\^^'; f^lM tim ,* , * A I .'^ « *^?^^AaaA, "i*^?^0Mio5i' I ■^A/^ m An\'^^' . ^1^ £jI H '«8aa*a, l£&fi:Alr^ I illilii^M! i DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY The Glenn Negley Collection of Utopian Literature Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from Duke University Libraries Iittp://www.arclnive.org/details/anatomyofmelanc01burt o THE Anatomy of MELAl^CHOLY 'hL tliree Partiticaxs wifH ^eir >severalL j ASecflions, members ki sutleclions, (T) e mo en Uu fju moi^ . ' {^Jl-trn a SafurvcaJC Wrera ce. Coridacirw to ^/ic touCo-u/tna u)tscoufjc- . j/u. tta-niA. ooihan, c^rrr-ecl-ea an^ atufTnc?ife^ tu me ^7ufnoy~^. niur^iLnctum.aut rmscm/' I'fue "Diaco8. quod cunctis opevibus facile exceliit. Laert. » Col. lib. 1. c. 1. « Const, lib. de agric. passim. 1' Volucrum voces et linguas intelligere se dicit Abderitanus, Ep. Hip. 'i Sabellicus, exempl. lib. 10. Oculis se privavit, ut melius contemplationi operam daret, sublimi vir ingenio, profundaj cogitationis, &c. DCMOCRITUS TO THE READRR. 3 eyes, and was in liis old ao-e voluntarily blind, yet saw move tliari all Greece beside.*;, and "^ writ of every subject : Ni hil in toto opificio natnrce^ de qiio non scripsit : a man of a n ex- cellent wit, profound conceit ; and, to attain knowledge the better inhis younger years, lie travelled to Egypt and ^ At bens, to confer witb learned men, ^admired of some, despised of others. After a wandring- life, he setled at Abdera, a town in Thrace, and was sent for thither to be their law-maker, recorder, or town-clerk, as some will ; or as others, he was there bred and born. Howsoever it was, there he lived at last in a garden in the suburbs, wholly betaking' himself to his studies and a private life, " sorinr/ that sometimes he uwiild n-nlk down to the haven, '^ and lavcjh lieartihj at such variety of ridic7iloHS objects, which there he saw. Such a one was Democritus. But, in the mean time, how doth this concern me, or upon what reference do I usurp his habit? I confess, indeed, that to compare my self unto him for ought T have yet said, were both impudency and arrogancy. I do not presume to make any parallel. Antistat mihi millihus trecentis : ^ parvus sum : nullus sum ; altum nee spiro, nee spero. Yet thus much I will say of my self, and that I hope without all suspicion of pride, or self-conceit, I have lived a silent, sedentary, solitary, private life, mihi et Musis, in the university, as long- almost as Xenocrates in Athens, ad senectam fere, to learn wisdom as he did, penned up most part in my study : for I have been brought up a student in the most flourishing colleg-e of Eu- rope, ^ augustissimo coller/io, and can brag with * Jovius, al- most, in ed luce domicilii Vaticani, totius orbis celeherrimi, per 37 annos multa opportunaqtie didici ; tor thirty years I have continued (having' the use of as good '^libraries as ever he had) a scholar, and would be therefore loth, either, by living as a drone, to be an unprofitable or unworthy member of so learned and noble a society, or to write that which should be any way dishonourable to such a royal and ample foundation. Something' I have done : though by my profession a divine, yet turbine raptus ingenii, as '' he said, out of a running wit, an unconstant, unsettled mind, I had a great desire (not able to attain to a superficial skill in any) to have some smat- tering in all, to be aliquis in omnibus, nullus in singulis ; ^ Naturalia, moralia, mathematica, liberates disciplisas, artiumqne omnium peri- tiam, callebat. * Veni Athenas ; et nemo me novit slJem contemptui et admiratioai habitus. "Solebat adportam ambiilare, et inde, &c. Hip. Ep. Dameg. '^ Pei-petuo risu pulmonem agitaie dolebat Democritus. Juv. Sat. 7. > Non sum dignns prsestare matellam. Mart. ^ Christ Church in Oxford. * Pnefat. hist, •> Keeper of our college library lately revised by Otho Nicolson. Esquire. ^ Scaliger. B 2 4 . DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. which ''Plato commends, out of him "^ Lipsius approves and furthers, as fit to he imprinted in all curious wits, not to be a slave of one science, or dwell altogether in one subject, as most do, but to rove abroad, centum puer artium, to have an oar in every mans boat, to ^ taste of every dish, and to sip of every cup ; which, saith ^Montaigne, was well performed by Aristotle, and his learned countrey-man Adrian Turnebus. This roving' humour (though not with like success) I have ever had, and, like a ranging' spaniel, that barks at every bird he sees, leaving- his game, I have followed all, saving that which I should, and may justly complain, and truly, quiubique est, nusquam est, which § Gesner did in modesty ; that I have read many books, but to little purpose, for want of good method, I have confusedly tumbled over divers authors in our libraries with small profit, for want of art, order, memory, judgement. I never travelled but in map or card, in which my unconfined thoughts have freely expatiated, as having ever been especially delighted witli the study of cosmography. •^ Saturn was lord of my geniture, culminating, &c. and Mars principal significator of manners, in partile conjunction with mine ascendent ; both fortunate in their houses, &c. I am not poor, I am not rich ; nihil est, nihil deest ; 1 have little, I want nothing : all my treasure is in Minerva's tower. Greater preferment as I could never get, so am I not in debt for it. I have a competency (laus Deo) from my noble and munificent patrons. Though Hive still a collegiat student, as Democritus in his garden, and lead a monastique life, ipse mihi theatrum, sequestred from those tumults and troubles of the world, et tamquam in specula positus ('as he said,) in some high place above you all, like Sto'icus sapiens, omnia scscula prceterita prasentiaque videns, uno velut intuitu, I hear and see what is done abroad, how others ''run, ride, turmoil, and macerate themselves in court and countrey. Far from those wrangling- law-suits, aulcE vanitatem,foriambitionem, ridere mecum soleo: I laugh at all, ^ only secure, lest my suit go amiss, my ships perish, corn and cattle miscarry, trade decay, / have no wife, nor children, good or had, to provide for ; a meer spectator of other mens fortunes and adventures, and how they act their parts, which me thinks are diversely presented unto <'InThejet. dphJi. Stoic, li. diff. 8. Dogma cupidis et curiosis ingeniis impriraendum, nt sit talis qui nulli rei serviat, aut exacte umim aliquid elaboret, alia negligens, nt artifices, &c. « Delibare gratum de quocunque cibo, et pitissare de quocunque dolio jucundum. ' Essays, lib. 3. § Prsefat. bibliothec. *'Ambo fortes et fortunati. Mars idem magisterii dominiis juxta primam Leovitii regulam. > Heinsius. k Calide ambientes, solicite litigantes, aut misere excidentes, voces, strepitum, contentiones, &c. ' Cyp. ad Donat. Unice se- curus, ne excidam in foro, aut in mari Indico bonis eluam, de dole filise^ patrimonio tilii non sum solicitus. DEMOCRITIJS TO THE READER. 5 me, as from a common theatre or scene. I hear new news every day : and those ordinary rumours of war, plag-nes, fires, inundations, thefts, murders, massacres, meteors, comets, spectrums, prodigies, apparitions, of towns taken, cities be- sieged in France, Germany, Turky, Persia, Poland, &c. daily musters and preparations, and such like, which these tempestuous times alford, battles fought, so many men slain, monomachies, shipwracks, piracies, and sea-fight!^, peace, leagues, stratagems, and fresh alarms — a vast confusion of vows, M'ishes, actions, edicts, petitions, law-suits, pleas, laws, proclamations, complaints, grievances — are daily brought to our ears : new books every day, pamphlets, currantoes, stories, whole catalogues of volumes of all sorts, new paradoxes, opinions, schisms, heresies, controversies in philosophy, re- ligion, &c. Now come tidings of weddings, maskings, mum- meries, entertainments, jubiles, embassies, tilts, and torna- ments, trophies, triumphs, revels, sports, playes : then again, as in a new shifted scene, treasons, cheating tricks, robberies, enormous villanies in all kinds, funerals, burials, death of princes, new discoveries, expeditions; now comical, then tragical matters. To day we hear of new lords and officers created, to morrow of some great men deposed, and then again of fresh honours conferred : one is let loose, another imprisoned : one purchaseth, another breakefh : he thrives, his neighbour turns bankrupt ; now plenty, then again dearth and famine ; one runs, another rides, wrangles, laughs, weeps, &c. Thus 1 daily hear, and such like, both private and pub- lick news. Amidst the gallantry and misery of the world, jollity, pride, perplexities and cares, simplicity and villany, subtlety, knavery, candour and integrity, mutually mixt and offering themselves, I rub on, privus privatus : as I have still lived, so I now continue statu quo prius, left to a solitary life, and mine own domestic discontents ; saving that sometimes, ne quid mentiar^ as Diogenes went into the city and Demo- critus to the haven, to see fashions, I did for my recreation now and then walk abroad, look into the world, and could not chuse but make some little observation, non tarn sagax observator, ac simplex recitator, not, as they did, to scoff or laugh at all, but with a mixt passion : " Bilem, saepe jocum yestri movere tumultus. 1 did sometime laugh and scofFwith Lucian, and satyrically tax with Menippus, lament with Heraclitus, sometimes again I was ^ petulanti splene cachinno, and then again, " urere bilis jecur, 1 was much moved to see that abuse which I could not amend : in which passion howsoever I may sympathize <" Hor. " Per, " Hor. 6 DEMOCRTTUS TO THE READER. witli liin» or tliem, 'tis for no such respect I shroud my self uiuler his name, but either, in an unknown habit, to assume a little more liberty and freedom of speech, or if you will needs knoAv, for that reason and only respect which Hippocrates relates at large in his epistle to Damegetus, wherein he doth express, hoM, coming- to visit him one day, he found Demo- critus in his garden at Abdera, in the suburbs, p imder a shady bower, 'i with a book on his knees, busie at his study, some- time writing, sometime walking-. The subject of his book was melancholy and madness : about him lay the carkasses of many several beasts, newly by him cut up and anatomized ; not that he did contemn Gods creatures, as he told Hippo- crates, but to find out the seat of this atra bilis, or melancholy, whence it proceeds, and how it is engendred in mens bodies, to the intent he might better cure it in himself, by his writings and observations "^ teach others how to prevent and avoid it. Which good intent of his Hippocrates highly commended, De- mocritus Junior is therefore bold to imitate, and, because he left it imperfect, and it is now lost, quasi succenturiator Demo- criti, to revive again, prosecute, and finish in this treatise. You have had a reason of the name. If the title and in- cription offend your gravity, were it a sufficient justification to accuse others, I could produce many sober treatises, even sermons themselves, which in their fronts carry more phantas- tical names. Howsoever, it is a kind of policy in these dayes, to prefix a phantastical title to a book which is to be sold: for as larks come down to a day-net, many vain readers will tarry and stand gazing, like silly passengers, at an antick picture in a painters shop, that will not look at a judicious piece. And indeed, as * Scaliger observes, nothing more invites a reader than an argument unlookedfor, unthouffht of, and sells better than a scurrile pamphlet, turn maxime cum novitas excitat palatum. Many men saith, * Gellius, are very conceited in their inscriptions^ and able, (as ' Pliny quotes out of Se- neca) to make him loyter by the way, that icent in haste to ^fetch a mid-ivife J'or his daughter, now ready to lye down. For my part, I have honourable " precedents for this 1 have done : I will cite one for all, Anthonie Zara Pap. Episc. his I' Secmidutn moenia locus erat frondosi« populis opacus, vitibusque sponte natis : teniiis prope a(iiia delluebat, placide murmurans, ubi sedile et domus Democriti con- spiciebatnr. q Ipse composite considebat, super genua volumen habens, et utniique aha patentia parata, dissectaque aniraalia cumulatiin strata, quorum viscera nmabatur. • rCnin ninndus extra se sit. et mente captus sit, et nesciat se languere, lit medelam adhibeat, >■ Scaliger, Ep. ad Patisonem. Nihil magis lectorem invi- tnt (jiiam inopinatiini argumentnm ; neque vendibilior merx est quam petulans liber. !»■ t (j'^-'^'i ^'' .'^^''"'''' ^^1"""t"'" 'uscriptionum festivitates. ' Praefat. Nat. Hist. I atn obstetriceiu partuvienti filis>, accersenti moram injicere possunt. "Ana- tomy of 1 opery. Anatomy of Immortality. Angelus Scalas, Anatomy of Anti- mony, &C. i. o ' .1 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 7 Anatomy of Wit, in four sections, members, subsections, &c. to be read in our libraries. If any man except against the matter or manner of treating- of this my subject, and will demand a reason of it, I can allege more than one. 1 write of melancholy, by being busie, to avoid melancholy. There is no greater cause of melancholy than idleness, no better cure than business, as "" Rhasis holds : and howheit, St ultus labor est ineptiarum, to be busied in toyes is to small purpose, yet hear that divine Seneca, better aliud agere quani nihil, better do to no end, than nothing. I writ therefore, and busied my self in this playing labour, otiosdque dilifjentid ut vitarem torporem Jhriandi, with Vectius in Ma- crobius, atque otium in utile verterem negotium ; ^ — Simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitse, Lectorem delectando simul atque munendo. To this end I write, like them, saith Lucian, that recite to trees, and declaim to pillars, Jor wayit oj' auditors ; as '■ Pau- lus vEgineta ingenuously confesseth, not that any thing was unknown or omitted, but to exercise my self (w hich course if some" took, I think it would be good for their bodies, and much better for their souls;) or peradventure, as others do, for fame to shew my self (^S'cJre timm nihil est, 7iisi te scire hoc sciat alter.) I might be of Thucydides opinion, ^ to knoic a thing and not to express it, is all one as if he kneiv it not. When I first took this task in hand, el, quod ait ^ ille, im- pellente genio negotium suscepi, this T aimed at, "^ vel ut lenirem animum s'cribendo, to ease my mind by w riting, for I had, gravidum cor, fetum caput, a kind of imposthume in my head, which I was very desirous to be unladen of, and could imagine no fitter evacuation than this. Besides, I might not well refrain ; for, ubi dolor, ihi digitus, one must needs Scratch where it itches. I was not a little offended with this malady, shall I say my mistris melancholy, my Egeria, or my malus genius ; and for that cause, as he that is stung with a scorpion, I would expel, clavum clavo, '^ comfort one sorrow with another, idleness with idleness, ut ex viperd theriacum, make an antidote out of that which was the prime cause of my disease. Or as he did, of whom "^ Felix Plater speaks, that thought he had some of Aristophanes frogs in his belly, still crying Brecc ekex., coax, oop, oop, and for that cause studied physick seven years, and travelled xCont 1. 4. c. 9. Non est cara melior qnam labor. y Hor. ^Nonquod de novo qaid addere, ant a veteribas prwtemiissum, sed pi-oprisE exf-rcitatioms caussa. » Qui novit, neqae id quod sentit exprimit, perinde est ac si nesciret. Jovins, Praef. Hist c Erasmus. iOtium otio, dolorem dolore, sum solatus. <= Observat. 1. 1. 8 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. over most part of Europe, to ease himself; to do my self gootl, I turned over such physicians as our libraries would afford, or my 8 private friends impart, and have taken this pains. And why not ? Cardan professeth he writ his book De consola- tione, after his sons death, to comfort himself; so did Tully write of the same subject with like intent after his daughters departure, if it be his at least, or some impostors put out in his name, which Lipsius probably suspects. Concerning- my self, 1 can peradventure affirm with Marius in Sallust, ^ that which others hear or read oJ\ I felt and practised my self: they get their knowledge hy hooks, I mine by melancholizing : experto crede Roberto. Something I can speak out of ex- perience, (ermnnabilis experientia me dociiit ; and with her in the poet, ' Hand ignara mail miseris succurrere disco. I would help others out of a fellow-feeling, and as that vertuous lady did of old. ^ being a leper her self, bestoic all her portion to build an hospital for lepers, 1 will spend my time and know- ledge, which are my greatest fortunes, for the common good of ail. . Yea, but you will inferr that is ' actum agere, an unne- cessary work, cramben bis coctam apponere, the same again and again in other words. To what purpose? ^ Nothing is omitted that may well be said: so thought Lucian in the like theam. How many excellent physicians have written just volumes and elaborate tracts of this subject ? no news here: that which I have is stoln from others; ^ dicitque mihi mea pagina, fur es. If that severe doom of ° Synesius be true, it is a greater offence to steal dead mens labours, than their cloaths, what shall become of most writers? I hold up my hand at the bar amongst others, and am guilty of felony in this kind : habes conjitentem reum, I am content to be pressed with the rest. 'Tis most true, tenet insanabile multos scri- bendi cacoethes ; and f there is no end of icriting of booLs, as the wise man found of old, in this '^ scribling age especially, wherein ^ the number of books is ivithout number, (as a worthy man saith) presses be oppressed, and out of an itching humour, that every man hath to shew himself, * desirous of fame and honour, (scribimus indocti doctique ) he will write, no matter what, and scrape together, it boots not whence. g M. Joh. Rous, our Protobib. Oxon. Mr. Hopper, Mr. Guthridge, &c. >> Quae illi audire et Icgere solent, eoroui partini vidi egotnet, alia gessi : quae illi literis, ego rnililundo didici. Nunc vos existiniate, facta an dicta pinris sint. 'Dido, Virg. ^ Camden, Ipsa elepliantiasi correpta elephantiasis hospitium constraxit. I Tliada post Hoineruin. '"Nihil prKtermissiun quod a quovjs dici possit. n Martialis. "Magis impium mortuoruoi lucubrationes qnam vestes furari. pEccI. ult. 1 Libros eunuchi gignunt, steriles pariunt. ''D. King, praefat. lect. Jonas, the late right reverend lord bishop of London. ' Homines famelici glorias ad ostentationem eraditiouis uudique congerunt. Cuchanauus. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 9 * Bewilched ickJi this desire of fame, etiam mediis in mor- bis, to the disparagement of" tlieir health, and scarce able to hold a pen, they must say soTnething, "and get themselves a name, saith Scaligar, though it he to the doicnfall and mine of' many others. To be counted writers, scriptores ut saluten- tur, to be thought and held Polyraathes and Polyhistors, apiid imperitum vulyus oh ventosce nomen artis, to get a paper kingdom : nnlfd spe qncestils, sed ampldj'amce, in this preci- pitate, ambitions age, nunc nt est sceculum, inter immaturam eruditionem, ambitiosum et jnccceps ('tis "" Scaliger's censnre) and they that are scarce auditors, vix auditores, must be masters and teachers, before they be capable and fit hearers. They will rush into all learning togatam, armatam, divine, humane authors, rake over all indexes and pamphlets for notes, as our merchants do strange havens for traffick, write great tomes, cum non sint reverd doctiores, sed loquaciores, when as they are not thereby better scholars, but greater praters. They commonly pretend publick good : but, as Gesner > observes, 'tis pride and vanity that eggs them on ; no news, or ought worthy of note, but the same in other terms. Ne J'eriarentur Jortasse typoyraphi, vel ideo scribendum tst aliquid nt se vixisse testentur. As apothecaries, we make new mixtures every day, pour out of one vessel into another; and as those old Romans rob'd all the cities of the world, to set out their bad sited Rome, we skim off the cream of other mens wits, pick the choice floAvers of their till'd gardens to set out our own sterile plots. Castrant alios, ut libros siios, per se graciles, alieno adipe suffarciant (so * Jovius inveighs); they lard their lean books with the fat of others works. Ineruditijures, Src. (a fault that every writer finds, as I do now, and yet faulty themselves) ^ Trium literarum homines, all thieves; they pilfer out of old writers to stuff up their new comments, scrape Ennius dung-hils, and out of ^ Democritus pit, as I have done. By which means it comes to pass, '' that not only libraries and shops are J'ull oj' our putid papers, but every close-stool and Jakes : Scribunt carmina, quw legunt ca- cantes ; they serve to put under pies, to "^ lap spice in, and keep roast meat from burning. With us in France, saith '' Scaliger, every man hath liberty to write, but few ability. * Heretofore learning was graced by judicious scholars, but ' Effascinati etiam laiidis araore, 8cc. Justus Baronius. " Ex ruinis aliens existirnationis sibi gradum ad famara struunt. ^^ Exercit288. > Omnes sibi famam qiisenint, et quovis modo in orbem spargi contendunt, ut novae alicujus rei habeanter auctores. I'nef. biblioth. » Prsf. hist ^ Plautus. " Et De- mocriti puteo. ^ Non tam refertae bibliothecae quam cloaca. <" Et quidquid chartis amicitur ineptis. d Epist. ad Petas. In regno Francis omnibjis scribendi datur libertas, paucis facuUas. <" Olina liferse ob homines in pietio, nunc sordent 'ib homines. 10 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. now noble sciences are vilified by base and illiterate scrihlers, that either write for vain-glory, need to get money, or as parasities to flatter and collogue with some great men : they put out ^ hurras, quisquiliasque, ineptiasque. ^ Avionx) so many thousand authors you shall scarce find one, by reading of whom, you shall he any whit the better, but rather much worse, qnibus inficitur potius, quani perficitur, by which he is rather infected, than any way perfected. '^ Qui talia legit, Quid didicit tandem, quid scit, nisi somnia, nugas ? So that oftentimes it falls out (which Callimachus taxed of old) a gTeat book is a great mischief. » Cardan finds fault with Frenchmen and Germans, for their scribling to no pur- pose: non, inquit, ah edendo deterreo, modo novum aliquid in- veniant : he doth not bar them to write, so that it be some new invention of their own; but we weave the same web still, twist the same rope again and again : or if it be a new invention, 'tis but some bauble or toy which idle fellows write, for as idle fellows to read : and who so cannot invent ? '' He must have a barren wit, that in this scribling age can forge nothing. ^ Princes shew their armies, rich men vaunt their buildings, souldiers their manhood, and scholars vent their toyes; they must read, they must hear, whether they will or no. "» Et quodcumque seme! chartis illeverit, omnes Gestiet a furno redeuntes scire lacuque, Et pueros et anus . What once is said and writ, all men must know, Old wives and children as they come and go. Wliat a company of poets hath this year brought out ! as Pliny complains to Sosius Senecio. ° This Ai^r'A, every day some or other have recited. What a catalogue of new books all this year, all this age (I say), have our Frank-furt marts, our do- mestick marts brought out ! twice a year, ° projerunt se nova ingenia et ostentant : we stretch our wits out, and set them to sale ; magna conatu nihil agimus. So that, which p Gesner much desires, if a speedy reformation be not had, by some princes edicts and grave supervisors, to restrain this liberty, it will run on in infinitum. Quis tarn avidus librorum helluo, > f Ans. pac. g Inter tot miUe volnmina vix unum a cujus lectione qnis melior eradat, immo potius non pejor. h Palingenins. • Lib. 5. de sap. ^ Sterile oportet esse ingenium quod in hoc scripturientiim pmritu, &c. ' Cardan praef. ad consol. m Hor. ser. 1. sat 4. " Epist. lib. 1. Magnum poetarum proventum annus hie attulit : mense April! nullus fere dies quo non aliquis recitavit. oldem. V Pnncipibus et doctoribus deliberandum relinquo, ut arguantur auctorem furta, et millies repetita toUantur, et temere scribendi libido coerceatur, aliter in infinitam pro- gressura. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. I I wlio can read them? As already, we shall have a vast chaos, and confusion of books: we are i' oppressed with them; ''our eyes ake with reading', our finj^ers with turning-. For my part, I am one of the number ; ?ios nnmerus snmus: I do not deny it. I have only this of Macrobius to say for myself, Omtie menm, nihil metim, 'tis a!l mine, and none mine. As a good house-wife out of diverse fleeces Aveaves one piece of cfoth, a bee gathers wax and honey out of many flowers, and makes a new bundle of all, Floriferis ut apes in saltibus omnia libant, I have laboriously ^ collected this cento out of various writers, and that sine injuria : I have wronged no authors, but given every man his own ; which ^ Ilierom so much commends in Nepotian ; he stole not v/hole verses, pages, tracts, as some do now a days, concealing their authors names ; but still said this was Cyprians, that Lactautius, that Hilarius, so said Minutius Felix, so Victorinus, thus far Arnobius : I cite and quote mine authors (which, howsoever some illiterate scriblers ac- count pedantical,as a cloke of ignorance, and opposite to their affected fine style, I must and will use) sunipsi, non surripui ; and what Varro, lib. 6. de re rust, speaks of bees, viinime malejica,nullius opus vellicantes J'aciunt deterius, I can say of myself. Whom have I injured? The matter is theirs most part, and yet mine : apparet unde sumptum sit (which Seneca approves) ; aliud tamen, quam unde sumptum sit, apparet ; which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies, incorpo- rate, digest, assimilate, I do concoquere quod hausi, dispose of what I take : I make them pay tribute, to set out this ray Maceronican : the method only is mine own : I must usurp that of ' Wecker e Ter. nihil dictum quod non dictum prius : methodus sola artijicem ostendit : we can say nothing but what hath been said, the composition and method is ours only, and shews a scholar. Oribasius, Aetius, Avicenna, have all out of Galen, but to their own method, diverso stylo, non di- versd Jide. Our poets steal from Homer ; he spews, saith vElian, they lick it up. Divines use Austins words verbatim still, and our story-dressers do as much ; he that comes last is commonly best, donee quid grandius tetas Postera, sorsque ferat melior. f Onerabuntur ingenia, nemo legendis sutBcit. q Libris obruimur : ocnli legendo, inanus volitando dolent. Fara. Strada, Momon. Lucretius. ''Qnidquid ubiijire bene dictum facio meum, et illud nunc meis ad compendium, nunc ad fidem et auctoritatem alienis, expriiuo verbis : omnes anctores meos ciientes esse arbitror, &c. Sarisburiensis ad Polycrat. prol. * In Epitaph. Nep. illud Cyp. hoc l^act. illud Hilar, est, it* Victorians, in huuc luodum loquutus est Arnobius, &c. ' Pra;f, ad Syntax, mtd. 12 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. Though there were many giants of old in physic and philo* sophy, yet I say with " Didacus Stella, ^ dwarf standing on the slwulders of a giant, may see farther than a giant himself ; I may likely add, alter, and see farther than my predecessors : and it is no greater prejudice for me to indite after others, than for J^lianus Montaltus, that famous physician, to write do morbis capitis after Jason Pratensis, Heurnius, Hildesheim, &c. Many horses to run in a race, one logician, one rheto- rician, after another. Oppose then what thou wilt, AUatres licet usque nos et usque, Et gannitibus improbis lacessas ; I solve it thus. And for those other faults of barbarism, "^ Dorick dialect, extemporanean style, tautologies, apish imi- tation, a rhapsody of rags gathered together from several dung-hills, excrements of anthors, toyes and fopperies con- fusedly tumbled out, without art, invention, judgement, wit, learning, harsh, raw, rude, phantastical, absurd, insolent, in- discreet, ill-composed, indigested, vain, scurrile, idle, dull and dry; I confess all ('tis partly affected): thou canst not think worse of me than I do of my self. 'Tis not worth the reading, I yield it : I desire thee not to lose time in perusing so vain a subject ; I should be peradventure loth my self to read him or thee so writing : 'tis not operce pretium. All I say, is this, that I have ^ precedents for it, which Isocrates calls perfugium iis qui peccant, others as absm'd, vain, idle, illiterate, &c. Nonnulli alii idem fecerunt, others have done as much, it may be more, and perhaps thou thy self: Novimus et qui te, ^-c. we have all our faults ; scimiis, et hanc veniam, Sf-c. ^ thou censurest me, so have I done others, and may do thee : Coedimus, inque vicem, Sfc, 'tis lex talionts, quid pro quo. Go now censure, criticise, scoff and rail. " Nasutus sis usque licet, sis denique nasus, Non potes in nugas dicere plura meas, Ipse ego quam dixi, &c. Wer'st thou all scoffs and flouts, a very Momus, Than we our selves, thou canst not say worse of us. Thus, as when women scold, have 1 cryed whore first ; and, in some mens censures, I am afraid 1 have overshot my self. Laudare se vani, vituperare stulti: as I do not arrogate, I will not derogate. Primus vestrum non sum, nee imus, I am none of the best, I am none of the meanest of you. As I _ " In Luc. 10. torn 2. Pygmsei gigantum huraeris impositi plus quam ipsi gigantes yident. , x Nee aranearum textus ideo melior, quia ex se fila gignuntur, nee noster ideo vilior, quia ex alienis libaraus, ut apes. Lipsius adversus dialogist. y Uno absurdo dato, miUe sequuntur. zNon dubilo inultos lectores liic fore stultoe. * Martial 13. 2. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 13 am an inch, or so many feet, so many parasauges, after him or him, I may be peradventure an ace before thee. Be it therefore as it is, Avell or ill, I have assayed, put my self upon the stao-e ; I must abide the censure ; 1 may not escape it. It is most true, stifhis virum arr/uit, our style bewrayes us, and ''hunters find their game by the trace, so is a mans genius described by his works : multo melius ex sermoiie (piam linen- vientis, de morihis hominnm jvdicamns ; 'twas old Cato's rule. t have laid myself open (I know it) in this treatise, turned mine inside outward : I shall be censured, I doubt not; for, to say truth with Erasmas, nihil mo I'osius hominum pidiciis, there's nought so pievish as mens judgements : yet thisis some comfort — ut palatct, sic judicia, ouv censures are as various as our palats. •■ Tres mihi convivse prope dissentire videntur, Poscentes vario uinkum diversa palato, &c. Our writings are as so many dishes, our readers guests ; our books like beauty; that which one admires, another rejects; so are we approved as mens fancies are inclined. Pro captu lectoris habent sua fata libelli. That which is most pleasing to one is amaracum sni, most harsh to another. Qtiot homines, tot sententice, so many men, so many minds : that which thou condemnest, he commends. ^ Quod petis, id sane est invisum acidumpue duobus. He respects matter; thou art wholly for words: he loves a loose and free stile ; thou art all for neat composition, strong- lines, hyberboles, allegories : he desires a fine frontispiece, en- ticing pictures, such as Hieron. Natali* the Jesuit hath cut to the Dominicals, to draw on the readers attention, which thou rejectest; that M'hich one admires, another explodes as most absurd and ridiculous. If it be not point-blank to his humour, his method, Ins conceit, ' si quid forsan omissum, quod is animo ro)irpprrit,si qua- dictio, cVc if o^ight be omitted, or added, which he likes, or dislikes, thou art mancipinm paucw lectionis, an idiot, an ass, nullus es, or plaf/iarius, a trifler, a triviant, thou art an idle fellow; oV else 'tis a thing of nicer indusrry. a collection without wit or invention, a very toy. ' Fa cilia sic putant omnes quae jam facta, nee de salehris cof/itant, uhi via strata ; so men are valued, their la- bours vilified, by fellows of no Morth themselves, as things of nought : who could not have done so much ? vumipnsqne ahundat sensusuo, every man abounds in his own sense ; and •> Ut venatores ferain e vestigio impresso, vinim scriptiuncula. Lips. c Hor. dHor. ♦Antwerp, fol. 1607. • Muretns. fLipsius. 14 DEMOCRITITS TO THE READER. wliilest each particular party is so affected, Iiow should one please all ? ^ Quid dem ? quid non dem ? Renuis tu, quod jubet il!e. Ijow shall I hope to express my self to each mans humor and '' conceit, or to give satisfaction to all ? Some understand too little, some too much, qui similiter in legendos libros, atque in salutandos homines irrnunt, non corjitantes quales, sed qui bus vestibus induti shit, as ' Austin observes, not reg-arding" what, but who write, "^ oreorin habet cmctoris celehritas, not valuing the mettal, but the stamp that is upon it ; ccuitharnm aspiciuni, non quid in eo. If he be not rich, in great place, polite and brave, a great doctor, or full fraught with grand titles, though never so well qualified, he is a dunce. But as *Baronius hath it of cardinal Caraffa's works, he is a meer liog that rejects any man for his poverty. Some are too partial, as friends to overween ; others come with a prejudice to carp, vilifie, detract and scoff; (^qui de mej'orsan quidquid est, omui contemptu contempfius judicant^ some as bees for honey, come as spiders to gather poyson. What shall I do in this case ? As a Dutch host, if you come to an inn in Ger- many, and dislike your fare, diet, lodging, &c. replyes in a surly tone, ' uUud tibi quasras diversorium, if you like not this, get you to another inn : 1 resolve, if you like not my writing, go read something else. I do not much esteem thy censure: take thy course : 'tis not as thou wilt, nor as I will : but when we have both done, that of "Plinius Secundus to Trajan will prove true, Every mans witty labour takes not, except the mat- ter, snhject, occasion, and some commendinyj'avourite happen to it. If I be taxed, exploded by thee and some such, I shall haply be approved and commended by others, and so have been (expertus loquor ;) and may truly say with " Jovius in like case {absit verbo Jactantia) hcroum quorundam, pontificum, et virorum nohiliumJamiUaritatem et amicitiam, gratasque gra- tias, et multorum "bene landatorum laudes sum inde promeritus : - as I have been honoured by some worthy men, so have I been vilified by others, and shall be. At the first publishing of this book, (which i' Probus of Persius satyrs) editum librmn continuo mirari homines, atque avide deripere ccepernnt, I may in some sort a])ply to this my work. The first, second, and third edition were suddenly gone, eagerly read, and, fvllor. 'i Fieri Don potest, ut quod quisque cogitat, dicat unus. Muretns. 'iT '■ ^^ ^^^' *^^P" ^'* "" Erasmus. * Aniial. torn. 3. ad annum 360. Est porcus ille qui sacerdotem ex amplitudine redituuni sordide demetitur. 'Erasra. J;'^'- . '" Epist. 1. 6. Cujusque ingeniuiu nou statim enicrgit, nisijuateria; fautor, orcasio, commendatorque contingat, " Pra;f. hist. » Laudari a laudato laus tst. PVit. Persii. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 15 as I hare said, not so much approved by some, as scornfully rejected by others. But it was Democritns his fortune, Idem admirationi et *irrisioni habitus. 'Twas Seneca's fate : that superintendant of wit, learning-, judgement, ^^ad stuporem doctus, the best of Greek and Latin writers, in Plutarch's opinion; that renoicned corrector of vice, ns "^ Fabius terms him, and painful omniscious philosopher that icrit so excel- lenthj and admirably well, could not please all parties, or escape censure. How is he villiiied by = Caligula, Agellius, Fabius, and Lipsius himself, his chief propugner? In eo ple^ raqiie perniciosa, saith the same Fabius : many childish ti^acts and sentences he hath, sermo illaboratus, too negligent often and remiss, as Agellius observes, oratio vulgaris et protrita^ dicaces et ineptCE sententia, eruditio plebeia, an homely shal- low writer as he is. In partibus spinas etjastidia, habet, saith * Lipsius; and, as in all his other works, so especially in his Epistles, alice in argutiis et ineptiis occupantnr : intricatus alicubi, et parum compositns, sine copid rerum hoc fecit : he fumbles up many things together imraethodically, after the Stoicks fashion : parum ordinavit multa accumnlavit, Sec. If Seneca be thus lashed, and many famous men that I could name, what shall I expect ? How shall I that am vix nmbra tanti philosophi, hope to please? No man so absolute, 'Eras- mus holds, to satisjieall, except antiquity, prescription, ^c. set a bar. But as 1 have proved in Seneca, this will not alwayes take place, how shall I evade? 'Tis the common doom of all writers : I must (I say) abide it : I seek not applause ; " Non ego ventosce venor suffragia plebis ; again, nan sum adeo inj'ormis : I would not be vilified "; ''laudatus abunde, Non fastiditus ti tibi, lector ero. I fear good mens censures; and to their favourable acceptance I submit my labours, et linguas mancipiorum Contemno- As the barking of a dog, [ securely contemn those malicious and scunile obloquies, flouts, calumnies of railers and de- tractors ; I scorn the rest. What therefore I have said, pro tenuitate vied I have said. * Minuit prsBsentia famam. q Lipsius, Judic. de Seneca." r Lib. 10. Plurimuin studii, multam rerum cognitionem, omnem studiorum materiani, ficc- multa in eo probanda, multa admiranda. « Suet. Arena sine calce. * Introdnc ad Sen. 'Judic de Sen. Vix aliquis lam absolutns, ut alteri per omnia satisfaciat, nisi longa temporis pra;scriptio, semota judicandi libertate, reKgione quiidam animos occuparit. " Hor. £p. \. lib. 29. ^^ /Eque turpe frigide laudari ac insectanter \atnperari. Phavorinus. A. Gel. lib. 19. c. 2. > Ovid. Trist. 1. eleg. 6. ^ Juven. Sat. 5. 16 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READKR. One or tv\'o thinosyet I was desirous to have amended, if I could, concerniiiiT- t!ie manner of handling this my subject, for which I must apologize, Philo de Con. DEMOrRITlTS TO THE READER. 19 vprtamns : sed cin bono ? Wc may coTaend, and likely mis- use each other : but to what purpose ? We are both scholars, say, '' Arcades ambo, Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. If Ave do MTangle, what shall Me get by it ? Trouble and wrong- our selves, make sport to others. If I be convict of an error, I will yield, I will amend. Si qnhlhonh morihm, si quid verltati dissentaneum, in sacris vel humanis Uteris a me dictvm sit, id nee dictum esto. In the mean time I require a favourable censure of all faults omitted, harsh compositions, pleonasmes of words, tautological repetitions, (though Seneca bear me out minqnam nimis dicitnr, quod minquam satis dici- tnr) perturbation of tenses, numbers, printers fluilts, &c. My translations are sometimes rather paraphrases, than interpre- tations; non adverbnm; but, as an author, I use more liberty, and that's only taken, which was to my purpose. Quota- tions are often inserted in the text, which make the style more harsh, or in the margent, as it hapned. Greek authors, Plato, Plutarch, Athenjeus, &c. I have cited out of their in- terpreters, because the original was not so ready. I have mingled sacra profanis, but I hope not prophaned, and, in repetition of authors names, ranked them per accidens, not according to chronology ; sometimes neotericks before an- cients, as my memory suggested. Some things are here al- tered, expunged in this sixth edition, others amended, much added, because many good * authors in all kinds are come to my hands since ; and 'tis no prejudice, no such indecorum, or oversight. ' Nunquam ita quidquam bene subducta ratione ad vitani fuit, , Quin res, aetas, usiis, semper aliquid apportet novi, Aliqtiid moneat; ut ilia, quae scire te credas, nescias, Et, quae tibi put^ris prima, in experiundo ut vepudies. Ne'er was ought yet at first contriv'd so fit, But use, age, or something, would alter it; Advise thee better, and, upon peruse, Make thee not say, and, what thou tak'st, refuse. But I am now resolved never to put this treatise out again : ne quid nimis, I will not hereafter add, alter, or retra'ct ; I have done. The last and greatest exception is, that I, being- a divine, have medled with physick : ^Tantumne est ab re tua otii tibi, Aliena ut cures, eaque nihil qune ad te attinent ? q Virg. ♦ Franibesarius, Seunertus, Ferandus, &c. r Ter. Adelph, « Heaut act. 1. seen. 1. c2 20 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. (which Menedemus objected to Chremes) have I so much leisure or little business of mine own, as to look afier other mens matters, which concern me not ? What have 1 to do with physick ? qnod medicornm est, promittant medici. The *Lacedaimoninns were once in counsel about state matters : a debauched fellow spake excellent well, and to the purpose : his speech was generally approved : a grave senator steps up, and by all means would have it repealed, though good, because dehonestabatnr pessimo auctore, it had no better an author ; let some good man relate the same, and then it should pass. This counsel was cinbra.ce-},J'actum est, and it was registered forthwith ; et sic bona sententia mansit, mains auctor miitatus est. Thou sayest as much of me, stomachous as thou art, and grantest peradventure this which I have written in pliysick, not to be amiss, had another done it, a professed physician, or so ; but why should I meddle with this tract ? Hear me speak : there be many other subjects, I do easily grant, both in humanity and divinity, fit to be treated of, which, had I written ad ostentationem only, to show my self, I should have rather chosen, and in which 1 have been more conversant, I could have more willingly luxuriated, and better satisfied my self and others ; but that at this time I was fatally driven upon this rock of melancholy, and carried away by this by- stream, which, as a rillet, is deducted from the main chanel of niy studies, in which I have pleased and busied my self at idle hours, as a subject most necessary and commodious: — not that I prefer it before divinity, which I do acknowledge to be the queen of professions, and to which all the rest are as handmaids, but that in divinity I saw^ no such great need : for, had I written positively, there be so many books in that kind, so many commentators, treatises, pamphlets, expositions, sermons, that whole teems of oxen cannot draw them ; and, had I been as forward and ambitious as some others, I might have haply printed a sermon at Pauls Cross, a sermon in St. Maries Oxon, a sermon in Christ Church, or a sermon be- fore the right honourable, right reverend, a sermon before the right worshipful, a sermon in Latine,in English, a sermon with a nan»e, a sermon without, a sermon, a sermon, &c. But 1 Jiave ever been as desirous to suppress my labours in this kind, as others have been to press and publish theirs. To have written in controversie, had been to cut off an Hydras head : " lis lifem (/('ftcrat ; one begets another ; so many duplications, triplications, and swarms of questions, in sacro hello hoc quod styli mucrone rt//y7wr, that having- ouqc began, I should never • Gellius, lib. IS. c. '.i. « Et inde catena qutedain fit, quae hjeredes etiam ligat. Cardan. IltinsiHs. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 21 make an end. One had much better, as " Alexander the Sixth, pope, long- since observed, provoke a g-reat prince than a begging- friar, a Jesuite, or a seminary priest: I will add, for ine.rpi/f/nahile genus hoc homhn/m : they are an irrefragable society: they must and will have the last word, and that with such eagerness, impudence, abominable lying, falsifying, and bitterness in their questions they proceed, that, as > he snidj'urorne ccecus^ an rapit vis acrior, an culpa ? responsum date. Blind fury or errour, or rashness, or what it is that eggs them, 1 know not, I am sure, many times; which ^Austin perceived long- since : tempestate contentioms, serenitas, cha- ritatis ohnuhilatur : with this tempest of contention, the se- renity of charity is over-clouded ; and there be too many spirits conjured up already in this kind in all sciences, and more than Ave can tell how to lay, which do furiously rage, and keep such a racket, that as '-^ Fabius said, it had been much better for some of them to have been born dumb, and altogether illiterate^ than so far to dote to their oicn destruc- tion. At melius fuerat non scribere : namque tacere Tutum semper erit. 'Tis a general fault — so Severinus the Dane complains ''in physick — unhappxf men as ice are, tve spend our daies in un- proftable questions and disputations^'intricnte subtilties,rfe land caprind about moonshine in the water, leaving in the mean time those chief est treasures of nature untouched, icherein the best medicines for all manner of diseases are to be founds and do not onlg neglect them our selves, but hinder, condemn, forbid, and scoff at others, that are ivilling to empdre after them. These motives at this present have induced me to make choice of this medicinal subject. If any physician in the mean time shall infer, ne sutor ultra crepidam, and find himself grieved that I have intruded into his profession, I will tell him in brief, I do not otherwise by them, than they do by us, if it be for their advantage. I know many of their sect which have taken orders in hope of a benefice : 'tis a common transition : and why may ^ Malle se bellum cum magno principe gerere, qnam cum nno ex fratrnmmendican- tiam orHine. > Hor. epofl. lib. od. 7. ^Epist 86. ad Casulam presb. » Lib. I'i. cap. 1. Mntos nasci, et omni scientia egere, satins fiiisset, qnam sic in propriam perniciem insanire. bJnfgiJx niortalitas ! Iniitilibus quacstionibiis ac discj^ptationibus vitani traducitniis ; naturre principes thesanros, in quibus gravis- sitnae morborum medicinfe collocatae sunt, interim intactos reiinqnimus ; nee ipsi solum relinqiumus, sed et alios prohibemus, impedimus, condemnaniii.«, liidibriisqiie afiicimns. 22 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. not a melancholy divine, that can get nothing- but by si- mony, profess physick ? Drusianus, an Italian, (Crusianus but corruptly, Trithemius calls him) "" because he was not fortmmte in Ms practice,Joisook his profession, and writ after - tvards in diviuiij/. Marcilius Ficinus was semel et sinml, a priest and a physician at once ; and '' T. Linacer, in his old ag-e, took orders. The Jesuites profess both at this time : divers of them, permissu snperioriim chirurg-ions, panders, bawds, and niidwives, &c. Many poor countrey-vicars, for want of other means, are driven to their shifts; to turn mountebanks, quacksalvers, empricks : and if our greedy patrons hold us to such hard conditions, as commonly they do, tljey will make most of us work at some trade, as Paul did — at last turn taskers, maltsters, costermougers, g-rasiers, sell ale, as some have done, or worse. Howsoever, in undertak- ing this task, 1 hope I shall commit no great errour, or inde- corum^ if al! be considered aright. I can vindicate my self w^ith Georgius Braunus, and Hieronymus Hemingius, those two learned divines, who, (to borrow a line or two of mine *^ elder brother) drawn by a natural love, the one oj" pictures and maps, prospectives and chororpaphical delights, wiit that ample Theatre of Cities; the other to the study of genealogies, penned Theatrum Genealogicum: or else I can excuse my studies with ^ Lessiusthe Jesuiteinlike case — It isadisease of tlie soul, on which I am to treat, and as much appertaining- to a divine as to a physician ; and who knows not what an agree- ment there is betwixt these tAvo professions? A good divine either is, or ought to be, a good physician, a spiritual physician at least, as our Saviour calls himself, and was indeed, Mat. 4. 23. Luke 5. 18. Luke 7« 8. They differ but in object, the one of the body, the other of the soul, and use divers medi- cines to ciu'e I one i\n\enAs,animam per corpns,the other corpus per animam, as ^'our regius professour of physick well informed us in a learned lecture of his not long since. One helps the vices and passions of the soul, anger, lust, desperation, pride, presumption, &c. by applying that spiritual physick, as the other uses proper remedies in bodily diseases. Now, this being a common infirmity of body and soul, and such a one that hath as much need of a spiritual as a corporal cure, I could not find a fitter task to busie my self about — a more apposite theam, so necessary, so commodious, and generally concerning all " Quod in praxi miuime fortunatns esset, medicinam reliquit, et, ordinibus initiatas, in theologia postmodimi scripsit. Oesner, Hibliotheca. <• P. Jovius. «M. VV. iJurton, Preface to liis Description of Leicestershire, printed at London by W. Jaggard for S. White, l&*-2. • In Hygiasticon ; neque enim hasc tractatio aliena videri debet a theologo, &.c. agitur de morbo aninije. g D. Clayton, in comitiiB, anno lOil. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 23 sorts of men, that should so equally participate of both, and require a whole physician. A divine, in this compound mixt malady, can do little alone ; a physician, in some kinds of melancholy, much less : both make an absolute cure : ■* Alterius sic altera poscit opem : and 'tis proper to them both, and, I hope, not unbeseeming- me, who am by my profession a divine, and by mine inclina- tion a physician. 1 had Jupiter in my sixth house ; I say, with iBeroaldus, wow sum medicns, nee mediciufe prorsus expers ; in the theorick of physic I have taken some pains, not with an intent to practise, but to satisfie my self; which was a cause likewise of the first undertaking of this subject. If these reasons do not satisfie thee, good reader— as Alex- ander Munificus, that bountiful prelate, sometime bishop of Lincoln, when he had built six castles, ad invidiam operis eluendam, saith ^ 3Ir. Crambden, to take away the envy of his work, (which very words Nubrigensis hath of Roger the rich bishop of Salisbury, who, in king Stephens time, built Shir- burn castle, and that of Devises) to divert the scandal or impu- tation which might be thence inferred, built so many religious houses— If this my discourse be over medicinal, or savour too much of humanity, I promise thee that I will hereafter make thee amends in some treatise of divinity. But this, I hope, shall suffice, when you have more fully considered of the mat- ter of this my subject, rem substratum, melancholy madness, and of the reasons following, which were my chief motives— the generality of the disease, the necessity of the cure, and the commodity or common good that will arise to all men by the knowledge of it, as shall at large appear in the ensuing pre- face. And I doubt not but that in the end you wdl say with me, that to anatomize this humour aright through all the members of this our microcosmus, is as great a task as to re- concile those chronological errours in the Assyrian monarchy, find out the quadrature of a circle, the creeks and sounds of the north-east or north-west passages, and, all out, as good a discovery as that hungry ^ Spaniards of Terra Austral is Incog- nita as great trouble as to perfect the motion of 3Iars and Mercury, which so crucifies our astronomers, or to rectifie the Gregorian kalendar. I am so affected, for my part, and hope, as ™ Theoprastus did by his Characters, that our posterity, 1' Hor. i Lib. de pestil. ^ In Newark in Nottinghamshire. Cnm dno Eedificasset castella, ad toUendam stmctionis imidiam, et expiandam macnlam dno instituit coenobia et collegis religiosis implevit. ' Ferdmando de Qnin anno 1612. Amsterdami impress. n> Prsefat ad Characteres. Spero emm O Polycles, liberos nostros meliores inde futiiros, quod istiusmodi memoriae mandata reliquerimos, ex prsceptis et exemplis nostris ad vitam accommodatis, at $e mde corrigaDt 24 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. friend Poly des, shall he better for this which iveJiavetvriiten, hy correcting and rectifying what is amiss in themselves b:f our examples, and applying our precepts and cautioiis to their own use. And, as that great captain, Zisca, would have a drum made of his skin when he was dead, because he thoug^ht the very noise of it would put his enemies to flight, I doubt not but that these following lines, when they shall be recited, or hereafter read, will drive away melancholy (though I be gone), as much as Zisca's drum could terrific his foes. Yet one caution let me give by the way to my present or future reader, who is actually melancholy — that he read not the " symptomes or prognosticks in the following tract, lest, by ap- plying that which he reads tohimself,aggravating, appropriat- ing things generally spoken, to his own person (as melancholy men for the most part do), he trouble or hurt himself, and get, in conclusion, more harm than good. I advise them there- fore warily to peruse that tract. Lapides loquitur (so said *' Agrippa, de occ. Phil.) et caveant lector es ne cerebrum iis excutiat. The rest, I doubt not, they may securely read, and to their benefit. But 1 am over-tedious ; 1 proceed. Of the necessity and generality of this which I have said, if any man doubt, I shall desire him to make a brief survey of the world, as ^Cyprian adviseth Donate—Supposing himself to be transported to the top of some high mountain, and thence to behold the tumults and chances of this wavering world, he cannot chuse but either laugh at, or pity it. St. Hierom, out of a strong imagination, being in the wilderness, conceived with himself that he then saw them dancing in Rome ; and if thou shalt either conceive, or climb to see, thou shalt soon perceive that all the world is mad, that it is melancholy, dotes; that it is (which Epichthonius Cosmopolites expressed not many years since in a map) made like a fools head (with that motto, caput helteboro dignum) a erased head, caveastul- torum, a fools paradise, or (as Apollonius) a common prison of gulls, cheaters, flatterers, &c. and needs to be reformed. Strabo, in the ninth book of his Geography, compares Greece to the picture of a man ; which comparison of his Nic. Ger- belius, in his exposition of Sophianus map, approves — The breast lies open from those Acroceraunian hills in Epirus, to the Sunian promontory in Attica; Pagae and Megara are the two shoulders ; that Isthmos of Corinth the neck ; and Pelo- ponnesus the head. If this allusion hold, 'tis, sure, a mad " Part I. sect. 3. " Praef. Lectori. P Ep. 2. 1. 2. ad Donatum. Panllispcr fe crede subduci in ardui montis verticem relsiorera : gpeculare inde rerum jacenfiutn faries; et, ocuHs in diversa porrectis, fluctuantis mundi turbines intnere : jam simal aut ridebis aut misereberis, Sec. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 25 head — Morea may be Morki; and, to speak what I tliink, the inhabitants of modern Greece swerve as much from reason and true rebgion at this day, as that IMorea doth from the picture of a man. Examine the rest inbke sort; and you shall find that kingdoms and provinces are melancholy, cities and families, all creatures, vegetal, sensible, and rational— that all sorts, sects, ages, conditions, are out of tune : asin Cebes table, omnes errorem bibunt : before they come into the world, they are intoxicated by errours cup — from the highest to the lowest, have need of physick; and those particular actions in "> Seneca, where father and son prove one another mad, may be general : Porcius Latro shall plead against us all. For indeed who is not a fool, melancholy, mad? — ^ Qui nilmolitur itiepte ; who is not brain-sick ? Folly, melancholy, madness, are but one disease ; delirium is a common name to all. Alexander Gordonius, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola,Gnianerius,Montaltus, confound tem, as differing secundum magis et minus ; so doth David, Psal. 37. 5. / said unto thejools, deal not so madly : and 'twas an old Stoical paradox, omnes stultos insanire, — ^ all fools are mad, though some madder than others. And who is not a fool ? who is free from melancholy ? who is not touched more or less in habit or disposition ? If in disposition, ill disposi- tions beget habits ; if they persevere, saith * Plutarch, habits either are or turn to diseases. 'Tis the same Mhich Tully maintains in the second of his Tusculanes, omnium insipien- turn animi in morbo sunt, et perturbatorum : fools are sick, and all that are troubled in mind: for what is sickness, but, as " Gregory Tholosansus defines it, a dissolution or perturba- tion of the bodily league tchioh health combines ? and who is not sick, or ill disposed ? in whom doth not passion, anger, envy, discontent, fear, and sorrow, reign ? Avho labours not of this disease ? Give me but a little leave, and you shall see by what testimonies, confessions, arguments, I will evince it, that most men are mad, that they had as much need to go a pil- grimage to the Anticyrae (as in "^ Strabo's time they did), as in our dayes they run to Corapostella, our Lady of Sichem or Lauretta, to seek for help — that it is like to be as prosperous a voyage as that of Guiana, and that there is much more need of hellebore than of tobacco. qControv. 1. 2. cont. 7. et 1. 6. cont, 'Horatiusr si,]em Hor. 1. 2. sat. 3. Damasippus Stoic lis probat omnes stultos insanire. ' 'I oni. 2. sympos. lib. 5. c. 6. Animi affectiones, si diutius inhaereant, pravos generant habitus. "Lib 28. cap. 1. Synt. art mir. Morbus niliil est alind quain dissolutio quaedam ac pertur- batio foederis in corpore existentis, sicutet sanitas «st consentipntis bene corporis con- sumiuatio quse.dani. '^ Lib. 9. Geogr. Plures olim geutes navigabant illuc sanitatis caussa. 26 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. That men are so misaffected, melancholy, mad, giddy- headed, hear the testimony of Solomon, Eccles. ,2. 12. And I turned to behold wisdom^ madness, and Jolly, ^c. And ver. 23. All his dayes are sorrow, his travel grief, and his heart taketh no rest in the night. So that, take melancholy in what sense you will, properly or improperly, in disposition or habit, for pleasure or for pain, dotage, discontent, fear, sorrow, madness, for part, or all, truly, or metaphorically, ^tis all one. Laughter it self is madness, according to Solomon; and, as St. Paul hath it, worldly sorrorv brings death. The hearts of the sons of men are evil; and madness is in their hearts while they live, Eccles. 9. 3. Wise men themselves are no better, Eccles. 1. 18. In the multitude of ivisdom is much grief; and he that increaseth wisdom, increaseth sorrow, cap. 2. 17. He hated life it self; nothing pleased him ; he hated his labour; all, as y he concludes, is sorroic, grief vanity, vexation of spirit. And, though he were the wisest man in the world, sanctuarium sapientice, and had wisdom in abundance, he will not vindicate himself, or justifie his own actions. Surely I am more foolish than any man, and have not the understanding of a man in me, Prov. 33. 2. Be they Solo- mon's words, or the words of Agur the son of Jakeh, they are canonical. David, a man after Gods own heart, confesseth as much of himself, Psal, 37- 21. 22. So foolish was I and ignorant, I teas even as a beast before thee — and condemns all for fools, Psal. 93, and 32. 9. and 4^. 20. He compares them to beasts, horses, and mules, in which there is no under- standing. The apostle Paul accuseth himself in like sort, 2. Cor. 11.21. I would you would suffer a little my fool- ishness ; I speak foolishly. The whole head is sick, saith Esay; and the heart is heavy, cap. 1. 5. and makes lighter of them thati of oxen and asses ; the ass knows his owner, Sfc. read Deut. 32. 6. Jer. 4. Amos 3. 1. Ephes. 5, 6. £e not mad, be not deceived : foolish Galatians, who hath be- witched you ? How often are they branded from this epithet of madness and folly ! No word so frequent amongst the fathers of the church and divines. You may see what an opinion they had of the world, and how they valued mens actions. I know that we think far otherwise, and hold them, most part, wise men that are in authority — princes, magistrates, '■^ rich men — they are wise men born : all politicians and states- men must needs be so ; for who dare speak against them ? And on the other, so corru^,*. is our judgement, we esteem wise y Ecclea, 1. 24. ^ Juje haereditario sapere jubentur. Euphonnio, Satyr. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 27 ami lionest men fools ; v/bicb Democritus well siguifiecl in an epistle of his to Hippocrates ; '^ the Abderites account vertue madness ; and so do most men living-. Shall I tell you the reason of it? ^Fortune and Vertife (Wisdom and Folly their seconds) upon a time contended in the Olympicks ; every man thousfht that Fortune and Folly would have the worst, and pittied their cases. But it fell out otherwise. Fortune was blind, and cared not where she stroke, nor whom, without laws, andahatarnm instar, Sj-c. Folly, rash and inconsiderate, esteemed as little what she said or did. Vertue and Wisdom gave place, '^were hissed out, and exploded by the conniion people — Folly and Fortune admired ; and so are all their fol- lowers ever since. Knaves and fools commonly fare and de- serve best in worldlings eyes and opinions. Many good men have no better fate in their ages. Achish, 1 Sam. ^1. 14. held David for a madman. '' Elisha and the rest were no otherwise esteemed. David was derided of the common people, Psal. 9. 7. / am become a monster to many. And generally we are ac- counted fools for Christ, 1 Cor. 1 4. WeJ'ools thouyht his lije inadness and his end without honour, Wisd. 5. 4. Christ and his Apostles were censured in like sort,John 10. Mark 3. Acts 26. And so were all Christians in ^^Plinys time : J'vernnt et alii similis dementice, ^-c. and called not long after, ^ vesa- nice sectatores, eversores honiinum, polluti novatores, fanatici^ canes, malefici, venejici, Galilcei homunciones, ^-c. 'Tis an ordinary thing with us to account honest, devout, orthodox, divine, religious, plain-dealing men, ideots, asses, that can- not or will not lye and dissemble, shift, flatter, accommodare se ad eum locum nbi nati sunt, make good bargains, supplant, thrive, patronis inservire, solennes ascendencli modos appre- hendere, leges, mores, consuetudines recte observare, candide landare, Jortiter dej'endere, sententias amplecti, dubitare de nnllis, credere omnia, accipere omnia, nihil reprehendere, ccvteraque qua; promotionemj'erunt et securitatem, qucc sine amhaye Jelicem reddunt hominem, et vere sapientem apud Jios — that cannot temporize as other men do, s hand and take bribes, &c. — but fear God, and make a conscience of their doings. But the Holy Ghost, that knows better how to judge — he calls them fools. The J'ool hath said in his heart, Psal. 53. 1 . And their wayes utter their Jolly, Psal. 49. 14. ^For ivhat can be more mad, than for a little worldly pleasure, to * Apud quos virtus, insania et furor esse dicitiir. b Calcagniiius, Apol OniDes niirabantur, putantes illisutu iri Stultitiam. Sad prajter eTpectatiouem res evenit. Audax Stultitia in earn irruit, 8cC. ilia cedit irrisa; et plures hiiic habet sectatores StuUitia. "' Non est respondendum stulto secundum stultitiam, <12 Reg. 7. * Lib. JO. ep. 97. ^Aug. ep. 178. g Quis, nisi mentis inops, iscc. '^ Quid iusanius quam pro momentanea felicitate seternis te uiancipare suppliciis ? 28 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. procure unto themselves eternal punishment ? as Gregory and others inculcate unto us. Yea even all those great philosophers the world hath ever had in admiration, whose Morks we do so much esteem, that o-ave precepts ofwisdom to others, inventersofarts and sciences — Socrates, the wisest man of his time by the oracle of Apollo, whom his two scholars ''Plato and ^Xenophon so much extol and magnifie with those honourable titles, hest and wisest of all mortal men, the happiest and most just ; and as *AIcibiades incomparably commends him ; " Achilles was a worthy man, but Brasidas and others were as worthy as himself; Antenor and Nestor were as good as Pericles ; and so of the rest : but none present, before, or after Socrates, nemo veterum neque eorum qui nunc sunt, were ever such, will match, or come near him" — those seven wise men of Greece, those Britain Druids, Indian Brachmanni, ^Ethiopian Gymnosophists, Magi of the Persians — Apollonius, of whom Philostratus, non doctus, sed natus sapiens, wise from his cradle — Epicurus, so much ad- mired by his scholar Lucretius ; Qui p-enus humanum ingenio superavit, et omnes Perstrinxit, Stellas exortus ut setherius Sol Whose wit excell'd the wit of men as far. As the Sun rising doth obscure a star or that so much renowned Empedocles, * Ut vix humana videatur stirpe crcatus all those, of whom w^e read such "" hyperbolical eulogiums ; as of Aristotle, that he was Avisdom itself in the abstract, " a mi- racle of nature, breathing libraries, (as Eunapius ofLonginus) lights of nature, gyants for wit, quintessence of wit, divine spirits, eagles in the clouds, fallen from heaven, gods, spirits, lamps of the world, dictators, (Nulla ferant talem secla futura virum) monarchs, miracles, superintendents of wit and learning Oceanus, phwnix, Atlas, nonstrum, portentum hominis, orbis universi musaum, ultimus humana; naturae conatus, natures maritus, merito cui doctior orbis Submissis defert fascibus imperium, k In fine Phaedonis. Hie finis fuit amici nostri, o Eucrates, nostro qHidem juHicio, oniniiiiu quos experti sunius"optirai et apprime sapientissirai, et justissimi. ' Xenop 1. 4. de dictis Socratis, ad finem. Talis fuit Socrates, quem omnium opti- mum et felicissimum statuam. * Lib. 25. Plantonis Convivio. * Lucre- tius, ni Anaxagoras dim Mens dictus ab antiquis. " Regula naturae, naturae miraculum, ipsa eruditio, dsemonium hominis, sol scientiarnm. mare, sophia, antistes litcrarum et sapientia', ut Scioppius olim de Seal, et Heinsius. Aquila in nubibus, imperator literatorum, columen literarum, abyssus eruditionis, ocellus Eiiropec, Scaliger. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 29 as iElian writ of Protaooras and Gorf^ias — ^we may say of them all, tantum a snpientibus ahj'neritnt, quantum a this pueri, they were children in respect, infants, not eaofles but kites, novices, illiterate, euiiuchi snpientice. And, althoug-h they were the wisest and most admired in their age, as he censured Alexander, I do them: there were 10,000 in hisarmy as M'orthy captains (had they been in place of command), as valiant as himself; there were myriads of men wiser in those dayes, and yet all short of what they ought to be. ° Lactan- tius, in his book of Wisdom, proves them to be dizards, fools, asses, mad-men, so full of absurd and ridiculous tenets and brain-sick positions, that, to his thinking, neverany old woman or sick persion doted worse, p Deniocritus took all from Leu- cippus, and left, saith he, the iuheritance of his folly to Epi- curus : '^ insamenti dum scipientice, ^-c. The like he holds of Plato, iVristippus, and the rest, making no difference ^betwixt them and beasts, saving that tliey could speak. ^ Theodoret, in his tract De Cur Groic. Affect, manifestly evinces as much of Socrates, whom though that oracle of Apollo confirmed to be the wisest man then living, and saved him from the plague, whom 2000 years have admired, of whom some will as soon speak evil as of Christ, yet re vera, he was an illi- terate ideot, as*Aristophanes calls him — irrisor et ambitiosus, as his master Aristotle terms him, scurra ^tticus^ v.s Zeno, an "enemy to all arts and sciences, as Athenffius, to philoi^o- phers and travellers, an opinionative asse, a caviller, a kind of pedant; for his manners, (as Theod. Cyrensis describes him) a * Sodomite, an atheist, (so convict by Anytus) Iracnndus et ebrius, dicax, ^-e. a pot companion, by Plato's own confes- sion, a sturdy drinker ; and that of all others he was most sottish, a very mad-man in his actions and opinions. Pytha- goras was part philosopher, part magician, or part witch. If you desire to hear moreof Apollonius, agreat Mise man, some- time paralleled by Julian the apostate, to Christ, I refer you to thatlearned tract of Eusebius againstHierocles — and, forthem all, to Lucian's Piscator,Icaromenippiis, Necyomantia. Their actions, opinions in general, were so prodigious, absurd, ridi- culous, which they broached and maintained ; tlieir l.ooks and elaborate treatises were full of dotage; which Tully ((id At- ticuni) long since observed — delirant plerumque scriptores in libris suis — their lives being opposite to their words, they com- o Lib. 3. de sap c. \7. et '20. Omnes philosophi aut stulti aut insani : nalla anus, niil:us aeger, inejjtius deliravit. 1> Deraocritus, a Leucippo doctus, hsBreditateui stultitiae reliqnit Epicuro. 1 Hor. car lib. 1. od. 34. r Nihil interest inter hos et bestias, nisi quod loqimntur. Desa 1.26 c. S. ^ Cap. de virt. 'Neb. et Ranis. " Oinniam disciplinanira ijnarus. * Pulcliroruiu adolescentam causa frequenter ^innasium obibat, &c. 30 DF.MOrRITUS TO THE READER. mended poverty toothers, and were most covetous themselves, extolled love and peace, and yet persecuted one another with virulent hate and malice. They could give precepts for verse and prose ; but not a man of them (as * Seneca tells them home) could moderate his affections. Their musickdid shew us Jlebiles modos, Sfc. how to rise and fall; but they could not so contain themselves, as in adversity not to make a lainentable tone. They will measure g-round by geometry, set down limits, divide and subdivide, but cannot yet prescribe qnantv.m homini satis, or keep within compass of reason and discretion. They can square circles, but understand not the state of their own souls —describe right lines, and crooked, &c. but know not what is right in this life — quidiuvitd rectum sit, ignorant: so that, as he said, Nescio, an Anticyratn ratio illis destinet omncm. I think all the Anticyrae will not restore them to their wits. "^ If these men now, that held > Zenodotus heart, Crates liver, Epictatus lanthorn, were so sottish, and had no more brains than so many beetles, what shall we think of the commonalty ? what of the rest ? Yea, but (will you infer) that is true of heathens, if they be conferred with Christians, 1 Cor. 3, 19. The ivisdom of' this world is Joolishness with God, earthhf and devilish, as James calls it, 3. 15. They were vain in their imaginations ; and their foolish heart was foil of darkness. Rom. 1.21, 22. When they profossed themselves wise, became fools. Their witty works are admired here on earth, whilst their souls are tormented in hell fire. In some sense, Christiani Crassiani, Christians are Crassians, and, if compared to that wisdom, no better than fools. Quis est sapiens ? Solus Dens, * Pytha- g-oras replies: God is only wise. — Rom. 16. Paul determines, only f/ood, as Austin well contends; and no man living can be jnstijied in his sight. God looketh downfoom heaven upon the children of men, to see ij' any did understand. Psalm bo. 2. 3. but all arc corrupt, erre. Rom. 3. 12. JVowe doth good, ?io not one. Job aggravates this, 4. 18- Behold, he found no stedfoistness in his servants, and laid folly upon his angels, 19. How much more on them that dwell in houses of clay ! In this sense, we are all as fools ; and the ^ Scripture alone is arx Minervce ; we and our writings are shallow and imperfect. But I do not so mean : even in our ordinary dealings, v»'e are * Seneca. Scis rotunda metiri, sed non tuum ani'mum. '^ Ab uberibus sapientid lactati, ccecutire r.on possnnt. > Cor Zenodoti, et jecur Cratetis. * Lib. de nat. boni. ' Hie profundissimae sophiaj fodinaj. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 31 no better than fools. All our actions, as =* Pliny told Trajan, upbraid us oj'jofli/: our whole course of life is but matter of laughter : we are not soberly wise ; and the world it self, which ouoht at least to be wise by reason of his antiquity, as ^Hugo de Prato Florido will have it, semper stnlfizat, is every day morejoofish than other : the more it is ichippcd, the wore it is : and, as a child, will still be crowned with roses andjfoivers. We are apish in it, asini bipedes ; and every place is full hwersorum Apuleiorum^ of metamorphosed and two-legged asses, inversnrnm. Silenormn, childish, pveri instar bimnli, tremuld patris dormientis in ulna. Jovianus Pontanus (An- tonio Dial.) brings in some laughing- at an old man, that by reason of his age was a little fond : but, as he admonishetli there, ne mireris, mi hospes, de hoc sene, marvel not at him only; for tota ha;c civitas delirium, all our town dotes in like sort; "^we are a company of fools. Ask not, with him in the poet, '' Larvce hunc, intemperio', insaniceqne, ar/itant senem ? What madness ghosts this old man ; what madness ghosts us all ? For we are, ad unum omnes, all mad ; semel insani- vimus omnes : not once, but alwaj^s so, et semel, et simul, et semper, ever and altogether as bad as he ; and not senex bis puer, delira anus ; but say it of us all, semper pneri ; young and old, all dote, as Lactantius proves out of Seneca; and no difference betwixt us and children, saving that majora ludimvs, et grandioribus pupis, they play with babies of clouts, and such toys, we sport with greater babies. We cannot accuse or condemn one another, being faulty ourselves; de- liramenta loqneris, you talk idly, or, as '' Micio upbraided Demea, insanis ? anj'er ; for we are as mad our own selves ; and it is hard to say which is the worst. Nay, 'tis univer- sally so, fVitam regit fortuna, non sapientia. When § Socrates had taken great pains to find out a wise man, and, to that purpose, had consulted with philosophers, poets, artificers, he concludes all men were fools ; and, though it procured him !)oth anger and much envy, yet in all com- panies he would openly profess it. When * Supputius in Pontanus had travelled all over Europe to conferr with a wise man, he returned at last without his errand, and could fiiid none. '' Cardan concurs with him: I^ew there are (Jar ought 3 Paneg>-r.Trajano. Omnes actiones esprobrare stuUitiam \-identur. ''Sen 4 in doini Pal. M'.mdus, cpii ob anti(ji!itafem deberet esse sapiens, semper stultizat, et nullis flagellis alteratur ; s<'d, et piier, vuit rosis et floribus coronari. >^ Insanum te omnes pneri, clamantquepiiella;. Hor. <* pjautos, Aulular. « Adelph/act. 5 seen. 8. 'Tully, Tusc. 5. ? Plato, Apologia Socratis. * Ant. Dial. "Lib. 3. de. sap. Pauci, ut video, san* aientis sunt. 32 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. I can perceive) well in their wits. So doth ''Tally : / sec every thing to he done J'oolishly and unadvisedly. lUe sinislrorsum, hie dextrorsum abit : unus utrique Error; sed variis illudit partibus omnes. One reels to this, anotlier to that wall ; 'Tis the same errour that deludes them all. ' They dote all, but not alike, (Mav;a yov -nxaiv o/y^otx) not in the same kind. One is covetous^ a second lasclvimis, a third ambitions, a fourth envious, Sfc- as Damasippus the Stoick hath well illustrated in the poet, ^ Desipiunt omnes seque ac tu. 'Tis an inbred maladie: in every one of us, there is spminarivm stultiti(B, a seminary of folly, which, if' it be stirred up^ or get a head, will run in infinitum, and injinitehf varies, as ice our selves are severally addicted, (saitli ' Balthazar Castilio) and cannot so easily be rooted out; it takes such hold, as Tully ho\ds,alt(e radices stiiltitice ; '" so we are bred, and so we con- tinue. Some say there be two main defects of wit — errour and ignorance — to which all others are reduced. By ignorance we know not things necessary; by errour we know them falsly. Ig- norance is a privation, errour a positive act. From ignorance comes vice, from errour heresie, &c. But make how many kinds you will, divide and subdivide ; few men are free, or that do not impinge on some one kind or other. " Sic ple- rumque agitat stultos inscitia, as he that examines his own and other mens actions, shall find. * Charon, in Lucian, (as he wittily feigns) was conducted by Mercury to such a place, where he might see all the world at once. After he hadsufficiently viewed, and looked about. Mer- cury would needs know of him what he had observed. He told him that he saw a vast multitude, and a promiscuous; their habitations like mole-hills; the men as emmets: he could discern cities like so many hives oj' bees, wherein every bee had a sting ; and they did nought else but sting one another ; some domineering like hornets, bigger thin the rest, some like filching wasps, others as dro?ies. Over their heads were hovering a ci>ufnsed company of perturbations, hope, fear, anger, avarice, ignorance, &c and a multitude of diseases hanging, which they still pulled on their pates. Some were •> Stulte et incaiite omnia agi video. ' Insania non omnibus eadem. Erasm. cl;il. .3. cent. 10. Nemo mortaliiim qui non aliqua in re desipit, licet alius alio inorbo laboiet, hie libidinis, ille aviritiai, ambitionis, invidiae. "^ Hor. 1. 2. sat. 3. 'Lib. 1. de aulico. Est in unoquoque nostrunri seminaritnn aliqiiod stultitiaj, qiioil si qiiando ex- citetur. iu infinitum ihcile excrescit. "'Priniaqiie hix vitai prima furoris erat. "Tibulliis. Stiilti pratereunt dies; their wits are a wool-gathering. So fools com- monly dote. * Dial contemplantes, torn. 2: DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. S3 brawling, some fighting-, riding-, running, soUcite amhientes^ callide litigantes, for toyes, and triHes, and such momentany things — their towns and provinces meer factions, rich against poor, poor against rich, nobles against artificers, they against nobles, and so the rest. In conclusion, he condemned them all for mad-men, fools, ideots, asses — O stulti ! qnoenam hcec est amentia ? O fools ! O mad-men ! he exclaims, insana studia, iiisani labores, dj-c. Mad endeavours ! mad actions ! mad ! mad ! mad ! " O seclum insipiens et vijicetnm ! a giddy-headed aoe. Heraclitus the philosopher, out of a serious meditation of mens lives, fell a weeping, and with continual tears bewailed their misery, madness^ and folly. Democritus, on the other side, burst out a laughing; their whole life seemed to him so ridicu- lous : and he was so far carried with this ironical passion, that the citizens of Abdera took him to be mad, and sent therefore embassadors to Hippocrates the physician, that he Mould ex- ercise his skill upon him. But the story is set down at laro-e by Hippocrates, in his Epistle to Damagetus, which, because it is not impertinent to this discourse, I will insert verbatim almost, as it is delivered by Hippocrates himself, with all the circumstances belonging unto it. When Hippocrates was come to Abdera, the people of the city came flocking about him, some weeping, some intreatino- of him that he would do his best. After some little repasf, he went to see Democritus, the people following him, whom he found (as before) in his garden in the suburbs, all alone, P sitting upon a stone under a plans tree, without hose or shoes, with a book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busie at his stndg. The multitude stood gazing round about, to see the congress. HippQcrates, after a litlle^pause, saluted him by his name, whom he re-saluted, ashamed almost that he could not call him likewise by his, or that he had forgot it. Hippocrates demanded of him what he was doing. He told him that he was '^busie in cutting up several beasts, to Jind out the cause of madness and melancholy. Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure. And why, quoth Democritus, hav€ not you that leisure ? Because,replyed Hippocrates, domestical affairs hinder,neces- sary to be done, for our selves, neighbours, friend*— expences, diseases,frailties and mortalities which happen— wife,childreu, servants, and such businesses, which deprive us of our time. "Catullus. P Sub ramosa platano sedentem, solum, discalceatnm, super lapidem, valde pallidum ac macilentura, promissa barba, librum super genibus ha- bentem. 'iDe furore, mania melancholia scribo, nt sciam duo pacto in ho- minibus giguatnr, fiat, crescat, cumuletur, minuatur. Hac (iniquit)' auimalia. qu* vides, propterea seeo, non Dei opera perosus, sed fellis bilisque uaturam disqui- rens. ^ VOL. I D 34 DEMOORITUS TO THE READER. Atthisspcorh Domocritus profu^el}' laughed (liis friends, and the people standing- l>y, weeping in the mean time, and lament- irjg- his madness). Hippocrates asked the reason why he laughed, fie told him, at the vanities and fopperies of the time, to sec men so eiiipty of all virtuous actions, to hunt so far after gold, having no end of ambition — to take such intinite pains for a little glory, and fo be favoured of men — to make such deep mines into the earth for gold, and many times to find nothing-, with loss of their lives and fortunes — some to love dogs, otliers horses, some to desire to be obeyed in many proviiices,'and yet themselves will knoM no obedience — *some to love their wives dearly at first, and, after a while, to forsake and hate them — begetting- children, M'ith much care and cost for their education, yet, when they grow to mans estate, *to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the worlds mercy. " Do not these behaviours express their intolerable folly ? When men live in peace, they covet war, detesting quietness, "^ deposing- kings .and advancing others in their stead, murder- ing some men, to beget children of their wives. How many strange humours are in men ! When they are ])Oor and needy, they seek riches ; and, when they have them,they do not enjoy them, but hide them under ground, or else wastefully spend them. O wise Hippocrates ! I laugh at such things being done, but much more when no good comes of tiiem, and when they are done to so ill purpose. There is no truth or justice found amongst them; for they daily plead one against another, ythe son against the father and the mother, brother against brother, kindred and friends, of the same quality; and all this for riches, whereof, after death, they cannot be possessors. And yet — notwithstanding- they \^ill defanse and kill one an- other, commit all unlr.wfid actions, contemning God and men, friendsanen slut, a dowdy some- times, that might have his choice of the finest beauties? Is there any remedy for this inphysick? 'J doanatomize and cut u[) thes(; poor beasts, to see these distempers, vanities, and follies : yet such proof were better made on mans body, (if my •■ Astiitani vapido sprvat snli pectore vulpetn. — Et, cum, vulpp positiis, parifpr vnl- pinaripr. — Crf(inaii(luiii cum Crctp. ''Qui (it, Ma-cenas, ut npiuo, quam sibi sorfom Spu nifio (lederif, spu sdrs ol>jpcpiit, ilia Contpiilus vivat? 8.:o Hor. •' Dlruit, aMlillcat, iiuifat ((uadrafa loinndis — Trajaiius jmiitpni stiiixit super DMinibiitm, (|iiPin suicpssoi- ejus Adrianus statim demolitus. 'Qua quid iu re ab inl'antihus diflerunt. cpiibus mens et S(>nsus sine ratinue inest ? Quidqnid srse his oilert, volupp est. .- Idem Pint. I: Iftin.saniit" caussam ast. And here being interrupted by one that brought books, he fell th it again, that all were mad, careless, stupid. To prove my Ibrmer speeches, look into courts, or private houses. 'Judges give judgement according totheirown advantage,doingnianifestwrong to poor innocents to please others. Notaries alter sentences, and, for money, lose their deeds. Some make false moneys : others counterfeit false weights. Some abuse their parents, yea corrupt their own sisters ; others make long libels and pasquils, defaming men of good life, and extol such as are lewd and vicious. Some rob one, some another : '"magistrates make laws against thieves, and are the veriest thieves themselves. Some kill themselves, others despair, not obtaining. their desires. Some dance, sing, laugh, feast, and banquet, whilst others sigh, lan- guish, mourn, and lament, having- neither meat, drink, nor clothes. "Some prank np their bodies, and. jtave their minds full of execrable vices. Some trot about, "-to bear false witness, and say any thing for money: and tliough judges know of it,yet for a bribe they wink at it, and suffer false contracts to prevail ai^ainst equity. Women are tdi day a dressing, topleasure other men abroad, and go like sluts at home, not caring to please the r own husbands, whom (hey should. Seeing men are so fickle, so sottish, so intemperate, why should Jsot 1 laugh at those, to whom f folly seems wisdom, will not be cured, and per- ceive it not? Jt grew late : Hippocrates left him ; and no sooner was he come away, but all the citizens came about flocking-, to know how he liked him. He told them in brief, that, notwithstand- ing those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, i the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man ; and they were much deceived, to say that he was mad. Thus Democritus esteemed of the Morld in his time ; and this was the cause of his lauo-hter : and oood cause he had. 'Totus a nativitate morbus est i^ In vigore fiiribiindus, quuni decrescit insana- bilis. 'Cyprian, ad Donatum. Qui sedet, crimina.judicaturus, &c. '" Tu pessimus omnium latro es, as a thief told Alexander in Ciirtius. — Dainnat foras judex, quod intus operatur. Cyprian. " Vultus magna cura ; magna auinii iucu- ria. Ani. Marcel. " Horrenda res est ' vix duo verba sine mendacio proferuntur : et, quamvis solenniter homines ad \eritatem dicendam invitentur, pejerare (amen non dubitant ; ut ex decern testibus vix unus verum dicat. Calv. in 8. Job. Serm. 1. PSapientiam insaniam esse dicunt iSiquidem sapientia; sua; aduiiratione me complevit ; olfendi sapientissimnm virum, qui salvos potest omnes homines, reddere. 38 DKMOCUITUS TO THE 'HEADER. ■^Olim jure qiiidcm, nunc plus, Democrite, ride. Quin rides? vita hsec nunc mage ridicula est. Democritus did weil to laugh of old: Good cause lie had, but, now much more : This life of ours is niort^ridiculous Than that of his, or long l)eforc. Never so much cause of laugliter, as now ; never so uia'iy lools anil mad men. 'Tis not one ^ Democritus will serve turn to laugh in these days : we have now need of a Democritus to lauf/h at Democritus, one jester to flout at another, one fool to Hear at another — a great Stentorian Democritus, as big as that Rhodian Colossus; for now, as * Salisburiensis said in his time, totus mundus histriouem ayit — the whole world playes the fool : we have a new theatre, a new scene, a nevr comedy oferrours, a new company of personate actors: Volupicc sdcrce (as Calcagninus wittily feigns in his Apologues) are ce- lebrated all the world over, * where all the actors were mad men and fools, and every hour changetl habits or took that which came next. He that was a mariner to day, is an apo- thecary tomorrow, a smith one while, a philosopher another, in his Volupia; ludis—n king now with his crown, robes, scepter, attendants, by and by diove a loaded asse before him like a carter, &c. If Democritus were alive now, he should see strange ah erations, anew company of counterfeit vizards, whitlers, Cunsane asses, maskers, mummers, painted puppets, oufsides, phantastick shadows, guls, monsters, giddy-headsj butter-flies : au<) so many of them are indeed (" if all be true tliat I have read); for, when Jupiter and Junos wedding- was solemnized Oi old, the gods were all invited to the feast, and many noble men besides : amongst the rest came Chrysalus, a Persian prince, bravely attended, rich in golden attires, in gay robes, with a majestical presence, but otherwise an asse. The gods, seeing him come in such pomp and state, rose up to give him place, ex hahitu honiinem metientes ; "but Jupiter, per- ceiving what he was — alight, phantastick, idle felloAA- — turned him and his proud followers into butter-flies: and so they con- tinue still (for ought I know to the contrary), roving about in - ' E. Gra;c. cpip;. *Plures Democriti nunc non siilKciunt. Opus Democrito, qui Dcu'ooritinn rifleat. Eras. Moria. 'I'olycrat. lib. 3. cap. 8. e Petron. * Ubi unincs delirabant, omnes insani, &c. hodie nanta, eras philosophus ; hodie fabtr, eras i)liarinacopola ; hie modo regein fi^ebat multo satellitio, tiar.^, et sceptro ornaliis, nnnr, vili amictus centicnlo, asinnrn clitellarinm impellit. "Calcagni- iins, Apol. Chrysalus e ca'teris, auro dives, manicato peplo et tiara conspicuus, levis alioqiiin et iiiiliitis consilii, &c. Mai,'no iastii ingredienti assurgunt Dii, &c. " Sed hottiinis U'vitateni Jupiter perspicicns, at tir(inquit) eato bombilio, &c. prdtinusqfie v»-3tis ilia luanicula in alas versa eat; et inortales inde Chrysalides vocant hujusmodi homines. DEMOCRJTUS TO THE READER. 39 pied-coats, and are called Chrysalides by the wiser sort of men— that is, golden outsides, drones, flies, and things of no worth. Multitudes of such, &c. -ubique invenies Stultos avaros, sycophantas prodigos. Many additions, much increase of madness, folly, vanity should Democritus observe, were he now to travel, or could get leave of Pluto to come to see fashions, (as Charon did in Lncian) to visit our cities of Moronia Pia, and Moronia Felix— sure 1 think he would break the rim of his belly laughing-. * Si foret in terris, ridernt Democritus, seu, &c A satyrical Roman, in his time, thought all vice, folly, and madness, were all at full sea, '' Omne in prsecipiti vitium stetit. * Josephus the historian taxeth his countrymen Jews for bragging of their vices, publishing their follies, and that they did contend amongst theujselves, who should be most notorious in villanies : but we flow higher in madness, far beyond them^ c Mox daturi progeniem vitiosiorem ; and the latter end (you know, v/hose oracle it is) is like to be worst. 'Tis not to be denied ; the world aUers every day. Ruunt iirhes, rerpia trail sfernntur, ^'C vnrimttur hahitm, lorjes mnovantnr, as '-^ Petrarch observes— Ave change language, habits, laws customs, manners, but not vices, not diseases, not the symptoms of folly and madness ; they are stdl the same. And, as a river (we see) keeps the like name and place, but not water, and yet ever runs, (* Labitur et labetur in omne vulubilis eevum) our times and persons alter, vices are the same, and ever will be. Look how nightingals sang of old, cocks croAved, kme lowed, sheep bleated, sparrows chirped, dogs barked; so they do still : we keep our madness still, play the fools stdl, wee dumjimtus Orestes ; we are of the same humours and inclina- tions as our predecessors were ; you shall find us all alike, much at one, we and our sons, Et nati natorum, et qui nascentur ab illis ; and so shall our posterity continue to the last. But to speak of times present — «Juven. I'Juven. •De bello Jucl. 1. 8. c. 11. TniMuitates vestra> nminein latent ; inque dies siogulos certainen habetis, quis lujor sit ' Hor. ■' Lib. 5. Epist. S. • Hor. 40 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. If Democritus were alive now, and should but see the su- perstition of our age, our "^ religious madness, as^Meteriwi calls it, relifposam insaniam — so many professed Christians, yet so few imitators of Christ, so much talk of religion, so much science, so little conscience, so much knowledge, so many preachers, so little practice — such variety of sects, such have and hold of all sides, * obvia signis signa, &c. — such absurd and ridiculous traditions and ceremonies — if he should meet a^ Capouchin, a Franciscan, a pharisaical Jesuite, a man-serpent, a shave-crowned mcnk in his robes, a begging frier, or see their three-crowned soveraign lord the pope, poor Peter's snccessour, serviis servorum Dei, to depose kings with his foot, to tread on emperours necks, make them,bare-foot and bare-legg'd at his gates, hold his bridle and stirrup, &c. (O that Peter and Paul were alive to see this!) — if he should ob- serve a'' prince creep so devoutly to kiss his toe, and those red- cap cardinals, poor parish priests of old, now princes com- panions — what would he say ? Calum ipsumpeiitur stnltitici. Had he met some of our devout pilgrims going bare-foot to Jerusalem, our lady of Lauretto, Rome, St. lago, S. Thomas shrine, to creep to those counterfeit and maggot-eaten reliques — had he been present at a masse, and seen such kissing of paxes, crucifixes, cringes, duckings, their several attires and ceremonies, pictures of saints, ' indulgencies, pardons, vigils, fasting, feasts, crossing, knocking, kneeling at Ave Maries^ bells, with many such juctinda rudi spectacula plebi, praying in gibberish, and mumbling of beads — had he heard an old woman say her prayers in Latine, their sprinkling of holy water, and going a procession, ( ■ * monachorum incedunt agmina mille ; Quid memorem vexilla, cruces, idolaque culta, &c. their breviaries, bulls, hallowed beads, exorcisms, pictures, curious crosses, fables, and babies — had he read the Golden Legend, the Turks Alcoran, or Jews Talmud, the Rabbins fSiiperstitio est in samis error. ' Lib. 8. hist. Belg. * Lncan. sFa- Uier Angelo, tlie Duke of Joyeuse, goin^r bare-foot over the Alps to Rome, &c. || Si cui intueri Vcicet quie patiuntiir superstitiosi, invenies tarn indecora honestis, tam indigna liberis, tam dissimilia sanis. nt nemo fuerit dubitaturus fiirere eos, si cum paiicioribiis fnrerent. Senec. ' Quid dicam de eorura indulf;entiis, oblationibus, votis, solutionihu.'!, jejuiiiis, coenohiis, vigiliis, somniis, horis, org-anis, cantilenis, campanis, siriiulacris, missis, purgatoriis, mitris, breviariis, buUis, lustralibus aquis, rasuris, unctioiiibus, candelis, calicibus, crncibus, niappis, cereis, thriribulis, incanta- tioiiibus, exorcismis, sputis, legendis, &.c. Baleus, dc actis Rom. Pont * Th. Nauger. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. ^ 41 Comments, what would he have thought ? How dost thou think he might have been affected ? Had lie more particularly examined a Jesuites life amongst the rest, he should have seen an hypocrite profess poverty, "^ aud yet possess more goods and lands than many princes, to have infinite treasures and reve- nues — teach others to fast, and play the gluttons themselves ; like watermen, that rowe one way and look another — ' vow virginity, talk of holiness, and yet indeed a notorious bawd, and famous fornicator, lascivvm pecns, a very goat — monks by profession*, such as give over the world, and the vanities of it, and yet a Machiavellian rout "^ interested in all matters of state — holy men, peace-makers, and yet composed of envy, lust, ambition, hatred and malice, fire-brands, adnlta jmtricc pestis, traitours, assassinates — hac itnr ad astra ; and this is to supererogate, and merit heaven for themselves and others ! Had he seen on the adverse side, some of our nice and cu- rious schismaticks in another extream, abhor all ceremonies, and rather lose their lives and livings, than do or admit any thing papists have formerly used, though in things indifferent (they alone are the true church, sal terrce, cum sint onininm insiflsissimi) — formalists, out of fear and base flattery, like so many weather-cocks, turn round — a rout of temporisers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is or shall be proposed, in hope of preferment — another Epicurean company, lying at lurch as so many vultures, watching for a prey of church goods, and ready to rise by the down- fall of any — as " Liician said in like case, what dost thou think Domocritus would have done, had he been spectatour of these things; or, had he but observed the common people follow like so many sheep one of their fellows drawn by the horns over a gap, some for zeal, some for fear, quo se cumqne rapit tempestas, to credit all, examine nothing, and yet ready to dye before they will abjure any of those ceremonies, to which they have been accustomed — others out of hypocrisie frequent sermons, knock their breasts, turn up their eyes, pretend zeal, desire reformation, and yet professed usurers, gripers, monsters of men, harpies, devils, in their lives, to express nothing less ? ' What would he have said, to see, hear, and read so many bloody battels, so many thousands slain at once, such streams of blood able to turn mills, unins oh noxam Juriasque, or to k Dutn simulant spernere, acquisivernnt sibi 30 annorum spatin bis centena miliia librarum annua. Arnold. ' Et quiiin interdiu de virtiite loqnuti sunt, sero in latibulis clunes agitant labore nocturno. Agrippa. * 2 Tim. 3. 13. — But they shall prevail no longer: their madness shall be evident to all men. "'Benigni- tatis sinus solebat esse, nunc Jitium otVicina, ruria Ilomana. Biidaius. » Quid tibi videtur facturus Democritus, si horum spectator conti^isset? 42 DEMOCRITUS TO TirE READER. make sport lor ])rinces, v/ithoiit any just cause, * for vain titles (saitli Austin) precedency , some ivench, or snch like toy^ or o?(t oj' desire oj' domineering^ vain-rflory, malice^ revenge^ Jolly ^ madness^ (g-oodly causes all, oh qiias universus orbis bellis et ccedibns misceatur) vrhilest statesmen themselves in tbe mean time are secure at home, pampered with all delights and pleasures, take their ease, and foHov,- their lust, not con- sidering* Avhat intolerable misery poor souidiers endure, their often wounds, hunger, thirst, &c. ? The lamentable cares, torments, calamities and oppressions, that accompany such proceedings, they feel not, take no notice of it. So wars are begun, by the persicasion of debauched, hair-brained, poor, dissolute, hungry captains, parasitical fawners, unquiet hot- spurs, restless innovators, green heads, to satisjie one mans private spleen, lust, ambition,, arxirice, Sj-c. tales repiunt scelerata in proelia caussaj. Flos hominum, proper men, w ell proportioned, carefully brought up, able both in body and mind, sound, led like so many ° beasts to the slaughter in the llower of their years, pride, and full strength, without all re- morse and pitty, sacrificed to Pluto, killed up as so many sheep, for devils food, 40000 at once. At once, said I ? — that were tolerable : but these wars last alwayes ; and for many ages, nothing so familiar as this hacking and hewing, massacres, murders, desolations — ( ignoto coelum clangore remugit) they care not what mischief they procure, so that they may en- rich themselves for tire present : they will so long blow the coals of contention, till all the world be consumed with fire The I'seigeof Troy lasted ten years,eightmonths : there died 870000 Grecians, 670000 Trojans : at the taking of the city, and after, wereslain276000 men,women,and children, of all sorts. Csesar killed a million, Mahomet the "i Second Turk SOOOO persons ; Sicinius Dentats fought in an hundred battels ; eight times in single combat he overcame, had forty wounds before, was rewarded with 140 crowns, triumphed nine times for his good service. M. Sergius had 32 wounds; Scseva the centurion, I know not how many ; every nation hath their Hectors, Scipios, Caesars, and Alexanders. Our "^ Edward the Fourth was in 26 battels afoot : and, as they do all, he glories in it ; 'tis related to his honour. At the siege of Hierusalem» 1 100000 died with sword and fanline. At the battel of Cannas, 70000 men were * Ob inanes ditionam titulos, ob praereptum locum, ob interceptam muliercu- lam, vel quod e stultitia natum, vel e malitia, quod cupido dominandi libido nocendi, &.c. oBelluni rem plane belluiuau vocat Morus, Utop. lib. 2. p Munster. Cosmog. 1, 5. c. 3. E Diet. Cretens. ; 'i Jovius, vit. ejus. "• Comineus. DRMOCRITUS TO THE UEADKR. 43 slain, *iis Polybius rocon!s,an one calls it), the Spanish inquisition, which quite ob- scures those ten persecutions — 'sajvit coto Mars impius orbe. Is not this ^ minidiiftjv.riosus, a mad world, as he terms it, insa- mim helhim ? are not these mad men, as *Scaliger concludes, (jin hi prcel'ia, acerbd morie, insanice sine memoriam pro per- petuo teste relhiqinnii posterifati — which leave so frequent batteh-, as perpetual memorials of their madness to all succeed- ino-aoes? Would this,think you,have enforced ourDemocritus to laughter, or rather made him turn his tune, alter his tone, and weep Avith ' Heraclitus, or rather howl, ™ roar, and tear his hair, in commiseration — stand amazed; or as the poets faign, that Niohe was for orief quite stupified.and turned to a stone? 1 have not yet said the worst. That which is more absurdimd " mad — in their tumults, seditions, civil and unjust wars, "quod stulte snscipitnr. hnpie f/erifnr, misere Jinkiir — such wars, I mean ; for all are not to l3e condemned, as those phantastical Anabaptists vainly conceive. Our Christian tacticks are, all out, as necessary as the Roman acies, or Grecian phalanx. To be a souldier is a most noble and honourable profession, (as the world is) not to be spared. They are our best walls and bul- warks ; and I Iura;na. Omnes urhanae res, omnia stiidia, omnis foreusis laiis et iudustria latet in tutela et prajsido bellica- \-irtutis; et, aiiuul atqae increpuit suspicio tuniultiis, artes illico nostra; conticescunt. 46 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. viult, all our arts cease : wars are most behoveful ; et hella- tores aqricoUs civltati sunt vJ'diores^ as * Tyrius defends : and valour is much to be commended in a wise man ; but they mis- take most part : anjerre, trucidare, rapere falsis nomimbus virtntem vacant, Src. ('Twas Galgacus observation in Tacitus) tliey term theft, murder, and rapine, vertue, by a wrong- name: rapes, slaughters, massacres, &c. jocvs et ludus, are pretty pastimes, as Ludovicus Vives notes. ^They commonly call the m*>st hair-brain blood-suckers, strovyest thieves, the most des- perate villains, trecherous rogues, inhumane murderers, rash, cruel and dissolute caitiffs, courageous and generous spirits, heroical and worthy captains, '^bra,ve men at arms, valiant and reiioirned souldiers, possessed with a brute perswasion oj" false honour, asPontus Hater in his Burgundian history complains : by means of wliich, it comes to pass that daily so many vo- luntaries offer themselves, leaving their sweet wives, children, friends, — for sixpence (if they can get it) a day, prostitute their lives and limbs, desire to enter upon breaches, lye sentinel, perdue, give the first onset, stand in the fore-front of thebattel, marching bravely on, with a cheerful noise of drums and trumpets, such vigour and alacrity, so many banners streaming- in the ayr, glittering armours, motions of plumes, woods of pikes, and swords, variety of colours, cost and magnifi- cence, as if they went in triumph, now victors, to the Capitol, and with such pomp, as v»'hen Darius army marched to meet Alexander at Issus, Void of all fear, they run into eminent danger,s, canons mouth, he. ut vnlneribus suis Jerrum hos- tiuni hebetent, saith "^ Barletius, to get a name of valour, honour and applause, which lasts not neither; for it is but a mere flash, this fame, and, like a rose, intra diem iinum extin- guiliir, 'tis gone in an instant,. Of 15000 proletaries slain in a battel, scarce fifteen are recorded in history, or one alone, the general perhaps ; and after a while, his and their names are likewise blotted out ; the Avhole battel it self is forgotten. Those Grecian orators, summd vi ingeuii et eloquentice, set out the renowned overthrows at Thermopylae, Salamine, Marathon, Mycale, Maniinea, Chceronea, Platea : the Romans record their battel at Cannas, and Pharsalinn fields; but they do but record ; and we scarce hear of them. And yet this supposed honour, j)0[iular applause, desire of immortality by this means, pride and vain-glory, spurs them on many times * Ser. 13. P CnirleHssimos saivissimosque latrones, fortissiinns propng^natovps, fidelissinios duces, liabent, brufa persiiasione donati. '! Eo- baniis Ht'ssns. Quibus omnis in annis Vita placet, non uUa juvat, nisi morte ; nee ullaui E.s.se putant vitam, quaj nou assueverit arniis. r Lib. 10. vit. Scan- derbeg. