surely caused him to be so melancholy at the lirst :" Maxima quteque dumus servis est plena superbis; a company of scoHlts and proud jacks are commonly conversant and attend in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft, quiet disposi- tion (as many times they do) ex slulto insanum, if once they humour him, a very idiot, or stark mad. A thing too much practised in all common societies, and they have no better sport than to make themselves merry by abusing some silly fellow, or to take advantage of another maifs weakness. In such cases as in a plague, the best remedy is cito^ longe tarde: (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehen- sive, there can be no greater misery) to get him (piickly gone far enough olli and not to be overhasty in his return. Jf he be so stu|)id that he do not apprt hend it, his friends should take some order, and by their discretion supply that which is want- ing in him, as in all olber cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain medi- tations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means seek to divert him, to dehort him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle, that by reason of his means otherwise will betake himself to no course of life, they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to entangle himself, his want ol employment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great loss, suf- fered a repulse, disgrace, Sec, if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire aught, let him be satisfied ; if in suspense, fear, suspicion, let him be secured : and if it may conveniently be, give him his heart's content; for the body cannot be cured till the mind be satisfied. ^Soorates, in Plato, would prescribe no physic for Charmides' headache, '* till first he had eased his troubled mind ; body and soul must be cured together, as head and eyes. " " Oculum non curabia nine loto capite, Nee caput nine t'>t'> corpore. Nee tuluin corpus sine aniuia." If that may not be hoped or expected, yet ease him with comfort, cheerful speeches, fair promises, and good words, persuade him, advise him. " Many," saiih ** Galen, **Illorum qiioquc hnminum, a quorum concortio ab- ' lancholieum. ' **Nigi priua animuin lurbatiii-ifnum horrent, pra'senlia aniovenda. nee «eriiioiiibiis iriiiratig curas^et; oculi sine eapite, nee cii- i ran p<)tf»t. " E urjcco. " \".\ -Imll not rirp iIm met, et proterve ijtilur, luagis qiiain «ger iii»aiiit. fje, unless you cure the whole h- : .id, Crato coiisil. l--i. Scoltzii. " Mulliter ac suaviter uiilens the- whole body ; nor the v. iDo Bger tractetur, nee ad ea adisatur qiix non curat, gnul be." *" Et non >■ n i(, ■^Ob siifipiciones curaa. sniulalion>-ni, ainbtlionem, aninii uiotibuf ad debitum reVMaii-, lib 1 <:•: f man doth bring it down, but a good word rejoiceth it," Prov. xii. 25. "And there IS he that speaketh words like the pricking of a sword, but the tongue of a wise man is health," ver. 18. Oratio.,namque'saucii animi est remediwn., a gentle speech IS the true cure of a wounded soul, as ^^ Plutarch contends out of ^Eschylus aric; Euripides : " if it be wisely administered it easeth grief and pain, as diverse remedies do many other diseases." 'Tis incantatlonis instar., a charm, cEstuantis animi refri- geriiun^ that true Nepenthe of Homer, which was no Indian plant, or feigned mecH- cine, which Epidamna, Thonis' wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius, 7. Saturnal. Goropius Hermat. lib. 9. Greg. Nazianzen, and others suppose, l)ut oppor- tunity of speech : for Helena's bowl, Medea's unction, Venus's girdle, Circe's cup, cannot so enchant, so forcibly move or alter as it doth. A letter sent or read will do as much ; muUum allevor qimni tuas litems lego, I am much eased, as ^ TuUy wrote to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters, and as Julianus the Apostate once sigaiiied to Maximus the philosopher; as Alexander slept with Homer's works, so do I with thine epistles, tanquam PcBoniis medicamcntis, easque assidue tanquairi recentes et novas iteramus; scribe ergo, et assidue scribe, or else come thyself; ami- cus ad amicuni xienies. Assuredly a wise and well-spoken man may do what he will in such a case ; a good orator alone, as ®' TuUy holds, can alter affections by power of his eloquence, " comfort such as are afflicted, erect such as are depressed, expel and mitigate fear, lust, anger," Sic. And how powerful is the charm of a discreet and dear friend ? Ille regit dictis animos et temperat iras. What may not he effect ? As ^^ Chremes told Menedemus, " Fear not, conceal it not, O friend ! but tell me what it is that troubles thee, and I shall surely help thee by comfort, counsel, or in the matter itself. ''^Arnoldus, lib. 1. breviar. cap. 18. speaks of a usurer in his time, that upon a loss, much melancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by good hope, counsel, &c., are able again to help : and 'tis incredible how much they can do in such a case, as ■"^ Trincavellius illustrates by an example of a patient of his-, Porphyrius, the philo- sopher, in Plotinus's life (written by him), relates, that being in a discontented humour through insufferable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: but meeting by chance his master Plotinus, wlio perceiving by his distracted looks all was not well, urged him to confess his grief: which when he had heard, he used such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him e faucibus Erebi, pacified his unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to himself, and much abashed to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, therefore, fair promises, good words, gentle persuasions, are to be used, not to be too rigorous at first, ®^" or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn," but rather, as Lemnius exhorteth, " to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to redress them :" but if satisfaction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfort- able speeches, and good counsel will not take place ; then as Christopherus a Vega determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and chide, saith ®^ Altomarus, terrify sgmetimes, or as Salvianus will have them, to be lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, ®' that is affrighted without a cause, or as ^^ Rhasis adviseth, " one while to speak fair and flatter, another while to terrifv and chide, as they shall see cause." When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which Savanarola and Julian Montaltus so much commend, clav7im clavo pellcre,^^'-'' \o drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion," as they do bleed- ing at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief with another. ™ Christopherus a Vega accounts it rational physic, non alienum a ^Consol. ad Apolloniiim. Si qiiis sapieiiter et suo 1 hnminibus insullet, aut in illos sit severior, veniiri mi tempore adliiheat, Remedia morbis diversis diversa , serii poiins indolescat, vicemque deplorot. lib. -i. irip. sunt ; dolenteiu scrtno beiiignus siiblevat. "> Lib. l-.'. Epist. 61 De nat. deorum consolatur afflictos, doducit perterritns a timore, cupiditales imprimis, et iraciindias i:i)nipriinit. 62 Heaiiton. Act. 1. Seen. 1. Ne inctiK!, riH verere, crede inquain mihi, aut cnnsolan- 1(). o^Cap. 7. Idem Piso Laurentius cap. 8. «^ Ci lo I timet nihil est, ubi cntiiiur et videt. 6S(Jna vice blaiidiantur, una vice iisdem terrorem iiicutiant «9Si vero fuerit ex novo malo audito, vel e.x animi ac- cidente, aut de amissione mcrcium, aut mnrte amiri. do, nut consilio, aut rejuvero. M jVovi fencratnrem introducantur nova contraria his quae ipsum ad gaudia avarud apud meos sic curatum, qui multam pecuniam moveant ; de hoc semper niti debeaius, &.c. ">Lib. amiserat. "Lib. 1. consil. 12. Incredibile diclu | 3. cap. 14. quanlute juvent, «°Nemo istiusmodi conditionis | 334 Cure of Melancholy. [rait. 2. Sec. 2. ratione: and Lemnius much approves it, "to use a hard wedge to a hard knot," to drive out one disease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to geld him, saitli '' Platerus, as tliey did epileplical patients of old, because it quite alters the temperature, t^at the pain of the one ma>- mitigate the grief of the other; '^'>and 1 knew one that was so cured of a quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies upon him." If we may believe '' Pliny, whom Scaliger calls mendaciorum patrem^ the father of lies, Q. Fabius Maximus, that renowned consul of Rome, in a battle fought with the king of the Allobroges, at the river Isaurus, was so rid of a quartan ague. Valesius, in his controversies, holds this an excellent remedy, and if it be discreetly used in this malady, better than any physic. Sometimes again by some "* feigned lie, strange news, witty device, artiticial inven- tion, it is not amiss to deceive them. '^"'As they hale those," saith Alexander, " that neglect or deride, so they will give ear to such as will soothe them up. If they say they have swallowed frogs or a snake, by all means grant it, and tell tliein you can easily cure it ; 'tis an ordinary thing. Pliilodotus, the physician, cured a melancholy king, that thought his head was off, by putting a leaden cap thereon ; the weight made him perceive it, and freed him of his fond imagination. A woman, in the said Alexander, swallowed a serpent as she thought; he gave her a vomit, and conveyed a serpent, such as she conceived, into the basin ; upon the sight of it she was amended. The pleasante^t dotage that ever I read, t^aith "^ Laurenlius, was of a gen- tleman at Senes in Italy, who was afraid to piss, lest all tlietown should be drowned ; the physicians caused the bells to be rung backward, and told him the town was on fire, whereupon he made water, and was inuneduitely cured. Anothrr supfxised his nose so big that he should dash it against the wall if he stirred; his physician took a great piece of flesh, and holding it in his hand, pinched him by the nose, making him believe that flesh was cut from it. Forestus, obs. lib. 1. had a melancholy |>atient, who thought he was dead, "'Mie put a fellow in a chest, like a dead man, by his bedside, and made him rear himself a little, and eat : the melancholy man asked the counterfeit, wliether dead men use to eat meat .' He told him yea; whereupon he did eat likewise and was cured." Lenmius, lib. 2. cap. 6. de 4. compler. hath many such instances, and Jovianus Pontanus, lib. 4. cap. 2. of Wi.sd. of the like; but amongst the rest I find one most memorable, registered in the ■"• French chronicles of an advocate of Paris before mentioned, who believed verily he was dead, kc. I read a multitude of examples of melancholy men cured by such artiiicial inventions. SuBSECT. HI. — J\Iusic a remedy. Ma.w and sundry are the means which philosophers and physicians have prescribed to exhilarate a sorrowful heart, to divert those fixed and intent cares and meditations, which in this maladv so much offend; but in mv judgment none so present, none so powerful, none so apposite as a cup of strong drink, mirth, music, and merry company Ecclus. xl. 20. ^ Wine and music rejoice the heart." '^ Hhasi.s, c«i/. D. Tract. 15 Altomarus, cap. 7. .■•Elianus Montaltus, c. 20. Ficinus. Bened. Victor. Faventinus are al- most immoderate in the commendation of it ; a most forcible medicine * Jacchinus calls it : Jason Fratensis, " a most admirable thing, and worthy of consideration, that can so mollify the mind, and stay those tempestuous affections of it." Musica est mentis medicina mcestce, a roaring-meg against melancholy, to rear and revive the languish- ing soul; ^'"aflecting not only the ears, but the very arteries, the vital and animal spirits, it erects the mind, and makes it nimble." Lemnius, iwitit. cap. 44. This it Avill effect in the most dull, severe and sorrowful souls, "-'"expel grief with mirth, and if there be any clouds, dust, or dregs of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, moet '''Cap. 3. Castratio olim a veteribua usa in morbis | cniiiilin priip, et malo ni^Hlii iiialiiin ni- ' 'k In <.l. Rli.v>i'< MHvnam vim hab<-t niiinir.-i. "Car Ileum adhibeiiiiis. Novi ei;o tpii ex siibito hnsliuiii in- ; de .Mama. Adriiiramla proficlii re« enl.tt Uifi.i eipri.- ciirsu et innpi nato timoroqiiartaiiain ilepulerat. '^I.ih. ' <-m i-iiiiilii.it, (ia* 7. cap. SO. In acie puznans febre qiiartana libernlris ' tatque prr>rell'»iai) ipiiius aflerlmncii. e^t. '♦ JacchiMiis. c. 15. in 9. Rhasis Mont. ca[>. -Jfi. | animui' imle eritfiliir el revivincit. tn-r i 1 "Lib. l.cap. 16. aver^aritiir eos qm eoriini alfectu!) ri- neil el ynnilii (wr arteriaji undiq>ip dill denl, ronlemmint. Si ranas et vifieras cninediMe xe vitale* luni aiiimale* exci'at. nienl'-rn r piilant, concedere debeiiiii«, et ppem de cura facere iLt:. <^ Muiica veiiualate lud men *>('ap. 6. d« Biel. ^'Cistam posuit ex Medicorum ' capic, Ac. n I. a. 211 em "I. im m. "I »»-n i-riu •rtt Mem. 6. Subs. 3.J Perturhations rectified. 335 powerfully it wipes them all away," Salisbur. poJit. lib. 1. cap. 6. and that wliich is more, it will perform all this in an instant: '*^" Cheer up the countenance, expel austerity, bring in hilarity (Girald. Camb. cap. 12. Tojwg. Hiber.) inform our man- ners, mitigate anger;" Athenaeus {Dlpnosophist. lib. 14. cap. 10.) calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endowed with it : Dulcisonum rcficit tristia corda meJos, Eobanus Hessus. Many other properties ^* Cassiodorus, epist. 4. reckons up of this our divine music, not only to expel the greatest griefs, but "it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseth cruelty, abateth heaviness, and to such as are watchful it causetli quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred," be it instrumental, vocal, with strings, wind, ^^Qticp. d spiritu, sine manuum dexteritafe gubernetur., S^c. it cures all irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. ^ Labouring men that sing to their work, can tell as much, and so can soldiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like music animates; vietus enim mortis, as ^" Ceiisorinus informeth us, musica depcUilur. " It makes a child quiet," the nurse's song, and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudden, bells ringing, a carman's whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in the streets, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &.C. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it ravisheth the soul, regina sensimm., ■ the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is a happy cure), and corporal tunes pacify our incorporeal soul, sine ore loquens, dominatum in animam exercet, and carries it beyond itself, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger, exerciL 302, gives a reason of these effects, *^ " because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirred up with it," or else the mind, as some suppose harmonically composed, is roused up at the tunes of music. And 'tis not only men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures. You know the tale of Hercules Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphion, f cell ces animas Ovid calls them, that could saxa movere sono testudinis., &ic. make stocks and stones, as well as beasts and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and lamb; vicinumque lupo prcebuit agna latus ; clamosiis graculus, stridnJa comix, el Jovis aquila, as Philostratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Or- pheus ; and ^^ trees pulled up by the roots came to hear him, Et. comiiem quercum jnnus arnica trahit. Arion made fishes follow him, which, as common experience evinceth, ^°are much affected with music. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightin- gales, if we may believe Calcagninus ; and bees amongst the rest, though they be fly- ing away, wlien they hear any tingling sound, will tarry behind. ^' " Harts, hinds, horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly delighted with it." Seal, exerc. 302. Elephants^ Agrippa adds, lib. 2. cap. 24. and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain floatmg islands (if ye will believe it), that after music will dance. But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise"^ of divine music, I will confine myself to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign remedy against ^^ despair and melancholy, and will drive away the devil himself. Canus, a Rhodian fiddler, in ^^ Philostratus, when Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, "That he would make a melancholy man merry, and him that was merry mucli merrier than before, a lover more enamoured, a religious man more devout. Ismenias the Theban, ^' Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured tliis and many other diseases by music alone : as now they do those, saith ^''Bodine, that are troubled with St. Vitus's Bedlam dance. ^'^ Timotheus, the musician, compelled Alexander to skip up and down, and leave his dinner (like the tale of the Friar and the Boy), whom Austin, de civ. MAnimnstristessul)il6exhilarat,nubilosviiltussere. show tJiemselves dancing at the snund of a irumpet na., ausltntatem reponit, jiiciinditatem exponit, har- fol. 35. 1. et fol. 154. 2 bonk. 9' De cervo egiio cane' bariemque tarit deponere gtntes, mores institiiit, ira- , iirso idem compertum ; miisica afficiuntiir. ' MNiimen cuniliam mitigat. "iCithara tristitiain jticiiiidat. inest nunieris. aascepe graves morbo? niodulatiim timidos Kirures attenuat, criientam savitiam blande re- ; carmen abesit. Et desperatis conciliavit onem *' Lib hcit.langnorem.&c wpet. Aretine. ^^Castilio 5. cap. 7. M.Brentibus moerorem adimani. tetantera' ae aulic. Ill) 1. lol. 27. " Lib. de Natali. cap. ]2. | vero seipso reddam hilariorem, amantcm calidinrem, «Uuod spiritiis qui in corde agilant Iremulem et sub- religiosum divine numine correptum, el ad Deos colen- saltantemrecipiuntaerem in pectus, et inde excitantiir, dns paratiorem. 9«Natalis Comes .Mvth. lib. 4. cap. a spirilu niui^culi moventnr,&c, ^^Arbores radicibus 12. ^6M|,. 5. de rep. Curat. iMusica furorem Saner avulsae, &c. m ai Carew of Anthony, in descript. I viti. 97 Exilire e convivio. Cardan, subtil, lib. B. Cornwall, saith of whales, tliat they will come and | 336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2, Dei, lib. 17. cap. 14. so much commends for it. Who hath not heard how David's harmony drove away the evil spirits from king Saul, 1 Sam. xvi. and Elisha when he was much troubled by importunate kings, called for a minstrel, "-'and when he played, the hand of the Lord came upon him," 2 Kings iii. Censorinus de nataJi., cap. 12. re- ports how Asclepiade.s the physician helped many frantic persons by this means., phre- ncticnrum mrntrs mnrhn turhalas — Jason Pratensis, cap. d€ Mania, hath many examples, how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad by this our music. Which because it hath such excellent virtues, belike ** Homer brings in Phemins playing, and the Muses singing at the banquet of the gods. Aristotle, Polit. L 8. c. 5, Plato 2,de Icgibus, highly approve it, and so do all politicians. The Greeks, Romans, have graced music, and made it one of the liberal sciences, though it be now become mercenary. All civil Commonwealths allow it : Cneiug Manlius (as^^Livius relates) anno ab urb. cond. 507. brought first out of Asia to Rome singing wenches, players, jesters, ami all kinds of music to their feasts. Tour princes, emperors, and persons of any quality, maintain it in their courts ; no mirth without music. Sir Thomas More, in liis absolute Utopian conmionwealth, allows nuisic as an appendix to every meal, ami that throughout, to all sorts. Epic- tetus calls mcnsam mntum prcesepe, a table without music a manger: for ^' the con- cert of nuisicians at a bampiet is a carbuncle set in gold ; and as the signet of an emerald well trinmied with gold, so is the melody of nmsic in a pleasant banquet. Ecclus. xxxii. 5, (*». ""Louis the Eleventh, when he invited Edward the Fourth to come to Paris, told him that as a principal part of his eiUcrtaimnent, he should hear sweet voices of children, Ionic and Lydian tunes, exciuisile nmsic, he should have a , and the cardinal of Bourbon to be his confessor, which he used as a most plausible argument : as to a .sensual man indeed it is. ' Lucian in his book, df stilla- tiflnr, is not ashamed to confess that he toi>k infmite delight in singing, dancing, music, women's company, aiul such like pleasnres : "and if thon (saith he) didst but hear them play and dance, I knon- thou wouldst be so well pleased with tlie object, that thou wouldst dance for company thyself, without doubt thou wilt be taken with it." So Scaliger ingenuously confesseth, e.irrcif. 274. ''* I am beyond all measure affected with music, I do most willingly behold them dance, I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair women, I am well pleased to be idle amongst them." And what young man is not ? As it is acceptable and conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man. Provided always, his disease proceed not originallv from it, that he be not some light inamuratn, some idle phan- tastic, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress. In such cases music is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blind, or break his wind; Incitamenturn enim amoris musica., for music enchants, as Mt-nander holds, it will make such melancholy persons mad, arul the sound of those jigs and hornpipes will not be removed out of the ears a week after. * Plato for this reason forbids nmsic and wine to al' young men, because they are most part amorous, ne ignis addalur igni., lest one fire increase another. Many men are melanclioly by hearing music, but it is a p'easing melancholy that it causeth ; and therefore to such as are discontent, in woe, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy: it expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith ■• Plutarch, Mnsica magis dementat quam vinum ; music makes some men mad as a tiger; like Astolphos' horn in Ariosto ; or Mercury's golden wand in Hotner, that made some wake, others sleep, it hath divers effects : and ' Theophrastus right well prophesied, that diseases were either procured by music, or mitigated. SuESECT. IV. — Mirth and merry company, fair objects, remedies. Mirth and merry company may not be separated from music, both concerning and necessarily required in this business. '^ Mirth," (saith ®Vives) " purgeth the »< Iliad. I. «*Libro !). cap. 1. P!ialtria§. Sambii- i aspicio, pulrhrarum rceniiniirum vi-nuftate ilrlineor, cistrasuiue ct ronvivalia luiloruin ohlectamr>iita addita , oliari inter has aolulun rurii pomutn. »3. De |p«il>ua. • pulim ex Asia iiivexit in urbem. '"oComineus. l«8ymp<)(i. quest. 5. Musica multoti maeia ilrinrntat " Uta iibenter el niasiia cum voliiptate spectare soleo. i ijnain vuiuin. > Anuiii morbi vi-l a inuairn mrniitur Kl M-io le illecehrio hisrecaptuin in et inaiipcr tripiiiJia- vei inreruiilur. « Lib. J. de aniina Lctitia piirital luruiii, baud diibid deniulcebere. ' In inijsicis supra Banguinem, valoludinem confe«rval, coluretn inducK xuueui fidcm capiur et obleclor; clioreaa libeatissimi | durenteio, iiiiidum (ratum. Mem 6 Subs. 4.] , Mind rectified by Mirth. 337 blood, confirms health, causeth a fresh, pleasing, and fine colour," ^ rorogues life, whets the wit, makes the body young, lively and fit for any manner of employment. The merrier the heart the longer the life ; " A merry heart is the life of the flesh," Prov. xiv. .30. " Gladness prolongs bis days," Ecclus. xxx. 22 ; and this is one of the three Salernitaii doctors. Dr. Merryman, Dr. Diet, Dr. Quiet, 'which cure all diseases Mens hilaris, requies, moderata dieta. ^ Gomesius, prafat. lib. 3. de sal. g:n. is a great magnifier of honest mirth, by which (sailh he) "we cure many pas- sions of the mind in ourselves, and in our friends ;" which ^ Galateus assigns for a cause why we love merry conipanions : and well they deserve it, being that as '"Magninus holds, a merry companion is better than any music, and as the sayino- is, comes jucundus in via pro vehicu/o, as a waggon to him that is wearied on the way. Jucunda confabidatio., sales, joci, pleasant discourse, jests, conceits, merry tales, melliti verborum globuli, as Petronius, "Pliny, '^Spondanus, '^Ccelius, and many good authors plead, are that sole Nepenthes of Homer, Helena's bowl, Venus's girdle, so renowned of old '^ to expel grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, Ji" Amor, voluptas, Venus, gaudiam, I "Gratification, pleasure, love, joy, Jocus, luilus, sermn suavis, siiaviatio." | Mirth, sport, pleasant words and no alloy," are the true Nepenthes. For these causes our physicians generally prescribe this as a principal engine to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a sufli- cient cure of itself. " By all means (saith '** Mesue) procure mirth to these men in such things as are heard, seen, tasted, or smelled, or any way perceived, and let them have all enticements and fair promises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, orna- ments, delightsome passages to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such things on which they are so fixed and intent. "Let them use hunting, sports, plays, je:its, merry company," as Rhasis prescribes, "which will not let the mind be molested, a cup of good drink now and then, hear music, and have such companions with whom they are especially delighted; '* merry tales or toys, drinkiner, singing, dancing, and whatsoever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guianerius sufl^er them to be alone. Benedictus Victorius Faventinus, in his empirics, accounts it an especial remedy against melancholy, '^"to hear and see singing, dancing, maskers, mummers, to converse with such merry fellows and fair maids. For the beauty of a woman cheereth the countenance," Ecclus. xxxvi. 22. ^Beauty alone ■/s a sovereign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits ; a charm, as Peter de la Seine and many other writers aflirm, a banquet itself; he gives instance in dis- :*ontented Menelaus, that was so often freed by Helena's fair face : and ^' TuUy. 3 Tusc. cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenet. To expel grief, and procure pleasure, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, spor plays, and above the rest, exquisite beauties, quibus oculi jucunde moventur et animiy are most powerful means, obvia forma., to meet or see a fair maid pass by, or to be in company with her. He found it by experience, and made good use of it in his own person, if Plutarch belie him not; for he reckons up the names of some more elegant pieces; ^"Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in Epicurus' garden, and very familiar in his house. Neither did he try it himself alone, but if we may give credit to -^ Atheneus, he practised it upon others. For wlien a sad and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, "he laid him on a down bed, crowned him with a garland of sweet-smelling flowers, in a fair perfumed closet delicately set out, and after a portion or two of good drink, which he administered, " Spiritus temperat, calorom excitat, naturalem virtu- et blandieiitihus Indis, et protnissis distrahantur, eorum tern corrohorat, juvenile corpus diu servat. vitam pro- , aninii.de re aliqua quam tiuient et dolent. '' Utan- ros;ai, ingeuium acuit et hominum negotii qujhuslibet tur ve nalionibus ludis, jocis. anoicoruin consortirs. qui apiiorein reddit. Schola Salem. »Duni contumelia ( non sinunt aiiimum turbari, vino et cantu et loci niuta- vacant et festiva letiifate mordent, mediocrns aniini , tione, et biberia, et i»audio, ex quibus pra;cipue delec- egritudines sanari solent, &;c. » De tnor. fol. 57. tantur. ": Piso ex fabulis et ludis quasrenda delec- Amamusideo eos qui sunt faceti etjucundi. lORegiiu. tatio. His versetur qui inaxime grati, sunt, cantus pt sanit. part. '2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus i chorea ad Iffititiam profunt. isprscipue valet ad pocius, narrationibus suis jucundis superat ornnem expellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus, ludis, et melodiam. " Lib. 21. cap. 27. ''^Comment, in ^ sonis et habitare cum familiaribus, et prKcipue cum 4 Odyss. 13 Lib. 26. c. 1.5. ■■' Homericum illud i puellis jucundis. 20 par. 5. de avocamentis lib. de Vepenthes quod muirorem tollit, et cuthimiam, et hila- absolvendo luctu. ''Corporum compleiiis, cantug, iitatem parit. i' Plant. Bacch. is De a^gritull. ludi, forms, &c. «Circa hortos Epiruri frequentea. capitis. Omni modo generet lelike at some cushi<»n dance) he told him ajjain, qui supit inttrdiu^ vix unquam noctn desipil^ he that is wise in the day may dole a little in the night. Paulus Jovius relates as nmch of Pope Leo Deciinus, that he was a grave, discreet, staid man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. And 'tis not altogether '" unfit or misbesteming the gravity of such a man, if thai iecorum of time, place, and such circumstances be observed. ^Wliscc stullitiam coiisiliis hrevem; and as ** he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every niai say to himself, or to his friend, " Mull, once in pleai^ant company by chance, I wished that you forcumpMiiy vvuuld dance: Which yon refus'd, and said, your years require. Now, matron-like, both manners and attire. Well, .M..II, if needs you will be niatrnnlike. Then trust to ihis, 1 will thee matron like : Vet so to -ou mv love niav never lessen. Veil, if you will, your head, your »oiil reveal To hiiii that only wounded soula can heal: Be III my houxe as busy as a bee, HavinB a slin:; for every one but me; Buzzine in every comer, (.'ath'rme hoiii-y : I^-t nothing Ma!,!*-, that coFts or ynldflh mon*y. *A And when lhsita arundine cruribus sui<, laugh, mourn, dancr, K»-cles. ui. 4. » llor. »«8ir ciim fiiiis ludens. ah Alribiadc risns est. '* Hor. Joliii Mnrringtoii. Kpiifr. .%. •* Lucrelia tnio tit " Hoininibiis facetis, et India pueriiibiis ultra mo«luin licet usque die. Thaida nocte volo. *• l.il. Oiraldut deditus adeo ut si cui in eo tani gravitateni. quain levi- hist, deor Syntag. I. >' Lib. '2. de aur. at * Eo t^tem cnnsiderare lilH-ret. dua? persnnas distmctas in quo Ue nugis curial. lib. I. cap. 4. »Calcag. epig. Magistratus el viri graves, a luUis leviuribut arceudi. j Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] Mind rectified hy Mirth. 339 dioum aique; hominum est cBterna voluptas. Princes use jesters, players, and have ihose masters of revels in their courts. The Romans at every supper (for they had no solemn dinner) used music, gladiators, jesters, &c. as *° Suetonius relates of Tibe- rius, Dion of Commodus, and so did the Greeks. Besides music, in Xenophon's Sympos. PkUippus ridcndl artifex, Philip, a jester, was brought to make sport. Paulus Jovius, in the eleventh book of his history, hath a pretty digression of our English customs, whi,cli howsoever some may misconstrue, I, for my part, will inter- pret to the best. '""The whole nation beyond all other mortal men, is most given to hanquetting and feasts; for they prolong them many hours together, with dainw cheer, exquisite music, and facete jesters, and afterwards they fall a dancing ani\ courting their mistresses, till it be late in the night." Volateran gives the same tes- timony of this island, commending our jovial manner of entertainment and good mirth, and methinks he saith well, there is no harm in it ; long may they use it, and all such modest sports. Ctesias reports of a Persian king, that had 150 maids attending at his table, to play, sing, and dance by turns ; and ^^ Lil. Geraldus of an Egyptian prmce, that kept nine virgins still to wait upon him, and those of most excellent feature, and sweet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks of that fiction of the nine Muses. The king of ^Ethiopia in Africa, most of our Asiatic princes have done so and do ; those Sophies, Mogors, Turks, &c. solace themselves after supper amongst their queens and concubines, qu(B jucundioris oblec- tainenti causa ('^ saith mine author) coram rege psallere et saltare consuevcrant, taKmg great pleasure to see and hear them sing and dance. This and many such means to exliilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing there is no better thing to the preservation of man's life. What shall I say, then, but to every melancholy man, <"<•' Utere convivis, noii tristihus ulere amicis, I "Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, Ciiios iiugie et risiis, et jocH salsa juvant." | Whose jests and merriments may make ihee glad." Use h(>nest and chaste sports, scenical shows, plays, games ; '^'"Accedant juvenumque Chori, rnislcRque jnicUce. And as Marsilius Ficinus concludes an epistle to Bernard Canisianus, and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students, ^'''■'Live merrily, O my friends, free from cares, perplexity, anguish, grief of mind, live mernly," Icetitia tcclum vos creavit: ''''"Again and again I request you to be merry, if anything trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it, ^^let it pass. ''^And inis I enjoin you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician; for without this mirth, wnich is the life and quintessence of physic, medicines, and whatsoever is used ana applied to prolong the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no force." Uuinfata siiiunt^ vivite Icbti (Seneca), I say be merry. "'"Nee lusibus virentem Viduemus hanc juveTitani." It was Tircsias the prophet's council to ^' Menippus, that travelled all the world over, even down to hell itselt xo seek content, and his last farewell to Menippus, to be merry. *^" Contemn the world (saith he) and count that is in it vanity and toys; this only covet all thy life {ong ; be not curious, or over solicitous in anything, but with a well composed and contented estate ta enjoy thyself, and above all things to be merry." -3 " Si Niimerus nti censet sine amore jocisque. Nil est jucnnduin, vivas in amore jocisque." INothing better (to conclude with Solomon, Ecclus. iii. 22), "Than that a man should rejoice in his afJairs." 'Tis the same advice which every physician in this case rings to his patient, as Capivaccius to his, ^ " avoid overmjich study and per- ^°Ca[i. CI. In delicijs habuit scurras et adulatores. "Univi'isa gens supra mortalcs caeteros conviviorum studuisissima. Ea eniin per varias et exqiiisitas dapes, iiiterpnsitis musicis et joeulatoribus, in niultas srepius iiorjs extrahiint, ac snbinde pro<]uctis choreis et amori- hus fflcniinarum indulgent, &c. •'-Syntag. de Musis. •*3Atlieneus lib. 12 et 14. assiduis miilieriim vocibus, cantuque syinphnnise Pnlatiuin Persarum regis totiiii personabat. Jovius hist lib. 18. "Eobaniis Hessiis. ^= Fracastorius. ^"Vivite ergo l:Eti, O amici, prociil ab angustia, vivite la-ti. *' Iterum precor et obtestor, vivite lEeti : illud quod cor urit, ne- gliL'ite. ** Lsetus in priesens animus quod ultra oderit curaie. Hot. He was botlv Sacerdos et iMedicus. ■19 Haec autem non tarn ut Sacerdos, amici, mando vobis, quain ut niedicns; nam absque hac unatanqiiain medi- cinarum vita, meriicinEe omnes ad vitam proilucendam adh ^itcE inoriuntur: vivite la;ti. MLncheus Ana- creon. =i Lucian. Necyomantia. Tom. 2. ^^om- nia ninndana nugas sstima. Hoc solum tota vita per- sequere, ut prsesentibus bene compositis, minime ciirio- sus, aut ullain re solicitus.quam plurimum potes vitam hilarem traducas. '3" If the world think that no- thing can be happy without love and mirth, then live in love and jollity." « Hildesheim spicel. 2. de Mania, fol. 161. Studia literarum et animi perturba- tiones fugial, et quantum potest jucunde vivat. 340 Cure of Melancholy. [Part 2. Sec 2. turbations of the mind, and as much as in thee lies live at heart's-ease "* Procper Calenus to that melancholy Cardinal Caesius, ^''" amidst thy serious studies and busi- ness, use jests and conceits, plays and toys, and whatsoever else may re rente thy mind." Nothing better than mirth and merry company in this malady. ^' • It begins with sorrow (saith Montanus), it must be expelled with hilarity." But see the mischief; many men, knowing that merry company is the cnly medi cine against melancholy, will therefore neglect their business; and ii another extreme, spend all their days among good fellows in a tavern or an ale-l ouse, and know not otherwise how to bestow their time but in drinking; inalt-wo-uis, men- fishes, or water-snakes, '"'^ Qui bibunf solum runarum mare, nihil comedenlcs, like so many frogs in a puddle. 'Tis their sole exercise to eat, and drink; to &icriHce to Volupia, Rumina, Ednlica, Potina, Mellona, is all their religion. They wisli for Philoxenus' neck, Jupiter\s trinoctium, and that the sun would stand Ptill as in Joshua's time, to satisfy their lust, that they might dies noctcsqne perfmcari et hibere. Flourishing wits, and men of good parts, good fashion, and good worth, basely prostitute themselves to ever}- rogue's company, to take tobacco and drink, to roar and sing scurrilous songs in base places. * " Invenies aliqiieiii cum pemiHsore jacenleiii, feriiiiDluiii iiauti.i, uiit furibus, ant fujjilivist." Which Thomas Erastus objects to Paracelsus, that he would be drinkirnf all day long with carmen and tapsters in a brothel-house, is too frequent among us, with men of better note : like Timocreon of Rhodes, mulla bibetis, et multa reruns, <^f. They drown their wits, seethe their brains in ale, consume tiieir fortunes, lose their time, weaken their temperatures, contract filthy diseases, rheums, dropsies, calen- tures, tremor, get swoln jugulars, jjiuipled red faces, sore eyes, Stc. ; heal their liver.«, alter tlieir complexions, spoil their stomachs, overthrow their bodies; for drink drowns more than the sea and all the rivers that fall into it (mere funges and casksj, confoumi their souls, suppress reason, go from ScyHa to Charybdis, and use that which is a help to their undoing. "Qmjc/ refert rnorbo an ferro percamve ruina?- **' When the Black Prince went to set the exiled king of Castile into his kingdom, there was a terrible battle fought between the English and the Spanish : at last tlie Sj)anisli fled, the English followed them to the river side, wliere some drowned them- selves to avoid their enemies, the rest were killed. Now tell me what diflerence is between drowning and killing ? As good be melancholy still, as drunken beasts and beggars. Company a sole comfort, and an only remedy to all kind of discontent, is their sole misery and cause of perdition. As llermione lamented in Euripides, m«/t« tnulieres me fecerunt malam. Evil company marred her, may they justly complain, bad companions have been their bane. For, *' malus malum vult ut sit sui similis; one drunkard in a com[)any, one thief, one whoremasler, will by U'n goodwill make all the rest as bad as hiuiself. El n Nocturniifl juren te rormidare v>pore«," be of what complexion you will, inclination, love or hale, be it good or bad, if you come amongst them, you must do as they do ; yea, " lh(»ugli it be to the prejudice of your health, you must drink venerium pro vino. And so like grasshoppers, wliilst they sing over their cups all summer, they starve in winter ; and for a little vain merriment shall find a sorrowful reckoning in the end. *iLib. deatra bile. Qravioribus curi» udua et face- ; "What doe* it signify whether I pTinh by dn^aw m tias aliquaiido iiilerpone. jocos. el qus soli it aiiiinum by the gword !" «>Fr.»ssard. hut. lib. 1. Hikpani relaxare. ^Cnusil. 3a mala valetudo hucta et con- cum Anglorum vires ferre non po»»eiil. in fufiaiii «• tracta est tristitia, ac proplera eiliilarau.;ue aiiiiin dederunt, ^c. PrifCppiteB in fluvium »«• dederunl. lie jo removenda. '' Athen. dypm.soph. lib. I. »*Juv.-n. nostium nianus veiiireiit. "Ter. " Hii feat. 8. " Vou will find him besiue some cut-throat, ■ Allhoiuh you swear that you dread the niglil air. lions with sailors, or thieves, or ruLawava. •• Hor. 1 •» "H iriit h art^i. ■■ Either drink or depart." Mem. 1. £ubs. 1.] Remedies against Discontents. 341 SECT. III. MEMB. I. Sub SECT. I. — A Consolatory Digression., containing the Remedies of all manner of Discontents. Because in the preceding section 1 hav made mention of good counsel, comfort- ftble speeches, persuasion, how necessarily tncy are required to the cure of a discon- tented or troubled mind, how present a remedy they yield, and many times a sole Bufiicient cure of themselves ; I have thought fit in this following section, a little to digress (if at least it be to digress in this subject), to collect and glean a few reme- dies, and comfortable speeches out of our best orators, philosophers, divines, and fathers of the church, tending to this purpose. I confess, many have copiously written of this subject, Plato, Seneca, Plutarch, Xenophon, Epictetus, Theophrastus, Xenocrates, Grantor, Lucian, Boetliius : and some of late, Sadoletus, Cardan, Bu- daeus, Stella, Petrarch, Erasmus, besides Austin, Cyprian, Bernard, 8tc. And they so well, that as Hierome in like case said, si nostrum arcret ingenium^ dc illorum posset fontibus irrigari, if our barren wits were dried up, they might be copiously irrigated from those well-springs: and I shall but actum agere; yet b^ause these tracts are not so obvious and common, I will epitomise, and briefly insert some of their divine precepts, reducing their voluminous and vast treatises to my small scale; for it were otherwise hnpossible to bring so great vessels into so little a creek. And although (as Cardan said of his book de consol.) ^■*<-<-l know beforehand, this tract of mine many will contemn and reject; they that are fortunate, happy, and in flour- ishing estate, have no need of such consolatory speeches ; they that are miserable and unhappy, think them insufficient to ease their grieved minds, and comfort their misery :" yet 1 will go on ; for this must needs do some good to such as are happy, to bring them to a moderation, and make them reiiect and know themselves, by seeing the inconstancy of human felicity, others' misery ; and to such as are dis- tressed, if they will but attend and consider of this, it cannot choose but give some content and comfort. ^^'''Tis true, no medicine can cure all diseases, some affec- tions of the mind are altogether incurable ; yet these helps of art, physic, anil philosophy must not be contemned." Arrianus and Plotinus are stifi'in the contrary opinion, that such precepts can do little good. Boethius himself cannot comfort in some cases, they will reject such speeches like bread of stones, Lisana stullce mentis hcEc solatia.^ Words add no courage, which ^' Catiline once said to his soldiers, " a captain's oration doth not make a cowaid a valiant man :" and as Job ^^ feelingly said to his friends, "you are but miserable comforters all." 'Tis to no purpose in that vulgar phrase to use a company of obsolete sentences, and familiar sayings : as ^^ Plinius Secundus, being now sorrowful and heavy for the departure of his dear friend Cor- nelius Rufus, a Roman senator, wrote to his fellow Tiro in like case, adhibe solatia., sed nova aliqua, sed fortia, quce audltrun nunquam., legerim nunquam: nam quce atidivi., qucB legi omnia, tanto dolore supcrantur, either say something that 1 never "ead nor beard of before, or else hold thy peace. Most men will here except trivial consolations, ordinary speeches, and known persuasions in this behalf will be of small force; what can any man say that hath not been said ? To what end are such parajiictiral discourses .'' you may as soon remove Mount Caucasus, as alter some men's affections. Yet sure I think they cannot choose but do some good, and com- fort and ease a little, though it be the same again, I will say it, and upon that hope I will adventure. '^jYon mcus hie ser?no, 'tis not my speech this, but of Seneca, Plutarch, Epictetus, Austin, Bernard, Christ and his Apostles. If I make nothing, as '' Montaigne said in like case, I will mar nothing ; 'lis not my doctrine but my study, I hope I shall do nobody wrong to speak what I think, and deserve not blame ^Lili. (Ifi lih. propriis. Hos lihros scio inullos i animi qui prorsiis sunt insanabiles? noti lamen artis pperntre, iiuin f.,lices his se lion indieere pulant, infe- ripus speriii debcl, aiit iiiediciiiae, aiit philosophic. JicL'S ail sulatiiiiuin miscria" iioii siiiriccre. El laiiieii ''<'•■ Tue insane coiisolalions of a foolish mind." f'elicilius iiioiU'ratioiiein, laiiii iiicoiislaiiliain huiiian;t> | <" Salust. Verba virtoteiii iion adilunt, ncc luiperaloris fflicitalis docfiiil, pra'staiit, inflict'S si omnia ncle oratio facile tiiiiido forlem. ee Job, cap. JO. ^-i Epist. Estiiiiarp veliiil, fiUices rtddere po.«suiit. " Xiilliim 13. lib. 1. '"Hor. '^ Lib. 2. Essays, cap. 6. tnedicanieiituin uiiines saiiare potest; sunt aif^ctus ' 2d 2 312 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. ?•. Sec. 3. in imparting my mind. If it be not for thy ease, ii may for mine own ; so TuUy, Cardan, and Boethius wrote de consol. as well to help tliemselves as others ; be it as it niav I will essay. Discontents and grievances are either general or pariicnlar; general are wars^ plagues, dearths, famine, fires, inundations, unseasonable weather, epidemical diseases whicli afflict whole kingdoms, territories, cities; or peculiar to private men, "^ as cares, crosses, losses, death of friends, poverty, want, sickness, orbities, injuries, abuses, &c. Generally all discontent, '^homines quatimur fori una. sale. No condi- tion free, cjuisque suos patimur nuuvs. Even in the midst of our mirth ami jollity, there is some grudging, some complaint; as 'Mie saitli, our wliole life '•< a glucuj)ri- con, a bitter sweet passion, honey and gall nuxed together, we are all miserable and discontent, who can deny it.' If all, and that it be a common calamity, an mevitable necessity, all distressed, then as Cardan infei-s, ''"'■• who art tliou that liopest to go free } Why dost thou not grieve thou art a mortal man, and not governor of the world r" Fcrre quam sorlem pattuntur oniiies^ JVemo recusct, "■'' If it be common to all, why should one man be more disquieted than another ?" If thou alone wert distressed, it were indeed more irksome, and less to be endured ; but when the calamity is fommon, comfort thyself with this, thou hast more fellows, Solamen misrris socios habuisse doloris; 'tis not thy sole case, and why shouldst tliou be so iiii))atient r '' '^ I, but alas we are more miserable than others, what sliall we do? iiesides private miseries, we live in perpetual fear and danger of common enemies : we have rjellona's whips, and pitiful outcries, fur epillialamiums -^ for pleasant music, tliat learful noise of ordnance, drums, and warlike trumpets still sounding in our ears ; instead of nuptial torches, we have firing of towns and cities ; for triunij)hs, Limentalions ; for joy, tears. "''So it is, and so it was, and so it ever will be. He that refusetli to see and hear, to sutler this, is not fit to live in this world, and knows not the common condition of all men, to wboin so long as they live, with a recipro- ral course, joys and sorrows are amie.ved, ami succeed one another." It is inevita- ble, it may not be avoided, and why llien slu)uidst ihou be so much troubled ? Grave nihil est homini quodfcrt ntcessilas^as ™ TuUy deems out of an old poet, " that which is necessary cannot be grievous." If it be so, then comfoit tliyself in this, '^'^ ilia whetlier thou wilt or no, it must be endured :" make a virtue of necessity, and con form thyself to undergo it. "'Si longa est^ Itvis est; si gravis est, brevis est. If it I e long, "'tis light; if grievous, it cannot last. It will away, dies dolorem minuit^ and if nought else, time will wear it out; custom will ease it; "oblivion is a com- Uion medicine for all losses, injuries, griefs, and detrijnenls whatsoever, "''and when they are once past, this commodity comes of infL-licity, it makes the rest of our life sweeter unto us:" "^Atqut luee olim meminisse Juvubily '• recollection of the past is pleasant:" "the privation and want of a thing many times makes it more pleasant and delightsome than before it was." We must not think the happiest of us all to escape iiere without some misfortunes, "» ■' Usque adeo nulla enl niiicera volupta:), Soliciliiiuque aliquid Irtlis iiiterveiiil." Heaven and earth are much unlike: ** "Those heavenly bodies indeed are freely carried in their orbs without any impediment or interruption, to continue their course for innumerable ages, and make their conversions : but men are urged with many difficulties, and have diverse hindrances, oppositions still crossing, interrupting their ''^ Alium paupf-rt.-i!>. aliiim nrhitas, hunc niorbi, ilium ' ea, aut potius noytrnnim omnium conditiuncm i^'iinra*. liiiior. aliuiii injuria, huiic iiisidi.-e, illiim uxnr, tilii dii«- ' quibui reripri«ij- ' la-ti« iiivicciii suco iluiil. '» In Tiisr 6 v. lrr>- |mi. r;i. leius i. tlorid. Nihil homini lam prospr-r^ datum divi- i^Cardan lib. I. de cuiiiiol. E^st coiiitolationis genu'* iioa niliis, quill oi adiiii.xtuiii i-it aliquid ilillicullatis. in leve, qufxl a neceti«ilale til ; give ferad, liivc imhi It-ra', ainpli$:siiiia quaque la'tilia siibest <|uxdaiii queriiuonia, ferciiduiii i-si laiiK.-ii. '■ S<;neca. "Oiiiiii dMlmi rniijufiaiione quailain iiifllis et iVllis. '"Si nmiies . tempui e^t mt-dirina ; ipHiim luclum ezlinj;iiil. injiiri.m [ireuiaiitur, qun lu •■« qui solus evadere cupi« ali ea leee ! d<-lel, oiiiiiiii iiiali obiiviiniem ailfrrt. '> llutM I lio« qua: iieiiiiiiein prxtcrit ? cur t<: lion iiiorlak'iii factum quoqutt coiiniioalum oiiiiiis iiireliciluii, Buaviorf m vitam et uaiversi orbis reseiii fii'ri iioii doles ? "«Pu!eaiius cum abii-ril rrliiiqiiit. "^Virg. f*Ovid. •'For ep 7j. Niqiie cuiquaiii pr'ra >upi-ria, '3 Anno li'.'i^. de Bflgis. Sed eheu inquis euei.- quid { Uumana terrenis longe di.'ipana. Eteniiii U-ala- mciile* azeiiiiis ? uhi pro Epitlialaiiiio Bellona^ tlacelluiu, pro fiTuntur lihrre. et »iiie ulln iiiipedim>-nto. sli ilo-, iiIk: uiu:«ica liarni'>nia tprrihiluiii lituoriiin et lubaruni an- reique orb«« cursus el roiivi-r»ioiit'«sua» jam «-•< ulis m- iliHt rla'>£<'rriii. pro txdis nuptialibus. villaruiii. pa:.'o imuicrabilibii!* cniislaiili^«iiiic (onficiuiit ; vi-runi homi> r nil. iirriiiiin vii!> as iiiceinlia ; ubi pro juliilo Iuiik'iiO. iits iiiagnM anKU^liiK. Neque hac naturs lege eat quu> ■jru risii ileliis aerem ruinpb-iil. '' Ita est pruOito, quam murtalium solutu*. St quiiquis bxc vidcre abuuis, buic mcuIi parum apiuj 1 Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Remedies against Discontents. 343 endeavours and desires, and no mortal man is free from this law of nature.'" We must not therefore hope to have all things answer our own expectation, to hare a continuance of good success and fortunes, Fortuna nunquam pcrprtud est. bona. And as Minutius Felix, the Roman consul, told that insulting Coriolanus, drunk with his good fortunes, look not for that success thou hast hitherto had ; '*''" It never yet hap- pened to any man since the beginning of the world, nor ever will, to have all things according to his desire, or to whom fortune was never opposite and adverse." Even so it fell out to him as he foretold. And so to others, even to that happiness of Augustus ; though he were Jupiter's almoner, Pluto's treasurer, Neptune's admiral, it could not secure him. Such was Alcibiades's fortune, Narsetes, that great Gon- salvus, and most famous men's, that as ^^Jovius concludes, "• it is almost fatal to great princes, through their own default or otherwise circumvented with envy and malice, to lose their honours, and die contumeliously." 'Tis so, still hath been, and ever will be, JVihil est ah omni parte heatum, "There's no perfection is so absolute. That some impurity dolli not pollute." Whatsoever is under the moon is subject to corruption, alteration ; and so long a« thou livest upon earth look not for other. ^^ " Thou shalt not here find peaceable and cheerful days^ quiet times, but rather clouds, storms, calumnies, such is our fate." And as those errant planets in their distinct orbs have their several motions, sometimes direct, stationary, retrograde, in apogee, perigee, oriental, occidental, com- bust, feral, free, and as our astrologers will, have their fortitudes and debilities, by reason of those good and bad irradiations, conferred to each other's site in the hea- vens, in their terms, houses, case, detriments, &.c. So we rise and fall in this world, ebb and How, in and out, reared and dejected, lead a troublesome life, subject to many accidents and casualties of fortunes, variety of passions, infirmities as well from ourselves as others. Yea, but thou thinkest thou art more miserable than the rest, other men are happy but in respect of thee, their miseries are but flea-bitings to thine, thou alone art un- happy, none so bad as thyself »''e* if, as Socrates said, ^°'' All men in the world should come and bring their grievantsss together, of body, mind, fortune, sores, ulcers, madness, epilepsies, agues, and all those common calamities of beggary, want, servi- tude, imprisonment, and lay them on a heap to he equally divided, wouldst tliou sliare alike, and take thy portion .•" or be as thou art "i Without question thou wouldst be as thou art. If some Jupiter should say, to give us all content, 1'" Jam faciam quod vultis; eris tu, qui modo miles, Mercator; tu consultus modo, rusticus; hinc vos, Vos hinc mutatis discedite partibus ; eia Quid slatis? nolint." ' A'^ell lie'f so then : you master soldier Shall be a merchant; you sir lawyer A country pentleiiien ; go you to this, That side you ; why stand ye ? It's well as 'tis.' ®^" Every man knows his own, but not others' defects and miseries; and 'tis the nature of all men still to reflect upon themselves, their own misfortunes," not to examine or consider other men's, not to compare themselves with others : To re- count their miseries, but not their good gifts, fortunes, benefits, which they have, cv ruminate on their adversity, but not once to think on their prosperity, not what they have, but what they want : to look still on them that go before, but not on those infinite numbers that come after. ^^" Whereas many a man would think himself in heaven, a pretty prince, if he had but the least part of that fortune which thou so much repinest at, abhorrest and accountest a most vile and wretched estate." How many thousands want that which thou hast .'' how many myriads of poor slaves, captives, of such as work day and night in coal-pits, tin-mines, with sore toil to maintain a poor living, of such as labour in body and mind, live in extreme anguish, and pain, all which thou art free from .' O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norm': Thou art most happy if thou couldst be content, and acknowledge thy happiness ; ^ Dionysius Halicar. lib. 8. non eniip unquam contigit, nee post homines natos inveniec quenquam, cui omnia e.v aiiimi Sf ntentia successerint, ita ut nulla in re lor- tuna sit ei adversata. t" Vit. Gonsalvi lib. ult. ut ducibus fatale sit clarissimis a culpa sua, secus circum- vi'iiiri cum malilia et iuvidia, imminutaque dicnitate pir rontumeliam mori. w jn terris pnrum illnm B^tiierem non invenies, et ventos serenos; nimbos po- tmi, procellas, calumnias. Lips. cent. misc. ep. 8. 5" Si omnes homines sua mala suasque curas in uniMi cueruilum cont'errent, squis divisuri portiouibns, &c. 91 Ilor. ser. lib. 1. 9-Q.uod unusquisque propria mala liovit. aliorum nescial, in causa « st, ul sc iiiier alios miserum putet. Cardan, lib 3 de ciuisol. Plutarch de consol. ad .ApoUonium. "aQuani uiullos putas (|ui se coelo proximos putarent, totidem reirulos, si <1e fortuna; tuae reliqulis pars iis uiin'ma conlingat. Boelb. de consol. lib. -2. pros. 4. 344 Cure of Melancholy. [Fart. 2. Sec. 3. **Rem carendo, non fruendo cognoscimusy when thou shall hereafter come to want that which thou now loathest, abhorrest, and art weary of, and tired with, when 'tis past thou wih say thou wert most happy : and after a little miss, wisli with all thine heart thou hadst the same content again, mightst lead but such a life, a world for sucli a life : the remembrance of it is pleasant. Be silent then, ^'rest satislied, HesM«|. Csio quod erudmiur. 'C'onfesf. li. • .Naiicltrimi l<-ni|M-8t.-u, )'!< : quod sunt alii, sine qiicinlibet es-^e ; Quod non e>>, '. athletain dladiuni, duceiii pugna, niiiL'naiiiiiiuui culanii- iiiili:^; quud poles esse, velis. "s^sopifab. ^^ S«- { las, Chridlianuni vero tentatio pr.iliut ct eiaininat. ni'ca. *Si dorniirent senipi.-r oniiie!<, nullus alio j i Sen. Here. fur. -The way from lln- i-Hrlli tii Ihe ^tar» fielicior essft. Card. »•< Seneca de ira. '«> Plato, iii not so downy." * Ide-i it iii-r, ne Axiocho. .^n isnorns vilam hanc pere^rinationcm, I duin delectanlur in via, obliviscanlur eomui qua? »uiit tLC. qunni sapientes cum iiaudio percurrunt. ■ Sic I in palria. ' Boii^ yu"i back* * trUiiratum. &c 'Nun est pceiia dnainantis sed fla- [ The earth briiiga the itari to «ub'«:ctioii." rvlem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 345 Or put case thou art now forsaken of the world, dejected, contemned, yet comfort thyself, as it was said to Agar in the wilderness, '" " God sees thee, he takes notice of t?iee :" there is a God above that can vindicate thy cause, that can relieve thee. And surely "Seneca thinks he takes delight in seeing thee. "The gods are well pleased when they see great men contending with adversity," as we are to see men fight, or a man with a beast. But these are toys in respect, '^ " Behold," sailh he. "■ a spectacle worthy of God ; a good man contented with his estate." A tyrant is the best sacrifice to Jupiter, as the ancients held, and his best object " a contented mind." For thy part then rest satisfied, " cast all thy care on him, thy burthen on him, " rely on him, trust on him, and he shall nourish thee, care for thee, give thet' thine heart's desire ;" say with David, " God is our hope and strength, in troubles ready to be found," Psal. xlvi. 1. "for they that trust in the Lord shall be as Mount Zion, which cannot be removed," Psal. cxxiv. 1. 2. "as the mountains are abott Jerusalem, so is the Lord about his people, from henceforth and for ever." MEMB. IL Deformity of body, sickness, baseness of birth, peculiar discontents. Particular discontents and grievances, are either of body, mind, or fortune, which as they wound the soul of man, produce this melancholy, and many great inconveniences, by that antidote of good counsel and persuasion may be eased or expelled. Deformities and imperfections of our bodies, as lameness, ci'ookedness, deafness, blindness, be they innate or accidental, torture many men : yet this may comfort them, that those imperfections of the body do not a whit blemish tlie soul, or hinder the operations of it, but rather help and much increase it. Thou art lame of body, deformed to the eye, yet this hinders not but that thou mayest be a good, a wise, upright, honest man. '^"Seldom," saith Plutarch, "honesty and beauty dwell together," and oftentimes under a thread-bare coat lies an excellent under- standing, scppe sub attritd latitat sapientia veste. '^ Cornelius Mussus, that famous preacher in Italy, when he came first into the pulpit in Venice, was so much con- temned by reason of his outside, a little lean, poor, dejected person, ''^ they were all ready to leave the church ; but when they lieard his voice they did admire him, and happy was that senator could enjoy his company, or invite him first to his house. A silly fellow to look to, may have more wit, learning, honesty, than he that struts it out Jlmpullis jactans, Sfc. grandia gradiens, and is admired in the .world's opi- nion : Vilis scepe cadus nobile nectar hahet, the best wine comes out of an old vessel. How many deformed princes, kings, emperors, could I reckon up, philosophers, orators ? Hannibal had but one eye, Appius Claudius, Timoleon, blind, Muleasse, king of Tunis, John, king of Bohemia, and Tiresias the prophet. ''"The night hath his pleasure ;" and for the loss of that one sense such men are commonly recom- pensed in the rest ; they have excellent memories, other good parts, music, and many recreations ; much happiness, great wisdom, as Tully well discourseth in his '^ Tus- culan questions : Homer was blind, yet who (saith he) made more accurate, lively, or better descriptions, with both his (Syes} Demociitus was blind, yet as Laertius writes of him, he saW more than all Greece besides, as '° Plato concludes. Turn sane mentis oculus acute incipit cernerc, quum priminn corporis oculus deftorescit^ when our bodily eyes are at worst, generally the eyes of our soul see best. Some philosophers and divines have evirated themselves, and put out their eyes voluntarily, the belter to contemplate. Angelus Politianus had a tetter in his nose continually running, fulsome in company, yet no man so eloquent and pleasing in his works. A^sop was crooked, Socrates purblind, long-legged, liairy ; Democritus withered, Seneca lean and harsh, ugly to behold, yet show me so many flourishing wits, such divine spirits : ">Boi'th. prn. ult. Manet spectator cunctnriim ciesupor priBscius ileus, Imiiis proeinia, malissupplieia ilisppiisans. 11 Lib. (!e provid. voluptatein capiiiiit dii srqiianilo mas- nns viros (Milluctantes cum calarnitate vident. '^ Ecce spectaculuiii Deo di^num. Virfortis mala fortnna com- l)i-situ3. " 1 Pel. V. 7. Psal. Iv. 22. » Raro sub ] sapiens et beatus, ic. w In Couvivio lib. 2o 44 eodem lare honestas et forma habitant. i^ Josepli'.js Mussus vita ejus. ic Hnmuncio brevis, macileiitus. umbra hominis, &c. Ad stupureui ejus eruiiitiouoin et eluquentiam admirati sunt. '' Nos habet siiaa voluptates. i*Lib. 5. ad finera. cecus potest esse 346 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Horace a little blear-eyed contemptible fellow, yet who so sententious and wise ? Marciliiis Picinus, Faber Stapulensis, a couple of dwarfs, ^Melancthon a short hard- favoured man, parvus erat, sed 7nag7ius erat, &)C., yet of incomparable parts all three. ^' Ignatius Loyola the founder of the Jesuits, by reason of a hurt he received in his leg, at the siege of Pampeluna, the chief town of Navarre in Spain, unfit for wars and less serviceable at court, upon that accident betook himself to his beads, and by those means got more honour than ever he should have done with the use of his limbs, and properness of person: " Vuhius non pcnctrat animum, a wonnd hurts not the soul. Galba the emperor was cr-ook-backed, Epictetus lame : that gr-eat Alexan- der a little man of stature, ^Augustus Cicsar of the same pitch : Agesilaus desplcahill forma ; Boccharis a most deformed prince as ever Egypt had, yet as '^Diodorus Siculus records of him, in wisdonr and knowledge far beyond Iris predecessors. Ji. Dom. 13t)6. " Uladeslaus Cubitalis that pigmy king of Poland reigned and fought more victorious battles than any of his long-shanked predecessors. JYullam virtus respuit sfaturam, virtue refuseth iro stature, and comnronly your great vast bodies, and fine features, are sollisli, dull, and leaden spirits. What's in them .•' '''Quid nisi pondus iners sto- lidieque ferocia rnemtis, What in Osus and Ephialtes (Neptune's sons in Homer), nine acres lont{ .' 'Oui lit iiiuj.'iiug Orion, diiii peili-s inccdit, iiiwlii per maxima N'erei Sl.'i^'iia, viiiiii liiiiieiid liuiutTo supcreniiiiel undas.' ' l.ilce tall Orinn stalking o'er the flciiul : When with his brawny hreasl lii- cms the waves, His lihuulder scarce the lopiiiost IhIIdw laves." What in INIaximinus, Ajax, Caligula, and the rest of those great Zauzunrmitts, or gigantical Anakims, heavy, vast, barbarous lubbers .' *>" si iiif iiibra tibi daiit graiidia Parcae, Mentis eges 1" Tlieir body, saitlr ^Lemiiius, "is a burden to tliem, and their spirits not so lively, lor they so erect and merry:" JVon est in mngno corpore mica satis : a little diamond is more worth than a rocky mountain : which made Alexander Aphrodiseus posi- tively conclude, "The lesser, the * wiser, because the soul was more contracted in such a body." Let Bodine in his 5. c. method, hist, plead the rest ; the lesser they are. as in Asia, Greece, they have generally the finest wits. And for bodily stature which some so much admire, and goodly presence, 'tis true, to say the best of them, great men are proper, and tall, I grairt, caput inter nubila candunt,, (hidw their heads in the clouds); but belli pusilli, little men are pretty: " .SV• • Wht-n we Corpore exili et de.sp. cto, s*.N.it, < I faculties ?" ■^ Lib. -i. cap. 20. oneri est illis corporis i deliciis. Labor, dolfir, Ksritiido, hiriiM. ». . moles, el spiritns minus vividi. *>Corp<>re breves I douiinis, juguni ferre sup<-rslioiiis. quoj ;w . . « prudentiori's f|^iirii coarclata sit aninia. Iii^enio pbi(ii« Turnr, rapina, latroriniurn. honiiciitiuiii, Iiixiik, v<-riatin, vii>lf>nlia. See. >' The fuel tk away my lord m Itw luask, 'twas apposite. Mem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 349 Rheims superstitious, they of Lyons treacherous, of ISTorniandy proud, of Picardy insolent, &c." We may generally conclude, the greater men, the more vicious. In fine, as ^^^^neas Sylvius adds, " they are most part miserable, sottish, and filthy fel- lows, like the walls of their houses, fair without, foul within." What dost thou vaunt of now } ^^ " What dost thou gape and wonder at } admire him for his bravfj apparel, horses, dogs, fine houses, manors, orchards, gardens, walks "i Why .? a fool may be possessor of this as well as he ; and he that accounts him a better man, a nobleman for having of it, he is a fool himself" Now go and brag of thy gentility. This is it belike which makes the ^° Turks at this day scorn nobility, and all those hufhng bombast titles, which so much elevate their poles : except it be such as hava got it at iirbt, maintain it by some supereminent quality, or excellent worth. And for this cause, the Ragusian commonwealth, Switzers, and the united provinces, in all their aristocracies, or democratical monarchies, (if I may so call them,) exclude all these degrees of hereditary honours, and will admit of none to bear office, but such as are learned, like those Athenian Areopagites, wise, discreet, and well brought up. The ^'Chinese observe the same customs, no man amongst them noble by birth ; out of their philosophers and doctors they choose magistrates : their politic nobles are taken from such as be moraliter nohiles., virtuous noble ; nobilitas ut oUm ah oj/icio, non a naturd, as in Israel of old, and their office was to defend and govern their country in war and peace, not to hawk, hunt, eat, drink, game alone, as too many do. Their Loysii, jMandarini, literati, licentiati, and such as have raised them- selves by their worth, are their noblemen only, though fit to govern a state : an4 why then should any that is otherwise of worth be ashamed of his birth ? why should not he be as much respected that leaves a noble posterity, as he that hath had noble ancestors ? nay why not more .'' for pliires solan orientem^ we adore the sun rising most part ; and how much better is it to say, Ego meis majoribus virtule prcE- luxi, (I have outshone my ancestors in virtues), to boast himself of his virtues, than of his birth } Cathesbeius, sultan of Egypt and Syria, was by his condition a slave, but for worth, valour, and manhood second to no king, and for that cause (as " Jovius writes) elected emperor of the Mamelukes. That poor Spanish Pizarro for his valoui made by Charles the Fifth Marquess of Anatillo ; the Turkey Pashas are all such. Pertinax, Phillippus Arabs, Maximinus, Probus, Aurelius, &.C., from common soldiers, became emperors, Cato, Cincinnatus, &C. consuls. Pius Secundus, Sixtus Quintus, Johan, Secundus, Nicholas Quintus, Stc. popes. Socrates, Virgil, Horace, Ubertino parte natus. ^^ The kings of Denmark fetch their pedigree, as some say, from one Ulfo, that was the son of a bear. "£ tciiui casa scepe vir viagnus exit., many a worthy man comes out of a poor cottage. Hercules, Romulus, Alexander (by Olympia's confession), Themistocles, Jugurtha, King Arthur, William the Conqueror, Homer, Demosthenes, P. Lumbard, P. Comestor, Bartholus, Adrian the fourth Pope, Jk-c, bastards ; and almost in every kingdom, the most ancient families have been at first princes' bastards : their worthiest captains, best wits, greatest scholars, bravest spirits in all our annals, have been base. "^^ Cardan, in his subtleties, gives a reason why they are most part better able than others in body and mind, and so, per con- sequens., more fortunate. Castruccius Castrucanus, a poor child, found in the field, exposed to misery, became prince of Lucca and Senes in Italy, a most complete soldier and worthy captain ; Machiavel compares him to Scipio or Alexander. " And 'tis a wonderful thing i^^ saith he) to him tliat shall consider of it, that all those, or the greatest part of them, that have done the bravest exploits here upon earth, and excelled the rest of the nobles of their time, have been still born in some abject, ob- scure place, or of base and obscure abject parents." A most memorable observation, "i De miser, curial. Miseri sunt, iiiepti sunt, turpes sunt, ninlti ut parietes iediutn suaruni speciosi. ^°i>li- raris aureas vestes, equos, canes, orilinem faniulorum, lautas nieiisas, sedos, villas, praedia, piscinas, sylvas, 6cc haec omnia siultus assequi potest. Pandalus nosier lenocinio nobilitatus est, iEneas Sylvius. eoBellonius observ. lib. 2. «> Mat. Riccius lib. 1. cap. 3. Ad re- gendam renip. soli doctures, aut licentiati adsciscuntur, &c. "i^ Lib. ]. hist, co-idiiione servus, cceterura acer b«llo, et aniini magiiitudine niaximoruni regum neniini secundus: ob h;BC a iMameluchis in regein elecfus. *>Olau3 Magnus lib. Id. Saxo Grammaticus, a quo rex 2 Sueno et caetera Danorum regum stemmata. " Se- neca de Contro. Pliilos. epist. ^^ Corpora sunt el aiiiino fortiores spurii, plerumque oh amoris veheuien tiani, semi iiis crass. &.C. 6« v'ita Ka.-truccii. Net pra'ter ralionem niirum videri debet, si quis rem con siderare velit, omnes eos vel saltem maximam partem qui in hoc terrarum orhe res prjestantioresaiiL'ressi «unl, atque inter r^teros a:vi sui heroas excellui-runt, aiit obscuro, aut ahji^cto loco editos, et prognatos fuisse al Jectis parentibus. Eorum ego Catalugum infinitum recensere possem. £ 350 Cure of Melandwly. [Part. 2. Sect. 3. *^Scaliger accounts it, f< non pra-tercundum., maxiniorum. virorum plerosque pafrcs ignoratos^ malres impudicasfuisse.^^ '' I could recite a great catalogue of tliein,-' every kingtloin, every province will yield innumerable examples : and why then should baseness of birth be objected to any man .' Who thinks worse of Tully for being arpinos, an upstart? Or Agathocles, that Silician king, for being a jiotter's son? Iphicrates and JVIarius were meanly born. What wise man thinks better of any person for his nobility? as he said in ^'Machiavel, omnes eodcm patre nati, Adam"'s sons, con- ceived all and born in sin, &.c. "We are by nature all as one, all alike, if you see us naked; let us wear theirs and they our clothes, and what is the difference ?" To speak truth, as '"Bale did of P. Schalichius, " I more esteem thy worth, learning, honesty, than thy nobility; honour thee more that thou art a writer, a doctor of divinity, than Earl o| the Huns, Baron of Skradine, or hast title to such and such provinces, &.c. Tliou art more fortunate and great (so ^' Jovius writes to Cosmo de Medici, then Duke of Flo- rence) for thy virtues, than for thy lovely wife, and happy children, friends, fortunes, or great duchy of Tuscany." So I account thee ; and who doth not so indeed ? '^Abdolominus was a gardener, and yet by Alexander for his virtues made King of Syria. How much better is it to be born of mean parentage, and to excel iu worth, to be morally noble, which is preferred before that natural no!)ility, by divines, philosophers, and ''j)oliticians, to be learned, honest, discreet, wt'll-(|iialitied, to be fit for any manner of employment, in country and commonwealth, war and peace, than to be Dcgeneres .S'eoptolemi, as many brave nobles are, only wise because rich, otherwise idiots, illiterate, unfit for any manner of service? '^Udalri- cus. Earl of Cilia, upbraided Joiui Huiliades with the baseness of his birth, but he replied, in k Ciliensis comitalus turpiter extinguitur^ in me gloriose Jiistricen.'wed, so minded as I am, I should not have been elevated at all, but so esteemed of it, as of all other human happiness, honours, kc, they have their period, are brittle and inconstaiiL As ■* he said of that great river Danube, it riseth from a small fountain, a little brook "^Exercit. 265. «•' It is a thing deserving of our notice, that most great men were born in obscurity, and of unchaste mothers." •"Fl.jr hist. I. 3. (iuod si nudf>s riDS cunspici continjat, omnium una eademque erit facies; nam .si ipsi nostras, no.s eoruui vesles indu- lib. 3. cap. 8. ^*JEneat SilviuR, lib. '2. cap. 39. '»'• If children be proud, hauphty, fofilish, they dpflle the nobility of their kindred," Eccl. xxli. b. ^'Cujut possessio nee furto eripi, ncc iiicendio abmimi, nee aquarum vorasine absorberi, vel vi iijnrbi ilt-iitrtii po- amiis, nos, &c. '" Ut nierito ilicani, quod Miiipliciter I test. "Send tliem bmh to Home ittrange plnee eentiam, Paulum Schalichium scriptorem, et dtntorem, | naked, ad ignotog, as Ansiippus saiil yvu ■■biill we the pluris facio quam comitcm Hunnorum. et Baronein I difference. Bacon's Essa)ti. '» Kainiliii; npleiidor Skrailinuni; Enc>clopitdiam tuam, et orbom disciplina- niliil opig attulit, Slc t»fiuviim hic illodria, rum omnibus proviiiciis aiitefi ro. Balius episl. nun- I humanarum rerurn imago, qu« parvi. ductir i>iib iiiiliia, cupat. adoctiit. ultimam script Rrit. " Pra-fai in iminensum (reocunl. et subilo evaiiii«-uiil. Kjiilia hi>t. lib. 1. virtute tua major, quam aiit Hetni«ci im- hic primo fliiviiig, in admiraiiclam inHLMutudiiiem ••x- peril fortuiia, aut numerosa el decora prolin fxlicitale rrescit, laiiilemqiie in man Euiinu eVdiieaal. I Slur*, ^•jailor evadid. ^Curtiiis. " Bodine de rep. lus pereg. mar. Euxioi. Mem. 2.] Remedies against Discontents. 351 at first, sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, now slow, then swift, increased at last to an incredible greatness by the confluence of sixty navigable rivers, it vanisheth in conclusion, loseth his name, and is suddenly swallowed up of the Euxine sea : I may say of our greatest families, they were mean at first, augmented by rich mar- riages, purchases, offices, they continue for some ages, with some little alteration of circumstances, fortunes, places, &c., by some prodigal son, for some default, or for want of issue they are defaced in an instant, and their memory blotted out. So much in the mean time I do attribute to Gentility, that if he be well-descended, of worshipful or noble parentage, he will express it in his conditions, 60 "necenirn feroces Pro^enerant aquilffl columbas." And although the nobility of our times be much like our coins, more in number and value, but less in weight and goodness, with finer stamps, cuts, or outsides than of old ; yet if he rtLain those ancient characters of true gentry, he will be more affable, courteous, gently disposed, of fairer carriage, better temper, or a more magnanimous, heroical, and generous spirit, tlian that vulgus hominum., those ordinaryboors and peasants, qui adeo i/nprobi, agrestes, et inculti pJcrumque sunt., ne dicrnn maliciosi., ut nemini ullum humanitatis qfficium prcpstent, ne ipsi Deo si advenerit, as ^' one observes of them, a rude, brutisli, uncivil, wild, a currish generation, cruel and mali- cious, incapable of discipline, and such as have scarce connnon sense. And it may be generally spoken of all, which ^"Lemnius the physician said of his travel into England, the common people were silly, sullen, dogged clowns, sed mitior nohilitas^ ad omnc humanitatis ojjicium paratissima., the gentlemen were courteous and civil. If it so fall out (as often it doth) that such peasants are preferred bv reason of their wealth, chance, error, &c., or otherwise, yet as the cat in the fable, when she was turned to a fair maid, would play with mice ; a cur will be a cur, a clown will be a clown, he will likely savour of the stock whence he came, and that innate rustici*v can hardly be shaken off. ^3" Licet superbus ambulet pecunia, Fortuna non mutat genus." And though by their education such men may be better qualified, and more refined; yet there be many symptoms by which they may likely be descried, an afiected fantastical carriage, a tailor-like spruceness, a peculiar garb in all their proceedings ; choicer than ordinary in his diet, and as ^* Hierome well describes such a one to his Nepolian ; "An upstart born in a base cottage, that scarce at first had coarse bread to fill his hungry guts, must now feed on kickshaws and made dishes, will have all variety of flesh and fish, the best oysters," &c. A beggar's brat will be commonly more scornful, imperious, insulting, insolent, than another man of his rank : " No- thing so intolerable as a fortunate fool," as ^ TuUy found out long since out of his experience ; Asperius nihil est humili cum surgit in altian, set a beggar on horse- back, and he will ride a gallop, a gallop, &.c. ' (lesiEvit in omnes Duin se posse putat, nee belliia sa?vior ulla est, Q.uara servi rabies in lil)era colla furentis;" he forgets what he was, domineers, &c., and many such other symptoms he hath, by which you may know him from a true gentleman. Many errors and obliquities are on both sides, noble, ignoble, /rtc//s, na//5; yet still in all callings, as some dege- nerate, some are well deserving, and most worthy of their honours. And as Busbe- quius said of Solyman the IMagnificent, he was tanto dignus imperii, worthy of that great empire. Many meanly descended are most worthy of their honour, poUtice nobiles, and well deserve it. Many of our nobility so'born (which one said of Hephajstion, Ptolemeus, Seleucus, Antigonus, &c., and the rest of Alexander's fol- lowers, they were all worthy to be monarchs and generals of armies) deserve to be princes. And I am so far forth of ^"Sesellius's mind, that they ought to be preferred (if capable) before others, "as being nobly born, ingenuously brought up. and from «>"For fifTce eagles do not procreate timid ring- -•oves." "' Sabinus in b. Ovid. Met. fab. 4. s'Lib. 1. de 4. Complexionibiis. ^3 Hor. ep. Od. 2. "And although he bnast oC his wealth, Fortune has not 'langed his nature-." 8ii,jb. ._.. gj, j5_ Xatus sor- Jido tuguriolo et paupere domo, qui vix niilio rugien- tein ventrem, &;c. K\ihil fortunato insipienle intolerabilins. MClaud. I. 9. in Eutrop. s^Lib. J.deRep. Gal. Quoniam et coinnioiliore utiinturcon- riitione, et nonestiore loco nati, jam inile a parvulis ad moruiii civilitatem educati sunt, et as^uefacti. 35S Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. then infancy trained to all manner of civility." For learning and virtue in a noble- man is more eminent, and, as a jewel set in gold is more precious, and much to be respected, such a man deserves better than others, and is as great an honour to his family as his noble family to him. In a word, many noblemen are an ornament to their order: many poor men's sons are singularly well endowed, most eminent, and well deserving for their worth, wisdom, learning, virtue, valour, integrity; excellent members and pillars of a commonwealth. And therefore to conclude that which I first intended, to be base by birth, meanly born is no such disparagement. Et sic f}eni07istratur, quod crat demonstrandum. MEMB. III. Against Poverty and fVant^ with such other Mversities. O.VE of the greatest miseries that can bcfal a man, in the world's esteem, is poverty or want, which makes men steal, bear false witness, swear, forswear, contend, mur- der and rebel, which breaketh sleep, and causeth death itself ovhtv nnxai ^Ui^i-eipov i-itt ifo^riov, no burden (saith '^Menander) so intolerable as poverty: it makes men desperate, it erects and dejects, census himnres, ccjisus amicilias; money makes, but poverty mars, &c. and all this in the world's esteem : yet if considered aright, it is a great blessing in itself, a happy estate, and yields no cause of discontent, or that men should therefore account themselves vile, hated of God, forsaken, miserable, unfor- tunate. Christ himself was poor, born in a manger, and had not a house to hide his head in all \m life, ""^'lest any man sliould make poverty a judgment of God, or an <»dious estate." And as he was himself, so he informed his Apostles and Disciples, they were all poor. Prophets poor, Apostles poor, (.