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 47 rashly and unadvisedly to make away themselves and mul- titudes of others. Alexander was sorry, because there were no more worlds for him to conquer : he is admired by some for it : animosa voxvidetur,et regin : 'twas spoken like a prince : but (as wise ^Seneca censures him) 'twas ro.T inup^sainia et stultissivia : 'twas spoken like a bedlam fool ; and that sen- tence which the same ' Seneca appropriates to his fatherPhilip and him, I apply to them all — Non inhwres J'nere pesfps mortalium quam innndatio, qnam cnujffar/ratio^ cjuibis, 4*c. they did as much mischief to mortal men, as fire and water, those merciless elements when they rage. " Which is yet more to be lamented, they perswade them this liellish course of life is holy : they promise heaven to such as venture their lives be/lo sacra, and that, by these bloody wars, (as Persians, Creeks, and Romans of old, as modern Turks do now their commons, to encourage them to fight, lit cadaut irrf'eliciter,) if they die in the Jield, therj f/o directhf to heaven^ and shall he canonizedj'or saints, (O diabolical invention I) put in the clironicles, in perpetuam rei memoriam, to their eternal meujory; when as in truth, as ''some hold it, it were much better (since wars are the scourge of God for sin, by which he punisheth mortal mens pievishness and folly) sr.ch brutish stories were suppressed, because admornm institniionem nihil hahent, they conduce not at all to manners, or good life. But they will have it thus nevertheless; and so they put a note o{ y dirinitif upon the most cruel and pernicious plafjue oj' hu- mane kind, adorn such men -with grand titles, degrees, statues, images — "= honour, applaud and highly reward them for their good service — no greater glory than to dye in the field ! So Africanus is extolled by Ennius : and :Viars,and ""ilerculesjand I know not how many besides, of old v. ere deified, went this w^ay to heaven, that were indeed bloody butchers, wicked destroyers, and troublers of the world, prodigious uionsters, hell-hounds,feral plagues, devourers, conunoJi executioners of humane kind, (as Lactantius truly proves, and Cyprian to Donat) such as were desperate in wars, and precipitately made "Null; heatiores hahiti, quam qui in proeliis cecidissent. Brisoniiis, rie rep. Persariiin. 1. 3. fol. 3. 44. Idem Lactandiis df Romanis et Gra^cis. Idt-m Ammi- anus, III), 'i;?. de Parthis. J'ldicatur is solus Ijeatus apiid eos, qui in pra^lio fnde- rit aiiiiiiaui. De Benef. lib. 2. c. 1. 'Nat. qiutist. lib. 3. " Buttrus Asnphitri- 4non. Biisbequiiis, Turc. hist. 'Per cwdes et sangainem patere hominibus ascensuin in coelnm putaiit. Lactiint. de fal.sa reiig. 1. 1. cap. S. 'f Quoniani belia acer- !>issinia Dei ilagella sunt, (piibas hoiuiimm j)ertinaciain piinit. ta perpetiiA. oblivione sepelieiida potios qiiaui memoria; mandanda plerique indicant. Kicli. Dinoth. pra;}'. hist. Gall. i Cruentam humani generis pe.stein et pemiciem divinitatis nota insigniuuL ^Et (quod dolenduui) applaiisum hubent et occur- sum viri tales. a Herculi eadem porta ad coeluoi patuit, qui magnam geueris humani partem perdidit. 48 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. aAvay themselves, like those Celtes in Damascen, with ridicu- lous valour, ut dedecorosum putarent muro ruenti se siibdu- cere, a disgrace to run away from a rotten wall, now ready to fall on their heads. Such as will not rush on a swords point, or seek to shun a canons shot, are base cowards, and no valient men. By wiiicli means, Madet orbis mutuo sanguine^ the earth wallows in her own blood : "ScevU amor Jerri et scelerata insania belli ; and for that, which if it be done in })rivate, a man shall be rigorously executed, ^and tvliich is no less than murder it self] if' the same fact be done inpublick in wars, it is called manhood, and the party is honoured for it, "^ prosperum etfelix scelus virtus vocalur We measure all, as Turks do, by the event; and, most part, as Cyprian notes, in all ages, countreys, places, soivitice matjnitudo im- punitatem sceleris acquirit — the foulness of the fact vindi- cates the oft'euder. ^ One is crowned for that which another is tormented, (Ille crucem sceleris pretium tulit, hie diadema) made a knight, a lord, an earl, a great duke, (as ^ Agrippa notes) for which another should have hung in gibbets, as a terror to the rest — -fet tamen alter, Si fecisset idem, caderet subjudice morum. A poor sheep-stealer is hanged for stealing of victuals, com- pelled peradventure by necessity of that intolerable cold, hunger, and thirst, to save himself from starving : but a ^^ great man in officemay securely rob v/hole provinces,undo thousands, pill and pole, oppress ad libitum, fley, grind, tyrannize, enrich himself by spoils of the commons, be uncontrollable in his actions, and, after all, be recompensed v.ith turgent titles, honoured for his good service ; and no man dare find fault, or ^ mutter at it. HoAv would our Democritus have been affected, to see a wicked caitiff, or J'ool, a very ideot, a funye, a golden ass, a monster of man, to have many good men, tvise men. !> Virg. JEneid. 7. 'iHomicidium qnum committunt singuli, crimen ^si^^ quum publice geritiir, virtus vocatiir. Cyprianus. •= Seneca. 'i Jnvcn. '^ De'*' vanit. scient. de princip. nobilitatis, 'Juven. Sat 4. Pansa rapit, quod Natta reliquit. — Tu pessiinus omuiiim latio es, as Deojetrius the pyrat told Alexander, in Curtius. ''Non ausi mutire, &c. iEsop. ' linprobuin et stultniii. si diviteni, uiiiltos bonos ^ iros'in servitute habentem, (ob id duntaxat quod ei contingat aureorum nuiuisiniitum cumulus) ut appendices et additamenta numisuiatuni. Morus, Utopia. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 49 learned men to attend upon him with all sulmission, as an appendix to his riches, for that respect alone, because he hath more wealth and money, '-" and to honour him with divine titles, and bumhast epithets, to smother him >vith fumes and eulo- gies, Mhom they knew to be a dizard, a fool, a covetous wretch, a beast, &c. bpcanse he is rich ! — to see sub exnviis leonis onaqrum, a filthy loathsome carkass, a Gorg-ons head pufted up by parasites, assume thus unto himself glorious titles, in Avorth an infant, a Cuman ass, a painted sepidchre, an Egyptian temple ! — to see a withered face, a diseased, de- formed, cankered complexion, a rotten carkass, a viperous mind, and Epicurean soul, set out with orient pearls, jewels, diadems, perfumes, curious, elaborate works, as proud of his clothes as a child of his new coats — and a goodly person, of an angeiick divine countenance, a saint, an humble mind, a meek spirit clothed in rags, beg% and noM" ready to be starved ! — to see a silly contemptible sloven in apparel, ragged in his coat, polite in speech, of a divine spirit, wise ! another neat in clothes, spruce, full of courtesie, empty of grace, wit, talk non-sense ! To see so many lawyers, advocates, so many tribunals, so little justice : so many magistrates, so little care of common good ; so many laws, yet never more disorders — tribunal litium ser/etem, the tribunal a labyrinth — so many thousand suits in one court sometimes, so violently followed ! — to see i.'ijustissinmm sape juri prwsidentum, impium relifjioni, im- peritissi niutn eruditioni, otiosissimum labori, monstrosum hu- manitati ! To see a lamb '' executed, a woolf pronounce sen- tence, Latro arraigned, and Fur sit on the bench, the judg-e severely punish others, and do worse himself, '^ eundem fur- tum facere et punire, ^ rapinam plectere, qnum sit ipse raptor ! — Laws altered, misconstrued, interpreted /?ro and cow, as the "judge is made by friends, bribed, or otherwise affected as a nose of wax, good to-day, none to-morrow ; or firm in his opinion, cast in his ! Sentence prolonged, changed, ad ar~^ hitriumjudicis ; still the same case, ^ one thrust out oj" his in- heritance, another J'alsbf put in by favour, false forged deeds or wills, Inciscc leges negliguntur, laws are made and not kept ; or, if put in execution, § they be some silly ones that are » Eorumque detestantur Utiopienses iDsaniam, qui divinos honores iis impendunt, (Juos sordidos et avaros agnoscunt ; non alio respecta honorantes, quani quod dites sint Idem. lib. 2. ''Cyp. 2. ad Douat I'p iit reus innocens pereat, tit nocens. Judex damnat foris, quod intu.s operalnr. i' Sidonius Apo. ^ Salvianus, I. 3. de provid. '' Ergo judicium nihil est nisi publica merces. Petronius. Quid faciant leges, ubi sola pecuuia regnat ? Idem. 'Hie arcentur haeredita- tibiis liberi ; hie donntnr bonis alienis ; falsum coasulit ; alter testameutum cornirapit, &c. Idem. ? Vexat ceusura columbas. VOL. I. B 50 DEMOCRITUS TO THP: READER. piiiiislied. As, put case it to be fornication, the father will dis- inherit or abdicate his child, quite casheer him (out villain ! be gone ! come no more in my sight) : a poor man is miserably tormented with loss of his estate perhaps, goods, fortunes, oood name, for ever disgraced, forsaken, and must do penance to the utmost : — a mortal sin ! and yet, make the worst of it, niimquid almdj'ecit, saith Tranio in the ^ poet, nisi quodfaci- unt summis nnti f/eneribus ; he hath done no more than what gentlemen usually do — C'Neque novum, neque mirum, neque "secus quam alii sclent) for, in a great person, right worshipful sir, aright honourable grandee, 'tis not a venial sin, no not a peccadillo : 'tis no of- fence at all, a common and ordinary thing : no man takes notice of it; he justifies it in puMick, and peradventure brags of it; ^ Nam quod turpe bonis, Titio, Seioque, decebat Crispinum "^ many poor men, younger brothers, &c, by reason of bad policy, and idle education (for they are, likely, brought up in no calling), are compelled to beg or steal, and then hanged for theft ; than which, what can be more ignominious ? non minus enim turpe principi midta supplicia, quam medico multa fvnera : 'tis the governours fault. Libentius verberant quam doccnty as school-masters do rather correct their pupils, than teach them when they do amiss. "" They had more need provide there should be no more thieves and beggars, as they ought icith good policy, and take away the occasions, than Ift them run on, as they do, to their oum destruction — root out likewise thosecauses of w rangling,a multitude of lawyers, and compose controversies, lites histrales et secnlares, by some more compendious means ; whereas now, for every toy and tritle, they go to law, Q 3Iugit litibus insanum fornm, et scevit invicem discordaniium rabies) they are ready to pull out one anothers throats; and, for commodity ^ to squeeze blood (saith Hieorum) out r^' their brothers hearts, defame, lye, dis- grace, backbite, rail, bear Mse witness, swear, forswear, fight and wrangle, spend their goods, lives, fortunes, friends, undo one another, to enrich an harpy advocate, that preys upon them both, and cryes, eia^ Socrates! eia, Xanthippe! or some " Plniit, Mostel. I'ldem. f Juven. Sat. 4. 1^°'="«"'«. ^c- ^. \^^J^o coelum, uemo jusjurandum, nemo Jovem, pluris lacit , sed omnes aperhs oculis bona sua computant. Petron. fPlutarch vit ejus. Indecorum animatis i.t calceis uti aut vitris, qua>, ubi fracta, abjicimns ; nam' nt de miepso d.cam, nee boyem seneni vendiderim, nedum horainem natu ffrandem' laboris socium. .'Jovius. Cummnumera illii.sbeneficia rependere non possit aliter' merhcijussit. " Beneficia eousque lata sunt, dum videutur solvi posse ; ubi multum anterenere, pro gratia odium redditur. Tac. E 2 52 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. commodity ; and the goddess we adore, Dea monetay queen money, to whom we daily offer sacrifice ; which steers our hearts, hands, ^ affections all — that most powerful goddess, by whom we are reared, depressed,elevated,''esteemed the sole commandress of our actions — for which we pray, run, ride, go, con.e, labour, and contend as fishes do for a crum that falleth into the water. If s not worth, vertue, (that's honum the- atrale) wisdom, valour, learning, honesty, religion, or any sufficiency, for which we are respected, but '^money, greatness, office, honour, authority. Honesty is accounted folly; knavery, policy ; '^ men admired out of opinion, not as they are, but as they seem to be : such shifting, lying, cogging, plotting coun- terplotting, temporizing-, flattering', cozening', dissembling, '^that of necessity one must highly offend God, if' he be con- Jormable to the icorld., (Crstizare cum Crete) or else live in contempt, disgrace, and misery. One takes upon him tem- perance, holiness ; another, austerity; a third, an affected kind of simplicity ; when as indeed he, and he, and he, and the rest, are ^hypocrites, ambodexters, out-sides, so many turning pic- tures, a e lion on the one side, a lamb on the other. How would Democritus have been affected to see these things ? To see a man turn himself into all shapes like a camelion,or, as Proteus, omnia transj'ormans sese in miracula rerum, to act twenty parts and persons at once, for his advantage — to temporize and vary like Mercury the planet, good with good, bad with bad; having a several face, garb, and character for every onehe meets — of all religions, humours, inclinations — to fawn like a spaniel, mentitis et mimicis obsequiis, rage like a lion, bark like a cur, fight like a dragon, sting like a ser- pent, as meek as a lamb, and yet again grin like a tygre, weep like a crocodile, insult over some, and yet others domi- neer over him, here command, there crouch ; tyrannize in one place, be bafiled in another ; a wise man at home, a fool abroad to make others merry. To see so much difference betwixt words and deeds, so many parasanges betwixt tongue and heart — men, like stage- players, act variety of parts, '' give good precepts to others to soar aloft, whitest they themselves grovel on the ground. » Paucis carior est fidas quam pecunia. Sallust. •> Prima fere vota et cnnctis, &c. t' Et genus et formam regina pecunia donat. Quantum quisque sua nnininorum sennt in area, Tantum habet et fidei. ^'Non a peritia, sed ab ornatn er viilgi vocibus, habemur excellentes. Cardan 1. 2. de cons. i' Per- jurata suo postponit numina lucro INTercator. — Ut necessarium sit vel Deo displicere, vel ab hoiiiinibus contemni, vexari, negligi. ' Qui Curios simulant, et Bacchanalia vivunt. ?TragelapLo similes vel Centauris, sursum homines, deorsum equi. '' Prseceptis suiscoelum promittunt, ipsi interim pulveris terreni vilia mancipia. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 53 To see a man protest friendship, kiss his hand, ^qnem mallet irmicatum videre,^ smile with an intent to do mischief, or cozen him whom he sahites, ^ magnifie his friend unworthy with hyberbolical elogiums— his enemy albeit a good man, to vdifie and disgrace him, yea, all his actions, with the utmost livor and malice he can invent. To see a '^ servant able to buy out his master, him that car- ries the mace more worth than the magistrate; which Plato [lib. 11. de leg.) absolutely forbids, Epictetus abhors. An horse that tills the ^land fed with chaff, an idle jade have provender in abundance; him that makes shoos go bare-foot himself, him that sells meat almost pined; a toiling drudo-e starve, a drone flourish. ° To see men buy smoke for wares, castles built with fools heads, men like apes follow the fashions, in tires, oestures actions : if the king laugh, all laugh ; * ' - Rides ? majore cachinno Concutitur: flet, si lacrymas conspexit amici. 8 Alexander stooped: so did his courtiers: Alphonsus turned his head; and so did his parasites. •> Sabina Popptea, Neros wife, wore amber-colour'd hair; so did all the Roman ladies m an instant; her fashion was theirs. To see men wholly led by affection, admired and censured out of opinion without judgement : an inconsiderate multitude like so many dogs in a village, if one bark, all bark without a cause : as fortunes fan turns, if a man be in favour, or com- mended by some great one, all the world applauds him • -if in disgrace, m an instant all hate him, and as the sun when he IS eclipsed, that er»5t took no notice, now gaze, and stare upon him. ° To see a ^ man wear his brains in his belly, bis guts in his head, an hundred oaks on his back, to devour an hundred oxen at a meal; nay more, to devour houses and towns, or as those anthropophagi, ' to eat one another. Tosee a man roll himself up, like a snow-ball,frombase beo-- garytorightworshipfulandrighthonourabletitles,unjustlyto Jj^Tf^ ^^'''' T *" ^^"^A^^ hominps, ut ssviant : blandiri ut fallant. Cyp. ad Donatum. c Love and hate are like the two ends of a perspective elasT rainistratur ; servus majores opes habens quam patronns. ebui terram coTunt Srca'ic os^^hX t"' ''"M'^''^-' cabalii ave^a ,aginantur: discaieeaTuTdircuS qiucalceosah.s facit. f Jnven. sBodiu. lib. 4. de repub. c. 6. h pjinju^' ill" affLSil" 1 ^li^r "" T'" t ^^'^*°'" '^ luuni anectareot ■ Odit damnatos. Juv. k A^r npa ep. 28 1 7 Oimrnm 54! DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. screw himself into honours and offices; another to starve liis ge7mis, damn his soul, to gather wealth, which he shall not 011- joy, which his prodigal ^son melts and consumes in an instat't. To see the Ko(,Mt,-nXixv of our times, a man bend all his forces, means,time,fortunes, to be afavourites favourites favourite,&c. a parasites parasites parasite, that may scorn the servile world, as having enough already. To see an hirsute beggars brat,that lately fed on scraps,crept and whin'd, crying to all, and for an old jerkin ran of errands, now ruffle in silk and satten, bravely mounted, jovial and polite, now scorn his old friends and familiars, neglect his kindred, insult over his betters, domineer over all. To see a scholar crouch and creep to an illiterate peasant for a meals meat ; a scrivener better paid for an obligation, a faulkner receive greater wages than a student ; a lawyer get more in a day, than a philosoper in a year ; better reward for an hour, than a scholar for a twelve nioneths study ; him that can '' paint Thais, play on a fiddle, curl hair, &c. sooner get preferment vould havehad in Vulcan's man, or (that which Tully so much wisht) it were Avritten in eveiy mans forehead, Quid quisqne de republicd sentirei, what he thought; or that it could be effected in an instant, which Mercury did by Charon in Lucian, by touching of his eyes, to make him discern semel et simul rumores et susurros, Spes hominum csecas, morbos, votumque, labores, Et passim toto volitantes sethere curas — Blind hopes and wishes, their thoughts and affairs, Whispers and rumours, and those flying cares — »Adamu8, eccl. hist. cap. 212. Siquis damnatus fuerit, Istus esse gloria est ; nam lacrymas, et planctum, caeteraque compiinctionumgen*ra,qu£e nos salubria censeu»us,ita abominatur l)ani,utnecpropeccatis nee pro defnnctis amicis ulli flere liceat. ''Orbi dat leges foris, vix famuliim regit sine strepitu donii. « Quidquid ego volo, hoc vult mater raea, et quod mater vult, facit pater. <^ Oves, oliui mite pecus, nunc tarn indomitum et edax, nt homines devoreiit,Sic. Morus. Utop. lib. 1. ^Diversos variis tribuit natura furores. fDemocrit. ep. prsed. Hos dejerantes et potantes deprehendet, hos voraentes.illos litigantes, insidias molientes, suflragantes venena mis- centes, in amicorum apcusationem subscriheutes, hos gloria^iilos ambitione, cupiditate, luente captos, &c. fi6 DEMOCniTUS TO THE HEADER. that be could cuhicnlornm ohdnctas fores recludcre, et secrc- ta cordium penetrare, (which * Cyprian desired) open doors and K>cks, shoot bolts, as Lucians Gall us did with a feather of his tail ; or Gyi>es invisible ring-, or some rare perspective glass, or otacousticon, which would so multiply species, that a man might hear and see all at once (as '' Martianus Capellas Jupiter did in a spear, which he held in his hand, which did present unto him all that was daily done upon the face of the earth) observe cuckolds horns, forgeries of alchymists, the philosophers stone, new projectors, &c. and all those works of darkness, foolish vows, hopes, fears, and wishes, what a deal of laughter would it have aflorded ! He should have seen wind-mills, in one mans head, an hornets nest in an other. Or, had he been present with Icaromenippus in Lucian at Jupiters whispering place, '^ and heard one pray for rain,another for fair weather ; one for his wives, another for his fathers death, &c. to ask that at Gods hand, ichich they are abashed any man should hear; how would we have been confounded ! would he, tliiiik you, or any man else, say that these men were well in their wits ? Hgec sani esse hominis qui sanusjuret Orestes ? Can all the hellebore in the Anticyraj cure these men ? No, sure, '' an acre oj' hellebore will not do it. That which is more to be lamented, they are mad like Se- necas blind woman, and will not acknowledge, or *'seek for any cure of it ; for pauci vident morhnm suum, omnes amant. If our 'leg or arm oftend us, we covet by all means possible to redress it ; g and if we labour of a bodily disease, we send for a physician ; but, for the diseases of the mind, we take no no- tice of them. Lust harrows us on the one side, envy, anger, ambition on the other. We are torn in pieces by our passions as so many wild horses, one in disposition, another in habit ; one is melancholy, another mad ; and which of us all seeks ^Ad Donat. ep. 2. lib. 1. O si posses iu specula sublimi constitutiis, &c. bLib. 1. de niip. Philol. in qua, quid singiili natiouuin populi quotidianis tnotibus agitarent, reliicebat. <= Q Jupiter ! contingat iiiihi auriim, bajreditas, &c. Miiltos da, Jupiter, annos ! Dementia quanta est hominum ! tur|jissima vota Diis insusurrant: si quia adnioverit aurein, conticescunt ; et quod scire homines nolnnt, Deo narrant. Senec. ep. 10. lib. I. ''Ptautus, Menaech. Non potest haec res heliebori jugere obtinerier. f Eoque gravior morbus, quo ignotior periclitanti. f Quae laedunt oculos, festinas demere ; siquidEstanimura, differs curandi tempu* in annum. Hon sSicaput, crus dolet, brachium, &c. medicum accersimus, recte et honeste, si par etiam iodustria in animi morbisponeretur. Job. Peletiua Jesuita. lib. 2. de hum. aftec. morboniraque cura. h Et quotusqiiisque tamt-n est, qui contra tot pestes medicum requirat, vel aegrotare se agnoscat ? ebullit ira, &r. Et nos tamen a-grosesse negamus. Incolumes medicum recusant. DEMOCRITUS TO THE HEADER. 5/ for help, doth acknowledge his error, or knows he is sick? As that stupid fellow put out the candle, because the biting fleas should not find him ; he shrouds himself in an unknown habit, borrowed titles, because no body should discern him. Every man thinks with himself, eyomet videor mihi samis, I am well, I am wise, and laughs at others. And 'tis a general fault amongst them all, that^' which our fore- fathers have ap- proved, diet, apparel, opinions, humours, customs, manners, we deride and reject in our time as absurd. '' Old men ac- count juniors all fools, when they are mere dizards ; and (as, to sailers, terrseque urbesque recedunt they move ; the land stand still) the world hath much more wit ; they dote themselves. Turks deride us, we them ; Italians Frenchmen, accounting them light headed fellows ; the French scoff again at Italians, and at their several cus- toms : Greeks have condemned all the world but themselves of barbarism ; the world as much vilifies them now : we ac- count Germans heavy, dull fellows, explode many of their fashions; they as contemptibly think of us; Spaniards laugh at all, and all again at them. So are we fools and ridiculous, absurd in our actions, carriages, dyet, apparel, customs and consultations ; " we scoff and point one at another, when as, in conclusion, all are fools, "^and they the veriest asses that hide their ears most. A private man, if he be resolved with him- self, or set on an opinion, account all ideots and asses that are not affected as he is, « (nil rectum, nisi quod placuit sibi, ducit) that are not so minded, ^(cpiodqne volunt homines, se bene velle jnitant) all fools that think not as he doth. He will not say with Atticus, suam qulsqne spon^avi, mihi meant, let every man enjoy his own spouse ; but his alone is fair, siais amor, ^•c. and scorns all in respect of himself, ? will imitate none,hear none ''but himself, as Pliny said, a law and example to him- self. And that which Hippocrates, in his epistle to Dionysius, reprehended of old, is verified in our times, Quisque in alio snperfliinm esse censet, ipse quod non habet, nee curat ; that Mhicn he hath not himself or doth not esteem, he accounts superfluity, an idle quality, a mere foppery in another; like ^Esops fox, when he had lost his tail, would have all his fellow foxes cut off theirs. The Chinese say that we Euro- =< Preesena aetas stultitiam priscis exprobrat Bud. de affec. lib. 5. *" Senas pro staltis habent JQvenes. Balth. Cast. <- Clodios accusal moschos "* Omnium stultissimi qui anriculasstudiose tegunt. Sat. Menip. '' Hor. Epist. 2. f Prosper. S Statint sapiunt, statiDi gciunt, neminem reverentur, neminem imi- tantur, ipsi sibi exemplo. Piiu. ep. lib. 8. *> Nulli ^IterJ sapere concedit, ae desipere videatur. Agrip. 58 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. peans have one eye, they themselves two, all the world else is blind (though ^Scaliger accounts them brutes too, meriim pecus) : so thou and thy sectaries are only wise, others indiffer- ent ; the rest, beside themselves, meer ideots and asses. Thus not acknowledging our own errors and imperfections, we se- curely deride others, as if we alone were free, and spectators of the rest, accounting it an excellent thing, as indeed it is, aliend optimum Jrui insanid, to make our selves merry with other mens obliquities, when as he himself is more faulty than the rest : mutato nomine, tie tej'abula nari'atur : he may take himself by the nose for a fool ; and, which one calls maximum stultitice specimen, to be ridiculous to others, and not to per- ceive or take notice of it, as Marsyas when he contended with Apollo, non intelligens se deridiculo haberi, saith '' Apuleius ; 'tis his own cause ; he is a convict mad-man, as "^ Austin well infers : In the eyes of' wise men and angds he seems like one, that to our thinking icalks icith his heels upwards. So thou laughest at me, and I at thee, both at a third ; and he re- turns that of the poet upon us again, ^ Hei nihi ! iusanire me aiunt, quum ipsi uttro insaniant. We accuse others of mad- ness, of folly, and are the veriest dizards our selves : for it is a great sign and property of a fool (which Eccl. 10. 3. points at), out of pride and self-conceit, to insult, vilifie, condemn, censure, and call other men fools (Mon videmus manticcs quod a tergo est), to tax that in others, of which we are most faulty ; teach that which we follow not our selves; for an inconstant man to write of constancy, a prophane liver prescribe rules of sanctity and piety, a dizard himself make a treatise of wis- dom, or, with Sallust, to rail down-right, at spoilers of coun- treys, and yet in " office to be a most grevious poller himself. This argues weakness, and is an evident sign of such parties indiscretion. ^ Peccat uter nostrum ctuce diqnius? Who is the fool now ? Or else peradventure in some places we are ^ all mad for company ; and so 'tis not seen : societas erroris et dementice jmriter absurditatem et admiratiojiem tollit. 'Tis with us, as it was of old (in ''Tullies censure at least) with C. Fimbria in Rome, a bold, hair-brained, mad fellow, and so esteemed of all, such only excepted, that were as mad as him- self: now in such a case there is no notice taken of it. aOmnisorbis ...... a Persia ad Lusitanium. b 2 Florid. « August. Qualis in oculis hominum qui inversis pcdibus atnbulat, talis in oculis sapientum et angelorum qui sibi placet, aut cui passiones dominantur. J Plautus, Menaechmi. «Govemaur of Africk by Caesars appointment. fNunc sanitatis patrocinium est insanientium turba. Seu. sPro Roscio Amerino. Et, quod inter omnes constat, insanissimus, nisi inter eos, qui ipsi quoque insaniunt. '■ Necesse est cum iasani- entibus fnrere, nisi soIhs relinqueris. Petrouius. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 59 Nimirum insanus paucis videatur, eo quod Maxima pars hominum morbo jactatur eodcm. When all are mad, where all are like opprest, Who can discern one mad man from the rest ? But put tlie case they do perceive it and some one be mani- festly convict of madness ; " he now takes notice of his folly, be it in action, gesture, speech, a vain humour he hath in building", bragging, jangling, spending, gaming, courting, scribling, prating, for which he is ridiculous to others, ''on w hich he dotes ; he doth acknowledge as much : yet, with all the rhetorick thou hast, thou canst not so recall him, but, to the contrary, notwithstanding, he will persevere in his dotage. 'Tis amahilis insania, et mentis gratissinms error, so pleasing, so delicious, that he ^ cannot leave it. He knows his error, but will not seek to decline it. Tell him what the event will be, beggary, sorrow, sickness, disgrace, shame, loss, mad- ness; yet ^an angry man will prej'er vengeance, a lascivious his whore, a thief his booty, a glutton his belly, bejore his icelf'are. Tell an epicure, a covetous man, an ambitious man, of his irregular course ; wean him from it a little, (Pol! me occidistis, amici ! ) he cryes anon, you have undone him ; and, as "^ a dog to his vomit, he returns to it again : no per- swasion will take place, no counsel : say what thou canst, Clames, licet, et mare cselo Confundas, surdo narras : demonstrate, as Ulysses did to ^^^Elpenorand Gryllus and the rest of his companions those sicinish men, he is irrefragable in his humour ; he will be a hog still : bray him in a morter ; he will be the same. If he be in an heresie, or some perverse opinion, settled as some of our ignorant papists are, convince his understanding, shew him the several follies and absurd fopperies of that sect, force him to say, veris vincor, make it as clear as the sun, s he will err still, peevish and obstinate as he is; and as he said, ^ si in hoc erro, lihenter erro, nee hunc error em aiiferri mihi volo ; I will do as I have done, as my predecessors have done, 'and as my friends now do: I will dote for company. Say now, are these men ^ mad or * Quoniam non est genns unum stultitise, qua me insanire putas? bStoltam me fateor, liceat concedere venim, Atqne itiara insanum. Hor. cQdi : nee possum cupiens non esse quod odi. Ovid. Errore grato libenter omnes insanimus. ^ Ama- tor scortum vitae pr^ponit, iracundus vindictam, fur pradam, parisatus gnlam, ara- bitiosus honores, avarus opes, &c. odimus haec et accersiraus. Cardan. 1. 2. de conso. >? Prov. 2G. 11. 'Plutarch. Gryllo. suilli homines, sic Clem. Alex. vo. gNon persuadebis, etiamsi persuaseris. t'Tully. ' Malo cum illis insanire, qnam cum aliis bene sentire. i^Qui inter hos enutriontur, non magis sapere pos- sunt, qtiam qui in culiua bene olere. Petron. _, 60 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. no ? ^ Heus, affe, responds ! are they ridiculous ? cedo quemvis arbitrum ; are they sance mentis, sober, wise, and discreet ? have they common sense ? ''uter est insanior horum ? I am of Democritus opinion, for my part ; I hold thern worthy to be laughed at : a company of brain-sick dizards, as mad as •= Orestes and Athamas, that they may go ride the ass, and all sail along to the Anticyrs, in the skip of' fools, for com- pany together. I need not much labour to prove this which I say, otherwise than thus, make any solemn protestation, or swear ; I tliink you will believe me without an oath ; say at a word, are they fools? I refer it to you, though you be likewise fools and madmen yourselves, and I as mad to ask the ques- tion : for what said our comical Mercury ? ^ Justum ab injustis petere insipientiaest. rie stand to your censure yet, what think you? But, for as much as I undertook at first, that kingdoms, provinces, families, were melancholy as well as private men, I will examine them in particular ; and that which I have hitherto dilated at random, in more general terms, I will par- ticularly insist in, prove with more special and evident argu- ments, testimonies, illustrations, and that in brief. e Nunc accipe, quare Desipiant omnes seque ac tu. My first argument is borrowed from Solomon, an arrow drawn out of his sententious quiver, Prov. 3. 7. be not wise in thine own eyes. And 26. 12. ^ Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit ? more hope is of a fool than of him. Isaiah pronounceth a woe against such men, (cap. 5. 21.) that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight. For hence we may gather, that it is a great offence, and men are much deceived that think too well of themselves, and an espe- cial argument to convince them of folly. Many men (saith s Seneca) had been without question wise, had they not had an opinion that they had attained to perfection of knowledge al- ready, even before they had gone halfway, too forward, too ripe, prtBproperi, too quick and ready, ^ cito prudentes, cite p'ii, cito mariti, cito patres, cito sacerdotes, cito omnis officii capaces et curiosi : they had too good a con- ceit of themselves, and that marred all — of their worth, »Persius. ''Hor. 2, ser. cVesanum exagitantpueri, innuptseque pnellse. d Plautus. e Hor. I. 2. sat. 2. f Superbam stultitiam Plinius vocat. 7. ep. 21. quod semel dixi, fixum ratumque sit. gMulti sapientes procnldubio fuissent, si sese non putassent ad sapientise summum pervenisse. hidem. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 6l valour, skill, art, learning, judgement, eloquence, their good parts : all tlieir geese are swans : and that manifestly proves them to be no better than fools. In former times they had but seven wise nien ; now you can scarce find so many fools. Thales sent the golden tripos^ which the fisherman found, and the oracle commanded to be ^given to the wisest, to Bias, Bias to Solon, &c If such a thing Avere now found, Ave should all fight for it, as the three goddesses did for the golden apple— we are so wise : we have women-politicians, children metaplj^'sicians : every silly fellow can square a circle, make perpetual motions, find the philosophers stone, interpret Apo- calypsis, make new theoricks, a new systeme of the Avorld, new logick, new philosophy, &c. Nostra nti(pterprpo,stiit\i ''Petronius, our covnlrey is so Jull oj' deijied spirits, divine souls, that you may sooner find a God than a man amongst us; we think so well of our selves, and that is an ample testimony of much folly. My second argument is grounded upon the like place of Scripture, whicii, though before mentioned in eflfect, yet for some reasons is to be repeated (and, by Platos good leave, I may hich is offensive to God, and yet to hope that he should save him ; and, when he voluntarily neglects his own safety, and contemns the means, to think to he delivered by another. Who will say these men are wise 1 A third argument may be derived from the precedent. ^ All men are carried away with passion, discontent, lust, pleasures, &c. They generally hate those vertues they should love, and love such vices they should hate Therefore more than melan- choly, quite mad, bruitbeasts, and void of reason, (soChrysos- tome contends) or rather dead and buried alive, as " Philo Juda?us concludes it for a certainty, of all such that are carried away with passions, or labour of any disease of the mind. Where is fear and sorrow, there (''Lactantius stifly maintains) wisdom cannot divell. qui cupiet, metuet quoque porro. Qui metuens vivit, liber mihi non erit unquam. Seneca and the rest of the Stoicks are of opinion, that, where is any the least perturbation, wisdom may not be found. What more ridiculous, (as ''Lactantius urgeth) than to hear how Xerxes whipped the Hellespont, threatened the mountain Athos, and the like ? To speak ad rem, who is free from passion ? ^ Mortalis nemo est, quem non attingat dolor morbusve, (as s Tully determines out of an old poem) no mortal men can avoid sorrow and sickness ; and sorrow is an unseparable companion of melancholy. ^ Chrysostome pleads farther yet, that they are more than mad, very beasts, stupified, and void of common sense : for how (saith he) shall I know thee to be a man, when thou kickest like an ass^ neighest like an horse after tcomen, ravest in lust like a hull, ravenest like a bear, stingest like a scorpion, rakest like a icolf, ^ Perquam ridicnlum est homines ex animi sententia vivere, et, quae Diis in- grata sunt, exequi, et tamen a solis Diis velle salvos fieri, quum propriaj salatis curam abjecerint. Theod. c. 6. de provid. lib. de curat. Grajc. affect. h Sa- piens, sibi qui iniperiosus, &c. Hor. 2. Ser. 7. <^ Conclus. lib. de vie. offer. Certum est animi morbis laborantes pro mortuis censendos. dLib. de sap. Ubi timor adest, sapientia adesse nequit. *" Quid insanius Xerxe Helles- pontum verberante ? &c. f Eccles. 21. 12. Where is bitterness, there is no nnderstanding^. Prov. 12. 16. An angry man is a fool. §3 Tusc. Injuria in sapientem non cadit. '> Horn. 6. in 2 Epist. ad Cor. Hominem te agnoscere nequeo, cum tamquam asinus recalcitres, lascivias ut taurus, hinnias nt equus post mulieres, ut ursus ventri indulgeas, quum rapias ut lupus, 8cc. At (inquis) formam hominis habeo. Id niagis territ, quum ferara humana specie vidcre me putem. DEMOCRITUS TO THE HEADER. 63 as subfile as a fox, as impudent as a dog ? Shall I say tJiou art a man, thou hast all the symplomes of a beast ? How shall I know thee to be a man ? By thy shape ? That affrights me more, tvhen I see a beast in likeness of a man. "" Seneca calls that of Epicurus, maynificam vocem, an he- roical speech, a fool still begins to live, and accounts it a filthy liohtness in men, every day to lay new foundations of their life : but who doth otherwise ? One travels ; another builds ; one for this, another for that business ; and old folks areas far out as the rest: O dementem senectutem ! Tully exclaims. Therefore young, old, middle age, all are stupid, and dote. ''^Eneas Sylvius, amongst many others, sets down three special wayes to find a fool by. He is a fool that seeks that he can notfind: he is a fool that seeksthat, which, being found, will do him more harm than good : he is a fool, that, having variety of ways to bring him to his journeys end, takes that which is worst. If so, me thinks most men are fools. Examine their courses, and you shall soon perceive what dizards and mad meii the major part are. Beroaldusv/ili have d.iunkards, afternoon-men, and such as more than ordinarily delight in drink, to be mad. The first pot quencheth titirst (so Panyasis the poet determines in Athenjeus): secnnda Gratiis, Moris, et Dionysio — the second makes merry : the third for pleasure : quarta ad insaniam, the fourth makes them mad. If this position be true, what a catalogue of mad men shall we have ! what shall they be that drink foiu' times four? JVonne supra omnen fnrorem^ supra omncm insaniam, rcddunt insanissimos ? I am of his opinion, they are more than mad, much worse than mad. The ^Abderites condemned Democritus for a mad man, be- cause he was sometimes sad, and sometimes again profusely merry. Hac patrid (saith Hippocrates) ob risumfurere et iu- sanire dicunt : his countrey men hold him mad, because he laughs ; ^ and therefore he desires him to advise all his friends at Rhodes, thai they do not laugh too much, or he over sad. Had those Abderites been conversant with us, and but seen what "^ fleering and grinning there is in this age, they would certainly have concluded, we had been all out of our wits. aEpist. 1. 2. 13. Stultns semper incipit ^^vere. Fceda hominiiin levitas ! nova quotidie fiindamenta yitai ponere, novas spes, &c. '' De ciirial. miser. Stiiltus. qui qnrerit quod nequit invenire, st'dtus qui quffirit quod nocet iuventuiu, stultus qui cum plures hahet calles, deteriorem deligit. Mihi videntur onines deliri, ameutes, &c. « Ep. Damageto. '^ Amicis nostris Rhodi dicito, ne nimiura rideant, aut nitniutn tristes sint. '■ Per multum risum poteris cojjuoscere stultum. Offic. 3. c. 9. 64- DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. Aristotle, in liis Ethicks, hohXn, J elix idemcine sapiens, to be wise and happy, rre reciprocal terms. Bonus idevicpte sapiens honesUis. 'Tis ''Tallies paradox: wise men are free, hut fools are slaves: liberty is a power to live according to his own laws, as mc will ourselves. Who hath this liberty? Who is free ? -^ sapiens sibique imperiosus. Quern neque paiiperies, neqne mors, neque vincula terrenl ; Responsare cupidinibus, contemnere honores Fortis, et in seipso totus teres atque rotundus. He is wise that can command his own will. Valiant and constant to himself still. Whom poverty, nor death, nor bands can fright, Checks his desires, scorns honours, just and right. But where shall such a man be found? if no where, then e diametro, we all are slaves, senseless, or worse^ Nemo malus felix. But no man is happy in this life, none good ; there- fore no man wise. •^ Rari quippe boni For one vertue, you shall find ten vices in the same party — paud Promethei, multi Epimethei. We may perad venture usurp the name, or attribute it to others for favour, as Carolus Sapiens, Philippus Bonus, Ludovicus Pius, &c. and describe the properties of a wise man, asTullydoth an orator, Xeno- phon Cyrus, Castilio a courtier, Galen temperament ; an aristocracy is described by politicians. But where shall such a man be found ? Vir bonus et sapiens, qualem vix repperit unum Millibus e multis hominum consultus Apollo. A wise, a good man in a million, Apollo consulted could scarce find one. A man is a miracle of himself: but Trismegistus adds, maxi- mum miraculum homo sapiens : a wise man is a wonder : miilti thyrsicferi, panci Bacchi. Alexander, when he was presented with thatrich and costly casket of King Darius, and every man advised him what to put in it, he reserved it to keep Homers works, as the most precious jewel of humane wit : and yet ^ Scaliger upbraids Homers Muse, nutricem insance sapiential, a nursery of madness, '^ imjjudent as a court lady, that blushes at nothing. Jacobus Micyllus, Gilbertus Cognatus, Erasmus, and almost a Sapientes liberi, stulti aervi. Libertas est potestas, &c. b Hor. 2. ser 7. cjnven. , JHypercrite. ^ Ut mulier aulica nullias pudens. DRMOCRITUS TO THE RriADRR. 65 all posterity, admire Luciaiis luxuriant wit: yet .Seal iger re- jects him in liis censure, and cails liiui flie Cerberus of the Muses. Socrates, wliom a!! t!;e wor/d so much magnified, is, by Lactantius and Theodoret, condemned Tor a fo(d. Phitaich extolls Senecns wit beyond a!! the Greeks — iinUl secmidns : yet " Senega saith of himself, lahen \ would solace my self' v-ith (I J'ool, I refect upon my sflj' ; and there I have him. Cardan, in his sixteenth book ofSubtilties, reckons up twelve supereminent, acute philosophers, for worth, subtlety, and wisdom — Archimedes, Galen, Vitruvius,Arc!iytas Tarentinus, Euclide, Geber, thr.t first inventer of alg-ebra, Aikindus the nratliematiciau, both Arabians, with others. But his trinmviri t^rranim. \\\x i>eyond the rest, the Ptolemajus, Plotinus, Hippo- crates. Scaliger (exercitat. 2^4) scoffs at this censure of his, calls some of them carpenters, and mechanicians : he makes Galen fitiihriain Hippocraiis, a skirt of Hippocrates : and the said '' Cardan himself elscM here condemns both Galen and Hippocrates for ledious.iess, obscurity , confusion. Para- celsus will l^ave them both meer ideots, infants in physick and philosophy, ScaligerandCardan admire Suissetthe calculator, qui pene modnm exce.ssit hiimivii ingenii ; and yet " Lud. Vivas calls them rmyas Snisseticas : and Cardan opposite to him- self in another place, contemns those antients in respect of times present, "^^ major esq .le 7iostros^ ad prccscutes collatos, juste pneros appellari. In conclusion, the said ^ Cardan and Saint Bernard will admit none into this catalogue of wise men, n)ut only proj)]!ets and apostles : how th.ey esteem themselves, you have heard before. We are worldly-wise, admire our selves, and seek for applause: but hear Saint ^Bernard, quanta magis Joras es sapiens, tanto magis intus stultvs efficeris, S^c. in omnibus es prudens, circa teipsum insipiens : the more wise thou art to others, the more fool to thy self. I may not deny but that there is some folly approved, a divine fury, a holy madiiess., even a spiritual drunkenness in the saints of God thomselves : Sanclam insaniam Bernard calls it, (though not, as blaspheming '' Vorstitus would inferr it as a passion incident to God himstlf, but) familiar to good men, as that of Paul, 52 Cor. he urns a fool, S^c. and Rom. 9. he wiseth himself to he undtJiematized J'or them. Such is that drunkenness which Ficinus speaks of, v/hen the ''Epist. 33. Qiiaiido futuo delectiri volo, noa est longe qiia*rcntlu3 ; me video. ''Priino contradicenHum. ^Lil). de caiissis corrupt, artiiiin. ''Actione ad subtil, in Seal. fol. Y2. -2(3. c Lib. 1. de sap. 'Vide, miser houio, quia totuin est vanitas, toluni stultitia, totum dementia, quidquid facisiu hoc niundo, prajter hoc solum quod propter Deuin fucis. Ser. de miser, liom. b' In 2 Platonis, dial. 1. de jnsto. I'Dum irain et odium in Deo revera ponit. VOL. I F 66 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. soul is elevated and ravished with a divine taste of that heavenly nectar, which the poets deciphered by the sacrifice of Diony- sius, and in this sense, with the poet, ^ insanire luhet : as Austin exhorts us, ad ebrietatem se quisque paret ; let's all be mad and ''drunk. But we commonly mistake and go beyond our commission : we reel to the opposite part ; " we are not capa- ble of it ; '^and, as he said of the Greeks, Vos Grasci semper pueri, vos Britanni, Gallic Germani, Itali, Sfc. you are a com- pany of fools. Proceed now a partibus ad totnm, or from the whole to parts, and you shall find no other issue. The parts shall be sufficiently dilated in this following- preface. The whole must needs follow by a sorites or induction. Every multitude is mad, ^ hellua mnltorum capitum, precipitate and rash, with- out judgement, stidtum animal, a roaring- rout. ^ Roger Bacon proves it out of Aristotle — vulgtis dividi in oppositum contra snpientes : quod vidyo videtur vernm,Jalsnm est ; that which the commonalty accounts true, is most part false ; they are still opposite to wise men ; but all the world is of this humour (vulgus); and thou thyself art de vidgo, one of the common- alty ; and he, and he ; and so are all the rest; and therefore (as Phocion concludes) to be approved in nought you say or do, meer ideots and asses. Begin then where you will, go backward or forward, choose out of the whole pack, wink and choose : you shall find them all alike — never a barrel better herring. Copernicus, Atlas his successor, is of opinion, the earth is a planet, moves and shines to others, as the moon doth to us. Digges, Gilbert, Keplerus, Origanus, and others, defend this hypothesis of his in sober sadness, and that the moon is in- habited. Tf it be so that the earth is a moon, then we are also giddy, vertiginous, and lunatick, within this sublunary maze. I could produce such arguments till dark night. If you should hear the rest, Ante diem clause componet Vesper Olympo : but, according to my promise, 1 will descend to particulars. This melancliofy extends it self not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles. 1 speak not of those creatures which are saturnine, melancholy by nature, (as lead, and such like minerals, or those plants, rue, cypress, «&c. and hellebore »Virg. 1, Eel. 3. t>Ps. inebriabuntiir ab ubertate domus. ^^InPaal. 104. Aust. "1 In Platonis Tim. sacerdos .'Egyptiiis. « Hor. Vulgus iiisa- num. f Paret ea divisio probabilis, &;c. ex Arist. Top lib. 1. c. 8. Rog. Bac. Epist, de secret, art. et. n«t. c. 8. Non est judicium in vulgo. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. G7 itself, of which ■* A grip pa treats, fishes, l)irds, and beasts, hares, conies, dormice, i*tc. owls, bats, night-birds) but that artificial, which is perceived in them all. Remove a plant; it will pine away; which is especially perceived in date-trees, as yon may read at large in Constantines husbandry — that antipathy between the vine and the cabbage, vine and oyle. Pitt a bird in a cage ; he will dye for snllenness ; or a beast in a pen, or take his young ones or companions from him; and see what efif'ect it will cause. But who perceives not these com- mon passions of sensible creatures, fear, sorrow, &;c.? Of all other, dogs are most subject to this malady, in so much, some hold they dream as men do, and through violence of melan- choly, run mad. I could relate many stories of dogs, that iiavo <}yed for grief, and pined away for loss of their masters; but they are common in every ''author. Kingdoms, j)rovinces,and politick bodies, are likewise sen- sible and subject to this disease, as "^ Boterus, in his Politicks, hath proved at large. As, in hnniane bodies, (saith he) there be divers al/erations proceediiic/ J'rom humours, so there be many diseases in a conimon-ivealth, which do as diversely happen J'rom several distempers, as you may easily perceive by their particular symptoms. For where you shall see the people civil, obedient to God and princes, judicious, peace- able and quiet, rich, fortunate, '' and flourish, to live in peace, in unity and concord, a countrey well tilled, many fair built and populous cities, nhi incolw nitent, as old "" Cato said, the people are neat, polite, and terse, vhi bene beateqne vivnnt, (which our politicians make the chief end of a common-wealth; and w hich ' Aristotle, Polit. lib. 3. cap. 4. calls commnne bo- num, Polybius, lib. 6, optabilem et selectum statnm,) that countrey is free from melancholy ; as it was in Italy in the time of Augustus, now in China, now in many other flourishing king'doms of Europe. But whereas you shall see many dis- contents, common grievances, complaints, poverty, barbarism, beggary, plagues, wars,rebe!lions, seditions, mutinies, conten- tions, idleness, riot, epicurism, the land lye untilled, waste, full of bogs, fens, desarts, &c. cities decayed, base and poor towns, villages depopulated, the people squalid, ugly, uncivil ; that kingdom, that countrey, must needs be discontent, melan- choly, hath a sick body, and had need to be reformed. a De occult, philosoph. 1. I.e. 25. et 19. ejiisd. 1. Lib. 10. cap. 4. *> See Lip- sius, epist. '' De politia illiistrium, lib. 1. cap. 4. Ut in hiiiiianis corpnribus variae accidunt imitafiones corporis animirpie, sic in repablica, Sec. '' Ubi reges phi- losophantur. Plato. f Lib. de re rust. fVel publicam iitilitatem. Sains publica suprema lex esto. Beata civitasj non, ubi pauci beati, sed tota civitas beata. Plato, quarto de repub. f2 68 DEBIOCRITUS TO. THE READER. Now that cannot we^l be effected; till tlie causes of these Dialadiesbe first removed, which comuiouly proceed from their own default, or some accidental inconvetiieuce ; as to be site in a bad cJime, too far north, steril, in a barren place, as the desart of Libya, desarts of Arabia, places void of waters, as those of Lop and Belgian in Asia, or in a bad air, as at Alex- andretta, Bantam, Pisa, Durazzo, S. John de Ullua, &c. or in danger of the seas continual inundations, as in many places of the Low-Countreys and elsewhere, or near some bad neigh- bours, as Hungarians to Turks, Podolians to Tartars, or al- most any bordering countries, they live in fear still, and, by reason of hostile incursions, a're oi'tentimes left desolate. So are cities by reason ^ of wars, fires, plagues, inundations, ''wild beasts, deca}'^ of trades, barred havens, the seas violence, as Antwerp may witness of late; Syracuse of old, Brundusium in Italy, Rhye and Dover with us, find many that at this day suspect tlie seas fury and rage, and labour against it, as the Venetians to (heir inestimable charge. Butthe most frequent maladies are such as proceed from themselves, as, first, when religion and Gods service is neglected, innovated, or altered — where they do not fear God, obey tiieir prince — where athe- ism, epicurism, sacrilege, simony, &c. and all such impieties are freely committed — that countrey cannot prosper. When Abraham came to Gerar, and saw a bad land, he said, sure the fear of God was not in that place; '^ Cyprian Echovius, a Spanish chorogTapher, above all other cities of Spain, com- mends Borciuo, hi which there was no beggar, tio man poor, ^•c. but all rich and in good estate : and he gives the reason, because theij iverc more religions than their neighbours. Why vv as Israel so often spoiled by their enemies, led into captivity, &c. but for their idolatry, neglect of Gods word, for sacrilege, even for one Achans fault? And what shall we expect, that have such multitudes of Achans, church-robbers, simoniacal patrons, &c.? how can. they hope to flourish, that neglect divine duties, that live, most part, like epicures ? Other common grievances are generally noxious to a body politick ; alteration of laws and customs, breaking privileges, general oppressions, seditions, &c. observed by '^ Aristotle, Bodin, Boleiu?, Junius, Arniscus, &c. I will only point at some of the cLiefest. ^ Impotentia gubernandi, ataxia, con- ^ Mantua, vsb! miseras minium vicina CremonfE. bjntenlum a feris, nt oliin Mauritania, &c. '- Di^iiciis Hispanife an. .1604. Nemo raain«, nemo pauper ; opliuuis cjnisqiK' atque flitissiniiis. l^ie, saiictecjue vivebant ; summa(|iie cum veneiatione et timorc, diviao caitiiJ, sacrisque rebus, incumbebant. " Polit. 1. u. c. 3. eUatorus, polit. lib. 1. c. 1. Cum nempe princeps rerum gerendaruiii imperi!.t;.s, se^nis, cscitans, sniqiie luuneris iramemor, anit fatuas est. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 69 fusion, in government, which proceeds from unskilful slothful, griping-, covetous, unjust, rash, or tyrannizing magistrates, when they are fools, ideots, children, proud, wilful, partial, undiscreet, oppressors, giddy heads, tyrants, not able or unfit to man ige such offices. " Many noble cities and flourish ino- kingdoms by that means are desolate ; the whole body groans uiider such iicads ; and all the members must needs be misaf- fected, as at this day those goodly provinces in Asia Minor, &c. groan under the burthen of a Turkish government; and those vast kingdoms of Muscovia,Russia, "^ underatyrannizino- duke. Who ever heard of more civil and rich populous countreys than those of Greece, Asia Minor, abouiidhuf lokh all "" wealth, multitude qfmhabitant^,J'oi'ce,potver, splendor, and magnificence ? and that miracle of countreys, '' the Holy Land, that, in so small a compass of ground, could maintain so many towns, cities, produce so many fighting- men ? Egypt another Paradise, now barbarous and desait, and almost waste, by the despotical government of an imperious Turk, intolera- hili sermtuiis juf/o premltur (''one saith): not only fire and M'ater, goods or lands, .^ed ipse spiritus ah insolent is simi vic- toris pendet mitu : such is their slavery, their lives and souls depend upon his insolent will and command — a tyrant that spoylsall wheresoeverhe comes ; insomuch that an historian complains, if an old inhabitant should noiv see them, he would not know them ; if a traveller, or stranr/er, it would grieve his heart to behold them — whereas (^'Aristotle notes) nova^ exactiones, nova onera im'posita, new bujdens and exactions daily come upon them, (iike those of which Zosimus, lib. il.) so grievous ut viri uxores, patres flias prosiituerent^ ut ex- actoribus e qucestu, Sj-c they must needs be discontent : hinc civitatum gemitus et ploraivs, as '^ Tully holds ; hence come those complaints and tears of cities />oor, miserable, rebellions^ anddesperate subjects, as ' Hippolytus adds : and, ''as a judi- cious countrey-man of ours observed not long since in a sur- vey of that great Duchy ofTtiscany, the people lived much grieved and discontent, as appeared by their manifold and manifest complainings in that kind ; that the state u-as like a body which had latelg taken physick, whose humours are not yet icell settled, and weakened so much by purging, that nothing was left but melancholy. "Non viget re«publica cujns caput infirniatur. Salisburiensis, c. 22. ''See D- Fletcliers relation, and Alexander (J;if,'iiinus history. c Abundans omni divitiarum allluentia, incolarum multitudiue, splendore, ac potentia. ?'a,ravenousas wolves, (for, as Tully writes, qui prccest, prodest ; et qui pecudibus jnwest, debet eornm utilitati inservire) or such as prefer their private before the publick good (for, as ^ he said long since, res privatfc publicis semper officerej—ov whereas they be illite- rate, ignorant, empiricks in policy, uhi deestj'acultas, " virtus, (Aristot. pol. 5. cap. 8.) et scieutia, wise only by inheritance, and in authority ]>y birth-right, or for their wealth and titles — there must needs be a fault, *^ a great defect, because, as an 8 old philosopher afSrms, such men are not alwayes fit — of' an infinite number, J'eiv alone are senators ; and oj' those few, J'etver good: and oj' that small number oj' honest good and noble men, few that are learned, wise discreet, and sjifficient, able to discharge such places — it must needs turn to the con- fusion of a state. For, as the ^ princes are, so are the people ; qnalis rex, a Boterus, I. 9. c. 4 Poiit. Quo fif iit mit rebus desperalis exiilent, aiit conjiiratione subditoHim crudelissiine tandem trucidentur. *• Miituia odiis et casdibiis exhausti, &c. ' Jiiicra ex nialis, sceleratisque caussis. "iSallust. •For most part, we misiake the name of politicians, accounting such as read Machiavel and Tacitus, great statesmen, that can dispute of political precepts, supplant and overthrow their adversaries, enrich themselves, get honour, dis- semble. But what is this to the bene esse, ov preser\ation of a common-wealth? f Imperium suapte sponte corruit. sApul. Prim. Flor. Ex. innu- luerabilibns, pauci senatores genere nobiles ; e consularibus pauci boni : e bonis adhuc p;iuri cruditi. h ;is}on solum vitia roucipiunt ipsi principes, sed etiam infunduut in civitatem ; plusque exemplo, quiim peccato, nocent Cic. 1. de le- gibuf. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 71 talis grex : and, which ^ Antigones right well said of old, qui Macedonicc regem erndit, omnes etiam subditos erudit^ he that teacheth the king- of Macedon, teacheth all his subjects, is a true saying still. For princes are the glass, the school, the book. Where subjects eyes do learn, do read, do look, Velocius et citius nos Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla domestica, magnis Cum subeant animos auctoribus their examples are soonest followed, vices entertained : if they be prophane, irreligious, lascivious, riotous, epicures, fac- tious, covetous, ambitious, illiterate, so will the commons most part be, idle, unthrifts, prone to lust, drunkards, and therefore poor and needy {■}, Trevio. araca-iv if/.voiBi, >c«; xAKov^ytuv, for poverty begets sedition and villany) upon alloccasionsready tomutiny and rebel, discontent, still complaining,murmuring,grudging, apt to all outrages, thefts, treasons, murders, innovations, in debt, shifters, cozeners, outlaws, projlif/atce Jhmce ac vitce. It was an old ** politicians aphorism, they that are poor and had, envy rich, hate good meUy abhor the present government, wish Jor a netv^ and would have all turned topsie turvy. When Catiline rebelled in Rome, he got a company of such debauched rogues together : they were his familiars and coad- jutors, and such have been your rebels, most part, in all ages — Jack Cade, Tom Straw, Kette, and his companions. Where they be generally riotous and contentious, where there be many discords, many laws, many law-suits, many lawyers, and many physicians, it is a manifest sign of a dis- tempered, melancholy state, as ^ Plato long since maintained : for, where such kind of men swarm, they will make more work for themselves, and that body politick diseased, which was otherwise sound — a general mischief in these our times, an imsensible plague, and never so many of them; which are now multiplyed (fiaith Mat. Geraldus, '' a lawyer himself,) as so many locusts, not the parents, hut the plagues oj' the countrey, and, for the most part, a supercilious, bad, covetous, litigious generation oJ" men — ^ crumenimulga natio, 6fc. a purse-milk- ing nation, a clamorous company, gowned vultures, ' qui ^Epist. ad. Zen. Juven. Sat. 4. Panpertas sfeditionem gignit et nialeficium. Arist, pol. 2. c. 7. '' Sallust. Semper in civitate, quibus opos nuUse sunt, bonis invident ; Vetera odere ; nova exoptant ; odio suamm rerum mutari omnia petunt. 'De legibus. Profligata' inrepub, disciplinfe est indicium jurisperitorum numerus, et medi- conimcopia. '' In prajf. stud, juris. Multiplicantur nunc in terris, ut locusta;, non patria; parentes, sed pestes, pessimi homines, majore ex parte superciliosi, conteutiosi, &c. — licitum latrocinium exercent. e Dousa, epid. Loquutuleia turba, vultares togatj. ffiarc. Argon. 72 DEMOCUITUS TO THE READER. ex mjurid vivunt et sanguine civium, thieves and seminaries of discord, worse than any polers by the high way side, auri accipitres, ami exterehronides, pecuniarnm lianiiohc, qna- drnplatores, curicE harpar/onefi, Jori tintiunabula monstra Jio- minum, mangones, Src. that take upon them to make peace, but are indeed the very disturbers of" our pence, a company of irreligious harpyes, scraping, griping, cntch- poles, (I mean om* common hungry petty -foggeYs,r{dmiasJ'oreuses — love and honour, in the mean time, all good laws, and worthy lawyers, that are so many ^oracles and pilots of a well governed com- mon-wealth) without art, without judgement, that do more Iiarm, as ^ Livy saith, quam bella externa^ James, raorhive^ than sickness, wars, hunger, diseases ; and cause a most incredible destruction oj' a cortimon-ioealth, saith ''Sesellius, a famous civilian sometimes in Paris. As ivy doth by an oke, imbrace it so long, until it hath got the heart out of it, so do they by such places they inhabit : no counsel at all, no justice, no speech to be had, nisi eum prccmulseris : he must be fed still, or else he is as mu!e as a fish ; better open an oyster without a knife. Expertocredr, (saith '^ Salisburiensis) : in manus eoram millies incidi ; et Charon immitis, qui nulli pepercitunq?iam, his huge clementior est — I speak out oj' expe- rience ; I have been a thousand times aniGugst them ; and Charon himself is more gentle than they : ^ he is contented with his single pay ; but they multiply still : they are never satisfied: besides they have damnijicas linguas, (as he terms it) nisi J'wiibns argenteis vincias : they must be feed to say nothing, and *g:t more to hold their peace, than we can to say our best. Thej will speak their clients fair, and invite them to their tables : but (as he follows it) ^ of all injustice^ there is none so pernicious as that oj' theirs, tchich, when they deceive most, will seem to be honest men. They take upon them to be peace-makers, etj'overe caussas humilium, to help them to their right : patrocinantur afflictis ; ^ but all is for their own good, ut loculos pleniorum exhauriant : they plead for poor men gratis ; but they are but as a stale to catch others. if there be no jar, 'they can make a jar, out of the law it self find still some quirk or other, to set them at odds, and con- tinue causes so long, (lustra aliquot J I know not how many a Jnrisconsnlti domiis oraculum civifatis. TuUy. b Xjijj. 3. ^Ijib.]. de rep. Gallori'.m. Incredibilem reipiib. perniciem aflferunt. t -' Camden. '' Lib. 10. epist. ad Atticum, epist 11. 74 DKMOCttlTUS TO THE READER. Lysander, Aristotle, polit. Thiicy elides, lib. \, ^ Diodorus, and Siiidas, approve and magnifie, for that Laconick brevity in this kind ; and well they might ; for, according to ''Tertullian, certa sunt paucis, there is much more certainty in fewer words. And so was it of old throughout : but now many skins of parchment will scarce serve turn : he that buys and sells a house, must have a house full of writings ; there be so many circumstances, so many words, such tautological repetitions of all particulars (to avoid cavillation they say) : but we find,by our woeful experience, that, to subtle wits, it is a cause of much more contention and variance ; and scarce any conveyances© accuratety penned by one, which another will not find a crack in, or cavil at: if any word be misplaced, any little errour, all is disannulled. That Avhich is law to day, is none to mor- row : that which is sound in one mans opinion, is most faulty to another; that, in conclusion, here is nothing amongst us but contention and confusion. We bandy one against another ; and that, which long- since ^ Plutarch complained of them in Asia, may be verified in our times — These men, here assembled, come not to sacrifice to their pods, to offer Jupiter their first J'ruits, or merriments to Bacchns ; hut an yearly disease, exas- peratiruf Asia^ hath brought them hither, to make end of their controversies and law suits. 'Tis multitndo perdentium etpereuntium, a destructive rout, that seek one anothers ruine. Such, most part, are our ordinary suitors,termers, clients : new stirs every day, mistakes, errours, cavils, and at this present, (as I have heard) in some one court, I know not how many thousand causes : no person free, no title almost good, with such bitterness in following, so many slights, procrastinations, delay es, forgery, such cost (for infinite sums arc inconsiderately spent) violence and malice, I know not by whose fault, law- yers, clients, laws, both or all : but as Paul reprehended the '' Corinthians long since, I may more appositely infer now : There is aj'ault amongst you ; and I speak it to your shame. Is there not a ^wise man amongst you, to judge between his brethren ? but that a brother goes to law with a brother ? And * Christs counsel concerning law-suits was never so fit to be inculcated, as in this age : ^ Agree with thine adversary quickly J Sfc. Matth. 5. 25. aBiblioth. I. 3. ^XAh. de Anim. ^ Lib. major, morb. corp. an aniini. Hi non conveninnt, ut dlis more majorum sacra faciant, non ut Jovi primitias offerant, aut Baccho comissationes ; sed anniversarius morbus, exasperans Asian), hue eo» coegit, ut contentiones hie peragant. "• 1 Cor. 6. 5. 6. f Stulti, quando demum sapietis ? Psal. 49. 8. f Of which text read two learned sermons, * so intituled, and preached by our Regius Professour, D. Prideaux : printed at London by Foelix Kingston, 1621. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READliR. 75 I ooiilil ropeat many such particular grievances, wliich must disturb a body politick : — to shut up all in brief, where good government is, prudent and wise princes,there all things thrive and prosper; peace and happiness is in that land : where it is otherwise, all things are ugly to behold, incult, barbarous, un- civil; a paradiseis turned to a wilderness. This island amongst the rest, our next neighbours the French and Germans, may be a sufficient witness, that in a short time, by that prudent po- licy of the Romans, was brought from barbarism : see but what Ctesar reports of us, and Tacitus of those old Germans : they were once as uncivil as they in Virginia ; yet, by plantino- of colonies and good laws, they became, from barbarous outlaws, '" to be full of rich and populous cities, as now they are, and most flourishing kingdoms. Even so might Virginia,and those wild Irish, have been civilized long since, if that order had been heretofore taken, which now begins, of planting colonies, &c. I have read a ''discourse, printed anno 161'2, discovering the true causes, why Ireland teas never intirehi subdued, or brought under obedience to the croicn of England, until the beginiiing of his Majesties happy reign. Yet, if his reasons Avere thoroughly scanned by a judicious politician, I am afraid he would not altogether be approved, but that it would turn to the dishonour of our nation, to suffer it to lye so lon fiy his Majesties Attorney General there. < As Zeipfand, Bemster in Hoilanil, kc. d From Gaunt to S'luce, from Bruges to the seaj 8ic. 76 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. comnion consent of all -^ geogTaphers, hislorians, politicians : 'tis uniea velut ar:i\ and r/hich Quintius in Livy said of the inhabitants of Peloponnesus, mfsy be well applyod to us, we are testiid'mes testa sua inclmice — like so many tortoises in our shells, safely defended by an an^Tysea, as a wall, on al! sides: our island hath many such honourable eufogiums; and, as a learned countrey-man of ours right well hath it, '' Ever shice the Normans first coming into England, this coimtreg, both for military matteis and all other of civility^ hath been pa- . ralleVd ivith the most flourishing king doms_ of Europe, atid our Christian ivorld — a blessed, a rich coimtrey, and one of the fortunate isles ; and, for some thiiigs, "^ preferred before other countries, for expert seamen, our laborious discoveries, art of navigation, true merchants — ihey carry the bell away from all otfier nations, even the Portugals and Hollanders themselves — '^ without all fear , (saitli Bot ems) fur roicing the ocean whiter and ■8?tmmer ; and two of their captains, icith no less valour than fortune^ have sailed round about the world. •= We have beside many particular blessings, whicfi our neigh- bours want — the gospel truly preached, church discipline established, long peace and quietness — free from exactions, foraign fears, invasions, domestical seditions — v/ell manured, ^fortitied by art, and nature, and now most happy in that for- tunate union of England and Scotland, which our forefathers have laboured to eii'ect, and desired to see : but, in which we excell all others, a wise, learned, religious king, another Numa, a second Augustus, a true Josiah, most worthy senators, a learned clergy, an obedient commonalty, &c. Yet, amongst many roses, some thistles grow, some bad weeds and enormi- ties, which much disturb the peace of this body politick, eclipse the honour and glory of it, fit to be rooted out, and with all speed to be reformed. The first is idleness, by reason of which we have many swarms of rogues and beggars, theeves, drunkards, and dis- contented persons, (whom Lycurgus, in Plutarch, calls morbos reipub, the boils of the common-wealth) many poor people in all our towns, civitates ignobiles, as s Polydore calls them, base built cities, inglorious, poor, small, rare in sight, ruinous, and thin of inhabitants. Our land is fertile (we may not deny), full of all good things; and why doth it not then abound with cities, as well as Italy, France, Germany, the Low-Countreys ? '^Ortelius, Boterus, Mercator, Meteranus, &c. ^Jam inde non belli gloria, quam humanitatis cultu, inter florentissimas orbis Christiaui gentes imprimis floruit, Camden, Brit, de Normanis. "^ Geog. Keeker. d fam hyeme quam aestate intrepide sulcant oceanum ; et duo illorum duces, non minore audacia quam fortu- na, totius orbem terrio circumnavigarunt. Amphitheatro Boterus. f A fertile «oil, good air, &c. tin, lead, wool, saffron, &c. f Tota Britannia unica velut arx. Boter. g Lib. 1. hist. DEMOCRITUS TO THE P.F.ADF.R. 77 because their policy hath been otherwise ; and we are not so thrifty, civoiimspect, industrious. Idleness is the malm c/cni- us of our nation : for, (as -' Boterus justly aroues) fertility of a countrey is not enouoh, except art and industry be'joyned unto it. According- to Aristotle, riches are neither natural or ar- tificial : natural are good land, fair mines, &c. artificial, are manufaolures, coines, &c. Many kingdoms are fertile, l)ut thin of iidiabitants, as that duchy of Piedmont in Italy, wliich Leander Arbertus so much magnifies for corn, wine, fruits, &c. yet nothing- near so populous as those which are more barren. ^En(j/,and smth he (London onhj excepted) hath nevei- a populous city, and yet a f miff ul countrey . I find 46 cities and walled towns in Alsatia, asm«ll province in Ger- many, 50 castles, an infinite number of villages, no oroiind idle — no, not rocky places, or tops of hills, "are nntifled, as ^ Munster infovnieth us. In '^ Greichgea, small territory on the Necker, 24 Italian miles over, I reatl of 20 wailed towris, in- numerable villages, each one containing 150 houses most part, besides castles aisd noblemans palaces. I observe, in ^Turinoe in Dutchland, (twelve miles over by their scale) 12 coiinties, and in them 141 cities, '2000 villages, 144 towns, 250caslles — in 'Bavaria, 34 cities, 46 towns, &c. "PortmjalUa iutpram- 7*w, a small plot of ground, hath 1460 parishes, I30monasre- ries, 200 bridges. Malta, a barren island, yields '^^0000 inhabit- ants. But of all the rest, I admire Lues Guicciardines relations of the Low-Countries. Holland hath 26cities,40U great viII»oes — Zeland, 10 cities, 102 parishes— Brabant, 26 cities, f()2 parishes— Flanders, 28 cities, 90 towns, 1 134 villages, besides abbies, castles, &c. The Low- Countries generally have three cities at least for one of ours, and those far more populous and rich : and what is the cause, but their industry and excellency in all manner of trades, their commerce, which is maintained bya muUitudeof tradesmen, somany excellent channelsmade by art, and opportune havens, to which (hey buijd their cities? all which we have in like measure, or at least may have. But their chiefest loadstone, which draws all manner of commerce and merchandise, which maintains their present estate, is not fertility of soyl, bi-t industry (hat enricheth them : the gold mines of Peru or Nova Hispaniamay not compare with (hem. They have neither gold nor silver of their own, wine nor oylj or scarce any corn growing in those United Provinces, little or a Incremenf. nro. lib. I. cap. 9. b Angiiae, excepto Loiidino, nulla est civitas mpmoralnhs, licet ea natio rerum omnium copia ahiindet. •• Cosmog. lib. 3. cap. 119. Villaruin non est numenis ; milliis locus otiosus, aut incuitiis. dChytrens orat edit. Fiancof. 1.">S:). <• Magiuus Geog. ' Oitelius e Vaseo et Pet. de Medina. "An hundred families iu each. 7^^ DEMOORITUS TO THE READER. no wood, tin, lead, iron, silk, wool, any stuff almost, or mettle ; and yet Hungary, Transilvania, that brasr of theirmines, fertile Eng^land, cannot compare with them. I dare boldly say, that neither France, Tarentum, Apulia, Lombardy, or any part of Italy,Valence in Spain, orthat pleasant Andalusia, with their excellent fruits, wine, and oyl, two harvests- — no, not any part of Europe, is so flourishing-, so rich, so populous, so full of good ships, of well built cities, so abounding with all things necessary for the use of man. 'Tis our Indies, an epitome of China, and all by reason of their industry, good policy, and commerce. Industry is a loadstone to draw all good things ; that alone makes countries flourish, cities populous, ^and will enforce, by reason of much manure which necessarily follows, a barren soyl to be fertile and good, as sheep (saith ^Dion) mend a bad pasture. Teil me, politicians, why is the fruitful Palestina, noble Greece, ^gypt, Asia Minor, so much decayed, and (meer carcasses now) fain from that they were? The gTound is the same ; but the government is altered ; the people are grown slothful, idle; their good husbandry, policy, and industry, is decayed. NonJ'atujata aut effeta hnnms; (as "" Columella well informs Sylvinus) sed nostra f.t inertia, &c. May a man be- lieve that which Aristotle in his Politicks, Pausanias,8tepha- nus, Sophianus, Gerbelius, relate of old Greece? 1 find here- tofore 70 cities in Epirus (overthrown by Paulus iEnu'lius), a goodly province in times past, '' now left desolate of good towns, and almost inhabitants — 62 cities in Macedonia, in Strabo's time. I find 30 in Laconia, but now scarce so many villages, saith Gerbelius. If any n)an, from Mount Tiiygetus, should view the countrey round about, and see tot delicias^ tot urhes per Peloponnemni dispersas, so many delicate aijd brave built cities, with such cost and exquisite cu'ining, so neatly set outin Peloponnesus, ''he should perceive them now ruinous and overthrown, burnt, waste, desolate, and laid level with the ground. IncrediJnle dictu, Sfc And as he laments, Quisy taliaj'ando, Temperet a lacrymis ? Quis tarn durns aut J'errens, (so he prosecutes it) who is he that can sufficiently condole and commiserate these mines? Where are tliose 4000 cities of iEgypt, those 100 cities in Crete ? Are ihey now con«e totwo? Whatsaith Pliny, and iElian, of old Italy ? There v/ere, in former ages, 1 166 cities : Blondus and Machiavelboth grant » Pop'.ili multitndo diliprenti cultura fecimdat solum. Bofer. 1. 8. c, 3. ^ Orat. 35. Terra nbi oves stabulantur, optima agricolis ob stercus. ("De re rust. 1. 2. cap; 1 Lib. 7. Septuaginta olitn legiones scripta; tlicuntiir ; qnas vires liodie. Sec. •'Polit. 1. 3. c. 8. 'For dying of cloaths, and dressing, &c. •' Valer. lib. 2. c. 1 ^ Hist. Scot. lib. 10. Magnis propositis pra;nuis, ut Scoti ab iis edoc«- rentur. M) DEMOrRiTU'i TO TJIE ItEAPFR. tliousasidsorinbabftaiUsfive singular wpll by tlieir fiiigerends, as Florence in Italy by making cloth of gold; great Millan by silk, and all curious works ; Arras in Artois by those fair hangings; many cities in Spain, many in France, Germany, have none other maintenance, especially those witliin the land. * Media, m Arabia Petr^ea, stands in a most unfruitful coun- try, that wants water, amongst the rocks, (as Vertomannus describes it) ; and yet it is a most elegant and pleasant city, by reason of the trafHck of the east and west. Ormns, in Persia, is a must famous mart town, hath not else but the opportunity of the haven to mnke it flourish. Corinth, a noble city, {lumoi. Grceclce, Tully call it) the eye of Greece, by reason of Cenchreas and Leclieus, fbose excel- lent ports, drew all the trafiick of the Ionian and /Egea)) seas to it ; and yet the country about it was cnrva et Sfqjprciliosa, (as ''Strabo terms it) rugged and harsh. We may say the same of Athens, Actium, Thebes. Sparta, and most of those towns in Greece. Noreniberg in Germany is sited in a most barren soil, yet a noble imperial city, by the sole indus- try of artificers, and cunning trades : they drew the riches ol' ntost countreyes to tJjem; so expert in manufactures, that, as Sallust long since gave out of the like, sedem (vr'imce in ex- tremis diffitis habeni ; their soul, or intellectus affens, was placed in their fingers ends; and so we may say of Basil, Spire, Cambray, Francfurt, &c. It is almost incredible to speak what some nrite of Mexico, and the cities adjoyning to it : no place \n the world, at their first discovery, more populous. " Mat. Iiiccius the Jesuite, and sorae others, relate of the in- dustry of the Chinaes most populous countreys, not a beggar, or an idle person to be seen, and how by that means ihey pros- per and flourish. We have the same means — able bodies, pliant wits, matter of all sorts, wooll, flax, iron, tin, lead, wood, &c. many excellent subjects to work upon ; only indus- try is wanting. We send our best commodities beyond the seas, which they can make good use of to their necessities, set themselves a work about, and severally improve, sending tha same to us back at dear rates, or else make toyes atui babies of the tails of them, which they sell tons again, at as great a reckoning as they bought tlie whole. In most of our cities, some few excepted, like ^ Spanish loiterers, we live wholly by tipling : inns and ale-houses, malting, are their best ajVfunst. cosni. 1. 5. c. 74: Agro omnium leruiii infecundissii-ao, aqua indinente, inter saxeta, urbs taiaen elegantissima, ob oiientis negotiation's et ocritlentis. b Lib. 8. Oeogr. ob asperum s\i\m\. c Lib. Edit, a nic. Tregant. Belg. A. 1616. exuedit. in Sinas. ^ Ubi nobiks probii locoliabent ailem aiiquain protiteri. Clenard. ep 1. 1. DEMOCRITITS TO TllK READER. 81 ploughs; their greatest traffick, to sell ale. ^Meteran and some others object to us, that we are no whit so industrious as the Hollanders: Manual trades, (saith he) xchich are viore curious or troublesome, are whollif exercised hi/ stramjers: they dwell ill a sea full of fish ; hut they are so idle, they icill not catch so much as shall serve their own turns, but buy it of their neiyhhours. . Tush ! ^ Mare liberum : they fish under our noses, and sell it to us, when they have done, at their own prices, -Pudet hsec opprobrla nobis Et dici potuisse et non potuisse ret'elli. I am ashamed to hear this objected by strangers; and know not how to answer it. Amongst our towns there is only '^London that bears the face of a city — '^epitoine Britannia', a famous emporium, second to none beyond seas, a noble mart : but sola crescit,decrescentibus aliis ; and yet, in my slender judgement, defective in many things. The rest (*" some i'ew excepted) are in mean estate, ruinous most part, poor and full of beggars, by reason of their decayed trades, neglected or bad policy, idleness of their in- habitants, and riot, which had rather beg or loyter, and be ready to starve, than work. 1 cannot deny but that something may be said in defence of our cities, "^that they are not so fair built, (for the sole magnificence of this kingdom concerning buildings, hath been of old in those Norman castles and religious houses) so rich, thick sited, populous, as in some other countreys. Besides the reasons Cardan gives, {Subtil. Lib. 11.) we want wine and oyl, their two harvests ; we dwell in a colder air, and, for that cause, must a little more liberally ^ feed of flesh, as all North- ern countreys do. Our provision will not therefore extend to the maintenance of so many : yet, notwithstanding, wo have matter of all sorts, an open sea of traflick, as well as the rest, goodly havens. And how can we excuse our ^Lib. ll?. Belg. Hist. Non tamlaboriosi, utBelgse, sed, utHispani, otiatores, vitani \\t plurimiiin otiosam agentes : artes manuarioe, qnoe plnrimuni habent in se laboris et difticultatis, majoreraque requirunt industriam, a peregrinis et exteris exercentur : babi- tant in piscosissimo niari ; interea tantiim non piscantur quantum insula; suflecerit, sed a vicinis emere coguntiir. t" Grotii Liber. <-" Urbs animis nuraeroqiie potens, et robdre genti«. Scabger. ^ Camden. <■ York, Bristow, Norwich, Worcester, ^c. fN. Gainsford's areument, "Because gentlemen dwell wth us in the countrey villages, our cities are I'^ss," is nothing to the purpose. Put 300 or 400 villiiges in a shire, and every village yield a gentleman : what is 400 families to increase one of our cities or to contend with theirs, which stand thicker ? and whereas ours usually consist of 7000, theirs consist of 40000 inhabitants. ? Maxiiua pars victiis in carne coiisistit Polyd. Lib. 1. Hist. VOL. I. " G 82 DEMOCRITUS TO THfi READER. negligence, our riot, drunkenness, &c. and such enormities that follow it ? We have excellent laws enacted, (you will say) severe statutes, houses of correction, &c. — to small purpose, it seems: it is not houses will serve, but cities of correction : ''our tradesg'enerallyoughtto be reformed, wants supplyed. In other countreys, they have the same grievances, I confess, (but that doth not excuse us) ^ wants, defects, enormitiesy idle drones, tumults,discords,contention,law-suits,many laws made against them to repress those innumerable brawls and law-suits, excess in apparel, diet, decay of tillage, depopulations, *^ especially against rogues, beggars, ^Egyptian vagabonds (so termed at least) which have ''swarmed all over Germany, France, Italy, Poland, (as you may read in "^MunsterjCranziuSjand Aventinus) as those Tartars and Arabians atthis day do in the eastern coun- treys — yet, (such hath been the iniquity of all ages) as it seems, to small purpose. Nemo in nostra, civitate mendicus esto, saith Plato: he will have them purged from a * common- wealth, " as a bad humour J'rom the hody, that are like so many ulcers and boils, and must be cured before the melancholy body can be eased. What Carolus Magnus, the Chinese, the Spaniards, the duke of Saxony, and many other states have decreed in this case, read Arniseus, cap. 19. Boterus, lihro 8. cap. 2. Osorius, de Rebus gest. Eman, lib. II. When a countrey is over- stored with people, as a pasture is oft over-laid with cattle, they had wont in former times to disburden themselves, by sending" out colonies, or by wars, as those old Romans ; or by employing them at home about some publick buildings, as bridges, rode-wayes, (for which those Romans were famous in this island) as Augustus Csesar did in Rome, the Spaniards in their Indian mines, as at Potosa in Peru, where some thirty thousand men are still at work, six thousand furnaces ever boyling, &c. '' aqueducts, bridges, havens, those stu- pend works of Trajan, Cladius at 'Ostium, Dioclesiani Thermse, Fucinus Lacus, that Pirseeum in Athens, made by Themistocles, amphitheatrums of curious marble, as at Ve- rona, Civitas Philippi, and Heraclea in Thrace, those Appian and Flaminian wayes, prodigious works all may witness; a Refrsenate monopolii licentiam ; pauciores alantur otlo ; redintegretnr agricolatio ; lanificiuni instauretur ; ut sit honestum negotiurn, quo se exerceat otiosa ilia tinba. Nisi his malis niedentur, friistra exercent justitiam. Mor. Utop. Lib. 1. b]\Jan- cipiis locuples, ejjetserisCappadociimrex. Hor. c Regis dignitatis non estexercere imperium in mendicos, sed in opulentos. Non est regni decus, sed carceris esse custos. Idem. '1 Colhivies hominum niirabilis, excocti sole^ itnmnndi veste, fcedi visii, furtis imprimis acres, &c. ''Cosmog. lib. 3. c. 5. f Seneca Hand munis ttirpia principi multa supplicia, quam medico miUta funera. B Ut pituitam et bilem a corpore (II. de leg.) oranes vult exterminari. ''See Lipsius, Admiranda. ' De quo Suet, in Claudio ; et Plinius, c. 36. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 83 and (rather than they should be '^ idle) as those '' ^Egyptian Pharaohs, 3Ioeris, and Sesostris, did, to task their subjects to build unnecessary pyramids, obelisks, labyrinths, chanels, lakes, gigantian works all, to divert them from rebellion, riot, drunkenness ; " quo scilicet alantur, et ne vagando laborare desuescant. Another eye-sore is that Avant of conduct and navigable rivers, — a great blemish, (as ^ Boterus, •= Hippolytus a Colli- bus, and other politicians hold) if it be neglected in a com- mon-wealth. Admirable cost and charge is bestowed in the Low-Countreys on this behalf, in the Duchy of Mdan, terri- tory of Padua, in ' France, Italy, China, and so likewise about corrivations of Maters, to moisten and refresh barren grounds, to drean fens, bogs, and moors. Massiuissa made many inward parts of Barbary and Numidia in Africk (be- fore his time incult and horrid) fruitful and bartable by this means. Great industry is generally used all over the eastern countreys in this kind, especially in iEgypt, about Babylon and Damascus, (as Vertoraannus and ^Gotardus Arthus re- late) about Barcelona, Segovia, Murcia, and many other places of Spain, 3Iilan in Italy : by reason of which, their soil is much improved, and infinite commodities arise to the inhabitants. The Turks of late attempted to cut that Isthmos betwixt Africk and Asia, which ''Sesostris and Darius,and some Pha- raohs of ^Egypt had formerly undertaken, but with ill success (as ' Diodorus Siculus records, and Pliny) ; for that the Red- sea, being three ^ cubits higher than iEgypt, would have drowned all the countrey, coepto destiterant, they left off. Yet (as the same ' Diodorus writes) Ptolemy renewed the work many years after, and absolved it in a more opportune place. That Isthmos of Corinth was likewise undertaken to be made navigable by Demetrius, by Julius Caesar, Nero, Domitian, Herodes Atticus, to make a speedy "'passage, and less dan- gerous,from the Ionian and^Egaean seas : but, because it could not be so well effected, the Peloponnesians built a Mall, like our Picts wall, about Schoenus where Neptunes temple stood, and =» Ut egestati simul et ignavise occurratur, opificia condiscantnr, tenues sableventur. Bodin. 1. 6. c. 2. num. (3, 7. bAraasis, .-Egypti rex, legem promiilgavit, ut omnes subditi quotanni.s rationein redderent unde \ iverent. '^ Bascoldus, discursu polit. cap. 2. " •! Lib. 1. de increm urb. cap. 6. " Cap. 5. de increm urb. Qmis flumen, lucus, aut meru, illuit. f Incredibilem commoditatem, vectura mercium, tre.s fluvii navigabiles, &c. Boterus, de Gallia. ? Heroditiis, '■ Ind. Orient, cap. 2. Rotam m medio flumiue cnnstituunt,cui ex pellibns animaliuin coDsutos utres api)endunt : hi, duni rota movetur, aquani per canales, &c. ' Centum pedes lata fossa, 30 alta. "< Contrary tothat of Archimedes, who holds the super- ficies of all waters even. ' Lib. \. cap. 3. ■" Dion. Pansanias, et Nic. Gerbelius, Munster. Cosm.lib. 4. cap. 36. Ut brevoirforet nangatio, et minus neririilosa. o2 84 , DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. in the shortest cut over the Isthmos, (of which Diodorus, lib, \\. Herodotus, lib. 8. Uran. — our later writers call it Hex- amilium) which Ainiirath the Turk demolished, the Vene- tians, anno 145S, repaired in fifteen dayes with thirty thou- sand men. Some, saith Acosta, would have a passage cut from Panama to Nonibre de Dios in America ; but Thuanus and Serres, the French historians, speak of a f.mious aque- duct in France, intended in Henry the Fourths time, from the Loyr to the Seine, and from Rhodanusto the Loyr, the like to which was formerly assayed by Doniitian the emperour, " froniArar to Mosella, (which Cornelius Tacitus speaks of in the thirteenth of his Annals), after by Charles the great, and others. Much cost hath in former times been bestowed in either new making or mending chanels of rivers, and their passages, (as Aurelianus did by Tiber to make it navigable to Rome, to convey corn from iEgypt to the city : vadum alvei tnmentis effodit, sahh Vopiscus, et Tiberis ripas extrnxit ; he cut fords, made banks, &c.) decayed havens, which Claudius the emperour, with infinite pains and charges, attempted at Ostia, (as I have said) the Venetians at this day, to preserve their city. Many excellent means, to enrich their territories, have been fostered, invented in most provinces of Europe, as planting some Indian plants amongst us ; silk-worms ; ^ the very mulberry leaves in the plains of Granado, yield thirty thousand crowns per annum to the king of Spains coffers, besides those many trades and artificers that are busied about them in the kingdom of Granado, Murcia, and all over Spain. In France, a great benefit is raised by salt, &c. Whether these things might not be as happily attempted with us, and with like success, it may be controverted — silk-worms (I mean) vines, fir-trees, &c. Cardan exhorts Edward the Sixth to plant olives, and is fully perswaded they would pros- per in this island. With us, navigable rivers are most part neglected. Our streams are not great, 1 confsss, by reason of the narrowness of the island : yet they run smoothly and even, not headlong, swift, or amongst rocks and shelves, as foam- ing- Rhodanus and Loyre in France, Tigris in Mesopotamia, violent Durius in Spain, with cataracts and whirl-pools, as the Rhine and Danubius, about Schafhausen, Lausenburgh, Linz, and Cremmes, to endanger navigators ; or broad shal- low, as Neckar in the Palatinate, Tibris in Italy ; but calm and fair as Arar in France, Hebrus in Macedonia, Eurotasin La- conia : they gently glide along, and might as well be repaired, many of them, (I mean Wie, Trent, Ouse, Thamasis at Ox- . * Charles the great went about to make a channel from Rhine to Danubius. Bil. Pirkiraerus, descript, Ger. the ruinesare yet seen about Wessemberg, from Rednich to Altemul. Ut navigabilia inter se Occidentis et Septentrionis litora fierent. ^Maginus, Geogr. Sijulerus^ de rep. Hclvet. lib. 1. descript. DExMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 85 ford, the defect of which we feel in the mean time) as the river of Lee from Ware to London. B. Atwater of ohl, or (as some will) Henry the first, ''made a channel from Trent to Lincoln, navigable; which now, saith Mr. Cambden, is decayed : and much mention is made of anchors, and such like monuments, found about old '' Verulamium : good ships have formerly come to Exeter, and many such places, whose chanels, havens, ports, are now barred and rejected. We contcnm this benefit of carriage by waters, and are therefore compelled, in the inner parts of this island, because porterage is so dear, to eat up our commodities our selves, and live like so many boars in a sty, for want of vent and utterance. We nave many excellent havens, royal havens, Falmouth, Portsmouth, Milford, &c. — equivalent, if not to be preferred, to that Indian Havanna, old Brundilsium in Italy, Aulis in Greece, Ambracia in Acarnania, Sudaiu Crete, — which have few ships in them, little or no traffic or trade, — which have scarce a village on them, able to bear great cities: sedvide- rint politici. I could here justly tax many other neglects, abuses, errors, defects among us, and in other countreys — de- populations, riot, drunkenness, &c. and many such, qnce nunc in aurem snsnrrare non lihet. But I must take heed,we- (juid f/ravius dicam, that I do not overshoot my self — Sns M'mervnm — I am forth of my element, as you peradventure suppose ; and sometimes Veritas odium parity as he said ; verjuice, and oatmeal is goodjor a parret : for, as Lucian said of an historian, I say of a politician, he that will freely speak and write, must be for ever no subject, under no prince or law, but lay out the matter truly as it is, not caring what any can, will, like or dislike. We have good laws (I deny not) to rectify such enormi- ties ; and so in all other countreys; but, it seems, not al- M'ayes to good purpose. We had need of some general vi- sitor in our age that should reform what is amiss — a just army of Rosie-cross men ; for they will amend all matters, (they say) religion, policy, manners, with arts, sciences, &c. — another Attila, Tamberlane, Hercules, to strive with Ache- loiis, Auyece stabulum purfjare, to subdue tyrants, as ' he did Diomedes and Busiris; to expel thieves, as he did Cacus and Lacinius ; to vindicate poor captives, as he did Hesione ; to pass the torrid zone, the desarts of Libya, and purge the world of monsters and Centaures — or another Theban Crates to reform our manners, to compose quarrels and controver- sies, as in his time he did, and was therefore adored for a god » Camden in Lincolnshire. Fossedike. '' Near S. Albons, . ' Liiius Girald. Nat. Comes. 86 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. in Athens. As Heicules '^purged the ivorld of monsters, and subdued them, so did hejight against envy, lust, anger, ava- rice, ^'C. and all those J'eral vices and monsters of the mind. It were to be wished ^v^ had some such visitor, or (if wishing- would serve) one had such a ring or rings, as Timolaiis de- sired in '^Lucian, by vertue of which he should be as strong as ten thousand men, or an army of gyants, go invisible, open gates and castle doors, have what treasure he would, transport himself in an instant to Avhat place he desired, alter affections, cure all manner of diseases, that, he might range over the world, and reform all distressed states and persons, as he would himself. He might reduce those wandering Tartars in order, that infest China on the one side, Muscovy, Poland, on the other; and tame the vagabond Arabians that rob and spoil those eastern countreys, that they should never use more caravans, or janizaries to conduct them. He might root out barbarism out of America, and fully discover Terra Australis Incognita; find out the north-east and north-west passages ; drean those mighty Maeotian fens; cut down those vast Her- cynian woods, irrigate those barren Arabian desarts, &c. cure us of our epidemical diseases, scorbutum, plica, morbus Neapolitanus^ S\c. end all our idle controversies; cut off our tumultuous desires, inordinate lusts ; root out atheism, im- piety, heresie, schism and superstition, which now so cru- cifie the world ; catechise gross ignorance, purge Italy of luxury and riot, Spain of superstition and jealousie, Germany of drunkenness, all our northern countreys of gluttony and in- temperance ; castigate our hard-hearted parents, masters, tu- tors; lash disobedient children, negligent servants; correct these spendthrifts and prodigal sons ; enforce idle persons to work; drive drunkards ofi'the ale-house ; repress thieves, visit corrupt and tyrannizing magistrates, &c. But, as L. Licinius taxed Timolaiis, you may us. These are vain, absurd, and ridiculous wishes, not to be hoped : all must be as it is. •^Boccalinus may cite common-wealths to come before Apollo, and seek to reform the world it self by commissioners ; but there is no remedy ; it may not be redressed : desinent homi- nes turn demum stultescere, quayido esse desinent : so long- as they can wag' their beards, they will play the knaves and fools. Because, therefore, it is a thing so difficult, impossible, and far beyond Hercules labours to be performed, let them be rude, =* Apuleius, lib. 4. Flor. Lar familiaris inter homines a;tatis suae cultus est, litium omnium et jurgiorum inter propinquos arbiter et disceptator. Adversus iracundiam, invidiam, avaritiam, libidinem, cateraque animi humani vitia et raonstra pbiloso- phus isle Hercules fiiib. Pestes eas mentibus exegit omnes, &c. *> Yotis Navig, •^ Ragguaglio, part 2. cap. 2. et part 3. c. 17. - DEMOCUITUS TO THE READER. 87 stupid, lo norant, inciilt : lapis super lapidem sedeat ; and as the ' apologist will, resp. ttissi et graveolentia lahoret, mun- dus vitio ; let them be barbarous as they are ; let them "^ ty- rannize, epicurize, oppress, luxuriate, consume themselves with factions, superstitions, law-suits, wars and contentions, live in riot, poverty, want, misery ; rebel, wallow as so many swine in their own dung-, with Ulysses companions : stnltos jnbeo esse libenter. I will yet, to satisfie and please my self, make an Utopia of mine own, a new Atlantis, a poetical com- mon-wealth of mine own, in which I will freely domineer, build cities, make laws, statutes, as I list my self. And why may I not? pictoribus atque poetis, &c. You know what liberty poets ever had ; and, besides, my pre- decessor Democritus was a politician, a recorder of Abdera, a law-maker, as some say ; and why may not I presume so much as he did ? Howsoever, I will adventure. For the site, if you will needs urge me to it, I am not fully resolved : it may be in Terra Anstralis Incof/nita ; there is room enough (for, of my knowledge, neither that hungry Spaniard, '* nor Mercurius Britannicus, have yet discovered half of it) or else one of those floating islands in Mare del Zur, which, like the Cy- anean isles in the Euxine sea, alter their place, and are ac- cessible only at set times, and to some few persons; or one of the Fortunate isles; for who knows yet where, or which they are ? There is room enough in the inner parts of America, and northern coasts of Asia. But I will choose a site, whose latitude shall be 45 degrees (I respect not minutes), in the midst of the temperate zone, or perhaps under the sequator, that '^ paradise of the world, uhi semper virens laurus, ^c. Avhere is a perpetual spring-. The longitude, for some reasons, I will conceal. Yet he it knoum to all men hy these presents, that if any honest gentleman will send in so much money, as Cardan allows an astrologer for casting a nativity, he shall be a sharer; I will acquaint him with my project; or, if any worthy man will stand for any temporal or spiritual office or dignity, (for, as he said of his archbishoprick of Utopia, 'tis sanctns ambitus, and not amiss to be sought after) it shall be freely given, without all intercessions, bribes, letters, &c. his own worth shall be the best spokesman ; and (because we shall admit of no deputies or advowsons) if he be sufficiently qualified, and as able as Milling to execute the place himself, he shall have present possession. It shall be divided into •' Valent. Andreic Apologf. manip. 604. *" Qui sordidus est, sordescat adhuc, fHor. d Ferdinando Quir. 16ia. t Vide Acosta et Laet. 88 BEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. twelve or thirteen provinces ; and those, by hills, rivers, rode- wayes, or some more eminent limits, exactly bounded. Each province shall have a metropilis, which shall be so placed as a center almost in a circumference, and the rest at equal distances, some twelve Italian miles asunder, or there- about ; and in them shall be sold all things necessary for the use of man, statis horis et diehus : no market-towns, markets or fairs; for they do but beggar cities (no viUage shall stand above six, seven, or eiglit miles from a city) except those em- poriums which are by the sea side, general staples, marts, as Antwerp, Venice, Bergen of old, London, &c. Cities, most {)art, shall be situate upon navigable rivers or lakes, creeks, lavens — and, for their form, regular, round, square, or long square,^ with fair, broad, and straight ^ streets, houses uni- form, built ofbrick and stone, like Bruges, Bruxels, Rhegiura Lepidi, Berna in Switzerland, Milan, Mantua, Crema, Cam- balu in Tartary described by M. Polus, or that Venetian Pal- ma. 1 will admit very few or no suburbs, and those of baser building, walls only to keep out man and horse, except it be in some frontier towns, or by the sea side, and those to be fortified '^ after the latest manner of fortification, and site upon convenient havens, or opportune places. In every so built city I M'ill have convenient churches, and separate places to bury the dead in, not in church -yards — a citadella (in some, not all) to command it, prisons for offenders, opportune market-places of all sorts, for corn, meat, cattle, fuel, fish, &c. commodious courts of justice, public halls foi" all so- cieties, burses, meeting- places, armories, "^ in which shall be kept engines for quenching fire, — artillery gardens, publick walks, theatres, and spacious fields allotted for all gymnicks, sports, and honest recreations, — hospitals of all kinds for children, orphans, old folks, sick men, mad men, souldiers, — pest-houses, &c. (not built />recan'o, or by gowty benefac- tors, who, when by fraud and rapine they have extorted all their lives, oppressed whole provinces, societies, &c. give something to pious uses, build a satisfactory alms-house, school, bridge, &c. at their last end, or before perhaps ; which is no otherwise than to steal a goose, and stick down a feather, rob a thousand to relieve ten) and those hospitals so built and maintained, not by collections, benevolences, donaries, for a set number, (as in ours) just so many and no more at such a rate, but for all those who stand in need, be they more or less, and that ex publico (prarioj and so still maintained : no)i nobis solum nati sumus, ^-c. I will a Vide Patridum, lib. 8. tit. 10. de Instit. Reip. h {jjc olim Hippodatnus Milesius. Arist. polit. c. 11. et VitrnviHs, 1. 