\ct, iii. "Silver and gold have I none.") "As sorrowing (saith Paul) and yet always rejoicing; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things," 1 Cor. vi. 10. Your great Philosophers have been voluntarily poor, not only Christian.s, but many others. Crates Thebanus was adored for a God in Athens, **»• a nobleman by birth, many sen'ants he had, an honourable attendance, much wealth, many manors, fine apparel; but when he saw tliis, that all the wealth of the world was but brittle, uncertain and no whit availing to live well, he flung his burden into the sea, and renounced his estate." Those Curii and Fabricii will be ever renowned for contempt of these fopperies, wherewith the world is so much affected. Amongst Christians I could reckon up many kings and (]ueens, that have forsaken their crowns and fortunes, and wilfully abdicated themselves from these so much esteemed toys ; " many that have refused honours, titles, and all this vain pomp and happiness, which others so ambitiously seek, and carefully study to compass and attain. Riches I deny not are God's good gifts, and blessings; and honor est in honorante, honours are from God; both rewards of virtue, and fit to be sought after, sued for, and may well be pos.sessed : yet no such great happiness in having, or misery in wanting of them. Dantur quidem bonis, saith Austin, ne quis mala asti- met : malif autem ne quis nimis bona, good men have wealth that we should not think it evil; and bad men that they should not rely on or hold it so good; as the rain falls on both sorts, so are riches given to good and bad, serf bonis in bonum, but they are good only to the godly. But '^compare both estates, for natural |)arts they are not unlike ; and a beggar's child, as ''Cardan well observes, " is no whit inferior lo a prince's, most part better;" and for those accidents of fortune, it will easily ap|)ear there is no such odds, no such extraordinarj' happiness in the one, or misery' in the other. He is rich, wealthy, fat; what gets he by it.' pride, insolency, lust, amhition, cares, fears, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body and mind. lie liath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, plea-sant sauce, '*> Nullum paupertate gravius onus. •> Ne quis irie 4ivine jiiiticiuin pularet, aiit paupertas eiosa forfl. Gaull. in cap. 2. ver. IH. Lues. winter priKereg Thebanr>a iiuaicratus, lectum babuit ernus. frfn\iienn famuliliiiiii. (lornuM ainplas, Slc Apuleius Florid. I. 4. »< P. Ble!i8 ep. 7'J. el -Jlfi nblatns respui honores tx •>nvre meliens; tuutus aiubiliosoa rogatui noo ivi, Ac. *>8u(lat pauper forasin opere, divei in cofiiatinne; bie oa aperit owitatione, ille ructatione; eraviui iMf faifi- tlin, quani hic inrdia cruciatur. B«r. *er. ' In My*- pprchen Natura squa cxt. pufrui-que videaiu* mciwll. coruin nulla ex parte reguiii Dim diMiojile*. plcrumqu* •aniorea. Mem. 3.] Remedies a^aiTisl Discontents. 353 dainty music, gay clothes, lords it bravely out, &c., and all that which iMisillus admired in '"''^Lucian; but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, stone, pox, rheums, catarrhs, crudities, oppillations, ^^ melancholy, Stc, lust enters in, anger, ambition, according to "*Chrysostom, "the sequel of riches is pride, riot, intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses." 0'" turpi fregerunt saecula luju DivitiEE molles" with their variety of dishes, many such maladies of body and mind get in, which the poor man knows not of As Saturn in ^^Lucian answered the discontented common- alty, (which because of their neglected Saturnal feasts in Rome, made a grievous complaint ana exclamation against rich men) that they were much mistaken in sup- posing such happiness in riches; ^®"you see the best (said he) but you know not their several gripings and discontents :" they are like painted walls, fair without, rot- ten within: diseased, filthy, crazy, full of intemperance's efl"ects ; '"""and who can reckon half.'' if you but knew their fears, cares, anguish of mind and vexation, to which they are subject, you would hereafter renounce all riches." i"Osi patL'ant peclnra ilivitum, Qiiaritos iiitiis sublimit agit Forturia metiis? Briitia Coro Piilsante fretutn mitior unda est." " O that their breasts were but conspicuous How full of fear within, how furious? The narrow seas are not so boisterous." Yea, but he hath the world at will that is rich, the good things of the earth : suave est de magno tollere acervo, (it is sweet to draw from a great heap) he is a happy man, ^ adored like a god, a prince, every man seeks to him, applauds, honours, ad- mires him. He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things; but (as I said) withal ^" pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth;" for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gouts, and as fruits of his idleness, and fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, all manner of diseases : pemniis augetur improbitas, the wealthier, the more dishonest. ■* " He is exposed to hatred, envy, peril and treason, fear of death, degredation," &c. 'tis lubrica statio et proxima prcc- cipitio, and the higher he climbs, the greater is his fall. ' ceiss graviore casu Pecidunt lurrei, feriuntque suraraos Fulgura montes," ' in the more eminent place the lightning commonly sets on fire the highest towers; he is, the more subject to fall. " Rumpitur innumeris arbos uberrima pomis. El giihito niniiiE proecipitantur opes." As a tree that is heavy laden with fruit breaks her own boughs, with their own great- ness they ruin themselves : which Joachimus Camerarius hath elegantly expressed in his 13 Emblem, cent. 1. Inopem se copia fecit. Their means is their misery, though they do apply themselves to the times, to lie, dissemble, collogue and flatter their lieges, obey, second his will and commands as much as may be, yet too frequently tliey miscarry, they fat themselves like so many hogs, as ".^neas Sylvius observes, that when they are full fed, they may be devoured by their princes, as Seneca by Nero was served, Sejanus by Tiberius, and Haman by Ahasuerus : I resolve with Gregory, potestas culminisy est tempestas mentis ; et quo dignitas alfior, casus gravior honour is a tempp-i. the higher they are elevated, the more grievously depressed. For the rest of his jarerogatives which wealth affords, as he hath more his expenses are the greater. " When goods increase, they are increased that eat them; and what good Cometh to the owners, but the beholding thereof with the eyes?" Eccles. iv. 10. «"Millia frumenti tua triverit area centum, Non tuus hinc eapiet venter plu3 quam meus" •'an evil sickness," Solomon calls it, "and reserved to them for an evil," 12 verse. '' They that will be rich fall into many fears and temptations, into many foolish and •Et diis similes stulta cogitatio facit. ^ Flamraa simul libidinis ingreditur ; ira, furor et superbia, divitiarum sequela. Chrys. * Omnium oculis, odio, insidiis expo- situs, semper solicitus, fortunae ludibrium. ^ Hor. 2. 1. od. 10. 6 auid me felicem toties jactastis amici T Qui cecidit, stabjli non fuit ille loco. Boeth. 'Ut postquam impinguati fuerint, devorentur. ^Hot '• Although a hundred thousand bushels of wheat may have been threshed in your granaries, your stomaci- will not contain more than mine. 45 2e2 354 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. S noisome lusts, which drown men in perdition." 1 Tim. vi. 9. " Gold and silver hath destroyed many," Ecclus. viii. 2. dlvilice sceculi sunt laquei diaboli: so writes Ber- nard , worldly wealth is the devil's bait : and as the Moon when she is fuller of light is still farthest from the Sun, the more wealth they have, the farther they are commonly from God. (If I had said this of myself, rich men would have pulled me to pieces ; but hear who saith, and who seconds it, an Apostle) tlierefore St. James bids them '•'• weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon them ; their gold shall rust and canker, and eat their flesh as fire," James v. 1, 2, 3. I may then boldly conrlude with ^Theodoret, quotlcscunque divitiis ajfluentcnu tSc "As often as you shall see a man abounding in wealth," qxd gemmis bibit et Serrano ilormit in astro, "and naught withal, I beseech you call him not happy, but esteem him unfor- tunate, because he hath many occasions ofTered to live unjustly; on the other side, a poor man is not miserable, if he be good, but therefore happy, that those evil occa- sions are taken from him." 10" Non pnesidpiitcrn multa vocaveriii Kecte heacucii ; rtTtiiis occupal Noiiieii beali, qui dvoruni Muiicribus sapitiiiCcr uti, l^iirainque callet paij|ifriem pati, I'ejusque Isttau dagitiuiu tiliic-l." ' lie is not happy that is rich, And hnth (he world at will, Bill he lliat wisely can Undx gifts Pissess and use them still : That sutierii and with patience A hides hard poverty. Ami chooselh rather (or to die; 'i'liaii du tucU villaiiy." Wherein now consists his happiness ? what privileges hath he more than other men? or rather what miseries, what cares and discontents hath he not more than other men? '■ " N'on enim ;az«, neque consularia Sumniovet lictor mireros tuinultui Mentia, et curas laqueata circuni Tecta volantea." " Nor treacures, nor major* officers remove The iiiiserahle luniults of the mind: Or cares thai lie ahout. or Hy above [bin'd." Their highroofed houses, with huge beams com- 'Tis not his wealth can vindicate him, let him have Job's inventory, sint Craesi et Crassi licet, non hos Pactolua aureus undas agens, eripiat unquum e miseriis, Crcesus or rich Crassus cannot now connnand health, or get himself a stomach. '^"His worship," as Apuleius describes him, " in all his plenty and great provision, is for- bidden to eat, or else hath no appetite, (sick in bed, can take no rest, sore grieved with some chronic disease, contracted with full diet and ease, or troubled in mind) ^■hen as, in the meantime, all his household are merry, and the poorest servant that he keeps doth continually feast." 'Tis Bructeata fehcitas, as '^ Seneca terms it, tin- foiled happiness, inftUx f elicit as, an unhappy kind of happiness, if it be happiness at all. llis gold, guard, clattering of harness, and fortifications against outward ene- mies, cannot free him from inward fears and cares. " Reveraque metus honiinum, curteque sequacea Nee metiiuiit fremitus armorum, ant feerea tela, Audacterque inter reges, ^egumque potenlet Versantur, neque fulgorcm revereiilur ab auro." I " Indeed men still attending feara and care* iNor armours clashing, nor tierce weapon'* feare: With kings converse they boldly, and kiiigo peer*. Fearing uu flashing that from gold appears." Look how many servants he hath, and so many enemies lie suspects ; for liberty he entertains ambition ; his pleasures are no pleasures ; and that which is worst, he cannot be private or enjoy himself as other men do, his state is a servitude. '^A countryman may travel from kingrdom to kingdom, province to j^ovince, city to city, and glut his eyes with delightful objects, hawk, hunt, and use those ordinary di.«i- ports, without any notice taken, all which a prince or a great man cannot do. He keeps in for state, nc majestatis dignitas evilescat, as our China kings. «>f Borneo, and Tartarian Cliams, those aiirea mancipia, are said to do, seldom or never seen abroad, tit major sit hominum erga se observantia, which the '^ Persian kinij.s so pre- cisely observed of old. A poor man takes more delight in an ordinary meal's meat, which he hath but seldom, than they do with all their exotic dainties and continual viands; Quippe voluptatem commendat rarior usus, 'tis the rarity and necessity that makes a thing acceptable and pleasant. Darius, put to flight by Alexander, drank puddle water to quench his thirst, and it was pleasanter, he swore, than any wine or • Cap. 6. de curat, ^rxc. affect, rap. de providentia ; ' dicitur, et in omni copia ana cibum non accipit, cum quntieecunque diviliis attluentem hoiiiineni videmns, I interea I'ltuiii ejus servitiuiii hilare mt, alqiie epulelur. cumque pi^ssimuni, ne quxso huiic beall^^^lInlllll pnte. | •> Epirl. 111. >* II r. et luihi cnrto Ire licel mulo Bins, s«d iiil'Micvni, Cfiiseamus, tec. '» Hnr I -J. Ud.U. I vel si libel usque Tarentuiu. >^ lirimjiiius. > H' ■*' 2. "Florid. lib. 4. Dives ilie cibo inter- 1 Mem. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 355 mead. All excess, as '® Epictetus argues, ■will cause a dislike ; sweet will be iour, which made that temperate Epicurus sometimes voluntarily fast. But they oeing always accustomed to the same "dishes, (which are nastily dressed by slovenly cooks, that after their obscenities never wash their bawdy hands) be they fish, flesh, compounded, made dishes, or whatsoever else, are therefore cloyed ; nectar's self grows loathsome to them, they are weary of all their fine palaces, they are to them but as so many prisons. A poor man drinks in a wooden dish, and eats his meat in wooden spoons, wooden platters, earthen vessels, and such homely stuff: tlie other in gold, silver, and precious stones ; but with what success ? in auro bibitur venemtm, fear of poison in the one, security in the other. A poor man is able to write, to speak his mind, to do his own business himself; locuples mittit parasitmn. saith '** Philostratus, a rich man employs a parasite, and as the major of a city, speaks by the town clerk, or by Mr. Recorder, when he cannot express himself. '^ Nonius the senator hath a purple coat as stiff with jewels as his mind is full of vices ; rings on his fingers worth 20,000 sesterces, and as ^"Perox the Persian king, an union in his ear worth one hundred pounds weight of gold : ^' Cleopatra hath whole boars and sheep served up to her table at once, drinks jewels dissolved, 40,000 sesterces in value ; but to what end ? 2!" Num tibi cum fauces urit sitis, aurea quaeris Pocula ?" Doth a man that is adry desire to drink in gold .'' Doth not a cloth suit become him as well, and keep him as warm, as all their silks, satins, damasks, taffeties and tis- sues ? Is not homespun cloth as great a preservative against cold, as a coat of Tartar lamb's-wool, died in grain, or a gown of giant's beards .? Nero, saith ^^ Sueton., never put on one garment twice, and thou hast scarce one to put on ? what's the difference ? one's sick, the other sound : such is the whole tenor of their lives, and that which is the consummation and upshot of all, death itself makes the greatest difference. One like a hen feeds on the dunghill all his days, but is served up at last to his Lord's table ; the other as a falcon is fed with partridge and pigeons, and carried on his master's fist, but when he dies is flung to the muckhill, and there lies. The rich man lives like Dives jovially here on earth, temuJentus divitiis, make the best of it; and "boasts himself in the multitude of his riches," Psalm xlix. 6. 11. he thinks his house " called after his own name," shall continue for ever ; '' but he perisheth like a beast," verse 20. "his way utters his folly," verse 13. maJe parta., male dilabuntur; "like sheep they lie in the grave," verse 14. Pvncto dcscendtmt ad infcrnum, " they spend their days in wealth, and go suddenly down to hell," Job xxi. 13. For all physicians and medicines enforcing nature, a swooning wife, fami- lies' complaints, friends' tears, dirges, masses, ncenias., funerals, for all orations, coun- terfeit hired acclamations, eulogiums, epitaphs, hearses, heralds, black mourners, solemnities, obelisks, and Mausolean tombs, if he have them, at least, ^" he, like a hog, goes to hell with a guilty conscience [propter hos dilatavit infernos os suum)., and a poor man's curse ; his memory stinks like the snuff of a candle when it is put out ; scurrilous libels, and infamous obloquies accompany him. When as poor Lazarus is Dei sacrarium, the temple of God, lives and dies in true devotion, hath no more attendants, but his own innocency, the heaven a tomb, desires to be dis- solved, buried in his mother's lap, and hath a company of ^^ Angels ready to convey his soul into Abraham's bosom, he leaves an everlasting and a sweet memory behind him. Ciassus and Sylla are indeed still recorded, but not so xnuch for their wealth as for their victories : Croesus for his end, Solomon for his wisdom. In a word, ^ " to get wealth is a great trouble, anxiety to keep, grief to lose it." ^ "Quid fiipnum stolidis mentibus iraprecer? Opes, hoiinres aml)iaiit : Et cum falsa gravi mole paraverint. Turn vera cogiioscant bona." '^Si modnm excesseris, suavissima sunt molesta. | the power of the grave," Psal. xlix. 15. ssContempI. " Et ill cupidiis gula;, cnqiuis et piieri illolis manibus ! Idiot. Cap. 37. divitiarum acqui?itio magni laborjg, ab pioneratione ventris omnia tractant, &c. Cardan, t po.ssessio magni timoris, amissio masni dolori*. I. 8. cap. 4G. de reriim varielate. '■ Epist. 'sPlin. [ s' Boethius de consol. phil. 1. 3. "How contemptible lib. 57. cap. 6. ™Zonaras 3. aniial. !» Plutarch. 1 Ftolid minds! They covet riches and titlp.=, and when vit. ejus. M Hor Ser. lib. 1. Sat. 2. "Cap. 30. j they have obtained' these commodities of fal.-ie weight nullam vestem bis induit. 21 Ad generum Cercris | and measures, tlien, and not before, they understand sine ca'de et sanguine pauci riescendunt reges, et sicca what is truly valuable." morte tyronni. 25 "God shall deliver his soul from I 350 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3, But consider all those other unknown, concealed happinesses, which a poor man hath (I call them unknown, because they be not acknowledged in the world's esteem, or so taken) O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint: happy they are in the mean- time if they would take notice of it, make use, or apply it to themselves. "A poor man wise is better than a foolish king," Eccles. ii. 13. -*" Poverty is the way to heaven, ^'the mistress of philosophy, ^° the mother of religion, virtue, sobriety, sister of innocency, and an upright mind." How many such encomiums might I add out of the fathers, philosophers, orators } It troubles many tliat are poor, they account of it as a great plaorue, curse, a siofn of God's haired, ipsiim scelus, damned villauv itself, a disgrace, shame and reproach ; but to whom, or why ? *"" If fortune hath envied me wealth, thieves have robbed me. my father have not left me such revenues as others have, that I am a younger brother, basely born, ciii sine luce ifc/ws, %siirdumque parrnliini nomen, of mean parentage, a dirt-dauber's son, am I there- fore to be bhuned .-' an eagle, a bull, a lion is not rejected for his poverty, and why should a man r" 'Tis ^^ fortunes telum, mm ciilpir, fortune's fault, not mine. ''Good Sir, I am a servant, (to use ^^ Seneca's words) howsoever your poor friend ; a servant, and yet your chamber-fellow, and if you consider better of it, your fellow-servant." I am thy drudge in the world's eyes, yet in God's sight peradventure thy better, my soul is more precious, and 1 dearer unto him. Etiam servi cliis curce sunt, as Evan- ffelus at large proves in Macrobius, the meanest servant is most precious in his sight. Thou art an epicure, I am a good Christian ; thou art many parasangs before me in means, favour, wealth, honour, Claudius's Narcissus, Neio's >lassa, Domitian's Par- llieniiis, a favourite, a golden slave; thou coverest thy tloors with marble, thy roofs with gold, thy walls with statues, fine pictures, curious hangings, he, what of all this.' culcas opes, S^c, what's all tliis to true happiness? I live and breathe under that glorious heaven, that august capitol of nature, enjoy the brightness of .>» P«. ml cmluni via. *BoriiB mentis wjrnr paupertas. ntirmitan. rebus ee^tis Alph. *• Ub. 4. num. 3it« " Psdat'oiia pietat"* sohria, pia mater, cullu simplex, quiilam depreliKiii'us quod sederet loco nnlillnim. nira habitu ccciira, corisilio beiiesiiada. Apiil. >• Cardan, nobilitas, ail. e*t circa ciipul, vpstra d«clinal ad cau- Opprobrium mm est pauperta.^ : qiiosunt. •» Hor. lib. 1. quielera parat, quies otium, otium prirro lu.xuni gene- ( epis. VS. "Seneca t-pi«t. \o. pain-m Pt aquaiii iia'ura ral. luxus iiiteriturn, i quo iteriim arl salubernmas. ice. de^tidcrat. et ha-c qui lialii-t. ip-n cum Jovf di- f> liciiat* ^'Suicciard. in Hiponest nulla inreliclaa suhjcr-tum cmilendat. t.'iliuK timiih-l famein wdat. verlu tenui* •fMse lep lalurx Slc. " Persius. "Omnei fngius arcet. Senec. epi4l. ti. '^ iioelhiu*. Mein. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. ysg drank water in the wilderness ; Samson, David, Saul, Abraham's servant when he went for Isaac's wife, the Samaritan woman, and how many besides miirht I reckon "P5 Egypt, Palestine, whole countries in the =^ Indies, that drank pure water all their lives. ^'The Persian kings themselves drank no other drink than the water of Chaospis, that runs by Susa, which was carried in botdes after them, whithersoever they went. Jacob desired no more of God, but bread to eat, and clothes to put on in his journey, Gen. xxviii. 20. Bene est cui deus obtullt Parca quod satis est manii; bread is enough ^^"to strengthen the heart." And if you study philosophy aright, saith "'^Maudarensis, "• whatsoever is beyond this moderation, is not useful, but trouble- some." ''"Agellius, out of Euripides, accounts bread and water enough to satisfy nature, "• of which there is no surfeit, the rest is not a feast, but a riot." •=' S. Ilierome esteems him rich " that hath bread to eat, and a potent man that is not compelled to be a slave ; hunger is not ambitious, so that it have to eat, and thirst doth not prefer a cup of gold." It was no epicurean speech of an epicure, he that is not satisfied with a little will never have enough: and very good counsel of him in the ^^poet, '• O my son, mediocrity of means agrees best with men ; too much is pernicious." " Divitis grandes liomini sunt vivere parc6, ^quo ariiuio," ■ And if thou canst be content, thou hast abundance, nihil est., nihil dcest, thou hast little, thou wantest nothing. 'Tis all one to be hanged in a chain of gold, or in a rope ; to be filled with dainties or coarser meat. ra"Si veiitri heiie, si lateri, pedibusqiio tiiis, nil I "If bellv, sides and feet be well at ea*e Divitia; poterunt regales aiMere iiiajus." | A prince's treasure can thee no more please. Socrates in a fair, seeing so many things bought and sold, such a multitude of people convented to that purpose, exclaimed forthwith, " O ye gods what a sight of things do not I want .? 'Tis thy want alone that keeps thee in health of body and mind, and that which thou persecutest and abhorrest as a feral plague is thy physician and '''chiefest friend, which makes thee a good man, a healthful, a sound, a virtuous, an honest aiul happy man." For when virtue came from heaven (as the poet feigns) rich men kicked her up, wicked men abhorred her, courtiers scoffed at her, citizens hated her, ''^and that she was thrust out of doors in every place, she came at last to her sister Poverty, where she had found good entertainment. Poverty and Virtue dwell together. **" O vita; tuta facultas Pauperis, angnsiique larea, 6 munera noiuluin Intellecta deijin." How happy art thou if thou couldst be content. " Godliness is a great gain, if a man can be content with that which he hath," 1 Tim. vi. 6. And all true happiness is in a mean estate. I have a little wealth, as he said, ^''sed qtias animus magnasfacit, a kingdom in conceit : 68" T""" ^'fip'tus opto Maia nale, nisi ut propria lisc mihi ijiunera faxis;" 1 have enough and desire no more. S3" Dii bene fecerunt inopis me quodque pusilli Feccrunt animi" 'tis very well, and to my content. '°Vestem et fortunam concinnam potius quam Inxani vroho., let my fortune and my garments be both alike fit for me. And which "'Sebas- tian Foscariiuis, sometime Duke of Venice, caused to be engraven on his tomb in St. JMark's Church, " Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best thing in tlie world : to contemn it." I will engrave it in my heart, it shall be my whole study to contemn it. Let them take wealth, Slercora stercus a7ncf, so that'l may have security: bene qui latuit, benevixit; though I live obscure, '-yet I live clean and honest; and when as the lofty oak is blown down, the silky reed may 6«Miiff£Rus et alii. s? Crissonius. 68 pgal. Ixx.iiv. ■>JSi recte philosiiphemitii, quicquid aptam modera- tionem superyreditur, oiieri potius qrani Usui est. '"Lib. 7. I(i. Cereris inunus et aquae poculnm niortales que dolns ejicitur, apud sooiain paupertatein ejnsque cultores divertens in enrum siiiu et tulela deliciatur. 'i'^Lucan. " O protectinu; quality of a poor man's life, fru!;al means, gifts scarce yet understood by the gods quxruiit habere, et quorum saties nunquam est, luxus ' themselves." "Ljp. niiscell. ep. 40 * Sat C autem, sunt crctera, non epulx. ei Satis est dives lib. 2. 6»Hor. Sat. 4. ^oApuloius. ' -'r;hytreu3 qui pane lion indiaet; niiiiiuin potens qui scrvire non in Europse deliciis. Accipite cives Veneti quod est rn.'iiur. Anibitiosa non est fames, &c. « Kunpides optimum in rebus humaiiis, res humanas conteninerp. nienalip. O fill, mediorrcs divitiie homini()ns conve- "" Vali, vivere etiani nunc luhet, as Deinea said, \d(lph tiuiit, nimia vero moles perniciosa. is nor. e, q Act. 4. auam multis non egeo, quam mnlta non desi- ioctes cffiua;que deuui. esper mille fraudes doctos- | dero, ut Socrates in pompa, ille in imndiiiis. 360 Cxire of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec, 3. stand. Let them take glory, for that's their misery; let them take honour, so that I may have heart's ease. Ihic me O Jupiter et tu fatum^^ S^c. Lead me, O God, whither thou wilt, 1 am ready to follow; command, I will obey. I do not envy at their wealth, titles, offices; '<" Stet quiciirique volet poten? Aiilae culmiiie lubriro, Me dulcis suturet quies." let me live quiet and at ease. "'" Erimus fortasse (as he comforted himself) quando illi non erunt, when they are dead and gone, and all their pomp vanished, our memory may flourish : "»" (laiit perpiines Steminata non peritiira Musse." Let him be my lord, patron, baron, earl, and possess so many goodly castles, 'lis well for me" that I liave a poor house, and a little wood, and a well by it, &c. " His rnt! coiiPolDr victuruiii siiaviiis, nc si I " Willi which 1 fi't-l myself iiiorf! truly lilost Clua?stor aviis pater atque mens, patruusquefuissent." | 'I'haii if riiy sires the qua^slor's power possess'J." I live, I thank God, as merrily as he, and triumph as much in this my mean estate, as if my father atul uncle had been lord treasurer, or my lord mayor, lie feeds of many dishe.s, I of one: ''"qui Christum curat., non multum curat qwim de preciosis cibis stercus conjiciat, wliat care I of what slutl'my excrements be math' .' "'" He that lives according to nature cannot be poor, and he that exceeds can never liave enough," totus non sujicit orbis., the wliole work! cannot give him content. "• A small thing that the righteous hath, is belter than the riches of the ungotlly," P.s;il. xxxvii. 19; ''and better is a poor morsel with quietness, than abundance wilh strife," Frov. xvii. 7 Be content then, enjoy thyself, and as ''"Chry.-Dstom adviseth, '' be not angry foi what thou hast not, but give God hearty thanks for wliat thou hast received." ""Si dal olusicula I Ne pete graiidia, Meiisa iiiiriusrula I Lau(a(|ue praiiilia pace referlii, | lile repleta." But what wantest thou, to expostulate the matter.' or what hast thou not better than a rich man.' "'' health, competent wealth, children, security, sleep, friends, liberty, diet, apparel, and wliat not," or at least mayest have (the means being so obvious, easy, and well known) for as he inculcated to himself, ■A" Vitain qiix faciuiit t>ealinrein, Jiicuiidinaiiiie Murtialii>, ho-c lunt; Hm iioii parla lalMire, iK-tJ relicia, Lu iiunquaiii, k.c." say again thou hast, or at least mayest have it, if thou wilt thyself, and that wliich am sure he wants, a merry heart. " Passing by a village in the territory of Milan," saith *^St. Austin, »* I saw a poor beggar that had got belike his bellyful of meat, jesting and merry ; I sighed, and said to some of my friends that were then with me, what a deal of trouble, madness, pain and grief do we sustain and exaggerate unto ourselves, to get that secure happiness which this poor beggar hath prevented us of, and which we peradventure shall never have ? For that which he hatli now attained with the begging of some small pieces of silver, a temporal happiness, and present heart's ease, 1 cannot compass wilh all my careful windings, and running in and out, ^"And surely tlie beggar was very merry, but 1 was heavy; he was secure, but I timorous. And if any man should ask me now, whether I hafl rather be merry, or still so solicitous and sad, I should say, merry. If he should ask me again, whether I had rather be as I am, or as this beggar was, I should sure choose to be as I arm, tortured still with cares and fears ; but out of peevishness, and not out of truth." That which St. Austin said of himself here in this place, J may truly sa^ ''* EpictetUB 77. cap. quo sum riestinatu;, et fequar alacriter. "<"'Let whosoever r.ovetd it, occupy the lushest pinnacle of fame, sweet traiii|uillity fhall satisfy me." '* pmtjanus ep. (ii '"^Marullus. " 'I'he immortal Muses confer imperishable pride of ori;;in." " Hue erit in votis, modus ai;ri non ita parvus, Hortus uhi et tecto viciiius jiisis aqure fon-h? vilani, valeludineni, cihum, fomnuiii. li)M;r(.-iieni, &c. Canl. ■^.Martial I 10. epiL'. 47. read it out lliyseif in the aulh'ir. Mfon- fesii. lib.*). Tr:ineien« per lirurii qui iid.'nn Medjolanen- Hem, animailverti pau|M.-rein queiidain niendirum, jam rri'doKalurum, jocaiitem alque ridenlem. el iiigeinui e-t uaulum sylv;e,&.c. (lor. Sat. 6. lib. i. Ser. '' Hieronym. | liKutuf num cum amicis qui mecuni eraiil. &c. •» Et 'J Seneca consil ad Albirium c. Jl. ipii contiiiel se intra i certe ille lu.-labatur. eco aiilius; seriirun die, ego Irepi- liaturo: Inniles, paupertateni non senlit ; qui excedit, dus. Et m |».-rronturi-tur inc qui'piiim iin rxullarn euiii in opibus paupt-rtas se(|uilur. <^ Mom. IJ. pro mallein, an inetuere, reg|MiMd<-ri-ni. exullar>- : el »i rursiia Ins qua; accepisli gralias a!;e, nidi indi^'iiare pro his I inlerro^iaret an e^o talis esuem. an 1111:1114 ounc sum. qua; non accepisti. " Nat. Chyireus deliciis Eump. j me ipsm curis coufecluai eligercm ; »ed perven-itatr, Giistoiiii in it-dibus Hubiinis in cceiiaculo i reKione 1 uun rerilate. oieuaa:. "If your table aOurd frugal fare with peace, | Mem. -3.] Remedies against Discontents. 361 to thee, thou discontented wretch, thou covetous niggard, thou churl, tl.ou ambitious and swelUng toad, 'tis not want but peevishness which is the cause of thy woes ; settle thine affection, thou hast enough. *" " Deniqiie sit finis quaerendi, qiioque habeas plus, Pauperii'in iiiuliias iiiiniis, et fiiiire laboreiu Incipias; parto, quod avebas, ulere." Make an end of scraping, purchasing this manor, this field, that house, for this and that child ; thou hast enough for thyself and them : ■ " Quod petis hie est. Est Ulubris, animus si It nou deficit aequus," 'Tis at hand, at home already, which thou so earnestly seekest. But ' O si an^ulus ille Proxiraus accedat, qui nunc denormat agellum," O that I had but that one nook of ground, that field there, that pasture, si veniwi argenti fors quis mihi monslret . O that I could but find a pot of money now, to purcliase, &c., to build me a new house, to marry my daughter, place my son. Sec. ^'^ " O if I might but live a while longer to see all things settled, some two or three years, I would pay my debts," make all my reckonings even : but they are come and past, and thou hast more business than before. " O madness, to think to settle that in thine old age when thou hast more, which in thy youth thou canst not low compose having but a little." ^^ Pyrrhus would first conquer Africa, and then \sia, et turn suaviter agere, and then live merrily and take his ease : but when Cyneas rhe orator told him he might do that already, id jam posse Jieri, rested satisfied, con- ilemning his own folly. Si parva licet componere magnis^ thou mayest do the like, and therefore be composed in thy fortune. Thou hast enough : he that is wet m a batli, can be no more wet if he be flung into Tiber, or into the ocean itself : and if thou hadst all the world, or a solid mass of gold as big as the world, thou canst not have more than enough; enjoy thyself at length, and that which thou hast; the mind is all ; be content, thou art not poor, but rich, and so much the riclier as ^ Censorinus well writ to Cerelhus, quanta pauciora optas, non quo plura possides., in wishing less, not having more. J say tlien, JYon adjice opes, sed minue cupiditates ('tis ^'Epicurus' advice), add no more wealth, but diminish thy desires ; and as *^Chrysostom well seconds him. Si vis ditari.^ contemnc divinas; that's true plenty, not to have, but not to want riches, non habere, sed non indigere, vera ahundantia: 'tis more glory to contemn, tlian to possess ; et nihil agere, est deorum, '■' and to want nothing is divine." How many deaf, dumb, halt, lame, blind, miserable persons could i reckon up that are poor, and withal distressed, in imprisonment, banishment, galley slaves, condemned to the mines, quarries, to gyves, in dungeons, perpetual ihraldom, than all which tiiou art richer, thou art more happy, to whom thou ait able to give an alms, a lord, in respect, a petty prince : ^*be contented then 1 say, lepine and mutter no more, "for thou art not poor indeed but in opinion." Yea, but this is very good counsel, and rightly applied to such as have it, and will not use it, that have a competency, that are able to work and get their living by the sweat of their brows, by their trade, tliat have something yet; he that hath birds, may catch birds; but what shall we do that are slaves by nature, impotent, and unable to help ourselves, mere beggars, lliat languish and pine away, that have no means at all, no hope of means, no trust of delivery, or of better success ? as those old Britons complained to their lords and masters the Romans oppressed by tlie Picts, maj-e ad barbaros, barbari ad mare, the barbarians drove them to the sea, the sea drove them back to the barbarians : our present misen,^ compels us to cry out and howl, to make our moan to riclr men : they turn us back with a scornful answer to oui misfortune again, and will take no pity of us ; they commonly overlook their poor friends in adversity ; if they chance to meet tliem, they voluntarily forget and will take no notice of them ; they will not, they cannot help us. Instead of coni- **Hor. " Hnr. ep. lib. 1. mq si nunc niorerer, inquit, quanta et qualia mihi imperfucta inHiierpnt: sed si niensihus decern vel octo super vixero, oniiiia re- diffaiM ad Iibelliun, al) onini dohito creditoque nie expli- cabo ; pra;tereunt interim menses decern, el octo. et cum illisanni, et adhuc restani plura quam prius ; quid igitur Bperas. O insane, fineiii quern rebus tuis non inveneras ' opinione labores. 46 2F in juventa, in senecla impositurum? O demenliam, qiium oh curas et negotia tuo jiiri-cio sis infelix, quid piitas futurum quuni plura supererint ? Prindan Iib.8. cap. -lO. de rer. var. "piutarih. « I,ib. dp nalali. cap. 1. 31 Apud Stobfum ser. 17. *2 Hoin. Yi. in 2. \nn in paupertate, sed in paupere (Senec.) noil re, sed 302 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. fort they threaten us, miscal, scoff at us, to aggravate our misery, give us bad lan- guage, or if they do give good words, what''s that to relieve us ? According to that of Thales, Facile est alios monere; who cannot give good counsel ? 'tis cheap, it costs them nothing. It is an easy matter when one's belly is full to declaim against fisting, Qui salur est plcno laudat jcjunia ventre; '^ Doth the wild ass bray when he hath grass, or loweth the ox when he hath fodder .'" Job vi. 5. "^JS'eque enim populo Rnmano quidquam potest esse Icetius, no man living so jocund, so merry as the people of Rome when they had plenty ; but when they came to want, to be hunger-starved, '' neither shame, nor laws, nor arms, nor magistrates could keep them in obedience." Seneca pleadeth hard for poverty, and so did those lazy phi- losophers : but in the meantime ^ he was rich, they had wherewithal to maintain themselves; but doth any poor man extol it? There '' are those (sailh '■'* Bernard) that approve of a mean estate, but on that condition they never want themselves : and some again are meek so long as they may say or do what they list ; but if oc- casion be offered, how far are they from all patience r" I would to God (as he said) ^ "• No man should commend poverty, but he that is poor," or he that so much admires it, would relieve, help, or ease others. *>" Nunc si iins auilis, alque es divinus Apollo, I " Now if thou bcar'iit us, and art a good man. Die inihi, qui nummus non liatnit, uiiile pi-tat :" | Tell liini tliut wants, tu get means, il'you can." Rut no man hears us, we are most miserably dejected, the scum of the world. ^Vix hahrt in nobis jam nova plaga locum. We can get no relief, no comfort, no succour, "*£/ 7iihil invcni quod mihi ferret opem. We have tried all means, yet lind no re- medy : no man living can express the anguish and bitterness of our soul*>, but we lliat end^ue it; we are distressed, fmsaken, in torture of body and mind, in anotiier hell : and what shall we do ? When 'Crassus the Roman consul warred against the Rarthians, after an uiducky battle fought, he fled away in the night, and left four thousand men, sore, sick, and wounded in his tents, to the fury of the enemy, which, w hen the poor men perceived, clumoribus et uhilutihus omnia comphrunt., they made lamentable moan, and roared downright, as loud as Homer's .Mars when he was hurt, which the noise of 10,000 men coulil not drown, and all for fear of present death. Rut our estate is far more tragical and miserable, much more to be deplored, and far greater cause have we to lament ; the devil and the world persecute us, all gt)od for- tune hath forsaken us, we are left to the rage of beggary, cold, hunger, thirst, nasti- ne.ss, sickness, irksomeness, to continue all torment, labour and pain, to derision and contempt, bitter enemies all, and far worse than any death ; death alone we desire, death we seek, yet cannot have it, and what shall we do ? Quod male fers, assuesce; feres lene accustom thyself to it, and it will be tolerable at last. Yea, but I may not, 1 cannot, In me consumpsit vires fortuna nocndo, I am in the extremity of liuman adversity ; and as a shadow leaves the body when the sun is gone, I am now leh and lost, and quite forsaken of the world. Qui jacet in terra, non habet unde cadat; comfort thyself with this yet, thou art at the worst, and before it be long it will either overcome thee or tiiou it. If it be violent, it cannot endure, aut solvelur, aid ioh-et: let the devil himself and all the plagues of Egypt come upon thee at once, .^V tu cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, be of good courage ; misery is virtue's 'vhetstone. ' »*rpen», silis, ardor, arene. Dulcia virluli, as Cato told his soldiers marching in the deserts of Lybia, "Thirst, heat, sand*, ser- pents, were pleasant to a valiant man ;" honourable enterprises are accompanied with laiigers and damages, as experience evinceth : they will make the rest of thy life relish the belter. But put case they continue ; thou art not so poor as thou wast born, and as some hold, much better to be pitied than envied. But be it so thou hast lost all, poor thou art, dejected, in pain of body, grief of mind, thine enemies insult over thee, thou art as bad as Job; yet tell me (saith Chrysostom) " was Job ]\Ieiii. 3.] Remedies against Discontents. 363 or file devil the greater conqueror ? surely Job ; the 'devil had his gaods, he sat on the muck-lull and kept his good name; he lost his children, health, friends, but he kept his mnocency; he lost his money, but he kept his confidence in God, which was better than any treasure." Do thou then as Job did, triumph as Job did, ' and he not molested as every fool is. Sed qua ratione potcro? How shall this be done? Chrysostom answers, faciVe si cesium cogitaveris, with great facility, if thou shalt but medilate on heaven. ^Hannah wept sore, and troubled in mind, could not eat • '^ but why weepest thou," said Elkanah her husband, '^ and why eatest thou not? why IS thine heart troubled.? am not I better to thee than ten sons?" and she was quiet. Thou art here « vexed in this world; but sav to thyself, " Why art thou troubled, O my soul .?" Is not God better to thee than all temporalities, and mo- mentary pleasures of the world .? be then pacified. And though thou beest now peradventure in extreme want, ' it may be 'tis for thy further good, to try thy patience as it did Job's, and exercise thee in this life : trust in God, and rely upon liim, and thou shalt be ** crowned in the end. What's this life to eternity .? The world hath forsaken thee, thy friends and fortunes all are gone : yet know this, that the very hairs ot thine head are numbered, that God is a spectator of all thy miseries, he sees thy wrongs, woes, and wants, ^c; ^Tis his good- will and pleasure it should be so, and he knows better what is for thy good than thou thyself His providence is over all, at all times ; he hath set a guard of angels over us, and keeps us as the apple of his eye," Ps. xvii. 8. Some he doth exalt, prefer, bless with worldly riches, honours, offices, and preferments, as so many glistering stars he makes to shine above the.rest: some he doth miraculously protect from thieves, incursions, sword, fire, and all violent mischances, and as the '" poet feigns of that Lycian Pandarus, Lycaon's son, when he shot at Menelaus the Grecian with a strong arm, and deadly arrow, Pallas, as a good mother keeps flies from her child's face\sleep, turned by the shaft, and made it hit on the buckle of his girdle ; so some he solicitously de- fends, others he exposeth to danger, poverty, sickness, want, misery, he chastiseth and corrects, as to hnn seems best, in his deep, unsearchable and secret judo-ment, and all for our good. " The tyrant took the city (saith " Chrysostom), God d'ld not hmder it ; led them away captives, so God would have it ; he bound them, God yielded to it : flung them into the furnace, God permitted it : heat the oven hotter. It was granted : and when the tyrant had done his worst, God showed his power, and the children's patience; he freed them :" so can he thee, and can '^help in an instant, when it seems to him good. "^"Rejoice not against me, O my enemy; for though I fall, I shall rise : when I sit in darkness, the Lord shall lighten me." Re- member all those martyrs what they have endured, the utmost that\uman rage and kiry could invent, with what "patience they have borne, with what willino-ness em- biaced it. ''Though he kill me," saith Job, "I will trust in him." Justus ''inex- pug/mbais, as Chrysostom holds, a just man is impregnable, and not to be overcome. The gout may hurt his hands, lameness his feet, convulsions may torture his joints, but not rectum mentem^ his soul is free. " nempe pecus, rem, I ,. " Pf^rhaps, you mean, Lcclos, argentum lollas licet; in manicis, et ^?.-^ cattle, money, moveables or land, t'ompeUibus ssvo teneas custode" ^"^" ^^^'' ''"'"' 'il'— ""l. slave, if [ command, I A cruel jailor shall thy freedom seize." ''Take away his money, his treasure is in heaven : banish him his country, he is an inhabitant of that heavenly Jerusalem : cast him into, bands, his conscience is » An quum super fimo scilit Job, an eum omnia ab- i concessit, &c. i^Psgl. cxiii. Do terra iriopHm de stuht diaboliis, &c. pecuniis privatus tiduciam deo ha- I steicore erigit pauperem. "Micah. viii. 7. " Pn.'i'ne, buit, omni thesauro preciosiorem. « Ha;c videnles sponte philosophemini, ncc insipientum alt'ectihus agi- temur. 4 I Sam. i. 8. « James i. '2. '■ My brethren, count it an exceeding joy, when you fall into divers temptations." i Alfliclio dat intellectnm ; (|uus Deus diligit caiitigat. Deus optimum quemque aut mala vale- tudine aut luctn alJicit. Seneca. »auani sordet mihi terra quum cmlum intueor. «Senec de providentia cap. -2. Diis itu visum, dii melius norunt quid sit in commodum menm. '"Hom. Iliad 4. "Hom 9 o ■ •• voluiturbemtvrannuseverierre, et Deusnon probibu'it f^'"""^'" ^ ^"/P"^ internciet, at iterum resurget; cum voluU capl.vos ducere, non impedivit; volu^Crl; I""'''" P"'"^' "l"' '"'" ^"'^^ preme, ego cum Pindaro, aSd-itTiOTo; hfii. ojj ^tAAoj ut' aXfia immersibilis sum sicut suber super maris sep- tum. Liipsius. '= Hie ure, hie seca, ut in a;ternum parcas, Austin. Diis fruitur iratis, supcral et crescit nialis. Mutium ignis, Fabricium paupertas, Kegulum tormenta, Socratem venenum superare nou potuit. "6Hor. epist. lb. lib. 1. i" Honi. 5. Auferr-t ptcunias^ at habet in coelis : patria dejiciet ? at in coilestem civi- tatem mittet: viiicula injiciet? at habet solutam con- 364 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 3 free; kill his body, it shall rise again; he fights with a shadow that contends with an upriglit man :" lie will not be moved. ' si fracttis illabatur orbis, Iiiipaviduin ferient ruinse." Though heaven itself should fall on his head, he will not be offended. He is im- penetrable, as an anvil hard, as constant as Job. '8" Ipse diMis siinul atque volet me solvet opinor." 1 " A God .shall set nie free whene'er I pleaso." Be thou such a one ; let thy misery be what it will, what it can, with patience en- dure it ; thou mayest be restored as he was. Terris proscriptus, ad curiam propcra; ah hominihus deserlus^ ad deumfugc'. " The poor shall not always be forgotten, the patient abiding of the meek shall not perish for ever," Psal. x. xviii. ver. 9. " The Lord will be a refuge of the oppressed, and a defence in the time of trouble." " Serviis Epictetus, inultilati corporis, Iriis I'auper: at hxc inier charus ltui superis.' " Lame was Epiilrtus, and pour Irus, Vet to them both God was propitious." Lodovicus Vertomaimus, that famous traveller, endured much misery, yet surely, saith Scaliger, he was vir deo charus, in that lie did escape so many dangers, '• God especially protected him, he was dear unto him :" Modo in egestale, irtbulalion'^^ convalle diplorationis, Sfc. " Thou art now in the vale of misery, in poverty, in agony, '^ in temptation; rest, eternity, happiness, immortality, shall be thy reward," as Chrysostom pleads, '* if thou trust in God, and keep thine innocency." A'o/i si mule nunc, el oliin sic crit semper; a good hour may come upon a sudden; ^expect a little. Yea, but this expectation is it which tortures me in the mean time ; ^^fulura expectans prcvsentilus angor, whilst the grass grows the horse starves : '^ despair not, but hope well, »" Spera Batte, tibi ineliiis lux Crastiiia ducet ; Duiii gpiras sfiera" Cheer up, I say, be not dismayed ; Spes alii agricolas: " he that sows in tears, shall reap in joy," Psal. cxxvi. 7. *' Si fortune me tormenle, I:l>peraiice Die coiitente." Hope refresheth, as much as misery depresseth ; hard beginnings have many times prosperous events, and that may happen at last which never was yet. '' A desire accomplished delights the soul," Prov. xiii. 19. M., /-. . • . t- w .• I '• Which iiiakea m" enjoy my joyit lone wish'd al la^l, «" Grata superveniet qu* non Bp«rabilur hora :" | vVdcome that hour thall co.no when hope ,h past :" a lowering morning may turn to a fair afternoon, ^'jYube solct pulsd candidus ire dies. " The hope that is deferred, is the fainting of the heart, but when the desire Cometh, it is a tree of life," Prov. xiii. 12, ^ suavissimum est voli compos fieri. Many men aie both wretched and miserable at first, but afterwards most huppv : and oftentimes it so falls out, as *^Machiavel relates of Cosmo de Medici, that fortunate and renowned citizen of Europe, *•' that all his youth was full of per- plexity, danger, and miser\', till forty years were past, and then upon a sudden the sun of his honour broke out as through a cloud." Hunniades was fetched out of prison, and Henry the Third of Portugal out of a poor monastery, to be crowned kings. " Multa cuduiit inter caliceni supremaque labra," | " .Many things happen b<;tween the cup and the lip,' beyond all hope and expectation many things fall out, and who knows what may happen ? JS'ondum omnium dierum Soles occiderunt, as Philippus said, all the suns are not yet set, a day may come to make amends for all. " Though my father and mother forsake me, yet the Lord will gather me up," Psal. xxvii. 10. " Wait patiently on the Lord, and hope in him," Psal. xxxvii. 7. " Be strong, hope and trust in the Lord, and he will comfort thee, and give thee thine heart's desire," Psal xxvii. 14. " Sperate et vosmet rebus Ecrvate secundig." | " Hope, and reserve your»elf for proiiperiiy." ••Leonides. "Modo in pressure, in tentatinni bus, erit pustea honum luum requies, iPterniias, iinrnor- talitaa. ^^Dabil Deus his quoquc tiiiern. '' Se- neca. 'S Nemo desperet nieliora lapsus. * Thco cxilua. " Hope on, Battus, tomorrow may bring b<-tter luck; while there's life there'* hnpo." »«Ovi(l »Ovid. MThales. a^ Lib. 7. Flor. hirl (im- niuiu fxlicissiniild, et lociipletis«iiiiii•' Ita vita est hominum quasi cum ludas tesseris, Si illud quod est maxinie opus jactu non cadit, Illud quod cecidit forte, id arte ut cornsas;" If thou canst not fling what thou wouldst, play thy cast as well as thou canst Everything, saith ■*' Epictetus, hath two handles, the one to be held by, the other not: 'tis in our choice to take and leave whether we will (all which Simplicius's Com- mentator hath illustrated by many examples), and 'tis in our power, as they say, to make or mar ourselves. Conform thyself then to thy present fortune, and cut' thy coat according to thy cloth,*^ Ut quimus (quod aiunt) quando quod volumus non licet, ssLiEtior successit securitas que simul cum divitiis • tute mea; nuiiquarn animus negotio defuit, nee decretij cohahitare ni-scit. Camden. 29 Pecuniaui perdiclisti, labor; nulla res nee prospers nee ailversa; in^eniuni fortassis ilia te perderet nianens. Seneca. soExpe- mutabant. 35 Quaijs mundi statis supra luiiani ilitior es oh pecuniarum jacturam. Fortuna opes au- : semper serenus. ^6 Bona mens nullum irislioria ferre, non animum potest. Seneca. =' Hnr. " Let \ fortunae recipit incursum, Val. lib. 4. c. 1. Qui nil po- us cast our jewels and gems, and useless sold, the cause test sperare, desperet nihil. i' flor. »■ .Equ.-im. of all vice, into the sea, since ne truly repent of our I m.'m.-nto rebus in aniuis servare mentem. lib. -J. Od. i Bins." ^■■' Jubet me posthac fortuna expeditius Phi- I -aEpict. c. 18. «> Ter. Adel. act. 4. So. 7. «' Una- losopbari. 33" I do not desire riches, nor that a quajque res duas habet ansas, alteram quse teneri, alle- price should he set upon me." 3< In frag. Quiriies, rain quiE non potest; in manu nostra quaai volumua EiUlta mihi pericula domi, militice multa adversa fuere, ' accipere. «Ter. And. Act. 4. sc. ti •juorum alia toleravi, aiia deorum auiilio repuli et vir- ] 2r3 366 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 « Be contented v;ith thy loss, state, and calling, whatsoever it is, and rest as well satisfied\\\ ith thy present condition in this life:" " Esto quod es; quod sunt alii, sine quernlihet esse; I " Be as tliou art ; and as they are, so let Quod lion es, riolis ; quod pol«s esse, velis." | Others be still; what is and may he covot." And as he that is •'^invited to a feast eats what is set before him, and looks for no other, enjoy that thou hast, and ask no more of God than what he tliinks fit to bestow upon thee. Aon cuivis coulingit adire Corinthum, we may not be all gen- tlemen, all Catop, or Lxlii, as Tully telleth us, all honourable, illustrious, and serene, all rich ; but because mortal men want many things, *•*" therefore," saith Theodoret, " hath God diversely distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another, that rich men might encourage and set poor men at work, poor men might learn several trades to the common good." As a piece of arras is composed of several parcels, some wrought of silk, some of gold, silver, crewel of diverse colours, all to serve for the exornation of the whole : music is made of diverse discords and keys, a total sum of many small numbers, so is a commonwealth of several unequal trades and call- ings. *^ If all should be Crresi and Darii, all idle, all in fortunes equal, who should till the land? As ^^Menenius Agrippa well satisfu'd the luinulluoiis rout of Koine, in his elegant apologue of tlie belly and the rest of the members. Who should build houses, make our several stuffs for raiments } We should all be starved for com- pany, as Poverty declared at large in Aristophanes' Plutus, and sue at last to be as we were at first. And therefore God hath appointed this inetjuality of stales, orders, and degrees, a subordination, as in all other things. The earth yields nuurishinent to vegetables, sensible creatures feed on vegetables, botli are substitutes to reasonable souls, and men are subject amongst themselves, and all to higher powers, so God would have it. All things then being rightly examined and duly considered as they ought, there is no such cause of so general discontent, 'lis not in the matter itself, but in our mind, as we moderate our passions and esteem of things. J\'ihil aliud necessariuin ut sis miser fsaith ^'Cardan) quani ut te miserum credus^ let thy fortune be what it \vill, 'tis thy mind alone that makes thee poor or rich, miserable or happy. Vidi ego (saith divine .Seneca) in rUla hilari et amtenii ma-slos, et tnvdiu soliliidiiie occupalos; mm locus sed animus facit ad tranquilUlatem. I have seen jiien misera- bly dejected in a pleasant village, and some again well occupied and at good ease in a solitary desert. 'Tis tlie mind not the place causeih tranquillity, and that gives true content. I will yet add a word or two for a corollary. Many rich men, I dare boldly say it, that lie on down beds, with delicacies pampered every da\ , in their well-iiirnished houses, live at less heart's eaise, with more anguish, more bodily pain, and throus^h their intemperance, more bitter hours, than many a prisoner or galley- slave; ^ Mcpcenas in pluma ague vigilat ac Rcgulus in dolio: those poor starved Hollanders, whom ■'^Barlison their captain left in Nova Zembla, anno 1590, or those "eight miserable Englishmen that were lately left behind, to winter in a stove in Greenland, in 77 deg. of lat., 1()30, so pitifully forsaken, and forced to shift for themselves in a vast, dark, and desert place, to strive and struggle with hunger, cold, desperation, and death itself'. 'Tis a patient and quiet mind (1 say it again and again) gives true peace and content. So for all other things, they are, as old ^' Chremes told us, as we use them. " Parenle», patriam, anilff«, gf nu», roenato«, divitias, llnfC pvTiHiU; flint ac illiiis aniiiiUiiqiii ea p<>.<8idel; Uui uli ;cit. ei (xina ; qui ulilur nun recti-, mala." " Parents, friends, fortunes, country, birth, alliance, Slc, ebb and flow with our con- ceil; please or displease, as we accept and construe them, or apply 'them to our- selves." Fahcr quisque fortunat sua, and in some sort I may truly say, prosperity and adversity are in our own hands. .Yamc laditurnisi a scipso,iini\ which Seneca confirms out of his judgment and experience. "•• Every man's mind is stronger than fortune, and leads him to what side he will ; a cause to himself each one \» of his ♦^Epictetas. Invitatus ad convivium, quiP apponun- t quit aratro terrain ^ulrarct, quii iwinentein farcrel, tur coiiiedis. non quteris ultra ; in niiindo niiilla meiia* ' qui;* planlas s-reret, qui* vinuin eipriinert'l 7 « lj». quie dii neeaiit. «*Cap. 6. de providentia. Mor- I lih. I. « Lib. 3. de con*. ♦"S.-nrca. •Vi«l« t.Tjes cMiii fiiit rerum oinniiini indigi, iclco deus .-tlii« ' inaarum Ponlaiiuin deKnpt. Am^tirdaui. lib. 9. e. ii. diviii.iH, aliis pauiM-rtafni dislribiiit, ut qui opibis w Vide tjl. Pelhanii book edit. |ti30. (> liiauloa- pollciit, oiaicrinni siibniini:nm capit, vos avaros cehenna susciplet. ^''" It matters little vvhctlier we are enslaved by men or Ihines." ^'Satur. 1. 11. Alius lihidini scrvit. alius ambitioni, omne* spei, omues timori. w Nat. lib. 3. 368 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. hdst. Thou art not sick, and what wouklst thou liave ? But nitimur in vetitum, we niBst all eat of the forbidden fruit. Were we enjoined to go to such and such places, we would not willingly go : but being barred of our liberty, this alone torments our wandering soul that we may not go. A citizen of ours, sailh ^* Cardan, was sixty years of age, and had never been forth of the walls of the city of Milan; the prince hearing of it, commanded him not to stir out : being now forbidden that which all his life he had neglected, he earnestly desired, and being denied, dolore confeclus mortem obid, he died for grief. What I have said of servitude, I again say of imprisonment, we are all prisoners. ^ What is our life but a prison .'' We are all imprisoned in an island. The world itself to some men is a prison, our narrow seas as so many ditches, and when they have compassed the globe of the earth, they would lain go see what is done in the moon. In *' Muscovy and many other northern parts, all over Scandia, lliey are imprisoned half the year in stoves, they dare not peep out for cold. At ^''Aden in Arabia they are penned in all day long with that other extreme of heat, and keep their markets in the night. What is a ship but a prison ? And so many cities are but as so many hives of bees, ant-hills ; but that which thou abhorrest, many seek : women keep in all winter, and most part of summer, to preserve their beauties ; some lor love of study: Demosthenes shaved his beard because he would cut olf all t)ccasions from going abroad : how many monks and friars, anchorites, abandon the world. Monachus in urbe, jjiscis in arido. Art in prison } Make right use of it, and mortify thyself; ""-'Where may a man contemplate better than in solitariness," or study more than in quietness ? Many worthy men have been imprisoned all their lives, and it hath been occasion of great honour and glory to them, much public good by their excellent meditation. ®* Hiolemus king of Egypt, cum viribus atltnuatis injirina valcludinc labordret, miro descendi studio ajleclus, tVc. now being taken with u irrievous intirmity of body that he could not stir abruad, became Strato's scholar, Kll hard to his bouk,and gave himself wholly to contemplation, and upon that occa- sion (^as mine author adds), pulc/urrimnm rft^iip opultnlicB mnnumentum, ^-c.y to his great honour buUt that renowned library at .Alexandria, wherein were 40,000 volumes, beverinus Boelhius never writ so elegantly as in prison, Paul so devoutly, for most of his epistles were dictated in his bands: "Joseph," saith ''* Austin, "got more credit in prison, than when he distributed corn, and was lord of Pharaoh's house." It brings many a lewd, riotous fellow home, many wandering rogues it settles, that would otherwise have been like raving tigers, ruined themselves and others. Banishment is no grievance at all, Omne solum fort i jmlria, d^-c. et patria est ubi- cunc/ue bene est, that's a man's country where he is well at ease. Many travel for pleasure to that city, saith Seneca, to which thou art banished, and what a part of the citizens are strangers born in other places ? '"Incoltntibus patria, 'tis their coun- try that are born in it, and they would think themselves banished to go to the place which thou leavesl, and from which thou art so loath to depart. 'Tis no disparage- ment to be a stranger, or so irksome to be an exile. "'" The rain is a stranger to the earth, rivers to the sea, Jupiter in Eg)'pt, the sun to us all. The soul is an alien to the body, a nigiitingale to the air, a swallow in a house, and Ganymede in heaven, an elephant at Rome, a Ph(£nix in India; and such things commonly please us best, which are most strange and come the farthest off. Those old Hebrews esteemed the whole world Gentiles ; the Greeks held all barbarians but themselves ; our modern Italians account of us as dull Transalpines by way of reproach, they scorn thee and thy country which thou so much admirest. 'Tis a childish humour to hone after home, to be discontent at that which others seek ; to prefer, as base islanders and Norwegians do, their own ragged island before Italy or Greece, the gardens of ihe world. There is a base nation in the north, saith''' Pliny, called Chauci, that live amongst rocks and sands by the seaside, feed on fish, drink water : and yet these base people account themselves slaves in respect, when they come to Home. Jla est •J<;o!i?ol. I. 5. "<» aerierose, quid est viia nisi I datur J(>8«ph cum rrumeiita di»tribueret,iic i|iium rarer- • arc'T aniiiii! « Htrbasttiii. ^ Vertoinannui rem habitarel. '• Boethrun. i> Fhil<»traiiii in iiaviR. I. 2. c, 4. Comnnrcia in nundinis niKtu hora ! delinis. Pensrini «uiit imltre^ in terra it fluiii in iw'cunda oh niiiiins qui sff'viunl iiiteriliuiEstijspierctiil. I in.iri Juidltr np'id ^tgypto*. gnl apurl •tiiiiiei ; tufitea ■"fbi vorifpf contfmplHtio qiiaiii in sdlitudine ? ubi aiiiina in corp.re. lunrinia in arre. hirumlo in domo, studium gohdius quam in quiete ? « Alei. ab Alex. I Ganymedeii calo, See. " I.ib. 16. cap. I. N'ullani frurroi iitt. diet. lib. 1. cao. 2. ^ in Pi. Ixjvi. non ita lau- I tiab«at Mtus ex laibre : Kt be c«ntea m viacantur, tu Mem. 5.] Remedies against Discontenls. 369 profecto (as he concludes) multis fortuna parcit in pcenam, so it is, fortune favours some to live at home, to their further punishment: 'tis want of judgment. All places- are distant from heaven alike, the sun shines happily as warm in one city as in another, and to a wise man there is no difierence of climes ; friends are everywhere to him that behaves himself well, and a prophet is not esteemed in his own country. Alexander, Caesar, Trajan, Adrian, were as so many land-leapers, now in the east, n>w in:the west, little at home; and Polus Venetus, Lod. Vertomannus, Pinzonus, Cadamustus, Columbus, Americus Vespucius, Vascus Gama, Drake, Candish, Oliver Anort, Schoutien, got all their honour by voluntary expeditions. But you say such men's travel is voluntary; we are compelled, and as malefactors must depart; yet know this of " Plato to be true, ultori Deo summa cura peregrinus est^ God hath an especial care of strangers, " and when he wants friends and allies, he shall deserve better and find more favour with God and men." Besides the pleasure of peregri- uation, variety of objects will make amends; and so many nobles, TuUy, Aristides, Themistocles, Theseus, Codrus, Slc. as have been banished, will give sufficient credit unto it. Read Pet. Alcionius his two books of this subject. MEMB. V. Against Sorrow for Death of Friends or otherwise, vain Fear, S^c. Death and departure of friends are things generally grievous, ''* Omnium quce. in humana vita contingunt, Indus atque mors sunt acerbissima, the most austere and Ditter accidents that can happen to a man in this life, in cBternum imledicere, to part for ever, to forsake the world and all our friends, 'tis ullimum terribilium, the last and the greatest terror, most irksome and troublesome unto us, '^Homo tolies moritur, qv-oties amittit suos. And though we hope for a better life, eternal happiness, after these painful and miserable days, yet we cannot compose ourselves willingly to die; the remembrance of it is most grievous unto us, especially to such who are fortunate and rich : they start at the name of death, as a horse at a rotten post. Say v/hat you can of that other world, ™ Montezuma that Indian prince, Bonum est esse hie, they had rather be here. Nay many generous spirits, and grave staid men otherwise, are so tender in this, that at the loss of a dear friend they will cry out, roar, and tear their hair, lamenting some months after, howling " O Hone," as those Irish women and "Greeks at their graves, commit many indecent actions, and almost go beside themselves. My dear father, my sweet husband, mine only brother's dead, to whom shall I make my moan .' O me miserum ! Quis dabit in lachrymas fontem, i^c. What shall I do ? " 'Sed tolum hoc studiuni luctu fraterna mihi mora I "My brother's death my study hath undone, Abstiilit, hei misero frater adempte mihi ?" | Woe's me, alas my brother he is gone '." Mezentius would not live after his son : ""Nunc vivo, nee adhuc homines lucemque relinquo, Sed linquara" And Pompey's wife cried out at the news of her husband's death, W"Tur|)e mori post te solo non posse dolorc, Violentu luctu et nescia tolerandi," as '' Tacitus of Agrippina, not able lo moderate her passions. So when she heard her son was slain, she abruptly broke off her work, changed countenance and colour, tore her hair, and fell a roaring downriglit. **" subitus mi.-erze color ossa reliquit, Eicussi manibus radii, revolutaque pensa: Evolat infelix et foemineo ululatu Scissa comani" ■^ Lib. 5. de legibus. Cumque cognatis rareat el ami- aiB. majorem apud deos et apud homines misericordiam meretiir. '< Cardan, de consol. lib. 2. ''^Seneca. '6 Benzo. " Siinimo mane ululatum oriuntur, pectora shall resign them." «oLuean. " Overcome by grief, and unable to endure it, she exclaimed, ' Not to be able t« die through sorrow for thee were base.' " '"■ 3 Annal. "2 " The colour suddenly fled her cheek, the distaff for- percutientes, &.c. miserabile spectaculum exhibentes. [ sook her hand, the reel revolved, and wit* dishevelled Ortelius in Gra;cia. '»Catullus. "'Virgil. "I locks she broke away, wailing as a womaji live now, nor as yet relinquish society and life, but I ' 47 370 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. Another would needs run upon the sword's point after Euryalus' departure, S3" Figito me, si qua est pietas, in me omnia tela Coiijicite 6 Rulili ;" O let me die, some good man or other make an end of me. How did Achilles take on for Patroclus' departure ? A blacl* cloud of sorrows overshadowed him, sailh Homer. Jacob rent his clothes, put sackcloth about his loins, sorrowed for liis son a long season, and could not be comforted, but would needs go down into the grave unto his son. Gen. xxxvii. 37. Many years after, the remembrance of sncli friends, of such accidents, is most grievous unto us, to see or hear of it, though it concern not ourselves but others. Scaliger saith of himself, that he never read Socrates' death, in Plato's Pha>don, but he wept: ^'Austin shed tears when he read tlie de- struction of Trov. But howsoever this passion of sorrow be violent, hitter, and seizeth lamiliarly on wise, valiant, discreet men, yet it may surely be Mithslood, it may be diverted. For what is there in this life, that it sliould be so dear unto us } or that we should so much deplore the departure of a friend } The greatest plea- sures are common society, to enjoy one another's presence, feasting, hawking, liunt- ing, brooks, woods, hills, music, dancing, &.c. all this is but vanity and loss of time, as I have sulhciently declared. > "(lum bibimus, iluin serta, unguenta, liuellas rosciuius, olircpit non intellecta senectus." ' WliiUt we drink, prank ourselves, with weiirhea dally. Old age upon 'a at unawares duth ?ally." As alchymists spend that small modicum they have to get gold, and never find it, we lose and neglect eternity, for a little momentary pleasure which we cannot enjoy, nor shall ever attain to in this life. We abhor death, pain, and grief, all, yet we will do nothing of that which should vindicate us from, but rather voluntarily thrust our- selves upon it. ^^'The lascivious prefers his whore before his life, or good estate; an angry man his revenge : a parasite his gut ; ambitious, honours; covetous, wealth; a thief his booty ; a soldier his spoil ; we abhor diseases, and yet we pull them upon us." We are never better or freer from cares than when we sleep, and yet, which we so much avoid and lament, death is but a perpetual sleep ; and why should it, as " Epicurus argues, so much alTright us ? " When we are, death is not : but when death is, then we are not:" our life is tedious and troublesome unto him that lives oest; ^" 'tis a misery to be born, a pain to live, a trouble to die :" death makes an end of our miseries, and yet we cannot consider of it ; a little before ''''Socrates drank his portion of cicuta, he bid the citizens of Athens cheerfully farewell, and concluded his speech with this short sentence; "3Iy time is now come to be gone, I to my death, you to live on ; but which of these is best, God alone knows." For there is no pleasure here but sorrow is annexed to it, repentance follows it. ^•'•If I feed liberally, 1 am likely sick or surfeit : if I live sparingly my hunger and thirst is not allayed ; I am well neither full nor fasting ; if I live honest, I burn in lust ;" if 1 take my pleasure, I tire and starve myself, and do injury to my body and soul. *'"0f so small a quantity of mirth, how much sorrow ? after so little pleasure, how great misery .'" 'Tis both ways troublesome to me, to rise and go to bed, to eat and provide my meat ; cares and contentions attend me all day long, fears and suspicions all my lil'e. I am discontented, and why should I desire so much to live .' But a happy death will make an end of all our woes and miseries ; omnibus una mcis cerla medeJa mails ; why shouldst not thou then say with old Simeon since thou art so well afli^cted, '• Lord now let thy servant depart in peace :" or with Paul, '' I desire to be dissolved, and to be with Christ ?" Bcata mors qua ad bcatam vitam aditum aperit^ 'tis a blessed hour that leads us to a '^ blessed life, and blessed are they that die in the Lord. But life is sweet, and death is not so terrible in itself as the concomitants of it, a loathsome disease, pain, horror, ice. and many times the manner of it, to be » Virg. JEn. 10. "Transfix me, O Rtituli. if you have any piety: pierce me with your thousand arrows." ••Confess. I. I. " Juvenalis. (° Auiatur scMrtiim vitse prsrponit. iracumlus vindictain, parasitus gulain, anihitiosus hnnores, avarus opes, inile<> rapiiiuin, fur prsedaiu ; iiKirbos oflirnus et accersimiis. Card. "^S**. neca ; quum nu:^ siinius, mors nun adest ; cum vero nmrs adest, turn ni>s non tiuuius. ^ Bernard, c. 3. mi-d. sasci uitserum, viverc (xena, angustia mori. i" Plato Apol. Socratis. Bed jam hora est hinc abire. lu. *> C'omedi ad satietateni, pravilat nn: otfrndit; parciut edi, nun i-!itnitii.&r. » Hern. c. 3. uied. de lantill.t la-titia, quanta tristitia ; pl<^I laniam vot-jp. tatem qiiani uraviH niiiiftia ? *' K«l enini mora pioruni fill traniitusile laburc ad rcfriecriijm, de et |)ectatione ad prxmiuin, de agone a>J bravium. Mem. 5. Remedies eif^ainst Discontenls. 371 hanged, to be broken on the wheel, to be burned alive. '^Servetus the hereuc, that suffered in Geneva, wlien he was brought to the stake, and saw the executioner come with fire in his hand, homo viso igne tarn horrendum exclamavit, ut universum popu- lum perterrefecerU, roared so loud, that he terrified the people. An old stoic would have scorned this. It troubles some to be unburied, or so : " non te optima mater Conilet liNiiii, patriiive oneralut meJiibra sepulcliro ; Alitihiis lliiL'iiere feris, et j;iiri;ite iiiersiim I'rula Ceret, piscesque impasti viiliicra lambent." " Thy gentle parents shall not bury thee, Amongst thine ancestors enloiuhM to be. But feral fowl thy carcass shall devour. Or drowned corps hungry fish maws shall scour. As Socrates told Crito, it concerns me not what is done with me when I am dead ; Facilis jactura scpiilchri : J care not so long as I feel it not ; let tliem set mine head on the pike of Teneriffe, and my quarters in the four parts of the world, pnscam licet in cruce corves^ let wolves or bears devour me; ^Cmlo tegi.tur qui non hahet urnam^ the canopy of heaven covers him that hath no tomb. So "like- wise for our friends, why should their departure so much trouble us.? They are better as we hope, and for what then dost thou lament, as those do whom Paul taxed in his time, 1 Thes. iv. 13. "that have no hope.?" 'Tis fit there should be some solemnity. 95"?ed sepelire decet defunctum, pectore forti, » Constantes, uniimque diem fletui indulgentes." Job's friends said not a word to him the first seven days, but let sorrow and discon- tent take their course, themselves sitting sad and silent by him. When Jupiter him- self wept for Sarpedon, what else did the poet insinuate, but that some sorrow is good '^''Qiiis matrem nisi mentis inops in funere nati Flere vevat ?" who can blame a tender mother if she weep for her children ? Beside, as ^^ Plutarch holds, 'tis not in our power not to lament, Indolentia non cuivis contingif, it takes away mercy and pity, not to be sad ; 'tis a natural passion to weep for our friends, an irresistible passion to lament and grieve. "I know not how (saith Seneca) but sometimes 'tis good to be miserable in misery : and for the most part all grief evacu- ates itself by tears," ^ " est qua;dam flero voluptas, E.^pletur laclirymis egeriturque dolor :" "yet after a day's mourning or two, comfort thyself for thy heaviness," Eccles. xxxviii. 17. ^^JYon deed defunctum ignavo qucestu prosequi; 'twas Germanicus' advice of old, that we should not dwell too long upon our passions, to be desperately sad, immoderate grievers, to let them tyrannise, there's indolcnticB ars, a medium to be kept: we do not (saith ""^Austin) forbid men to grieve, but to grieve overmuch. " I forbid not a man to be angry, but 1 ask for what cause he is so .' Not to be sad, but why is he sad .' Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid ?" I require a moderation as well as a just reason. ' The Romans and most civil commonwealths have set a time to such solenmities, they must not mourn after a set day, " or if in a family a child be born, a daugliler or son married, some state or honour be conferred, a brother be redeemed from his bands, a friend from his enemies," or tlie like, they must lament no more. And 'lis fit it should be so ; to what end is all their funeral pomp, complaints, and tears f When Socrates was dying, his friends Apollodorus and Crito, with some others, were weeping by him, which he perceiving, asked them what tliey meant : ^''for that very cause he put all the women out of the room, upon which words of his they were abashed, and ceased from their tears." Lodovicus Cortesius, a rich lawyer of Padua (as ^Bernardiiuis Scardeonius relates) commanded by his last will, and a great mulct if otherwise to his heir, that no funeral should be kept for him, no man should lament : but as at a wedding, music and minstrels to be provided ; and instead of black mourners, he took order, ^ " that twelve virgins clad in green should '^Vaticanus vita ejus. siLnc. ss n. y. Homer. " It is proper that, having indulged in becoming grief ior one whole day, you should commit the dead to the sepulchre." WQvid. »"Consol. ad Apolon. non est libertate nostra posilum non dolere. misericordiani abo- M, &.C »5 0vld, 4Trist. s-s Tacitus lib. 4. '°«Lib. 9. cap. 9 de civitate Dei. Non qnsero cum irascatursed cur, nur utrtm sit tristis sed unde, non utruni timeat sed quid timeat. « Festus verbo minuitur. Liictui dies indicebatur cum liheri nascantur, cum frater abit, amicus ab hospite captivus domum redeat, puella de- sponsetur. a Ob banc causam mulieres ablegarara n« talia facerent; nos hfec audientes erubuimus et desti- timus a larhrymi.si. 'Lib. 1. class. 8. dc Claris. Juris- consultis Patavinis. < 12. Innuptx puellie amicts viridibus pannis, Sec. 372 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. carry Iiiin to the church." His will and testament was accordingly performed, and 'le buried in St. Sophia's cliurch. ^Tully M'as much grieved for his daughter Tul- liola's death at first, untU such time that he had confirmed his mind with some phi^ Visophical precepts, ^'••then he began to triumph over fortune and grief, and for her reception into lieaven to be much more joyed than before he was troubled for her loss." If a heathen man could so fortify himself from philosophy, what sliall a Christian from divinity.^ Why dost thou so macerate thyself? 'Tis an inevitable chance, tlie first statute in Magna Chartu, an everlasting Act of Parliament, all must ^die. 8 "Constat a-'teriia posiliimfjue lege est, Vt constet ^eiiituMi nihil." It cannot be revoked, we are all mortal, and these all commanding gods and princes *•• die like men:" ' involvit humih; parilir et celsttm caput., (cquatque sumi.iis injima. "O weak condition of human estate," Sylvius exclaims : '" Ljidislaus, king of Bohemia, eighteen years of ago. in tlie flower of his youth, so potent, ricli, for- tunate and happy, in the midst of all his friends, amongst st> many " physicians, now ready to be '^married, in ihirty-six hours sickened and died. We must so be gone sooner or later all, and as Calliopeius in the comedy took his leave of his specta- tors and auditors, Vos valcte et plaudite, Calliopeius recensui^ must we bid liie world farewell (£x// Calliopeius), and having now played our parts, for ever be gone. Tombs and monuments have the like fate, data sunt ipsis quoquc fata sejtulchris, kingdoms, provinces, towns, and cities have their periods, and are consumed. In those fiourishing times of Troy, Mycenai was the fairest city in Greece, UraciiP. cunctcp iiiiperitabat, but it, alas, and that "'• Assvrian Nineveh arc (piite overthrown :" the like fate liatli that Egyptian and Bccolian Thebes, Delos, commune Gnccue con- ciliabulum, the common council-house of Greece, '*and Babylon, the greatest city that ever the sun shone on, hath now nothing but walls and rubbish left. ''•' Quid Pandinnia; reslat nisi nomrn AtynaV Thus "' Paiisanias complained in his time.s. And where is Troy itself now, Persepolis, Carthage, Cizicum, Sparta, Argos, and all those Grecian cities.' Syracuse and Agrigentum, the fairest towns iti Sicily, which liad sometimes 700,000 iniiabitants, are now decayed : the names of Hieron, Empe- docles, iic, of those mighty numbers of people, only left. One Anacharsis is re- membered amongst the Scythians; tiie world itself nmst have an end; and every part of it. Ccpterce igitur tirbrs sunt rnortales, as Peter "Gillius concludes of Con- stantinople, h(EC sane quamdiu erunt homines, futura niihi vidttur immorlalis ; bnt 'tis not so: nor site, nor strength, nor sea nor land, can vindicate a city, but it and all must vanish at last. And as to a traveller great numntaiiis seem jjlains afar off, at last are not discerned at all; cities, men, monumenLs decay, n>c salidisprodest xua machina terris,'^ the names are only left, those at length forgotten, and are in- volved in perpetual night. "''•^Returning out of Asia, when I sailed from jEgina toward Megara, I began i^saith Servius Sulspicius, in a consolatory epistle of his to Tully) to view the coun- try round about. .Egina was behind me, Megara before, Piraeus on the right hand, Corinth on the left, what flourishing towns heretofore, now prostrate and over- whelmed before mine eyes? I began to think with myself, alas, why are we men so much disquieted with the departure of a friend, whose life is much .shorter? *'When so many goodly cities lie buried before us. Remember, O Servius, thou art a man ; and with that 1 was much confirmed, and corrected myself" Correct then likewise, and comfort thyself in this, that we must necessarilv die, and all die, that we shall rise again: as Tully held; Jucundinrque multu congressus nnster fulurus^ qumn insuavis et ac^rbus digressus, our second meeting shall be much more pleasant than our departure was grievous. • Lib. deconsol. * Prsceptis philosophic confirma- I Seventh of France. Obeunt nocteiqup diPMjue. *& tus adversiis oninem fortuns vim, et te coiisccraia in " AMyriorum regin fumlilus deleta. '-^Oinniiimquot e(Bliiinr)iic ri-crpla, lanla affectus lu-titia siiin ac volu|i- I unqiiani Sol as\,t;xn urtmiin iiiaxima. "Ovid, tate. qiiaiitain ammo caperc posgiim. ac cxultare plane " What of ancient Athens hut lh»? nnnip retnainar* tnihi viilcor, virlnrqiie deomiii doloru et fortuna triiim- | ''Arcad. Iih 8 " Prirfat. Top'tr. (•i)n«i.iririnop. phare. ' Ut lisnum iiri natuni. arista secari. nic •*- Nor can il« own ittnirtiirf prfWirve ih"- »'Ii I L'lohe"* bominen mori. • Boeth. lib. 2 m^t. 3. » Bocth. j » Epist. 