1. c. ult. c With walLs of earth, &c. dDe his, Plin. epist. 42. lib. 10. et Tacit. Aiiiial. 13. lib. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 89 have conduits of sweet and good water, aptly disposed in each town, common ^ granaries, as at Dresden in Misnia, Stetin in Pome'land, Noremberg-, &c. colleges of mathema- ticians, musicians, and actors, as of old at Lebedum in Ionia, ^ alchymists, physicians, artists and philosophers: that all arts and sciences may sooner be perfected and better learned; and publick historiographers, (as amongst those antient 'Persians, qui in commentarios rejerehant qnce memoratu digna f/ere' bantnr) informed and appointed by the state to register all famous acts, and not by each insufficient scribler, partial or parasitical pedant, as in our times. L will provide publick schools, of all kinds, singing, dancing, fencing, &c. especially of '' grammar and languages, not to be taught by those tedious precepts ordinarily used, but by use, example, conversation, as travellers learn abroad, and nurses teach their children. As I will have all such places, so will 1 ordain <^publick governours, fit officers to each place, treasurers, sediles, quaestors, over- seers of pupils, widows goods, and all publick houses, &c. and those, once a year, to make strict accounts of all receipts, expences, to avoid confusion ; et sic fiet ut non absumanf, (as Pliny to Trajan) qitod pndeat dicere. They shall be subordinate to those higher officers, and governours of each city, which shall not be poor tradesmen, and mean artificers, but noblemen and gentlemen, which shall be tyed to residence in those towns they dwell next, at such set times and seasons : for I see no reason (Avhich *Hippolytus complains of) that it should be more dishonourable for noblemen to govern the city, than the countrey, or unseeniingly to dwell there note, than of old. "I will have no bogs, fens, marishes, vast woods, desarts, heaths, commons, but all inclosed (yet not depopulated, and therefore take heed you mistake me not) ; for that which is common, and every mans, is no mans : the richest countreys are still inclosed, as Essex, Kent, with us, -• Plato 3. de leg. .'Ediles creari vult, qui fora, fontes, vias, portus, plateas, et id genus alia procureut.— Vide Isaacum Poniannm, de civ. Atnstel ha;c omnia, ice. Gotardum et alios. f De iucreui. urb. cap. 13. Ingenue fateor me non intelligere cur ignobilius sit urbes bene munitas rolere nunc quam olim, aut casa> nisticae prsesse quam urbi. Idem I'bertus Foliot, de Neapoli. sr Ne tantillurn quidem soli incultnm relinquitur ; ut verum sit ne pollicem quidem agri in his reginnibus sterilem aut infecundum reperiri. Marcus Hemmgius, Angustaaus, de regno Cliiiut, 1. 1. c. 3. '■ M. Carew, in his Survey of Cornwall, saith, that, before that conntrey was inclosed, the liusbandinen drank water, did eat little or no bread, fol. (ifi. lib. 1. their apparel was coarse: they went bare-legged; their dwelling was correspondent ; but since •nclosure, they live decently, and have money to spend ; (fol. 23.) when their 90 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. banded, as about Florence in Italy, Damascas in S}Tia, &c. which are liker gardens than fields. I will not have a barren acre in all my territories, no not so much as the tops of moun- tains : where nature fails, it shall be supplyed by art; ''lakes and rivers shall not be left desolate. All common high- wayes, bridges, banks, corrivations of waters, aqueducts, chanels, piiblick works, buildings, &c. out of a "^ common stock, cu- riously maintained and kept in repair ; no depopulations, in- grossings, alterations of wood, arable, but by the consent of some supervisors, that shall be appointed for that purpose, to see what reformation ought to be had in all places, what is amiss, how to help it ; Et quid quseque ferat regie, et quid quseque recusal ; what ground is aptest for wood, what for corn, what for cattle, garden, orchyards, fishponds, &c. with a charitable division in every village, (not one domineering houj^e greedily to swallow up all, which is too common with us) what for lords, '^what for tenants : and because they shall be better encouraged to im- prove such lands they hold, manure, plant trees, drean, fence, &c. they shall have long leases, a known rent, and known fine, to free them from those intolerable exactions of tyrannizing landlords. These supervisors shall likewise appoint what quantity of land in each manor is fit for the lords demesns, what for holding of tenants, how it ought to be husbanded, ( procurators liouses, and offices in Venice, which (like the golden apple) shall be given to the worthiest and best deserving both in war and peace, as a reward of their worth and good service, as so many goals for all to aim at, (honosalit artes) and encourage- ments to others. For I hate those severe, unnatural, harsh, German, French, and Venetian decrees, which exclude ple- beians from honours : be they never so wise, rich, vertuous, valiant, and well qualified, they must not be patritians, but kee|) tlieir own rank : this is natnrce helbnn hiferre, odious to God and men ; I abhor it. My form of Government shall be monarchical ; ( "^ nunquam libertas gratior exstat, Quam sub rege pio, &c.) few laM s, but those severely kept, plainly put down, and in the mother tongue, that every man may understand. Every city shall have a peculiar trade or privilege, by which it shall Ite cliiefiy maintained : 'and parents shall teach their children, (one of three at least) bring up and instruct them in the mys- teriesof thcirown irade. In each town,these several tradesmen shall be so aptly disposed, as they shall free the rest from dan- ger or offence. Fire-trades, as smiths, forge-men, brewers, bakers, metal-men, &c. shall dwell apart by themselves; dyers, tanners, fel-mongers, and such as use water, in con- venient places by themselves: noisome or fulsome for bad smells, as butchers slaughter-houses, chandlers, curriers, in remote places, and some back lanes. Fraternities and companies I ap- prove of, as merchants burses, colleges of druggers, phy- sicians, musicians, &c. but all trades to be rated in the sale of wares, as our clerks of the market do bakers and brewers ; a So it is io the kingdom of Naples, and Francr. *>See Contarenns and Oaoriiis de rebus jjestis Enianuelis. <■ Claudian, 1. 7. '' Herodotus, Erato 1. 6. Ciuu j'Efryptiis Lacedeerponii in hoc congnnint, qnod eonim pracones, tibicines, coqui, et reli(iui artifices, in paterno artificio succedunt, et coqiius a coquo gignitiir, et paterno opere perseverat. Idem Marcus Polus, de Qtiinzay. Idem Oso- rius, de Euianuele rege Lusitauo. Riccius, de Sinis. 92 DEMOCRITrS TO THE READER. corn it self, what scarcity soever shall come, not to exceed such a price. Of such wares as are transported or brought in, ''if they be necessary, commodious, and such as nearly con- cern mans life, as corn, wood, cole, &c. and such provision we cannot want, I will have little or no custom paid, no taxes ; but for such things as are for pleasure, delight, or ornament, as wine, spice, tobacco, silk, velvet, cloth of gold, lace, jewels, &c. a greater impost. I will have certain ships sent out for new discoveries every year, ^ and some discreet men ap- ' pointed to travel into all neighbour kingdoms by land, which shall observe wha^artificial inventions and good laws are in our countreys, customs, alterations, or ought else, concerning war or peace, which may tend to the common good ; — eccle- siastical discipline, penes episcopos, subordinate as the other : no impropriations, no lay patrons of church-livings, or one pri- vate man, but common societies, corporations, &c. and those rectors of benefices to be chosen out of the universities, exa- mined and approved as the literati in China. Noparisli to con- tain above a thousand auditors. If it were possible, I would have such priests as should imitate Christ, charitable lawyers should love their neighbours as themselves, temperate and modest physicians, politicians contemn the world, philosophers should know themselves, noblemen live honestly, tradesmen leave lying and cozening, magistrates corruption, &c. But this is impossible ; I must get such as I may. 1 will therefore have ''of lawyers, judges, advocates, physicians, chyrurgions, &c. a set number ; '^ and every man, if it be possible, to plead his own cause, to tell that tale to the judge, which he doth to his advocate, as at Fez in Africk, Bantam, Aleppo, Raguse, siiatn quiscpie cmissam dicere tenetur ; those advocates, chyrurgions and ''physicians, which are allowed to be maintained out of the '^ common treasure ; no fees to be given or taken, upon pain of losing their places ; or, if they do, very small fees, and when sthe cause is fully ended. ''He that sues any man shall put in a pledge, Avhich if it be proved he hath wrongfully sued his » Hippol. a Collibus, de increm. urb. c. 20. Plat. 7. de legibus. Qiise ad vitam necessaria, et quibus carere non possumus, nullum dependi vectigal, Sec. ''Plato, 12, de legibus, 40 annos natos vult, ut, si quid memorabile viderint apud exteros, hoc ipsum in rempub. recipiatur. <" Simlerus, in Helvetia. «i Utopienses caussidicos excludunt, qui caussas cullide et vafre tractent et dLsputent. Iniquissiinum censent hoininem uUis obligari legibus, qua; aut nuinerosiores sunt quam ut perlegi queant, aut obscuriores quam ut a qnovis possint intelligi. Volunt ut suam quisque caussam agat, eamqne referat judiciquara narraturus fuerat patrono: sic minus erit anibaguui, et Veritas facilius elicietiir, Mor. Utop. 1. 2. •■ Medici ex publico victum sumunt. Boter. 1. 1. c. 5. de /Egyptiis. f De his, lege Patrit. 1. 3. tit. 8. de reip. Instit. S ;fiihil a clientibus patroni accipiant, priusquam lis finita est. Barcl. Argen. lib. 3. . i' It is so in most free cities in Germany. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 93 adversary, rashly or malitiously, he shaFl forfeit and lose. Or else, before any suit begin^ the plaintiffshall have his com- plaint approved by a set delegacy to that purpose : if it be of moment, heshall besuffered,as before, to proceed; if otherwise, they shall determine it. All causes shall be pleaded suppresso nomine, the parties names concealed, if some circumstances do not otherwise require. Judges and other officers shall be aptly disposed in each province, villages, cities, as common arbitrators to hear causes, and end all controversies; and those not single, butthree at least on the bench at once, todetermine or give sentence; and those again to sit by turns or lots, and not to continue still in the same office. No controversie to depend above a year, but,without all delays and further appeals, to be speedily dispatched, and finally concluded in that time allotted. These and allotherinferiour magistrate^, to be chosen ^as the Uterari in China, or by those exact suffrages of the ''Venetians ; and such again not be eligible, or capable of ma- gistracies, honours, offices, except they be sufficiently " c|uali- fied for learning, manners, and that by the strict approbation of deputed examinators: ''first, scholars to take place, then, souldiers; fori am of Vegetius his opinion, a scholar deserves better than a souldier, because unius cctatis sunt qnce Jortiter Jinnt qnce vera pro ntilitnte reipiib. scribuntnr, oeterna : a souldiers work lasts for an age, a scholars for ever. If they '' misbehave themselves, they shall be deposed, and ac- cordingly punished; and, whether their offices be annual 'or otherwise, once a year they shall be called in question, and give an account: for men are partial and passionate, merciless, covetous, corrupt, subject to love, hate, fear, favour, &c. omne sub rer/no (jraviore rerjnum. Like Solons Areopagites, or those Roman censors, some shall visit others, and t' be visited invicem themselves : ''they shall oversee that no proling officer, under colour of authority, shall insult over his inferiors, as so many wild beasts, oppress, domineer, fley, grinde, or trample on, be partial or corrupt, but that there be ccquabile juSfjus- => Matt. Riccias, exped in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 5, de examinatione electionnm copiose agit, &c. bContar. de repub. Venet. I. 1. <"Osor. 1. ll.de reb. gest Eman. Qui in Uteris maximos propressus fecerint, maximis honoribus «fBciuntur; secundus honoris gradus militibus assigoatur : postremi ordinis mechanicis. Doctorum ho- iniDiiii) jndiciis in altiorem loRum (jnisqiie pr«fertnr: et qui a pUirimis approbatur, ampliores in rep. diguitates conse(iuifur. Qui in hoc examine primas habet, iusigni I)er totam vitam dignitate insignitur, marchioni similis, ant duci, apud nos. •' Cedant arma to^x. t \s ;„ Bema, Lucerne, Fribnrge in Switzerland, a vitious liver is incapable of any office ; if a senator, instantly dejjosed. Sim- lerus. fNot above three years, Aristot. polit. 5. c. 8. " Nam quis cnsto- diet ipsos custodes ? '' Cytreus, in Greisgeia. Qui non ex sublimi de- spiciant inferVores, nee nt bestias conculcent sibi subditos, auctoritatis nomini con- fisi, &c. 94 DEMOCRITITS TO THE READER. tice equally done, live as friends and brethren together; and (which ^Sesellius would have and so much desires in his king- dom of France) a diapason andsiceet harmony oj' kings, princes, nobles, and plebeians, so mutually tyedand involved in love, as well as laws and authority, as that they never disagree, insult, or incroach one upon another. If any man deserve well in his office, he shall be rewarded ; -quis enim virtutem amplectitur ipsam. Praemia si toUas ?— r He that invents any thing for publick good in any art or science, writes a treatise, ^ or performs any noble exploit at home or abroad, '^ shall be accordingly enriched, ^ honoured, and prefeiTed. I say, with Hannibal in Emiius, Hostem qui Jeriet^ mihi erit Carthaginiensis : let him be of what condi- tion he will, in all offices, actions, he that deserves best shall have best. Tilianus, in Philonius, (out of a charitable mind no doubt) wisht all his books were gold and silver, jewels and precious stones, ^ to redeem captives, set free prisoners, and relieve all poor distressed souls that wanted means : religiously done, I deny not ; but to what purpose ? Suppose this Mere so well done, within a little after, though a man had Croesus wealth to bestow, there would be as many more. Wherefore I will suffer no ^beggars, rogues, vagabonds, or idle persons at all, that cannot give an account of their lives, how they s maintain themselves. If they be impotent, lame, blind, and single, they shall be sufficiently maintained in several hospitals, built for that purpose ; if married and infirm, past work, or, by in- evitable loss or some such like misfortune, cast behind, — by distribution of ''corn, house-rent free,annual pensions or money, they shall be relieved, and highly rewarded for their good ser- vice they have formerly done : if able, they shall be enforced aSeselHus de rep. Gallorum, lib. I. et 2.' ! ^Si qnis egregium aiit bello aut pace perfecerit. Sesel. 1. 1. <; Ad regendam renipub. soli literati admittuntnr ; uec ad earn rem gratia magistratuum aut regis indigent; omnia ab exploratacujusqHe scientia et virtiite pendent. Riccias, 1. 1. c. 5. ''In defuncti locum eum jussit subrogari, qui inter majores virtute reliquis prasiret ; non fuit apud mortales ullam excellentius certamen, aut cujus victoria magis esset expetenda ; nou enim inter celeres, celerrimo, non inter robustos, robustissimo, &c. e Nullum videres vel in hac vel in vicinis regionibus paupereni, nullum obaeratum, &c. fNullus mendicus apud Sinas ; nemini sano, quamvis oculis orbatus sit, mendicare permittitur : omnes pro viribus laborare coguntur ; casci molis trusatilibus versandis addicuntur: soli hospitiis gaudent, qui ad labores sunt inepti. Osor. 1. 11. de reb. gest. Eman. Heming. de reg. Chin. 1 1. c .3. Gotard. Artli. Orient Ind. deser. sAlex. ab Alex. 3. c. 12. i' Sic olim Ronia3. Isaac, Pontau. de his optime. Amstol. 1. 2. c, 9. PEMOCRITUS TO THE READER; 95 to work, ^ For I see no reason (as ''he said) ichy an epicure or idle drone, a rich glutton, a usurer, should live at ease^ and do nothing, live in honour^ in all manner of pleasures, and oppress others, ivhen as, in the mean time, a poor la- bourer, a smith, a carpenter, an husbandman — that hath spent his time in continual labour, as an asse to carry bur- dens, to do the common-wealth good, and without whom we cannot live — shall be left in his old age to begg or starve, and lead a miserable life, worse than ajument: As "" all con- ditions shall be tied to their task, so none shall be over tired, but have their set times of recreations and holidayes, indul- gere genio, feasts and merry meeting^s, even to the meanest artificer, or basest servant, once a week to sing or dance, (though not all at once) or do whatsoever he shall please, (like "^ that Saccarii festii amongst the Persians, those Sa- turnals in Rome) as well as his master. '' If any be drunk, he shall drink no more wine or strong drink jn a twelve moneth after. A bankrupt shall be ^ catademiatus in amphi- theatro, publickly shamed ; and he that cannot pay his debts, if by riot or negligence he hath been impoverished, shall be for a twelve moneth imprisoned: if in that space hiscreditours be not satisfied, s he shall be hanged. He ''that commits sa- crilege, shall lose his hands ; he that bears false- witness, or is of perjury convict, shall have his tongue cut out, except he redeem it with his head. Murder, 'adultery, shall be punished by death, '' but not theft, except it be some more griev- ous offence, or notorious oftenders : otherwise they shall be condemned to the gallies, mines, be his slaves >vhom they oflfended, during their lives. I hate all hereditary slaves, and that duram Persarum legem, as ' Brisonius calls it ; or as a Idem Aristot. pol. 5. c. 8. Vitiosum, qiiam soli pauperum liberi ediicantur ad labores, nohiliuin et divitiim in voluptatibus et deliciis. ''Qiui- h;fc iiijiistitia, utnobilis f|uispiani, aut f(it!ner;Uor, qui nihil agat, lantam et splendidam vitam agat. otio et deliciis, qiium interim auriga, faber,. agricola, quo respub. carere non potest, vitam adeo miseram ducat, lit pejor quani .iuTnentorum sit ejus conditio ? Iniqua resp. quaj dat parasitis, adulatoribiis, inaniiim voluptatum artificibns, generosis et otiosis, tanta niunera prodigit, at ctmtra agricolis, caibonariis, aurigis, fabiis, &,c. nihil prospicit, sed eoruni abusa labore llorentis letatis, fame penset et spruinnis. Mor. Utop. 1. 2. -lu Segoyia nemo otiosus, nemo mendicus, nisi per ajtatem ant niorbum opus facere non potest: nulli deest unde \ictuni quajrat, aut quo se exer- ceat- Cypr. Echovius Delit. Hispan. Nulliis Cenevae otiosus, ne septennis puer. Paulus Heuzner, Itiner. ■' Athena-us, 1. 12. ''Simlerus, de repub. HelveL fSpartian, olim RomaJ sic. (-'He that provides not for his family is worse than a thief. Paul. '■ Alfredi lex. Utraquc nianus et lingua prajcidatur, nisi eam capite redemerit. ' Si quis nuptam stuprarit, virga virilis ei prpecidatur; si mulier, nasus et auricula pra'cidatur. Alfredi lex. En leges ipsi Veneri Martiqne tinien- das ! k Pauperes non peccant, puum extrema necessitate coacti rem alienamca- piunt. Moldonat. summula qua;st. 8. art 3. Ego cum illis senlio qui licere pu- tant a divite clam accipere, qui tenetur pauperi subvenire. Emmannel Sa. Aphor. coniess. ' Lib. 2. de reg. Persarum. 96 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. ^ Ammianus, impendio Jbrmidatas et ahommandas leges, per quas oh, noxam unius,omms propinqnitas perit : hard law, that wife and children, friends and allies, should suffer for the fa- thers offence ! No man shall marry until he ** be 25, no woman till she be 20, ^ nisi aliter dispensatumjherit. If one "^die, the other party shall not marry till six months after ; and, because many fami- lies are compelled to live niggardly, exhaust and undone by great dowers, "" none shall be given at all, or very little, and that,bysupervisors,rated: they thatare foul shall have agreater portion; if fair, none at all, or very little; 'however, not to exceedsuch arate as those supervisors shall thinkfit. And when once they come to those years, poverty shall hinder no man from marriage, or any other respect ; shut all shall be rather inforced than hindered, '' except they be ' dismembered, or grievously deformed, infirm, or visited with some enormous hereditary disease, in body or mind : in such cases, upon a great pain or mulct ^ man or woman shall not marry ; other order shall be taken for them to their content. If people over-abound, they shall be eased by ' colonies. ™ No man shall wear weapons in any city. The same attire shall be kept, and that proper to several callings, by which they shall be distinguished. "^ LuxnsJimeriimshdW be taken away, that intempestive expence moderated, and many others. Brokers, takers of pawns, biting usurers, I will not admit ; yet, because Mc cum hominihus non cum diis agitur ° we con- verse here with men, not with gods, and for the hardness of mens hearts, I will tolerate some kind of usury. If we were honest, I confess, fsi probi essenmsj we should have no use of it ; but, being as it is, we must necessarily admit it. How- soever most divines contradict it, (Dicimus inficias ; sed vox ea sola reperta est) " =>Lib. 24. b Aliter Aristoteles — a man at 25, a woman at 20. Polit. ^Lex olim Lycurgi. hodie Chinensium ; Vide Pliitarchum, Riccium, Hemminginm, Amiseum, Nevisanum, et alios de hac quasstione. "* Alfredus. '" Apud La- cones olim virgines sine dote nubebant. Boter 1. 3. c. 3. fLege cautum non ita pridem apud Venetos, ne quis patritius dotem excederet 1500 coron. sBux. Synag. Jud. Sic Judaji. Leo Afer, Al'iicse descript. ne sint aliter incontientes, ob reipub. bonum, ut August. Cassar. orat. ad coelibes Romanos olim edocuit. ''Morbo laborans, qui in prole m facile diftunditur, ne genus humanimi foeda con- tag^one Isedatur, juventute cast ratur : mulieres tales procul a consortio virorum ab- legantur, &c. Hector Boethius, hist. lib. 1. de vet. Scotorum moribus. ' Spe- ciosissimi juvenes liberis dabunt operam. Plato, 5. de legibus, ''The Saxons exclude dumb, blind, leprous, and such like persons, from all inheritance, as we do fools. ' Ut olim Romani, Hispani hodie, &c. '"Riccius, lib. IL cap. 5. de Sinarum expedit. Sic Hispani cogunt iVlauros arma deponere. So it is in most Italian cities. n Idem Plato, 12, de legibus. It hath ever been immo- derate. >Vide Gail. Stuckiura, antiq. convival. lib. 1. cap. 26. " Plato, 9. de legibus. DEMOCRITUS TO THR READER. 97 it must be winked at by pobticiaiis. And yet some great doc- tors approve of it, Calvin, Bucer, Zanohius, P, Martyr, be- cause, by so uiany grand hiwyers, decrees of emperours, princes statutes, customs of common- wealths, cliurches ap- probations, it is permitted, 8ic. I will therefore allow it ; but to no private persons, not to every man that will ; to orphans only, maids, widows, or such as by reason of their age, sex, education, ignorance of trading, know not otherwise how to employ it; and those, so approved, not to let it out apart, but to bring their money to -^common bank which shall be allow- ed in every city, as in Genoua, Geneva, Noremberg, Venice, at ^'5, (), 7? not above 8 per centum, as the supervisors, or ccrarii prcvfccti, shall think fit. '' And, as it shall not be lawful for each man to be an usurer that will, so shall it not be lawful for all to take up money at use — not to prodigals and spend- thrifts, but to merchants, young tradesmen, and such as stand in need, or know honestly how to employ it, whose necessity, cause, and condition, the said supervisors shall approve of, 1 will have no private monopolies, to enrich one man, and beggar a multitude — ''multiplicity of offices, of supplying by deputies : weights and measures the same throughout, and those rectified by the prhhum mobile, and suns motion ; threescore miles to a degree, according to observation : lOOO geometrical paces to a mile, five foot to a pace, twelve inches to a foot, &,c. and, from measures known, it is an easie matter to rectifie weights, &c. to cast up all, and resolve bodies by algebra, stereometry. I hate wars, if they be not adpopuli salutem^ upon urgent occasion. Odiinus accipitrem, quia semper vivit in armis. * Offensive wars, except the cause be very just, 1 will not allow of: for I do highly magnifie that saying of Hannibal to Scipio, in 'L\\y—It had been a blessed thimj for you and us, if God had given that mind to our predecessors^ that you had » As those Lombards beyond seas, (though with siitne reformation) mens pie- tatis, or bank of charity, (as Malines terms it, cap. 33. Lex Mercat. part 2.) that lend money upon easie pawns, or take money upon adventure for mens lives. ''That proportion will make merchandise increase, land dearer, and better im- proved, as he hath judicially proved in his tract of usury, exhibited to the Parlia- ment anno IG'iL i Hoc fere Zanchius, com. in 4. cap. ad Ephes. sequis- sniiam vocat usuram et charitati Christiante cousentaneam, modo non exigant, &c. nee omnes dent ad foenus, sed ii qui in pecuniis bona habent, et ob aetatem, sexum, artis alicujus i:,'norantiam. non possunt uti. Nee omnibus, sed mercatoribus, et iis qui hontste impendent, &c. d Idem npud Persas olim. Lego Brisonium. •^Idein Plato, de It gibus. "Lib. 30 Optimum quidem fuerat earn putribus nostris meutem a Diis datani esse, ut vos Italiaj.nos Africa imperiocoutenti essemus. Neque emm Sicilia aut Sardinia satis digna pretia sunt pro tot classibus, Stc. vol.. i H 98 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. been content with Italy, tee with AJ'rick. For neither Sicily nor Sardinia are worth such cost and pains, so many fleets are armies, or so many Jhmous captains lives. Omnia pr.itis tentanda: fair means shall first be tried. "^ Perayit tranquilla potestas. Quod violenta nequit. I will have them proceed with all moderation ; but (hear you !) Fabius my general, not Minutius; nain ^qui consilio nititur, plus hostibus nocet, quam qui, sine animi ratione, viribus : and, in such wars, to abstain as much as is possible from 'depopulations, burning- of towns, massacring- of infants, &c. For defensive wars, I will have forces still ready at a small warning, by land and sea, a prepared navy, souldiers in prpcinctn, et, quam '^ Bonfinius apud Hungaros svos vult, virgam ferream, and money which is nervus belli, still in a readiness and a sufficient revenue, a third part (as in old '^ Rome and Egypt) reserved for the common-wealth ; to avoid those heavy taxes and impositions, as well to defray this charge of wars, as also all other publick defalcations, expences, fees, pensions, repa- rations, chaste sports, feasts, donaries, rewards, and entertain- ments. All things in this nature especially I will have ma- turely done, and with great '^deliberation : ne quid ^temere, ne quid remisse, ac timide fiat. Sed quo feror hospes ? To prosecute the rest would require a volume. Manum de ta- belld ! I have been over-tedious in this subject : I could have here willingly ranged ; but these straits wherein I am includ- ed will not permit. From common-wealths and cities, I will descend to families, which have as many corrosives and molestations, as frequent discontents, as the rest. Great affinity there is betwixt a poli- tical and oeconomical body ; they differ only in magnitude and proportion of business (so Scaliger ''writes): as they have both, likely, the same period, as 'Bodin and ''Peucer hold, out of Plato, six or seven hundred years, so, many times, they have the same means of their vexation and overthrows ; as, namely, riot, a common mine of both, riot in building, riot in profuse spending", riot in apparel, &c. be it in what kind soever, it produceth the same effects. A 'chorographer of ours, speaking o&i^er of ancient families, why they are so frequent in the north, continue so long*, are so soon extinguished in the south, and so few, gives no other reason but this, luxus omnia ''Claiulian. t'Tiiucydides. « A depopulation e cgrorum, incendiis, et cjusinodi factis immanibus. Plato. dflungar, dec. 1. lib. 9. **Sesel- lins, lib. 2. de repub. Gal. valde enim est indecorum, ubi quid prteter opinionem accidit, dicere, Non putaram, preesertim si res prascaveri potuerit. Livius, lib. 1. Dion. 1. 2. Diodorus Siculus, lib. 2. 'Peragit tranquilla potestas. Quod violenta nequit. Clandian. pBellum nee timenduni nee provocandum. Plin. Panegyr. Trajano. '' Lib. 3. poet. cap. 19. > Lib. 4. de repub. cap. 2. iiPeucer. lib. I. de divinaf. l Cambden, in Cheshire. dEmocritus to the reader. 99 disaipnvit, riot hath consumed all. Fine cloaths and curious buildinos came into this island, as he notes in his annals, not so many years since, non sine dispendio hospitalkatis, to the decay of hospitality. Honv beit, many times that >vord is mis- taken; and, under the name of bounty and hospitality, is shrowdod riot and prodigality ; and that,which is condemnable in it self well used, hath been mistaken heretofore, is become: by its abuse, the bane and utter ruine of many a noble family, for some men live like the rich g-lutton, consuming themselves and their substance by continual feasting and invitations, — with " Axylos in Homer, keep open house for all comers, giv- ing- entertainmentto such as visit them, "'keepingatable beyond their means, and a company of idle servants (though not so frequent as of old)--are blown up on a sudden, and (as Actaeon was by his hounds) devoured by their kinsmen, friends, and multitude of followers. *^It is a wonder that Paulus Jovius relates of our northern countreys, what an infinite deal of meat mo consume on our tables ; that I may truly say, 'tis not bounty, not hospitality, as it is often abused, but riot in excess, gluttony, and prodigality; ameer vice: it brings in debt, want, and beggary, hereditary diseases, consumes their fortunes, and overthrows the good temperature of their bodies. To this I might here well add their inordinate expence inbuilding,those phantastical houses, turrets, walks, parks, &c. gaming, excess of pleasure, and that prodigious riot in apparel, by which means they are compelled to break up house, and creep into holes. Sesellius, in his common wealth of '^ France, gives three reasons why the French nobility were so frequently bankrupts; F'irst, because they have so many law-sidts and contentw7is, one upon another^ ivhich were tedious and costly : hy ichicJi means it came to pass, that commonly latcyers bought them out of their possessions^ A second cause was their riot ; thet/ lived beyond their means, and icere therefore swallowed up by merchants, (La-Nove, a French writer, yields five reasons of his countrey-mens poverty, to the same effect almost, and thinks verily,if the gentry of France were divided into ten parts, eight of them would be found much impaired by sales, mort- gages, and debts, or wholly sunk in their estates.) The last was immoderate excess in apparel, which consumed their reve- 'Iliad, lib. 6. ''Vide Pntoani Conium ; Goclenium de jjortenfosls coenis nostroriim fcriipoiiitn. •• Mirabile dictii est, qaantnm opsoniorum una domus .singulis diebiis ab.siimat ; steriiuntur mens;e in oimies pene horas, calentibtis semper cduliis, descript. Britan. < Ennius. 'Lucian. Ter mille dracninis olira empta ; studens inde sapieutiam adipiscetiur DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 103 no purpose. Orators can perswado other men what tliey will, quo vohint nnde volunf^ move, pacific, &c. but cannot settle their own brains. AThat saith Tully ? Malo indisertam pru- dent iam, qnavi lo(ptacem stnffitiam ; and (as '^ Seneca seconds him) a wise mans oration should not be polite or solicitous. '' Fabius esteems no better of most of them, either in speech, action, gesture, than as men beside themselves, i.isanos c?e- clamatores ; so doth Gregory ; non mihi sapit qui sermoney sed quij'actis, sapit. Make the best of him, a good oratour is a turn- coat, an evil man; bonus orator pessirmis vir ; his tongue is set to sale; he is a raeer voice (as ''he said of a nightingal); dat sine mente sonum ; an hyperbolical liar, a flatterer, a parasite, and (as '^Ammianus Marcellinus will) a corrupting cosener, one that doth more mischief by his fair speeches, than he that bribes by money ; for a man may with more facility avoid him that circumvents by money, than him that deceives with glosing terms ; which made * Socrates so much abhor and explode them. ^^Fracastorius, a famous poet, freely grants all poets to be mad ; so doth " Scaliger ; and who doth not ? (Ant insanit Jiomo, aut versus facit, Hor. Sat. 7. /. 2. Insanire lubet,i. e.versus componere, Virr/. Eel. 3. So Servius interprets) all poets are mad, a company of bitter satyrists, detractors, or else parasitical applauders; and what is poetry it self, but (as Austin holds) vinum, erroris ab ebriis doctoribus propinatum ? You may give that censure of them in general, which Sir Thomas More once did ofGennanus Brixius poems in particular. • vehuntur In rate Stultitise : sylvam habitant Furiae. Budseus, in an epistle of his to Lupsetus, will have civil law to be the tower of wisdom ; another honours physick, the quintessence of nature ; a third tumbles them both down, and sets up the flag of his own peculiar science. Your supercilious criticks, grammatical triflers, note-makers, curious antiqua- ries, find out all the mines of wit, ineptiarum dolicias, amongst the rubbish of old writers: ^pro stnltis habent, nisi aliquid snffieiant invenire, quod in aliorum seriptis vertant vitio : all fools with them that cannot find fault : they correct others, and are hot in a cold cause, puzzle themselves to find out how many streets in Rome, houses, gates, towers, Ho- =»Epist. 21. 1. lib. Non oportet orationem sapientis esse politam aut solicitam. ■•Lib. 3. cap. 13. MuUo anhelitu jactatione, i'urentes, pectus, fronteni credentes, &c. <= Lipsias, Voces sunt, pneterea nihil. ' Lib. 30. Plus mali face re videtur qui oratione quara qui pretio quemvis corrnmpit ; nam, &c. •-' In Clorg. Platonis. f In Naugerio. >■' Si furor sit Lywus, &c. quoties furit, furit, fnrit, aroans, bibens, et poeta, &c. iiMorus, lltop. lib. IJ. 104 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. mers counfiey, /Eneas mother, Niobes daug-hter, an Sappho puhlica J'uerif ? ovum ^prius extiterit, an gallina? SfC et alia, quce dediscenda essent, si scires, as "^Seneca holds — what clothes the senators did wearin Rome, what shews, how they sate, where they went to the close stool, how many dishes in a mess, what sauce ; which, for the present, for an historian to relate, (^ according to Ludovic. Vives) is very ri- diculous, is to them most precious elaborate stuif, they ad- mired for it, and as proud, as triumphant in the mean time for this discovery, as if they had won a city, or conquered a province as rich as if they had found a mine of gold ore. Quosvis auctores absurdis commcntis suis percacant et stereo- runt, one saith : they bewray and daub a company of books and good authors, with their absurd comments, (correcto- rum sterquilinia '^ Scaliger calls them) and shew their wit in censuring others, — a company of foolish note-makers, hum- ble-bees, dors or beetles : inter stercora nt plurimum versan- tur, they rake over all those rubbish and dunghills, and pre- fer a manuscript many times before the Gospel itself, ^ the- saurum criticum, before any treasure, and with their delea- turs, alii leguntsic, mens codex sic hahet, w '\i\\ i\\eiv postremm editiones, annotations, castigations, &c. make books dear,' themselves ridiculous^ and do no body good : yet, if any man dare oppose or contradict, they are mad, up in arms on a sud- den ; how many sheets are written in defence, how bitter in- vectives, what a j)ologies ? ^ Epiphy Hides has sunt et mere 7mgo3. But 1 dare say no more of, for, with, or against them, be- cause I am liable to their lash, as well as others. Of these and the rest of our artists and philosophers, 1 will generally conclude, they are a kind of mad men, (as s Seneca esteems of them) to make doubts and scruples, how to read them truly, to mend old authors, but will not mend their own lives, or teach us ingenia sanare, memoriam ojfficiorum ingerere, ac fidem in rebus humanis retinere, to keep our wits in order, or rectify our manners. Numquid tibi non demens videtur, si istis operam impenderit? is not he mad that draws lines with Archimedes, whiles his house is ransacked, and his city be- sieged, when the whole world is in combustion, — or we, whilest our souls are in danger, (mors sequitur, vitajugit} to spend our time in toys, idle questions, and things of no worth ? ^ That ''lovers are mad, I think no man will deny. Amare simul et supsre ipsi Jovi non datur ; Jupiter himself cannot intend both at once. a Macrob. Satur. 7. 16. bEpist. 16. « Lib. de caussis corrup. artium. eEdit. 7. volimi. lano Grutero. He bcneficiis. '' Deliriiis et ainens dicatiiv a IVlacrob. Satur. 7. 10. "JKr -. dLib. 2. ill Ausonium, cap. 19. et 32. ffidit. 7. voliim. lano Grutero. f Aristophauis Ranis. 8 Lib. nierito. Hor. Seneca. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. 105 a Non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur, Majestas et amor. Tully when he was invited to a second marriage, replied, he could not s'unul amare et sapere^ be wise and love both together. ^ Est Orais iile ; vis est immedicahilis ; est ra- bies insana : love is madness, a hell, an incurable disease; impotcntem et insanam libidinem *^ Seneca calls it, an impotent and raging lust. 1 shall dilate this subject apart : in the mean time let lovers sigh out the rest. "^ Nevisanus the lawyer holds it for an axiome, viost vomen are fools, ^consilium feminis invalidum) Seneca, men, be they young or old; who doubts it? youth is mad, as Elius in Tully, Stuiti adolescent}! li, old age little better, deliri senes, ^•c. Theophrastus, in the 107 year of his age, 'said he then began to be wise, turn sapere coepit, and therefore lamented his departure. If wisdom come so late, where shall we find a w ise man ? our old ones dote at threescore and ten. I would cite more proofs and a better author; but for the present, let one fool point at another. § Nevisanus hath as hard an opinion of '' rich men — wealth and 7cisfiom cannot dwell to- ff ether ; stultitiam patiuntur opes ; 'and they do commonly ^ inj'atuare cor hominis, besot men ; and as we see it, J'ools have fortune : ' sapientia non invenitnr in terra suaviter vi- ventium. For, beside a natural contempt of learning, which accompanies such kind of men, innate idleness, (for they will take no pains) and which,'" Aristotle observes, ubi 7ne7is plnrima, ibi minima fortuna ; ubi plnrimujortuna, ibi mens perexigua ; great wealth and little wit go commonly together ; they have as much brains, some of them, in their heads as in their heels ; besides this inbred neglect of liberal sciences, and all arts, which should excolere mentem, polish the mind, they have most part some gullish humour or other, by which they are led ; one is an Epicure, an atheist, a second a gamester, a third a whoremaster, (fit subjects all forasatyrist to work upon) "Hicnuptarum insanit amoribus, hie pueroriini ; — ° one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking ; another of ca- rousing, horse-riding, spending ; a fourth, of building, fight- ing, &c. a Ovid. Met. b Plutarch. Amatorio est amor insanns. "^ E pisL 39. ^SylvK Diiptialis. 1. 1. num. 11. Omnes mulieres, ut plurimum stulta;. '^ Ari- stotle, f Dolere se dixit, quod turn vita egrederetur. ff Lib. 1. niim. 11. Sapientia et divitine vix simnl possideri possunt. ^ They get their wisdom by eating pie-crust, some. * Xfr.ixxrx tok Sy»ToK ytyirxi xtpfoavyr,. Opes qui. dem mortalibus sunt amentia. Theognis. '' Fortuna, nimium quem fovet, stol- tum facit. ' Job. 28. ■» Mag. moral, lib. 2. et lib. 1. sat. 4. " Hor. ser. 1. sat. 4 " Insana gula, insanae obstructiones, insanam venandi stadium — Di.scordia demens. \ irg. ^'En. 106 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. Insanit veteres statuas Damasippus emendo; Damasippus hath an humoui" of his own, tobetalktof; ^He- liodorus the Carthaginian another. In a word, as Scaliger con- cludes of them all, they are statiim erectce stultitice, the very statues or pillars of folly. Chuse, out of all stories, him that Lath been most admired ; you shall still find multa ad lau- dem, midta ad vituperationem marjnijica, as ^ Berosus of Se- miramis : omnes mortales militia, triumphis divitiis, Sfc. tnm et luocu, ccede, coeterisque vitiis, antecessit : as she had some good, so had she many bad parts. Alexander, a worthy man, but furious in his anger, over- taken in drink : Caesar and Scipio valiant and wise, but vain- glorious, ambitious ; Vespasian a worthy prince, but covetous : ^^ Hannibal, as he had mighty vertues, so had he many vices ; unam virtutem 7nille vitia comitantur, as Machiavel of Cos- mus Medicos, he had two distinct persons in him. I will de- termine of them all, they are like these double or turning pic- tures ; stand before which, you see a fair maid on the one side, an ape on the other, an omIc : look upon them at the first sight, all is well ; but farther examine, you shall find them wise on the one side, and fools on the other ; in some few things praise- worthy, in the rest incomparably faulty. I will say nothing of their diseases, emulations, discontents, wants, and such miseries ; let Poverty plead the rest in Ari- stophanes Plutus. Covetous men, amongst others, are most mad ; ^ they have all the symptoms of melancholy — fear, sadness, suspicion, &c. as shall be proved in his proper place : Danda est hellebori multo pars maxima avails. And yet, methinks, prodigals are much madder than they> be of what condition they will, that bear a publick or private purse; as a ^Dutch writer censured Richard the rich duke of Cornwal, suing to be emperour, for his profuse spending, qui effudit pecuniam ante pedes principum electorum sicut aqtiam, that scattered money like water; I do censure them. Stulta Anglia, (saith he) quce tot denariis spotite est piivata ; stulti principes Alemanice, qui nohilejus suum pro pecnnid vendi- derunt. Spend-thrifts, bribers, and bribe-takers, are fools ; and so are '^all they that cannot keep, disburse, or spend, their moneys well. ' aHeliodorus Carthaginiensis ad exlremnm orbis sarcophagotestamentome hicjassi condier, ut viderem an quis insanior ad me visendum usque ad haec loca penetraret. Ortelius, in Gad. ''If it be his work ; which Gasper Veretus suspects. <" Livy. Ingentes virtutes ; ingentia vitia. *> Hor. Qiiisquis ambitione mala aut argenti pallet amore ; Quisquis Inxuria, tristiqne superstitione. Per. e Chronica Slavonica, ad annum 1257. de cujus pecunia jam incredibilia dixerimt. f A fool and his money are soon parted. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. lO/ I niioht say tlie like of angry, peevish, envious, ambitious ('Antiei/ras melior sorhere meracas) , Epicures,atljeists, scliism- aticks, hcreticks : hi omups haheiit hnaxjinatioiiem lasam (saitli Nyniannus;) and t/icir madness shall he evident, 2 Tim. 3. .9. i^Fabatus, an Italian, holds sea-faring- men all mad; the ship is mad, for it never stands still: the mariners are mady to expose themsehies to such imminent danrjers : the icaters are raffing mad, in perpetual motion : the winds are as mad as the rest : they hiow not whence they come, whither they would go : and those men are maddest of all, that go to sea ifor one fool at home, they find forty abroad. He was a mad man that said it ; and thou, peradventure as mad to read it. •^ Felix Platerus is of opinion all alchymists are mad, out of their wits ; ^ Athenasus saith as much of fidlers, et Musarum luscinias, ^musicians; omnes tihicines insaniu?it ; ubi semel efflant, avolat illico mens; in comes musick at one ear ; out goes wit at another. Proud and vain glorious persons are certainly mad ; and so are lascivious; I can feel their pulses beat hither; horn mad some of them, to let others lye with their wives, and wink at it. To insist § in all particulars, were an Herculean task, to ''reckon up Hnsanas substructiones, insanos lahores, insa- num luxum, mad labours, mad books, endeavours, carriao-es gross ignorance, ridiculous actions, absurd gestures, insanam gulam, insaniam villarum, insana jnrgia, as Tully terms them, madness of villages, stupend ' structures, as those ^Egyptian pyramids, labyrinths and Sphinges, which a com- pany of crowned asses, ad ostentationem opum, vainly built, when neither the architect nor king that made them, or to what use and purpose, are yet known. To insist in their hypocrisie, inconstancy, blindnesss, rashness, dementem te- meritatem, fraud, cozenage, malice, anger, impudence, in- gratitude, ambition, gross superstition, ^ tempora infecta et adulatione sordida, as in Tiberius times, such base flattery, stupend, parasitical fawning and colloguing, &c. brawls, con- flicts, desires, contentions, it would ask an expert Vesalius to anatomize every member. Shall I say? Jupiter himself, Apollo, Mars, &c. doted : and monster-conquering Hercu- les, that subdued the world, and helped others, could not « Orat.de imag,— Ambitiosus et andax naviget Anticyras. bNavis stiilta, quae conUnuo movetur ; nantae stulti, qui se periculis exponnnt ; aqua insana, qute sic fremit, &c. aer jactatur, &c. qui mari se committit, stolidum unum terra fu- giens, 40 man invenit. Gasper Ens. Moros. c Cap. de alien, mentis. "Dipnosophist- lib. 8. ^Tibicines niente capti. Erasm. Cbil. 4. cen. 7. f Prov. 30. Insana libido.— Hie, rogo, non furor est ? non est ha-c mentula demens ? Mart. ep. 74. 1. S. v Mille pnellaruni et puerorum mille furores. h Uter est insanior horum? Hor. Ovid.^Virg. Plia. ' Plin. lib. 36. k Tacitus 3 Annal. ' 108 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. relieve himself in this : but mad he was at last. And where shall a man walk, converse with whom, in what province^ city, and not meet with Signior Deliro, or Hercules Furens, Msenades, and Corybantes '? Their speeches say no less. '-"E J'ungis nati homines ; or else they fetched their pedigree from those that were struck by Sampson with the jaw-bone of an ass, or from Deucalion and Pyrrha's stones; for durum genus sumus ^ marmorei sumus ; we are stony-hearted, and savour too much of the stock, as if they had all heard that inchant- ed horn of Astolpho (that English duke in Arios-to), which never sounded but all his auditors were mad, and for fear ready to make away themselves ; ^ or landed in the mad haven in the Euxine sea of Daphnis insana, which had a secret qua- lity to dementate ; they are a company of giddy-heads, after- noon men ; it is a midsomer-moon still, and the dog-dayes last all the year long : they are all mad. Whom shall I then except? Ulricus Huttenus*^ JSTemo ; nam Nemo omnibus horis sapit ; Nemo nascitur sine vitiis ; crimine Memo caret ; JV*e- mo sorte sua vivit contentus ; Nemo in amore sapit ; Nemo bonus ; Nemo sapiens ; Nemo est ex omni parte beatus, Sfc. and therefore Nicholas Nemo, or Monsieur Nobody, shall go free : Quid valeat nemo, nemo referre potest. But whom shall I expect in the second place 'i such as are silent: vir sa- pit qui pauca loquitur ; *" no better way to avoid folly and madness, than by taciturnity. Whom in a third; all sena- tors, magistrates ; for all fortunate men are wise, and con- querors valiant, and so are all great men ; non est bonum ludere cum di'is ; they are wise by authority, good by their office and place ; Jiis licet impiine pessimos esse, (some say) we must not speak of them ; neither is it fit : per me siut omnia protinus alba ; I will not think amiss of them. Whom next? Stoicks ? Sapiens Stoicus ; and he alone is subject to no per- turbations, (as *^ Plutarch scoffs at him) he is not vexed ivitk torments, or burnt withjire^ foiled bij his adversary, sold of his enemy. Though he' be ^crinkled, sand-blind, toothless, and deformed ; yet he is most beautij'ul, atid like a god, a king in conceit, though not tvorth a groat. He never dotes, never mad, never sad, drunk ; because vertue cannot be taken a Ond. 7. Met. E fungis nati homines, ut olim Corinthi primsevi illius loci accolas, quia stolidi et fatui fungis nati dicebantiir. Idem et alibi dicas. bPamian. Strada, de bajulis, de marmore semisculptis. « Arrianus, periplo maris Euxini, portus ejus meminit, et Gillius. 1. 3, de Bosphor. Thracio. Et iaurus insana, quae, allata in convivium, convivas omnes insania affecit Gnliel. Stucchius, comment, &c. <^ Lepidum poema, sic inscriptum. f Stultitiam dissimulate non potes, nisi taciturnitate. f Extortus, non cruciatur ; ambustus, non laeditur ; prostratus in lucta, nou vincitur ; non fit captivus ab hoste venandatus. Et si rugosus, senex, cdentulus, luscus, deformis, formosus tamen, et deo similis, felix, dives, rex, nulliiiSu egeus, etsi deuario non sit dignus. DEMOCRITITS TO THE READER. 10,9 away (as ^ Zeno holds) by rpnso?i of stronrf apprehensmn : but he vvas mad to say so. ^Atiticyrcc caelo huic est opvs, ant dolahrd : he had need to be bored, and so had all his fellows, as wise as they would seem to be. Chrysippus himseHlibe- rally grants them to be fools as well as others, at certain times, upon some occasions : amitti virtvtem ait per ehrietatem, ant atnhilarhim morhum: it maybe lost by drunkenness or melancholy ; he may be sometimes cra/ed as well as the rest : ' ad sumtnam, sapiens, nisi qnnm pitnita molesta. I should here except some cynicks, Menippus, Diogenes, thatTheban Crates, or, to descend to these times, that omniscious, only wise fraternity "^ of the Rosie Cross, those great theologues, politicians, philosophers, physicians, philologers, artists, &c. of whom S. Bridget, Albas Joacchimus, Leicenbergiu?^, and such divine spirits, have prophesied, and make pronuse to the world, if at least there be any such, (Hen. "^ Neuhusius nmke a doul3t of it, * Yalentinus Andreas, and others) or an Elias ArtifextheirTlieophrastian master; whom though Libavius and many deride and carp at, yet some will have to be the § renewer aj' all arts and sciences, reformer of the world, and now living ; for so Johannes Montanus Strigoniensis (that great patron of Paracelsus) contends, and certainly avers ^a most divine man, and the quintessence of wisdom, wheresoever he is : for he, his fraternity, friends, &c. are all ' hethrothed to wisdom, if he may believe their disciples and followers. I must needs except Lipsius and the pope, and expunge their name out of the catalogue of fools ; for, besides that parasitical testimony of Dousa, A sole exoriente, Mseotidas usque paludes. Nemo est, qui Juste se oequiparare queat — Lipsius saith of himself, that he was '' humani (fencris qnidani padaf/o(/us voce et stylo, a grand signior, a master, a tutor of us all ; and for thirteen years, he brags, how he sowed wis- dom in (he Low Countreys, (as Ammonius the philosopher sometimes did in Alexandria) ^ cum hnmanitate literas, et sa- pientiam cum prndenlid : anfisies sapientice, he shall be sapi- entnm octacns. The pope is more than a man, as '" his parrots often make him — a deuii-god ; and besides his holiness can- not err, in cathedra belike : and yet some of them have been a Ilium contendunt non injuria affici, non insania, non inebriari, quia virtus non eripitur ob coiistantes compiehensioues. Lij)S. Phys. Stoic, lib. 3. dilli. IS, •'Tarreus Hebus, epig. 10-2. 1. 8. c Hor, '' Fratres sanct. Rostra- Criicis. t An sint, quales sint, nude nonien illud asciverint. ''Turn Babel. -Omnium artiurn et scieutiarum instaurator. i' Divinus ille vir, anctornotarum in ep. Rog. Bacon, ed. Hauibur, ItiOS. 'Sapientiae desponsati. k Sohus hie est sapiens, alii volitant \elut umbrae. 'In ep. ad Balihas. Moretum. "' Rejectiunculie ad Patavuin Feiinus ci.n reliqais. 110 DEMOCRITUS TO THE HEADER. magicians, hereticks, atheists, children ; and, as Platina saith of John 22, Et si vir literatus, multa soliditatem et levitatem jyroB sejirentia egit, solkli et socordis vir ingenii ; a scholar sufficient; yet many things he did foolishly. Lightly I can say no more in particular, but in general terms to the rest, they are all mad, their wits are evaporated, and (as Ariosto feigns, 1.34) kept in jars above the moon. Some lose their wits with love, some with ambition, Some, following '^ lords and men of high condition. Some in fair jewels rich and costly set, Others in poetry their wits forget. Another thinks to be an alcymist, Till all be spent, and that his number's mist. Convictfools they are, mad men upon record ; atid, T am afraid, past cure, many of them ; ^crepunt ingenia; the symptomes are manifest ; they are all of Cotam parish : c Quum furor baud dubius, quum sit manifesta phrenesis, what remains then '^ but to send for lorarios, those officers to carry tliem all together for company to Bedlam, and set Rabelais to be their physician. If any man shall ask in the mean time, who I am, that so boldly censure others, tunnllanehahesintia? Have I no faults? « Yes, more than thou hast, whatsoever thou art. Nos numerus sumus : I confess it again, 1 am as foolish, as mad as any one. ^Insanus vobis videor: non deprecor ipse. Quo minus insanus I do not deny it ; demens de pnp^do dematur. My comfort is, I have more fellows, and those of excellent note. And though I be not so right or so discreet as I should be, yet not so mad, so bad neither, as thou perhaps takest me to be. To conclude, this being granted, that all the world is me- lancholy, or mad, dotes, and every member of it, I liave ended my task, and sufficiently illustrated that which I took upon me to demonstrate at first. At this present I have no more to say. His sanam mentem Democritus ; I can but wish my self and them a good physician, and all of us a better mind. a Ma^um viram sequi est sapere some think ; others desipere. Catul. •> Plant. Mensech. <= In Sat. 14. '' Or to send for a cook to the Anticyrte, to make hellebore pottage, settle-brain pottage. e Aliqnantulum tamen iude rae solabor, quod una cum multis et sapientibus et celeberrimis viris ipse insipiens sim ; quod de se, Menippus Luciani in Necyomantia. • Petronius, in Catalect. DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. HI And altliouoh, fortheabovenamed reasons,! had a just cause to undertake this subject, to point at these particular species of dotage,tl>atsomen might acknowledge their imperfections,and seek to reform what is amiss ; yet I have a more serious intent at this time ; and — to omit al! impertinent digressions — to say no more of such as are improperly melancholy, or meta- phorically mad, lightly mad, or in disposition, as stupid, angry, drunken, silly, sottish, sullen, proud, vain-glorious, ridiculous, beastly, pievish, obstinate, impudent, extravagant, dry, doting, dull,desperate,hair-brain'd,&c. mad,frantick,fool- ish, heteroclites, which no new ^hospital can hold, no physick help — my purpose and endeavour is, inthe following- discourse to anatomize this humour of melancholy, through all his parts and species, as it is an habit, or an ordinary disease, and that philosoj)hicalIy, medicinally — to shew the causes, symptoms and several cures of it, that it may be the better avoided ; moved thereunto for the generality/ of it, and to do good, it being a disease so frequent, as ''Mercurialis observes, inthfse our dayes ; so often happenhiff, saith " Laurentius, in our mv^e- rahle times, as few there are that feel not the smart of it. Of the same mind is MW^w Montaltus, •^ Melancthon, and others ; « Julius Caesar Claudinus calls it the fountain of all other dis- eases, and so common in this crazed ar/e oj' ours, that scarce otie of a thousand isj'reefrom. it ; and that splenetick hypo- condriacal wind especially, which proceeds from the spleen and short ribs. Seeing then it is a disease so grievous, so com- mon, I know not wherein to do a more general service, and Spend my time better, than to prescribe means how to prevent and cure so universal a malady, an epidemical disease, that so often, so much, crucifies the body and mind. If I have over-shot my self in this which hath been hitherto said, or that it is (which I am sure some >vill object) too phan- tastical, toe lir/ht and comical for a divine, too satjfricalfor one of my profession, I will presume to answer with 'Eras- mus in like case, 'Tis not I, but Democritus : Democritus di.rit : you must consider what it is to speak in ones own or anothers person, an assumed habit and name; a difference be- twixt him that affects or acts a princes, a philosophers, a ma- gistrates, a fools part, and him that is so indeed; and what "That, I menn, of Antlr. Vnle. Apolopr. mancip. 1. 1. pt26. Apol. •> Ha:c affectio nostris temporiVnis freqiientissinia. (^ Cap. 15. de Mel. ''Deanima. Nostro hoc saiciilo iiioiljiis freqiientissimiis. « Consult. 98, Adeo nostris (empoiihiis frequenter inRniit, nt nullus fere ab ejus labe imniiinis reperiatiir, et omnium fere niorhoruui occasio existat. f ISIor. Encom. Si quis calumnietur levius esse quam decet theologum, ant mordacius quam decent Christianum. 112 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. liberty those old satyrists have had: it is a cento collected from others : not I, but they, that say it. Dixero si quid forte jocosius, hoc mihi juris Cum venia dabis ■ Take heed you mistake me not. If I do a little forget my self, 1 hope you will pardon it. And to say truth, why should any man be offended, or take exceptions at it ? ^ Licuit, semp erque licebit, Parcere personis, dicere de vitiis. It lawful was of old, and still will be, To speak of vice, and let the name go free. 1 hate their vices, not their persons. If any be displeased or take ought unlo himself, let him not expostulate or cavil with him that said it (so did ^ Erasmus excuse himself to Dorpius, si parva licet compnnere magnis ; and so do I) : but let him be anf/ry with himself, that so betrayed and opened his own faults in applying it to himself'. "" If he be guilty and deserve it, let him amend, whosoever he is, and not be angry. He thathatethcorrectionis afool,Vrov. 12. 1. If he be not guilty, it concerns him not; it is not my freeness of speech, but a guilty conscience, a gauled back of his own, that makes him winch. Suspicione si quis crrabit suA, Et rapiet ad se, quod erit commune omnium, Stulte nudabit animi conscientiam, I deny not,this,whichIhavesaid, savours alittleofDemocritus. ^ Quamvis ridentem, dicere vervm (piid vital? one may speak in jest, and yet speak truth. It is somew^hat tart, I grant it : acriora orexim excitant embammata, as he said ; sharp sauces increase appetite ; ^ Nee cibus ipse juvat, morsu fraudatus aceti. Object then and cavil what thou wilt, I ward all w^ith Demo- critus buckler; his medicine shall salve it; strike Avhere thou wilt, and w hen : Democritus dixit ; Democritus will answer it. It was written by an idle fellow, at idle times,about our Saturnalian or Dionysian feast, when, as he said, mdlum libertati pericnlum est, servants in old Rome had liberty to say and do what tliem list. When our country-men sacrificed a|Hor. Sat. 4 1. 1. ^Epi. ad Dorpinra de Moria. Si quispiam ofTendatur,- et sibi vindicet, non habit quod expostulet cum eo qui scripsit ; ipse, si volet, secutn agat injiiriam, utpote sui proditor, qui declaravit hoc ad se proprie pertinere. eg; quis se liesum clamabit, aut couscientiam prodit suam, autcerte metum. Phaed. 1. 3. yEsop. Fab. dHor. ^Mait. 1. 7, ^-i. f Ut hibet, feriat : abstergain hos ictus Deiuocviti »harinaco. UKMOCRITIIS TO IMIR READF.R. 113 to tlioir goddess * V;icuna, and sat tiplijig- by their Vacunal tires, 1 writ this, and published this. Ovnq c>.eye» it is nemiriis nihil. The time, plijce, persons, and all circumstances, apo- lo<>i/e for me; and why may I not then be idle with others? speak my mind freely? li' yon deny me this liberty, upon these presiimpfions 1 will take it : 1 say again, 1 will take it. b Si quis est, qui dictum in se inclementius Exisiimabit esse, sic existimet. If any man take exceptions, let him turn the buckle of his oirdle ; I care not. I owe thee nothing-, reader : I look for no favour at thy hands; 1 am independent : 1 fear not. No. I recant; I will not; I care ; I fear; I confess my fiult, acknowledge a great offence; motes proestat coraponere fluclus : I have overshot myself; I have spoken foolishly, rashly, un- advisedly, absurdly; I liave anatomized mine own folly. And now, methiuks, upon a sudden I am awaked as it were out of a dream ; 1 have had a raving nt, a phantastical fit, ranged up and down, in and out ; I have insulted over m»)st kind of men, abused some, olfended others, wronged my self; and now, be- ing recovered, and perceiving- mine error, cry with '^ Orlando, Solvete mi. Pardon (O botii !) that which is past ; and I will make yon amends in (hat which is to come : I promise you a more sober discourse in my following treatise. If, through weakness, folly, passion, "^discontent, ignorance, I have said amiss, let it be forgotten and forgiven. I acknow- ledg-e that of "^ Tacitus to be true, Asperrpfacetice, ubi nimis ex vero traxere, acj-PTti sui mpmoriam relinqwint: a bitter jeast leaves a sting behind it ; and as an honorable man observes, ^ They fiar a sahjrists wif, he their memoires. I may justly suspect the worst; and, thoui>h I hope 1 have wronged no man, yet, in Medeas words, I v, ill crave pardon, lllud jam voce extrema peto, Ne, si qua iioster dubius effudit dolor, Mancant in animo verba: sed melior tii)i Memoria nostri subeat ; hsec irsa data Oblitereiitur »Rusticonitn dfa prasesse vacantibns et otiosis pntabatar, cui post labores agricola sacriticabat. Plin. 1. 3. c. 1-2. Ovi'l. 1. 6. Fast. Jam qutxiue cum fiunt antiquae sacra Vaciinae, Aute Vaciinales stantque sedentijue f'>cos. Rosiniis. h^'gi-^ prol. Eunuch. -■ Ariost. 1. 39. st ."jS. ^ Ut enira ex stndiis gandiom, sic stadia ex hilaritate proveniunt. Plinius Maximo sno, pp. lib. 8. ^ Annal. 15. f Sir Francis Bacon in his Essayes, now Viscouut H. Aibanes. VOL. I. I U4 DEMOCRITUS TO THE READER. And, n my last words, this I do desire, That what in passion I have said, or ire, May be forgotten, and a better mind Be had of us, hereafter as you find. I earnestly requestevery private man, as Scaliger did Cardan, not to take offence. I will conclude in his lines, Si me cogni- tum haberes non solum donates nobis hasjacetias nostras, sed etiam indic/num duceres, tam humanum animum, lene inge- nium, vel minimum suspicionem deprecari oportere. If thou knewest my ^ modesty and simplicity, thou wouldst easily pardon and forgive what is here amiss, or by thee miscon- ceived. If hereafter, anatomizing this surly humour, my hand slip, and, as an unskilful prentice, I launch too deep, and cut through skin and all at unawares, make it smart, or cut awry, '' pardon a rude hand, an unskilful knife ; 'tis a most difficult thing to keep an even tone, a perpetual tenor, and not sometimes to lash out ; difficile est satyram non scri- bere ; there be so many objects to divert, inward perturba- tions to molest; and the very best may sometimes err; ali- quando bonus dormitat Homerus : it is impossible not in so much to overshoot : opere in lingo fas est obrepere somnum. But what needs all this ? I hope there will no such cause of offence be given ; if there be, cNemo aliquid recognoscat : nos mentimur omnia. I'le deny all (my last refuge), recant all, renounce all I have said, if any man except, and with as much facility excuse, as he can accuse : but I presume of thy good favour, and gra- cious acceptance, gentle reader. Out of an assured hope and confidence thereof, I will begin. "Quod Probtis Persii p/oyfa^o? virginali verecundia Persium fuisse dicit, ego, &c. ''Quas aut incuria indit, aiit humana parum cavit fiatuia. Hor. '^Prol. Plant. Lectoi'i male feriato. TIJ vero cavesh, edico, (jiiisqnis es,net€meresugilles authorem hupisce operis, aut cnvillntor irrideas. Imo ne vel ex aliorum ceusurd incite ohloquaris, (vis dicam verbo ?) nequid nasutulns iuepte improbes, ant falso fiiufas. Nam si talis reierd sit, fpialemprcB sefert. Junior Deinocritus, seniori Democrito sal- tern affiiiis, aut ejus genium vel tantillum sapiat ; actum de te ; censorem asqne ac delatorem ^aget e contra (petulant! splene cum sit); sufflabit te ini^cos, comminuet in sales, addo etiam, et deo Risui te sacrificabit. Iterum moneo, tie quid cavillere, ne (dum Democritum Junioreni conviciis inf antes, aut ignominiose vituperes, de te nan male sentientem) tu idem audias ab amico cordaio, quod olim vulgus Al)deritanum ab '' Hippocrate, concivem bene me- ritum et popularem suum DemocriHim pro insano liabens: Nee tu, Democrite, sapis ; stulti autem et insani Abderita. " Abderitanae pectora plebis babes. H(Bc te paucis admonitum volo, maleferiate Lector. Jlbi. 1 Si me commorit, melius non tan-ere, clamo. Hor. b HinDor Pniot Ha mageto Accers.tns sum, ut nemocritum, ta.nquam insanam, curaX sed i" jiuan, con,^ru non. per Jovem, desipienti* negotium, sed rerum omnium' recepC lum deprehend, ; ej.«,„e mgen.nm demiraf us s,un. Abderitanos vero tan quam Don sanos accusav,, veratn potione ipsos potius eguisse dio ns. c Mart ^ i2 HERACLITE, /leas ! miser o sic convenit cevo : Nil nisi turpe vides, nil nisi triste vides. Ride etidm, quantumque lubet, Democrite, ride : Nbn nisi vana vides, non nisi stulta vides, Isjletu, hie risu, modo gaudei ; unus utrique Sit licet usque labors sit licet usque dolor. Nunc opus est (nam tosus, eheu ! jam desipit orbisj Mille Heraclitis, milleque Democritis. Nunc opus est (tanta est insania) tratiseat omnis Mundus in Anticyras^ gramen in Hellehorum. SYNOPSIS FIRST PARTITION. r Their Causes. Subs. 1. Or Defiuition, Member, Division. Subs. 2. Impulsive: J Sin, Concupiscence, &c. Instrumental;^ Intemperance, all second causes, '( &c. rOf the body .- Epidemical, as Plague, Plica, &.c. 300 which \ or are ( Particular, as Gout, Dropsie, &c. rlu disposition: as all perturbations, evil atiection, &c. / Of the head or mind. Subs. 3. _. Or j Dotage. V Subs. 'A. \ \ Phrensie. Madness. / E( sfa.oie. Habits as ( i-jcanthropia. Subs. -I. 1 Chorus sancti Viti. Hydrophobia. Possession or obsession of Devils. *^MeIancholy. See V. rlls .Equivocations, in Disposition, Improper, &c. Suhspct. 5. r Iflemb. 2. To its ex • plication, ,'a digression ofanatomy, in which observe parts of Subs. I. Body hath parts Hubs. contained, as containing r Humours, Blood, Phlegm, J Choler, Melancholy. 1 Spirits ; vital, natural, ani- |_ mal. r Sihiilctr : spemiatical, or flesh, J bones, nervfs, 8cc. 1 Dissimilar : brain, heart, liver, l_ &c. Subs. 4. Soul and his faculties, as I Vegetal. Subs. ■ < Sensible. Subs. - 6,7, S. Rational. Subs. 9, 10, II Memh. 3. Its definition, name, difference. Sub. I. The part and parties affected, affection, &:c. Subs. 2. The matter of melancholy, natural, unnatural, &c. Subs. 4. r Of thf head alone, Hy- i with their seve Proper, to I pochoudriacal.or windy ) ral causes, syni parts, as ^ melancholy. Of the ^ ptomes,prognos ks, cures. Species, or kinds, which are ancnoiy, natural, unnatural, 6 r Of thf head alone, per, to J pochoudriacal.or wi ts, as ^ melancholy. Of tli (^ whole body. Or \ pto Indefinite; as Love-melancholy, the subj-^ct of the third Partition. Its Causes in general. Sect. 2. A. Its Symptomes or si>;ns. Sect, 3. B. Its Prognosticks or indications. i>ect. 4. 4. Its cures : the subject of the second Partition. 118 SYNOPSIS OF rhli FIRST PARTITION. Superna' tural 5 As Or Or r- A. Sect. 2. Causes of Melancholy are either Natural V^ O r Or VJ^ Outward, or adven- titious, ^ which are Evident, outward, remote, ad- ventitious. As from God immediately, or by second causes, ^tib. I. Or from the devil immediately, with a digression of the nature of spirits and devils. Suh. 2. r mediately, by magicians, witches. Sub. .3. /'Primary, as stars, proved by aphorisms, sij^ns from physiognomy, metoposcopy, chiromancy. Sub. A. ^CongenitCj r Old age, temperament. Sub. 5. inward ^ Parents, it being an hereditary from I disease. Sub. 6. ecf ssary, see b • ^Nurses. Sub. 1- Bducation, Sub. 2. Terrors, af- Irights. Sub. 3. Scoffs, calum- nies, bitter jests. Sub. 4. Loss of liberty, servitude, im- prisonment. Sub. 5. Poverty and want. Sub. 6. An heap of other acci- dents, death of friends, loss, &c. Sub. 7. Ill which the body works on the mind, and this malady is caused by prece- dent diseases, as agues, pox, &c. or temperature innate. Sub. 1. Or by particular parts distempered, as brain, heart, spleen, liver, mesen- tery, pylorus, sto- mach, &c. Sub. 2. Or Contingent, inward, an- tecedent, tiearest. Memh. 5. Sect. 2. V. Particularly to the three species. See n n Particular causes Sect. 2. Memb. 5. n Of head Me- lancholy are. Sub. 3. Inward Or Outward f Of hypochon- f \ driacal, or 3 windy melan- J eholy are, \ Over all the body are. Sub, 5. Inward Or Outward Innate humour, or from distemperature adust. A hot brain, corrupted blood in the brain. Excess of veuery, or defect. AgUes or some precedent disease. Fumes arising from the stomach, &c. Heat of the sun immoderate. A blow on the head. Overmuch use of hot wines, spices, gar- lick, onions, hot baths, overmuch waking, &c. Idleness, solitariness, or overmuch study, vehement labour, &c. Passions, perturbations, &c. f Default of spleen, belly, bowels, stomachy J mesentery, meseraick veins, liyer, &c. S Months of hemorrhoids stopt, or any other ' ordinary evacuation. ( Those six non-natural things abused. ^ Liver distempered, stopt, over hot, apt to I ingender melancholy, temperature innate. Bad diet, suppressing of hemorrhoids, &£C. and such evacuations, passions, cares, &c, those six uon- natural things abused. SYNOPSIS OF THE URSI PARTITJON. 119 Bread; coarse and black, &c. Drink ; thick, thin, sowre, &(;. Water unclean, milk, nyl, vinegar, wine, spices, &c. Sub- . stance ( Flesh /Diet of- fending in Sub. 3. Herbs, Fish, &c. Necessary causes, as those six non-natural things, which are, Sect. 2. Memh. S. Quali- ty, as . Quan- Ntity Parts ; heads, feet, entrails, fat, bacon, blood, &c. ( Bief, pork, venison, hnres. Kinds < goats, pigeons, peacocks, t fen-fowl, &c. Offish; all shell-fish, hard and slimy fish, &c. Of herbs; pulse, cabbage, niellons, arlick, onions, ike. roots, raw fruits, hard and windy meats. V- n Preparing, dressing, sharp sauces, salt meats, indurate, sowced, fryed, broiled, or made- dishes, &c. ' Disorder in eating, immoderate eating, or at unseasonable times, &c. Subsec. 2. Custom ; delight, appetite, altered, &c. Subs. 3. Retention and evacuation. Subs. 4. I Costiveness, hot baths, sweating, issues stop- < ped, Venus in excess, or in defect, phlebo- i tomy, purging, &c. Air; hot, cold, tempestaous. dark, thick, foggy, moorish, &c. Subs. 5. Exercise, ( Unseasonable, excessive, or defective, of botly or minde. Sub- 6. I solitariness, idleness, a life, out of action, &c. Sleep and waking, unseasonable, inordinate, over much, OTcr little, &c. Sub. 7. Sorrow,caiise and symptome, Sub.i. Fear, cause and symptome. Sub. 5. Shame, re- pulse, disgrace, &c. Sub. 6. Envy and 'Irasci-^ malice, 52//>. 7. Emulation, hatred, fac- bie I tion, desire of revenge, jSw6. 8. Anger a cause, Sub. 9. Discontents, cares, miseries. Sub. 10. or ^ Vehement desires, ambition. Sub. 11. Co- ( vetousness, ^uxofyufiav. Sub. 12, Lore \ of pleasure, gaming in excess, &c. Sub. coticu- } 13. Desire of praise, pride, vain-glory, pisci- \ &€. S«6. 14. Love of learning, study in I ble. J excess, with a digression of the misery I of scholars, and why the Muses are me- ^ (^ lancholy. Sub. 15. Memb.Z.Sect.2. Passions and perturbations of the mind. Subs. 2. With a dig^ression of •< the force of imagination. Sub. 2. and divi- sion of passions into Stib, 3. 120 SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTITTO.V. (■". B. SymptomeM of melan- choly are either ct.Z. Body, as ill digestion, crudity wind,' dry brains, hard belly, thicil blood, ranch waking, heaviness and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, &c. Sub. 1. y- ^ /" Fear and sorrow without a just cause, sus- ri^onimon | picion, jealousie, discontent, solitariness, to all 01 < irksoraeness, continual cogitations.restless most, ^ thoughts, vain iniaginatiunSj &c. Subs. 2. /^Celestial influences, as b "U c? , f'^c. parts of the body, heart, brain, liver, spleen, stomach, &cc. /Sanguine are merry still laugh- ing, pleasant, meditating on playes, women, mtisick, &c. Qr Phlegmatick, slothful, dull, ) heavt, &:c. Humours ( Cholerick, furious, impatient, subject to hear and see strange apparations, &c. Black, solitary, sad ; they think they are bewitcht, dead, V &c. Or mixt of these four humours adust, or not adust, infinitely varied. Particular to private persons, accordin;^ to Sub.:i. Their several customs, con- ditions, disci- pline, &c. Coutinuance of time as the humor is i tended or r mitted, &c. ■'Ambitious thinks himself a king, a lord ; covet- ous runs on his money ; lascivious on his mis- tfis ; religious hath re- velations, visions, is a prophet, or troubled in mind ; a scholar on his book, &c. Pleasant at tirst, hardly discerned : afterwards harsh and intolerable, if inveterate. Hence some lake three degrees, I Falsa cogila- tio. Cogitata lo- qui. Exsequi lo- quutum. I By fits, or continuate, as V, ( the object varies, pleas- ing or displeasing. Simple, or as it is mixt with other diseases, apoplexies, gout, caninus \appetitus, &c. so the symptomes are various. SYNOPSIS OF THE FIRST PARTlTIOiV. 121 Particular svmptiimes to the three distinct species. Hfct. 3. Mem. 2. /Head- mclan- choly. Sub. 1. • In body } Hypo- chondria- cal or windy nieiau- choiy. Sub. 2. Over all the body. Sub. 3. Or In mind. lu l>ody Or In mind. In body Or In mind. Head-ach, binding, heaviueis, vertigo, lipht- L ness. singing of the ears, much waking, fixed eyes, high colour, r'>d eyes, hard belly, f dry body ; no ^rt- it sign of melancholy in ^ the other parts. Continual fear, sorrow, suspicion, discontent, siiperlluous cares, solicitude, anxiety, per- petual cogitation of such toyes they are pos- sessf d with, thoughts like dreams, &c. VN'ind, rumbling in the guts, belly-ake, heat ill the boueis, convulsions,crudities, short wiiid.soivrand sharp belchings, cold sweat, pain in the left side, sutl'ocation, palpita- tion, heaviness of the. heart, singing in the ears, much spittle, and Jiioist, J!>:c. ( Fearful, sad, suspicious, discontent,anxiety, -[ 8.:r. Lascivious by reason of much wind, (. troublesome dreams, affected, by fits, &c. { Black, most part lean, broad ^eins, gross, thick blood, their hemorrhoids commonly stopped, &.C. ^ Fearful, sad, solitary, hate light, averse from i company, feariul dreams, &c. Symptomes of nuns, maids, and widows mind, &c. melancholy, in body and Why they are so fearful, sad, suspicious without a cause, why solitary, why melancholy men are witty, why they suppose they hear and see strange voices, visions, appa- ritions. Why they prophesie, and speak strange languages ; whence comes tlieir crudity, rumbling, convulsions, cold sweat, heaviness of hecirt, patpitation, cardiaca, fearful dreams, prodigious phantasies. Prognosticks of melan- choly. Sect. 4. yTeuding to good as Tending to evil as V Corollaries and qaestions. scabs, itch, breaking out, &c. jaundise. emorrhoids voluntarily open, appear. • Leanness, dryness, hollow-eyed, &c. Inveterate melancholy is incurable. If cold it degenerates oft^n into epilepsie, apo- plexy, dotage, or into blindness. If hot, into madness, despair, and violent death. f The grievousness of this above all other diseases. 1 The diseases of the mind are more {rrievoos than I those of the body. / Whether it he lawful, in this rase of inelan- ^ rholv, for a man to offer violence to himself. How a melancholy or mad man, oll'ering violence \. to himself is to be censured. THE FIRST PARTITION, /'SECTION". THE FIRST J MEMBER. I SUBSECTION. Maii^ji Excellency, Fall, Miseries, Infirmities ; The causes of them. Mmis^Excellency.'] ITlAN, the most excellent and noble creature of the world, the principal and mif/hty work of' God, wonder oj'natnre, as Zoroaster calls him ; avdacis naturee mira- ciilum, the " marvail oJ'7narvails,ns Plato ; the ^ abridgement and epitome oftheworld, as Pliny; microcosmus, a little world,a mo- del of the world, *^soveragn lord of the earth, viceroy of the world, sole commander and governour of all the creatures in it ; to whose empire they are subject in particular, and yield obedience ; far surpassing- all the rest, not in body only, but in soul ; ^imayinis imago, *" created to Gods own ^ image to that immortal and incorporeal substance, with all the facul- ties and powers belonging unto it ; was at first pure, divine, perfect, happy, ^created after Godin true holiness andrighte- otisness; Deo congrnens, tree from all manner of infirmities, and put in Paradise, to know God, to praise and glorifie him, to do his will, Ut dis consimiles parturiat deos, (as an old poet saith) to propagate the church. Man's fall and misery.^ But this most noble creature, Heu iristis, et lacrymosa commutatio ! Q one exclaims) O pitiful change ! is fallen from that he was, and for- » Magnum miraculiim. '' Mundi epitome, naturae delicia;. <" Finis re- rum omnium, cui subliinaria serviunt. Scalig. exercit. 365. sec. 3. Vales, de sacr. Phil. c. 5. ti Ut in nnmisraate Capsaris imago, sic in houiine Dei. e Cien. 1. f Imago mundi in corpore, Dei in anim;i. Exemplumquc Dei qnisque est in imagine parva. S Eph. 4. 24. '• Palanterius. 2 Diseases in General. [Part 1. Sec. 1. feited his estate, become miserabilis homuncio, a castaway, a caitiff, one of the most miserable creatures of the world, if he be considered in hisowii natiire,an imregenerate nian, and somuch obscured by his fall, that (some few reliques excepted) he isin- feriour to a beast : " man in honour that under standeth not, is like unto beasts that perish ; so David esteems him : a monster by stupend metamorphosis, ^ a fox, a dog-, a hog- ; Avhat not? Quantum mutatus ah illo I How much altered from that he was ; before blessed and happy, now miserable and accursed ; '^ he must eat his meat in sorroiv, subject to death and all manner of infirmities, all kinds of calamities. A description oj' melancholy.'] Great travel is created for all men, and an heavy yoke on the sons of Adam, from the day that they go out of their mothers womb, unto that day they return to the mother of all things ; namely^ their thoughts, and fear of their hearts, and their imagination of things they wait for, and the day of death. From him that sitteth in the glorious throne, to him that sitteth be- neath in the earth and ashes — from him that is cloathed in blue silk, and weareth a croivn, to him that is cloathed in simple linnen — tcrath, envy, trouble and unquietness, and fear of death^ and rigour and strife, and such things^ come to both man and beast, but sevenfold to the ungodly ''. All this befalls him in this life, and peradventure eternal misery in the life to come. Impulsive causes of mans misery and infrmities.'j The impulsive cause of these miseries in man, this privation or destruction of Gods image, the cause of death and diseases, of all temporal and eternal punishments, Avas the sin of our first parent Adam, ^ in eating- of the forbidden fruit, by the devils instigation and allurement — his disobedience,pride, am- bition, intemperance, incredulity, curiosity ; from whence pro- ceeded original sin, and that general corruption of mankind — as from a fountain flowed all bad inclinations,and actual trans- gressions, which cause our several calamities,inflicted upon us for our sins. And this belike, is that which our fabulous poets have shadowed unto us in the tale of ^Pandoras box, whicn, be- ing opened throughher curiosity, filled the world full of all man- ner of diseases. It is not curiosity alone, but those other cry- ing sins of ours, which pull these several plagues and miseries upon our heads. For ubi peccatum, ibi procella, as § Chry- sostom well observes. ^ Fools, by reason of their transgres- * Ps. 49. 20. bljascivia superat equiuoa, impudentia canem, astu vnlpem, furore leonem. Chrys. 23. Gen. c Gen. 3. 17. d Ecclus. 40. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8. e Gen. 3. 16. f Ilia cadens tcgmen manibus decussit, et una Perniciem im- misit raiseris mortalibus atram. Hesiod. J. oper. t'Hom. 5, ad pop, Antioch. iPsal. 107. 17. ."\rdi, because they did not tear God. Are yon shaken ivith rears? ^ (as Cyprian well urcj-eth to Deaietrius,) are you molested with dearth and famine ? is your health crusheth with raf/inr/ diseases ? Is mankind rjene- rally tormented with epidemical mnludics ? 'tis allj'or yonr sins. Hag'. 1.9, 10. Amos 1. Jer. /• God is angry, punisbeth, and tbreatenetb, because of their obstinacy and stubbornness, they will not turn unto him. "^IJ' the earth he barren thenjbr want of rain ; if, dry and sqnalid, it yield 7io fruit ; if your J'ountnins be dried up, your icine corn, and oyle blasted ; ijfthe air be corrupted, and men troubled irith diseases, 'tis by reason of their sins, which (like the blood of Abel) cry aloud to heaven for veng'eance. Lam. 5. l5. That we hare sinned, therejore our hearts are heavy, Isa. 59. M, 12. We roar like bears, and mourn like doves, and want health, ^'C.J'or our sins and trespasses. But this we cannot endure to hear, or to take notice of. Jer. 2. 30. We are smitten in vain, and receive no correction ; and cap. 5. o. Thou hast stricken them ; but they have not sorrowed; they have refused to receive cor- rection ; they have not returned. Pestilence he hath sent; but they have not turned to him, Amos. 4. "^ Herod could not abide John Baptist, nor ^ Domitian endure Apollonius to tell the causes of the plague atEphesus, his injustice, incest, adultery, and the like. To punish therefore thisblindness and obstinacy of ours, as a concomitant cause and principal agent, is Gods just judg'e- ment, in bringing- these calamities upon us, to chastise us, (I say) for our sins, and to satisfie Gods wrath : for the law requires obedience or punishment, as you may read at large, Deut. 28. 15. IJ' they will not obey the Lord, and keep his commandments and ordinances, then all these curses shall come upon them. ^Cursed in the town, and hi the field, Sfc. 8 Cuised in the fruit of the body, &:c. ^ The Lord shall send thee trouble and shame, because of thy wickedness. And a little after, ' The Lord shall smite thee with the botch of JEgypt, and with emrods,and scab, and itch ; and thou canst not be healed ; ^ with madness^ blindness, and astonishing a Prov. 1. 27. I' Quod antern crebriiis bella concntiant, qaod sterilitas et fames solicitudineni cuinulent, quod savientibus murbis valetiido frangitur, quod hinnanuiu genus luis populations vastatur ; ob peccatnm omnia. Cypr. '^ Si raro desnper pluvia descendat, si terra situ pnl veris sqaaleat, si \ix jejunas et pallidas herbas sterilis gleba prodncat, si turbo vineam debilitet, &c. Cypr. "* Mat. 14. 3. « Philostratus, lib. 8. vit. Apollonii. Injustitiam ejus, et sceleratas nnptias^ et caetera quae praeter rationem fecerat, morborum caussas dixit. f 16. ?18 ''20. ' Vers. 17. ^ 23. Deus, quoa diligit, castigat. 4 I)i.fieases in GerwraL [Part. 1. See. 1. of heart. Thi^ Paul seconds, Rom. 2. 9. Tribulation and anguish on the soul of every manthat doth evil. Or else these chastisements are inflicted upon us for our humiliation, to exercise and try our patience here in this life, to bring- us home, to make us know God and onr selves, to inform and teach us wisdom. ^Therefore is my people yone into captivity, because they had no knowledge ; therefore is the wrath of the Lord kindled against his people, ami he hath stretched out his hand upon them,. He is desirous of our salvation, *' nostrce salutis ayi«?MS,saithLeranius, and for that cause pulls us by the ear many tiuies, to put us in mind of our duties, that they which erred might have *= understanding, (as Isay speaks, 29. 24.) and so to be reformed. I am afflicted and at the point of death, so David confesseth of himself, Psal. 88. lb. v. 9. Mine eyes are sorroirful through mine affiiction : and that made him turn unto God. Great Alexander, in the midst of all his prosperity, by a company of parasites deified, and now made a god, when he saw one of his wounds bleed, remem- bered that he was bat a man, and remitted of his pride. In morbo recolligit se animus, as '^ Pliny well perceived ; in sickness the mind refects upon it self, with Judgement sur- veys it self, and abhors itsj'ormer courses ; insomuch that he concludes to his friend Maximus, ^that it were the period of all philosophy, if ive could so continue, sound, or perform but a part of that ivhich we promised to do, being sick. Who so is wise then, ivill consider these things, as David did, (Psal. 144. verse last) and, whatsoever fortune befall him, make use of it — if he be in sorrow, need, sickness, or any other ad- versity, seriously to recount with himself, why this or that malady, misery, this or that incurable disease, is inflicted upon him; it may be for his good ; '^'sic expedit, as Peter said of his daughters ague. Bodily sickness is for his souls health ; periiset nisi per iiset ; had he not been visited, he had utterly perished ; for " the Lordcorrecteth himwhom he loveth, even as a father doth his child in rvhom he delighteth. If he be safe and sound on the other side, and free from all manner of in- firmity ; ^ et cui Gratia, forma, valetudo contiiigat abunde, Et mundus victus, non deficiente crumena — ^ Isa. 5. 13. vers. 15. b Nostras saltitis avidus, continenter anres vtllicat, ac calamitate sabinde nos exercet. Levimis Lemn. I. 2. c. 29. de occult, nat. mir. c Vexatio dat intellectiim. Esay2S. 19. *i Lib. 7. Cum. judirio, mores et facta recognoscit, et se intuetiir — Dmn fero langnorem, fero religioiiis amorem : Bxpers langiioris, non sum memor hujus amoris. •? Summam esse totius philosopliia;, ut talcs esse sani perseverenms, qnales nos fiituros esse infirmi profiteraur. f Petrarcli. 8 Prov. 3. 12, '' Hor. Epist. lib. 1. 4. Memb. 1. Subs. 1.] Disea.'iest in Genpral. 5 And that he have grace, beauty, favour, health, A cleanly diet, and abound in wealth — yet, in the midst of his prosperity, let him remember that caveat of Moses, ^ heivare that he do not forget the Lord his God ; that he be not puffed up, but acknowledge them to be his good gifts and benefits, and ^ the more he hath, to be more thanhful, (as Agapetianus adviseth) and use them aright. Instrumental causes of oiir infirmities.'] Now the instru- mental causes of these our infirmities are as diverse, as the infirmities themselves. Stars, heavens, elements, &c. and all those creatures which God hath made, are armed against sinners. They were indeed once good in themselves ; and that they are now, many of them, pernicious unto us, is not in their nature, but our corruption which hath caused it. For, from tlie fall of our first parent Adam, they have been changed, the earth accursed, the influence of stars altered ; the four elements, beasts, birds, plants, are now ready to offend us. The principal thinr/sjor the use of man are water, fire, iron, salt, meal, wheat, hony, milk, oile, wine, clothing, good to the godlg, to the sinners turned to evil, Ecclus. 39. 26. Fire and hail, and famine, and dearth, all these are createdfor vengeance, Ecclus. 39. 29. The heavens threaten us with their comets, stars, planets, with their great conjunctions, eclipses, oppositions, quartiles, and such unfriendly aspects ; the air with his meteors, thunder and lightning, intemperate heat and cold, mighty winds, tempests, unseasonable weather ; from which proceed dearth, famine, plague, and all sorts of epidemical diseases, consuming- infinite myriads of men. At Cayro in iEgypt, every third year, (as it is related by *= Boterus, and others) 300000 dye of the plague ; and 200000 in Constantinople, every fifth or seventh at the utmost. How doth the earth terrific and oppress us with terrible earthquakes, which are most frequent in -^ China, Japan, and those eastern climes, swallowing- up some- times six cities at once ! How doth the water rage with his inundations, irruptions, flinging down towns, cities, villages, bridges, &c. besides shipwracks; whole islands are sometimes suddenly over-whelmed with all their inhabitants, as in " Zeland, Holland, and many parts of the continent drowned, as the 'lake Erne in Ireland! " Nihilque prceter arciuni ca- »Deut. 8. 11. Qui stat, ■videat ne cadat. bQoanto luajoribiis benefiriis a Deo cumulatur^ tanto obligationem se debitorem fateri. <■ Boterus He Inst. Urbiiim. '' Lage hist, relationem Lod. Frois de rebus Jai)onicis ad annum li>96. "■ Guicciard. descript. Belg. an. 1421. ' (Jiraldus Cainbrens. ffjanus Dousa, ep. lib. I. car. 10. 6 Diseases in General. [Part J. Sec, 1. fhvera patenti ceminiusfreto. In the fenns of Freesland, 1^30, l)y reason of tempests, ''the sea drowned mult a Jwminnm niiJlia, et jumenta sine yinmero, all the country ahnost, men and cattle in it. How doth the fire rage, that jnerciless element, consamino" in an instant whole cities ! What town of any an- tiquity or note, hath not'heen once, again and again, bv t!je fm-y of this merciless ejjpment, defaced, ruinated^ and left desolate? In a word, ''Ignis pepercit? unda mergit: aeris Vis pestilentis aequori ereptum necat ; Bello superstes, tabidus morbo peril. Whom fire spares, sea doth drown ; whom sea, Pestilent ayre doth send to clay ; Whom war scapes, sickness takes away. To descend to more particulars, how many creatures are at deadly feud with men! Lions, wolves, bears, &c. some M^ith hoofs, horns, tusks, teeth, nails : how many noxious serpents and venomous creatures, ready to oifend us with sting', breath, sig^ht, or quite kill us ! How many pernicious fishes, plants, gums, fruits, seeds, flowers, &c. could 1 reckon up on a sudden, which by their very smell, many of them, touch, taste, cause some grievous malady, if not death it self! Some make mention of a thousand several poysons : but these are but trifles in respect. '^The greatest enemy to man is man, who, by the devils instigation, is still ready to do mis- chief — his own executioner, a wolf, a devil to himself and others. We are all brethren in Christ, or at least should be — members of one body, servants of one Lord; and yet no fiend can so torment, insult over, tyrannize, vex, as one man doth another. Let me not fall, therefore, (saith David, when wars, plague, famine, were offered) into the hands of men, merciless and wicked men : ■Vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni; Quamque lupi, ssevae plus feritatis habent. . We can, most part, foresee these epidemical diseases, and likely,avoid them. Dearths, tempests, plagues, our astrolog-ers foretell us : earth-quakes,inundations,ruines of houses,consum- ing fires, come by little and little, or make some noise before- hand ; but the knaveries, impostures, injuries, and villanies of men no art can avoid. We can keep our professed enemies from our cities, by gates, walls and towers, defend our selves »Munster. 1. 3. Cos. cap. 462. •> Buchanan. Baptist. <^ Homo homini lupus; homo homini daemon. ^Ovid. de Trist 1. 5. Eleg. 7. Memb. 1. Subs. 1.] Diseases in General. 7 from thieves and robbers by watchfulness and weapons : but this malice of men,and their pernicious endeavours, no caution can divert, no vig-ilancy foresee, we have so many secret plots and devices to mischief one another ; sometimes by the devils help, as magicians, "^ witches; sometitnes by impostures, mix- tures, poysons, stratagems, single con>bats,wars, (wo hack and hew, as if we were adinternecionem M«i Intemperantia, liixus, ingluvies, et infiuita hujusmodi flagitia, quae divinas poenas merentur. Crato. *' Fern- Path. 1. I. c. 1. Morbus est afFectii'3 contra uaturam corpori insidens. ' Fuohs. Instit. 1, 3. Sect. 1. c 3. a quo priiDiira vit^atur actio. § Dissolatio foederis in cprpgrP; iit sanitas est eoQsutnmatio. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Def. JVum. Div. of Diseases. 9 hation of it ; as Jiealth theperfection, and makes to the preser- vation of it — ^ Labeo in Agellius, an ill hahit of the body, opposite to nature, hindering the use of it — others otherwise, all to this efTect. Nnmher of diseases.] How many diseases there are, is a question not yet determined. ''Pliny reckons up 300, from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot : elsewhere he saith, morhornm infinita mnltitudo, their number is infinite. Howsoever it was in those times, it boots not ; in our dayes, I am sure the number is much auo-mented : — '^ macies, et nova febrium Terris incubuit cohors : for, besides many epidemical diseases unheard of, and altooe- ther unknown to Galen and Hippocrates, as scorhntum, small pox, plica, siceatinff sickness, morbus Gallicus, 6fc. we have many proper and peculiar almost to every part. JVb man free from some disease or other.] No man amongst us so sound, of so good a constitution, that hath not some impediment of body or mind. Qnisque suos patimur manes ; we have all our infirmities, first or last, more or less. There will be, peradventure, in an age, or one of a thousand, like Zenophilus the musician in ''Pliny, that may happily live 105 years without any manner of impediment; a Pollio Komulus, that can preserve himself «i/;?7/i wine and oyle ; a man as fortunate as Q. Metellus, of whom Valerius so much brags ; a man as healthful as Otto Herw ardus, a senator of Ausborrow in Germany, (whom *Leovitius the astroloo-er brings in for an example and instance of certainty in his art) who,becausehehad the significatours in his geniture fortunate, and free from the hostile aspects of Saturn and Mars, being a very old man, e could not remember that ever he teas sick. •^ Paracelsus may brag, that he could make a man live 400 years or more, if he might bring him up from his infancy, and diet him as he list ; and some physicians hold, that there is no certain period of mans life, but it may still, by temperance and physick, be prolonged. We find in the mean lime, by common experience, that no man can escape, but that of ' Hesiod is true : nX£/)j [xtv yxf yxicc aoocuv, rrXBUfi Ss ^xXxa^ffx. AVTOlJ.aTOt ^OlTU(7l. » Lib. 4. cap. 2. Morbus est habitus contra naturara, qui usum ejus, &c. b Cap. 11. lib. 7. ^- Herat. d Cap. 50. lib. 7. Centum et rjuinque vixit annos sine ullo incommodo. e Intus mulso, foras oleo. f Exemplis gcnitur. prsefixis Ephemer. cap. de infirmitat g Qui, quoad paeritiee iiltimain me- inoriam recordari potest, non tn«aiimt se asgrotum decnbuisse. h Lib. de vita ioDga. i Oper. et dies. , 10 Div. of the Diseases of the Head. [Part. 1 . Sec. I , Th' earth's full of maladies, and full the sea, Which set upon us both by night and day. Division of diseases.'] If you require a more exact division of these ordinary diseases which are incident to men, I refer you to physicians : "they will tell you oi acute and chronick, Jirst and secimdary, lethales, salutares, errant^ fixed, simple, compound, connexed, or consequent, belonging" to parts or the whole, in habit or in disposition, ^-c. My division at this time (as most befitting my purpose) s^hall be into those of the body and mind. For them of the body, (a brief catalogue of which Fuchsius hath made, Institut. lib. 3. sect. I. cap. 1 1.) I refer you to the voluminous tomesof Galen, Aretffius,Rhasis, Avicenna, Alexander, Paulus, Aetius, Cordonerius, and those exact neotericks, Savanarola, Cappivaccius, Donatus Alto- marus, Hercules de Saxonia, Mercurialis, Victorius, Faven- tiiuis, Wecker, Piso, &c. that have methodically and elabo- rately written of them all. Those of the mind and head 1 will briefly handle, and apart. 8UBSECT. 111. Division of the Diseases of the Head. JL HESE diseases of the mind, forasmuch as they have their chief seat and organs in the head, are commonly repeated amongst the diseases of the head, which are divers, and vary much according to their site : for in the head, as there be several parts, so there be divers grievances, which, according to that division of '' Heurnius, (which he takes out of Arcu- lanus) are inward or outward (to omit all others which per- tain to eyes and ears, nostrils, gums, teeth, mouth, palate, tongue, wesel, chops, face, &c.) belonging properly to the brain, as baldness, falling of hair, furfair, lice, &c. '^Inward belonging to the skins next to the brain, called dura and pia mater, as all head aches, &c. or to the ventricles, caules, kells, tunicles, creeks, and parts of it, and their passions, as caros, vertigo, incubus., apoplexie, falling-sickness. The diseases of the nerves ; crampes, stupor, convulsion, tremor ^ palsie ; or belonging to the excrements of the brain, c«- tarrhes, sneezingi rheunies, distillations ; or else those that ' 1 See Fernehus, Path. lib. 1. 9, 10, 11, I'i. Fuchsiu.s, instit. I. 3. sect. 1. c. 7. Wecker. Synt. •'PiEelat. de morbis capitis. In capite ut variap habitant partes, ita varife querelae ibi eveniiint. =^ Of which react HeuruiiiS;, Montaltas,. Hildesheim, Quercetan, Jason Pratensis, &;c. Memb. 1. Subs, 4.] Dimisea of the Mind. \ \ pertain to tbe substance of the brain itself, in which are con- ceived, plaensie, fefkarcfie, ?nefaucholif, madiienH, weak me- inorij, sopor, or coma mrjilki and vic/if. coma. Out of these again I will single such as properly be'lono- to the phantmie, or imagination, or reason it self, which ^Laurentius calls the diseases of the mind; and Hildesheim, morftos imaf/inationis, nnt rationis 1(ss(b, which are three or four in number, /?/trPM- sie, madness, melanchobf, dotage, and their kinds, as hydro- phobia, Igcantropia, chorus sancti Viti, morbi dcemoniaci ; which I will briefly touch and point at, insisting especially in this oi melanchohj, as more eminent than the rest, and that through all his kinds, causes, symptomes, prognosticks, cures; as Lonicerus hath done de Apoplexid, and many other of such particular diseases. Not that I fiud fault with those which have written of this subject before, as Jason Pratensis, Lauren- tius Montaltus, T. Bright, &c. they have done very well in their several kinds and' methods : yet that which one omits, another may haply see; that which one contracts, another may inlarge. To conclude with '' Scribanius, that which they had neglected, or perfunctorily handled, ice may more thoroughly examine ; that which is "^ohscurely delivered in them, may be perspicuously dilated and amplified by us, and so made more familiar and easie for every mans capacity, and the common good; which is the chief end of my discourse. SUBSECT. IV. Dotage, Phrensie, Madness, Hydrophobia, Lycantropia, Chorus sancti Viti, Extasis. Delirium, dotage.] JJOTAGE, fatuity, or folly, is a com- mon name to all the following species, as some will have it. •^Laurentius and '^ Altomarus comprehended madness, melan- choly, and the rest, under this name, and call it the summum genus of them all. If it be distinguished from them, it is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs, and over-moist brain, as we see in our common fools ; and is for the most part intended or remitted in particular men, and thereupon some are wiser than other; or else it is acquisite, an appendix or symptome of some other disease, which comes or goes ; or, if it continue, a sign of melancholy it self. "Cap. 2. de raelanchol. b Cap. 2. He Physiolo^ia sa-arnm. Quod alii minus, rerte tortasse dixerinf, nos examinere, melius dijudicare, corrigere studeamus. •^tap. 4. de rael. >' Art. med. c. 7. 1,2 Diseases of the Mind. [Part. 1. Sec. \, Phretisie.] Phrenitis (which the Greeks derive from tlie word (pgijv) is a disease of the mind, with a coiitimial madness or dotage, which hath an acute fever annexed, or else an in- flammation of the brain, or the membranes or kells of it, with an acute fever, which causeth madness and dotage. It differs from melancholy and madness, because their dotage is without an ague : this continual, with waking, or memory decayed, &c. 3Ielancholy is most part silent, this clamorous ; and many such like differences are assigned by physicians. Madness.^ Madness, phrensie, and melancholy, are con- founded by Cels«s,andmany writers ; others leave outp/jrew.sie, and make madness and melancholy but one disease ; which '^ Jason Pratensis especially labours, and that they differ only secundum maj'us or minus, in quantity alone, the one being a degree to the other,and both proceeding from one cause. They differ intenso et remisso gradu, saith ^ Gordonius, as the hu- mour is intended or remitted. Of the same mind is *= Aretaus, Alexander Tertullianus, Guianerius, Savanrola, Heurnius ; and Galen himself writes promiscuously of them both, by rea- son of their affinity : but most of our neotericks do handle them apart, whom I w^ill follow in this treatise. Madness is there- fore defined to be a vehement dotage ; or raving without a fever, far more violent than melancholy, fuW of anger and cla- mour, horrible looks, actions, gestures, troubling the patient* with far greater vehemency both of body and mind, without all fear and sorrow, with such impetuous force and boldness, that sometimes three or four men cannot hold them ; differing only in this from phrensie, that it is without a fever, and their me- mory is, most part, better. It hath the same causes as the other, as choler adust,and blood incensed, brains inflamed, &c. '^ Fracastorius adds, a due time and full age to this definition, to distinguish it from children, and will have it confrmed im- potency to separate it from such as accidently come and go again, as hy taking henbane, nightshade, wine, ^c. Of this fury there be divers kinds ^ ecstasie, which is familiar with some persons, as Cardan saith of himself, he could be in one when he list; in Avhich the Indian priests deliver their oracles, and the Avitches in Lapland (as Olaus Magnus writeth, I. 3. cap. 18 extasi omnia ])rcedicere) answer all questions * Plerique medici nno complexu perstringunt Iios duos morbos, quod ex eadem caussa oriantur, quodque magnitudine et modo solum distent, et alter gradus ad al- terum existat. Jason Pratens. '^ Lib. Med. <= Pars manias raihi videtur. "1 Insanus, est qui setate debita, et tempore debito, per se, non momentaneam et fu- gacem, ut vini, solani, hyoscyami, sed confirmatam liabet impotentiam bene operandi circa intellectum. 1.2. de intellectione. « Of which read Felix Plater, cap. 8. de mentis alienatione. Memb. 1. Subs. 4.] Du eases of the Mi it d. 13 in an extasi^ ydii will ask ; what your friends do, where they are, how they fare, &c. The other speeirs of this fury are enthusiasms, revelations, and visions, so often mentioned by Greo-ory and Beda in their works; obsession or possession of deYi\s, Sibijlline prophets, M\d poetical Furies ; such as come by eatin«' noxious herbs, tarantulas stingins^,&c. which som6 reduce tZ this. The most known are lycantropia, hjdropho- bia, chorus sancti Viti. Lycanihropia.] Li/canthropia, which A vicenna calls cncu- butfi, others lupinam'insamam, or wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves and fields in the night, and will not be perswaded but that they are wolves, or some such beasts— * Aetius and ^ Paul us call it a kind oi meUmchohf ; but I should rather refer it to madness, as most do. Some make a doubt of it, whether there be any such disease. ^Donat. ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in his time: •» Wierus tells a story of such a one at Padua, 1541, that would net believe to the contrary,but that he was a wolf. He hath another instance of a Spaniard who thought himself a bear. ^ Forestus con- firms as much bv many examples ; one, amongst the rest, of which he was an eye witness, at Alcmaer in Holland— a poor husbandman thatstill hunted about graves, and kept in church- yards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful look. Such, belike, dr little better, where king Prcetus ^.daughters, that thought themselves kine ; and Nebuchadnezzar, in Daniel, as some in- terpreters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This disease perhaps gave occasion to that bold assertion of s Pliny, some men icere turned into wolves in his time, and from wolves to men again; and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape : to ^ Ovids tale of Lycaon, &c. He that is de- sirous to hear of this disease, or more examples, let him read Atistin in his eighteenth book de Civitate Dei, cap. 5 ; Mi- zaldus, cent. 5. 77; Sckenkius, lib. 1. Hildesheim, spicil. 2. de Mania ; Forestus, lib. 10. de Morbis Cerebri ; Glaus Mag- nus; Vincentius Bellavicensis, spec. met. lib. 31. c. 122; Pierius, Bodine, Zuinger, Zeilgur, Peucer, Wierns, Spranger, ^c. This malady, saith Avicenna, ti'oubleth men most m tebruary, and is now a dayes frequent in Bohemia and Hungi'y, accord- ino- to' Heurnius. Schernitzius will have it common in Livo- nia. They lye hid, most part, all day, and go abroad in the pr»s«g. Deemonum. 1. 3. cap. 21. ^ J Observat. hk 10. de morbis cerebri, c. 15. f Hippocrates, lib. de insania. sLib. 8. cap. 22. Homines mterdum lupos fien , et coBtra. hMet 1. 1. *Cap. de Man. 14 Diseases of the Mhd. [Part. 1. Sec. I. night, barking-, howling-, at graves and deserts ; ^ they have usually hollow eyes, scabbed legs and thighs, very dry and pale, '^ suith Altoraarus : he gives a reason there of all the symptomes, and sets down a brief cure of them. Hydrophobia is a kind of madness, well known in every village, which comes by the biting of a mad dog, or scratching- (saith '^ Aurelianus), touching, or smelling alone sometimes (as '^ Sckenkius proves), and is incident to many other creatures as well as men ; so called, because the parties ajffected cannot endure the sight of water, or any liquor, supposing still they see a mad dog in it. And (which is more wonderful) though they be very dry, (as in this malady they are) they will rather dye than drink. ^ Coelius Aurelianus, an ancient writer, makes a doubt whether this hydrophobia be a passion of the body or the mind. The part affected is the brain : the cause poyson that romes from the mad dog, which is so hot and dry, that it consumes all the moisture in the body. '^Hildesheim relates of soma that dyed so mad, and being cut up had no water, scarce blood, or any moisture left in them. To such as are so affected, the fear of water begins at fourteen dayes after they are bitten, to some again not till forty or sixty dayes after : commonly, saith Heurnius, they begin to rave, flye water, and glasses, to look red, and swell in the face, about twenty dayes after, (if some remedy be not taken in the mean time), to lye awake, to be pensive, sad, to see strange visions, to bark and howl, to fall into a swoun, and oftentimes fits of the falling sickness, »Some say, little things like whelps will be seen in their urines. If any of these signs appear, they are pf>st recovery. Many times these symptomes will not appear till six or seven moneths after, saith '' Codronchus ; and some times not till seven or eightyears,as Guianerius ; twelve.as Al- bertus ; six or eight moneths after, as Galen holds. Baldus the great lawyer dyed of it : an Augustin frier, and a woman in Delph, that were ' Forestus patients, were miserably consumed with it. The common cure in the countrey (for such at least as dwell near the sea side) is to duck them over head and ears in sea water; some use charms ; every good wife can prescribe medicines. But the best cure to be had in such cases, is from the most approved physicians. They that will read of them, may consult with Dioscorides, lib. 6. cap. 37. Heurnius, Hil- deshiem, Capivaccius, Forestus, Sckenkius, and, before all others, Codronchus an Italian, who hath lately written two exquisite books of this subject. a Ulcerata crura ; sitis ipsis adest immodica; pallidi ; lingua sicca, *• Cap. 9, art. Hydrophobia. c Ijib, 3- cap. 9. ^Lib. 7. de VcDenis. « Lib. 3. cap. 13. de inorbis acutis. fSpicil. 2. g Sckenkius, 7. lib. de Venenis. liLib. de Hydrophobia. 'Observat. lib. 10. 25. Mem. I. Subs, 4.] Dfamses nf the M'md 15 Chorus sancAi VitiA Chorus sancti Fr/?', or S. Vitus danco; the lacivious dance, 'Paracelsus callf^ it, because they that are taken with it, can do nothing but dance till they be dead, or cured. It is so called, for that the parties so troubled were wont to go to S. Vitus for help ; and, after they had danced there a while, they were '^certainly freed. 'Tis strange to hear how long they will dance, and in what manner, over stools, forms, tables; even great-bellied women sometimes (and yet never hurt their children) Avill dance so long that they can stir neither hatid nor foot, but seem to be quite dead. One in red cloaths they cannot abide. Musick, above all things they love ; and therefore magistrates in Germany Avill hire musicians to play to them, and some lusty sturdy companions to dance with them. This disease hath been very common in Germany, as appears by thoserelationsof "^Sckenkius, and Paracelsus in his book of Madness, who brags how many se- veral persons he hath cured of it. Felix Piaterus [de Mentis Alienat. cap. 3.) reports of a woman in Basil whom he saw, that danced a whole moneth together. The Arabians call it a kind of palsie. Bodine, in his fifth book de Repuh. cap. 1. speaks of this infirmity ? Monavius, in his last epistle to Scoltizius, and in another to Dudithus, where you may read more of it. The last kind of madness or melancholy is that demoniacal (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils, which Piaterus and others would have to be preternatural : stupend things are said of them, their actions, gestures, contortions^ fasting, prophesying, speaking* languages they were never taught, &c. many strange stories are related of them, which because some will not allow, (for Deacon and Darrel have written large volumes on this subject pro et con.) 1 voluntarily omit. •^ Fuchsius, Institvt. lib. 3. sec. Leap. 11, Felix Plater, * Laurentius, add to these anotlier ^furif that proceeds from love, and another from sfnchf, another divine or relifjious fury; but these more properly belong to melanchobf ; of all which I will speak ' apart, intending to write a whole book of them. ^Lascivam choream. To. 4. de inorbis amentium. Tract. I. b.Eventn. ut pkirimuni, rem ipsaui cotnprobante. c Lib. 1, cap. de Mania. <'Cap. 3. de mentis alienat. i Cap. 4. de mel. 'PART. 3. l6 Mphinehofy in Dispoftitio)}. [Vart. \, Sect ]. SIJBSECT. V. Melancholy in Disposition, impropeily so called. Equivocation^. -ELANCHOLY, the subject of our present discourse, is either in disposition or habit. In disposition is that transitory melancholy which come and g^oes upon every small occasion of sorrow, need, sickness, trouble, fear, grief, passion, or pertur- bation of the mind, any manner of care, discontent or thought, which causethanguish,dulness,heavinessandvexationofspirit, any wayes opposite to pleasure, mirth, joy, delight, causing frowardness in us, or a dislike. In which equivocal and impro- persense, we call him melancholy, that is dull, sad, sowr, lump- ish, ill disposed, solitary, any way moved, or displeased. And from these melancholy dispositions " no man living is free, no Stoick, none so wfee, none so happy, none so patient, so generous, so godly,sodivine, that can vindicate himself; so well composed, but more or less, sometime or other, he feels the smart of it. Melancholy, in this sense, is the character of mor- tality. ^ Man, that is born oj^ a woman, is oj' short continuance, andfidloftronhle. Zeno, Cato, Socrates himself, — whom •^iElian so highly commends for a moderate temper, that nothing could disturb him ; but going out, and coming in, still Socrates kept the some serenity of countenance, ichat misery soever befell him — (if we may believe Plato his disciple) was much tormented with it. Q. Metellus, in whom '^ Valerius gives instance of all happiness, the most fortunate man then living, born in that most flourishing city of Rome, of noble parentage, a proper man of person, well qualified, healthful^ rich, honourable, a senator, a consul, happy in his tvife, happy in his children, S^c. yet this man was not void of melancholy; he had his share of sorrow. '^ Polycrates Samius, that flung his ring into the sea, because he would participate of discon- tent with others, and had it miraculously restored to him again shortly after by a fish taken as he angled, was not free aDe quo homine securitas? de quo certum gaudium? Quocunque se convertit, in terrenis rebus ainaritudinem aniini inveniet. Aug. in Psal. 8. 5. ''Job. 1. 14. c Omni tempore Socratem eodem vultu videri, sive domum rediret, sive domo egi-e- deretur. d Lib. 7. cap. 1. Natus in florentissima totius orbis civitate, no- bilissimis parentibus, corporis vires habuit, et rarissiinas animi dotes, uxorem con- spicuam, pndicam, felices liberos, consulare decuSj sequentes triumphos, 8ic. e ^lian. Mem. 1. Subs. 5.] Melancholy in Disposition. 17 from melancholy dispositions. No man can cure liimsclf ; tlie very gods had bitter pangs, and frequent passions, as their own ^ poets put upon them. In general >> as the heaven, so is our life, sometimes fair , sometimes overcast, tempestuous, and serene:, as in a rose, fowers and prickles : in the year it self, a temperate summer sometimes, a hard ivinter, a drowth, and then again pleasant showers ; so is our life intermixt with joyes, hopes, fears sorrows, calumnies ; Invicem cedunt dolor et voluptas : there is a succession of pleasure and pain. medio de fonte leporum Surgit amari aliquid, quod in ipsis floribus angat. JEve}i in the midst of lauyhhuf there is sorroiv (as ^ Solomon holds) ; even in the midst of all our feasting and jollity, (as * Austin infers in his Com. on Psal. 4l) there is g-riefand dis- ' content. Inter delicias, semper alif/uid smvi nos stranqulat : for a pint of honey, thou shalt here likely find a gallon of gaul ; for a dram of pleasure, a pound of pain ; for an inch of mirth, an ell of moan ; as ivy doth an oak, these miseries encompass our life ; and 'tis most absurd and ridiculous for any mortal man to look for aperpetual tenour of happiness in his life. No- thingso prosperous and pleasant, but it hath ^some bitternessin it, some complaining, some g^rudging ; 'tis all y>.vKvir^K^ov, a mixt passion, and, like a cherjuer table, black and white ; men, families, cities, have their falls and wanes, now trines, sextiles, thenquartiles and oppositions. VYe are not here, as those angels, celestial powers and bodies, sun and moon, to finish our course without all offence, with such constancy, to continue for so many ages; but subject to infirmities, miseries, interrupt, tossed and tumbled up anddown,carried about with every small blast, often molested and disquieted upon each slender occasion, ^un- certain, brittle ; and so is all that we trust unto. ^' And he that knows not this, and is not armed to endure it, is not ft to live in a Homer Iliad. ''Lipsins, cent.3. ep. 45. Ut coelnni, sic nos homines sumiis : illad ex intervallo nubibus obducitur et obscuratar. Inrosario Acres spinis intermixti. Vita similis aeri ; udum mode, sudum, tempestas, serenitas : ita vices renim sant) prsemia gaudiis, et sequaces curw. c Lucretius, 1. 4. 1124. d Prov. 14. s! Extremum gaudii luctus occupat fNatalitia inquit celebrantur ; nuptia; liic sunt ; at ibi quid celebratur, quod non dolet, quod non transit ? f Apuleios, 4. florid. Nihil quidquid homini tam prosperum divinitus datum, quin eiadmixtum sit aliquid diflTicultatis, ut etiam amplissima quaqua latitia, subsit qu;cpiam vel parva queri- monia, conjugatioue quadam mellis et feilis. g Caduca nimirum et fragilia, et puerilibus consentanea crependiis, sunt ista quae vires et opes humanje vocantur: af- fluunt subito : repente dilabuntur ; nullo in loco, nulla in persona, stabilibus nixa radi- cibus consistunt ; sed incertissimo flatu fortune, quosin sublime extulenint, improviso recorsu destitutes in profundo miserianim valle miserabiliter immergunt. V^alerias, 1. 6. c- 9. ''Huic seculo parumaptus es ; ant potius omnium nostrorum condi- tionem ignoras, qnibus reciproco quodam nexu, &c- Lorchanus Gallobelgicus, lib. 3. ad annum 1598. 18 Melancholy hi Disposition. [Parf. 1. Sec. 1. this ivortd (as one condoles our time); he knows net the condi- tion oj'it, where., with a, reciprocal tye, pleasure and pain are still united, and succeed one another in a ring. Exi e mundo; get thee gone hence, if thou canst not brook it: there is no way to avoid it, but to arm thyself with patience, with mag- nanimity, to =* oppose thyseSf unto it, to suffer affliction as a good souldier of Christ, as ''Paul adviseth, constantly to bear it. But forasmuch as so i'ew can embrace this good counsel of his, or use it aright, but rather, as so many bruit beasts, give way to their passion, voluntarily subject and precipitate them- selves into a labyrinth of cares, woes, miseries, and suffer their souls to be overcome by them, cannot arm themselves with that patience as they ought to do, itfalleth out oftentimes that tliese disjyositions become habits, and many affects contemned (as "^ Seneca notes) make a disease. Even as one destination., not yet cfroiim to custome, makes a cough, but continual and inveterate causeth a consumption of the lungs ; so do these our melancholy provocations ; and, according' as the humour itself is intended or remitted in men, as their temperature of body or rational soul is better able to make resistance, so are they more or less affected : for that which is but a flea-biting to one, causeth unsufi'erab'e torment to another; and which one by his singular moderation and well composed carriage can happily overcome, a second is no whit able to sustain ; but, upon every small occasion of mis-conceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, rumour, &c. (if solitary or idle) yields so far to passion, thathis complexion is altered, his di- gestion kindred, his sleep gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his hypocondries mis-affected ; wind, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome w'lih melan- choly. As it is with a man imprisoned for debt, if once in the goal, every creditor will bi ing hisaction against him,and there likely hold him — if any discontent seise upon a patient, in an instant all other perturbations (for qnii data porta, ruunt) will set upon him ; and ihen, like a lame dog or broken-winged goose, he droops, and pines away, and is brought at last to that ill habit or malady of melancholy it self; so that as the philosophers make '' eight degrees of heat and cold, we may make eighty-eight of melancholy, as the parts affected are di- versely seised with it, or have been plunged more or less into this infernal gulf, or waded deeper into it. But all these =>Hor.snm omnia stiidia dirigi debent, ut hnmana fortiter feramiis. ''2 Tim. 2. 3. cEpjst. 9(). 1. lO. Aft'ectusfrequpntesconteniptique niorbum faciunt.. Destillatio una, nee adhnc ic niorem adducta, tussirn facit; assidiia et violenta, phthisiin. are strinofs, white and solid, dispersed throuoh the whole member,and rig-ht.obliquo.trans- verse, all which have their several uses. Fat is a similar part, moist, without blood, composed of the most thick and unctuous matter of the blood. The ^skin covers the rest, and hath cuticulam, or a little skin under it. Flesh is soft and ruddy, composed of the congealing of blood, &c. SUBSECT. IV. Dissimilar parts. Dtssim r LA R parts are those which we call orrfanical or instru- mental; and they be inward ov outward. The chiofest outward parts are situate forward or backward. Forward,x\\e crown and foretop of the head, skull, face, forehead, temples, chin, eyes, ears, nose, &c. neck, breast, chest, upper and lower part of the belly, hypochondries, navel, groyn, flank, &c. Backward, the hinder part of the head, back,shoulders,sides,loyns,hip-bones, OS sacrum, buttocks, &c. Or joynts, arms, hands, feet, leggs, thighs, knees, &c. Or common to both, which, because they are obvious and well known, I have carelessly repeated, eaque prcectpua et (/randiora tantum: quod reliqnum, ex libris de anima, qui volet, accipiat. //m'arrfoy^a/i/ca/parts, which cannot be neew^ are divers in number, and have several names,functions,and divisions; but that of' Laurentius is most notable, into noble, or icpioble parts. Of the noble there be three principal parts, to which all the rest belong, and whom they serve — brain, heart, licer ; accord- ing to whose site, three regions, or a threefold division is made of the whole body; as, first, of the head, in which the animal organs are contained, and brain it self, which by his nerves gives sense and motion to the rest, and is (as it were) a privy counsellour, and chancellour, to the heart. The second region is the chest, or middle belh/, in which the heart as king keeps his court, and by his arteries communicates life to the whole body. The third region is the lower belly, in which the liver resides as a legate a latere, with the rest of those natural organs,serving for concoction,nouris;hmenf,expelling of excre- * Cujus est pars similaris a vi ciitifica, iit inlpriora mimiat. Capivac. Anat. pag. 2,r2. Anat. lib. I. c. 19. Celebris est et pervulgata partium divisio iu princiwes et iguobles partes. VOL. I. r 24 Anatomy of the Bochf. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. menfs. This lower region is distinguished from the upper by the midriff, or diaphragma, andis subdivided again by ^some into three concavities, or regions, upper, middle, and lower — the upper, of the hypocondries,in whose right side is the liver, the left the spleen{i'rQm. which is denominated hypochondriacal me- lancholy) the second, of the navel and flanks, divided from the first by the rim — the last, of the water-course, which is again subdivided into three other parts. The Arabians make two parts of this region, epigastrium, and hypoc/astrium ; upper, or lower. Epigastrium they call mirach, from whence comes mirachialis melancholia, sometimes mentioned of them. Of tliese several regions I will treat in brief apart; and, first, of the third region, in which the natural organs are contained. The lower region. Natural Organs.'] But you that are readers, in the mean time, suppose you were noic brought into some sacj'ed temple, or majestical palace, (as '' Melanc- thon saith) to behold not the matter only, but the singular art, tvorkmanship, and counsel oj' this our great Creator. And 'tis a pleasant and profitable speculation, ij^it be consi- dered aright. The parts of this region, which present them- selves to your consideration and view, are such as serve to wm- trition or generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction, as the oesophagus or gullet, which brings meat and drink into the stomach. The ventricle or stomacn, which is seated in the midst of thatpart of thebelly beneath the midriff', the kitchen (as it were) of the first concoction, and which turns our meat into chylus. It hath two mouths, one above, another beneath. The upper is sometimestaken for the stomach it self: the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is named pylorus. This stomach is sustained by a large kell or kaull, called omentum ; which some will have the same with periton(BU7n\, or rim of the belly. From the stomach to the very J'undament, are produced the guts or infestina, which serve a little to alter and distribute the chylus, and convey away the excrements. They are divided into small and great, by reason of their site and substance, sleufler or thicker : the slender is duodenum, or whole gut, M'hich is next to the stomach, some twelve inches long (saith '^Fuchsius). Jejmmm, or empty gut, continue to the other, which hath many mesaraick veins annexed to it, which take part of the chylus to the liver from it, Ilion, the third, which consists of many crinkles, which serves with the rest to receive keep, and distribute the chylus froxwihe stomach. The thick guts are three, the blind giit, * D. Crook, out of Galen and others. '» Vos vero veluti in templnm ac sa- crarium quoddain vos duci putetis, &c. Suavis et utilis cognitio. « Lib. 1. eap. 12. sect, 5, Mem. 2. .Sul>>;. 4] Aiiaforfn/ of the Both'. 25 colon aiul rtffht (jut. The hlhid is a lliiok and short «-ut, Jiaving' one mouth in which the ilion and colon meet: itreceives the excrements, and convey^^ them to the colon. This colon Iiath many windini>s, that the excrements pass not away too fast : the rif/ht r/nt isstrainht, and conveys theexcrenients to tbej'nn dame nt, whose lo ver part is bound up with certain mus- cles, called sphincteres, \hi\t the excrements may he tlie hetter contained, until such time a man be willini:;- to g-o to the stool. In the midst of these guts is situated the mesenterium or midriff'^ composed ofmany veins, arteries, andnuich fat, serving chiefly to sustain the guts. All these parts serve the first concoction. To the second, which is busied either in refining the good nonrishment, or expelling the bad, is chieHy l)elonging the liver, like in colour to congealed blood, the shop of blood, situate in the right hi/pocondrv, in figure like to an half moon ; (jenerosum membrnm, Melancthon stiles it; a generous part; it serves to turn the chylns to blood, for the nourishment of the body. The excrements of it are either cho/erick or wateri/y which the other subordinate parts convey. The f/all, placed in the concave of the liver, extracts choler to it : the spleen,melan- chohf ; which is situate on the left side, over against the liver^ a spungy matter that draws this black choler to it by a secret vertiie, and feeds upon it, conveying the rest to the bottom of the stomach, to stir up appetite, or else to the guts as an excre- ment. That watery matter the two kidneys expurgate by those emulgent veins, and ureters. The emulgent draw this super- fluous moisture from the blood ; the two ureters convey it to the bladder, which, by reason of his site in the loMer belly, is apt to receive it, having two parts, neck and bottom : the bottom holds the water; the neck is constrhiged with a muscle, which, as a porter, keeps the water fromrumiing out against our will. Members of generation are conunon to both sexes, or peculiar to one ; which, because they are impertinent to my purpose, I do voluntarily omit. jyiiddle Ref/ion.'] Next in order is the middle ref/ion, or chest, which comprehends the vital faculties and parts; which (as I have said) is separated from the lower belly by the dia- phrafpna or midriff, which is a skiti consisting of many nerves, membranes ; and, amongst oth(;r uses it hath, is the instru- ment of laughing. There is also a certain thin membrane, full of sinews, which covereth the whole chest within, and is called pleura, the seat of the disease called /y/f^Mr/.s/,", when it is in- flamed. Some add a third skin, which is termed mediasfinus, Avhich divides the chest into two j>arts, right and left. Of this region the principal part is the /r/art, which is the seat and L 2 26 Anatomy of' the Body. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. fountain of life, of heat, of spirits, of pulse and respiration : the sun of our body, the king and sole commander of it : the seat and organ of all passions and affections ; {primiimvwens, ultimum moriens : it lives first, and dies last in all creatures) of a pyraniidical form, and notmuch unlike toapine-apple; '^apart worthy of admiration, that can yield such variety of afi'ections, by whose motion it is dilated or contracted, to stir and com- mand the humours in the body ; as, in sorrow, melancholy ; in anger, choler ; in joy, to send the blood outwardly ; in sorrow, to call it in ; moving the humours, as horses do a chariot. This heart, though it be one sole member, yet it maybe divided into two creeks, right and left. The right is like the moon in- creasing, bigger than the other part, and receives blood from vena cciva, distributing some of it to the lungs, to nourish them, the rest to the left side, to ingender spirits. The left creek hath the form of a cotie, and is the seat of life, which (as a torch doth oyl) draws blood unto it, begetting- of it spirits aiid fire; and, as fire in a torch, so are spirits in the blood; and, by that great artery called aorta, it sends vital spirits over the body, and takes aire from the lungs, by that artery which is called venosa ; so that both creeks have their vessels ; the right two veins ; the left two arteries, besides those two com- mon anfractuous ears, which serve them both ; the one to hold blood, the other aire, for several uses. The lungs is a thin spungy part, like an oxe hoof, (saith '' Fernelius) the town-clark or cryer {^ one terms it), the instrument of voice, as an orator to a king ; annexed to the heart, to express his thoughts by voice. That it is the instrument of voice is ma- nifest, in that no creature can speak or utter any voice, which wanteth these lights. It is besides, the instrument of respiration, or breathing ; and its office is to cool the heart, by sending ayre unto it by the venosal artery, which vein comes to the lungs by that aspera arteria, which consists of many gristles, membranes, nerves, taking in ayre at the nose and mouth, and, by it likewise, exhales the fumes of the heart. In the upper region serving the animal faculties, the chief organ is the brain, which is a soft, marrowish, and white sub- stance, ingendered of the purest part of seed and spirits, in- cluded by many skins,and seatedwithintheskuil or brain-pan; and it is the most noble organ under heaven, the dwelling house and seat of the soul, the habitation of wisdom, memory, judge - » Haec res est praecipiie digna admiratione, qnod tanta affectuum varietate cietur cor, quod omenes res tristes et laetaj statim corda feriunt et movent. ^ Physio I. 1. c. 8. c Ut orator regi, sic piilmo, vocis instrumentum, annectitiir cordi, &c. Melaucth. Mem. 2. Sub. 5] Anatomy of the Soul. 27 ment, reason, and in which man is most like unto God : and therefore nature hath covered it with a skull of hard bone, and two skins or membranes, whereof the one is called dura mater, or meninx, the other pia mater. The dura mater is next to the skull, above the other, which includes and protects the brain. When this is taken away, the pia mater is to be seen, a thin membrane, the next and immediate cover of the brain, and not covering only, but entering into it. The brain it self is divided into two parts, theybre and hinder part. The Jbre part is much bigger than the other, which is called the little brain in respect of it. This^bre part hath many concavities, distinguished by certain ventricles,which are the receptacles of the spiritSjbrought hither by the arteries from the heart,and are there refined to a more heavenly nature, to perform the actions of the soul. Of these ventricles there be three, right, left, and middle. The right and left answer to their site, and beget animal spirits; if they be any way hurt, sense and motion ceaseth. These ventricles, moreover, are held to be the seat of the common sense. The middle ventricle is a common con- course and cavity of them both, and hath two passages ; the one to receive pituita; and the other extends it self to the fourth creek : in this place imagination and cogitation : and so the three ventricles of the fore part of the brain are used. The fourth creek, behind the head, is common to the cerebral or little brain, and marrow of the back-bone, the least and most solid of all the rest, which receives the animal spirits from the other ventricles, and conveys them to the marrow in the back, and is the place where they say the memory is seated. SUBSECT. V. Of tJie Soul and her Faculties. According to =^ Aristotle, the soul is defined to be iynxi- %ua, perfectio et actus primus corporis orgamci, vitam ha- bentis in protentid — the perfection or first act of an organical body, having power of life ; which most ''philosophers approve. But many doubts arise about the essence, subject, seat, di- stinction, and subordinate faculties of it. For the essence and particular knowledge, of all other things it is most hard (be it of man or beast) to discern, as *^ Aristotle himself, '' Tully, * Picus Mirandula, *^Tolet, and other neoterick philosophers » Dc aniin. c. 1. *" Scalig. cxerc. 307. Tolet. in lib. de aoima, cap, ]. &«% •" D^ anima, cap. }. <* Tnsenl. qnsc8<. ' Lib. fi. Doct. VaJ. Gentil. c. 13. pag. 1216. ^Aristot. 28 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. I, confess. "* We can understand all things hy her ; hut, ivhat she is, ice cannot apprehend. Some therefore make one soul, di- vided into three principal faculties ; others^three distinct souls; (which question of late hath been much controverted by Picolo- mineus, and Zabare])'^Paracelsus will have four souls, addingto the three granted faculties, a spiritual so?il ; (which opinion of liis, CampanelUi, in his book de "^Sensu rerum, u)uch labours to demonstrate and prove, because carkasses bleed at the sight of the murderer; with many such arguments :) and ''some, again, one soul of all creatures whatsoever, differing only in organs ; and that beasts have reason as well as men, though, for some defect of organ, not in such measure. Others make a doubt, whether it be all in all, and all in every part ; which is amply discussed in Zabarel among the rest. The ^ common division of the soul is into three principal faculties, vegetal, sensitive, and rational, which make three distinct kind of living" crea- tures — vegetal plants, sensible beasts, rational men. How these three princijial faculties are distinguished and connected, humano ingenio inaecessum videtur, is beyond humane capa- city, as * Taurellus, Philip, Flavins, and others, suppose. The inferiour may be alone; but the superiour cannot subsist without the other ; so sensible includes vegetal, rational, both which are contained in it (saith Aristotle) ut triyonus in tetra- gono, as a triangle in a qudrangle. Vegetal soul.] Vegetal, the first of the three distinct facul- ties, is defined to be a substantial act of an organical body, by which it is nourished, augmented, and begets another like unto it self': in which definition, three several operations are specified, altrix, aiwtrix, procrcatrix. The first is s nutrition, whose object is nourishment, meat, drink and the like ; his organ the liver, in sensible creatures ; in plants, the root or sap. His oflice is to turn the nutriment into the substance of the body nourished, which he performs by natural heat. This nutritive operation hath four other subordinate functions or powers belonging to it — attraction, retention, digestion, ex- pulsion. Attraction.'] ^'Attraction is a ministring faculty, which (as a loadstone doth iron) draws meat into the stomach, or as a lamp doth oyle ; and this attractive power is very necessary in plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as another mouti), into the sap, as a like stomach. *Aiiinia quaeqne intelliginius ; et taiuen, qiiaj sit ipsa, intelligere non valemus. '^ Spiritnaleii! animam a reliquis distinctatn tuetur, etiam in cadavere inhpereutem post njortem per aliquot menses. fLili. 3. cap 31. /ia- vum ; for, in dark, we cannot see. The organ is the eye, and chiefly the apple of it, which, by those optick nerves concur- rino- both in one, conveys the sight to the common sense. Betwixt the organ and the object, a true distance is required, that it be not too near, or too far ofil Many excellent ques- tions appertain to this sense, discussed by philosophers; as, M'hether this sight be caused intra mittendo, vel extra mit- tendo. tVc. by receiving in the visible species, or sending of them out; which ^ Plato, ^Plutarch, '^ JMacrobius, "^ Lactan- tius, and others, dispute. And besides, it is the subject of the perspectives, of which Alhazen the Arabian, Vitellio, Roger Bacon, Baptista Porta, Guidus Ubaldus, Aquilonius, &c. have written whole volumes. Hearinq.'] Hearing, a most excellent outward sense, by which ice learn and get knoicledge. His object is sound, or that which is heard; the medium, ayre; organ, the ear. To the sound which is a collision of the air, tliree tilings are re- quired ; a body to strike, as the hand of a musician ; the body strucken, which must be solid and able to resist; as a bell, hue-string ; not wooll, or spunge ; the medium, the air, which is imvard or outward; the outward, being struck or collided by a solid body, still strikes the next air, until it come to that inward natuml air, which, as an exquisite organ, is contained in a little skin formed like a drum-head, and, struck upon by certain small iiistauments like drum-sticks, conveys the sound, by a pair of nerves appropriated to that use, to the common sense as to a judge of sounds. There is great variety and much delight in them; for the knowledge of which con- sult with Boethius, and other musicians. "Lumen est actus perspicni. Lumen a luce provenit ; Jiix est in corpore lucido. *>Id FhsEcioD. ' I'fitur. 7. c. 14. '-Lac. cap. 8. cle opif. Dei, J. « De pract. Philos. -1. 32 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. J . Sec. 1 . SmellitK/.] Smelling is an outward sense^ which appre^ hcnds by the nostrils drawing in air ; and, of all the rest, it is the weakest sense in men. The organ in the nose, or two small hollow pieces of flesh a little above it: the medium the air to men, as water to fish : the object, smell, arising from a mixt body resolved, which whether it be a quality, fume, va- pour, orexhalation, I will ncit now dispute, or of their differ- ences, and how they are caused. This sense is an organ of health, as sight and hearing (saith ^Agellius) are of discipline ; and that by avoiding bad smells, as by choosing good, which do as much alter and affect the body many times, as diet it self. TasteJ] Taste, a necessary sense, which perceives all sa- vours by the tongue and palat, and that by means of a thin spittle, or watery juice. His organ is the tongue with his tasting nerves ; the medium, a watery juice ; the object, taste, or savour, which is a quality in the juice, arising from the mixture of things tasted. Some make eight species or kinds of savour, bitter, sweet, sharp, salt, &c. all which sick men (as in an ague) cannot discern, by reason of their organs misaffected. Tonchinq.'] Touch, the last of the senses, and most igno- ble, yet of as great necessity as the other, and of as much pleasure. This sense is exquisite in men, and, by his nerves dispersed all over the body, perceives any tactile quality. His organ the nerves; his object, those first qualities, hot, dry, moist, cold ; and those that follow them, hard, soft, thick, thin, &c. Many delightsome questions are moved by philo- sophers about these five senses, their organs, objects, metliums, which for brevity I omit. SUBSECT. VH. Of the Inward Senses. Common sense.] INNER senses are three in number, so called, because they be within the brain-pan, as common sense, phantasie, memory. Their objects are not only things present, but they perceive the sensible species of things to come, past, absent, such as were before in the sense. This common sense is the judge or moderator of the rest, by whom we discern all differences of objects ; for by mine eye I do not know that I see, or by mine ear that 1 hear, but by my common sense, who judgeth of sounds and colours : they are but the organs to bring the species to be censured ; so that all their objects are his, and all their offices are his. The forepart of the brain is his organ or seat. i» Lib. 1 9. cap. 2. Mem. 2. Subs. 7.] Analomy of the Soul. 33 PJiantasie] Phantasie, or imagination, which some call fcstimairve. or cogitative, (confirmed, s^ith ^Feruelins, by frequent meditation) is an inner sense, which doth more fully examine the species perceived by common sense, of things present or absent, and keeps them longer, recalling them to mind aoain, or making- new of his own. In time of sleep, this facuhy"is free, and many times conceives strange, stupend, absurd shapes, as in sick men we commonly observe. His organ is the middle cell of the brain ; his objects, ?i\\ the spe- cies communicated to him by the common sense, by compa- rison of which, he feigns infinite other unto himself. In me- lancholy men, this faculty is most powerful and strong, and often hurts, producing many monstrous and prodigious things, especially if it be stirred up\v some terrible object, presented to it from common sense or memory. In poets and painters, mrt7?«a^?ow forcibly works, as appears by their several fictions, anticks, images, as Ovid's house of Sleep, Psyches palace in Apuleius, &c. In men it is subject and governed by reason, or at least should be ; but, in brutes, it hath no superiour, and is ratio hrutornm, all the reason they have. Memory.'] Memory luyes up all the species which the senses have brouiiht in, and records them as a good recjister, that they may be forth-coming when they are called for hy phan- tasie and reason. His object is the same with phantasie ; his seat and organ, the back part of the brain. Afections of the senses, sleep and waking.] Tfje afl'ections of these senses are sleep and leaking, common to all sensible creatures. Sleep is a rest or binding of the outtcard senses, and of the common sense, for the preservation of body and so?d (as '• Scaliger defines it) ; for, when the common sense resteth, the outWard senses rest also. The phantasie alone is Iree, and his commander, reason ; as appears by those mia- ginary dreams, which are of divers kinds, natural divine, dcemoniacal, ^c. which vary according to humours, diet, ac- tions, objects, &c. of which, Artemidorus, Cardan us, and Sambucus, with their several interpretators, have written great volumes. This ligation of senses proceeds from an in- hibition of spirits, the way being stopped by which they should come; this stopping is caused of vapours arising out of the stomach, filling the nerves, by which the spirits should be conveyed. When these vapours are spent, the passage is open, and the spirits perform their accustomed duties ; so that waking is the action and motion of the senses, which the spirits, dispersed over all parts, cau.^e. a Phys. 1. 5. c. 8. bExercit 280. 31 Anaiomij of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sect. 1. SUBSECT. VIII. Of the Moving Faculty. Appetite.'] J- HIS moving faculty is the other power of the sensitive soul, which causeth all those inward and outward animal motions in the body. It is divided into two faculties, the power of appetite and of moving from place to place. This of appetite is threefold, (so some will have it) natural, as it signifies any such inclination, as of a stone to fall down- ward, and such actions as retension, expulsion, which de- pend not of sense, but are vegetal, as the appetite of meat and drink, hunger and thirst. Sensitive is common to men and brutes. Voluntary, the third, or intellective, which com- mands the other two in men, and is a curb unto them, or at least should be (but for the most part is captivated and over- ruled by them : and men are led like beasts by sense, giving reins to their concupiscence and several lusts) ; for by this appetite the soul is led or inclined to follow that good which the senses shall approve, or avoid that which they hold evil. His object being good or evil, the one he embraceth, the other he rejecteth — according to that aphorism, omnia appe- tunt honuni , all things seek their own good, or at least seem- ing- good. This power is inseparable from sense ; for, where sense is, there is likewise pleasure and pain. His organ is the same with the common sense, and is divided into two powers, or inclinations, concupiscible or irascible, or (as " one translates it) coveting, anger -invading, or impugning. Con- cupiscible covets alwayes pleasant and delightsome things, and abhors that which is distasteful, harsh, and unpleasant. Irascible, ^ quasi aversans per iram et odium as avoiding it with anger and indignation. All affections and perturbations arise out of these two fountains, which although the Stoicks make light of, we hold natural, and not to be resisted. The good affections are caused by some object of the same nature ; and, if present, they procure joy, which dilates the heart, and preserves the body: if absent, they cause hope, love, desire, and concupiscence, The bad are simple or mixt: simple, for some bad object present, as sorrow, which contracts the heart, macerates the soul, subverts the good estate of the body, hindering all the operations of it, causing melancholy, and many times death itself ; or future, as fear. Out of these two arise those mixt affections and passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge — hatred, which is inveterate anger — zeal *T. W. Jesnit, b his Passions of the Mind. ^Veleurio. Mem. 2. Subs. 9.] Anatomy of the Soul. 35 wliich is offended with him wlio hurts that he loves — and fw^xatgExfticiaj, a compound aftection of joy and hate, when we rejoyce at other mens mischief, and are grieved at their pros- perity — pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &c. of which elsewhere. Movincf from place to place, is afaculty necessarily follow- ing- the other: for in vaiu were it otherwise to desire and to abhor, if we had not likewise power to prosecute or eschew, by moving the body from place to place. By this faculty therefore we locally move the body, or any part of it, and go from one place to another: to the better performance of whicli, three things are requisite— ;-that which moves ; by what it move*i; that which is moved. That which moves is either the ellicient cause, or end. The end is the object, which is desired or eschewed, as in a dog to catch a hare, &c. The efficient cause in man is reason, or his subordinate phantasie, which apprehends good or bad objects; in brutes, imaghiation alone, which moves the appetite, the appetite this faculty, which, by an admirable leagueof nature, and by mediation of the spirit, commands the organ by which it moves ; and that consists of nerves, muscles, cords, dispersed through the whole body, contracted and relaxed as the spirits will, which move the muscles, or * nerves in the midst of them, and draw the cord, and so, per conseqiiens, the joynt, to the place intended. That which is moved is the body or some member apt to move. The motion of the body is divers, as going, running, leaping, dancing, sitting', and such like, referred to the predicament of sittis. Worms creep, birds flye, fishes swim ; and so of parts, the chief of which is respiration or breathing, and is thus performed : the outward air is drawn in by the vocal ar~ tery, and sent by mediation of the midriftothe lungs, which, dilating themselves as a pair of bellows, reciprocally fetch it in, and send it out to the heart to cool it ; and from thence, now being hot, convey it again, still taking in fresh. Such a like motion is that of the pulse, of which, because many have written whole books, I will say nothing-. SUBSECT. IX. Of the Rational Soul, XN the precedent subsections, I have anatomized those infe- riour faculties of the soul ; the rational xenwiineXh, a pleasant hut a doubtful subject (as ''one terms it), and with the like brevity to be discussed. Many erroneous opinions are about aNervi a spirita moventur, spiritaa ab anima. Melanct. •> Velcario. Ju- enndnm et anceps subjectum. 36 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. the essence and original of it; whether it be fire, as Zeno held ; harmony, as Arisfoxenus; number, as Xenocrates; whether it he organical, or inorganical ; seated in the brain, heart, or blood; mortal, or immortal; how it comes into the bod}'. Some hold that it is ex traduce, as Phil. 1. de Animd, Tertul- Uan, Lactaniius de opific. /)e?, cap. 19. Huf/o, lib.de Spiritu et Animd, Vincentius Bellavic, spec, natural, lib. 23. cap.2.et 11. Hippocrates, Avicenna, and many ^ late writers; that one man begets another, body and soul ; or, as a candle from a candle, to be produced from the seed : otherwise, say they, a man begets but half a man, and is worse than a beast, that beg"ets both matter and form ; and, besides, the three faculties of the soul must be together infused ; which is most absurd, as they hold, because in beasts they are begot (the two inferiour [ mean), and may not be Avell separated in men. ''Galen sup- poseth the soul crasin esse, to be the temperature it self; Tris- megistus, Musasus, Orpheus, Homer, Pindarus, Pherecydes Syrius, Epictetus, with the Chaldees and ^Egyptians, affirmed the soul to be immortal, as did those Britan ' Druides of old. The "^ Pythagoreans defend metempstfchasis and paligenesia — that souls go from one body to another, epotd prius Lethes unda, as men into wolves, bears, dogs, hogs, as they were in- clined in their lives, or participated in conditions : ■ ''inque ferinas Possumus ire domes, pecudumque in pectora condi. '^Lucians cock was first Euphorbus, a captain : Ille ego, (nam memini) Trojani tempore belli, Paiithoides Euphorbus eram, a horse, a man, a spunge. "Julian the Apostatatliought Alex- anders soul was descended into his body : Plato, in Tima.o, and in his Pha'don, (for ought 1 can perceive) dillers not much from this opinion, that it was from God at first, and knew all; but, being- inclosed in the body, it forgets, and learns anew, which he calls reminiscentia , or recalling', and that it was put into the body for a punishment, and thence it goes into a beasts, or mans, (as appears by his pleasant fiction de sor^ titione animarum, lib. 10. de rep.) and, after " ten thousand years, is to return into the former body again : aGoclenius, in •4"^%o^- pag. 302. Bright, inPhys. Scrih. 1. 1. David Criisitis, Me- lancthoDj Hippius Hernius, JLevinus Leiiinius, &c. t'Lib. an raoresseqnan- tur, &c, <^ Ca;sar. 6. coin. ''Kead iiilneas Gazeus dial, of llie inimoitality of the soul. t Ovid, uic-t. 15. 'la Gallo. Idem. ;; Niiephonis, liist. I. 10. c. 35. 1' Pined. Mem. 2. Subx. J).] Anatomy of tlw Soul. :]7 — "post varies annos, per mille figuras, Rursus ad huuianae tertiir primordia viite. Others deny the immortality of it, which Poinponatiis ofPadua decided out of Aristotle not long- since, Pltmn.^ Avunculus, cap. 7. lib. 2. et lib. 7. cap. 55. Seneca, lib. 7. epist. ad Lu- cilium, epist. 55. Diccearchus, in Tidl. Tusc. Epicurus, Aratus, Hippocrates, Galen, Lucretius, lib. 1. (Pr^eterea gigni pariter cum corpore, et una Crescere sentimus, parilerque senescere, nientum) A verroes, and I know not how many neotericks. '' This q?t.es- tion of the immortality oj'the soul is diver si ly and wonderfully inipuyned and disputed, especially anionyst the Italians oj' late, saith Jab. Colerns, lib. de inimort. anima, cap. 1. The Popes themselves have doubted of it. Leo Decimii«, that Epicurean Pope, as ''some record of him, caused this ques- tion to be discussed pro and con before him, and concluded at last, as a prophane and atheistical moderator, with that verse of Cornelius Gallus, Et redit in nihilum, quod fuit ante niliil. it bej^an of nothing' ; and in nothing- it ends. Zeno and his Stocks (as'' Austin quotes him) supposed the soul so long- to continue, till the body was fully putrified, and resolved into. materia prima : but, after that, inj'umos evanescere, to be ex- tinguished and vanish ; and in the meantime Avhilst the body was consuming, it wandrod all abroad, et e longinquo multa annunciare, and (as tliat C'lazomenian Ilermotimus averred) saw pretty visions, and suffered 1 know not what. c- Errant exsangues sine corpore et oSsibus umbrae. Others grant the immortality thereof; but they make many fa- bulous lictioiis in the mean time of it, after the departure from the body — like Platos Elysian f]fHds,and the Turkic paradise. The souls of good men they deified ; the bad, (saith "^^ Austin) became devils, as they supposed ; with njany sucli absurd te- nents, which he hath confuted. Hierom, Austin, and other fathers of the church, hold that the soul is innnortal, created of nothing-, and so infused into the child or emhrio in his mothers womb, six months after the « conception ; not as those of brutes, which are ex traduce, and, dying with them, *Claudian. lib. 1. de rapt. Proserp. ''Hax qua;stio miiltos per annos varie ac mirabiliter impiignata, &c. i' Colerus ibid. '^ De eccles. dos;. cap. 16. •"Ovid. 4. M«»t. 'Bonoruni lares, ninlornin vero larvas pt lemiiiTs. i'Some sai- at three days, some six weeks, others otherwise. 38 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. vanisli into nothing' — to wisose divine treatises, and to the Scriptures themselves, I rejourn all such atheistical spirits, as Tully did Atticus, doubtino- of this point, to Platos Phffidon : or, if they desire philosophical proofs and demonstrations, I refer them to Niphus, Nic. Farentimus Tracts of this subject, to Fran, and John Picus in digress, sup. 3, de jlnhnd, Tholo- .sanus, Fugnhimis, to Soto, Canns, Thomas, Pereshis, Dandi- nus Colerus, to that elaborate Tract in Zanchius, to Tolets Sixly Reasons, and Lessius Twenty-two Arguments, to prove the immortality of the soul. Campanella, lib. de sensu rermn, is large in the same discourse, Albertinus the Schoolman, .Jacob. Nactantus, to7n. 2. op. handleth it in four questions— Antony Brunus, Aonius Palearius, Marinus x\Iarcennus, with many others. This reasonable soul, which Austin calls a spiritual substance moving it self, is defined by philosophers to be the first substantial act of a natural, humane, organical bodif, hij which a man lives, perceives and understands, feely doing all things, and with election: out of which definition we may gather, that this rational soul includes the powers, and per>» forms the duties, of the two other, which are contained in it : and all three faculties make one soul, which is inorganical of it self (although it be in all parts), and incorporeal, using their organs, and working by them. It is divided into two chief parts, differing in office only, not in essence — the understand- ing, which is the rational power apprehending ; the ivill, %vhich is the rational power moving : to which two, all the other ra- tional powers are subject and reduced. SUBSECT. X. Of the Understanding. Understanding is a power of the soul, ^by which we perceive, know, remember, and judge, as well singulars as universals, having certain innate notices or beginnings of arts, a refecting action, by tchich it judgelh of his own doings, and examines them. Out of this definition, (besides his chief office, which is to apprehend, judge all that he per- forms, without the help of any instrument or organs) three dif- ferences appear betwixt a man and a beast : as, first, the sense only comprehends singularities, the undersJanciing univer- salities : secondly, the sense hath no innate notions : thirdly, brutes cannotreflectupon themselves. Bees indeed make neat aMelanct. }.Ifim. 2. Siihs. 10.] Anatomy of the Soul. 39 ami curious works,and many other creatures besides; but when they have done they cannot judge of them. His object is God,E'ws,all nature,and whatsoever is to be understood : which successively it apprehends. The object first moving- the vnder- standing, \s, some sensible thinof; after, by discoursing, the mind findsout the corporeal substance, and from thence thespiritual. His actions (some say) arc apprehension, composition ^ division, discoursinfi^ reasoning , memory , (which some include minven- twn), ^uA judgement. The conjmon divisions are of the under- standing-, agent, ni\d patient ; specnlative, ami practick ; in habit, or in act ; simple, or compound. The agent is that which is called the wit of man, acumen or subtilty, sharpness or in- vention, when he doth invent of himself without a teacher, or learns anew — which abstracts those intelligible species from the phantasie, and transfers them to the passive understanding, ^because there is nothing in the understanding, which was not first in the sense. That which the imagination hath taken from the sense, this agent judgeth of, whether it be true or false ; and, being so judged, he commits it to the passible to be kept. The agent is a doctor or teacher; X\\e passive, a scholar; and his office is to keep and farther judge of such things as are com- mitted to his charge ; as a bare and rased table at first, capable of all forms and notions. Now these notions are two-fold, ac- tions or habits: actions, by which we take notions of, and per- ceive things : habits, which are durable lights and notions, which Me may use when we will. '\Some reckon up eight kinds of them, sense, experience, intelligence, faith, suspicion, errour, opinion, science ; to which are added art, prudency, wisdom ; as also ^synteresis, dictamen rationh, conscience ; so that, in all, there be fourteen species of the understanding, of which some are innate, as the three last mentioned ; the other are gotten by doctrine, learning, and use. Plato will have all to be innate : Aristotle reckons up but five intellectual habits : two practick, as prudency, whose end is to practice, to fabricate ; wisdom, to comprehend the use and exj)eriments of all notions and habits whatsoever; which division of Aristotle, (if it be considered aright) is all one with the precedent : for three being innate, and five acquisite, the rest are improper, imper- fect, and, in a more strict examination, excluded. Of all these 1 should more amply dilate, but my subject will not pennit. Three of them I will oidy point at, as more necessary to my following discourse. Synteresis, or the purer part of the conscience, is an innate ^ Niliil in intellfctu, quod non pr'iH.i fiirrtt in sensu. ''Velciirio, ''The piife j):\rt of the conscirncr. VOL. I. M 40 Anatomy of the Soul. [Part 1. Sec. 1. habit, and doth signifie a conservation of the knoivledge of the law of God and Nature, to know good or evil: and (as our divines hold) it is rather in the understanding y than in. the loill. This makes the major proposition in a practick syllogism. The dictatem rationis is that which doth admonish us to do good or evil, and is the minor in the syllogism. The con- science is that which approves good or evil, justifying or con- demning our actions, and is the conclusion of the syllogism ; as in that familiar example of Regulus, the Roman, taken pri- soner by the Carthaginians, and suffered to go to Rome, on that condition he should return again, or pay so much for his ransom. The synteresis proposeth the question; his word, oath, promise, is to be religiously kept, although to his enemy, and that by the law of nature — '^ do not that to another, which thou wouldst not have done to thy self. Dictatem applies it to him, and dictates this or the like : Regulus, thou wouldst not ano- ther man should falsifie his oath, or break promise with thee ; conscience concludes, Therefore, Regulus, thou dost well to perform thy promise, and oughtest to keep thine oath. More of this in Religious Melancholy. SUBSECT. XI. Of the Will. WILL is the other power of the rational soul, Svhich covets or avoids such things as have been before judged and appre- hended by the understanding. If good, it approves ; if evil, it abhors it: so that his object is either good or evil. Aristotle calls this our ra^{o«a/ appetite; for as, in the sensitive, we are moved to good or bad by our appetite, ruled and directed by sense ; so, in this, we are carried by reason. Besides, the sensitive appetite hath a particular object, good or bad ; this, an universal, immaterial : that respects only things delectable and pleasant; this honest. Again, they differ in liberty. The sensual appetite seeing an object, if it be a convenient good, cannot but desire it ; it evil, avoid it : but this is free in his essence, ""much now depraved, obscured, and fain from hisjirst perfection, yet, in some of his operations, still free, as to go, walk, move at his pleasure, and to choose whether it will do, or not do, steal, or not steal. Otherwise in vain were laws, de- ^ Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris. ^ Res ab intellectu monstratis re- ci()it, vel rejicitj approbat, vel iraprobat, Philip. —Ignoti nulla cupido, t Me- anctliou. (Jperatioues pleruniqiie feraj, etsi libera sit ilia in essentia sua. Mom. 2. Subs. 11.] Audtomy of the Sovl. 41 liortations, exhortations, counsels,precepts, rewards, promises, threats, and punishments: and God should be the author of sin. But, in ''spiritual things we Avill no good ; prone to evil, (except we be regenerate, and led by the spirit,) mo are eo-- ged on by our natural concupiscence, and there is arx^ix, a confusion in our powers ; '' our wJioIp will is averse Jrom God and his law, not iu natural things only, as to eat and drink, lust, to which we are led headlong by our temperature and inordinate appetite : c Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum, SuflBcimus, we cannot resist ; our coiicupiscence is orig-inally bad, our heart evil ; the seat of our affections captivates and enforceth will ; so that, in voluntary things we are avei-se from God and goodness, bad by nature, by ^ignorance worse ; by art, discip- line, custome, we get many bad habits, suffering- 'tbem to do- mineer and tyrannize over us ; and the devil isstill ready at hand with his evil suggestions, to tempt our depraved will to some ill disposed action, to precipitate us to destruction, except our will he swayed and counterpoised again M'ith some divine precepts, and good motions of the Spirit,which many times re- strain, hinder and check us, when we are in the full career of our dissolute courses. So David corrected himself when he had Saul at a vantage. Revenge and malice were as two vio- lent oppugners on the one side ; but honesty, religion, fear of God, with-held him on the other. The actions of the will are velle and nolle, to will and nill, (which two v/ords comprehend all ; and they are g-ood or bad, accordingly as they are directed) and some of them freely per- formed by himself; although the Stoicks absolutely deny it, and will have all things inevitably done by destiny, imposino- a fatal necessity upon us, which we may not resist : yet we say that our will is free in respect of us, and things contin^-ent, howsoever, in respect of God's determinate counsel, they are inevitable and necessary. Some other actions of the icillnre performed by the inferiour powers, which obey him, as the sensitive and mox-Ancf appetite ; as to open our eyes, to go hi- ther and thither, not to touch a book, to speak fair or foul : but this appetite is many times rebellious in us, and will not be contained within the lists of sobriety and terapprance. It was (as 1 said) once well agreeing with reason ; and there was an a In civiiibus libera, bed non in spirilualibi's Osiander. *> Tota voluntas aversa a Deo Omnis homo mendax. c Vir;;. d Vel propter ignirantiam, qiiod bonis studiis non sit instructa mens, nt debuit, aut divinis prseceptis exculta. y\2 42 Anatomy of thfi Soul. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. excellent consent and harmony betwixt them : but that is now dissolved, they often jar; reason is overborne by passion, (Fertur equisauriga; neque audit currus habenas) as so many wild horses run away with a chariot, and will uot be curbed. We know many times what is good, but will not do it, as she said, ^ Trahit invitam nova vis ; aliudque cupido, Mens aliud, suadet: lust counsels one thing, reason another; there is a new re- luctancy in men. ^ Odi : nee possum, cupiens, non esse, quod odi. We cannot resist ; but, as Phaedra confessed to her nurse, '^qiKS logueris, vera sunt ; sed Juror suggerit sequi pejora : she said well and true (she did acknowledge it) ; but head-strong pas- sion and fury made her to do that which was opposite. So David knew the filthiness of his fact, what a loathsome, foid, crying sin adultery was ; yet, notwithstanding, he would com- mit murther, and take away another man's wife — enforced, against reason, religion, to follow his appetite. Those wa??ira/ and ue^e^a/ powers are notcommanded by will at all ; for who can add one cubit to his stature ? These other may, but are not : and thence come all those head-strong pas- sions, violent perturbations of the mind, and many times vi- tious habits, customs, feral diseases, because we give so much way to our appetite^ and follow our inclination, like so many beasts. The principal habits are two in number, vertue and vice, whose peculiar definitions, descriptions, differences, and kinds, are handled at large in the ethicksy and are indeed the subject of moral philosophy, MEMB. III. SUBSECT. 1. Definition of Melancholy, Name, Difference. JJ-AVING thus briefly anatomized the body and soul of man, as a preparative to the rest — I may now freely proceed to treat of my intended object to most mens capacity : and, after many ambages, perspicuously define what thismelanchoiyis, shew his name, and differences. The 7iame is imposed from the matter, * Medea, Ovid. ^ Ovid. n Seneca, Hipp. Mem. 3. Snbs. 1.] Definition of Melancholy, 43 and disease denominated from the material cause, (as Bruel ob- serves) MfXayxoXiat, quasi MiXatv xp^ri, from black choler. And whether it be a cause or an effect, a disease or symptome, let Donatus Altomarus, and Salvianus, decide ; I will not contend abftut it. It hath several descriptions, notations, and defini- tions. * Fracastorius, in his second book of intellect, calls those melancholy, ichom, abundance of that same depraved humour of black choler hath so misaffected, that they become mad thence, and dote in most things, or in all, belonging to election, will, or other manifest operations of the understanding. ''Melanelius out of Galen, Ruffus, Aetius, describe it to be a had and peevish disease, which makes men degenerate into beasts; Galen, a privation or infection of the middle cell of the heady ^c. defining* it from the part aflfected ; which '^ Flercules de Saxonia approves, libA. cap. 16. calling- it a deprivation of the priticipal function ; Fuchsius, lib. 1 cap. ^3. Arnoklus Breviar. lib. 1. cap 18. Guianerius, and others. By reason of black choler, Paulusadds. Halyabbas simply calls itacowwo- tion of the mind; Aretseus, ^ a perpetual anguish of the soul, fastened on one thing, without an ague ; which definition of his, Merrialis (de affect, cap. lib. l.cap. lO.) taxeth ; butTElianus Montaltus, defends, (lib. de morb. cap 1. de Melan.) for sufli- cient and good. The common sort define it to be a kind of dotage without a fever, having, for his ordinary companions^ fear and sadness, without any apparent occasion. So doth Laurentius, cap. 4. Piso, lib. 1. cap. 43. Donatus Altomarus cap. 'J. art. medic. Jacchinus,m com. in lib. 9. Rhasisad Al- jnansor, cap. lo. Valesius, exerc. IJ. YuchHhvi,institut. S.sec.l. c. 1 1, ^c. which common definition, howsoever approved by most, ^Hercules de Saxonia will not allow of, nor David Cru- sius, Theat. morb. Herm, lib. 2. cap. 6: he holds it insuffi- cient, ^as rather shewing what it is not, than what it is ; as omitting the specifical difference, the phantasieand brain: but I descend to particulars. The summum genius is dotage, or anguish of the mind, saith Aretaeus : — of a principal part, Her- cules de Saxonia adds, to distinguish it from cramp and palsie, and such diseases as belong to the outward sense and motions ; ** depraved,'* ^to distinguish it from folly and madness, (which Montaltus makes angor a?imt to separate) in which those func- tions are not depraved, but rather abolished ; " without an a Melancholicos vocamus, qnos exsuperantia vel pravitas melancholiae ita male habet, ut inde insaniant vel in omnibus, vel in pluribus, iisqne, manifestis, sive ad rec- tam rationem, voluntatem, pertinent, vel electionem, vel intellectus operationes. •> Pes- eimum et pertinacissirnura morbum, qui homines in brnta degenerare cogit. <^ Panth. Med. d Angor animi in una contentione detixus, absque febre. "Cap. 16. 1. 1. - __ • Eorum definitio, morbus quid non sit, potius quam quid sit, explicat. K Animae functiones imminuntur in fatuitate, toUuntur in mania, depravantur solum in melaDchoIia. Here, de Sax. cap. 1. tract, de Meiauch. M Of the Parts afectedy tjc. [Part. 1. Sec. 1. aqne^ is ailded by all, to sever it' from phrensie, and that melanchoty which is in a pestilent fever. '•^ Fear and son'o?^?' make it differ from madness: ^^ without a caitse^' is lastly in- serted, to specific it from all other ordinary passions of^Jear and sorrow." We properly call that dotage,as "Laurentius in- terprets it, when some one principal J'aculty of the mind, as imagination or reason^ is corrupted, as all melancholy persons have. It is without a fever, because the humour is, most part, cold and dry,contrary to putrefaction. Fear and sorroic are the true characters and inseparable companions of most me/awcAo/?/, not all, as Her. de Saxonia (Tract, postumo de Melancholia, cap. 2.) well excepts; for, to some, it is most pleasant, as to such as laugh most part ; some are bold again, and free from all manner of fear and orrief, as hereafter shall be declared. SUBSECT. II. Of the parts aff^ected. Affection. Parties affected. oOME difference I find amongst writers, about the principal part affected in this disease, whether it be the brain or heart, or some other member. Most are of opinion that it is the brain ; for, being a kind ot\lota(je,\t cannot otherwise be, but that the brain must be affected, as a similar part, be it by ^ consent or essence, not in his ventricles, or any obstructions in them, (for then it would be an apoplexie, or epilepsie, as '^ Laurentius well observes) but in a cold dry distemperature of it in his sub- stance, which is corrupt and become too cold, or too dry, or else too hot, as in madmen, and such as are inclined to it : and this '^Hippocrates confirms, Galen, Arabians, and mositof our new writers. Marcus de Oddis (in a consultation of his, quoted by "" Hildesheim), and five others there cited, are of the contrary part, because fear and sorroAv, which are passions, be seated in the heart. But this objection is sufficiently answered by * Montaltus, who doth not deny that the heart is affected (as s Melanelius proves out of Galen) by reason of his vicinity ; and so is the midriff nnd many other parts. They docom- pati, and have a fellow-feeling by the law of nature : but, for as much as this malady is caused by precedent imaginaiion, with the appetite, to whom spirits obey ,and are subject to those '' Cap. 4. de inel. h Per consensnni , sive per essentiam. " "^ Cap. 4. ^^ niel, '' Sec 7. He mor. vulgar, lib. 6. e Spicil. de melancholia, f Cap. 3. de niel. Pars aft'ecta cerebrum, sive per consensum, sive per cerebrum con- tingat; et proceitiui, auctoritate et ratione stabiliUir. M Lib. de mel. Cor vero, vicinitaiis ratione, una aflicitiir, ac septum tiaiisversuui, ac stomachus, cum dorsali spiua, &c. Mem. 3. Subs. 2.J Oft/ie Parts affected, ^c. 45 principal parts ; the brainmust needs primarily be mis-affected, as the seat of reason ; and then the heart, as the seat of affec- tion, ''Capivaccius and Merculialis have copiously discussed this question ; and both conclude the object is the inner brain, and from thence it is communicated to the heart, and other inferiour parts, which sympathize and aremuch troubled, especially when it comes by consent, and is caused by reason of the stomach, or myrache (as the Arabians term it), or whole body, liver, or ^ spleen, which are seldom free, pylorus mesa- raick veins, ^-c. For our body is like a clock ; if one wheel be amiss, all the rest are disordered ; the whole fabrick suffers ; with such admirable art and harmony is a man composed, such excellent proportion, as Lodovicus Vives, in his Fable of man, hath elegantly declared. As many doubts almost arise about the "^ q^c^ion, whether it heimayination or reason alone, or both, Hercvdes de Saxo- nia proves it out of Galen, Aetius, and Altomarus, that the sole fault is in '' imayination ; Bruel is of the same mind: Mon- taltus (in his 2 cap. of Melancholy ) confutes this tenet of theirs, and illustrates the contrary by many examples, as of him that thought himself a shell-fish ; of a nun, and of a des- perate monk that would not be perswaded but that he was damned. Reason was in fault (as well as imagination), which did not correct this error. They make away themselves often- times, and suppose many absurd and ridiculous things, ^hy doth notreason detect the fallacy, settle, and perswade, if she be free? '^Avicenna therefore holds both corrupt; to M'hom most Arabians subscribe. The same is maintained by ^ Are- tceus, Gorgonius, § Guianerius, &c. To end the controversie, no man doubts of imagination, but that it is hurt and misaf- fected here. For the other, 1 determine (with ^ Albertinus Bottonus, a doctor of Padua) that it is first in imagination, and afterwards in reason, if the disease be inveterate, or as it is of more or less of continuance ; but by accident, as ' Here, de Saxonia adds : faith, opinion, discourse, ratiocination, are all accidentally depraved by the default of imagination. Parties affected.^ To the part affected, I may here add the parties, which shall be more opportunely spoken of elsewhere a Lib. 1. cap. 10. Subjectam est cerebrum interius. bRaro quisqnam tnmoreni eflFugit lienis, qui hoc inorb afficitur. Piso. Qnis affectns. <" See Donat. ab Altomar. J Facultas iuiagiuandi, non co^tandi, nee memoraDdi, Isesa hie. « Lib. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. cap. 8. f Lib. 3. cap. 5. (.'Lib. Med. cap. 19. part 2. Tract. 15. cap. 2. hHildesheira, spicil. 2. de Melanc. fol. 207, et fol. 127. Quandoqne etiam rationalis si affectiis inveteratas sit. 'Lib. postnmo de Melanc. edit 1620. Depravatur tides, discnrsus, opinio, &c. per vitinm imaginationis, ex accidenti. 46 Of the Parts affected. [Part I. Sec. 1. now only signified. Such as liave the Moon, Saturn, Mer- cury iwiH'^&^cieA in their genitures — such as live in over-cold, or over-hot climes — such as are born of melancholy parents, as offend in those six non-natnra! things, are black, or of an high sanguine complexion, "that have little heads, that have a hot heart, moist brain, hot liver and cold stomach, have been long sick — such as are solitary by nature, great students, given to much contemplation, lead a life out of action — 'are most sub- ject to melancholy. Of sexes, both, but men more often ; yet ^ women mis-affected are far more violent,and grievously trou- bled. Of seasons of the year, the autumn is most melancholy. Of peculiar times, old age, from which natural melancholy is almost an inseparable accident; but this artificial malady is more frequent in such as are of a *= middle age. Some assign forty years ; Gariopontus, 30 ; Jubertus excepts neither young- nor old from this adventitious. ''Daniel Sennertus involves all of all sorts, out of common experience; in omnibus omnino cor- poribus, cujuscnnque co;istitutionis, dominatur: Aetius and Aretsenus ascribe intv> the number not only ^ discontented, pas- sionate, and miserable persons, swarthy, black, but such as are most merry and pleasant, scoffers, and high coloured. Generally, *saith Rhasis, " the finest ivits, and most generous spirits, are hej'ore other, obnoxious to it. I cannot except any complexion, any condition, sex, or age, but ''fools and Stoicks, which (ac- cording- to "Synesius) are never troubled with any manner of passion,but(as Anacreonscica that it be more ^ than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered (saith Faventius) and diseased : and so the other, if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy o^choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like efiects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adustion of humours, most part hot and dry. Some difference I find, whether this melancholy matter may be ingendred of all four humours, about the colour and temper of it. Galen holds it may ' a Lib. 1. tract. 3. contradic. 18. "'Lib. 1. cont. 21. ^Bright, cap. 16. rt Lib. 1. cap. 6. de saoit. tuenda. c Quisve aut qualis sit humor, aut qnas istius differentia, et quomodo fiisnatiir in corpore, scrntaiidmn ; ac enim in re niulti veteram laboraverunt ; nee facile accipere ex Galeno sententiam, ob loquendi varie- tatem. Leon. Jac. com. in 9. Rhasis, cap. ]6. in i'. Khasis. i Tract, postum. de Melan. edit. Venetiis, 1620. cap. 7 et ,S. Ab inteinperie calida, hiimida, &c. ? Secundnin magis aut minii-s : si in corpore fiierit ad inteniperiem, plu!>qmun corpus iialubriter ferre polerit ; judt corpus morbosuin efBcitiir. 48 Matter of Melancholy . [Part I. Sec. 1. ))e ingendred of three alone, excluding flegm, or pituita ; whose true assertion ^ Valesius and Menaraus stifly maintain: and so doth '' Fuchsius, Montaltus, '^Montanus. How (say they) can white become black? But Hercules de Saxonia {I. post, de viela. c. 8.) and '^ Cardan are of the opposite part (it may be in- gendred of flegm, e/siraro con fin gat, though it seldom come to pass); so is«Guianerius,andLaurentius(c. l,),withMelancthon, (in his book de Animd, and chapter of humours; he calls it asininam, dull, swinish melancholy, and saith that he was an eye witness of it) ; so is * Wecker. From melancholy adust ariseth one kind, from choler another, which is most brutish ; another from flegm, which is dull ; and the last from bloody which is best. Of these, some are cold and dry, others hot and dry, s varying according to their mixtures, as they are intended and remitted. And indeed, as Rodericus a Fons. (cons. 12. /.) determines, ichorous,and those serous matters, being thickned, become flegm; and flegm degenerates into choler; choler adust becomes aniyinosa melancholia, as vinegar out of purest wine putrified, or by exhalation of purer spirits, is so made, and be- comes sowrandsharp; and, fromthesharpness of this huniour, proceed much waking', troublesome thoughts and dreams, &c, so that I conclude as before. If the humour be cold, it is (saith '' Faventinus) a cause oj' dotage, and produceth milder symptomes : ij' hot, they are rash, raving mad, or inclining to it. If the brain be hot, the animal spirits are hot, much mad- ness follows, with violent actions: if cold, fatuity and sottish- ness ('Capivaccius). '' The colour of this mixture varies like- wise according to the mixture^ he it hot or cold ; ^tis sometimes blacky sometimes not (Altomarus). The same 'Melanelius proves out of Galen : and Hippocrates, in his book oi Melan- choly (if at least it be his) giving instance in a burning coal, which, when it is hot, shines, when it is cold, looks black ; and so doth the humour. This diversity of melancholy matter pro- duceth diversity of effects. If it be within the ""body, and not putrified, it causeth black jaundise; if putrified, a r|uartan ague : if it break out to the skin, leprosie ; if to parts, several maladies, as scurvy, &c. If it trouble the mind, as it is di- versely mixt, it produceth several kinds of madness and dot- age ; of which in their place. aLib. 1. controvers. cap. 21. b Lib. 1. sect. 4. c. 4. ^Concil. 26, •^Lib. 2. contradic. cap. 11. «De feb. tract, diff. 2. c. 1. Non est uegandum ex hac fieri melancholicos. fin Syntax. e Varie aduritur et miscetur, nnde varias amentium species. Melanct. •' Humor frigidus delirii caussa ; furoris calidus, &c. 'Lib. 1. cap. 10. de affect, cap. kNigrescit hie humor, ah'quando super- calefactus, aliquando superfrigefactus. cap. 7. i Humor hie niger aliquando prseter modum calefactus, et alias refrigeratus evadit: nam recentibus carbonibus ei f|uid simile accidit, qui, durante flamma, pellucidissime candent, ea exstincta prorsiis nigrescunt. Hippocrates, ™ Guianerius, difl'. 2. cap. 7. jVlem. 3. Sub.s. 4.] Species oj Me lane holy. 49 8UBSECT. IV. Of the species or kinds oj^ Melancholy. 1 ▼ HEN llie matter is divers and confused, how should it otherwise be, but that the species should be divers and con- fused .'' Many new and old writers have spoken confusedly of it, confoundinome/«w-cAo(?/ and madness,ns "Heurnius,Giiianerius, Gordoiiius, Sallustius Salvianus, Jason Pratensis, Savanarola, that will have madness no other than melancholy in extent, difj fcriiig- (as 1 have said) in degrees. Some make two distinct species, as Rutfns Ephesius an old writer, Oonstantinus, Africiiniis, Aretaeus, '^ Aurelianus, ' Paulus iEgineta : others acknowledge a multitude of kinds, and leave them indetinite, as A{5tius (in his Tetrahiblos,) ^ Avicenna {lib. 3 Feri. 1 Tract. 4. cap. 18.), Arculaiius, {cap. 16. in 9), Rhasis, Montanus {med. part. I). ^ IJ' natural melancholy he adust, it makeih one kind ; ij" blood, another ; ifcholer, a third, differiny from the first ; and so many several opinions there are about the kinds ^ as there be men themselves. Hercules de Saxonia sets down two kinds, material and immaterial ; one from spirits alone, the other J'rom humours and spirits. Savanarola (/?///;, II, Tract. (). cap. 1. de a; gritud. capitis) will have the kinds to be infinite; one from the myrache, called myrachialis of the Arabians ; another stomachalis from the stomach ; another from the liver, heart, womb, hcemorrhoids ; ^ one beginning ^ another consummate. Melancthon seconds him; ^us the hu- mour is diversely adust and mixt, so are the species divers. But what these men speak of species, 1 think ought to be under- stood of symptomes; and so doth 'Arculanus interpret him- self: infinite species, id est, symptomes : and, in that sense, (as Jo. Gorrhteus acknowledgeth in his medical definitions) the species are infinite ; but they may be reduced to three kinds, by reason of their seat — head, body, and hypoeondries. This threefold division is approved by Hippocrates in his book of Melancholy (if it be his, which some suspect) by Galen {lib. a. de loc affectis^ cap. 6), by Alexander (/j'6. 1. cap 16,) Rhasl% {lib. 1. Continent. Tract, 9. lib. 1. cap. 16), Avicenna, and aNon est mania, nisi estensa melancholia. ^Cap. 6. lib. 1, f 2Ser. 2. cap. 9. Morbus hio est oranifarius. d Species iudefinitse sunt. *' Si aduratur naturalis melancholia, alia sit species ; si sanguis, alia ; si flava bilis, alia, diversa a primis. Maxima est inter has dillerentia; et tot doctorum senteutia", qnot ipsinumero sunt. ' Tract, de. mel. cap. 7. ^Quapdara inripiens, quaedam consummata. •^Cap. de humor, lib. de anima. Varie aduritnr et miscetur ipsa melancholia; unde variiB amentium species. ' Cap. 16. in 9. Rhasis. 50 Species of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sec, I. most of our new writers. Th. Erastus makes two kinds ; one perpetual, which xahead melancholy ; the other interrupt, which comes and goes by fits, which he subdivides into the other two kinds, so that all comes to the same pass. Some ag-ain make four or five kinds with Rodericus a Castro {de morbis mnlier. lib, 2. c. 3.) and Lod. Mercatus, who (in his second book de mulier. affect, cap. 4.) will have that melancholy of nuns, widows, and more antient maids, to be a peculiar species of melancholy differing from the rest. Some will reduce enthu- siasts, extatical and demoniacal persons, to this rank, adding- ^love melancholy to the first, and lycanthropia. The most received division is into three kinds. The first proceeds from the sole fault of the brain, and is called head melancholy : the second sympathetically proceeds from the whole body, when the whole temperature is melancholy ; the third ariseth from the bowels, liver, spleen, or membrane called mesenterinm, named hypocondriacal, or icindy melancholy, which ^ Lau- rentius subdivides into three parts, from those three members, hepatich, splenetick, mesaraick. Love melancholy (which A vi- cenna calls ?7/w/j7') and lycanthropia (which he calls cncubnihe) are commonly included in head melancholy : but of this last (which Gerardusde Solo calls amoreos, and most knir/ht melafi- choly,) with that of reliyions melancholy, virginum et viduarum maintained by Rod. a Castro and Mercatus), and the other kinds of /ore m€lancholy,lwi\\ speak apart by themsel vesin my third partition. The three precedent species are the subject of my present discourse, which I will anatomise, and treat of, through all their causes, symptoraes, cures together, and apart ; and every man, that is in any measure affected with this malady, may know how to examine it in himself, and apply remedies unto it. It is a hard matter, T confess, to distinguish these three spe- cies one from the other, to express their several causes, symp- tomes, cures, being that they are so often confounded amongst themselves, having such affinity, that they can scarce be dis- cerned by the most accurate physicians ; and so often intermixt with otherdiseases that the best experienced have beenplunged. Montanus {consil. 26.) names a patient that had this disease of melancholy, and caninus appetitus,hoth together ; and {consiL 23.) with vertigo — ^Julius Csesar Claudinus, with stone, gout, jaundice — Trincavellius, with an ague, jaundice, ca- ninus appetitns, S^c. '' Paulus Regoline, a great doctor in his time, consulted in this case, was so confounded with a confusion of symptomes, that he knew not to what kind of =" LaurentiuS; cap. 4. de mel. ^Cap. 13. 1 480. et 116 consult, consil, ] '2. fi HHdeshieni, spicil. 2. fol. 166. Memb. 3. Subs. 4.] Species of Melancholy. 51 melancholy to refer it. ''Trincavellius, Fallopius, andFran- canzanus, famous doctors in Italy, all three conferred with about one party at the same time, gave three different opinions: and, in another place, Trincavellius being demanded \vhat he thought of a melancholy young man, to whom he was sent for, ingenuously confessed that he was indeed melancholy, but he knew not tOM'hat kind to reduce it. In his seventeenth consultation, there is the like disagreement about a melancholy monk. Those symptomes, which others ascrii)e to misaftect- ed parts and humours, ''Here, de Saxonia attributes wholly to distempered spirits, and those immaterial, as I have said. Sometimes they cannot well discern this disease from others. In Reinerus Solinanders Counsels, sect, consil. 5. he and Dr. Brande both agreed,that the patients disease washypochondria- cal melancholy. Dr. Matholdus said it was asthma, and no- thing else. " Solinander and Guarionius, lately sent for to the melancholy duke of Cleve, with others, could not define what species it was, or agree amongst themselves; the species are so confounded ; as in Cassar Claudinus his forty fourth consulta- tion for a Polonian count : in his judgement, '^ he laboured of head melancJwli/, and that which proceeds Jrom their hole tem- perature, both at once. 1 could give instance of some that have had all three kinds semel etsimnl, and some successively. So that I conclude ofour melancholy species, as ^ many politicians do of their pure forms of common- wealths — monarchies, aris- tocracies, democracies, are most famous in contemplation; but, in practice, they are temperate and usually mixt, (so * Polybius enformeth us) as the Lacedfemonian, the Roman of old German now, and many others. What physicians, say of dis- tinct species in iheir books, it much matters not, since that in their patients bodies they are commonly mixt. In such ob- scurity therefore, variety and confused mixture of symptomes, causes, how difficult a thing is it to ti'eat of sev^eral kinds apart; to make any certainty or distinction among so many casualties, distractions, when seldom two men shall be like affected per omnia ! 'Tis hard, I confess ; yet nevertheless I Avill adventure through the midst of these perplexities, and, led by the clue or thread of the best writers, extricate myself out of a labyrinth of doubts and errours, and so proceed to the causes. » Trincavellius, torn. 1. consil. 15 et 16. ^Cap. 13. tract, post, de inelan. <•- Guarion. cons. raed. 2. d£,aboravit per essentiam, et a toto corpore. * Ma- chiavel, &c. Sraithus, de rep.Angl. cap. 8. lib. 1. Buscoldus, discur. polit discurs. 5 •ap. 7. Arist. 1. 3. polit. cap. ult Keckerm. alii, &c. ' Lib. 6. 52 ' , Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. I. SECT. II. MEMB. I. SUBSECT. I. Causes of Melancholy. God a cause. IT is in vain to speak of cures, or think oj" remedies, until such time as we have considered oj" the causes ; so ^Galen prescribes (Glauco); and the common experience of others confirms, that those cures must be unperfect, lame, and to no purpose,where- inthe causes have not first been searched, as ''Prosper Calenius well observesin his tract dealra bile to Cardinal Csesius : inso- much that^Ferneliusj9?/i.§ a kind of necessity in the knowledge oJ" the causes, and, unthout ivhich, it is impossible to cure or prevent any manner of disease. Empericks may ease, and some- times help,but not thoroughly root out : sublatd caussd, tollitur effectus, as the saying is ; if the cause be removed, the effect is likewise vanqnished. It is a most difficult thing (I confess) to be able to discern these causes, whence they are, and, in such "^ variety, to say what the beginning was. ^ He is happy that can perform it aright. I will adventure to guess as near as I can, and rip them all up, from the first to the last, yeneral, and particular to every species, that so they may the better be descried. General causes are either supernatural or natural. Super- natural are from God and his angels, or, by Gods permission from the devil and his ministers. That God himself is a cause for the punishment of sin, and satisfaction of his justice, many examples and testimonies of holy Scriptures make evi- dent unto us: Psal. 107- 17. Foolish men are plagued for their offence, and by reason of their wickedness : Gehazi was strucken with leprosie (2 Reg. 5. 2J,) Jehoram with dysentery and flux, and great distress of the bowels (2 Chron. 21. 15,) David plagued for numbering his people (I Par. 21), Sodom and Gomorrah swallowed up. And this disease is peculiarly specified, Psal. 127. 12. He brought down their heart through heaviness. Deut. 28. 28. He stroke them with madness^ blindness, and astonishment of heart. ^ An evil spirit teas a Primo artis curativae. ^ Nostri pritnum sit propositi affectioniim caussas indagare. Res ipsa hortari videtur ; namalioqni earum curatio manca et inutilis esset. cPath. lib. 1. cap. 11. Rerum cognoscere caussas, medicis imprimis neces?arium; sine quo, nee morbum curare, nee pracavere, licet. Lactant. instit. lib. 2. cap. 8. « fllente captns, et smnrao animi niarovp consumptus, ^ Munster. cosmog. lib. 4. cap. 43. De coelo siibsternebantur ; tnniqiiam insani, de saxis praecipitati, Sec. ''Livius, lib. 3.S. fOaguin. 1. 3. c. 4. Qnod Dionysii corpus discoopenierat, in insaDiam incidit. gldeii), lib. 9. sub Carol. 6. Sacrorutn contemptor, templi foribus eftractis, dum D. Johannis argenteam sinialacrum rapere contendit, simulacrum aversa facie dorsum eiversat; nee mora, sacrilegus mentis inops, atque in semet insaniens, in proprios artus desaent. hGiraldns Cambrensis, lib. 1. cap. 1. Itinerar. Cambria;, i Delrio, torn. 3. lib. 8. sect. 3. quaesL 3. kPsal. 44. I. iLib. 8. cap. de Hierar. 54 Causfisof 3Iol(tnchohj. [Part. 1 . .Soc. 5. instruments, as a lnis]>andnian (saith Zanchius) dofli an Latchet Hail, snow, winds, &c. (^Et conjurati veniunt in classica venti; as in Joshuas time, as in Pharaohs reign in ^Egypt) they are but as so many executioners of his justice. He can make tlie proudest spirits stoop, and cry out, with Julian tlie Apostate, Vicistl, GaUlcce ! or, with A polios priest in '' Chrysostome, O cfehini! O terra! uncle hostl'i Inc ? What an esiemy is this ? and pray with David, acknowledging- his power, /«m iceakened find sore hroken ; I roar for the firiej' of mhie heart ; mine heart panteth, S^c. (Psal. 38. 8.) O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chastise me in thy wrath (Psal. 38. 1 ). Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones ivhich thou hast hroken, may rejoice (Psal. 51 • 8. and verse 12.) Restore to me the joy of' thy salvation, and stablish me with thy free spirit. For these causes,belike,'=Hippocrates would haveaphysician takespecial notice whether the disease come not from a divine supernatural cause, or whether it follow the course of nature. But this is farther discussed by Fran. Valesius( 58 Nature of Devils, [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Junos imag-e spake to Camillus, and Fortunes statue to the Roman matrons, with many such. Zanchius,Bodine, Sponda- nus, and others, are of opinion that they cause a true metamor- phosis, (as Nebuchadnezar was really translated into a beast, Lots M'ife into a pillar of salt, Ulysses companions into hog's and dogs by Circes charms) turn themselves and others,as they do witches into cats, dogs, hares, crows, &c.(Strozzius Cicogna hath many examples, lib. 3. omnif. mag. cap 4. et 5. which he there confutes, as Austin likewise doth, de civ. Dei lib. IS.) — that they can be seen when and in what shape, and to whom they will (saith Psellus, Tametsi nil tale viderim, nee optem videre, though he himself never saw them nor desired it), and use sometimes carnal copulation (as elsewhere 1 shall ^ prove more at large) with women and men. Many will not believe they can be seen ; and, if any man shall say, swear, and stifly maintain, (though he be discreet and wise, judicious and learn- ed) that he hath seen them, they account him a timorous fool, a melancholydizard, a weak fellow, a dreamer, a sick or a mad man ,■ they contemn him, laugh him to scorn ; and yet Marcus, of his credit, told Psellus, that he had often seen them. And Leo Suavius, a Frenchman, (c 8. inCommentar.l. l.Paracelsi de vita louffd, out of some Platonists) will have the ayre to be as full of them as snow falling in the skies, and that they may be seen, and withal sets down the means how men may see them ; Si irreverberatis oculis^ sole splendente, versus caelum co?iti?iuaverint obtutus, ^c.and saith moreover he tryed it,(/)rcB- missorumjeci experimentum)Hnd it was true, that the Platonists said. Paracelsus confesseth that he saw them divers times and conferred with them ; and so doth Alexander ab ^ Alexandro, that he sojound it by experience, when as bej'ore he doubted of it. Many deny it, saith Lavater, {de spectris, part. 1. c. 2. et part 2. c. 1 I.) because they never saw themselves : But, as he reports at large all over his book, especially c. 19. part. 1, they are often seen and heard, and familiarly converse with men, as Lod. Vives assureth us, innumeral)le records, histories, and testimonies evince in all ages, times, places, and ^all travellers besides. In the West Indies, and our northern climes, 7iihil familiar ills quam in agris et urbibns spiritus videre, audirey qui vetent, jubeant, Sfc. Hieronynius {vita Panli), Basil {ser- 40), Nicephorus, Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomenus, '^Jacobus Boissardus (in his tract despirituum apparitionibus), Petrus » Part. 3. sect. 2. Mem. Sabs. 1. Love Melancholy. •> Genial, dieriim Ita sibi visum et compertum, quuin prins, an essent, ambigeret — Fidem suam libeiet i Lib, 1. de verit. Fidei. Bcnzo, &c. ^ £,iij_ jg Divinatione et Magia. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Nature of Devils. 59 Loyerus (/. de spectris)W\evw^ (1, 1.) have infinite variety of sucli examples of apparitions of spirits, for him to read that farther doubts, to his ample satisfaction. One alone I will briefly insert. A noble man in Germany was sent ambassa- dour to the king of Sueden (for his name, the time, and such circumstances, I refer you to Boissardus, mine * author). After he had done his business, he sailed for Livonia, on set purpose to see those familiar spirits, which are there said to be conversant with men, and do their drudgery works. Amongst other matters, one of them told him where his wife was, in what room, in what cloatbes, what doing, and brought him a ring from her, which at his return, non sine omnium admiratiotie, he found to be true; and so believed that ever after, which before he doubted of. Cardan (/. 19. de subtil.) relates of his father Facius Cardan, that, after the accustomed solemnities, An. 1491, 13 August, he conjured up seven de- vils in Greek apparel, about 40 years of age, some ruddy of complexion, and some pale, as he thought : he asked them many questions; and they made ready answer, that they were aerial devils, that they lived and died as men did, save that they were far lono-er liv'd, (seven or eight hundred •'years,) and that they did as much excel men in dignity, as we do juments, and were as far excelled again of those that were above them : our ^governours and keepers they are more- over, (which '' Plato in Critias delivered of old,) and subordi- nate to one another : ut enini homo homini, sic dcemon dcemotii dominatur ; they rule themselves as well as us ; and the spirits of the meaner sort had commonly such offices, as we make horse-keepers, neat-herds, and the basest of us, overseers of our cattle; and that we can no more apprehend their natures and functions, than an horse a mans. They knew all thino-s, but might not reveal them to men; and ruled and domineered over us, as we do over our horses ; the best king amongst us, and the most generous spirits, were not comparable to the basest of them. Sometimes they did instruct men and com- municate their skill, reward and cherish, and sometimes again terrifie and punish, to keep them in awe, as they thought f^t; nihil magis cupientes (saith Lysius, Phjfs. Stdiconan) quam adorationem hominum. The same author Cardan in his Hy- perchen, out of the doctrine of Stoicks, will have some of these genii (for so he calls them) to be " desirous of mens company. Cap. 8. Transportavit in Livoniam, cnpiditate videndi, &c. •> Sic Hesiodus de Nymphis, >ivere dicit JO setateg phoenicum. r Castodes homi- num et provinciarum, &c. tanto meliores horainih.is, quanto hi brutis animantibus. rrajsides, pastores, gubernatores hominum, iit illi animalium. ^ Nalura fami- Jiares ut canes hominibus ; multi aversantur et abhorrent. 60 Nature of' Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. very affable, and familiar with them, as dogs are ; others again to abhor as serpents, and care not for them. The same, belike, Trithemius calls igneos et svblunares, qui nnnquam demergunt ad irtjeriora, ant vix nlluni habent in terris commercium : "gene- rally they Jar excellmen in worthy as a man the meanest worm ; though some of them are inj'eriour to those of their own rank in worth, as the black guard in aprinces court, and to men again^ as some degenerate, base rational creatures are excelled of brute beasts That they are mortal, besides these testimonies of Cardan, Martianus, &c. many other divines and philosophers hold (post prolixum tempus moriuntur omnes), the '' Platonists, and some Rabbines, Porphyrins and Plutarch, as appears by that relation of Thamus : '^The great god Pan is dead: Apollo Py- thias ceased ; and so the rest. S. Hierome, in the life of Paul the eremite, tells a story how one of them appeared to S. Anthony in the wilderness, and told him as much. ''Paracel- sus, of our late writers, stifly maintains tliat they are mortal, live and die, as other creatures do. Zosimus (I. 2.) farther adds, that religion and policy dies and alters w itn them. The * Gentiles gods, he saith, were expelled by Constantine ; and, together with them, imperii Romanimajestas etj'ortuna inte- riit et jnojligata est ; the fortune and majesty of the Roman empire decayed and vanished; as that heathen in "^Minutius formerly bragged, when the Jews were overcome by the Ro- mans, the Jews god was likewise captivated by that of Rome ; and Rabsakeh to the Israelites,no god should deliver them out of the hands of the Assyrians. But these paradoxes of their power, corporeity, mortality, taking of shapes, transposing bodies, and carnal copulations, are sufficiently confuted by Zanch. (c. 10. /. 4) Pererius, (in his comment) and Tostatus (questions on the sixth of Gen.) Th. Aquin. S. Austin, Wie- rus, Th. Erastus, Delrio, {torn. 2. /. 2 qvcBst. 29.) Sebastian Michaelis {cap. 2. de spiritibns), D. Reinolds {lect. 47.) They may deceive the eyes of men, yet not take true bodies, or make a real metamorphosis : but as Cicogna proves at large, they &re^illusori(e et prcestigiatrices transj'ormationes (omnif'. mag. lib. 4. caj). 4), meer illusions and cozenings, like that tale of Pasetis obulus in Suidas, or that of Autolycus, Mercuries son, a Ab homine plus distant, qnam homo ab ignol)ilissimo verna ; et taman quidam ex his ab hominibus siiperantur, ut homines a feris, &c. *> Cibo et potu uti, et Venere cum liominibus, ac tandem mori Cicogna, I. part lib. 2. c. 3. ^Plutarch, de defect, oraciilornni. ''Lib. de Zilphis et Pygmwis. ^ Dii gentium a Constantino profligati sunt, &c. f Octavian. dial. Judieorum deum fuisse Romano- rum numiiiibus una cum gente capiivum. S Omnia spiritibus plena ; et ex eorum Concordia et discordia omnes boni et mali efTectus pronianant, omnia humana reguntur. Paradox, veterum, de quo Cicogna, omnif. mag. I 2. c 3. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Nature of Spirits. Gl that dwelt in Parnassus, who got so much treasure by cozen- age and stealth. His father Mercury, because he could leave him no wealth, taught him many fine tricks to get means ; "for he could drive away mens cattel, and, if any pursued him, turn them into what shapes he would, and so did mightily en- rich himself; hoc aMn maximam prcedam est adsequutus. This, no doubt, is as true as the rest ; yet thus much in ge- neral, Thomas, Durand, and others grant, that they have un- derstanding far beyond men, can probably conjecture, and ^ foretell many things : they can cause and cure most diseases, deceive our senses ; they have excellent skill in all arts and sciences; and that the most illiterate devil is qnovis homine scientior, as "^ Cicogna maintains out of others. They know the vertues of herbs, plants, stones, minerals, &c. of all crea-^ lures, birds, beasts, the four elements, stars, planets ; can aptly apply and make use of them as they see good, perceiving the causes of all meteors, and the like; Dant se coloribns, (as ** Austin hath it,) accovimodttnt sejiguris, adhccrent sonis, suh- jiciunt se odoribus, irif'nndunt se saporibus, omnes sensns, etiam ipsam intellif/entiam, dcemones fallunt : they deceive all our senses, even our understanding" itself, at once. ''They can produce miraculous alterations in the ayre, and most wonder- ful effects, conquer armies, give victories ; help, further, hurt, cross, and alter humane attempts and projects, {Dei permissu) as they see good themselves. ^Vhen Charles the great in- tended to make a channel betwixt the Rhine and Danubius, look, what his workmen did in the day, these spirits flung down in the night : ut conaturex desisteret, pervicere. Such featscan they do. But that which Bodine (/. 4. Theat. nat.) thinks, (following- Tyrius belike and the Platonists) they can tell the secrets of a mans iieart, ant cogitationes^ honmmm, is most false : his reasons are weak, and sufficiently confuted by Zanch. {lib. 4. cap. 9.), Hierom, {lib. 2. com. in Mat. ad cap. 15.) Athanasius {qucest. "21 . ad Antiockum Priiicipem), and others. Orders.^ As for those orders of good and bad devils — which the Platonists hold, is altogether erroneous; andthoseEthnicks i'Oves, quaa abacturus erat, in qnascnnque formas vertebat. Pausanias, Hyginns. *> Austin, in 1. 2. de Gen. a literam, cap. 17. Partim quia snbtilioris sensns acimiine, partim scientia callidiore vigent, et experientia propter niaRnani longitudinem vitae, partim ab angelis discunt, &c. ^Lib. .3. oninif. mag. cap 3. Lib. 18. quaest. eQuum tanta sit et tani profunda spirituum scientia, mirnm non est tot tantasque res visu admirabiles ab ipsis patrari, et quidem rerum naturaliuni ope. quas niulto melius intelligunt, multoque pentius suis locis et teniporibus applicare uorunt qua m homo. Cicogna. ' Aventinus. Quidquid interdiu exhauriebatur, nocte explebatur. Inde pavefacti curalore.s, &c. 62 Nature of SpiAts. [Part. 1 . Sec. 2. honi anfl mali gpnii are to be exploded. These heathen writ- ers aofree not in this point among themselves, as Dandinus notes ; an shit ^ mail, nnn conveniunt ; some will have all spirits jTOod or bad to us by a mistake ; as, if an oxe or horse could discourse, he would say the butcher was his enemy because he killed him, the grasier his friend because he fed him ; an hunter preserves and yet kills his game; and is hated nevertheless of his game ; nee piseatorem piscis amare potest, Sf-c. But Jamblicus,Psell uSjPIutarch, and most Platonists, acknowledge bad, et ah eorum mahjiciis cavenduni, for they are enemies of mankind; and this Plato learned in Egypt, that they quar- relled with Jupiter, ''and were driven by him down to hell. That which <^Apuleius, Xenophon, and Plato contend of So- crates dcemonium, is most absurd ; that which Plotinus of his, that he had likewise Deum pro dcemomo ; and that which Por- phyry concludes of them all in general, if they be iieglected in their sacrifice, they are angry ; nay more, as Cardan in his Hyperchen, will, they feed on mens souls : elementa sunt plantis elementum, animalibus plantce, hominibus animaliay ernnt et homines, aliis, non antem diis ; nimis enim. remota est eorum natura a nostra ; qua propter dwmonihus : and so, be- like, that we have so many battles fought in all ages, coun- tries, is to make them a feast, and rheir sole delight But to return to that 1 said before — if displeased, they fret and chafe, (for they feed, belike, on the souls of beasts, as we do on their bodies) and send many plagues ainongstus; but, if pleased, then they do much good ; is as vain as the rest, and confuted by Austin (/. 