'lull. Iih T *>a'ium tut uppidorun cadaver* '• Nic. Hen»ol. Breslaer. fol. 47. "Twenty then pre- j ante oc'Jlui projecta jacent. ten'.. "Xo Magdalen, the daughter of Charles the | Mem. 5.1 Remedies against Discontents. 372'. I, but he was my most dear and loving friend, my sole friend, 21 " aiiis dcciderio sit piidor aut modus I .. ^^^d who can blame my woe ?" Tam cliari capitis?" | Thou mayest be ashamed, I say with ^Seneca, to confess it, " in sucli a ^ tempest as this to have but one anchor," go seek another : and for his part thou dost him great injury to desire his longer life. ^"Wilt thou have him crazed and sickly still," like a tired traveller that comes weary to his inn, begin his journey afresh, "or to be freed from his miseries; tliou hast more need rejoice that he is gone." Another complains of a most sweet wife, a young wife, JS'ondwn suslulcrat flavum Proserpina cri7icm^ such a wife as no mortal man ever had, so good a wife, but she is now dead and gone, lathaioqac jacet condila sarcophago. I reply to him in Se- neca's words, if such a woman at least ever was to be had, ^'' " He did either so find or make her; if he found her, he may as happily find another;" if he made her, as Critobulus in Xeiiophon did by his, he may as good cheap inform another, i:t bona tam scquitur., quani bona prima fait ; he need not despair, so long as the same master is to be had. But was she good .'' Had she been so tired peradventure as that Ephe- sian widow hi Petronius, by some swaggering soldier, she might not have held out. Many a man would have been willingly rid of his : before thou wast bound, now thou art free-, ^®''and 'tis but a folly to love thy fetters though they be of gold." Come into a third place, you shall have an aged father sighing for a son, a pretty child ; 2? " Inipiibe pectus quale vel impia ] " He now lies asli-pp, Molliret Tliracuin pectora." j Would make an impious Tliracian weep." Or some fine daughter that died young, JVondum expcrta novi gaudia prima tor- Or a forlorn son for his deceased father. But why.? Prior exiit., prior inlravit., he came first, and he must go first. ^^Tu frustra pius., hcu., Sfc. What, wouldst thou have the laws of nature altered, and him lo live always.? Julius Cssar, Augustus, Alcibiades, Galen, Aristotle, lost their fathers young. And why on the other side shouldst thou so heavily take the death of thy little son t 2^" Nutn quia nec fato, merila nee morte peribal, Sed mi.s(;r ante diem" he died before his time, perhaps, not yet come to the solstice of his age, yet was he not mortal ? Hear that divine '^Epictetus, " If thou coA^et thy wife, friends, children should live always, thou art a fool." He was a fine child indeed, dignus ApoUineis lachrytnis, a sweet, a loving, a fair, a witty child, of great hope, another Eteoneus, whom Pindarus the poet and Aristides the rhetorician so much lament; but who can tell whether he would have been an honest man .? He might have proved a thief, a rogue, a spendthrift, a disobedient son, vexed and galled thee more than all the world beside, he might have wrangled with thee and disagreed, or with his brothers, as Eteocles and Polynices, and broke thy heart; he is now gone to eternity, as another Ganymede, in the *' flower of his youth, "• as if he had risen," saith ^^Plutarch, " from the midst of a feast" before he was drunk, " the longer he had lived, the worse he would have been," et quo vita longior., (Ambrose thinks) culpa numcrosior., more sin- ful, more to answer he would ha\e had. If he was naught, thou mayest be glad he is gone; if good, be glad thou hadst such a son. Or art thou sure he was good .' (l may be he was an hypocrite, as many are, and howsoever he spake thee fair, perad- venture he prayed, amongst the rest that Icaro Menippus heard at Jupiter's whisper- ing place in Lucian, for his fadrer's death, because he now kept him short, he was to inherit much goods, and many fair manors after his decease. Or put case he was very good, suppose the best, may not thy dead son expostulate with thee, as he did in the same ^^ Lucian, "why dost thou lament my death, or call me miserable that am much more happy than tiiyself.? what misfortune is befallen me? Is it because 1 :i Hor. lili. 1. Od. 24. »^ Dc remed. fortuit. 23 gru- \ Menan. 32 Consul, ad Apol. Apolloniu? filius t;iui« be=ce lanta tfmpr-state quod ad unain anchoramstnbas. I in flore dpcessit. ante nos ad icternitaipui dieressiis "Vis a-cruru.et niorbidum.fitibundum saude potius ^ tanquam e convivio ahiens, priu.equaui in crroreui ali- qiiod his uialis libcratus sit. 2sU.\orpni hunaui aut 1 quein e temulentia iucidi'ret. quales u\ loui'a .sern-cta inveiii.sti, aut sir fccisti; si invcneris. aliain liabere te i ycciden; soleiit. ssTmn. 1. Tract, de liictu. Cluiu p.issee.v h.ic iiit>'lli;aiMUs: si f-reris. bene spores, saKus I me mortuum uiiseriiin vocas, qui tesiim inultD felirior? est arlife.x. -"Stulti est comp^-des licet aureas aniare. .aut quid aterhi mihi put.'is contisisse? an quia non -Hor. -" Hor. lib. 1. OJ. 24. ^^ Virg. 4. iT^u. sum malus seuex, ut tu facie ruirrisus, incurvus, ic. soCap. in. Si id sludes ut uxor, amici. libi-ri perpetiio > () demens, quid t-bi videtiir in vita bfii? nimiruin vivaiit, stultus es. si Deos quos diligit juvenes rapit, I amicilias, coenas, &c. Longe melius non ;surire quam 2G 374 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. am not so bald, crooked, old, rotten, as thou art ? Wliat have I lost, some oi your good cheer, gay clothes, music, singing, dancing, kissing, merry-meetings, thalami hibentias, Sfc., is that it? Is it not much belter not to hunger at all than to eat: not to thirst than to drink to satisfv thirst : not to be cold than to put on clothes to drive away cold ? You had more need rejoice that I am freed from diseases, agues, cares, anxieties, livor, love, covetousness, hatred, envy, malice, that 1 fear no more thieves, tyrants, enemies, as you do." ^Id cincrcm et ^uaiics crrdis curare scjmltos'^ " Do they concern us at all, think you, when we are t)nce dead .^" Condole not others then overmuch, ''wish not or fear thy death." '■^Sumtnum nee optes diem nee vieluas; 'jis to no purpose. " Kxressi c vitii- leruiiiiiis Tarilisqiie luheiisque I " I loft this irksome life with all mine lu'art, No jierjoru ipsu imirte dehiiic vide.nm." | Lest worse (haii death should happen to my part." '"Cardinal Brundusinus caused this epitaph in Rome to be inscribed on his tomb, to show his willingness to die, and tax those that were so loth to depart. Weep and howl no more then, 'lis to small purpose; and as TuUy adviselh us in the like case, jS\)n qnos amisimiis, sed quanluin Iiigere par sit cogitcrnus : think w hat we do, not whom we have lost. So David did, 2 Sam. xxii., ^' While ihe child was yet alive, I fa.*ted and wept; but being now dead, why siiould I fast.' Can I bring him again.' I sliall go to hin), but he cannot return to (iic-'^ He that doth otherwise is an inlem- jifrate, a weak, a silly, and indiscreet man. Though Aiisty '^'" premetiitation make such accidents familiar," as LHysses that wept for his dog, but not for his wife, quod parutns esset animo ohfirniato., [Plut. de anim. tranq.) ''accus- tom ihyselt, and harden beforehand by seeing other men's calamities, and applying them to thy present estate;" Prmusum est levius quod f nit ante malum. 1 will con- clude wiih "Epictetus, •» If thou lovest a pot, remember 'tis but a pot thou lovest, and thou wilt not be troubled when Ms broken : if thou lovest a son or wife, remem- ber they were mortal, and thou wilt not be so impatient." And for lalse fears and all olher fortuitous inconveniences, mischances, calamities, to resist and prepare our- selves, not to faint is best: ^'Stullum est timere quod vitari non potest, 'tis a folly to fear that which cannot be avoided, or to be discouraged at all, *^" Nam qiiiiiqiiig Irepiduit pavet vel nptat, .Abjecit civpeuii), locfiqiie rootus Neclit qua val.-at Irahi cateiiam." "ior he that so faints or fears, and yields to his passion, flings away his own weapons, makes a cord to bind himself, and pulls a beam upon his own head." (.l.re; iion silire. &.c. Gaude potiui! quod niorb.«( et iiiiiin. Aj-'uefacere noii casibuii delii iiiu*. 'Pull. lib. .1 f^br.s trt",i^>ri:ii, aiif;orem aiiiuii, ice. Ejulutus <|iiid Tugculan. quasi. '"Cnp.S. 8»i ollam ilili;:.n». in. mefito prod-M quid larhryma;, tec. "Virzil. >^ Hor. le ollaiii dilii-.-re, iiou p.-rturbalMriii .a LMiirra-ia; «• «Cliytreiisdelicii''ENrniia'. »> Epist.t'o. >S.irilus ilium aut uxorem. iiieiiieiin. iKmiiiiiiii a le dili;;!. 4u de liior. cen. «^ Priimeditatione facilem n.ldere ! u Seneca. « Boiilh. lib. 1. pro*. 4. qu-mque caeum. Dutarchus cunsolaliune ad Apollo- 1 Mem. 6.] Remedies against Discontents. 375 MEMB. VI. Against Envy^ Livor, Emulation., Hatred, Ambition, Self-love, and all other Affections. Against those other ^passions and affections, there is no Detter remedy than as mariners when they go to sea, provide all things necessary to resist a tempest : to furnish ourselves with philosophical and Divine precepts, other men's examples, **Periculitm ex aliis faccre, sibi quod ex usu siet: To balance our hearts with love, charity, meekness, patience, and counterpoise those irregular motions of envy, livor, spleen, hatred, M'ith their opposite virtues, as we bend a crooked staff another v/ay, to oppose ^^•' sufferance to labour, patience to reproach," bounty to covetousness, fortitude to pusillanimity, meekness to anger, humility to pride, to examine ourselves for what cause we are so much disquieted, on what ground, what occasion, is it just or feigned ? And then either to pacify ourselves by reason, to divert by some other object, contrary passion, or premeditation. '^^Meditari secum oportet quo pacto adver- sam (P.rumnam ferat, Paricla, damna, exilia peregre rediens semjjer cogilct, aut Jilii pecca/icrn, aut uxor is mortem, aut morbum JilicB, communia esse hcec : fieri posse, ul ne quid animo sit novum. To make them familiar, even all kind of calamities, that when they happen they may be less troublesome unto us. In secundis meditare, quo pacto feras adcersa: or out of mature judgment to avoid the effect, or disannul the cause, as they do that are troubled with toothache, pull them quite out. 4" " Ut vivat castor, sibi testes ampiitat ipse ; I " The beaver bites otTs stones to save the rest : Tu quoque siqiia nocent, abjice, cutiis eris." | Do thou tile like with that thou art opprest." Or as they that play at wasters, exercise themselves by a few cudgels how to avoid an enemy-s blows : let us arm ourselves against all such violent incursions, which may invade our minds. A little experience and practice will inure us to it ; vetula vulpes, as the proverb saith, laqueo liaud capitur, an old fox is not so easily taken in a snare ^ an old soldier in the world methinks should not be disquieted, but ready to receive all fortunes, encounters, and Avith that resolute captain, come what may come, to make answer, non ulla laborum O v'lTso nova mi facies inopinaque surgit, " ^" labour comes at unawares to me, Omnia ptrcepi atque animo mecum ante peregi." | F^r I 'la^e long before cast what may be." ■** " non hoc primum mea pectora vulnus Senserunt, graviora tuli" The commonwealth of ^° Venice in their armoury have this inscription, " Happy is that city which in time of peace thinks of war," a ht motto for every man's private house ; happy is the man that provides for a future assault. But many times we complain, repine and mutter without a cause, we give way to passions we may resist, and will not. Socrates was bad by nature, envious, as he confessed to Zopirus the physiognomer, accusing him of it, froward and lascivious : but as he was Socrates, lie did correct and amend himself Thou art malicious, envious, covetous, impa- tient, no doubt, and lascivious, yet as thou art a Christian, correct and moderate thy- self 'Tis something, I confess, and able to move any man, to see himself contemned, obscure, neglected, di.sgraced, undervalued, ^' " left behind;" some cannot endure it, no not constant Lipsius, a man discreet otherwise, yet too weak and passionate in this, as his words express, ^- collegas olim, quos ego sine fremifu non intueor, nuper terra; filios, nunc Mcpcenates et Agrippas habeo, — summo jam monte potitos. But he was much to blame for it: to a wise staid man this is nothineratione <|uan) laiide digiirt ; his malis "The right honourable Lmly Franris 0.>.riie«« Tkiw- lion melius occurritur. quain si bene latueri*. i* Et i ager of Enter. The l.oril Ik-rkli-y. • Umtiih "O • unnea I'ania per urbes garrula laudet. '^ Sen. Her. ejus in niiliteni ChriHtianiini eflmr-. Kiifraven lui tliv fur. "nor. '• 1 live like a kinj; without any of tomb of Kr. Pucciust the Klorenlini- in lli.in.-. flivtr.u* these arquisitions." »•• But all my lalxiur wa« in deliciiw. >" Fieder.-ihm iii 'MHt l.ari-ilu- lormii uu. unprofitable : lor while death took off .•'oiiie of uiy nieruin mm eh-ctua rii ^Eiieas Syl. de miser, i mille dignus, vix decern coiibeqiii potpst. « Epist. curial. Dantur honores in ciiriis non secundum honores dedict. disput. Zeubbeo Bnndfimontio, et Co.«mo Ruce- el virlutfs, sed ut quisque ditiorest alque potentior, eo laio. k) Q,tiuni is qui regiiat, ct rrgnandi sit inipe- maais honoratur. ^ogegeHius lib. 2. de repub. Gal- ritus. '" Lib. 'i3. liist. " Miiiistri loriipletiores linuni. Favore apiid nos et gratia plerumque res agitur; et qui conunnduni aliquem nacti sunt intercessorem, aditum Ore habeiit ad omnes prKfecturas. 66"Siaves govprr. ; asses are decked with trappings; horses are deprived of :heui." 67 Imppritus periti niunus oc- cupat, et sic apud viilgus habetur. Ille profitetur inille coronatis, cum nee decern mereatur; alius e diverso 1 Valeiit. Andream Apolog. manip. 5. apol. 3i), 48 2 G 2 sunt iis quibus niinistratur. " Hur. lib. 2. Sat. 5. " Learn how to grow rich." "s Solomon Eccles. \x. 11. ■■'Sat. Men i p. "^"O wretched virtue! you are therefore nothing but words, and 1 have all this time been looking upon you as a reality, while you are your- self the slave of fortune." "Tale quid est apud 378 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 a good pur.se, and lie was resolved to outbid any man before he would lose it, eveiy man supposed he should carry it. The second was my lord Bishop''s chaplain (in whose gill it was), and he thought it his due to have it. The third was nobly born, and he meant to get it by his great parents, patrons, and allies. The fourth stood upon his worth, he had newly found out strange mysteries in chemistry, and other rare inventions, which he would detect to the public good. The fifth was a painful preacher, and he was commended by the whole parish where he dwelt, he had all their hands to his certificate. The sixth was the prebendary's son lately deceased, his father died in debt (for it, as they say), lelt a wife and many poor children. The seventh stood upon fair promises, which to him and his noble friends had been for- merly made for the next place in his lordship's gift. The eighth pretended great losses, and what he had sutlered for the church, what pains he had taken at home and abroad, and besides he brought noblemen's letters. The ninth had married a kinswoman, and he sent his wife to sue for him. The tenth was a foreign doctor, a late convert, and wanted means. The eleventh M'ould exchange for another, he did not like the former's site, could not agree with his neighbours and fellows upon any terms, he would be gone. The twelfth and last was (a suitor in conceit) a right honest, civil, sober man, an excellent scholar, and such a one as lived private in the university, but he had neither means nor money to compass it ; besides he hated all such courses, he could not speak for himself, neither had he any frieruls to solicit his cause, and therefore made no suit, could not expect, neither did he ho|)e for, or look alter it. The good bishop amongst a jury of competitors thus perj)lexed, and not yet resolved what to do, or on whom to bestow it, at the last, of his own accord, mere motion, and bountiful nature, gave it freely to the university student, altogether unknown to him but by fame ; and to be brief, the academical scholar had the pre- bend sent him for a present. The news was no sooner published abroad, but all good students rejoiced, and were much cheered up with it, though some would not believe it; others, as men amazed, said it was a miracle; but one amongst the rest thanked God for it, and said, .Vtinc jurat tandem sludiosuni esse^ct Deo inte^ro curde servirf. You have heard my tale: but alas it is but a tale, a mere fiction, 'twas never so, never like to be, and so let it rest. Well, be it so then, they have wealth and honour, fortune and preferment, every man (there's no reniedy) must scramble as he may, and shift as he can; yet Cardan comforted himself with this, ''' •• the star Tomahant would make him innnortal," and that •' after his decease his books should be founil in ladies' studies: ''' Dit^nitm laude viruin Musa vetat rnori. liut why shouhlest thou lake thy neglect, thy canvas so to heart? It may be thou art not fit; but a "^ child that puts on his father's shoes, hat, headpiece, breastplate, breeches, or holds liis spear, but is neither able to wield the one, or wear the other ; so wouldest thou do by such an otFice, place, or magistracy: thou art unfit: "And what is dignity to an unworthy man, but (as "Salvianus holds) a gold ring in a swine's snout .'" Thou art a brute. Like a bad actor (so '"Plutarch compares such men in a tragedy, diademafert, at vox non auditur: Thou wouldest play a king's part, but actest a clown, speakest like an ass. ^JSIagnu jjctis Phaeton et quc£ non virihus istis^ 6)-c., as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, did ask they knew iu»t what: 7iescis ttmcrarie nescis; thou dost, as another Suffenus, overween thyself; thou art wise in thine own conceit, but in other more mature judgment altogether unlit to manage such a business. Or be it thou art more deserving than any of thy rank, God in his providence hath reserved thee for some other fortunes, sic sxiperis visum. Thou art humble as thou art, it may be ; hadst thou been preferred, thou wouldest have forgotten God and thyself, insulted over others, contemned thy friends, "^ been a block, a tyrant, or a demi-god, sequiturqnt i^uperbia formam : *'•*■ Therefore," saith Chrysostom, '■• good men do not always find grace and favour, lest they should be puffed up with turgent lilies, grow insolent and proud." Injuries, abuses, are \ery offensive, and so much the more in that they think vetcrem ferendo invitant novam, "by taking one they provoke another :" but it is an erroneous '*Stell;i Fomahaiit iminnrtalitalein rialiit. '' I,ih. I •' In Lysamlro. "=Ovi* Itb. |irii|>ii«. ''» Mor. "The iiiu«p fi>rhiits the praiie- viruiii imiicat. " l.l»-«> Ih>iii virj alui n worthy man to die." fOUui iniluit thorarem ant non arcipiuni, n«> in •iip«:r'>i«in elfV<-iii . •» palKam, k.c »> Lib. 4. de gulier. Dei. Quid eat dig. I Jactanlic, oe altitutlo niuneri* ««f l«nli<>i<.« cUictau uiiaa indigoo nisi circulua aureus in nanbua luia. ^ Mem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents. 379 opinion, for if that were true, there would be no end of abusing ea^h other; Us litem generat; 'tis much better with patience to bear, or quietly to put it up. If an ass kick me, saith Socrates, shall I strike him again .' And when ^° his wife Xantippe struck and misused him, to some friends that would have had him strike her again, he replied, that he would not make them sport, or that they should stand by and say, Eia Socrates, eia Xantippe, as we do when dogs fight, animate them the more by clapping of hands. JMany men spend themselves, their goods, friends, fortunes, upon small quarrels, and sometimes at other men's procurements, with much vexa- tion of spirit and anguish of mind, all which with good advice, or mediation of friends, might have been happily composed, or if patience had taken place. Patience in such cases is a most sovereign remedy, to put up, conceal, or dissemble it, to ^''forget and forgive, ^^" not seven, but seventy-seven times, as often as he repents for- give him ;" Luke xvii. 3. as our Saviour enjoins us, stricken, " to turn the other side :" as our ^^ AposUe persuades us, " to recompence no man evil for evil, but as much as is possible to have peace with all men : not to avenge ourselves, and we shall heap burning coals upon our adversary's head." " For ^° if you put up wrong (as Chry- sostom comments), you get the victory; he that loseth his money, losedi not the conquest in this our philosophy." If he contend with thee, submit thyself unto him first, yield to him. Durum et durum nonfaciunt rmirum^as the diverb is, two refrac- tory spirits will never agree, the only means to overcome is to relent, ohscquio vinces. Euclid in Plutarch, when his brother had angered him, swore he would be revenged; but he gently replied, ^' " Let me not live if I do not make thee to love me again," upon which meek answer he was pacified. 8- " Flf'Ctitiir obseqiiio ciirvatiis ah arhore ramus, Frai];;is si vires experire luas." " A brancli if easily bended yields to thee. Pull liard it breaks : tlie difference you see." The noble family of the Colonni in Rome, when they were expelled the city by that furious Alexander the Sixth, gave the bendiilg branch therefore as an impres.s, with this motto. Fleet i potest, frangi non potest, to signify that he might break them by force, but so never make them stoop, for they fled in the midst of their hard usage to the kingdom of Naples, and w^re honourably entertained by Frederick the king, according to their callings. Gentleness in this case might have done much more, and let thine adversary be never so perverse, it may be by that means thou mayest win him; ^^favore et henevolentla etiam immanis animus mansuescit, soft words pacify wrath, and the fiercest spirits are so soonest overcome; ^*a generous lion will not hurt a beast that lies prostrate, nor an elephant an innocuous creature, but is infestus infcstis, a terror and scourge alone to such as are stubborn, and make resist- ance. It was the symbol of Emanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and he was not mistaken in it, for 95'- Quo qnifciiie est major, magis est placahilis irs, El t'ar.iltis mollis mens generosa capit." " A greater man is soonest pacified, A noble spirit quickly satisfied." It is reported by ^ Gualter Mapes, an old historiographer of ours (who lived 400 years since), that King Edward senior, and Llewellyn prince of Wales, being at an interview near Aust upon Severn, in Gloucestershire, and the prince sent for, refused to come to the king; he would needs go over to him; which Llewellyn perceiving, '■"went up to the arms in water, and embracing his boat, would have carried him out upon his shoulders, adding that his humility and wisdom had triumphed over his piide and folly, and thereupon he was reconciled unto him and did his homage. If thou canst not so win him, put it up, if thou beest a true Christian, a good divine, an imitator of Christ, ^^'•'•for he was reviled and put it up, whipped and sought no revenge,") thou wilt pray for thine enemies, ^''•'and bless them that persecute thee;" be patient, meek, humble, Sec. An honest man will not ofi'er thee injury, probus non vuU; if he were a brangling knave, 'tis his fashion so to do; where is least heart is most tongue ; quo quisque stultior, eo inagis insolescit^ the more sottish he is, still ^■'..^lian. 67 Injuriarum remedium est oblivio. 8* .Mat. xviii. 2-2. Mat. v. 39. ts Rom. xii. 17. sogi toleras injuriain, victor evadis; qui enim pecuniis pri- vatus est, non est privatus victoria in hac philosophia. S'Dispereain nisi te ultus fuero : dispeream nisi ut me deiucepsameseffecero. ^^ Joach. Canierarius Kmbl.21. cent. J. S3 Heliodnrus. *>Reipsa reperi nihil esse bomiui melius facilitate et dementia. Ter. Adelph. MQvid. 36 Camden in Glouc. s' Usque ad pectus ingressus est, aquam, &c. cyrabam amplectens, sapien- tissime rex ait, tua humilitas meani vicit snperbiam, et sapientia triumpliavit ineptiain ; col!um ascende quod contra te fatiius erexi, intrabis terrain quam hodia ficil tuam benigni'as, &c. "--Chrysosloiii, contiimenia affectus est et ea» yertulit; opprobriis, nee ullusest; verberibus cisus, nee vif«m reddidit. s' Rom. xii. 14. 380 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 the more insolent : "*" Do not answer a fool according to his folly." If he be thy superior, '"bear it by all means, grieve not at it, let him take his course; Anitus and Melitus ^'Miiay kill me, they cannot hurt me;" as that generous Socrates made answer in like case. Mens imm'ota manet, though the body be torn in pieces with wild horses, broken on the wheel, pinched witli fiery tongs, the soul cannot be dis- tracted. 'Tis an ordinary thing for great men to vilify and insult, oppress, injure, tyrannise, to take what liberty they list, and who dare speak against ? Miscrutn est lib eo Icedi., a quo non possis qiieri., a miserable thing 'tis to be injured of him, from whom is no appeal : ''and not safe to write against hun that can proscribe and punish a man at his pleasure, which Asinius Pollio was aware of, when Octaviauus provoked him. 'Tis hard I confess to be so injured : one of Chilo's three (Ullicult things : *" To keep counsel; spend his time well ; put up injuries:" but be thou j)atient, and 'leave revenge unto the Lord. *" Vengeance is mine and I will rej)ay, saith the Lord" — '^I know the Lord," sailh 'David, "will avenge the aiHicted and judge the poor." — " No man (^as " Plato farther adils) can so severely punish his adversary, as God will such as oppress miserable men." >" Iteriiiii ille rem Jiiiticutani jiitlicat, Slaj* non c|'ji otiuiii fclecollocare, injuriam posse ferre.dilficillinium. patitur, sed qui facit injuriam miser t-fl. Li-o p-r. »Psal. ilv. • Rom. xii. ' Psa. xiii. 12. '.Nullus '• .Neque pra;cepis»et Ueus si grave r>iiF*et; sed qua ra. tarn severe inimicuin suum ulcisci [Mite;:!, quam Deus tione piitero ? facile si calum susp<>xeiis; el tjus pul- ■olet miserorum oppressores. * Arcturus in Plaut. | cbiitudine, et quod poUicelur D«us, &.C.. ilem. 7.J Remedies against Discontents. 381 pimn, .n te recrc^it crimen quod a te fuit ; peccasti,quiesce, as Ambrose expostulates with Cain, lib. 3. de Mel et Cain. '^Dionysius of Syracuse, in his exile, was made to stand without doox, patienter ferendiim,fortasse nos tale quid fecimus, quiun in honore esscrnus., he wisely put it up, and laid the fault where it was, on his own pride and scorn, which in his prosperity he had formerly showed others. 'Tis '^Tully's axiom, y^rre ea molestissime homines non dchent, quce ipsorum culpa con- tractu sunt, self do, self have, as the saying is, they may thank themselves. For he that doth wrong must look to be wronged again; habet ct miisca splenem, et for- mica' sua bills inest. The least fly hath a spleen, and a little bee a sting. ''An ass overwhelmed a thistlewarp's nest, the little bird pecked his galled back in revensre ; and the humble-bee in the fable flung down the eagle's eggs out of Jupiter's lap. Bracides, in Plutarch, put his hand into a mouse's nest and hurt her young ones, she bit him by the finger : '' I see now (saith he) there is no creature so contemptible, that will not be revenged. 'Tis lex talionis, and the nature of all things so to do : it' thou wilt live quietly thyself, '^do no wrong to others; if any be done thee, put it up, with patience endure it, for '^"'- this is thankworthy," saith our apostle, '-if any man for conscience towards God endure grief, and suffer wrong undeserved ; for what praise is it, if when ye be buffeted for you faults, ye take it patiently ? But if when ■ you do well, ye suffer wrong, and lake it patiently, there is thanks with God ; for hereunto verily we are called." Qui mala nonfert, ipse sibi testis est per impaiien- tiam quod bonus non est., '-he that cannot bear injuries, witnesseth against himself that he is no good man," as Gregory holds. ^'""Tis ilie nature of wicked men to do injuries, as it is the property of all honest men patiently to bear them." Impro- hitas nullo Jlectitur obscquio. The wolf in the -emblem sucked the goat (so the shepherd would have it), but he kept nevertheless a wolf's nature; "a knave will be a knave. Injury is on the other side a good man's footboy, hisjidus Achates, and as a lackey follows him wheresoever he goes. Besides, misera est forluna qucB caret inimlco, he is in a miserable estate that wants enemies:'^* it is a thing not to be avoided, and therefore with more patience to be endured. Cato Censorius, that upright Cato of whom Paterculus gives that honourable eulogiura, bene fecit quod aliter facere non potuit, was "fifty times indicted and accused by his fellow citizens, and as ^''Ammianus well hath it, Qulserit innocens si clam vel palam accusasse sujp- ciat? if it be sufficient to accuse a man openly or in private, who shall be free ? If there were no other respect than that of Christianity, religidn and the like, to induce men to be long-suffering and patient, yet methinks the nature of injury itself is suf- ficient to keep them quiet, the tumults, uproars, miseries, discontents, anguish, loss, dangers that attend upon it might restrain the calamities of contention : for as it is with ordinary gamesters, the gams go to the box, so falls it out to such as contend ; the lawyers get all ; and therefore if they would consider of it, aliena pcricula cautos, other men's misfortunes in this kind, and common experience might detain them. "'The more they contend, the more they are involved in a labyrinth of woes, and the catastrophe is to consume one another, like the elephant and dragon's conflict in Pliny ;^ the dragon got under the elephant's belly, and sucked his blood so long, till he fell down dead upon the dragon, and kflled him with the fall, so both were ruined. 'Tis a hydra^s head, contention; the more they strive, the more they may: and as Praxiteles did by his glass, when he saw a scurvy face in it, brake it in pieces : but for that one he saw many more as bad in a moment: for one injury done they provoke another cum foenore, and twenty enemies for one. JVoli irrilare cra- hrones, oppose not thyself to a multitude : but if thou hast received a wrong, wisely consider of it, and if thou canst possibly, compose thyself with patience to bear it. This is the safest course, and thou shalt find greatest ease to be quiet. ^ I say the same of scoffs, slanders, contumelies, obloquies, defamations, detrac- is Valer. lib. 4. cap. 1. i^ Ep. Q. frat. i' Came- i missis non excandesces. Epictetus. is piutarch. rarius, emb. 75. cen. 2. '= Pape, inquit : nullum quinquagies Catoni dies dicta ab inimicis. "^ Lib. 18. animal lani pusillum quod non cupiat ulcisci. 'k Ciuod ] ^^ Hoc scio pro certo quod si cum stercore cerlo, vinco tibi fieri n n vis, alteri ne feceris. so j pgt, jj. s'Siquidem nialorurn proprium est inferre danina, et bonoruin pedissequa est injuria. s^Alciat. emb. ■^ Naturaiii e.xpellas furca licet usque recurret. 24 By many indignities we come to dignities. Tibi subjicito <(uee Sunt aliis. furtum convitia, &c. Et ia lis in te ad- seu vincor, semper ego maculor. ^ Lib. ri. cap. i ■^Obloquutus est, probrumque tibi intulit quispiam, sive vera is dixerit, sive falsa, maiimam tibi coronaiR tesueris si mansuete eonvitium tuleris. Cfc ya. in 6. cap. ad Rom. ser. 10. 382 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3 tions, pasquilling libels, and the like, which may tend any way to our disgrace : -tis but opinion ; if we could neglect, contemn, or with patience digest them, tlicy wouUi reflect on them that oflered them at first. A wise citizen, I know not whence, had a scold to his wife : when she brawled, he played on his drum, and by tliat meaiw madded her more, because slie saw that he would not be moved. Diogenes in a crowd when one called him back, and told him how the boys laughed him to scorn, Ego^ inquit, non ridcor, took no notice of it. Socrates was brougiit upon the stage by Aristophanes, and misused to his face, but he laughed as if it concerned him not and as ^Elian relates of him, whatsoever good or bad accident or fortune befel iiim going in or coming out, Socrates still kept the same countenance ; even so should a Christian do, as Hierom describes him, per infamiam et bonamfcinKwi grassari ad inwwrlolifatcm, march on through good and bad reports to inunortalily, * not to be moved : lor honesty is a suflicient reward, probitas sibi prcnniiim ; and in our times the sole recompense to do well, is, to do well : but naughtiness will punish itself at last, ^^Improbis ipsa nequitia supplicium. As the diverb is, " Qui bPiie fcceruiit, illi sua facia sequentur ; I " Thty that do well, shall liave reward at last : Urn male lecerunt, facta s.-nuentur cos:" | Hut tht-y that ill, r^hail sulfer fur llial's past." Yea, but I am ashamed, disgraced, dishonoured, degraded, exploded : my noto- rious crimes and villanies are come to light [deprendi miscrum est), my filthy lust, abominable oppression and avarice lies open, my good name 's lost, my fortune 's gone, I have been stigmatised, whipt at post, arraigned and condemned, I am a com- mon obloquy, [ have lost my ears, odious, execrable, abhorred of God aiul men. Be content, 'tis but a nine days' wonder, and as one sorrow drives out another, one pas sion another, one cloud another, one rumour is expelled by another ; every day almost, come new news unto our ears, as how the sun was eclipsed, meteors seen in the air, monsters horn, prodigies, liow the Turks were overthrown in Persia, an earthtjiiake in Helvetia, Calabria, Japan, or Cliina, an inundation in Holland, a great plague' in Constantinople, a lire at Prague, a dearth in Germany, such a man is made a lord, a bishop, another hanged, deposed, pressed to death, for some innnh-r, trea- son. rai)e, theft, oppression, all which we do hear at first with a kind of aihniialion, detestation, consternation, but by and by they are buried in silence: thy father's dead, thy brother robbed, wife runs mad, neighbour hath killed liimself; 'tis heavy, ghastly, fearful news a! first, in every man's mouth, table talk ; but after a while who speaks or thinks of.il.' It will be so with thee and thine offence, it will be forgotten in an instant, be it theft, rape, sodomy, murder, incest, treason, &.C., thou art not the first offender, nor shall not be the last, 'tis no wonder, every hour such malefactors are called in question, nothing so common, Quocunque in populo, quo- cunque sub axe?'^ Cornforl thyself, thou art not the sole man. If he that were guiltless himself should fling the first stone at thee, and he alone should accu.se thee that were faultless, how many executioners, how many accusers wouldst thou have ? If every man's sins were written in his forehead, and secret faults known, how many thousands would parallel, if not exceed thine oflence .' it may be the judge that gave sentence, the jury that coiulemned thee, the spectators that gazed on tliee, de- served much more, and were far more guilty than thou thyself But it is thine infe- licity to be taken, to be made a public example of justice, to be a terror to the rest; yet should every man have his desert, thou wouldcsl peradventure be a saint in com- parison ; vexat censura coluinbas, poor souls are punished ; the great ones do twenty thouse'^d times worse, and are not so much as spoken of. «9" Non retp accipitri tcndilur neque iiiilvi... I •• The net '» not laid for kites or hirds of pn-y. Qui male I'aciiiiil iiolii him, with his own hands, lest he should be overniuch moved when they were broken by chance. And sometimes again, so that it be discreetly and moderately doiie, it shall not be amiss to make resistiince, to take down such a saucy companion, no better means to vindicate himself to purchase final peace: fi^r he that sutlers him- self to be ridden, or through pusillanimity or sottishness will let every man baflle him, shall be a common laughing stock to fiout at. As a cur that goes through a village, if he clap his tail between his legs, and run away, every cur will insult over him : but if he bristle up himself, and stand to it, give but a counter-snarl, there's not a dog dares meddle with him : nmch is in a man's courage and discreet carriage of himself Many other grievances there are, which happen to mortals in this life, from friends, wives, children, servants, masters, companions, neighbours, our own defaults, igno- rance, errors, intemperance, indiscretion, inlirmities, itc, and many good remedies to mitigate and oppose tliem, many divine precepts to counter|)oise our hearts, special antidotes both in Scriptures and human authors, which, whoso will observe, shall purchase much ease and quietness unto himself: 1 wdl point out a few. Those prophetical, apostolical admonitions are well known to all ; what Solomon, Siracides, our Saviour Christ himself hath .said tending to this purpose, as '• fear God : cjbey the prince : be sober and watch : pray continually : be angry but sin not : remember thy last : fashion not yourselves to this world, &.C., apply yourselves to the times : strive not with a mighty man : recompense good for evil, let nothing be done through contention or vain-glory, but with Uieekness of mind, every man esteeming of others better than himself: love one another;" or that epitome of the law and the prophets, which our Saviour inculcates, 'Move God above all, thy neighbour as thyself:" and " whatsoever you would that men should do unto you, so do unto them," which •Alexander Severus writ in letters of gold, and used as a motto, ** Hierom commends to Celantia as an excellent way, amongst so many enticements and worldly provo- cations, to rectify her life. Out of human authors take these few cautions, *' ^' know thyself ^"Be contented with thy lot. *' Trust not wealth, beauty, m>r jiarasites, they will bring thee to destruction, '*'Have peace with all men, war witfi vice. "Be not idle. "Look before you leap. "Beware of Had 1 wist. '' Honour thy parents, speak well of friends. Be temperate in four things, lingua., loci.s, oculis^ tt pocuUs. Watch thine eye. ^ Moderate thine expenses. Hear much, speak little. M Mil. glor. Act. 3. Plautus. «• Bion saiil hii father waM a T»i\iv. hi:' iimih^r a whore, to pn-vt-nt »)>• liiquy, anil to xhow that iioui;ht belonged to him l>ut i^ooils of thf iiiiMil. « Lib. 'J. ep. 25. *' Nowe trip. • um. •(■orii>-iitii8 abi. ^ Ne fiilas npibij!). iicque parajitix, trahiiiit in preciuiliuni. *<> Pace cum horn i- nibus habe, bt;lluiii cum vims. Otho. 2. imperal.iymb. *> Decmon te nunquam oliosum inveniat. Hieron. '^Oiii deliberandum quod tlaluenduni eil M-mr-l. "lo- gipieiitii Put iJicere non puliram. >* \n\rt parcnlrtn. II equuni. aliler ferai : pmlt-s parcntibua pi>-iai<-ai, amicm dilectioiiem. '^Comprime Inifuiin U'lid d« quoque viro el cui dicaa *rpe caveto. Libentiui audiaa quAm luquaria; vive ut vivaa Wem. 7.] Remedies against Discontents.- 385 ^sustine et ahstine. If thou seest ought amiss in another, mend it in thyself. Keep tiiine own counsel, reveal not thy secrets, be silent in thine intentions. *'Give not ear to tale-tellers, babblers, be not scurrilous in conversation : °*jest without bitter- ness : give no man cause of offence : set thine house in order • ^^ take heed of surety- ship. ^°Fide et dijjide^ as a fox on the ice, take heed whom you trust. ^' Live not beyond thy means. ^^Give cheerfully. Pay thy dues willingly. Be not a slave to tiy money; ^^omit not occasion, embrace opportunity, lose no time. Be humble o thy superiors, respective to thine equals, affable to all, ®' but not familiar. Flatter o man. ^'Lie not, dissemble not. Keep thy word and promise, be constant in a good resolution. Speak truth. Be not opiniative, maintain no factions. Lay no w agers, make no comparisons. ^^ Find no faults, meddle not with other men's mat- ters. Admire not thyself. *^Be not proud or popular. Insult not. Forlunam reve- rentur hahe. ^''Fear not that which cannot be avoided. ^^ Grieve not for that which cannot be recalled. ™ Undervalue not thyself. '' Accuse no man, commend no man rashly. Go not to law without great cause. Strive not with a greater man. Cast not off an old friend, take heed of a reconciled enemy. '^ If thou come as a guest stay not too long. Be not unthankful. Be meek, merciful, and patient. Do good to all. Be not fond of fair words. ?Be not a neuter in a faction ; moderate thy passions. "Think no place without a witness. "''Admonish thy friend in secret, commend him in public. Keep good company. "^Love others to be beloved thy- self. Jlma tanquam osurus. Amicus tardofias. Provide for a tempest. JS'oli irritare crabrones. Do not prostitute thy soul for gain. Make not a fool of thyself to make others merry. Marry not an old crony or a fool for money. Be not over solicitous or curious. Seek that which may be found. Seem not greater than thou art. Take thy pleasure soberly. Ocymwn ne terito. " Live merrily as thou canst. "* Take heed by other men's examples. Go as thou wouldst be met, sit as thou wouldst be found, '^ yield to the time, follow the stream. Wilt thou live free from fears and cares t '°Live innocently, keep thyself upright, thou needest no other keeper, &c." Look for more in Isocrates, Seneca, Plutasch, Epictetus, Stc, and for defect, consult with cheese-trenchers and painted cloths. MEMB. VIII. Against Melancholy itself. '•Every man," saith *' Seneca, "thinks his own burthen the heaviest," and ^ melancholy man abov^ all others complains most; weariness of life, abhorring all company ami light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguisli of mind, bashfulness, and those other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this miserj-; yet compared to other maladies, they are not so heinous as they be taken. For firsr this disease is either in habit or disposition, curable or incurable. If new and ia ^disposition, 'tis commonly pleasant, and it may be helped. If inveterate, or a habit, yet they have lucida intervalla, sometimes well, and sometimes ill ; or if more con- tinuate, as the "^^ Vejentes were to the Romans, 'tis Jioslis rnagis assidims qudrn gravis, a more durable enemy than dangerous : and amongst many inconveniences, some comforts are annexed to it. First it is hot catching, and as Erasmus comforted him- self, when he was grievously sick of the stone, though it was most troublesome, and an intolerable pain to him, yet it was no whit offensive to others, not loathsome to ^Epictetus : optime feceris ?i ea fiigeris quae in alio reprehendis. Nemini dixeris quiE nolis efferri. »' Fuge susurrones. Percontatorem fugito, &c. ^Sint eales sine vilitatp. Sen. "'Sponde, presto noxa. •"Cam^rar. emb. 55. cent. 2. cave cui credas, vel nemini (Idas Epicarmus. 6' Tecum habita. e^Bisdat qui cito dar. ^ Post est occasio calva. m Nj. mia faniiliaritas parit contemptum. ^oMendacium servile vitiiim. "« Arcanum neque in.scrutaberis ullius unquam, commissumque teges, Hor. lib. 1, ep. 19. Nee tua '.audabis studia aut aliena reprendes. Hur. ep. lib. 18. s' \e te quKsiveris extra. ^Slultum »st timere, quod vitari non potest. "Dereamissa ureparabili ne doleas. ^"Tant eris aliis quanti suiun onus intolerabile videlur ■'Lirius 49 2H tibi fucris. "Neminem esto laudes vel accuse* "^Nullius hnspitis grata est mora longa. '3Soloni« lex apud. Aristotelera Gellius lib. 2. cap. 12. '< Nullum locum putes sine teste, semper adesse Deum cogita. "^Secreto amicos adtuone, lauda palam. ■' Ut ameris amabilis esto. Eros et anterosgemelli Veneris, amatio et redamatio. Plat. "Dum fata sinunt vivite laeti, Seneca. 'fid apprime in vita utile, ex aliis observare sibi quod ex usu siet. Ter. ''Dum furor in cursu current! cede furori. Cretizandum cum Crete. Temporibus servi, nee contra flainina flala. "> Nulla certiorcustodia innocentia: inexpugnabile mo^ nimenium munimento nun egere. '' t/nicuiqut' 3S6 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 3. the spectators, crhastly, fulsome, terrible, as plagues, apoplexies, leprosies, wounds, sores, tetters, pox, pestilent a^ues are, which eitlier adnut of no company, ternty or 'Offend those that are present. In tliis malady, that which is, is wholly to them- selves- and those symptoms not so dreadful, if tliey be compared to the opposite .>xtremes. They are most part bashful, suspicious, solitar>', J^c, therefore no such ambitious, impudent intruders as some, are, no sharkers, no conycatchers, no prowlers, no smell-feasts, praters, panders, parasites, bawds, drunkards, whoremas- ters; necessity and defect compel them to be honest; as Mitio told Demea m tlie ^ comedy, ■ H:pc si iieqiie Pgo nequp tu fncimus, Noil sunt cgtstas facere iio«." " If we be honest 'twas poverty made us so :" if we melancholy men be not as bad as he that is worst, 'tis our dame melancholy kept us so : .Yon dccral cohmtas sed Be^iic'les thev are freed in this from many other infirmities, solitarine.ss makes them more apt to contemplate, suspicion wary, which is a necessary hiim..ur in these times, "^.Yam pol qui maxime cavel, is sape cautor capliis est, '' he that lakes most heed, is often circumvented, and overtaken." Fear and sorrow keep them temperate and sober, and free them from anv dissolute acts, which jollity and boldness thrust men upon • thev arc therefore no sicarii, roaring boys, thieves or assassins. As they are soon dejected, so thev are as soon, by soft words and good persuasions, reared. Wearisomeness of life' makes them they are not so besotted on the transitory vam pleasures of llic world. If thev dote in one thing, they are wise and w.- 1 under- standinrr in most other. If it he inveterate, they are insenmti, most part dotmg, or quite imid, insensible of any wrongs, ri(hculous to others, but most happy and secure to them-^elves. Dotage is a state which many much magnity and cunimiMid : so is simplicity, and fully, as he said, ''hie furor o superi, sit m,hi perpetuus. Some think fools and dizzards live the merriest lives, as Ajax in Sophocles, AV*// scire vita jucundissima, " 'tis the pleasantest life to know nothing ;" iners vialorum remednim Unoranlia, " ignorance is a downright remedy of evils." These curious arts am laborious sciences, Galen's, Tullv's, Aristotle's, Justinian's, do but trouble the world some think; we might live belter with that illiterate Virginian simplicity, and gross icrnorance- entire idiots do best, they are not macerated with cares, tormented with fears, ami anxiety, as other wise men are : for as '^ he said, if folly were a pain, you should hear them howl, roar, and cry out in every house, as you go by in the street, but they are most free, jocund, and inerrv, and in some * countries, as amongst the Turks,"honoured for saints, and abundantly maintained out of the common stock. They are no dissemblers, liars, hypocrites, for fools and madmen tell commonly truth. In a word, as thev are distressed, so are they pitied, >% Inch some hold belter than to be envied, better to be sad than merry, better to be fof.lisli and quiet, quain .sapere et ringi, to be wi.se and still vexed; better to be miserable than liappy : of two extremes it is the best. SECT. IV. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I— Of Physic vhich cureth with Medicines. After a long and tedious discourse of these six non-natural things and their several reclificati'ons, all which are comprehended in diet, I am come now at last to Pharmaceutics or that kind of phvsic which cureth by medicines, which apotheca- ries most part make, miiiule, or sell in their shops. Many cavil at this kind ol physic, and hold it unnecessary, unprofitable to this or any other ihsease, because those countries which use it least, live longest, and are best in health, as '* Hector Boethius relates o' the isles of Orcades, the people are still scniiui <>l b.xly and mind, without any use of physic, they live commonly 120 years, and Ortelms in his ■ T«-r Men 2 .Melphui. « " "Twas not the ivill I dire.. •• Bu.b.qi»iu«. Aindfc 111.. I. f-.l. W- * <3J«|»<| •« Prtn.niu. (-aiiil »' Par.ii.no Csclestina-. Art. «. iininuimatmu. frui. flat. Mmip. " Ub. Ilul 8] stuUitia dulor e»et, in uulla iiou duiuu ejulaliu au- Mem. 1.] Medicinal Physic. 3S7 itinerary of tlie inliabifaiits of the Forest of Arden, ®' " they are very painful, louir- "ived, sound," Sec. "Martianus Capella, speaking of the hidians of his time, saith, they were (much like our western Indians nowj " bigger than ordinary men, bred _ coarsely, very long-lived, insomuch, that he that died at a hundred years of a^e, went before his time,"' Sec. Damianus A-Goes, Saxo-Grammaticus, Aubanus Bohe- mus, say the like of them that live in Norway, Lapland, Finmark, Biarraia, Corelia, all over Scandia, and those northern countries, they are most healthful, and very long-lived, in which places there is no use at all of physic, the name of it is not once heard. Dithmarus Bleskenius in his accurate description of Iceland, 1607, makes mention, amongst other matters, of the inhabitants, and their manner of liviuii, "" which is dried fish instead of bread, butter, cheese, and salt meats, most part they drink water and whey, and yet without physic or physician, they live many of tiieni 250 years." I find the same relation by Lerius, and some other writers, of Indians in America. Paulus Jovius in his description of Britain, and Levinus Lemnius, ob- serve as much of this our island, that there was of old no use of ®' physic amon:l lis, and but little at this day, except it be for a few nice idle citizens, surfeiting cour- tiers, and stall-fed gentlemen lubbers. The country people use kitchen physic, and common experience tells us, that they live freest from all manner of infirmities, that make least use of apothecaries' physic. Many are overthrown by preposterous use of iti and thereby get their bane, that might otherwise have escaped : '^^some think physicians kill as many as they save, and who can tell, ^Quot Thcmison cegros auttanno occi- derit unoP'' "How many murders they make in a year," quihus impunc licet homi- nem occidere, " that may freely kill folks," and have a reward for it, and according to the Dutch proverb, a new physician must have a new church-yard ; and who daily observes it not .' Many that did ill under physicians' hands, have happily escaped, when they have been given over by them, left to God and nature, and them- selves ; 'twas Phny's dilemma of old, '*' " every disease is either curable or incr.rable, a man recovers of it or is killed by it ; both ways physic is to be rejected. If it be deadly, it cannot be cured; if it may be helped, it requires no physician, nature will expel it of itself." Plato made it a great sign of an intemperate and corrupt com- monwealth, where lawyers and physicians did abound ; and the Romans distasted them so much that they were often banished out of their city, as Pliny and Celsus relate, for 600 years not admitted. It is no art at all, as some hold, no not worthy the name of a liberal .'science (nor law neither), as ^*Pet. And. Canonherius a patri- cian of Piome and a great doctor himself, " one of their own tribe," proves bv sixteen arguments, because it is mercenary as now used, base, and as fiddlers plav for a re- ward. Juridicis^ medicis, Jisco, fas vivere rapfo, 'tis a corrupt trade, no science, art. no profession ; the beginning, practice, and progress of U, all is naught, full of im- posture, uncertainty, and dofh generally more harm than good. The devil himself was the first inventor of it : Inventum est medicina mev.m^ said Apollo, and what was Apollo, but the devil? The Greeks first made an art of it, and they were all deluded by Apollo's sons, priests, oracles. If we may believe Varro, Pliny, Colu- mella, most of their best medicines were derived from his oracles. iEsculapius his son had his te.mples erected to his deity, and did many famous cures ; but, as Lac- tantius holds, he was a magician, a mere impostor, and as his successors, Phaon, Podalirius, Melampius, Menecrates, (another God), by charms, spells, and ministry of bad spirits, performed most of their cures. The first that ever wrote in phvsic to any purpose, was Hippocrates, and his disciple and commentator Galen, whom ScaWgev calls Fiinhriam Hippocratis ; but as °® Cardan censures them, both imme- thodical and obscure, as all those old ones are, their precepts confused, their medi- cines obsolete, and now most part rejected. Those cures which they did, Paracelsus holds, were rather done out of their patients' confidence, ""and good opinion they 9'- Parvo viventes laboriosi, longiEvi, siio conlenti. ad inipiinitas summa. Plinius. '^Jiiven. sr Oinnis ceiiluin annos vivuht- i« Lib. 6. de Nup. Pliilol. morbus lethalis aut ciirnbilis, in vitam definit aut in Ultra hiimaiiam fragilitatem prolixi, ut immature pc- mnrlem. Utroque igitur modo medicina inutilis:si real qui centenariuis moriatur, &c. so Vicius eorum lethalis, curari iion potest ; si curahilis. iiori r.;quiril r.asffo et lacte consistit, potus aqua et serum; pisces medicum: natura expellet. »' In interpretationes loco pariis babi^nt; ita multos annos srepe 250 absque i politico-morales in 7 Aphorism. Hippoc. lihros. -^ Prae- niedico et medicina vivunt. 9i Lib. de 4. complex, j fat. de contrad. med. i™ Opinio facit mi;dico- : a fail »5 Per mortes aiunt experimenta et animas nostras ne- gown, a velvet cap, the Mame of a doctor is all ia all. gotiantur; el quod aliis exitiale hominem occider« '^vl 388 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. had of them, tiian out of any skill of theirs, which was very small, he saith, they themselves idiots and infants, as are all tlieir academical followers. The Arabians eccived it from the Greeks, and so the Latins, adding new precepts and medicines ol' their own, but so imperfect still, that through ignorance of professors, impostois, mountebanks, empirics, disagreeing of sectaries, (which are as many almost as there be diseases) envy, covetousness, and the like, they do much harm amongst us. They are so difierent in their consultations, prescriptions, mistaking many times the par-» lies' constitution, 'disease, and causes of it, they give quite contrary piiysic ; ^''•one sailh this, another that," out of singularity or opposition, as he said of Adrian, mvl- fitiulo jiudicorum principe/n inlerftcil^ ^' a multitude of physicians hath killed the emperor •" plus a medico quain a morho pericuH^ '» more danger there is from the j)hysician, than from the disease." Besides, there is much imposture and malic* amongst them. *• All arts (saith ^Carilaii) admit of cozening, physic, amongst the rest, doth appropriate it to herself;" and tells a story of one Curtius, a physician m Venice : because he w.is a stranger, and practised amongst them, the rest of the physicians did still cross him in all his precepts. If he prescribed hot medicines the}' would prescribe cold, miscentes pro culidis frigidtu j>ro frigidis humida^ pro purgantil/us astringenlid, binders for purgativt-s, omnia pcrlurbubanf. If the party miscarried, CurCium damnubant, Curlius killed him, that disagreed from them : if he recovered, then * they cured him themselves. Much emulation, imposture, malice, there is amongst them : if they be honest and mean well, yet a knave apothecary that administers the physic, and makes the medicine, may do infinite harm, by his i»ld obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, quid pro quo, Sfc. See Fuchsius lib. 1. sect. 1. cap. 8. Cordus' Dispensatory, and Brassivuhrs Euamen siiiipl. t^r. But it is their ignorance that doth mort- harm than rashness, their art is wholly con- jectural, if it be an art, uncertain, imperfi-ct, and got by killing of men, they are a kmd of butchers, leeches, men-slayt-rs ; chirurgetms and apothtcaries especially, that are indeed the physicians' hangman, rar/jZ/ifts, and common executioners; though to say truth, physicians themselves comi- not far behind; for according to that facele epigram of .Maximilianus Urentius, what's the diflereace ? • '•C'hirurgicu* ni<*^ome other physicians have proveil at large : I say nothing of critic days, errors in indications, kc. The nujst rational of them, and skilful, are so often deceived, that :ts "Tholosanns infers, " I had rather believe and commit myself to a mere empiric-, than to a mere doctor, and I cannot sufficiently commend that custom of the B.aby- lonians, that have no professed physicians, but bring all their patients to the market to be cured •." which Herodotus relates of the .-Ej^yptians : Strabo, Sardus, and Au- banus Bohemus of many other nations. And those that prescribed physic, amongst them, did not so arrogantly take upon them to cure all diseases, as our professors do, but some one, some another, as their skill and experience did serve; *'"One cured the eyes, a second the teeth, a third the head, another the lower parts," &.c^ not for gain, but in charity, to do good, they made neither art, professi(m, nor trade > Morbus alius pro alio curatur; aliud retneiiiuin pro \ i Lib. 3. Crat. ep. Winceslao Rapho-no. Aiiiim ilicrre. alio- *L'ontrarias profcrunt 8<:ntfiitia«. C'aril. to( piii«uunliir a Galtriio, *Kil>. 3. de snp. Omnes arles fraudem ailniiliiiiil. siila iiec a <|ij(H|uani iiitfllii.'i, nee ubitertari pi<»i4:. * l>itk liieilicina spoiile cam accersit. •Oiiiiii!i S'lfrotus, a^. cap. 7. liynlai. art. iiiirab. >Ji«lleiii • i,'" ••ip'-rlii pro|>ria culpa p<-ril,scd iietnn nisi meilici hencticiu rc-re rali'>tiii.i 't.-r si-iliit laudare psiiiii iii»tiluliiiii U^i itc U')m the iloclor? In Ihis respect: one kill» liy (lriii;i), • llt-riNl. £uler|>e ile Ki;>p(iiii. Apiid • 'uic the otli>rr by (he hamt ; both only ilitTer from the hang- niurlHiruni siinl iciipiili iiirilici ; aliu* rural uculv't. alitU luan in this wnv. they ilo Klonly what he duc-i in uii m- deiitea, alius caput, parte* ucculcaa aliu*. iiant." •" Medicine caanut cure the knotty gout." ftlem. 1. Subs. 2.] Medicinal Physic. 3Si) of it, which in other places was accustomed : and therefore Cambyses in '° Xonophon told Cyrus, that to his thinking, physicians " were like tailors and cobblers, the one mended our sick bodies, as the other did our clothes." But I will urge these cavil- ling and contumelious arguments no farther, lest some physician should mistake me, and deny me physic when I am sick : for my part, I am well persuaded of physic : . I can distinguish the abuse from the use, in this and many other arts and sciences : ^^ Jiliud vinam^ aliiid ebrietas, wine and drunkenness are two distinct things. I acknowledge it a most noble and divine science, in so much that Apollo, iEsculapius, and the first founders of it, merito pro diis habifi., were worthily counted gods by suc- ceeeding ages, for the excellency of their invention. And whereas Apollo at i)elos, Venus at Cyprus, Diana at Ephesus, and those other gods were confined and adored alone in some peculiar places: iEsculapius and his temple and altars everywhere, in Corinth, Lacedaemon, Athens, Thebes, Epidaurus, &c. Pausanius records, for the latitude of his art, diety, worth, and necessity. With all virtuous and wise men therefore I honour the name and calling, as I am enjoined " to honour the physician for necessity's sake. The knowledge of the physician lifteth up his head, "and in the sight of great men he shall be admired. The Lord hath created medicines of the earth, and he that is wise will not abhor them," Eccles. Iviii 1. But of this noble ■ subject, how many panegyrics are worthily written.^ For my part, as Sallust said of Carthage, prcsstat silere, qiiam pauca diccre ; I have said, yet one thing I will add, that this kind of physic is very moderately and advisedly to be used, upon good occasion, when the former of diet will not take place. And 'tis no other which I say, than that which Arnoldus prescribes in his 8. Aphoris. '^ " A discreet and goodly physician doth first endeavour to expel a disease by medicinal diet, than by pure medicine:" and in his ninth, '^'^he that may be cured by diet, must not meddle with physic." So in 11. Aphoris. ''"'A modest and wise physician will never hasten to use medicines, but upon urgent necessity, and that sparingly too:" because (as he adds in his 13. Aphoris.) '^''Whosoever takes much physic in his youth, shall soon bewail it in his old age :" purgative physic especially, which doth much debi- litate nature. For which causes some physicians refrain from tlie use of purgatives, or else sparingly use them. "*Henricus Ayrerus in a consultation for a melancholy person, would have him take as few purges as he could, "because there be no such medicines, which do not steal away some of our strength, and rob the pans of our body, weaken nature, and cause that cacochymia," which "Celsus and others observe, or ill digestion, and bad juice through all the parts of it. Galen himself confesseth, '*'•• that purgative physic is contrary to nature, takes away some of our best spirits, and consumes the very substance of our bodies :" But this, without question, is to be understood of such purges as are unseasonably or immoderately taken: they have iheir excellent use in this, as well as most other infirmities. Of alteratives aiid cor- dials no man doubts, be they simples or compounds. I will amongst that infinite variety of medicines, which I find in every pharmacopoeia, every physician, lierb- alist, Stc, single out some of the chiefest. Sldsect. II. — Simples proper to Melancholy, against Exotic Si?nplcs. Medicines properly applied to melancholy, are either simple or compound. Simples are alterative or purgative. Alteratives are such as correct, strengthen nature, alter, any way hinder or resist the disease; and they be herbs, stones, mine- rals, &.C. all proper to this humour. For as there be diverse distinct infirmities continually vexing us, AvToi^uTot 0o. Nulla est firine modicina puriaiis. giiae niPdiciis, rnorhmn ante cxpellere sataiiit. cihi^^ niedici- uon alif|i\ain de virihiis la partihus corporis depncdalrir. nalihiis, quani |)iiris iiie Ileurnius pref. neojssitate. '^Ciuicunque pharmacatur in jnven- pra. ined. auot morborum sunt idcE, tot remcdicrum 2 H 3 390 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect. 4. humour ; and as some hold, every clime, every country, and more than that, every private place hath his proper remedies growing iii it, peculiar annost to the domi- neering and most frequent maladies of it, As ^' one discourseth, '' wormwood grow s sparingly in Italy, because most part there they be misaftecled with hot diseases : but henbane, poppy, and such cold herbs : with us in Germany and I'oland, great store of it in every waste." Baracellus Horto gniinli^ aiul Bajitisla Porta P/n/siog- noviiccB^ lib. 0. cap. 23, give many instances and examples of it, and bring many other proofs. For that cause belike that learned Fuchsius of Nurcmburg, '"'•'when he came into a village, considered always what herbs did grow most frequently about it, and those he distilled in a silver alembic, making use of others amongst them as occasion served." I know that many are of opinion, our northern simples are weak, imperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as those in the southern parts, not so fit to be used in physic, and will therefore fetch their drugs afar olf: senna, cassia out of ^gy'pt, rhubarb from liarbary, aloes from Socotra; turbilh, agaric, mirabolanes, hermoductils, from the East Indies, tobacco from the west, and some as iar as Cliina, hellebore from the Anlicvnc, or that of Austria which bears the purple flower, which Mathiolus so much approves, and so of the rest. In the kingdom of Valencia, in Spain, -'.Maginus commends two mountains, Mariohi and Henairolosu, famous for simples ;^* Leander Albertus, ^ Baldus a mountain near the I,:di(; Benacus in the territory of Verona, to which all the herbalists in the country rotitinually dock; Ortelius one in A[>ulia, .Munster Mons major in Istria; others Mont- |)elier in France; Prosper Altinus prefers Egyptian simples, Garcias ab Horta Indian before the rest, another those of Italy, Crete, &.c. Matiy times they are over-curious in this kind, whom Fuchsius taxeth, Jmtil. I. \.sec. I. cap. 1. *"that think they do nothiiisr, except they rake all over India, Arabia, illlhiopia for remedies, and fetch their physic from the three tpiarters of the world, and from beyond the Garamantes. Many an old wife t)r country woman doth often more good with a few known and connnon garden herbs, than our bombast physicians, with all their pr(»digi(ms, sun)p- tuous, far-fetched, rare, conjectural medicines:" without all cpiesticju if we have not these rare exotic simples, we hold that at home, which is in virtue e(]uivalent unto tliem* ours will serve as well as theirs, if they be taken in proportionable quan- tity, tilled nud qualified aright, if not much belter, and more proper to our constiiu- lutions. Bui so 'tis for the most part, as Plinv writes to Gallus, ''" We are careless of tliat which is near us, and follow that which is afar off, to know whicli we will travel and sail beyond the seas, wholly neglecting that which is under our eyes." Opium in Turkey doth scarce oflend, with us in a small quantity it stupifies ; cicula or hendotk is a strong poison in Greece, but with us it hath no such violent effects: 1 conclude with 1. Voschius, who as he much inveighs against those exotic medi- cines, so he promiseth by our European, a full cure and abs(jlute of all diseases; a capile ad c(i/cem^ noslrcc rcghmis h^rbce nnstris cnrpnrifnis magis conducunt, our own simples agree best with us. It was a thing that Feriudius much laboured in his F'rench practice, to reduce all his cure to our proper and domestic physic; so did "^ Janus Cornarius, and Martin Hulandus in Germany, T. B. with us, as apixareth by a treatise of his divulged in our tongue 1(5 1 5, to prove the sudiciency of English medicines, to the cure of all maimer of diseases. If our simples be not altogether of such force, or so apposite, it may be, if like industry were used, thi>se far fetched drugs would prosper as well with us, as in those countries whence now we have tlu-m. as well as cherries, artichokes, tobacco, and many such. There have fteen diverse worthy physicians, which have tried excellent conclusions in this kind, and many diligent, painful apothecaries, as Gesner, Besler, Gerard, Slc, but amongst the rest those famous public gardens of Padua in Italy, Nuremburg in Germany, Leyden e.^nera variis potfntiisilecorala. '■ Ppiioitiisilen-ir. eerus Hint-r. r.nUia. >^ Biililun nioim pri>|in IWiianim inMil. Qiiicciiiiqiit^ rPKio proijiicit siiiipliria. |irii inorhU j !>• rl>il(-L'i« iiiasiiiit^ iiolii*. ^Uui nv iiiliil tlfrYii^a r.-aiiiiii>; crt-scii raro ahsyiiiliiiii-i in lt;ilia, niiiiil ilii ' arliitranl'ir. iii.-i liuliain ./T^UiiDpiuiii, Aruln.iiii. t-i iilira |il<'niriique tiiortii raliili, s.'d cii-ula. p:ipuv»r, l-1 IhtIhe | GaraiiianlaH d lnlj.i>i iiiuiuli pnrlWiii» fii|iii.i(,i ri-iii<'ilia Iriaida' ; apiiil im* <.i>rmani>9 et Polmioii ubiquc priivciiit rorradmil Tuliiii. «a'p.' iii.il. i.ir ni-ii. i iim. una, ice at>^yMthllllIl. »-Uriiini in villani vimiiI, coiikiiI) ravit { '-'^ Ep. li>i.R. Pri.Jiiiiioriiiii n . , .. riainur. qua- il)i cri'so-hant nii'tlii-niii>'tiia. :itilla(i!i, rt alitcr, allinli.'icniii «iitiMiiii:i ; at qux i^ub (m-iiIi- , >* Kx* i'li-4> ar:;f>>li'iini riri'iinifi'ri'ns. ^ M' rim- tni-Jiris ijlilc-i ' niira r^jxit, (liiiiii-itlicM nolnin iij3 cuntinlu* f««« Vu- "iiiiiiiiin in .Miulia tVraiisisiiiiiE. "Ooc ad qu.>s i lull. .Mrlcb. AUamu* vil. «ju». iua|iiu« herbariurum nuuierus undique cuufluit. 6iu- | Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Medicinal Physic. 391 in Holland, Montpelier in France, (and our's in Oxford now in Jieri, at the cost and charges of the Right Honourable the Lord Danvers Earl of Dauby) are much to be commended, wherein all exotic plants almost are to be seen, and liberal allowance yearly made for their better maintenance, that young students may be the sooner informed in the knowledge of them : which as ^^ Fuchsius holds, " is most neces- sary for that exquisite manner of curing," and as great a shame for a physician not to observe them, as ibr a workman not to know his axe, saw, square, or any other tool which he must of necessity use. Sub SECT. HI. — Mteratives, Herbs, other Vegetables, Sfc. Amongst these 800 simples, which Galeottus reckons up, lib. 3. de promise, doc- tor, caj}. 3, and many exquisite herbalists have written of, these few following alone I lind appropriated to this humour: of which some be alteratives; ^°"' which by a secret force," saith Renodaeus, " and special quality expel future diseases, perfectly cure those which are, and many such incurable ellects." This is as well observed in other plants, stones, minerals, and creatures, as in herbs, in other maladies as iu this. How many things are related of a man's skull .? What several virtues of corns in a horse-kg, *' of a wolf's liver, &c. Of ^"diverse excrements of beasts, all good against several diseases } What extraordinary virtues are ascribed unto plants.? ^■^ Satyr ium ct eruca j)enem erigimt, vitex et nymphea semen exti?igimnf, ^■' some herbs provoke lust, some agahi, as agnus castus, water-lily, quite extinguisheth seed ; poppy causeth sleep, cabbage resisteth drunkenness, &c., and that which is more to be ad- mired, that such and such plants should have a peculiar virtue to such particular parts, ^' as to the head aniseeds, foalfoot, betony, calamint, eye-bright, lavender, bays, roses, rue, sage, marjoram, peony, &c. For the lungs calamint, liquorice, ennula campana, hyssop, horehound, water germander, &c. For the heart, borage, bugloss, saffron, balm, basil, rosemary, violet, roses, &c. For the stomach, wormwood, mints, betony, balm, centaury, sorrel, parslan. For the liver, darthspine or camagou^'. ger- mander, agrimony, fennel, endive, succory, liverwort, barberries. For the 3?ieen, maiden-hair, finger-fern, dodder of thyme, hop, the rind of ash, betony. i" or the kidneys, grumel, parsley, saxifrage, plaintain, mallow. For the womb, mugwori, pennyroyal, fetherfew, savine, &.c. For the joints, camomile, St. John's wort, organ, rue, cowslips, centaury the less, &c. And so to peculiar diseases. To this of me- lancholy you shall find a catalogue of herbs proper, and that in every part. See more in Wecker, Renodeus, Heurnius lib. 2. cup. 19. &c. I will briefly speak of them, as first of alteratives, which Galen, in his third book of diseased parts, prefers before diminutives, and Trallianus brags, that he hath done more cures on melan- choly men *by moistening, than by purging of them. Borage.] In this catalogue, borage and bugloss may challenge tlie chiefest place, whether in substance, juice, roots, seeds, flowers, leaves, decoctions, distilled waters, extracts, oils, &c., for such kind of herbs be diversely varied. Bugloss is hot and moist, and therefore worthily reckoned up amongst those herbs which expel melan- choly, and ^'exhilarate the heart, Galen, lib. 6. cap. 80. de simpl. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 123. Pliny much magnifies this plant. It may be diversely used; as in broth, in ^'^ wine, in conserves, syrups. Sec. It is an excellent cordial, and against this malady most frequently prescribed ; a herb indeed of such sovereignty, that as Diodorus, lib. 7. bibl. Plinius, lib. 25. cap. 2. et lib. 21. cap. 22. Plutarch, sympos. lib. 1. cap. 1. Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. 40. Cajlius, lib. 19. c. 3. suppose it was that famous Nepenthes of ^^ Homer, which Polydamna, Thonis's wife (then king of Thebes in Egypt), sent Helena for a token, of such rare virtue, '' that if taken steeped in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all thy dearest friends should die before thy face, thou couldst not grieve or shed a tear for them." * Iiistit. 1.1. cap. 8. sec. 1. ad exquisitam curaiidi ratianmii, quorum cogniiio imprimis iiecesj^aria est. »Q.iia; ca;ci vi ac sp; iMlica qualitute mofbos fiituros drci'iit. lib. Leap. 10. l:l^^lt. Pilar. 3i Galen, lib. epar lupi epaticos ciir.it. s^Stercus pecoris ad Epi- Itpsiam, ss. A. 592 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. "Qui spinel iil patera riiistum Neppnllies laccho Haiiscrit, hie lachryinaiii, noii si suax issiiiia proles, Si geriiiniius ei charus, iiiaterqiie pateniue Opptlal, ante oculus I'erro coiifossus alri>ci.'' Helena's commended bowl to exhilarate the heart, had no other ingredient, as most of our critics conjecture, than this of borate. Balm.] Melis.sa balm hath an admirable virtue to alter melancholy, be it steeped in our ordinary drhik, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan, lib. 8. much admires this herb. It lieats and dries, saiih '•' xlei;rnius, in tlie secontl degree, with a wonder- ful virtue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melancholy vapours from the sipirits, ]\latihiol. in lib. 3. cap. 10. in Dioscoridcm. Besides they ascribe other virtues to it, ■•' " as to help concoction, to cleanse the brain, expel all careful thoughts, and anxious imaginations :" the same words in ellt^ct are in Avicemia, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Puch- sius, Leobel, Dclacampius, and every herbalist. N«>thing better for him that is me- lancholy than to steep this and borage in his ordinary drink. Mathiolus, in his tilth book of .Medicinal Ppistles, reckons up scorzonera, ''^•^not against poison only, falling sickness, and such as are vertiginous, but to this malady; the root of it taken by itself expels sorrow, causeth mirth and lightness of heart."' Antonius Musa, that renowned physician to Ca'sar Augustus, in his book which he writ of the virtues of betony, cap. G. wonderfully commends ihat herb, animus huminum et corpora custodit, securas de melu reddit^ it preserves botli body and mind, from fears, cares, griefs ; cures falling sickness, this and many other diseases, to whom Galen subscribes, lib. 7. simp. med. Dioscorides, lib. 4. cap. 1. SiC. .Marigold is much ajiproved against melancholy, and often used therefore in our ordinary broth, as good against this and many other diseases. Hop.] Lupulus, hop, is a sovereign remedv ; Puchsius, cap. 58. Plant, hist, much extols it; '""it purgeth all choler, and purities the blood. Mutihiol. cap. 1 iO. in 4. Diosc'jr. wonders the physicians of his time made no more use of it, because it rarities and deanseth : we use it to this purpose in our ordinary beer, wiiich before was thick and fulsome. Wormwood, centaur)', pennyroyal, are likewise magnified and much prescribed (as I shall after show), especially ia hypochondriac melancholy, daily to be used, sod in wliey : and as Huli'us Kphesias, ** Areteus relate, by breaking wind, helping concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them alone. And because the spleen and blood are often misallected in melancholy, I may not omit endive, succory, dandelion, fumitory, ktc, whicli cleanse tlie blood, Scolopen- dria, cuscuta, ceterache, mugwort, liverwort, ash, tamarisk, genist, maidenhair, fcic, which must help and ease the spleen. To these I may add roses, violets, capers, feathcrfcw, scordium, staechas, rosemary, ros solis, satfron, ocliyme, sweet apples, wine, tobacco, sanders, inc. Tliat Peruvian chunnco, nionstrosd facultatf., t^c, Linshcosteus Datura; and to such as are c<»ltl, the ■•^decoction of guiacum, China sarsaparilla, sassafras, tlie flowers of carduus bene- dicius, which 1 find much used by Montanus in his Consultations, Julius .Alexandri- iius, Lelius, Egubinus, and others. ** Beniardus Penotlus prefers his herba solis, or ])utch sin-law, before all the rest in this disease, '• and will admit of n«j herb upon the earth to be comparable to it." It excels Homer's moly, cures this, faUing sick- ness, and almost all otlier intirmities. The same Penottus speaks of an excellent balm out of Aponensis, which, taken to the quantity of three drops in a cup of wine, * " will cause a sudden alteration, drive away dump.s, and cheer up the heart." Ant. (juianerius, in his Antidotary, hath many such. ** Jacobus de Dondis the airgre- gator, repeats ambergrcase, nutmegs, and allspice amongst the rest. Put that cannot be general. Amber and spice will make a hot brain mad, good for cold and moist. M Lib. 3. cap. -2. prax.iiied. mira vi Ixtitiam prxbet el ' cap. 5. Laiet. occit. Imtie dencrip. lib. 10. cap. X cor ciiiitirioal, vaporeH iiiflaiictinliciis pursnt a spiriii- ' " lleuniini, I. 2. ciinitil. 185. t^iilizii con-' " •• rrj^f. lui * Propriiiin est ejiid aniiiiiiiii hilari-iii rxlil'Tc. ' drnar. riit'cl. OrHiieii riipilit Uoliirfii •! )i< . I ci'iiriKtii'iii'in juvare, cerebri olmtruclioiies ivHTari;, In; kiu.'< nulluni hi'rbaiii in lerrm Iiiik ^ ui F'lljiritiiiliiies mgare, f)ollicita» irna^'iMutinries t< ll.re. virihuit et boiiitate iiakci. •^0|i(iiii. lN-iirz"«iiera " .Von solum ad vi|H'rarinii iimritug, luni in crleri curUii coiifort.itione, it a Ki.ii<:ol<'liii«. Kl> n tri!ititiain diM:iitiI, hilaritateinque coiiciliut. *^ liilein hahel iiiiraoi ad hilaniiiteni i-t iiiuiti pro n, , ...,,, .l iilra:u" Idem. cap. 5. et cap. C.de Hyacintlio et Topazio. Irani , l;fta fatU arijeuteo auaulo gestalus. 50 394 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4^ phy, cap. 3. speaking of the virtues of a loadstone, recites many several opinions ; some say that if it be taken in parcels inward, si quis per frustra voret^ jucniutem reslituel^ it will, like viper's wine, restore one to his youth ; and yet if carried about them, others will have it to cause melancholy; let experience determine. Mercurialis admires the emerald for its virtues in pacifying all allections of the ndiid; others the sapphire, which is "the *** fairest of all precious stones, of sky colour, and a great enemy to black choler, frees the niinth mends manners," Stc Jacobus de Dondis, in his catalogue of simples, liath ambergrease, os in corde cervi.^ *"' the bone in a stag's heart, a monocerot's horn, bezoar's stone C"* of which else- where), it is found in the belly of a little beast in the East Indies, brought into Europe by Hollanders, and our countrymen merchants. Renodeus, cap. 2ti. lib. 3. de merit, vied, saith he saw two of these beasts alive, in the castle of the Lord of Vitiy at Coubert. Lapis lazuli and armenus, because they purge, shall be mentioned in their place. Of the rest in brief thus much 1 will add out of Cardan, Renodeus, cap. 23. lib. 3. Rondoletius, //7>. \.de Testat.c. IS.cSr.*'" That almost all jewels and precious stones have excellent virtues to pacify the aflections of the mind, for which cause rich men so much covet to have them : ™and those smaller unions which are found in shells amongst the Persians and Indians, by the consent of all writers, are very coriiial, and most part avail to the exhilaration of the heart." Minerals.] Most men say as much of gold and some other minerals, as these have dune of precious stones. Erastus still maintains the opposite part. JJisput. in Paracchum. cap. i.fol. I'JG. he confesselh of gold, "''ttiat it makes the heart merry, but in no other sense but as it is in a miser's chest:" at mild plaiido simul ac nitmmos contemplor in area., as he said in the poet, it so revives tlie spirits, and is an excellent recipe against melancholy, '■- for gold in p^trie u • cordiaj, TktrtJoTt he loreil guld in tpeeial. Aurum potabile^ he disconmiends and inveighs against it, by reason of the corrosive Maters which are used in it : which argument our Dr. Guin urgeth against D. Anto- nius. '^Erastus concludes their pliilosuphical stones and potable gnld, itc. *■' to be no better ihan poison," a mere imposture, a nun ens ; dug out of that broody hill belike iliis gt)lden stone is, iibi miscclur ridiculus mus. Paracelsus and his chemis- tical followers, as so many Promethti, wUI fetch tiie from heaven, will cure all man- ner ot diseases with minerals, accounting them the only physic on tlie other side. '^Paracelsus calls Galen, Hippocrates, and all their adherents, infants, idiots, sophis- ters, kc. Apugcsis istos qui Vulcanias isias metamorphoses sugillant, inscitice sobo- /ts, supincc pertinacice alumnus, tSjc, not worthy the name of physicians, for want ot these remedies : and brags that by them he can make a man live 100 years, or to the world's end, with their '"^Altxiphar mac urns, Panaceas, Mummias, unguentum Ar- marium, and such magnetical cures, Lumpas vita et mortis, Balneum Diinup, lial- samum, Electrum Magiciy-physicum, Amuleta Martialia, 4"C. What will not he and his lolluwers etlect .' He brags, moreover, that he was primus medicurum, and did more famous cures than all the physicians in Europe besides, ""a drop of iiis pre- l)aratiL»ns should go farther than a drachm, or ounce of iheirs," those loathsome and lulsome filihy poti«)ns, heteroclitical pills ',so he calls them), horse medicines, ad (juoram aspectum Ct/clups Polyphemus eihorresceret. And though some condemn their skill and magnetical cures as tending to magical superstition, witchery, charms, &.C., yet they admire, stillly vindicate nevertheless, and infmitely prefer thenj. But these are both in extremes, the middle sort approve of minerals, though not in so high a degree. Lemnius lib. 3. cap. 6. de occult, nat. mir. commends gold inwardly nAtro; bill adversalur. omnium ^t-minaruin pulclit-r- rinia. cali cnloreni refert, animum ab errure liberal, mures iii melius inutat. s' LtOiigis mceronbus fpliciter incdftur, dfliguiis, .Soc. "*St:r. 5. Memb. I. Subs. 3. ■"Gestaiiien lapiilum ct ccmmariini niaxiiiiiiiu Tert aiixi- lium et juvainen ; unite qui dites sunt ^emiiiad s.-cuin ' doctinrfit sunt quaiii vcdir (iaieuiio ei A ferre stuileiit. '<> Marzarits el unioiieii que i cun- I mt-a plu< eipi-ria fiit quaiii ii-alr-r Tum cbi3 el pi^ibus apuil Persas et liidos, valdu cordiales ' Aurum la-titiam general, non in ronle, ' Kill. Crnlliun and olher*. ' Clii* prutl. sed in area viroruin. '^Chaucer. ^ Auruio uon , quaiu tot euruoi ilractuuc et umix. aurum. Noxiuiu ob aquax ro|p parag. SlulliiMtimiig pilun nccipilii im i piim •rit. qiiam ouiiiea vei^lri dxrloren, el rulC'-onini iii' ' ".in iiun'.li Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Compound Jilieralives. 395 and outwardly used, as in rings, excellent good in medicines ; and such mixtures as are made for melancholy men, saith Wecker, anlid.spcc. lib. 1. to whom Renodeus sub- scribes, ]lb. 2. cap. 2. Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 19. Fernel. 7neth. vied. lib. 5. cap. 21. de Cardiacis. Daniel Sennerius, lib. I. part. 2. cap. 9. Audernacus, Libavius, Quer- cetanus, Oswaldus Crollius, Euvonymus, Rubeus, and Matthiolus in the fourth book of his Episues, Jlndreas a Blawen epist. ad Malthiolum., as commended and formerly used by Avicenna, Arnoldus, and many others: '* Matthiolus in the same place ap- proves of potable gold, mercury, with many such chemical confections, and goes so far in approbation of them, that lie holds ™ " no man can be an excellent physician that liath not some skill in chemistical distillations, aud that chronic diseases can liardly be cured without mineral medicines :" look for antimony among purgers. SuBSECT. V. — Compound Alter ativ e,s ; censure of Compounds., and mixed Physic. Pliny, lib. 24. c. 1, bitterly taxeth all compound medicines, ^" Men's knavery, imposture, and captious wits, have invented those shops, in which every man's life is set to sale : and by and by came in those compositions and inexplicable mixtures, far-fetched out of India and Arabia ; a medicine for a botch must be had as far as tlie Red Sea." And 'tis not without cause which he saith; for out of question they are much to ^' blame in their compositions, whilst they make infinite variety of mix- tures, as "Fuchsius notes. "They think they get themselves great credit, excel others, and to be more learned than the rest, because they make many variations ; but he accounts them fools, and whilst they brag of their skill, and think to get themselves a name, they become ridiculous, betray their ignorance and error." A few simples well prepared and understood, are better than such a heap of noiisease, confused compounds, which are in apothecaries' shops ordinarily sold. '■'' In which many vain, superfluous, corrupt, exolete, things out of date are to be had (saith Cornarius) ; a company of barbarous names given to syrups, juleps, an unnecessary company of mixed medicines ;" rudis indigestaque moles. Many times (as Agrippa taxeth) there is by this means ^^'^ more danger from the medicine than from the dis- ease," when they put together they know not what, or leave it to an illiterate apothe- cary to be made, they cause death and horror for health. Those old physicians had no such mixtures ; a simple potion of hellebore in Hippocrates' time was the ordi- nary purge; and at this day, saith ^*Mat. Riccius, in that flourishing commonwealth of China, ■' their physicians give precepts quite opposite to ours, not unhappy in tlieir physic ; they use altogether roots, herbs, and simples in their medicines, and all their physic in a manner is coiuprehended in a herbal: no science, no school, no art, no degree, but like a trade, every man in private is instructed of his master." ^'Cardan cracks that he can cure all diseases with water alone, as Hippocrates of old did most infirmities with one medicine. Let the best of our rational physicians de- monstrate and give a sufficient reason for those intricate mixtures, why just so many simples in mithridate or treacle, why such and such quantity; may they not be re- duced to half or a quarter ? Frustrajit per plura (as the saying is) quod fieri potest jier pandora ; 300 simples in a julep, potion, or a little pill, to what end or pur- j)ose .' I know not what ^ Alkindus, Capivaccius, ^Montagna, and Simon Eitover, the best of them all and most rational, have said in this kind ; but neither he, they, nor any one of them, gives his reader, to my judgment, that satisfaction which he ought; why sucli, so many simples" } Rog. Bacon hath taxed many errors in his tract de graduationibus., explained some things, but not cleared. Mercurialis in his book de composit. medicin. gives instance in Hamech, and Philonium Romanum, which Ha- mech an Arabian, and Philonius a Roman, long since composed, but crasse as the '' Noiiiiulli liuic supra niodiiiii in(lul?eiit, usuin elsi I lauilem sibi comparare student, ft iu hoc stuciio alt^r noil ndHO iiiairniini, iion taiuen abjiciiMidum censeo. | alteruni supi?rare conatur, durn (luisqui! quo plura mis cunrit, eo se doctioreui putot, inde fit ut suani prodan. inscitiam. duiii ostentaiit peritiain, et se riiliculos ex- hibeant, &c. eSMulto plus periouli a ini;dicaniento, quam a mnrbn, &c. ** Eipedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 5. Prscepta ineilici dant nootirs diversa. in niedendo non infelices, pharraacis utuntur siinplir.ibus, ln-rbis, radi- cibus, &K. lota eoruin niedicina nostrs lierbariie prtB- ceptis CDulinetur, null..* Aldus hujus arlis, quisque pri • vatus a quolibet magistro eruditur. i»Lib. de Aqua. *•> Opusc. de Dos. "^ Aiisiin diceri' uprniniMU medicuin excelluntcni qui non ill liar distillatione cbyjiiica sit versatus. Morbi chro- nici dfvinci citra nietallica vix possint, aut ubi sanguis corruuipilur. m Fraudes hominiiin et ingenioruin capluriv, niticinas invenere istas. in quibus sua cuique vciialis proniitlitur vita; statim compositiones et mix- t'ir;p itiexplicabi^os ex Arabia et [ndia, ulceri parvo iih'ilicina a riibri) mari iinportatur. t-' Arncddus Aphor. 15. Fallax inedicus qui potens mederi simplici- bus, cuijipositu dolose aut frustra qiiasrit. '•''Lib. 1. sect. 1. cap. 8. Dum iafinita medicainenta Diisccut, 390 Ctire of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. i rest. If they be so exact, as by him it seems they were, and those mixtures so per- fect, why cloth Fernelius alter the one, and why is the other obsolete.-' *^CardHi taxeth Galen for presuming out of his ambition to correct Theriachum Androinaclii and we as justly may carp at all the rest. Galen's medicines are now exploded ant- rejected ; what Nicliolas Meripsa, Mesne, Celsus, Scribanius, Actuariiis, &.c. writ of old, are most part contemned. Mellichius, Cordus, Wecker, Querecetan, Hhenodeus the Venetian, Florentine states have their several receipts, and magistrals : they of Nuremburg have theirs, and Augustana Pharmacopceia, peculiar medicines to the meridian of the city: London hers, every city, town, almost every private man hath his own mixtures, compositions, receipts, magistrals, precepts, as if he scorned anti- quity, and all others in respect of himself. Hut each man must correct and alter to show his skill, every opinionative fellow must maintain his own parado.x, be it what it will; Delirant. reges^ plecluntur ^ic/in'i : they dote, and in the meantime the poor patients pay for their new experiments, the commonalty rue it. Thus others object, thus I may conceive out of the weakness of my apprehension ; but to say truth, there is no such fault, no such ambition, no novelty, or ostentation, as some suppose ; but as ** one answers, this of compound medicines, '• is a most noble and profitable invention found out, and brought into physic witli great judg- ment, wisdom, counsel and discrt'tion." Mixed diseases must have mi.xi-d remeilies, and such siu)ples are conmioidy mixed as have reference to the part alltcttd, some to (|ualify, the rest to comfort, some one part, some another. Cardan and Brassavola both hold that .%'«//«/« simplvx mtdicaincntum sine nard, no simple medicine is with- out hurt (jr otli-nce ; and although Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Diodes of old, in the infancy of this art, were content with ordinary simples: yet now, sailh "".Etius, *• necessity compelleth to seek for new remedies, and to make compounds of simples, as well to correct their harms if cold, dry, hot, thick, thin, insi|>itl, noisome to smell, to make them savoury to the {Kilate, pleasant to taste and take, and to preserve them for continuance, by admixtion of sugar, honey, to make them last months and years for several uses." In such cases, compound medicines may be approved, and Arnoldus in his 18. aphorism, doth allow of it. '""Jf simples caimot, necessity compels us to use compt)unds ;" so for receipts and magistrals, dits diem docil, one day teacheth another, and they are as so manv words or phiases. Que nunc sunt m honore vocahula si volet usus, ebb and llow with the season, and as wits varv, so they may be infmitely varied. " Quisque suum plucitum quo capiatnr hub* I.'''' "Every man as he likes, so many men so many minds,'" and yet all lending to good pur- pose, though not the same way. As arts and Bcitnces, so physic is still perfected amongst the rest ; Horci niusarum nutricis, and experience teacheth us every day ^' many things which (mr predecessors knew not of. Nature is not eflete, as he saith, or so lavish, to bestow all her gifts upon an age, but hath reserved some for posterity, to show her power, that she is still the same, and not old or consumeil. Birds and beasts can cure themselves by nature, ^natura ttsu ea plerumque cognos- cunt qucB homines vix longo labore et doctrina assequuntur^ but " men must use much labour and industry to find it out." But I digress. Compound medicines are inwardly taken, or outwardly applied. Inwardly taken, be either liquid or solid : liquid, are fluid or consisting. Fluid, as wines and syrii()s. The wines ordinarily used to this disease are wormwood wine, tamarisk, and bu- glossatum, wine made of borage and bugloss, the composition of which is speciiied in Arnoldus VUlanovanus, Uh. de vinis, of borage, bilm, bugloss, cinnamon, kc. and liighly commended for its virtues : *^ •• it drives away leprosy, scabs, clears the blood, recreates the spirits, exhilarates the mind, purgeth the brain of those anxious black melancholy fumes, and cleanseth the whole body of that black humour l»y urine. To which I add," saiili Villanovanus, '* that it will bring madmen, and sucli raging »^ Subtil, cnp. (le !u:ientiis. '"UuiErcctan. phar- ' lepraiu curat, cpiritui recreat, et aniniuin ezbilarat. niariip. rt'stitut. cap. 2. Nohilissiinuiii et utilmsiinum .Melaiirhuliciw huinores p«r urinam etJurii ■ > < • '• >.'<■") iiivenlum suiiiuia lmjui neccsitiitate adinveniuiii et in- i cranMia. ■•ruiiiMiwiii nielaiii-bolia: ruimx | trcxjuctijin. "'('a|). i5. Tetrabib. 4. ser. -i. N»-ces- [ ailtlodefu Tii..-ri Rita* niiiir rngic aliqiiaiulu noxia qucrere reiiieilia, et Juval. et ansitas farere. tuiii ad saporein, < Kieiilia, quod videriiii malronaiii i|iiji«I.'iiii liiur .n.. . ,, ndoreiii. palati eratiaiii, ad cnrrectionein ^impliciuiii, | laiii, <|uc rr<-qu>-iiliuii ex iraciinilia i|fiii>-ii>, it n i|.. . luni ad fiituri)!* inun, coiiservatumem. tr. •ufum I ariiini diceiida tarenda l"><|u>-t>alur, a'!--" fiireii» m h.- I'l siiiipliria iixn posduiii nere^sitas c>>; . **8aueuiiiein corruptum eiuiiculat, Kabiem abolet, | aaiu pre furibut ilictc matruoc iiupluraab*. Mem. 2. Subs 1.] Compound Mierutives. 397 bedlamites as are tied in chains, to the use of their reason again. My conscience bears me witness, that I do not lie, I saw a grave matron helped by this means; she was so choleric, and so furious sometimes, that she was almost mad, and beside her- self ; she said, and did she knew not what, scolded, beat her maids, and was now ready to be bound till she drank of this borage wine, and by this excellent remedy was cured, which a poor foreigner, a silly beggar, taught her by chance, that came to crave an alms from door to door." The juice of borage, if it be clarified, and drunk in wine, will do as much, the roots sliced and steeped, &c. saith Ant. 3Iizaldus, art. 7ned. who cities this story verbatim out of Villanovanus, and so doth ^iagninus a physician of Milan, in his regimen of health. Such another excellent compound water I find in Rubeus de distill, sect. 3. which he highly magnifies out of Savauarola, *' •• for such as are solitary, dull, heavy or sad without a cause, or be troubled with trembling of heart." Other excellent compound waters for melancholy, he cites in the same place. ^' " If their melancholy be not inflamed, or their temperature over- hot." Evonimus hath a precious aquavitce. to this purpose, for such as are cold. But he and most commend aurum potabile, and every writer prescribes clarified whey, with borage, bugloss, endive, succory, &c. of goat's milk especially, some indefinitely at all times, some thirty days together in the spring, every morning fasting, a good draught. Syrups are very good, and often used to digest this humour in the heart, spleen, liver, &c. As syrup of borage (there is a famous syrup of borage highly conmiended by Laurentius to this purpose in his tract of melancholy), de, pomis of king Sabor, now obsolete, of thyme and epithyme, hops, scolopendria, fumitory, maidenhair, bizantine, &c. These are most used for preparatives to other physic, mixed with distilled waters of like nature, or in juleps otherwise. Consisting, are conserves or confections ; conserves of borage, bugloss, balm, fumitory, succory, maidenhair, violets, roses, wormwood, &c. Confections, treacle, mithridate, eclegms, or linctures, &c. Solid, as aromatical confections : hot, diambra., diamarguritiuii calidum, diantJms., dlamoschum dulce., electuarium de gemmis Iccliji- cans Gal'iii ct Rhasis, diagalinga, dlacimynum dianisum., dialrion piperion., diazin- zibcr, diucapcrs., diacinnamonum : Cold, as diamargaritiim frigidum, diacorolU, diar- rhodon abbatis, diacodion, S)'c. as every pharmacopceia will show you, with their tables or losings that are made out of them : with condites and the like. Outwardly used as occasion serves, as amulets, oils hot and cold, as of camomile, staechados, violets, roses, almonds, poppy, nymphea, mandrake, Slc. to be used after bathing, or to procure sleep. Omtments composed of the said species, oils and wax, &c., as Alablastritum Popvr- Icum, some hot, some cold, to moisten, procure sleep, and correct other accidents. Liniments are made of the same matter to the like purpose : emplasters of herbs, flowers, roots, &.C., with oils, and other liquors mixed and boiled together. Cataplasms, salves, or poultices made of green herbs, pounded, or sod in water till they be soft, which are applied to the hypochondries, and other parts, when the body is empty. Cerotes are applied to several parts and frontals, to take away pain, grief, heat, pro- cure sleep. Fomentations or sponges, wet in some decoctions, &.C., epithemata, or tho.se moist medicines, laid on linen, to bathe and cool several parts misaffecied. Sacculi, or little bags of herbs, flowers, seeds, roots, and the like, applied to the head, heart, stomach, &c., odoraments, balls, perfumes, posies to smell to, all which have their several uses in melancholy, as shall be shown, Avhen I treat of the cure of the distinct species by themselves. MEMB. II. SDBSE..r. I. — Purging Simples upward. Melanagoga, or melancholy purging medicines, are either simple or compound, and that gently, or violently, purging upward or downward. These following purge upward. '** Afearum, or Asrabecca, which, as Mesne saith, is hot in the second degree, s'lis qui tristantur sine causa, et vitant ainicnruin I metur niclanchnlia, aut calidiore teniperamento SiUl. socsetatein el treuiunl corde soModo non inflam- | s^Heuruius: datur ia sero lactis, aut vino 393 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. and dry in the tliird, " it is commonly taken in wine, whey," or as with us, the juice of two or three leaves or more sometimes, pounded in posset drink qualified with a little liquorice, or aniseed, to avoid the fulsomeness of the taste, or as Diaserum Fernelii. Brassivola in Catart. reckons it up amongst those simples that only purge melanclioly, and Huellius confirms as much out of his experience, that it pur^jeih ^^ black clioler, like hellebore itself. Galen, lib. G. simplic. and '*'Matthiulus ascribe other virtues to it, and will have it purge other humours as well as this. Laurel, by lleurnius's method, ad prax. lib. 2. cap. 24. is put amongst the strong purgers of melancholy ; it is hot and dry in tlie fourth degree. Dioscorides, lib. 1 1. cap. 114. adds other effects to it. '■'^ Pliny sets down fifteen berries in drink for a sufficient potion : it is commoidy corrected with his opposites, cold and moist, as juice of en(hve, purslane, and is taken in a potion to seven grains and a half. But this and asrabecca, every gentlewoman in the country knows how to give, they are two common vomits. Scilla, or sea-onion, is hot and dry in the tiiird degree. Brassivola in Catart. out of Mesne, others, and his own experience, will have this simple to purge '"'melan- choly alone. It is an ordinary vomit, vinttm scilliticum, mixed with rubel in a litiie white wine. White hellebore, which some call sneezing-powder, a strong purger upward, which many reject, as being too violent: Mesne and Averroes will not aihnit of it, '"by reason of danger of sutli>cati(>n," ••'•great pain and trouble it puts the poor patient to," saith Dodonieiis. Yet iialen, lib. i). siinpl. incd. and Dioscorides, c«/^ 145.ali(nv of it. It was indeed ^"terrible in lormt-r times," as Pliny notes, but now famihar. insomuch that many took it in those days, *"• that were students, to quicken tinir wits," which Persius Sat. 1. objects to Accius the poet, I lias Acci ibria veratro. *'' It helps melancholy, tlje falling sickness, niadness, gout, &.C., but not to be taken of old men, youths, such as are weaklings, nice, or etK-minale, troubled with head- ache, liigli-col(jured, or fear strangling," saith Dioscoride.-. 'Oribasius, an old phy- sician, hath written very copiously, and approves of it, ^^ in such aflt'Ctions which can otherwise liardly be cured." Hernius, lib. 2. prax. med. de vomitoriis^ will not have it used ^^'but with great caution, by reason of its strength, and then when antimony will do no good," which caused Hermophilus to compare it to a stout captain (as Codroneus observes cap. 7. comment, df Ilelleb.) that will see all his soldiers go before him and come post principia. like the bragging soldier, last* hirn- selt;**\vhen other helps fail in inveterate melancholy, in a desperate case, this vomit is to be taken. And yet for all this, if it be well prepared, it may be '•'securely given at first. '"Matthiolus brags, that he hath often, to the good of many, marie use of it, and Heurnius, " 'Mhat he hath happil) used it, prepared after his own prescript," and with good success. Christophorus a \'ega, lib. 3. c. 41, is of the .same opinion, that it may be lawfully given ; and our country gentlewomen find it by their comnmn practice, that there is no such great danger in it. Dr. Turner, speaking of this plant in his Herbal, telleth us, that in his time it was an ordinary receipt among good wives, to give hellebore in powder to ii^ weight, and he is not much against it. But they do commonly exceed, for who so bold as blind Bayard, and prescribe it by pennyworths, and such irrational ways, as I have heard myself market folks a.sk for it in an apothecary's shop : but with w hat success God knows ; they smart often for their rash boldness and fully, break a vein, make their eyes ready to sLiri out "Cra.s Imuiiireit JHT voiiiiliiiii e'liicit. w Vomit urn et iiiviihi.-s cit. valft ail bjilrop. Sec. i* Materiaa olras ••(liicil. > Ab vrii! iJeo rrjiciendum, ob p*-ririiliim eutiiicationiii. 8. rap. n in aff>-ctionibu« ii( quv HilTiciillt-r ciirantur, Hellebr>ruiii ilaiiiu*. * ' Non nine Kiiiiiina cauiiu at hiic ri-(iieilii> ulfiiiiir ; e«t enim valiili"«i- • — im vitv» Aiitiiiiniiii contcninil morbus, in .: i tur, iiio. inacna vi educit, et iiiolesiia cum oinriina. 'cap. I. n«r^. lis iM>liiin dan vnlt Hell • .■■irii, * Quonilnrii It-rriliik-. < .MuKi ^tll<:lorurll i>ra(Hi iul (jm wvus ipvui non hab«-nl, non im iui r*)rnco|M-in li- prnvKlfiiila amux r|(ie cnmini.-nlal>antiir. ^ .Mt-dftnr nieni, &c. * Cum falule mullonim. >*Cap. eomilialibu8. iiiflaiictioliri<<. [KHlasriis; vetalur ■em- 13. d>- iiiorbii cap. ■> Nua (kfiU'uic utimur Bovtrc bu*. pueri», inollibu» et clfiFaiinatM. *Cullect. lib. i prepvralu Hellcburo albo. Mem. 2. Siibs. 2.] Purging Simples. Sgg Matthiolus in Dioscor. and that excellent commentary of Baptista Codroncus, which IS instar omnium de Helleb. alb. where we shall find great diversity of examples and receipts. ^ Antimony or stibium, which our chemists so much magnify, is either taken in substance or mfusion, &c., and frequently prescribed in this disease. " It helps all mfirmities," saith '' IVIatthiolus, 'Mvhich proceed from black choler, fallincr sickne^^s and hypochondriacal passions ;" and for farther proof of his assertion"^ he aives several instances of such as have been freed with it: '^one of Andrew Gallus, a phy- sician of Trent, that after many other essays, '^ imputes the recovery of his health, next after God, to this remedy alone." Another of George Handshius, that in like sort, when other medicines failed, ""was by this restored to his former health, and which of his knowledge others have likewise tried, and by the help of this admi- rable medicine, been recovered." A third of a parish priest at Prao-ue in Bohemia, = "that was so far gone with melancholy, that he doted, and spake he knew not what ; but after he had taken twelve grains of stibium, (as I mvself saw, and can witness, for I was called to see this miraculous accident) he was pureed of a deal of black choler, like little gobbets of flesh, and all his excrements were" as black blood (a medicine fitter for a horse than a man), yet it did him so much 'tis the subject of whole books ; I might cite a century of authors pro and con. I will conclude with '' Zuinger, antimony is like Scanderbeg's sword, which is either good or bad, strong or weak, as the party is that prescribes, or useth it : "a worthy medicine it it be rightly applied to a strong man, otherwise poison." For the pre- paring of it, look in Evonimi thesaurus, Quercctan, Osivaldus CrolUus, Basil. Cliim. Basil. Valcntius, &)-c. Tobacco, divine, rare, superexcellent tobacco, which goes far beyond all tlie pana- ceas, potable gold, and philosopher's stones, a sovereign remedy to all diseases. A good vomit, I confess, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and medicinally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health, hellish, devilish and damned tobacco, the ruin and overthrow of body and soul. SuBSECT. II. — Simples purging Melancholy dovmward. Polypody and epithyme are, without all exceptions, gentle purgers of melan- choly. Dioscorides will have them void phlegm; but Brassivola out of his expe- rience averreth, that they purge this humour ; they are used in decoction, infusion, kc. simple, mixed, &c. Mirabolanes, all five kinds, are happily '^prescribed against melancholy and quar- tan agues ; Brassivola speaks out '^ " of a thousand" experiences, he gave them in pills, decoctions, &c., look for peculiar receipts in him. Stoechas, fumitory, dodder, herb mercury, roots of capers, genista or broom, pen- 12 In lib. 5. Dioscor. cap. 3. Omnilius npitiilatur mor- biii, quns atrabilis exnitavit cniuitialibus ii>qije prescr- tini qui Hvpocoiidriacas oblirierit passiones. '^ An- dreas Galliis, Triilentinus inedicus, salutem liiiic medi- camento post Deum debet. k Integra; sanitati, brevi resiitutus. Id quod aliis accidii?se scio, qui hoc mirabili nieilicamenio usi sunt. '^dui n!elanchrU>, hist. lib. 1. c«/<. (if), relates, that the ^physicians of the .Moors familiarly prescribe it to all melanchnly passions, and Matthiolus ep. lib. '.i. *" brags of that liappy success which he still had in the administration of it. Nicholas Meripsa puts it amongst the best remedie.>rsu!> omnia vitia alrx liilis valci, aanguinern iiiuii- ila(. «|iirilu:i illii:itrat, iii:(.'romii di^ulit hi-rba iiiiril^ca. "Cap. 4. lib. i. ° Ri Tf ntiores iieeaiit ora veiiaruni reiecare. *• \n a!o« ap^ri.u ora vrnaruin lib U. emit. 3. ^ Vap< ali.- |(iijoef t'-r uiU!i tiini. rl magiio rum auxilio. <. nihil rental niii Melleb<>riii, rl lapif Arv -ii I&4. Scoltrh * Multa mrpora vidi jraM--i i' ' mc aeitata. el itoniacho in'illuin ohrniMe. >■ rmii vili*. ■It ab eo curari capra* rurentra, kx.. *> Lib. 6 nuipl. med. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Purging Simples. iOl Tantalus, Taniale desipis, hellchoro cpolo tihi opus esf^ eoque sane meraco, thou art out of thy little wit, O Tantalus, and must needs drink hellebore, and that without mixture. Aristophanes iti Vespis, drink hellebore, &c. and Harpax in the ^^Comoe- dian, told Simo and Ballio, two doting fellows, that they had need to be purged with this plant. When that proud Menacrates 6 ^ttij, had writ an arrogant letter to Philip of Macedon, he sent back no other answer but this, Consulo tibi ut ad Jlnllcyram ^:- confcras, noting thereby that he was crazed, atque ellcbore indigerc, had much need of a good purge. Lilius Geraldus saith, that Hercules, after all his mad pranks upon his wife and children, was perfectly cured by a purge of helle- bore, which an Anticyrian administered unto him. They that were sound com- monly took it to quicken their wits, (as Ennis of old, ^^Qui non nisi polus ad arma — proslhut diccnda, and as our poets drink sack to improve their inven- tions (] find it so registered by Agellius lib. 17. cap. 15.) Carneades the academic, when he was to write against Zeno the stoic, purged himself with hellebore first, which ^'Petronius puts upon Chrysippus. In such esteem it continued for many ages, till at length Mesne and some other Arabians began to reject and reprehend it, upon whose authority for many foUovj'ing lustres, it was much debased and quite out of request, held to be poison and no medicine ; and is still oppugned to this day by *Crato and some junior physicians. Their reasons are, because Aristotle /. I. de plant, c. 3. said, henbane and hellebore were poison ; and Alexander Aphrodiseus, in the preface of his problems, gave out, that (speaking of hellebore) ^' " Quails fed on that which was poison to men." Galen. I. 6. Epid. com. 5. Text. 35. confirms as much : ^* Constantine the emperor in his Geoponicks, attributes no other virtue to it, than to kill mice and rats, flies and mouldwarps, and so Mizaldus, Nicander of old, Gervinus, Sckenkius, and some other Neoterics that have written of poisons, speak of hellebore in a chief place. ^^ Nicholas Leonicus hath a story of Solon, that besieging, I know not what city, steeped hellebore in a spring of water, v/hich by pipes was conveyed into the middle of the town, and so either poisoned, or else made them so feeble and weak by purging, that they were not able to bear arms. Notwithstanchng all these cavils and objections, most of our late writers do much approve of it. ''° Gariopontus lib. 1. cap. 13. Codronchus com. dc helleb. Fallopius lib. de med. purg. simpl. cap. 69. et consil. 15. Trincavelii, Montanus 239. Friseme- lica consil. 14. Hercules de Saxonia, so that it be opportunely given. Jacobus de Dondis, Agg. Amatus, Lucet. cent. 66. Godef. Stegius cap. 13. Hollerius, and all our herbalists subscribe. Fernelius meth. med. lib. 5. cap. 16. " confesseth it to be a •*' terrible purge and hard to take, yet well given to strong men, and such as have able bodies." P. Forestus and Capivaccius forbid it to be taken in substance, but allow it in decoction or infusion, both which ways P. Monavius approves above all others, Episl. 231. Scoltzii, Jacchinus in 9. Rhasis, commends a receipt of his own preparing; Penottus another of his chemically prepared, Evonimus another. Hilde- ' sheim spied. 2. de mel. hath many examples how it should be used, with diversity of receipts. Heurnius lib. 7. prax. med. cap. 14. '•'calls it an '^"innocent medicine howsoever, if it be well prepared." The root of it is only in use, ^v♦hich may be kept many years, and by some given in substance, as by Fallopius and Brassivola amongst the rest, who ''^ brags that he was the first that restored it again to its use, and tells a story how he cured one Melatasta, a madman, that was thought to be possessed, in the Duke of Ferrara's court, with one purge of black hellebore in sub- .stance : the receipt is there to be seen ; his excrements were like ink, " he perfectly healed at once ; Vidus Vidius, a Dutch physician, will not admit of it in substance, to whom most subscribe, but as before, in the decoction, infusion, or which is all in all, in the extract, which he prefers before the rest, and calls suave medicamcntum^ a sweet medicine, an easy, that may be securely given to women, children, and weak- lings. Baracellus, liorto geniali., terms it maximce prcestantia medicamentum.) a medi- 33 Pseudolo act. 4. seen. ult. helleboro hisce hoininibus opus est. a< Hor. a= In Satyr. ssCrato coDsil. 10. 1.2. Etsi tmilti magni viri probent, in honatn ;)ariem accipiarit medici, non probeni. ^ Vescun- tur veratro coturnioes quod hoininibus toxicuin est. ■" Lib. 23. c. 7. 1-'. 14. ss De var. hist. « Corpus iiicoiume reddit, et juvenile efficit. •'i Veteres non sine causa usi sunt : Dilficilis ex Helleboro purgatio, et 51 2i2 terroris plena, sed robustis datur tamen, tc. " In- nocens medicamentura, modo rite paretur. *^ Absit jactantia, ego primus prtebere aepi, &.c. *• In Ca- tart. Ex una sola evacuatione furor cessavit et quietus inde vixit. Tale exempluin apud Sckenkium et aoud Scoltziuin, ep. 231. P. .Monavius se stolidum .caras*? jactat hoc epoto tribus aut quatuor v'cibus. 402 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 4. cine of great worth and note. Qiiercetan in his Spagir Phar. and many others, tel" wonders of the extract. Paracelsus, above all the rest, is the greatest admirer of this plant ; and especially the extract, he calls it Theriacum^ tcrreslre Balsamiim, another treacle, a terrestrial halm., instar omnmm, "all in all, the ^'sole and last refiifi^e to cure this malady, the gout, epilepsy, leprosy, &c." If this will not help, no physic in the world ran but mineral, it is the upshot of all. Matlhiolus laughs at tliose that except against it, and tliough some abhor it out of the authority of Mesne, and dare not adventure to prescribe it, ^*"yel I (sailh he) have happily used it six hundred limes without otR-nce, and communicated it to divers worthy physicians, wlio have given me great thanks for it." Look for receipts, dose, preparation, and other cautions concerning this simple, in hin», Brassivula, Baracelsus, Codronchus, and the rest. SuBSECT. Ul.-^Compound Puri^ers. CoMPOiXD medicines which purge melancholy, are either taken in the superior oi mferior parts : superior at mouth or nostrils. At the mouth swallowed or not swal- lowed : If swallowed liquid or solid : liquid, as compound wine of helh'I)ore, scilla or sea-onion, senna, Vinum ScilUlicum, Helleboratiim., which *^Quercetan so much applauds '• for melancholy and madness, either inwardly taken, or outwarilly applied to tlie head, with little pieces of linen dipped warm in it." OxymeL Scilliticum^ S,i/rupus Ilellfhoraliis major and miuor in Quercetiin, and Syrupus (ienisl5heim spicel. 2. Ileurnius lib. 2. cap. 14. George Sckenkius Jtul. mcd. prax. &(c. Solid purges are confections, electuaries, pills by themselves, or compound with others, as dc lapide lazulo^ armeno, pil. indce., of fumituryy 6^-c. Confection uf Ha- mech, which though most approve, Solenander stc. 5. cunsil. 22. bitterly inveighs against, so doth Hondoletius Pharmacop. otilcina, Fernelius and others ; diasena, diapolypodium, diacassia, diacatliolicon, VVecker's electuarie de Epithynio, Ptolemy's hierologadium, of which divers receipts are daily made. jEtius 22. 23. commends Ilieram Rujji. Trincavelius consil. 12. lib. 4. apjiroves of Hiera; nan, inquit, inrenio nulius medicumentum, I lind no belter medicine, he saith. Heurnius adds pil. agiirrgat. pills de Eptlhymo. pil. Ind. Mesne describes in the Flon-ntiw Antidotary, Pilulce sine quibus esse nolo., Pilulce Cochiir cum Ilel- leboro, Pil. Arabica., Fietidn, de quinque generibus nurabnlanorum, i^-c. .More proper to melancholy, not excluiling in the meantime, turbith, maima, riiubarf), agaric, elescophe, Slc. wliich are not so projKjr to this humour. For, as Montaltus holds cap. 30. and Montanus cholera etiarn purganda., quod alrce sit pabulum, clioler is to be purged because it feeds the other: and some are of an opinion, as Erasistratns and Asclepiades maintained of old, against whom Galen disputes, *^" that no physic doth purge one humour alone, but all alike or what is next." Most tlierefore in iheir receipts and magistrals which are coined here, make a mixture of several sim- ples and compounds to purge all humours in general as well as this. Some rather use potions than pills to purge this humour, becau.se that as Heurnius and Crate observe, hie succus il sicco remedio agre trahitur., this juice is not so easily drawn by dry remedies, and as Montanus adviseth 25 can.'?. '■•All "drying medicines are to be repelled, as aloe, hiera," and all pills whatsoever, because the disease is dr>' of itself. I might here insert many receipts of prescribed potions, boles, &.c. The dose« of «Ultiniumrefii;ium,Pxtremuin medicamentum. quod I turn extra, w>ciif capili cum lintrol.n in m ni'lcfulM rclera oiiiniaclaudicqiiacuiiqiie csteris laialivm pelli tppid« adnioiiim. •• f m-i \\:,u, \,u i T>ii«>« non pmsuiil ail hmic [H-rtirieiit ; »i non hiiic. iiulli re- | Syru|>i micf iitiiiiijini el nn durit. ^Te&luri poitfuiu me KexceiilM h'liiiiiiibiii ' • Purgaiilia ceiii>fbant iiie>:r XcUehnrum nii'miii fxhibuiMe. niillo prormis iiiroiniiiM- rem ailrabere, M-d t|ueaicur.>, . ..:... _a... :,*. di«. *.c. *■ PhartiiBcnp. rt|>(im>im est ail inaniam et lurain tonvertere. *« Krlisanlur iiiun*^ rXBiccaatca •uinea njelaacbulicoti uITmI-u. turn intra aMuniptuin, aicdicinc, ul Aloe, Hiera, pilule quKcuD<|U(. Mem. 3.] Chirurgical Remedies. 403 these, but that they are common in every good physician, and that I am loth to incur the censure of Forestus, lib. 3. cap. 6. de urinis, ^' " against those that divulge c.A pub- lish medicines in their mother-tongue," and lest I should give occasion thereby to s«>aie ignorant reader to practise on himself, without the consent of a good physician. Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are gargarisms used com- monly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or apophlegmatisms, mas- ticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as hyssop, origan, pennyroyal, thyme, mustard ; strong, as pellitory, pepper, ginger, &.c. Such as are taken into the nostrils, errhina are liquid or dry, juice of pimpernel, onions, &c., castor, pepper, white hellebore, &c. To these you may add odora- inents, perfumes, and suffumigations, &c. Taken into the inferior parts are clysters strong or weak, suppositories of Castilian soap, honey boiled to a consistence ; or stronger of scammony, hellebore. Sac. These are all used, and prescribed to this malady upon several occasions, as shall be shown in its place. MEMB. III. ' Chirurgical Remedies. In letting of blood three main circumstances are to be considered, *^"Who, how much, when." That is, that it be done to such a one as may endure it, or to w'hom it may belong, that he be of a competent age, not too young, nor too old, overweak, fat, or lean, sore laboured, but to such as have need, are full of bad blood, noxious humours, and may be eased by it. The quantity depends upon the party's habit of body, as he is strong or weak, full or empty, may spare more or less. In the morning is the fittest time : some doubt whether it be best fasting, or full, whether the moon's motion or aspect of planets be to be observed ; some affirm, some deny, some grant in acute, but not in chronic diseases, whether before or after physic. 'Tis Heurnius' aphorism a phlebotomia auspicandiim esse curiationem, non d pharmacia., you must begin with blood-letting and not physic ; some except this peculiar malady. But what do I } Horatius Augenius, a physician of Padua, hath lately writ 17 books of this subject, Jobertus, &c. Particular kinds of blood-letting in use ^^are three, first is that opening a vein in the arm with a sharp knife, or in the head, knees, or any other parts, as shall be thought fit. Cupping-glasses with or without scarification, ocyssime compescunt., saith Ferne- lius, they work presently, and are applied to several parts, to divert humours, aches, winds, &c. Horse-leeches are much used in melancholy, applied especially to the haemorrhoids. Horatius Augenius, lib. 10. cap. 10. Platerus de mentis alienat. cap. 3. Altomarus, Piso, and many others, prefer them before any evacuations in this kind. ^^ Cauteries., or searing with hot irons, combustions, borings, lancings, which, because they are terrible, Dropax and Sinapismus are invented by plasters to raise blisters, and eating medicines of pitch, mustard-seed, and the like. Issues still to be kept open, made as the former, and applied in and to several parts, have their use here on divers occasions, as shall be shown. SECT. V. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. I. — Particular Cure of the three several Kinds; of Head Melancholy. The general cures thus briefly examined and discussed, it remains now to apply these medicines to the three particular species or kinds, that, according to the several parts aflected, each man may tell in some sort how to help or ease himself. I will siContra.eos qui lingua viilgari er vernacula remedia et medicamenta proescribunt, et quibusvis commiinia fauiuRt. 5- duis, quantum, quando. "Fernelius, lib. 2. cap. 19. "Renodeus, lib. 5. cap. 21. de his Mercurialis lib. 3. de composit. med. cap. 24. Heurnius, lib. 1. prax. med. Weclier, &c. <04 C^irc of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5 irpat (if head melancholy first, in which, as in all other good cures, we must begin with diet, as a matter of most moment, able oftentimes of itself to work this elFect I have read, .^aith Laurentius, cop. 8. de Melanch. that in old diseases which have gotten the upper hand or a habit, the manner of living is to more purpose, tluui whatsoever can be drawn out of the most precious boxes of the apothecaries. This f!iet, as I have said, is not only in choice of njeat and drink, but of all those other non-natural things. Let air be clear and moist most part : diet moistening, of good juice, easy of digestion, and not windy: drink clear, and well brewed, not too sifong, nor too small. ^Olake a melancholy man fat," as ^^llhasis saith, "and thou liast finished the cure." Exercise not too remiss, nor too violent. Sleep a little more tlian ordinary. * Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature; and which Fer- nelins enjoins his patient, consil. 44, above the rest, to avoid all passions and pertur- bations of the mind. Let him not be alone or idle (in any kind of melancholy), but still accompanied with such friends and familiars he most affects, neatly dressed, washed, anti combed, according to his ability at least, in clean sweet linen, spruce, liandsome, decent, and good apparel ; for nothing sooner dejects a man than want, squalor, and nastiness, foul, or old clothes out of fashion. Concerning the medicinal part, he that will satisfy himself at large t^in this precedent of diet) and see all at (lice the whole cure and manner of it in every distinct species, let him consult wiiii Gordonius, Valescus, with Prosper Calenius, lib. de. atra bik ad Card. Ca.'siuin, Lau- rentius, cap. 8. et 9. dc mela. JEVmn !\Iontaltus, de mel. cap. 2G. 27. 28. 29. 30. Donal. ah. Allomari., cap. 7. artis med. Hercules de Saxonia, in Panth. cap. 7. et Tract, ejus peculiar, rf** melan. per Bolzrtam, edit. Venetiis 1620. cap. 17. 18. 19. Savanarola, Rub. 82. Tract. 8. cap. 1. Sckenkius, in prax. curat. Ital. med. Ileurnius, cap. 12. de morb. Victorius Faventius, pract. Magn. el Empir. Ilildesheim, Spicel. 2. dc man. et mel. Fel. Platter, Stokerus, Bruil. P. liaverus, Forestus, Fuchsius, Cappivaccius, Ivondoletius, Jason Pratensis. SuUusl. Sah ian. de remed. lib. 2. cap. 1 . Jacchinus, tn 9. Rliasis, Lod. Mercatus, de Inter, morb. cur. lib. I . cap. 17. .Mexan. Messaria, /n the party's shoulders, having first scarified the place, they apply hi>rse-leeehea on the head, and in all melancholy diseases, whether essential or accidental, thejr cause the haemorrhoids to be opened, having the eleventh aphorism of the sixth >*Cont. lib. I. e. 9. fpstinpi ad impinKuaiionrm, ec i niti ob ■lias caiua* sanfuia millalar. m MUlliia ip mm iinpinguantur. reinnvetur malum. ** Brnpfiriiiin vai>if. Skt. fructra enim faiicatur cor|Mia,A«. **Cofk *>-iitris. "Si ex priniariu rcrdiri afleclii rn-ian- petit iia pttlebutumia frunlia. ^holin cTaaerint, •anguiiiia delractione ooii iDdigeot, . Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Preparatives and Purgers. 405 book of Hippocrates for their ground and warrant, which saith, " That iii melan- choly and mad men, the varicose tumour or hajmorroids appearing doth heal the same." Valescus prescribes blood-letting in all tliree kinds, whom Sallust. Salvian follows. ^^" If llie blood abound, which is discerned by the fulness of the veins, his precedent diet, the party's laughter, age, Slc. begin with the median or middle vein of the arm : if the blood be ruddy and clear, stop it, but if black in the spring time, or a good season, or thick, let it run, according to the party's strength : and some eight or twelve days after, open the head vein, and the veins in the forehead, or provoke it out of the nostrils, or cupping-glasses," &.c. Trallianus allows of this, *'" " If there have been any suppression or stopping of blood at nose, or haemorrhoids, or women's months, then to open a vein in the head or about the ankles." Yet he doth hardly approve of this course, if melancholy be situated in the head alone, or in any other dotage, ®'" except it primarily proceed from blood, or that the malady be increased by it; for blood-letting refrigerates and dries up, except the body be very full of blood, and a kind of ruddiness in the face." Therefore I conclude with Areteus, ®^" before you let blood, deliberate of it," and well consider all circumstances be- longing to it. SuBSECT. III. — Preparatives and Purgers. After blood-letting we must proceed to other medicines ; first prepare, and tlien purge, JlugecB stabulum purgare, make the body clean before we hope to do any good. Walter Bruel would have a practitioner begin first with a clyster of his, which he prescribes before blood-letting : the common sort, as Mercurialis. Montal- tus cap. 3U. 6fc. proceed from lenitives to preparatives, and so to purgers. Lenitives are well known, elcctuarium Ie7iitivu7n, dlaphcnicum dlacalholicon, Syc. Preparatives are usually syrups of borage, bugloss, apples, fumitory, thyme and epithyme, witli double as much of the same decoction or distilled water, or of the waters of bu- gloss, balm, hops, endive, scolopendry, fumitory. Sec. or these sodden in whey, which must be reiterated and used for many days together. Purges come last, " which must not be used at all, if the malady may be otherwise helped," because they weaken nature and dry so much; and in giving of them, ^'''•' we must begin with the gentlest first." Some forbid all hot medicines, as Alexander, and Salvianus, &c. JYe insaniores indejiant, hot medicines increase the disease ^^"^ by drying loo much." Purge downward rather than upward, use potions rather than pills, and when you begin physic, persevere and continue in a course ; for as one observes, ^'"move.re et nan educere in omnibus malum est ; to stir up the humour (as one purge commofnly doth) and not to prosecute, doth more harm than good. They must contiime in a course of physic, yet not so that they tire and oppress nature, danda quies nattirif., they must now and then remit, and let nature have some rest. The most gentle purges to begin with, are ^^ senna, cassia, epithyme, myrabolanea, catholicon : if these prevail not, we may proceed to stronger, as the confection of haniech, pil. Indce, fumitorife, de assaieret, of lapis armenus and lazuli, diasena. Or if pills be too dry; "some prescribe both hellebores in the last place, amongst the rest Arelus, ^''■'•because this disease will resist a gentle medicine." Laurentius and Hercules de Saxonia would have antimony tried last, ''if the ''^ party be strong, and it warily given." ™Tnncavelius prefers hierologodium, to whom Francis Alexander in his Apol. rad. 5. subscribes, a very good medicine they account it. But Crato in a counsel of his, for the duke of Bavaria's chancellor, wholly rejects it. I find a vast chaos of medicines, a contusion of receipts and magistrals, amongst writers, appropriated to this disease ; some of the chiefest I will rehearse. "' To be *^Si sanguis ahundet, quod scitur ex venariim reple- sananinem detrahere oporiet, deliberationn indiget. tione, victus ratioiie pncfdente, risu oecri, state et ■ Areteus, lib. 7. c. .5. <^ .\ leiiioribus aiispicaiidum. aliis. Tuiidatiir nieiliaiia; et si sanguis apparet clarus i (Valescus, Piso, Bruel) rariusqiie niedicainentis purgan- et ruber, suppriuialur; aut si vere, si iiiirer aut crassus tibus iitenduin. ui sit opus. WQuia corpus exiccant. perniittatur (lucre pro virilius tegri, de'ii post 8. vel. H. morhum anient. MQuianerius 'I'ract. J5. c. 6. diem aperiatur ceplialica partis niasisi affecla;, el vena <* Piso. or Ri,a5is, sa-pe valeiit ex Hellebnro. « I,ih. froiitis, aut saiifjuis provocetur setis per tiares, &c. 7. Exi?iiis rnpilicameiilis morbus non ohseqiiiliir. " Si quibils c.oiisuetsB su;e suppress® sunt menses, &c. 69 \fo,|o caute detur et robijstis. '«Consil. 1>). I. I, lalosecare oportet, ant veua tVouiis si sanguis peccet " Plin. I. 31. c. 6. NaviL'ationes oh vouiltioneui prosnnt cerebro. "' Nisi orluin ducat a sanguine, ne morbus pliirimis morbis capitis, et omnibus ob qua; Helletwrui'i inde ause.'itur- nhlebotoniia refriv'erat et exsiccat, nisi bibitur. Idem Dioscorides, lib. 5. cap. J3. Avicenna torpus sii valdc sang'iineum, rubicundum. f* Cum tenia imprimis. 406 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. sea-sick first is very good at seasonable times. Helleborismus Malthioli, witli whit h ne vaunts and boasts he did so many several cures, "'' I never gave it (saith he), but after once or twice, by the help of" God, tliey were happily, cured." The manner of making it he sets down at large in his third book of Epist. to George IIank.-jhius a physician. Walter Bruel, and lleurnins, make mention of it with great aj)proba- tion ; so doth Sckenkius in his memorable cures, and experimental medicines, cen. 6. ohser. 37. That famous Helleborisme of Montanus, which he so often repeats in his consultations and counsels, as 'Z'S. ■pro.inelan. sacerdote^ ct consil. 1 48. pro ht/po^ cliondriaco, and cracks, '^"-to be a most sovereign remedy for all melancholy per- sons, which he hath often given willioul olfence, and found by long experience and observations to be such." Quercetan prefers a syrup of hellebore in his Spagirica Pharmac. and Hellebore's extract cnp. 5. of his invention likewise (^"'a most safe medicine "and not unfit to be given ciiildren") before all remedies whatsoever. Paracelsus, in his book of black hellebore, admits this medicine, but as it is pre- pared by him. '*" It is most certain i^saiih he) that the virtue of this herb is great and admirable in eflect, and little didering from bahn itself; and he that knows well liow tf) make use of it, hath more art than all their books contain, or all the doctors* in Germany can show." -'ll^lianus .Montalius in his excjuisile work dc morh. capitis;., cap. 31. de mel. sets a .special receipt of his own, which in his practice ''"he fortunately used; because it is but short I will set it dov.n." "R Syriipf (le poiiiig o'j. hquip borag. o'''J- EllfliDri iiigri pi-r niM-teiii iiirii«i iii ligutura 6 v> I ti \it. iiiaiiO factu collniura exhilie." Other receipts of the same to this purpose you shall find in him. Valescus admires piihus Hali., and Jason Pratensis after liim : the confection of which our new Lon- don Pliar'nacopceia hath lately revived. ""Put case (saith he) all other medicines fail, by the help of God this alone shall do it, and 'lis a crowned medicine which must be kept in secret." "R. Epiihyiiii seiiiunc. Inpidis lazuli, ugarici ana 3'J- * Scaiiiiiioiiii. ^j, Chario|ihill<>riini iiiiiiu'rn, -jo |iiilveri>icntiir Uiuiiia. et i(Miu< pulveri* scrup. 4. iinguli* septiiiianiH aMUinat." To iliese I may add ./3r/jo/J/ vifitim Buglossulum, or horage wine before mentioned, vhich ''*Mizaldus calls vifiiim miruhile., a wonderful wine, and Stockerus vouchsafes to repeal i"(rAa///ft amongst other receipts. Iliibeus his '"compound water out of Savonarola: Pinetus his balm; Cardan's Pulvis Ilyacinlhiywhh which, in his book de curis admirnjidis, he boasts that he had cureil many melancholy persons in eight days, which *" Sckenkius puts auiongst his observable medicines; Altomarns his syruj), with which *' he calls God so solemnly to witness, he hath in his kind done many excellent cures, and which Sckenkius ccnl. 7. observ. 80. menlionelh, Danitl Sennerlus lib. I. part. 2. cap. 12. so much commends; Rulandus' admirable water f<*r melancholy, which ceyit. 2. cap. 96. he names Spirilum vitce aureum, Panaceairu uliat not, a-id his absolute medicine of 50 eggs, curat. Empir. cent. 1. cur. 5. to be taken three in a morning, with a powder of his. ''^ Faventinus prac. Emper. dou- bles this number of eggs, and will have 101 to be taken by three and three in like sort, which Sallust Salvian approves de red. vied. lib. 2. c. 1. with some of the i-ame pov/der, till all be spent, a most excellent remedy for all melancholy and mad men. ••R. Epithymi, iliyiiii, ana drachmas diia«, gacchari aibi unciani unain, croci grana iria, Ciiiamoiiii drucliniain unaiii; uiMe, fiat putvis." ^ Xiinquam "ledimus.qiiin ex una aut altera assiinip- ' citer usus sum. ■" Hdc posito quod allw mr-dirina lioi.i'. IK-o jijvante, fuerint adsalutnm restituti. '' Lib. I non valeant, iifta tunc Dei ii)i«Tic<>rdia val>-bil, i-t e»t 2 Iiitrr coinpoi^ila pur?antia inclaiicholiani. "♦ Ldiis') i mediciiia coronata, qua; s«'creti!'«iui^ ti-m-atur '" Lib. exjieriniciito a se nbservaluin esse, ni>>lancholicos sine de artit". inerf. '«fv-ct. 3. Optiiniiu) refn'-diuui otl'fMsa Pirrcaig rurandos valere. Mem respousione ad aqua cnuiposita Savanarnl.T. «« jS. keiikiun, utmi rv. Aubertuni. verntruui iiisruin. alias liniiduni el periin- ' 31. »' Donatus ah Allnniari, cap. 7. 'IVnior I>*-uni, losum villi jipiritu etiam et oico coinnuHluui sic Usui me muling m'-ljincliolifus hiijuii soliiist i^yrupi \i*\i ru- redilitiir iit etiam pueris lulo ncliniiiistrari poMsil. | ra::-riiit cenliini et iinuro, maniaci« et melancbo- horii aui oiunea doctures in Germania. ''• Quo fell- 1 licia utilis:tiuiuiii rtmediuia. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Aoerters. 407 All these yet are nothing to those ^'chemical preparatives oi Jlqua C/tflZ(cZon a, quint- essence of hellebore, salts, extracts, distillations, oils, Aurum potahile, ^-c. Dr. Anthony in his book de auro potab. edit. 1600. is all in all for it. ""And though all the schools of Galenists, with a wicked and unthankful pride and scorn, detest it in their practice, yet in more grievous diseases, when their vegetals will do no good," they are compelled to seek the help of minerals, though they '^ use them rashlv, unprofitably, slackly, and to no purpose." Rhenanus, a Dutch chemist, in his book dc Sale e puteo emergente, takes upon him to apologise for Anthony, and sets lio-ht by all that speak against him. But what do I meddle with this great controversy, which is the subject of many volumes .'' Let Paracelsus, Quercetan, CroUius, and the brethren of the rosy cross, defend themselves as they may. Crato, Erastus, and the Galenists oppugn. Paracelsus, he brags on the other side, he did more famous cures by this means, than all the Galenists in Europe, and calls himself a monarch ; Galen, Hippocrates, infants, illiterate, &c. As Thessalus of old railed against those ancient Asclepiadean writers, '^'•'he condemns others, insults, triumphs, overcomes all antiquity (saith Galen as if he spake to him), declares himself a conqueror, and crowns his own doings. ^® One drop of their chemical preparatives shall do more good than all their fulsome potions." Erastus, and the rest of the Galenists vilify them on the other side, as heretics in physic ; *" " Paracelsus did that in physic, which Luther in Divinity. ^* A drunken rogue he was, a base fellow, a magician, he had the devil for his master, devils his familiar companions, and what he did, was done by the help of the devil." Thus they contend and rail, and every mart write books pro and con, et adhuc sub judice Us est: let them agree as they will, I proceed. Sub SECT. IV. — Jlveriers. AvERTERs and purgers must go together, as tending all to the same purpose, to divert this rebellious humour, and turn it another way. In this range, clysters and suppositories challenge a chief place, to draw this humour from the brain and heart, to the more ignoble parts. Some would have them still used a few days between, and those to be made with the boiled seeds of anise, fennel, and bastard saffron, hops, thyme, epithyme, mallows, fumitory, bugloss, polypody, senna, diasene, hamech, cassia, diacatholicon, hierologodium, oil of violets, sweet almonds, &c. For without question, a clyster opportunely used, cannot choose in this, as most other maladies, but to do very much good; Clysteres nulriunt, sometimes clysters nou- rish, as they may be prepared, as 1 was informed not long since by a learned lecture of our natural philosophy ^^ reader, which he handled by Avay of discourse, out of some other noted physicians. Such things as provoke urine most commend, but not sweat. Trincavelius consil. 16. cap. 1. in head-melancholy forbids it. P. Byarus and others approve frictions of the outward parts, and to batlie them with warm water. Instead of ordinary frictions. Cardan prescribes rubbing with nettles till they blister the skin, which likewise ®°Basardus Visontinus so much magnifies. Sneezing, masticatories, and nasals are generally received. Montaltus c. 34. Hil- dcsheim spied. 3.foJ. 136 and 238. give several receipts of all three. Hercules de Saxonia relates of an empiric in Venice ®' " that had a strong water to purge by the mouth and nostrils, which he still used in head-melancholy, and would sell for no gold." To open months and haemorrhoids is very good physic, ®^" If they have been formerly stopped." Faventinus would have them opened with horse-leeches, so would Hercul. de Sax. Julius Alexandrinus cojisil. 185. Scoltzii thinks aloes litter: ^ most approve horse-leeches m this case, to be applied to the forehead, *^ nostrils, and other places. Montaltus cap. 29. out of Alexander and others, prescribes '^" cupping-glasses, and K' U'l.'Tcetaii.cap. 4. Phar. Oswaldus Crolliiis. MCap. l loeia. ** Disjiut. in cundein, parte 1. Mau'us ebriiiR, 1. Licet lota Guleiii»t:iruin schnia, inineralia nnn sine illiteratus. claBiiioiiem priKceplnrein hahiiit. ila^iiionos tn- iiiipio el in&rato fastii asua practica (letestentur ; tamen iniliares, &c. *'^ Master D. Lapwortli. * Ant. in graviorihus inorbis nuini vegelabilium derelicto sub- Philos. cap. demelan. frictio Venice, &c. "' Aqua sidio, ad niiiieraliu CDiifugiunl, lioel ea teniere, i^navi- fortissima pur-rans os, nares, qiiani iioii vult auro vrn- ter, et inutiliter usurpr'iii. Ad fiiieiii libri. '■^ Vi-teres dere. "^Mer.urialis consil 6. et ;J0. h.-EiiMirniiduni el niale.lictis incessit, vincil. et contra oinncni antiquita- mensium provocalio jiivat, modo ex eoruni su[)pressione teiii coronalur, ipseque a se victor declaratur. Gal. lib. ortuni liabuerit. as Laurentius, Bruel, &c. "'P. 1. iii>-th. c. 2. >^ Codronchus de sale absyntliii. Bayerus, I. 2. cap. 13. naribus. Sec. "' Cucurbituta '^ liieiii Paracelsus in uiediciQa.quodLutiierus in Theo- | sices, et fontanellse crure siuistro. 408 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sect, b issues in the left thi^h." Aretus lib. 1. cap. Z. ^Paulus Regoliiuis, Sylvius will have them without scarification, '•'■ applied to tlie shoulders and back, thiglis and feet:'* *'Moutaltus cap. 34. "bids open an issue in the arm, or hinder part of the head." '^Piso enjoins ligatures, frictions, suppositories, and cupping-glasses, still without scarification, and the rest. Cauteries and hot irons are to be used ^'"in the suture of the crown, and the seared or ulcerated place suffered to run a good while. 'Tis not amiss to bore ihe skull with an instrument, to let out the fuliginous vapours." Sallus. Sidvianus de re medic, lib. 2. cap. 1. '"^"because this humour hardly yields to other piiysic, would have the leg cauterised, or the left leg, below the knee, ' and the head bored in two or three places," for that it much avails to the exhalation of the vapours; ^'•' I saw (saith he) a melancholy man at Rome, that by no remedies could be healed, but when by chance he was wounded in the head, ami the skull broken, he was excel- lently cured." Another, to the admiration of tlie beholders, *'» breaking his head with a fall from on high, was instantly recovered of his dotage." Clordonius cap, 13. part. 2. would have these cauteries tried last, when no other physic w ill serve. *''The head to be shaved and bored to let out fumes, which witliout doubt will do much good. I saw a melancholy man wounded in the head with a sword, his brain- pan broken ; so long as the wound was open he was well, but when his wound was healed, liis dotage returned again." But Ale.xander Messaria a professor in Padua, lib. \. pract. vud. cap. 21. de melanchal. will allow no cauteries at all, 'tis too stiff a humour and too thick as he holds, to be so evaporated. Guianerius c. 8. Tract. 15. cured a nobleman in Siivoy, by boring alone, "^'^ leaving the iiole open a month together," bv nuans of which, after two years' melancholy and matines.s, he was delivered. All approve of this remedy in the suture of the crown ; but Arculanus would have the cautery to be made w ilh gold. In many other parts, these cauteries are prescribed for nulaticholy men, as in the thighs, {JMerctirialis consil. 80.) amis, legs. Idem cansil. 0. and lU and 25. .Montaiius 80. Rjdericus a Fonseca torn. 2. cuu-sutt. 84. pro hypocliond. coxd dextrd^ 6fc., but most m the head, " if other physic will do no good." Slbsect. y. Alteratives and Cordials, corroborating, resolving the lieliques, and mending the Temperament. Because this humour is so malign of itself, and so hard to be renioved, the re- liques are to be cleansed, by alteratives, cordials, and such means : the temper is to be altered and amended, with such things as fortify and strengthen the heart and brain, * '^ which are commonly both aflected in this malady, and do mutually mis- aflect one another : which are still to be given every other day, or some lew days inserted after a purge, f)r like physic, as occasion serves, and are of such force, tha» many time^ they help alone, and as ' Arnoldus holds in his Aphorisms, are to be " preferred before all other medicines, in what kind soever." Amongst this number of cordials and alteratives, J do not find a more present remedy, than a cup of wine or strong drink, if it be soberly and opportunely used. It makes a man bold, hardv, courageous, '•• whetteili the wit," if moderately taken, (^and as Piutarch * saith, Symp. 7. qucesl. 12.) "it makes tlmse which are otherwise dull, to exhale and evaporate like frankincense, or quicken (Xenophon addsj '"aa oil doth fire. "•' A famous cordial" Matthiolus in Dioscoridum calls it, ^ an excel- *> HildHsheim ^piccl. 'J. Va|Mjr»-* a riTebro traheiiili lioiiein ; vidi im-lanrholicurii A fortunu el.-iilica uletfruna. Trcpaiio lialM-iida qutid o-retim ci>iii|ialitiir, «■( rew iiimc-iii offi- rliuni cranii dcusilas immiiiui |)ott.-ri(, ul vaporihus ciuiil. '' .Aphor. >. .Mediciiin Tlirrin' > ui fuliijiiineiii esituspatKat. >i»(tiioriiHiii ditticulter t-ligfridi. • Caleii. dv l:« ccdil ahiD mediramoiitid. idt'O (ial III vi-rtio- cauti-nuiii. viiium •iiniptum. aciil iiigriiiuin. • ! 'I aiit crure ^iriUlro infra genu. > Fiaiit duo aut tria lriii(i-« llmria in iiioduni viliHlan.- farit • i. caul»-ri:i. cum u«8is iMfrfuratione. * Vidi Kmna: mu- ; tem ut olc uiii tl'iiiiiuaiii fxcilsl. ■' Vn ii iaiich'dicuiii qui adhihitm iiiullis remi.-diis, Kanari nun c^irdiac:iiii eiiiiiiuiii. ii'iirr H'Im •■■■h- n pottrrat ; sfd cum cranium eladio rrartum t-n^t-t. i^pliuie tiiiiuin. a-lal'-iu tlori.i i, eaiialuit fiil. ■ Et altcruui vidi uieliiiiclndicuiii. qui cmriicliiineiii juvat <« ft alio eadens non kiiih asl;iii:iiiiii admirutii>ii>.-. Iitx- \iiiin parni, uriiiaui i i ralunrct. « Kadalur caput el fiat caul«-rium in ' ftiviJon rl:ilii» di»«ipal, cra^ai^i Uuu. -t'.s aUcuual. t'j capitc; procul dubio ia(a faciuni ad fuiiiuruui extiala I quit, diacuUI, itc. Mem. 1 Subs. 5.] Alteratives. 409 lent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourisliing age, helps concoction, fortifies the stomach, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, dnves out excrements, procures sleep, clears the blood, expels wind and cold poisons,'attenu- ates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours." And that which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away fear and sorrow. '^Ciiras edaces dissipat Evius. " It glads the heart of man," Psal. civ. 15. hilaritatis dulce s"mi- narmm. Helena's bowl, the sole nectar of the godo, or that true nepenthes in Homer, which puts away care and grief, as Oribasius 5. Collect, cap. 7. and some others will, was nought else but a cup of good wine. " It makes the mind of the king and of the fatherless both one, of the bond and freeman, poor and rich ; it turneth all his thoughts to joy and mirth, makes him remember no sorrow or debt, but enncheth his heart, and makes him speak bv talents," Esdras iii. 19, 20, 21. It gives life itself, spirits, wit, &c. For which cause the ancients called Bacchus, Liber pater d liberando, and '■'sacrificed to Bacchus and Pallas still upon an altar. " Wine measurably drunk, and in time, brings gladness and cheerfulness of mind, It cheereth God and men," Judges ix. 13. Icstitio' Bacchus dafor, it makes an old wife dance, and such as are in misery to forget evil, and be '^ merry. - Bacchus et afflictis requiem mortalibus affert, I " Wine maizes a troubled soul to rnst Crura licet duro co.iipede v.ncta forent." | Ttiougl. feet with letters be opprest." Demetrius in Plutarch, when he fell into Seleucus's hands, and was prisoner in Svria, '"spent his time with dice and drink that he might so ease his discontented mind, and avoid those continual cogitations of his present condition wherewith he was tormented." Therefore Solomon, Prov. xxxi. 6, bids " wine be ffiven to him that IS ready to '« perish, and to him that hath grief of heart, let him dmik that he forget his poverty, and remember his misery no more." SolUcitls animis onus eximit, it easeth a burdened soul, nothing speedier, nothing better ; which the prophet Zacha- riah perceived, «^hen he said, '^ that in the time of .Messias, they of Ephraim should be glad, and their heart should rejoice as through wine." All which makes me very well approve of that pretty description of a feast in '^ Bartholomeus Angiicus, when grace was said, their hands washed, and the guests sufficiently exhilarated, with good discourse, sweet music, dainty fare, exhilarationis gratia, pocula iteruni alque iterum offeruntur, as a corollary to conclude the feast, and continue their mirth, a grace cup came in to cheer their hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and acmin. Which as I. Fredericus Matenesius, Crit. Christ, lib. 2. cap. 5, 6, k 7, was an'' old custom in all ages in every commonwealth, so as they be not enforced, blbere per violent lam, but as in that royal feast of -'^Ahasuerus, which lasted 180 days, " with- out compulsion they drank by order in golden vessels," when and what they would themselves. This of drink is a most easy and parable remedy, a common, a cheap, stdl ready against fear, sorrow, and such troublesome thoughts, that molest the mind; as brimstone with fire, the spirits on a sudden are enlightened by it. '-jNTo better physic" (saith " Riiasis) " for a melancholy man : and he that can keep company, and carouse, needs no other medicines," 'tis enough. His countryman Avicenna, 31. doc. 2. cap. 8. proceeds farther yet, and will have him that is troubled in mind, or melancholy, not to drink only, but now and then to be drunk : excellent good physic it is for this and many other diseases. Magnlnus Reg. san. part. 3. c. 31. will have them to be so once a month at least, and gives his reasons for it, ^'•' be- cause It scours the body by vomit, urine, sweat, of all manner of superfluit'ies, and keeps It clean." Of the same mind is Seneca the philosopher, in his book de tran- quil, lib. 1. c. 15. nonnunquam ut in allis morbls ad eb.'ietnleni usque venicndum ; Curus deprlmlt, tristitlce medetiir, it is good sometimes lu be drunk, ii helps sorrow', depresseth cares, and so concludes this tract with a cup of wine : Habes, Serene charlssime, qucB ad tranqulllitatem aninuB pertinent. But these are epicureal tenets, care^"'' "'l3?;rt".^«^A " ^h P '"" "^'^^^'P^'^,? corroding I so Esther, i. 8. ai Tract, l.cont. 1. 1. NMn estres lauda- cares. " Odyss. A " Pausamas. i-Syracides, bilior eo, vel nura melior; qui rael.-.ncliol.cis, ut^lur mIuHW vfr.n, ^^f,""'' «' P"-'^' Catonis. &epe inero societate hoininum et biberia ; et qui potest suslinera etnsferr.P fn„= ,V'" •'".'^'''a ^^ aleam se priecipitavit, usum vini, non imlisot alia medicina. quod eo g-.R. W;^ J, 1, 1 '^ , . ""'• '" '^"'■^"' crapula mentem omnia ad usum necessaria hiijus passionis. ^Tnm iJ^LhL'.nr^^hr ".'* prsse.i tis co?i la tioi.es q ,.i hus [ quod seq.iaiur inde sudor, vomitio, urina. a qu.bus of oW i. 4^H^="r \T^'- , H ^.'*'^ "'^ Athenians [ superfluitates a corpore re^oventur et remai.et wrpn^ ol old, as bu Idas relates, and so do the Germans at this | mundum. day. 19 Lib 6. cap. 23. et 24. de reruin proprietat. 52 2K 410 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec 5. lending to looseness of life, luxury and atheism, maintained alone by some heatr.5iis, dissolute Arabians, prol'ane Christians, and are exploded by Rabbi Moses, tract. 4. Guliel, Placentius, lib. 1. cap. 8. Valescus de Taranta^ and most accurately venti- lated by Jo. Sylvaticus, a late -writer and physician of .Milan, mtd. cont. cap. 14. where you shall find this tenet copiously confuted. Howsoever you say, if this be true, that wine and strong drink have such virtue to expel fear and sorrow, and to exhilarate the mind, ever hereafter let's drink and be merry. 23 " Prome reconditum, Lyile stremia, cxcubum, I " Come, lusty I yda, fiU's! a cup of sack, Ciipntiiirfs |iuer hue afTer Scyplios, And, sirrah druwt-r, liiL-ger pots wi- luck, , EtCluu Vina aut Lesbia." | And Scio wines that haveso goixl a smack." I say wiih him in ''''A. Gellius, "let us maintain the vigour of our souls with a mo- ilerate cup of wine," ^.Yatis in iisum latitue sci/phis, " and drink to refresh our mind; il there he any cold sorrow in it. or torpid baslifulness, let's wasli it all away.'' JWinc vino pel lite cur as ; so sailh ^Horace, so sailh Anacreon, '' MiOiJoi'Ta yap fit Ktiadai IloXii Kpnaaov Ij Oaidvra." Let's drive down care with a cup of wine : and so say I too, (thouijh / drink none iiiysell ) for all tliis may be done, so that it be modestly, soberly, oj)j)ortunely used : s<) that •• they l)e not drunk with wine, wherein is excess," which our -'Apostle fore- warns ; for as Chrysostom well comments on that place, ad Uetiliani datum est vinum iiun ad ebrietatetn^ his ioT mirth wine, but not for madness: and will you know wliere, when, and how that is to be understood.' Vis discere ubi bonum sit vinum? Audi quid dicat Scripluru, hear the Scriptures, "Give wine to them that are in sor- row," or as Paul bid Timothy drink wine for his stomach's sake, for concocti«)n, health, or some such honest occasion. Otherwise, as * Pliny telleth us ; if singular moderation be not had, ^-Miothing so pernicious, 'tis mere vineirar, blandus dumon, |>oison itself" But hear a more (earful doom, Ilabac. ii. 15. and Iti. '• Woe be to liiin that makes his neighbour drunk, shameful spewing shall be upon his glory." Let not good fellows triumph tlierefore ( yaitli Matlhiolus; that I have so much com- mended wine; if it be immotlerately taken, •• instead of making glad, it ctjufounds both body and soul, it makes a giddy head, a sorrowful heart." And 'twas well said ot the poet of old, "Vine causeth mirth and grief, ** nothing so good for some, so bad for others, especially as ^' one observes, qui a causa calida malt hubrnt, that are iiot or intlamed. And so of spices, they alone, as I have showed, cause head-me- lancholy themselves, they must not use wine as an ** ordinary drink, or in their diet. But to determine with Laurentius, c. 8. de melan. wine is bad for madmen, and such as are troubled with heat in their inner parts or brains ; but to melancholy, which is cold (as most is), wine, sobeny used, may be very good. I may say the same of the decoction of China roots, sassafras, sarsaparilla, guaia- cum : China, .saith Manardus, makes a good colour in the face, takes away melan- clioly, and all infirmities proceeding from cold, even so sarsaparilla prov(jkes sweat mighiily, guaiacum dries, Claudinus, consult. 89. &. 46. >Iontanus, Capivaccius, consult. 188. 5co//;u, make frequent and good use of guaiacum and China, ^" so that the liver be not incensed," good for such as are cold, as most melancholy men are. but by no means to be mentioned in hot. The Turks have a drink called cotrue (for they use no wine), so named of a berry as black as soot, and as bitter, (like lliat black drink which was in use amongst the I^cedajmoniaiis, and perhaps the same,) which they sip still of, and sup as warm as they can sutler; they spend much time in those cotTee-houses, which are somewhat like our alehouses or taverns, and there they sit chatting and drinking to drive away the time, and to be merry together, because they lind by experience that kind of drink, so used, helpeth digestion, and procureth alacrity. Some of them take opium to this purpose. « Hor. " Lib. 15. 2. noct. Alt. Vigorem animi inoderalo villi uau tueamur, et calefaclo ! Lab. 14. 5. Nihil perniciuaui viribut u oioduf abait, venenum. **Tlifnrrilui idyl. 1.1 vin* dan iKliliam ft d<^diirein. » Ri-iiimIfii«. ~> M. r. ,. rialis runml. -ZS Viiium frieidm opiimuin ' Terina mr-lniicliolia. >' fVrri.'lius f ■ viuuiii proliibt'l iMiduuiD.et aroinata. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.J Cure of Head-Melancholy. 411 Borage, balm, saffron, golJ, I have spoken of; Montaltus, c. 23. commends scor- zonera roots contlite. Garcius ab Horto, plant, hist. lib. 2. cap. 25. makes mention of an herb called datura, ^^'•' which, if it be eaten for twenty- four hours following, takes away all sense of grief, makes them incline to laughter and mirth :" and an- other called bauge, like in effect to opium, " which puts them for a time into a kind of ecstacy." and makes them gently to laugh. One of the Roman emperors had a seed, which he did ordinarily eat to exhilarate himself. ^^ Cln-istophorus Ayrerus prefers bezoar stone, and the confection of alkermes, before other cordials, and amber in some cases. ''^ " Alkermes comforts the inner parts;" and bezoar stone hath an especial virtue against all melancholy affections, ^' '•' it refresheth the heart, and cor- roborates the whole body." '^^ Amber provokes urine, helps the body, breaks wind, &-C. After a purge, 3 or 4 grains of bezoar stone, and 3 grains of ambergrease, drunk or taken in borage or bugloss water, in which gold hot hath been quenched, will do much good, and the purge shall diminish less (the heart so refreshed) of the strength and substance of the body. "R. confect. Alkermes 3f5 lap- Bezor. 9j. Siiccini aibi subtiliss. [nilverisat. 9jj. cum Syrup, de oort. cilri ; fiat elecluariuiii." To bezoar stone most subscribe, Manardus, and ^^many others; " it takes away sadness, and makes him merry that useth it; I have seen some that have been much diseased with faintness, swooning, and melancholy, that taking the weight of three grains of this stone, in the water of oxtongue, have been cured." Garcias ab Horto brags how many desperate cures he hath done upon melancholy men by this alone, when all physicians had forsaken them. But alkermes many except against; in some cases it may help, if it be good and of the best, such as that of Montpclier in France, whicli ■"' lodocus Sincerus, Jlinerario Gallics, so much magnifies, and would have no traveller omit to see it made. But it is not so general a medicine as the other. Fer- nelius, cojisil. 49, suspects alkermes, by reason of its heat, *' " nothing (saith he) sooner exasperates this disease, than the use of hot working meats and medicines, and M'ould have them for that cause warily taken." I conclude, therefore, of tliis and all other medicines, as Thucydides of the plague at Athens, no reiiiedy could be prescribed for it, JYam quod uni prof nit, hoc aids erat exitio : there is no Catholic medicine to be had : that which helps one, is pernicious to another. Di amargnritum frigidinn, diamhra, diaboraginatum, electuarium IcEtificans Galeni et Rhasis., dc gennnis, dianthos, diamoscum dulce et amarum, electuarium conciliatoris, syrirp. Cidoniorum de pomis, conserves of roses, violets, fumitory, enula campana, satyrion, lemons, orange-pills, condite, &c., have their good use. ■•■"R. Diaiiioschi dulcis et amari ana 5jj- Diabuglnssati, Diaboragiiiati, saccliari violacei ana j. misce cum syrupo de pomis." Every physician is full of such receipts : one only I will add for the rareness of it, which I find recorded by many learned authors, as an approved medicine against dotage, head-melancholy, and such diseases of the brain. Take a ''^ ram's head that i^.ever meddled with an ewe, cut off at a blow, and the horns only take away, boil it well, skin and wool together; after it is well sod, take out the brains, and put these spices to it, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, mace, cloves, ana 3 fi, mingle the powder of these spices with it, and heat them in a platter upon a chafing-dish of coals together, stirring them well, that they do not burn ; take heed it be not overmuch dried, or drier than a calf's brains ready to be eaten. Keep it so prepared, and for tliree days give it the patient fasting, so that he fast two hours after it. It may be ^ Per 24 horas sensuni doloris omnem tnllit, et ridere facit. ■•'5 Hildesheim, spicel. 2. 3s Alker.iies. omnia vitalia viscera mire confortat. 3? Contra omnes melancholicnsaffectus confert, ac certum est ipsius usu oirine. cordis et corporis vires mirum in modum refici. soSuo.inum vero albissinium confortat ventriculum, siaJiiin discutit, urinam movet, &,c. s^Gartias ab Horto aromatum lib. 1. cap. 15. adversus omnes morbos inelanchnlicos conducit, et venerium. E<;o (intuit) utnr in morbis melancholici^, &c. et deploratos hujus usu ad pri.slinam sanitatem restitui. See more in Bauhinus' book dc lap. Bezoar c. 45. ^o Edit. 1617. Monspelii i electuarium fit preciocissimum Alcherm. &c. <' Nihil morbum hunc .•eque e.\asperat, ac alimentorum vel calidiorurn usus. Alcliermes ideo su.«pectus, et quod seme] moneam, caute adliibenda calida medicamenta. "Sckenkius 1. 1. Observat. de .Mania, ad nieiilis aliena- tionem, et desipientiam vitio cerebri obortam, in inanu- scripto codice Germanico, tale niedicamentum reperi. ^3 Caput arietis nondura experli venereni, uno ictu amputatum, cornibiis tantum demntis, inleirrum cum lana et pelle bene eli.\abis, turn aperto cerebrum exioics, et addens aromata, &c. n2 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. eaten witli })read in an cgs; or broth, or any way, so it be taken. For fourteen (ia\> let him use this diet, drink no wine, Sic. Gesner, hist, animal, lib. I. pair. \)11. Caricterius, j5rrtr<. 13. in J^ich. de metri. pag. 129. Jatro : Witenberg. edit. Tubing pag. 62, mention this medicine, though with some variation ; he that hst may try it, ''^and many such. Odoraments to smell to, of rose-w'ater, violet flowers, balm, rose-cakes, vinegar. Sec, do much recreate the brains and spirits, according to Solomon. Prov. xxvii. 9. " They rejoice the heart," and as some say, nourisli ; 'tis a question connnonly contro- verted in our schools, an adores nutriant ; let Ficinus, lib. 2. cap. 18. deciile it; ■*' many arguments he brings to prove it ; as of Demo^riius, that lived by the iJinell of bread alone, applied to his nostrils, for some few da\s, when for old age he could eat no meat. Ferrerius, lib. 2. vieth. speaks of an excellent confection of his making, of wine, saffron, &.C., which he prescribed to dull, weak, feeble, and dying men t«) smell to, and by it to have done very mudi good, ceque fere profuissc olfaclu., et jiotu, as if he had given them drink. Our noble and learned Lord ^"Verulam, in his book de vitii et morte, commends, therefore, all such cold smells as any way serve to refrigerate the spirits. xMontanus, cansil. 31, prescribes a form which he woulil have his melancholy patient never to have out of his hands. If you will have them spugirically prepared, look in Oswaldus Crollius, basil. Chymica. Irrigations of the head shaven, ^''•of the flowers of water lilies, lettuce, violets, ramomilc, wild mallows, wether's-head, Jkc," nmst be used many mornings together. .Muntan. coiisil. 31, would have the head so washed once a week. La,'lius a fonte Kugubinu;> consult. 44, lor an Italian count, troubled with head-melancholy, repeals many medicines which he tried, ^'"but t\v«) alone which did the cure; u>e of whey made of goat's milk, with the extract of helhbore, and irrigations of the head with water lilies, lettucf, violets, camomile, Stc, upon the suture of the crown." I'i.so commetids a ram's lungs applied hot to tht- fore part of the head, *'or a young lumb diviiled in the back, exenlerated, kc. ; all acknowledge the chief cure in moisten- ing thritughout. Some, sailh I^urentius, use powders and caps to the brain ; but forasmuch as such aromatical thmgs are hot and dry, they must be sparingly ad- ministered. L iito the heart we may do well to apply bags, epithemes, ointmetits, of uhich Ixiurentius, c. 9. de vietan. gives examples. Bruel prescribes an epitheme for the heart, of bugloss, borage, water-lily, violet waters, sweet-wine, balm leaves, nutmegs, cloves, &.C. For the belly, make a fomentation of oil, "in which the si-eds of cummin, rue, carrots, dill, have been boiled. Baths are of wonderful great force in this malady, much admired by *' Galen, "^^•^tius, Khasis, Stc, of sweet water, in which is boiled the h-uves of mallows, rosew, violets, water-lilies, wetlier's-ht-ail, flowers of bugloss, camomile, melihit, kc. Giiianer, cap. 8. tract. 