9. c. 8. de Civ. Dei,) Euseb. (/, 4. prcepar. Evang. c. 6) and others. Yet thus much I find, that our school-men and other •* divines make nine kinds of bad spirits, as Dionysius hath done of angels. In the first rank, are those false gods of the Gentiles, which were adored heretofore in several idols, and gave oracles at Delphos, and elsewhere ; whose prince is Beelzebub. The second rank is of lyars and sequivocators, as Apollo Pythius, and the like. The third are those vessels of anger, inventors of all mischief; as that Theutus in Plato; Esay calls them "^vessels of fury; their prince is Belial. The fourth are malicious re- vengingdevils; and their prince is Asmodaeus. The fifth kind are cozeners, such as belong to magicians and witches; their prince is Satau. The sixth are those aerial devils, that aJnlib. 2, de anima, text 29. Honieriis indiscriminatim omnes spiritus dseraones vocat. ''A Jove ad inferos pulsi, &c. cDe Deo Socratis. Adest milii divina sorte djenioniumquoddam, aprinia pueritia me sequutnin ; sajpe dissuadet ; impellit nonniin(iiiam, instar vocis. Plato. d Agrippa, lib. 3. de occul. ph. c. 18» Zanch. Pictorius, Pererius, Cicogna^ 1. 3. cap. 1. »" Vasa iraej c. 13. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] J^ature of Spirits. 63 ^ corrupt the aire, and cause plagues, thunders, fires, &c. spoken of in the Apocalyps, and Paul to the Ephesians names them the princes of the ayre ; Meresin is their prince. The seventh is a destroyer, captain of the Furies, causing wars, tumults, combustion, uproars, mentioned in the Apocalyps, and called Abaddon. The eight is that accusing or calum- niating' devil, whom the Greeks call A;afo^o?, that drives men to despair. The ninth are those tempters in several kinds ; and their prince is Mammon. Psellus makes six kinds, yet none above the moon. Wierus, in his Psendomonarchid Dcemonis, out of an old book, makes many more divisions and subordinations, with their several names, numbers, offices, &c. but Gazseus (cited by '' Lipsius) will have all places full of angelsjspirits, and devils,above and beneath the moon,8etheriaI and aerial,which Austin cites out ofForro, /. 7. deCic.Dei, c. 6. The celestial devils above, and aerial beneath, or as ''some will, gods above, semidei or half gods beneath, lares, heroes, f/enii, which clime higher, if they lived well (as the Stoicks held), but grovel on the ground, as they were baser in their lives, nearer to the earth ; and are 7nanes, lemnres, lamicB, ^-c. ^ They will have no place void, but all full of spirits, devils, or some other inhabitants ; Plennm caelum, aer, aqua, terra, et omnia sub terra, saith Gazaeus ; though Anthony Kusca (in his book de InJ'erno, lib. 5. cap. 7.) would confine them to the middle region, yet they w ill have them every where ; ^ not so much as an hair breadth empty in heaven, earth, or waters, above or under the earth. The air is not so full of flies in summer, as it is at all times of invisible devils : this *^ Paracelsus stifly maintains, and that they have every one their several chaos; others will have infinite Morlds, and each world his peculiar spirits, gods, angels, and devils, to govern and punish it. Singula p nonnulli credunt quoque sidera posse Dici orbes : terramque appellant sidus opacum, Cui minimus divftm prsesit. ^ Gregorius Tholosanus makes seven kinds of setherial spirits or angels, according to the number of the seven planets. Saturnine, Jovial, Martial, &c- of which Cardan discourseth, lib. 20 de subtil, he calls them substantias primas ; Olympicos dceviones, Trithemius, qxii proesunt Zodiaco, ^c. and will a Quibiis datum est nocere'terrae et mari, &c. b Physiol Stoicornm e Senec. lib. 1. cap. 28. '' Usque ad Junam animas esse sethereas, vo«arique heroas, lares, genios. "^ -Mart. Capella. e ^fihil vacuum ab his, ubi vel capillam in aerem vel aquam jacias. ( Lib. de Zilp. • Palingenius. h Lib. 7. cap. 34. et 5. Syntax, art. mirab. g4 J^ature of Spirits, [Part. I. Sec. 2. have them to be good angels above, devils beneath the moon ; their several names and offices he there sets down, and (which Dionysius, of angels) w ill have several spirits for several coun- treys, men, offices, &c. which live about them, and as so many assisting powers, cause their operations ; will have, in a word, innumerable, and as many of them as there be stars in the skies. '^ Marcilius Ficinus seems to second this opinion, out of Plato, or from himself, I know not, (still ruling their in- feriours, as they do those under them again, all subordinate ; and the nearest to the earth rule us ; whom we subdivide into o-ood and bad angels, call gods ordevils, astheyhelp or hurt us, and so adore, love or hate) but it is most likely from Plato, for he, relyin"" wholly on Socrates,quemmori potius qiiammentiri volnisse scribit, out of Socrates authority alone, made nine kinds of them : which opinion, belike, Socrates took from Pythagoras, and he from Trismegistus, he from Zoroaster — first, God, secondly, ideae, thirdly, intelligences, fourthly, arch-angels, fifthly, angels, sixthly, devils, seventhly, heroes, eio-hthly, principalities, ninthly, princes ; of which some were absolutely gootl, as gods, some bad, some indifferent inter deos et homines, as heroes and damones, which ruled men, and were called genii, or (as ^ Proclus and Jamblicus will) the middle betwixt God and men, principalities and princes, which commanded and swayed kings and countreys,and had places in the sphears perhaps; for, as every sphear is higher, so hath it more excellent inhabitants ; which, belike, is that Galilgeus a Gaiiiseo and Kepler aims at in his Nuncio Siderio, when he will have '^ Saturnine and Jovial inhabitants, and which Tycho Brahe doth in some sort touch or insinuate in one of his epistles : but these things ^ Zanchius justly ex- plodes, cap. 3 lih. 4, P. Martyr, in 4. Sam. 2S. So that according to these men, the number of getherial spirits must needs be infinite : for if that be true that some of our mathematicians say, that if a stone could fall from the starry heaven, or eighth sphear, and should pass every hour an hundred miles, it would be sixty-five years, or more, before it would come to the ground, by reason of the great distance of heaven from earth, which contains (as some say) one hundred and seventy millions eight hundred and three miles, — besides those other heavens, (whether they be crystalline or watery, which Maginus adds) which perad venture hold as much more, a Comment, in dial. Plat de amore, c. .5. Ut sphaera qusslibet super nos, ita prae- stantiores habet habitatores sua; sphserae ronsortes, ut habet nostra. *> LiS. de aninid et da-mone. Medii inter deos et homines, divina ad nos, et nostra sequaliter ad deos fenmt. ^ Saturninas et Joviales accolas. djn loca detrusi sunt infra coelestes orbes, in aerem scilicet et.infra, iibi jndiciogeneraii reservantur. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] JWiture of Devils. 65 — how mnny such spirits may it contain ? And yet, for all this •* Thomas, Al'oertus, and most, hold that there be far more angels than devils. Suhlnnanj devils, and their kinds.] But, be they more or less, qnod svpra nos, nihil ad nos. Howsoever, as Martianus foolishly supposeth, celherii dccmones non curant res humnnas ; they care not for us, do not attend our actions, or look for us ; those aetherial spirits have other worlds to reign in, belike, or business to follow. We are only now to speak in brief of these sublunary spirits or devils. For the rest, our divines determine that the devil hath no power over stars, or heavens. ^ Carmimhus ccelo possnnt deducere Innam, SjC. Those are poetical fictions ; and that they can ""sisiere aquam Jtmiis^ et vertere sidera retro, 6f-c. as Canidia in Horace, 'tis all false. ''They are confined, until the day of judgement, to this sub- lunary world, and can work no further than the four elements, and as God permits them. Wherefore, of these sublunary devils, though others divide them oihernise according to their several places and offices, Psellus makes six kinds, fiery, aerial, terrestrial, watery, and subterranean devils, besides those faires, satyrs, nymph, &c. Fiery spirits or deviisare such asconunonly work by blazin'y stars, firedrakes, or icpiesfatvi, w hich lead njen often in fiii- mina, ant pra^cipitia, saith Bodine {lib. 2. Theat. natiircc, fol. 221.) Quos, inquit, arcere si volunt viatores, clard voce Denm appellare, aut prond facie terrain contimjente adorare oportet : et hoc amuletnm majorihns tiostris accept inn f err e de- bemus, Sfc. Likewise they counterfeit suns and moons, stars oftentimes, and sit on ship masts ; in navicfiormn summitatihus visimtnr ; and are called Discnri (as Eusebius, /. contra Philo- sophos, c. 48, informeth us, out of the authority of Zeno- phanes) ; or little clouds, ad motnm nescio qnem volantes ; which neverappear, saith Cardan, but they signifie some mis- chief or other to come unto men, though some again will have them to portend good, and victory to that side they come towards in sea fights; St. Elmes fires they commonly call them, and they do likely appear after a sea storm. Radzivilius, the Polonian duke, calls this apparition Sancti Germani sidus ; and saith moreover, that he saw t!ie same after in a storm, as he was sayling, 1582, from Alexandria to Rhodes. Our stories are full of such apparations in all kinds. Some think they keep their residence in that Hecla mountain in a Q. 36. art. 9. h VirR. 8. Ec. <• /En. 4. ^ Austin. Hoc dixi, ne quis existimet liabitare ibi mala dstmonia, nbi solem et liinain et stellas Deus ordiovit. Et alibi: nemo arl>itraretnr dEemonem coelis liabitare cum anp;«'lis .suis, unde lap.snm crediniiis. Id. Zauch. I. 4. c. .3. de angel malis. Pereriiis, in tJen. cap. G. lib. 8. in ver. 2. 66 Digression of Spirits. [Part. J. Sec. 2. Island, i^tna in Sicily, Lipara, Vesuvius, &c. These devils were worshipped heretofore by that superstitious «:t^^e/:x,avT£;a, and the like. Aerial spirits or de^vils are such as keep quarter, most part, in the ^ air, cause many tempests, thunder, and lightnings, tear oaks, fire steeples, houses, strike men and beasts, make it rain stones (as in Livies time), wooll, frogs, &c. counterfeit armies in the air, strange noises, swords, &c.asat Vienna before the coming of the Turks, and many times in Rome, as Scheret- zius, /. de sped. c. 1 part. I. Lavater, de spect. part. I.e. 17, Juliu« Obsequens, an old Roman, in his book of prodigies, ah urb. cond. 505, '' Machiavel hath illustrated by many examples, and Josephusin his book de belloJudiaco,hefore the destruction of Jerusalem. All which Guil. Postallus (in his first book, c. 7. de orbis concordid) useth as an effectual argument (as indeed it is) to perswade them that will not believe there be spirits or devils. They cause whirlwinds on a sudden, and tempestuous storms ; which though our meteorologists generally refer to natural causes, yet I am of Bodines mind {Theat Nat. I. 2.) they are more often caused by those aerial devils, in their se- veral quarters ; for tempestatibus se ingei wit, seiith '^Rich. Ar- gentine ; as when a desperate man makes away with himself, which by hanging or drowning they frequently do, (asKorn- mannus observes, de mirac. mort. part. 7- c. 76) tripiidium agentes, dancing and rejoicing at the death of a sinner. These can corrupt the air, and cause plagues, sickness, storms, ship- wrecks, fires, inundations. At Mons Draconis in Italy, there is a most memorable example in ''JovianusPontanus :;and nothing so familiar (if we may believe those relations of Saxo Gramma- ticus, Olaus Magnus, Damianus A. Goes) as for witches and sorcerers, in Lapland, Lithuania, and all over Scandia, to sell winds to marriners, and cause tempests ; which Marcus Paulus the Venetian relates likewise of the Tartars. These kind of devils are much * delighted in sacrifices, (saith Porphyry) held all the world in awe, and had several names, idols, sacrifices in Rome, Greece, ^Egypt, and at this day tyran- nize over, and deceive, those Ethnicks and Indians, being adored and worshipped for '^gods: for the Gentiles gods were devils (as ^ Trisniegistus confesseth in his Asclepius; and he himself could make them come to their images by magick spells), and are now as much respected by our aDomus diiunnt, muros, dejiciunt, iramiscent se turbinibus et procellis et pulverem instar columnae evehunt. Cicogna. I. 5. c. 5. b Quajgt. jn Liy. ^ He praestigiis daemonum, c. 16. Convelli culmina videmus. prostemi sata, &c. <*De bello Neapolitano, lib. 5. e Suffitibus g'audent. Idem Just. Mart. Apol. pro Christianis. f In Dei imitationem, saith Eusebius. B Dii gentium dasmouia^ &c. ego in eorum statuas pellexi. Memb. 1. Subs. 2.] Digression of' Spirits. 67 papists (saith ^ Pictorius) vvder the name of saints. These are they which, Cardan thinks, desire so much carnal copu- lation with M'itches Incuhi and Succuhi), transform bodies, and are so very cold, if they be touched ; and that serve magicians. His father had one of them, (}" as he is not ashamed to relate) an aerial devil, bound to him for twenty and eight years. As Ag-rippas dog had a devil tyed to his col- ler, some think that Paracelsus (or else Erastus belies him) had one confined to his sword pummel ; others wear them in rings, &c. Jannes and Jambres did many things of old by their help, Simon Magus, Cinops, ApoUonius Tyaneus, Jam- blicus, and Trithemius of late, that shewed Maximilian the emperour his >vife, after she was dead ; et verrucam in collo ej'ns (saith ''Godolman), so much as the wart in her neck. Delrio, (fib. 2.) hath divers examples of their feats; Cicogna, lib. 3. cap. 3, and Wierus in his book de proestig. dcBmonum^ Boissardus, de niagis et veneficis. Water-devils are those wff?arfes or water nymphs which have been heretofore conversantabout waters and rivers. The water (as '^Paracelsus thinks) is their chaos, wherein they live. Some call Xhem fairies, and say that Habundia is their queen. These cause inundations, many times shipwracks, and deceive men divers wayes, as Succubce, or otherwise, appearing- most part (saith Trithemius) in Momens shapes. Paracelsus hath several stories of them that have lived and been married to mortal men, and so continued for certain years with them, and after, upon some dislike, have forsaken them. Such a one as Eg-eria, with whom Numa was so familiar, Diana, Ceres &c. ^Olaus ]Magnushath a long' narration of one Hotherus, a king of Sweden, that, having- lost his company as he was hunt- ing- one day met with these water nymphs or fairies, and was feasted by them ; and Hector Bocthius, of Macbeth and Banco, two Scotisii lords, that, as they were wandering- in woods, had their fortunes told them by three strange women. To these heretofore they did use to sacrifice, by that v^^yi.x^nu'x, or divi- nation by waters. Terrestrial devils are those ^ lares, genii ^Jennies, satyrs, s M ood-nyniphs, foliots, fairies, Robin GoodJ'ellous, Trnlli, ^-c. which as they are most conversant with men, so they do them most harm. Some think it was they alone that kept the heathen people in awe of old, and had so many idols and » Et nunc siih divorum nomine coluntnr a pontificiis. b Lib. 11. de rerum Tar. r Lib. 3. rap. 3. de niagis et veneficis, &.C. "^ Lib. de Zilphis. •'Lib. 3. f Pro salute hominiuiLcxrubare se simulant; sed in eoram uerniciem omnia moliuntur. Aust. eDrjades, Oriadcs, Hamadryades. 68 Digression of' Spirits. [Part. I. Sec. 2. temples erected to them. Of this range was Dag-on among-st the Philistins, Bel amongst tlie Babylonians, Astartes amongst the Sidonians, Baal amongst the Samaritans, Isis and Osiris amoiiost the .Egyptians, &c. Some put our '^ fairies into this rank, which have been in former times adored with much su- perstition, with sweeping- their houses, and setting of a pail of clean water, good victuals, and the like; and then they should not be pinched, but find money in their shoes, and be for- tunate in their enterprizes. These are they that dance on heaths and greens, as ^ Lavater thinks with Trithemius, and, as'^Olaus Magnus adds, leave t'nat green circle, which we commonly find in plain fields, which others hold to proceed from a meteor falling", or some accidental rankness of the ground ; so nature sports herself. They are sometimes seen by old women and children. Hieron. Pauli, in his description of the city of Bereino in Spain, relates how they have been familiarly seen near that town, about fountains and hills : Jion- iiunquam (saith Trithemius) in sua lafihnia montinin simpli- ciores homines ducmit, stnpenda imrantihus ostendentes mira- cula, molarum sonitns, spectacnla, Sj-c. Giraldus Canibrensis gives instance in a monk of Wales that was so deluded, '^Pa- racelsus reckons up many places in Germany, where they do usually walk in little coats, soine two foot long'. A bigger kind there is of them, called with us hohaohlius, and Robin GoodJ'ellorvs, that would in those superstitious times, grind corn for a mess of milk, cut wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. They would mend old irons in those iEolian isles of Lipara, in former ages, and have been often seen and heard. "Tholosanus calls them Trnllosand Gefulos,cind saith that in his dayes they were connnon in many places of France. Dithmarus Bleskenius, in his description of Island, reports for a certainty, that almost in every family they have yet some such familiar spirits; and Felix Malleolus, iu !iis book de crudel. dcemon. affirms as much, that these Trolii, or Telchines, are very common in Norway, '^ and seen to do drudgery work; to draw water, saith Wierus, [lib 1. cap. 22.) dress meat, or any such thing-. Another sort of these there are, Avhich fre- quent forlorn ? houses, which the Italians caW JoUots, most part innoxious, ^' Cardan holds : They will make strange a Elvas Olans vocat. lib. 3. >> Part. 1. cap. 19. <= Lib. 3. cap. 11. El- vanim choreas Olaus lib. 3. vocal. Saltum adeo profunde in terras imprimunt, nt locus insigni deinceps virore orbicularis sit, et granien non pereat. *• Lib. de Zilph. et Pygma;is, Olaus, 1. 3. f Lib. 7. cap. 14. Qui et in famulitio viris et feminis inserviunt, conclavia scopis purgant, patinas mnndant, ligna portant, equos curant, &c. f Ad ministeria utuntur. S Where treasure is hid (as some think), or some murder, or such like villany committed. '' Lib. 16. de rerum varietat. Mem. I. Subs. 2.] f Digression of Spirits. 69 noises in the night, howl sometimes pitrifuHy, and then laugh again, oavse great flames atid sudden liahtslflinrf stones, rattle chains, shave men, open doors, and shvt them, fiinn doivn platters, stools, chests, sometimes appear in the lihenesse of hares, crows, black dogs, S^-c. of which read =^ Pet. Thyraeus the Jesuit (in his Tract 'de locis infestis, part. 1 et cap. 4.) who will have them to be devil's, or the souls of damned men that seek revenge, or else souls out of purgatory that seek e.-ise. For such examples, peruse ^ .Sig !>iinundus Scheret- zius, lib. de spectris, part. I. c 1. which lie saith he took out of Luther most part ; there be many instances. ^Plinius Secun- dus remembers such a house at Athens, which Athenodorus the philosopher hired, which no nmn durst inhabit for fear of devils. Austin (de Civ. Dei, lib. 22 cap. 8.) relates as much o{ Hesperms the tribunes house at Zubeda near their city of Hippo, vexed with evil spirits to his great hinderance ; cnm afflictione animalinm et servorum. suorwn. Many such in- stances are to be read in Niderius, Formicar. lib. 5. cap. 1 9. 3 Src Whether I may call these Zim and Othim, which Isay cap. 13. 21. speaks of, I make a doubt. See more of these m the said Scheretz. lib. 1. de sped. cap. 4 : he is full of ex- amples. These kind of devils many times appear to men and affright them out of their wits, sometimes walking- at '^ noon-day, sometimes at nights, counterfeiting dead mens ghosts, as that of (Jalignla, which (saith Suetonius) was seen Jo walkm Lavinias garden : where his body was buried, spirits haunted, and the house wliere he dyed : «= Nulla nox sine ter- rors transacta, donee incendio consumpta ; every nio-ht this bapned, there was no quietness, till the house was Burned. About Hecla in Island, ghosts conuiionly walk, animus niorl tuorum simuiantes, saith Jo. Anan. lib. 3. de nat deem Olaus, lib. 2. cap. 2. Natal. Taliopid. lib. de apparit. spir -Koj-mannus, de mirac. mort.part. 1. cap. 44. Such sights are frequently seen circa sepnlcra et monasteria, saill?Lavat hb. I. cap. 19. in monasteries and about church-yards, loca paludinosa, ampla a;dijicia, solitaria, et cmle honiimim no- tata, cVc Thyreus adds, nbi gravins peccatum est commis- sum, impn, paupermn oppressores, et nequiter insiqnes habi- tant. These spirits often forerell mens deaths, by several signs, as knocking, groanings, &c. though Rich. Aroen- »Vel sp.ntns snnt lu.jusmod. damnaton.m, vel e purpatorio, vel ipsi da-mones ;, , "yuKlam lemures doint-sticis instnimentis noctu l.sdunt : i.atinas ollas' cantharas. et aha vasa. rfej.c.nt; et qui.lam voces e.nittunt, ejulant, riLum e„ ittunt' ^c. ut canes nig:n, feles, varus ionms, &c. c Epist. 1. 7. d Meridionalf.« d^mones Cicoprna r«lls them, or Ahustores, I. .3. cap. 9. - Sueton c 69 in S liguh\. fStrozzius Cicogna. iib. \i. ...ap. cap. 5 ^^' a 70 Digression of' Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. tine, c. 18. de prcesfigiis dcemojium, will ascribe these pre- dictions to good angels, out of the authority of Ficinus and others ; prodigia in obitu principum scepius contingunt, ^-c. as, in the Lateran church in "^ Rome, the popes deaths are fore- told by Sylvesters tomb. Near Rupes Nova in Finland, in the " kingdom of Sweden, there is a lake, in which, before the go- vernour of the castles dyes, a spectrum^ in the habit of Arion with his harp, appears, and makes excellent musick, like those blocks in Cheshire, which, (they say) presage death to the master of the family ; or that '' oak in Lanthandran park in Cornwall, which foreshews as much. Many families in Eu- rope are so put in mind of their last, by such predictions, and many men are forewarned (if we may believe Paracelsus) by familiar spirits, in divers shapes, as cocks, crows, owls, which often hover about sick mens chambers, vel quia morientiiim J'ceditatem sentiunt, as '^Baracellus conjectures, et ideo super tectum infirmorum crocitant, because they smell a corse ; or for that (^ Bernardinus de Bustis thinketh) God permits the devil to appear in the form of crows, and such like creatures, to scare such as live wickedly here on earth. A little before Tullies death, (saith Plutarch) the crows made a mighty noise about him ; tumultuose perstrepentes, they pulled the pillow from under his head. Rob. Gaguinus, hist. Franc, lib. 8. telleth such another wonderful story at the death of Jo- hannes de Monteforti, a French lord, anno 1345. Tanta corvorum multitudo cedibus morientis insedit, qnantam esse in Gallia nemo judic asset. Such prodigies are very frequent in authors. See more of these in the said Lavater, Thyreus, de locis infes/is, part. 3. cap. 58, Pictorius, Delrio, Cicogna, lib. 3. cap. D. Necromancers take upon them to raise and lay them at their pleasures ; and so likewise those which Mizal- dus calls ./Imbulones, that walk about midnight on great heaths and desart places, which (saith •= Lavater) draw men out of the ivaif, and lead them all night a bg-wag, or quite bar them of tlieir icag. These have several names in several places; we commonly call them pucks. In the desarts of Lop in Asia, such illusions of walking spirits are often per- ceived, as you may read in M. Paulus the Venetian his travels. If one lose his company by chance, these devils will call him by his name, and counterfeit voices of his companions to seduce him. Hieronym. Pauli, in his book of the hills of a IJem. c. 18. bM. Cary. Survey of Cornwall, lib. 2. fol 140. « Horfo Geniali, fol. 137. dPart. 1. c. 19. Abdncunt eos a recla via, et viam iter fa- cientibiis intercludiint. e Lib 1. cap. 44. Daemonuni cernuntiir et audiuntur ibi freqiientes illiisiones ; unde viatoribus caveudum, lie se dissocient, aut a tergo maneaut ; voces eniui fiuguut socioruiu,ut a recto itinere abducant, &c. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Dir/reitsion of Spirits, 71 Spain, relates of a great * mount in Cantabria, where such spectnims are to be seen. Lavatcr and Cicog-na have variety of examples of spirits and walking- devils in this kind. Some- times they sit by the high-way side, to give men falls, and make their horses stumble and start as they ride, (if you will believe the relation of that holy man Ketellus, ''in Nubrigensis,) that had an especial grace to see devils, gratiam divinitns collatam, and talk with them, et impnvidus cum spiritihus sermoneni miscere, without offence : and if a man curse or spur his horse for stumbling, they do heartily rejoyce at it ; with many such pretty feats. Subterranean devils are as common as the rest, and do as much harm. Olaus 3Iagnus {lib. 6. cap. 19) makes six kinds of them, some bigger, some less. These (saith " Mun- ster) are commonly seen about mines of metals, ar.d are some of them, noxious; some again do no harm. The metal-men in many places account it good luck, a sign of treasure and rich ore, when they see them. Georgius Agricola (in his book de siibterraneis animantibus, cap. 37) reckons two more notable kinds of them, which he calls '^Gcetuli and Cobali ; both are cloathed after the manner of metal-men, and icill many times imitate their works. Their office, as Pictorius and Paracelsus think, is to keep treasure in the earth, that it be not all at once revealed ; and, besides, * Cicogna avcrrs. that they are the frequent causes of those horrible earth-quakes, which often swallow vp, not only houses but ichole ishmds and cities : in his third book, cap. 11, he gives many instances. The last are conversant about the center of the earth, to torture the souls of damned men to the day of judgement. Their egress and regress some suppose to be about .Etna, Lipara, Mons Hecla in Island, Vesuvius, Terra del Fuego, Sec. because many shreeks and fearful ciyes are continually heard thereabouts, and familiar apparitions of dead men, ghosts, and goblms. Their offices, operations, study.'] Thus the devil reigns, in a thousand severed shapes, as a roariny lyon, still seeks whom he may devour^ (I Pet. 5.) by earth, sea, land, air, as yet unconfined, though '^some will have his proper place the air — all that place betwixt us and the moon, for tliem that » Mons stf rilis et nivosus, iibi intempesta nocte umbrae apparent. ^ Lib. 2. cap. 21. Offendicula faciunt transeuutibus in via ; et petulanter rident, cum vel ho- niiuem vel jumentum ejus pedes atterere faciant, et maxime si homo maledictis et cal- caribus stevita. <^ln cosmogr. ^i Vestiti more metallicoriiiii, gestus et opera eorum imitantur. «• Immisso in terra; oarceres vento, horribiles terra; niotus efficiunt, quibus saepe non domus mode et turres, sed civitates iotegne et insalae, haustae sunt. f Hieron. in 3 Ephes. Idem Michaelis c. 4. de spiritibus. Idem Thyreus de locis infestis. VOL. 1 O 72 Digression of Spirits. [Part 1. Sec. 2, transgressed the least, and hell for the wickedest of them ; luc veliit in carcere ad Jinem mundi, tunc hi locum Jiinestiorem trudendi, as Austin holds, de Civif. Dei,c. 22. lib. 14. cap. S. et 23. But, be where he will, he rageth where he may ; to com- fort himself (as ^ Lactantius thinks) with other mens falls, he labours all he can to bring- them into the same pit of per- dition Avith him ; for '' mens miseries, calamities^ and mines are the devils banqueting dishes. By many temptations and several engines, he seeks to captivate our souls. The lord of lyes, saitli •^ Austin ; as he ^vas deceived himself he seeks to deceive others ; the ring-leader to all naughtiness; as he did by Eve and Cain, Sodom and Gomorrha^ so would he do by all the world. Sometimes he tempts by covetousness, drunk- enness, pleasure, pride, &c. errs, dejects, saves, kills, protects, and rides some men, as they do their horses. He studies oiir overthrow and generally seeks our destruction; nnd, al- though he pretend many times humane good, and vindicate himself for a god, by curing of several diseases, csgris sanita- tem, et ccecis luminis usum restitnendo, (as Austin declares, lib. 10. de civit. Dei, cap. 6.) as Apollo, iEsculapius, Isis, of old have done ; divert plagues, assist them in wars, pretend their happiness ; yet nihil his impurius, scelesti?fs, tiihil hu- viano generi hifestius ; nothing so impure, nothing so perni- cious, as may well appear by their tyrannical and bloody sa- crifices of men to Saturn and Moloch (which are still in use amongst those barbarous Indians), their several deceits and cozenings to keep men in obedience, their false oracles, sacri- fices, their superstitious impositions of fasts, penury, &c. heresies, superstitions, observations of meats, times, &c. by which they '^ crucifie the souls of mortal men, as shall be shewed in our treatise of religious melancholy. Modico adhvc tempore sinitur malignari, as ^ Bernard expresseth it : by Gods permission he rageth a while, hereafter to be confined to » Lactantius, 2 de origine erroris, cap. 15. Hi maligni spiritiis per omnem terram vagantur, et solatium pertlitionis suoe perdendis horninibus operantur. b Morta- liiim calatnitates epula; sunt raalorum daemonuni. Synesius. c Dominus men- dacii, a seipso deceptus, alios drcipere cupit. Adversarius huniani generis. Inventor mortis, superbia; institutor, radix malitiae, scelerum caput, princeps omnium vitiorum, furit inde in Dei contumeiiam, homiuum perniciem. De horum conatibus et opera- tionibus, lege Epiphanium, 2 torn. lib. 2. Dionysium, c. 4. Ambros. Epistol. lib. 10. ep. 84. August, de civ. Dei, lib .5. c. 9. lib. 8. cap. 22. lib. 9. 18. lib. 10, 21. Theophil. in 12. Mat. Pasil. ep. 141. Leonem Ser. Tbeodoret. in 11 Cor. ep. 22. Chrys. hom. .53. in 12. Gen. Greg, in 1. c. John Barthol. de prop. 1. 2. c. 20, Zanch. 1. 4. de malis angelis. Perer. in Geo. 1. 8. in c. 6. 2. Origen. Sfepe prceliis intersunt ; itinera et negotia nostra qusecunque dirigunt, clandestinis subsidiis optatos saepe prajbent successus. Pet. Mar. in Sam., &c. Ruscara de Inferno. J Et velut mancipia circumfert. Psellus, *" Lib. de transmut. Malac. ep. Mem. 1. .Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirks. 73 hell and darkness, which is prepared for him and his angeh Matt. 25. How far their power doth extend, it is hard to determine. "What the ancients hekl of their effects, force, and operations, I will briefly show you. Plato, in Critias, and after him, his followers, gave out that these spirits or devils icere mens go- rernours and keepers, ovr lords and masters, as ice are of onr cattle. ^ They govern provinces and kingdoms by oracles, auguries, dreams, regards and punishments, prophesies, in- spirations, sacrifices, and religious superstitions, varied in as many forms, as tiiere be diversity of spirits: they send wars, plagues, peace, sickness, health, dearth, plent)^, ^ adstantes Mc jam nobis, spectantes et arhifrantes, S,c. (as appears by those histories of Thiicydides, Livius, Dionysius Halicarnas- seus, with many others, that are full of their wonderful stra- tagems) and were therefore, by those Roman and Greek com- mon-wealths, adored and worshipped for gods, with prayers, and sacrifices, &c. '^ In a w ord, hihil magis cpia^runt, (piam metum et admirationem hominuni ; and (as another hath it) did non potest, quam. impotenti ardore in homines dominium, et divinos cultus, maligni spiritus affectent. Trithemius in his book de septem secundis, assigns names to such angels as are governours of particular provinces (by what authority I knownot), and gives themseveral jurisdictions. Asclepiades a Grecian,Rabbi Achiba the Jew, Abraham Avenezra.and Rabbi Azareel, Arabians, (as I find them cited by '^ Cicogna) farther add, that they are not our governours only, sed ex eoriim Concordia et discordidjboniet mali aifectus promanant ; but as they agree, so do we and our princes, or disagree ; stand or fall. Juno was a bitter enemy to Troy, Apollo a good friend, Jupiter indifferent : JEqua Vejius Teucris, Pallas iniqnaj'uit ; some are for us, still some against us ; premente Deo,J'ert Dens alter opem. Religion, policy, publick and private quarrels, wars, are procured by them ; and they are "^ delighted perhaps to see men fight, as men are Avith cocks, bulls and dogs, bears, &c. Plagues, dearths, depend on them, our bene and male esse, and almost all our other peculiar actions, (for, as Anthony Rusca contends, lib. 5. cap. 18, every man hath a good and a bad angel attending of him in particular, all his life long, which Jamblicus calls dxemonejn) preferments, losses,weddings, deaths, rewards, and punishments, and (as ' Proclus will all offices whatsoever : alii genetricem, alii opijicem jwtes- 3 Cnrtodes sunt liominnm, nt nos animalium : turn et pro\ineiis praepositi regunt auguriis, somniis, oraculis, praemiis, &:c. b UpsJug^ Physiol. Stoic, lib. l.cap. 19. eLeo Suavis. Idem et Trithemius. ^ Omnif. mag. lib. 2. rap. S.*?. . ^ Ludus deorum snmus. f Lib. de anima et d«mone, o2 74 Digression of Spirits. [Part 1. Sec. ^. tat em hahent, ^c. and several names they give tbem ac- cording to their offices, as Lares, Indir/etes, Prcestites, SfC. - When the Arcades, in that battel at Chreronea, which was foughtagainstKingPhilip for the liberty of Greece,had deceit- i'ully carried themselves, — long after, in the very same place, diis G rcEcicJc ultorihiis, (saith mine anthor) they were miserably slain by Metellus the Roman : so likewise, in smaller matters, they will have things fall out, as these boni and mali genii favour or dislike lis. Saturnini nou conveniunt Jovialihus, ^c. He i\\iii\& Saturninus, shall never likely be preferred. ''That base fellows are often advanced, undeserving Gnathoes, and vicious parasites, when as discreet, wise, vertuous, and worthy men are neglected, and unrewarded,they refer to those domi- neering spirits, orsubordinate genii: as they are inclined, or fa- vour men,so they thrive,are ruled and overcome; for, (as ''Liba- nius supposeth) iis our ordinary conflicts and contentions, ge- nhisgenio cedit et ohtemper at ^owe genius yields and is overcome by another. All particular events almost they refer to these private spirits; and (as Paracelsus adds) they direct, teach, in- spire, and instruct men. Never was any man extraordinarily famous in any art, action, or great commander, that had not Jamiliarem dwrnonem, to inform him, as Numa, Socrates, and many such, as Cardan illustrates, cap. 128- Arcanis pru- dential civilis, ^ speciali siquidem gratia, se a Deo donari as- serunt magi, a geniis coilestibus instrni, ah iis doceri. But these are most erroneous paradoxes, inepfw etjahulosa; nugce, rejected by our divines and Christian churches. 'Tis true, they have, by Gods permission, power over us ; and we find by experience, that they can 'Uiurt, not our fields only, cattel, goods, but our bodies and minds. At Hammel in Saxony, an. 1484. 20 Jnnii, the devil, in the likeness of a pied piper, carryed away 1 30 children, that were never after seen. Many times men are ^ affriglxted out of their wits, carried away quite (as Scheretzius illustrates, lib. ] . c. 4.) and severally mo- lested by his means. Plotinus the Platonist (lib. J 4. advers. G^wos^) laughs them to scorn, that hold the devil or spirits can cause any such diseases. Many think he can work upon '^ Quoties fit, ut principes novitiutn aulicum divitiis et dignitatibu3 pene obruant, et multorum annorum ministrnni, qui iioa seinel pro hero periculum subiit, ne te- runcio donent, &c. Idem. Quod philosophi non remunerenter, cum scurra et in- eptus ob iusulsum jocum saspe prsemium reportet, inde fit, &;c. b Lib. de crnent. cadaver. '^ Boissardus, c. 0. magia. <* Godelmannus, cap. 3. lib. 1. de Magis. idem Zancbius, lib. 4. cap. 10 et 11. de malis angelis. e No- civa raelancholia furiosos elficit, et quandoque penitus interficit. G. Picolomineus ; idenique Zanch. cap. 10, lib. 4. Si Deus permittat; corpora nostra movere possunt, al- terare, quovis morborum et malorum genere afficere, imo et in ipsa penetrare et sa^nre. Mem. I. Subs. 2.] Digression of Spirits. "5 the body, biitnotiipon the mind. But experience prononnceth otherwise, than he can work both upon body and mind. Tcrfu]- lian is of this opinion (c. 22.) 'that he can came both sickness and health, and that secretin'. ''Taurellus adds, by clancnlar poysons he can infect the bodies, and hinder the operations of the bowels, though we perceive it not ; closehj creepinr/ into them, saith '' Lipsius, and so crucifie our souls; et uoeivd melan- cholidfnriososefficit. For, being a spiritual body, he struo-o-Ies -with our spirits, saith Rogers, and suggests (accordino- to '' Cardan, verba sine voce, species sine visn) envy, lust, anoer, &c. as he sees men incb'ncd. The manner how he performs it, Biarmannus, in his oration against Bodine, sufficiently declares. He <" begins first with the phantasie, and moves that so stronglg, that no reason is able to resist. Now the 2Jhantasie he moves by mediation of humours; although many physicians are of opinion, that the devil can alter the mind, and produce this disease, of himself. Quibnsdam medicorum visum, saith 'Avicenna, quod melan- cholia contingat a dcemonio. Of the same mind is Psellus, and Rhasis, the Arab, {lib. I. Tract. 9. Conf.) nhat this disease proceed'^ especially from the devil, and from him alone. Arculanus, cap. 6. in. 9. Rhasis, iEIianus Montallus in his 9 cap. Daniel Sennertus, lib. 1. part. 2. cap. II, con- firm as much, that the devil can cause this disease ; by reason, many times, that the parties affected prophesie, speak strange language, but non sine interventu humoris, not without the humour, as he interprets himself; no more doth Avicenna: si contingat a damonio, sufficit nobis 7it convertat complexionem ad choleramnigram, et sit caussa ejiis propinqua cholera niqra ; the immediate cause is choler adust; -which " Pomponatius like- wise labours to make good : Galgerandus of Mantua, a famous physician, so cured a dasmoniacal women in his time, that spake all languages, by purging black choler : and thereupon, belike, this humour of melancholy is called balneum diaboli, the devils bath ; the devil, spying his opportunity of such hu- mours, drives them many times to despair, fury, rao-e, &-c. mingling himself amongst these humours. This is tha? which Tertullian averrs, corporibus injligunt acerbos casus, animaque ^ Inducpre potest morbos et sanitates. bViscerum actiones potest Inliibere latenter, et venenuj nobis ignotis corpus inficere. c Irrepentos corporibus oc culto morbos fin^^unt, mentes terrent. membra distorquent. Lips. Pi.vs. Stoic. I J '': '.■'• . . ' De rerum var. 1. lO. c. 93. e Q„un, mens immediate de- cipi neqnit, primum movet phantasiam, et ita obfirmat vanis conceptibus, ut ne- quem facultafi a;stiraativa>, ratiwuve locuui relinquat. Spiritus malusinvadit animam turbat sensus, m furorem conjicit. Austin, de \it. beat. 'Lib. 3. F'en. l' Tract. 4. c. 18. i A dicuioue luaxime proficisci, et sa^pe solo. ' *> Lib de meant. ; 76 Digression of Spirits. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. repentinos ; membra distorquent,occulterepentes,Si-c. and, which Lemnius goes about to prove, immiscent se mali genii pravis Immorihus. at que afrce bili, Sfc. and ^ Jason Pratensis, that the devil, being a slender incomprehensible spirit, can easily insi- nuate and ivind himself into humane bodies, and cunninghf couched in our boivels, vitiate our healths, terrijie our souls withj'earj'ul dreams, and shake our mind with furies. And in another place, These unclean spirits settled in our bodies, and now mixt ivith our melancholy humours, do triumph, as it were, and sport themselves as in another heaven. Thus he argues, and that they go in and out of onr bodies, as bees do in a hive, and so provoke and temptus, as they perceive our temperature inclined of itself, and most apt to be deluded. ^ Agrippa and Lavater are perswaded that this humour invites the devil to it, wheresoever it is in extremity ; and, of all other, melancholy personsare most subject to diabolical temptations and illusions, and most apt to entertain tlieni, and the devil best able to work upon them ; but, whether by obsession or possession, or other- wise, I will not determine ; 'tis a difficult question. iJelrio the Jesuite, {torn. 3. lib. 6) Springer and his colleague, {mall, malej'.) Pet. Thyreus the Jesuite, {lib. de dcemoniacis, de locis inj'estis, de terrificationibus nocturnis) Hieronymus Mengus (Flagel. deem.) and others of that rank of pontifical writers, it seems, by their exorcisms and conjurations, approve of it, having forged many stories to that purpose. A nun did eat a lettice '^icithout grace, or signing it with the sign of the crosj^ and was instantly possessed. Durand, lib. 6. Rational, c. 86. num. 8) relates that he saw a wench possessed in Bononia with two devils, by eating an unhallowed pomegranate, as she did afterwards confess, when she was cured by exorcisms. And therefore our papists do sign themselves so often with the sign of the cross, «e dcemon ingredi ausit, and exorcise all manner of meats, as being- unclean or accursed otherwise, as Bellar- mine defends. Many such stories I find amongst pontificia! writers, ''to prove their assertions; let them free their own credits : some few I will recite in this kind out of most ap- proved physicians. Cornelius Gemma {lib. 2. de nat. mirac. c. 4) relates of a young maid, called Katherine Gualter, a coopers daughter, an. 1571 ? that had such strange passions and convulsions, three men could not sometimes hold her. She purged a live eele, which he saw, a foot and a half long and, a Cap. de mania, lib. Ae morbis cerebri. Dffiinones, quum sint tenues et incompre- hensibiles spiritus, se insiniiare corporibus hnmanis possunt, et occult in visceribus operti, valetRclinem vitiare, somniisaniinasterrere,et mentes furoribus quatere. Insi- nuant se melancholicoruui penetralibusintus, ibique considunt et deliciantur, tamquam in regioue c larissimoium sideruni^ coguntqne aninium furere. ^iAh. 1. cap. 0. occult, philos. part. 1. cap. 1. de spectris. <■ Sine cruce et sanctificatione ; sic a dymone obsessa. dial. ^ Greg. pag. c. 9. Mem. I. Subs. 2.] Causes of Melancholy. 77 touched himself; but the eele afterwards vanished : slie vo- mited some twenty-four poundsof fulsome stuff of all colours, twice a day for fourteen dayes ; and,after that,shc voided great balls of hair, pieces of wood, pigeons dung, parchment, goose dung, coals; and, after them, two pound of pure blood, and then again coals and stones (of which some had inscriptions) bigger than a walnut, some of ihem pieces of glass, brass, &c. besides paroxysmes of laughing, weeping, and extasies, &c. Et hoc {inquit) cioii horrorc vidl, this I saw witii iiorrour. They could do no good on her by physick, but left Uvs to the clergy. Marcellus Donanis lib. 2. c. 1. dc med dirab.) hath such another story of a countrey felloAV, that had four knives in his belly, instar serra; dentatos, indented like a saw, every one a sptin long, and a wreath of hair like a globe, with much bag- o-aoe of like sort, wonderful to behold. How it should come into his guts, he concludes, certe nan alio qnam dcemonis as- tutid et dolo. Laufjius (Epist. med. lib. 1. Epist. 3SJ hath many relations to this effect, and so hath Christopherus a Vega. Wierus, Skenkius, Scribanius, all agree that they are done by the subtilty and illusion of the devil. If you shall ask a rea- son of this, 'tis to exercise our patience; for as "Tertullian holds. Virtus non est virtns, nisi comparem habet ali/piem^ in quo superando vim siumi ostendat ; 'tis to try us and our faith; 'tis for ovu* offences, and the punishment of our sins, by Gods permission they do it; caruijices vindictoi justa. Dei, as ^ Tolosanus stdes them, executioners of his will : or rather as David Psal. 78. ver. 49. He cast upon them the fierce- ness of his aiufer, indignation, wrath, and.vexation, by send- ing out of evil angels. So did he afflict Job, Saul, the lunaticks and da?moniacal persons whom Christ cured, Matth. 4. 8. Luke 4. 1 1. Luke 13. Mark 9. Tobit 8. 3, &c. This, I say, happeneth for a punishment of sin, for their want of faith, incredulity, weakness, distrust, &c. SUBSECT. IIL Of Witches and Magicians^ how they cause Melancholy. JL OU have heard what the devil can do of himself: now you shall hear what he can perform by his instruments, who are many times worse (if it be possible) than he himself, and to satisfie their revenge and lust, cause more mischief; multu » Peuult. dc opitic. Dei. •> Lib. 28. cap. -26.. Tom. ± 78 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. ^, enim mala non egisset dcemon, nisi provocatus a sagis, as * Erastus thinks: much harm had never been done, had he not been provoked by witches to it. He had not appeared in Sa- muels shape, if the witch of Endor had left him alone ; or re- presented those serpents in Pharaohs presence, had not the ma- gicians urged him unto it : nee morbos vel hominibus vel hrutis in/iigeret, (Erastus maintains) si sagce quiescerent ; men and cattle might go free, ifthe witches would let him alone. Many deny Avitches at all, or, if there be any, they can do no harm. Of this opinion is Wierus, {lib. 3. cap. b^. prcestig. deem,) Austin Lerchemer a Dutch writer, Biarmannus, Ewichius, Euwaldus, our countryman Scot : with him in Horace, Somnia terrores magicos, miracula, sagas, Nocturnos lemures, portentaque Thessab, risu Excipiunt ■- they laugh at all such stories : but on the contrary are most lawyers, divines, physicians, philosophers, Austin, Hermingius, Dangeus, Chytra;us, Zanchius, Aretius, &c. Delrio, Springer, ''Niderius, (lib. 5. Formicar.) Cuiatius, Bartolus, {consil. 6. torn. I.) Bodine, (dcemoniant. lib. 2. cap. 8) Godelman, Dam- hoderius, &c. Paracelsus, Erastus, Scribanius, Camerarius,&c. The parties by whom the devil deals, may be reduced to these tivo — such as command him, in shew at least, as conjurers, and magicians, (whose detestable and horrid mysteries are contained in their book called '^ Arbatell ; dcEmones enim ad- vocati prccsto sunt, seque exorcismis et conjuratiojiibus quasi cogi patiunlur, ut miserum magorum genus in impietate deti- neant,) or such as are commanded, as witches, that deal ex parte implicite or explicite, as the ^ King hath well defined. Many subdivisions there are, and many several species of sor-^ cerers, witches, inchanters, charmers, &c. They have been tolerated heretofore, some of them ; and magick hath been pubiickly professed in former times, in * Salamanca, *^ Cracovia, and other places, though after censured by several -^univer- sities, and now generally contradicted, though practised by some still, maintained and excused, tamquamres secreta, quce non nisi viris magnis et peculiari benejicio de ccelo instru^tis communicatur (I use '' Boissardus his words) ; and so far ap- proved by some princes, ut nihil ausi aggredi in politicis. 5 De lamiis. ^ Et quomodo venefici fiaiit, enarrat. •" De quo plura legas, in Boissardo, lib. 1. de praestig, t'Rex Jacobus, D^monol. I. 1. c. 3. *■ An university ia Spain, in old Castile. fThe chief town in Poland. a Oxford and Paris, See linern P. Lnmbardi. h Pr«-fat. de magis et vene- ficis, lib. Mom. I. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy. 79 in sacris, in consiliis, sine eornm arhitrio ; they consult still with them, and dare indeed do nothing- without their advice. Nero and HeJiogabalus, Maxentius, and Julianus Apost^.ta, were never so much addicted to magick of old, as some of our modern princes and popes themselves are now adayes. Erricus, king of Sweden, had an "* inchanted cap, by vertne of which, and some magical murmur or whispering terms, he could command spirits, trouble the ayre, and make the wind stand which way he would ; insomuch that, when there wps any great wind or storm, the common people were wont to say, the king" now had on his conjuring cap. But such exam- ples are infinite. That which they can do, is as much almost as the devil himself, who is still ready to satisfie their desires, to oblige them the more unto him. They can cause tempests, storms; which is familiarly practised by witches in Norway, Island, as I have proved- They can make friends enemies, and enemies friends, by philters; ^ turpes amores cotici/iare, en- force love, tell any man where his friends are, about what em- ployed, though in the most remote places ; and, if they will, ''■ hrinr/ their sweethearts to them hy night, vpon a yoats hack flyiny in the ayre, (Sigismund Scheretzius, pr/r^ 1. cap. 9- de spect. reports contidently, that he conferred with sundry such, that had been so carried many miles, and that he heard witches themselves confess as much) hurt, and infect men and beasts, vines, corn, cattle, plants, make women abortive, not to con- ceive, '' barren men and women imapt and nnahle, married and unmarried, fifty several v/ays, (saith Bodine,/. 2. c. 2.) flye in the ayre, meet Avhen and where they will, as Cicogna proves, and (Lavat. de spec. part. 2. c. 17.) steal yoimy children ontajf their cradles, ministerio d?emonum, and put deformed in their rooms, ti'hich rre call chanyelinys, (saith ^Scheretzius, />«r^ ). c. 6) make men victorious, fortunate, eloquent : (and there- fore in those ancient monomaehics and combats, they were searched of old, 'if they had no magical charms) they can make s stick-frees, such as shall endure a rapiers point, mus- ket shot, and never be wounded ; (of >vhich read more in Bois- sardifs, cap. 6. de Mayici, the manner of the adjuration, and by whom 'tis made, where and how to be used inexpeditionihns helUcis, prcEliis, dnellis, ^e. with many peculiar instances and examples) they can walk in fiery furnaces, make men feel aRotatutn pileum habebat, quo ventos %iolentos cieret, aerem tnrbaret, et in qDam partem, i^c. b Erastus. <" Ministerio hirci noctnmi. dSteriles nuptos et inhabiles. Vide Petrum de Palnde, lib. 4. distinct 34. Panlum Gniclandum, ^Infantes matribus suffurantur ; aliis suppositiiis in locnra veronim conjectis, 'MiHes. eD. Luther, in primnm praeceptnm, et Leon. Varius.Iib.de fascino. 80 Cause$ of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. no pain on the rack, ant alias torturas sentire ; they can stanch blood, =• represent dead mens shapes, alter and turn themselves and others into several forms at their pleasures.'* i^gaberta, a famous witch in Lapland, would do as much publickly to all spectatours — modo pusilla, modo amis, modo procera ut quercits, modo vacca, avis, cohdwr, ^c. now young, now old, high, low, like a cow, like a bird, a snake, and what not ? She could represent to others what forms they most desired to see, shew them friends absent, reveal secrets, maxima omnium admiratione, &c. And yet, for all thissubtilty of theirs, (as Lipsius well observes, Physioloff. Stoicor. lib. 1. cap 17.) neither these magicians, nor devils themselves, can takeaway gold or letters out of mine or Crassus chest, et clien- telis, suis largiri ; for they are base, poor, contemptible felloAvs, most part : as ''■ Bodine notes, they can do nothing in judicum decreta aut pcenas, in regum consilia vel arcana, nihil in rem nummariam aut thesauros ; they cannot give money to their clients, alter judges decrees, or counsels 01 kings : these minuti genii cannot do it : altiores genii hoc sibi adservdrunt ; the higher powers reserve these things to themselves. Now and then, perad venture, there may be some more famous magicians, (like Simon Magus, '' Appollonius Tyaneus, Pastes, Jamblicus, *^ Odo de Stellis) that for a time can build castles in the ayre, represent armies, &c. (as they are ^said to have done) com- mand wealth and treasure, feed thousands with all variety of meats upon a sudden, protect themselves and their followers from all princes persecutions, by removing from place to place in an instant, reveal secrets, future events, tell what is done in far countries, make them appear that dyed long since, &c. and do many such miracles, to the worlds teiTovu', admiration, and opinion of deity to themselves": yet the devil forsakes them at last ; they came to wicked ends ; and raro aut mm- quam such impostors are to be found''. The vulgar sort of them can work no such feats. But to my purpose — they can, last of all, cure and cause most diseases to such as they love or hate, and this of 'melancholy amongst the rest. Paracelsus (torn. 4. de morbis amentium, tract. 1.) in express words affirms, miiltijaschiantur in melancholiam ; many are bewitched into melancholy, out of his experience. The same saith Danasus, lib. 3. de sortiariis. Vidi, inquit, qui melancholicos morbos »Lavat. Cicog, i^Boissardus, de M«gis. « Daemon, lib. 3. c. 3. «l Vide Philostratutn, vita ejus; Boissardum de Magis. e Nubrigensis. Lege lib. 1. cap. 19. fVide Suidam de Paset. ? E)e cruent. cadaver. hErastus, Adolphus, Scribanius. ' Virg. Mwcid. 4. incantatricem describens ; Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes, Quas velit, ast aliis duras imittere Meoi. i. Subs. 4.] Causes of Melmcholy. 81 f/ravissimos mduxerunt : I have seen those that have caused melancholy in the most grievous manner, "dn/ed up xvomens paps, cured f/out, palsie ; this and apoplexij.J'aUimj -sickness^ which no pliysick conld help, solo tactu, by touch alone. Ru- land (in his 3. Cent. Cura9{.) gives an instance of one David Helde, a young- man, who, by eating cakes which a witch gave him, mox delirare capit, began to dote on a sudden, and was instantly mad. F.H. D. in ''Hildesheim, consulted about a melancholy man, thought his disease was partly ma- gical, and partly natural, because he vomited pieces of iron and lead, and spake such languages as he had never been taught; but such examples are common in Scribanius, Her- cules de Saxonia, and others. The means by which they work, are usually charms, images, (as that, in Hector Boethius, of king Duffe characters stamped of sundry metals, and at such and such constellations, knots, amulets, words, philters, &c. M'hich generally make the parties affected, melancholy; as *^ Monavius discourseth at large in an epistle of his to Acolsius, giving- instance in a Bohemian barron that was so troubled by a philter taken. Not that there is any power at ail in those spells, charms, characters, and barbarous words ; but that the devil doth use such means to delude them ; ut fi deles inde mcif/os (saith ''Libanius) in officio retineat, turn in con- sortimn malpf'aciorum vocet. SUBSECT. IV. Stars a cause. Signs from Physiognomy^ Metoposcopy, Chiromancy. Natural causes are either ^rirnon/ and universal, or secnn- dary and more particular. Primary causes are the heavens, planets, stars, &c. by their influence (as our astrologers hold) producing this and such like effects. I Mill not here stand to discuss, obiter, whether stars be causes or signs ; or to apologise for judicial astrology. If either Sextus Empiricus, Picus Mirandula,Sextus ab Heminga, Pererius, Erastus, Cham- bers, &c. have so far prevailed with any man, that he will attribute no vertue at all to the heavens, or to sun or moon, aGodelmanuus, cap. 7. lib. 1. Nutricum mammas praesiccant ; solo tactu poda^am, apoplexiam, paralysin. et alios morbos, quos medicina curare non poterat b Factus inde maniacus. Spic. 2. fol. 147. c Omnia philtra, etsi inter se differant, hoc habent commune, quod hominem efficiant meiancholicura. epist. 231. Scholtzii. •* De cruent. cadaver. 82 Causes of Melancholy. [Part, J. Sec. 2, more than he doth to tlieir signs at an inn-keepers post, or tradesmans shop, or generally condemn all such astrolooical aphorisms approved by experience — I refer him to Bellan- tius,Pirovanus,Marascallerus,Goclenius, Sir Christopher Hey- don, &c. If thou shalt ask me what I think, I must answer, (nam et doctis hisce errorihns versatns sum) they do incline but not compell, (no necessity at all : ^agunt non cor/imf) and so gently incline, that a wise man may resist them ; sa- ])iens dominahitur astris : they rule us; but God rules them. All this (me thinks) ''Joh. de Indaoine hath comprized in brief: queer is a me quantum in nobis operantur astra? Sfc. Wilt thou knoiv hoivjar the stars work upo7i us ? I say they do hut incline, and that so yently, that^ if we will be ruled by reason, they have no power over us ; but if ice follow our own nature, and be led by sense, they do as much in us, as in brute beasts; and we are no better: so that, I hope, I may justly con- clude with '^CajetanfCoelumvehicuhandivina; virtutis,8fc. that the heaven is Gods instrument, by mediation of which he go- verns and disposeth these elementary bodies— oragreat book, whose letters are the stars, (as one calls it) wherein are writ- ten many strange things for such as can read — •* or an excel- lent harp, made by an eminent ivorkman, on ichich he that can but play, will make most admirable musick. But to the pur- pose — ^Paracelsus is of opinion, that a physician, tvithout the knowledge of stars, can neither understand the cause or cure of any disease — either of this, or gout, not so much as tooth- ache — except he see the peculiar geniture and scheme of the party affected. And for this proper malady, he will have the principal and primary cause of it proceed from the heaven, ascribing more to stars than humours, ^ and that the constel- lation alone, many times, producefh melancholy, all other causes setapart. He gives instance in lunatick persons, that are deprived of their wits by the moons motion ; and, in another place, refers all to the ascendent, and will have the true and chief cause of it to be sought from the stars. Neither is it his opinion only, but of many Galenists and philosophers, though » Astra regunt homines ; et regit astra Dens. ' •> Chorom. lib. Qiiseris a dkj qnantum operantur astra ? dico, in nos nihil astr nrgere, sed animos proclives trahere; qui sic tamen liberi sunt, ut, si ducem sequantar rationem, nihil efficiant; sin vero oa- tiiram id agere quod in brutis I'ere. <^ Coelum vehiculum divinae \irtutis, cujus mediante motu, lumine, et influentia. Dens elementaria corpora ordinat, et disponit. Th. de Veio. Cajetanus in Psa. 104. d Mundus iste quasi lyra ab excellentissimo quodam artifice concinnata^ quamqui norit, mirabiles elicietharmonias. J. Dee. Apho- rismo 11. « Medicus, sine coeli peritia nihil est, &c. nisi genesim sciverit, ne tantillnm potent, lib. de podag. fConstellatio in caussa est: et influentia coeli morbum hunc movet, interdgm omnibus aliis amotis. Et alibi. Origo ejus a ccelo petenda est. Tr. de morbis amentium. Mem. 1. Subs. 4,] Causes of Melancholij. 8S they notso stifly and peremptorily maintain as much. Tkisva- riet!/ of melancliolij symptomes proceeds from the stars, saith •'Melaiicthon. The most generous melancholy (as that of Au- oustus) comes from the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in Libra; the bad, (as that of Catiline) from the meeting of Saturn and the moon in Scorpio. Jovianus Pontanus, in his tenth book, and thirteenth chapter de rebus coelestiMis, dis- courseth to this purpose at large. Ex atra bile varii f/ene- rantur morbi, Sfc. ^ Many diseases proceed from black choler, as it shall be hot or cold; and thouyh it be cold in its oicn nature, yet it is apt to be heated, as water may be made to boyle, and burn as bad as fre ; or made cold as ice ; and thence proceed such variety of symptomes : some mad, some solitary ; some lauc/h, some rage, dsc- — the cause of all which intemperance' he will have chiefly and primarily pro- ceed from the heavens— '/'/om theposition of Mars, Saturn, and Mercury. His aphorisms be these : '^ Mercury in any geniture, if he shall he found ?« Virgo, or Pisces his opposite sif/n, and that in the horoscope, irradiated by those quartih aspects of Saturn or Mars, the child shall be mad or melan^ choly. Again, ^ He that shall have Ssitmn or Murs, the one culminatiny, the other in the fourth house, ivhen he shall be horn, shall be melancholy ; of tvhich "he shall be cured in time, ?y Mercury behold them. ^ If the moon be in conjunc- tion or opposition, at the birth-time, with the sun, Saturn, or Mars, or in a quartile aspect tvith them (e malo coeli loco, Leovitius adds) many diseases are signified ; especially the head and brain is like to be mis-affected with pernicious hu- mours, to be melancholy, lunatick, or mad. Cardan adds, quartd lund natos, eclipses, earth-quakes. Garcasus and Leo- vitius will have the chief judgement to be taken from the lord of the geniture; or when there is no aspect betwixt the moon and Mercury, and neither behold the horoscope, or Saturn and Mars shall be lord of the present conjunction or oppo- sition in Sagittary or Pisces, of the sun or moon, such per- sons are commonly epileptick, dotCjdaemoniacal, melancholy^ ;;. a Lib. de aDima, cap. de humorib. Ea varietas in melancholia habet ccelestes caussas (i Tj et 1|. in D ci ^ et D in «!,. ''Ex atra bile varii generantur morbi, perinde ut ipse multum calidi aut frigidi in se habuerit, quum utiique suscipi- endo quam aptissima sit, tametsi suapte natura frigida sit. Annon aqua sic afficitur a calore ut ardeat ; et a frigore ut in glaciem concrescat? et ha;c varietas distinctio- num, alii flent, rident, &c. <= Hanc ad intemperantiam gignendam plurimum confert ^ et fj positus, &c. , rt g Quoties alicujus genitura in m et >£ ad- verso signo positus, heroscopum partiliter tenuerit, atqiie etiain a mus malum hunc, Jo. Pelesius, lib. 2. de cura humanorum aflfectuum. ^ Lib. 10. observ. 15, Mem". 1; Subs. G.] Causes of Melanchobi. 89 that had this infirmity by inlioritance; so doth Rodericus a Fonseca, {Tom. 1. cows?//. 69) by an instance ofa young man that was so affected ex matre. melancholic a, had a melancholy mother, et vicfu melanchoHco, and bad diet together. Ludo- vicus Mercatus, a Spanish physician, (in that excellent tract, which he hath lately written of hereditary diseases,Tbm. 2. oper. lib. 5.) reckons up leprosie, as those ^Galbots in Gascony, he- reditary lepers, pox, stone, gout, epUepsie, &c. Amongst the rest, this and madness after a set time comes to many, whicli he calls a miraculous thing in nature, and sticks for ever to them as an incurable habit. And, that which is more to be wondered at, it skips in some families the father, and goes to the son, ^ or takes every other, and sometimeji every third, hi a lineal descent, and doth not alicayes produce the same, hut some like, and a symboliziny disease. Tliesesecundary causes, hence derived, are commonly so powerful, that (as "= Wolphius holds) S(Bpe mutant decreta siderum ; tiiey do often alter the primary causes, and decrees of the heavens. For these reasons, belike, the church and common-wealth, humane and divine laws, have conspired to avoid hereditary disaases, forbidding such marriages as are any whitallyed ; and, as Mercatus ad- viseth all families, to take such, si fieri possit, qncE ma.rime distant naturd, and to make choice of those that are most dif- fering in complexion from them : if they love their own, and respect the common good. And sure, I think, it hath been ordered by Gods especial providence, that, in all ages, there should be, (as usually there is) once in "^six hundred years, a transmigration of nations to amend and purifie their blood, as we alter seed upon our land,and that there should be as it were an inundation of those northern Goths and Vandales, and many suchlike people which came out of that continent of Scandia, and Sarmatia (as some suppose,) and over-ran, as a deluge, most part of Europe and Africk, to alter (for our good) our complexions, which were much defaced with hereditary in- firmities, which by our lust and intemperance we had con- tracted. A sound generation of strong and able men were sent amongst us, as those northern men usually are, innocu- ous, free from riot, and free from diseases; to qualifie and make us as those poor naked Indians are generally at this day, and those about Brasile, (as a late ^ writer observes) in aMaginus, Geog. bSaepe non eundem, sed similem producit effectum, et illaeso parente transit in nepotem. cj)ial. praefix. genituris Leovitii. <fl^/((. /. 1. 1 1) her son will be so like- wise affected ; and worse, (as* Lemnius adds, /. 4. c. 7) if she grieve overmuch, be disquieted,or by any casualty beaft'righted and terrified by some fearful object, heard or seen, she endan- »Drusiu3, obs. lib. 3, cap. 20. bfied. Eccl. hist. lib. 1. c. 27. respon. 10. •^ Nam spiritus cerebri si turn male afficiantur, tales prorreant ; et quales fnerint af- fectus, tales filiorum: ex tristibus tristes, ex jacandis jacnndi nascDDtor, &c. <* Fol. 229. mer. Socrates children were fools. Sab. « De occol. nat. mir. Pica, morbus mulierum. 92 Causes oj' Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sec. 2. eers her child, andspoils the temperature of it ; for the strange imaoination of a woman works effectually upon her infant, that (as Baptista Porta proves, Pliysiog. ecelestis, l.b.c. 2) she leaves a mark upon it; which is most especially seen in such as prodigiously long for such and such meats : the child will love those meats, saith Fernelius, and be addicted to like hu- mours. ^ If' a c/reat-bellied womaji see a hare, her child will often have an hare-lip, as we call it. Garcaeus, de Judiciis fje- niturarum, c. 33. hath a memorable example of one Thomas Mickell, born in the city of Brandeburge, 1551, ^that icent reeling and staggering all the dayes of his life, as if he would fall to the ground, because his mother, being great with child, saw a drunken manreeling in the street. Such an other 1 find in Martin Wenrichiusjcow. c?eor^Mmows^rorMm,c. J 7. ^Isaw, (saith he) at Wittenberge in Germany, a citizen that looked like a carkass. / asked him the cause : he replyed, his mother , token she bore him in her womb, saw a carkass by chance, and was sore affrighted with it, that ex eo fetus ei assimilatus : from a ghastly impression, the child was like it. So many several wayes are we plagued and punished for our fathers defaults ; in so much that (as Fernelius truly saith) '^it is the greatest part of our felicity to be well born ; and it wei'e happy for humane kitid,ifonly such parents, as are sound of body and mind,should be suffered to marry. An husband- man will sow none but the best and choicest seed upon his land ; he will not rear a bull or an horse, except he be right shapen in all parts, or permit him to cover a mare, except he be well assured of his breed ; we make choice of the best rams for our sheep, rear the neatest kine, and keep the best dogs; quanta id diligentius in procrearidis liberis observandum? and how careful then should we be in begetting of our children? In former time, some ^ countreyshave been so chary in this behalf, so stern, that, if a child were crooked or deformed in body or mind, they made him away; so did the Indians of old (by the relation of Curtius), aud many other well-governed common- wealths, according to the discipline of those times. Here- a Baptista Porta, loco prad. Ex leporum intuitn plerseque infantes edunt bifido su- periore labello. b Quasi inox in terram collapsunis, per omnem vitam ince- debat, cum mater gravida ebrium hominem sic incedentem viderat. f Civem facie cadaverosa, qui dixit, &c. <• Optimum bene nasci ; maxima pars ff lici- tatis nostras bene nasci ; quamobrem prasclare humane gencri consultum videretur, si soli parentes bene habiti et sani liberis operam darent. <> Infantes infirmi pra;- cipitio necati. Bohemus, lib. 3 c. 3. Apud Laconesoliiu. Lipsius, epist. 85 cent, ad Belgas, Dionysio Villerio, Siqnos aliqiia membrorum parte inuUIes notaverint, na- carijubent. Mem. 3. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy . 93 tofore, in Scotland, (saith '^ Hect. Boetliius) if any were visited with the Jailing sickness, madness, gout, leprosie, or any suck dangerous disease, which was likely to be propagated from the father to the son, he teas instantly gelded ; a woman kept from all company of men ; and if by chance, having some such dis- ease, she were found to be %vith child, she with her brood were buried alive: and this was done for the common good, lest the whole nation should be injured or corrupted. A severe doom, you will say, and not to be used among-st Christians, yet more to be looked into than it is. For now, by our too much facility in this kind, in giving way for all to marry that will, too much liberty and indulgence in tolerating all sorts, there is a vast con- fusion of hereditary diseases, no family secure, no man almost free from some grievous infirmity or other. When no choice is had, but still the eldest must marry, as so many stallions of the race ; or, if rich, be they fools or dizzards, lame or maimed, un- able, intemperate, dissolute, exhaust through riot, (as he said) ^ jure htjcreditario sapere jubentur ; they must be wise and able by inheritance ; it comes to pass that our generation is corrupt ; we have many weak persons, both in body and mind, many feral diseases raging amongst us, crazed isiavMes, parentes peremp- tores ; our fathers bad ; and we are like to be worse. MEMB. II. SUBSECT. I. Bad diet a cause. Substance. Quality of meats. -According to my proposed method, having opened hitherto these secundary causes, which are inbred with us, I must now proceed to the outward and adventitious, which hap- pen unto us after we are born. And those are either evident, remote ; or inward, antecedent, and the nearest : continent causes some call them. These outward, remote, precedent causes are subdivided again into necessary and not necessary. J^ecessary (because we cannot avoid them, but they will alter us, as they are used, or abused) are those six non-natural things, so much spoken of amongst physicians, which are principal causes of this disease: for,almostin every cousultation,whereas »Lib. 1. de veterum Scotorum moribus. Morbo comitiali, dementia, raa»iri, lepra, &c. aut simili labe, quae facile in proiem trannmittitiir, laborantes inter [eos, 'ingenti facta inilagine, inventos, ne gens fceda contagionc laederetur, ex iis nata, castraverant; mnlieres hujnsmodi procnl a virorum consortio ableganint ; quod si hartun aliquacon- cepisse inveniebatur, simnl cum fetn nonditm edito, defodiebatar viva. ''Eaphormio Satyr. 94 Causes of Melancholy. [I^art 1. Sec. 1. tliey shall come to speak of the causes, the faultis found, and this most part objected to the patient ; jaeccavif circa res sex non natnrales : he hath still offended in one of those six. Mon- tanus,(cowsi7. 22.) consul ted about amelancholy Jew, givesthat sentence; so did Frisemelica in the same place; and, in his two hundred forty fourth counsel, censuringa melancholy souldier, assigns that reason of his malady : ^He offended in all those six non-natural things, which were the outward causes, from which came those inward obstructions ; and so in the rest. These six non-natural things are diet, retention, and evacuation, which are more material than the other, because they make new matter, or else are conversant in keeping or expelling it. The other four are, air, exercise,sleeping,waking, and perturbations of the mind, which only alter the matter. The first of these is diet, which consists in meat and drink, and causeth melancholy, as it offends in substance oraccidents, that is quantity, quality, or the like. And well it may be called a material cause, since that, as ** Fernelius holds, it hath such a power in begetting of diseases, and yields the matter and sustenance of them ; for neither air, nor perturbations, 7ior any of those other evident causes, take place or work this effect, except the constitution of body and preparation of hu- mours do concur ; that a man may say, this diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he icill ; and from this alone, melancholy and frequent other maladies arise. Many physicians, I confess, have written copious volumes of this one subject, of the nature and qualities of all manner of meats; as, namely, Galen, Isaac the Jew ; Halyabbas, Avicenna, Mesne, also four Arabians; Gordonius,Villanovanus, Wecker, Johannes Bruernius, sitologia de Esculentis et Proculentis, Michael Savanarola, Tract. S. cap. 8. Anthony Fumanellus, lib. de regimine senum. Curio in his comment on Schola Salerna, Godefridus Stekiusai'te med. MarsiliusCognatus, Fici- nus, Ranzovius, Fonseca, Lessius, Magninus, regim.sanitatis, Frietagius, Hugo Fridevallius, &c. beside many other in •^English; and almost every pecidiar physician discourseth at large of all peculiar meats in his chapter of melancholy. Yet, because these books are not at hand to every man, I will briefly touch Avhat kind of meats ingenderthis humour, through their several species, and which are to be avoided. How they alter a Fecit omnia delicta, quae fieri possnnt, circa res sex non naturales ; et eas fueriint raussBR extrinseccE, ex quibiis postea orta; sunt obstructiones. bPath, I. I.e. 2. Maxiniiim in gignendis morbis vim obtinet, pabulum, materiamque morbi suggerens : nam nee ab aere, nee a perturbationibus, vel aliis evidentibus canssis morbi sunt, nisi consentiat corporis prseparatio, et humorum eonstitutio. Ut semel dicam, una gula est omnium morborum mater, etiamsi alius est genitor. Ab hac morbi spoute saepe t-jnanaut, nulla alia eogente caussa. ^Cogan, Eliot, Vauban, Vener. Mem. S. Sub^. 1.] Causes of Jielamholy. 95 and change the matter, spirits first, and after humours, hy wl)ich we arc preserved, and the constitution of our body, Fernelius and others will shew you. I hasten to the thing- it self: and, first, of such diet as offends in substance. Beef.'] Beef, a strong and hearty meat (cold in the first degree, dry in the second, saith Gal /. 3. c. 1. de alimfac.) is condemned by him, and all succeedingauthors,to breed gross melancholy blood ; good for such as are sound, and of a strong constitution, for labouring men, if ordered aright, corned, young of an ox, for all gelded meats in every species are held best; or, if old, ^ such as have been tired out with labour, are preferred. Aubanus and Sabellicus commend Portugal beef to be the most savoury, best, and easiest of digestion ; we com- mend ours : but all is rejected and unfit for such as lead aresty life, any ways inclined to melancholy, or dry of complexion. Tales (Galen thinks) de facili melancholicis cBgriiudbiihiis capiuntvr. Pork.'] Pork, of all meats, is most nutritive in his own na- ture, but altogether unfit for such as live at ease, or are any Mays unsound of body or mind; too moist, full of huiuours, and therefore noxia delicatis, saith Savanarola, ex eanim usii lit duhitetur, cnifehris qunrtana (jeneretnr : naught for queasie stomachs, in so much, that frequent use of it may breed a quartan ague. Goat.] Savanarola discommends goats flesh, and so doth *> Bruerinus, /. 13. c. 19, calling it a filthy beast, and rammish; and therefore supposeth it will breedrank and filthysubstance : yetkid,such as are young and tender, Isaac excepts,Bruerinus, and Galen, /. 1. c. 1. de alimentornmfacultatibus. Hart.] Hart, cuid red deer, ^ Jtat'h a» evil name ; it yields (/ross nutriment ; a strong and great grained meat, next unto a horse, which although some countries eat, as Tartars and they of China, yet '^ Galen condemns. Young foals are as com- monly eaten in Spain, as red deer, and to furnish their navies, about Malaga especially, often used. But such meats ask long baking or seething, to qualifie them; and yet all will not serve. Venison, Fulloio Deer.] All venison is melancholy, and begets bad blood : a pleasant meat in great esteem with us (for we have more parks in England than there are in all Europe besides) in our solemn feasts. 'Tis swuewhat better, » Fnetagius. ''Non laudatur, qiiia ui'-'ancholicum prsebetalimentam. •■Male alit cervma (inqnit FrietaRius): crassissinmin et atribilarium siippeditat ali- f"^"!""'- '' I-'ih. de subtiliss. diccla. Equina caro et asinina equinis danda est huniinibus et asininis. 96 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2 Lunted, tban otherwise, and well prepared by cookery; but generally bad, and seldom to be used. Hare.] Hare, a black meat, melancholy, and hard of diges- tion : it breeds incubus, often eaten, and causeth fearful dreams; so doth all venison, and is condemned by a jury of physicians. Mizaldus and some others say that hare is a merry meat, and that it will make one fair, as Martials epigram testifies to Gellia; but this is per accidens, because of the good sport it makes, merry company, and good discourse that is commonly at the eating of it, and not otherwise to be understood. Conies.] ^ Conies are of the nature of hares. Magninas compares them to beef, pig, and goat, Reff. sanit.part. 3. c. 17 : yet young rabbets, by all men are approved to be good. Generally, all such meats as ai-e hard of digestion, breed melancholy. Aretseus, lib. 7. cap. 5, reckons up heads and feet, •'bowels, brains, entrails, marrow, fat, blood, skins, and those inward parts, as heart, lungs, liver, spleen, &c. They are rejected by Isaac, lib. 2. part. 3. Magninus, joar^ 3. cap. 17. Bruerinus, lib. 12. Savanarola, Rub. 32. Tract. 2. Milk.] Milk, and all that comes of milk, as butter and cheese, curds, &c. increase melancholy (whey only excepted, which is most wholesome.) "" Some except ass-esmilk. The rest, to such as are sound, is nutritive and good, especially for young children ; but, because soon turned to corruption, "^not good for those that have unclean stomacks, are subject to headach, or have green wounds, stone, 8cc. Of all cheeses, I take that kind which we call Banbury cheese to be the best. Exvetustis ^pessimus, the older, stronger, and harder, the worst, as Lan- gius discourseth in his Epistle to Melancthon, cited by Mizaldus, Isaac, p. 5. Gal. 3. de cibis boni sued, ^-c. I^owl.] Amongst fowl, ^peacocks and pigeons, all fenny fowl, are forbidden, as ducks, geese, swans, herns, cranes, coots, didappers, waterhens, with all those teals, curs, shel- drakes, and peckled fowls, that come hither in winter out of Scandia, Muscovy, Greenland, Friezland, which half the year are covered all over with snow and frozen up. Though these be fair in feathers, pleasant in taste, and have a good outside (like hypocrites), white in plumes, and soft, their tlesh is hard, black, unwholesome, dangerous, melancholy meat. Gravant et putrejaciunt stomachum, saith Isaac, part. b. de vol, their young ones are more tolerable ; but young pigeons he quite disproves. a Parum abaunt a natura leporum. Bruerinus, 1. 13. cap. 25. puUorum tenera et optima. *" lUaudabilis succi nauseam provocant. c Piso. Altomar. d Curio. Frietagius, Magninus. part. 3. cap. 17. — Mercurialis,. de affect, lib. f. c. 10. excepts all milk meats in hypocondriacal melancholy. « Wecker, Syntax, theor. p. 2. Isaac, Bruer. lib. 15. cap. 30. et 31. Mem. 2. Subs. I.] Causes oj Melancholy. 97 Fislies.'] Rhasis aiul "MjJgninus discommend all fish, and say, theyl)reed*?7'&'cos?7ies, slimy nutriment, little and humorous nourishment; Savanarola adds cold, moist; and phleomatick, Isaac; and therefore unwholsomefor all cold and melancholy complexions. Others make a difference, rejecting* only among- fresh-water fish, eel, tench, lamprey, craw-fish, (which Bright approves, cap. 6), and such as are bred in muddy and standing Avaters, and have a taste of mud, as Franciscus Bonsuetus poetically defines. (Lib. de aquatilibris) Nam pisces omues, qui stagna lacusque frequentant, Semper plus succi deteriores habent. All fish, that standing: pools and lakes frequent, Do ever yield bad juyce and nourishment. Lampreys, Paulus Jovius (c. 34. de jnscibus Jluvial.) highly magnifies, and saith, none speak against them, but inepti and scrnpvlosi ; some scrupidous persons; hwi^ eels (c. S3,) heab- liorreth : in all places, at all times, all physicians detest them, especially about the solstice. Gomesius (lib. 1. c. 22. de sale) tloth immoderately extol sea-fish, which others as much vilifie, and, above the rest, dryed, sowced, indurate fish, as ling-^ fumados, red-herrings, sprats, stock-fish, haberdine, poor-john, all shell-fish. ^Tim Bright excepts lobster and crab, Mes- sarius commends salmon, which Bruerinus contradicts, lib. 22. c. 17. Magninus rejects congre, sturgeon, turbot, mackerel, skate. Carp is a fish of which I know not what to determine. Fran- ciscus Bonsuetus accounts it a muddy fish. Hippolytus Sal- vianus, in his book de Piscium naturd prccparatione, which was printed at Rome in folio 1541, (with most elegant pic- tures) esteems carp no better than a slimy watery meat. Pau- lus Jovius, on the other side, disallowing tench, approves of it; so doth Dubravius in his book offish-ponds. Frietagius ^ extols it for an excellent wholesome meat, and puts it amongst the fishes of the best rank ; and so do most of our countrey gentlemen, that store their ponds almost with no other fish. But this controversie is easily decided, in my judgement, by Bruerinus, /. 22. c, 13. The difference riseth from the site and nature of pools, '^ sometimes muddy, sometimes sweet: they are in taste as the place is, from whence they be taken. In »Cap_ 18. part 3, '' Omni loco et omni tempore medici detestantiir anguillas, praesertim circa soistitium. Daranantiir tain sanis turn aegris. <" Cap. 6. in his Trdct of Melancholy. ''Optime nutrit, omnium judicio, intfr primsp notap pisws gn?fu prap'^lanti. « Non est rliibiuni, r\W\n, pro viiarioiiini situ ac naturi), niagnas alimcutorum soitianUii diffeientias, alibi siiavioies, alibi lulultLtiores. 98 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. 2. like manner almost, we may conclude of other fresh-fish. But see more in Rondeletius, Bellonius, Oribasius, lib. 7- cap. 22. Isaac, /. I. especially Hippolytus Sal vianus, who is instar om- nium, solus, Sfc. Howsoever they may be wholesome and ap- proved, much use of them is not good. P. Forestus, in his Medicinal Observations, ^relates, that Carthusian fryers, whose living ismost part fish, are more subject to melancholy than any other order; and that he found by experience, being sometimes their physician ordinary at Delph in Holland. He exemplifies it with an instance of one Buscodnese, a Carthusian of a ruddy colour, and well liking, that, by solitary living and fish-eating, became so misafli'ected. Herbs.'] Amongst herbs to be eaten, I find gourds, cow- cumbers, coleworts, melons, disallowed, but especially cab- bage. It causeth troublesome dreams, and sends up black vapours to the brain. Galen, {loc. affect. I. 3. c. 6) of all herbs, condemns cabbage ; and Isaac, lib. 2. c. I. animce gra- vitatemfacit, it brings heaviness to the soul. Some are of opinion, that all raw herbs and sallets breed melancholy blood, except Ijugloss and lettice. Crato {consil. 21. lib. 2) speaks against all herbs and worts, except borrage, bugloss, fennel, parsly, dill, bawn, succory. Magninus, (regim. sanitatusy 3. part. cap. 3 1 ) omnes lierboe simpllciter maloB, via, cibi : all herbs are simply evil to feed on (as he thinks). So did that scoft- ing cook in '' Plautus hold. . Non ego ccenam condio, ut alii coqui soleut, Qui mihi condita prata in patinis proferunt, Boves qui convivas faciunt, herbasque aggerunt. Like other cooks, I do not supper dress, That put whole medows in a platter, And make no better of the guests than beeves, With herbs and grass to feed them fatter. Our Italians and Spaniards do make a whole dinner of herbs and sallets (which our said Plautus calls coenas terrestres, Ho- race, coBiias sine sanguine) ; by which means, as he follows it, *^ Hie homines tarn brevem vitam colunt Qui herbas hujusmodi in alvum suam congerunt : Formidolosum dictu, non esu modo, Quas herbas pecudes non edunt, homines edunt. Their livves, that eat such herbs, must needs be short; And 'tis a fearful thing for to report, a Obaervat. 16. lib. 10. '' Pseudolus; act. 3. seen. 2. = Plautus, ibid, j Mem. 2. Subs. 1.] Causes of Melancholy. 99 That men should feed on such a kind of meat, Which very juments would refuse to eat. ^ They are >vindy, and not fit therefore to be eaten of all men raw, though (qualified witli oyl, but in broths, or otherwise. See more of these in every ^ husbandman and herbalist. Roots.'] Roots {etsi quarundanKjenthim opes sint, saith Brue- rinus — the wealth of some countries, and sole food) are windy and bad, or troublesome to the head ; as onyons, oarlick scul- lions,turneps,carrets,vadishes,parsnips. CraU)(lib.2. consil.il.) disallows all roots; though "^^ some approve of parsnips and potatoes. 'I Magninus is of Cratos opinion — * t/ieif trouble the mind, sendinr/ gross fumes to the bruin, make r.ien mad, espe- cially garlick, onyons, if a man liberally feed on them a year together. Guianerius {tract. 15. cap. 2.) complains of all manner of roots, and so doth Bruerinus, even parsnips them- selves, which are the best ; Lib. 9. cap. 14. jmstinacurum usus succos f/if/nit improbos. Fruits.] Crato (consil. 21. lib. 1) utterly forbids all manner of fruits, as pears, apples, plums, cherries, strawberries, nuts medlers, serves, &c. Sanrjuinem in/iciunt, saith Villanovanus ; they infect the blood; and putrifie it, Magninus holds and' must not therefore be taken, fiflcjfti, autquantitate magna, wot to make a meal of, or in any great quantity. 'Cardan makes that a cause of their continual sickness atFessa in Africk,iec«Mse they live so much on fruits, eating them thrice a day. Lau- rentius approves of many fruits, in his Tract of Melanchohf, which others disallow, and, amongst the rest, apples, (which some likewise commend) as sweetnigs, pairmains, pippins, as good against melancholy ; but to him that is any May inclined to or touched with this malady, ^Nicholas Piso,in his Practicks, forbids all fruits, as windy, or'to be sparingly eaten at least, and not raw. Amongst other fruits, ^ Bruerinus (out of Galen) excepts grapes and figs; but I find them likewise rejected. Pulse.] All pulse are naught, beans, pease, fitches, &'c. they fill the brain (saith Isaac) with gross fumes, breed black thick blood, and cause troublesome dreams. And therefore that which Pythagoras said to his scholars of old, may be for ever applyed to melancholy meu.Afabisabstitiete; eat no pease aQuare rectms valetadini suae quisque consnlet, qui, lapsus prioruni parentum raemor, eas plane vel omisent vel parce degustarit. Kersleius, cap. 4. de \t-ro iisu med «> In Mizaldo de Horto, P. Crescent Herbastein, &c. e Cap. J3. part. 3. Br\<^\it in his Tract of Mel. '' Intt-llectum turbant, producunt iusaniain. <=Aiidi>i' (inqnit Magnin.) qaod, si quis ex iis per annum continue comedat, in insaniain caderet' c. 13. liuprobisucci sunt. cap. 1-2. ' De rermu vaiietat. lu Fes>a pleriimoue ni')rbosi, quod fnii^us .jniedc^nt ler in die. - Caj>. de mel. '• tiib. 11. c. 3 ' TOO , Cames of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. nor beans. Yet, to such as will need eat them, I would give this counsel; to prepare them according to those rules that Arnoldus Villanovanus and Frietag-ius prescribe, for eating- and dressing- fruits, herbs, roots, pulse, &c. Spices^ Spices cause hot and head melancholy, and are, for that cause, forbidden by our physicians, to such men as are inclined to this malady, as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, mace, dates, &c. hony and sugar. ^Some except hony : to those that are cold, it may be tolerable ; but '' dulcia se in hilem vertunt ; they are obstructive. Crato therefore forbids all spice (in a consultation of his for a melancholy schoolmaster), omnia aromatica, et quidquid sanguinem adurit : so doth Fernelius, consil. 45 ; Guianerius, tract. 15. e. 2; Mercurialis, cons. 189. To these I may add all sharp and sowre things, luscious, and over sweet, or fat, as oyl, vinegar, verjuice, mustard, salt; as sweet things are obstructive, so these are corrosive. Gomesius (in his book de sale, I. 1. c. 21) highly commends salt; so do Codronchus in his tract de sale absinthii, Lemn. /. 3. c. 9. de occult, nat. mir. Yet common experience finds salt, and salt- meats to be great procurers of this disease : and for that cause, belike,those Egyptian priests abstained from salt, even somuch as in their bread, ut sine pertnrbatione anima esse^, saith mine author — that their souls might be free from perturbation. Bread."] Bread that is made of baser grain, as pease, beans, oats, rye, or *" over-hard baked, crusty and black, is often tspoken against as causing melancholy juyce and wind. John Mayor, in the first book of his History of Scotland, contends much for the wholesomeness of oaten bread, it was objected to him then living at Paris in France, that his countrymen fed on oats and base grain, as a disgrace ; but he doth ingenu- ously confess, Scotland, Wales, and a third part of England, did most part use that kind of bread ; that it was wholsome as any grain, and yielded as good nourishment. And yet Wecker (out of Galen), calls it horse meat, and fitter for ju- ments than men to feed on. But read Galen himself, (^Lib. 1. De cibis boni et malt sued) more largely discoursing of corn and bread. Wine.] All black wines, over-hot, compound, strong thick drinks, as Muscadine, Malmsie, Allegant, Rumny, Brown - bastard, Metheglen, and the like, of which they have thirty several kinds in Muscovy — all such made drinks are hurtful in this case, to such as are hot, or of a sanguine cholerick com- » Bright (c. 6.) excepts hony. *> Hor. apud Scoltzium, consil. I86. « Ne eomedas cnutam, choleram quia gignit adustam. Schol. Sal. Memb. 1. Subs. 2.] Causesi of Melancholy. 101 plexion,young-, or inclined tohead-raelancholj^tfor many times the drinking of wine alone causeth it. Arculanus (e. 16. in 9. Rhash) puts in ^ wine for a g-reat cause, especially if it be im- moderately used. Guianerius {Trac. 15 c. 2) tells a story of two Dutchmen, to whom he gave entertainment in his house, that, *'in one months space, ivere both melancholg by drinkinrj of wine : one did nought but sing, the other sigh. Galen (/, de ransis morb. c. 3), Matthiolns (on Dioscorides) and, above all other, Andreas Bachins, /. 3. 18, 19, 29) have reckoned upon those inconveniences that come by wine. Yet, notwitiistanding all this, to such as are cold, or sluggish melancholy, a cup of wine is good physick ; and so doth Mercurialis grant, consil. 25. In that case, if the temperature be cold, as to most melancholy men it is, wine is much commended, if it be moderately used. Cider, Perry.] Cider and Perry are both cold and windy drinks, and, for that cause, to be neglected ; and so are all those hot spiced strong drinks. Beer.'] Beer, if it be over new or over stale, over strong, or not sod, smell of the cask, sharp, or so\\t, is most unwholsome, frets, and gauls, &c. Henricus Ayrerus, in ^ a consultation of his, for one that laboured of hypocondriacal melancholy, dis- commends beer ; so doth ^ Crato (in that excellent counsel of his, lib. 2. consil. 21) as too windy, because of the hop. But he means, belike, that thick black Bohemian beer used in some other parts of ^ Germany. -nil spissius ilia, Dum bibitur ; nil clarius est, dum mingitur ; unde Constat, cjuod multas faeces in corpore linquat — Nothing comes in so thick ; Nothing goes out so thin ; It must needs follow, then. The drugs are left within — ^s that old ^poet scoffed, calling it Stygi/e rnonstrum conforme palndi, a monstrous drink, like the river Styx. But let them say as they list, to such as are accustomed' unto it, 'tis a most wholsome (Sso Polydor Virgil calleth it) and a pleasattt drinks- it is more subtil and bitter for the hop, that rarities it, and hath an especial vertue against melancholy, as our herbalists confess, Fuchsius approves, lib. 2. sect. 2. instit. cap. 11. and many others. « Vinum turbidum. b Ex vini patentia bibitione, duo Alemanni in uno mense melancholici facti sant <■ HildesLeim, spicil. fol. '273. JCrassum general sangTunem. eAbout Dantzick, Inspruce, Hamburg, Lvpsick. fHenricus Abnncensis. cPotus turn salubris turn jucundus, I. I. 102- Causesi of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. '2. Waters.'] Standing- waters, thick and ill colouied, such as come forth of pools and motes, where hemp hath been steeped; of- slimy fishes live, are most unwholsome,putrified, and full of mites, creepers, slimy, muddy, unclean, con upt, impure, by reason of the suns heat, and still standing-. They cause foul distemperatures in tlie body and mind of man, are unfit to make drink of, to dress meat with, or to be ^ used about men inwardly or outwardly. They are good for many domestical uses, to wash horses, water cattle, &c. or in time of necessity, but not otherwise. Some are of opinion, that such fat standing waters make the best beer, and that seething- doth defecate it, as ^ Cardan holds {lib. 13. subtil.) it mends the substance and savour of it ; but it is a paradox. Such beer may be stronger, but not so wholsome as the other, as •* Jobertus truly justifieih, out of Galen, {Paradox, dec. 1. Paradox. 5) that the seething- of such impure v,aters doth not purge or purify them. Pliny {lib. 31. c. 3.) is of the same tenet ; and P. Crescentius, agricult. lib. 1. et lib. 4. c. 11. et c. 45. Pamphilius Herilachus, /. 4. denat. aqnarum, such waters are naught, not to be used, and (by the testi- mony of "^ Galen) breed agues, dropsies, pleurisies, splenetick and melancholy passions, hurt the eyes, cause a bad tem- .perature, and ill disjwsition oj'the ichole body, with bad colour. This Jobertus stifly maintains, {Paradox, lib. 1. jjart. 5) that it causeth bleer eyes, bad colour, and many loathsome diseases to such as use it. This, which they say, stands with good reason ; for, as geographers relate, the water of Astracan breeds worms in such as drink it. * Axius, or (as now called) Verduri, the fairest river in Macedonia, makes all cattle black that taste of it. Aliacmon, now P.eleca, another stream in Thessaly, turns cattle most part white, si potui ducas. I. Aubanus Bohemus referrs that ^struma, or poke of the Bavarians and Styrians, to the nature of their waters, as g Munster doth that of the Valesians, in the Alps ; and *> Bodine supposeth the stuttering- of some families in Aquitania, about Labden, to proceed from the same cause, and that thejilth is derived from the tvater to their bodies. So that they that use filthy standing, ill-coloured, thick, muddy water, must needs have muddy, ill-coloured, impure, and infirm bodies : and, because the body works upon the mind, they a Galen. 1. 1. de san. tuenci. Oavendae sunt aquse qua ex stagnis hauriuntur, et quae turbidse et male olentes, &c. ^ Innoxinm reddit et bene olentem. c Contendit hsec vitia coctione non emendari. hinc suhitcc mortes, atque intestata senectus; suddain death, &c. and what not. As a lamp is choked with a multitude of oyl, or a little, fire with overmuch wood, quite extinguished ; so is the natural heat, with immoderate eating, strangled in the body. Perni- ciosa sentina est abdomen insaturabile, one saith — an insa- tiable paunch is a pernicious sink, and the fountain of all dis- eases, both of body and mind. "^ Mercurialis will have it a peculiar cause of this private disease. Solenander {consol.b. sect. 3) illustrates this of Mercurialis, with an example of one so melancholy, ab intempestivis comissationibus, unseason- able feasting. ^ Crato confirms as much, in that often cited counsel, 21. lib. 2, putting superfluous eating for a main cause. But what need I seek farther for proofs ? Hear '^ Hippocrates himself, lib. 2, aphoris. 10. Impure bodies, the more they are nourished, the more they are hurt ; for the nourishment is putrifed with vicious humours. And yet, for all this harm, which apparently follows surfet- ting and drunkenness, see how we luxuriate and rage in this kind. Read what Johannes Stuckius hath written lately of this subject, in his great volumn De Antiquorum Conviviis, and of our present age : quam ^ portentoscB ca>ncB, prodigious sup- pers : s qui^ dum invitant ad ccenam, ejferunt ad sepulcrum, what Fagos, Epicures, Apetios, Heliogables our times atford? Lucullus ghost walks still ; and every man desires to sup in Apollo : ^sops costly dish is ordinarily served up. _•' Magis ilia juvant, quse pluris emuntur : the dearest cates are best ; and 'tis an ordinary thing to be- stow twenty or thirty pound on a dish, some thousand crowns upon a dinner. 'Muley-Hamet, king of Fez and Morocco, spent three pound on the sawce of a capon : it is nothing in our times : we scorn all that is cheap. We loath the very ^ light, (some of us, as Seneca notes) because it comes free ; and aPath. 1. 1. C.14. b Juv. Sat. 5. cNimia repletio ciboram facit me- laDcholicum. "^ Comestio superflua cibi, et portus quantitas nimia. « Im- pura corpora quanto magis Isedis : putrefacit enim alinientum vitiosus humor, f Vid. Goclen. de portentosis ccenis, &c. Puteani Cora. 8 Amb., lib. de Jeju. cap. 14. '■ Juvenal. ' Guicciardin. '' Na. quaest. 4. «a. ult. fastidio est lumen gratuitum ; dolet quod solem, quod spiritum, emere non possimus, quod hie aer, noe emptus, ex facili, &c. adeo nihil placet, nisi quod ca- rum est. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Dyet a Cause. 105 we are offended with the suns heat, and those cool blasts, be- cause we buy them not. This air we breath is so common, we care not for it ; nothinof pleaseth but what is dear. And, if we be "^ witty in any thing-, it is ad yvlam : if we study at all, it is erudito lu.ru, to please the palat, and to satisfie the o^ut. A cook oj' old was a base knave (as ''Livy complains), but now a great man in request : cookery is become an art, a noble science : cooks are r/entlemen : venter deus. They wear their brains in their bellies, and their guis in their heads, (as " Agrippa taxed some parasites of his time) rushing- on their own destruction, as if a man should run upon the point of a sword; usque dum rumpantur, comedunt : ^all day, all night, let the pjiysician say what he will — imminent danger and feral diseases are now ready to seize upon them— they will eat till they vomit, (edunt ut vomant ; vomu7it ut edant, saith Seneca; which Dion relates of Vitellius, Solo transitu ciborum iiutriri judicatus : his meat did pass throuo-h, and away) or till they burst again. " Strac/e animantium veti- trem onerant ; and rake over all the world, as so many "^^slaves, belly-gods, and land-serpents ; et totus orbis ventri iiimis an- ffustus ; the whole world cannot satisfie their appetite. ^Sea, land, rivers, lakes, ^-c. may not give content to their raqinq guts. To make up the mess, what immoderate drinking in every place ! Senem potum pota trahehat anus : how they flock to the tavern ! as if they wevefruges consumere nati, born to no otherend than to eat and drink, (like Offellius Bibu- ius, that famous Roman parasite, qui, dum vixit, aut bibit aut minxit) as so many casks to hold wine ; yea, worse than a cask, that marrs wines,and it self is not marred by it. Yet these are brave men ; Silenus ebrius was no braver : et qucejue- runt vitia, mores sunt: 'tis now the fashion of our times, an honour : nunc vero res ista eo rediit (as Chrysost. serm. 80. in 5. Ephes. comment) ut effeminata redendceque ignavice loco habeatur, nolle inebriari ; 'tis now come to that pass, that he is no gentleman, a very milk sop, a clown, of no bringing up, that will not drink, fit for no company : he is your only gallant that plays it off' finest, no disparagement now to stagger in the streets, reel, rave, &c. but much to his fame and renown ; as, in like case, Epidicus told Thesprio his fellow servant, in the '' poet. jEdepol ! Jvcinus improbum, ■ "Ingeniosi ad gulam. bOlim vile raancipium, nunc in omni festiraati- one ; nunc ars haberi coepta, &c. <• Epist. 28. 1, 7. quorum in ventre ingeninm, in patinis, &c. "iln lucem coenat Sertoriiis. « Seneca. fMancipia gulae, dapes non sapore sed sumptn aestiniantes. Seneca, consol. ad Helyidium. g SjBvientia guttura satiare non possunt fluvii et maria. yEueas Sylvius, de raiser. liuriaJ. I'Plautus. q2 106 Dijet a Cause. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. one urged : the other replied, At jam alii fecere idem; erit illi ilia res honori : 'tis now no fault, there be so many brave examples to bear one out; 'tis a credit to have a strong brain, and carry his liquor well : the sole contention, who can drink most, and fox his fellow soonest. 'Tis the summum bonum of our tradesmen, their felicity, life and soul, (tantd dulcedine affectant, saith Pliny, lib. 14. cap. 12, ut Jiiagna pars non aliud vitce prcemium intelligani) their chief comfort, to be merry together in an ale-house or tavern, as our modern Mus- covites do in their mede-inns, and Turks in their coifee-houses, Avhich much resemble our taverns : they will labour hard all day long, to be drunk at night, and spend totius anni labores (as St. Ambrose adds) in a tipling feast; convert day into night, as Seneca taxeth some in his times, pervertunt ojfficia noctiset lucis ; when we rise, they commonly go to bed, like our An- tipodes, Nosque ubi primus equis Oriens afflavit anhelis, Illis sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper. So did Petronius in Tacitus, Heliogabalus in Lampridius, a Nodes vigilabat ad ipsum Mane; diem totum stertebat. Symdiris the Sybarite never saw the sun rise or set, so much as once in twenty years. Verres, against whom Tully so much inveighs, in winter he never was extra tectum, vix extra lectiim, never almost out of bed, ''still wenching, and drink- ing ; so did he spend his time, and so did myriads in ourdayes. They have gymnasia bibonum, schools and rendezvous; these Centaures and Lapithaetoss pots and bowls, as so many balls, invent new tricks, as salsages, anchoves, tobacco, caveare, pickled oysters, herrings, fumadoes, &c. innumerable salt- meats to increase their appetite, and study how to hurt them- selves by taking antidotes, ''■ to carry their drink the better : ^and when naught else serves, they will go forth, or be con- veyed out, to empty their gorge, that they may return to drink afresh. They make laws, insanas leges, contra bibendifoU lacias, and "^ brag- of it when they have done, crowning that man that is soonest gone, as their drunken predecessours have done, f* quid ego video ? Ps. Ciim corona Pseudo- lum ebrium tuvmj and, when they are dead, Mill have a aHor. ^ Diei brevitas conviviis, noctis longitudo stupns, conterebratur. cEt, quo pins capiaut, irritamenta excogitantur. d Foras portantur, ut ad con- vivium reportentur; repleri ut exhauriant, et exhaiirire ut bibant Ambros. eln- gentia vasa, velut ad ostentationein, &c. fPlautiis. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Dyet a Cause. 107 can of wine, with ^ Marons old woman, to be engraven on their tombs. So they triumph in villany, and justifie their wickedness, Mith Rabelais, that French Lucian, " drunken- ness is better for the body than physick, because there be more old drunkards, than old physicians." Many such frothy arguments they have, ''inviting and encouraging others to do as they do, and love them dearly for it (no glew like to that of good fellowship.) So did Alcibiaues in Greece, Nero, Bouosus, Heliogabalus in Rome (or Alegabalus rather, as he Avas stiled of old, as "^ Ignatius proves out of some old coyns) ; so did many great men still, as ^ Heresbachius observes, When a prince drinks till his eyes stare like Bitias in the poet. ■C ille impiger hausit Spuraantera vino pateram)- and comes off clearly, sound trumpets, fife and drums, the spectators will applaud him; the ^bishop himself, (if hebelye them not) with his chaplain, icill stand bji, and do as much ; O dignum principe haustnm ! 'twas done like a prince. Our Dutchmen invite all comers u'ith a pail and a dish : velut in- J'undibula, integras obbas exhanriunt, et in monstros^is poculis ipsi monstrosi vio7istrosius epotant, making barrels of their bellies. Incredibile dictu, (as " one of their own country- men complains) ^ (juantnm liqnoris immodestissima gens ca- piat, Sfc. Hoio they love a man that ivill be drunk, crown him, and honour him for it, hate him that will not pledge him, stab him, kill him : a most intolerable offence, and not to be forgiven. ' He is a mortal enemy that will not drink with him, as Munster relates of the Saxons. So, in Poland, he is the best servitor, and the honestesl fellow, (saith Alex- ander Gaguinus) ^that drinkeih most healths to the honour of his master ; he shall be rewarded as a good servant, and held the bravest fellow, that carries his liquor best ; when as a brewers horse will bear much more than any sturdy drinker; yet, for his noble exploits in this kind, he shall be accounted a most valiant man; for ^ tam inter epulas fortis vir esse potest ac in bello, as much valour is to be found in feasting, as in fighting ; and »Lib. 3. Anthol. c. 20. •'Gratiam conciliant potando. f Notis ad CsEsares. Dicta incredibile, quantum hujusce liquoris immodesta gens capiat : plus potantem araicissi- mum habent, etserto coronant, inimicissinium e contra qui non vult, et c«de et fustibui erpiaat > Qui potare recusat, hostis habetur ; et caede nonnumquam res expiatnr. '' Qui melius bibit pro salute domini, melior habetur minister. ' Grace, poeta apud Stobseum, ser. 18. 108 I>yet a Came. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. some of o«r city captains, and carpet knights, will make this good and prove it. Thus they many times wilfully pervert the good temperature of their bodies, stifle their wits, strangle nature and degenerate into beasts. Some again are in the other extream, and draw this mischief ontheir heads by too ceremonious and strict diet, being over- precise, cockney-like, and curious in their observation of meats,times, as that Merficnm statica prescribes — just so many ounces at a dinner (which Lessiusenjoins), so much at supper; not a little more, nor a little less, of such meat, and at such hours ; a dyet drink in the morning, cock-broth, China-broth, at dinner, plumb-broth, a chicken, a rabbet, rib of a rack of mutton, wing of a capon, the merry-thought of a hen, &c. — to sounder bodies, this is too nice and most absurd. Others offend in over-much fasting; piningadayes,(saith^Guianerius) and waking a nights, as many Moors and Turks in these our times do. Anchorites^ monks, and the rest oj'that superstitious rank, (as the same Guianerius witnesseth, that he hath often seen to have hapned in his time) through immoderate J^astingy have been frequently mad. Of such men, belike, Hippocrates speaks, ( I Aphor. 5) when as he saith, ^they more offend in too sparing diet, and are worse damnified, than they that feed liberalkf and are ready to surfeit. SUBSECT. III. Custom of Dyet ^ Delight, Appetite, Necessity, how they cause or hinder, J^ O rule is so general, which admits not some exception; to this therefore which hath hitherto been said, (for I shall other- wise put most men out of commons) and those inconveniences which proceed from the substance of meats, an intemperate or unseasonable use of them,custom somewhat detracts, and quali- fies, according to that of Hippocrates, 2 Aphoris. 50. "" Such things as ive have been long accustomed to, though they he evil in their oivn nature, yet they are less offensive. Otherwise it » Quide die jejiinant, et nocte vigilant, facile cadunt in melancholiam ; et qui naturae moduin excediint, c.5. tract. 15. c. 2. Longa famis tolerantia, ut iis SEepe acciditqui tanto cum fervore Deo servire ciipiunt per jejunium, quod maniaci efficiantur, ipse vidi 88epe. b In tenui victu agri delinquuit ; ex quo fit ut majori afBciantur detri- mento, majorque fit error temn quam pleniore victu.> f Quae longo tempore consueta sunt, etiamsi deteriora, minus in assuetis molestare solent. Mom. 2. Subs. 3.] Causes of Melancholy. 109 might well be objected, that it were ameer "tyranny to live after those strict rules of physick ; for custom '" doth alter nature it self; and to such as are used to them, it makes bad meats whol- some, and unseasonable times to cause no disorder. Cider and perry are windy drinks ; (so are all fruits windy in'themselves, cold most part) yet, in some shires of '^England, Normandy in France, Guipuscovain Spain, 'tis their common drink ; and they are no whit offended with it. In Spain, Italy, and Africk, they live most on roots, raw herbs, camels "^ milk, and it agrees well with them ; which to a stranger will cause much grievance. In Wales, lacticiniis vescuntur, (as Humfrey Lluyd confesseth, a Cambro-Brittain himself, in his elegant epistle to Abrahura Or- telius) they live most on white meats ; in Holland on fish, roots, " butter ; and so at this day in Greece, as ^ Bellonius observes, they had much rather feed on fish than flesh. With us, maxima pars rictus in came consistit ; we feed on flesh most part, (saith "Polydor Virgil) as all northern countreys do; and it would be very offensive to us to live after their dyet, or they to live after ours : we drink beer, they wine : they use oyl, we butter : we in the north are ''great eaters, they most sparing in those hotter countreys: and yet they and we, following our own customs, are well pleased. An Ethiopian of old,seeingan Europaean eat bread, wondered, quomodo stercoribus vescentes viveremus, how he could eat such kind of meats ; so much differed his countrey-men from ours in dyet, that (as mine ' author infers), si (juis illorumvictum apudnos cemulari vellet; if any man should so feed with us, it would be all one to nourish, as cicuta, uconitum, or hellehor it self. At this day, in China, the common people live, in a manner, altogether on roots and herbs ; and, to the wealthiest, horse, ass, mule, dogs,, cat-flesh is as delightsome as the rest : so ""Mat. Riccius the Jesuit relates, who lived many years amongst them. The. Tartars eat raw meat, and most commonly ' horse-flesh, drink milk and blood, as the Nomades of old — • » Qui medice vivit, misere vivit. b Consuetude altera natara. "^Here- fordshire, Gloucestershire, Worcestershire. >i Leo Afer. I. 1. solo camelorum lacte contenti, nil prajterea delitiiirum ambiunt. e FJandri vinum butyro dilu- tnni bibunt (nauseo referens) : ubique butyrum, inter omnia fercula et bellaria, locum obtineL Steph. praefat. Herod. fDelectantur Graeci piscibus magis quam car- nibus. gLib. 1. hist. Aug. '' P, Joyius desrrip. Britonam. They sit, eat and drink all day at dinner in Island, Muscoyy, and those northern parts, ' Suidas, vit. Herod, nihilo cura eo melius quam siquis cicutam, aconitum, Stc. ''Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. hortensium herbarum et olerum apud Sinas qnam apud nos longe frequentior usus ; complures quippe de vulgo reperias nulla alia re, vel tenuitatis vel religionis caussa, vescentes. Equos, mulos, asellos, 8cc. xque fere vescuntur, ac pabula omnia. Mat. Riecius, lib. 5, c. 13. ' Tartari mulis, equis vescnntnr, et crudis camibus, et fruges coutemnont, dicentes, hoc jumentorum pabulum et boam, nou hominuin. 110 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Spc. 2. (Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino). They scoff at our Europeans for eating- bread, which they call tops of weeds, and horse-meat, not fit for men ; and yet Scaliger accounts them a sound and witty nation, living an hundred years ; even in the civilcst conntrey of them, they do thus, as Benedict the Jesnite observed in his travels, from the great Mog-ors court by land to Paquin, which Riccius contends to be the same with Cambulu in Cataia. In Scandia, their bread is usually dryed fish,andso likewise in the Shetland Isles; and their other fare, as in Is'and, (saith '" Dithmarus Bleskenius) butter, cheese, and fish ; their drink,water, their lodging- on the ground. In America, in many places, their bread is roots, their meat palmitos,pinas, potatoes, &c. and such fruits. There be of them, too, that familiarly drink ''salt sea water, all their lives, eat " raw meat, grass, and that with delight : with some, fish, serpents, spiders; and in divers places they "^ eat mans flesh raw, and rosted, even the emperour '^Metazuma himself. In some coasts again, *one tree yields them coquernuts, meat and drink, fire-fuel, apparel (with his leaves), oyl, vinegar, cover for houses, &c. end yet these men, going naked, feeding coarse, live commonly a hundred years, are seldom or never sick ; all which dyet our physicians forbid. In Westphaling-, they feed most part on fat meats and wourts, knuckle-deep, and call it ^ cerebrum Jovis ; in the Low Countreys, with roots ; in Italy, frogs and snails are used. The Turks, saith Busbequius, delight most in fryed meats. In Muscovy, garlick and onions are ordinary meat and sauce, which would be pernicious to such as are unaccustomed to them,delightsometo others ; and all is *" because they liave been brought up unto it. Husbandmen, and such as labour, can eat fat bacon, salt gross meat, hard cheese, &c. (O dura messorum ilia !) coarse bread at all times, go to bed and labour upon a full stomach ; which to some idle persons would be present death, and is against the rules of physick; so that custom is all in all. Our travellers » find this by common experience : when they come in far coun- treys, and use their dyet, they are suddenly offended ; as our Hollanders and Englishmen, when they touch upon the coasts of Africk, those Indian capes and islands, are commonly mo- alslandiae descriptione. Victiis eoruin butyro, lacte, caseo consistit : pisces loco panis habeiit; potns aqua, aut serum ; sic vivunt sine medicina multi ad annos 200. bLaet. Occident. Ind. dscrip. 11]. c. 10. Aquani inarinaiii bibere sueti absque noxii. cDavies second voyage. I'Patagones. 'Benzo et Fer. Cortesius, lib. novus orbis inscrip. f Linscoften, c. FjG. palnia; instar, totius orbis arboiibus longe prsestantior. s Lips. ep. li Teneris assuescere mnltuin. ' Re pentinae niutatiuncs uoxaiii pariunt, Hippocrai. aphorism. 21. ep. 6. sect. 3. Mem, 2. Subs. S.] Causes of' Melancholy. Ill lested with calentures, fluxes, and much distempered by rea- son of their fruits. ■' Perer/rina, etsi suaria, solent vessentibns pprturhatwnes insir/nes acljerre ; strange meats, thoug-h plea- sant, cause notable alterations and distempers. On the other side, use or custom mitigates or makes all good again, JMi- thridates, by often use, (-vhich Pliny wonders at) was able to drink poyson ; and a maid, (as Curtius records) sent to Alex- ander from king Porus, was brought up with poyson from her infancy. The Turks (saith Bellonius, lib. 3. cap. 15) eat opium familiarly, a dram at once, which we dare not take in grains. ''Garcius ab Horto writes of one whom he saw at Goa in the East Indies, that took ten drams of opium in three dayes ; and yet consnlfo Inr/nehatnr, spake understandingly ; so mucli can custom do. "^Theophrastus speaks of a shepherd that could eat hallehor in substance. And therefore (Jardan conclu'les (out of Galen) consuetndinem ntcunque J'erendam, nisi ralde malam ; custom is howsoever to be kept, except it be extreme bad. He ad\ iseth all men to keep their old customs, and that by the authority of '^ Hippocrates himself; dandnm aliquid temporl^ Ktati, regioni, consuetudinl, and therefore to * continue as they began, be it diet, bath, exercise, &c. or Avhatsoever else. Another exception is delight, or appetite to such and such meats. Though they be hard of digestion, melancholy; yet as (Fuchsius excepts, cap. 6. lib. Insfit. sect 2) ^ the .stomach doth readibf dif/esf, and rc'illinf/b/ eatertahi svch meats ire love most, and are pleasinr/ to ns, abhors on the other side such as ire dista.'iie ; which Hippocrates confirms Jlphoris 2. 38. Some cannot endure cheese, out of a secret antipathy, or see a roasted duck, which to others is a « delightsome meat. The last exception is necessity, poverty, want, hunger, M'hich drives men many times to do that which otherwise they are loath, cannot endure,and thankfully to accept of it; asbeverao-e in ships, and, in sieges of great cities, to feed on dogs, cats, rats, and men themselves. Three out-laws, in ''Hector Boethius, being driven to their shifts, did eat raw flesh, and flesh of such fowl as they could catch, in one of the Hebrides, for some few moneths. These things do mitigateordisaunul thatwhich hath been said of melancholy meats, and make it more tolerable ; but, to such as are wealthy, live plenteously, at ease, may take their choice, and refrain if they will, these viands are « Bnierimw, L 1. c. 2S. I'Siinpl. uied. c. 4. 1. 1. <-Henmins, 1. 3. c. 19. prax. med. <"Aphoris 17. *^ In dubiis consuetndinem seqna- tur at|ole.sceii.s. et in coeptis perseveret. f Qui cum voltiptate assiimunf ur cibi, Vf ntriculns avidius coniplectitur, txptditinsqup concoquit ; ft. qua- displicent, aver- s«*tur. ■'■■ Mothing against a good stomach, as the savin-.; is. h LJb. 7. Hist Scot. J 12 Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. [Part. 1. Sec* 2. to be forborn, if tliey be inclined to or suspect melancholy, as they tender their healths; otherwise, if they be intenope- rate, or disordered in their dyet, at their peril be it. Qui monet, amat, Ave, et cave. SUBSECT. IV. Retention and Evacuation a cause, and how. Of retention and evacuation there be divers kinds, which are either concomitant, assisting, or sole causes many times of melancholy. ^ Galen reduceth defect and abundance to this head ; others, ^ all that is separated or remains. Costiveness.] In the first rank of these, T may well reckon up costiveness, and keeping in of our ordinary excrements, which, as it often causeth other diseases, so this of melancholy in particular. '^ Celsus (lib. 1. cap. 3) saith it produceth inflammation of the head, dulness, cloudiness, head-ach, 8j-c. Prosper Calenus (Uh. de atrd bile) will have it distemper not the organ only, '' but the mind it self' by troubling oj'it ; and sometimes it is a sole cause of madness, as you may read in the first book of'' Skenkiushis Medicinal Observations. A young merchant, going to Nordeling fair in Germany, for ten dayes space never went to stool : at his return, he was grievously melancholy, ^thinking that he was robbed, and would not be perswaded, but that all his money was gone. His friends thought that he had some phi Itrum given him: butCnelinus, a physician, being sent for, found his § costiveness alone to be the cause, and thereupon gave him a clister,by which he was speedily recovered. Trincavellius (consult. 35. lib. 1) saith as much of a melancholy lawyer, to whom he administered phy- sick ; and Kodericus a Fonseca {consult. 85. torn. 2.) ^ of a pa- tient of his, that for eight dayes was bound, and therefore me- lancholy affected. Other retentions and evacuations there are, not simply necessary, butat some times; as Fernelius accounts them, (Path. lib. 1. cap. lb) as suppression of emrods, mo- nethly issues in women, bleeding at nose, immoderate, or no use at all of Venus ; or any other ordinary issues. 'Detention of emrods, or monethly issues, Villanovanus {Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 18) Arculanus,(ca/?. 16. in. 9. Rasis) Vit- torius Faventinus, (pract. may. Tract. 2. cap. 15) Bruel, &c. a 30. artis. ''Quae excernuntur aut siibsistunt. ^ Px ventre snppresso, inflammationes, capitis dolores, caligines, crescunt. ^ Excrementa retenta men- tis agitationem parere solent. « Cap. de mel. fTam delirus, ut vix se hominem agnosceret. gAIvus astrictuscaiissa. '' Per octo dies alvum siccuiu habet, et nihil reddit. 'Sive per nares, sive hacmorrhoides. Mem. 2. Subs. 4. Retention and Evacuation^ Causes. 113 put for ordinary causes. Fuchsias (/. 2. sect. 5. c. 50) ^oes farther, and saith,*^/tfl^ many men, nnspasonahhj cured of the emrods, have been corrupted tvith melanchobf ; seekinr/ to avoid Scylla, they fall into Charyhdis, Galen (/. de hum. commen. 3. ad text. 26) illustrates this by an example of Lu- cius Martius, whom he cured of madness, contracted by this means ; and '' Skenkius hath other two instances of two me- lancholy and mad women, so caused from the suppression of their moneths. The same may be said of bleeding at the nose, if it be suddenly stopt, and have been formerly used, as •^ Villanovanus urgeth ; and "^ Fuchsius {lib. 2. sect. 5. cap. S3) stifly maintains, that without great danger, such an issue may not be stayed. Venus omitted produceth like effects. Matthiolus (epist. 5. I. penult.) ^avoucheih of his knowledge, that some through hashfulness abstained from venery, and thereupon became very heavy and dull; and some others, that were very timorous, melancholy, and beyond all measure sad. Orihasius (jyied. Collect, i. 6. c. 37) speaks of some, ' That, if they do not use carnal copulation, are continually troubled with heaviness and head-ach ; and some in the same case by intermission of it. Not use of it hints many ; Arculanus (c. 6. in 9. Rasis) and Magninus {part. 3. cap. 5) think, because ^it sends up poi' soned vapours to the brain and heart. And so doth Galen himself hold, that if this natural seed be over-long kept (in gome parties) it turns to poison. Hieronymus Mercurialis, in his chapter of Melancholy, cities it for an especial cause of this malady, '' priapismus, satyriasis, ^c. Haliabbas (5 Theor. c. 36) reckons up this and many other diseases. Villanovaniis (Breviar. I. 1. c. 18^ saith he knew ^ many monks and widows, grievously troubled with melancholy, and that from, this sole cause. ""Ludovicus Mercatus (/. 2. de muUerum af- fect, cap. 4) and Rodericus a Castro (de morbius mulier. I. 2. c. 3) treat largely of this subject, and will have it produce a peculiar kind of melancholy, in stale maids, nuns, and widows, ob snpprcssionem mensium et Venerem omissam, timidce, ma^stcc, "Multi, intempestive ab hEemorrhoidibus curati, melancholia correpli sunt. Incidit in Scyllam, &c. ''Lib. 1. de Mania « Breviar 1. 7. c. 18. "iNon.sine niagno incommodo ejus, cui sanguis a naribus prouianat, noxii sanguinis vacuatio im- pediri potest. '■ iNoyi qnosdani, pra? pudore a coitu abstiueiites, torpidos pi- grosiiue factos; nonnullos etiam nieiancliolicos pr;rter moduui ma'stos, tiiiiidosciue. fNonnuUi, uisi coeant, assidue capitis gravitate infestantur. Dicit se Dovisse quos- dam tristes, et ita factos ex intermissione Veneris. s Vapores venenatos mittU: sperma ad cor et cerebrum. Sperma, plus diu retentum, transit in venenum. ''Graves prodncit corjwris et animi tugritudines. 'Ex spernmte supra niodum rctento, uionachos et viduas melaucholicos sape fieri vidi. ''Melancholia, orta a vasis semiuariis in utcro. 1 14 Retention and Evacuation, Causes. [Part 1. Sec. 2. anxicB, verecnndce, suspiciosa^, languentes, consilii inopes, cum summd vitce et rerum meliorum desperatione, Sfc. they are me- lancholy in the highest degree, and all for want of husbands. jElianu, Montaltus (cap. 37. de melanchol) confirms as much out of Galen; so doth Wierus. Christophorus a Vega {de art med. lib. 3. cap. 14) relates many such examples of men and women, that he had seen so melancholy. Felix Plater, in the first book of his Observations, * tells a story of an antient gentleman in Alsatia, that married a young wife, and teas not able to pay his debts in that kind for a long time to- gether, by reason oj'his several infirmities. But she, because of' this inhibition oj' Venus, foil into a horrible Jury, and desired every one that came to see her, by ivords, looks, and gestures, to have to do with her, ^'C. ''Bernard us Paternus, a physician, saith, he knew a good honest godly priest, that, because he ivould neither willingly marry, nor make use of the stews, foil into grievous melancholy fits. Hildesheim {spicil. 2) hath such another example of an Italian melancholy priest, in a consultation had anno 1580. Johon Pratensis gives instance in a married man, that, from his wifes death abstaining, "after marriage became exceeding melancholy: Rodericus a Fonseca, in a young mansomis-aiFecled, tom. 2. consult. 85. To these you may add, if you please, that con- ceited tale of a Je\v, so visited in like sort, and so cured, out of Poggius Florentinus. Intemperate Venus is, all out, as bad in the other extream. Galen (/. 6, de morbis popular, sect. 5. text. 26) reckons up melancholy amongst those diseases which are '^exasperated byvenery: so dodi Avicenna, ("J. 3. c. ll) Oribasius, {loc. citat.) Ficinus, {lib. 2. de sanitate, tuendd) Marsilius Cogna- tus, Montaltus, {cap. 27) Guianerius, {Tract. '5. cap.'H.) Mag- ninus, {cap. b.part. 3) Ogives the reason, because Ht infri- gidates and dry es up the body, consumes the spirits; and would therefore have all such as are cold and dry, to take heed of and to avoid it as a mortal enemy. Jacchinus {in 9. Rasis, cap. 15) ascribes the same cause, and instanceth in a patient of his, that married a young wife in a hot summer, ^and so aNobilis seneX Alsatus javenem uxorem duxit: at ille, colico dolore et multis morbis correptus, non potuit praestare oflScium mariti,. vix inito matrimonio aegrotus. Ilia in horrendum I'urorem incidit, ob Venerem cohibitam, ut omnium earn invisentium congressum, voce vultu, gestu, expeteret: et quum non consentirent, molossos Angli- canos magno expetiit clamore. •> Vidi sacerdotenj optimum et pium, qui, qued nollet uti Venere, in melancholica symptomata incidit. <= Ob abstinentiam a concubitu incidit in melancholiam. Crassns, et tnrbidns T\ f"'**^"^ ^*^""'* an>njain. ^ Commonly called Srandarone. in Asia iMinor. •* Atlas Geographicus. Memoria valent Pisani, quod crassiore fniantur aere. VOT,. I I, 120 Causes of Melancholy. [Part 1. Sec. 2. A troublesom tempestuous air is as bad as impure ; rough and foul weather, impetuous winds, cloudy dark dayes, as it is commonly with us : ccelum visujhedum, ^ Polydore calls it — a iilthy sky, et in quo facile generantur nubes ; as Tullies brother Quintus wrote to him in Rome, being then quyestor in Britain. In a thick and cloudy air, (saith Lemnius) men are tetrick, sad, and peevish : and if the western winds blow, and that there be a calm, or a fair sunshine day, there is a kind of alacrity in mens minds ; it cheers up men and beasts, but if it be a turbulent, rough, cloudy, stormy weather, men are sad, lumpish, and much dejected^ angry, waspish, dull, and melan- choly. This was '^Virgils experiment of old, Verum, ubi tempestas, et coeli mobilis humor, Mutavere vices, et Jupiter htimidus Austro — Vertuntur species aniraorum, et pectora motus Concipiunt alios But when the face of heaven changed is To tempests, rain, from season fair. Our minds are altered, and in our breasts Forthwith some new conceits appear. and who is not weather-wise against such and such conjunc- tions of planets, moved in foul weather, dull and heavy in such tempestuous seasons ? '^ Gelidum contristat Aquarius annum ; the time requires and the autumn breeds it ; winter is like unto it, ugly, foul, squalid ; the air works on all men, more or less, but especially on such as are melancholy, or inclined to it, as Lemnius holds : '^they are most moved with it ; and those tvhich are already mad, rave doicnright, either in or against a tempest. Besides, the devil many times takes Ms opportunity of such storms ; and, when the hmnours by the air be stirred, he goes on tvith them, exagitates our spirits, and vexeth our souls ; as the sea-umves, so are the spirits, and hu- mours in our bodies tossed ivith tempestuous tvinds and storms. To such as are melancholy therefore, Montanus {consil. 24) will have tempestuous and rough air to be avoided, and [con- sil. 27) all night air, and would not have them to walk abroad, but in a pleasant day. Lemnius {lib. 3. cop. 3) discommends the south and eastern winds, commends the north. Montanus a Lib. 1, hist. lib. 1. cap. 41. Aura densa ac caliginosa tetrici homines existunt, et subtristes. Et. cap. 3. Flante subsolano et Zephyro, maxima in mentibus honjinum alacritas existit, mentisque erectio, ubi coelum solis splendore nitescit. Maxima de- jectio moerorque, siquando aura calioinosa est. ^ Geor. <^ Hor. Exod. 5. •^ (For they cannot well tell vvhat aileth them, or what they wonld have themselves) my heart, my head, my husband, my son, &c. >i Pro, 18. Pigrum dejiriet timer — Htaiif.ontimoruineuon. "^ Lib. 19. c. 10. Mem. 2. Subs. G.] Idleness a Cause. 125 home, nor abroad; errat, et prceter vitam vivit ; he wanders, and lives besides himself. In a word, what the mischievous effects of laziness and idleness are, I do not find any where more accurately expressed, than in these verses of Philolaches in the =" Comical Poet, which, for their elegancy, I will in part insert. Novarum sedium esse harbltror similem ego horainem, Quando hie natus est. Ei rei argumenta dicam. ^des quando sunt ad amussim expolitse, Quisque laudat fabrum, atque exemplum expetit, &c. At ubi illo migrat nequam homo indiligensque, &c. Tempestas venit, confringit tegulas, imbricesque, &a Putrefacit aiir operam fabri, &c. Dicam ut homines similes esse sedium arbitremini. Fabri parentes fundamentum substruunt liberorum ; Expoliunt, docent literas, nee parcunt sumptui. Ego autem sub fabrorum potestate frugi fui ; Postquam autem migravi in ingenium meura, Perdidi operam fabrorum iUico, oppido, Venit ignavia; ea mihi tempestas fuit, Adventuque suo grandinem et imbrem attulit. Ilia mihi virtutem deturbavit, &c. A young- man is like a fair new house : the carpenter leaves it well built, in good repair, of solid stuff; but a bad tenant lets it rain in, and, for want of reparation, fall to decay, &c. Our pai'ents, tutors, friends, spare no cost to bring us up in our youth, in all manner of vertuous education ; but when we are left to ourselves, idleness, as a tempest, drives all vertuous motions out of our minds ; et nihili sumus ; on a sudden, by sloth and such bad ways, we come to naught. Cozen o-erman to idleness, and a concomitant cause, which goes hand in hand with it, is ^nimia solitudo, too much soli- tariness — by the testimony of all physicians, cause andsymp- tpme both : but as it is here put for a cause, it is either coact, enforced, or else voluntary. Enforced solitariness is commonly seen in students, monks, friers, anchorites, that, by their order and course of life, must abandon all company, society of other men, and betake themselves to a private cell ; otio superstitioso seclusi (as Bale and Hospinian well term it), such as are the Carthusians of our time, that eat no flesh (by their order), keep perpetual silence, never go abroad ; such as live in prison, or some desert place, and cannot have company, as many of our countrey gentleman do in solitary houses ; they must either be alone without companions, or live beyond their means, and » Plautus, Prol. Mostel. ^Piso, MontaltuSj Merciuialis, &c. 126 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. J. Sec. 2. entertain all comers as so many hosts, or else converse with their servants and hinds, such as are unequal, inferior to them, and of a contrary disposition; or else, as some do, to avoid solitariness,spend their time with leud fellows in taverns, , and in ale-houses, and thence addict themselves to some un- lawful disports, or dissolute courses. Divers again are cast upon this rock of solitariness for want of means, or out of a stronp: apprehension of some infirmity, disgrace ; or, through bashfulness, rudeness, simplicity, they cannot apply themselves to others company. Nullum solum irif'elici f/ratius solitu- dine, ubi nullus sit qui miseriam exprohret. This enforced solitariness takes place, and produceth his effect soonest, in such as have spent their time jovially, peradventure in all honest recreations, in good company, in some great family or populous city, and are upon a sudden confined to a desart country cottage far off, restrained of their liberty, and barred from their ordinary associates. Solitariness is very irksoni to such, most tedious, and a sudden cause of great inconve- nience. Voluntary solitariness is that which is familiar with melan- choly, and gently brings on, like a Siren, a shooing-horn, or some Sphinx, to this irrevocable gulf: ""a primary cause Piso calls it ; most pleasant it is at first, to such as are melancholy given, to lie in bed whole dayes, and keep their chambers, to walk alone in some solitary grove, betwixt wood and water, by a brook side, to meditate upon some delightsome and pleasant subject, which shall aflfect them most; amahilis insania^ and mentis fjratissimus error. A most incomparable delight it is so to melancholize, and build castles in the air, to go smilijig to themselves, acting- an infinite variety of parts, Avhich they suppose, and strongly imagine they represent, or that they see acted or done. Blanda quidem ah initio, saith Lemnius, to conceive and meditate of such pleasant things sometimes, ^present, past, or to come, as Rhasis speaks. So delightsome these toyes are at first, they could spend whole days and nights without sleep, even whole years alone in such con- templations, and phantastical meditatiqns, which are like unto dreams ; and they will hardly be drawn from them, or willingly interrupt. So pleasant their vain conceits are, that they hinder their ordinary tasks and necessary busi- ness; tliey cannot address themselves to them, or almost to- any study or imployment : these phantastical and bewitching •thoughts so covertly, so feelingly, so urgently, so continually, set upon, creep in, insinuate, possess, overcome, distract, and •' A (piibus nialiini, velut a primaria causiiA, occasionem nactum est. *> Jucunda reriiiu pncstiitiimi, pireteritariun et pufuturaruin meditatio. jMem. 2. Subs. C] Idleness, a Cause. 127 detain them, they cannot, 1 say, go about their more necessary business, stave ofior extricate themselves, but are ever musintr, mehnicholizing, and carried along, as he (they say) that is led round about an heath with a Puck in the night. They run earnestly on in this labyrinth of anxious and solicitous melan- choly meditations, and cannot well or willingly refrain, or easily leave off, winding- or unwinding" themselves, as so many clocks, and still pleasing their humours, until at last the scene is turned upon a sudden, by some bad object : and they, being now habituated to such vain meditations and solitary places, can endure no company, can ruminate of nothing but harsh and distasteful subjects. Fear, sorrow, suspicion, s?«6?7w/icMs />?fc?or, discontent, cares, and weariness of life, surprize them in a moment ; and they can think of nothing" else : continually suspecting, no sooner are their eyes open, but this infernal plague of melancholy seizeth on them, and terrifies their souls, representing some dismal object to their minds, which now, by no means, no labour, no perswasions, they can avoid ; hceret lateri lethnlis ariindo ; they may not be rid of it ; ^ they cannot resist. I may not deny but that there is some profitable medi- tation, contemplation, and kind of solitariness, to be embraced, which the fathers so highly commended — ''Hierom.Chrysostom, Cyprian, Austin, in whole tracts, which Petrarch, Erasmus, Stella, and others, so much magnifie in their books — a para- dise, an heaven on earth, if it be used aright, good for the body, and better for the soul ; as many of those old monks used it, to divine contemplations ; as Similus a courtier in Adrians time, Dioclesian the emperour, retired themselves, &c. ill that sense, Vatia solus scit vhere : Vatia lives alone ; Avhich the Romans were wont to say, when they commended a countrey life ; or to the bettering of their knowledge, as Demo- critus, Cleanthes, and those excellent philosophers, hav^e ever done, to sequester themselves from the tumultuous world; or, as in Plinies villa Laurentana, Tullies Tusculan, Jovius study, that they m\^\\iheiier vacare studiis et Deo, serve God and fol- low their studies. Methinks, therefore, our too zealous inno- vators were not so well advised in that general subversion of abbies and religious houses, promiscuously to fling down all. They might have taken away those gross abuses crept in amongst them, rectified such inconveniences, and not so far to have raved and raged against those fair buildings,and everlasing- monuments of our forefathers devotion, consecrated to pious » Facilis descensus Averni ; Sedrevocaregradum.saperasqueevadere ad auras, Hie labor, lioc opus est. Virg. ^ Hieronymiis, ep. 7'2. dixit oppida et urbes videri sil)i tetros carceres, solitudiiipm Paradisutn ; solnui scorpionibns infectum, sacco iiuiictus, hunii Cubans, aquii et herbis victitans, RomanLs pfsetulit deliciis. J 28 Causes of Melancholy . [Part. 1. Sec. 2. uses. Some monasteries and collegiate cells might have been well spared, and their revenues otherwise imployed ; here and there one, in good towns or cites at least, for men and women of all sorts and conditions to live in, to sequester themselves from the cares and tumults of the world, that were not desir- ous or fit to marry, or otherwise willing- to be troubled with common affairs, and know not well where to bestow themselves, to live apart in, for some conveniency, g-ood education, better company sake ; to follow their studies (1 say) to the perfection of arts and sciences, common good, and, as some truly de- voted monks of old had done, freely and truly to serve God: for these men are neither solitary, nor idle, as the poet made answer to the husbandman in ^Esop, that objected idleness to him, he was nevei so idle as in his company ; or that Scipio African us in ^Tully, numquani minus solus, quam quum solus ; niimquam minus otiosus, quam quum esset otiosus ; never less solitary than when he was alone, never more busie, than when he seemed to be most idle. It is reported by Plato, in his dialogue de Amove, in that prodigious commendation of Socrates, how, a deep meditation coming into Socrates mind by chance, he stood still musing, eodem vestigio cogitabund?is, from morning to noon ; and, when as then he had not yet finished his meditation, perstabat cogitatis: he so continued till the evening : the souldiers (for he then followed the camp) observed him with admiration, and on set purpose watched all night; but he persevered immoveable ad exortum solis, till the sun rose in the morning-, and then, saluting- the sun, went his wayes. In what humour constant Socrates did thus, I know not, or how he might be affected ; but this would be ])ernicious to another man; what intricate business might so really possess him, I cannot easily guess. But this is otiosum otium ; it is far otherwise with these men, according to Sene- ca : omnia nobis mala solitudo persnadet ; this solitude un- doeth us ; pugnat cum vita sociali; 'tis a destructive solitari- ness. These men are devils, alone, as the saying is : homo solus aut devs, aut dcemon ; a man, alone, is either a saint or a devil; metis ejus aut languescit, aut tumescit ; and ^vcb soli! in this sense ; woe be to him that is so alone! These wretches do fre- quently degenerate from men, and of sociable creatures, be- come beasts, monsters, inhumane, ugly to behold, misanthropi; they do even loath themselves, and hate the company of men, as so many Timons, Nebuchadnezars, by too much indulging to these pleasing humours, and through their own default. So that which Mercurialis (consil. 1 1) sometimes expostulated with his melancholy patient, may be justly applied to every aoffic. 3. i^Eccl. 4. 3Ieiu. 2. Subs. 7.] Slecpiny and waking^ Causes. 129 solitary and idle person in particular: ^natura de te videtur ennqueri posse, 6fc. nature maij justbj complain of thee^ that, whereas she c/ave thee a ffood uholesome temperature, a sound bodji, and God hath ffiv'n thee so divine and excellent a soul, so many r/ood parts and profitable f/ifts, thou hast not onhj contemned and rejected, but hast corrupted them, polluted them, orerthrotcn their temperature, and perverted those gifts with riot, idleness, solitariness, and rnaiiy other wayes ; thou art a traitoiir to God and Mature, an enemy to thy self' and to the icorld. Perdiiio tua ex te ; thou hast lost thy self wil- fully, cast aw ay thy self ; thou thyself art the efficient cause oj' thine own misery, by not resisting such vain cogitations, hut giving way unto them. SUBSECT. VII. Sleeping and leaking, Causes. * T HAT I have formerly said of exercise, I may now repeat of sleep. Nothing- better than moderate sleep ; nothing- worse than it, if it be in extreams, or unseasonably used. Tt is a received opinion, that a melancholy man cannot sleep over- much : sontnus supra modum prodest ; as an only antidote; and nothing ofiends them more, or causeth this malady sooner, than waking'. Yet, in some cases, sleep may do more harm than good,in that flegmatick,swinish,coJd. and sluggish melan- choly, which Melancthon speaks of, that thinks of waters,sio'h- •ing- most part,&c. 'It duls thespirits (if overmuch) and senses, fills the head full of gross humours, causeth destinations, rheums, great store of excrements in the brain, and all the other parts, as "^ Fuchsius speaks of them, that sleep like so many dormice. Or, if it be used in the day time, upon a full stomach, the bodyill composed to rest, or after hard meats, it increaseth fearful dreams, incubus, night walking, cryino- mn, and much unquietness. Such sleep prepares the body, as '' one observes, to many perilous diseases. But, as I have said, waking- overmuch is both a symptome and an ordinary cause. It causeth driness of the brain, J'rensie, dotage, and makes the ^ Natura de te vidctiir conqueri posse, qnorl, cum ab ea teniperatissimum corpns adepliis sis ; tarn prjBcIariim a Deo ac utile donum, non contempsisfi modo, venitn corrupisti, focdasti, prodidisti, optiniam temperaturam otio, crapida, et aliis vitje erroribiis, &c. '' Path. lib. cap. ] 7. Fern, corpus iufrigidat ; omnes sensns, mentisf.Mie vires, forporc debilitat. cLib. 2. sect. 2. cap. 4. MaETDam excre- nientoruin vim i. rrbro et aliis partibus coacervat. '' .f o. Refztus, lib. de r»'bus 6 Dou uatinalibus. Praparat corpus talis sonmus ad multas periculosas a?gri- tudines. 130 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. bodif dry, lean, hard, and ugly to behold, as "^ Lemuius liatli it. The temperature of the brain is corrupted by it, the humours adust, the eyes made to sink into the head, choler increased, and the whole body inflamed; and, (as may be added out of Ga- len, 3. de sanitate tuendd, Avicenna 3. i.)^ it overthroics the natural heat ; it causeth crudities, hurts concoction ; and what not? Not without good cause, therefore, Crato (cows//. 21. lib. 2.), Hildeshiem (spiciL 2. de delir. et Mania), .Jacchinus, Arculanus (on Rhasis), Guianerius, and Mercurialis, reckon up this overmuch wakeing, as a principal cause. MEMB. III. SUBSECT. I. Passions and Perturbations of the Mind, how they cause Melancholy. As that Gymnosophist, in •= Plutarch, made answer to Alex- ander (demanding- which spake best), every one of his fellows did speak better than the other ; so may I say of these causes, to him that shall require which is the greatest, every one is more grievous than other, and this of passion the greatest of all ; a most frequent and ordinary cause of melancholy, ^fulmen perturhationum (P'\cco\oxmwen%cdi\\^ it), this thunder and light- ning of perturbation, which causeth such violent and speedy alterations in this our microcosm, and many times subverts the good estate and temperature of it: for, as the body works upon the mind, by his bad humours, troubling- the spirits, and send- ing gross fumes into the brain, and so per consequens, disturb- ing- the soul, and all the faculties of it, — —" Corpus onustum : Hesternis vitiis, animutn quoque prsegravat una, with fear, sorrow, &c. which are ordinary symptomes of this disease ; so, on the other side, the mind most effectually works upon the body, producing, by his passions and perturb- ations, miraculous alterations, as melancholy, despair, cruel diseases, and sometimes death it self; insomuch that it is most true which Plato saitli in his Charmides ; omnia corporis mala ab animd procedere ; all the * mischiefs of the body ' =» Instit. ad vitam optimam, c. 26, cerebro siccitatem adfert, phrenesin et delirium : corpus aridum facit, squalidum, strigosum ; humores adurit ; temperamentum cerebri corrumpit ; maciem inducit : exsiccat corpus, bilem accendit, profundosreddit oculos, calorem anget. b Naturalem calorem dissipat : la;sa. concoctione, cruditates facit. Attenuaut juvcnum vigilatee corpora noctes. t' Vita Alexand. •^Grad.l. c. 14. cHor. f Perturbationes clavi sunt, quibus corpori animus ceu patibulo affigitur. Jamb, de myst. Memb. 3. Subs. 1.] Perturbations of the Mind. 131 proceed from the soul : and Democritus in * Plutarch urg-eth, Damnation iri animam a corpore ; if the body should, in this behalf, bring- an action against the soul, surely the soul would be cast and convicted, that by her supine negligence, had caused such inconveniences, having- authority over the body, and usinu it for an instrument, as a smith doth his hammer, saith i' Cyprian, imputing- all those vices and maladies to the mind. Even so doth ''Philostratus, wo« coinqninatur cojpus, nisi consensu animce ; the body is not corrupted, but by the soul, ^ Lodovicus Vlves will have such turbulent commotions , proceed from ignorance and indiscretion. All philosophers impute the miseries of the body to the soul, that should have governed it better by command of reason, and hath not done it. The Stoicks are altogether of opinion (as ^ Lipsius and ^Piccolomineus record) that a wise man should be a9ra6>jf, withoutall manner of passionsand perturbations whatsoever, as s Seneca reports of Cato, the '' Greeks of Socrates, and ' Jo. Aubanusofanation in Africk, so free from passion, or rather so stupid, that, if they be wounded with a SAvord, they will only look back. ''Lactantius (2 instit.) will exclude /ear Jroni a wise man : others except all, some the g-reatest pas- sions. But, let them dispute how they will, set down in thesi, g-ive precepts to the contrary ; we find that of 'Lemnius true by common experience ; no mortal man is free from these perturbations : or if he be so, sure he is either a god, or a block. They are born and bred Avith us, vt^e have them from our parents by inheritance : a parentibus habemus malum hunc assem, saith'"Pelezius ; nascitur una nobiscum, aliturque ; "'tis propagated from Adam ; Cain was melancholy, ° as Austin hath it ; and who is not? Good discipline, education, philoso- phy, divinity, (I cannot deny) may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at some limes ; but, most part, they domineer, and are so violent, ''tliat — as a torrent, (torrens velnt af/f/ere rnpto) bears down all before, and overflows his banks, sternit arjros, sternit sata — they overwhelm reason, judgement, and pervert the temperature of the body. Fertnr P equis aurir/a, neque audit currus habenas. Now such a man (1 saith Austin) that is so led, in a wise mans eye, is no better a Lib. de sanitat tuend. h Prole?, de virtute Christi. Quae utitnr corpore, ut faber malleo. c Vita Apollonii, lib. 1. dLib. de anim. abinconsi- derantia, et ignorantia omnes animi motiis. e De Physiol. Stoic. f Grad. 1. c. 32. eEpist. 104. I'iEIianus. ' Lib. 1. cap. fi. si quis ense perciisserit eos, tantnm respiciunt k Terror in sapiente esse non debet. i De occult, nat. inir. 1. 1. c. 16. Nemo mortalium, qui atlectibus non ducatur : qui non movetur, aut saxum aut Dens est. ni Instit. 1. 2. de hamanorum affect, niorbo- rumque curat. " Epist.lO.'j. " tJranatensis. PVirg. q De civit. Dei, 1. 14. c. 0. qnalis in oculis hominuoi, qui iuversis pedibiis ambulat, talis in oculis sapientnm, cui paasioues dominantur. 132 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. S'. than he that stands upon his head. It is doubted by .some, f/ravioresne niorhi apertiirhationibns,an ab humor thus, whethev humours or perturbations cause the more grievous maladies. But we fiud that of our Saviour (Mat. 26. 41) most true: the spirit is willing ; the flesh is iceak ; we cannot resist; and this of'' Philo Judasus : perturbations often offend the body, and are mostjrequent causes of melancholy, turning it out of the hinges of his health. Vivos compares them to '' icinds upon the sea; some only move, as those great gales; but others, turbulent, quite overturn the ship. Those which are light, easie, and more seldom, to our thinking, do us little harm, and are therefore contemned of us: yet, if they be reiterated, '^ as the rain (saith Austin) doth a stone^ so do these perturbations penetrate the mind, ''and (as one observes) produce a habit of melancholy at the last, which having gotten the mastery in our soids,may well be called diseases. How these passions produce this effect, ^ Agrippa hath han- dled at large, Occult. Philos. A 1 1. c. 63 ; Cardan, /. J 4. subtil. Lemnius, /. 1. c. 12. de occult, nat. mir. et lib. 1. cap. 16; Suarez, Met. disput. 18. sect. 1. art. 25; T. Bright, cap. 12. of his Melancholy Treatise; Wright the Jesuite, in his book of the Passions of the Mind, &c. — thus in brief — To our ima- o'ination cometh, by the outward sense or memory, some object to be known (residing in the foremast part of the brain), which he misconceiving or amplifying, presently communicates to the heart, the seat of all affections. The pure spirits forthwith flock from the brain to the heart, by certain secret channels, and sig- nifie what good or bad object was presented ; '^^ which imme- diately bends itselfto prosecute or avoid it, and, withal, draweth with it other humours to help it. So, in pleasure, concur great store of purer spirits ; in sadness, much melancholy blood; in ire, choler. If the imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent, it sends great store of spirits to or from the heart, and makes a deeper impression, and greater tumult : as the humours in the body be likewise prepared, and the temperature it self ill or well disposed, the passions are longer and stronger: so that the first step and fountain of all our grievances in this a Lib. de Decal. passiones maxiine corpus offendimt, et aniniani, etfrequentisiimai; causste melancholia;, dimoventes ab ingenio et sanitate pristinii, 1. 3. de anima. 1j F'ra?na et stimuli animi : velut inmari qnasdam aura; leves, qna^dam placida3,qu;e(lam tin-bulenta! ; sic in corpore quajdam aftectiones excitant tantum, qufedam ita movent, ut de statu judicii depellant. ^Ut gutta lapidem, sic paullatira life penetrant animum. '' Usu valeates, recte rnorbi animi vocr.ntur. f Imaginatio movet corpus, ad cujus niotum excitantav hnmores, et spiritus vitales.qnibns alteratnr. f Eccles. 13. 26. The heart alters the countenance to good or evil ; and distrnctiou of the mind causeth distemperature of the body. Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of Imaybiatiou. 133 kind is ""Itesa hnnffinatio^ which, mis-informing the heart, causeth all these distemperatures, alteration and confusion of spirits and humours; by means of Mdiich, so disturbed, concoc- tionis hindred, and the principal parts are much debilitated ; as ''Dr. Navan'e well declared, being consulted by JNIontanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humours increased, crudities and thick spirits engendered, with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion : so we look upon a thing', and see it not; hear and observe not ; which otherwise would much affect iis, had we been free. I may therefore conclude with '^Arnold us, maxima vis est pliantasice ; et huic nnifere, non antem corpoiis intemperiei, omnis melancholice caussa est ascribenda : great is the force of imagination ; and much more ought the cause of melancholy to be ascribed to this alone, than to the distem- perature of the body. Of which imagination, because it hath so great a stroke in producing this malady, and is so power- ful of it self, it will not be improper to my discourse, to make a brief digression, and speak of the force of it, and how it causeth this alteration. Which manner of digression how- soever some dislike, as frivolous and impertinent, yet I am of '^Beroaldus his opinion, such digressions do mightibf delight and refresh a tceary reader ; they are like saicce to a bad stomach ; and I do therefore most willingly use them. SUBSECT. II. Of the Force of Imagination. ▼ T IIAT Imagination is, I have sufficiently declared in my digression of the anatomy of the soul. I will only now point at the Avonderful effects and power of it; which, as it is eminent in all, so most especially it rageth in melancholy persons, in keeping- the species of objects so long, mistaking, amplifying them by continual and " strong* meditation, until at length it produceth in some parties real effects, causeth this, and many » Spiritiis et sanguis a lassa imaginutione contaminantur ; hnniores enim mntati actionis animi immutant. Piso. bJIontani consil. '22. Ha- vero quomodo caaseot inelancholiain, clarum ; et qnod concoctionein impediant, et inenibra princi- palia debilitent. 'Breviar. 1. 1. cap. 18. d Solunt hujusmodi egressiones favorabiliteroblectare,et lectorenilassumjucunde refovere,stoinachunK|uenauseantein, quodam quasi condiinento, reficere : et ego libenter excurro. "' Ab imagiiiafi.me oriuntur airectiones, quibiis aniina compouitur, aut tiirbatur de tiirbatur, Jo. Sarisbur- ]Matolog. lib. 4. c. 10. 134 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. oilier malrtdios. And although this phantasie of ours be a subordinate faculty to reason, and should be ruled by it, yet in many men, through inward or outward distemperaturesj^defect of organs, which are unapt or hindred, or otherwise contami- nated, it is likewise unapt, hindred, and hurt. This we see verified in sleepers, which,by reason of humours, and concourse of vapours troubling the phantasie,imagine many times absurd and prodigious tilings, and in such as are troubled with incubus^ or witch-ridden (as we call it) : if they lie on their backs, they suppose an old woman rides and sits so hard upon them, that they are almost stifled for want of breath : when there is no- thing offends but a concourse of bad humours, which trouble thephantasie. This is likewise evident in such as walk in the night in their sleep, and do strange feats : ^ these vapours move the phantasie, the phantasie the appetite, which, moving- the a«?»i«/ spirits, causeth the body to walk up and down, as if they were awake. Fracast. (/. 3. de intellect.) refers all extasies to this force of imagination; suchaslye whole dayes together in a trance, as that priest whom ''Celsus speaks of, that could sepa- rate himself from his senses when he list, and lie like a dead man void of life and sense. Cardan brags of himself, that he could do as much, and that when he list. Many times such men, when they come to themselves, tell strange things of hea- ven and hell, what visions they have seen; as that S'^Owen in Matthew Paris, that went into S* Patricks Purgatory, and the monk of Evesham in the same author. Those common appari- tions in Bedeand Gregory, SaintBrigets revelations, Wier,/.3. de lamiis c. 11, Caesar Vanninus in his Dialogues, &c.reduceth, (as I have formerly said) with all those tales of witches progresses, dancing", riding, transformations,operations, &c. to the force of ^imagination, and the ''devils illusions. The like effects almost are to be seen in such as are awake ; how many chimaras, an- ticks, golden mountains, and castles in the air, do they build unto themselves! I appeal to painters, mechanicians, mathe- maticians. Some ascribe all vices to a false and corrupt ima- gination, anger, revenge, lust, ambition, covetousness, which prefers falshood, before that which is right and good, deluding the soul with false shows and suppositions. «BernardusPenottus will have heresie and superstition to proceed from this fountain; as he falsely imagineth,so he believeth ; and as he conceiveth of it, so it must be, and it shall be ; contra gentes, he will have it aScalig. exercit. \ ^ Qui, qnoties volehat, mortuo similisjacebat, auferens se a sensibus ; et, quum punfreretur, doloreni non seDsit. <^ Idem Nytnannus, oiat. de Imaginat. <* Verbis et unctionibns se consecrant daemoni pessima; mulieres, qui iis ad opus suum utitnr, et eanim phantasiam regit, ducitque ad loca ab ipsis desi- derata : corpora vero earum sine sensu permanent, quaj umbra cooperit diabolus, ut nolli sint conspicua ; et post, umbra sublata, propriis corporibus eas restituit, 1. 3. c. 11. Wier. *■ Denario medico. Mem. 3. Subs. 2.] Of the Force of Tmaffination. 135 so. But most especially in passions and affections, it shews strange and evident effects : what will not a fearful man con- ceive in the dark ? what strange forms of" bugbears, devils, witches, goblins ? Lavater imputes the greatest cause of spec- trums, and the like apparitions, to fear, which, above all other passions, begets the strongest imagination (saith "^ Wierus) ; and so likewise love, sorrow, joy, &c. Some die suddenly, as she that saw her son come from the battel at Cann*, &c, Jacob the patriarch, by force of imagination, made peckled lambs, laying peckled rods before his sheep. Persina, that ^Ethiopian queen in Heliodorus, by seeing" the picture of Per- seus and Andromeda, in stead of a blackmoor, was brought to bed of a fair white child ; in imitation of whom, belike, an hard favoured fellow in Greece, because he and his wife were both deformed, to get a good brood of children, efef/antissi- mas imaf/ines in thalamo collocavit, ) Quid non fetui, adhuc mati'i anito, subita spiritiium vibratione, per nervos, quibus matrix cerebro conjuiicta est, impriniit impraegnatae iraagiuatioV ut, si imaginetur malum granatum, illius uotas secuta proferet fetus ; si leporem, infuns editur supremo labello bitido, et dissecto. Vehemeus cogitatio movet reruni species. VVier. 1. 3. cap. 8. c J^^e, duiu uterum gestent, admittant absurdas cogitationes : sed et visu^ audituqne foeda et horrenda devitent. VOL. I. S 13fi Causes of Melanclwhj. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. * Agrippa supposeth to have liapned by force of imagination. That some are turned to wolves, from men to women, and women again to men, (which is constantlybelieved) tothesame imagination ; or from men to asses, dogs, or any other shapes — ^ Wierus ascribes all those famous transformations to ima- gination. That, in hydrophobia, they seem to see the picture of a do2f still in their water; '^that melancholy men, and sick men, conceive so many phantastical visions, apparitions to themselves, and have such absurd apparitions, as that they are kings, lords, cocks, bears, apes, owls ; that they are heavy, light, transparent, great and little, senseless and dead, (as shall be shewed more at large, in our '^ Sections of Symptomes) can be imputed to nought else, but to a corrupt, false, and violent ima- gination. It works not in sick ana melancholy men only, but even most forcibly sometimes in such as are sound : it makes them suddenly sick, and '^ alters their temperature in an instant. And sometimes a strong conceit or apprehension, as * Valesius proves, will take away diseases: in both kinds, it will produce real effects. Men, if they see but another man tremble, giddy, or sick of some fearful disease, their apprehen- sion and fear is so strong in this kind, that they will have the same disease. Or if, by some sooth-sayer, wise-man, fortune- teller, or physician, they be told they shall have such a disease, they will so seriously apprehend it, that they will instantly labour of it — a thing familiar in China (saith Riccius the Jesuit :)'if'it be told them that they shall be sick on such a day, when that day comes, they tcill surely be sick, and will be so terribly afflicted, that sometimes they die upon it. Dr. Cotta (in his Discovery of ignorant Practitioners of Physick, cap. 8.) hath two strange stories to this purpose, what phansie is able to do ; the one of a parsons wife in Northamptonshire, anno 1607, that, coming to a physician, and told by him that she was troubled with the sciatica, as he conjectured, (a disease she was free from) the same night after her return, upon his words, fell into a grievous fit of a sciatica: and such another example he hath of another good wife, that was so troubled with the cramp; after the same manner she came by it, because her physician did but name it. Sometimes death itself is caused by force of phantasie. I have heard of one, that, coming by chance in a Occult. Philos. 1.1. c. 64. ''Lib. 3. de Lamiis, cap. 10. "^AjTrippa, lib. 1. cap. 64. ^Sect. 3. memb. 1. subsect. .3. « Malleus malefic. Ibl. 77. Corpus mutari potest in diversas a'gritudines, ex forti apprehensione. fFr. Vales. 1. 5. cont. 6. Noniiumquam etiani morbi diutiirni consequuntur, quandofiue curantur. eExpedit. in Sinas, 1. 1. c. 9. Tantuin porro multi prajdictoribus hisce tribuunt, ut ipse nietus fidem faciat : nam, si pr^dictum iis fiierittali die eos morbo corripiendos, ii, ubi dies adveuerit, in morbum incidunt : etj vi metiis afflictij cum segritudine, ali- quando etiain ctuu niorte, colluctantur. Mcin . 3 . S libs. 2. ] Of the Force of Imarjinatiov . 1 37 oompany of him that was thoiioht to be sick of the plaonie (which was not so,) fell doM n siuhlenly dead. Anotlior was sick of the plague with conceit. One,seeinf>- his fellow \vt blood, falls down in aswoun. Another(saitli " Cardan, out ol'Aristonc) fell down dead, (which is taniiliar to women at any jj'hastly sight) seeing but a man hanged. A Jew in France (saith ^ Lxlovicus Vives) came by chance over a dangerous passage or plank, thatr lay over a brook, in the dark, without harm; the next day, per ceiving" what danger he was in, fell down dead. Many will nt»t believe such stories to be true, but laugh commonly, and deride when they hear of them : but let these men consider with themselves, (as '^- Peter Byarus illustrates it) if they were set to walk upon a plank on high, they. %A'ould begiduy, upon which theydare securely walk upon theground. Many,(saithAgrippa) '^strong hearted men otherwise, tremble at such sights ; daze/, and are sick, iffheg look but down from an Mf/k place ; and what moves them bid conceit ? As some are so molested by phantasie ; so some again, by fancy alone and a good conceit, are as easily recovered. We see commonly the tooth-ach, gout, falling-sickness, biting* of a mad dog-, and many such maladies, cured by spells, words,characters, and charms; and many green wounds, by that now so much used ungnentum armarium, mag- netically cured ; which Crolliusand Goclenius in a book of late have defendpd, Libaviusin a just tract as stiHy contradicts, and most men controvert. All the world knows there is no vertue in such charms, or cures, but a strong conceit and opinion alone, (as'Pomponatius \\o\(\s)ivhichforceth a motion of the humours, spirits, and blood ; ichich takes atcay the cause of the maladg from the parts affected. The like we may say of our magical eff'ects,superstitious cures,and such as aredone by mountebanks and wizards. As, by icicked incredulity, many men are hurt, (so saith * Wierus of charms, spells, Si,c.)wefnd, in our expe- rience, by the same means many are relieved. An empirick oftentimes, and a silly chirurgion, doth more strange cures,than a rational physician. Nymannus gives a reason — because the patient puts his confidence in him; ^ which Aviceima /r/v^er. Cardan) that makes or mans physicians ; and he doth the best cures, according to Hippocrates, in whom most a Subtil. 18. b Lih. 3. de anitna, cap. de mel. = Lib. de Peste. J Lili. I. cap. 6.^. Ex alto despicientes, aliqtii pras tiinore contreniiscunt, caliaant, iiifirniantur ; sic siugiiltus, febres, iiiorbi comitiale.s, Vives, to g-ood and bad. If good, it is present, and then we absolutely joy and love : or to come, and then we desire and hope for it : if evil, we absolutely hate it : if present, it is sorrow ; if to come, fear. These four passions *= Bernard compares to the wheels of a chariot, by which ice are carryed in this world. All other passions are subordinate under these four, orsix,assome will — love, joy, desire, hatred, sorrow, fear. The rest, as anger, envy, emulation, pride, jealousie, anxiety, mercy, shame, discontent, despair, ambition.avarice,&c. are reducible unto the first : and, if they be immoderate, they '^consume the spirits ; and melan- choly is especially caused by them. Some few discreet men there are, that can govern themselves, and curb in those inordi- nate affections, by religion, philosophy, and such divine pre- cepts of meekness, patience, and the like ; but most part, for want of government, out of indiscretion, ignorance, theysuflfer themselves Avholly to be led by sense, and are so far from re- pressing rebellious inclinations, that they give all encourage- ment unto them, leaving the rains, and using all provocations to further them. Bad by nature, worse by art, discipline, «cus- tom,education, and a perverse will of their own, they follow on, wheresoever theirunbridled aflfections will transport them, and do more out of custom, self will, than out of reason. Contn- max voluntas (as 3Ielancthon calls it) malum facit : this stub- born will of ours perverts judgement, which sees and knows what should and ought to be done, and yet will not do it. 3/awc?/>?ar/?fte, slaves to their several lusts and appetite, they precipitate and plunge * themselves into a labyrinth of cares: 'T. W. Jesuit. '>3. jg Aniraa. cSer. 35. Hae qaatuor passiones sunt tamquam rotae in curru, quibus vehimur hoc mando. Lilius Giralrl. Syntag. 1. de diis rniscellaneis. ^ Calendis Jan. feriae. sunt divae Axgerona*, cui pontifices in sacello Voltipiae sacra faciunt, qnod angores et animi solicitudines propitiata propellat. <' Timor inducit frigus, cordis palpitationein, vocis defectum, atque pallorera. Agrippa, 1. 1. « 63. Timidi semper spiritus habent frigidos. Mont « Effusas cernens fngientes agmine turmas, Quis niea nunc inflat coriiua ? Faunus ait. Alciat f Metus nou solum memoriara consternat, sed et institutnni animi onme et laudabilem cona- tum impedit Thucydides. s Lib. de fortitiKline et virtute Alexandri. L'b prope res adfuit terribilis. *' Sect. 2. Mem. 3. Subs. 2. 144 Causea of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. section of '' Terrours. Fear makes our imagination conceive what it list, invites the devil to come to us, (as '^ Agrippa and Cardan avouch), and tyrannizeth overour phantasie more than all other atlections, especially in the dark. We see this verified in most men ; as "^Lavater saith, qua' rnettmnt, Jinf/U7it ; what they fear they conceive, and faign unto themselves ; they think they see goblins, haggs, devils, and many times become melancholy thereby. Cardan {suhtil. lib. 18.) hath an example of such an one, so caused to be melancholy (by sight of a bug- bear) all his life after. Augustus Caesar durst not sit in the dark ; nisi aliquo assidente, saith '^ Suetonius, numqnam tene- bris evigilavit. And 'tis strange what women and children will conceive unto themselves, if they go over a church-yard in the night, lye or be alone in a dark room ; how they sweat and tremble on a sudden. Many men are troubled with future events, foreknoAvledge of their fortunes, destinies, as Severus the emperour, Adrian and Domitian : quod sciret ultimum vitcc diem, saith Seutonius, vAilde solicitns ; much tortured in mind because he foreknew his end ; with many such, of which I shall speak more opportunely in ^ another place. Anxiety, mercy, pitty, indignation, &c. and such fearful branches derived from these two stems of fear and sorrow, I voluntarily omit. Read more of them in * Carol us Pascalius, ^ Dandinus, &c. SUBSECT. VI. Shame and Disgrace, Causes. oHAME and disgrace cause most violent passions, and bit- ter pangs. Ob jmdorem et dedecus puhlicum, ob eirorcm commissum, scepe moventur generosi animi (Felix Plater, lib, 3. de alienat. mentis) : Generous minds are often moved with shame, to despair, for some publick disgrace. And he (saith Philo. lib. 2. de provid. dei) '' that subjects himself to fear ^ grief, ambition, shame, is not happy, but altogether miserable, tortured with continual labour, care, and misery. It is as forcible a batterer as any of the rest. ' Many men neglect the tumults of the icorld, and care not for glory,, and yet they are a Sect. 2. Mem. 4. Subs?. .3. b Subtil. 18. lib. Timor attrahit ad se dsemonas. Timor et error multnm in hominibus possunt. *■ Lib. de Spectris, ca. 3. Fortes rare spectra vident. quia minus timent. ^ Vita ejus. « Sect. 2. Memb. 4. Sabs. 7. >De %'irt. et vitiis. B Com. in Arist. de Anima. ''Qui mentem subjecit timoris dominationi, cnpiditatis, doloris, ambitionis, pudoris, felix DOD est, sed omnino miser : assiduis laboribiis torcjuetur et miseria. ' Multi contemnunt mundi strepitum, reputant pro nihilo ploriam, sed timent infamiam, of- fensiouem, repulsam. Voluptatem severissime coutemniint; in dolore sunt molli- orts ; gloriam negligunt ; franguntur iniamia. Mem. 3- Subs. 6.] Shame and Disgrace, Cannes. 145 afraid of infamy, repulse^ disgrace : {Tnl.qffic. I. 1.) they can severely contemn pleasure, hear rjrief indifferently; but they are quite '■>■ battered and broken rviih reproach and obloquy {siquidem vita etfamajmri passu ambulant), and are so de- jected many times for some public injury, disgrace, as a box on the car by their inferiour, to be overcome of their adversary, foiled in the field, to be out in a speech, some foul fact com- mitted or disclosed, &c. that they dare not come abroad all their lives after,butmelancholize in corners, and keep inholes. The most generous spirits are most subject to it. Spiritns altos fran(iit et yenerosos: Hieronym. Aristotle, because he could not understand the motion of Euripus^ for grief and shame drowned himself: Calius Rodoginus (antiquar. lee. lib. 29. cap. 8.) Homerns pudore consumptus, was swallowed up with this passion of shame, '' because he could not unfold the fish- erman's riddle. Sophocles killed himself, ''for that a tra- gedy of his was hissed off' the stage. (Valer. Max. lib. 9. cap. \2.) Lucretia stabbed her self; and so did "^ Cleopatra, rrhen she satv she that ivas reserved for a triumph, to avoid the infamy. Antonius, the Roman, ^ after he ivas overcome of his enemy, for three days space sat solitary in the fore-part \nd, if so be that he cannot avoid it, — as a night- ingale, qu€c, cantando victa, moritur, (saith ** Mizaldus) dies for shame, if another bird sing better — he languisheth and pineth away in the anguish of his spirit. SUBSECT. VII. Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes. JbiNVY and malice are two links of this chain ; and both (asGuianerius, Tract. 15- cap. 2. proves out of Galen, 3 Apho- rism, com. 22.) ^ cause this malady by themselves, especially if their bodies be otherwise disposed to melancholy. 'Tis Valescus de Taranta and Felix Platerus observation : ^ envy so gnawes many men's hearts, that they become altogether melancholy. And therefore, belike, Solomon (Prov. 14. 13.) calls it, the rotting of the bones ; Cyprian, vulnus occultum. =1 Prompter ruborem confusns, stati coepit delirare, &c. ob suspicionem, quod vili ilium crimine acc'usarent ^ Horat. « Pg. Impudice. B. Ita est. Ps. sceleste. B. dicis vera. Ps. verbero. B. quippini ? Ps. furcifer. B. factum optime. Ps. snciofraude. B. sunt mea istarc. Ps. parricida. B. perge tu. P. sacrilege. B. fa- teor. Ps. perjure. B. vera dicis. Ps. pernicies adolescentum. B. acerrime. Ps. fur. B. babse ! Ps. fugitive. B. bombax! Ps. fraus populi. B. planissime. Ps. impure le- no, coemim. B. cantores probos ! Pseudolus, act. 1. seen. 3. <• Cent. 7. e Plinio. <= Multos videmus, propter invidiam et odium, in melancholiam inci- disse ; et illos potissimum quorum corpora ad hanc apta sunt. f Invidia affli- git homines adeo et corrodit, ul hi melancholic! penitus fiant. Mem. 3. Subs. 7.] Envy, Malice, Hatred, Causes. 14/ — *Siculi non invenfere tyranni Majus tormentum : the Sicilian tyrants never invented the like torment. It cru- cifies their souls, withers theirbodies, makes them hoUow-ey'd, •'pale, lean, and g-hastly to behold (Cyprian, ser. 2. de zelo et livore). '^ As a moth gnaws a ijarment^ so, (saith Chrysostome) doth envy consume a man ; to be a livino- anatomy, a skeleton • to he a lean and '^pale carcass, quickened with a •= fiend (Hall, in Charact.); for, so often as an envious wretch sees another man prosper, to be enriched,to thrive, and be fortunate in the world to get honours, offices, or the like, he repines, and oTieves : rintabesciique videndo Successus hominum' Suppliciumque suum est : ' he tortures himself, if his equal, friend, neig-hbour, be preferred commended, do well ; if he understand of it, it oauls him afresh ; and no greater pain can come to him, than to hear of another mans well doino- ; 'tis a dagger to his heart, every such object. He looks at him (as they that fell down in Lucians rock of honour) with an envious eye, and will damage him- self to do the other a mischief, (Atque cadet subito, dmn super hoste cadat) as he did, in ^sop, lose one eye willing-ly, that his fellow might lose both, or that rich man, in *Quintilian that poysoned the flowers in his garden, because his neio-hl hours bees should get no more honey from them. His wliole life is sorrow ; and every word he speaks, a satyr e ; nothing- fats him but other mens mines; for, to speak in a word, envy is nought else but tristitia de bonis alienis, sorrow for other mens good, be it present, past or to come ; et yaudium de adyersis, and ''joy at their harms, opposite to mercy, * which grieves at other mens mischances, and misafl^ects the body in another kind ; so Damascen defines it, lib. 2. de orthod. fid, Thomas, 2. 2. fjutsst. 36. art. 1. Aristotle, /. 2. Rhet. c. 4. et 10. Plato, Philebo, Tully, 3. Tusc. Greg. Nic. /. de virt. '^i^'"-' J L "' ^'^ ^"'^"^ minax, torviis aspectus, pallor in facie, in labis tremor stridor in dentibus, &c. «• Ut tiuea cnrrodit vestinientum, sir invidia euni qui zelatur, consumit. d PaHor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto. Nusquam recta acies ; livent rubigme denies. eDiaboli expressa imago, toxicurn charitatis veneuum aiiiicitiai, abyssus mentis; non est eo monstiosius moustrum, damnosius damnum: unt, torret, discrucuit, macie etsqualore conticit. Austin. Domin. prim. Ad- vent. 'Ovid. KDeclam. 1.3, linivit tlores maleficis succis, in venenum mella convertens h Statins cereis Basilius eos comparat, qui iiqnefiunt ad prasentiam soils, qua aln gaudent et oruantur; muscis alii, qua; ulceribus gaudent, amcena prater- cunt, sistunt in foetidis. ■ Misericordia etiam, quie tristitia qujedaiu est smoe Uiiserantis corpus male afficit, Agrippa, 1. 1. cap. 6;i. ' us Causes of Mclancholtj. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. aninifP, c. VZ. Basil, dc InviiUd. Piiularus, Od. 1. ser. 5; "and we iiixl it true. 'Tis a comiiiou disease, and almost natural to us, (as "Tacitus holds) to envy another mans prosperity : and 'tis in most men an incurable disease. ^ I have read, saitli Marcus Aurelius, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee authors ; I have consulted with many wise men, for a remedy fot envy: I could find none, hut to renounce all happiness, and to he « wretch, and miserahle for ever. 'Tis the beginning- of hell in this lise and a passion not to be excused. "^ Every other sin hath some pleasure annexed to it, or ivill admit oj'an excuse ; envy alone toants both. Other sins last but for a ivhile : the gut may be satis fed ; ancjer remits ; hatred hath an end ; envy never ceaseth. (Cardan lib. 2. de sap.) Divine and humane examples are very familiar: you may run and read them, as that of Saul and Dav^id, Cain and Abel : anr/ebat ilium non proprium pec- catum, sed Jratris prosperifas, saith Theodoret ; it was his brothers good fortune gauled him. Rachel envied her sister, being- barren, (Gen. 30) Josephs brethren, him (Gen, 37.) David had a touch of this vice, as he confesseth (•'Ps?l. 37), ^Jle- remy and "^Habbakuk : they repined at others good : but in the end they corrected themselves. V^dl.Jb'.fret not thyself, S^c. Domitian spited Agricola for his worth, s that a private man should be so much ylorijied. '' Cascinna was envyed of his fel- low-citizens, because he was more richly adorned. But, of all others, 'women are most weak: ob pulchritudinem, invidice sunt Jemince (Musseus) : aut amat, aut odit : nihil est tertium (Granatensis) : they love, or hate : no medium amongst them, Implacabiles plerumque l Legi Chalilieos, (Irascos, Hebra;os ; con.suliii sapientes, pro reiuedio invidia; ; hoc enim inveni, reminciare felicitati, et per])etiio miser esse. « Omiie peccatum aut excusationcm secum habet, aut volnptatem ; .sola invidia utraque caret lleliqua vitia finem habeut ; ira defervescit ; gnia sntiatur; odium fiiiem lial>et, invidia nuinquam quiescit. ^Urebat me jemulatio propter stuKos. i* Hier. 12.1. 'Hab. I. s Invidit privati noiiieu supra principis atSolli. ''Tacit. Hist. lib. 2. part. 6. ' Perituras dolore et invidia, si quam viderint ornatioreiii se in publicum prodiisse. Platina, dial, amoruui. i^ Aut. Guianerius, lib. 2. cap. 8. vit. M. Aurelii. Femina, vicinam eleganlius se vestitam videns, Itenre instar in viruin insurgit, &c. 'Quod insignis eqiio et Oatro veheretur, quaniquaia nuUius cum injuria, ornatum ilium, tanqnam Isesa', gravabautur. Mem. 3. Subs. 8.] Emulation, Hatred, ^-r. 149 scoffs at anothers bravery and happiness, Myrsine, an Attick wench, was niurthered other fellows, 'because she did excel the rest in beauty, (Constantine, Ar/ricult. I. 11. c. 7). Every village will yield such examples. SUBSECT. VITI. A^/mulation, Hatred, Faction, Desire of Revenye, Causes. Out of this root of envy, ''spring- those feral branches of fac- tion, hatred, livor, emulation, which cause the like grievances, and are serroi animce,the sawesof the soul, "^^co us t ernatio ni s pleni aif'ectus, affections full of desperate amazement ; or, as Cyprian describes emulation, it is '' a moth oj'the soul, a consumption, to make another ma7is happiness his misei'y,to torture, crucifie,and execute himself', to eat his oicn heart. Meat and drink can do such men no r/ood: they do ahcays grieve, siyh, and yroan, day and niqht without intermission ; their breast is torn a sunder : and a little after, ^whosoererhe is whom thou dost emulate and envy, he may avoid thee ; but thou canst neither avoid him, nor thyself'. Wheresoever thou art, he is with thee; thine enemy is ever in thy breast ; thy destruction is icithin thee ; thou art a captive bound hand and foot, as long as thou art malicious and envious, and canst not be conif'orted. It was the devilsrtver- throiv ; and, whensoever thou art thoroughly affected with this passion, it wdl be thine. Yet no perturbation so frequent, no passion so common. Ka» 9rTW^(3? Tnu^u (pOovEs;, y.xi aoi^o? aoi^a;. A potter emulates a potter; One smith envies another : A begg:ar emulates a begijar ; A sinsring man his brother. 'Quod pulchritiuline onines excelleret, puellas indignata; occiderunt. ''Late patet iinidia- fecuiida pernities ; et livor radix omnium maluruin, foDS cladiuin: inde odium sin-git, a;mulatio. Cyprian, ser. 2/de Livore. i" Valerius, 1.3. cap. 9. '' Qualis est animi tinea, quaitaijes pectoris, zelarein aUero,velaliornmfelicitatem.suani facere iniseriam, et velut qiiosdam pectori suo admovere carnifices, coffitationibus et sensibiis suis adhibere tortores, qui se intestinis cruciatibiis lacerent ? Non cibus tahbus la;tus, non potus potest esse jucundus : suspiratur semper et gemifiir, etdoletur dies et noctes ; pectus sine intermissione laceratur. ^ Quisquis est ille, (piem <«nuilaris, cui invides, is te subterfugere potest : at tu nonte : ubicuuqne fugeris, adversariustuus tecum est; hostis tuus semper in pectore tuo est, pernities intus inclusa : ligatus es, vinctus, zelo douiinante cajjtivus : nee solatia tibi ulla subveuiunt : hinc diabolns, inter initia statim luundi, et periit primus, et perdidit. Cyprian, ser. 2. de zelo et livore. 'Hesiod, op. et dies. 150' Causes of Metancholif. [Part. 1. See. 2. Every society, corporation, and private family, is full of it ; it takes'liold almost of all sorts of men, from the prince to the ploughman ; even amongst gossips it is to be seen ; scarce three in a company, but there is siding, faction, emulation, between two of them, some si»m/^as,jarr, private grudge,heart-burning in the midst of them. Scarce two g-entlemen dwell together in the country, (if they be not near kin or linked in marriage) but there is emulation betwixt them and their servants, some quarrel or some grudge betwixt their wives or children,friends and followers, some contention about wealth, gentry, pre- cedency, &c. by means of which, (like the frog in ^ ^Esop, that ivould swell till she was as big as an ox, hut burst her self' at last) they will stretch beyond their fortunes, call- ings, and strive so long, that they consume their substance in law-suits, or otherwise in hospitality, feasting, fine clothes, to get a few bumbast titles ; for ambitiosd paupertate labora- mus omnes ; to outbrave one another, they will tire their bodies, macerate their souls, and, through contentions or mutual in- vitations, beggar themselves. Scarce two great scholars in an age, but with bitter invectives they fall foul one on the other, and their adherents — Scotists, Thomists, Reals, Nominals, Plato and Aristotle, Galenists and Paracelsians, &c. it holds in all professions. Honest ''emulation in studies, in all callings, is not to be dis- liked: ' Us ingeniorum cos, as one calls it — the whetstone of wit, the n^rse of wit and valour ; and those noble Romans, out of this spirit, did brave exploits. There is a modest ambition, as Themistocles was roused up with the glory of Miltiades ; Achilles trophies moved Alexander. *= Ambire semper stulta confidentia est Ambire numqaam deses arrogantia ei est : 'tis a sluggish humour not to emulate or sue at all, to with- draw himself,neglect, refrain from such places,honours, offices, through sloth, niggardliness, fear, bashfulness, or otherwise, to which, by his birth, place, fortunes, education, he is called, apt, fit, and well able to undergo : but, when it is immoderate, it is a plague and a miserable pain. What a deal of money did Henry the eighth, and Francis the first, king- of France, spend at that '^famous interview! and how many vain courtiers, seek- ing each to outbrave other, spent themselves, their lively-hood andfortunes,and dyed beggars ! ^ Adrian the emperour was so galled with it, that he killed all his equals ; so did Nero. This a Rana, cn>jida sequandi bovem, se distendebat, &c. byEtnidatio alit iiigenia. Paterculus, poster. Vol. <^Grotius, Epig- lib. 1. "J Anno 1519, betwixt Ardes and Quine. * Spartian. Mem. 3. Subs. 8.] Mmulation, Hatred, Sfc. 151 passion made * Dionysius the tyrant banish Plato and Philoxe- nus the poet, because they did excell and eclipse his i^lory, as lie thought ; the Romans exile Coriolanus, confine Caniillus, murder Scipio; the Greeks, by ostracism, to expel Aristides, Micias, Alcibiades, imprison Theseus, make away Phocion,&c, When Richard the first, and Philip of France, were fellow soul- diers together at the siege of Aeon, in the Holy land, and Richard had approved himself to be the more valiant man, in so much that all mens eyes were upon him, it so gauled Philip, (^Francnm urebat regis victoria, saith mine '' author ; tarn cB(/re J'erebat Richardi f/loriam, ut carpere dicta, cuhimniari J'aclu) that he cavilled at all his proceedings, and fell at length to open defiance. He could contain no longer, but, hasting home, in- vaded his territories, and professed open war. Hatred stira up contention, (Prov. 10. 12); and they break out at last into im- mortal enmity, into virulency,and more thanV aniinian hateand rage ; "" they persecute each other, their friends, followers, and all their posterity, with bitter taunts, hostile wars, scurril invec- tives, libels, calumnies, fire, sword, and the like, and will not be reconciled. Witness that Guelf and Gibelline faction in Italy; that of the Adurni and Fregosi in Genoa; thatofCneius Papirius and Quintus Fabius in Rome ; Cassar and Pompey ; Orleans and Burgundy in France ; York and Lancaster in England. Yea, this passion so rag'eth ^ many times, that it subverts, not men only, and families, but even populous cities. '^ Carthage and Corinth can witness as much ; nay flourishing kingdoms are brought into a wilderness by it. This hatred, malice, faction, and desire of revenge, invented first all those racks, and wheels,strappadoes, brazen bulls, feral engines, prisons, inquisitions, severe laws, to macerate and tor- ment one another. How happy might we be, and end our time with blessed days, and sweet content, if we could contain our selves, and, as we ought to do, put up injuries, learn humility, meekness, patience, forget and forgive, (as in 'Gods word we areinjoyned), compose such final controversies amongst our selves, moderate our passions in this \i\ndi, and think better of others (as § Paul would have us) than oj'our selves ; he of like affection one towards another ^ and not avenge onr selves, but nave peace loith all men. But being that we are so peevish and perverse, insolent and proud, so factious and seditious, so mali- » Plutareh. b Johannes Heraldus, I. 2. c. 12. de bello sac. « Nulla dies tantum poterit lenire furorem.— .Sterna bella pace aublata gcrunt. — Jurat odium, nee ante invisura esse desinit, quaui esse desiit. Paterculus, vol. 1. '^ Ita SEevit haec Stygia ministra, ut urbes subvertat aliquando, deleat populos, proviiicias alioqui florentes redigat in solitudines, niortales vero miseros in profunda iniseriarum valle miserabiliter immergat. « Carthago, aemula Romaui imperii, t'unditua interiit^ Sallust Catil. . fPaul.3. CoK e Rom. 12. 152 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. cious and envious, we do hivicem angariare^ maul and vex one another, torture, disquiet, and precipitate our selves into that gulf of woes and cares, aggravate our misery and melancholy, heap upon us hell and eternal damnation. SUBSECT. IX. Anger, a Cause, Anger, a perturbation which carries the spirits outwards, preparing the body to melancholy, and madness it self — ira furor brevis est ; and (as '^ Piccolomineus accounts it) one of the three most violent passions. ^ Aretaeus sets it down for an especial cause (so doth Seneca, ep. 18- 1. 1.) of this malady. •^ Magninus gives the reason ; exjrequenti ird supra modmn calejiunt ; it over-heats their bodies ; and, if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness, saith S. Ambrose. 'Tis a known snying ; Juror Jit Icesa scepius patientia ; the most pa- tient spirit that is, if he be often provoked, will be incensed to madness ; it will make a devil of a saint ; and therefore Basil (belike) in his Homily de Ird, calls it tenehras rationis, mor- hum animce et dcsmotieni pessimum ; the darkning of our under- standing, and a bad angel. '^Lucian (in Ahdicato, Tom. 1.) will have this passion to work this effect, especially in old men and women. Anger and calumny (saith he) trouble them at first, and, after a while, break out into open madness : many things cause Jury in women, especially if they love or hate overmuch, or envy, be much grieved or angry ; these things, by little and little, lead them on to this malady. From a dis- position, they proceed to an habit ; for there is no difference betwixt a mad man and an angry man, in the time of his fit. Anger, as Lactantius describes it, (i. de Ird Dei, ad Donatum, c. 5) is ^ sceva atiimi tempestas, Sfc. a cruel tempest of the mind, making his eyes sparkle fire, and stare, teeth gnash in his head, his tongue stutter, hisj'ace pale or red ; and what more filthy imitatioti can be oj'a mad man ? »Grad. 1. c. 54. b Ira, et moeror, et ingens'animi consternatio, melancho- licos facit. Aretjeus. Ira immodica gignit insaniam. <= Reg. sanit. parte 2. c. 8. In apertam insaniam mox ducitur iratus. "' Gilberto Cognato iuterprete. Multis, et praesertim senibus, ira irapotens insaniam facit, et importuna calumnia : haec initio perturbat aninium ; pauUatim vergit ad insaniam. Porro rauliernm corpora multa infestant, et in hunc morbum adducunt, prascipjie si qu£B oderint aut invi- deant, &,c. hsec pauUatim in insaniam tandem evadunt. « S»va animi tempestas, tantos excitans iluctus,|ut statim ardescant oculi, os tremat, lingua titubet, dentes coa- crepent. Sec. Mem. 3. Subs. 9.] ^nger, a Cansf. 153 ' Ora tument ira ; fervescunt sanguine venae ; Luinina Gorgoneo ssevius angue micant. They are void of reason, inexorable, blind, like beasts and monsters for the time, say and do they know not what, curse swear, rail, fight and what not ? How can a mad man do more ? as he said in the comedy, ^ iracuniUd non sum apud me; I am not mine own man. If these fits be immoderate, continue long-, or be frequent, without dou))t they provoke madness. Montanus (consil. 21) had a melancholy Jew to his patient ; he ascribes this for a principal cause : irascehatur le- vibus de canssis ; he was easily moved to anger. Ajax had no other beginning of his madness; and Charles the sixth, that lunatick French king, fell into this misery, out of the extre- mity of his passion, desire of revenge, and malice ; ''incensed against the duke of Britain, he could neither eat, drink, nor sleep for some days together : and in the end, about the calends of July, 1392, he became mad upon his horse-back, drawing his sword, striking such as came neer him promiscuously, and so continued all the days of his life. (JEmil. lib. 10. Gal. hist.) Hegesippus (de excid. urbis Hieros. /.I.e. 37) hath such a story of Herod, that, out of an angry fit, became mad, and "^leap- ing out of his bed, he killed Jossippus, and played many such Bedlam pranks. The whole court could not rule him fora long time after. Sometimes he was sorry and repented,much grieved for that he had done, postquam deferbuit ira; by and by out- ragious again. In hot cholerick bodies, nothing so soon causeth madness, as this passion of anger, besides many other diseases, as Pelesius observes, (Cap. 21. /. 1. de hum. affect, canssis) Sauf/uinem immirmit. Jet aitr/et : and, as " Valesius controverts, (Med. controv. lib. 5. contro. 8.) many times kills them quite out. If this were the worst of this passion, it were more tolerable: Hmt it rttines and subverts whole towns, 8 cities, Jamilies, and kingdoms. Nulla pestis humano generi plurisstetit, saith Seneca, (de Ira, lib. 1.) no plague hath done ma^ikind so much harm. Look into our histories ; and you shall almost meet with no other subject, but what a company '' of hair-brains have done in their rage. We may do well, there- fore, to put this in our procession amongst the rest : From all blindness of heart, from pride, vain'glmy, and hypocrisy, from envy, hatred, and malice, anger, and all such pestiferous per- turbations, good Lord, deliver lis ! »Ovi(l. b Terence. einfensus Britaimiae duci, et in ultionem versus, nee cibum cepit, nee quietem ; ad Calendas Julias, 139"2, comites occidit. "In- dignatione nimia furens, animiqne irapotens, exsiliit de leeto : furentem non capiebat aula, &c. eAn ira possit hominem interiniere. • Abernethy. sAs Troy, sjevse memorem Jtinonis ob iram. i' Stultorum regum et popaloram con- tinet xstus. T 2 154 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. SUBSECT. X. Discontents, Cares, Miseries, Sfc. Causes. ills CONTENTS, cares, crosses, miseries, or whatsoever it is that shall cause any molestation of spirits, grief, anguish, and perplexity, may well be reduced to this head. Preposterously placed here, in some mens judgements, they may seem: yet, in that Aristotle in his ''Rhetorick defines these cares, as he doth envy, emulation,&c. still by grief, I think I may well rank them in this irascible row; beingthat they are,as the rest,both causes and symptomes of this disease, producing the like inconveni- ences, and are, most part, accompanied with anguish and pain (the common etymology will evince it — cura,quasicorura) ; de- nientes curce, insomnes curae, damnosce cur(s, tristes, mordaces, carnijices, ^c. biting, eating, gnawing, cruel, bitter, sick, sad, unquiet,pale,tetrick, miserable, intolerable cares (as the poets'* call them) ; worldly cares, and are as many in number aslhe sea sands. '^Galen,Fernelius,Felix Plater,Valescus deTaranta, &c. reckon afflictions,miseries,even all these contentions,and vexa- tions of the mind, as principal causes, in that they take away sleep, hinder concoction, dry up the body, and consume the substance of it. They are not so many in number, but their causes be as divers, and not one of a thousand free from them, or that can vindicate himself, whom that Ate dea — ** Per hominum capita molliter ambulans, Plantas pedum teneras habens — Over mens heads walking aloft. With tender feet treading so soft — Homers goddess Ate, hath not involved into this discontented •rank, or plagued with some misery or other. Hyginus (fab. 220) to this purpose hath a pleasant tale. Dame Curaby chance went over a brook, and, taking up some of the dirty slime, made an image of it. Jupiter, eftsoons coming by, put life to it; but Cura and Jupiter could not agree what name to give him, or who should own him. The matter was referred to a Lib. 2. Invidia est dolor, et ambitio est dolor, &c. b Insomnes, Claudianus. tristes, Virg, mordaces, Luc. edaces, Hor. mcestas, amarae, Ovid, damnosse, inquietae. Mart, urentes, rodentes, Mant. &c. <= Galen. 1. 3. c. 7, de locis affectis. Homines sunt maxime melancholici, quaudo vigiliis multis, et solicitudinibus, et laboribus, et curis, fuerint circumventi. * Lucian. Podag. e Omnia imperfecta, confusa, et pertnrbationc plena. Cardan. Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cares, ^c. 155 Saturn as judge : lie gave this arbitrement : his name shall be Homo ab hmno : Cura eum possideat quamdiu vivat : Care shall have him whil'st he lives ; Jupiter his soul, and Tellus his body when he dies. But, to leave tales — A general cause, a continuate cause, an inseparable accident to all men, is dis- content, care, misery. Were there no other particular afflic- tion (which who is free from?) to molest a man in this life, the very cogitation of that common misery were enough to mace- rate, and make him Aveary of his life ; to think that he can never be secure, but still in danger, sorrow, grief, and perse- cution. For, to begin at the hour of his birth, as ^ Pliny doth elegantly describe it, he is born naked, and Jails ^ a whining at the very first ; he is stvadled and bound up, like a prisoner ; cannot help himself; and so he continues to his lives end ; cnj usque J'erce pabulum, saith '^ Seneca, impatient of heat and cold, impatient of labour, impatient of idleness, exposed to Fortunes contumelies. To a naked marriner Lucretius com- pares him, cast on shore by shipwrack, cold and comfortless in an unknown land : ^ No estate, age, sex, can secure himself from this common misery. A man, that is born of a womauy is of short continuance, and full of trouble (Job 14. 1. 22) ; and, while his fiesh is upon him, he shall be sorroivjul: and^ while his soul is in him, it shall mourn. All his days are sor- roiCf and his travels grief: his heart also taketh not rest in the night; (Ecclus. 2. 23. and 2. II) all that is in it, is sor- row and vexation of spirit ; * ingress, progress, regress, egress^ much alike. Blindness seizeth on us in the beginning, labour in the middle, grief in the end, errour in all. What day ariseth to us, tvithout some grief, care, or anguish ? or what so secure and pleasing a morning have we seen, that hath not been over- cast before the evening ? One is miserable, another ridiculous, a third odious. One complains of this grievance, another of that. A liquando nervi, aliquando pedes, vexant, (Seneca) nunc destillatio, nunc hepatis morbus ; nunc deest, nunc superest, sanguis : now the head akes, then the feet, now the lungs, then the liver, &c. Huic census exuberat ; sed est pudori degener sanguis, Sfc. He is rich, but base born; he is noble, but poor : a third hath means; but he wants health, peradventure, or wit to manage his estate. Children vex one, wife a second, &c. J^emo facile cum conditione sua concordat,, no man is a Lib. 7. nat. hist. cap. 1. Hominem nudam et ad vagitum edit natura. Flens ah initio^ devinctiis jacet, &c. '' Axxfv^cuv De consol. 1. 2. Nemo facile cum conditione sua concordat. Inest singulis quod imperiti petant, experti horreant. c Esse in honore jnvat, mox displicet. "Jfior. « Borrhaeus in 6. Job. Urbes et oppida nihil aliud snnt quam humananim aerumnarnm domicilia, quibus luctus et moeror, et morta- liam varii infinitique labores, et omnis generis vitia, quasi septis incladuntur. ^Nat Chytreus, de lit. Europae. Lsetus nunc, raox tristis ; nunc sperans, paallo post diffidens ; patiens hodie, eras ejulans ; nunc pallens, rubens, currens, sedens, claudi> cans, trejnens, &c. 158 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Jilins alh(S, an Iiappy and fortunate man, ad invidiamj'elixj be- cause rich, fair, well allied, in honour and office ; yet peradven- ture ask himself, and he will say, that, of all others, 'he is most miserable and unhappy. A fair shooe, Aic soccus nevus, elec/ans, as he ''said; sed nescis ubi urat ; but thou knowest not where it pincheth. It is not another mans opinion can make me happy : but (as ^ Seneca well hath it) he is a miserable icretch, that doth not account himself' happy : though he be soveraiyn lord oj' a world, he is not happy, (f'he think himself not to be so; for what availeth it what thine estate is, or seem to others, if thou thy self dislike it ? A common humour it is of all men to think well of other mens fortunes, and dislike their own : ^ Cui placet alterius, sua nimirum est odio, sors : but ^ qua Jit, Mcecenas, SfC. how comes it to pass ? what's the cause of it? Many men are of such a perverse nature, they are well pleased with nothing, (saith ^Theodoret) neither with riches nor poverty : they complain when they are well, and, ivhen they are sick, grumble at all fortunes, prosperity and adversity ; they are troubled in a cheap year, in a barren : plenty, or not plenty, nothing pleaseth them, war nor peace, with children, nor without. This, for the most part, is the humour of us all, to be discontent, miserable and most un- happy, as we think at least ; and shew me him that is not so, or that ever was otherwise. Quintus Metellus his felicity is infinitely admired amongst the Romans, insomuch, that (as 8 Paterculus mentioneth of him) you can scarce find, of any nation, order, age, sex, one for happiness to be compared unto him : he had, in a word, bona animi, corporis, et fortunes, goods of mind, body, and fortune ; so had P. Mutanius ^ Crassus. Lampsaca, that Lacedaemonian lady, was such another in 'Plinies cowc^xX, a kings wife, a kings mother, a kings daughter ; and all the world esteemed as much of Poly- crates of Samos. The Greeks brag of their Socrates, Phocion, Aristides ; the Psophidians in particular of their Aglaiis, omni vita felix, ab omni periculo immunis (which, by the way, Pausanias held impossible ;) the Romans of their ^ Cato, a Sua cuique calamitas prsecipua. *> Cn. Graecinus. <^ Epist. 9. 1. 7. Miser est qui se beatissimum non.judicat ; licet imperet niundo, non est beatus, qui ue non putat : quod enim riifert, qualis status tuus sit, si tibi videtur malus ? <• Hor. ep. 1. 1.4. ^Hor. ser. 1. sat. 1. f Lib. de curatGraec. affec. cap. 6. de provident. Multus nihil placet ; atque adeo et divitias damnant, et paupertatem ; de morbis expostulant ; bene valentes, graviter ferunt ; atque, ut semel dicam, nihil eos delectat, &c. s Vix ullius gentis, aetatis, ordinis, hominem invenies, cujus felicitatem fortunae Metelli compares. Vol. 1. . '' P- Crassus Mutianus quinque habuisse dicitur rerum bonarura maxima, quod esset ditissiraus, quod essetnobilissimus, eloquenfissimus, jurisconsultissiinus, pontifex maxiraus. ' Lib. 7. Regis filia, fegis uxor, regis mater. ^ Qui nihil uuquam mali aut dixit, aut fecit, quod aliter facere non potuit. Mem. 3. Subs. 10.] Discontents, Cares, %-c, 159 Curius, Fabriciiis, for their composed fortunes, and retired estates,governmentofpassions,and contempt of the world : yet none of all these was nappy or free from discontent — neither Metellus, Crassus, nor Polycrates; for he died a violent death, and so did Cato : and bow much evil doth Lactantius and Theodoret speak of Socrates! — a weak man — and so of the rest. There is no content in this life ; but (as ^he said) all is vanity and vexation of spirit ; lame and imperfect. Hadst thou Sampsons hair, Milos strength, Scanderbegs arm, So- lomons wisdom, Absaloms beauty, Croesus his wealth, Pa- setis ohnlum, Caesars valour, Alexanders spirit, Tullys or Demosthenes eloquence, Gyges ring, Perseus Pegasus, and Gorgons head, Nestors years to come, all this would not make thee absolute, give thee content and true happiness in this life, or so continue it. Even in the midst of all our mirth jollity, and laughter, is sorrow and grief; or, if there be true happiness amongst us, 'tis but for a time ; ^ Desinit in piscem mulier forraosa superne ; a fair morning turns to a lowring afternoon. Brutus and Cas- sius, once renowned, both eminently happy — yet you shall scarce find two (saith Paterculus) quos fortuna maturim de- stituerit, whom fortune sooner forsook. Hannibal, a conqueror all his life, met with his match, and was subdued at last : Occurrit forti, qui mage fortis erat. One is brought in triumph, as Caesar into Rome, Alcibiades into Athens, coronis aureis donatus, crowned, honoured, ad- mired ; by-and-by his statues demolished, he hissed out, mas- sacred, &c. '^ Magnus Gonsalva, that famous Spaniard, was of the prince and people at first honoured, approved; forth- with confined and banished. Adniirandas actiones graves plentmque sequnntur invidice, et acres ca/j/wnw ('tis Polybius bis observation) : grievous enmities, and bitter calumnies, com- monly follow renowned actions. One is born rich, dies a begoar; sound to day, sick to morrow; now in most flou- rishing estate, forlunate and happy, by-and-by deprived of his goods by foreign enemies, robbed by thieves, spoiled, capti- vated, impoverished, as they of "^ Rabbah,/??/^ under iron saws, and under iron harroics, and under axes of iron, and cast into the tile- kiln. « Quid me felicem toties jactAstis, amici ? Qui cecidit, stabili non erat ille gradu. » Solomon, Ecclefl. 1. 14. h Hor. Art Poet. <• Jovius, vita eiui. i 2 Sam. 12. 31. e Boethius, lib. 1. met. 1. ]60 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. He that erst marched like Xerxes with innumerable armies, as rich as Croesus, now shifts for himself in a poor cock-boat, is bound in iron chains, with Bajazet the Turk, and a foot-stool with Aurelian, for a tyrannizing conquerour to trample on. So many casualties there are, that, as Seneca said of a city con- sumed with fire, 7ma dies interest inter maximam civitatem et ymllam, one day betwixt a great city, and none ; so many griev- ances from outward accidents, and from our selves, our own indiscretion, inordinate appetite ; one day betwixt a man and no man. And (which is worse) as if discontents and miseries would not come fast enough upon us, homo homini dcemon ; we maul, persecute, and study how to sting, gaul, and vex one another with mutual hatred, abuses, injuries; preying upon, and devouring, as so many ''ravenous birds ; and, as juglers, panders, bawds, cosening one another; or raging as ''wolves, tygers, and devils, we take a delight to torment one another; men are evil, wicked, malicious, treacherous, and "^naught, not loving one another, or lovin»- themselves, not hospitable, charitable, nor sociable as they ought to be, but coun- terfeit, dissemblers, ambodexters, all for their own ends, hard-hearted, merciless, pittiless ; and, to benefit them- selves, they care not what mischief they procure to others. ^ Praxinoe and Gorgo, in the poet, when they had got in to see those costly sights, they then cryed bene est, and would thrust out all the rest ; when they are rich themselves, in honour, preferred, full, and have even that they would, they debar others of those pleasures which youth requires, and they formerly have enjoyed. He sits at table in a soft chair at ease ; but he doth not remember in the mean time, that a tired water stands behind him, an hungrji J'elloic ministers to him full: he is athirst that gives him drink, (saith ^Epictetus) and is silent ivhiles he speaks his pleasure ; pensive, sad, when he laughs. Pleno se proluit auro ; he feasts, revels, and profusely spends, hath variety of robes, sweet musick, ease, and all the pleasure the world can afford, whilst many an hunger-starved poor creature pines in the street, wants clothes to cover him, labours hard all day long, runs, rides for a trifle, fights peradventure from sun to sun, sick and ill, weary, full of pain and grief, is in great distress and sorrow of heart. He a Omnes hic aut captantur, aut captant ; aut cadavera quae lacerantur^ aiit corvi qui lacerant. Petron. ^ Homo omne monstrum est ; ille nam superat feras ; lupos- que et ursos pectore obscure tegit. Heins. « Quod Paterculus de populo Ro- mano, durante bello Punico, per annos 115, aut bellura inter eos, aut belli prasparatio, aut infida pax, idem ego de mundi accolis. <• Theocritus, Idyll. 15.] e Qui sedet in mensa, non meminit sibi otiose ministrare negotiosoSj edenti esurientes, bibenti sitientes, &c. 3Ieiii. 8. Subs. 10] Discontents, Cares, ^c. IGl lothes and scorns his inferiour, bates or emulates bis equal, envies bis superior, insults over all suob as are under bim, as if he were of another species, a demi-god, not subject to any fall, or humane infirmities. Generally they love not, are not beloved aoain : they tire out others bodies with continual labour, they themselves living- at ease, caringfor none else,«ii nati; and are so far many times from putting to their helping hand, that they seek all means to depress, even most worthy and well deserving, better than themselves, those whom they are, by the laws of nature, bound to relieve and help, as much as in them lyes: they will let them cater- waul, starve, beg and hang, before they will any wayes (though it be in their power) assist or ease: ''so unnatural are they for the most part, so unregardful, so hard-hearted, so churlish, proud, insolent, so dogged, of so bad a disposition. And, being so brutish, so devilishly bent one towards anotlier, how is it possible, but that M'c shoidd be discontent of all sides, full of cares, woes, and miseries ? If thisbe not a sufficient proof of their discouient and misery, examine every condition and calling* apart. Kings, princes, monarchs, and magistrates, seem to be most happy ; but look into their estate, you shall ^ find them to be most encombred with cares, in perpetual fear, agony, suspicion, jealousie ; that, as "^ he said of a crown, if they knew but the discontents that accompany it, they would not stoop to take it up. Quern mihi regem dabis, (saith Chrysostom) non curis plenum ? what king canst thou shew me, not full of cares? "^ Look not on his croicn, but consider his afflictions ; attend not his number of servants, but multitude oj' crosses. JS^ihil aliud potestas cut- minis, (puim tempestas mentis, as Gregory seconds him : sove- raignty is a tempest of the soul : Sylla like, they have brave titles, but terrible fits — splendorem titulo, cruciatum animo ; which made * Demosthenes vow, si vel ad tribunal, vel ad inter i turn duceretur, if to be a judge, or to be condemned, ^vere put to his choice, he would be condemned. Rich men are in the same predicament : what their pains are, stulti nesciunt, ipsi sentiunt — they feel, fools perceive not, as I shall prove elsewhere ; and their wealth is brittle, like childrens rattles ; they come and go ; there is no certainty in them ; those whom they elevate, they do as suddenly aQnnnrloiii adolescentia sua ipsi \ixerint lantius, et liberius voluptates siias exple- verint, illi gTiatis imjwnimt duriores continentiae leses. ^ Lugubris Ate liictuqne fero resjntn tnmlHas oljsi'lHt aices. — Res est inquieta felicitas. "^ Pins aloes qnam mellis habet — Non humi jarentem tolleres. Valer. 