15, would have them used twice a day, and when they came I'orlh of the baths, their back bones to be anointed with oil of almonds, violets, nymphea, fresh caj)on grease, gtc. Amulets arul things to be borne about, I And prescribed, taxed by some, apprrivcd by Renodeus, Platerus, (amulela inquit nan negligenda) and others; look for them in Mizaldus, Porta, Albertus, &.c. Bassardus Viscontinus, ant. philos. conmiends hypericon, or St. John's wort gathered on a "Friday in the hour of ^^ Jupiter, when it comes to his eflfectual operation (that is about the full moon in July); so gathered and borne, or hung about the neck, it mightily helps this affection, and drives away all fantastical spirits." " Philes, a Greek author that flouri.-fu-d in the time of .Michael Paleologus, writes that a sheep or kid's skin, whom a wolf worried, '^Hwdus nihn- mani raptus ab ore lupi., ought not at all to be worn about a man, '* because it causeih MCinis li.-iiludinis uxtuii, Pt vino potua melancholiam I el pulino arietU, calidu* ai;nu( per dnrsum diviMjt curat, et raxiira coriiu Rhinoceroti*. &.c. ^keiikiui. i cienteralui. adiiiotus (incipili. ** .•v,„,i,a rinnini, • Iiiiilat iu matrice, quTxJ sursuin ot deur<*iifii ud odori* I rule, dauri anetlii cocta. " Lit) 3. de li«ri« allML eensiiiii (ir»r,i[)iiHiur. " Viscount St. Alban'si. <• Ki ] ««Tetrab. 2. <«r. 1. cap. 10. •»(•»(. di- uir\. collecluin deciicto tloruni nyrnphea-, lactue, violaruuj, rtianioinitx, I die vener. horn Jovin cum ai| K.n. r.-iun i.mi r I ad alih^3P. capitiunt reniedium iidlVrii', u*»» ten caprini rum extracto Hellebori, et irri|{ntio ex lacle Nyinpheir, viol.'irum, jcc. Rutiirc roronali udliibila ; his remediK taoitatd prirttioam adeptus est. <■ Confcrt pleiiilunium Jiilii, Hide atfi.ftum apprime juvat it' i »« L. de pr'iprielnt. aiiinial - , • ■• naiiil«ut, cufdia eaiio palpilaliuoeiii cxeitat, fcc *• Mart. Mem. 1. Subs 6.] Cure of Head-Melancholy. 4ig palpitation of the heart,"' not for any fear, but a secret virtue which amulets have A ring made of the hoof of an ass's right fore foot carried about, &c. I sav will "'Renodeus, they are not altogether to be rejected. Paeony doth cure epilepsy precious stones most diseases; ^'a wolf's dung borne with one helps the colic, ^i spider an ague, &c. Being in the country in the vacation time not many years since at Lindley in Leicestershire, my father's house, I first observed this amulet of a spidei in a nut-shell lapped in silk, &c., so applied for an ague by ^"my mother; whom although I knew to have excellent skill in chirurgery, sore eyes, aches, kc. and such experimental medicines, as all the country where she dwelt can witness, to have done many famous and good cures upon diverse poor folks, that were other- wise destitute of help : yet among all other experiments, this methought was most absurd and ridiculous, I could see no warrant for it. Quid aranca cumfebre? For what antipathy.^ till at length rambling amongst authors (as often I do) I found this very medicine in Dioscorides, approved by Matthiolus, repeated by Alderovan- dus, cap. de Jlranea, lib. de insecds, I began to have a better opinion of it, and to give more credit to amulets, when I saw it in some parties answer to experience. Some medicines are to be exploded, that consist of words, characters, spells, and charms, which can do no good at all, but out of a strong conceit, as Pomponatius • proves ; or the devil's policy, who is the first founder and teacher of them. ScBSECT. Yl— Correctors of Accidents to procure Sleep. Against fearful Dreams, Redness., ^c. When you have used all good means and helps of alteratives, averters, diminu- tives, yet there will be still certain accidents to be corrected and amended, as waking fearful dreams, flushing in the face to some ruddiness, &c. ° Waking, by reason of their continual cares, fears, sorrows, dry brains, is a symp- tom that much crucifies melancholy men, and must therefore be speedily helped', and sleep by all means procured, which sometimes is a suflicient '*° remedy of itself with- out any other physic. Sckenkius, in his observations, hath an example of a woman that was so cured. The means to procure it, are inward or outward. Inwardlv taken, are simples, or compounds; simples, as poppy, nymphea, violets, roses, lettuce, mandrake, henbane, nightshade or solanum, saffron, hemp-seed, nutmegs, willows, with their seeds, juice, decoctions, distilled waters, &c. Compounds are syrups, or opiates, syrup of poppy, violets, verbasco, which are commonly taken With distilled waters. H diacodii 3j. diascordii 3(S aqua lactucae Sjjj. ft niista fiat polio ad horam soiiuii suraenda. Requies JViclwlai, Philonium Romanum, Triphera magna, pilulce de Cynoglossa, Dioscordium, Laudanum Paracelsi, Opium, are in use, &c. Country folks com- monly make a posset of hemp-seed, which Fuchsius in his herbal so much discom- mends ; yet I have seen the good effect, and it may be used where better medicines are not to be had. Laudanum Paracelsi is prescribed in two or three grains, with a drachm of Dios- cnrdium, which Oswald. Crollius commends. Opium itself is most part used out- wardly, to smell to in a ball, though commonly so taken by the Turks to the same quantity " for a cordial, and at Goa in the Indies ; the dose' 40 or 50 grains. Rulandus calls Requiem JYicholai, ultimum rcfigium, the last refuge; but of this •iiid the rest look for peculiar receipts in Victorius Faventinus, cap. de phrensi. Heurnius cap. de mania. Hildesheim spicel. 4. de somno et vigil, ^-c. Outwardly used, as oil of nutmegs by extraction, or expression with rosewater to anoint the temples, oils of poppy, nenuphar, mandrake, purslan, violets, all to the same purpose. Montana consil. 24 c, 25. much commends ordoraments of opium, vinegar, and rosewater. Laurentius cap. 9. prescribes pomanders and nodules ; see the receipts in him ; Codronchus " wormwood to smell to. llngue ntiim Mabastritum, populeum, are used to anoint the temples, nostrils, or if M Pilar, lib ]. cap. 12. 5' ^tius cap. 31. Tet. 3. !.tr. 4. 50 Dioscorides, Uly.-ises Alderovandus de sranea. m Mistress Dorothy Burton, she died, 1629. •" Solo buinnu curata est cilra medici auxilium, fol. 154. 5> Bflloiiius obscrvat. I. 3. c. 15. las.^itudins-m et lahores aninii tollunt; inde Garcias ab Horto, lib. 1. cap. 4 simp. med. ^ Absynthium somnoa allicit olfactu. 414 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5. they be too weak, they mL\ saffron and opium. Take a grain or two of opium, and dissolve it with three or four drops of rosewater in a spoon, and after mingle with it as much Unffuentum populeiim as a nut, use it as before : or else take half a dradnn of opium, Unguentum popideum, oil of nenuphar, rosewater, rose-vinegar, of eacli lialf an ounce, with as much virgin wax as a nut, anoint your temples with some of it, ad horam somni. Sacks of wormwood, ^ mandrake, " henbane, roses made like pillows and laid under the patient's head, are mentioned by *^ Cardan and Mizaldus, '' to anoint the soles of the feet with the fat of a dormouse, the teeth with ear wax of a dog, swine's gall, hare's ears :" cliarms, &c. Frontlets are well known to every good wife, rosewater and vinegar, with a little woman's milk, and nutmegs grated upon a rose-cake applied to both temples. For an cmplaster, take of castoriiun a drachm and a half, of opium iialf a scruple, mixed both together with a little water of life, make two small plasters thereof, and apply them to the temples. Kulandus cent. 1. cur. 17. cent. 3. eiir. 94. prescribes epithemes and lotions of the head, with the decoction of flowers of nymphea, violet-leaves, mandrake roots, nenbane, white poppy. Here, de Saxonia, stillicidia., or droppings, &c. Lotions of the feet do much avail of the said herbs : by tliese means, saith Laurentius, I think vou may procure sleep to the most melancholy man in the world. Some use horse- leeches beliind the cars, and apply opium to the place. *^BavtTus lih.'Z. c. 13. sets (k)wn some remedies against fearful dreams, and .wch as walk and talk in tiieir sleep. Baptista Porta Mag. juit. J. 2. c. 6. to procure plea- sant dreams and quiet rest, would have you take hippoglos.xa, or the herb horse- " tongue, balm, to use them or their distilled waters after supper, &c. Such men mu-^t not eat beans, peas, garlic, onions, cabbage, venison, hare, use black wines, or any meat hard «>f digestion at supper, or lie on their backs, kc. Riisticns jnidor, bashfulness, llushing in the face, high colour, ruddiness, are com- mon grievances, which much torture many melancholy men, when tliey meet a man, or come in *'' company of their betters, strangers, after a meal, or if they drink a cup of wine or strong drink, they are as red and llect, and sweat as if they had been at a mayor's feast, pmsertiin si metus accesserit^ it exceeds, *• they think every man observes, takes notice of it : and fear alone will efft-ct it, suspicion without any other cause. Sckenkius uhserv. vied. lib. 1. sp-aks of a waiting gentlewoman in the Duke of Savoy's court, that was so much oHended with it, that she kneeled down to him, and otlered Biarus, a physician, all that she had to be cured of it. And 'lis most true, lliat ^''Antony Ludovicus saith in his Uotik de Pudore, " bashfulness either hurls or helps," such men 1 am sure it hurts. If it proceed from suspicion tn fear, '"Felix Plater prescribes no other remedy but to reject and contemn it : Id popnlus curat scilicet., as a " worthy physician in our town said to a friend of mine in like case, complaining wiiliout a cause, suppose one look red, what matter is it, make light of it, who observes it } If it trouble at or after meals, (as '^ Jobertus observes med. pract. 1. I.e. 7.) after a little exercise or stirring, ft)r many are then hot and red in the face, or if they do nothing at all, especially women ; he would have them let blood in both arms, first one, tlien another, two or three days between, if blood abound ; to use frictions of the other parts, feet especially, and washing of them, because of that consent which is between the head and the feet. "^ And w ithal to refrigerate the face, by washing it often with rose, violet, nenuphar, lettuce, lovage waters, and the like: but the best of all is that lac virginalc, or strained liquor of lilargy: it is diversely prepared; by Jobertus thus; R. Uthar. argrnt. unc. y cerussce cundidissimcE., SJLJJ- caphiir(T, 9jj. dissolvantur aquarum solani, lactucce^ et nenupharis ana unc. jjj. aceli vini albi. unc. jj. aliquot haras resideat, deinde transmiltatur per philt. aqua servetur in vase vilreo^ '3 Reail I>-ninius lib. her. hib. cap. 2- nf .MnnJrake. '=' n'dicui; pudor sut jiiv.it am hrdil. •< Hydjcjaiiiiis sub corvicali viriiiis. "^ Plaiitiiiii ii " .M. D- ■ tor A»li«rorlti pedis iiiiinsere piiii:iiedin»' gliris dicunt p(!)caci!»iniiirii. | - njaxiine c«li-l r'l'. i.j :. -i ~- i mfj- el qiirnl vix rreili potest, dtriitps iniinrtim ex Mirdilir- hii. | I i . iiMiinulii* qui>-a quicqu <'■■ de rrruiii varifiat. " Veni mi^cuin lib. " Aut l . . mif-in faeil. '' 1 ■ ■,•.• Ki quid iiicaiitiiia excidfrit aiil, dec. ** Nam qua cieiuluiu iit nt*t rrtrii;«-ri>tur ; ulruuiiii ;T±-itbkl In »u«e pAvur •iinul est piidur additua illi. Slatiut. quen«p«ilioex aqua ruaaruoi, violarum. ncnuphafia.iic Mem. 2.] Cure of Melanclioly over all the Body. 415 ac ea his terve fades giiof idle irroretur. '''* Quercetan spagir. phar. cap. ^. coxnxnendiS the water of frog's spawn for ruddiness in the face. "^Crato consll. 283. Scoltzii would fain have them use all summer the condite flowers of succory, strawberry water, roses (cupping-glasses are good for the time), consH. 285. et 286. and to defe- cate impure blood with the infusion of senna, savory, balm water. ''^HoUerius knew one cured alone with the use of succory boiled, and drunk for five months, every morning in the summer. " It is good overnight to anoint the face with hare's blood, and in the morning to wash it with strawberry and cowslip water, the juice of distilled lemons, juice of cucumbers, or to use the seeds of melons, or kernels of peaches beaten small, or the roots of Aron, and mixed with wheat bran to bake it in an oven, and to crumble it in strawberry water, '"^ or to put fresh clieese curds to a red face. If, it trouble them at meal times that flushing, as oft it doth, with sweating or ths like, they must avoid all violent passions and actions, as laughing, &c., strong drink, and drink very little, ''"one draught, saith Crato, and that about die midst of their meal ; avoid at all times indurate salt, and especially spice and windy meat. * Crato prescribes the condite fruit of wild rose, to a nobleman his patient, to be taken before dinner or supper, to the quantity of a chestnut. It is made of sugar, as that of quinces. The decoction of the roots of sowthistle before meat, by the same author is much approved. To eat of a baked apple some advice, or of a pre- served quince, cumminseed prepared with meat instead of salt, to keep down fumes : not to study or to be intentive after meals. K. Niicleonim persic. seminis melonum ana unc. BiJ aquE fragroruni I. ij. iiiisce, utatur niane." ^' To apply cupping glasses to the shoulders is very good. For the other kind of ruddiness which is settled in the face with pimples, &c., because it pertains not to my subject, I will not meddle with it. I refer you to Crato's counsels, Arnoldus lib 1. hreviar. cap. 39. I. Rulande, Peter Forestus de Fuco, lib. 31. obser. 2. To Platerus, Mercurialis, Ulmus, Rondoletius, Heurnius, Menadous, and others that have written largely of it. Those other grievances and symptoms of headache, palpitation of heart, Vertigo^ deliquiiun, Sfc, which trouble many melancholy men, because they are copiously handled apart in every physician, I do voluntarily omit. MEMB. II. Cure of Melancholy over all the Body. Where the melancholy blood possesseth the whole body with the brain, ^Mt is best to begin with blood-letting. The Greeks prescribe the *^ median or middle vein to be opened, and so much blood to be taken away as the patient may well spare, and the cut that is made must be Avide enough. The Arabians hold it fittest to be taken from that arm on which side there is more pain and heaviness in the head : if black blood issue forth, bleed on ; if it be clear and good, let it be instantly sup- pressed, ^"^ because the malice of melancholy is much corrected by the o-oodness of the blood." If the party's strength will not admit much evacuation in this kind at once, it must be assayed again and again : if it may not be conveniently taken from the arm, it must be taken from the knees and ankles, especially to such men or women whose hajmorrhoids or months have been stopped. *^ If the maladv continue, It is not amiss to evacuate in a part in the forehead, and to virgins in the ankles, who are melancholy for love matters ; so to widows that are much grieved antl troubled with sorrow and cares : for bad blood flows in the heart, and so crucifies the mind. 'lood, and that it be derived from the livt-rand spleen to the stomach and his ve.ssels, then * to dniw it back, to cut the inner vein of either arm, some say the sahuiletla, and if the malady he continuate, •' to open a vein in the forehead. Preparatives and alteratives may be used as before, saving that there nmst be respect had as well to the liver, spleen, stomach, hypoohondries, as to the heart and brain. To comfort the "stomach ami inner parts against wind and obstructions, by Areteus, Galen, .-Etius, .\urelianus, &r., and ujany latter writers, are still prescribed the decoctions of wormwooil, centaury, pennyroyal, belony sodden in whey, and daily drunk : many have been cured by this medicine alone. Prosper Aliinus anil some others as much magnify the water of Nile against this malady, an especial good remedy for windy melanclii)ly. For which reas(m belike Ptolemeus Pliiladelphus, when he married his daughter Berenice to the king of Assyria (asCeUus, lib. 2. records!, magnis im]>ensis ,S'ili uquam ajferri jussit^ to his great charge caused the water of Nile to be carried with her, and gave conunand, that during her life she should use no other drink. I find those that commend use of apples, in splenetic and this kind of melancholy (lamb's-wuol some call it), which howsoever approved, must certainly be corrected of ci»ld rawness and wind. Codronchus in his book de sale absyn. magnifies the oil and salt of wormwood above all other remedies, ""which works better and speedier than any simple wlial- soever, and much to be preferred before all those fulsome decoctions and infusions, which must oflend by reason of their quantity; this alone in a small measure taken, expels wind, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomach of all gross humours, crudities, helps appetite," &tc. Amoldus hath a wormwood wine which he would have used, which every pharmacopteia speaks of. Diminutives and purges may ** be taken as before, of hiera, nianna, cassia, which Montanus cmml. 230. for an Italian abbot, in this kind prefers before all i>llier simples, «Ob«;rvat. fed. 154. curatiu ei viilnere in crure ob i p«rtinai morbiii. venam fronle •«abi«. Brui-ll ■> Eco rruoreni ariii««uin. "Studnim ml omrie ut nirlan- I iiiaxiiiiam curani moniucti.) ilt l.i.'aN • i « u M"ra(iiinua I'Mohcus iiii|)ini!iictiir: px quo eniin iniigiiHs et carnrfii. ' hh. -2 c 7. »»('iliii« i-r • ■ -^rx. illico »ani »iiiit. • Hildi,iheini apirel. 2 Inlt-r calicia iiuam »<>lent dw-ixla ac di ri radu pelri.fVlini. apii, iVmculi ; Inter frigida fniuNnj marna cum a-auinpnliiini ■rniini* Mi^-loniiiii rum •u-ro caprinn quiMl eat rnmmurie v>'hiciiliini. •» Hoc iinuin prirmiineo domine ut ma JilHtrns rirra virlum. airie quo cetera reiiicdia fru^lra ■dhibenlur. *> Laurentiui cap. IS. evulsioiii* fralia v«nain luieriiam alivnus hrachii secamua. *>g| bic •al etftcaciter diMipal. uriii.iin n craMO* abfleritit, ■loinachiiin r; r> (le r (atem. nauicain apfieteiiiiain miniin in vat, 4tc. *L'ritudine apti.ssimo: Soliique usu aqufe, in qua faber j rientia probavi, multos Hypocondriacos solo usu Clys- ferrariussa'pecandeiisferrumextinierat.&.c. lAni- I terum fuisse sanatos. 53 418 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 5 liypochondriacal melancholy men have been cured by the sole use of clysters," receipts are to be had in him. Besides those fomentations, irriirations, inunctions, odorameuts, prescribed for the head, there must be the like used for the liver, spleen, stomach, hypochondries, &.o. *•• In crjuiily (saith Piso) 'tis good to bind the stomach hard" to hinder wind, and to help concoction. Of inward medicines I need not speak ; use the same cordials as before. In tliis kind of nielancholv, some prescribe ^ treacle in winter, especially before or after purges, or in tlie spring, as Avicenna, '" Trincavellius mithridaie, " Montaltus paiony seed, unicorn's horn ; os de corde cervi^ Sfc. Amonsjst topics or outward medicines, none are more precious than baths, but of them I have spoken. Fomentations to the hypochondries are very gt>od, of wine and water in which are sadden southernwood, melilot, epithyme, mugwort, senna, polypody, as also '^cerotes, '^plaisters, liniments, ointments for the spleen, liver, and hypochondries, of which look for examples in Laurentius, Jobertus lib. 3. c. 1. pra. med. Montanus consil. 231. Montaltus cap. 33. Hercules de Saxonia, Favcntinus. And so of epithemes, digestive powders, bags, oils, Octavius Iloratianus lib. 2. c. 5. prescribes ealastic cataplasms, or dry purging medicines; Piso '^ dropaces of pitch, and oil of rue, applied at certain times to tlie stomach, to the metaphrene, or part of ilie back whicli is over against the heart, ,'Ktius sinapisms; Montaltus c«y>. 35. would have the thighs to be '^cauterised, .Mercurialis prescribes beneath' tlie knees; Ladius .^Egubinus consil. 77. for a hypochondriacal Dutchman, will have tlie cautery made 111 the right tliigli, and so Montaiius consil. 55. The same Moiitanus cimsil. 3 i. approves of issues in the arms or hinder part of the head. Berjiarchis Palernus in llildesheini spicrl 2. would have '"issues made in both the thighs; " Lod. .Mercatus ]):escribes tliem near the spleen, nut prope ventriculi regimen, or in either of the thighs. Ligatures, frictions, and cupping-glasses above or about the belly, without scantication, which '' Felix Platerus so much approves, may be used as before. SuBSECT. II. — Correctors to expel fVind. Against Costiveness, ^*c. l.\ this kind of melancholy one of the most offensive .symptoms is wind, which, as in the otlu-r species, so in this, hath great need to be corrected and expelled. The medicines to expel it are either inwardly taken, or outwardly. Inwardly to expel wind, are simples or compounds : simples are herbs, roots, Stc, as galaiiga, gentian, angelica, enuia, calamus aromaticus, valerian, zeodoti, iris, coiuhte ginger, ari.«tolochy, cicliminus, China, dittander, pennyroyal, rue, calamint, bay-berries, and bay-leaves, beiony, rosemary, hyssop, sabine, centaury, mint, camomile, stajchas, agnns castns, broom-flowers, origan, orange-pills, kc. ; spices, as saHVon, cinnamon, bezoar stone, myirh, mace, nutmegs, pepper, cloves, ginger, seeds of annis, fennel, anmi. cari, nettle, rue, Stc, juniper berries, grana paradisi ; compounds, dianisum, diagalanga, diaciminum, diacalaminth, t/^c/uartM/zi de baccis lauri.,benedicta laxativa, pulvis ad status, antid. Jlorent. pulcis carniinativus, aromaticuvi rosulum, treacle^ miihridate, S^-c. This one caution of '*Gualter Bruell is to be observed in the admin- istering of these hot medicines and dry, '• that whilst they covet to expel wind, they do not inflame the blood, and increase the disease; sometimes (as he saith^ medicines must more decline to heal, sometimes more to cold, as the circumstances require, and as the parties are inclined to heat or cold. Outwardly taken to expel winds, are oils, as of camomile, rue, bays, Stc. ; foment- ations of the byj)ocliondrie3, with the decoctions of dill, pennyroyal, rue, bay leaves, cummin, Stc, bags of camomile flowers, aniseed, cummin, bays, rue, wormwoo«l, ointments of the oil of spikenard, wormwood, rue, &.c, ^'Areleus prescribes ^ III cpiditate optimum, ventriculum arctius alligari. | teriamque evoeant. »Gavendiim hie dilisenler 4 » 3j- Theriaca?, Vere prsserlim et irstate. '"Cons, i mullum calrfariHriiibm, aln'i<- i-i»iciaiititm«, mvc all. Vi. I. 1. "Cap. 33. i='Triricavi,-llius c>>ii"iil. 15. ' menta f'jirnii luc. iiivc iihmIi. iim.-iiia ii<'iiiimIIi riiun cerciiuin pro gpiie nielanchulu-o ad j.-cur i.piiiiiiiin. ut vfriloaiiaii.-s t-t rusitii* c..ij|.--. .i-i h. -u.Ii .l.-n- »' Eiiiplaslra pro splriie. Fernel. consil. 45. " Dr.ipa* Ip« medicaiiifiilis. pluriiiinir, i- f pice iiavali, ct oleo rutaceo atfiifatiir vprilriculo, el l genie* : di-U-nt <-iiim iin-ilici i. ti.ti niPtaphreni. "Caultria cruribus miiita. vel frisiduin »-rijii.liirii en- i. '« Fontanell* »iiit in utroqiie crure. " Lib. 1. c. 17. \ "el ul patien* inclinal ad cal. cl !n-i ;. *' C-^- i X Oe mentis alienat. c. 3. daiuii egregie discutmnt ma- | lil>- 7. Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Cure of Hypochondriacal Melancholy. 419 cataplasms of camomile flowers, fennel, aniseeds, cummin, roseniary, wormwood- leaves, &c. ^' Cupping-glasses applied to the hypochondries, without scarification, do wonder- fully resolve wind. Fernelius consil. 43. much approves of them at the lower end of the belly; ^^Lod. Mercatus calls them a powerful remedy, and testifies moreover out of his own knowledge, how many he hath seen suddenly eased by them. Julius Ca?sar Claudinus respons. ?ned. resp. 33. admires these cupping-glasses, which he calls out of Galen, ^''^'a kind of enchantment, they cause such present help." Empyrics have a myriad of medicines, as to swallow a bullet of lead, Stc, which I voluntarily omit. Amatus Lusilanus, cent. 4. curat. 54. for a hypochondriacal per- son, that was extremely tormented with wind, prescribes a strange remedy. Put a pair of bellows end into a clyster pipe, and applying it into the fundament, open the bowels, so draw forth the wind, natura non admittit vacuum. He vaunts he was the first invented this remedy, and by means of it speedily eased a melancholy man. Of the cure of this flatuous melancholy, read more in Fienus dejlatibus, cap. 26. cl passim alias. Against headache, vertigo, vapours which ascend forth of the stomach to molest the head, read Hercules de Saxonia, and others. If costiveness olfend in this, or any other of the three species, it is to be corrected with suppositories, clysters or lenitives, powder of senna, condite prunes, &c. R. Elect. Itnit. e succo'rosar. ana '2 j. misce. Take as much as a nutmeg at a time, half an hour before dinner or supper, or pil. mastichin. Sj. in six pills, a pill or two at a time. See more in Montan. consil. 229. Hildesheim spied. 2. P. Cnemander, and Montanus commend ^^ " Cyprian turpentine, which they would have familiarly taken, to the quantity of a small nut, two or three hours before dinner and supper, twice or thrice a week if need be; for besides that it keeps the belly soluble, it clears the stomach, opens obstructions, cleanseth the liver, provokes urine." These in brief are the ordinary medicines which belong to the cure of melan- choly, which if they be used aright, no doubt may do much good ; Si non levando saltern Icniendo valcnt, peculiaria bene selecta, saith Bessardus, a good choice of par- ticular receipts must needs ease, if not quite cure, not one, but all or most, as occa- sion serves. Et qum non jirosunt singula., multa jiwant. 2' Piso Eruel. mire flatus resolvit. 22 Lib. 1. c. 17. 1 tern deglutiant nucis parvse, tribus horis ante prnndiuin noniiiiUos prajtensione ventris deploratos illico restitu- vel coenam, ter singulis septiiiianis proiil expeilire viile- (i)s Ins videiiius. 23 Velut iiicantainentuin quoddain bitur; nam praterquam quoil alvuin mollern elficit, ob. ex riuiioso sniritu, doloreni ortuni levant. '^ Tere- structiones aperit, ventriculum purgat, urinam provocal li/jiilnii.iin Cypiiaiu liabeaut familiarein, ad quantita- I hepar mundilicat. (420 ) THE SYNOrSYS OF THE THIRD PARTITION Division or kinds, • Subs. 2. Heroical or Love- Melan- choly, in whicli consider, is Profitable, Hubs. 1. r Simple, which n, . , , , rieasant, hath three < ^^^^ ^ objects, as M. 1. Honest, Suba. 3. Mixed of all three, which extendi! to M. 3. Preface or Introduction. Subsect 1. Love's definition, pedigree, object, fair, amiable, gracious, and pleasant, from whicr. come? beauty, grace, which all desire and love, parts affected. r Natural, in thinj^s without life, as love and hatred of elements ; and with life, as vegetable, vine and elm, sympathy, antipathy, &c. Sensible, as of beasts, for pleasure, pjeservation of kind, mutual agreement, custom, bringing up together, &c. fD-^c-Li- f Health, wealth, honour, we love our benefactors: nothing so amiable as profit, or that which iiaih a show of commodity. r Things without life, made by art, pictures, sports, games, sensible objects, as hawks, hounds, horses: i Or men themselves for siinilituiie of manners, I natural ailection, as to friends, children, kinsmen, J &c., for glory such as commend us. i liefore marriage, as Htroicul Mtl. Sect. Of wo- 1 2. vidt qp men, as ] Or after marriage, as Jealousy, Sect. 3. I- vide y, fFucate in show, by some error or hypocrisy ; some f seem and are not ; or truly for virtue, honesty, [ good parts, learning, eloquence, &c. Common good, our neighbour, country, friends, which u charity ; the defect of which is cause of much discontent aiiJ { melancholy. or fin excess, t'lV/e n God, Sect. 4.1 In defect, vide 25- {Memb. 1. His pedigree, power, extent to vegetables and sensible creatures, as well as meu, to spirits, devils, ice. His name, definition, object, part afTectcd, tyranny. Tatars, temperature, full diet, place, country, clime, condition, idleness, S. 1. Natural allurements, and causes of love, as beauty, its praise, how it alluretb. Comeliness, grace, resulting from the whole or some parts, as face, eyes, hair, hands, &c. Subs. '2. { Artificial allurements, and provocations of lust and love, gestures, apparel, I dowry, money. &c. Quest. Whether beauty owe more to Art or Nature ? Subs. 3. I Opportunity of time and place, conference, discourse, music, sini^ing, I dancing, amorous tales, lascivious objects, familiarity, gifts, promiiM's, (kc. Subs. 4. L Bawds and Philters, Subs. 5. r Dryness, paleness, leanness, waking, sighing, ttc t Quest. An detur pulsus amaturius ? I f Fear, sorrow, suspicion, anxiety. Sec. I Bad, as < A hell, torment, tire, blindness, &c. [t»l mind. J Qj I Dotage, slavery, neglect of business. n 1 j Spruceness, neatness, courage, aptness to learn !_ y music, singing, dancing, poetry, dec. Prognostics ; despair, madness, phrensy, death, Memb. 4. By labour, diet, physic, abstinence, .Subs. 1. To withstand the beginnings, avoid occasions, fair and foul means, change of place, contrary passion, witty inventions, discommend the former, bring in another. Subs. 2. By p" a1 counsel, persuasion, from future miseries, inconveniences, &c. ^'. 3. Causes, Memb. 2. Symp- toms or si'^^ns, M>imb. 3. Of body Of mind. Cures, Memb. 5 . hy philters, magical, and poetical cures, .Subs. 4. I To let them have their desire disputed pro and eon. Impediments re- l moved, 'e -easons for it. Subs. 5. Synopsis of the Third Partition. His name, definition, extent, power, tyranny, Memb. 1. Division, Equivo- cations, kinds. Subs. 1. 421 r I mproper Causes, Sect. 2. f Proper In the par- To many beasts ; as swans, cocks, bulls. To kings and princes, of their subjects, successors. To friends, parents, tutors over their children, or otherwise. /Before marriage, corrivals, &c. [After, as in this place our present subject, r Idleness, impotency in one party, melancholy, long absence. Symptoms, Mcmt). 2. Prognostics, Memb. 3. Cures, Memb. 4. Causes, Subs. 2. rin excess of such as do that which is not re- quired. Memb. 1. J ties themselves, -; They have been naught themselves. Hard usage, unkindncss, j or 1^ wantonness, inequality of years, persons, fortunes, 6lc. I from others. Outward enticements and provocations of others. ^ Fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, strange actions, gestures, looks, ^ speeches, locking up, outrages, severe laws, prodigious trials, &c. ^ Despair, madness, to make away themselves, ) and others, f By avoiding occasions, always busy, never to be idle. By good counsel, advice of friends, to contemn or dissemble it. Subs. I. { By prevention before marriage. Plato's communion. I To marry such as are equal in years, b-.rth, fortunes, beauty, of like conditions, &c. l^Of a good family, good education. To use them well. A proof that there is such a species of melancholy, name, object God, what his beauty is, how it allureth, part and parties alTected, superstitious, idolaters, prophets, heretics, &c. Subs. 1. r ("The devil's allurements, false miracles, priests for I From others I their gain. Politicians to keep men in obedience, ■i or [ bad instructors, blind guides. from them- J Simplicity, fear, ignorance, solitariness, melancholy, \ curiosity, pride, vain-glory, decayed image of God. rZeal without knowledge, obstinacy, superstition, J strange devotion, stupidity, confidence, stiff' defence I of their tenets, mutual love and hate of other '^ sects, belief of incredibilities, impossibilities, f Of heretics, pride, contumacy, contempt of others, I wilfulness, vain-glory, singularity, prodigious para- j doxes. I In superstitious blind zeal, obedience, strange works, fasting, sacrifices, oblations, prayers, vows, pseudo- martyrdom, mad and ridiculous customs, ceremo- I nies, observations. I In pseudo-prophets, visions, revelations, dreams, I prophecies, new doctrines, &c., of Jews, Gentiles. ^ Mahometans, &c. J New doctrines, paradoxes, blasphemies, madness, stu- [ pidily, despair, damnation. By physic, if need be, conference, good counsel, persuasion, compulsion, correction, punishment. Quxritur an cogi debent 1 AJJir. selves. General Symptoms,. S-ub». 3. < I Pariicralar. { Prognostics, Subs. 4. Cures, Subs. 5. In defect, as Memb. 2. I Secure, of grace and fears. Old ["Epicures, atheists, magicians, hypocrites, such as have cauterised < consciences, or else are in a reprobate sense, worldly-secure. Distrustful, or too timor- ous, as des- perate. In despair con- ^sider. some philosophers, impenitent sinners. Subs. 1. 'The devil and his allurements, rigid preachers, that wound their consciences, melancholy, contempla- . tion, solitariness. I How melancholy and despair differ. Distrust, weak- ness of faith. Guilty conscience for offence com- mitted, misunderstanding Scr. ("Fear, sorrow, anguish of mind, extreme tortures ^ and horror of conscience, fearful dreams, con- \ ceits, visions, &c. Blasphemy, violent death, Subs. 4. f Physic, as occasion serves, conference, not to be l^ Cures, S. 5. < idle or alone. Good counsel, good company, all f Causes, Subs. 2. \ Symptoms, Subs. 3. Prognostics. comforts and contents, &c. 2L (422) THE THIRD PARTITION. LOVE-MELANCHOLY. THE FIRST SECTION, MEMBER, SUBSECTION. The Preface. THERE will not be wanting, I presume, one or other that will nuirh disrommciul some part of lliis treatise of love-melancholy, and olyect (wliith ' Erasmus in his preface to Sir Thomas .More suspects of his) '• that it is too lij^ht for a divine, too comical a subject to speak, of love symptoms, too fantastical, and fit alone for a ■•anton poet, a feeliiiiT young love-sick gallant, an eill'minate courtier, or some such iiile person." .\nd 'tis true they say : for by the nauohtiness of men it is so come to pass, as ^Caussinus observes, «/ castis auribus vox amnris suspecla sj7, et incisa, 'he very name of love is oihous to chaster ears; and therefore sonie again, out of in affected gravity, will dislike all for the name's sake beiore they read a word ; dis- sembling with him in ^Petronius, and seem to be angry that their ears are violated with such obscene speeches, that so they may be admired for grave philosophers and staid carriage. They cannot abide to hear talk of love toys, or amorous dis- courses, rultu., gvstu, ocitlis in their outward actions averse, and yet in their c<>i.'itri- tions they are all out as bail, if not worse than others. • *- Eruhuit, p\m* innrtalium vitio fit qui pro-clar.-i i|u:r(|iie in pravun aaide ; when he retired, iilie lixik il up n. u«iis vert'ui* '(iuotieg de ainatDriiji iiientio facta ' » l.ih. 4. of tivil eoiivernainiii. 'Si . . ., f»l eft, taui veheinenter rxcaiidui ; tain veverx trislitia ! <>p«ra KribeiiUo, ne ipai loccot in l<'(riiiiu. violari aurcs niea* ubaceno •ermoac noiui, ut nie tan- 1 Mein. 1. Subs. 1.] Preface. 423 hath handled in three books, P. Haedus, and which almost every physician, as Arnol- dus, Villanovanus, Yalleriola ohservat. mecl. lib. 2. ohscrv. 7. iElian Montaltus and Laurentius in their treatises of melancholy, Jason Pratensis de morh. cap. V^lescus de Taranta, Gordonius, Hercules de Saxonia, Savanarola, Langius, &c., have treated of apart, and in their works. I excuse myself, therefore, with Peter Godefridus, Valleriola, Ficinus, and in '' Langius' words. Cadmus Milesius writ fourteen books of love, •' and why should I be- ashamed to write an epistle in favour of young men, of this subject ?" A company of stern readers dislike the second of the jEneids, and VirgiPs gravity, for inserting such amorous passions in an heroical subject; but ^Servius, his commentator, justly vindicates the poet's worth, wisdom, and discretion in doing as he did. Castalio would not have young men read the ^ Canticles, be- cause to his thinking it was too light and amorous a tract, a ballad of ballads, as our old English translation hath it. He might as well forbid the reading of Genesis, because of the loves of Jacob and Rachael, the stories of Sicliem and Dinah, Judah and Tliamar; reject the Book of Numbers, for the fornications of the people of Israel with the. Moabites ; that of Judges for Samson and Dalilah's embracings ; that of the Kings, for David and Bersheba's adulteries, the incest of Amnion and Thamar, Solomon's concubines, &.c. The stories of Esther, Judith, Susanna, and many such. Dicearchus, and some other, carp at Plato's majesty, that he would vouchsafe to indite such love toys : amongst the rest, for that dalliance with Agatho, "Suavia dans Agathoni, animam ipse in labra teiiebam ; ^gra eteniin [iroperans taiiquam abitura fuit." For my part, saith '"Maximus Tyrius, a great platonist himself, 7ne non tanUun admiratio habet, sed etiam stupor,^ I do not only admire, but stand amazed to read, that Plato and Socrates both should expel Homer from their city, because he writ of such light and wanton subjects, Quod Junonem cum Jove in Ida concumbentss inducit, ab immortali nube contectos, Vulcan's net. !Mars and Venus' fopperies before all the gods, because Apollo fled, when he was persecuted by Achilles, the "gods were wounded and ran whining away, as Mars that roared louder than Stentor, and covered nine acres of ground witli his fall ; Vulcan was a summer's day falling down from heaven, and in Lemnos Isle brake his leg, Sec, with such ridiculous passages ; when as both Socrates and Plato, by his testimony, writ lighter themselves : quid enim lam distal (as he follows it) quam amans a temper ante., for mar urn admiral or a demcnte^ what can be more absurd than for grave philosophers to treat of such fooleries, to admire Autiloquus, Alcibiades, for tlieir beauties as they did, to run after, to gaze, to dote on fair Phaedrus, delicate Agatho, young Lysis, flue Charmides, haccine Philosophmn deccnl? Doth tiiis become grave philosophers? Tiius perad- venture Callias, Thrasimachus, Polus, Aristophanes, or some of his adversaries and emulators might object; but neither they nor '^Anytus and Melitus his bitter ene- mies, that condemned him for teaching Crilias to tyrannise, his impiety for swearing by dogs and plain trees, for his juggling sophistry, Sec, never so much as upbraided him with impure love, writing or speaking of that subject; and theretbre without question, as he concludes, both Socrates and Plato in this are justly to be excused. But suppose they had been a little overseen, should divine Plato be defamed ? no, rather as he said of Cato's drunkenness, if Cato were drunk, it should be no vice at all to be drunk. They reprove Plato then, but without cause (as "Ficinus pleads) " for all love is honest and good, and they are wortliy to be loved that speak well of love." Being to speak of this admirable affection of love (saith "Valleriola) "there lies open a vast and philosopliical held to my discourse, by which many lovers become mad ; let me leave my more serious meditations, wander in these phi- losophical flelds, and look into those pleasant groves of the Muses, where with unspeakable variety of flowers, we may nrake garlands to ourselves, not to adorn us only, but with their pleasant smell and juice to nourish our souls, and All our mintls ' Med. ppist. 1. l.ep. 14. Cadmus Milesius teste Suida.de I ainor, &c. '^Carpunt alii Platoiiicaiii inajestatem hoc Erotico Aniore. 14. libros siripsii Jiec me pigcbil in quod aiiiori niniiuni imlulserit, Dicearchus el alii; sed iratiain adolcscentum iiancscribere epi.-tolaiu. "Cum- inale. Omnis amor lionestus et bonus, et aiiiore digui neiit. in i!. iEueid. » Meros amures meram iuipudi. qui bene dicunt de Amore. n Med. obser. lib. -2. litiam sonare videtur nisi, ic. '".Ser. 8. "Uuud »sum et eorum amores commemoret. '^Ciuuni nuilta e objecissent quod Critiam tyranuidein docuisset, quod Palonem juraret loquacem sophistem, &c. accusa- ti)ueiu umuris uullam fecerunt. Ideoque lionestus cap. 7. de adniirando aiuoris affectu diclurus; ingens patet campus ei pbilosopliiciis, quo sa;pe lioniinee ducuntur ad insaniam, libeat modo vagari, Ate. Ciua non ornent modo, sed I'ragrantia et succulenlia jucuaj^ plenius alant, &c. 424 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1 desirous of knowledge," &c. After a harsh and unpLasing discourse of melancholy, Avhich hath hitherto molested your patience, and tired the author, give him leave with ''^Godefridus the lawyer, and Laurentius (cap. 5.) to recreate himself in diis kind after his laborious studies, " since so many grave divine?,and wortliy men have without olTence to manners, to help themselves and others, voluntarily written of it." Heliodorus, a bishop, penned a love story of Theagines and Chariclea, and when some Catos of his time reprehended him for it, chose rather, sailh "^Nicepho- rus, to leave his bishopric than his book. iEneas Sylvius, an ancient divine, and past forty years of age, (as "he confesseth himself, after Pope Pius Secundus) indited that wanton history of Euryalus and Lucretia. And how many superintendents of learning could I reckon up that have written of light fantastical subjects } Beroaldus, Erasmus, Alpheratius, twenty-four times printed in Spanish, &C. Give me leave then to refresh my muse a little, and my weary readers, to expatiate in this deliglitsome field, hoc dcUciarum campo, as Fonseca terms it, to '* season a surly discourse with a more pleasing aspersion of love matters : Edulcare vUmn convcnif., as the poet invites us, ctiras Jimyis., ^-c, 'tis good to sweeten our life with some pleasing toys to relish it, and as Pliny tells us, magna pars studlosorum amcenilales (jiuirimas, most of our students love such pleasant "^ subjects. Thougli Macrobins teach us other- wise, ^''that those old sages banished all such liglit tracts from their studies, to nurse's cradles, to please only the ear;" yet out of Apuleius I will oppose as honour- able patrons, Solon, Plato, '^' Xenophon, Adrian, &c. that as highly approve of these treatises. On the other side methinks they are not to be disliked, they are not so unfit. I will not peremptorily say as one did '^^tam snavia dicum fucinora., nt male sit ci qui talibus non dr/ectetur., I will tell you such pretty stories, that foul befall him that is not pleased with them; JVeque dicam ca quce vobis iisni sit audiirissCi et vohiptali mrminisse^ with that confidence, as P/eroaldus doth his enarrations on Pro- pertius. 1 will not expe(»t or hope for that approbation, which Lipsius gives lo his Epictetus ; pluris facio quum re lego ; semjnr ul norum., el quum repitivi.,repetendum^ the more I reail, the more shall I covet to read. I will not press you with my pamphlets, or beg attention, but if you like them you may. Pliny holds it expedient, and most fit, sereritafrm jucunditale etiam in scriptis condire., to season our works with some pleasant discourse; Synesius approves it, licet in litdicris ludere., the ^poet admires it, Omne tulit punclum qui iniscuil utile dulci; and there be those, without question, that are more willing to read such toys, than ^* I am to write : '' Let me not live," saith Aretine''s Antonia, '• If 1 had not rather hear thy discourse, "than see a play.'" No dt)ubt but there be mure of her mind, ever have been, ever will be, as * Hierome bears me witness. A far greater part had rather read Apuleius than Plato : TuUy himself confesseth he could not understand Plato's Tiuia;us, and therefore cared less for it: but every schoolboy hath that famous testament of Grun- nius Corocotta Porcellus at his fingers' ends. The comical poet, " " Id Bibi negnii crediilit soliiin dari, Populo ut placerent, quaii fecigsit fabulaii," made this his only care and sole study lo please the people, tickle the ear, and to delight; but mine e arnest intent is as much to profit as to plea se ; non tarn ut populo plaorem, qnam ut popuTuvi juvlHrcm., STTcTthese my writings, I hope, shall take like gilded pills, which are so composed as well to tempt the appetite, and deceive the palate, as to help and medicinally work upon the whole body; my lines shall not only recreate, but rectify the mind. I think I have said enough; if not, let him that is otherwise minded, remember that of ^ Maudarensis, " he was in his life a philoso- pher (as Ausonius apologizeth for him), in his epigrams a lover, in his precepts most ••Lib. 1. pra'fat. de ninoribus ageiis relaiandi aiiinii | dc Amore wripserunt.uterqueamnreii Myrrhx.CyrHiipa, catjsJi labiiriiisii^siuiis studiis fatiiiati ; quaiido et Tlieiv i et Adunidm. 8iiida«. '■o Pel. Aretiiie dial. Ital. logi se hi.s juvari et jiivare illa'sis nioribus volmit? •' Hist. lib. li. cap. :M. " Pra'fat. quid quadrngena- rio cotivenit cum amore? Kgo vera asnosco aiiiatoriuin scriptuiii iiiilii non coiivenire : qui jam meridiem pr.T- tergressun in vesperein I'eror. iCiieas Sylvius prsfat. ** l)l scveriora studia iis aniicnitatibus lector rundire possit. Accius. '• Distiim qiiain philosophum aii- dire maluiit. *> In Som. Sip. 6 sacrario suo turn ad cunas niitriniin i^apientes eliiiiinarunt, solas aurium delitins pr<)tili;iitr8. *> Babyloniua et Epheoius, qui *> Hor. "He has accomplished every point who hai joined the useful to the aereealile." « I.rf-geMdi cu- pidiores, quain eoo Hcribcndi. vaith Liician. *' Plus capio voliiplati'i iiide, quam fpectandin in llieairo ludis, '''* i'ro€emiu in Ixaiin. Multo major pars Mile!iin« Tabu las revolventiuiii quam Platonis lilinm. ^ " Tbii he tfxik to b»' hiH only busineji. that th'- playn which hi wrote i imii^ af^]i y tftkf^n ; M dftltipd t" ^ft » dfFJrp , as a word of more ample signifi- cation_: and though Leon Ilebreus, the most copious writer of this subject, in his third dialogue make no dillerence, yet in his first he distinguisheth them again, and defines love by desire. "'••Love is a vohmtarj' affection, and desire to enjoy that which is good. '' Desire wisheth, love enjoys ; the end of the one is the beginning of the other; that which we love is present; that which we desire is absent." "" It is worth the labour," saiih Plotinus, '• to consider well of love, w hether it be a god or a devil, or passion of the mind, or partly- god, p artly devil, par tly pa-ssixmi' He concludes love to participate of all three, to arise from desire of that which is beau- tiful and fair, and delines it to be "an action of the mind desirinsr that which is good." "Plato calls it the great devil, for its vehemency, and sovereignty over all other passions, and defines it an appetite, ""by which we desire some good to be present." Ficinus in his comment adds the word fair to this definition. Love is a ♦•Viros niiilos casta? feminje nihil i s^tatuia dii'tare. • Hony soit r|iii nial y peiipe. ■•• Prsf. Suiil. «^ •• O Arclhu-^a smile on tliiii my last labour." *« Eierc. 901. Campus aiiiorij inatiiiius et spinis obsiiu-i, nee leviosimn |N'(l>Mransvolaiii|iis. ■'uGrad. I. cap. ?J. frui-ndi. " Degifleriiim optanti*. .1 ui. bijM fruimur; amorio priiiripiuiii.detnw ,m adcut. •» Pniicipio I. (It; amor.-, ii, -» df amnrc coniijdfrari-, iilrum l)c-ii.<. an I' n- no quxdam aiiiiiix, an purtiin Lku*. n. Ex Platone. priniif et cnnimunissimc perturbationcs ex pa!>!iio partiin, ti.c. Amnr ei>t actus at quibus celerae oriuiitur t!t earum sunt (ledigsequie. | deranii. " .Maiihiis Da-mnn conviviu. -^ Uuni "Amor «:*t voluntarius atfectus cl detiderium re bona , pulchriqiie frueudi de»ideriiiin. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 427 desire of enjoying that which is good and fair. Austin dilates this common de/inx- tion, and will have love to be a delectation of the heart, ^^"for something which we seek to win, or joy to have, coveting by desire, resting in joy." ^''Scaliger exerc. 301. taxeth these former definitions, and will not have love to be defined l)y desire or appetite ; '' for when we enjoy the things we desire, there remains no more appe- tite :" as he defines it, " Love is an affection by which we are either united to the thing we love, or perpetuate our union ;" which agrees in part with Leon Hebreus. Now this love varies as its object varies, which is always good, amiable, fair, ora- cious, and pleasant. " '^ All things desire that which is good," as we are taught in the Ethics, or at least that Mdiich to them seems to be good ;' quid enim vis niali (as Austin Avell infers) die mihi ? pulo nihil in omnihus aclimiibus; thow wilt wish no harm, I suppose, no ill in all thine actions, thoughts or desires, niliil maU vis; 5- thou wilt not have bad corn, bad soil, a naughty tree, but all good ; a good servant, a good horse, a good son, a good friend, a good neighbour, a good wife. From this good- ness comes beauty, from beauty, grace, and comeliness, which result as so many rays from their good parts, make us to love, and so to covet it : for were it not pleasing and gracious in our eyes, we should not seek. ^'^"No man loves (saith Aristotle 9. mar. cap. 5.) but he that was first delighted with comeliness and beauty." As this fliir object varies, so doth our love ; for as Proclus holds, Omne pulchrim amabdc, every feir thing is amiable, and what Ave love is fair and gracious in our eyes, or at least we do so apprehend and still esteem of it. ^"^iiAmiahkufiss-OS-tbe objec^LofJove^jhe^scoj^e audxiid-kto whose sake we love, and which our mind covets to enjoy." And it seems to us especially fair and good ; for good, fair, and unity, cannot be separated. Beauty shines, Plato saith, and by reason of its splendour and shuiing causcth admiration ; and the fairer the object is, the more eagerly it is sought. For as the same Plato defines it, ^' '' Beauty is a lively, shinin?-mflw martyrum, Austin calls it, quum vidc- mus oc'uUs anhni, which we see with the eyes of our mind; which beauty, as TuUy saith, if we could discern with these corporeal eyes, admirabiU sui anions excilurct, would cause admirable aflections, and ravish our souls. Tiiis other beauty which ariseth from lhos£ extreme par is^ and graces which, proceed, jjum tjcaluigs, speeches, se veral "~~Tiro[r6ns, and proportions of eretttures, men and women ^^especially from women, which made those old poets put the three graces still in Venus' company, as attcnd- mg on her, and holding up her train) are inrinite almost, and vary tlieir nanus with then- obji'cts^.as-k>ve of-mouey, cuvtOousness, love uf beauty, lust, innnoderatc de- sire oTaivv pleasure, concupiscence, friendship, love, good-\vill. Sec. and is either virtue or vice, honest, dishonest, in excess, defect, as shall be sliowed in his j)lace. Heroical love, religious love, &.c. which may be reduceil to a twofold division, ac- cording to the principal parts which are allected, the brain and liver. ^Jnior el (imi- cilia, which Scaliger txtrcilal. 301. Valesius and Melancthon warrant out of Flato iiXfn- and i^Mv from tliat speech of Fausanias belike, tliat makes two Veneres and two loves. *'*"One\enus is ancient witliout a mother, and descended from heaven, whom we call celestial; the younger, begotten of Jupiter and Dione, whom com- monly we call \'enus." Ficinus, in his connnent upon this place, cap. 8, following Plato, calls these two loves, two devils, "^or good and bad angels accoriling to u.-j, which are still hovering about our souls. '""The one rears to heaven, the t»ther de- presseth us to hell; the one good, which stirs us up to the ct)nteniplati'>n of that divine beauty for whose sake we perform justice and all g<»dly ollices, study philoso- phy, iic. ; the other base, and though bail yet to be respected; for indeed both are good in their own natures : procreation of children is as necessary as that liiidmg out of truth, but therefore called bad, because it is abused, and vviliidraws our souls from the speculation of that other to viler objects," so far ricinus. S. Austin, lib. 15. de cic. Dti el sup. Psal. Ixiv., hath delivert-d as much in effect. "" Every crea- ture is good, and may be loved well or ill:" and "'"Two cities make tw'o loves, Jerusalem and Babylon, the love of God the one, the love of the world the other; of these two cities we all are citizens, as by examination of ourselves we may soon Hnd, ami of which." JQuL-iJJAeJoveJ*-lluiju>oi nf all Tni^rhicf, ilt« oilM»r of all good. So, in his 13. cup. lib. de amor. EccUsue., he will have those four cardinal virtues to be nought else but love rightly comj>osed ; in his 15. book dc cir. JJti., cap. 22. he calls virtue the order of love, whom Thomas following 1. part. 2. quiest. 55. arl. 1. and qiupst. 56. 3. tjiicest. 62. art. 2. conlinns a.s much, and amplilies in many words. /^ '^Lucian, to the same purpose, hath a division of his own, "One love was b(»rn in V Uie sea, which is as various and raging in young men's breasts as the sea itself, and I causeth burning lust: the other is that golden chain which was let down from I heaven, and with a divine fury ravisheih our souls, made to the hnage of God, and I stirs us up to comprehend the innate and incorruptible beauty to which we were ouce I created." Beroaldus hath expressed all this in aa epigram of his: — - Oognia(a «. Alt>-ra M'i!i eist lotuiii vulgala |irr urtx^m, Qiiu- ciivuiii iiiifiitr:j allii,'al, atijue iiouiiiiuui ; Iniprulia, seduclrii, p«tulaiis, Slc." " ir divine Plato'* tenelf Ihey he true, Tv»i> Veiierf* Ihu Iovi-» lliere be, Tiie one Iroiii heaven, uiilirgi>llrii atill. Which kiiil* our «oiil» m iiiiiiii>. Tlie olh>-r I'.iiiiou* ovi r ■ ■■ r' |, BiiiJiiig Ih.- h.-arl> nl . t ; Dt>hoii>->l, w.iiil'iii. ail i Kulea H houi she M ill. ti-/>ii t\ ii''i> am] when.' This twofold division of love, Origen likewise follows, in his Comment on the Canticles, one from God, the other from the devil, as he holds (^understanding it m the worse sense) which many others repeat and imitate. Both which (to omit all subdivisions) in excess or defect, as they are abused, or degenerate, cause melan- * Due Veneres duo aniores ; quarum una anttqnior ^ OmnU creatura cum bona iit. el hrn>> amari poletl e et tine nialre, cat< iiata. quaiii csleiiteni Veiirrviu niale. n Uun* civiialea duo fdciunt iiiii' iiuricupaMiii!! ; ali>-ra ve."i junior a Jovt- et Dinnr prog. «alein Tacit amor Di-i. B^h>|iin>'ni aiuin Vriierrni vi'Canius. ** Aiti-r ad i qiii'que w quid aiiiet iiilerrngi-l. el Jrm. •uperna i-ri{ii, alter dcpriiuit ad lurfriia. '" Aitt-r eiciTat h'liiiini-iii ar man orlu", ft-roi, v«. . i iiiani», juveuuni. in»r>- rrferen*. fce. Alter ah . .1 i«lri ciElo deioiaaa boouiii furorcuj mrotibua iuiIIom, 4x. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 429 choly in a particular*lvind, as shall be shown in his place. Austin, in anotlier Tract, makes a threefold division of this love, which we may use well or ill : '•• "• God, our neighbour, and the world : God above us, our neighbour next us, the world beneath us. In the course of our desires, God hath three things, the world one, our neigh- bour two. Our desire to God, is either from God, with God, or to God, and ordi- narily so runs. From God, when it receives from him, whence, and for which it should love him : with God, when it contradicts his will in nothing : to God, wlien it seeks to him, and rests itself in him. Our love to our neighbour may proceed from him, and run with him, not to him: from him, as when we rejoice of his good safety, and well doing: with him, when we desire to have him a fellow and com- panion of our journey in the way of the Lord : not in him, because there is no aid, hope, or confidence in man. From the world our love comes, when we begin to admire the Creator in his works, mid glorify God in his creatures: with the world it should run, if, according to the mstability of all temporalities, it should be de- jected in adversity, or over elevated in prosperity : to the world, if it would settle itself in its vain delights and studies." Many such partitions of love I could repeat, and subdivisions, but least (which Scaliger objects to Cardan, Excrcilaf. 501.) ''" I confound filthy burning lust with pure and divine love," 1 will follow that accurate division of Leon Hebreus, dial. 2. betwixt Sophia and Philo, where he speaks of natural, sensible, and rational love, and handleth each apart. Nat liral I'ove orJmtredr^ is that s)^mpathyi_ or antipa thy which^Js to be seen in animate and inanimate crea- Jm-es, mJlie_four_elem stones, gravia tendunt deorsum, as a stone to his centre, fire upward, and rivers to the sea. The sun, moon, and stars go still around, ''^Amanles naturce debita exercere, for love of perfection. This love is manifest, I say, in inanimate creatures. How comes a loadstone to draw iron to it.^ jet chaff? the ground to covet showers, but for love } No creature, S. Hierom concludes, is to be found, quod non aUquid amal, no stock, no stone, that hath not some feeling of love. 'Tis more eminent in plants, herbs, and is especially observed in vege- tables ; as between the vine and elm a great sympathy, between the vine and the cabbage, between the vine and the olive, '''Virgo fug it Bromiiim, between the vine and bays a great antipathy, the vine loves not the bay, '* " nor his smell, and will kill him, if he grow near liim ;" the bur and the lentil cannot endure one another, the olive '^and the myrtle embrace each other, in roots and branches if they grow near. Read more of this in Ficolomineus grad. 7. cap. I. Crescentius lib. o. de agric. Baptista Porta de mag. lib. 1. cap. de plant, dodio et element, sym. Fracasto- rius de sym. et antip. of the love and hatred of planets, consult with every astrologer. Leon Hebreus gives many fabulous reasons, and moraliseth them withal. Sj^iisible lov g is that^fj)rute beasts, of which the same Leon Hebreus dial 2. assigns these "caiisesT" First for the pleasureniey take in the act of generation, male and female love one another. Secondly, for the preservation of the species, and desire of young brood. Thirdly, for the mutual agreement, as being of the same kind : Sus sui, canis cani, bos bovi.. et asinus asino pulcherri7nus vide tur, as Epichar- mus held, and according to that adage of Diogenianus, Adsidct usque graculus apud graculutu., they much delight in one another's company, ^°Formic(R grata cstforinica. cicada cicadce, and birds of a feather will gather together. Fourthly, for custom, use, and familiarity, as if a dog be trained up with a lion and a bear, contrary to their natures, they will love each other. Hawks, dogs, horses, love their masters and keepers : many stories I could relate in this kind, but see Gillius de hist. anim. lib. 8. cap. 14. those tvv^o Episdes of Lipsius, of dogs and horses, Agellius, &.c. Fifthly, for bringing up, as if a bitch bring up a kid, a hen ducklings, a hedge-spar- row a cuckoo, &.C. The third \Cmsl-^^r-xSmer-cognitiQmSj^3 L eon call s it, rational love^SntellecJivus amor, and is proper to men, on which I must insist. This appears in God, angels, men. God is love itself, the fountain of love, the disciple of love, as Plato styles "'Tri a sunt, quae amnri a nobis bene vel male pos- sunt; Di'iis, proximus, inini(iiis; Deus supra nos ; jiixla lios prnviiniis ; infra mis muniliis. Tria Dens, dun proximus. unuiii niiindus haliel. &<;. '» Ne cnnfiiii- dam vpsanos et fredos amores heatis, scderatum cum puro diviuo et vero, &r, ^6 Fouseca cap. 1. Amor ex .Auciistini forsan lib. 11. de Cii'it. Dei. Ainore mcon- cussus Stat niundus, &c. I'Alciat. ''Porta Viiis lauruui noil aniat. lu'C ejus odorem; si propn cresrat. enecat. Lappiis lonti adver=atiir. i" Syrnpathia olei Pt mvrti raiiiorum et radicuin se complectentiuiii. Mizaldus secret, cent. 1. 47. '« Tlieocriius. eid>11.9. 430 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. him ; the servant of peace, the God of love and peace; have pe*e with all men and God is with you. 8> " Qiiis()uis veneratiir Olyrnpiim, Ipse sitii muiidum subjicit atque Deuiii." " " By this love (saith Gerson) we purchase heaven," and buy the kingdom of God. This ^love is either in the Trinity itself (for the Holy Ghost is the love of the Fatiier and the Son, &.c. John iii. 35, and v. 20, and xiv. 31 ), or towards us his crea- tures, as in making the world, ^imor inundum fecit., love built cities, mundi animuy invented arts, sciences, and all *^good things, incites us to virtue and humanity, com- bines and quickens ; keeps peace on earth, quietness by sea, nurlh in the winds and elements, expels all fear, anger, and rusticity; Circnhis d bono in bonttm, a round circle still from good to good ; for love is the beginner and end of all our actions, the edicient and instrumental cause, as our poets in their symbols, impresi>es, *^ emblems of rings, squares, &c., shadow unto us, '• fi reruiii nnar's fnerit quis finis el onus, I " It' first and last of anything ynu wit, Desine ; nam causa est uiiica solus amur." | LVase ; love's the sole aiiU only cause of it." Love, saith ^ Leo, made the world, and afterwards in redeeming of it, " God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten sou for it," John iii. 10. ''Behold what love the Father hath showed on us, that we should be called the sons of God," I Jolin iii. 1. Or by His sweet Providence, in protecting of it; either all in general, or His saints elect and church in particular, \vln>m He keeps as the apple of His eye, whom He loves freely, as Hosea xiv. o. speaks, and dearly respects, "' Cluirior rt-t ipsis homo qaam sibi. Not that we are fair, nor for any merit or grace of ours, for we are most vile and base; but out of His incomparalile love and goodness, out illlis Divine Nature. Ami this is that Homer's goUlen chain, which reacheth down from heaven to earth, by which every creature is annexed, and depends on his Crea- tor. He made all, saith ".Moses, '•and it was good;" He loves it as good. The love of angels and living souls is nmiuul amongst themselves, towards us militant in the church, and ull such us love God; as the sunbeams irradiate the earth from those celestial thrones, they by their well wishes reflect on us, ""in salutt homi- mim promocendd alacres, ct constantrs udministriy there is joy in heaven for every sinticr tlial rejK'iiteth ; they pray for us, are solicitous for our good, "* Casli genii. *'" L'lii fegiiat ehsritiM, suave lU-nikleriiini, lj'(iiii«i|>-ie I't auinr Ueucoiijunctus." Love proper to moital men is the third member of this subdivision, and the subject of mv following discourse. MEMB. H. Slbsect. 1. — Love of JSIen^ which rarifs as his Objects, Profitable^ Pleasant, Honest. Valesius, lib. 3. contr. 13, defines this love which is in men, "to be *-an aflec- tion of botli powers, appetite and reason." The rational resides in tlie brain, the other in the liver (^as before hath been said out of Plato and others); the heart is diversely allected of both, and carried a thousand wavs by cf>nsent. The sensitive faculty most part overrules reason, the soul is carried hoodwinked, anti the under- standing captive like a beast. ""The heart is varifuisly inclined, sometimes they are merry, sometimes sad, and from love arise hope and fear, jealousy, fury, despera- tion." Now this love of men is diverse, and varies, as the object varies, by which tiiey are enticed, as virtue, wisdom, eloquence, profit, wealth, money, fame, hotKJur, or conreliness of person, kc. Leon liubreus, in his first dialogue, reduceth them all to these three, utile, jucundum^ hanestiim, profitable, plea-sant,' honest; (out of Aris- *'Manluan. ■^Cbaritas munifica, qua mprcauiur I "Caunina*. ••TlM»««1nrrt # Plolino. ""Whrr* i1.- Doo rfgnuni Dei. "Pulanus partit. Zanrtiius rliarity | • ' ■'« i!'- naturii D^-i, c. 3. cnpiose de hipc nruure Dei agii. (.imI ar> « ■• \f;h. IJflliis, discurg. 'itf. de aiiiaturibus, virliit> in (x.finti ■ .. f pr. vocal. ri>ii^.crv:it pacem in terra, traiiguillital'in m Ij. ", • ••' i ■r i.-im- c riii,.iiiir. uimr a-re, ventis la- itiam, &c. ^ C'auierarius Emli. Jim i. , iiuFrens; (tatim ex tiuiurr naacilui een. S. "i Dial. X " Juven. "liKH. l.[ '/.■ . r, ipea, detperatiu. Mem. 2. Subs. ..] Objects of Love. 431 totle belike 8. moral.) of which he discourseth at large, and whatsover is beautiful and lair, is referred to them, or any Avay to be desired. ^' " To profitable is abscribed health, wealth, honour, &c., which is rather ambition, desire, covetousness, than love :" friends, children, love of women, ^^ all delightful and pleasant objects, are referred to the second. The love of honest things consists in virtue and wisdom, and is preferred before that whicii is profitable and pleasant : intellectual, about that which is honest. ^"^ St. Austin calls " profitable, worldly; pleasant, carnal ; honest, piiitual. ^' Of and from all three, result charity, friendship, and true love, which respects God and our neighbour." Of each of these I will briefly dilate, and show in vv'hat sort they cause melancholy. Amongst all t l ip p e THir unt i r ing r' bjp r t g , w ht^h-f^r^mre love, and bewitch the soul of jiian,- them-is none so moving, so forcible as profit ;- and ihcitjyliich caunieth-with it aslicny of commodity. Health indeed is a precious thing, to recover and preserve which we will undergo any misery, drink bitter potions, freely give our goods : restore a man to his health, his purse lies open to thee, bountiful he is, thankful and beholding to thee; but give him wealth and honour, give him gold, or what shall be for his advantage and preferment, and thou shalt command his affections, oblige him eternally to thee, heart, hand, life, and all is at thy service, thou art his dear and loving friend, good and gracious lord and master, his Mecasnas; he is thv slave, thy vassal, most devote, affectioned, and bound in all duty : tell him good tidings in this kind, there spoke an angel, a blessed hour that brings in gain, he is thy creature, and thou his creator, he hugs and admires thee ; he is thine for ever. No loadstone so attractive as that of profit, none so lair an object as this of gold; ^* nothing wins a man sooner than a good turn, bounty and liberality command body and soul : ■ Munera (erode mihi) placant liominesque deosque; Placatiir iluiiis Jupiter ipse datis." 'Good turns doth pacify both God and men. And Jupiter hinjself is won by tliHiu." Gold of all Other is a most delicious object; a sweet light, a goodly lustre it hath; gratlus aurum qudm soleni intuemur, saith Austin, and we had rather see it than the sun. Sweet and pleasant in getting, in keeping; it seasons all our labours, intole- rable pains we take for it, base employments, endure bitter flouts and taunts, long journeys, heavy burdens, all are made light and easy by this hope of gain: .4^ mihi plaudo ipse domi, simul ac nuvimos conlemplor in area. The sight of gold refresheth our spirits, and ravisheth our hearts, as that Babylonian garment and ^^ golden wedge did Achan in the camp, the very sight and hearing sets on fire his soul with desire of it. It will make a man run to the antipodes, or tarry at home and turn parasite, lie, flatter, prostitute himself, swear and bear false witness ; he will venture his body, kill a king, murder his father, and damn his soul to come at it. Forrnosior auri viassa., as '^* he well observed, the mass of gold is fairer than all your Grecian pictures, that Apelles, Phidias, or any doating painter could ever make : we are enamoured with it, 1" Prima fere vota, et cunctis notissima teniplis, Divitiae ut crescant." All our labours, studies, endeavours, vows, prayers and wishes, are to get, ho\» to compass it. »" Haec est ilia cui famulatur maximus orhis, Diva potens rerum, doniitrixque pocuiiia fati." " This is the great goddess we adore and worship ; this is the sole object of our desire." If we have it, as we think, we are made for ever, thrice happy, princes, lords, &c. If we lose it, we are dull, heavy, dejected, discontent, miserable, des- perate, and mad. Our estate and bene esse ebbs and flows with our commodity ; and as we are endowed or enriched, so are we beloved and esteemed : it lasts no longer than our wealth ; when that is gone, and the object removed, farewell friendship . as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped, friends enough ; they were lied to tliee by the teeth, and would follow thee as crows do a carcass : but when thy goods are gone and spent, the lamp of their love is out, and thou shalt be w Ad utile snnitas rcfertur; utilium est ambitio, rnjiiilo desideriuin potiii.< quain amor cxcessus avaritia. >» I'lcoloin. ;;rad. 7. cap. 1. sw Lib. de aniicit. utile nuindanum. carnale jucundum, fpirituale honestum. >' £x singulis tribus fit cliaritus ct auiicitia, qu£ re- spicit deum et proximum. *= Benefactores prxcipue aniamiis. Vives 3. de aiiima. "Jos. 7. "» Pelro- liius Arbiter. « Juvenalis. ' Job Secund. lib. sylvarum. 432 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. contemned, scorned, hated, injured. ^Lucian's Timon, when he lived in prosperity, was the sole spectacle of Greece, only admired ; wlio but Timon } Everybody lovtv!, honoured, applauded him, each man offered him his service, and sought to be kin to him; but when his gold was spent, his fair possessions gone, farewell Timon: none so ugly, none so deformed, so odious an object as Timon, no man so ridiculous on a sudden, they gave him a penny to buy a rope, no man would know him. 'Tis the general humour of the world, commodity steers our affections through- out, we love those that arc fortunate and rich, that thrive, or by whom we may receive mutual kindness, hope for like cou^ebi^xi ij ct any go uil. ^^ain^ or piuiit-; hate those, and abhor on the other side, which are poor and miserable, or by whom we may sustain loss or inconvenience. And even tliose tiiat were now familiar and deai unto us, our loving and long friends, neighbours, kinsmen, allies, with whom we have conversed, and lived as so many Gtryons for some years past, striving still to give one another all good content and entertainment, with mutual invitations, fcast- ings, disports, offices, for whom we would ride, run, spend ourselves, and of whom we have so freely and hont>urdb[y spoken, to whom we have given all those turgent titles, and magnificent eulogiums, most excellent and most noble, wortiiy, wise, giave, learned, valiant, Stc, and magnified beyond measure : if any controversy arise be- tween us, some tresspass, injury, abuse, some part of our goods be detained, a |)iece of land come to be litigious, it they cross us in our suit, or touch the string of our commodity, we detest and depress them upon a sudden : neither affinity, consan- guinity, or old acquaintance can contain us, but *ruplo jecore ci-ierit Caprijicus. A golden apple sets altogether by the ears, as if a marrowbone or honeyctimb were tlung amongst bears : father and son, brother and sister, kinsmen are at odds : and look what malice, deadly hatred can invent, that shall be done, TtrTible,dirum,pesti' lens, alrox,feruin, nmtual injuries, desire of revenge, and how to hurt them, him and his, are all our studies. If our pleasures be interrupt, we can tolerate it : our bodies hurt, we can put it up and be reconciled : but touch our c«)minodities, we are most impatient : fair becomes foul, the graces are turned to harpies, friendly saluta- tions to bitter imprecations, mutual t"ea.stings to plotting villanies, minings and conn- terminings ; good words to satires and invectives, we revile e contra, nought but his imperfections are in our eyes, he is a base knave, a tievil, a monster, a caterpillar, a viper, a hogrubber, SiC. Dtsinit in pisceni viulinr furmusa superne ;^ tiie scene is altered on a sudilen, love is turned to hate, mirth to inelanclioly : so furiously are we most part bent, our atleclions fixed upon this object of couunodity, and upon money, the desire of which in excess is covetuusness : ambition tyranniseih over our souls, as * I have shown, and in delect crucifies as much, as if a man by negli- gence, ill husbandry, improvidence, prodigality, waste and consume his goods and fortunes, beggary follows, and melancholy, he becomes an abject, ^ odious and '• worse than an infidel, in not providing for his family." Slbsect. II. — Pleasant Objects of Love. Pleasant objects are infinite, whether they be such as have life, or be without life ; inanimate are countries, provinces, towers, towns, cities, as he said, "Pulcherri- mam insulam vldemus, etiam cum mm videmus, we see a fair island by description, when we see it not. The *sun never saw a fairer city, Tfiessala Tempe, orchards, gardens, pleasant walks, groves, fountains, itc. The heaven itself is said to be '*'fair or foul: fair buildings, "fair pictures, all artificial, elaborate and curious works, clothes, give an admirable lustre: we admire, and ifaze upou them, ut pw n Jiinonis avem, as children do on a peacock : a fair dog, a fair horse and hawk, ice. '-Thes- ealus amat equuin puUinum, buculum jflgyplius, Lacrdtemanius Cululum, 4c-? such things we love, are most gracious in our sight, acceptable unto us, and whatsoever else may cause this passion, if it be superfluous or immoderately lovetl, as Guianenus observes. These things in themselves are pleasing and good, singular ornaments, necessary, comely, and tit Hi be had ; but when we fix an immoderate eye, and dote 1 Lucianiii Timon. • Pen. • ■ The hud of a | Mrrnum. calum viMim fnluin. Polid. lib. I. ito AMfflla. kfaiiurul »i>iiiaM wiih the tail •>!' a (i^h." • I'art. 1. i >■ Cre<)o trquiiJtriii vivu* ducral • laaroHHe vullua »«c. -i. iiii.'iub. tub. li 1 1 Tim. I. tf. • Lip*. i»l. '» Ma*. 1'yriua, aef. 9. C^Hdeao. ^UelAixdotHi K>liuuiitl»liury. ><> t'usluin | Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Objects of Love. 433 ' on them over much, this pleasure may turn to pain, bring much sorrow and discon- tent unto us, work our final overthrow, and cause melancholy in the end. Many are carried away with those bewitching sports of gaming, hawking, liunting, and such vain pleasures, as " I have said : some with immoderate desire of fame, to be crowned in the Olympics, knighted in the field, Stc, and by these means ruinate themselves. The lascivious dotes on his fair mistress, the glutton on his dishes, which are infinitely Aaried to please the palate, the epicure on his several pleasures, tlie superstitious on his idol, and fats himself with future joys, as Turks feed them- selves with an imaginary persuasion of a sensual paradise : so several pleasant ob- jects diversely affect diverse men. But the fairest objects and enticings proceed from men themselves, which most frequently captivate, allure, and make them dote beyond all measure upon one another, and that for many respects : first, as some suppose, by that secret force of stars, ((^!meH-wiLh_a wantmi^eve : which xar' t^o-^rii' is termed heroical, or love-nielun- choly. Other loves (saith Picolominens) are so called with some contraction, as the love of wine, gold, Sec, but this of women is predominant in a higher strain, whose , part affected is the liver, and this love deserves a longer explication, and shall be dilated apart in the next section. SuBSECT. III. — Honest Objects of Love. B^AUTV in the cfiiQmon object of alllove, "" as jet draws a straw, so doth beauty Imp -'J virtue and honesty are great motives, and give as fair a lustre as the rest, especially if they be sincere and right, not fucate, but proceeding from true form, and an incorrupt judgment; those two Venus' twins, Eros and Anteros, are then most firm and fast. For many times otherwise men are deceived by their flattering irnalhos, dissemltling camelions, outsides, hypocrites that make a show of great love, ieaniiiig, pretend honesty, virtue, zeal, modesty, with atlecled looks and counterfeit gestures : feigned protestations often steal away tiie hearts and favours of men, and deceive them, specie virtulis et umbra, when as recera. and indeed, there is no worth or honesty at all in tliem, no truth, but mere hypocrisy, subtilty, knavery, and the like. As true friends they are, as he that Cielius Secundus met by the highway side; and hard it is in this temporising age to distinguisii such companions, or to linil tiiein out. Such gnalhos as these for the most part belong to great men, and by this glozing flattery, afliibility, and such like philters, so dive and insinuate into their favours, that they are taken ft)r men of excellent worth, wisilom, learning, demi- gods, and so screw themselves into dignities, honours, offices ; but these men cause harsh confusion often, and as many times stirs a.s Itehoboanrs counselhirs in a coni- •nonwcalih, ttverthrew themselves and others. Tandlerus and some authors niake a doubt, whether love and hatred may be compelled by philters or characters ; Cardan and Marboilius, by precious stones and amulets ; astrologers by election of times, &.C. as *^ 1 sliall elsewhere discuss, ' flte tiue ol^ ^txLui'. tkU Itonest love Ts virtue, wiiijiiimr'htnn^y,'-"Tcai wurllu ht t rr m t fornin, and this love cannot deceive or be ^.com^iidleil, ut aineris amabilis ca/o, lui:t-iu*4fisTtreTOtrrt potent philtruni, virtue and wisdom, gratia gratum faciens, tlie sole and only grace, not counterfeit, but opei., honest, simple, naked, '"" desceiiding from heaven," as our apostle hath it, an infused habit from God, which hath given several gifts, as wit, leaniing, tongues, for which they shall be amiable and gracious, Eph. iv. 11. as to Saul stature and a goodly pre- sence, 1 Sam. ix. 1. Joseph found favour in Pharaoh's court. Gen. xxxix, for ^'his person; and Daniel with the princes (»f the eunuchs, Dan. xix. li). Christ was gra- cious wiiii God and men, Luke ii. 52, There is still some peculiar grace, as of good di5Ct)ui-se, eloquence, wit, honesty, which is the primurn mobile, first mover, and a most forcible loadstone to draw the favours and good wills of men's eyes, ears, and afleclions unto them. Wlien '• Jesux -ifiake, they were all astonished at his answers, (Luke ii. 47. and wondered at his gracious word-i which proceeded from his inoutli." An orator steals away the hearts of men, and as another Orpheus, quo vull, unde vult, he pulls them to him by speech alone : a sweet voice causeth admiration ; and he that can utter himself in good words, in our ordinary phrase, is called a proper nian, a divine spirit. For which cause belike, our old poets, Senalus populusqw poeta- rum, made Mercury thegentleman-uslier to the Graces, captain of eloquence, and those charities to be Jupiter's and Eurymone's daughters, descended from above. Though they be otherwise deformed, crooked, ugly to behold, those good parts of the mind denominate them fair. Plato commends the beauty of Socrates ; yet who was more grim of countenance, stern and ghastly to look upon? So are and have been many great phi- *" Rara fst cDiTordia fratruni. ■Grad. 1. rap !M. I homine prnbo. ■ June* iii. 10. ''OratiorMI i^Vivt-fG lie auiiiia. ut pali-atn fucciiiuiii sic fiirinairi { pulcbro vuuient t corpvre «irtiu. sjBur iraJui. *> Sect. aeq. *' Nitul diviuiiu { Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Honest Objects of Love. 435 V fiopliers, as ^''Gregory Nazianzen observes, " deformed most part in tliat which is to Le seen witli the eyes, but most elegant in that which is not to be seen." Scepe sub attrita latitat sapicntia. veste. iEsop, Democritus, Aristotle, Politianus, Melancthon, Gesner, &c. withered old men, Sileni Mcibladis., very harsh and impolite to the eye ; 6ut who were so terse, polite, eloquent, generally learned, temperate and modesi.' No man then living was so fair as Alcibiades, so lovely quo ad sujicrjicieiu, to tlie eye, as ^' Boethius observes, but he had Corpus turpissunum inlcrne, a most deformed soul ; honesty, virtue, fair conditions, are great enticers to such as are well given, and much avail to get the favour and good-will of men. Abdolominus in Curtius, a poor man, (but which mine author notes, '"'"the cause of this poverty was his honesty") for his modesty and continency from a private person (for tlfey found liim digging in his garden) was saluted king, and preferred before all the magnificoes of his lime, injecta ei vestis purpura auroque distincta, " a purple embroidered garment was put upon him, ''''and they bade him wash himself, and, as he was worthy, take upon him the style and spirit of a king," continue his continency and the rest of his good parts. Titus Pomponius Atticus, that noble citizen of Rome, was so fair con- ditioned, of so sweet a carriage, that he was generally beloved of all good men, of Ctesar, Pompey, Antony, Tully, of divers sects, &c. multas hcsreditates (^^ Cornelius ■Nepos writes) sold bonitate consequutus. Operce pretium audire., &;c. It is worthy of your attention, Livy cries, ''^"you that scorn all but riches, and give no esteem to virtue, except they be wealthy withal, Q. Cincinnatus had but four acres, and by the consent of the senate was chosen dictator of Rome. Of such account were Cato, Fabricius, Aristides, Antonius, Probus, for their eminent worth: so Ctesar, Trajan, Alexander, admired for valour, ■*" ITiEphestion loved Alexander, but Parmenio the kmg: Titus dclicice kumani generis., and which Aurelius Victor hath of Vespatian, the darling of his lime, as ■" Edgar Elheling was in England, for his ''^ excellent vir- tues : their memory is yet fresh, swe-^t, and we love them many ages after, though they be dead: Suavem memoriam sui rejiquit., saith Lipsius of his friend, living and dead they are all one. ''''"'I have ever loved as thou knowest (so Tully wrote to Dolabella) Marcus Brutus for his great wit, singular honesty, constancy, sweet con- ditions ; and believe it '*'' there is nothing so amiable and fair as virtue." "I '''do mightily love Calvisinus, (so Pliny writes to Sossius) a most industrious, eloquent, upright man, which is all in all with me :" the affection came from his good parts. And as St. Austin comments on the 84th Psalm, *^" there is a peculiar beauty of jus- tice, and inward beauty, which we see with the eyes of our hearts, love, and are enamoured with, as in martyrs, though their bocUes be torn in pieces with wild beasts, yet this beauty shines, and we love their virtues." The "/ stoics are of opinion that a wise man is only fair; and Cato in Tully 3 de Finibus contends the same, that the lineaments of the mind are far fairer than those of the body, incomparably bevond them : wisdom and valour according to ''^Xenophon, especially deserve the name of beauty, and denominate one fair, et incomparabilitcr pulchrior est (as Austin holds) Veritas Christ ianorum quam Helena Gracorum. '"Wine is strong, the king is strong, women are strong, but truth overcometh all things," Esd. i. 3, 10, 11, 12. "• Blessed is the man that fmdeth wisdom, and gotteth understanding, for the mer- chandise thereof is better than silver, and the gain thereof better than gold : it is more precious than pearls, and all the things thou canst desire are not to be com- pared to her," Prov. ii. 13, 14, 15, a wise, true, just, upright, and good man, I say it again, is only fair : "^^ it is reported of Magdalene Queen of France, and wife to Lewis 11th, a Scottish woman by birth, that walking forth in an evening with her ladies, she spied M. Alanus, one of the king's chaplains, a silly, old, ^° hard-favoured S'Orat. 18. deformes pleruiiique philosoplii ad id quod ill .T^pKctiim cadjt ea purte elei;aiites qua; oculns fii-rit. -•T 43 de cniisol. so Causa ei paupertatis, pliilosopliia, sicul pleri>(iiip proliitas fuit. ST^hlue corpus et cape rt-fiis ariiinum, et in earn fortunam qua digiius es rniitineiitiiim istarii proCer. ^^ Vita ejus. ^sqi,; ]}':i- ili\ itiis liuinaua spernunt, noc virtuti locum putaiit I >i vpes artliiaut. Q.. Oiticinnatus consensu patrnin in (li, nuor.Mu Roinaiifiui electus. ■"'Curtius. •'i Edsar Kilielln^, Kualaud's darling'. ■'-Moruin suavitas, Olivia coniila;-, prompta officia mortaliuiii animos de- tnereiitur. " Episl. lib. 8. Semper aniavi lit tu scis, M Brutum piopler ejus summum ingeuiuni, suavissi- mo? mores, singularem probitatem et constaiitiam : nihil est, niihi crede, virtute forinosius, nihil aniabiliu.s. ^J .'Vrdeiites amores e.\citaret, si simulacrum ejus ad oculos penetraret. Plain Phsdone. •'^ Epist. lil). 4. Validissime ililiso virum rectum, disertiini, quod apud me potentissiinum est. ■'6 Est quiedam pulchriturto justiti;e quam videmus ociilis cordis, airiainus, et e.xar- desciiiius, ut in martyribus, quum eorum membra bestiae lacerarent, etsi alias deformes, t, cared n<»t for Alcjbiades a man, nunc intmntts qucrnbant Alcibiadem; but the lieauty of Socrates is still the same; "vir- tue's lustre never fades, is ever fresh and green, seinpir vii-a to all succcedmg ages, and a most attractive loadstone, to draw ami combine such as are present. For that reason belike. Homer feigns the three Graces to he linked and tied hand in hand, because the hearts of men are so firmly united with such graces. ^"O sweet bands (Seneca exclaims), which so happily combine, that those which are bound by them love their binders, desiring withal much more harder to be bound," and as so many Gerv'ons to be »miled"into one. For the nature of true friendship is to combine, to be like affected, of one mind, <•" Vi-lle ct nolle •mtxitxif itiein, Mlialaque toto M«na »»o" as the poet saith, still to continue one and the same. And where this love takes place there is peace and ({uietness, a true correspondence, perfect amity, a dia[)asoa of vows and wishes, the same opinions, as between *' David and Jonathan, Damon and Pythias, Pylades and Orestes, "Nysus and Eurjalus, Theseus and Piriihous, "they will live and die together, and prosecute one another with jfood turns. *"A'/ot vinci in amnre turpissimurn putant, not only living, but when their friends are dead, with tombs and monuments, Nenias, epitaphs elegies, inscriptions, pyramids, obe- lisks, statues, images, pictures, histories, poems, annals, feasts, anniver-saries, many ages after fas Plato's scholars did) they will pnrentare still, omit no good oflire that may tend to the preservation of their names, honours, and eternal memory. "'Ilium coloribus, ilium cerd, ilium crre, ^c. ^ He did express hLs friends in cohmrs, ia wax, in brass, in ivor}-, marble, gold, and silver (as Pliny reports of a citizen in Home), forma, qua ritius |iueri terreri |K«*ent. qjnm invitiri eari tt in uimiui r..lmi. ad iiHruluni piifllie. ti Drforinia j ■enex. iliviiiuiii niiiinuin habel. •uo: fulisor i-l itniiia lunjc^iiaM honiiir - i*"8he excelleil nil otliem III iK-auty. " -'I'rj-ii! vulgar. " Par* iiiticrip. Til l.ivji maluic fa: " A true Iovc'k knot. *' SiiiImeu* i «:nrco. > - nuf, pulcliri nulla triit faries. '■'O ilukituiiiiii |ii.| i. i . 'm^il. qui lain (• liril'-r itcvinciunt, ut <>li.-iiii i viiictix ilili- , Je vita cjiu libruu iccitavil. r^at ^autur, qui d gratiia viiicti fuiil, cupiuut arctiu* lieli- i «Sl,,l >*. 1. r.n. •'IC ti. • im >II0 .i.,i~_r Hii'. (! Ii aJtiil<-t« Mem. 3.] , Division of Love. 437 and in a great auditory not long since recited a just volume of his life." In another place, '^"speaking of an epigram which Martial had composed in praise of him, ^'"Ile gave me as much as he might, and would have done more if he could : though what carr a man give more tkan honour, glory, and eternity ?" But that which he wrote peradventure, will not continue, yet he wrote it to continue. 'Tis all tlie recom- pense a poor scholar can malce his well-deserving patron, Mecaenas, friend, to men- lion him in his works, to dedicate a book to his name, to write his life, Stc, as all our poets, orators, historiographers have ever done, and the greatest revenge such men take of their adversaries, to persecute them with satires, invectives. Sec, and 'tis both ways of great moment, as ®* Plato gives us to understand Paulus Jovius, in the fourth book of the life and deeds of Pope Leo Deciraus, his noble patron., concludes in these words, '^'* " Because I cannot honour him as other rich men do, with like endeavour, affection, and piety, I have undertaken to write his life ; since my fortunes will not give me leave to make a more sumptuous monument, I will perform those rites to his sacred ashes, which a small, perhaps, but a liberal wit can afford." But I rove. Where this true love is wanting, there can be no firm peace, friend- sliip from teeth outward, counterfeit, or for some by-respects, so long dissembled, lill they have satisfied their own ends, which, upon every small occasion, breaks ou. into enmity, open war, defiance, heart-burnings, whispering, calumnies, contentions, and all manner of bitter melancholy discontents. And those men which liave no otlier object of their love, than greatness, wealth, authority, kc, are rather feared than beloved; nee amant quemquam^ ncc amantur ab ullo : and howsoever borne with for a time, yet for their tyranny and oppression, griping, covetousness, currish hardness, folly, intemperance, imprudence, and such like vices, they are generally odious, abhorred of all, both God and men. " Non uxor salviiin te viilt, non filius, omiies Viciiii ucJeruiit," '■'■ wife and children, friends, neighbours, all the world forsakes them, would feign be rid of them," and are compelled many limes to lay violent hands on them, or else God's judgments overtake them : instead of graces, come furies. So when fair ™ Abigail, a'woman of singular wisdom, was acceptable to David, Nabal was churlish and evil-conditioned ; and therefore " Mordecai was received, when Haman was executed, Haman the favourite, '•'• that had his seat above the other princes, to whom all the king's servants that stood in the gates, bowed their knees and reverenced." Though they flourished many times, such hypocrites, such temporising foxes, and blear the world's eyes by flattery, bribery, dissembling their natures, or other men's weakness, that cannot so apprehend their tricks, yet in the end they will be dis- cerned, and precipitated in a moment : '' surely," sailh David, " thou hast set them in slippery places," Ps. xxxvii. 5. as so many Sejani, they will come down to the Gemonian scales; and as Eusebius in "^Ammianus, that was in such authority, ad jubendum Imperatoretn, be cast down headlong on a sudden. Or put case thev escape, and rest unmasked to their lives' end, yet after their death their memory stinks as a snufl" of a candle put out, and those that durst not so much as mutter against lliem in their lives, will prosecute their name with satires, libels, and bitter imprecations, they shall male audire in all succeeding ages, and be odious to the world's end. MEMB. III. Charily composed of all three Kinds, Pleasant, Prof table, Honest. Besides this love that comes from profit, pleasant, honest (for one good turn asks another in equity), that which proceeds from the law of nature, or from discipline and philosophy, there is yet another love compounded of all these three, which is *>Lib. iv. ep. Gl. Prisco sun; Dedit milli quantum ; enim vim habent, &c. ^a peri tamen studio et pie- potuil amxiiiniui, daturus ampliiis si potuisset. Ta- tate conscribends vitse ejus munus suscepi, et post quam lui-tsi quid lioMiiui dari potest uiajus quani gloria, laiis, sumptuosa condere pro fortuna non licuit, exiguo sed el sternitas? At non cruiit fortasse quae scriiisii. llle j eo forte liberalis iiigenii raotiuiiiento justa sanctissimo tanieii S(;ripsit taiiquaiii essent lulura. «' For, genus j cineri solventur. ™1 Sam. xxv. 3. " Esther, iii. 2. irntabile vatum. «" Lib. 13 de Legibus. Magnam I " Amm. Marcellinus, I. 14. 2m2 438 Love-MclancJnhj. [Part. 3. Sec. 1. charity, and includes piety, dilection, benevolence, friendship, even all those virtuoiig habits'-, for love is the circle equant of all other affections, of wliich Aristotle dilates at large in his Ethics, and is commanded by God, which no man can well perform, but he that is a Christian, and a true regenerate man ; this is, ""To love God above all, and our neighbour as ourself ;" for tliis love is li/chnus accendens et accemvs, a communicating light, apt to illuminate itself as well as others. All other objects are fair, and very beautiful, I confess; kindred, alliance, friendship, the love that we o\ve to our country, nature, wealth, pleasure, honour, and such moral respects, tec, of which read "^ copious Aristotle in liis morals ; a man is beloved of a man, in that he is a man ; I)ut all tliese arc far more eminent and great, when they shall proceed from a sanctified spirit, that hath a true touch of religion, and a reference to God. Nature binds all creatures to love their young ones; a hen to preserve her brot)d will run upon a lion, a hind will fight with a bull, a sow with a bear, a silly sheep with a fox. So the same nature urgeth a man to love his parents, ("r/(« me juiter omnes odcrint^ ni le magis quam oculos amem meos I) and this love cannot be dis- solved, as Tully holds, '*"' without detestable otlence:" but much more God's com- mandment, which enjoins a filial love, and an obedience in this kind. "''The love of brethren is great, and like an arch of stones, where if one be displaced, all comes down," no love so forcible and slronir, honest, to the combination of which, nature, fortune, virtue, happily concur; yet this love comes short of it. '^Dulce et decorum pro putrid vinri^ "it cannot be expressed, what a deal of charity that one name of countrv contains. Amur hnid'is et patr'm pro stipendio est ; the Decii did se devo- vrre, Iforaiii,Curii, Sca;vola, Hegulus, Codrus, sacrifice themselves for their country's peace and good. »" Una dies Fabio* ad helium iiiUerat orones, I " One day the Fahii *li>iilly warrt-d, .All lit-lliini iiiiii«o« |i«riliilit una dit-a." j Uiie day Ihe Fabii were dt-slmyed." Fifty thousand Englishmen lost their lives vvillingly near Battle Abbey, in defence of their country. "' P. .'Emilius /. 6. speaks of six senators of Calais, that came with haltei-s in their hands to the king of Ens;laiid, to die for the rest. This love makes so many writers lake such pains, so many historiogrtiphers, physicians, kc, or at least, as they prcteiul, for conuiion safety, and their country's benefit. ''Sanc- tum iiomiH amicitue, sociorum communio sacra ; friendship is a iioly name, and a sacred communion of friends. ""As the sun is in the tirmament, so is frieiidsiiip in the world," a most divine and heavenly band. As nuptial b»ve makes, this perfeel.s mankind, and is to be preferred ill' yuu wdl stand l() the judgment of "'Cornelius Neposj before allinity or consanguinity ; plus in amicitid valet siniilitudn mornm. quam ajjinitas, «5)t., the cords of love bind faster than any other wreath whatsoever. Take this away, and take all pleasure, joy, comfort, happiness, and true content out of the world; 'tis the gieatest tie, the surest indenture, strongest band, and, as our modern Maro decides it, is much to be preferred before the rest. «*" Hard is Uw douht, and dirfirult lo deem, I " For natural alT'Clion soon dolli cease, When all three kindji <■!' luve liigether meet ; And guenrlied i« with Cupid'^ greater llame ; Ami (III dispnri Ihe Ihurt »i(h (Miuer e\lrem<>. But t'^iitht'ul rrieiidi-hip dolh tlieiii tmth i>iip|ireM, Whether .•^hall wei:;h the bal.iiice ilnwn; lu wit. And Ih-ni with iiiantering di!!u;;h thouifhlii ai>pirine In eternal fame. Or raL'i'is (ire t>( li»ve to women kind. ' For a* tic iumiI dolh rule the earllil> inarit. Or zeal of frieniis. ciinibin°d by virtues meet ; ' .And all tlie wrvice f>f Ihe tHuly frame. But of iheiii all Ihe band of virtiiuiM mind. So love of hoiiI doth love of btK, [bfa««." Methinks the gentle heart !>houlil mo-it assured bind. No leM than |H-rfect fold aurmounls Ihe mean)-*! ^A faithful friend is better than "gold, a medicine of mlserj', ** an only possession; yet this love of friends, nuptial, lieroical, profitable, pleasant, honest, all three l«»ves put together, are little worth, if they proceed not from a true Christian illurniiiated soul, if it be not done in ordinc ad Drum, fur God's sake. " Though 1 bad the gift of prophecy, spake with tongues of men and angels, though I feed the poor with all mv gootls, give my body to be burned, and have not this love, it profileth me no- 's t't mundus duohu? polia siisteiitatur : ila lex t)ei, to die for one's country." " Dii iinmorlale(,diri nnn aniore fVi el proximi ; diiolius Ins fundamenlis vin- ; pteiit, lapidum fornicihus simillima.casiira. '*Svracide«. (^ Plutarclf prrfiixiim nuinivms. iiM le invieeiii »u«tentarel. Seneca. '"> " It is «weet •* Xrnophuo, reriu ainicua prcjtantiMioia puMeaato. Mem. 3.] Division of Love. 439 thing,''' 1 Cor. xiii. 1, 3. 'tis splendidum peccatiim, without charity. This is an all- apprehending love, a deifying love, a refined, pure, divine love, the quintessence of all love, the true philosopher's stone, JYon potest e7ii?n, as ^^ Austin infers, veracifer amicus esse hotniriis, nisi fucrit ipsius primitvs veritalis., He is no true friend that loves not God's truth. And therefore this is true love indeed, the cause of all good to mortal men, that reconciles all creatures, and glues them together in perpetual amity and firm league; and can no more abide bitterness, hate, malice, than fair and foul weather, light and darkness, sterility and plenty maybe togetlier; as the sun in the firmament (I say), so is love in the world; and for this cause 'tis love without an addition, love, love of God, and love of men. ^ •' The love of God begets the love of man ; and by this love of our neighbour, the love of God is nourished and increased." By this happy union of love, ^' " all well-governed families and cities are combined, the heavens annexed, and divine souls complicated, the world itself composed, and all that is in it conjoined in God, and reduced to one. ®"This love causeth true and absolute virtues, the life, spirit, and root of every virtuous action, it finisheth prosperity, easeth adversity, corrects all natural incumbrances, inconve- niences, sustained by faith and hope, which with this our love make an indissoluble twist, a Gordian knot, an equilateral triangle, and yet the greatest of them is love," ■ 1 Cor. xiii. 13, ^^" which inflames our souls with a divine heat, and being so inflamed, purged, and so purgeth, elevates to God, makes an atonement, and reconciles us unto him. ®^ That other love infects the soul of man, this cleanseth ; that depresses, this rears ; that causeth cares and troubles, this quietness of mind ; this informs, that deforms our life ; that leads to repentance, this to heaven." For if once we be truly linked and touclied with this charity, we shall love God above all, our neighbour as ouvself, as we are enjoined, Mark xii. 31. Matt. xix. 19. perform those duties and exercises, even all the operations of a good Christian. " This love sufTereth long, it is bountiful, envieth not, boasteth not itself, is not puffed up, it deceiv'eth not, it seeketh not his own things, is not provoked to anger, it thiuketh not evil, it rejoiceth not in iniquity, but in truth. It sufFereth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things," 1 Cor. xiii. 4, 5, 6, 7 ; "it covereth all tres- passes," Prov. X. 12; "a multitude of sins," 1 Pet. 4. as our Saviour told the woman in the Gospel, that washed his feet, " many sins were forgiven her, for she loved much," Luke vii. 47; "it will defend the fatherless and the widow," Isa. i. 17; "will seek no revenge, or be mindful of wrong," Levit. xix. 18; "will bring home his brother's ox if he go astray, as it is commanded," Deut. xxii. 1 ; " will resist evil, give to him that askelh, and not turn from him that borroweth, bless them that curse him, love his enemy," Matt, v; "bear his brother's burthen," Gal. vi. 7. He that so loves will be hospitable, and distribute to the necessities of the saints ; he will, if it be possible, have peace with all men, " feed his enemy if he be hungry, if he be athirst give him drink ;" he will perform those seven works of mercy, " he will luake himself equal to them of the lower sort, rejoice with them that rejoice, weep with them that weep," Rom. xii; he will speak truth to his neighbour, be courteous and tender-hearted, " forgiving others for Christ's sake, as God forgave him," Eph. iv. 32; "he will be like minded," Phil. ii. 2. " Of one judgment ; be humble, meek, long-suffering," Colos. iii. "Forbear, forget and forgive," xii. 13. 23. and what he doth shall be heartily done to God, and not to men. " Be pitiful and courteous," 1 Pet. iii. " Seek peace and follow it." He will love his brother, not in word and tongue, but in deed and truth, John iii. 18. "and he that loves God, Christ will love him that is begotten of him," John v. 1, Sec. Thus should we willingly do, if we had a true touch of this charity, of this divine love, if we could perfonu this which we are enjoined, forget and forgive, and compose ourselves to those Christian laws of love. 95 " O felJT hominum genus, Si vestrns aniinos amor Q,uo coeluin regitur regat!" ^ Epist. 5-2. WGrpg. Pit aninrem Dei, pmximi gigiiitiir; et per hunc amorejii pruxiiiii, Dei miiritiir. •' riccolnriiiiieiis, grad. 7. cap. -27. hoc feliri arnoris iioilo ligantur raiiiili:e civitates, &;c. *^ Veras al)n will be accepted, no ollices will serve, no submission; though he shall upon his knees, as Sarpedon did to (jlaucui^ in Homer, acknowledging his error, yield, hinist If with tears in his eyes, beg his par- don, we will not relent, forgive, or forget, till we have confoundeil him and his *• made dice of his bones," as thev say, see him rot in prison, banish his friends, followers, tt oinru incisum gtnus^ rooted him out and all his posterity. Monsters of men as we ire, dogs, wolves, ** tigers, Heads, incarnate devils, we do not only contend, ojipress, and tyrannise ourselves, but as so many firebrands, we set on, and animate others : our whole life is a perpetual combat, a conflict, a set battle, a snarl- ing fit. Eris (lea is settled in our tents, ^ Omnia df lite^ «)pposing wit to wit, wealth to wealth, strength to strength, fortunes to fortunes, friends to iriends, as at a sea- Hght, we turn our broadsides, or two millstones with continual attrition, we fire our- Kelves, f)r break another's backs, and both are ruined and consumed in the end. Miserable wretches, to fat and enrich ourselves, we care n must make; and how ''gracious on the other side a charitable man is in God's eyes, haurit sibi graliam. Matt. v. 7, " Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy : he that lendeth to the poor, gives to God," anMlnnia niin fum qiiK virii |i..tiivit. >> Kvani^elii tiibaiii h< u (lopuli, ice >'B.-. .. « tiriiint: III (iiilpiliM pao-m. Ill ci>llo<|iiii« bcllnni >ii.i- -luc vir niir>. deul. >'i Paal. mi. 1. '* De bello Jiiilaico, lib. 6. c I Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Love's Power and Extent. 443 their enemies' heads," Rom. xii. " and he that foUoweth after righteousness and merry, shall find righteousness and glory;" surely they would check their desires, curb in iheir unnatural, inordinate affections, agree amongst themselves, abstain from doing evil, amend their lives, and learn to do well, "Behold how. comely and o-ood a thing it is for brethren to live together in '* union : it is like the precious ointment, &.C. How odious to contend one with the other!" ^^ Miser iqiiid Juctaliimculis hlsce voluinus ? ecce mors supra caput est, et supreimim illud trilunal, uU et dicta et facta nostra examinanda sunt : Sapiamus ! " Why do we contend and vex one another.? behold death is over our heads, and we must shortly give an account of all our uncharitable words and actions : think upon it : and be wise." SECT. II. MEMB. I. SuBSECT. T. — Heroical love causeth Melancholy. His Pedigree, Power, and Extent. L\ the preceding section mention was made, amongst other pleasant objects, of this comeliness and beauty which proceeds from women, that causeth heroical, or love-melancholy, is more eminent above the rest, and properly called love. The part affected in men is the liver, and therefore called heroical, because commonly gallants. Noblemen, and the most generous spirits are possessed with it. His power and extent is very large, '" and in that twofold division of love, ^tXiiv and i^Mv '^ those two veneries which Plato and some other make mention of it is most emi- nent, and zar' ilox-riv called Venus, as I have said, or love itself. Which although it be denominated from men, and most evident in them, yet it extends and shows itself in vegetal and sensible creatures, those incorporeal substances (as shall be specified), and hath a large dominion of sovereignty over them. His pedigree is very ancient, derived from the beginning of the world, as '^ Phasdrus contends, and his -'^ parent- age of such antiquity, that no poet could ever find it out. Hesiod makes ^' Terra and Chaos to be Love's parents, before the Gods were born : Ante deos omnes pri- mum generavit amorem. Some think it is the self-same fire Prometheus fetched from heaven. Plutarcli amator. libello, will have Love to be the son of Iris and Favo- nius ; but Socrates in tliat pleasant dialogue of Plato, when it came to his turn to speak of love, (of which subject Agatho the rhetorician, magniloquus Agatho, that chaunter Agatho, had newly given occasion) in a poetical strain, lelleth this tale: M'lien Venus was born, all the gods were invited to a banquet, and amongst the rest, ^" Porus the god of bounty and wealth ; Penia or Poverty came a begging to tlie door; Porus well whittled with nectar (for there was no wine in those days) walk- ing in Jupiter's garden, in a bower met with Penia, and in his drink got her with chdd, of whom was born Love; and because he was begotten on Venus's birthday, Venus still attends upon him. The moral of this is in ^^Ficinus. Another tale is there borrowed out of Aristophanes : ^^in the beginning of the world, men had four arms and four feet, but for their pride, because they compared themselves with the gods, were parted into halves, and now peradventure by love they hope to be united again and made one. Otherwise thus, ^'Vulcan met two lovers, and bid them ask what they would and they should have it; but they made answer, O Vulcane faber Dcorum, S^x. " O Vulcan the gods' great smith, we beseech thee to work us anew in thy furnace, and of two make us one; which he presently did, and ever since true lovers are either all one, or else desire to be united." Many such tales you shall find in Leon Ilcbraeus, dial. 3. and their moral to them. The reason why Love was still painted young, (as Phornutus ^^and others will) ""is because young men '^Concordia maens ree crescunt, discordia masimoe rfilaliiintur. isj^ipsjus. " Memb. 1. Siilis. 2. K Ainnr ft ainicitia. '^ Phsdrus orat. in laiuleni amnris Platoiiis convivio. 20 Vide Boccas. de Genial (leonini. 2' See the moral in Pint, of that fiction. 2! Atiliienti.fi Deus. '^Cap. 7. Comment, in Plat, convivinni. -< See more in Valesius, lih. 3. cont. mftd. et cont. 13. -» Vives 3. de anima ; oramus te nt Cms arlibus et caminis nos refingas, et exduobus unuin facias ; quoj et fecit, et exinde amatores uiinm sunt et unuin esse petuiit. '^^Sce more in Xatalis Comes Iniag. Deornni Philostratns de Ima^inibus. Lilius Gi- raldus Syntag. do diis. Phornutus, lil, iiut-iii ^^l|lt're, giuiii iii iiiorbuui iiijici, &c." Tliat can make sick, and cure whom he list. Homer and Stesichonis were both made blind, if you will believe ■'l^enn Ih-breus, for speaking against his godhead: and though Aristophanes degrade him, and say that he wa.s ^scornfully rejected from the council of the goil.s, had his winifs clipped besides, that he might come no more amongst them, and to his farther disgrace baiiislied heaven for ever, and confined to dwell on eaiih, yet he is of tliat ■''power, majesty, uuinipotency, and dominion, that no creature can withstand him. ** '- linperal Ciipidn •ttiaiii ilii* pro arbitrio. £t ip«uui arc«re iie aruti^xtleii* (xilot Jupiler." lie is more than quarter-master with the goiln, V •• 'I'eiiPl Theliilt! arquor, uoihra* vf!aen, ctkluiu Jovo iiid hath not so much possession as dominion. Jupiter hnnself was turned into a •atyr, shepherd, a bull, a swan, a golden shower, and what not, for li»ve ; that as ' Luciun's Juno right well objectetl lo him, Indus amons lu es, thi»u art Cupid's whirligig : how did he insult over all the other gods, .Mars, Neptune, Pan, ."Mercury, ISacchus, and the rest.' *^ Lucian brings in Jupiter complaining of Cu[iid tlial he lould not be quiet lor him ; and the moon lamenting that she was so impotently be- sotted on Endymion, even Venus herself confessing as much, how rudely and in what sort her own son Cupid had used her being his "^ nioiher, ^» now drawing her to Mount Ida, for the love of chat Trojan .Anchises, now to Libanus for that Assyrian youth's sake. And although she threatened to break his bow and arrows, to clip his wings, ^'and whi|)ped him besides on the bare buttocks with her phanlophlc, yet all would not serve, he was too headstrong and unruly." That monsler-conquermg Hercules was tamed by him : " Qiicm iKin mille Terse, quern noti Sthenelejui b<)«li<, I VVbom nultier b^air* nor erii'oiii'it coiild lame. Sic poluit Juno viacert- . vicit ainor." j Nor Juno's iniglit auUlue, 1jov« qufM'd (Ik- »auie. Your bravest soldiers and most generous spirits are enervated with it, *^uhi nntlieri' hus blunditiis permillunt se, el irujuinantur amplexibus. Apollo, thai took upon him lo cure all diseases, "could not help himself of this; aiul therefore " Socrates calls Love a tyrant, and brings him triumphing in a chariot, whom Petrarch inwUites in his triimiph of Love, and Fracastorius, in an elegant poem expresseth at large, Cupid riding. Mars and Apollo following his chariot. Psyche weeping, &c. In vegetal creatures what sovereignly love liath, by many pregnant proofs and ** A p«tt.v Pope claveii hab«t superorum et inO-roruui, I Heaven, witb Jovr." —Tt>m.i. ■ no. »5 Orpbeufi, tc. * I.ib. Vi. cap. 5. D)pbfio.-o. umi. 3. "Quippe malrcin i|>^ '.\* •» Rf-gnal el in guperns ju« hab<-i ille cleoa. Ovul. nie aflicil. nunc in IJam ailii;> n« Aii' ' JccT" » Pl.iulu*. ^-'Seldcn pro leg. 3. cap. tie (iiiii S>ri!t. «> Janipriilern ft plaga< i|wi in nalt* ii>r>|.-, -.I'aIki. ■ Dial. 3. ** A coiirilio Deorum rt-jt?ctu( el ad inajo- *' Altopihii, ful. 7V. o N'ulli« am>>r nl ni>tjicabilw rwin pjua ignoniiniani. kc. >* Fulniini concil.itior. I berbm. ** Plularrh in Aiiialuriu. Uictalor quo *> Sfiphnclen. " " tie divides Die empire of llie »ea I creato ceatanl reliqui maiialraiua. with TheiK, — of ibe Shade*, with i£acua, — of t^te 1 vlein 1 Subs. 1.] Love's Power and Extent. 445 tainiliar examples ma} be proved, especially of palm-trees, which are both he and she, and express not a sympathy but a love-passion, and by many observations have been confirmed. «S" Vivunt in venerem frondes, omnisque vicissim Felix arljor amat, nutaiit et miitua palmae Foedera, populeo suspirat pnpulus irtu, Et platano platanus, ainoque assibilat ainus." Constantine de Agric. lib. 10. cap. 4. gives an instance out of Florentius his Georgics, of a palm-tree that loved most fervently, ^® " and would not be comforted until such time her love applied herself unto her ; you might see the two trees bend, and of their own accords stretch out their boughs to embrace and kiss each other : they will give manifest signs of mutual love." Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 24, re- ports that they marry one another, and fall in love if they grow in sight ; and when the wind brings the smell to them, they are marvellously affected. Philostratus in Imaginibus, observes as much, and Galen lib. 6. de locis affectis^ cap. 5. they will be sick forluve; ready to die and pine away, which the husbandmen perceiving, saith "'Constantine, "stroke many palms that grow together, and so stroking again the palm that is enamoured, they carry kisses from the one to the other :" or tying the leaves and branches of the one to the stem of the other, will make them both flourish and prosper a great deal better: ''^" which are enamoured, they can perceive by the bending of boughs, and inclination of their bodies." If any man think this which I say to be a tale, let him read that story of two palm-trees in Italy, the male growing at Brundusium, the female at Otranto (related by Jovianus Pontanus in an excellent poem, sometimes tutor to Alphonsus junior. King of Naples, his secretary of state, and a great philosopher) " which were barren, and so continued a long time," till they came to see one another growing up higher, though many stadiums asunder. Pierius in his Hieroglyphics, and Melchior Guilandinus, Mem. 3. tract, de papyro. cites this story of Pontanus for a truth. See more in Salmuth Comment, in Pancirol. de JVova rcpert. Tit. 1. de noco orbc, Mizaldus Arcanorum lib. 2. Sand's Voyages, lib. 'Z.fol. 103. S^-c. U such fury be in vegetals, what shall we think of sensible creatures, how much more violent and apparent shall it be in them ! .„ , „ , . • . u • e „....„ I " All kind of creatures in the earth, ^9" Oiiine adeo genus in terns hnmiiiiimque fcrarum. And fi he* of the «ea Et Kenus squoreum, pecudes. picta-qne volucres ^^^^ ^^^~^^^j ^j^^,^ ,,; ^' ^y^^^ In furias ignemque ruunt ; amor omnihns idem. j ^I^J^ ,^^.^ [^^^^^ equal sway." 50" Ilic Deus et terras et niaria alta doinal." Common experience and our sense will inform us how violently brute beasts are carried away with this passion, horses above the rest, furor est insignis equa- rum. ^'" Cupid in Lucian bids Venus his mother be of good cheer, for he was now familiar with lions, and oftentimes did get on their backs, hold them by the mane, and ride them about like horses, and they would fawn upon him s\'\l\\ their tails." Bulls, bears, and boars are so furious m this kind they kill one another : but espe- cially cocks, ^^ lions, and harts, which are so fierce that you may hear them fight half a mile ofT, saiih ^^Turberville, and many times kill each other, or compel them to abandon the rut, that they may remain masters in their places ; " and when one hath driven his co-rival away, he raiseth his nose up into the air, and looks aloft, as though he gave thanks to nature," which affords him such great delight. How birds are affected in this kind, appears out of Aristotle, he will have them to sing obfutu- ram venerem^ for joy or in hope of their venery which is to come. "■■.'E(;ri;i' prinium volucres te Diva tnumque SigiiiticHnt initiiin, pircnlsiL- corda tua vi." "Fishes pine away for love and wax lean," if "Gomesius's authority may be taken, and are rampant too, some of them: Peter Gellius, lib. 10. de hist, annual, tells «Claudian. descript. vener. auls. "Trees are in- hitns eratiam facit. ■>8(iiiam vero ipsa deside ret fluenced hv love, atid every fjniirlshinp tree in turn feels ! afiVctu ramoriim significat, et adiillam respir.it ; aman- the passion : pahns nod mutual vows, poplar sijhs to ' tiir, &;c. «Vir?. 3. Georg. Mpropertiiis. »' Uial. poplar, plane to plane, and alder breathes to alder." deoruni. Confide mater, leonibus ipsis fanriliaris jam •:« N'eque prius in iis desideriiim ressat dum dejiclns | faetus sum, et sa-pe consceiidi eorum ter^-a et appre- cons(detur; vidercenim est ipsam arhorem incurvatani, ultro raniis ab utrisquc vinissini ad osculum e.\porrectis. Manifesta dant mutiij dcsidcrii signa. ■■" Mullas palmas conliiiEens quE sinml crcscunt. riirsusque ad amantem n-grediens, ennique inanu aitintrens. quasi osculum muluo minislrare videtur, et expediti coiicu- hendi jubas; eqiinrum more insidens eos asito, el illi niihi caiidis adblandiuntur. ^2 Leones \>r£ amore furunt, Plin. 1.8. c. Iti. Arist. I. 6. hist. aMininl. k) Cap. 17. of his book of hunting. ^ Lurrftius. b; Ug sale lib. I. c. 21. Pisces ob amorem marccscunt, pallcs- cunt, to. 2N 4 46 Love-Melanchohj. [Part. 3. Ser. 2. wonders of a triton in Epirus : there was a well not far from the shore, where the country wenches fetched water, they, **tiitons, stuprl causa would set upon them and carry them to the sea, and there drown. them, if tliey would not yield ; so love tyranniseth in dumb creatures. Yet this is natural for one beast to dote upon an- other of the same kind ; but wliat strange fury is tliat, when a beast shall dote upon a n)an.' Saxo Grannnaticus, lib. lU. Diii\ hist, haih a story of a bear that loved a woman, kept her in his lUm a long time and begot a son of her, out of whose loins proceeded many northern kings : tliis is the original belike of that conunon tale of Valentine and Orson : iElian, Pliny, Peter Giliius, are full of such relations. A pea- rock in Lucadia loved a n'.aid, and when she died, the jieacock pined. ^'" A dolphin loved a bov called Hernias, and when he died, the lish came on lanil, and so perished." Tlie like adds Gellius, lib. 10. cap. 22. out of Appion, .Ei^ijpt. lib. 15. a dolphin at Putcoli loved a child, would come often to him, let him get on his back, and carry him about, "^*and when by sickness the child was taken away, tlie dolpiiin died." — ''"•• Every book is full (saith Busbequius, the emperor's orator with the grand signior, not long since, ep. 3. legal. Tiirc.)., and yields such instances, to believe which 1 was always afraid lest 1 should be thought to give credit to fables, untd I saw a lynx which I hud from Assyria, so afl'ected towards one of my men, that it cannot be denied but that he was in love with him. When my n)an was present, the beast would use many in)table enticements and |)leasant motions, arul when he was going, hold him h;ick, and look after him when he was gone, verv sad in iiis altsence, but most jocund when he returned : and when my man went frt>m me, the beast e.xpreased his love with continual sickness, and after he had pined away some few days, liied." .'^nch another story he halh of a crane of .Majorca, that loved a Spaniard, that would walk any way with him, and in his absence seek about fi>r him, make a noise that he might ht-ar her, and knock at his door, **'"and when he took liis last farewell, famished herself." Such pretty pranks can love play with birds, tishes, beasts: •' ••('u'l^.tii xthtTi*. I*. mi, tt-rrje clavi* li.ifM-t Wiiut, iS>l:ique l>loruui ■•miiiHiiii llli|irriillu otitlllCl."^ and if all Ije certain that is credibly reported, with the spirits of the air, and devils of hell themselves, wht) are as much enamoured and dote (if I may use that word) as any other creatures whatsoever. For if those stories be true that are written of incubus and succubus, ai nymphs, lascivious fauns, satyrs, and those heathen gods which were devils, tliose ' s Telchines, of whom the Platonists tell so many fal)les; or those familiar i a our days, and conifKiny of witches and devils, there is some proba!)ility Um u. 1 know that Piarmannus, Wierus, lib. 1. cap. 19. ft 24. and some others stoutly ileny it, that the divil hath any carnal copulation with women, that the devil takes no pleasure in such facts, they be mere fantasies, all such relations of incul>i, succubi, lies and tales; but Austin, lib. 15. de civil. JJeiy doih acknowledge it: Era.r.lus de Liimiis, Jacobus Sprenger and his Cf)lleagues, Stc. ''- Zunchius. cap. 1 1\. lib. 4. d'' np*'r. Dei. Dandinus, in Jrisl. de Jnimd, lib. 2. If.rl. 29. com. 'H). Podin, lib. 2. cap. 7. and Paracelsus, a great champion of this tenet amongst the rest, wliich give sundry peculiar instances, by many testimonies, proofs, and con- fessions evince it. Hector Boeiliius, in his Scottish history, hath tliree <^r four such examples, which Cardan contirms out of him, lib. !(>. cup', l.i. of such as have hat. familiar company many years w itli them, and that in the habit of men and w-ntP3 ex in«i(lii> a deriuni tuum (ectatu* pn«I inrdiam ali.|.i..i .11. rum Trit..i.rr..iii|ir.heiitMt;. 4.C. " riiii. I. 10. c. 5. .|H'iiii. inlrriil. " Orpti«u» li>uiiiu Veil. -X. ■ e J !. af".riii I. unHsi.ite Kr"*"*' H.ri.i.i,. in siico piftm keyi of llie air. lanh, wa. anil ►lie hi 'iviroit -^ l'o:jtqnain pm-r nmrbo aluil, H. n».c c.jiiirii.ui.l . f .ill "' ''-(iMJ l..ic m .1 •! il. ^Tl.-iii siiiit liliri t|inli'ii f.ra III In. '■ • :jinats riierunt. in quibu rgn riiii.lini <^- ' > - Hii diiglinui. v.-ri(u« ne fabiiliwa rmlt;. iju . ,.:.in f.-iii ii.ii.c M.li lynceiii quHin liahui tt, .A»»)ria. mc pukli/.> a.il..m lu;(.IjXl, cuuUuic m u ji el luuti.-i. aOi'tliiiu crga unuiu de nieii buaiiuibu*. ice "Drti- Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Love's Power and Extent. 447 wine as never any drank, and no man should molest him ; but she beinij fair and lo\ely would live and die with him, that was fair and lovely to behold." The young man a philosopher, otherwise staid and discreet, able to moderate his pas- .sions, though not this of love, tarried with her awhile to his great content, and at last married her, to whose wedding, amongst other guests, came Apollonius, who, by some probable conjectures, found her out to be a serpent, a lamia, and that ail her furniture was like Tantalus's gold described by Homer, no substance, but mere illu- sions. When she saw herself descried, she wept, and desired Apollonius to be silent, but he would not be moved, and thereupon she, plate, house, and all that was in it, vanished in an instant : ''^ *■' many thousands took notice of this fact, for it was done in the midst of Greece." Sabine in his Comment on the tenth of Ovid's Metamorphoses, at the tale of Orpheus, telleth us of a gentleman of Bavaria, that for many months together bewailed the loss of his dear wife ; at length the devil in her habit came and comforted him, and told him, because he was so importunate for her, that she would come and live with him again, on that condition he would be new married, never swear and blaspheme as he used formerly to do; for if he did, she should be gone : *^^ ■' he vowed it, married, and lived with her, she brought him children, and governed his house, but was still pale and sad, and so continued, till one day falling out with him, he fell a swearing; she vanished thereupon, and was never after seen. ^^ This I have heard," saith Sabine, "■ from persons of good credit, which told me tliat the Duke of Bavaria did tell it for a certainty to the Duke of Saxony." One more I will relate out of Florilegus, ad annum 1058, an honest historian of our nation^ because he telleth it so confidently, as a thing in those days talked of all over Europe : a young gentleman of Rome, the same clay that he w^as married, after din- ner with the bride and his friends went a walking into the fields, and towards even- ing to the tennis-court to recreate himself; whilst he played, he put his ring upon the finger of Venus statua, which was thereby made in brass ; after he had sufficiently played, and now made an end of liis sport, he came to fetch his ring, but Yenus had bowed her finger in, and he could not get it off. Whereupon loth to make his com- pany tarry at present, there left it, intending to fetch it the next day, or at some more convenient time, went thence to supper, and so to bed. In the night, when he sliould come to perform those nuptial rites, Venus steps between him and his wife (unseen or felt of her), and told her that she was his wife, that he had betrothed himself unto her by that ring, which he put upon her finger : she troubled him for some follow- ing nights. He not knowing how to help himself, made his moan to one Palumbus, a learned magician in those days, who gave him a letter, and bid him at such a time of the night, in such a cross-way, at- the town's end, where old Saturn would pass by with his associates in procession, as commonly he did, deliver that script with his own hands to Saturn himself; the young man of a bold spirit, accordingly did it ; and when the old fiend had read it, he called Ven-us to him, who rode before him, and cammanded her to deliver his ring, winch forthwith slie did, and so the gentle- man was freed. Many such stories I find in several '"'authors to confirm tliis which I have said ; as .that more notable amongst the rest, of Philinium and .Macliates in ®* Phlegon's Tract, de rebus mirahililms^ and though many be against it, yet I, for my j)art, will subscribe to Lactantius, lib. 14. cap. 15. ®°"God sent angels to the tuition of men ; but whilst they lived amongst us, that miscliievous all-commander of the earth, and hot in lust, enticed tliem by little and little to this vice, and defiled them with the company of women : and Anaxagoras, de resurrect. ™Many of those spi- ritual bodies, overcome by the love of maids, and lust, failed, of whom those were born we call giants." Justin Martyr, Clemens Alexandrinus, Sulpitiu.-" Severus, Eusebius, Stc, to this sense make a twofold fall of angels, one from the oeginning of the world, another a little before the deluge, as Moses teacheth us, "' openly pro- fessing that these genii can beget, and have carnal copulation with women. At Japan " Multi factum lior, cognovere, quod in media Grjpcia i misit ad tutclam cultumque generis humani ; sfid illns gfstiim sit. 65 liL'in curans doniesticain, ut ante, | cum hominibus cominoraiites, doniinator illeterra; sala- peperit aliquot lilieros, semper tameu tristis et [lallida. j cissimus paulatim ad vitia pelle.vit, et inulierum coii- *> H;ec audivi a multis tiile dignis qui asseveral-ant du- gressibus iii(|uinavit. ">(iurlam ex illo capti sunt cem Bavarian eadem rctiili.sse Duci Sa.vniii^ pro veris. amore virginuui. et libidine vitti ilefecernnt, ex quibiia "■ I'iibula Daiiiaiati el Aristoiiis in Herddoio lib. C. uiiyantKS qui vocaiuur, nati i-iiul. ''Pertriusia Eraiu. 6t Interpret Mersi: isaUeus Anjjelos Gen. liii. tj. c. C. ver. 1. Zanc. &,c. 448 Lovc-Mehincholy. [Part. 3 Sect. 2 in the East Indies, at this present (if we may believe the relation of " travcllers\ there is an idol called Teuchedy, to whom one of the fairest virgins in the country is monthly brought, and left in a private room, in the foloqni, or church, where &he sits alone to be deflowered. At certain times '^ the Teuchedy (which is thought to be the devil) appears to her, and knoweth her carnally. Every month a fair virgin is taken in; but what becomes of the old, no man can tell. In that goodly temple of Jupiter Belus in Babylon, there was a fair chapel, '^saith Hcroiiotus, an eye-wit- ness of it, in which was sphndide stratus lectus et apposita viensn aurea^ a brave bed, a table of gold, Slc, into which no creature came but one only woman, which their god made choice of, as the Chaldean priests told him, and that their god lay with her himself, as at Thebes in -^gypt was the like done of old. So that you see this is no news, the devils themselves, or their juggling priests, have played such pranks in all ages. Many divines stiflly contradict this ; but I will conclude with "Lipsius, that since ''examples, testimonies, and confessions, of those unhappy women are so manifest on the other side, and many even in this our town of Louvain, tiiat it is likely to be so. "One thing I will add, tiiat I su|)pose that in no age past, I know not by what destiny of this uidiappy time, have there ever appeared or showed themselves so many lecherous devils, satyrs, and genii, as in this of ours, as appears by the daily narrations, and ju(hcial sentences upon record." Read more of this question in Plutarch, rit. .\Hw/>|i>li>. fixSioicoriiiii I. l.cap.-JU. Si lipiritus un>le W'incn ii-'.&c-. al «i.-iiiplit tiirliaiit iii>!i; iiiiilitruiii (|iMliiliaiiu.' oiiid-!.- ■ioiifx (!>' iiii4ti>>ne oniiil-ii n!<«i'riiiit. d »uiit in hac urtx' Lovaiim exeiuplo. '* Liiuoi dixcru, uuii upiiiari v. 1:^ i" f lutaicti, kutatur liu. ':■' rvo taiiiai • -sm. , Oiii ■ ■ruin IIIC ..irrati •iiien. , ■ fr. ii:;I. 1 •■ r ii 1- «k >l° llMlM llli iiie« Hhicli an- d< (ii>- ..Itli.-,, ..i.U Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Love''3 Power and Extent. 449 5urc'ly come upon them, rewards, exhortations, e contra; yet either out of their own weakness, a depraved nature, or love''s tyranny, which so furiously rageth, they suffer themselves to he led like an ox to the slaughter : [Facilis desceaisus Jlverni) they go down headlong to their own perdition, they will commit folly with beasts, men •• leaving the natural use of women," as ^' Paul saith, " burned in lust one towards another, and man with man wrought filthiness." Semiramis eqao., Pasiphae tanro, Aristo Ephesius asince se comnilscuit, Fulvius equce., alii canibus, capris, S^c. unde monstra naf^cuntur aUquandu., Centauri, Sylvani, et ad lerrorem hominum prodigiosa spectra : J\\'c cum hrutis, sed ipsis hominibus rem ha- bent, quud peccatiun Sodomiae vulgb dicitur ; et frequens ollm vitiuin apud Orienlalis illosfuit, Grtecos nimirum,, Italos, Afros, Asianos: *- Hercules Hylam habidt^ Poly- cletum, Dionem, Perithoonta, Abderum et Phryga; alii et Euristium ab Ilercule ama- tum tradunt. Socrates pulchrorum Jldolescentum causa frequens Gymnasium adibat, Jlagitiosque spectaculo pascebal oculos, quod et Philebus et Phsedon Rivales, Charm- ides et ^^reliqui Platonis Dialogic, satis superque testatum faciunt : quud verb Alci- biades dc eodem Socrate loqualur^ lubcns conticesco, sed et abhorreo ; tantum incila- mentum prmbet Ubidini. At hunc perstrinxit Theodoretus lib. de curat, grccc. affect. cap. ultimo. Quin et ipse Plato suum demiratur Agathonem, Xenophon, Cliniam, • Virgilius Alexin, Anacreon Balhyllum : Quod autem de Nerone, Claudio, ccsterorum- que portentosd Ubidine memori(Z proditum, malleni a Petronio, Suetonio, ccelerisque petatis., quandu omnem Jidcm exccdat^ quUm a me expectetis ; sed Vetera querimur. '*^Jlpud Asianos, Turcas, Ttalos, nunquhn frequentius hoc quuvi hodierno die vitium; Diana Romanorum Sodomia; ojjicince horum alicubi apud Turcas, "^ui saxis semina mandanO'' arenas arantes; et frcquentes querela^ etiam inter ipsos con- juges hac de re, qua3 virorum concubitum illicitum calceo in oppositam partem verso magistratui indicant; nullum apud Italos familiare magis peccatum., qui et post ^^Lu- cianum et '''Tatium, scripiis voluminibis defcndunt. .Tohannes de la Casa, Beventinus Episcopus, divinum opus vocal., suave scelus, adeoque jactat., se non alia usum Venere. JWiil usitatius apud 77ionachos, Cardinales, sacrificulos, etiam ^' furor hie ad rnorton, ad insaniam. "Angelus Politianus, ob pueri amorcm., violentas sibi munus injccit. Et horrendum sane dictu, quantum apud nos patruni memorid., scelus detestandum hoc scevierit! Quum enim Anno 1538. prudentissimus Rex Henricus Octavus cucullato- rum ccenobia, et sacrilicorum collegia, votariorum, per venerabiles legum Doctores Thomam Leum, Richardum Laytonum visitari fecerat. Sec, tanto numero reperli sunt apud eos scortatores, cinaedi, ganeones, paedicones, puerarii, peederastfe, Sodomitte, {''^Balei verbis utor) Ganiraedes, Slc. ut in unoquoque eorum novam credideris Go- morrham. Sed vide si lubet eorundem Catalogum apud eundem Baleum; Puellaj (inquit) in lectis do^-mire non poterant ob fratres necromanticos. Hcec si apud vota- rios.1 monachos, sanctos scilicet homuneiones, quid in foro., quid in aula factum sus- picerisf quid apud nobiles, quid inter for nice s, quam non fceditatem, quam non spur- citiem? Sileo interim turpesillas^et ne nominandas quidem monachorum ^mastrupa- tiones, masturbatores. ®' Rodericus a Castro vocat., turn et eos qui se invicem ad Vene- rem excitandam Jlagris ccedunt.) Spintrias, Succubas, Ambubeias, et lascivienle lumbo Tribades illas mulierculas., quce se invicem fricant,, et pr ester Eunuchos etiam ad Venerem explendam., artificiosa ilia veretra habent. hnmo quod magls mirere.,fa£mina fcRminam Constantinopoli non ita pridem deperiit, ausa rem plane incredibilcm, mu- tato cultu mentita virum de nuptiis sermonem init., et brevi nupta est: sed authorcm ipsum consule., Busbequium. Omttto *^ Salanarios illos Egyptiacos, qui cum formosa- rum cadaveribus concumbunt ; et eorum vesanam libidinem, qui etiam idola et ima- gines depereunt. JVota est fabula Pigmalionis apud ^^Ovidiura; Mundi et Paulin: apud jEgesippum beUi Jud. lib. 2. cap. 4. Pontius C. Cossaris legatus, refercnle Plinio, lib. .35. cap. 3. quem suspicor eum esse qui Christum crucifixit, picturis AtalantoB e*. Helenae adeo Ubidine incensus, ut tollere cas vellet si nalura tectorii permisisset, alius statuam bones Fortunae deperiit (Jilianus, lib. 9. cap. 37.) alius Bonce decs., et ne qua 'SI Eom. i. 27. 'f-'Lilius Giraldus, vita ejus. ^ Pueros amare solis Philosophis rplinqufiidiim vult Liiciaiius dia!. Amorum. « Busbeqiiiu*. *5 Achilles Tatiiis lib. 2. t« Lucianus Charidemo. ''" Non est ha;c raentula demens. Mart. »= Jowiiis Muse. >■« Prsfat. lecK)ri 111), de vilis pontif. «> .Vlerciirialis cap. de Priapismo. Coilius I. 11. antic, lect. cap. 14. Galenas ti. 57 2 s 2 de locis aff. s' De innrb. mulier. lib. I. c. it,. *- Herodotus 1.2. EulerpK: uiores insigniiim viroruui noil statim vita functas tra^lunt condendas. ac ne eas nuidein fiBminas quE formos^ sunt, sed quatriduo ante defunctas, ne cum iis salinarii concumbant, Ica "Metam. 13. 450 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. pars prohro vacet. ** Raptus ad stupra (quod ait ille) et ne ^ os quidem a libidine exceptum. Heliogabalus, per omnia cava corporis libidinem rece.pit., Lamprid. vita ejus. '^ liostius qiiidam specula fecit, et ita disposuit, at quum virum ipse pateretur, aversus omnes admissarii iiiotus in specnlo videret, ac deinde Jalsa magnitiidine ipyius membri tanqnam vera gauderet, simul virum et firminam passus, quod diclu fvediim tt ahomiiKindum. Ut vtram plane sit, quod apud ''^ PlutaiTluiiii Giyllus L lyssi ohjecit. Ad hunc usque diem apud nos ncque mas uiarcm, neipie la-miiia laMiiiiium amavit, ipialia mulla apud vos memorabiles et prarlari viri leccruni: ut vdes missus liiciiun, Hercules imbLrbem sectans socium, amicus deseruit. is.c. \'estnL' libidines intra suus naturie tines cuerceri non pussunt, quin instar lluvii exuiulantis atrocem lueditalum, lumuitum, couliisiunemque natura; gignanl in re Venerea: nam et capras, pt)rcus, equus inierunt viri et fteminae, insano besiiarum aniure exiuscrunt, unde Minotauri, Centauri, Sylvani, Sphinges, Stc. Sed ne cnnjulando doceam, aut ca J'oras ejl'iram, qu(B non omnes scire convenit iho'c enim doctis solnmniodo, quod cawsa non absimili ■* Rodericus, scripta velim) ne levissimis ingentis et dej\ravatis menlibus fccdissimi sceleris notitiam, (^c, nolo quern diutiits hisce sordibus inquinare. J come at last to that heroical love which is proper to men and women, is a fre- quent cause of melancholy, and deserves nnich rather to be called burning lust, than by such an honourable title. There is an honest love, I confess, which is natural, laqueus occult us captivans corda hnminuin, ut a muinribus nun possint sijiarari, "a secret snare to captivate the hearts of men," as "' t'liristupher Fonsecu proves, a strong allurement, of a most attractive, i»ccult, adamantine property, aiid powerful virtue, and no man living can avoid it. ''*' Et qui cim non sensit amoris,aul lapis est, aut bellua. He is not a man but a block, a very stone, aut Wumen, aut .S'ebuchad- nezzar, he haih a gourd for his head, a ptpon for his heart, that hath nut felt the power of it, and a rare creature to be found, one in an age, Qui nunquain visa Jla- gravit amorc puella;* for semel insanivimus omnes, dote we either voung or old, as ^ he saiti, and none are excepted but Minerva and the Muses: so Cupid in * Lucian complains to his mother V'enu.s, that amongst all the rest his arrows could not pierce them. But this nuptial love isa common {>a.s8ion, an honest, for men to love in the %vay of marriage ; ut materia apjjftit furmam, sic mulier virum. ^ You know marriage is honourable, a blessed calling, appointed by Gud him.self in Paradise; it breeds true peace, tramptillity, content, and happiness, qua nulla est aut fuit unquam sanc- tior cifnJunctKK as I)aphna.-us in * Plutarcli could well prove, et qute generi humtmo immortalitattm parat, when they live without jarring, scolding, lovingly as they should do. ' Fi-licen ter et ainpliui Unui^ruiilit teiitl cupula, nre ullu Divulsus qutTllllDllll!) Supreiiiu ciliui »<)lvii aiiiur die." 'Thrice happy Uiey, and more than that, Whom ImiiiiI uI Iuvk to liriiily lii'it, Thnt without brawlD till il>-ulh tli>-iii part, "I'k uinliMolv'tl and iii-v'-r du-> " As Seneca lived with his Paulina, Abraham and Sarah, Orpheus and Euridyce, Airia and Poetus, Artemisia and Mausolus, Rubenius Celer, that would needs have it en graven on his tomb, he had led his life with Knnea, his dear wife, forty-three years eight months, and never fell out. There is no pleasure in this world comparable to it, 'tis suinnutm mortalitatis bonum *hominuin dwitrnque vohiptas, .lima I'enui latei enim in mulirre aliquid majus potmliusque omnibus altis humanis volnpla- tibus., as 'one holds, there's something in a woman beyond all human delight; a magnetic virtue, a charming quality, an occult and powerful motive. The husband rules her as head, but she again commands his heart, he is her sen-ant, she is only joy and content: no haj)piness is like unto it, no love so great as this of man and wife, no such comfort as "^ plactns «.ror, a sweet wife: " (Jmnis amor magnus, sed aperto in conjnge major. Wlien they love at last as fresh as they did at first, '^Cha- Tuque charo consenescit conjugi, as Homer brings Paris kissing Helen, after they had been married ten years, protesting withal that he loved her as dear as he did the first ••Senrca de ira, I. II. r. |H. w^N'ullu* e«t mraiut I no iiiaidirii'* brauly had ••vt-r air.rtt-d " 't'hauccr. •d tjiieiii noil p;tteat a>litiis iiiipudicitiip. Clem. Altri. I •Tuin. I. dial. dtHiruiii l..uriaiiu«. .Aiiiore mm ardrnt pinia:;. lib. 3. c. D. ** ."Vnixa 1. nal. qur»t. n ■y.,,. \i.,.«. «' A> niatler ••■•>» I'oriit. m> itoniaii lurna f (iryllo. * De niorbi* iiiiilieruiii I. I.e. 15. *' ' I'l man." 'In aiuator >tiiiH.|;. ^ llor. pliith«'Bl. amor, cap 4 interpret, (urtio. ""A ■ iiu«. • KoniM-ca. ►"Ho/. " I'ropcn. Siylviua Jiivi-nal. " And be mIio liai nut fell Ihf i .-..unnidea, gnec " Slie (rowi oU in lotvatHlia jtan cnce iif luve i* •iilier a »tone or a heant." ' Tertul. i tnfeltwr.'' prover. lib. 4. adver>u< .Manr. cap. 40. *" One whom | Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Love's Poiccr and Extent. 451 hour that he was betrothed. And in their old age, when they make much of one another, saying, as he did to his wife in tlie poet, ' Uxor vivamup quod vi.\iin«is, et mnriamur, Servaiitcs iioiiien suinpsiimis in Ihalamo ; Ncc ferat ulla dies ut coinimitetniir in tevo, Q,uiii tibi siin juvenis, tuque puella inihi." " Dear wife, let's live in love, and die together, As liitherto we have in all good will : Let no day change or alter our alTeclions, But let's he young to one another still." Such should conjugal love be, still the same, and as they are one tlesh, so shoulc* they be of one mind, as in an aristocratical government, one consent, '^ Geyron-like. coalesccre in imum, have one heart in two bodies, will and nill the same. A good wife, according to Plutarch, should be as a looking-glass to represent lier husband's face and passion: if he be pleasant, she shonld be merry: if he laugh, she should smile : if he look sad, she should participate of his sorrow, and bear a part with him, and so should they continue in mutual love one towards another. I5-' Et nie ah amore tuo deducet nulla senectus, I " No age shall part my love from thee, sweet wife, Sive ego Tythonus, sive ego Nestor ero." | Though I live Nestor or Tithonus' life." And she again to him, as the '^ Bride saluted the Bridegroom of old in Rome, Ubi tu Caius, ego semjyer Caia, be thou still Caius, I'll be Caia. 'Tis a happy state this indeed, when the fountain is blessed (saith Solomon, Prov. V. 17.) "and he rejoiceth with the wife of his youth, and she is to him as the loving hind and pleasant roe, and he delights in her continually." But this love of ours is immoderate, inordinate, and not to be comprehended in any bounds. It will not contain itself within the union of marriage, or apply to one object, but is a wander- ing, extravagant, a domineering, a boundless, an irrefragable, a destructive passion : sometimes this burning lust rageth after marriage, and then it is properly called jealousy; sometimes before, and then it is called heroical melancholy; it extends sometimes to co-rivals, Stc, begets rapes, incests, murders : Marcus .kntonius com- pressit Faustinam sororem, Caracalla Juliam jyovercam., J^ero Matrem, Caligula sorores, Cyneras MyrrJmmJiliaiii, ^-c. But it is confined within no terms of blood, years, sex, or whatsoever else. Some furiously rage before they come to discretion or age. " Quartilla in Petronius never remembered she was a maid ; and the wife of Bath in Chaucer, cracks, Sint,e J was twelve years old, believe. Husbands at Kirk-door had I five. '^ Aratine Lucretia sold her maidenhead a thousand times before she was twenty-four years old, jj/w-s milics vendidcrant virglnitatem, Sfc. ncque te celabo^ non deerant qui ut integrum amhirent Rahab, that harlot, began to be a professed quean at ten years of age, and was but fifteen when she hid the spies, as '^Hugh Broughton proves, to M'hom Serrarius the Jesuit, qucest. 6. in cap. 2. Josue, subscribes. Generallv women begin pubcscerc, as they call it, or catidlire, as Julius Pollux cites, lib. 2. cap. 3. onomast out of Aristophanes, ^"at fourteen years old, then they do offer themselves, and some plainly rage. ^' Leo Afer saith, that in Africa a man shall scarce find a maid at fourteen years of age, they are so forward, and many amongst us after they come into the teens do not live without husbands, but linger. What pranks in this kind the middle ages have played is not to be recorded. Si mild sint centum lingua:.! sint oraquc centum., no tongue can sufficiently declare, every story is full of men and ■women's insatiable lust, Nero's, Heliogabali, Boiiosi, &c. " Coiltus Jlmphilcnum., std Quintius Jlmphdinam depereunt., Sj-c. They neigh after other men's wives (as Jeremia, cap. V. 8. complaineth) like fed horses, or range like town bulls, rapt ores virginum et viduarum., as many of our great ones do. Solomon's wisdom was extinguished in this fire of lust, Samson's strength enervated, piety in Lot's daughters quite for- got, gravity of priesthood in Eli's sons, reverend old age in the Elders that would violate Susanna, filial duty in Absalom to his stepmoiher, brotherly love in Ammon towards his sister. Human, divine laws, precepts, exhortations, fear of God and men, fair, foul means, fame, fortune, shame, disgrace, honour cannot oppose, stave off, or withstand the fury of it, omnia vincit amor., Sfc. No cord nor cable can so 13 Ausoniiis. HGeryon amirits syniholuni. i interp. Casp. Barthio ex Iial. w _\ngelico scriptur 15 Proper!. I. 2. '^ Plutarch, c. 30. Rom. Hist. '' Ju- j concentu. 20 Epjctetus c. 42. mulieres statim ab anno nonein habeam iratam. si unquarn nieniinerim me vir- \ 14. movere incipiunt, &c attrectari se sinunt et expo- ginem fuisse. Infans enim paribus iiiquinata sum, et i iiunt. Levinu /..emnius. '' Lib. 3. fol. lift ^'Ca- subinde majoribus me applicui, donee ad s-tatem per- tullus. veiii ; ut Mile vitulum, tc. '^ Parnodidasc. dial. lat. I 452 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 (■'leililv draw, or hold so fast, as love can do with a twined thread. The scorcliing beams under the equinoctial, or extremity of cold within the circle arctic, where the ^ ery seas are frozen, cold or torrid zone, cannot avoid or expel this heat, fury, and •^ffe of mortal men. 53"(iiio fiigis ab deniens, nulla est fuga, tu licet usque Ad Taiiaim fiigias, usque sequetur amor." Of women's unnatural, ^Mnsatiable lust, what country, what village doth not com- plain } Mother and daughter sometimes dote on the same man, flither and son, master and servant, on one woman. S5" S<>d aiuor, SPtI iiicftrcnata lihidn, Quid cu.'^luiii in ti-rris iiit(Mitattiriu|iie reliquit ?" What breach of vows and oaths, fury, dotage, madness, might I reckon up ? Yet this is more tolerable in youth, and sucli as are still in their hot blood ; but for an old fool to dote, to see an old lecher, what more odious, what can be more absurd ? and vet what so conmion ? Who so furious ? ^Amare ca cctute, si occipcrinl^mullo insaniunt acrius. Some dote then more than ever they did in/tlieir youlli. llovv many decrepit, hoary, harsh, wriilien, burstenbellied, crooked, toothless, bald, blear- eyed, impotent, rotten, old men shall you see flickering still in every place ? One trel.s him a voung wife, another a courtezan, and when he can scarce lift his leg over a sill, and hath one foot already in Cliaron's boat, when he hath the trembling in his joints, the gout in his feet, a perpetual rheum in his head, " a contiuuale cough," ^ his sight fails him, thick of hearing, his breath stinks, all his moisture is dried up .iud gone, may not spit from him, a very child again, that cannot dress himself, or cut his own meat, yet he will be dreaming of, and honing after wenches, what can lie more unseendv ? Worse it is in women than in men, when she is celate dcclivis, dill vidua, maler olim, pnriim drcnre inatriinnnium siujui cidtlur, an old wi(k)W, a mother so long since (''in Pliny's opini.)n), she dt>th very unseemly seek to marry, pt whilst she is ® so old a crone, a beldam, slie can neither see, nor hear, go nor stand, mere ^carcass, a witch, and scarce feel; she catterwauls, and must have a stallion, ;i champion, she must and will marry again, and betioth herself to some young man, ^' that hates to look on, but for her goods ; abhors the sight of her, to the ■ prejudice of her good name, her own undoing, grief of friends, and ruin of her children. • But to enlarge or illustrate this power and ellects of love, is to set a candle in the sun. ^^ It rageth w iih all sorts and conditions of men, yet is most evident among such as are young and lusty, in tlie tlower of their years, nobly descended, high led, such as live idlv, and at ease ; and for that cause (which our divines call burn- mg lust) this ^fertnus insunus amor, this n;ad and beastly passion, as I have said, is named by our physicians heroical love, and a more honourable title put upon it, Amor nobiJis, as ** Savanarola styles it, because noble men and women make a com- mon practice of it, and are so ordinarily affected with it. Avicenna, lib. 3. Fen, 1. tract. 4. cap. 23. calleth this passion Ilishi, and defines it ''•' to be a disease or me- lancholy vexation, or anguish of mind, in which a man continually meditates of the beauty, gesture, manners of his mistress, and troubles himself about it : desiring," as Savanarola adds) with all intentions and eagerness of mind, ^ to compass or enjoy her, ^ as commonly hunters trouble themselves about their sports, the covetous about their gold and goods, so is he tormented still about his mistress " Arnoltlus Villanovanus, in his book of heroical love, defines it, ^"a continual cogiuition of that which he desires, with a confidence or hope of compassing it ;" which defini- 2* Buripides. " Whithersoever cnra?pd you fly there i.< no ps. prian. *' Lib. H. Epist. Kulfinu.-i. =» ilialque turpi:! | « Aniiui forte accidens quo qui* rni; li;ili.-rr iiiiina «vi- inter arida-i nates podex. *>('adaverf«a adeo ul ab | dilate conciipi«.-il. ut ludiw veiialoni'. uuruiii i-l opet liifena reverna videri posiiil, vult adhuc caiiillir)'. avari. »• .\!.»idua cogitalio »up<-r n-m ilpnidfratiim. >' Nam et iiialrimnniis est de«pec:um senium, i^^ieas ciiiii confldentia oblineudi, ul spc- appri.li<-iiiiuio d«lrc. Silvius. >-Uuid loto terraruin orbe (.immuiii'is .' qu.-e i labile, Slc. tivitas, quod oppiduni, quie I'auiilia vacat aaia^.>ruiu | Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 453 ,ion his commentator cavils at. For continual cogitation is not the genus but a symptom of love ; we continually think of that which we hate and abhor, as well as that which we love; and many things we covet and desire, without all hope of attaining. Carolus a Lorme, in his Questions, makes a doubt, ,^n amor sit viorhus,, whether this heroical love be a disease: Julius Pollux Onniiiasl. lib. Q.'cap. 41. de- termines it. They that are in love are likewise '^^ sick ; lascwus., salax.lascivlrn^^ et qui in vcneremfurit., vere est crgrolus. Arnoldus will have it improperly so called, and a malady rather of the body than mind. Tully, in his Tiiscuhms, defines it a furious disease of the mind. Plato, madness itself. Ficinus, his Commentator, cap. 12. a species of madness, " for many have run mad for women," Esdr. iv. 26. But *®Rhases "a melancholy passion:" and most physicians make it a species or kind of melancholy (as will appear by the symptoms), and treat of it apart; whom I mean to imitate, and to discuss it in all his kinds, to examine his several causes, to show his symptoms, indications, prognostics, effect, that so it may be v.ith more facility cured. The part affected in the meantime, as '"'Arnoldus supposeth, "is the former part of the head for want of moisture," which his Commentator rejects. Langius, rued. episL lib. 1. cap. 24. will have this passion seated in the liver, and to keep residence in the heart, ■" " to proceed first from the eyes so carried by our spirits, and kindled with imagination in the liver and heart ;'.' coget amare jecur, as the saying is. Me- dium fcret per epar., as Cupid in Anacreon. For some such cause belike ''^Horner feigns Titius' liver (who was enamoured of Latona) to be still gnawed by two vul- tures day and night in hell, ''^"for that young men's bowels thus enamoured, are so continually tormented by love." Gordonius, cap. 2. part. 2. '''*''' will have the testi- cles an immediate subject or cause, the liver an antecedent." Fracastorius agrees in this v.'itli Gordonius, inde primittis imagina/io venerea., erecfio, Sfc. tilillatissimam partem vocat., ita id nisi exlniso semine gestiens volupfas non cessaf., nee assidua ve- neris recordatio, addit Gnastivinius Comment. 4:. Sect. prob. 27. Jlrist. But ''''pro- perly it is a passion of the brain, as all other melancholy, by reason of corrupt imagination, and so doth Jason Pratensis, c. 19. de morb. cerebri (wdio writes copi- ously of this erotical love), place and reckon it amongst the affections of the brain. *^ Melancthon dc anima confutes those that make the liver a part affected, and Guia- nerius. Tract. 15. cap. 13 et 17. though many put all the affections in the heart, refers it to the brain. Ficinus, cap. 7. in Convivium Platonis, " will have tlie blood to be the part affected." Jo.- Frielagius, cujy. 14. noct. med. supposeth all four affecte Aliectiis aiiiini coiiciipi-icibili.; e desiiltTii) rui aiiiaU-e per ociilus in ineiile r.oiicepln, spirilus ill corilo et jucore iiicfiidciis. "Oilyss. et AJetaiiior. 4. Dvitl. « Ciuoil talem caniiticiiiaiii ia adiilcsceiiliiin viscerihiis amor facial iiic xplihihs. <*Testiciili qiioatl caiisam conjunctani, cpar antcriiilfii- '.em, possuiit esse siibjectuiii. -ij I'roprie passio cerebri est ub cornipiaiu imagiiiatioiiem. *''0'ap. de affectihus. <' Est corruplio iiriaginativic et ^stimativae t'aciillatis, ob roriiiaiii fortiter affi.vam, corriiptiiinqaH jiidiriuiii. iit?(Miiper de eo coiritet, ideoqiie rede inelaii- clioliciis appellatiir. Cmiciipisceiitia velieiiieiis px cor- rupto jinlicid arstiiiiativa; virtutis. *"C'iiiiiiient. iit cuMviviiiiii Platniiis. Irrctiunlur nito qiiibiis iiascenli- bus Vcims riierit in Leone, vrl Luna veiierein velie nieiiter aspexcrit, et qui eadeni coinplexione sunt pnz- diti. ^' Plerunique aiiiatores sunt, el si foeiiiiiix :n»- relrices, 1. de audieiid. 454 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. prets astrologically that tale of Mars and Venus, " in whose genitures t and ? are in oonjunctioii," thev are commonlv lascivious, and if women queans ; '' as the good wife of Bath confessed in Chaucer ;" Ifolloiredaije mine inrlinntioti. By virtue of my constellation. But of all those astrological aphorisms which I have ever read, that of Cardan is most memoi able, for which howsoever he is bitterly censured by ^"Marinus Marcen- nus, a malapert friar, and some others (wiiich ^' he himself suspected) yet methinks it is free, downright, plain and ingenious. In his ^^ eighth Gcniture, or example, he hath these words of himself 6 -f and ^ in 'i dignUatibus assiduain mihi Vtncrcorum cogilatlanem praslahunt., ita ul nunquaiu qui^scam. Et paulo post, Cogitallo Venere- oruvi me torqtul perpeluo., et qua/n facto imphre nan 'gia: lib. 4. cup.S. articulis 4 and o. in>aniam amatoriam remonstrantia, multa prie cieteris accu- niulat aj)horismala, quie tpii vulet, consulat. Cliiromaniici ex cingulo Veneris ple- rumque conjecturanj faciiml, et monte Veneris, de quorum decretis, Tuisnerum, Jt»han. de Jndagine, (jocknium, celerusque si lubet, inspicias. Physicians divine wholly from the temperature and complexion ; phlegmatic persons are seldom taken, according to Ficinus Comment, cup. V; naturally melancholy less than they, but once taken tliey are never freed ; thougli many are of opinion fiatuous or hypochon- driacal melancholy are nmsi subject of all others to this infirujity. Valescus assigns their strt)ng imagination for a cause, Bodiue abundance of wind, Gordonius of seed, and spirits, or atomi in the seed, which cause their violent and furious passions. Sanguine thence are soon caught, young folks most apt to love, and by their good wills, saith ** Lucian, ^" would have a bout with every one they see :" the colt's evil is common to all conq)lexi(>ns. Theomesius a young and lusty gallant acknowledg- eth (in the said author) all this to be verified in him, "• I am so amorously given, "you may sooner number the sea-sands, and snow falling from the skies, than my several loves. Cupid had shot all his arrows at me, 1 am deluded with various desires, one love succeeds another, and that so soon, that before one is ended, I begin with a second ; slie that is last is stdl fairest, and she that is present pleaseth me most : as an hydra's head my loves increase, no lolaus can help me. Mine eyes are so moist a refuge and sanctuary of love, that they draw all beauties to them, and are never satisried. I am in a doubt what fury of Venus this should be: alas, how have I olTended her so to vex me, what Ilippolitus am I!" What Telchin is my genius ? or is it a natural impertection, an hereditary passion ? Another in *"Anacreon confesseth that he had twenty sweethearts in Athens at once, fifteen at Corinib, as many at Tliebes, at Lesbos, and at Rhodes, twice as many in Ionia, thrice in Caria, wenty thousand in all : or in a word, «. <^wj)i ndvta, &c. '° Fiili;t arlMiruiii nniniuni iti \ij:?li retfrrt- cuncta, Aut corupuiare arfiia:! Ill xquiire uiiiver:ruiii aiiioriim Te fecero lonistam ?" ■C»n«t count the leave* in May, Or "iaiuls rUi"oc>'an »fa ? Tht'ii count uiy loven 1 pray." His eyes are like a balance, apt, to propend each way, and to be weighed down '* CoiiMiient. in Genes, cap. 3. " Rt si in h'>c parijin alii aninri-* aliia mircirduiil, ac priuixiiinin .-«inant pri- i pra>i:liira infaniia stiilliiiaqiu- alM-ro. viiirit laineii orp«, iiicipiuiil rK-qurMt'-i. Aileo IiuiiihIki orulii> iiii-ua aniiir vtrritutiK. *^ hlilil. UaMil. 1J33. C'lini (.'oiiiinciiiiir. j iiihahitat AkvIu!! ouiiieiii ril. I itati»-lnie expleatur. CluKuaiu luce ira Vi-nerii, Itc t>lit. -' l>. il uuKiruiu. i^'Ciiifisi niarn rturiuii ^ Nuiu. lixii. el Ul veu cwlu aobueQltui uuineraru quaui auiuren lueu* ; | Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Love-MelancJioIy. 455 with every wench's looks, his heart a weathercock, his affection tinder, or napthe itself, which every fair object, sweet smile, or mistress's favour sets on fire. Guia- ncrius tract 15. cop. 14. refers all this ^' to ''•the hot temperature of the testicles," Ferandus a Frenchman in his Erofiquc Mel. (wliich ■''^book came first to my hands after the third edition) to certain atomi in the seed, '■'• such as are very spermatic and full of seed." 1 find the s^me in Aristol. sect. 4. prob. 17. si non seccniatur seinen^ cessare tentigines non possunt., as Gaustavinius his commentator translates it : for M'hich cause these young men that be strong set, of able bodies, are so subject to it. Hercules de Saxonia hath the same words in effect. But most part I say, such as are aptest to love that are young and lusty, live at ease, stall-fed, free from cares, like cattle in a rank pasture, idle and solitary persons, they must needs hirquituUlrc, as Guastavinius recites out of Censorinus. •■ Mens erit apta capi turn quum Icetissinia reruiii. Ut seges in jiiiigui luxuriabit huino." " Tlie mind is apt to lust, and liol or nil,!. As corn luxuriates in a better mould." The place itself makes much wherein we live, the clime, air, and discipline if they concur. In our Misnia, saith Galen, near to Pergamus, thou slialt scarce find an adulterer, but many at Rome, by reason of the delights of the seat. It was that plenty of all things, wliich made ''"Corinth so infamous of old, and the opportunity of the place to entertain those foreign comers ; every day strangers came in, at each gate, from all quarters. In that one temple of Venus a thousand whores did prosti- tute themselves, as Strabo writes, besides Lais and the rest of better note : all nations resorted thither, as to a school of Venus. Your hot and southern countries are prone to lust, and far more incontinent than those that live in the north, as Bodine dis- courseth at large. Method, hist. cap. 5. Molles Jlsiatici^ so are Turks, Greeks, Span- iards, Italians, even all that latitude; and in those tracts, such as ai'e more fruitful, plentiful, and delicious, as Valence in Spain, Capua in Italy, dnmicilium luxus Tully terms it, and (which Hannibal's soldiers can witness) Canopus in Egypt, Sybaris, Phoeacia, Baiaj, ^'Cyprus, Lampsacus. In ''^Naples the fruit of the soil and pleasant air enervate their bodies, and alter constitutions : insomuch that Florus calls it Cer- lamen Bacchi et Veneris., but ^^Foiiot admires it. In Italy and Spain they have their stews in every great city, as in Rome, Venice, Florence, v/lierein, some say, dwell ninety thousand iidiabitants, of wliich ten thousand are courtezans ; and yet for all this, every gentleman almost hath a peculiar mistress ; fornications, adulteries, are nowhere so common : urbs est jam tota lupanar; how should a man live honest amongst so many provocations .' now if vigour of youth, greatness, liberty I mean, and that impunity of sin which grandees take iuito themselves in this kind shall meet, what a gap must it needs open to all manner of vice, with what fury will it rage .'' For, as ^laximus Tyrius the Platonist observes, libido consequuta quum fucrit maieriam improbam, et prcpruptam licentiam, el effrenatam audaciam^ Stc, what will not lust effect in such persons .'' For commonly princes and great men niake no scruple at all of such matters, but with that whore in Spartian, quicquid libel licet^ they think they may do what they list, profess it publicly, and rather brag with Pro- cuhis (that writ to a friend of his in Rome, ^^ what famous exploits he had done in that kind) than any way be abashed at it. ^^ Nicholas Sanders relates of Henry VIll. (1 know not how truly) Quod paucas vidit pulchriores quas non concupieril,, et pau- cissimas non concupieril quas non violaril, '-'• He saw very few maids that he did not desire, and desired fewer whom he did not enjoy:" nothing so familiar amongst them, 'tis most of their business : Sardanapalus, Messalina, and Joan of Naples, are not comparable to ''^ meaner men and women ; Solomon of old had a thousand concu- bines; Ahasiierus liis eunuchs and keepers; Nero his TigiUinus panders, and bawds; the Turks, '''Muscovites, Mogors, Xeriffs of Barbary, and Persian Sophies, are no whit inferior to them in our times. Delectus Jit omnium puellarum toto regno forma ''Qui calidum t''sticuIorum crisin hahent, &c. ^ Priuleii at Paris Itii-l. seven years after my first edi- tie*:. ^soviddeart. ""Gerbelius, de.script. Grsciae. Rerum omnium affluentia et loci mira oppor- lunit««, nullo non die liospltes in portas advertcbant. Tenipio Veneris niille meretrices se pro?tituehant "' 'I'lita Cypri in.^iila delitiis inenmbit, et ob id tantnm ln\i;rire dedita ut sic .dun Wneri sacrata. Ortidius, Lampsacus, olim I'riapo sacer ob vinum gencrosum, et loci dclicias. Idem. 62 Acri Neapolitan! deleclat..), ele^antia, amsnitas, vix intra molnm humaiinm con- sistere videtur; unde, &c. Leainl. .\ll)(!r. in Campania. •i^Lib. de land. urb. Neap. Dispiitat. give tlu-mselvt's to songs and dalliances, because they liveil such idle lives. For love, as "Theophrostus defines it, is o//o>/ animi ajfcittts^ an aflectior) of an idle mind, or as "Seneca describes it, Juctnta gignittir, jiiiu nutritur,feriis alitur, otioqut iiittr lata fortuna- bonie ; youth begets it, riot main- tains it, idleness nourisheth it, &c. which makes '^Gordonius the physician cap. 'iO. part. 2. call this disease the proper passion of nobiliry. Now if a weak judgment and a strong apprehension do concur, lu»w, pailh Hercules de Saxonia, shall they resist .' Savanarola appropriates it almost t«> '"»* uionks, friars, and religious persons, because they live solitarily, fair daintily, and do nothing :" aiuJ well he may, for how should they otherwise choose .' Diet alone is able to cause it : a rare thing to see a young man or a woman that lives idlv and lares well, of what condition soever, not to be in love. " Alcibiades was still dallying with wanton young women, immoderate in his expenses, ellt-nii- nate in his apparel, ever in love, but why.' he was over-delicate in his diet, too fre- «. inenn. H ini :-. Ill tiaplha. ad i:;npm, sic amor ail ill'is iiint biilr>i(|iit: nalace*; liiiproha npc ; i. ,„ 1. J Im aiiiatnriu. iii'i fuil " Pelroiii,. . x • lira f-t ?<>llicituili:u». I "I'l .k.iifii, iin I't ailrtueiiliani di- i ■, im-ni it qu.> , rutiino ' iiiciirnri'. '• .\r- n. niprriait. - J. leulrr iai-^icir >iai oU>'*4iu kitaiii agil. ut couiniuii her IVlein. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Love-MelanclwCy. 