1. 7. r. .3. '' Non diaHema aspicias, sed vitarn afllictione rpfertam, non catervas satellitum, sed ciirarum multitu- dincm. ' As Plutarch rilateth. 162 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. J. Sec. 2. depress and leave in a vale of misery. The middle sort of men are so many asses to bear burdens ; or, if they be free, and live at ease, they spend themselves, and consume their bodies and fortunes with luxury and riot, contention, emula- tion, &c. The poor 1 reserve for another ^ place, and their discontents. For particular professions, I hold, as of the rest, there's no content or security in any. On what course will you pitch ? how resolve? To be a divine? 'tis contemptible in the worlds esteem : to be a lawyer ? 'tis to be a wrangler : to be a phy- sician? ^pudet lotii ; 'tis loathed: a philosopher? a mad man : an alchymist .? a begger : a poet ? esmit, an hungry jack : a musician ? a player : a school-master? a drudge : an husband-man ? an emmet : a merchant ? his gains are uncer- tain : a mechanician ? base : a chirurgion ? fulsome : a trades- man ? a'^lyar: ataylor? a thief : a serving-man.^ a slave: a souldier ? a butcher : a smith, or a metal-man ? the pot's never from's nose : a courtier ? a parasite. As he could find no tree in the wood to hang himself, I can shew no state of life to give content. The like you may say of all ages : children live in a perpetual slavery, still under the tyrannical govern- ment of masters : young men, and of riper years, subject to labour, and a thousand cares of the world, to treachery, falshood, and cozenage : ** Incedit per ignes, Suppositos cineri doloso : * old are full of aches in their bones, cramps and convulsions, silicernia, dull of hearing, weak-sighted, hoary, wrinckled, harsh, so much altered as that they cannot know their own face in a glass, a burden to themselves and others : after seventy years, all is sorrow (as David hath it ;) they do not live, but linger. If they be sound, they fear diseases ; if sick, weary of their lives : rion est vivere, sed valere^ vita. One complains of want, a second of servitude, ^another of a secret or incurable disease, of some deformity of body, of some loss, danger, death of friends, shipwrack, persecution, imprison- ment, disgrace, repulse, « contumely, calumny, abuse, injury, contempt, ingratitude, unkindness, scoffs, flouts, unfortunate marriage, single life, too many children, no children, false a Sect. 2. mem. 4. subsect. 6. '' Stercus et urina, medicorum fercula prima, c Nihil lucrantur, nisi admodum mentiendo, TuU. Offic. ''Hor. 1. 2. od. 1. RRarus felix idemque senex. Seneca, in Here. CEtaeo. f Omitto aegros, exsules, mendicos, quos nemo audet felices dicere. Card. lib. 8. c. 46. de rer. var. e Spre- taeque injuria formiv. Mem. 3. Subs. 11.] JimhHwn^ a Cmise. 163 servants, unhappy children, barrenness, banishment, oppres- sion, frustrate hopes, and ill success, &c. »Talia de genere hoc (adeo sunt multa) loquacem ut Delassare valent Fabium talking Fabius will be tyred before he can tell half of them ; they are the subject of whole volumes, and shall (some of them) be more opportunely dilated elsewhere. In the mean time, thus much I may say of them, that generally they crucifie the soul of man, '' attenuate our bodies, dry them, wither them, rivel them up like old apples, and make them as so many anatomies (^ ossa atque pellis est totus, ita cnris ma- cet) ; they cause tempus J'cedum et sqnalidnm, cumbersome dayes, ingrataque tempora, slow, dull, and heavy times; make us howl, roar, and tear our hairs (as Sorrow did in "^ Cebes table), and groan for the very anguish of our souls. Our hearts fail us, as Davids did (Psal. 40. 12.) Jor innumerable troubles that compassed him ; and we are ready to confess with Hezekiah, (Isa. 58. 17.) behold! for felicity^ I had bitter grief: to weep with Heraclitus, to curse the day of our birth, with Jeremy (20. 14), and our stars with Job ; to hold that axiom of Silenus, * better never to have been born, and the best next of all, to dye quickly ; or, if we must live, to abandon the world, as Timon did, creep into caves and holes, as our anchorites ; cast all into the sea, as Crates Thebanus ; or, as Theombrotus Ambraciotes four hundred auditors, precipitate our selves to be rid of these miseries. SUBSECT. XI. Concupiscible Appetites, as Desires, Ambition, Causes. 1 HESE concupiscible and irascible appetites are as the two twists of a rope, mutually mixt one with the other, and both twining about the heart ; both good, (as Austin holds, /. 14. c. 9. de civ. Dei) ^ if they be moderate; both per- nitiousifthey beexorbitunt. This concupiscible appetite, how- soever it may seem to carry with it a shew of pleasure and de- light, and our concupiscences most part affect us with con- tent and a pleasing object, yet, if they be in extieams, they rack and wring us on the other side. A true saying it is, desire hath no rest, is infinite in it self, endless, and (as s one calls it) a »HoD. bAttennant rigiles corpns miserabile curse. <■ Plautus. ^H^c, quae crines revellit, .^rumna. « Optimum non nasci, aut cito mori. '^Bonae, si rectam rationem sequautur ; malse, si exorbitant. eTho. Buovie. Prob. 18. 164 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. perpetual rack, =*or horse-mill (according- to Austin), still go- ing round as in a ring. They are not so continual^ as divers : Jacilius atomos dinumerare possem, (saith ^ Bernard) quam motus cordis ; nunc Jiccc, mmc ilia cogito : you may as well reckon up the motes in the sun, as them. '^^ It extends it self to evei'y tlmuf (as Guianerius will have it) that is superfluously sought after, or to any ^Jervent desire (as Fernelius interprets it) : be it in what kind soever, it tortures, if immoderate, and is (according to * Plater and others) an especial cause of me- lancholy. Miiltuosis concupiscentiis dilaniantur cogitationes mece, ^Austin confessed — that he was torn a-pieces with his manifold desires ; and so doth § Bernard complain, that he could not rest for them a minute of an hour : this I would have, and that, and then I desire to he such and such. 'Tis a hard matter therefore to confine them, being they are so va- rious and many, and unpossible to apprehend al!. I will only insist upon some few of the chief, and most noxious in their kind, as that exorbitant appetite and desire of honour, which we commonly call amhition ; love of money, which is covet- ousness, and that greedy desire of gain ; self-love, pride, and inordinate desire of vain-glory or applause ; love of study in excess; love of ivomeu (which will require a just volume of it self) : Of the other I will briefly speak, and in their order. Amhition, a proud covetousness or a dry thirst of honour, a great torture of the mind, composed of envy, pride and covet- ousness, a gallant madness, one ^ defines it, a pleasant poyson, Ambrose, a canker of the soul; an hidden plague ; 'Bernard, a secret poyson, the father of livor, and mother of hypocrisie, the moth of holiness, and cause of madness, crucifying and dis- quieting all thai it takes hold of ^ Seneca calls it, 7'em solici- tam, timidam, vanam, ventosam, a windy thing, a vain, solici- tous, and fearful thing : for, commonly, they that, like Si- syphus, roll this restless stone of ambition, are in a perpetual agony, still ' perplexed, semper taciti, tristesque recedunt, (Lucretius) doubtful, timorous, suspicious, loth to oftend in word or deed, still cogging', and colloguing-, embracing', cap- ping-, cringing, applauding-, flattering, fleering, visiting, wait- ing at mens doors, with all affability, counterfeit honesty, => Molam asinariaui. b Tract, de. Inter, c. 92. >■ Circa qnamlibet rem mundi haec passio fieri potest, quaa siiperflue diligatur. d Ferventius desi- deriiim. e Imprimis vero appetitus, &c, 3. de alien, ment. ' Conf. 1. c. 29. KPer diversa loca vagor ; nullo temporis moinento quiesco ; talis et talis esse cupio ; illud atque illud habere desidero. '' Ambros. 1. 3. super Lucam. aerugo anima;. 'Nihil animum crociat, niiiil molestius inquietat; secretum virus, pestis occulta, &.c. epist. 120. ^ Ep. 88. 'Nihil infeli- ciiis his; quautus iis timor, quanta dubitatio, quantiis conatus, quanta solicitudo ! nulla illis a molestiis vacua hora. Mem. 3. Subs. 11.] Ambition, a Cause. 165 and humility^ If that will not serve, if once this humour (as '' Cyprian describes it) possess his thirsty soul, amhitionis sul- suqo nbi hihnlam animam possidet, by nook and by crook he will obtain it ; andjrom his hole he will climbe to all honours and offices, if it he possible for him to get up ; Jiatterinff one, bribing another, he will leave no means unassay'd to win all. '^ It is a wonder to see how slavishly these kind of men subject themselves when they are about a sute, to every inferior per son ; what pains they will take, run, ride, cast, plot, counter- mine, protest and sm ear, vow, promise, what labours undergo, early up, down late; how obsequious and affable they are, how popular and courteous, how they grin and fleer upon every man they meet ; with what feasting- and inviting-, how they spend themselves and their fortunes, i n seeking that,many times, which they had much better be without (as '' Cineas the ora- tor told Pyrrhus) ; with what waking nights, painful hours, anxious thoughts, and bitterness of mind, inter spemqne me- tiimqne, distracted and tired, they consume the interim of their time. There can be no greater plague for the present. If they do obtain their sute, which with such cost and solicitude they have sought, they are not so freed : their anxiety is anew to begin; for they are never satisfied; nihil aluidni si imperium spirant ; their thoughts, actions, endeavours are all for sove- raignty and honour ; like '^Lues Sforsia (that huffing duke of Milan, a man of singular wisdom, but profound ctndntion, born to his own, and to the destruction ofltalg) though it be to their own mine, and friends undoing, they will contend; they may not cease ; but as a dog in a M'heel, a bird in a cage, or a squirrel in a chain, (so'Budaeus compares them) ^they climbe and climbe still with much labour, but never make an end, never at the top. A knight would be a baronet, and then a lord, and then a viscount, and then an earl, &c. a doctor a dean, and then a bishop; from tribune (o praetor: from bai- liff to m;>yor : first this office and then that : as Pyrrhus, (in , ''Plutarch) they will first have Greece, then Africk, and then Asia, and swell with iEsops frog so long, till in the end they » Semper attonitas, semper'pavidus quid dicat, faciatve : ne displiceal, hamilitatem simulat, honestateni mentitur. •> Cypr. Prolog, ad ser. to. 2. Ciinctos honorat, universis inclinat, subseqnitur, obsequitur ; frequentat curias, visitat optiinates, amplexatiir, applandit, adiilatur: per fas et nefas e latebris, in omnein grailmn nbi aditus patet, si ingerit, discurrit. c Turbse cogit ambitio regem inscrvire, nt HoDierus Agaraemnonem querenlem indncit. tXa§yi;gia, Covetousness, a Cause. X LUTARCH (in his shook whether the diseases of the body be more grievous than those of the soul) is of opi- nion, if you icill examine all the causes of our miseries in this Irfe, you shall find them, most part, to have had their » Ambitio in Insaniam facile delabitar, si excedat. Patritius, I. 4. tit, 20. de regis instit. bLib. 5. de rep, cap. 1. <^ Imprimis vero appetitus, sen concupiscentia nimia rei alicujns honestis vel inhonestfe, phantasiara laediint; unde multi ambitiosi, philauti, irati, avari, &c, insani, Felix Plater, 1. 3. de mentis alien. d Anli- ca vita coUuvies ambitionis, cupiditatis, simulatiouis, impoSturse, fraudis, invi- diae, superbias Titanicae: diversorium aula, et commune conventiculura, assentan- di artificum, &c, Budaeus de asse. lib. .5. c In his Aphor. fPlautus, Curcul. act. 4. see. 1. sTom, 2. Si examines, omnes raiseriae caussas vel a furioso contendendi studio, vel ab injusta cupiditate, originem traxisse scies.— 'Idem fere Chryiostomus, Com. m c, 6. ad Romao. ser. 11. - Mem. 3. Subs. 12.] Covefonsneis, a Cause. 1/57 ber/inninc/ Jrom stubborn anffer, that fiiriong desire, of' conten- tion, or some unjust or immoderate affection^ as covetousness^ Sec. From M'lience are tears and contentions amont/st you ? * S*. James asks : I will add usury, fraud, rapine, simony, op- pression, lyiufr, swearing, bearing- false witness, &.c. are they not from this fountain of covetousness, that greediness in get- ting, tenacity in keeping, sordidity in spending ? that ihey are so wicked, *' unjust ajfainst (rod, their neif/hbour, themselves, all comes hence. 7 he desire of money is the root of all evil, and they that lust aj'ter it, pierce themselves through with many sorroics,! Tim. 6. 10. Hippocrates therefore, in his epistle to Crateva an herbalist, gives him this good counsel, that, if it were possible, " amongst other hearbs, he should cut up that tveed oj' covetousness by the roots, that there be no remainder left i and then knew this for a certainty, that, for/ether with their bodies, thou maist ipiickly cure all the diseases oj' their minds; for it is indeed the pattern, image, epitome, of all melancholy, the fountain of many miseries, much discontent, care and woe — this inordinate or immoderate desire oJ' gain, to get or keep money, as ''Bona venture defines it ; or, as Austin describes it, a madness of the soul ; Gregory, a torture ; Chry- sostom, an unsatiable drunkenness; Cyprian, blindness, spe- ciosnm supplicium, a plague subverting- kingdoms, families, an "incurable disease; Budseus, an ill habit, ^yielding to no Temedies ; (neither iEsculapius nor Plutus can cure them) a continual plague, saith Solomon, and vexation of spirit, another hell. I know there be some of opinion, that covetous men are happy, and worldly-wise, that there is more pleasure in getting wealth than in spending, and no delight in the world like unto it. 'Twas Bias problem of old, With what art thou not weary ? with getting money. § What is most delectable ? to gain. What is it, trow you, that makes a poor man labour all his life time, carry such great burdens, fare so hardly, macerate himself, and endure so much misery, un- dergo such base offices withso great patience, to rise up early, and lye down late, if there were not an extraordinary delight in getting and keeping of money ? What makes a merchant, that hath no need, satis superque domi, to range over all "Cap. 4. 1. •> lit sit ininnus in Dfum, in proxitniiru, in seipsnm. cSi vero, Crateva, inter ca^teras herbanini radices, avaritiae radicem secare posses ania- ratn, ut ntillse reliquia; essent, probe sclto, Sec ^Cap. 6. Diaetje saliitis. Avaritia est amor imnioderatus pecuniw vel acqnirendas vel retinendap. •-■ Mains est morbus, maleque atficit avaritia, siqiiidein censeo, &c. Avaritia ditlinilins curatur quain insania ; quoniamhac omnes fere iiiedici lahorant Hip. ep. Abderit. ' Feruin profecto diramque ulcus anirai, remediis non cedens, medendo exasperatur. jQua re non es lasius ; Incrum iaciendo. Quid maxime delectabile? iucrari. VOL. I. V 168 Causefi of Melancholy. [Part. l.Sec. 2. the world, through all those intemperate * zones of heat and cold, voluntarily to venture his life, and be content with such miserable famine, nasty usage, in a stinking ship, if there were not a pleasure and hope to get money, which doth season the rest, and mitigate his indefatigable pains? What makes them o-o into the bowels of the earth, an hundred fathom deep, en- dangering their dearest lives, enduring damps and filthy smells, (when they have enough already, if they could be content, and no such cause to labour) but an extraordinary delio-ht they take in riches? This may seem plausible at first shew, a popular and strong argument: but let him that so thinks, consider better of it ; and he shall soon perceive that it is far otherwise than he supposeth ; it may be haply pleas- ing at the first, as, most part, all melancholy is ; for such men likely have some lucida hitervalla, pleasant symptomes in- termixt : but you must note that of ^ Chrysostom, 'tis one thiuf/ to be rich, another to be covetous : generally they are all fools, dizards, mad-men, '^miserable wretches, living be- sides themselves, sine arte fruendi, in perpetual slavery, fear, suspicion, sorrow, and discontent ; plus aloes quam mellis hu' bent ; and are, indeed, rather possessed by their money, than possessors; as "^ Cyprian hath it, mancipati pecuniis, bound prentise to their goods, as « Pliny; or as Chrysostom, servi divitiarum, slaves and drudges to their substance ; and we may conclude of them all, as '^Valerius doth of Ptolemseus king of Cyprus, he rcas in title a king of that island, but in his mind, a miserable drudge of money : g Potiore metallis Libertate carens- wanting his liberty, which is better than gold. Damasippus the Stoick (in Horace) proves that all mortal men dote by fits, some one way, some another, but that covetous men ^ are madder than the rest : and he that shall truly look into their estates, and examine their symptomes, shall find no better of them, but that they are all ' fools, as Nabal was, re et nomine (1 Reg, 15): for, what greater folly can there be, or ^ mad- ness, than to macerate himself when he need not? and aExtretnos curritmercator ad Indos. Hor. b Horn. 2. Aliud avarus, aliud Jives, c Divitiae, ut spinae, animuin hominis timoribuSj solicitndinibns, ango- ribus* mirifice piingunt, vexant, cruciant. Oieg. in Horn. dgpist. ad Donat. cap. 2. eLib. 9. ep. 30. f Lib. 9. cap. 4. lusiilaB rex titiilo, sed animo pecunise miserabile mancipium. e Hor. 10. lib. 1, h Danda est hellebori multo pars maxima avaris. ' Luke 12. 20. Stiilte, hac nocte eripiam animam tuam. '' Opes quidem mortalibus sunt dementia. Theog:. Mem. 3. Snbs. 12.] Covetoitsness, a Cause. J 09 when (as Cyprian notes) " he may he freed from his hurdeji, and eased of his pains, will fjo on still, his tcealth increasing, when he hath enoiirjh, to (jet more, to live besides himself, to starve his r/enius, keep back from his wife ''and children, neither letting- them nor other friends use or enjoy that which is theirs by right, and which they much need perhaps : like a hog-, or dog- in the manger, he doth only keep it, because it shall do nobody else good, hurting- himself and others; and for a little momentary peif, damn his own soul. They are commonly sad and tetrick by nature,asAchabs spirit was be- cause he could not get Naboths vineyard (1. Reg. 22); and, if he lay out his money at any time, though it be to necessary uses, to his own childrens good, be brawls and scolds ; his heart is heavy ; much disquieted he is, and loth to part from it : miser abstinet, et timet nti (Hor.) He is of a wearish, dry, pale constitution, and cannot sleep for cares and worldly bu- siness; his riches (saith Solomon) will not let him sleep, and unnecessary business which he heapeth on himself: or, if ho dosleep, 'tisa very unquiet, interrupt, unpleasing sleep, with his bags in his arms, •congestis undique saccis Indormit inhians ; and, though he be at a banquet, or at some merry feast, he sighs for grief of heart (as ' Cyprian hath it), and cannot sleep, though it be upon a down bed; his wearish bodg takes no rest, ''^ troubled in his abundance., and sorroufnl inplentg, unhappu for the present, and more unhappy in the life to come (Basil.) He is a perpetual drudge, ^restless in his thoughts, and never satisfied, a slave, a wretch, a dust-worm; semper quod idolo SKo immolet, sednlus observat : (Cypr. prolog, ad sermon.) still seeking what sacrifice he may offer to bin golden god, per fas et fief as, he cares not how ; his trouble is endless : ^ crescunt divitia ; tamen curtcE nescio quidsemper abest rei : his wealth increaseth ; and the more he hath, the more ^he wants, like Pharaohs lean kine, which devoured the fat, and were not sa- tisfied. '•Austin therefore defines covetousness, quarumlibet Ed. -,. lib. 2. Exonerare cum se possit et relevare ponderibus, persnt maris foriiinia aucrentibiis pertinaciter incubare. b Non amicis, non liberis, non ipsi sibi qnid- qnamimpertit: possidet ad hoc tantum, ne possidere alteri liceat, &c. Hieron. ad faulin. lam deest quod habet. quam quod non habet. c Epist 2. lib. 2. Suspirat in convivio, bibat licet gemmis, et to'ro molliore marcidum corpus condiderit, visilat in pluma. d Angnstatur ex abundantia, contristatur ex opulentia, infelix pr*- sentibus boms infehcior in fufuris. e Hlorum cogitatio nunqnam cessat, qui pecn- nias supplere diligunt Guianer. tract. 15. c. 17. f Hor. 3. Od. 24. Quo plus sunt potee, plus sitiuntur aqua;. pHor. 1. 2. Sat. 6. O si angulus ille proxin.u, accedat, qui nunc deformat agellum ! h Lib. 3. de lib. arbit. Iramoritur sludiis et amore senescit habendi. u 2 170 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. ferum inhonestam et insatiabilem cupiditatem^ an unlionest and unsatiable desire of gain ; and, in one of his epistles, com- pares it to hell, ^ which devours all, and yet never hath enough, a bottomless pit^ an endless misery ; in quem scopulum avaiiticc cadaverosi senes ut plurimum impingunt ; and, that which is their greatest corrosive, they are in continual suspicion, fear, and distrust. He thinks his own wife and children are so many thieves, and go about to cozen him, bis servants are all false: Rem suam periisse, seque eradicarier, Et divAm atque hominum clamat coiitinuo fideoi, De se suo tigillo fumu si qua exit foras. If his doors creek, then out he cryes anon, His goods are gone, and he is quite undone. Timidus Plutus, an old proverb— as fearful as Plutus : so doth Aristophanes, and Lucian, bring him in fearful still, pale, anxious, suspicious, and trusting no man. ^ They are afraid oj" tempests J'or their corn, they are ajraidof their friends, lest they should ask something of them, beg or borrow ; they are afraid of their enemies, lest they hurt them ; thieves, lest they rob them ; they are afraid of war, and afraid of peace, afraid of rich, and afraid of poor ; afraid of all. Last of all, they are afraid of want, that they shall dye beggars ; which makes thera lay up still, and dare not use that they have : (what if a dear year come, or dearth, or some loss ?) and were it not that they are loth to '^lay out money on a rope, they would be hanged forthwith, and sometimes dye to save charges, and make away themselves, if their corn and cattle miscarry, though they have abundance left, as '^Agellius notes. ^Valerius makes mention of one, that, in a famine, sold a mouse for two hundred pence, and famished himself. Such are their cares, ^griefs and perpetual fears. These symptomes are elegantly expressed by Theo- phrastus in his character of a covetous man : s lying in bed, he asked his ivife ichether she shut the trunks and chests fast, the capcase be sealed, and lohether the hall door be bolted ; and, though she say all is well, he riseth out of his bed in his ^Avarus vir inferno est similis, &c. modum non habet, hoc egentior, quo plura habet. ''Erasm. Adag. chil. 3. cent. 7. pro. 72. Nulli fidentes, omnium for- midant opes : ideo pavidum malum vocat Euripides : metuunt tempestates ob frumen- tum, amicos ne rogent, initnicos ne laedant, fures ne rapiant; belium timent, pacem timent, summos, medios, infimoa. e Hall Char. dAgellius, lib. 3. c. 1. Interdum eo sceleris perveniuut, ob lucrum ut vitani propriam cornniutent. *■ Lib 7. cap. 6. f Omiies perpetuo morbo agitantur; suspicatur omnes timidus, sibiqueob aurum insidiari putat, nunquam quiescens. Plin. Prooem. lib. 14. ^Cap. 18. In lecto jacens, interrogat iixorem an arcam probe ciausit, ancapsula, &c. E lecto surgens nudus, et absque calceis, accensa lacerna omnia obiens et lustrans, et vix Konno iadnlgens. Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] Love of Gaming, Sfc. 171 shirt, barefoot^ and hare legged, to see whether it he so, with a dark lanthorn searching every corner, scarce sleeping a wink all njo'ht. Lucian, in that pleasant and witty dialogue called Gallus, brings in Micyllusthe cobler disputing with his cock, sometimes Pythagoras ; where, after much speech pro and con, to prove the happiness of a mean estate, and discontents of a rich man, Pythagoras his cock in the end, to illustrate by examples that which he had said, brings him to Gniphon the usurers house at mid-night, and after that to Eucrates ; whom they found both awake, casting- up their accounts, and telling of their money, ''lean, dry, pale, and anxious, still suspecting lest some body should make a hole through the wall, and so get in ; or, if a rat or mouse did but stir, starting upon a sud- den, and running to the door, to see whether all were fast. Plautus, in his Aulularia, makes old Euclio ^ commanding Staphyla his wife to shut the doors fast, and the fire to be put out, lest any body should make that an errant to come to his house: when he washed his hands, *^ he was loth to fling away the foul water; complaining that he was undone, be- cause the smoak got out of his roof. And as he went from home, seeing a crow scrat upon the muck-hill, returned in all haste, taking it for malum omen, an ill sign, his money was digged up ; with many such. He that will but observe their actions, shall find these and many such passages, not feigned for sport, but really performed, verified indeed by such co- vetous and miserable wretches ; and that it is — <" manifesta phrenesis, Ut locuples moriaris, egenti vivere fatp — a meer madness, to live like a wretch, and dye rich. SUBSECT. XIII. Xoue of Gaming, ^-c. and Pleasures immoderate ; Causes. XT is a wonder to see, how many poor distressed miserable wretches one shall meet almost in every path and street beg- ging for an alms, that have been well descended, and some- times in flourishing estate, now ragged, tatterred,and ready to »Curis extenuatus, vigilans, ft secum supputans. ^Cave, quemqiiam alienum in aedes intromiseris. Ignetn extingui ^olo, ne canssae qaidquam sit, quod te quis- qaam quaeritet Si bona Fortuna veniat, ne intromiseris. Occlude sis fores ambobas pessulis. Discnicior animi, quia dome abeundam est mihi. Nimis bercule invitas abeo; nee, quid agam, scio. <" Plorat aquara profundere, &c. periit dum fumns de tigUlo exit foras. <* Juv. Sat, 14. 172 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. be starved, lingring out a painful life, in discontent and g-rief of body and mind, and all through immoderate lust, gaming, pleasure, and riot. 'Tis the common end of all sensual Epi- cures and brutish prodigals, thatare stupified and carried away headlong with their several t)leasures and lusts. Cebes, in his table, S. Ambrose, in his second book of Abel and Cain, and, amongst the rest, Lucian, in his tract de Mercede condnctis, hath excellent well deciphered such mens proceedings in his picture of Opnleniia, whom he feigns to dwell on the top of a high mount, much sought after by many suiters. At their first coming, they are generally entertained by Pleasure and Dalli- ance, and have all the content that possibly may be given, so long as their money lasts ; but, when their means fail, they are contemptibly thrust out at a back door, headlong, and there left to Shame, Reproach, Despair. And he, at first that had so many attendants, parasites, and followers, young and lusty, richly array'd, and all the dainty fare that might be had, with all kind of welcome and good respect, is now upon a sudden stript of all, ^pa'e, naked, old, diseased, and forsaken, cursing his stars, and ready to strangle himself; having no other company but Repentance, Sorrow, GrieJ] Derision, lieggerif, and Contempl, which are his daily attendants to his lives end. As the ''prodigal sou had exquisite musick, merry company, dainty fare at first, but a sorrowful reckoning in the end ; so have all such vain delights and their followers. ^ Tristes voluptatum e.ritus, nt qidsquis volnptatum suarum reminisci volet, infellifjcf : as bitter as gall and wormwood is their last ; grief of mind, madness it self. The ordinary rocks upon which such men do impinge and precipitate them- selves, are cards, dice, hawks, and hounds, Qnsanum venandi studium, one calls it — insanw suhstructiones) their mad struc- tures, disports, playes, &c. when they are unseasonably used, imprudently handled, and beyond their fortunes. — Some men are consumed by mad phantastical buildings, by making galleries, cloisters, terraces, walks, orchards, gardens, pools, rillets, bowers, and such like places of pleasure, (inuiiles domos, '^ Xenophon calls them) which howsoever they be delightsome things in themselves, and acceptable to all beholders, an ornament, and befitting some great men, yet unprofitable to others, and the sole overthrow of their estates. Forestus, in his observations, hath an example of such a one that became melancholy upon the like occa- sion, having consumed his substance in an unprofitable ^ Veniricosiis, niidiis, pallidiis, Iseva pudorem occultans, dextra seipsum strangu- Inns. Occiirrit antem exeiinti Poenitentia, his iniserum conficiens, &c. ^ Luke, 15. c Boefhins •! In Oilcoiioiii. Quid si nuuc ostendam eos qui magna vi argenti doinas iiiulilfs fedificant? iuqirit Socrates. Mem. 3. Subs. 13.] Love of Gaming, ^-c. 173 building-, wbicb would afterward yield him no advantaore. Others, I say, are ^overthrown by those mad snorts ofhawk- iu"" and hunting- — honest recreations, and fit for some great men, but not for every base inferiour person. Whilst they will maintain their faulkoner, dogs, and hunting nags, their wealth (saith ''Salnmtze) nois mcay with hounds, and their fortunes ffye away tcith haicks : they persecute beasts so long, till, in tlie end, they themselves degenerate into beasts (as '^ Agrippa taxeth them), '* Actseon like; for, as he was eaten to death by his own dogs, so do they devour themselves and their patrimonies, in such idle and unnecessary disports, neglecting in the mean time their more necessary business, awd to follow their vocations. Over-mad too sometimes are our great men in delighting and doting too much on it; ^when they drive poor h^ishandmenj'rom their tillage (as * Sarisburiensis objects, Polycrat. l. 1. c. 4), fling doivn comitrey J'arms, and whole totcns, to make parks andjorests, starving ineii to feed beasts, and ^punishing in the mean time such a man that shall molest their game, more severely than him that is otherwise a common hacker, or a notorious thief. But great men are some wayes to be excused ; the meaner sort have no evasion why they should not be counted mad. Poggius, the Florentine, tells a merry story to this purpose, condemning the folly and imper- tinent business of such kind of persons. A physician of Mi- lan, (saith he) that cured mad men, had a pit of water in his house, in which he kept his patients, some up to the knees, some to the girdle, some to the chin, pro modo insanice, as they were more or less affected. One of them by chance, that was well recovered, stood in the door, and seeing* a gallant ride by with a hawk on his fist, well mounted, with his spa- niels after him, would needs know to what use all this prepa- ration served. He made answer to kill certain fowl. The pa- tient demanded again, what his fowl might be Avorth, which he killed in a year. Hereplyed, five or ten crowns; and when he urged him further what his dogs, horse, and hawks, stood » Sarisburiensis, Polycrat 1. 1. c. 4. Venatores omnes adhuc institutionem redolent Centaurorum. Raro invenitur quisquam eoram modestus et gravis, raro continens, et, ut credo, sobrius anquam. ^ Pancirol. Tit. 23. Avolant opet: cum accipitre. '■ Insignis venatorum stultitia, et supervacanea cura eoruni, qui, dum nimiuDi venati- oni insistunt, ipsi, abjecta omni humanitate, in feras degenerant, ut Actseon, &c. d Sabin. in Ovid. Met « Agrippa, de vanit. scient Insannni venandi studium, dum a novalibus arcentur, agricolje, subtrabunt praedia rusticis, agri coloois praeclu- dimtar, sylvan et prata pastoribus, ut augeanturpascuaferis. — Majestafis reus agricola, si gustarit. f A novalibus snis arcentur agricolae, dum ferae baheant vagandi libertatera : istis ut pascua augeantur, praedia subtrahunlur, &c. .Sarisburiensis. v Feris quam hominibus squiores. Cambd. de Ciiiil. Conq. qui 36 ecclesias matrices depopulatus est ad Forestam Novam. 31at. Paris. 174 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 9. him in, L'e told him four hundred crowns. With that the pa- tient bad him be gone, as he loved his life and welfare ; " for, if our master come and find tliee here, he will put thee in the pit amongst mad men, up to the chin ;" taxing the madness and folly of surh vain men, that spend themselves in those idle sports, neolecting their business and necessary affairs. Leo Decimus, tltat hunting* pope, is much discommended by ' Jovius in his life, for his inunoderate desire of hawking- and hunting, in so much, that (as he saith) he would sometimes live about Ostia iveeks an moneths together, leave suiters ^ unrespected, bulls and pardons unsigned, to his own preju- dicCj and many private mens loss : '^and, if he had been by chance crossed in his sporty or his game not so good, he was so impatient that he would revile and miscall many times men of great worth ivith most bitter taunts, look so sowr, be so angry and icaspish, so grieved and molested, that it is incredible to relate it. But, if he had good sport, and been well pleased on the other side, incredibili mumficentid, with unspeakable bounty and munificence, he would reward all his fellow hun- ters, and deny nothing fo any suiter, when he was in that mood. To say truth, 'tis the common humour of all gamesters, as Galatseus observes: if they win, no men living are so jo- vial and merry; but, ''ifthey lose, though it be but a trifle, two or three games at tables, or dealings at cards for two pence a game, they are so cholerick and testy, that no man may speak with them, and break many times into violent passion*!, oaths, imprc^-^tions, and unbeseeming speeches, little differing from mad men for the time. Generally of all gamesters and gaming, if it be excessive, thus much we may conclude, that, whether they win or lose for the present, their winnings are not mnnera J'ortunce, sed insidice, as that wise Seneca determines — not fortunes gifts, but baits; the com- mon catastrophe is ^beggery: ^ut pestis vitam, sic adimit alea pecuniam ; as the plague takes away life, so doth gaming goods ; for ^omnes nndi, inopes et egeni; h Alea Scylla vorax, species certissima furti, Non coiitenta bonis, animum quoque perfida mergit, Fceda, furax, iniamis, iiiers, furiosa, ruina. '^Tom. 2. f^e vitis illiistrium, 1. 4. de vit. Leon. 10. l' Venationibus adeo pprdite sludebat et aucnpiis. <■ Aut infeliciter venatus, tarn impatiens inde, ut siitnmos ssepe viros acerbissiniis conlumeliis oneraret ; et incredibile est, quali vultus atiiiiiique hahitn dolorem iracundiamqiie preferret, &cc. d Unicuique auteui hoc a nntuia iiisituni est, nt doleat, sicubi eriaverit aut deceptus sit. ^ Jiiven. S-.it 8. Nee enim locnlis comifantibus itnr ad casum tabulae ; posita sed luditurarca. — liemnius, instit. c. 44. Mendaciorum quidetn, et perjuriorum, et panpertatis, mater est aiea : iiiiflam habens patrimonii reverentiam, quum illud effuderit, sensim in furta di'lnbitur et rapinas. Saris. Polycrat. 1. 1. c. 5. f Damhoderns. ? Dan. SoHter. 1' Petrar. dial. 27. Mem. 3. J^ubs. 13.] Love oJ'G(wiing, Sfc. 175 For a little pleasure they take, and some small grains and get- tings now and then, their wives and children are wringed in the meantime: and they themselves, with the loss of bofly and soul, rue it in the end. I will say nothing of those prodigious pro- digals, ^ perdendce pecuniw (fp)iitos, (as he taxed Anthony) qui patrimoninm sine iillaj'ori cnlnmmd amittnnt, (saith ''Cyprian) and <^ mad Sybaritical spendthrifts, qmqvennd comedimt patri- monia ca;na ; that eat np all at a breakfast, at a supper, or amongst bauds, parasites, and pla} ers ; consume themselves in an instant, (as if they had flung it into ''Tyber) with great wagers, vain and idle expences, &c. not themselves only, but even all their friends ; as a man t^esperately swimming drowns him that comes to help him, by suretiship and borrowing they Avill willingly undo all their associates and allies ; ^iratipecu- niis, as he saith — angry with their money. ^ What tcifh a wan- ton eye, a fiqnorish fonf/ne, avd a f/amesome hand, when they have nndiscreeily impoverished themselves, mortgaged their wits together with their lands, and entombed their ancestors fair possessions in their bowels, they may lead the rest of their dayes in prison, as many times they do, they repent at leisure : and, when all is gone, begin to be thrifty : but sera est injundo parsimonia ; 'tis then too late to look about ; their s end is misery, sorrosv, shame, and discontent. And well they deserve to be infamous and discontent, ^ catamuliarr in amphi- theatro, (as by Adrian the emperours edict they were of old ; decoctores ho.ioruin snornm ; so he calls them — prodigal fools) to be publickly shamed, and hissed out of all societies, rather than to be pitied or relieved. 'The TuscanJ^ and Boeotians brought their bankrupts into the market place in a bier, with an empty purse carried before them, all the bojes followino-, where they sat all day, cirrvmstante plehe, to be infamous and ridiculous. At ^ Padua, in Italy, they have a stone called the stone'of turpitude, near the senate house, M'here spend- thrifts, and such as disclaim nonpayment of debts, do sit with -their hinder parts bare, that, by that note of disgrace, others may be terrified from all such vain expence, or borrowing more ihr.n they can tell how to pay. The 'civilians of old set guardians over such brain-sick prodigals, as they did over mad-men, to nioderate their expences, that they should not so loosely consume their fortunes, to the utter undoing of their families. ^ Sallust. ''Tom. 3. S^r. de alea "Plutiis, in Aristopli. calls all such gamesters nitul men ; Si in ins^inum liotiiinem contis^ero. Sponfanenm ad se trahunt fiiroreni : et os. et nares, et ociilos, rivos facimit fiiroris et diversona. Chrys. horn. 71. ''Paschasins Jtistns, 1. 1. de alea. f Seneca. 'Hall. e'ln Sat. 11. Sed denciente cniniena, et rrescente gula, qnis te manet exitus — rebus in ventre'm mersi^? "Spartian. Adiiano i Alex. ah. Alfx. I. fi. r. 10. Idem Geibelius, 1. 3. Gra;. di^r. >> Fines Moris. 'Justinian, in Diirestis. 176 Causes oj Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec- 2. I may not here omit those two main plagues, and common dotages of humane kind, wine and women, which have in- fatuated and besotted myriads of people. They go commonly together. ^Qui vino indulget, quemque alea decoquit, iUe In Venerem putris. To whom is sorrow, saith Solomon, (Prov. 23. 39.) to whom is wo, but to such a one as loves drink? It causeth torture, (vino tortus et ira) and bitterness of mind (Sirac. 31. 21). Vinnm y)/ro7'is, Jeremy calls it {chap. 15), wine of madness, as well he may ; for hisanire facit sanos, it makes sound men sick and sad, and wise men ''mad, to say and do they know not what. Ac' cidit hoclie terribilis casus (saith ^ St. Austin) : hear a miser- able accident : Cyrillus son this day, in his drink, matremprwg- nantem nequiter oppressity sororem violare voluit,patrem occidit fere, et duas alias sorores ad mortem vulneravit — would have violated his sister, killed his father, &c. A true saying it was of him, vino dari Icetitiam et dolorem; drink causeth mirth, and drink causeth sorrow ; drink cmxHeih poverty and want, (Prov. 2 1 .) shame and disgrace. J\Iulti ignobiles evasere oh vini potum^ Sfc. (Austin) amissis honoribus, proj'nc/i aberrdrnnt : many men have made shipwrack of their fortunes, and go like rogues and beggars, having turned all their substance into anrum potabile, that otherwise might have lived in good worship and happy estate ; and, for a few hours pleasure (for their Hilary term's but short), or "^J'ree madness (as Seneca calls it), pur- chase unto themselves eternal tediousness and trouble. That other madness is on women. .^postatare facit cor, (saith the wise man) * atque homini cerherum minuit. Pleasant at first she is (like Dioscorides Rhododaphne, that fair plant to the eye, but poyson to the taste) ; the rest as bitter as wormwood in the end, (Prov. 5. 4) and sharp as a two-edged sword (7. 21). Her house is the way to hell, and goes down to the chambers oJ' death. What more sorrowful can be said? They are miserable in this life, mad, beasts, led like ^ oxen to the slaughter : and (that which is worse) whoremasters and drunkards shall be judged; amittunt gratiam, (saith Austin) perdunt gloriam, incurrunt damnationem (jeternam. They lose grace and glory : — s brevis ilia voluptas Abroo;at seternum coeli decus. ■ they gain hell and eternal damnation. "Persins, Sat. 5. bPocnliim quasi sinus, in quo saepe naufragiura faciunt, jac- tiirft tuoi pecuniae tuna mentis. Erasm. in Prov. Calicnm remiges. chil. 4. cent. 7. Pro. 41. <■ Ser. 33. adiVat. in Eremo. >' Liberas iinius horse insaniam aeterno teniporis taedio pensaut. cMenander. f Prov, 5. ? Merlin, Cocc. Mem.'S. Subs. 14.] Philautia, or Self-love, Sj-c. 177 SUBSECT. XIV. Philautia, or Self-love, Vain-glory, Praise, Honour, Immo- derate Applause, Pride, over-viuch Joy, dfc. Causes. J^ELF-LOVE, pride, and vain-glory, ^ccecns amor sni, (which Chrysostoiiie calls one of the devils three great nets; ''Bernard, an arrow which pierceth the soul through, and slayes it ; a sly insensible enemy, not perceived) m'd main causes. Where neither anger, lust, covetousness, fear, sorrow, &c. nor any other perturbation, can lay hold, this will slily and insensibly pervert us. Quern non gula vicit, philautia superavit (saith Cyprian) : whom surfeiting could not overtake, self-love hath overcome. ' He hath scorned all money, bribes, gifts, up- right otheru'ise and sincere, hath inserted himself' to no fond imagination, and sustained all those tyrannical concupiscences of the body, hath lost all his honour, captivated by vain-glory. (Chrysostoni. sup. Jo.) Tu sola auimum mentemoue peruris^ f/loria: a great assault, and cause of our present malady — although we do most part neglect, take no notice of it, yet this is a violent battererofoursoulsjcausethmelancholy and dotage. This pleasing" humour, this soft and whispering popular air, amabilis insania, this delectable frensie, most irrefragable pas- sion, mentis grutissimus error, this acceptable disease, which so sweetlysets upon us, ravishethoursenses, lulls oursouls asleep, puffs up our hearts as so many bladders, and that without all feeling, '' in so much as those that are misajfected ivith it , never so much as once perceive it, or think of any cure. We com- monly love him best in this "^ malady, that doth us most harm, and are very willing to be hurt : adulationibus nostris libenter favemus (saith 'Jerome) : we love him, we love him for it : s O Bonciari, suave, suave fuit a te tali hcec tribui ; 'twas sweet to hear it ; and, as ''Pliny doth ingenuously confess to his dear friend Augurinus, all thy icritings are most acceptable, but those especially that speak of us : again, a little after to Maxi- uius, ' / cannot express hoiv pleasing it is to me to hear my aHor. ''Sagitta, quop aiiimam penetrat, le\iter penetrat, sed noaleve infligit valniis. sup. cant. "-"Qui omiiem pecuuiarum contemtum ha bent, et nuUi iniagina- tioni totius tnundi se immiscuerint, et tyrannicas corporis concupiscentias sustinuerint, hi mnltotics, cajiti a vanii g:loria, omnia perdiderunt. <' Hac correpti non co^- tant deiiiedtlA. "^ Di, taleui a terris avertite pe.stem. '' Ep. ad Eiisto- cliium, de rustod. virgin. -'Lips. Ep. ad Bonciarinni. •' Ep. lib. 9. Omnia tiia scripla (lulrberrinia existimo, maxiine famen ilia qunc de nobis. 'Exprimere iiuu posbuni, quHui sit jurunduui, &,c. 178 Ciiuses of Melancholy. [Fart. I . Sec. 2. self commended. Thoug-h we smile lo ourselves, at least ironi- cally, v/hen parasites bedawb us with false encomions, as many princes cannot chuse but do, qnum tale quid nihil intra se re- pererint, when they know they come as far short, as a mouse to an elephant, of any such vertues ; yet it doth us good. Though we seem many times to be angry, ^and hlnsh at our own praises., yet our souls inwardly rejoice: it puffs us up ; ''tisjallax suavitas, blandus dcemon, makes us swell beyond our hounds, and Jorr/et our selves. Hertwo daughters are lightness of mind, immoderate joy and pride, not excluding those other concomitant vices, which "^ Jodocus Lorichius reckons up — bragging, hypocrisie, pievishness, and curiosity. Now the common cause of this mischief ariseth from our selves or others : '^ we are active and passive. It proceeds in- wardly from our selves, as we are active causes,frora an over- weening conceit we have of our good parts, own worth, (which indeed is no v, orth) our bounty, favour, grace, valour, strength, wealth, patience, meekness, hospitality, beauty, temperance, gentry, knowledge, wit, science, art, learning, our ''excellent gifts and fortunes, for which (Narcissus like) we admire, flat- ter and applaud our selves, and think all the world esteems so of us; and, as deformed women easily believe those that tell them they be fair, we are too credulous of our own good parts and praises, too well persM'aded of ourselves. We brag and vendicate our ^ own works, (and scorn all others in respect of us ; infiati scientid, saith Paul) our wisdom, 'our learning: all our g'eese are swans : and we as basely esteem and vilifie other mens, as we do over-highly prize and value our own. We will not suffer them to be in secundis, no not in tertiis ; what ! mecum confertur Ulysses ? they are mures, musca:, cu- lices, prce se, nitts and flies compared to his inexorable and sui^ercilious, eminent and arrogant worship ; though indeed they be far i.efore him. Only wise, only rich, only fortunate, valorous, and fair, puffed up with this tympany of self-con- ceit, as the proud ? Pharisee, they are not (as they suppose) like other men, of a purer and more precious metal : ^ Soli rei. gerendce S7inf efficaces (which that wise Periander held of such) : ■ jneditantur omne qui prius nefjotium, Sfc. Novi quemdam (saith ^ Erasmus) I knew one so arrogant that he aHieron. Et, licet nos indignos dicimns, et calidus rubor ora perfundat, attamenad landein suain intrinsecns animae la;tantur. bThesaiir. Theo. cNec euim mihi cornea fibra est. Per. d E tnanibus iliis Inascentur violae. Pers. 1. Sat. e Omnia enim nostra supra modum placent. fFab. 1. 10. c. 3. Ridentur, mala oni componunt carmina : veruin Gaudent scribentes, et se venerantur, et nltro. Si ta- ceas landaut quidqiiid scripsere, beati. Hor.Ep 2.1.1. g Luke 18. 10. h De ineliore luto fiuxit prsBcordia Titan. 'Anson, sap. k Chil. 3. cent. 19. pro. 97. Qui se crederet nemineni uUa in re prac-stantiorem. Mem. 3. Subs. 14.] Philantin, or Self-love, t^e. J79 thought himself inferiour to no man living, like * Callisthenes the philosopher, that neither held Alexanders acts, or any other subject, worthy of his pen, such was his insolency ; or Seleucus, king of Syria, who thought none fit to contend with him but the Romans ; '' eos solos dir/nos ratus (jnibuscitm de imperio certaret. That which TuUy writ to Afticus lono- since, is still in force — "there teas never yet true poet or orator, that tho7ifjlit any other better than himself'. And such, for the most part, are your princes, potentates, great philoso- phers, historiographers, authors of sects or heresies, ar;d all our great scholars, as'^Hierom defines: a natural pMlo go- pher is glories creature, and. a very slave of rumour, J'mne, and popular opinion : and, though they write de contemptu gloria:, yet (as he observes) they will put their names to their books. J obis etj'ama; me semper dedi, saitli Trebellius Pollio, I have wholly consecrated my self to you and fame. 'Tis all my desire, night and day, 'tis all my study to raise my name. Proud •'Pliny seconds him ; Qnamquam O ! 3fc. and that vain- glorious ^' orator is not ashamed to confess in an Epistle of his to Marcus Lecceius, ardeo incredibili cupidtate, d\-c. I burn with an incredible desire to have my " name rec/istred in thy book. Out of this fountain proceeds all those cracks and braori, ^ speranms car mani fingi posses linenda cedro, et Icevi servanda cupresso ' Non usitatd uec tenui ferar pennd nee in terra morabor longius. JVil parvum aut humili modo, nil mortale, loquor. Dicar, qua violens obstrepit Au- Jidus. Exegi moniimentiim asre perennius. — Jamque opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira, nee ignis, <^''c. cum venit ilia dies, 4'C. parte tamen nvliore mei super alta perennis astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum — (This of Ovid 1 have para- phrased in English — And when I am dead and gone, My corps laid under a stone, My l;inie shall yet survive, And 1 shall be alive, la these niy works for ever. My glory shall persever, &c.) ftTanto fastu scripsit, ut Alexandri gest;t inferiora scriptis siiis existinir^et. Jo; Vossius, lib. 1. ciip. 9. de hist. b Plutarch. \ it. Cati.nis. i-Neiiio un- qtiam poela aut orator, qui queniquam sp nieliorem arbitraretur. d Consol. ad Parainachiuiu. Miindi philosophiis, glorias 'ninial, et popularisaiira- et ruinoriini veiiale mancipiiini. f Epist. 5. Capitoni siio. Diebus ac noctibiis, hoc solum cosito, si qua me po.ssum levare homo. Id vote meo .siiflficit, &c. 'Tullius. g Ut no- men meiim scriptis tuis illustretur. — Inqnics animus studio :eternitatis noctes et dies angebatur. Heinsius, orat fiineb. de Seal. ''Hor. art. Poet. 'Od. uit. 1. 3, Jamque opus exegi — Vade, liber felix ! Palingen. lib. ]S. ISO Cmises of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. and that of Ennius, Nemo me lachrymis decoret, neque funeral fletu Faxit: cur ? volito vivu' docta per ora virum. — with many such proud strains, and foolish flashes, too common with writers. Not so much as Democharis on the ^Topicks, but he will be immortal. Typotius, deJamcUah^W be famous; and well he deserves, because he writ of fame ; and every trivial poet must be renowned, — — plausuque petit clarescere vulgi. This puflin^ humour it is, that hath produced so many great tomes, built such famous monuments, strong castles, and Mausolean tombs, to have their acts eternized, Digito monstrari, et dicier, " Hic est!" to see their names inscribed, as Phryne on the walls ofThebes, Phryne fecit. This causeth so many bloody battles, et noctes cogit vigilare serenas ; long journeys. Magnum iter intendb ; sed dat mihi gloria vires gaininghonour, a little applause, pride, self-glory, vain-glory— that is it which makes them take such pains, and break out into those ridiculous strains, this high conceit of themselves, to •* scorn all others, ridiculo Jastu et intolerando contemtu, (as ^ Palffimon the grammarian contemned Varro, secum et natas et moriiuras literas jactans) and brings them to that height of insolency, that they cannot endure to be contradicted, ^or hear of any thing hnt their own commendation, which Hierom notes of such kind of men : and (as * Austin well seconds him) "'tis their sole stndy, day and night, to be commended and ap- plauded; when as indeed, in all wise mens judgements, quibus cor sapit, they are ^mad, empty vessels, funges, beside them- selves, derided, et id camelns in proverbio, quasrens cornua^ etiam quas habebat anres amisit ; their works are toyes, as an almanack out of date, § aucloris pereunt garrulitate sui ; they seek fame and immortality, but reap dishonour and infamy ; they are a common obloquy, insensati, and come far short of that which they suppose or expect. C' O puer, nt sis vitalis, ainlib. 8. bj)e ponte dejicere." <^ Siieton. lib. de gram. d Nihil libenter audiunt, nisi laudes suas. ^Epigt. 56. Nihil aliud dies noctesqne co- gitant, nisi ut in studiis siiis laudentur ab hominihus. fQuas major dementia aut dici aut excogitari potest, quam sic ob gloriam cruciari ? Insaniam istam, Do-- mine, longe fac a me. Austin, conf. lib. 10, cap. .37. E Mart. 1. 5. 51. I'Hor. Sat. 1.1.2, Mom. 3. Subs. 14.] Vain-glon/, PrideyJoy, Praise. 181 metuo.) Of so many myriads of poets, rhetoricians, philoso- phers, sophisters, (as * Eusebius mcU observes) which have written in former as^es, scarce one of a thousands works re- mains ; nomina et Uhrisimul cum corporibns inter iprunt ; their books and bodies are perished together. It is not, as they vainly think, they shall surely be admired and immortal : as one told Philip of Macedon insultino; after a victory, that his shadow was no longer than before, we may say to thenj, Nos demiramur, sed non cum deside vulgo, Sed velut Harpyias, Gorgonas, et Furias : We marvail too, not as the vulgar we, But as we Gorgons, Harpy, or Furies see : or, if we do applaud, honour, and admire — quota pars, how small a part, in respect of the M'hole world, never so much as hears our names ! how few take notice of us ! how slender a tract, as scant as Alcibiades his land in a map ! And yet every man must and will be immortal, as he hopes, aud extend his fame to our Antipodes, when as half, no not a quarter of his own province or city, neither know's nor hears of him : but, say they did, what's a city to a kingdom, a kingdom to Europe, Europe to the world, the world it self, that must have an end, if compared to the least visible star in the firmament, eighteen times bigger than if? and then, if those stars be infinite, and every star there be a sun, as some will, and as this sun of ours hath his planets about him, all inhabited; what propor- tion bear we to them ? and where'sour glory ? Orbem terrarum victor Ronumus habebat, as he crackt in Petronius; all the world was under iVugustus : and so, in Constantines time, Eu- sebius brags he governed all the world : universum mundum prcEclare udmodnm admhnstravit et omnes orbis (jentes imperatori subjecti : so of Alexander it is given out, the four monarchies, &c. when as neither Greeks nor Romans ever had the fifteenth part of the now known world, nor half of that Avhich was then described. What braggadocians are they and we then ! qnam brevis hie de nobis sernio ! as ^ he said : " pudc' bit aucti nomiiiis: how short a time, how little a while, doth this fame of ours continue ! Every private province, every small territory and city, when we have all done, will yield as generous spirits, as brave examples in all respects, as famous as ourselves — Cadwallader in Males, Rollo in Normandy — Rob- bin-hood and Little John are as much renowned in Sherwood, as Caesar in Rome, Alexander in Greece, or his Hephaestion. »Lih. r.ont. Philos. <-ap. 1. ''Tiill. som. Scip. <-° Bot-thius. 182 Causes of Melancholi/. [Piirt. 1. Sec. 2. * Omnis (Bias omnisgue populus in exemplum et admirationem venit: every town, city, book, is full of brave soldiers, sena- tors, scholars ; and though "" Brasidas was a worthy captain, a g-ood man, and, as they thought, not to be matched in La- cedfenion, yet, as his mother truly said, plures habet Sparta Brasidd meliores ; Sparta had many better men than ever he was : and, howsoever thoa adniirest thyself, thy friend, many an obscure fellow the v/orld never took notice of, had he been in place or action, would liave done much better than he or thyself. Another kind of mad men there is, opposite to these, that are insensibly mad, and know not of it — such as contemn all praise and glory, think themselves most free, when as indeed they are most mad: calcant, sed alio J'astu: a company of cynicks, such as are monks, hermites, anachorites, that con- temn the world, contemn themselves, contemn all titles, ho- nours, offices, and yet, in that contenipt, are more proud thru any man living whatsoever. They are proud in humility ; proud in that they are not proud ; sccpe homo de vancefilorice. contemtu vaimis gloria tin, Rs Austin hath it (covjess. lib. 10. cap. 38); like Diogenes, intus f/loriantur., they brag in- wardly, and feed themselves fat with a self-conceit of sanc- tity, which is no better than hypocrisie. They go in sheeps russet, many great men that might maintain themselves in cloth of gold, and seem to be dejected, humble, by their outward carriage, when as inwardly they are swoln full of pride, arrogancy, and selfconceit. And therefore Seneca adviseth his friend Lucilius, '^in his attire and (/e-ttvre, out~ ward actions, especially to avoid all such things as are more notable in theinselves; as a rugged attire^ hirsute head, horrid heard, contempt of money ^ coarse lodging, and whatsoever leads to fame that opposite irny. All this madness yet proceeds from ourselves : the main engine which batters us, is from others; we aremeerly passive in this business. A company of parasites and batterers, that, with immoderate praise, and bumbastepithetes,glozing titles, false elogiums, so bedawb and applaud, gild over many a silly and undeserving mai!, that they clap him quite out of his wits. Res imprimis violenta est laudiim placenta, as Hie- rom notes : this common applause is a most violent thing, (a drum, a fife, and trumpet, cannot so animate) that fattens men, erects and dejects them in an instant. aPutean. Cisalp. hist. lib. 1. b Plutarch. Lycnrgo. cEpist. 5. lllud te admo- neo, ne eorura more, qui non proficere, seil conspici cupiiiiit, facias aliqiia, quaj in lia- bitu tuo, ant genere vitse, notabilia sint. Asperum cultum, et intonsnin caput, m gli- gentiorem barbam, indictiim argento odium, cubile hnmi poyitnra, et quidquid aliud kndem perversa via sequitur, evita. Mem. 3. Subs. 14.] Vahi-rjlory, Pride, Joy, Praise, 8fc. 183 *Palma negata inacrum, donata redncit opimum. It makes them fat and lean, as frost doth conies. '' Andwho is that mortal man that can so contain himself', that, ij' he he im- moderatebf commended and applauded, toil I not he moiled ? Let him be what he will, those parasites wiil overturn Vava : if he be a king-, he is one of the nine worthies, more than a man, a God forthwith "(edictum Domini Deiqne nostri) ;, and they will sacrifice unto him : — '' divinos, si tu patiaris, honores Ultro ipsi dabimus, meritasque sacrabimus aras. If he be a souldier, thenThemistocles, Epaminondas, Hector, Achilles, duo J'nlmina belli, triumviri terrarnm, ^-c. and the valour of both Scipios is too little for him ; he is invictissimusy serenissimus, multis tropccis ornatissimus, naiura: dominus, although he be lepus r/aleatus, indeed a very coward, a milk sop, '^ and (as he said of Xerxes) postremus in pugnd, primus itijm/d, and such a one as never durst look his enemy in the face. If he be a big- man, then is he a Sampson, another Her- cules: if he pronounce a speech, another Tully or Demos- thenes (as of Herod in the Acts, thevoyce of God, and not of man) ; if he can make a verse, Homer, Virgil, &c. And then my silly weak patient takes all these elog-iums to himself; if he be a scholar so commended for his ranch reading, excellent style, method, &c. he will eviscerate himself like a spider, study to death : Laudatas ostentat avis Junonia pennas : peacock-like, he will display all his feathers. If he be a souldier, and so applauded, his valour extoH'd, though it be impar conrfressns, as that of Troilus and Achilles — infelix piier — he will combat with a giant, run first uj)on a breach : as another * Philippus, he will ride into the thickest of his enemies. Commend his house keeping, and he will beggar himself; commend his temperance, he will starve himself. laudataque virtus Crescit ; el immensum gloria calcar habet. be is mad, mad, mad ! no whoe with him ; Impatiens consortis erit ; • ^ ^j'* ** ^"'^ ^^^° **™ ^®"® modulo suo metiri se novit, ut eum assidiia et imtnodicaelaudationes non moveant? Hen. Steph. c Mart. ^Stroza. e Justin. f Livius. Gloria tantum elatus, non iia, in meilios hostes irrnere, Quod, completis muris, conspici se pagnantem, a muro spectantibus, egregium ducebat. VOL. T. V 184 Causes of Melancholy . [Part. I. Sec. 2. he will over the ^ Alpes, to be talked of, or to maintain his cre- dit. Commend an ambitious man, some proud prince or po- tentate : si plus (equo laudetiir, (saith ^ Erasmus) cristas erigit, exuit hominem, Deum se putat ; he sets up his crest, and will be no longer a man, but a God. -•^ nihil est, quod credere de se Non audet, quum laudatur, Dis cequa potestas. How did this work with Alexander, that would needs be Jupi- ters son, and g-o, like Hercules, in a lions skin ? Doraitian, a God, (^ Dominus Deus noster sic fieri juhet) like the ® Persian kings, whose image was adored by all that came into the city of Babylon. Commodus the emperour was so gulled by his flattering parasites, that he must be called Hercules. ^ Aa- tonius the Roman Mould be crowned with ivy, carried in a chariot, and adored for Bacchus. Cotys, king" of Thrace, was married to ^ Minerva, and sent three several messengers, one after another, to see if she were come to his bed-chamber. Such a one was '^Jupiter Menecrates, Maximinus Jovian us, Dioclesianus Herculeus, Sapor the Persian king, brother of the sun and moon, and our modern Turks, that will be Gods on earth, kings of kings, Gods shadow, commanders of all that may be commanded, our kings of China and Tartaria in this present age. Such a one was Xerxes, that would whip the sea, fetter Neptune, stultdjactantid, and send a challenge to Mount Athos ; and such are many sottish princes, brouglit into a fools paradise by their parasites. 'Tis a common humour, incident to all men, when they are in great places, or come to the solstice of honour, have done, or deserv'd well, to ap- plaud and flatter themselves. Stultitiam suam produnt, 6fc, (saith * Platerus) your very tradesmen, if they be excellent, will crack and brag, and shew their folly in excess. '' They have good parts ; and they know it ; you need not tell them of 'It; out of a conceit of their worth, they go smiling to them- selves, and perpetual meditation oftheir trophies and plaudites: they run at the last quite mad, and lose their wits. Petrarch, (/ife. 1. de contemptu mundi) confessed as much of himself; a], demens, et ssevas curre per Alpes; Aude aliquid, &c. Ut pueris placeas, et declamatio fias. Juv. Sat. 10. bin Mor. Eucom. c Juvenal. Sat. 4. •1 Sueton. c. 12. in Domitiano. «^Brisonius. f Antonius, ab assentatoribus evectus, Liberum se Patrem appellari jussit, et pro deo se venditavit. Redimitus hedera, et corona velatus aurea, et thyrsum tenens, cothurnisque succinctas, curru, velut Liber Pater, vectus est Alexandria;. Pater, vol. post- e Minervse nuptias arabiit, tanto furore percitus, ut satellites mitteret ad videndum nnm dea in thalainiun venisset, &c. ''.Elian, lib, 12. i De mentis alienat. cap. 3. ^Se- qnitiirque superbia formam. Livius, lib. 11. Oraculuni est, vivida sspe ingenialux- (iriare hac, et evanescere ; raultosque sensum penitus amisisse. Homines iutuentur, ac si ipsi non essent homines. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Studify a Cause, 185 and Cardan (in his fifth book of Wisdom) gives an instance in a smith of Milan, a fellow citizen of his, ^ one Galeus de Ru- beis, that, being commendedfor refindingof an instrument of Archimedes, for joy ran mad. Plutarch (in the life of Artax- erxes) hath such a like story of one Chanius, a souldier, that wouniled king Cyrus in battel, and grew thereupon so '• arro- gajit, that, in a short space aj'ter, he lost his wits. So, many men, if any new honour, office, preferment, booty, treasure, possession, or patrimony, ex insperato fall upon them, for immoderate joy, and continual meditation of it, cannot sleep, "" or tell what they say or do ; they are so ravished on a sud- den, and with vain conceits transported, there is no rule with tliem. Epaminondas therefore, the next day after his Leuc- trian victory, ^ came abroad all squalid and snh miss, and o-ave no other reason to his friends of so doing, than that he^er- ceived himself the day before, by reason of his good fortune, to be too insolent, overmuch joyed. That wise and vertuous lady « <]ueen Katharin, dowager of England, in private talk, upon like occasion, said, that ^ she would not toillinr/l}/ endure the extremity of either fortune ; but, if it tvere so that of ne- cessity she must undergo the one, she rcould be in adversity, because comfort teas nevei' counting in it; but still counsel and government toere defective in the other : they could not mode- rate themselves. SUBSECT. XV. Zore of Learning, or overmuch Study. With a Digression of the Misery of Scholars, and why the Muses are melan- choly. liEONA RTUS Fuchsius (Instit. lib. 3. sect.!. cap. 1), Felix Plater (lib.S. de mentis alienat.) Here, de Saxonia {Tract, post, demelanch. cap. 3). speak of a g peculiar fury, which comes by overmuch study. Fernelius {lib. 1 . cap. 18) '' puts study, con- templation, and continual meditation, as an especial cause of a Galeus de Rnbeis, civis noster, faber ferrarins, ob inventionem instnimenti, coch- leae olim Archimedis dicti, pra; Isetitia insanivit. b Insania postmodum coireptus, Ob nimiam inde arrosantiam. c Bene ferre magnam disce fortunam. Hor — For- tunam reverenter habe, quicunque repente Dives ab exili pro^rediere loco. Ausonius. 1 Frocessit sqnalidns et snbmissns, lit hesterni diei gaudium intemperans liodie casti- garet. ^ Uxor Hen. VIII. fNeulrius se fortunae extreniiim libenter exper- tnram dixit; sed, si neceesitas alteriiis sabinde imponeretiir. optare se diflicilem et adversam ; quod in hac nulli onquam defuit solatium, in altera nuiltis congilium, &c l^od^ V ives K Peculiaris furor qui ex Uteris Ht i' Nihil magis auget, ac assidua studia, et profunda} cogitationes. X 2 186 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. madness ; and, in his 86 consul, cites the same words. Jo. Arculanus (m lib. Rliasis ad A Imayisorem, cap. 16) amongst other causes, reckons up studimn vehemens : so doth Levinus Lemnius {lib. de occul. nat. mirac. lib. I. cap. 16). ^Many men (saith he) come to this malady by continual ^ study, and night-ivaking ; and., of all other men, scholars are most subject to it ; and such (Rhasis adds) "that have commonly the f nest wits (Cont. lib. 1 . tract. 9). Marsilius Ficinus {de sanit. tuendd, lib. 1. cap. 7) puts melancholy amongst one of those five prin- cipal plagues of students: 'tis a couimon maul unto them all, and almost in some measure an inseparable companion. Varro (belike for that cause) calls tristes philosophos et severos. Severe, sad, dry, tetrick, are common epithetes to scholars : and ^ Patritius, therefore, in the Institution of Princes, would not have them to be great students : for (as Machiavel holds) study weakens their bodies, dulls their spirits, abates their streno-th and courage ; and good scholars are never o-ood souldiers ; which a certain Goth well perceived ; for, when his country-men came into Greece, and would have burned all their books, he cryed out against it, by all means they should not do it : ® leave them that plague, ivhich in time icill consume all their vigour, and martial spirits. The * Turks abdicated Cornutus, the next heir, from the em- pire, because he was so much given to his book ; and 'tis the common teneut of the world, that learning dulls and dimi- nisheth the spirits, and so, per consequens, produceth me- lancholy. Two main reasons may be given of it, why students should be more subject to this malady thiHi others. The one is, they live a sedentary, solitary life, sibi et Musis, free from bodily exercise, and those ordinary disports which other men use ; and many times, if discontent and idleness concur with it (which is too frequent), they are precipitated into this gulf on a sudden : but the common cause is overmuch study ; too much learning (as s Festus told Paul) hath made thee mad : 'tis that other extreme which effects it. So did Trincavellius (lib. 1. consil. 12. et 13.) find by his experience, in two of his pa- tients, a young baron, and another, that contracted this malady by too vehement study ; so Forestus (observat. L 10. observ. a Non desunt, qui ex jiigi studio, et intempestiva lucubratione, hue devenerunt : hi pi'se cieteris^ enim plerumque melancholia sclent infestari. *> Study is a continual and earnest meditation, appiyed to some thing with great desire. Tully. c Et illi qui sunt subtilis ingenii et multae prfenieditationis, de facili iucidunt in me- lancholiam. dQb studiorura solicitudinem, lib. 5. tit. 5. e Gas- par Ens. Thesaur. Polit, Apoteles. 31. Graecis banc pestem relinquite, quae dubiuni nou est quin brevi omnemiis vigorem ereptura Mo.rtiosque spiritus exhaustura sit, ut ad iirina tractanda plane inhabiles futuri sint. f Knolles, Turk. Hist, s Act. '26. i?4. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 187 13) in a young divine in Lovain, that was mad, and said * he had a bible in his head. Marsilius Ficinus (de sanit. tuend. lib. 2. cap. I. 3, 4, et lib. 2. cap. 10) gives many reasons ^ichy students dote more oj'ten than others: the first is their negligence : *= other men look to their tools ; a painter will wash his pensils ; a smith will look to his hammer^ anvil, Jorye ; an husbandman will 7nend his plough-irons^ and fjrind his hatchet ij'it he dull ; aj'aulkner or huntsman tvill have an especial care oj'his hau-ks, hounds, horses, dogs, S^c. a musician tc ill string and unstring his lute, ^c. only scholars neglect that instrument (their brain and spirits, I meayi) which they daily use, and by which they range over all the world, which by much study is consumed. Vide (saith Lucian) ne.Juniculum nimis intendendo, nliquando ahrumpas: see thou twist not the rope so hard, till at length it ^ break. Ficinus in his fourth chapter gives some other reasons : Saturn and Mercury, the patrons of learning, are both dry planets; and Griganus assigns the same cause, why Mercurialists are so poor, and most partbeggers; for that their president Mercury had no better fortune himself. The Destinies, of old, put poverty upon him as a punishment; since when, poetry and beggery are gemelli, twin-born brats, inseparable companions ; * And, to this day, is every scholar poor : Gross gold from them runs headlong to the boor : Mercury can help them to knowledge, but not to money. The second is contemplation, hchich dryes the brain, and ex- tinguisheth natural heat ; Jbr whilst the spirits are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomach and liver are left destitute; and thence come black blood and crudities, by de- fect of concoction ; and for xcant of exercise, the superfluous vapours cannot exhale, Sfc. The same reasons are repeated by Gomesius (lib. 4. cap. 1. de sale), sNymannus (orat. de Imag.) Jo. Voschius (///;. 2. cap. 5. de peste); and something ajs'imiis studiis nielancholicns evasit, dicens, se Biblium in capite habere. bCar melancholiii assidua, crebrisqae deliranientjs, vexentur eoruiii aninii, ut desipere cogantur. c Solers qailibet artifex instrnmenta sua diligentissinie curat, peni- cillos pictor ; malleos incodesque faber terrarius ; miles equos arnia ; venator, auceps, aves et canes ; citharam citharoedus, &c. soli Musarum mystaj tarn negligen'tes sunt[ ut instrumentum illud, quo niunduni universiim nietiri solent, spiritutn scilircf penihis negligere videantur. .1 Areas, (et arnia tua". tibi sunt imitanda Diana-) Si nunquam cesses tendere, mollis erit. Oyid. eEpheraer. 'Contem- platio cerebrum exsiccat et estinguit calorem naturalem ; unde cerebrnm frigidum et siccum evadit, quod est melancholicnm. Accedit ad hoc, quod natura, in con- lemplatione, cerebro prorsus, cordique intenta, stomachum heparqne destituit ; unde, ex ahmentis male coctis, sanguis crassos et niger efficitur, duni nimio otio membrorHni nuperflui vapores non exhaiaot, t Cerebrum exsiccatur, corpora seusim cra- cilescunL ° 188 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. more they add, that hard students are commonly troubled with gowtSjCatarrhes, rheums, cachexia bradijpepsia, bad eyes, stone and collick, ^ crudities, oppilations.i'er/jV/o, winds, con- sumptions, and all such diseases as come by overmuch sit- ting : they are most part lean, dry, ill-coloured, spend their fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives ; and all through immoderate pains, and extraordinary studies. If you will not believe the truth of this, look upon great Tos tatus and Thomas Aquinas works; and tell me whether those men took pains'? peruse Austin, Hierom, &;c. and many thousands besides. Qui cupit optatam cursu contingere inetam, Malta tulit, fccitque puer, sudavit et alsit. He that desires this wished goal to gain. Must sweat and freeze before he can attain, and labour hard for it. So did Seneca, by his own confession {ep. 8.): ^ fiot a day that I spend idle ; part of the night I keep nmie eyes open, tired tcith wakiny, and noiv shnnberinn, to their continnal task. Hear Tully {pro Jirchid Poetd): whilst others loytered, and took their pleasures, he was continually at his book. So they do that will be scholars, and that to the hazard, (I say) of their healths, fortunes, wits, and lives. How much did Aristotle and Ptolemy spend {unius reyni jnetium, they say — more than a kings ransom), how many crowns jaer annum, to perfect arts, the one about his history of creatures, the other on his Almayest'l How much time did Thebet Ben- chorat employ, to find out the motion of the eighth sphear? forty years and more, some write. How many poor scholars have lost their wits, or become dizards, neglectiiig all worldly affairs, and their own health, wealth, esse and bene esse, to gain knowledge! for which, afterall their pains, in tbeworlds esteem they are accounted ridiculous and silly fools, ideots, asses, and (as oft they are) rejected, condemned, derided, doting, and mad. Look for examples in Hildesheim {spiciL2.de mania etdelirio:) read Trincavellius (/. 3. consil. 36. et. c. 17), Montanus (consil. 233), *^ Garceus (cle Judic. genit. cap. 33), Mercurialis {consil. 86. cap. !^5), Prosper '' Calenus (in his book de atrd bile) ; go to Bedlam, and ask. Or if they keep their wits, yet !> Stiidiosi sunt cachectic), et minqnam bene colorati : propter debilitatem digestivaj facultatis, miiltiplicantiir in iis superfluitates. Jo. Voschius, part. 2. cap. 5. de pestev b Niillus mihi per otiiim dies exit ; partem noctis studiis dedico, non vero sonmo, sed octilos, vigilia latigatos cadentesquH, in opera detineo. >-■ Johannes Haniischius Boheinus, nat. 1.516, eniditns vir, niniiis studiis in phrenesin incidit. Montanus iu- stanceth in a Frenchman of Tolosa. <' Cardinalis Cacius, ob laborein, vigiiiani, et diuturua stiidia, factits uielanclioliciis. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause, 18,9 they are esteemed scrubs and fools, "by reason of their car- riage ; ajiei' seven years study, ''statua taciturnius exit Plenimque, et risum populi quatit : because they cannot ride an horse, which every clown can do; salute and court a gentlewoman, carve at table, cringe, and make congies, which every common swasher can do, hospopu- lus ridet : they are laughed to scorn, and accounted silly fools, by our gallants. Yea, many times, such is their misery, they deserve it : a nieer scholar, a meer ass. •^ Obstipo capite, et figentes lumine terram^ Murmura cum secum et rabiosa silentia rodunt, Atque cxporrecto trutinantur verba labello, jEgroti veteris meditantes somnia, gigni De nihilo nihilum ; in nihilum nil posse reverti. ^ ^who do lean awry Their heads, piercing the earth with a fixt eye; When, by themselves, they gnaw their murmuring, And furious silence, as 'twere ballancing Each word upon their out-stretcht lip, and when They meditate the dreams of old sick men. As, out of nothing nothing can be brought, And that which is, can neer he tunid to nought. Thus they go commonly meditating unto themselves, thus they sit, such is their action and gesture. Pulgosus {I. 8. c. 7) makes mention how Th. i\quinas, supping Avith king Lewis of France, upon a sudden knocked his fistupon the table, and cry ed, conclusujti est contra Manichccos ; his wits were a wool- gathering (as they say), and his head busied about other mat- ters : when he perceived his error, he was much ^ abashed. Such a story there is ofArchiniedes in Vitruvius, that, having found out the means to know how much gold was mingled with the silver in king Hierons crown, ran naked forth of the bath and cryed, d^^mx, 1 have found; ' and was commonly so intent to his studies., that he never pei'ceived what icas clone about him: when the city was taken, and the souldiers now ready to rijle his house, he took no notice oj'it. ^ S*. Bernard rode all day long by the Lemnian lake, andasked at last where he was (Marullus, lib. 2. cap. 4.) It was Democritus carriage »Pers. Sat. 3. They cannot fiddle ; but, as Themistocles said, he could make a small town become a great city. b Ingeninm, sibi quod vanas desumpsit Atlienas, Et septem stadiis annos dedit, insennitque Libris et curis, statua taciturnius exit Ple- rumque, et risu populum quatit. Hor. ep. 2. lib. 2. <-Pers. Sat. ^ Translated by M. B. Holiday. ^ e Thomas, nibore confusus, dixit se de argumento cogitasse. f Plutarch, vita Marcelli. Nee sensit urbem captam, nee milites in domuin irruentes, adeo inteutus studiis, SiC. -.'Lib. 2, tap. 18. 190 Causes of Melanchol//. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. alone that madethe Abderites suppose U\m to have been mad, and send for Hippocrates to cure him: if he had been in any solemn company, he would upon all occasions fall a laughing-. Theophrastus saith as much of Heraclitus, for that he conti- nually wept, and Laertius of Menedemus Lampsacenus, be- cause he ran like a mad man, "saijing, he came from hell as a spie, to tell the devi/s ivhat mortal men did. Your greatest students are commonly no better — silly, soft fellows in their outward behaviour, absurd, ridiculous to others, and no Avhit experienced in worldly business : they can measure the hea- vens, range over the world, teach others wisdom ; and yet, in bargains and contracts, they are circumvented by every base tradesman. Are not these men fools ? and how should they be otherwise, hut as so many sots in schools, ichen (as '' he well observed) theif neither hear nor see such things as are commonly practised abroad? how should they get experience? by Mdiat means ? "I knew in my time many scholars, saitb iEneas Sylvius, (in an epistle of his to Gasper Scitick, chan- cellor to tlie emperour) excellent well learned, but sor?ide, so silly, that they had no common civility, nor knew hoio to manage their domestick or publick affairs. Paglarensis was amazed, and said his farmer had surely cozened him, when he heard him fell that his sow had eleven pigs, and his ass had but one foal. To say the best of this profession, 1 can give no other testimony of them in general, than that of '' Pliny of Isseus — he is yet a scholar; than ichich kind of men there is nothing so simple, so sincere, none better ; they are, most part, harmless, honest, upright, innocent, plain dealing men. Now, because they are commonly subject to such hazards and inconveniences, as dotage, madness, simplicity, &:c. Jo. Voschius would have good scholars to be highly rewarded, and had in some extraordinary respect above other men, '^ to have greater privileges than the rest, that adventure themselves and abbreviate their lives for the publick good. But our patrons of learning are so far, now a dayes, from respecting- the Mu- ses, and giving that honour to scholars, or reward, which they deserve, and are allowed by those indulgent privileges of a Sub FoiiiB larva circumivit urbeni, dictitans se exploratorem ab inferis venisse, delaturnm (JcCiiionibus morialiura peccata. bPetronius. Ego arbitror in scho- lis stultissimos fieri, quia niliil eoriini, qiias in iisu habemus, aut audiuut aut vident. •Novi, meis diehus, plerosque stinHis literarnm deditos, qui disciplinis adinodum abiinduhaiit : sed hi nihil civiiitatis habebant, nee rem publ. nee doniesticam regere norant. .S'Liipuit Pagiarensis, et i'lirti villicum aceusavit, qui suem fetam iindeciiu poicellos, asinnni nnum duntaxat pullnni, euixam rettilerat. d Lib. 1. Epist. 3. Adiiue scholastieus tantum est: quo genere hominum, nihil ant est sinipiicius. aut sin- crriiis, aut melius, *'3iirc priviltgiandij qui ob commune bonum abbreviant sibi vitain. Mem. 3. Subs. 15,] Study, a Cause. 191 many noble princes, that, after all their pains taken in the uni- versities, cost and charge, expenses, irksoni hours, laborious tasks, wearisome dayes,rlaiig'ers, hazards (barred inferim from all pleasures which other men have, mewed up like hawks all their lives) if they chance to wade through them, they shall in the end be rejected, contemned, and (which is their greatest misery) driven to their shifts, exposed to want, poverty, and beggery. Their familiar attendants are, ' a Pallentes Morbi, Luctns, Curaeque, Laborque, Et Metus, et malesuada Fames, et turpis Egestas, Terribiles visu formge Grief, Labour, Care, pale Sickness, Miseries, Fear, filthy Poverty, Hunger that cryes ; Terrible monsters to be seen with eyes. If there were nothing else to trouble them, the conceit of this alone were enough to make them all melancholy. Most other trades and professions, after some seven years prenticeship, are enabled by their craft to live of themselves. A merchant adventures his goods at sea ; and, though his hazard be great, yet, if one ship return of four, he likely makes a saving voyage. An husbandmans <>ains are almost certain; quihns ipse Jupiter nocere non potest ('tis ^ Catos hyperbole, a great husband him- self) : only scholars, methinks- are most uncertain, unrespected, subject to all casualties, and hazards : for, first, not one of a many proves to be a scholar ; all are not capable and docile ; ex omni lir/no non fit Mercmins : •= we can make majors and officers every year, but not scholars : kings can invest knights and barons, as Sigismond the emperour confessed : universities can give degrees ; and Tu quod es, e populo quilibet esse potest : but he, nor they, nor all the world, can give learning, make philosophers, artists, oratours, poets. We can soon say, (as Seneca well notes) O virum honnm ! o divitem ! point at a rich man, a good, an happy man, a proper man, siontuose vestitum, ealaniistratum, bene olentem : 7naf/no teniporis ini' pendio constat luce laudatio, a virum lileratnm ! but 'tis not so easily performed to find out a learned man. Learnings is not so quickly got : though they may be willing- to take pains, and to that end sufficiently informed and liberally main- tained by tlieir patrons and parents, yet few can compass it : or, if they be docile, yet all mens m ills are not answerable to their wits ; they can apprehend, but will not take pains ; they ^ Virg. .^!)n. lib. 6. l) Plutarch, vita ejus. Certum agricolationis lucrum, &:c. i' Quotaiinis liuut cousules et proconsnles : rex et poeta quotannis non nascitur. 192 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. areeitherseduced by bad companions, velinpuellamimpingunt, vel in poculum, and so spend their time to their friends grief and their own undoings. Or, put case they be studious, in- dustrious, of ripe wits, and perhaps good capacities, then how many diseases of body and mind must they encounter ? No labour in the world like unto study. It may be, their tempera- ture will not endure it : but, striving to be excellent, to know all, they lose health, wealth, wit, life, and all. Let him yet happily escape all these h?iz?ir(ls,aireisintestinis, with a body of brass, and is now consummate and ripe; he hath profited in his studies, and proceededwith all applause: after many expences, he is fit for preferment: where shall we have it? he is as far to seek it, as he was (after twenty years standing) at the first day of his coming to the university. For, what course shall he take, being now capableand ready? The most parable and easie, and about which many are imployed, is to teach a school, turn lecturer or curat ; and, for that, he shall have faulkners wages, ten pound per annum, and his diet, or some small stipend, so long as he can please his patron or the parish; if they approve him not (for usually they do but a year or two — as inconstant, as *they that cryed, "Hosanna" one day, and "Crucifie him'* the other), serving-man like, he must go look a new master : if they do, what is his reward ? ^ Hoc quoque te inanet,ut pueros elementa docentem Occupet extremis in vicis balba senectus. Like an ass, he wears out his time for provender, and can shew a stum rod, togam tritam et laceram, saith ''Hffidus, an old torn gown, an ensign of his infelicity ; he hath his labour for his pain, a modicum to keep him till he be decrepit ; and that is all. Grammaticus non est Jelix, ^c. If he be a trencher chaplain in a gentlemans house, (as it befel ^ Eu- phormio) after some seven years service, he may perchance have a living to the halves, or some small rectory with the mother of the maids at length, a poor kinswoman, or a crakt chamber-maid, to have and to hold during the time of his life. But, if he offend his good patron, or displease his lady mistres in the mean time, e Ducetur plant-i, velut ictus ab Hercule Cacus, Poneturque foras, si quid tentaverit unquam Hiscere as Hercules did by Cacus, he shall be dragged forth of doors by the heels, away with him. If he bend his forces to some a Mat. 21. " Hor. ep. 20. 1. I <" Lib. 1. de contem. amor. ^ Satyricon. e Juv. Sat 5. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 193 other studies, with an intent to be a secretis to some noble man, or in such a place with an embassadour, he shall find that these personsrise,like prentises,oneunder another : and so, in many tradesmens shops, when the master is dead, the fore- man of the shop commonly steps in his place. Now for poets, rhetoricians,historians, philosophers, ''mathematicians, sophist- ers, &c. they are like grashoppers : sing^ they must in summer, and pine in the winter ; for there is no preferment for them. Even so they were at first, if you will believe that pleasant tale of Socrates which he told fair Pha?drus under a plane-tree, at the banks of the river Ismenus. About noon, when it was hot, and the grashoppers made a noise, he took that sweet occasion to tell him a tale, how grasshoppers were once scho- lars, musicians, poets, &c. before the Muses v, ere born, and lived without meatanddrink, and for that cause were turnedby Jupiter into g-rashoppers: and may be turned again, in Tithoni cicadas, ant Lycirnvm ranas, for any reward I see they are like to have: or else in the mean time, I would they could live, as they did,without any viaticum, like so many ''ma?/?/coc?iate,those Indian birdsof Paradise, as we commonly call them — those, I mean, that live with the air and dew of heaven, and need no other food : for, being as they are, their "rhetorick only serves them to curse their hadjhrtvnes ; and many of ihem, for M^ant. of means, are driven to hard shifts; from grashoppers, they turn humble-bees and wasps, plain parasites, and make the Muses mules, to satisfie their hunger-starved panches, and get a meals meat : To say truth, 'tis the common fortune of most scholars, to be servile and poor, to complain pittifuily, and lay open their w^ants to their respectless patrons, as ''- Cardan doth, as ^ Xy- lander and many others; and (which is too common in those dedicatory epistles) for hope of gain, to lye, flatter, and with hyperbolical elogiums and commendations, to magnifie and extol an illiterate unworthy idiot, for his excellent vertues, Avhom they should rather (as * Machiavel observes) vilifie, and rail at downrig-ht for his most notorious villanies and vices. So they prostitute themselves, as fidlers or mercenary trades- men, to serve great mens turns for a small reward. They are like "Indians ; they have store of gold, but know not the worth of it: fori am of Synesius opinion, ^\Kiuf/ Hierou yot more hy Simonides acquaintance, than Simonides did by his : they have " Ars rolit astia. i' Aldrovandus, de Avibtis, I. 12. Gesner, Sec. •■ Literas habent, qtit-is sibi et fortnna; sua; inaledicant. Sat. Menip. '^ Lib. de libris prO- priis, fol. 24. ' rrajt'at. translar. Piotarch. fPolit dispiit. Laiidibus ex- toUunt eos, ac si virtutibiis pollerent, (jnos, ob infinita acelera, potiiis vituperarc opor- tt;rot. c Or, as hdrsi-s know not tbi-ir strencrth, tliey consider not tlieir own worllt. I' Piura i-x >Siuiouidis iauiiliaritate Hierou coiiscquutus est, quam ex Hierouis Simonides. 194 Causes of Melancholy . [Part. 1. Sec. 2. their best education,good institution,sole qualification from us : and, when they have done well, their honour and immortality from us ; vve are the living- tombs,registers,and as so many trum- petours of their fames : what was Achilles, without Homer ? Alexander, without Arrian and Curtius? who had known the Caesars, but for Suetonius and Dion ? a Vixerunt fortes ante Agamemnona Multi: sed omnes illacrymabiles Urgentur, ignotique, longa Nocte, carent quia vate sacro. They are more beholden to scholars, than scholars to them; but they under-value themselves, and so, by those great men, are kept down. Let them have that Encyclopaedia, all the learn- ing- in the world ; they must keep it to themselves, '' live in base esteem, and starve, except they will submit (as Budasus well hath it) so many good parts, so many ensigns oj' arts, vertues, and be slavishly obnoxious to some illiterate potentate, and live under his insolent worship, or honour, like parasites, qui tam- quam mures, alienumpanem comedunt. For, to say truth, artes hcB 71071 sunt lucrativce, (as Guido Bonat, that great astrologer could foresee) they be not gainful arts these, sed esurientes et Jamelicce, but poor and hungry. *^ Dat Galenus opes ; dat Justinianus honores ; Sed genus et species cogitur ire pedes : Tlie rich physician, honour'd lawyers ride, Whil'st the poor scholar foots it by their side. Poverty is the Muses patrimony ; and, as that poetical divinity teacheth us, when Jupiters daughters were each of them mar- ried to the Gods, the Muses alone were left solitary, Helicon forsaken of all suters ; and I believe it was, because they had no portion. Calliope longum coelebs cur vixit in sevum ? Nempe nihil dotis, quod numeraret, erat. Why did Calliope live so long a maid? Because she had no dowry to be paid. Ever since all their followers are poor forsaken, and left unto themselves; in so much that, as ^ Petronius argues, you shall a Hor. lib. 4. od. 9. ^ Inter inertes ft plebeios fere jacet, ultimum locum ha- bens, nisi tot artis virtutisqne insignia, turpiter, obnoxie, supparasitando fascibus subje- cerit protervsB iusolentisqiie potentise. Lib. 1. de contemt. rerutn fortuitariun . t: Buchanan, cleg. lib. ^ In Satyrico. Intrat senex, sed cultu non ita speciosus, ut facile appareret eum hac nota literatiim esse ; quos divites odisse solent Ego, inquit, poeta sum. Qiiare ergo tam male vestitus es ? Propter hoc ipsum ; amor ingenii neminem unquam divitem fecit. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] W/iy the Muses are Melancholy. ].95 likely know them by tbeir cloaths. There came, saith he, by chance into my company^ a J'elloic, not very spruce to look on, that I could perceive, hij that note alone, he iras a scholar, ichom commosily rich men hate. I asked him tchat he teas : he answered, a poet. I demanded ar/ain why he teas xo ruf/qed : he told me, this kind of learning never made any man rich. ^ Qui pelago credit, magno se fcenore tollit ; Qui pugnas et castra petit, prsecingitur auro ; Vilis adulator picto jacet ebrius ostro ; Sola pruinosis horret tacundia pannis. A merchants gain is great, that goes to sea : A souldier embossed all in gold : A flatterer lyes fox'd in brave array, A scholar only ragged to behold. AH which our ordinary students right well perceiving in the universities — how unprofitable these poetical, mathematical, and philosophical studies are, how little respected, how few patrons — apply themselves in all haste to those three commo- dious professions of law, physick, and divinity, sharing- tjiem- selves between them, ''rejecting- these arts in the mean time, history, philosophy, philology, or lightly passing them over, as pleasant toyes, fitting only table talk, and to furnish them Avith discourse. They are not so behoveful : he that can tell his money hath arithmetick enough : he is a true geometri- cian, can measure out a good fortune to himself; a perfect astrologer, that can cast the rise and fall of others, and mark their errant motions to his own use. The best opticks are, to reflect the beams of some great mens favour and grace to shine upon him. He is a good engineer, that alone can make an in- strument to get preferment. This was the common tenent and practice of Poland, as Cromerus observed, not long' since, in the first book of his history: their universities were gene- rally base ; not a philosopher, a mathematician, an antiquary, &c. to be found of any note amongst them, because they had no set reward or stipend; but every man betook himself to divinity, hoc solum in vt-tis habens, opimum sacerdotium; a good personage was their aim. This was the practice of some of our neer neighbours, as '^ Lipsius inveighs ; they thrust their children to the study oj' laiv and divinity, before they be injbrmed aright, or capable oJ' such studies. Scilicet omnibus * Petronius Arbiter. ''Oppressus paupertate animus nihil exiniiiim aut sub- lime cogitare potest Amoenitates literarum, aut elegantiain, quoniatn nihil prsesidii in his ad vitae coniinodum videt, prirao negligerc, mox odisse, iucipit. Heius. ^ Epistol. quast. lib. 4. ep. 21. 196 Causes of Melanchohj . [Part. i. Sec. 2. artibus antistat spes lucri ; at formosior est cumulus auri^ cjuam quidquid GrcBci Latinique delirantes scripserunt. Ex hoc numero deinde veniuut ad gubernacula relpub. interavnt et prcesunt consiliis recfum ; o pater I o patria! so he com- plained ; and so many others : for even so we find, to serve a s>Teat man, to get an office in some bishops court (to practise in some ^ood town), or compass a benefice, is the mark we shoot at, as being- so advantagious, the high way to preferment. Although, many times, for ought I can see, these men fail as often as the rest in their projects, and are as usually frustrate of their hopes: for, let him be a doctor of the law, an excellent civilian of good worth, where shall he practise and expatiate? Their fields are so scant, the civil law with us so contracted with prohibitions, so few causes, by reason of ihose all-devour- in"* municipal laws (cjuibus 7iihil illiterat'ms, saith ^Erasmus — an illiterate and a barbarous study; for, though they be never so well learned in it, I can hardly vouchsafe them the name of scholars, except they be otherwise qualified) and so i'ew courts are left to that profession, such slender offices, and those com- moidy to be compassed at such dear rates, that I know not how an ingenious man should thrive amongst them. Now, for phy- sicians, there are in every village so many mountebanks,empe- ricks,quack-salvers,Paracelsians(as they call themselves) ,ca?/- sifici et sanicidce (so ^ Clenard terms them), wisards, alcumists, poor vicars, cast apothecaries, physicians men, barbers, and good wives, professing gTcat skill, that I make great doubt how they shall be maintained, or who shall be their patients. Be- sides, there are so many of both sorts, and some of them such harpyes, so covetous, so clamorous, so impudent, and (as'^he said) litigious idiots, Quibus loquacis afFatim arrogantiae est, Peritias parum aut nihil, Nee ulla mica literarii sails; Crumenimuhija natio, Loqimtuleia turba, litium strophBe, Maligna litigantium Cohors, togati vultures, Lavernse alumni, agyrtee, &c, Which have no skill, but prating arrogance, No learning, such a purse- milking nation, Gown'd vultures, thieves, and a litigious rout Of couseners, that haunt this occupation, that they cannot M-ell tell how to live one by another, but, as he jested (in the comedy) of clocks, they were so many, ''w/./or pars popuJi aridd reptant fame, they are almost starved a a Ciceron. dial. ^ Epist. lib. 2. * Ja- Doiisa, Epodon lib. 2. car. 2. ^ Plauttis. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Why the Muses are MelaucfiOly. 197 great part of them, and ready to devour their fellows, =* et noxid calliditate se corripere ; such a multitude of pettifoggers and empericks, such impostors, that an honest man knows not in what sort to compose and behave himself in their society, to carry himself with credit in so vile a rout; scientke nomen, tot sumtihus partnm et viffiliis, projiteri dispudeat, postqnmn, Sfc. Last of all, to come to our divines, the most noble profession and worthy of double honour, but of all others the most dis- tressed and miserable. If you w\\\ not believe me, hear a brief of it, as it was, not many years since, publicly preached at Pauls cross, ''by a grave minister then, and now a reverend bishop of this land. We, that are bred yp in learning, and destinated hy our parents to thi" end, tee suffer our childhood in the grammer school, li'hich Austin calls rnagnam tyrannidem, et grave ma- lum, and compares it to the torments ofmarfyrdom ; ivhen ive come to the imiversity, if tee live of the coUeffe allowance, as Phalaris objected to the Leontines, Travrm iv^s^i:;, ttMv p^v^s koh ?"''^«, needy of all thinr/s Init hunger and fear ; or, if ve he maintained but partly by 07ir parents cost, to expend in [un] ne- cessary maintenance, hooks, and degrees, before we come to any perfection, five hundreth pounds, or a thousand marks. If, by this price of the expence of time, our bodies and spirits, our sub- stance and patrimonies, ice cannot purchase those small re- wards, which are ours hy law, and the right of inheritance, a poor personage, or a vicarage of 50]. per'annum, but we must pay to the patron for the lease of a life (a spent and out-worn life), either in annual pension, or above the rate of a coppyhold, and that with the hazard and loss of our souls, by simony and perjury, and the forfeiture of all our spiritual preferments, in esse and posse, both present and to come ; what father after a while ivill be so improvident, to bring up his son, to his qreat charge, to this necessary beggery ? What Christian will be so irreligious, to bring up his son in that course of life, which, by all probability an(l necessity, cogit ad turpia, enforcing to sin, willentangle him in simony and per jury , when as the poet saith, Invitatus ad haec aliquis de ponte negabit a beggars brat, taken from the bridge ichere he sits a begging, if he kneiv the inconvenience, had cause to refuse it. This be- ing thus, have not we wished fair all this whi'je, that are initiate divines, to find no better fruits of our labours ? ^ Hoc est, cur palles ? cur quis non prandeat, hoc est ? Do we macerate our selves for this? is it for this we rise so early all the year long, '^ leaping (as he saith) out of our bexh, when ive hear the bejl ring, as if ice had heard a thunder clap? »Barc. Argenis. lib. 3. b joh. Howson, 4 Novembris, 1537. The sermon was printed by Arnold Hartfield. <■. Pers. Sat. 3. d E lecto exsilientes, ad subitum tintinnabuli plnusiini, quasi fiilniiue territi. 1. 19S Causes of Melanclioly. [Parf. 1. Sec. 2. If this be all the respect, reward, and honour, we shall have, » Frange leves calamos, et scinde, Thalia, libellos : let us give over our books, and betake our selves to some other course of life. To what end should we study ? ^ Quid me literulas stulti docuere parentes ? what did our parents mean to make us scholars, to be as far to seek of preferment after twenty years study, as we were at first? why do we take such pains ? Quid tantum iusanis juvat impallescere chartis ? If there be no more hope of reward, no better encouragement, I say again, Frange leves calamos, et scinde, Thalia, libellos : let's turn souldiers, sell our books, and buy swords, guns, and pikes, or stop bottles with them, turn our philosophers gowns (as Cleanthes once did) unto millers coats, leave all, and ra- ther betake our selves to any other course of life, than to con- tinue longer in this misery. ^ Prcestat de^tiscalpia radere, guam literariis monumenth maf/natumj'avorem emendicare. Yea, but me thinks 1 hear some man except at these words, that (though this be true which I have said of the estate of scholars, and especially of divines, that it is miserable and distressed at this time, that the church suffers shipwrack of her goods, and that they have just cause to complain) there is a fault; but whence proceeds it? if the cause were justly ex- amined, it would be retorted upon ourselves; if we were cited at that tribunal of truth, we should be foiiutl guilty, and not able to excuse it. That there is a fault among- us, I confess ; and, were there not a buyer, there would not be a seller: but to him that will consider better of it, it will more than mani- festly appear, that the fountain of these miseries proceeds from these griping- patrons. In accusing theiu, 1 do not altogether excuse us : both are faulty, they and we : yet, in my judgement, theirs is the greater fault, more apparent causes, and much to be condemne'd. For my part, if it be not with me as I would, or as it should, I do ascribe the cause (as '^ Cardan did in the like case) rneo hif'ortiinio potius quam illorum sceleri, to * mine own infelicity, rather than their naughtiness, (although I have been baffled in my time by some of them, and have as just cause to complain as another) or rather indeed to mine a Mart. b Mart e Sat. Menip. ^ Lib. % de cons. ^ I had no money : I wanted impudence : I could not scramble, temporize, dissemble : non pran- deret olus, &c. — Vis, dicam ? ad palpandum et adulandum penitus insulsns, recudi non possum, jam senior, ut sim talis ; et fingi nolo, utcunque male cedat in rem meam, et obscurus inde delitescam. Mcia. 3. Subs. 15.] Study ^ a Cause. 1^9 own negligence; for I was ever like that Alexander (in ''Plu- tarch) Crassus his tutor in philosophy, who, though he lived many years familiarly with rich Crassus, was even as poor when from, (which many wondered at) as when he came first to him. He never asked; the other never gave him any thini^-; when he travelled with Crassus, he borrowed an hat of him, at his return restored it again. 