457 praiidia, Callyroenda. Quis cnim contincre se potest ? ^^Luxuriosa res vinuni, fommtum libidinis vocat Augustiiui.s, bland um d(emone?n, Bernardus ; lac veneris,, Aristophanes. Non JEUva, non Vesuvius tantis ardoribus sestuant, ac juveniles me- dullae vino plena?, addif *'^ llieronynius : unde oh optimum viniim Lamsacus oUm Priapo srjfcr: ct vcnerandi Bacclii socio, apud ^^Orpheuni Venus omo'zV. Hcbc si vinum simplex, et per sc sumptum prcrstare possit, nam '^ quo me Bacche rapis tui plenum? quam non insoniam, quern non furorem u cccteris cxpectemus? ^'Gomesius saJcm enumcrat inter ea qum intempstivam libidinem prooocare solent, et salaciores fieri fceniinas obesum salis conteudit : Venerem ideo dicunt ab Oceano ortam. fS" Unde rot in Veneta scnitornm millia cur sunt ? In promptu causa est, est Venus orta mari." Et hinc foeta mater Salacea Oceani conjux, verbumqiie furtasse salax a sale effiurit. 3'lala Bacchica tantum oliin in amoribus pravalucrunt, ut coroncs ex illis statucB Bacchi ponerentur. ^Cubebis in vino maceratis utuntur Jndi Orientales ad Vene- rem excitandum, et ^ Surax radice Africani. Chinae radix eosdetn tffectus habet, talisqiie herbce, meminit mag. nat. lib. 2. cap. 16. *" Baptista Porta ex India cdlatce, cujus mcniioncm facit et Theophrastus. Sed itifinita his similia apud Rhasin, Mat- thiolum, Mizaldum, cceterosqiie medicos occurrunt, quorum ideo mentionem feci, ne quis imperitior in Jios scopulos impingat, sed pro virili tanquam syrtes et cautes consultb ejfugiat. SuBSECT. II. — Other causes of Love-Melancholy^ Sight, Beauty from the Face, Eyes, other parts, and hmo it picrceth. Man^y such causes may be reckoned up, but they cannot avail, except opportunity be offered of time, place, and those other beautiful objects, or artificial enticements, as kissing, conference, discourse, gestures concur, with such like lascivious provoca- cations. Kornmannus, in his book de linea amoris, makes five degrees of lust, out of ^Lucian belike, which he handles in five chapters, Visits, Colloquium, Convictus, Oscula, Tactus?^ Sight, of all other, is the first step of this unruly love, though sometime it be prevented by relation or hearing, or rather incensed. For there be those so apt, credulous, and facile to love, that if they hear of a proper man, or wo- man, they are in love before they see them, and that merely by relation, as Achilles Tatius observes. ^■*Sucli is their intemperance and lust, that they are as much maimed by report, as if they saw them. Callisthenes a rich young gentleman of Byzance in Thrace, hearing of ^^Leucippe, Sostraius' fair daughter, was far in love with her, and, out of fame and common rumour, so much incensed, that he would needs have her to be his wife." And sometimes by reading they are so aflected, as he in ^''Lucian confesseth of himself, "• 1 never read that place of Panthea in Xeno- phon, but I am as much aflected as if I were present with her." Sucli persons com- monly ^' feign a kind of beauty to themselves; and so did those three gendewomen in ^^Balthasar Castillo fall in love with a young man whom they never knew, but only heard him commended : or by reading of a letter ; for there is a grace cometh from hearing, ^^ as a moral philosopher informeth us, "■ as well from sight ; and the species of love are received into the fantasy by relation alone :" '"^ ut cupere ab aspectu, sic velle ab audUu, both senses affect. Jnterdum ct absentes amamus, some- times we love those that are absent, saith Philostratus, and gives instance in his friend Athenorodus, that loved a maid at Corinth whom he never saw ; non ocull sed mens videt, we see with the eyes of our understanding. But the most familiar and usual cause of love is that which comes by sight, which *3Siraciiles. Nox, et amor vinumque nihil modera- Llle suadcnt. ^^ Lip. ail Olyinpiaui. s>5 Uvnmo. «H(jr. I. 3. 0(I. 25. f Ue sale lib. cap. -21. ^^ Knrnmanniis lib. de virgjnitate. t'-'Garcias ah horto aronialuni, lilt. 1. cap. 26. s^Surax radix ad coitum siinime facit si quis comedat, ant iiifusioneni bibat, nioinbruni subito erigitur. Leo Afer. lib. 9. cap. ult. »i duEE non solum edentibus sed et genitale langenlibiis tanluni valet, ut coire suninie desiderent ; quoties fere veliiit, possint; alios duodecies profecisse, alios ad CO vices pervenisse refert. "^ Lucian. Tom. 4. Dial, aiiiorum. ^ " Sight, couference, association, 58 2 kisses, touch." 94 Ea enim honiinuni intemperan- tiuni libido est ut ctiam faiiia ad amanilum impellaiitur, et audienles jeque alficiuntur ac videiites. s^ For- niosain Sostrato filiam audiens, uxorein cupit, et sola illius, auditione ardct. '•■Uuoties de Panthea Xe- nnphontis locum jierlego, ita aninioali>ctus ac si coram intuerer. "• Pulchritudinem sibi ipsis confingunt. Imagines. 9* De anlico lib. 2. t'ol. ll(j. 'tis a pleasant story, and related at large by him. «* Gratia venit ab iiuditu a-que ac visu et species amoris in phanta- siain recipiuiil.9ola relatione. Picolomineus grad. 8. c. 38. ""^ Lips. cent. 2. epist. SJi Beautic's Encoiaions. 438 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. couvevs those admirable rays of beauty aiul pleasing graces to the heart. Plotinus de- rives love from sight, i'pwj quasi oijootj. ' Si 7uscis, ocull sunt in amore duces^ "the eyes are the harbingers of love," and the first step of love -is sight, as ^Lilius Giraldua proves at large, hist. dear, syntcig. 13. tliey as two sluices let iu the intlueuces of that divine, powerful, soul-ravishing, and captivating beauty, Mhich, as ^ one saith, " is fcharper than any dart or needle, wounds deeper into the heart; and opens a gap tlirough our eyes to that lovely wound, which pierceth the soul itself" (Ecclus. 18.) Through it love is kindled like a lire. This amazing, confounding, admirable, amia- ble beauty, '*"■ than which in all nature's treasure (saith Isocrales; there is nothing so niajestical and sacred, nothing so divine, lovely, precious," 'tis nature's crown, gold and glorv; bonum si non su/nmum, dc summis tavwn nan infrequentcr triumphans^ uhose power hence may be discerned ; we contemn and abhor generally such things as are foul and ugly to behold, account them filthy, but love and covet that which is fair. 'Tis ^ beauty in all things which pleaseth and allureth us, a lair hawk, a fine garment, a goodly building, a fair house, &.c. That Persian Xerxes wiien he de- stroyed all those temples of the gods in Greece, caused that of Diana, in integrum servctri, to be spared alone for tliat excellent beauty and magnificence of it. Inani- mate beauty can so command. 'Tis that which painters, artificers, orators, all aim at, as Eriximachus the physician, in Plato contends, '"^It was beauty first that min- istered occasion to art, to find out the knowledge of carving, painting, building, to find out models, perspectives, rich furnitures, and so many rare inventions." White- ness in the lilv, red in the rose, purple in the violet, a lustre in all things without life, the clear light of the moon, the bright beams of the sun, splendour of gold, purple, sparkling diamond, the excellent feature of the horse, the majesty of the lion, the colour of birds, peacock's tails, the silver scales of fish, we behold with singular delight and admiration. '''And which is rich in plants, delightful in flowers, won- derful in beasts, but most glorious in men," doth make us afl'ect and earnestly desire it, as when we hear any sweet harmony, an ehxiuent tongue, see any excellent cpialitv, curious work of man, elaborate art, or aught that is exquisite, there ariseth instantly in us a longing for the same. We love such men, but most part for come- liness of person ; we call them jt'kIs and godesses, divine, serene, haj)py, &.c. And c»f all mortal men they alone ("Calcagninus holds) are free from calumny; qui divi- iiis^ ma^istrdtu et gloria Jlorcnt, injuria laccssiinus^ we backbite, wrong, liate re- nowned, rich, and happy men, we repine at their felicity, they are undeserving we think, fortune is a step-mother to us, a parent to them. '• We envy ^ saith * Isocrates) wise, just, honest men, except with mutual ofiices and kindnesses, some good turn or other, thev extort this love troin us ; only fair persons we love at first sight, desire their acquaintance, and adore them as so many gods : we had rather serve them than command others, and accoimt ourselves the more beholding to them, the more ser- vice thev enjoin us : though they be otherwise vicious, dishonest, we love them, favour them, and are ready to do them any good office for their '"beauty's sake, though thev have no other goiid quality beside. Die igitur b formosc adolcsccns (as that eloquent Piiavorinus breaks out in " Stobeus) die Jiutiloquc., suaciits nectare loqueris ; die 6 Telemache^ vchcmentiiis Ulysse dicis; die Jilcibiades utcunquc cbrius, libtntiits till licit ebrio auscultabimus. '' Speak, fair youth, speak Autiloquus, thy words are sweeter than nectar, speak O Telemachus, thou art more powerful than Ulysses, speak Alcibiades though drunk, we will willingly- hear thee as thou art." Faults in such are no faults: for when the said Alcibiades had stolen Anytus his gold and silver plate, he was so far from prosecuting so foul a fict (thougli every man else condemned his inq)udence and insolency) that he wished it had been more, and much better (he loved him dearly) for his sweet sake. '-No worth is eminent iv such lovely persons, all imperfections hid ;" 7ion enim facile de his quos ylunmun I Proprrt. • Ainoria primum gradum viuis liabet, uc a^piciat rem anialum. > AcliilU-:) Tatiu* lib. 1. Forma tel<> quuvis .'iitutiur a virrt liiiic facile iMlelliijUMtiir, ice. •t'hris'l. Koiiiwia. *i. L. "• Briiy* proh. II. ile foraia i I.,uciani>!i. • Ljb. Ue calumiiia. KoriiiiMi CaUiniiiinia vacant ; ilnleoiu:! alio* MMliure locu putfiiiM.l'uriuuaio nubu uuvcrcam illu, ^c • Invidenius Kapienlibos, juslio, niiii benedcii< aaaidut anioreiii exturqueiil ; fuiloii rMriniifo* amaniiK rt primo velul aspt'ctii tM.-iii.-volenlia oiiijiin^iiniir. •>! ei.« laii- quaiii L)<'U* coliinuii, lit>eiiliii« \^i »t-rviniiii' i|iiniii alii* iiU|H.Taniu«, iiiaj'>i> rxiuiia foriua nalura donala h<>(. HeriNl lilt. i. Curlin* i< \ri>i Polii. >i derm. 63L PIviarch. Tit. ejua. Uriioniua ijirabo. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Causes of Love-Melancholy. 459 diligimus^ turpitudinejti snspicanmr^ for hearing, sight, touch, Stc, oui mind and all our senses are captivated, omnes scnsus fqrmosus deler.tat. Many men liave been preferred for their person alone, chosen kings, as amongst the Indians, Persians, ii'thiopiaiis of okl ; tlie properest man of person the country could afford, was elected their sovereign lord; Gratior est pulchro veniens e corpore virtus, '^and so have many other nations thought and done, as '^Curtius observes: Ingens enim in corporis raajestate venerutio est, " for there is a majestical presence in such men ;" and so far was beauty adored amongst them, that no man was thought fit to reio-n, that was not in all parts complete and supereminent. Agis, king of Lacedfemon, had like to have been deposed, because he married a little wife, they would not have their royal issue degenerate. Who wonld ever have thouglit that Adrian the Fourth, an English monk's bastard (as '^ Papirius Massovius writes in his life), inops a suis rrlictus^squalidus et miser, a poor forsaken child, should ever come to be pope of Rome.'' But why was it? Erat acri ingmio^facundid expeditd eleganti corpore, facieque lata ac hilari, (as he follows it out of '^Nubrigensis, for he ploughs with his heifer,) "• he was wise, learned, eloquent, of a pleasant, a promising countenance, a goodly, proper man ; he had, in a word, a winning look of his own," and that carried it, for that he was especially advanced. So " Saul was a goodly person and a fair." 3Iaxi- minus elected emperor, &c. Branchus the son of Apollo, whom he begot of Jance, Succron's daughter (saith Lactantius), when he kept King Admetus' herds in Thessaly, now grown a man, was an earnest suitor to his mother to know his father; the nymph denied him, because Apollo had conjured her to the contrary; yet overcome by his importunity at last she sent him to his father; when he came into Apollo's presence, malas Dei reverenter osculatus, he carried himself so well, and was so fair a young man, that Apollo was infinitely taken with the beauty of his person, he could scarce look off" him, and said he was wortliy of such parents, gave him a crown of grold, the spirit of divination, and in conclusion made him a demi-god. O vis sujjerba formce, a goddess beauty is, whom the very gods adore, nam pulchros dii amant; she is Jimoris domina, love's harbinger, love's loadstone, a witch, a charm, Stc. Beauty is a dower of itself, a sufficient patrimony, an ample commend- ation, an accurate epistle, as '*Lucian, '"Apuleius, Tiraquellus, and some others con- clude. Impcrio digna forma, beauty deserves a kingdom, saith Abulensis, paradox 2. cap. 110. immortality; and '^''more have got this honour and eternity for their beauty, than for all other virtues besides :" and such as are fair, " are worthy to be honoured of God and men." That Idalian Ganymede was therefore fetched by Jupiter into heaven, Hephaestion dear to Alexander, Antinous to Adrian. Plato calls beauty for that cause a privilege of nature, JYatiirce gaudcntis opus, nature's master- piece, a dumb comment ; Theophrastus, a silent fraud ; still rhetoric Carneades, that persuades without speech, a kingdom without a guard, because beautiful persons command as so many captains; Socrates, a tyranny, ''which tyranniseth over tyrants themselves ; which made Diogenes belike call proper women queens, quod facerent hoitiines quce, prceciperenf, because men were so obedient to their commands. They will adore, cringe, compliment, and bow to a common wench (if she be fair) as if she were a noble Avoman, a countess, a queen, or a goddess. Those intemperate young men of Greece erected at Delphos a golden image with infinite cost, to the eternal memory of Phryne the courtezan, as Jillian relates, for she was a most beau- tiful woiuan, insomuch, saith '^Athemeus, that Apelles and Praxiteles drew Venus's picture from her. Thus young men will adore and honour beauty; nay kings them- selves 1 sav will do it, and voluntarily submit their sovereignty to a lovely woman. •"Wine is strong, kings are strong, but a woman strongest," 1 Esd. iv. 10. as Zero- babel proved at large to King Darius, his princes and noblemen. " Kings sit still and command sea and land, kc, all pay tribute to the king; but women make kings pay tribute, and iiave dominion over them. When they have got gold and silver, they submit all to a beautiful woman, give themselves wholly to her, gape and gaze '2 "Virtue appear-s more gracefully in a lovely per- sonage." 'S hib. 5. maKMoruiiK)"'" ; opcruin iioii alios capaces piitant quatii ipios eximia sptcie iiatura dxiiavit. " Lib. de vitis Ponlifirum. Rotii. i-^Lib. 2. cap. 6. " Dial, aiiinrniii. c. i. *e dforiim Factu* ob haiic formam b<)», e<|iiu« iiiiber olor." And those mali genii are taken with it, as * I have already proved. Formosam Bar- hari verenlur^ cl ad spectuin pulchrum immanis animus munsuescit. (Heliodor. /ti. 5.) The barbarians stand in awe of a t'air woman, and at a beautiful aspect a tierce spirit is pacified. For when as Troy was taken, and the wars ended (as Clemens '^Alex andiinus quotes out of Euripides i angry .Meiielaus with rage and fury armed, came with his sword drawn, to have killed Helen, with his own hands, as being the sole cause of all those wars and miseries : but when he saw her fair face, as tJiie amazed at her divine beauty, he let his weapon fall, and emf)raced iier l^esides, he had no power to strike so sweet a creature. Ergo habetantur eases pulc/iritudine, the edge of a sharp sword (as the saying is) is dulled with a beautiful aspect, and severity itself is overcome. Hiperides the orator, when Pliryne his client was accused at Athens for her lewdness, used no other defence in her cause, but tearing her upper garment, disclosed her naked breast to the judges, with which comeliness of her body and amiable gesture they were so moved and astonished, that they did acquit her forthwith, and let her go. O noble piece of justice! mine author exclaims : and who is he that would not rather lose his seat and robes, forfeit his office, than give sentence against the majesty of beauty .' Sucli prerogatives have fair persons, and thev alone are free from danger. Paithenopa;us was so lovely and fair, that when he ibuglit in the Theban wars, if his face had been by chance bare, no enemy would offer to strike at or hurt him, such immunities hath beauty. Beasts themselves are moved with it. Sinalda was a woman of such excellent feature, "and a queen, that when she was to be trodden on by wild horses for a punishment, "the wild beasLs stood in admiration of her person, (Saxo Grammaticus lib. 8. JJan. hist.) and would not hurt her." Wherefore did that royal virgin in ^'Apuleius, when she fled from » Esdrac. iv. 29. " Origen horn. 23. in Xiimb. ■ count of thin beauty became a bull, a »hnw»T, s iw«n.» In Ipso* tyrannoK tyranniilem ciercLl. » mud * S.ci. 2. M'ln 1 *ih. 1. a-Pir. ' , »l wrte nia»niiiii <>b quod i;l«i. quod 1 raptam Trujiiiu cum impetu ferretiir. . m robuMw iitci»iiiriuni »it laborare. t'c.rt.iii periculi* i-e M.-N n im -t p re adeo pulchriludiiii« r i ' objicere. MipieiiUin, &c. »> .Majorem viin liabet ad r Sec. «»TaMtir r..rin» lit ui turn comuiendanaam f..rnia,quam accurate »< npla rpist.da. » "< eipo«ita foret. equoniin ral, ilma ol>- Ari»t. »» ni-lio.lor. lib. I. » Kiio»%le<. hi»t. ' t. j uiiriitis adiniralioni full . Udere uoly«. Turcica. * Daiii»'l in coniplaiiit of Ro«amond. i rum. " Lib. e. luulea. "Buuza fliiua Epi^. "The king uf the cods on ac- I Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 461 the thieves' den, in a desert, make such an apostrophe to her ass on whom slie rode; (for what knew she to the contrary, but that he was an ass ?) Si me parentibus ci proco fonnoso reddideris, quas tibi gratlas^ quos honorcs habcbo, quos cibos exhi- bebo?^- She would comb' him, dress him, feed him, and trick him every day her- self, and he should work no more, toil no more, but rest and play, &c. And besides she would have a dainty picture drawn, in perpetual remembrance, a virgin riding upon an ass's back with this motto, Asino vectorc regia virgo fugiens captivitalem; why said she all this t why did she make such promises to a dumb beast .? but that she perceived the poor ass to be taken with her beauty; for he did often obliquo cnlJo pedes puel/cB dccoros basiare, kiss her feet as she rode, et ad delicalulas vocu- las tentabat. adhinnire, offer to give consent as much as in him was to her delicate speeches, and besides he had some feeling, as she conceived of her misery. And why did Tiieogine's horse in Heliodorus ^^ curvet, prance, and go so proudly, cxultuns alacriler ci superbicns., t^-c, but that such as mine author supposeth, he was in love with his master ? dixisses ipsum equum pulclirum intclligcre pulcliram domini for- mamf A fly lighted on ^^Malthius' cheek as he lay asleep; but why.' Not to hurt him, as a parasite of his, standing by, well perceived, non ut pungerct, sed ut oscula- rciur^ but certainly to kiss him, as ravished with his divine looks. Inanimate crea- tures, ] suppose, have a touch of this. When a drop of ^^ Psyche's candle fell on Cupid's shoulder, I think sure it was to kiss it. When Venus ran to meet her rose- cheeked Adonis, as an elegant '^ poet of our's sets her out, "the hushes in the way Some catch her neck, some kiss her face, Some twine ahoiit her le^s to make her stay, And all did covf I lier tor to embrace. " Aer ipse amore iiificitur, as Heliodorus holds, the air itself is in love: for when Hero plaid upon her lute, ''"The wanton air in twenty sweet foriiis danc't After her finaers" and those lascivious winds stayed Daphne when she fled from Apollo; " luidahant corpora venti. Obviaque adversas vibrabant tiamina vcstcs." Boreas Ventus loved Hyacinthus, and Orilhya Ericthons's daughter of Athens : vi rapuit^ Sfc. lie took her away by force, as she was playing with other wenches at llissus, and begat Zetes and Galias his two sons of her. That seas and waters are enamoured with this our beauty, is all out as likely as that of the air and winds ; for when Leander swam in the Hellespont, Neptune with his trident did beat down the waves, but " They still mounted up intending to li»ve kiss'd him, And fell in drops like tears because they missed him." The '^ river Alpheus was in love with Arethusa, as she tells the tale herself, *> " viridesque manu siccata capillos, Fluminis Alphei veteios recitavit amores; Pars ego Nyiiipharuin," &.c. When our Thame and Isis meet iEthiop. 1. 3. 84 Atheneus, lib. 8. 36 ..\pu|pi„s Aur. asino. ^^shakspeare. 3' Marlowe. mqv. ,Met. 1. »Ovid. Met. lib. 5. ■'""And with her hand wiping off the drops from her green tresses, thus Achaian nymph." •" Leiand. ■' Tlieir lips resound with thousand kisses, their arms are pallid with the close embrace, and their necks are mutually entwined by their fond caresses." ^- .^ngerianus. ^^g; longe aspiciens hsc urit lumine divos atque houiine* prope, cur urere lina nequit? Angerianus. 2o2 402 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. oi finders, some say, I know not well whether, but fired it was by report, and of a Cold bath that suddenly smoked, and was very hot when naked Ccelia oanie into it, Miramur quls sit taritus et unde vapor.,''''** &iC. But of all the tales in this kintl, that is the most memorable of *^ Death himself, when he should have strucken a sw^et young virr. was spread abroad, they came in (as they say) thick and threefold to see her, and hovered ♦♦" We wonder how great the vapour, and whence it virrinii rpnnte fugit inianui fere, et impoaaihile ciif- eonipd." «» Idem An?er. ••Obstupuit mirahiinda* timant ut «imul earn aipicere cjui* posrnt, et intra lem- niinihrorum ele^'aiiliam. &.C. E(>. 7 «' Sloba-u« ft peranli* nietas »e rnnlinere. »» Apuleni*. I. 4. M'llti grarn. "My limbs ln'Came relaxed, I wa< overcome niortalei lonn» ilineribu», Ac. i* Nic. Gerbel. I. 5. friMii head to loot, all (M-ll'-ponKesoiim fl<-d, po ereat a Achaia. »* I. rieenndui basiorum lib. x.Muiviia ftupor overburdene-liat e i«ul>>«. et rurda niDiiilirireni me fecit. " Vetere« Uor»oni» fiibulain 1 virorum. »' Homer ••.Marlowe. ••Porno foiiliiixeruni, eximiiim forms decu* itupidua redden*, didancalo dial Ital. Latin, dunat. 4 l>a«p. Barthio tier ■* Hor. Ode jw " MarltM Hero. *■ Aapectum , maiio. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 463 about lier gates, as they did of old to Lais of Corinth, and Phryne of Thebes, ^Ad cujus jacuit Grcecia tota fores, "at whose gates lay all Greece." ^'" Every man sought to get her love, some with gallant and costly apparel, some with an affected pace, some with music, others with rich gifts, pleasant discourse, multitude of fol- lowers ; others with letters, vows, and promises, to commend themselves, and to be gracious in her eyes." Happy was he that could see her, thrice happy that enjoyed her company. Charmides '^'in Plato was a proper young man in comeliness of per- son, " and all good qualities, far exceeding others ; whensoever fair Charmides came abroad, they seemed all to be in love with him (as Critias describes their carriage"), and were troubled at the very sight of him ; many came near him, many followed him wheresoever he went," as those ^^formarum speciatores did Acontius, if at any time he walked abroad : the Athenian lasses stared on Alcibiades ; Sappho and the Mitilenean women on Phaon the fair. Such lovely sights do not only please, entice, but ravish and amaze. Cleonimus, a delicate and tender youth, present at a feast which Androcles his uncle made in Piraso at Athens, when he sacrificed to Mercury, so stupified the guests, Dineas, Aristippus, Agasthenes. and the rest (als Charidemus in ®^ Lucian relates it), that they could not eat their meat, they sat all supper time gazing, glancing at him, stealing looks, and admiring of his beauty. 3Iany will con- demn these men that are so enamoured, for fools ; but some again commend them for it; many reject Paris's judgment, and yet Lucian approves of it, admiring Paris for his choice ; he would have done as much himself, and by good desert in his mmd : beauty is to be preferred ^*" before wealth or wisdom." ^Athenaeus Deip- nosophist, lib. 13. cap. 7, holds it not such indisrnity for the Trojans and Greeks to contend ten years, to spend so much labour, lose so many men's lives for Helen's sake, ^'for so fair a lady's sake, "Ob taleni uxnrem rui praslaatissima forma, Nil mortale refert." That one woman was worth a kingdom, a hundred thousand other women, a world itself. Well might ^* Sterpsichores be blind for carping at so fair a creature, and a just punishment it was. The same testimony gives Homer of the old men of Troy, that were spectators of that single combat between Paris and Menelaus at the Seian gate, when Helen stood in presence ; they said all, the war was worthily prolonged and undertaken ^^for her sake. The very gods themselves (as Homer and ™ Isocrates record) fought more for Helen, than they did against the giants. When "'Venus lost ner son Cupid, she made proclamation by [Mercury, that he that could bringr tidings of him should have seven kisses ; a noble reward some say, and much better than so many golden talents; seven such kisses to many men were more precious than seven cities, or so many provinces. One such a kiss alone would recover a man if he were a dying, '^ Suaviolum Sfygia sic tc de vallc reducet, Sfc. Great Alexander married Roxane, a poor man's child, only for her person. " 'Twas well done of Alexander, and heroically done ; I admire him for it. Orlando was mad for Angelica, and who doth not condole his mishap ? Thisbe died for Pyramus, Dido for lEneas; who doth not weep, as (before his conversion) ^^ Austin did in commiseration of her estate ! she died for him ; "• methinks (as he said) I could die for her." But this is not the matter in hand ; what prerogative this beauty hath, of what power and sovereignty it is, and how far such psrsons that so much admire, and dote upon it, are to be justified; no man doubts of these matters; the question is, how and by what means beauty produceth this effect ? By sight : the eye betravs the soul, and is both active and passive in this business ; it wounds and is wounded, is an especial cause and instrument, both in the subject and in the object. "^''As tears, it begins in the eyes, descends to the breast;" it conveys these beauteous ravs, as I have said, unto the heart. Ut vidi ut perii. '^Mars videt hanc, visamque cvpil. *" Propertius. 6'Vestium splendore et elesantia ambitione incessus, donis, cantilenis, &c. eratiam adi- pisci. '^ PriB csetpris corporis proceritate et esregia indole mirandiis apparebat, ceteri aiitpm capti ejus amore videhantur, iiiif 111' man and all \i\* mind p<>s.M-<>t, i And lapt in flowfra of a gulden tre«a. As beauty's lovelii>si bait, that doth procure That c>in with nn-ltiiii; pleaxure molliry Great wurrinr« erst their rigour to nuppress. Their harden'd heart* inur'd to cruelty." And mighty hands lurget tlieir manlines*. •'Clitiphon ingenuously confesseth, that he no sooner came in Leucippe's presence, but that he ilid corde tremtre, el oculis lasctviits intueri • '* he was wounded at the first sisflit, his heart panted, and he could not possibly turn his eyes from her. So doth Calysins in Heliodorus, lib. 2. Isis Priest, a reverend old man, cotuplain, who by chance at Memphis seeing that Thracian Rodophe, might not hold his eyes off her : '^^ I will not conceal it, she overcame ine with her presence, and quite assaulted my continency which I had kept unto mine old age; ] resisted a long time my bodily eyes with the eyes of my understanding ; at last I was conquered, and as in a tempest carried headlong." " Xenophiles, a philosopher, railed at women down- ■" P^tarrh. '* Lib. de pulchrit. Je^u et .Marie ''V Lurian I'linridcmnn »upra oinne* ninnaic* Mui*ai- ni'iiii SI hnr frill pussit. "> Lucian anmr. Insaniim ()iii'litam nc liirihundum exclanian*. O f" Achil- les Tatius, lib. 1. ^ 8laliiii ac eani conleniplalut sum, ocridi ; or/ilns i vircine averti-re conaiiis sum. sed illi repiii>mb.ifi(. •* Puiirt dicere. non «el«fxi lanien. M'-lliphiin ve i>-iis nie vicit. >-l ronlirienli.iiii eipu| •ibi petieruMl. Vat. '.'onies de Venir.;. " L'l cum lux navit. qiiam ad senectiilem usque servaram. oru'i* c^T noclit af^ilL'*-!. oiiiiiiiiin otuIim incurrit : sic Antiin<|iiu( pons, Ice. *° Nunc primuin circa hanc annus an.iai ^c '■Iiclcvit imnes ex aniaio niulieres. >* Ngn] | bxreo. Aristcnetut, ep. 17 Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 405 riglit for many years together, scorned, hated, scoffed at them ; coming at last into Daphnis a fair maid's company (as he condoles his mishap to his frien°d Demaritis), though free before, Intactus nullis ante cupkUnihus^ was far in love, and quite over- come upon a sudden. Viclus sumfaleor a Daphdde., 4-c. I confess 1 am taken, i" " Sola ha;c iiiflexit seiisiis, aniinumque labentem Ifiipulit" could liold out no longer. Such another mishap, but worse, had Stratocles the physician, that blear-eyed old mnn, muco plenus {so "Prodromus describes him); he was a severe woman'=j-liater all his life./tE^a el contiimeliosa semper in fceminas pro- faiiis., a bitter persecutor of the whole sex, humanas aspidcs et viperas appellubat, he forswore them all still, and mocked them wheresoever he came, in such vile terms, ut matrem et sorores odisses, that if thou hadst heard him, thou wouldst have loatlied thine own mother and sisters for his word's sake. Yet this old doting fool was taken at last with that celestial and divine look of Myrilla, the daughter of An- ticles the gardener, that smirking wench, that he shaved oiTliis bushy beard, painted his face, ^=^ curled his hair, wore a laurel crown to cover his bald pate, and for her love besides was ready to run mad. For the very day thaf he married he was so furious, ut soils occasum minus expeciare posset (a terrible, a monstrous long dav), he could not stay till it was night, sed omnibus insalutalis in thalamum festinans irrupil., the meat scarce out of his mouth, without any leave taking, he would needs go presently to bed. What young man, therefore, if ohl men be so intemperate, can secure himself.^ Who can say I will not be taken with a beautiful object.? I can, 1 will contain. Nq^ j.^^}^ ^^Lucian of his mistress, she is so fair, that if thou dost but see her, she will stupify thee, kill thee straight, and. Medusa like, turn thee to a stone ; thou canst not pull thine eyes from her, but, as an adamant doth iron, she will carry thee bound headlong whither she will herself, infect thee like a basilisk. It holds both in men and women. Dido was amazed at ^Eneas' presence ; Obstujmit prima aspectu Sidonia Bido ; and as he feelingly verified out of his experience • •ft " auam ego pnstqiiam vidi, non ita ama vi ut sani solent I "I lov'd her not as others soberly lioiiiiiies, sed eudem pacto ut iiisaiii soleiit." | But as a madman raj;tith, so did 'l." So Museus of Leander, nMS5'Ma7n lumen detorquet ah ilia; and ^ Chaucer of Palamon He cast his eye upon Kmilic., And thereicitk he blcnl and cried ha, ha, As thovgh he had been stroke unto the kcarta. If you desire to know more particularly what this beauty is, how it doth Influere how it doth fascinate (for, as all hold, love is a fascination), thus in brief. ^''" This' comeliness or beauty ariseth from the due proportion of the whole, or from each several part." For an exact delineation of which, I refer you to poets, historio- graphers, and those amorous writers, to Lucian's Imaofes, and Charidemus, Xeno- phon's description of Panthea, Petronius Calalectes, Heliodorus Chariclia, Tacius Leucippe, Longus Sophista's Daphnis and Cloe, Theodorus Prodromus his Khodan- thfts, Aristoenetus and Philostratus Epistles, Balthasar Castillo, lib. 4. de aulico. Laurentius, cap. 10, de melan. iEneas Sylvius his Lucretia, and every poet almost, which have most accurately described a perfect beauty, an absolute feature, and that through every member, both in men and women. Each part must concur to the perfection of it ; for as Seneca saith, Ep. 3-3. lib. 4. ^Ton est formosa mulier cujus cms laudatur ct brachiu?n, sed ilia cujus simul universa fades admirationcm singulis partibus dedit ; " she is no fair woman, whose arm, thigh, &c. are commended ex- cept the face and all the other parts be correspondent." And the face espec'iallv gives a lustre to the rest : the face is it that commonly denominates a fair or foul': arx for nicB fades, the face is beauty's tower ; and though the other parts be deformed, yet a good face carries it {fades non uxor a?nafur) that alone is most part respected, principally valued, delidis suisferox, and of itself able to captivate. "8" Urit le Glycera; nitor, Urit grata protervitas, Et vultud nimium lubricus aspici." ;„ "j ^^■■*- ^''® '''""^ •'^'•^ captivated my feel- ' fncultas oculos ab ea amovendi ; abducet te alligatiim- ings, and hxert my wavering mind." 92 Amaranto . quocunque volnerit, ut ferrura ad se trahere ferunt ada- flial '"Cornafque ad speculum disposuit. ^Mmag. | niantem. " Plaut. Merc. »6 jn the Ki,ij;ht's Tale, roiistrato. Si 1 1 lam saltern intuearis, statuig immo- i <» Ex debita totius proportione aptaque partium com- ■uiorem te facet : at coaspeieris earn, non relinquetur | positione. Piccolomineus. » Hor. Od. 19. lib U 59 4fi6 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. *' Glycera's too fair a face va? it that set liim on fire, too fine to be beheld." When *^ Clia;rca saw the singing wench's sweet looks, he was so taken, that he cried out, O fuckm fiiJchrum, dclco omncs drhinc ex animo 7tm]ieres^ fcnlet qnolidiamirum ha- rnm formarum ! "O fair face, Til never love any but her, look on any other here- after but her; I am weary of these oniiiuiry beauties, away with them."" The more he sees her, the worse he is, vritqur videndo^ as in a burninu-ulass. the sunbeams are re-collected to a centre, tlie rays of love are projected from her eyes. It was ..Eneas''s countenance ravished Queen Dido, Os humerosque Deo sunilis., he had an angelical face. '*<"' O sarro? viiltus Barcho vfl Apniline ilieiios, I '• O snm uld ('Uleiy tsee." Alihougli for the greater part this beauty l)e most eminent in the face, yet many times those other members yield a most pleasinir grace, and are alone siiincient to enamour. A high brow like unto the bright lieavens, cipli pulchrrima pl(ig(U Frmis uhi vivit honor, frons uhi liidil nmor, white and smooth like the polished alabaster, a pair of cheeks of vt-rmilion colour, in which love jodgeth ; KJmor qui moUibus genis putUce pernoclds : a coral lip, auuviorvrn diluhrum, in whicii Jiasia millr patent, ?msia tttille latent, '• A llioutiaiid appear, as many are concealed ;■' trratiarum sedes gratissima ; a sweet-Muelling llower, from which bees may gather honey, ^Mellilcgie volucrcs quid adhuc cava t/ii/ma rosasque, «!sr. '•Onint'ii a>l (lomiriiF labra v«;tiile iiioa', Ill.-i riisaii s|iirai, ' Slc. A white and round neck, that via lactea, dimple in the chin, black eye-brows, Cupi' dinis urcus, sweet breath, wliite and even teeth, which some call the sale])iece, a fine soft round jwip, gives an excellent ^i-ncc,^ Quale dtcus tumidis Pario dc marmore mammis r'' *and make a pleasant valley /«c/*Mm s/huw, between two chalky hills, Sororiantes popillulas, et ad pruritum frigidos atnatores solo aspectu excitantes. Unde is, ''Forma papillarum quam fuit apta prrmi ! — Again Urehant oculns dura stantesqur inamilhe. A flaxen hair ; golden hair was even in great account, for which Virgil commends Dido, S'imdum siistuleral fiavum Proscrpinina crinem, Et crines nodanlur in aurum. Apollonius {Argcmant. lib. 4. Jasonis flava coma incendit ear Medcip) will have Jason's golden iiair to be the main cause of Medea's dotage on him. Castor and Pollux were both vellow haired. Paris, Mciielaiis, and most amorous young men, have been such in all ajjes, moUes ac suavrs, as Baplista Porta infers, ''Ptntsifg. lib. 2. lovely to behojd. Homer so commends Helen, makes Palro- clus and Achilles both yellow haired : Pulchricoma \'enns, and Cupid himself was yellow haired, in aurum corusrante et crispante capillo, like that neat picture of Nar cissus in Callistratus ; for so ' Psyche spied him asleep, Briseis, Polixena, S^-c.Jlnvi coma omnes^ " and Hero ihe fair, Whom ynuair Awillo courted for her liair." Leland commends Guithera, kinw Arthur's wife, for a flaxen hair: so Paulus ^milius sets out Clodeveus, that lovely king of France. "Synesius holds every efletninate fellow or adulterer is fair haired : and Apuleius adds that Venus lierself, goddess of love, cannot delight, '"•thousrh she come accompanied with the graces, and all Cupid's train to attend upon lier, girt with her own girdle, and smell of cinnamon and balm, yet if she he bald or badhaired, she cannot please her Vulcan." Which belike makes our Venetian ladies at this day to counterfeit yellow hair so much, great women to calamistrate and curl it up, rihrantes ad gratiam crijirs, ct tot orbi- hus in captii'ilatem Jlexos, to adorn their heads with spangles, pearls, and made- flowers ; and all courtiers to effect a pleasing grace in this kind. In a worfl, '"•• the hairs are Cupid's nets, to catch all comers, a brushv wood, in which Cupid builds his nest, and under whose shadow all loves a thousand several ways sport themselves. ••Ter. Eunuch. An. -2. fcon. 3. allirit anrra ciiia. • Venn* iimn non pi i Catall. 'Sil<>' • Pill. 77. r)a|Mil*-K hilar>-nin'ii> hi anihro^ia orvirj-m iiiwpi-iK, rriius ni«, •viva c«lua, in qua i.itliUcjt ( ijjjiUa fri!i>». pfirp'irpa* if..ii«« raniliila«)>i<-. *r. ApulPiut umbra amorn mille inratresqiie circiim liidibuiirios Ami iiis attendants plavniL' round about Cum pliaretra volitare et arcu," &;c. | With bow and arrows ready for to liy." Scaliger calls the eyes, ^^" Cupid's arrows; the tongue, the lightning of love; tlie paps, the tents :" ^' Balthasar Castillo, the causes, the chariots, the lamps of love, ".Tmula luminastellis, I " Eyes emulating stars in ii^l.t Lumina qu;u pos.-eiit sollicitare decs." | Enticing gods at the first sight;" Love's orators, Petronius. " O blandos nculos, et 6 facetos, | El (luadani propria nnta loquaces | •• O sweet and pretty speakin" eyes Jllic est Venus, et leves amores. Where Venus, love, and pleasure lies." At(jue ipsa in medio sedet V(.luptas." | Love's torches, touch-box, napthe and matches, ^ Tibullus. '■ lllius ex orulis quum vult exurere divns. I - Tart Love when he will set the god* on fire Accendit gcininas lampad.-s acer aiiior.- | Lightens the eyes as torches to desire." i; Th|-od. Prodromus Amor. lib. L 12 Epist. 7-2. 1 ^ Hensius. si Sunt enim oculi, prscipua; pulchritu- Lbi pulchram libiam, bene compnctum tenuenique pe- 1 dinis sedes. lib. 0. 22 Amoris lianii duces indices riem vidi. 13 Plant. Cas. "Claudus optinie rem I et indices qui momento insanos sanant, sanos insanire asit. isfol. a. Si servum viderint, aut flatorem cogunt, oculatissimi corporis excubilores. quid non altius cinctum, aut pulvere perfusnni, aut histrioneni agunt ? Quid non cogunt ? -3 Oc« Me pulchra fateor carere forma, veruiii luculenta nostra est. Petrtmius Catal. de Priapo. I'Galen. I'Calcagninus Apologis. (iu.-E pars maxime desiderabilis? .Alius froutem, alius genas, &:c. '« Inter foemineum. ciijus et Lipsius epist. qu;ist. lib. 3. cap. 11. meminit ob eleiiantiam. 24Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis, contactum iiullis ante cupidinibus. Pro- pert. 1. 1 as In catalect. ^ De Sulpicio, lib. 4. 4G8 Love-Melancholy. [Part 3. Sec 2 Leander, al the first sight of Hero's eyes, was iuceiiscJ, saitli Musajus. Siiiiul in -■' iicijloriiin radiis crescel>at lax amoruni, i " Love's lorclits 'gari to burn firsl \n her ey"Nam ipiis luniina lanta, tanta | rDiist-t luniinibus huis liieri, " For who such eyes with his can see, Non slaliiii lrepidaiis<|ue, p!ilpilan«>|'io, j And not rorthwilh eiianiuur'd be!" frar de>i(lerii uf«tuanti9 aura?" Slc. j And as men catch dotterels by putting out a leg or an arm, with tho.se mutual glances of the eyes they first inveigle one another. ^^Cynthiu prima suis miseruin in>; ccpil ocellis. Of all eyes (by tlie way) black are most amiable, enticing and fairer, whicii the poet observes in commending of his mistress. '"''' Speclanduin nigris nculis, mgroque capillo,''^ which llesiod admires in his Alcmena, -' • fiiju* 4 vertice ac niericantibu* oculi*. I *• From her black eyes, and frmii her pohleii fcce 'I'ul*- i|iiiiMam Hpirat ac ab aurea V'ener - " j As il' frum Veiiu* came a lovely gracn." and ** Triton in his Mila?ne nigra oculos fonnosa rnihi. ** Homer useth that epithet of ox-eyed, in describing Juno, becau.'ie a round black eye is the best, the son of beauty, and farthest from black the worse: which " Polydorc Virgil Ui.xeth in our nation : .ingli ut plurimum ctesiis nculif, we have gray eyes for the most part, liaplisma Porta, Pliysiognom. lib. '.i. puts gray colour upon children, they be childish eyes, ilnll and htavy. Many commeml on the other side Spanish ladies, and tliose ^Greek dames at this day, fur the blackness of their eyes, as Porta doth his Neapo- litan voung wives. Suetonius describes Jnlius C;esar to have been nigris vegelisque oculis niicantibus, of a black tpiick sparkling eye : and although Averroes in his Colligt'l will have such persons timorous, vet without question they are nio.*i amorous. Now last of all, I will show you by what means beauty doth fascinate, bewitch as some hold, and work upon the soul of a man by the eye. For certainly I am ol the poet's mind, love dojh J)£\yitch and strangely change tis. *• •• Ludit amor sensus, nculoe perstringit, et aufert I " Love mock* our senses, curba our libertiei, Lit»erlaTem aniini, iiiira iios I'ascinat arte. | And doth bewitch iik with his art and ringa, (.'redo aliiptis dj-moii subieiis prurcordia tlammam 1 think some devil i;ets into our entrails, [hingei.' Coiiniat, et ruptam tollit de cardine mentem." | .And kindles coals, and heavi.>9 our iiouls from th lieliodorus lib. 3. proves at large, *" that love is witchcmft, "it gets in at our eyes, pores, nostrils, engenders the same qualities and affections in us, as were in the party whence it came." The manner of the fascination, as Ficinus 10. cap. com. in Plat. declares it, is thus : •• Mortal men are then especially bewitched, when as by often gazing one on the other, they direct sight to sight, join eye to eye, and so drink and suck in love between them; for the beginning tif this disease is the eye. And therefore he that hath a clear eye, though he be otherwise deformed, by often looking upon him, will makf one mad, and tie him fast to him by. the eye." Leonard. Variiis, lib. 1. cap.'i.de fascinat. tellelh us, that by this interview, *'" the purer spirits are inlecled," " Pulchrituilo ipsa per nccultna radios in pectua aman> " The wretched Cyothia Amt captivate* with ber (park- Ii.o dimanans aniatz rei fcirmam iiiscuipsil. 'I'atiUR. I. 5. Iin^ eyes." *> Ovid, amoruni, lib. 'J elei;. 4. ojaciib (.'oriielins .Amnon Traginl. Act. 1. sc. 1. ><^iit. Hercul. >>Calcaeniiiua dm!. *< llinil I. » Ro«e formosaruin o<:uli!> nascuntur, et hilaritas vul- " Hist. lib. I. "Sands' relation. r7. o* .Maii- l'M el>-cantiz c>>ri>na. Philostratus deliciis. 'u Irlpint. tuan. <> Amor per ikuIos, iiarc*. piaiii.u tlamiiia non extin! I'roperlius. \ utes faacinantur. uculus 4 •« radio* einitlil, Slc. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Beauty a Cause. 469 the one eye pierceth through the other Avilh his rays, which he sends forth, and many men have those excellent piercing eyes, that, which Suetonius relates of Augus- tus, their brightness is such, tliey compel their spectators to look off, and can no more endure them tlian the sunbeams. "" Barradius, lib. 6. cap. 10. de Harmonia Evangel, reports as much qC our Saviour Christ, and "Peter Morales of the Virgin Mary, whom Nicephorus desf^-ribes likewise to have been yellow-haired, of a wheat colour, but of a most amiable and piercing eye. The rays, as some think, sent from the eyes, carry certain spiritual vapours with them, and so infect the other party, and that in a moment. I know, they that hold visio Jit intra mittendo., will make a doubt of this; but Ficinus proves it from blear-eyes, ''^"That by sight alone, make others blear-eyed ; and it is more than manifest, that the vapour of the corrupt blood doth get in together with the rays, and so by the contagion tlie spectators' eyes are infected." Other arguments there are of a basilisk, that kills afar off by sight, as that Ephesian did of whom *^ Philostratus speaks, of so pernicious an eye, he poi- soned all he looked steadily on : and that other argument, menstruoi fcemincB.1 out of Aristotle's Problems, morhosca Capivaccias adds, and '"'Septali lis the commentator, that contaminate a looking-glass with beholding it. ''""So the beams that come from the agent's heart, by the eyes, infect the spirits about the patients, inwardly wound, and thence the spirits infect the blood." To this effect she complained in*'''Apuleius, "Tiiou art the cause of my grief, thy eyes piercing through mine eyes to mine inner parts, have set my bowels on fire, and therefore pity me that am now ready to die for thy sake." Ficinus illustrates tliis with a familiar example of that Marrhusian Pha;drus and Theban Ly(*ias, ''^ " Lycias he stares on Phajdrus' face, and Phsdrus (listens the balls of his eyes upon Lycias, and with those sparkling rays sends out his spirits. Tlie beams of Phaedrus' eyes are easily mingled with the beams of Lycias, and spirits are joined to spirits. This vapour begot in Phaedrus' heart, enters into Lycias' bowels : and that which is a greater wonder, Pha?drus' blood is in Lycias' heart, and thence come those ordinary love-speeches, my sweetheart Phaj- drus, and mine own self, my dear bowels. And Phiedrus again to Lycias, O my light, my joy, my soul, my life. Phajdrus follows Lycias, because his heart would have his spirits, and Lycias follows Pha;drus, because he loves the seal of his spirits; both follow ; but Lycias the earnester of the two : the river hath more need of the fountain, than the fountain of the river; as iron is drawn to that which is touched with a loadstone, but draws not it again ; so Lycias draws Phaedrus." But how comes it to pass then, that the blind man loves, that never saw .'' We read in the Lives of the Fathers, a story of a child that was brought up in the wilderness, from his infancy, by an old hermit : now come to man's estate, he saw by chance two comely women wandering in the woods : he asked the old inan what creatures they were, he told him fairies ; after a while talking obiter., the hermit demanded Lif him, which v.'as the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life ? He readily replied, tlie two °° fairies he spied in the wilderness. So that, without doubt, there is some secret loadstone in a beautiful woman, a magnetic power, a natural inbred affection, whicli moves cur concupiscence, and as he sings, " Methinks \ have a mistress yet to cnine. And still I sfiek, I love, I know not whom." 'Tis true indeed of natural and chaste love, but not of this heroical passion, or rather brutish burning lust of which we treat; we speak of wandering, wanton, adulterous eyes, which, as ^' he saith, '• lie still in wait as so manv soldiers, and when they spy an innocent spectator fixed on them, shoot him through, and presently bewitch him: especially when they shall gaze and gloat, as wanton lovers do one upon another, and with a pleasant eye-conflict participate each other's souls." Hence you may '2 Lib. dp pulch. Jes. et Mar; ■'^ Lib. 2. c. 23. en- j iiitima rlelapsi prsEcordia, acfirrimum mpis mediillis lore triticuni nferoiite, crine, flava, acrilius oculis. coiiiiiioveiit inceiidiuiii ; prpo miserere lui causa pere- •^ Lippi solo iiidiitii alios lippos fariunt, et patet una ' nntis. •'^ Lycias in Plm-dri vultiiin itrhiat, PhsEdriis ciin> radio vapiirem corrupti saiicunis enianare, cujus in ocilos Lycia? scintillas suonim deficit (ir.nlorum ; cum- eontafioue ocuIms speclanlis intifitiir. <»Vita ' que scintillis, &c. Sv-quiliir Phaedrus Lyciain. quia cnr Xpwllon. ■"' Coiiicnenl. in Ari.-tot. Prohl. ■'"Sir radius a corde perculientis missus, reciiiien proiiriuni repetit, cor vulnerat. per ornlus el sansuini'iii inticit et spirilus, sulilili quadam vi. Casiil. lib. 3. de aiilico. <"-Lib. 10. Causa omiiis et orijo omnis prs; seiitis do- loris tute es; isti enira tui oculi, per meos oculos ad S'liMu petit spiritum ; Phjedrum lycias, quia spiritus propria m sedem postulat. Verum Lycias, &.r. ^ T>a: mtiriia iiupiit qus in hoc Kremo MUp"r occnrn'hant. ■■^i Castillo de aiilieo. 1. 3. fol. 2JR Oculi ut milites in insidiis semper recubant, et subito ad visum sagitlaa emittunt, &c. 2P 47 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. perteive how easily and liow quickly we may be taken in love; siiicf at ilie twinkling ol" an eye, Phaedrus'' spirits may so perniciously infect Lycias' blood. '■••Neither is it any wonder, if we but consider how many other diseases closely, and as suddenly are caught by infection, plague, itch, scabs, ilux," Sic. The spirits taken in, will not let him rest that hath received them, but egg him on. ^^"Id'^ue ]M It! corpus mens unde est saucia amorc ; and we may nmnifestly perceive u strange eduction of spirits, by such as bleed at nose after they be dead, at tlie presence of the nmrderer;" but read more of this in Lemnius. lib. 2. de occult, nat. tnir. cap. 7. \ alleriola lib. 2. obscrc. cap. 7. Valesius controc. Ficinus, Cardan, Libavius de crutntis caduvcribuSy Hyc. SlUsect. III. — Jirlificial allurements of Love, Causes and Provocations to Lust; Ueslurcsy Clothes, Do^cer, Sfc. Natihai. beauty is a stronger loadstone of itself, as you have heard, a great tcmj>- tation, and pit-rceth to the very heart; ^^ forma verccundte nocuit mihi visa puellce; but much more when those artificial enticements and provocations of gestures, cl<»llies, jewels, pigments, exornations, shall be anne.xed unto it; those other circum- stances, opportunity of lime and place shall concur, which of themselves alone were all surticient, each one in pjirticular to pnnluce this elll-ct. It is a (juf^stion much controvt-rted by some wise men, forma debi-at plus arti an nuturte'.' Whether natural or artificial objects be more p«»werful.' but not decided: for my part I am of opinion, that thiiugh beauty itself be a gn-at motive, and give an e^ccellent lustre in sonlibns, in beggary, as a jewel on a dunghill will shine and cast his rays, it cannot be sup- pressed, which lleliodorus feigns of Chariclia, though she wtr*; in beggar's weeds : \ el as it is used, artificial is of more force, and much to be preferred. *8ie liriilala »ihi vidrlur JRult; KiMlHii f>w>il>ii# |iiiliir>M|ii(.- coriiu ; 8ii; i|iiiE iiiKriiir ol rail >ilil placc-l L)ctii>n«." ■ (Vi tboiliIrM .flgle •ecm* a pre Ily one, S>-t uut uilli iikw-ImiusIiI trflli n( liiily bone: Si fiiitl l.yclwiri* blai-k>-r thun berry lli-raeiriiLluiireii. iiuw tliirr lliaii clierry," John Lerius the liurgundian, cap. 8. hist, nnvi^at. in Brazil, is altogether on my side, lor whereas (^saith he) at our coming to lirazil, we found both 'men and women naked as they were born, without any covering, so much as of their j)rivities, and couUI not be persundetl, by our Frenchmen that lived a year with them, to wear any, ' •• Manv uill think that our so lt)ng commerce with naked women, must needs be a great pro\ocation to lust;'' but he concludes t)therwise, that their nakedness did much less entice them to lascivit)usiies.s, than our women's clothes. »• And 1 dare boldly atlirin (saith \u') that those glittering attires, counterfeit clontague, in his essays, is of the sanie opinion, and so arc many others ; out of whose assertions thus much in brief we may conclude, that beauty is more beliolilen to art than nature, lind stronger provocations proceed from out- ward ornaments, than such as nature hath provided. Jt is true that those fair sparkling eves, white neck, coral lips, turgent paps, rose-coloured clu.-eks, kc., of themselves are potent enticers ; but when a comely, artificial, well-comj>oseil look, pleasing i;csture, an atlecled carriage shall be added, it must needs be far more b>rci- ble tiian it was, when those curious neetileworks, variety of colours, purest ilyen, jewels, spangles, pendants, lawn, lace, titlimies, fair and fine linen, embroideries, ralamistralions, ointments, kc. shall be added, they wdl make the veriest dowdy ol.herwise, a goddess, when nature shall be furthered by art. For it is not the eye • Nff riiiriiin n reliqiion inii*i■ l,ii<'r>-iii>a. " .Aiiil (be htxly naturally nt-'k^ wIkik w'i i« that til*- uiinil in »o wiiuiiil>.-v.-." - 1 ^ ...in b^auly, (bat lif favour i* prrferrfil h>-rid(iiiit cu.lu*. Aom,!. .MMiVstdiB »^tnt- toiuur*. oiJ ilrcdit uiodoii la mort: ihan Uial of I'aruur. ' diduut illuui culluiu, fucoa, 4c Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 471 of itself that enticeth to lust, but an " adulterous eye," as Peter terms it, 2. ii. 14. a wanton, a rolling, lascivious eye: a wandering eye, which Isaiah taxelh, iii. 16. Christ himself, and the Virgin. Mary, had most beautiful eyes, as amiable eyes as any persons, saith " Baradius, that ever lived, but withal so modest, so chaste, that who- soever looked on them was freed from that passion of burning lust, if we mav believe °*Gerson and ^^Bonaventure : there was no such antidote against it, as the Virgin Mary's face ; 'tis not the eye, but carriage of it, as they use it, that causeth sucli effects. When Pallas, Juno, Venus, were to win Paris' favour for the golden apple, as it is elegantly described in that pleasant interlude of *Apuleius, Juno came with majesty upon the stage, Minerva gravity, but Venus dulce subridens^ constitit amane ; at gratissimcB GraticR dcam propitiaiites, 4'C. came in smiling with her gra- cious graces and exquisite music, as if she had danced, et nonnunquam saltare solis oculisy and which was the main matter of all, she danced with her rolling eyes : they were the brokers and harbingers of her suite. So she makes her brags in a modern poet, 61 " Soon could I make my brow to tyrannise, And force the world do homage to mine eyes." The eye is a secret orator, the first bawd, Jlmoris porta, and with private looks, winking, glances and smiles, as so many dialogues they make up the match many times, and understand one another's meanings, before they come to speak a word. ^'Euriahis and Lucretia were so mutually enamoured by the eye, and prepared to give each other entertainment, before ever they had conference : he asked her good will with his eyes ; she did siijfragari, and gave consent with a pleasant look. That ^^ Thracian P»odophe was so excellent at this dumb rhetoric, " that if she had but looked upon any one almost (saith Calisiris) she would have bewitched him, and he could not possiljly escape it." For as ''■' Salvianus observes, " the eyes are the win- dows of our souls, by which as so many channels, all dishonest concupiscence gets into our hearts." They reveal our thoughts, and as they say, /ro/is anhii irulex, but the eye of the countenance, ''''Quid procacibus intuere ocellis? Sfc. I may say the same of smiling, gait, nakedness of parts, plausible gestures, &c. To laugh is the proper passion of a man, an ordinary thing to smile ; but those counterfeit, com- posed, alfected, artificial and reciprocal, those counter-smiles are the dumb shows and prognostics of greater matters, which they most part use, to inveigle and deceive; though many fond lovers again are so frequently mistaken, and led into a fool's paradise. For if they see but a fair maid laugh, or show a pleasant countenance, use some gracious words or gestures, they apply it all to themselves, as done in their favour; sure she loves them, she is willing, coming, &c. '■ Stiiltus quandn vidct qund pulchra pnellula ridet, I " When a fool sees a fair maid for to smile, Tum fatiius credit se quod amare velit ." | He thinks she loves him, 'tis but to beguile." lum liuiius creuii se qijod amare vein . | M They make an art of it, as the poet telleth us, •6 " Quis credat ' discunt etiam ridere puclls, I " Who can believe ? to laugh maids make an art, Qua^rilur atque illis hac quoque parte decor." | And seek a pleasant grace te that same part." And 'tis as great an enticement as any of the rest, •" " subrisit molle puella. Cor tibi rite salit." " She makes thine heart leap with ^^a pleasin* gentle smile of hers." 'J" Dulce ridHHtem Lalagen amaho, Dulce loquentem," '• I love Lalage as much for smiling, as for discoursing," delectata ilia visit tarn blandum, as he said in Petronius of his mistress, being well pleased, she gave so sweet a smile. It won Ismenius, as he ™confesseth, Ismene subrisit amulorium, Ismene smiled so lovingly the second time I saw her, that I could not choose but admire her : and Galla's sweet smile quite overcame '' Faustus the shepherd, Me s" Harmn. evangel, lib. 6. cap. fi. m Sprm. de roncep. Virg. Pliysiognomia virginis omnes movel ad castitatem. s* 3. sent. d. :t. q. 3. niirum, virao fnrniosissinia, sed a neniine coiicupita. '^'Mft. ]0. f'' Kiisariiond'o cninplaiJit. by Sam. Daniel. '^ iEueas >?|U. " llelio.lor. I. 2. Rodolphe Thracia tam attraxit, ut si in illam quis incidissct, fieri non pnsspt quin caperelur. w Lib. 3. rie providcniia : Aiiimi fenestriE oculi, et omnis improha i.upiditas per ocellos tanquam canales iotroit. S6 Buchanan. «« Ovid de arte amandi. " per.s. 3 Sat. ^ Vel centum Charites ridere putaret, Muspus of Hero. ^ Hor. inevitabi'i fascino instructa, tam exacte oculis iiitucns Od. 22. lib. 1. "> Kustathius, I. 5. " Maotuau. 473 Lnve-Mdancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. uspiciens viotis llnnde suhrisit ocelJia. All other gestures of the body will enforce as much. Daphnis in "Lucian was a poor tattered wench when I knew her first, •^ald Corbile, punnusa et hiccra, but now sl)e is a stately piece indeed, hath her maids to attend her, brave attires, money in her purse, Slc, and will you know how this came to pass ? "• by settintj out herself after the best fashion, by her pleasant car- ria<4e, affability, sweet smiling upon all,'' &.c. Many women dote upon a man for his compliment onlv, and good behaviour, they are won in an instant; too credulous to believe that everv light wanton snitor, who sees or makes love to them, is instantly enamoured, he certainly dotes on, admires them, will surely marry, when as he means nothing less, 'tis his ordinary carriage in all such companies. So both delude each other by such outward shows ; and amongst the rest, an upright, a comely grace, courtesies, gentle salutations, cringes, a mincing gait, a decent and an affected pace, are most powerful enticers, and which the prophet Isaiali, a courtier himself, and a great observer, objected to the daughters of Zion, iii. 16. " they minced as they went, and made a tinkling with their feet." To say the truth, what can they not effect by such means } " VV'lilUt nature i\ttck* Ihrin in Ihrir bfnt atliren Of youth and b«auty whicb ttw world adiuiret." '^'^Uril voce, rnr/nu, gressu, pectnrr, fronfe, ocuUs.^'' When art shall be annexed to l)eaulv, when wiles and guiU's shall concur; for to speak as it is, love is a kind I'f legerdemain; mere juirgliuir, a fascination. When they show their fair hand, fine toot and leg withal, nuiipiuni sui d'-siilfrium nobis rcUnijttunl,, saith '* Balthazar Cas- tdio, lib. 1. they set us a longing, ''and so wlien they pull up their petticoats, and •outward garments," as usually they do to show their fine stockings, and those of purest silken dve, gold fringes, laces, embroiderings, (it shall go hard but when they go to church, t>r to any other place, all sh^ll be seen) 'tis but a springe to catch woodcocks ; and as ''' Chrysostom telleth them downright, '• though they say nothing with their mouths, they s()€»ak in their gait, they speak with their eyes, they speak m the carriage of their bmlies." And what shall we say otherwise of that baring of their necks, shoulders, naked breasts, arms and wrists, to what end are they but only to tempt men to lust ! I There needs no more, as " Fredericus Matenesius well observes, but a crier to go before them so dressed, to bid us look out, a trumpet to sound, or for defect a sow- gelder to blow, ' Ij^ik oul, Inok out and ■«• Whul ol.jrct till* may b« That doth prralriiic« oiine eyt; A gallitiit lady (ura In rich and gmdy clulhea. But whither away U i. ridnido K, 1 ..dr t.iari.lmil quill. iC. "' %• I nil dt; liidilktria • ■'.\.':. '. I'lua coii«(iicialur. > ib« tunt; , . fii '".-^ Noil |.H|IIM • |llUld r* \ . „-.-. ■■*}... tjiaf. lio. I. aU Hi ruiiuiieiii. •■ F«>f w h) dn )i!i • llu'il ««U jrvur ' utiUiy way,' your uucuircred bu«>UM J What viae | ■ N". >k ■ r.-il. 1 lli ' \i.« r n ■i A • in( i*uii. ••nuj Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 473 Babylonians, it was the custom of some lascivious queans to dance frisking in that fashion, saith Curtius lib. 5. and Sardus de mor. gent. lio. 1. writes of others to that effect. The ^' Tuscans at some set banquets had naked women to attend upon them, which Leonicus dc Varia hist. lib. 3. cap. 96. confirms of such other bawdy nations. Nero wouhl have filthy pictures still hanging in his chamber, which is too commonly used in our times, and Heliogabalus, efiam coram agentes., ut ad venerem incitarent: So things may be abused. A servant maid in Aristoenetus spied her master and mis- tress through the key-hole ^^ merrily disposed; upon the sight she fell in love with her master. ^* Antoninus Caracalla observed his mother-in-law witli her breasts amorously laid open, he was so much moved, that he said, Ah si liceret., O that ] might ; which she by chance overhearing, replied as impudently, °^ Quicquid libel licet, thou mayest do what thou wilt : and upon that temptation he married her : this object Avas not in cause, not the thing itself, but that unseemly, indecent car- riage of it. When you have all done, veniunt a. veste sagittcc, the greatest provocations of last are from our apparel ; God makes, they say, man shapes, and there is no motive like unto it; 85" Which doth even beauty heautify, And most bewitch a wretched eye," a filthy knave, a deformed quean, a crooked carcass, a maukin, a wiich, a rotten post, a hedgestake may be so set out and tricked up, that it shall make as fair a show, as much enamour as the rest : many a silly fellow is so taken. Primnm luxu- ries auciipium, one calls it, the first snare of lust ; ^ Bossus aucupium animarum^ lethalem arundinem, a fatal reed, the greatest bawd, forte lenociniuni, sanguineis lachrymis deplorandum, saith " iMatenesius, and with tears of blood to be deplored. Not that comeliness of clothes is therefore to be condemned, and those usual orna- ments : there is a decency and decorum in this as well as in other things, fit to be used, becoming several persons, and befitting their estates ; he is only fantastical tliat is not in fashion, and like an old image in arras hangings, when a manner of attire is generally received ; but when they are so new-fangled, so unstaid, so pro- digious in their attires, beyond their means and fortunes, unbefitting their age, place, quality, condition, what should we othersvise think of them .' Why do tliey adorn themselves with so many colours of herbs, fictitious flowers, curious needle-works, quaint devices, sweet-smelling odours, with those inestimable riches of precious stones, pearls, rubies, diamonds, emeralds, &c. } Why do they crown themselves with gold and silver, use coronets and tires of several fashions, deck themselves with pendants, bracelets, ear-rings, chains, girdles, rings, pins, spangles, embroideries, shadows, rebatoes, versicolour ribands "i why do they make such glorious shows with their scarfs, feathers, fans, masks, furs, laces, tiffanies, ruffs, (Idls, calls, cuffs, damasks, velvets, tinsels, cloth of gold, silver, tissue } with colours of heavens, stars, planets : the strength of metals, stones, odours, flowers, birds, beasts, fishes, and whatsoever Africa, Asia, America, sea, land, art, and industry of man can afford .■' Why do they use and covet sucli novelty of inventions ; such new-fangled tires, and spend such inestimable sums on them .' " To what end are tliose crisped, false hairs, painted faces," as '^ the satirist observes, " such a composed gait, not a step awry.'" Why are they like so many Sybarites, or Nero's Popp,;ea, Ahasuerus' concubines, so costly, so long a dressing, as Caesar was marshalling his army, or a hawk in pruning.' ^ Dum moUunlur, dum comuntur, annus est: a ^"gardener takes not so much delight and pains in his garden, a horseman to dress his horse, scour his armour, a mariner about liis ship, a merchant his shop and sliop-book, as they do about their faces, and all those other parts: such setting up with corks, straightening with whalebones; why is it, but as a daynet catcheth larks, to make young men stoop unto them r Philocharus, a gallant in Aristenaetus, advised his friend Polia^niis to take heed of such enticements, ^' "■ for it was the sweet sound and motion of his mistress's 8' In T; rrhenis convivil^ nudae mulieres ministrabant. mollis prtulanlia ? quo incessus tarn compnsitus. See. s^Aiiiitoria tniscentes vidit, et in ipsis coinplexibiis ^'sTer. "They take a year to ilnck ami roinb thein- audit. (ScR. etnersit inde cupido in pectus virjfiiiis. " Epist. 7. lib. Si. ««Spartian. MSidiity's Arcadia. 6' I)e iinmod. mulier. cultu. *" Discnrs. 6. de luxu v<(,stium. '■s Petroniiis fol. 95. quo spcctant flexE comcB ? quo facies medicamine attrita et oculorum 60 3P3 selves." sop. Aretine. Hortnlaiuis nnn ila exercetur viseiidis hortis, eqiies eqiiis, arjnis. iiaiita navihiis, Sec. 3' Epist. 4. Sonus armillarum bene sonantium, odcr unguentorum, &.c. •♦T4 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. spangles and bracelets, the smell of her ointments, that captivated him first, lUafuit me,ntis priuia ru'ina mea. Quid sibi vuU pixidum turba, saith '^- Lucian, "• to what use are pins, pots, glasses, ointments, irons, combs, bodkins, setting-sticks ? why bestow they all their patrimonies and iuisbands' yearly revenues on such fooleries?" ^bina pcdrimoniu singulis auribus ; "why use they dragons, wasps, snakes, for chains, enamelled jewels on their necks, ears r" dit^num potius foret fcrro manus istus rell- gari, alquc utininn vionHiu vere dracoms easent ; they had more need some of them be tied in bedlam witli iron cliains, have a whip for a fan, and hair-dolhs next to their skins, and instead of wrought smocks, have their cheeks stigmatised with a hot iron : I say, some of our Jezebels, instead of painting, if tliey were well served. But why is all this labour, all this cost, preparation, ridmg, running, far-fetched, and dear bought stufl? **^^ Because forsooth they would be fair and tine, and where nature is defective, supply it by art." ^ Sanguine quce vero nan rubel^ arte rubet^ (Ovid); and to that purpose they anoint and paint their faces, to make Helen of Ilecuba parvarnque exortaimjue pufUain — Europrn.^ To tliis intent they crush ill their feel and boilies, hurt and crucify themselves, sometimes in lax-clothes, a lii!i;(!red yards I think in a gown, a sleeve; and scjmelimes again so close, ut nudus I ipriiiiunl artus. "Now hmg tails and trains, and tlu-n short, up, down, high, low, illicit, thin, S^c. ; now little or no bands, then as big as cart wheels; now loose l'»di..»s, tluM great fardiiigahs and v\u!ie girt, &.c. Why is all this, but with the whore i.i ilie Proverbs, to intoxicate some or other? oculorum dtcipulani^ ""one therefore calls it, et tndictm iibidinis, the trap of lust, and sure token, as an ivy-bush is to a tavern. "Ucir,,! inil, .r .- i;iM-.-r.- •■ifiKiH i|.- I.I II.! • viiltu«. a 'O GIscrr.' Ill that you |i«wil fit iiuich, V'. i ' . be admired, to be gazed on, to circunjvent some novice; as many times they do, that instead of a lady he loves a cap and a feather instead of a maid tliat should liave viTum cnlitrcm, corpus solidum »7 sued plrnum i as Clnerea describes his mis- tress in the '"poet), a painted face, a rutl-band, fair and fine linen, a coronet, a ilower, ( "^^^Wituruquf putat quod f'uit urfiticis,) a wrought waistcoat he dotes on, or a pied petticoat, a pure dye instead of a proper woman. F«»r gen«Tally, as with rich-furred conies, their cases are far better than their bodies, ami like the bark of a cinnamon tree, whiclj is dearer than the whole bulk, their outward accoutrements are far more precious than their inward endowments. Tis too commonly so. I " With Enltl and Jfwf^l* all ii covered, ' " AuTerimur tullu, et eemmi*, auroque Ugunlur | And ivitli u utrunge tire Me are won, Uiiinia ; yan iniiiiiiia ett ipta pui-lla tui." i (VVIii-*t bIk^'h tti,- lia^i |i;trt oriii-rvelf) I And with Ducli liaublcH quite undone." Why do they keep in so long together, a whole winter sometimes, and will not be seen but by torch or candlelight, and come abroad with all the preparation may be, when thev have no business, but only to show themselves ? Speclutuin veniunt, vcniunt spcctentur ut ipsie. > " Fur what m bea'ity if it be not leen, Or tvhat ibI io be i^en if not adinir'd, .And though adniir'd, unl>-a« in bive de'ir'd?" why do they go with such counterfeit gait, which 'Philo Judaeus reprehends them for, and use (1 say it again) such gCoiures, apish, ridiculous, indecent attires, sybari- Ucal tricks, /"mco* genisy purpurissam venisy cerussatn front i^ leges occulis, SfC. use those sweet perfumes, powders and ointments in public; flock to hear sermons so frequent, is it for ilevotion ? or rather, as ' Basil tells them, to meet tlieir sweetheart.**, and see fashions; for, as he saith, commonly ihey come so provided to that place, with such •» Tom. 4. dial. .Amor, vawnla pWrn nmlta? inf'-liei- I xoStn-za fil. ' (jn.l. ' .■< Ii.-iui. I. ' t.ib. Jc tati« oiiincin uiaritiiriini oiiulentiani in b.fc iiipendiiiit, I victiuin'. Pr.i ' Ma. draroiii'<( pru ni Iiiiud huli<-iil, iiiii utiiiaiii v>-re dra- ciiiciiinala. i -•• cone* •' ' I "■ i.in. "Seneca. »'faiililn> de iml- .iiin.i^i ... "• nulit ' ribug oninibii<« hoc inipriini* III %oli* . nk.nial. iij, ■■■ eii, i.i ', ant III reiir-a non mmi, vi.le.iniur il.jriun a«periilii- ' r |,,... ::. ...iri.. ...itura del'ilit. am. .n. - Iri.'i ;iii I . ..■ ' ■., I K'i unction. - 'ii- ■Ice. *•" M- .. J.,. '. I .1 dwarf, iin 1. . , . . ..,-...., •' ,\|. Ml. > raintal3:> tunicas, 4k>- KoO'K. *".S.'riiiaiiiii« crali«. la-iiiuiriuui cikilati* uiltctiWi* IU«fuu( iiii- piuUn. t'hritt. cap. 6. ■* Ter. Eunuc. .Act. 3. tcta. X I pudcolie. Mem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artificial Allurements. 475 curious compliments, with such gestures and tires, as it" they should d-q to a dancing- school, a stage-play, or bawdy-house, fitter than a church. " When such a she-priest comes her mass to say, Twenty to one they all forget to pray." *• They make those holy temples, consecrated to godly martyrs and religious uses, the shops of impudence, dens of whores and thieves, and little better than brothel houses." When we shall see thf *e things daily done, their husbands bankrupts, if not cornutos, their wives light hv tisewives, daughters dishonest ; and hear of such dissolute acts, as daily we do, hi. w should we think otherwise r what is their end, but to deceive and inveigle young men ? As tow takes fire, such enticing objects produce their eflect, how can it be altered .'' When Venus stood before Anchises ('as ^ Homer feigns in one of his hymns) in her costly robes, he was instantly taken, "Cum ante ipsum staret Jovis filia, viiiens earn I "When Venus stood before Anchises first, Anchises, ailiiiirahatur forinam, et stupeirdas vestes ; I He was amazM to see her in her tires; Erat enim iiiduta peplo, isjneis radiis splenilidiore ; Fi,r she had on a hood as red as fire, Hatiebat qnoque torques fulgidos, fiexiles liielices, And elitterine chains, and ivy-twisted spires, IVnerum colluni aniiiiebaut monilia pulchra, About her tender neck were costly brooches, Aurea, varie:,'ata." | And necklaces of j,'old, enaruell'd ouches." So when 3Iedea came in presence of Jason first, attended by her nymphs and ladies, as she is described by ^Apollonius, '• Cunctas vero iffnis instar spqiiehatur splendor, I " A lustre followed them like flaming fire, 'raiitiim ai) anreis fimbriis resplendebat jubar, And from their golden borders came such beams, Accenditqiie in oculis dulce desideriura." | Wliich in his eyes provok'd a sweet desire." Such a relation we have in ^Plutarch, when the queens came and offered themselves to Antony, ^ '•^ with diverse presents, and enticing ornaments, Asiatic allurements, with such wonderful joy and festivity, they did so inveigle the Romans, that no man could contain himself, all was turned to delight and pleasure. The women trans- formed themselves to Bacchus shapes, the men-children to Satyrs and Pans ; but Antony himself was quite besotted with Cleopatra's sweet speeches, philters, beauty, pleasing tires : for when she sailed along the river Cydnus, with such incredible pomp in a gilded ship, herself dressed like Venus, her maids like the Graces, her pages like so many Cupids, Antony was amazed, and rapt beyond himself." Helio- dorus, lib. I. brings in Dameneta, stepmother to Cnemon, '•'•whom she ^saw in his scarfs, rings, robes, and coronet, quite mad for the love of him." It was Judith's panlofles that ravished the eyes of Holofernes. And '"Cardan is not ashamed to confess, that seeing his wife the first time all in white, he did admire and instantly loA-e her. If these outward ornaments were not of such force, why doth "Xaomi give Ruth counsel how to please Boaz ? and '^Judith, seeking to captivate Holo- fernes, washed and anointed herself with sweet ointments, dressed her hair, and put on costly attires. The riot in this kind hath been excessive in times past ; no man almost came abroad, but curled and anointed, 13 •• Et matutino suadans Crispinus amomo." Quantum vis redolent duofunera." •• one spent as much as two funerals at once, and with perfumed hairs," " et rosa canns odorati capilJos Assyriaque nardo. What strange thing doth '^Sueton. relate in this matter of Caligula's riot.' And Pliny, lib. 12. & 13. Read more in Dios- corides, Ulmus, Arnoldus, Randoletius defuco et decoratione ; for it is now an art, as it was of old, (so '® Seneca records) officincs sunt odores coquentium. Women are bad and men worse, no difference at all between their and our times; '^"good man- ners (as Seneca complains) are extinct with wantonness, in tricking up themselves men go l)eyond women, they wear harlots' colours, and do not walk, but jet and dance," hie mulier, hcBC vir^ more like players, butterflies, baboons, apes, antics, than men. So ridiculous, moreover, we are in our attires, and for cost so excessive, that as Hierome said of old, UnoJUio villarum insunt pretia, uno lino decies sestertiiim s Hymno Veneri dicato. e Argonaut. I. 4. 'Vit. | excidit. '» Lib. de lib. prop. » Ruth, iii. 3 .\nton. 8 Regia domo ornatuque certantes, sese ac j " Cap. ix. 5. ^ Juv. Sat. 6. '* Hor. lib. 2. Od. 11 formain suani .Antonio offerentes, &c. Cum oriiatu et '* Cap. 27. '^ Epist. 90. i' (iuicquid est boni incredibili ponipa per Cydnum fluvium navigarent moris levitate extiiiguitur, et politura corporis muUie- aurala puppi, ipsa ad similitudinem Veneris ornata, bres muiiditias antecessimus colores meretricios viri ouells Gratiis similes, pueri Cupidinibus, Antonius ad sumimus, tenero et raolli srailu suspendimiis gradum, I'isiini siupefactus. » Amictiim Chlamyde et coronis, non ambulanius, nat. quxst. lib. 7. cap. 31. livim primum aspesit Cnemonem, ex polestate mentis 476 Love-Melancholy. [Part. H. Sec. 2 inseritiir ; 'tis an ordinary thing to put a thousand oaks and a hundred oxen into a suit of apparel, to wear a whole manor on his back. What with shoe-ties, hangers, points, caps and feathers, scarfs, bands, cuffs, S^c, in a short space their whole patri- monies are consumed, lleliogabalus is taxed by I^mpridius, and admired in his age for wearing jewels in his shoes, a connnon thing in our times, not for emperors and princes, but almost for serving men and tailors ; all the flowers, stars, constellations, gold and precious stones do condescend to set out their shoes. To repress the luxury of those Roman matrons, there was '*Lex Valeria and Oppia, and a Cato to contradict; but no laws will serve to repress the pride and insolency of our days, the prodigious riot in this kind. Lucullus''s wardrobe is put down by our ordinary citizens; and a cobbler's wife in Venice, a courtesan in Florence, is no whit inferior to a queen, if our geographers say true : and why is all this ? •» Why do they glory in their jewels (as '^ he saith) or exult and triumph in the beauty of clothes.^ why is all this cost ? to incite men the sooner to burning lust. They pretend decency and ornament ; but let them take heed, that while they set out their bodies they do not damn their souls;" 'tis * Bernard's counsel: '-shine in jewels, slink in condi- tions ; have purple robes, and a torn conscience." Let them take heed of Isaiah's prophecy, that their slippers and attires be nut taken from them, sweet halls, brace- lets, earrings, veils, wimples, crisping-pins, glasses, line linen, hoods, lawns, and sweet savours, they become not bald, burned, and stink upon a sudden. And let maids beware, as "Cypiian adviselh, " that while they wander too loosclv abroad, they lose not their virginities :" and like t^yplian temjjles, seciu fair without, but prove rotten carcases within. How nmch better were it for them to follow that good counsL'l of Tertulliun ? " •• To have their eyes painted with chastity, the Woru of Gotl inserted into their ears, C'lirisfs yoke tied to the hair, to subject themselves to their husbands. If they would do so, they should be comely enough, clothe themselves with the silk of sanctity, damask of devotion, purple of piety and chasiiiy, and so painted, they Khali have God himself to be a suitor: let whores and queans prank up themselves, " let them paint their faces with minion and ceruse, they are but fuels of lust, and signs of a corrupt soul : if ye be good, h-f, ad ea lanlum quibus opus est, to use gold as it is gold, and for that use it serves, and when they need it, than to ccmsume it in riot, beggar their husbands, prostitute themselves, inveigle others, and perad- >* Liv. lib. -1. lifC. 4. >* Quilt rxiiltag in pulclirilu i tea. «ie farile <-t latii eriti* ortiatr : vrtiiiir voa lenco dine panni ? Quid gloriarid iii ^il-iiiiiiiii ut fariliu< in- probiiatii, h>Minii (aiiclilatii. purpura puJinlic: tali- vitea ad libidimmMiii inceiiilium ' M'' i'. ---.'.•■•.( I i.' ■..'m.,.,t ,i .• ,!....im h..t,.r,ii ■- :iii...! r. h, » Huaa moJrr inulit?. nillu. » Kpi-t 1 11 • or« ni(>ribu« wirdeiit. purpurata v<«ti-'. c ' in- cap. 3 17. " "• • ■' ■■ "ilia tiua, iluiii rvaea' '. .. "• ■ ■."■. .' ...■,■■-, ■■ - • " 1 ■- ..o»ii. •rrrcunJii. inl'rrenli-f in aum ii>'riii.in*-iii ilei. annrv- i ore*, et ii-iupuu. niinua tutitari curaal luaio cucnaM. 4iitea ciiribuaju(ura Ciuiiti, caput maritia lubjicieu- ■ 8«D«ca. * LucMo. I^Iem. 2. Subs. 3.] Artljiciai Jllluremenis. -177 venture damn their own souls ? How much more would it be for their honour and credit ? Thus doing, as Hierom said of Blesilla, -"'■'■ Furius did not so triumph over the Gauls, Papyrius of the Samnites, Scipio of IVumantia, as she did by her tem- perance ;" 7;////a semper veste, Sfc, they should insult and domineer over lust, folly vain-glory, all such inordinate, furious and unruly passions. But ] am over tedious, I confess, and whilst 1 stand gaping after fine clothes, there is another great allurement, (in the world's eye at least) which had like to have stolen out of sight, and that is money, venitint a dote sagitta, money malves the match ; ^' Moiov a^yvpov tSXiTiov^iv : 'tis like sauce to their meat, cum came condi)nentu?n, a good dowry with a wife. Many men if they do hear but of a great portion, a rich heir, are more mad than if they had all the beauteous ornaments, and those good parts art and nature can afford, they ^^ care not for honesty, bringing up, birth, beauty person, but for money. 'Canes et equos (6 Cyrne) quoeiimub Xol)iles, et a hona prngeiiie; Malani vero uxorem, maliquo patris filiara Ducere iioa curat vir bonus, Modo ei magnain dotem alierat." ' Our dozs and horses still from the best breed We carefully geek, and well may they speed: But for our wives, so tliey prove wealthy. Fair or foul, we care not wliat they be." If she be rich, then she is fair, fine, absolute and perfect, then they burn like fire, they love her dearly, like pig and pie, and are ready to hang themselves if they may not have her. Nothing so familiar in these days, as for a young man to marry an old wife, as they say, for a piece of gold ; asinum auro onustum; and though she be an old crone, and have never a tooth in her head, neither good conditions, nor a good face, a natural fool, but only rich, she shall have twenty young gallants to be suitors in an instant. As she said in Suetonius, 7ion tne^ sed tnea amhiunt, 'tis not for her sake, but for her lands or money; and an excellent match it were (as he added; if she were away. So on the other side, many a young lovely maid will cast away herself upon an old, doting, decrepit dizzard, 30 " Bis puer cffoBto quarnvis balbutiat ore, Prima legit rar- ""/n'li- ® Asser tecum si vis vivere mecum. nliim. 3? L,b. 3. cap. 14. qui* nobilium eo tempore "'Iheosnis. -oClialouer, I. 9. de Repub. Aug. sibi aut filio aut nepoti u.xorem accipere cupiens, obli- " Uxorem ducat Danaen, &c. s- Ovid. 33 Epist. tarn sibi aliquam propinquarum ejus non ncciperet ob li. furinain spectant alii per gratias, ejo pecuniam, &.c. viis manibus? Quaruin turbain acciverald Normaauia. ne luihi negotuim facesse. ^iQui caret argentu, 1 in Angliain ejus rei gratia. I 478 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Ser*. 2 not have done as much for money and preferment ? as mine author '^adds. Vorti- grr, King of Britain, marrie-^ • '•-•■■• -.. i. .,...,., ,np^iin ghih*-'- ■'■•""»■•■"•■•-•» -»■• <*Toiii. a. Aiiiial. « I.ilmln ntnliiii iJt'lcrtxiii alqiie inirr dium Cifiul. el i|Uik1 in ea laiili'iH-ri; adaiiiavil a-, ■■ »>-• aniriK. • tur. et ah a-anlintiiie libcraiii!* in aiieorciii i... i...i. .■,..., ..-, ;..f, luin vero ■: ,. ,._ .;..,;.<-• •' lie puelliP vuluiiiftit; pfnculmii (acfre solu irciilm n>in ' culliiin miaviare. *» Uuii{ry ilop will ral cifly ••t latM, texi eiitcaciu* aliquid agere uporlet, iliique | ^iJdin(f. **8Iiaki(ic«re. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 470 this living together in a house, conference, kissing, colling, and such like allure- ments, begin at last to dote insensibly one upon another. It was the greatest motive that .Potiphar's wile had to dote upon Joseph, and '^Clitiphon upon Leucippe his uncle's daughter, because the plague being at Bizance, it was his fortune for a time to sojourn with her, to sit next her at the table, as he tells the tale himself in Tatius, lib. 2. (which, though it be but a fiction, is grounded upon good observation, and doth well express the passions of lovers;, he had op- portunity to take her by the hand, and after a while to kiss, and handle her paps, kc, ^ which made him almost mad. Ismenius the orator makes the like confession in Eustathius, lib. 1, when he came first to Sosthene's house, and sat at table with Cratistes his friend, Ismene, Sosthene's daughter, waiting on them " with her breasts open, arms half bare," *^JYuda pedem^ disciucta sinum, spoliata lacertos ; after the Greek fashion in those times, — *~nudos media plus parte lacertos., as Daplme was when she fled from Phoebus (whicli moved him much), was ever ready to give at- tendance on him, to fill him drink, her eyes were never off him, rogabundi oculi. those speaking eyes, courting eyes, enchanting eyes ; but she was still smiling on him, and when they were risen, that she had got a little opportunity, ^' *■• she came and drank to him, and withal trod upon his toes, and would come and go, and when she could not speak for the company, she would wring his hand," and blush when she met him : and by this means first she 'overcame him {hibens amorcm hauriebam simul), she would kiss the cup and drink to him, and smile, ''• and drink where he drank on that side of the cup," by which mutual compressions, kissings, wringing of" hands, treading of feet, &c. Ipsam mihi videbar sorbillare virgine?n, I sipped and sipped so long, till at length I was drunk in love upon a sudden. Philocharinus, in ^^Aris- taenetus, met a fair maid by chance, a mere stranger to him, he looked back at her, she looked back at him again, and smiled witlial. 50" Ille dies lethi primus, priinusque maloriim Causa fuit" It was the sole cause of his farther acquaintance, and love that undid him. °' O nid- lis tutum credere blanditiis. This opportunity of time and place, with their circumstances, are so forcible mo- tives, that it is impossible almost for two young folks equal in years to live together, and not be in love, especially in great houses, princes' courts, wiiere they are idle in summo gradu, fare well, live at ease, and cannot tell otherwise how to spend their time. ""^Illic Hippolitum pone., Priapus erit. Achilles was sent by his mother Thetis to the island of Scyros in the ^Egean sea (where Lycomedes then reigned) in his nonage to be brought up ; to avoid that hard destiny of the oracle (he sliould be slain at the siege of Troy) : and for that cause was nurtured in Geneseo, amongst the king's children in a woman's habit ; but see the event : he compressed Deidamia, the king's fair daughter, and had a fine son, called Pyrrhus by her. Peter Abelard the philosoplier, as he tells the tale himself, being set by Fulbertus her uncle to teach Heloise his lovely niece, and to that purpose sojourned in his house, and had committed agnam tencllam famelico lupo, I use his own words, he soon got her good will, plura erant oscula quam scntenticR., and he read more of love than any other lecture ; such pretty feats can opportunity plea ; primiim domn conjuncli^ inde ani- 7ms, Sj-c. But when as I say, nox, vinum, et adolescent ia., youth, wine, and night, shall concur, nox amoris et quietis conscia, 'tis a wonder tliey be not all plunged over head and ears in love ; for youth is benigna in anwrem, et prona matsries, a very combustible matter, naplha itself, the fuel of love's fire, and most apt to kindle it. If there be seven servants in an ordinary house, you shall have three couple i\\ some good liking at least, and amongst idle persons how should it be otherwise ? "• Living at ^^Rome, saith Aretine's Lucrelia, in the flower of my fortunes, ricn, fair, young, and so well brought up, my conversation, age, beauty, fortune, made all the « Tatius, lib. 1. «5 in mammaruBi attractu, I dens, tc. " Vir. ^En. 4. " That was the first hour non asperiiaiida inest jucuiulilas, et attrectatus, tc. I of dfstruction, and the first beginning of my miseries.'' *«Mantiiani. '"Ovid. 1. Mel. <8 Planus ad cubitum j si propertius. '' Ovid. amor. lib. i eleg. 2. "Place nuda, coram astans, fortius intuita, tenuem de pectore j modesty itself in such a situation, desire will intrude." spiritum ducens.di^itum meum pressit,et bibens pedem '^ Komx vivens flore fortunx, et opiilentis mejE, jetai", pressit ; raulua; compressiones corporum, labioruni com- | forma, gratia conversatioois, waxime me fecerunt ex- mixtiones, pedum connexiones, &c. Et bibit eodem ' petib-'em, (Sec. oco, &.C. " Epist. 4. Respexi, respeiit et ilia subri- . 480 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. world admire and love me." Night alone, that one occasion, is enough to set all on fire, and they are so cunning in great houses, that they make their best advantage of it • Many a gentlewoman, that is guilty to herself of her imperfections, paintings, impostures, will not willingly be seen by day, but as *^ Castillo notelh, in the night, Diem ut gUs odit^ taduriim luccm super omnia fnavult^ she hateth the day like a dor- mouse, and above all things loves torches and candlelight, and if she must come abroad in the day, she covets, as " in a niercer's sliop, a very obfuscate and obscure sight. And good reason .she hath for it : JS'ocU latent mendce^ and many an amo- rous gull is fetched ovet by that means. Gomesius Uh. 3. de sale g(n. c. 22. gives instance in a Florentine gentleman, that was so deceived with a wife, she was so rachantlv set out with rings and jewels, lawns, scarfs, laces, gold, spangles, and gaudy devices, that the young man took her to be a goddess (for he never saw her but by torchliu^ht) ; but after the wedding solemnities, when as he viewed her the next morning without her tires, and in a dear day, she was so deformed, a lean, yellow, shrivelled, kc, such a beastlv creature in his eyes, that he could not endure to look upon her. Such matches are fretjuently made in Italy, wliere they have no other opportunity to woo but when they go to church, or, as * in Turkey, see them at a distance, they must interchange few or no words, till such time they come to be married, and then as Sardus lib. I. cap. '3. de tnorb. gent, ami " Bohemus relate of those old I^cediemoiiians, " the bride is brought into the chamber, with her hair jiirt about her, the bridegroom ci>mes in and unties the knot, and must not see her at all by daylight, till such time as he is made a father by her." In those hotter countries tiiese are ordinary practices at this day ; but in our northern parts, aniongst Gernmns, Danes, French, and Britons, the ct)nlinent of Scandia and the rest, we a?'sume more liberty in such cases; we allow them, as Bohemus saith, to kiss com- iniiand going, et mudo absit lascieia, in cuupontin ducere^ to talk njerrily, sport, play, sing, and dance so llial it be n>oo.stom, Cyprian, liierome, and some other of the fathers speak bitterly against it : but that is the abuse whicii is commonly seen at some drunken matches, dissolute meetings, or great unruly feasts. *"'• A'young, piltivanted, trim-bearded fellow," saith ilierome, »• will come with a company of compliments, and hold you up by the arm as you go, and wringing your fingers, vsill so be enticed, or entice : one drinks to you, another embraceth, a third kisseth, and all this while the fiddh-r plays or sings a lascivious song; a fuurtli singles you out to dance, '"one speaks by beck and signs, and that which he dares not say, sig- nities by passii>ns ; amongst so many and so great provocatifjns of pleasure, lust conquers the most hard and crabbed minds, and scarce can a man live honest amongst feastinijs, and sports, or at such great meetings." For as he goes on, *'"she walks along and with the ruHling of her clothes, makes men look at her, her shoes creak, her paps tied up, her waist pulled in to make her look small, she is straight girded, her hairs hatig loose about her ears, her U|)per garment sometimes falls, and some- times tarries to show her naked shoulilers, and as if she would not be seen, she covers that in all haste, which voluntarily she showed." And not at feasts, plays, pageants, and such assemblies, •' but as Chrysostom objects, these tricks are put in practice '• at s-er^'ice time in churches, and at the communion itself." If such dumb shows, signs, and more obscure significations of love can so move, what shall they do that have full liberty to sing, dance, kiss, coll, to use all manner of discourse and dalliance ! What shall he do that is beleaguered of all sides ? <» •• QiiPin mi, lam nwei ixtuiit (lui-lla-. I '• After whi)iii m many rcwy maid* inquire. Uurin cullx ctipiunt niirus amorque Whom ilaiiity iliiiiie* and lovir>« « iijfiU de«ire, Uiunis ijndiqu«- >-l undecunque et uMjue. In ever> place, mill, and al all \iav% »ue. Oniiii< aoibit Amor, Veiiusqu*; llymeoque." | Whom gixU and gentle goddewieii do who." M De Aulic. I. I. fol. 63. •• Ut adullerini mercalo- ( illecebrai eiiam ferreaa menlea libido di.mal. DiffieiW nim paiiiii »• Busbeq. epiit. »■ Par;iiiyin()h.i in inter epulaii aervatur pudicilia. •' CLi r<- vcktiua rubiculum addiict.i rapillos ad cutiin relVrt-bul ; aponuu* I ad »e juvenen vorat ; capilli fawiolii rnniiirimuntur ind« ad earn ingreiMUc cingiiluiu »olvebal. nee prius cn»pati. cinRulo (wclu* arelalur, capilli vel in Ir^ntein, • p-»*»-\ vel in aiirt-* dtrtuuiit : palliolum iiiterduni ra.lit. ut patdf »» Shrill, cont. roiicub. »• Lib. i epi»« n-l n.id.-l riiiinfriMi.f t qua-oi vidiiam epi^t. in ' ■ ■ ' v(j|en» dt-teierit. "!piaiii niaiium, su.Hti-niatnl li . et revmndu «acrament.)rum tempore inuUai ^t ^,1 r-. a'lt tentabitiir aut tentabi: i ines. ut illii placeaut qui eai viOeot, prcbaBl. «l>>.)>ir>'.| ' i .mt. Baia. I. I. iigDittcabil atTectibui. Inter baa taniai voluptalum I Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Ariificial Mluremenls. 481 How shall he contain ? The very tone of some of their voices, a pretty pleasing speech, an affected tone they use, is able of itself to captivate a young man ; but when a good wit shall concur, art-and eloquence, fascinating speech, pleasant dis- course, sweet gestures, the Syrens themselves cannot so enchant. ^^ P. Jovius com- mends his Italian countrywomen, to have an excellent faculty in this kind, above all other nations, and amongst them the Florentine ladies : some prefer Roman and Venetian courtesans, they have such pleasing tongues, and such ^^ elegancy of speech, that they are able to overcome a saint, Pro facie mullls vox sua Icnafuil. Tanla gratia vncis famam conciJiabai, saith Petronius ^''in his fragment of pure impurities 1 mean his Safyricon, tarn dulcis sonus permulcehat aera, ut pufares inter auras can- tare Syrcnum concordiam ; she sang so sweetly that she cliarmed the air, and thou wouldst have thought thou hadst heard a concert of Syrens. " O good God, when Lais speaks, how sweet it is !" Philocolus exclaims in Aristena^tus, to hear a faii voung gentlewoman play upon the virginals, lute, viol, and sing to it, which as Gel- lius observes, lib. 1. cap. 11. are lascivienliun dcUcice, the chief delight of lovers, must needs be a great enticement. Parthenis was so taken. ^'^Mi vox isia avidd haurit ab aure annnam : O sister Harpedona (she laments) I am undone, ''**"• how sweetly he sings, Fll speak a bold word, he is the properest man that ever \ saw in my life : O how sweetly he sings, I die for his sake, O that he would love me again !" If thou didst but hear her sing, saith ^^ Lucian, '•^ thou wouldst forget father and mother, forsake all thy friends, and follow her." Helena is highly commended by ™ Theocritus the poet for her sweet voice and music; none could play so well as she, and Daphnis in the same Edyllion, "Quain tibi os dulce est, et vox amahilis 6 Daplini, I "How sweet a fnre Iialh Dapline, hnw lovely a voice! Jucundiusest audire te canentein,qii;'un iiiel lingere !" | Honey itself is not so pleasant in my choice." A sweet voice and music are powerful enticers. Those Samian singing wenches, Aristonica, Onanthe and Agathocleia, regiis diadematibus insult arunt, insulted over kings themselves, as ^' Plutarch contends. Centum luminibns cinctum caput Argus habebat.^ Argus had a hundred eyes, all so charmed by one silly pipe, that he lost hi? head. Clitiphon complains in '^Tatius of Leucippe's sweet tunes, "he heard her play by chance upon the lute, and sing a pretty song to it in commendations of a rose," out of old Anacreon belike ; ' Rosa honor decusque florum, Rosa flos odorque diviim, Hominum rosa est voluptas, Decus ilia Gratiariiin, Florente ainoris hora, Rosa suaviuin Diones, &c." ' Rose the fairest of all flowers. Rose deliijht of his:lier powers, Rose the joy of mortal men, Rose the pleasure of fine women, Rose the Graces' ornament, Rose Dione's sweet content." To this effect the lovely virgin with a melodious air upon her golden wired harp oi lute, I know not well whether, played and sang, and that transported him beyond himself, " and that ravished his heart." It was Jason's discourse as much as hi? beauty, or any other of his good parts, which delighted Medea so much. 13 " Delectabatur enim Animus siniul forma dulcihusque verbis." It was Cleopatra's sweet voice and pleasant speech which inveigled Antony, above the rest of her enticements. Verba ligant hominem., ut taurorum cornua funes.^ "as bulls' horns are bound with ropes, so are men's hearts with pleasant words." " Her words burn as fire," Eccles. ix. 10. Roxalana bewitched Solyman the Magnificent, and Shore's wife by this engine overcame Edward the Fourth, "■* Omnibus una omnes sur~ ripuit Veneres. The wife of Bath in Chaucer confesselh all this out of her experience. Some folk desire ns for riches. Some for shape, some for fairness, Some for that she can sing or dance, Some for gentleness, or for dalliance. '^ Peter Aretine's Lucretia telleth as much and more of herself, " I counterfeited ** Descr. Brit. ^Res est blanda canor, disciint cantare puellse profacie, &c. Ovid. 3. de art. amandi. " Epist. 1. ]. Cum loquitur Lais, quanta, O dii honi, vocis ejus dulcedo! e' " The sweet sound of his voice reanimates my soul throuL'h my covetous ears." * Aristenaitus, lib. 2. epist. 5. (iuam suave canit ! ver- bum audax di.\i, omnium quos vidi forinosissimus, uti- oam amare me dignetur! •s Imagines, si cantanteni Budieris, ita demulcebere, ut parentum et patris statim | 61 2Q obliviscaris. '"Edyll. 18. neque sane ulla sic Cytha- ram pulsare novit. " Aniatorio Dialogo. "Puel- lam Cythara canentom vidimus. '^ ,\pollonius, Argo- naut. 1. 3. " The mind is deliyhted as much by eloquenee as beautv." 'TalullMS. "s Parnoriidascalo dial. Ital. Latin, interp. Jasper. Bartliio. Germ. Fingebam honcstatem pliisquam vir^'inis vestalis, intuebar oculia uxoris, addebau\ gestus, tr. 482 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2 honesty, as if I had been virgo virginissima., more than a vestal virgin, I looked like a ■wife, I was so demure and chaste. I did add such gestures, tunes, speeches, signs and motions upon all occasions, that my spectators and auditors were stupided, enchanted, fastened all to their places, like so many stocks and stones." Many silly gentlewomen are fetched over in like sort, by a company of gulls and swaggering companions, that frequently belie noblemen's favours, rliyming Coribantiasmi, Thrasonean Rhado- niantes or Bombomachides, that have notliiiig in them but a few player''s ends and compliments, vain braiigadocians, impudent intruders, that can discourse at table of knights and lords' combats, like '"Lucian's Lermtiscus, of other men's travels, brave adventures, a!)d such common trivial news, ride, dance, sing old ballad tunes, and wear their clothes in fashion, with a good grace; a fine sweet gentleman, a proper man, who could not love him ! Slie will have him tiiough all her friends say no, though she beg with him. Some a<;ain are incensed l)y reading amorous toys, Amadis de Gaul, Palmerin de Oliva, the Knight of the Sun, Stc, or hearing such tales of ""lovers, descriptions of their persons, lascivious discourses, such as Astyanassa, Helen's waiting-woman, by the rqmrt of Suidas, writ of old, ih variis conrubittts modis., and after her Philenis and Elephantine; t)r those light tracts of "Aristides Milesius (^mentioned by Plutarch) and found by the Persians in Crassus' army amongst the sp()ils, Aretine's dialogues, with ditties, love songs, Stc, must needs set them on fire, with such iike pictures, as lh(»se of Aretine, or wanton objects of what kind soever; *' no stronger engine than to hear or read of love toys, fables and dis- courses C^one Haith"), and many by this means are quite mad." At Abdera in Thrace (^Andromeda one of Euri{>ides' tragedies being playeil) tlie spectators were so much moved with the object, and those palhelical love speeches of Perseus, amongst the rest, "O Cupid. Prince of Gods and men," &c. that every man almost a good while after s^Kikc pure iambics, and raved still on Perseus' speech, "O Cupid, Prince of Gods aiul men." As carmen, boys and apprerjtices, when a new song is published with us, go singing that new tune still in the slrc'ets, they continually acted that tragical part of Ptrseu.s and in every man's mouth was '• O Cupid," in every street, "O Cupid," in eveiy house almost, •• O Cupid, Prince of Gods and men," pronounc- ing still like stage-players, '• O Cupid ;" they were so posses.sed all with that rapture, and thought of that pathetical love speech, they could not a long lime after forget, or drive it out of their minds, but •♦ O CupitI, Prince of Gods and meti," was ever in their mouths. This belike made Aristotle, Polit. lib. 7. cap. 18. forbid young men to see comedies, or to hear amorous tales. "> ■' Hxc igitiir juvene* nequani facilexjue puella lutpiciaiil" ** let not young folks meddle at all with such matters." And this made the Romans, as *' Vitruvius relates, put Venus' temple in the suburbs, extra murum^ ne adolesctnles venereis insue scant., to avoid all occasions and objects. For what will not such an object do .^ Ismenius, as he walked in Sosthene's garden, being now in love, when he saw so many *-' lascivious pictures, Thetis' marriage, and I know not what, was almost beside himself. And to say truth, with a lascivious object who is not moved, to see otliers dally, kiss, dance .' And much more when he shall come to be an actor himself. To kiss and be kissed, which, amongst other la.scivious provocations, is as a bur- den in a song, and a most forcible batten.', as infectious, "^Xenophon thinks, as the poison of a spiiler; a great allurement, a fire itself, proirmiurn aut (tnticariiiim, the prologue of burning lust < as Apuleius adds;, lust itself, '"Tcnux quinta parte sui nec- taris imbiiit, a strong assault, that conquers captains, and those all commanding forces, {^Domasque ferro sed domaris oscuh). ** Aretinc's Lucietia, when she would in kindness overcome a suitor of hers, and have her desire of him, '• took him about the neck, and kissed him again and again," and to that, which she could not other- '•Toiii. 4. dial. m |iiaiii left" laMrivar hu- ti>riee : >•)>• ' ilmlis ad fiiron-rii incen- ituntur. ■" \| irii.ii. I. 4. " l.iti. I. c. 7. nam nilnrulo tuo tie iperula iliriiur li i ut ()u<>cuii>|u« r>>«p«>iiiwel iniactnein t$roiioiite cl ■ptaa* 4r - Jtc. UuraliiK «r«i re^ vviicreaa iiilciupi.'raiiiiur iraditur; | iiaculala ■aium pcto. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 483 wise effect, she made him so speedily and willingly condescend. And 'tis a continual assault, ^'^ hoc non dpficit incipitque semper, always fresh, and ready to ^* begin as at first, hasium nullofine lerminaUir, sed semper recens est, and hath a fiery touch with it. 1-9 " Tenta modo tangere corpus. Jam tiia mellifluo membra calore fluent." Especially when they shall be lasciviously given, as he feelingly said, ^et me prces- suliim deoscalata Fotis, Catenatis lacertis, ^' Obtorto valgiter labello. 92" Valsiis siiaviis, I Anima tunc sesra et saucia Diim seiniulcn ^uavio Concurrit ad labia milii." Meain pucllam suavior, I The soul and all is moved; ^^ Jam pluribus osculis labra crepitabant, animaruin quo- que mixturam facientes, inter mutuos complexus animas anhelanteSj 3< " riopsimus calentes, Et transfudimus tunc et hinc labellis Eiranles animas, valele curie." " They breathe out their souls and spirits together with their kisses," saith ®^ Baltha- zar Castilio, " change hearts and spirits, and mingle affections as they do kisses, and it is rather a connection of the mind than of the body." And althougli these kisses be delightsome and pleasant. Ambrosial kisses, ^^ Suaviolum dulci dulcius Amirosid, such as ''' Ganymede gave Jupiter, JVectare suavius, sweeter than ^* nectar, balsam, honey, ^Oscula merum amorem stillantia, love-dropping kisses; for " The gilliflower, the rose is not so sweet. As sugared kisses hi; when lovers nifet ," Yet they leave an irksome impression, like that of aloes or gall, 100 "Ut mi ex Ambrosia mulatum jam foret illud I " At first Ambrose itself was not sweeter, Suaviolum tristi tristius helleboro." | At last black hellebore was not so bitter." They are deceitful kisses, 1 "Quid me mollibus implicas lacertis? I "Why dost within thine arms me lap, Uuid fallacibus osculis inescas?" &c. | And with false kisses me entrap." They are destructive, and the more the worse: '^Et quce. me perdunt, oscula miUe dabat, they are the bane of these miserable lovers. There be honest kisses, I deny not, osculum charitatis, friendly kisses, modest kisses, vestal-virgin kisses, officious and ceremonial kisses. Sec. Osculi sensus, brachiorum amplexus, kissing and em- bracino- are proper gifts of Nature to a man ; but these are too lascivious kisses, ^Implicuitque. sues clrcum mea colla lacertos, 4'C- too continuate and too violent, *Brachla non hederce, nonvincunt oscula conchce; they cling like ivy, close as au oyster, bill as doves, meretricious kisses, biting of lips, cum additamento : Tarn impresso ore (saith 'Lucian) ut vix labia dctrahant, inter deosculandum mordicantes^ turn et OS aperientes qnoque et mammas attrectantes, S^-c. such kisses as she gave to Gyton, innumera oscula dcdit non repugnanti pucro, cervicem invadens, innumerable kisses, Sec. More than kisses, or too homely kisses : as those that ^ he spake of, Accepturus ab ipsa vencre 7, suavia, Sfc. with such other obscenities that vain lovers use, which are abominable and pernicious. If, as Peter de Ledesmo cas. cons, holds, every kiss a man gives his wife after marriage, be mortale peccatum, a mortal sin, or that of " Hierome, Adulter est quisquis in uxorcm suatn ardentior est amator; or that of Thomas Secund. qua:st. 154. artic. 4. conf actus et osculum sit mortale peccatum^ or that of Durand. Rational, lib. 1. cap. 10. abstinere debent conjvges a complexu^ toto tempore quo solcnnitas nuptiarujn interdicitur, what shall become of all such 'immodest kisses and obscene actions, the forerunners of brutish lust, if not lust " Petronius catalect. * Catullus ad Lesbiam : da mihi hasia mille, deinde centum, &c. ^^ Petro- nius. "Only attempt to touch her per>on, and imme- diately your niembi;rs will be tilled with a glow of ileli- cious warmth." '•"> Apuleius, I. 10. et Catalect. »i Petroiii'is. 92 Apuleius. ^ Petroniiis Prose- lios ad CirciMi. MPetronius. " Animus conjun- gitur, et i^piritus etiam noster per osculum effluit ; alter, nntim se in utriusque corpus iiifundentes commiscent ; animae potius quam corporis connectu. 8s Catullus, *> Lucian. Tom. 4. *> Non dat basia, dat Nera nectar, Cat rores animas suaveolentes, dat nardum, tbymumque, sit, si non et cetera sunipsit, &c. cinnamumque et mel, &c. Secundus bas. 4. ^Eus- lathius lib. 4. ""Catullus. i Buchanan. 2 Ovid. art. am. Eleg. 18. » Ovid. " She folded her arms around my neck." ■'Cum capita liment so- litis morsiunculis, et cum niammillarum pressiunculis. Lip. od. ant. lee. lib. 3. ^ Tom. 4. dial, meretr. 6 .Apuleius Miles. 6. Et iinum blandientis linguae admul- suiii longe mellitum : et post lib. 11. Arctius eam com- plexus cspi suaviari jamque pariler patentis oris inha- litu cinnameo et occursantis lingua illisu nectareo,icc. Lib. 1. advers. Jovin. cap. 30. " Oscula qui sump. 484 Love-Melancholy. [Krt. 3. Sec. 2 But wha itself! What shall become of them that often abuse their own wives ? have I to do with this ? That which I aim at, is to show you the progress of this burning lust ; to epito- mize therefore all this which I have hitherto said, with a familiar examjile out of that elegant Museeus, observe but with me those amorous proceedings of Lcan«lei and Hero : they begau first to look one on another with a lascivious look, 'Oblique iiitiieiis iiide iiutibiis, Nuliiius iiiutuis iiiilucens in errorem meiiteni puellx-. El illaeciiiiiru iiutilms iiiutuis Juvtinis Leuiiun quoil aiiioreni noii reiiiiit, &.c. Iiide AiJibut III tL-iii^liris tacite qiiuleiii striiigeiis Kont'iis piu'lUi- iliiiitos, i-x iiiiu suspirabiil Vflii.Miiomi.-r liiile Vir^iiiif ,'iiiieiii bciifi olf ns colliim o9i:ulatud. Tale verb. nil ait aniens ictus stiiiiiiln, I'rcies audi (.i anions iiiisiTure inei, &c. Sic fatiis reciisautis persuasit iiifiileiii puelliB." ' With b< cks ami iinils he tirst began 'I'o try the wench's iiiiiid, With becks and nods and smiles again All answer he linl find. And in the dark he took her by the hand, And wrung it hard, and si-ihed grievously. Ami kiss'd her too, and wnu'd her as he might. With pity me, sweetheart, or else I die. Anil with sucli v\urds and gestures as there past, Me won his inislress' favimr at Ihu last." The same proceeding is elegantly described by ApoUonius in his Argonautics, be- tween Jason and Medea, by Eustathius in the ten books of the loves of Isinenius and Ismene, Achilles Tatius between his Clitophoii and Leucippe, Chaucer's neal j>«>ein of Troilus and Cresseide ; and in that notable tale in Petronius of a soldiei and a gentlewoman of Ephesus, that was so famous all over Asia for her chastity, and that mourned for her husband : the soldier wooed her with such rhetoric as lovers use to do, placitunc etiain pugnahis arnorif ^^•c. at last, fraiigi jtcrl'mu- clnm passd cs/, he got her good will, not only to satisfy his lust, '' but to hang her tlead husband's body on the cross (which he watched instead of the thitf's tliat was newly stolen away), whilst he wooeil her in her cabin. These are tales, you wiii say, but they have most significant morals, and do well express those ordinary piu- ceedings of doting lovers. I\Iany such allurements there are, nods, jests, wiiiks, smiles, wrestlings, tokens, favours, symbols, letters, valentines, itc. For u liicli cause belike, Godfridus lib. 2. de amor, would not have women learn to write. ^lany such provocations are usi^d when they come in presence, '"they will and will not. " Malo ine Galatea petit lasciva puella, Et fiigit ad saliceg, et se cupit ante videri." '.My inintrees with an apple woo* mc, And ha.-lily to covert goes To liiil« herself, but wimlil be seen With all lier heart lefure, God knows.' Hero so tripped away from Leander as one displeased, " " Yet at »he went full often look'd behind, And many poor exruves did she tiiid To linger by the way," but if he chance to overtake her, she is most averse, nice and coy, , „ ... .11. • ■ ■ .. I " She seems not won, but won she 18 at Ipneth, Ilenegal et pugnat. sed vult super omnia vinci. • | ^„ ^^,.^ ^^^ ^„,„g„ ^^^ ^ut half their strength." Sometimes they lie open and are most tractable and coming, apt, yielding, and will- ing to embrace, to take a green gown, with that shepherdess in Theocritus, Edyl. '11. to let their coats, Stc, to play and dally, at such seasons, and to some, as they spy their advantage; and then coy, close again, so nice, so surly, so denmre, you had much better tame a colt, catch or ride a wild horse, than get her favotir, or win her love, not a look, not a smile, not a kiss for a kingdom. '^Aretine'a Lucretia was an excellent artisan in this kind, as she tells her ov.n tale, ''Though I was by nature and art most beautiful and fair, yet by these tricks I seemed to be far more amiable than I was, for that which men earnestly seek and cannot attain, draws on their aflection with a most furious desire. I had a suitor loved me dearly (said she), and the '^ more he gave me, the more eagerly he wooed me, the more I seemed to neglect, to scorn him, and which I commonly gave others, 1 would not let him see me, converse with me, no, not have a kiss." To gull him the more, and fetch him over (for him only I aimed at) I personated mine own servant to bring in a present •Corpus pl.icuit mariti sui tnlli ex area. atqu«> illi 41IIZ voTHlist cruci adfi:;i. '° Novi ingenium mulie- rum, nnluiit ubi velis, ubi nnlis cupiunt iillro. Ter. Euiiur act. 4. pc. 7. " .Marlowe. " Pornodnlas- cmIo dial. Itdl. Latin, dunat. i Gai>p. Darthio Germano. Uuanquam uatura, et arte eraiii rormosiisima, isto tamen astii tanto Piieciodor videbar, quntl pniin oculi* cupitiim irgre prnltelur. niullo magis atfertui humano* iiirenilit. '> Uuo majoribui) mc doni» pr<>pitiiibHl, eo pejoribiis illuiii mudis iractabam, ne basiuiu impciia- vit, Ac. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 485 'i-oin a Spanish count, whilst he was in my company, as if he had been the count's .servant, which he did excellently well perform: " Comes de monic Turco., -'■ my lord end master hath sent your ladyship a small present, and part of his hunting, a piece of venison, a pheasant, a few partridges, Stc. (all which she bought with her own money), commends his love and service to you, desiring you to accept of it in good part, and he means very shortly to come and see you." Withal she showed him rings, gloves, scarfs, coronets which others had sent her, w\\en there was no such matter, but only to circumvent him. '^ By these means (as she concludes) '• I made the poor gentleman so mad, that he was ready to spend iiimself, and venture his dearest blood for my sake." Philinna, in '^Lucian, practised all this long before, as it shall appear unto you by her discourse ; for when Dipliilus her sweetheart came to see her (as his daily custom was) she frowned upon him, would not vouchsafe him her company, but kissed Lamprius liis co-rival, at the same time '' before his face : but why was it } To make hun (as she telleth her mother that chid her for it) more jealous; to whet his love, to come with a greater appetite, and to know that her favour was not so easy to be had. Many other tricks she used besides this (as she there confesseth), for she would fall out with, and anger him of set purpose, pick quarrels upon no occasion, because she would be reconciled to him again. Amantlum ires amoris redinlcgraiio, as the old saying is, the falling out of lovers is the renewing of love; and according to ih3ito^Anstend2lus,jucundioresatnorumposl.injarias delicia;, love is increased by injuries, as the sunbeams are more gracious after a cloud. And surely this aphorism is most true ; for as Ampelis inftjrms Crisis in the said Lucian, '*'■' If a lover be not jealous, angry, waspish, apt to fall out, sigh and swear, he is no true lover." To kiss and coll, hang about her neck, protest, swear and wish, are but ordinary symptoms, incipientis adimc et crcscentis amoris signa ; but if he be jealous, angry, apt to mistake, Stc, bene speres Z/ce^, sweet'sister he is thine own; yet if you let him alone, huiuour him. please him, &c., and that he perceive once he hath you sure, without any co-rival, his love will languish, and he will not care so much for you. Hitherto (saith she) can 1 speak out of experience ; Deino- phantus a rich fellow was a suitor of mine, I seemed to neglect him, and gave better entertainment to Calliades the painter before his face, principio abiit., verbis me in- seciatus, at first he went away all in a chafe, cursing and swearing, but at last he came submitting himself, vowing and protesting he loved me most dearly, I should have all he had, and that he would kill himself for my sake. Therefore I advise thee (dear sister Crisis) and all maids, not to use your suitors over kindly ; insokn'rs enim sunt hoc cum sentiuni, 'twill make them proud and insolent; but ii'ow and then reject them, estrange thyself, et si me.audi.es semel alque iterum exclude, shut him out of doors once or twice, let him dance attendance ; follow my counsel, and by this means '^you shall make him mad, come off roundly, stand to any condition.s. and do whatsoever you will have iiim. These are the ordinary practices ; yet in the said Lucian, Melissa methinks had a trick beyond all this ; for when her suitor came coldly on, to stir him up, she writ one of his co-rival's names and her own in a paper, Melissa amat Hermofimum, Hermolimus Mellis.sam, causing it to be st\ick upon a post, for all gazers to behold, and lost it in the way where he used to walk; which wtien the silly novice perceived, -s<«//?7i ut legit cred'idif, instantly apprehended it was so, came raving to me, &c. ^''and so when i was in despair of" his love, four months after I recovered him again." Eugenia drew Timocles for her valentine, and wore his name a long time after in her bosom : Camasna singled out Pamphilus to dance, at Myson's wedding (some say), for there she saw iiim first ; Ftelicianus over- took Ca3lia by the highway side, offered his service, thence came further acf[uaint- ance, and thence came love. But who can repeat half their devices ; Wh:U Aretine experienced, what conceited Luinan, or wanton Aristeneetus ? They will deny and take, stiffly refuse, and yet earnestly seek the same, repel to make them come with ''< Comes de mnnte Turco Hispanus Ins de venation« sua partes misit, jiissitqiie peraiiiantcr orare, ut hoc qiialeciinqiie flonnni suo nomine accipi-is. la His aitibus hoiiiiiiem ita exoantabaiii, ut pro mc ille ad qiiaiiiin amator, ner perjiirat, non est habendusamalor, &c. Totus hie isnis Zelotypia constat. &c. jnaxiini amoros inde nasciintiir. Sod si pi;rsii.isnni iili Tuerit le solum liah:'re, elau-iiiescit illico amor siiiis. '^ V^ omnia parutas. &.c. '6 Twin. 4. dial, merit. '^ Re- I entem videbis ipsum denuo inflammatum et prorsus in- licto illo, opgrc ipsi interim faciecis, ft omnino difficilis. I snuientem. m El sic cum fere de iilo desperassem, "Si quis ei iiii nee Zelotypus irascitur, iiec pujjnat ali- I post menses quatuor ad me reJiil. 2q2 486 Love-Melancholy. [Part, 3. Sec. 2 more eagerness, fly from if you follow, but if averse, as a shadow they will follow you again, fugienlcm seqiiitur, seqiientemf iigit ; with a regaining retreat, a gentle reluctaucy, a smiling threat, a pretty pleasant peevishness they will put you oil', and have a thousand such several enticements. For as he saith, *• " Non est f.priiia sutis, nee qua vult bella viduri, I '• 'Tis not enough lliougn she be fair of hue, Debt-t vul^'iiri mure placeru suis. | For her li> use this vcilKur couipliineiit : Dit'Iu, sales, lusus, scruioiies, i;ratia, risus, j Hut pretty toys and jesls, and saws ami smiles, Vincunt naturx caiidiUtoris opus." | As Car beyond what beauty can attempt." "For this cause belike Philostratus, in his images, makes diverse loves, "some young, some of one age, some of another, some winged, some of one sex, some of another, some with torclies, some with golden apples, some with darts, gins, snares, and other engines in their hands," as Propertius hath prettily painted them out, lib. 2. et 29. and which some interpret, diverse enticements, or diverse atlections of lovers, whicli if not alone, yet jointly may batter and overcome the strongest constitutions. It is reported of Decius, and Valerianus, those two notorious persecutors of the church, that when they could enforce a young Christian by no means (as '■^^Hierome records) to sacrifice to their idols, bv no torments or promises, tHey took another course to tempt liim : ihev put him into a fair garden, and set a young courtesan to dally with him, ""took him about the neck and kissed him, and that which is not to be named," manihustjue atlreclure, tSrc, and all those enticements which might be used, that whom torments could not, love miirht batter and beleaguer. But such was his constancy, she could not overcomo, and when this last engine would take no place, tiiey left him to his own ways. At •'lierkli-y in Gloucestershire, there was in times past a nmmerv (saith Gnaltcnis .Mapes, an old historiographer, that lived 400 years since\." of which there was a n<>l>le and a fair lady abbess: Godwin, that subtile Ecirl of Kent, travelling that way, (seeking not her but hers) leaves a nephew of hi.s, a proper younj; gallant (^as if he had been sick) with her, till he came back again, and gives the young man charge so long to counterfeit, till he had dellowered the abbess, and as many besides of the nuns as he could, and leaves him withal rmgs, jewels, girdles, and such toys to give them still, when they came to visit him. The young man, willing to undergo such a business, played his part so well, that in short space he got up niost of their bellies, and when he had done, told his lord how he had sped: *'his lord made instantly to the court, tells the king how such a nutmery was become a bawdy-house, procures a visitation, gets them to be turned out, and begs the lands to his ovvn use." This story I do therefore repeat, that you may see of what force these enticements are, if they be opportunely used, and how hard it is even for the most averse and sanctified soids to resist such allurements. John Major in the life of John the monk, that lived in the days of Theodosius, com- mends the hermit to have been a man of singular continency, and of a most austere life; but one night by chance the devil came to his cell in the habit of a young market wench that had lost her way, and desired for God's sake some lodging with hint. ■""•The old man let her in, and after some common conference of her mishap, she began to inveigle him with lascivious talk and jests, to play with his beard, to kiss him. and do worse, till at last she overcame him. As he went to address him- self to tliat business, she vanished on a sudden, and the devils in the air laughed him to scorn." VV'^hether this be a true story, or a tale, I will not much contend, it serves to illustrate this which I have said. Yet were it so, that these of which I have hitherto spoken, and such like enticing baits, be not sutficient, there be many others, which will of themselves intend this passion of burning lust, amongst which, dancing is none of the least; and it is an engine of such force, I may not omit it. Inci tame nt urn Ubidinis, Petrarch calls it, »' Prln'tii:^ Catal. ^ Imauines denruin. ful. 3-27. 1 riinuni. tanquain infirinuni ilonec reverlcn-lur. in- raring ninores facit, quos nlii|ui inu-rpr>'laMtur iiiiiiti- »truit. A-c '•*' lll<- impijer regeiii adit, nbatifnain et p'i.>-» atr.etus el illecehras, alios piiellus. puellas.aiato^. duas (.r cet. fXplor.iloriljijii nii*^M probat, alio* poni.-i auiea, alios sasiltas. alio* laqufo«, &■:. et im < iii huo iiiaiieriuiii actepil •' P«»t »Epi«t. Jib. 3. vita Paiili Ereniits. '^ .Meretnx | serinoi, , . ,iuavilate ».Tiiioiie» ri.iicilial ani- •peciosa c*>pt' deiicatius slrinnere colla coniplexihiis, el , mum li .imiiuv iu louiiiq^ie intHf rolliMjiiia el ri»u« ad rorpore iii libidiiietn roiicitato.tr. *t'amdeii in. harbam prolen lit et palpare cifpil cervir»'iii H'laiii i-l <;iouceTa abl.a- \ o»culari ; quid i.iulta? Cdptiviim ducil iiiililein <;hri.li. lii>*B, tJixIniniH rnnie^ indole jubiiliii, non ipsnin. 'cd i (.'oiiiplrxura ev.tiieicil, deiiione* in acre luunacbu'a ■ua cupiciiii. reliqik ' liepoteui «uuin forma vIeKaiiliH- i riiwruiit. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 487 the spur of lust. "A ''^circle of which the devil himself is the centre. ^Manv women that use it, have come dishonest home, most indifferent, none better.'' *" Another terms it "the companion of all filthy delights and enticements, and 'tis not easily told what inconveniences come by it, what scurrile talk, obscene actions,'' and many times such monstrous gestures, such lascivious motions, such wanton tunes, meretricious kisses, homely embracings. -" (ut Gaditana canoro Incipiat prurire chiiro, plausiiqiie probata; Ad tiirraiii tremula descendant dune puellffl, Irrilanientuin Veneris languentis)" that it will make the spectators mad. When that epitomizer of ^^Trogus had to the full described and set out King Ptolemy's riot as a chief engine and instrument of his overthrow, he adds, tympanimi et tripudlum, fiddling and dancing : "• the king was not a spectator only, but a principal actor himself." A thing nevertheless fre~ quently used, and part of a gentlewoman's bringing up, to sing, dance, and play on the lute, or some such instrument, before she can say her paternoster, or ten com- mandments. 'Tis the next way their parents think to get them husbands, they are compelled to learn, and by that means, ^^Incaestos amores de tenero medUantur ungue ; 'tis a great allurement as it is often used, and many are undone by it. Thais, in Lucian, inveigled Laniprias in a dance, Herodias so far pleased Herod, that she mads him swear to give her what she would ask, John Baptist's head in a platter. ^ Robert, Duke of Normandy, riding by Falais, spied -Arlette, a fair maid, as she danced on a green, and was so much enamoured with the object, tliat ''^he must needs lie with her that night. Owen Tudor won Queen Catherine's affection in a dance, fall- ing by chance with his head in her lap. Who cannot parallel these stories out of his experience.? Speusippas a noble gallant in ''^that Greek Aristenaetus, seeing Panareta a fair young gentlewoman dancing by accident, was so far in love with her, that for a long time after he could think of nothing but Panareta: he came ravino- home full of Panareta : " Who would not admire her, who would not love her, that should but see her dance as 1 did.? O admirable, O divine Panareta! I have seen old and new Ptome, many feir cities, many proper women, but never any like to Panareta, they are dross, dowdies all to Panareta! O how she danced, how she tripped, how she turned, with what a grace! happy is that man that shall enjov her. O most incomparable, only, Panareta !" Wiien Xenophon, in Symposio, or Banquet, had discoursed of love, and used all the engines that might be devised, to move Socrates, amongst the rest, to stir him the more, he shuts up all witii a pleasant interlude or dance of Dionysius and Ariadne. ^'" First Ariadne dressed like a bride came in and took her place ; by and by Dionysius entered, dancing to the music. The spectators did all admire the young man's carriage ; and Ariadne herself was so much aflected with the sight, that she could scarce sit. After a while Dionysius beholding Ariadne, and incensed with love, bowing to her knees, embraced her'first, and kissed her with a grace ; she embraced him again, and kissed him with like affection, &c., as the dance required ; but they that stood by, and saw this, did much applaud and commend them both for it. And when Dionysus rose up, he raised her up with him, and many pretty gestures, embraces, kisses, and love compliments passed between them : which when they saw fair Bacchus and beautiful Ariadne so sweetly and so unfeignedly kissing each other, so really embracing, they swore they loved indeed, and were so inflamed with the object, that they began to rouse up themselves, as if they would have flown. At the last when they saw them still, so » Ciioraja cirr.ulus, ciijue centrum diah. a M„itiE 26. Qnis non miraiiis est saltantem i auis non vidit inde impuUica; dciniiini redierc, plures amhigiire, melior i el amavjt? vetereiii ef novam vidi Roniain <=.d tibi """' 30'1'iirpiiini ileliciariim comes est externa ! similem non vidi Panartta; felix qui Panareta truitiir saltatio; neqtie eerie facile djctn tpia; mala hinc visus hauriat, et quae pariat. colloquia, monstro.sos, incoiidi- tos eesliis, &c. 31 Juv. 8at. ]1. ■' t'erliaps you may exp(;ct that a Gaditanian with a tuneful company may liPiji" to wanton, and trills approved with applause lower themselves to the {.'round in a lascivious manner, a provocative of laniruishinj; desire." 32 Justin. I. 10. Adduntur instrumenta luiurix, tympana et Iripu- dia : iiec tarn spectator rex, sed nequili:e magister, &c &c. 'n'rinripio Ariadne velut spoMsa prodit, ac sola recedit ; prodiens illico Dionysius ad nuinerns can. tame tibia saltabat; admirati siint omnes saltantem juveneni.ipsainie Ariadne, ut vix potuerit coiiquiescere; postea vero cum Dionysius eani aspexit, &:c. (Jt aiilem surrexit Dionysius, erexit simul .Ariadiiem. licobatque spectare gestus osculantiiim, et inter se compbcten- tium; qui aiitem spectahant, &.c. .4d extremum videii- tes ens mufuis amplexihus implicatos et jamjain ad tlia- """.I^; '.'. ^i,"''„'^ UT-:, •' ".^^a/ldp vita ejus. _ siQfi lamum ilnros; qui non duxerant uxores jurahant nxores uteiii duxerant consceiisis equ fruerentur, doiuum festitiarunt vvh.im he heirat William the Conqueror; by the same I se ducturos; qui autem duxerant consceiisis equis el token she tore her smock down, saying, &c "'Epist. | iucilatis, ut iisdcm fri - - - 488 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. willingly embracing, and now ready to go to the bride-chamber, they were so ravished with i;, tliat they that were unmarried, swore they would forthwith marry, and those that wi-re married called instantly for their horses, and galloped home to their wives/' What greater motive can there be than this burning lust? what so violent an oppugner ? ]Yot without good cause therefore so many general councils condemn It, so many fathers abhor it, so many grave men speak against it ; " Use not the company of a woman," saith Syracides, 8. 4. ''that is a singer, or a dancer; neither hear, lest thou be taken in her craftiness." In circa non tarn cernitur quam discitur libido. ^ Hsdus holds, lust in theatres is not seen, but learned. Groifory Nazianzen that eloquent divine, (^^^as he relates the story himself,) when a noble friend of his solemnly invited him with other bisliops, to his daughter Olympiads wedding, refused to come : ***'• For it is absurd to see an old gouty bishop sit amongst dancers;" he held it unfit to be a spectator, much less an actor, jyemo sultat sobrius, Tnlly writes, he is not a sober man that danceth ; for some such reason (belike") Domitian forbade the Human senators to dance, and for that fact removed many of them from the senate. But these, you will say, are lascivious and Pagan dances, 'tis the abuse that causeth such inconvenience, and I do not well therefore to condemn, speak against, or " innocently to accuse the best and pleasantest thing i^so " Luciau calls it) that belongs to mortal njen." You misinterpret, I condemn it not; I hold it notwithstanding an honest dis[)ort, a lawful recreation, if it be opportune, moderately and soberly used : I am of Plutiirch's mind, ■*•* " that which respects j)lc'asure alone, honest recreation, or btMhIv exercise, ought not to be rejected and contemned :" I subscribe to " Lucian, "'tis an elegant tiling, which cheereth up the mind, exerciseih the body, delights the sjiectators, which teacheth many comely gestures, ecpially aflecting the ears, eyes, and soul itself." S;dlust iliscommends singing and dancing m Sempronia, not that she did sing or dance, but that she did it in excess, 'tis the abuse of it ; and Gregory's refusal doth not simply condemi\ it, but in some folks. Many will not allow men and women to dance together, because it is a provocation to lust : they may as well, with Lycurgiis and .Mahomet, cut down all vines, forbid the drinking of wine, for that it makes some men drunk. ** " Nihil priNlett quuil iioii lardere pouet ideiu ; Igiie quid uliliu* /" I say of this as of all other honest recreations, they are like fire, good and bad, and 1 see no such inconvenience, but that they may so dance, if it be done at due times, and by fit persons: and conclude with Wulfungus '"llider, and most of our modern divines : .St decoriP, graves., verecundce, plttia luce buuorum viroruin el ruutrunarum honest arum,, temjtestive Jiunt., probari possunl.^ el debent. "There is a time to mourn, a time to dance," Eccles. iii. 4. Let them lake their pleasures then, and as ^*he .said of old, "young men and maids flourishing in their age, fair and lovely to behold, well atlireil, and of comely cariiage, dancing a Greek galliard, and as their dance required, kept their time, now turning, now tracing, now apart now altogether, now a courtesy then a caper," &.C., and it was a pleasant sight to see those pretty knots, and swimming tigures. The sun and moon (^some say) dance about the earth, the three upper planets about the sun as their centre, now stationary, now direct, now retrograde, now in apogee, then in perigee, now swift then slow, occidental, oriental, they turn round, jump and trace, ? and i about the sun with tho.-e thirty-three Macuhe or Bourboiiian planet, circa Solem saltantes Cytliarcduin, saith Fromundus Four Medicean stars dance about Jupiter, two Austrian about Saturn, &.c., and all (^belike) to the music of the spheres. Our greatest counsellors, and staid senators, at some times dance, as David before the ark, 2 Sam. vi. 14. Miriam, Exod. xv. 2(». Judith, XV. 13. (^though the devil hence perhaps hath brought in those bawily hac- rhanals), and well may they do it. The greatest soldiers, as *'Quiiitilianus, ".Kiiii- lius Prubus, ^Coelius Uhodiginus, havc/proved at large, still use it in Greece, Rome, .1 . 1 1 ■ cunieiiini-ml. ariiorihiK. ** Ad .^ny- i iri|uo dcmulceni. "Ovid. ' - • - n • : «> liitiiiii>»->ti»iim eriim eil. el a |iliil|iliir. <• Apuleiun 1 ..•ii». inter 4iil:.int>-s |><>.iaLTicuiii vi.lerf I vin-nii ll-nt<-ii rlatiila (•■rmi < i • Ti *■ Kctn oinniuiii in niortaliuin iiio-nrii i;rali>nii. Grn ' 1 iilcr .iccii>-irH. *i Uiix hoiii.--)- |M»iti< orilinatMiiiilr i. I ■, icit. But ciir(»'ri-xi. : i ".111 . J. i «• Kli-tinti^riiiii.i r>'!i ist. (|ii» ct nunc in qiiailruiii en 1:1 n 1 • 1 ■■ »•, ir.n.. i»a. in-M»-iii aniit. forp»i» nerreal. ft '(KTlaiites oMiclit. *• Lib. 1. cap 11. • Vit. KpaiuimtiHia. *• Lib i Hiult>« "• :iilte,Jinge, jura., jjerjura., jacla, Simula, mcntire ; and they put it well in practice, as Apollo to Daphne, Et Claros et Ten.Hlos, patareaque regia servit, Delphos, Claros and Tenedos serve me. Jupilerestgeuitor"— | And Jupiter is known my sire to be." ^ The poorest swains will do as much, ^''Mille pecus nivei sunt et mild vallibus agni : " I have a thousand sheep, good store of cattle, and they are all at her command," 68 "Tihi nos, tilii nostra supellex, Ruraque servieriiu" " house, land, goods, are at her service," as he is himself. Dinomachus, a senator's son in ^^ Lucian, in love with a wench inferior to him in birth and fortunes, the sooner to accomplish his desire, wept unto her, and swore he loved her with all his heart, and her alone, and that as soon as ever his father died (a very rich man and almost decrepid) he would make her his wife. The maid by chance made her mother acquainted with tlie business, who being an old fox, well experienced in such mat- ters, told her daughter, now ready to yield to his desire, that he meant nothing less, for dost thou think he will ever care for thee, being a poor wench, *^^ that may have his choice of all the beauties in the city, one noble by birth, with so many talents, as young, better qualified, and fairer than thyself? daughter believe him not : the maid was abashed, and so the matter broke off When Jupiter wooed Juno first (Liliiis Giraldus relates it ont of an old comment on Theocritus) the better to effect his suit, he turned himself into a cuckoo, and spying her one dav walking alone, separated from the other goddesses, caused a tempest suddenly to arise, for fear of which slie fled to shelter; Jupiter to avoid the storm likewise flew into her lap, in virginis Junonis gremium dcvolavit, whom Juno for pity covered in her ''' apron. But he turned himself forthwith into his own shape, began to embrace and ofler vio- lence unto her, scd ilia malris melu abnuebat, but slie by no means would yield, doTiec pollicitiis connnbium obtinuil, till he vowed and swore to marry her, and then she eave consent. This fact was done' at Thornax hill, which ever after was called Cuckoo hill, and in perpetual remembrance there was a temple erected to Telia Juno in the same place. So powerful are fair promises, vows, oaths and protestations. It is an MRead P. Martyr Ocean Decad. Benzo, Leriiis Hac- luit, &c. 61 AnEcriaiiiis ErotopiEdiuin. " 10 Leg. rni yap Totavrri; (7irtSni evcKa, &.C. liujiis causa oportuil diRcipliiiam const itui, ut tain pueri qiiain puel lie choreas celelirenl, specteiiturque ac spcclent, &c. '3 Aspectus eniiii niidoriiin corporuiii taiii mares quam fcminas irri- tare solet ad onornii's lasciviae aupetitus. ^Cam- den Anna I. anno lo78, fol. 276. Auiatoriis facetiis et 62 illccebris exqiiisitissimus. ^^ jviet. 1. Ovid. <>« Eras- mus egl. inille inei siculis errant in moniibiis a^ni. " Vir?. " Lecheus. s^'Pom. 4. merit. diaL amare se jurat et lachrimatur dicitqui; uxorem ine diicere vello, (piiim pater oculos riaiississet. ™(iuuin dolem alibi multo majorem aspiciet, &c. s' Or uppe^ garment. Queiii Juno miserata ves^^e conteiit. 4i)0 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 2. orJinaiy thing too in this case to belie their age, whicli widows usually do, that mean to marry again, and bachelors too sometimes, ^-"Cujus (ictavuiii trepidavit wtas, ceriiere lustrum ;" to say they are younger than they are. Carmides in the said Lucian loved Philema- tium, an old maid of forty-tive vears ; "^slie swore to him she was but thirtv-lwo next December. But to dissemble in this kind, is I'amiliar of all sides, and often it takes. *^ Falltre credenlcvi res est operosa puellam., 'tis soon done, no such great mastery, Egregiam verb laudem, el spolia ampla, and nothing so frequent as to belie their estates, to prefer their suits, and to advance themselves. Many men to fetch over a young woman, widows, or whom they love, will not stick to crack, forge and feign any thing comes next, bid his boy fetch his cloak, rapier, gloves, jewels, &.C. in such a chest, scarlet-golden-lissue breeches, &.c. when there is no such matter; or make any scruple to give out, as he did in Petronius, tliat he waii master of a sliip, kept so many servants, and to personate their part the better take upon them to be gentlemen of good houses, well descended and allied, liire apparel at brokers, some scavenger or prick-louse tailors to attend upon them for the time, swear they liave great possessions, '"bribe, lie, cog, and foist how dearly tliey love, how bravely they will maintain her, like any lady, countess, duchess, or cjueen ; they shall have gowns, tiers, jewels, coaches, and carociies, choice diet, "I'lie h«a(J« of |iarrn(«, teneue* of nightingale*, I a ■ ■. r , r ■ , 'I-lir brain« of (^-acKrlt., and of o-.r'ct.e- f,P'"^ "fj"^' ""'' "' ?['"'*'". Theu bath «t>all be the juice of gill.tlower.. | ^ •»« """' "^ unicorn,.,' See. as old Vulpone courted Co'lia in the "comedy, when as they are no such men, not worth a groat, but mere sharkers, to make a fortune, to get their ilesire, or else pre- tend love to spend their idle hours, to be more welcome, and for bt tttr cntertain- ineni. The conclusion is, they mean nothing less, MlatliJi, vmw^, (irniiii-cn, iirr- rnni-li (iroicsilpd ; It'll »li>-ii iheir iiiiiiil anil IiibI iii »aiiitiifd, Uatlm, viiw*. prnuiiBr*, arc i|uitf m-ijleclt-d ;" tlioui{h he solemnly swear by the genius of Caesar, by Venus' shrine. Hymen's deity, by Jupiter, and all the other gods, give no cre.ii< i' l> ■( l!jlii>->iiii ii.w>ui .mi iinr.-m i|i|i *< tJvid u >jaiii doiiis vincitur onwiK amor. ' '•■rra 111* I. el 5. « Kox. an. 3. «. X «f..i nui *■ P«rjuria ridet anidiiluin Jupiti-r. et ventn* irni > liliro; jubft Tibul. lib. J. ft b. *ln riiilebo. peji-riiiiii- I cri'doaili rum •» u.iiiii t»iiii<.n ^1 . I'.wlnjrit. Uia. 01* dii toll ignuacunl. '•Calul. ^' ijb. 1. | cam upi(>cra« epula*, el lauli* juraiuentts, ttuiua, tec Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Artificial Allurements. 491 at lengtli he protested, promised, and swore pro virginitate regno me donalurim, I should have all he had, house, goods, and lauds, pro concubitu solo; "•leit^'-er was there ever any conjuror, I think, to charm his spirits that used such attention, or mighty words, as he did exquisite phrases, or general of any anny so many strata- gems to win a city, as he did tricks and devices to get the love of me. Thus men are active and passive, and women not far behind them in this kind : Audax ad omnia f(£?/una, quae vel a?nat, vel odit. 1^ For half so boldly there can non Swear and lye as women can. "^They will crack, counterfeit, and collogue as well as the best, with handkerchiefs, and wrought nightcaps, purses, posies, and such toys: as he justly complained, " " Cur iiiittis vinlas? ncnipe iit violentiiis uret ; liuid viulas viulis me violcnta tuis ?" &t.c. 'Why dost thou send me violets, my dear? To make nie burn more violent, 1 fear, Wjtii violets too violent ttiou art, To violate and wound my gentle heart." When nothing else will serve, the last refuge is their tears. Hcpx scripsi (Jestor amorem) mixta lachrymis et suspiriis., 'twixt tears and sighs, I write this (I take love to witness), saith "* Chelidonia to Philonius. Lumina qum modb fulmina^jamflu- viina lac/try martim, those burning torches are now turned to floods of tears. Are- tine's Lucretia, when her sweetheart came to town, ''^ wept in his bosom, " that he might be persuaded those tears were shed for joy of his return." Quartilla in Pe- tronius, when nought would move, fell a weeping, and as Balthazar Castillo paints them out, ''^'■'To these crocodile's tears they will add sobs, fiery sighs, and sorrow- ful countenance, pale colour, leanness, and if you do but stir abroad, these fiends are ready to meet you at every turn, with such a sluttish neglected habit, dejected look, as if they were now ready to die for your sake ; and how, saith he, shall a young novice thus beset, escape r" But believe them not. " " animam ne crede puellis, Namque est foeminea tutior unda fide." Thou thinkest, peradventure, because of her vows, tears, smiles, and protestations, she is solely thine, thou hast her heart, hand, and affection, when as indeed there is no such matter, as the *' Spanisli bawd said, gaudet ilia habere unum in lecto, alterum in jwrtd, teriium qui domi suspiret, she will have one sweetheart in bed, another in the gate, a third sighing at home, a fourth, &c. Every young man she sees and likes hath as much interest, and shall as soon enjoy her as thyself. On the other side, wliich I iiave said, men are as false, let them swear, protest, and lie; ^^Quod vobis dicunt-i dixerunt mille puellis. They love some of them those eleven thou- sand virgins at once, and make tliem believe, each particular, he is besotted on her, or love one till they see another, and then her alone; like Milo's wife in Apuleius, lib. 2. Si qucin conspexerit speciosce formce invenem, venustate ejus sumitur, et in eum animum intorquei. 'Tis their common compliment in that case, they care not what they swear, say or do: One while they slight them, care not for them, rail down- right and scofl" at them, and then again they will run mad, hang themselves, stab and kill, if they may not enjoy them. Henceforth, therefore, nulla viro juranti fcemina credat., let not maids believe them. These tricks and counterfeit passions are more familiar with women, ^*fincm hie dolori faciei aut vilcs dies, mise- rere amantis, quoth Phajdra to Hippolitus. Joessa, in *^Lucian, told Pythias, a young man, to move him the more, that if he would not have her, she was resolved to make away herself. '• There is a Nemesis, and it cannot choose but grieve and trouble thee, to hear that I have either strangled or drowned myself for thy sake." Nothing so common to this sex as oaths, vows, and protestations, and as I have already said, '< Nunquam aliquls umbrarutn conjuralor tanta at- tentione, tamque potentibus verbis usus est, quam ille exqnisitis milii dictis, itc. '^Qhancer. '"Ah crudele genas nee tutnm fcemina nomen ! Tibul. I. 3. cle?. 4. "' Jovianus Pom. '8 Aristienetus, lib. 2. e]>ist. 13. ■'^Suaviter tlebam, nt persuasuni haheat lachrymas prs ^andio illius reditus mihi emanare. f Lib. 3. his accedunt, vultus subtristis, color pallidns, ffemebnnda vox, ignita suspiria, lachryms prope in- nuinerabiles. Istae se statini umbrs otferiint tanto Equaiore et in omni fere diverticulo tanta macie, ut illnsjamjam morlbundas putes. si petronius "Trust not your heart to women, for the wave is less treacherous than their fidelity." KicoBlestina, act 7. Barthio interpret omnibus arridet, et a singulis amari se solam dicit. ^Ovid. " They have made the same promises to a thousand girls that thev make to you." I** Seneca Hi ppol. " Tom. 4. dial, merit tu vero aliquando mserore afficieris ubi audierjs me a meips4 laqueo lui causa sulfocatam aut in puteum prajcipita. tarn. 192 Love-Melancholy. [Part. 3. Set *,. tears, which they have at command ; for they can so weep, that one would iiunk their very hearts were dissolved within them, and would come out in tears ; then eyes are like rocks, which still drop water, diurice luchrymce et suduris in modum turgcri promplcE^ saitli ** Arisia-nctus, they wipe away their tears like sweat, w eey with one eye, laugh with the other ; or as children "'' weep and cry, they can both together. * '• .\( ve pui-llariiiii lachryiiiis moveare aieuiento, I " Care not for women's tears, I counsel tli<.-e, Vl tterent oculos eruiiiere »uu8." | They leach their eyes da much to weep us see." And as much pity is to be taken of a woman weeping, as of a goose going barefoot. When Venus lost her son Cupid, she sent a crier about, to bid every one that met him take heed. 'Si flentem aspicias. ne innx falldre, caveto; Sin arriJebii, niauis etfu^i- ; et oxciila si fors Ferre volet, rusitn; sunt oocula iiuiia, ni ipaia Sunique veiiena latjriit," Ilc. " Take heed uf Cupitl'« tears, if cautehiuii. And of his l^lnlles and kiases I tliec tell. If that he ottV-r't. lur Ihey be iioxioiiii. And viry poison in his lips doth dwtll." '"A thousand year.s, as Casiilio conceives^ 'will scarce serve to reckon up those allurements and guiles, that men and women use to deceive one another with.'" SuBSECT. v. — Bavrds, Philters, Causes. When all other engines fail, that they can proceed no farther of themselves, their last refuge is to fly to bawds, panders, magical philters, and receipts ; rather than fail, to tlie devil himself. Fltctere si ncqutunt supuros., Acheronta movchunt. And by those indirect means many a man is overcome, and jirecipitated into this malady, if he take not good heed. For these bawds, first, they are everywhere so common, and so many, lliat, as he said of old Crotun, *' umnes hie uut capluntur, aut captant, either inveigle or be inveigled, we may .say of most of our cities, there be so many professed, cunning bawds in them. Besides, bawdry is become an art, or a liberal science, as Lucian calls it ; ami there be such tricks and subtleties, so many nurses, old women, [)aii(lers, Utttr carriers, beggars, physicians, friars, confessors, employed about it, that uullus tradtre stilus sujiciat, one saith, •• " treccntii veniibu* Sua* luipuritia* traluqui neuio poteal." Such occult notes, stenography, polygraphy, .Nuntius animalus, or magnetical telling of their minds, which "Cabeu.s the Jesuit, by the way, counts fabulous and false; cunnin" conveyances in this kind, that neither Juno's jealousy, nor Daiiae\s custody, nor Argo's vigilanry can keep them safe. 'Tis the last and comuion refuge to use an assistant, sucli as that Catanean Philippa was to Joan Queen of Naples, a "' bawd's help, an old woman in the business, as *\Myrrha did when slie doalrd on Cynir.is. and ci>uld not compass her desire, the old jade her nurse was ready at a pinch, die inguit, opemqw? me sine frrre tibi et in luic niea (pnyie tirnorem .Sedulitof rril apta tibi., fear it not, if it be possible to be done, I will effect it : non est tnulieri viulier insuperabilis, ^ Cadestina said, let him or her be never so honest, watched and reserved, 'tis hard but one of these old women will get access : and scarce shall vou find, as " Austin observes, in a nunnery a maid alone, " if she cannot have eoress, before her window you shall have an old woman, or some prating gossip, tell her some tales of this clerk, and that monk, describing or commeiuling some vouno- gentleman or other un'to her." " As I was walking in the street (sailh a good ffUow in Pelronius) to see the town served one evening, * 1 spied an old woman in a corner selling of cabbages and roots (as our hucksters do plums, apples, and such like fruits); mother (quoth he) can you tell where I can dwell.' she, being well pleased with my foolish urbanity, replied, and why, sir, should I not tell ? With that «• Epi't. "20. 1. 2. " MatrnniE flent ' - i met. •• Parii i i. i'»n«'\i- :" nioniale* qnatuor, virjineti uno. ni»-r j ad ••irorein vix . -.iruni hiiju- •■On I. 'd IiMj-jri.^ .). . fiiiii, r. ■ 1 I ifii Iriv. t,i. - I -iram n.-i Ut *•■ IIIVKlIU > txoniii*. vrrsva would n ' ' Masii.-t. Philos. h:. |. aj^ lu "•;.,i„l .I.- 5 h:.. I vil.-.. „,.r.irir.. .t ,„ i,jp»i Venn la exitiuiu callida Iroa oieum. »Ovid. 10. cralua auiculc iDauiiaa. Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Ariificial Allurements. 493 %\\c rose up and went before me. I took her for a wise woman, and bv-and-by she ied me hi to a by-lane, and told me there I should dwell. I replied again, I knew oot the house •, but I perceived, on a sudden, by the naked queans, that I was now come into a bawdy-house, and then too late I began to curse the treachery of this old jade." Such tricks you shall have in many places, and amongst the rest it is ordinary in Venice, and in the island of Zante, for a man to be bawd to his own wife. No sooner shall you land or come on shore, but, as the Comical Poet hath it, 3'' Morem Innic nierelrices lialxMit, I Rosnnt cujalis sit, quod p.\ nomen siet, Ad portiim iiiltlunt scrviilns, ancilliilns, Post illne e.xtenipio sese adpliceiit." Si qua pcrc^'rina navis in portuin aderit, | Tiiese white devils have their panders, bawds, and factors in every place to seek about, and bring in customers, to tempt and waylay novices, and silly travellers. And when they have them once within their clutches, as J^^gidius Maserius in his comment upon Valerius Flaccus describes them, '"""with promises and pleasant dis- course, with gifts, tokens, and taking their opportunities, they lay nets which Lucretia cannot avoid, and baits that Ilippolitus himself would swallow; they make such strong assaults and batteries, that the goddess of virginity cannot withstand them : give gifts and bribes to move Penelope, and with threats able to terrify Susanna. How many Proserpinas, with those catchpoles, doth Pluto take .'' These are the sleepy rods with which their souls touched descend to hell ; this the glue or lime with which the wings of the mind once taken cannot fly away; the deviPs ministers to allure, entice," &c. Many young men and maids, without all question, are invei- gled by these Eumenides and their associates. But these are trivial and well known. The most sly, dangerous, and cunning bawds, are your knavish physicians, empyrics, mass-priests, monks, 'Jesuits, and friars. Though it be against Hippocrates' oath, some of them will give a dram, promise to restore maidenheads, and do it without danger, make an abortion if need be, keep down their paps, hinder conception, pro- cure lust, make them able with Satyrions, and now and then step in themselves. No monastery so close, house so private, or prison so well kept, but these honest men are admitted to censure and ask questions, to feel their pulse beat at their bed- side, and all under pretence of giving physic. Now as for monks, confessors, and friars, as he said, - ■' Noti aiidet Stytrius Pluto tentare quod audet I " That Stygian Pluto dares not tempt or do, EflffKiiis inoiiachu3, plenaqiie fraudis anus;" | W^liat an old hag or monk will undergo ;" cither for himself to satisfy his own lust, for another, if he be hired thereto, or both at once, having such excellent means. For under colour of visitation, auricular con- fession, comfort and penance, they have free egress and regress, and corrupt, God knows, how many. They can such trades, some of them, practise physic, use exorcisms, &c, ' That whereas was wont to walk and Elf, There now walks the Limiter himself. In every bush and under enery tree. There needs no other Incubus but he. * ]n the mountains between Dauphine and Savoy, the friars persuaded the good wives to counterfeit themselves possessed, that their husbands might give them free access, and were so familiar in those days witli some of them, that, as one ^ol)serves, " wenches could not sleep in their beds for necromantic friars : and the good abbess in Boccaccio may in some "^"t witness, that rising betimes, mistook and put on the fria*i-'s breeches instead o. ner veil or hat. You have heard the story, J presume, of * Paulina, a chaste matron in ^gesippus, whom one of Isis's priests did prostitute to Mundus, a young knight, and made her believe it was their god Anubis. Many such pranks are played by our Jesuits, sometimes in their own habits, sometimes in others, like soldiers, courtiers, citizens, scholars, gallants, and women themselves. Proteus- like, in all forms and disguises, that go abroad in the night, to inescate and beguile " Plautus Menech. " These harlots send little maid- ] animee ad Orcum descendunt ; hoc gluten quo compacts . incntium al.T evolare iiequennt, dsmonis ancillae, quis sollicitant, See. 'See the practices of tlip Jesuits, Anglice, edit. 1C30. = .lEn. Sylv. 3 Chuucer, in the wife of Bath's tale. ^ H. Stephanas Apol. Herod, lib. 1. cap. 21. sBale. Piiella; in lectis dormire non poterant. " Idem Jo»?phus, lib. 13- cap. 4. ens dr.vn to the quays to ascertain the name and na^ ti'j:^ of every ship that arrives, after which they them- selves hasten to address the new-comers." ""i Pro- niissis everlierant, molliunt dulciloquiis, et opportuiium temi)iis ancupaiites laqiieos ingerunt quos vix Lucretia viiare; escani paraiit quam vel satiir Hippolitus sunie- vet. &c. Hk sane sunt virga- soporifirra; quibus contacts 2R <94 Lovc-Mclancholy. [Part. 3. Sec. 3 young' women, or to have tlieir pleasure of other men's wives ; and, if we may believe 'some relations, they have wardrobes of several suits in the colleges for tliat purpose. Howsoever in public they pretend much zeal, seem to be very holy men. and bitterly preach against adultery, fornication, there are no verier bawds or whore- masters in a countrv; ^'"- whose soul they should gain to God, they sacrifice to the devil." But I spare these men for the present. The last battering engines are philters, amulets, spells, charms, images, and such unlawful means : if they cannot prevail of themselves by the help of bawds, pan- ders, and their adherents, they will fly for succour to the devil himself. I know there be those that deny the devil can do any such thing (Crato cpist. '2. lib. tiicd.)^ and manv divines, there is no other fascination than that which comes by the eyes, of which I have formerly spoken ; and if you desire to be better informed, read Camcrarius, oper snhcis. cent. 2. c. 5. It was given out of old, that a Thessalian wench had bewitched King Philip to dote upon her, and by phdters enforced hia love; but when Olympia, the Queen, 'saw the maid of an excellent beauty, well brought up, and qualified — these, quoth she, were the philters which inveigled King Philip; those the true charms, as Ilenrj' to Rosamond, •"One accent roin thy lips the WdoiI more warms, Thnii all thrir philters, exorcisms, ami charms." With this alone Lucretia brags in '"Areline, she could do more than all philosophers, astrologers, alchymists, necromancers, witches, and the rest of the crew. As for herbs and philters, I could never skill of them, ''The sole philter that ever I used was ki.ssing and embracing, by which alone I made men rave like beasts stupi- lied, and compelled them to worship me like an idol." In our times it is a conunon thing, saith Eiastus, in hi.s book dc LuniiiSj for witches to take upon tlitin the mak- ing of these phiU(;rs, "'' to force men and women to love and hate whom they will, to cause tempests, diseases," Stc. by cliunns, spells, characters, knots. '"///c Tlics- salii vendit PhiUra. St. Ilierome proves that they can ilo it (as in Ililarius' life, epist. lib. 'V) ; he hath a story of a young man, that with a philter made a maid mad for the love of him, which maid was after cured by llilarian. Such instances 1 liiul in John Nidcr, Formicar. lib. 5. cup. 5. Plutarch records of Lucullus that he died of a philter; and that Cleopatra used philters to inveigle Antony, amongst other allurements. Eusebius reports as much of Lucretia the poet. Panonnitan. Ub. 4. de gest. Alphnnsi.1 hath a story of one Stephan. a Neapolitan knight, that by a phdter was forced to run mad for love. But of all others, that which '^ Petrarch, c/*is^ famil. lib. 1. ep. 5, relates of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) is most memorable, lie foolishly doted upon a woman of mean favour and condition, many years to- getlier, wholly delighting in her company, to the great grief and indignation of his lliends and followers. When she was dead, he did embrace her corpse, as Apollo did the bav-tree for his Daphne, and caused her cofiin (richly embalmed and decked with jewels) to be carried about with him, over which he still lamented. At last a venerable bishop, that followed his court, prayed earnestly to God (commiserating his lord and master's case) to know the true cause of this mad passion, and whence it proceeded ; it was revealed to him, in fine, " that the cause of the emperor's mad love lav under the dead woman's tongue." The bishop went hastily to tlie carcass, and took a small ring thence ; upon the removal the emperor abhorred the corpse, and, instead '* of it, fell as furiously in love with the bishop, he would not suiTer him to be out of his presence; which when the bishop perceived, he flung the ring into the midst of a great lake, where the king then was. From that hour the em- peror neglected all his other houses, dwelt at '*Ache, built a fair house in the midst of the marsh, to his infinite expense, and a '* temple by it, where after he was buried, and in which city all his posterity ever since use to be crowned. Marcus the heretic ■■Liberedil Aiiciista Vindclicnriini, An. ICOH, sQua- | velint; odia int'-r conjuges aerendi, temi^^-state* exri rum aiiimas lurj.iri drbcnt IKo, sacritiraiil ili.-ib«lri. tamli. nuirhos Mifli;;eiidi, 4cc '^ juvrnalis t omncs phil< sophi, a-ttrolo^i, n<.-cr(>iiiaiilici. ice. pnl.i pleiihus ac'iuitscens, summa cum .ixiruic saliva iii>iiii;>.'ii', I. ainplexu et basiis tam furiiisi- t-t dolnre. '< Et inJe tolus i: .n fiircre. furtre, t.im U'^lialiter olK-lutitsieri coti-i, ul iimiar 1 illiun colere. " Aqiii»«r«nuin, miIjJi .^iie .« Ub idoli me ailorariiit I'^agx oinnes ;ibi arrogant iiitnso fumptu templuio el Kdet. k.c. noiitiani, ct faculiaiem in aioarem alliciendi qucn | Mem. 2. Subs. 5.] Artificial Allurements. 495 is accused by Ircnoeus to have inveigled a young maid b^ this means ; and some writers speak hardly of the Lady Katharine Cobhani, that by the same art she cir cumvented Humphrey Duke of Gloucester to be her husband. Sycinius iEmilianus summoned '■ Apuleius to come before Cneius- Maximus, proconsul of x\frica, that he being a poor fellow, " had bewitched by philters Pudentilla, an ancient rich matron, to love him," and, being worth so many thousand sesterces, to be his wife. Agrippa, lib. 1. caj). 48. occult. j)hilos. attributes much in this kind to philters, amulets, images: and Salmutz com. in Pancirol. Tit. 10. de Horol. Leo Afer, lib. 3, sailh, 'tis an ordinary practice at Fez in Africa, Prcesiigiatores ibi plures, qui cogunf amoves et concubitus: as skilful all out as that hyperborean magician, of whom Cleodemus, in '^ Lucian, tells so many fine feats performed in this kind. But Erastus, Wierus, and others are against it ; they grant indeed such things may be done, but (as Wierus discourseth, lib. 3. dc Lamiis. cap. 37.) not by charms, incantations, philters, but the devil himself; lib. 5. cap. 2. he contends as much ; so doth Freitagius, noc. med. cap. 74. Andreas Cisalpinus, cap. 5 ; and so much Sigismundus Schereczius, cap. 9. de hirco noctiirno, proves at large. '^"Unchaste women by the help of these witches, the devil's kitchen maids, have their loves brought to them in the night, and carried back again by a phantasm flying in the air in the likeness of a goat. I have heard (saith he) divers confess, that they have been so carried on a goat's back to their sweethearts, many miles in a night." Others are of opinion that these feats, which most suppose to be done by charms and philters, are merely effected by natural causes, as by man's blood chemically prepared, which much avails, sailh Ernestus Burgranius, in Lucernd vita, et mortis Indice, ad amorcm conciliandu?)i et odium., (so huntsmen make their dogs love them, and farmers their puUen,) 'tis an excellent philter, as he holds, sed vulgo prodere grande ncfas, but not fit to be made common: and so be Mala insana, mandrake roots, mandrake ^° apples, precious stones, dead ftien's clothes, candles, mala Bacchica, panis jiorcinus, Hyppotnanes.1 a certain hair m a " wolf's tail, &c., of which Rhasis, Dioscorides, Porta, Wecker, Rubeus, Mi- ^aldus, Albertus, treat : a swallow's heart, dust of a dove's heart, mullum valent linguce. vipcrarum, cerebella asinorum, tela equina., palliola quibus infantes obvoluti nascuntur, fujiis strangulati hominis, lapis de nido JiquillaMdili:e. suasiones, t'raudcs et veneficia inchidehuMtur. " Whenc? lliat heal to waters bubbling from tin: cold nioifl earth? Cupid, once upon a time, playlully