1 have had some such noble friends, ac- quaintance and scholars; but, most part, (common courtesies and ordinary respects excepted) they and I parted as we met: they gave me as much as 1 requested, and that was And as Alexanderab Alexandrio (Genial, d'ler. l.6.c. 16) madeanswer to Hieronymus Massainus, that wondred/pmm pluris ic^navos et ifjnobiles ad dignkates et sacerdotia promotos quotidie videret, when other men rose, stiil he was in the same state, eodeni te/wreet for tuna, cuimercedemlahorum studlorumqne de- beri putaret, whom he thought to deserve as well as the rest — he made answer, that he was content with his present estate, was not ambitious: and, although ohjurgahundus suam segni- tiem accusaret, cum obscurce sortis homines ad sacerdotia et pontificatns evectos, Sfc. he chid him for his backwardness, yet he was still the same: and for my part (though I be not worthy perhaps to carry Alexanders books) yet, by some overweening and well wishing friends, the like speeches have been used to me; but I replyed still, with Alexander, that I had enough, and more perad venture than I deserved; and, with Libanius Sophista, that rather chose (when honours and offices by the emperour were offered unto him) to be talis sophista, quam talis viagistratus, I had as live be still Democritus junior, and privus privatus, si mihi jam daretur optio, quam talis J'ortasse doctor, talis dominus. Sed quorsnm haoc ? For the rest, 'tis, on both H\Ae%,facinus detestandum to buy and sell livings, to detain from the church that which Gods and mens laws have bestowed ori it; but in them most, and that from the covetousness and ignorance of such as are interested in this business. I name covetousness in the first place, as the rootof all these mischiefs, which (Achan like) compels them to commit sacrilege, and to make simoniacal compacts, (and what not?) to their own ends, ''and that kindles Gods wrath, brings a plague, vengeance, and an heavy visitation upon themselves and others. Some, outof that insatiable desire of filthy lucre, to be enriched, care not how they come hy it, per fas et nej'as, hook or crook, so they have it. And others, when they have, with riot and prodigality, imbezelled their estates, to recover them- a Vit. Crassi. Nee facile judicari potest, ntrumpanperior cum pritno adCiassum.&c. b Deiim habent iratum ; sibiqne mortem a^ternam acqiiirunt, aliia miserabilem ruinam. Serrariiis, in Josiiam. 7. Eiiripidrs. VOL. I. Y Causes of Melnnchohj, [Parf. 1. Sec. 2, selves, make a prey of the church, (robbing it, as « Julian the Apostate (lid) spoile parsons of their revenues (in keepin"- half back, '' as a great man amongst us observes)awrf^/mif maintenance on which they should live; by means whereof, barbarism is in- creased, and a great decay of Christian professours : for who will apply himself to these divine studies, his son, or friend, when, after great pains taken, they shall have nothing where- upon to live? But with what event do they these things? <^Opesque totis viribus venamini : At inde messis accidit miserrima. They toyle and moyle, but what reap they ? They are com- monly unfortunate families that use it,accursedin their progeny, and, as common experience evinceth, accursed themselves in all their proceedings. With what face (as he '^quotes out of Austin) can they expect a blessing or inheritance from Christ in heaven, that defraud Christ of his inheritance here on earth ? I would all our siraoniacal patrons, and such as detain tithes, would read those judicious tracts of S"^ Henry Spelman, and S'^ James Sempil!, knights; those late elaborate and learned trea- tises of D"^ Tilslye and M'^ Montague, which they have written of that subject. But though they should read, it would be to small purpose ; dames, licet, et mare coclo confundas ; thunder, lighten, preach hell and damnation, tell them 'tis a sin : they will not believe it ; denounce and terrific ; they have * cauterised consciences ; they do not attend ; as the in- chantedadder, they stop their ears. Call them base, irreligious, prophane,barbarous.pagans, atheists, epicures, (as some of them surely are) with the bawd in Plautus, Euge ! optime ! they cry; and applaud themselves with that miser, himul acnummos contemplor in area: say what you will, quocunque modo rem: as a dog barks at the moon, to no purpose are your sayings : take your heaven, let them have money — a base, prophane, epicurean, hypocritical rout. For my part, let them pretend what they will, counterfeit religion, blear the worlds eyes, bumbast themselves,andstuffe out their greatness with church spoils, shine like so many peacocks — so cold is my charity, so defective in this behalf, that I shall never think better of them, than that they are rotten at core, their bones are full of epi- curean hypocrisie, and atheistical marrow; theyare worse than heathens. For, as Dionysius Halicarnasseus observes (Antiq,' Rom. lib. 7). ^Primum locum, ^-c. Greeks and barbarians aNicephorus, lib. 10 cap. 5. ''Lord Cook, in liis Reports, second part, fol. 44. 'Euripides. "^ Sir Henry Spelman, de non teinerandis Ecclesiis. e 1 Tim. 4. 2. fHor. sPrimuixi locum apud onines gentes habet patritius deoriim cultus, et sceniorum ; nam hunc diutissime custodiunt, tarn Gr-esci qoam harbari, &c. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 201 observe all religioua rites, and dare not break them, for fear of offending their gods: but our simoniacal contracters, our senseless Achans, our stupified patrons, fear neither God nor Devil : they have evasions for it; it is no sin, or not due jure dimno, or, if a sin, no greatsin,&c. And, thoiig-h they be daily punished for it, and they do manifestly perceive, tliat,(as he said) frost and fraud come tofoulends; yet (as '^Chrysostome follows it) nulla ex poena Jit correctio; et, quasi adversis malitia ho- minnm provocetur, erescit quotidie quod puniatur : they are rather worse than better : iram atque aniraos a crimine sutnunt; and the more they are corrected, the more they offend: but let them take their course, (^ Rode, caper, viteni) <^o on still as they beg-in, ("'tis no sin!") let them rejoyce secure: Gods vengeance will overtake them in the end; and these ill gotten goods, as an eagles feathers, "^will consume the rest of their substance: itis^ anru7n Tholosanum, and will produce no better eftects. Let them lag it up saje, and make their conveyances never so close, lock and shut ^foor, saith^Chrysostome : yet fraud andcovetousness, tico most violent thieves, are still included ; and a little gain, evil gotten, ivill subvert the rest oj' their goods. The eagle in ^Esop, seeing a piece of flesh, now ready to be sa- crificed, swept it away with her claws, and carried it to her nest : but there was a burning coal stuck to it by chance, which unawares consumed her young ones, nest and all together. Let our simoniacal church-chopping patrons, and sacrilegious har- pies, look for no better success. A second cause is ignorance, and from thence contempt ; siiccessit odium in literas ah ignorantid vulgi ; which '^^Junius M'ell perceived : this hatred and contempt of learning proceeds out of ^ignorance; as they are themselves barbarous, idiots, dull, illiterate, and proud, so they esteem of others. Sint Maecenates, non deerunt, Flacce, Marones : let there be bountiful patrons, and there will be painful scholars in all sciences. But, when they contemn learning, and tlftnk themselves sufficiently qualified, if they can write and read, scamble at a piece of evidence, or have so much Latin as that emperour had, ^^qui nescit dissimulare, nescit vivere, they are unfit to do their countrey service, to perform or undertake " Tom. 1. de steril. trium annorum sub Elia serraone b Ovid. Fast cDe male qiiaesitis vix c^audet tertius hteres. d Strabo, 1. 4. Geo^. «■ Nihil facilius ones f vertet, qiiain avaritia et frande parta Etsi enjm seiain addas tali area;, et exteriore janua et vecte earn coinnuinias, intus tamen fraudeni et avaritiam, &c. Ju 5 Corintli. f Aead. cap. 7. g Ars neminem habet initnicum, prieter ignorantem. h fj, that cannot dissemble cannot live. y2 202 Causes of Mdanclwly, [Part. 1 . Sec. 2. any action or employment, which may tend to tlie good of a common-wealth, except it be to fight, or to do countrey justice, with common sense, which every yeoman can like- wise do. And so they bring up their children, rude as they are themselves, unqualified, untaught, uncivil most part. ^ Quis e nostra juventute legitime instituitur Uteris ? quis oratores aut philosoplws tangit ? quis historiam legit, illam reruni agendarnm quasi animam ? Pracipitant parentes vota sua, ^-c. *twas LipsJus complaint to his illiterate countrey-men : it may be ours. Now shall these men judge of a scholars worth, that have no worth, that know not whatbelongs toastudentslabours, that cannot distinguish between a true scholar and a tlrone? or him that by reason of a voluble tongue, a strong voice, a pleasing' tone, and some trivantly Polyanthean helps, steals and gleans a fev*' notes from other mens harvests, and so makes a fairer shew, than he that is truly learned indeed ; that thinks it no more to preach, than to speak, ^ or to run away with an empty cart (as a grave man said) ; and thereupon vilifie us, and our pains ; scorn us, and all learning. *^ Because they are rich, and have other means to live, they think it concerns them not to know, or to trouble themselves with it ; a fitter task for younger brothers, or poor mens sons, to be pen and inkhorn men, pedantical slaves, and no whit be- seeming the calling' of a gentleman, as Frenchmen and Ger- mans commonly do, neglecting therefore all humane learning: what have they to do with it? Let marriners learn astronomy ; merchants factors study arithmetick; surveyors get them geo- metry ; spectacle-makers opticks ; landleapers geography ; town-clarks rhetorick; what should he do with a spade, that hath no ground to dig? or they with learning-, that have no use of it ? Thus they reason, and are not ashamed to let marriners, prentises, and the basest servants, be better quali- fied than themselves. In former times, kings, princes, and emperours were the only scholars, excellent in all faculties. Julius Csesar mended the year, and writ his own Commen- taries : — ci media inter proelia, semper Stellarum coelique plagis, superisque vacavit. • Antoninus, Adrian, Nero, Severus, Julian, &c. ^Michael the emperour, and Isacius, were so much given to theirstudies, that » Ei)fst. quaest lib. 4, epist. 21. Lipsius. ^ Dr. King, in his last lecture ou .Jonah, sometime right reverend lord bishop of London. '^ Quibus opes et otiuin, hi barisaro fastu literas coutemnunt. '' Lucan. lib. 8. « Spartian. Soliciti de vebus uimis, ' Nicet. 1. Anal. Fumis lucubrationum sordebant. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 2Q3 no base fellow would take so much pains : Orion, Perseus, Al- phonsus,Ptolemaeus,famousf?stronomers; Saber, Mitliridates, Lysimachus, admired physicians — Platoskings.all; Evax,that Arabian prince,amost expert jueller, and an exquisite philo- sopher ; the kings of vEgypt were priests of old, and chosen from thence : Rex idem homiymm, Phoehiqne, sacerdos : but those heroical times are past; the Muses are now banished, in this bastard age, ad sordida tuf/itriola, to meaner persons, and confined alone almost to universities. In those dayes, scholars Avere highly beloved, '^ honoured, esteemed, as old Ennius by Scipio Africanus, Virgil by Auo-ustus, Horace by Maecenas; princes companions ; dear to them, as Anacreon to Polycrates, Philoxenus to Dionysius, and highly rewarded. Alexander sent Xenocrates the philosopher fifty talents, be- cause he was poor, visn rernm ant eruditione prcBStantes viri mensis olim regnm adhibiti,ns Philostratus relates of Adrian, and Lampridius of Alexander Severus. Famous clarks came to these princes courts, vehtt in Lycaum, as to an university, and were admitted to their tables, quasi dirihii epulis accum- bentes; Archelalis, that Macedonian king, Mould notwillinolv sup without Euripides, (amongst the rest he drank to bin? a"t supper one night, and gave him a cup of gold for his pains) delect atus poet (V. suavi sermone : and it Mas fit it should be so, because (as ''Plato in his Protagoras mcH saith) a good philo- sopher as much excells other men, as a great king doth the commons of his countrey ; and ng^Hn, " fiuoniam illis nihil deesf, et minime etjere solent, et disciplinas^ qnas -profitentiir, soli a contemtu vindicare possnnt ; they needed not to beij so basely, as they compell '• scholars in our times to complain of poverty, or crouch to a rich chuff' for a meals meat, but could vindicate themselves, and those arts Mhich they pro- fessed. NoM' they would and cannot; for it is held by some of them, as an axiom, that to keep them poor, will make them study ; they must be dieted, as horses to a race, not pamper- ed ; ^alendos volunt, nan sar/inandos, ne melioris mentis finm- mula extingiiatur : a lat bird Mill not sing, a fat dog cannot hunt; and so, by this depression of theirs, ^some Avant means, others Mill, all Mant s incouragement, as being forsaken al- most, and generally contemned. 'Tis an old saying, Sint Msecenatc-s, nori deernnt, Flacce, Marones ; a Grammaticis olini et dialecticis .ji.risque professoribiis, qui specimen fiuflitionis dedissent, eadem diernitatis insignia decreveruut iniperatores. fpiibus ornabant iieroas. ' Erasm. ep. Jo. Fabio epis. Vien. b Probus vir et philosoplms luagis pr;vstat inter alios homines, qnam rex iiiclytus inter plebeios. '^Heinsins. prtefat Poematnni. '1 Servile noraen scholans jam. e Seneca. 'Haud facile emer-jiiiit, &c. ? Media quod iioctis ab bora Sedisti, (lua nemo faber. qua nemo setlebr.t, Qui clocet obliquo lanaui diducere feiro ; Kara tamen nierces. Juv. Sat, 7. •iOt Causes of Melanchohj. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. and 'tis a true saying still. Yet oftentimes, 1 may not deny it, the main fault is in ourselves. Ouracademicks too frequently offend in neglecting patrons (as * Erasmus well taxeth), or making ill choice of them ; negliffwrns ohlatos^ avt amplecti- mur parum aptos : or, if we get a good one, non studemus mutuis officii s J'avor em ejus alere, we do not plye and follow him as we should. Idem mi/ii accidit adolescenti (saith Eras- mus, acknowledging his fault) ; et gravissime pecccivi : and so may ''I say myself, 1 have offended in this, and so perad venture have many others: we did noirespondere mciffnaturnjavoribiis, qui cceperunt nos amplecti, apply our selves with that readi- ness we should : idleness, love of liberty, {immodicus amor libertatis ejf'ecit, ut diu cum perjidis amicis, as he confesseth, et pertinaci paupertate, colliictarer) bashfulness, melancholy, timorousness, cause many of us to be too backward and remi.ss. So some offend in one extream, but too many on the other: "we are, most part, too forward, too solicitous, too ambitious, too impudent : we commonly complain deesse Mascenates^ want of encouragement, want of means, Mhen as the true de- fect is our want of worth, our insufficiency. Did Maecenas take notice of Horace or Virgil, till they had shewed them- selves first? or had Bavins and Maevius any patrons? Egrc' aium specimen dent,B2L\\h Erasmus: let them approve them- selves worthy first, sufficiently qualified for learning and man- ners, before they presume or impudently intrude and put themselves on great men, as too many do, with such base flattery, parasitical colloguing, such hyperbolical elogies they do usually insinuate, that it is a shame to hear and see. Im- fiwdica; lavdes conciliant invidiam, potins quam laudcm ; and vain commendations derogate from truth; and we think, in conclusion, non melius de landato, pejus de laudanfe, ill of both, the commender and commended. So we offend; but the main fault is in their harshness, defect of patrons. How beloved of old, and how much respected, was Plato of Dionysius ! How dear to Alexander was Aristotle, Demaratus to Philip, Solon to Croesus, Anaxarchus and Trebatius to Au- gustus, Cassius to Vespasian, Plutarch to Trajan, Seneca to Nero, Simonides to Hieron ! how honoured ! 'Sed lisec prius fuere ; nunc recondita Senent qiiiete : those dayes are gope ; Et spes et ratio studionim in Cacsare tantiim ; » Chil. 4. cent. 1 adag 1. '' Had I done as otlifr^ did, put my self forward, I mipht ba\e haply been as great a mau a* nmiy of oiy eqiiaU. <^ Catnllni^ Javcn. Mem. 3. Subs. 15.] Study, a Cause. 205 as he said of old, we may truly say now : he is our amulet, our ^suri, our sole comfort and refuge, our Ptolemy, our com- mon Maecenas, Jacobus munijicus. Jacobus pacijicus, mysta Musarum, rex Platonicus : grande decus, columenque nostrum; a famous scholar himself, and the sole patron, pillar, and sustainer of learning : but his worth in this kind is so well known, that (as Paterculus, of Cato) ;am ipsum laudare nefas sit; and (which ^ Pliny to Trajan) seria te carmina, honorque aternus annalium, non ha>c brevis et pudenda prcedicatio, colet. But he is now gone, the sun of ours set; and yet no night follows. -Sol occubuit ; nox nulla sequuta est. i We have such another in his room — Aureus ; et simili frondescit virga metallo ; and long may he reign and flourish amongst us. Let me not be malitious, and lye against my genius ; I may not deny, but that we have a sprinkling of our gentry, here and there one, excellently well learned, like those Fug- geri in Germany, Dubartas, Du Plessis, Sadael in France, Picus Mirandula, Scbottus, Barotius in Italy : Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto ; butthey are butfewin respect of the multitude : the major part -^and some again excepted, that are indifferent) are wholly bent for hawks and hounds, and carried away many times with in- temperate lust, gaming, and drinking. If they read a book at any time, {si quid est interim otii a venatu, poculis, aledy scortis) 'tis an English chronicle, St. Huon of Bordeaux, Amadis de Gaul, &c. a play-book, or some pamphlet of news, and that at such seasons only, when they cannot stir abroad, to drive away time: "^ their sole discourse is dogs, hawks, horses, and what news? If some one have been a tra- veller in Italy, or as far as the emperours court, wintered in Orleance, and can court his mistris in broken French, wear his clothes neatly in the newest fashion, sing some choice out- landish tunes, discourse of lords, ladies, towns, palaces, and cities, he is compleat, and to be admired : «■ otherwise he and they are much at one ; no difference betwixt the master and the man, but worshipful titles :— wink, and choose betwixt ^ »Nemo est quern non Phoebus hie noster solo intuitu lubentiorem reddat ranegyr. ^Virgil. *■ Rarus eniin ferine eensns communis in ilia Fortuna. Juv. bat. 8. f Quis enim grenerosum dixerit bun*, s. 15.] Wlifj the Muics are Mdanchob). '2\\ — Ut nervis alienis mobile lignum Ducitur, * offiim sequentes, psittacorum more, in praeda? spem quidvis effutiunt; ohsecundantes paraski (''Erasmus ait) quidvis do- cent, dicunt, scribunt, suadent, et contra conscientiarn pro- bant, non utsalutarem reddant gTegem,sed ut maonificam sibi parent fortunain. '^Opinionesquasvis etdecreta contra verbum Dei astrnunt, ne oftendant patronum, sed ut retineant fa- voreni proceruni et populi plausuni, sibique ipsis opes accu- mulent. Eo etenhn plerumque animo ad theologiam accedvnt, non ut rem divinam, sed ut snani, faciant ; non ad ecclesiw bonmn promovendnm, sed expilandum; qucerentes (cpiod Pan- lus ait) non quae Jesn Christi, red quse siia, non Domini the- saurum, sed ut sibi suisqiie thesauri zetif. J\''ec tantum Us, qui viliorisjortuncc, et abjectce sortis sunt, hoc in usu est ; sed et medics, summos^ elatos, ne dicam episcopos, hoc malum invasit. *! Dicite, pontifices, in sacris quid facit aurura ? *'summos sape viros transversos agit avaritia ; et qui reliqiiis morum probitate prcelncerent, hi facem prceferunt ad simo- niam, et in corruptionis hunc scopulum impincfentes, non tondetit pecus, sed deglubunt, et, quocunqne se couferunt, ex- pilant, exhauriunty abradunt, macfnum famos suce, si non animce, naufragium facientes ; ut non ab injimis ad summos, sed a summis ad infimos, malum promandsse videattir, et illud verum sit, quod ille olim lusit, Emerat ille prius, vendere jure potest : Simoniacus enim (quod cum Leone dicam) gratiam non acci- pit; si non accipit, I'on habet; et si non habet, nee grains po- test esse, nee gratis dare : tantum enim absunt istorum non- nulli, qui ad clavum sedent, a promovendo reliquos, ut penitus impediant, probe sibi conscii, quibus artibus illic pervenerint : *^nam qui ob literas emersisse illos credat, desipit; qui vero in- genii,eri!ditionis, experientise, probitatis, pietatis, et Musarum id esse pretiuni putat {quod olim re verdj'uit, hodie promitti- tur) planissime insanit. Utcunque vel undecufique malum hoc oriqinem ducat (non ultra quaram) ex his primordiis cospit vitiorum colluvies ; omnis culamitas, omne miseriarum agmen, in ecchsiam invehitur. Hinc tamjrequens simonia ; hinc ortce querela, J'raudes, [imposturce ; ah hocj'onte se derivdrunt om- jies nequitia, — ne quid obiter dicam de ambitione, adulatione plusqnam aulicd, ne tristi domicoenio laborent, de luxu, de J'oedo nonnunquam vitw exemplo, quo nonnullos ojj'enduntj de a Heinsius. !> Ecclesiast. c Luth. in Gal. "i Pers. Sat. 2. cSallnst. Sat. Menip. 212 Causes of Mdancholy. [Part. I. See. 2. compotatione Syharitica, SfC. Hinc tile squalor academicns^ tristes hac tempestate Camoense, qnum quivis homiinculus, ar- tium ignarus, his artihns assurgat, hiinc in modum promovea- tur et ditescat, ambitiosis appellationibus insignis, et mnltis dignitatihus augustus, vulgi oculos perstringat , bene se liaheat, et grandia gradiens, majestatem quamdam ac amplitnditiem pros se J evens, miramqne solicitudinem, harba reverendus, toga nitiduSy purpura coruscus, supellectilis splendore etfamulomm numero maxime conspicuus. Quales statua? (quod ait ^ille) quae sacrisin aedibus coluranis imponuntur, velut oneri ceden- tes videntur, ac si insudarent, quuin re vera sensu sintcaren- tes, et nihil saxeara adjuvent firinitatem ; Jltlantes inderi uo- lunt, quum sint statuoe lapidece, umbratiles re vera homuncio- nes, fungi for san et bardi, nihil a saxo differentes ; quum in- terim docti viri, et vitce sanctioris ornamentis prwditi, qui ces~ turn diei sustineut^ his iniqud sorte serviant, minimo forsan salario contenti, puris nominibus nuncupati, humiles, obscuri ; multoque digniores licet, egentes, inhonorati, vilamprivam pri- vatam agant; tenuique sepulti sacerdotio, vel in collegiis suis in asternum incarcerati^ inglorie delitescant : — sed nolo diutiiis hanc mover e sentinam. Hinc illce lacryma, lugubris Musa- rum habitus; ^hinc ipsa religio (quod cum Secellio dicani) in ludibrium et contemtum adducitur, ahjectum sacerdotium^ (atque hcBC uhi Jiunt, ausim dicere, et putidum '^pntidi dicte- riumde clero usurpare) putidum vulgus, inops.rude, sordiduw, melancholicum, miserum, despicabile, contenmendum. MEMB. IV. SUBSECT. I. Non-necessary, remote^ outward, adventitious y or accidental causes ; as fir »t from the Nurse. \JY those remote, outward, ambient necessary causes, I liave sufficiently discoursed in the precedent member. The non-necessary follow ; of which (saith "^ Fuchsius) no art can be made, by reason of their uncertainty, casualty, and multi- tude ; so called not-necessary, because (according to * Ferne- lius) they may be avoided, and used without necessity. Many of these accidental causes, which I shall entreat of here, might have well beea reduced to the former, because they cannot be avoided, but fatally happen to us, though accident-' ally, and unawares, at some time or other : the rest are con- aBudaeiis, de Asse, lib. 5. bjjib. de rep. Gallormn. cCarapian. ^ Prooem. lib. 2. Nulla ars constitui potest. «Lib. 1. c. 19. de morbonim caussis. Quas declinare iinet, ant niill^ necessitate ntimnr. Mem. 4. Siilxs. I.] Nurse, a Cause. ^13 titigent and evitable, and more properly inserted in this rank of causes. To reckon up all, is a thino- unpossible; of some therefore most remarkable of these contingent causes which produce melancholy, I will briefly speak, and in their order. From a childs nativity, the first ill accident that can likely befall him in this kind, is a bad nurse, by whose means alone he may be tainted with this ''malady from his cradle. Anius Gellius (/. 12. c. I) bring-sin Phavorinus, that eloquent philo- sopher, proving" this at large, ^that there is the same verttte and property in the milk as in the seed, and not in men alone, hut in all other creatures. He gives instance in a kid and lamb : ij' either of them suck of the others milk, the lamb of the goates, or the kid of the ewes, the wooll of the one tvill be hard, and the hair of the other soft. Giraldus Cambrensis (Itinerar. Cambrias, I. 1. c.*2.) confirms this by a notable example, which happened in his time. A sow-pig- by chance sucked a brach, and, when she was grown, '^ would miracu- lously hunt all manner of deer, and that as well, or rather better, than any ordinary hound. His conclusion is, ^ that men and beasts participate of her nature and conditions, by whose milk they are fed. Phavorinus urgeth it farther, and demonstrates it more evidently, that if a nurse be ^ mis-shapen, unchaste, unhonest, impudent, drunk, "^^ cruel, or the like, the child that sucks upon her breast will be so too : all other affec- tions of the mind, and diseases, are almost ingrafted, as it were, and imprinted in the temperature of the infant, by the nurses milk, as pox, leprosie, melancholy, &c. Cato, for some such reason, would make his servants children suck upon his wives breast, because, by that means, they would love him and his better, and in all likelihood agree with them. A more evident example that the minds are altered by milk, can- not be given, that that of ^Dion, which he relates of Caligu- las cruelty; it could neither be imputed to father nor mother, but to his cruel nurse alone, that anointed her paps with blood still when he sucked, which made him such a nmrderer, and to express her cruelty to an hair ; and that of Tiberius, who was a common drunkard, because his nurse was such a one. aQiio semel est imbuta recens, servahit odorein Testa diu. Hor. b Sicut valet ad fingendas corporis atque anirai simititudines vis et natura seminis, sic quo- que lactis proprietas. Neque id in horninibus solum, sed in peciulibus, aniniad- Versaiii: nam si oviiim lacte hcedi, aut capraruni agni alerentur, consiat Heri iu his lanam duiiorem, in iliis capillum etigni teneriorem. c Adiilta in feraruni per- sequntione ad miraculum usque sagax. ''Tarn animal quodlibet, quani homo, ab ilia, cujus lacte nutritur, naturara contrahit. elmproba, inlbrmis, impudica, temulenta nutrix, &,c. quoniam in moribus effonnandis maguam sa?pe partem inge- nium altricis et natura lactis tenet. f Hjrcanaeque admorunt ub«ra tigres. Virg. g Lib. "2. de Cajsaribus. SU Cau.-orous, too severe, too remiss or indulgent on the other side, are often fountains and furtherers of this disease. Parents, and such as have the tuition and oversight of children, offend many times in that they are too stern, alway threatning, chiding, brawlino-, M'hipping, or striking: by means of which, their poor childre^i' are so disheartned and cowed, that they never after have any courage, a merry hour in their lives, or take pleasure in any thing. There is a great moderation to be had in such things, as matters of so great moment to the making or marrino- of a child. Some fright their children with beggers, bugbear?, and hobgoblins, if they cry, or be otherways unruly: but,' they are much to blame in it, many times, saith Lavater {de spectris, part. 1. cap. 5) : ex metn in morbos (graves bwidunt, et noctu dormientes clamant ; for fear they fall into many dis- eases, and cry out in their sleep, and are much the worse for it all their lives ; these things ought not at all, or to be sparingly »Nutrices interdnm matribus sunt meliores. b Lib. de morbis capitis, cap. de mania. Haod postrema caussa siipputatur edacatio, mter has mentis abalienationis eaussas. — Injusta noverca. VOL. I. 2 3\g Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. S. done, and upon just occasion. Tyrannical, impatient, hair- brain'd school-masters, aridi magistri, so ^ Fabius terms them, Ajaces flagelUferi, are, in this kind, as bad as hangmen and executioners: they make many children endure a martyrdom all the while they are at school: with bad diet, ifthey board in their houses, too much severity and ill usage, they quite per- vert their temperature of body and mind — still chiding, ray- lino-, frowning, lashing, tasking, keeping, that they arej'racti animis, moped many times, weary of their lives, ^ nimid seve- ritate dejiciunt et desperant, and think no slavery in the world (as once I did myself) like to that of a grammar scho- lar. Prceceptorum ineptiis discrnciantur ingenia pueroruniy saith Erasmus : they tremble at his voice, looks, coming in. S'. Austin, in the first book of his confess, and 4. ca. calls this schooling meticulosam necessitatem, and elsewhere a martyr- dom, and confesseth of himself, how cruelly he was tortured in mind for learning Greek ; nulla verba noveram ; ct savis terroribus et pcenis, ut nossem, instabatur mihi vehementer : I knew nothing ; and with cruel terrours and punishment I was daily compel'd. '^Beza complains in like case of a rigoruus schoolmaster in Paris, that made him, by his continual thun- der and threats, once in a mind to drown himself, had he not met by the way an uncle of his that vindicated him from that misery for the time, by taking him to his house. Trincavel- lius {lib. 1. consil. 16) had a patient nineteen years of age, extreamly melancholy, ob nimium studium Tarvitii et prce- ceptoris minas, by reason of overmuch study, and his ''tutors threats. Many masters are hard hearted, and bitter to their servants, and by that means do so deject, with terrible speeches and hard usage so crucifie them, that they become desperate, and can never be recalled. Others again, in that opposite extream, do as great harm by their too much remissness; they give them no bringing up, no calling to busie themselves about, or to live in, teach them no trade, or set them in any good course ; by means of which, their servants, children, scholars, are carried away with that stream of drunkenness, idleness, gaming, and many such irre- gular courses, that in the end they rue it, curse their parents, and mischief themselves. Too much indulgence causeth the like, ^ inepta patris lenitas etjhcilitas prava, when as, Micio- like, with too much liberty and too great allowance, they feed their childrens humours, let them revel, wench, riot, swagger, »L»b.2. cap. 4. *> Idem. Et, quod maxiuie nocet, dnm in teneris itatitnent, nihil conantur. <^ Praefat. ad Testam. '' Plus mentis prsedagogico aupercilio abstnlit, qnain unquam preeceptis snis sapieatise iustillaTlt. <:Ter. Adal. 3. 4. Mem. 4. Sub*. 2.| Eduratiou^a Came. 217 ami do what they will themselves, and then punish them with a noLse of musicians. "Obsonet, potet, oleat unguenta de meo. Aniat ? dabitur a me argentum, diim erit commodum. Fores efFregit? restituentur; discidit Vestem ? resarcietur .Facial quod lubet, Sumat, consumai;, perdat: de( return est pati. But, as Demea told him, Ui ilium corrnmpi sinis, your lenitv will be his undoina^ ; pravidere v'ldeor jam diem ilhim, qunm hie efiens pro I'll (f let aliquo militatum ; I foresee his ruine. So parents often err : many fond mothers, especially, dote so much upon their children, like ''^sops ape, till in the end they crush them to death. Corpornm nutrices, animarvm noverccc, pampering- up their bodies to the undoing- of their souls, they will not let them be "^ corrected or controled, but still soothed up in every thing- they do, tliat, in conclusion, thei/ bring sor- row, shame, heaviness, to their parents, {Ecclus. cap. 30. 8. 9) become wanton, stubborn, toil f'ul, and disobedient ; I'ude, un- taught^ head-strong, incorrigible, and graceless. They love them so Jbolishh/, (saith '' Cardan) that theg rather seem to hate them, bringing them not up to vertue, but injury, not to learning, but to riot, not to sober lij'e and conversation, but to all pleasure and licentious behaviour. Who is he of so little experience, that knows not this of Fabius to be true ? *^ Educa- tion is another nature, altering the mind andicill,a7id I ivould to God (saith he) we our selves did not spoile our childrens manners, by our overmuch cockering and nice education, and weaken the strength oj' their bodies and minds. That causeth custom, custom nature, &c. For these causes, Plutarch (in his book rfe lib. educ.) and Hierom, (epist. lib. I. epist. 17. to Lazta de institut. jftlice) gives a most especial charge to all pa- rents, and many good cautions about bringing- up of children, that they be not committed to undiscreet,passionate, Bedlam tutors, light, giddy-headed, or covetous persons, and spare for no cost, that they may be well nurtured and taught; it being a matter of so great consequence. For, such parents as do otherwise, Plutarch esteems like them V^a^ are more careful ■Ter. Adel. act 1. sc. 2. ^Camerarius, em. 77. cent 2, hath elegantly ex- pressed it in an emblerae: perdif .^mando, &c. <: I'rov. 13. 24. He that spareth the rod hates his son. <) Lib. 2. de cousol. Tam stulte pueros diligimus, nt odisse potius videaniur •. illos noii ad \irtutem sed ad injtiriain, nou ad eruditionem sed ad luxiim, non ad vitam sed voluptatemeducantes. ^Lib. 1. c. 3. Educatio altera natura ; alterat aninios et voluntateiu : atqueatiDam(iDqiiit) liberoruni nostrorum mores non ipsi perderemus, qiium infantiani statim deliciis sohinius ; moi- lior ista edacatio, quam indulgentiani vocamus, nerves imines, et mentis et corporis, frangit: fit ex his consuetudo, inde natura. fPerinde agit ac siqnia de calceo •it solicitns, pedem nihil cnret. Javen. Nil patri minnn est qnam iilins. z2 :§]8 Cmises of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. of their shooes than of their feet, that rate their Avealth above their children. And he, (saith ^Cardan) that leaves his son to a covetous schoolmaster to be informed, or to a close ahhy to fast and learn tcisdom together, doth no other, than that he be a learned fool, or a sickly wise man. SUBSECT. III. Terrours and Affrights, Causes of Melancholy. jL ULLY (in the fourth of his Tusculans) disting-uisheth these terrours which arise from the apprehension of some terrible object heard or seen, from other fears ; and so doth Patritius {lib. 5. tit. 4. de regis institut.) Of all fears, they are most pernicious and violent, and so suddainly alter the whole tem- perature of the body, move the soul and spirits, strike such a deep impression, that the parties can never be recovered, causing more grievous and fiercer melancholy (as FelixPlater, c. 3. de mentis alienat. ^speaks out of his experience) than any inward cause whatsoever; andimprints it self so forcibly inthe spirits, brain, humours, that, if all the mass of blood were let out of the body, it could hardly be extracted. This horrible kind of melancholy (for so he terms it) had been often brought before him, and troubles and affrights commonly men and ico- men, young and old, of all sorts. "^ Hercules de Saxonia calls this kind of melancholy (ab agitatione spirituum) by a pe- cvdiar name ; it comes from the agitation, motion, contraction, dilatation of spirits, not from any distemperature of humours, and produceth strong effects. This terrour is most usually caused (as '^ Plutarch will have)Jrom some imminent danger, when a terrible object is at hand, heard, seen, or conceived, "truly appearing, or in a ^ dream : and many times, the more sudden the accident, it is the more violent. f Stat terror animis, etcor attonitum salit, Pavidumque trepidis palpitat venis jecur. a Lib. 3. de sapient. Qui avaris paedagog^s pueros alendos dant, vel clauses in coenobiis jejunare simul et sapere, nihil aliud agunt, nisi ut sint vel non sine stultitia eruditi, vel non Integra vita sapientes. t" Terror et metus, maxime ex improviso accidentes, ita animum corarnovent, nt spiritus nunqnam recuperent : gra- vioremque meiancholiani terror facit, quam quae ab interna caussa fit. Impressiotam fortis in spiritibus humoribusque cerebri, ut, extracta tota sauguinea massa, aegre expriaiatnr ; et haec horrenda species melancholia; frequenter oblata mihi, omnes exercens, viros, juvenes, senes. c Tract, de melan. cap. 7. et, 8. Non ab intem- perie, sed agitatione, dilatatione, confractione, molu spirituum. ^ Lib. de fort, et virtnt. Alex. Prassertiiu ineunte periculo, ubi res prope adsunt terribile.s. ^Fit a visione horrenda, revera apparente, vel per insomnia. Platenis. ^ A painters wife in Basil, 1600, somniavit fiiium bello mortuum; inde melancholica consolari jiolait. % Senec. Here. CEt. Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Terrours and Affrights, Causes. 2|9 Their soul's affright, their heart amazed quakes, The trembling liver pants ith' veins, and akes. Artemidorus the g^raminarian lost his wits by the unexpected sig-ht of a crocodile {Laiirentius, 7- de mefan.) ^The massacre at Lions, in. 1572, in the reign of Charles the ninth, was so terrible and fearful, that many ran mad, some died, great- bellied women were brought to bed before their time, gene- rally all affrighted and ag-ast. Many lose their wits '' % the sudden sight of some spectrum or devil, a thing very common in all ages, (saith Lavater, part. 1. cap. 9.) as Orestes did at the sight of the Furies, which appeared to him in black (as "^ Pausanias records). The Greeks call them /xo^//,oXt;xfi«, which so terrifie their souls. Or if they be but affrighted by some counterfeit devils in jest, ( '^ ut pueri trepidant, atque omnia csecis In tenebris metuunt- as children in the dark conceive hobgoblins,and are soreafraid, they are the worse for it all their lives : some, by sudden fires earthquakes, inundations, or any such dismal objects. Themi- son the physician fell into an hydrophobia by seeing one sick of that disease (Dioscorides, /. 6. c. 33) : or by the sight of a monster, a carcase, they are disquieted many months follow- ing, and catmot endure the room where a coarse hath been, for a world would not be alone with a dead man, or lye in that bed many years after, in which a man hath died. At <" Basil, a many little children, in the spring time, went to gather flowers in a meadow at the towns end, where a malefactor hung iu gibbets : all gazing at it, one by chance flung a stone, and made it stir; by which accident the children affrighted ran away : one, slower than the rest, looking back, and seeing the stirred carcase wag towards her, cried out it came after, and was so terribly affrighted, that for many dayesshe could not rest, eat, or sleep; she could notbe pacified, but melancholy died- ''In the same town, another child, beyond the Rhine, saw a grave opened,and,uponthesightof a carcase, was so troubled in mind, that she could not be comforted, but a little after departed, and was buried by it (Platerus, ohservat. /.I). A gentlewoman of the same city saw a fat hog cut up, when the aQuarta pars comment, de statu relifrfonig in Gallia sub Carolo \x. 1572. ^ Ex occursu daRmonnm aliqui furore corripiuntur, ut experientia notiim est. •" Lib. 8. in Arcad. ^ Lucret. « Puellse extra urbem in prato concurrentes, &c. mcEsta et melancholica domuni rediit; per dies aliquot vexata, dummortuaes*. Plater, f Altera trans-Rhenana, ingressa sepulchnim recens apertum, vidit cadaver, et do- mum subito re versa putavit earn vocare : post paucos dies obiit, proximo sepulcrocol- locata. Altera, nahbulum sero prBP.teriftns, metuebat ne nrbe exclusa illic pernocta- ret ; unde melancholica facta,, per multos annos laboravit. Platerus. S20 Cames of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. 2* intrals were opened, and a noysorae savour offended her nose, she much misliked, and would not longer abide ; a physician, in presence, told her, as that hog-, so was she, full of filthy ex- crements, and aggravated the matter by some other loathsome instances, in so much, this nice gentlewoman apprehended it so deeply, that she fell forthwith a vomiting, was so mightily distempered in mind and body, that, with all his art and per- swasions, for some months after, he could not restore her to her self again ; she could not forget it, or remove the object out of her sight {Idem). Many cannot endure to see a wound opened, but they are offended ; a man executed, or labour of any fearful disease, as possession, apoplexies, one be- M'itched : "or, if they read by chance of some terrible thing, the symptomes alone of such a disease, or that which they dis- like, they are instantly troubled in mind, agast, ready to apply it to themselves ; they are as much disquieted, as if they had seen it, or were so affected themselves, Hecatas sibi videntur somniare ; they dream and continually think of it. As la- mentable effects are caused by such terrible objects heard, read, or seen : auditus maximos motus in corpore J'acit, as ^ Plutarch holds ; no sense makes greater alteration of body and mind; sudden speech sometimes, unexpected news, be they good or bad, prcevisa minus oratio, will move as much, (ani- mum ohruere, et de sede sua depcere, as a "^ philosopher ob- serves) will take away our sleep and appetite, disturb and quite overturn us. Let them bear witness, that have heard those tragical alarums, out-cryes, hideous noises, which are many times suddenly heard in the dead of the night by irrup- tion of enemies and accidental fires, &c. those ''panick fears, which often drive men out of their wits, bereave them of sense, understanding, and all, some for a time, some for their whole lives; they never recover it. The '' Msdianites were so af- frighted by Gideons souldiers, they breaking but every one a pitcher; and ^Hannibals army, by such a panick fear, was dis- comfited at the walls of Rome. Augusta Livia, hearing a few tragical verses recited out of Virgil, ( Tu Marcellus eris, ^c.) fell down dead in a swoon. Edinus, king of Denmark, by a sudden sound which he heard, ^was turned into fury, tvith all his men {Cranzius, I. 5. Dan. hist, et Alexander ah Alexan- dra, I. 3. c. 5.) Amatus Lusitanus had a patient, that, by rea- son of bad tidings, became epilepticus (cen. 2. cura 90). Car- dan (subtil. I. is) saw one that lost his wits by mistaking of * Subitus occursus, inopinata lectio. '^Lib. de auditioue. c Theod. Pro- dromus, lib. 7. Amorum. '' Eft'uso cernens fugieutes agnnne turmas, Qiiis mea nunc inflatcornuH ? FauDiis ait. Alciat, einbl. 122. ^Jiid. 6. J9. fPlutar- •huSj vitS ejus. s In fui orem f urn sociis versus. Mem. 4. Subs. 3.] Terrours and Affrights^ Causes. 221 an echo. If one sense alone can cause such violent commo- tions of the mind, what may we think, when hearing, sight, and those other senses, are all troubled at once, as by some earth- quakes, thunder, lightning, lempests, &c. ? At Bologne in Italy, anno 1504, there was such a fearful earthquake about eleven a clock in the night, (as ^ Beroaldus in his book de terrce motn, hath commended to posterity) that all the city trembled, the people thought the world was at an end, actum de morta- libus ; such a fearful noise it made, such a detestable smell, the inhabitants were infinitely affrighted, and some ran mad. Audi rem atrocem, et annalibus memorandam (mine author adds) : hear a strange story and worthy to be chronicled : I had a servant at the same time, called Fulco Argelanus, a bold and proper man, so grievously terrified with it, ''that he was first melancholy, after doted, at last mad, and made away himself. At "^ Fuscinum in Japona, there was such an earthquake and darkness on a sudden, that many men were offended toith head- ach, many overwhelmed ivith sorrow and melancholy. At Mea- cum, lohole streets and goodly palaces were overturned at the same time ; and there ivas such an hideous noise withal, like thunder, and filthy smell, that their hair stared for Jear, and their hearts quaked ; men and beasts weie incredibly terrified. In Sacai, another city, the same earthquake was so terrible unto them, that many were bereft of their senses; and others, by that horrible spectacle, so much amazed, that they knew not what they did. Blasius, a Christian, the reporter of the news, was so aftrighted for his part, that, though it were two moneths after, he was scarce his own man, neither could he drive the remembrance of it out of bis mind. Many times, some years following they will tremble afresh atthe "^remembrance or con- ceit of such a terrible object; even all their lives long, if men- tion be made of it. Cornelius Agrippa relates (outof Gulielmus Parisiensis) a story of one, that, after a distasteful purge which a physician had prescribed unto him, Mas so much moved, ^ that at the veiy sight of physick, he would be distempered : though he never so much assmelled to it, the box of physicklong after would give him a purge ; nay the very remembrance of it did 3 Snbitaneas terrse motus. ^Cocpit inde desipere cum dispendio sanitatis, inde adeo dementans, ut »ibi ipsi mortem inferret, c Historica relatio de rebus Japonicis, tract. 2, de legal, regis Chinensis, a Lodovico Frois Jesuita, A. 1596. Fuscini dere- pente tanta aeris caligo et terrse motus, ut multi capita dolerent, plnrimis cor moerore et melancholia obrueretur. Tautura fremitum edebat, ut tonitru fragorem imitari videre- tur, tantamque, 8cc. In urbe Sacai tarn horriticus fuit, ut homines vix sui compotes essent, a sensibus abalienati, moerore oppress! tam horrendo spectaculo, &c. <* Quun snbit illius tristissima noctls imago. ( Qui Koloaspectu mediclua: movebaturad porgandura. 222 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. effect it; "like travellers and seamen, (saitli Plutarch) that when they have been sanded^ or dashed on a rock, for ever after foar not that mischance only, but all such dangers whatsoever. SUBSECT. IV. Scoffs, Calumnies, bitter Jests, how they cause Melancholy., At is an old saying-, ^ a blow with a word strikes deeper than a blow icith a sword: and many men are as much gaitled with a calumny, '^a scurril and bitter jest, a libel, a pasquil, sa- tyre, apologe, epigram, stage-playes, or the like, as with any misfortune whatsoever. Princes and potentates, thatare other- wise happy, and have all at command, secure and free, quibus potentia sceleris impunitatem fecit, are grievously vexed with these pasquellinglibells and satyrs: they fear arailing^Aretine, more than an enemy in the field : which made most princes of his time (as some relate) alloic him a liberal pension, that he shouldnot tax them in his satyrs. The gods had their Momus, Homer his Zoilus, Achilles his Thersites, Philip his Demades : the Csesars themselves in Rome were commonly taunted. There was never wanting a Petronius,a Lucian, in those times; nor will be a Rabelais, an Euphormio, a Boccalinus, in ours. Adrian the sixth,pope,^ was so highly offended and grievously vexed with pasquils at Rome, he gav e command that statue should be demolished and burned, the ashes flung into the river Tiber, and had done it forthwith, had notLudovicusSues- sanus, a facete companion, disswaded him'to the contrary, by telling him that Pasquils ashes would turn to frogs in the bot- tom of the river, and croak worse and lowder than before. Genus irritabile vatum ; and therefore ^ Socrates (in Plato) ad- viseth all his friends, that respect their credits, to stand in awe of poets, for they are terrible felloivs, can praise and dispraise ^ as they see cause. Hinc, quam sit calamus ssevlor ense, patet The prophet David complains, (Psal. 123.4) that his soul teas full of the mocking of the icealthy, and of the despiteful- ness of the proud ; and (Psal. 55. 4.) for the voice of the wicked^ aSicut viatores, si ad saxum impegerint, aut nautae. memores sui casus, nonistaino- do quK offendunt, sed et similia, horrent perpetuo et tremunt. bLeviter volant, graviter vulnerant. Bernardus. c Eusis sauciat corpus, meutem sermo. <• Sciatis eum esse qui a nemine fere aevi sui magnate non illustre stipendiuni habuit, ne mores ipsorum satyris suis notaret Gasp. Barthius, prasfat. parnodid. <= Jovius, in vita ejus. Gravissime tulit famosis libellisnomen saum ad Pasquilli statnam fuisse lacera- tum; decrevitque ideo statuam demoliri, &c. <" Plato, lib. 13. de legibus. Qui exlstimationem curant, poetas Tcreantur, quia magnam vim habent ad laudanduiu et yituperandum. Mem. 4. Subs. 4.] Scoffs, Calumnies, hitter Jests, ^e. 22-5 S\c. and their hate, his heart trembled within him, arid the terrors of' death came upon him : fear and horrible fear, Sfc. (and Psal. 69. 20.) Rebuke hath broken my heart ; and I am full of heaviness. Who hath not like cause to complain, and is not so troubled, that shall fall into the mouths of such men? for many are of so ''petulant a spleen, and have that fignre sar- casmus so often in their mouths, so bitter, so foolish, (as ''Balthasar Castilio notes of them) that theif cannot speak, hut thetj must bite ; they had rather lose a friend than a jest : and what company soever they come in, they will be scoffing-, in- sultino- over their inferiours, especially over such as any way depend upon them, humoring, misusing, or putting gulleries on some or other, till they have made, by their humoring or guUino-, "^ ex stnlto insanum, a mope or a noddy, and all to make themselves merrv : -'1 dummodo risum Excutiat sibi, non hie cuiquam parcit amico : friends, neuters, enemies, all are as one; to make a fool a mad- man, is their sport ; and they have no greater felicity than to scoff andderide others; they must sacrifice to the god of laugh- ter (with them in * Apuleius) once a day, or else they shall be melancholy themselves : they care not how they grinde and misuse others, so they may exhilarate their own persons. Their w its indeed serve them to that sole purpose, to make sport, to break a scurrile jest; which is levissimus ingenii fructus, the froth of wit (as 'Tully holds) ; and for this they "are often applauded. In all other discourse, dry, barren, stra- mineous, dull and heavy, here lyes their genius ; in this they alone excell, please themselves and others. Leo Decimus, that scoffing pope, (as Jovius hath registered in the fourth book of his life) took an extraordinary delight in humouring of silly fel- lows, and to put gulleries upon them ; s by commending some, perswadhiif others to do this or that, he made ex stolidis stul- tissinws et maxime ridiculos, ex stultis insanos — soft fellows, stark noddies ; and such as were foolish, quite mad — before he left them. One memorable example he recites there, of Ta- rascomus of Parma, a musician, that was so humoured by Leo Decimus, , and Bibiena his second in this business, that he thought h.mself to be a man of most excellent skill, (who was indeed a ninny) ; they ^ made him set foolish songs, and in- » Petulanti splene cachinno. b Curial. lib. 2. Ea quorumdam est inscitia, ut, quoties loqui, toties inorrlere licere sibi putent. ^'Ter. Euuuch. <• Hor. Ser. 1. 2. Sat. 4. "^ Lib. 2. f De orat. « Laudando, et mira iia per- snadendo. i> Et vana inflatus opinione, incredibilia ac ridenda quaedam musiceti prascepta commentaretur, &c. S24 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. vent new ridiculous precepts, which they did highly commend^ as to tye his arm that played on tlie lute, to make him strike a sweeter stroke, ^ and to pull down the Arras hangings, because the voice would he clearer, by reason of the reverberation of the wall. In the like manner they perswaded one Barabal- lius of Caieta, that he was as good a poet as Petrarch ; would have him to be made a laureat poet, and invite all his friends to his instalment; and had so possessed the poor man with a con- ceit of his excellent poetry, that, when some of his more dis- creet friends told him of his folly, he was very angry with them, and said ^ they envy ed his honour and prosperity. It was strange (saith Jovius) to see an old man, of sixty years, a venerable and grave old man, so gulled. But what cannot such scoffers do, especially if they find a soft creature, on whom they may work? Nay, to say truth,who is so wise, or so discreet, that may not be humoured in this case, especially if some excellent wits shall set upon him 1 He that mads others, if he vvere so humoured, would be as mad himself, as much grieved and tormented ; he might cry with them in the comedy, Proh Jupiter ! tu homo me adigis ad insaniam : for all is in these things as they are taken : if he be a silly soul, and do not perceive it, 'tis well ; he may happily make others sport, and be no whit troubled himself: but if he be apprehensive of his folly, and take it to heart, then it torments him worse than any lash. A bitter jest, a slander, a calumny, pierceth deeper than any loss, danger, bodily pain, or injury whatsoever ; leviter enim volat,(as Bernard, of an arrow) sed graviter vulnerat ; especially if it shall proceed from a virulent tongue, it cuts (saith David) like a two-edged sword. They shoot bitter words as arrows (Psal. 64. 3.); and they smote with their tongues (Jer. 18. 18), and that so hard that they leave an incurable wound behind them. Many men are un- done by this means, moped, and so dejected, that they are never to be recovered ; and, of all other men living, those which are actually melancholy, or inclined to it, are most sensible, (as being suspicious, cholerick, apt to mistake) and impatient of an injury in that kind; they aggravate, and so meditate continu- ally of it, that it is a perpetual corrosive, not to be removed, till time wear it out. Although they, peradventure, that so scoff, do it alone in mirth and merriment, and hold it optimum aliendfrui insanid, an excellent thing to enjoy another mans madness ; yet they must know that it is a mortal sin (as *^ Thomas holds), and (as the prophet ^ David denouncetn) they that use it shall never dwell in Gods tabernacle. ' Ut voces, Qudis parietibus illiste, suavius ac acutius rcsilirent. '' Immortalitati ct glorije suae prursus invideutes. ^^ 3. 2d3e quKst 75, Irriso mortale peccatum. i Psal. 15. 3. Mem. 4. Subs. 4.] Scoff s^ Calumnies, bittei- Jest a, S,'c. 225 Such scurrile jests, flouts, and sarcasms, therefore, ought not at all to be used, especially to our betters, to those that are in misery, or any way distressed : for, to siu'h,a?rwn7iarum incre- mentasytit, they multiply grief; and (as ''he perceived) mm?//^/* pudor, in mnlfis iraamdia, ^c. many are asl)amed, many vexed, angred; and there is no greater cause or furtherer of melancholy. Martin Cromerus,in the sixth book of his history, hath a pretty storv to this purpose, of Vladislaus the Second, king of Poland, and Peter Dunnius, earl of Shrine; they had been hunting late, and were enforced to lodae in a poor cottage. When they went to bed, Vladislaus told the earl in jest, that his m ife lay softer Avith the abbot of Shrine : he not able to contain, replyed, £"/ tun cum Dabesso, and yours with Dabessus, a gallant young gentleman in the court whom Christina the queen loved. Tetigit id dictum principis animnm; these words of his so galled the prince, that he was long after tristis et cogitabundus, very sad and melancholy for many moneths: but they were the earls utter undoing; for when Christina heard of it, she persecuted him to death. Sophia the empress, Justinians wife, broke a bitter jest upon Narsesthe eunuch, (a famous captain, then dis- quieted for an overthrow which he lately had) that he was fitter for a distaff, andteep women company, than to wield a sword, or to be general of an army : but it cost her dear; for he so far distasted it, that he went forthwith to the adverse part, much troubled in his thoughts, caused the Lumbards to rebell, and thence procured many miseries to the common-wealth. Tibe- rius the emperour withheld a legacy from the people of Rome, which his predecessorAugustushad lately given, and perceiving a fellow sound a dead coarse in the ear, would needs know wherfore he did so : the fellow replyed, that he wished the de- parted soul to signify to Augustus, the commons of Rome were yet unpaid : for this bitter jest the emperour caused him forth- with to be slain, and carry the news himself. For this reason, all those that otherwise approve jests in some cases, andfacete companions, (as who doth not?) let them laugh and be merry, rtimpuntur et ilia Codro ; 'tis laudable and fit; those yet will by no means admit them in their companies, that are any wayes in- clined to this malady ; non jocandum cum Us qui miseri sunt et (vrtimnosi: no jesting with a discontented person. 'Tis Castilios caveat, ''Jo. Pontanus, and '^ Galateus, and every good mans : Play with me, but hurt me not : Jest with me, but shame me not. Com^Vrts is a vertue betwixt rw.s'?jc?7?/andsc7 De sci monc, lib. 4. cap. 3. ' Fol. 55. Galatfuij. 226 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. ceed ; but be still accompanied with that * a^^aQuii or inno- cency, quoR nemini nocet, omnem hijurice oblationem abhorrens^ hurts no man, abhors all offer of injury. Though a man be liable to such a jest or obloquy, have been overseen, or commit- ted a fold fact, yet it is no good manners or humanity, to up- braid, to hit him in the teeth with his offence, or to scoff at such a one ; 'tis an old axiom, turpis inreum omnis exp^obratio. I speak not of such as generally tax vice, Barclay, Gentilis, Erasmus, Agrippa, Fishcartus, &c. the Varronists andLucians of our time, satyrists, epigrammatists, comcedians, apologists, &c. but such as personate, rail, scoff, calumniate, perstringe by name, or in presence offend : i* Ludit qui stolida procacitate, > Non est Sestius ille, sad caballus ; 'tis horse-play this ; and those jests (as he '^saith) are no better than injuries, biting jests, mordentes et aculeati ; they are poy- soned jests, leave a sting behind them, and ought not to be used. ** Set not thy foot to make the blind to fall, Nor wilfully offend thy weaker brother; Nor wound the dead with thy tongues bitter gall ; Neither rejoice thou in the fall of other. If these rules could be kept, we should have much more ease and quietness than we have, less melancholy : whereas, on the contrary, we study to misuse each other, how to sting and gaul, like two fighting boars, bending all our force and wit, friends, fortunes, to crucifie ^ one anothers souls ; by means of which, there is little content and charity, much virulency, hatred, malice, and disquietness among us. * Tully, Tusc. quasst. bMart. lib. 1. epig'. 35. ^ Tales joci ab injuriia pon possint discerni. Galateus, fo. 55. d Pybrac. in bis Qnatrains, 37. « EgQ bnjns misera fatuitate et dementia oonflictor. TuU. ad Attic, lib. 11. Mein. 4. Subs. 5.] Loss of Liberty, Servitude, c^e. 227 SUBSECT. V. Loss of Liberty, Servitude, Imprisonment, how they cause Melancholy. A O tbis catalogue of causes^ I may well annex loss of liberty, servitude, or imprisonment, wbicb to some persons is as g-reat a torture as any of tbe rest. Though they have all things convenient, sumptuous houses to their use, fair walks and gardens, delicious bowers, galleries, good fare and dyet, and all things corsespondent, yet they are not content, because they are confined, may not come and go at their plea- sure ; have and do what they will, but live ^aliend (juadrd, at another mans table and command. As it is ''in meats, so is it in all other things, places, societies, sports ; let them be never so pleasant, conmiodious, wholsom, so good ; yet om- nium reriim est satietas, there is a loathing satiety of all things (the children of Israel were tired with manna): it is irksome to them so to live, as to a bird in a cage, or a dog in his ken- nel ; they are weary of it. They are happy, it is true, and have all things (to another mans judgement) that heart can wish, or that they themselves can desire, bona si sua norint : yet they lothe it, and are tired with the present. Est natura hominmn novitatis avida ; mens nature is still desirous of news, variety, delights; and our wandering affections are so irregular in this kind, that they must change, though it be to the worst. Bachelors must be married, and married men would be bachelors ; they do not love their own wives, though otherwise fair, wise, vertuous,,and well qualified, because they are theirs: our present estate is still the worst; we cannot en- dure one course of life long (et quod modo voverat, odit), one calling long {essein honorejuvat, mox displicet) , one place long, <^ RomcE Tibur amo ventosus, Tibure Romam : that which we earnestly sought, we now contemn. Hoc quos- dam affit ad mortem ('' saith Seneca) quod proposita scope mu- tando in eadem revolvuntur, et non relinqunnt novitati locum. Fastidio coepit esse vita, et ipse mundus ; et subit illud rapi- dissimarum deliciarum, Quousque eadem ? this alone kills many a man, that they are tyed to the same still ; as a horse in a mill, a dog in awheel, they run round, without alteration or news ; their life groweth odious, the world loathsome, and that which crosseth their furious delights, What ?- still the same ? Marcus Aurelius and Solomon, that had experience of 'Migeram est alien^ vivere quadrii. Juv. bCrambe bis eocla. — Vitae we redde priori. «Hor. ^D« tranquil, nuimse. Cavsfs of Melancholy. [Part, I . Sec, 2. all worldly delight and pleasure, confessed as much of them- selves : v/hat they most desired, was tedious at last, and that their lust could never be satisfied ; all was vanity and affliction of mind. Now, if it be death it self, another hell, to be glutted with one kind of sport, dieted with one dish, tyed to one place, though they have all thing's otherwise as they can desire, and are in heaven to another mans opinion — what misery and discontent shall they have, that live in slavery, or in prison itself? Quod tristius morte, in servihite vivendHm,as Herniolaiis told Alex- ander in ''Curtius; Morse than death is bondage : ^' hoc animo scAto omnes fortes, ut mortem servituti anteponant ; all brave men at arms (Tully holds) are so affected. '^ Equidem ego is sum, qui servitutem extremum omnium malornm esse arbitror : I am he (saith Boterus) that account servitude the extremity tf misery. And what calamity do they endure, that live with those hard task masters, in gold-mines (like those thirty thousand '^ Indian slaves at Potosa in Peru), tin-mines, lead-mines, stone-quarries, cole-pits, like so many mould- warps under ground, condemned to the gallies, to perpetual drudgery, hunger, thirst, and stripes, v/ithout all hope of de- livery ? How are those women in Turkic affected, that most part of the year come not abroad ; those Italian and Spanish aames, that are mewed up like hawks, and lockt up by their jealous husbands ? how tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together ? as in Island, Muscovy, or under the •'pole it self, where they have six moneths perpetual night. Nay, what misery and discontent do they endure, that are in prison ? They want all those six non-natural things at once, good air, good dyet, exercise, company, sleep, rest, ease, &c. that are bound in chains all day long, suffer hunger, and (as "^^Lucian describes it) 7niist abide that fit hy stink, andrat- ling of chains, howling, pitifil out-crges, that prisoners ns?t- ally make : these things are not only troublesome, but intole- rable. They lye nastily among toads and frogs in a dark dun- geon, in their own dung, in pain of body, in pain of soul, as Joseph did (Psal. 105. 18, They hurt his feet in the stocks ; the iron entred his soul) : they live solitarily, alone, seques- tred from all company but heart-eating melancholy : and, for want of meat, must eat that bread of affliction, prey upon themselves. Well might s Arculanus put long imprisonment for a cause, especially to such as, having lived jovially in all sensuality and lust, upon a sudden are estranged and debarred > Lib. 8. bTuUius Lepiijo, Fam. 10. 27. c Boterus, 1. 1. poiit. cap. 4. <* Laet. descrip. Americae. « If there be any inhabitants. ' In Toxari. Interdiu quidem coilum vinctum est, et manus constricta ; noctu vero totum corpus vincitiir : ad has miserias accedit corporis I'oelor, strepitus ejolantium, souini bre^itas : hapc omnia plane molesta et intolerabilia. 8 In 9 Rhasis. Mem. 4. Subs. ().] Poverty and Want^ Cause. 229 from all manner of pleasures ; as were Hunniades, Edward and Richard the Second, Valerian the emperour, Ba.jazet the Turk. If it be irksome to miss our ordinary companions and repast for once a day, or an hour, what shall it be to lose them for ever? If it be so g-reat a delight to live at liberty, and to enjoy that variety of objects the world affords, what misery and discontent must it needs bring to him, that shall be now cast headlong into that Spanish inquisition, to fall from hea- ven to hell, to be cubbed up upon a sudden ? how shall he be perplexed ? what shall become of him ? =* Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, being imprisoned by his youngest brother Henry the First, ah illo die inconsolabili dolore in carcere contahuit (saith Matthew Paris), from that day forward pined away with grief. '^ Jugiirth, that generous captain, brour/ht to Rome in triumph^ and aj'ter imprimned, throiigh anf/iiish oj" his soulj and melancholy^ dyed.. ^ Roger, bishop of Salisbury, the se- cond man from king" Stephen, (he that built that famous cas- tle of '^ Devises in Wiltshire) was so tortured in prison with hunger, and all those calamities accompanying such men, * ut vivere noluerit, mori nescierit, he would not live, and could not dye, betwixt fear of death and torments of life. Francis, king- of France, was taken prisoner by Charles the Fifth, ad mortem fere melancholicus, saith Guicciardine, me- lancholy almost to death, and that in an instant. But this is as clear as the sun, and needs no further illustration. SUBSECT. VI. Poverty and Want, Causes of Melancholy . X OVERTY and want are so violent oppugners, so un- welcome guests, so much abhorred of all men, that I may not omit to speak of them apart. Poverty, although (if con- sidered aright, to a wise, understanding, truly regenerate, and contented man) it be donum Dei, a blessed estate, the way to heaven (as ^ Chrysostome calls it), Gods gift, the mother of modesty, and much to be preferred before riches (as shall be shewed in his § place), yet, as it is esteemed in the worlds cen- sure, it is a most odious calling, vile and base, a severe torture, summinn scelus, a most intolerable burthen. We ''shun it all, » William the Conqncrors eldest son. •> Sallust. Romam trinmpho ductus, tandenique in carcerem conjectus, aninii dolore periit. ^ Camden, in Wiltsii. Miserum senem ita fame et calamitatibus in carcere fregit, inter mortis metum et vit* tormenta, &c. Quern, ut difficilem morbiim, piieris tradere fornai danaa. Pl«t. 230 Causes of Melancholij. [Part. 1. Sec. t>. eane pejus et angue : we abhor the name of it, (* Paupertas fugitur : totoque arcessitur orbe- • • • ) as being the fountain of all other miseries, cares, woes, labours and grievances whatsoever. To avoid which, we will take any pains ; ( extremes currit mercator ad Indos) we will leave no haven, no coast, no creek of the world, un- searched, though it be to the hazard of our lives ; we will dive to the bottom of the sea, and to the bowels of the earth, ''five, six, seven, eight, nine hundred fathom deep, through all the five zones, and both extreams of heat and cold : we will turn parasites and slaves, prostitute our selves, swear and lye, damn our bodies and souls, forsake God, abjure religion, steal, rob, murder, rather than endure this unsuii'erable yoke of poverty, which doth so tyrannize, crucifie, and generally depress us. For, look into the world, and you shall see men, most part, esteemed according* to their means, and happy as they are rich : '^ uhique tanti qnisqne, quantum habuit, J'uit. If he be likely to thrive, and in the way of preferment, who but he ? In the vulgar opinion, if a man be wealthy, no matter how he gets it, of what parentage, how qualified, how vertuously en- dowed, or villanously inclined ; let him be a bawd, a gripe, an usurer, a villain, a pagan, a barbarian, a wretch, '^Lucians tyrant on tvhoni you may look with less security, than on the sun — so that he be rich (and liberal withall) he shall be ho- noured, admired, adored, reverenced, and highly '^magnified. The rich is had in reputation, because oj' his goods (Eccles, 10. 31) : he shall be befriended ; Jor riches gather many Jriends (Prov. 19. 4;) multos numerabit amicos ; all happiness ebbs and flows with his money. He shall be ac- counted a gracious lord, a Meeceon^, a henefactor, a wise, discreet, a proper, a valiant, a fortunate man, of a generous spirit, pullus Jovis, et gallince Jilius alba?, a hopeful, a good man, a vertuous honest man. Quando ego te Junonium puerum, et matris partum vere aureum, as ^Tully said of Octavianus, while he was adopted Csesar, and an '' heir appa- rent of so great a monarchy ; he was a golden child. All ' honour, ofRces, applause, grand titles, and turgent epithets, are put upon him; omnes omnia bona dicere; all mens eyes a Lucan. 1. 1. ''As in the silver mines in Friburo;h in Germany. Fines RIo- rison. c Euripides. dXom. 4. dial. Minore periculo solem quain hunc defixis oculis licet intueri. ^ Omnis enim res, Virtus, fama, decus, diviua humanaque, pulchris Divitiis parent. Hor. Sen 1. 2. Sat 3. Clarus erit, fortis, Justus, sapiens etiam rex, Et quidquid volet. Hor. fEt genus, et formam, regina P^cuuia donat. Money adds spirits, courage, &c. i? Epist. ult. ad Atticura. '' Our young master^ a fine towardly gentleman, (God bless him !) and hopeful. Why ? he is heir apparent to the right worshipful, to the right honourable, &c. iO nummi, nummi! vobis hunc prsestat honoreni. Mem. 4. Subs, fi.] Povpr/y and Want, Causes, 251 are upon Iiiin, " God bless his jrood Worship! his honour!" » ererymanspeaks well of him ; every man presenfs.hira, seeks and sues to him for his Jove, favour, and protection, to serve him, belong unto him ; every matiriseth to him, as to Themis- tocles in the Oiympicks; if he speak, (as of Herod) uoa- Dei, nan homhns ! the -voice of God, not of man ! All the o-races, Veneres, pleasures, elegances attend him : ''g-olden Fortune' accompanies and Jodg-eth with him, and (as to those Romnn emperours) is placed in his chamber. -^ Secuia naviget aurA, Fortuiiamque suo temperet arbitrio; he may sail as he will himself, and temper his estate at his pleasure: jovial days, splendor and mao-nificence, sweet mu- S!ck, dainty fare, the oood things and fat of the land, fine clothes, rich attires, soft beds, down pillows, are at his com- mand ; all the world labours for him; thousands of artificers are his slaves, to drudge for him, run, ride, and post for him : diymes (for Pytliia phiUppizat), lawyers, physicians, philo- sophers, scholars, are his, wholly devote to his service. Every man seeks his acquaintance, his kindred, to match with him: yhough he be an aufe, a ninuy,a monster, agoos-cap, uxorem ducat Datmen, when and whom he will : hunc optant generum rex et rer/ina—he is an excellent ^ match for my son, my dau«-hter, my niece, &c. Quidquid calcaverit hie, rosa Jiet ; let bim go whither he will, trumpets sound, bells ring, &c. all happiness attends him ; every man is willing to entertain him ; he sups in s Apollo wheresoever he comes: what preparation IS made for his '' entertainment! fish and fowl, spices and per- fumes, all that sea and land affords. What cookery, masking- mirth, to exhilarate his person ! ' Da Trebio ; pone ad Trebium ; vis, frater, ab illis Hibus ? What dish will your good worship eat of? ^ dulcia poma, Et quoscunque feret cultus tibi fundus honores, Ante Larem gustet venerabilior Lare dives. Sweet apples, and whate're thy fields aftbrd, Before the Gods be serv'd, let serve thy Lord. ; Exiude sapere eum omnes dicimus, ac quisque fortnnam habet. Plaut. Pseud, c ^"^■^^.^^'"■tuna pnncipnm rubiculis reponi solita. Julius Capitolinus, vitS Antouiui. reironius. .1 Theologi opulentis adhaerent, jurisperiti pecuniosis, literati f n^m '^' '■'?f'Tj'''"\a'-t.fices. e Muiti ilium juvenes, multa petiere puells. ' Duramodo sit dives, barbarus ille placet. ir Plut. in Lucullo. A rich cham- oer so called. h Pan.s p,,„e melior. i Juv. Sat. 5. k Hor. Sat. 5 VOL. I. A A 282 Cautes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. What sport will your honour have ? hawking-, hunting, fish- ino-, fowling, bulls, bears, cards, dice, cocks, players, tum- blers, fidlers, jesters, &c. they are at your good worships com- mand. Fair houses, gardens, orchards, terrasses, galleries, cabi- nets, pleasant walks, delightsom places, they are at hand ; ^itt aureis lac, vinum in argenteis, adolescentulcE ad nutiim speci- osce, wine, wenches, &c. a Turkie paradise, an heaven upon earth. Though he be a silly soft fellow, and scarce have common sense, yet if he be born to fortunes, (as I have said) ^jure hcereditario sapere juhetnr, he must have honour and office in his course ; '^ nemo, nisi dives, honore digitus (Ambros. offic. 21); none so worthy as himself: he shall have it; atque esto quidquid Servius aut Labeo. Get money enough, and com- mand ^ kingdoms, provinces, armies, hearts, hands, and affec- tions ; thou shalt have popes, patriarks, to be thy chaplains and parasites ; thou shalt have (Tamberlain-like) kings to draw thy coach, queens to be thy landresseSjCmperours thy foot-stools, build more towns and cities than great Alexander, Babel towers, pyramids, and Mausoleail tombs, &c. command heaven and earth, and tell the world it is thy vassal ; auro emitur diadema, argento coelum pauditur, denarius philosophum con- ducit, jiummus jus cogit, oholus liter atum pascit, metallum sa- nitatem conciliat, ces arnicas conglutinat. And therefore, not without o-ood cause, John Medicos, that Rich Florentine, when he lay upon his death-bed, calling his sons Cosmus and Lau- rence before him, amongst other sober sayings, repeated this, Animo quieto digredior, quod vos sanos et divites post me re- linquam; it doth me good to think yet, though I be dying, that I shall leave you, my children, sound and rich; for wealth sways all. It is not with us, as amongst those Lace- daemonian senators of Lycurgus in Plutarch — he prejerred, that deserved best, was most vertuous andioorthy of the place ; ^ not swiftness, or strength, or wealth, or friends, carryed it in those dayes ; hwt inter optimos optimus, inter temperantes temperantissimus, the most temperate and best. We have no aristocracies but in contemplation, all oligarchies, wherein a iew rich men domineer, do what they list, and are privi- leo-ed by their greatness. *^They may freely trespass, and do as they please ; no man dare accuse them, no not so much as mutter against them; there is no notice taken of it; they may securely do it, live after their own laws, and, for their mo- » Bobemus, de Turcig ; et Bredenbach. •> Euphormio. '■Quipecunian} habent, elati sunt animis, lofty spirits, brave men at arms : all rich men are generous, eouragious, &c. Pauper panes factus, quem caniculae conimingant. "Lib. I. cap. u!t. ^Deos omnes illis infensos diceres ; tam pannosi, fame fracti, tot assidue malis afSciuntor, tamquam pecora qiiibus splendor ratiunis emortuus. Mem. 4. Subs 6.] Poverty and Want, Causes. 235 rudiores asinis, ut e brutis plane natos dicas ; no learning-, no knowledge, no civility, scarce common sense, nought but barbarism amongst them ; belhiino more vivunt, neque calceos gestant, neqne vestes ; like rogues and vagabonds, they go bare-footed and bare-legged, the souls of their feet being as hard as horse hoofs, (as "Iladzivilius observed at Damiatain Egypt) leading a laborious, miserable, wretched, unhappy life, '' like beasts and Juments, if not ivorse (for a ^ Spaniard in Tucatau sold three Indian boyes for a cheese, and an hundred negroe slaves for an horse) : their discourse is scurrility, their suinmum bonum a pot of ale. There is not any slavery which these villains will not undergo : inter illos plerique latrinas evacnunt ; alii cnlinariam cnrunt ; alii stabnlarios agunt, nrinatores ; et id genns similia e.vcrcent, ^-c. like those people thatdwell in the '^ Alps, chimney-sweepers, jakes-farmers, dirt- daubers, vagrant rogues, they labour hard some, and yet can- not get clothes to put on, or bread to eat ; for what can filthy poverty give else, but * beggery, fulsom nastiness, squalor, contempt, drudgery, labour, ugliness, hunger and thirst, pedi- culornm et pulicum nnmerum (as 'he well followed it in Aris- tophanes) tleas and lice? pro ^jrt//io vestem lacrram, et pro pulvinari lapidem bene magmtm ad caput, rags for his ray- inent, and a stone for his pillow, pro cathedra, ruptce caput urnw, he sits in a broken pitcher, or on a block, for a chair, et malvce ramos pro panibus comedif, he drinks water, and lives on wort leaves, pulse, like a hogg, or scraps like a dog : nt nunc nobis vita afficitur, qnis non pntabit insaniam esse, infelicitatemqne ? (as Chreniylus concludes his speech) as we poor men live now adayes, who will not take our life to be 8 infelicity, misery, and madness ? If they be of little better condition than those base villains, hunger-starved beggars, wandring rogues, those ordinary slaves, and day-labouring drudges, yet they are coumioniy so preyed upon by ''poling officers for breaking laws, by their tyrannizing landlords, so flead and fleeced by perpetual 'ex- actions, that though they do drudge, fare hard, and starve their Genius, they cannot live in some ''countries ; but what they have is instantly taken from them ; the very care they take to live, to be drudges, to maintain their poor families, » Peregrin, ^ieros. ''Nihil omnino naeliorem vitam deg^nt, quani fera? in siJvis, jainenta in terns. Leo Afer. <^ Bartholomseus a Casa. -lOrfelius, in Hel- vetia. Qui habitant in Csesia valle ut plurimum latomi, in Oscella valle cultromm fabri, famarii in Vigetia, sordiHam genus hominnm, quod repnrgandis caminis victum parat « I write not this, any wayes to upbraid, or scoffe at. or misuse poor men, but rather to condole and pity them, by expressing, &c. fChremylns, act 4, Pint, ff Panpertas durum onus miseris mortalibus. ^ Vexat censura columbas. ' Deux ace non possunt, et sixcinque solvere nolunt; Omnibus est notum quaire tre •olvere totiun, '■Scandia, Afnca, Lituania. 23(5 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 9.- their trouble and anxiety, takes away their sleep {Sirac. 31. 1); it makes them Meary of tlieir lives: when they have taken all pains, done their utmost and honest endeavours, if they be cast behind by sickness, or overtaken with years, no man pities them; hard-liearted and merciless, uncharitable as they are, they leave them so distressed, to beg", steal, murmur, and ^ rebel, or else starve The feeling- and fear of this misery compelled those old Romans, whom Meneniiis Agrippa pacified, to resist their govenours — outlaws, and rebels in most places, to fake up seditious amies ; and in all ages hath caused uproars, murmurings, seditions, rebellions, thefts, murders, mutinies, jarrs and contentions in every commonwealth, grudg- ing', repining, complaining, discontent in each private family, because they want means to live according to their callings, bring up their children ; it breaks their hearts, they cannot do as they would. No greater misery than, for a lord to have a knights living, a gentleman a yeomans, not to be able to live as his birth and place requires. Poverty and Avant are gene- rally corrosive to all kinds of men, especially to such as have been in good and flourishing estate, are suddenly distressed, ^ nobly born, liberally brought up, and, by some disaster, and casualty, miserably dejected. For the rest, as they have base fortunes, so they have base minds correspondent — likebeetles,e stercore orti, e stercore victus, in stercore delicimn — as they were obscurely born and bred, so they delight and live in ob- scenity; the}' are not so thoroughly touched with it. Augustas animas angusto in pectore versant. Yea (that which is no small cause of their torments) if once they come to be in distreS'?, they are forsaken of their fellows, most part neglected, and left unto themselves; vts poor "^Te- rence in Rome was by Scipioj I^lius, and Furius, his great and noble friends, Nihil Publius Scipio profuit, nil ei Lselius, nil Furius, Tres per idem tenipus qui agitabant nobiles faqillime. Horum ille opera ne domum quidem habuit conductitiani. 'Tis generally so : Tempera si fuerint nubila, solus eris ; he is left cold and comfortless -, NuUus ad amissas ibit amicus opes ; all flee from him, as from a rotten wall, now ready to fall on a Montaigne, in his Essayes, speaks of certain Indians in France, that being asked how they liked the countrey, wondered how a few rich men conld keep so many poor men in subjection, that they did not cut their throats. b Augustas anima» am- moso in pectore versans. < Donatns, vit. ejus. Mem. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty, and Want, Causes. 537 their heads. Prov. 19. 4. Poverty separates them from their * neighbours : ^ Dum fortuna favet, vultum servatis, amici : Cum cecidit, turpi vertitis ora fuga. Whil'st fortune favour'd, friends, you smil'd on me: But, when she fled, a friend I could not see. Which is worse yet, if he be poor, •= every man contemns him, insults over him, oppressethhim,scoffs at, aggravates his misery, ^ Quum coepit quassata domus subsidere, partes In proclinatas omne recumbit onus. When once the tottering house begins to shrink, Thither comes all the weight by an instinct. Nay,they are odious to their own brethren, and dearest friends : (Prov. 19. 7) his brethren hate him, if he be poor : ^omnes vicini oderunt, his neighbours hate him (Prov. 14. 20.) ^omnes me noti ac ignoti deservnt, (as he complained in the comedy) friends and strangers, all forsake'me. Which is most grievous, poverty makes men ridiculous : Nil habet infeiix paupertas durius in se, Quam quod ridicules homines facit : they must endure § jests, taunts, flouts, blows of their betters* and take all in good part to get a meals meat. ^ Magnum pauperies opprobrium jubet Quidvis et facere et pati. He,must turn parasite, jester, fool, (cum desipientibus desipere^ saith ^ Euripides), slave, villain, drudge, to get a poor living, apply himself to each mans humour, to win and please, &c. and be buffeted when he hath all done (as Ulysses was byMelanthius ^ in Homer), be reviled, baffled, insulted over, for ^potentiorum stultitia perferenda est, and may not so much as mutter against it. He must turn rogue and villain ; for, as the saying is, neces- sitas cogitadturpia; poverty alone makes men thieves, rebels, murderers, traitours, assassinates, {because oj'poverty, ice have sinned, Ecclus. 27. 1) swear and forswear, bear false w itness, lye, dissemble,any thing, as I say, to ad vantage themselves, and to relieve their necessities: ^culpce scelerisque magistra est: when a man is driven to his shifts, what will he not do ? ————si miserum fortuna Sinonem Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget : » Prov. 19. 7. Tbongh he be instant, yet they will not bpetronias. « Non est, qui doleat ^^ce^l : ut Petms Christom, jorant se homiDem dob norisse. ^ Ovid, in Trist. t Horat. fTer. Ennnchns, act 2. % Quid qnod materiam prsBbet caussamque jocandi, Si toga sordida sit? Juv. Sat. 2. >> Hor. < la Pboenii. k Odyss. 17. > Ideo3. »> Mantuan. 238 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. he will betray his father, prince, and coimtrey, turn Turk, for- sake rehgion, abjure God and all : nulla tarn horrenda prodiiio^ fjnam illi lucri caussd (saith ^Leo Afer) perpetrare nolhit, ''Plato therefore calls poverty thievish, sacrilefjious, JUthy^ wicked, and mischievous ; and well he might ; for it makes many an upright man otherwise (had he not been in want) to take bribes, to be corrupt, to do against his conscience, to sell his tongue, heart, hand, &c. to be churlish, hard, unmerciful, uncivil, to use iudirect means to help his present estate. It makes princes to exact upon their subjects, great men tyran- nize, landlords oppress, justice mercenary, lawyers vultures, physicians harpyes, friends importunate, tradesmen lyars, ho- nest men thieves, devout assassinates, great men to prostitute their wives, daughters, and themselves, middle sort tt) repine, commons to mutiny, all to grudge, murmur, and complain. A great temptation to all mischief, it compels some miserable wretches to counterfeit several diseases, to dismember, make themselves blind, lame, to have a more plausible cause to beg, and lose their limbs to recover their present wants. Jodocus Damhoderius,a lawyer of Bruges, (/;raa:ire7'Mwcrimiwa/.c. 112) hath some notable examples of such counterfeit cranks ; and every village almost will yield abundant testimonies amongst us ; we have dummerers, Abraham men, &c. And (that which is the extent of misery) it enforceth them, through anguish and wearisomness of their lives, to make away them- selves : they had rather be hanged, drowned, «&c. than to lire without means. « In mare cetiferum, ne te premat aspera egestas, Desili, et a celsis corrue, Cyrne, jugis. Much better 'tis to break thy neck, Or drown thyself i' th' sea, Than suffer irksome poverty : — Go make thy self away. A Sybarite of old (as I find it registered in '^Athenasus), sup- ping i7i Phiditiis in Sparta, and observing their hard fare, said it was no marvel if the Lacedaemonians were valiant men ;Jor his part, he would rather run upon a sivords point (and so would any man in his wits), than live ivith such base diet, or lead so wretched a life. * In Japonia, 'tis a common thing to stifle their children if they be poor, or to make an abort ; which r aDe Africa, lib. 1. cap. ulL ^ ^ i. de legibus. Fnracissima paupertas, Racri- lega, turpis, flagitiosa, omnium malonim opifex. cTheognis. "^ Dipno- sophist lib. 1'2. Millies potins moritiirum (si quis sibi mente constaret) qnam tam vilis et aerumnosi victus communionem habere. f Gasper Vilela JesniU, epi A Japon ! lib. Meia. 4. Subs. 6.] Poverty and Want, Causes. 239 Aristotle commends. In that civil commonwealth of" China, *the mother strangles her child, if she be not able to bring it up, and had rather lose than sell it, or have it endure such misery as poor men do. Arnobius {lib. 7. adversns r/entes), ^ Lactantius (lib. 5. cap. 9), objects as much to those ancient Greeks and Romans : theif did expose their children to wild beasts, strancjle, and knock out their brains acjainst a stone, in such cases. If we may give credit to ""Munster, amongst us Christians, in Lituaniathey voluntarily mancipate and sell themselves, their wives, and children, to rich men, to avoid hunger and beggery : ''many make away themselves in this extremity. Apicius, theRomr.n,whenhe cast up his accounts, and found but 100000 crowns left, murdered himself, for fear he should be famished to death. P. Forestus, in his medicinal observations, hath a memorable example of two brothers of Lovian, that, being destitute of means, became both melan- choly, and, in a discontented humour, massacred themselves; another of a merchant, learned, wise otherwise and discreet, but, out of a deep apprehension he had of a loss at seas, would not be persM'aded but (as •'Ventidius, in the poet) he should die a begger. In a word, thus much I may conclude of poor men, that, though they have good * parts, they cannot shew or make use of them : ^ ab inopid ad virtuteni obsepta est via ; 'tis hard for a poor man to ^ rise ; Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obslat Res augusta domi : the wisdom oj'the poor is despised, and his icords are not heard (Eccles. 6.19): his works are rejected, contemned for the base- ness and obscurity of the author; though laudable and good in themselves, they will not likely take. Nulla placere diu, neque vivere, carmina possunt, Quae scribuntur aquse potoribus. Poor men cannot please : their actions, counsels, consultations, projects, are vilified in the worlds esteem: amittunt consilium tn re, which Gnatho long since observed. ' Sapiens crepidas sibi nunr/uani, JV'ec soleas,J'ecit ; a wise man never cobled shoes ; as he said of old ; but how doth he prove it ? I am sure we find it otherwise in our dayes; ^ pridnosis horret J'acundia pannis. Homer himself must beg, if he wants means, and (as a Mat. Riccius, expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. .3. h Yos Romani procreates filios feris et canibus exponitis, nunc strangulatis, vel in saxiini eliditis, &c. c[Cosmog. 4. lib, cap. 22. Vendunt liberos victu carentes, tamqiiain pecora, interdam et seipsoa, ut apud divites satiirentiir cibis. ifelentas manus sibi inferiint <; Hor. f Ingenio poteram superas volitare per arces : Ut me piuma levat, sic grave mergit Onus. 8 Terent. '' Juvenal. Sat. 3. 'Hor. Sat. 3. lib. 1. i^Petronius. 240 Cauaet ofMdmw.holy. [Part. I. Sec. 2. hy report, sometimes he did) ^ go from door to door, and sing balla/ls, icith a company of boyes about him. This common misery of theirs must needs distract, make them discontent and melancholy, as ordinarily they are, wayward, pievish, like a weary travailer, (for '' Fames et mora bikm in nares conciunt) still murmuring and repining. Ob inopiani morosi sunt, qui- bus est male^ as Plutarch quotes out of Euripides, and that comical poet well seconds — * Omnes, quibus res sunt minus secundac, nescio quomodo Suspiciosi, ad contumeliam omnia accipiunt magis ; Propter suam irripolentiam se credunt negligi : if they be in adversity, they are more suspicious, and apt to mis- take; they think themselves scorned by reason of their misery; and therefore many generous spirits, in such cases, withdraw themselves from all company, as that comedian ^ Terence i^ said to have done ; when he perceived himself to be forsaken and poor, he voluntarily banished himself to Stymphalus, a base town in Arcadia, and there miserably died : — ad summam inopiam redactus : Itaque e conspectu omnium abiit, Grsecise in terram ultimam. Neither is it without cause ; for we see men commonly re- spected according to their means, (* an dives sit, omnes qucerunt; nemo, an bonns)and vilified if they be in bad clothes. '^Philo- poemen the orator was set to cut wood, because he was so homely attired, s Terentius was placed at the lower end of Caecilius table, because of his homely outside. ^ Dante, that famous Italian poet, by reason his clothes were but mean, could not be admitted to sit down at a feast. Gnatho scorned his old familiar friend, because of his apparel ; ^ hominem video pannis annisque obsitum; Mc ego ilium contempsi prce me. King Perseus, overcome, sent a letter to ''Paullus iEmilius, the Roman general, " Perseus P. Consuli tS"." but he scorned him any answer, tacite exprobrans Jortunam suam (saith mine author), upbraiding him with a present fortune. ^ Carolus Pugnax, that great duke of Burgundy, made H. Holland, late duke of Exeter, exil'd, run after his horse like a lackey, and a Herodotus, vita ejus. Scaliger, in poet. Potentiornm aedes ostiatim adiens, ali- quid accipiebat, canens carmitta sua, concomitante eum pnerorum choro. •'Plautns, Amph. cTer. Act. 4. Seen. 3. Adelph. Hegio. <* Donat. vita ejus. eEori- pides. f Plutarch, vita ejus. S Vit. Ter. h Gomesius, lib. 3. c. 21. de saie. Ter. Eanuch. Act. 2. Seen. 2. i^Liv. dec. 9. 1. 2. iComineus. Mem. 3. Subs. 7.] Other AccUknts and Grievances. 241 would take no notice of him : * 'tis tbe common fashion of the Avorld : so that such men as are poor may justly be discontent, melancholy, and complain of their present misery ; and all may pray with ''Solomon, Give me, O Lord, neither riches nor po- verty ; feed vie with/hod convenient J or me. SUBSECT. VII. An heap of other Arcidentf: causinr/ Melancholy, Death of Friends, Losses, Sfc. JLN this labyrinth of accidental causes, the farther I wander, the more intricate I find the passage ; multce ambages ; and new causes, as so many by-paths, offer themselves to be dis- cussed. To search out all, were an Herculean work, and fitter for Theseus : I will follow mine intended thred, and point only at some few of the chiefest; Death of friends.^ amongst which, loss and death of friends may challenge a first place. Mulfi tristantur (as *^ Vives well observes) post delicias, convivia, diesfestos ; many are melan- choly after a feast, holy-day, merry meeting, or some pleasing- sport, if they be solitary by chance, left alone to themselves, without employment, sport, or want their ordinary companions; some, at the departure of friends only whom they shall shortly see again, weep and howl, and look after them as a cow lows after her calf, or a child takes on, that goes to school after holidayes. lit me levurat tuns adventus, sic discessus ajfflixit, (which "' Tully writ to Atticus) thy coming was not so wel- come to mc as thy departure was harsh. Montanus (consil. 132) makes mention of a countrey-woman, that, parting- with her friends and native place, became grievously melancholy for many years ; and Trallanius, of another, so caused for the absence of her husband ; which is an ordinary passion amonost our good wives ; if their husband tarry out a day longer than his appointed time, or break his hour, they take on presently with sighs and tears; "he is either robbed or dead ; some mis- chance or other is surely befaln him:" they cannot eat, drink, sleep, or be quiet in mind, till they see him again. If partino- of friends, absence alone, can work such violent effects, what shall death do, when they must eternally be separated, never in this world to meet again? This is so grievous a torment for the time, that it takes away their appetite, desire of life, ■■• He that hath 51. per annum comingr in more than others, scorns him that hath less, and is a better man. h Prov. 30. 8. c Q^ anima, cap. de moerore. -, many bitter pangs, =* (Lamtntis gemituque et femineo ululatu Tecta fremunt) and by frequent meditation extends so far sometimes, ^f^ey think they see their dead friends continually in their eyes, oh- versantes imagines, as Conciliator confesseth hesawhis mothers ghost presenting herself still before him. Quod nimis miseri volunt, hoc facile credunt ; still, still, still, that good father, that good son, that good wife, that dear friend, runs in their minds: totus animus hac una cogitatione defxus est, all the year long, as *= Pliny complains to Romanus, methinks I see VirginiuSf I hear Virginius, I talk icith Virginius, ^-c. '^ Te sine, vse misero mihi, lilia nigra videntur, Pallentesque rosse, nee dulce rubens hyacinthus; NuUos nec-myrtus, nee laurus, spiral, odores. They that are most staid and patient, are so furiously carryed headlong by the passion of sorrow in this case, that brave dis- creet men otherwise, oftentimes forget themselves, and weep like children many moneths together, as ^ if that they to water wouldf and will not be comforted. They are gone ! they are gone! Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo ! what shall I do ? . Quis dabit in lacrymas fontem mihi ? quis satis altos Accendet gemitus, et acerbo verba dolori ? Exhaurit pietas oculos, et hiantia frangit Pectora, nee plenos avido smit edere questus ; Magna adeo jactura premit, &c. Fountains of tears who gives ? who lends me groans, Deep sighs, sufficient to express my moans ? Mine eyes are dry, my breast in pieces torn ; My loss so great, I cannot enough mourn. So Stroza filius, that elegant Italian poet, in his Epicedium, bewails his fathers death ; he could moderate his passions in other matters (as he confesseth), but not in this ; he yields wholly to sorroAVj Nunc, fateor, do terga malis ; mens ilia fatiscit, Indomitus quondam vigor et constantia mentis. a Virg. 4. Mn. •> Patre« mortuos coram astantes, et filios, &c. Marcellus Donatns. ' Epist.l. 2. Virginium video, andio ; defunctum cogito, alloquor. ^ CalFhurniuB ({rsBcus. • Chancer. Mem. 4. Subs. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 243 How doth * Quintilian complain for the loss of his son, to de- spair almost! Cardan laments his only child, in his book de libris propriis, and elsewhere, in many other of his tracts, ""St. Ambrose his brothers death ! (an ego possum non cocjitare de te, aut sine lacrymis cor/itare ? O amari dies ! o flehiles nodes !) Sfc. Gregory Nazianzen, that noble Pulcheria ! (O decorem, ^-c. jflos recenSy piillulans, Si-c.) Alexander, a man of a most in- vincible courage, after Hepha?stions death (as Curtius relates), tridnumjacuit ad moriendnm ohstinatns, lay three dayes to- gether upon the gTound, obstinate to dye with him, and would- neither eat, drink, nor sleep. The Avoman that communed with Esdras {Uh. 2. rap. 10), M'hen her son fell down dead, Jled into the field, and would not retnrn into the city, hut there resolved to remain, neither to eat nor drink, but mourn andj'ast until she dyed. Rachel weptjbr hrr children, and would not be comforted, because they were not (Matt. 2. 18). So did Adrian the emperour bewail his Antinoiis; Hercules, Hylas ; Orpheus, Eurydrce ; David, Absolon (O my dear son Ab- solou) ; Austin, his mother Monica; Niobe, her children, in- somuch, that the " poets feigned her to be turned into a stone, as being stupified through the extremity of grief. "^ JEr/eus, sifpio lugubrifilii consternatus, in mare se prcecipitem dedit, impatient of sorrow for his sons death, drowned himself. Our late physicians are full of such examples. Montanus (consil. 242) ^ had a patient troubled with this infirmity, by reason of her husbands death, many years together: Trinca- vellius (/. I. c. 14) hath such another, almost in despair, after his ^' mothers departure, ut se Jerma prcecipitem daret, and ready through distraction to make away himself; and (in his fifteenth counsel) tells a story of one fifty years of age, that grew desperate upon his mothers death ; and, cured by Pha- lopius, fell many years after into a relapse, by the sudden death of a daughter which he had, and could never after be recovered. The fury of this passion is so violent sometimes, thai it daunts whole kingdoms and cities. Vespasians death Mas pittifully lamented all over the Roman empire ; totusorhis lugebat, saith Aurelius Victor. Alexander commanded the battlements of houses to be pulled down, mules and horses to have their manes shorn off, and many 'common souldiers to be slain, to accompany his dear Hepbaestions death ; which is now practised among-st the Tartars : when ^a great Cham dyeth, ten or twelve thousand must be slain, men and horses, » Prsefat. lib fl. b Lib i\e obita Satyri fratris. «= Ovid. Met. See Barletius, de vita et ob. Scanderbeg. lib. 13. hist. i Matth. Paris. Mem. 4. Sub«. 7.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 245 There is another sorrow, which ariseth from the loss of temporal goods and fortnnes, which equally afflicteth, and may go hand in hand with the precedent. Loss of time, loss of honour, office, of good name, of labour, frustrate hopes will much torment; but, in my judgement, there is no torment like unto it, or that sooner procureth this malady and mischief : "Ploratur lacrymis amissa pecunia veris : it wrings true tears from our eyes, many sighs, much sorrow from our hearts, and often causeth habitual melancholy it self. Guianerius {tract, 15. 5.) repeats this for an especial cause : ^loss of Jr lends, and loss oj' (foods, make many men melancholy {as I have often seen), by continual meditation oj'snch things. The same causes Arnoldus VilJanovanus inculcates {Breviar. I. 1. c. 18), ex rerum amissione, damno, amicorum morte, Sfc. Want alone will make a man mad ; to be sans argent, will cause a deep and grievous melancholy. Many persons are affected like ''Irishmen in this behalf, who, if they have a good scimiter, had rather have a blow on their arm, than their weapon hurt : they will sooner lose their life, than their goods: andthe grief that Cometh hence, continuethlong(saith '^Plater), and, out of many dispositiotis, procureth an habit. ^ Montanus and Frisemelica cured a young man of twenty two years of age, that so became melancholy ob amissam pecuniam, for a summ of money which he had unhappily lost. Sckenkius hath such another story of one melancholy, because he over- shot himself, and spent his stock in unnecessary building. •^ Roger, that rich bishop of Salisbury,ca:M?«s opibus et castris a rege Sfephano, spoiled of his goods by king- Stephan, vi doloris absorptus, atque in amentiam versus, indecenfia fecit y through grief ran mad, spake and did he knew not what. Nothing so familiar, as for men in such cases, through anguish of mind, to make away themselves. A poor fellow went to hang himself (which Ausonius hath elegantly expressed in a neat s epigram), but, finding by chance a pot of money, flung away the rope, and went merrily home ; but he that hid the gold, when he missed it, hanged himself with that rope which the other man had left, in a discontented humour. At qui condiderat. postquam non reperit aiirum, Aptavil cello, quem reperit, laqueum. » Juvenal. bJIiilti, qui res amatas perdiderant, ut filios, opes, non speraDte.i recaperare, propter assiduam tulium considerationera melancholici fiunt, ut ipse vidi. e Staoihurstiis, Hib. Hist. r ; riches do not so much exhilarate us with their possession, as they torment us with their loss. Pear from ominons accidents, destinies foretold.'] Next to sorrow still I may annex such accidents as procure fear; for, besides those terrors which Ibave ^before touched, and many other fears (which are infinite), there is a superstitious fear, (one of the three g-reat causes of fear in Aristotle) commonly caused by prodigies and dismal accidents, which much trouble many of us, (Nescio quid animus mihi prcesarjit mali,) as, if a hare cross the way at our going- forth, or a mouse g-naw our clothes: if they bleed three drops at the nose, the salt falls towards them, a black spot appear in their nails, &c. with many such, which Delrio {Tom. 2. /. 3. sect. 4), Austin Niphus (in his book de Auguriis), Polydore Virg. (/. 3. de Prodif/iis), Sarisburiensis {Polijcrat. /. 1. c. 13), discuss at large. They are so much affected, that, with the very strength of imagina- tion, fear, and the devils craft, ^ theij pull those misfortunes they suspect upon their oicn heads, mid that which they fear, shall come upon them, as Solomon foretelleth (Prov. 10. 24), and Isay denounceth (66, 4,) which if "they could neglect and contemn, 2could not come to pass. Eorum vires nostrd resident opinione, ut morbi yravitas ceyrotantium cogitatione ; they are intended and remitted, as our opinion is fixed, more or less. N. N. dat pwnas, saith ^ Crato of such a one ; utinam non attraheret : he is punished, and is the cause of it « himself. '^Dum fata fugitnus, fata stulti incurrimus ; the thing that I feared, saith Job, is fain upon me. As much we may say of them that are troubled with their fortunes, or ill destinies fore-seen ; multos umjit prascientia inalorum: the fore-knowledge of what shall come to pass, cru- cifies many men, fore-told by astrologers, or wizards, iratum ob caelum, be it ill accident, or death it self; which often falls out by Gods permission, quia damonem timent, (saith Chry- sostom), Dens ideo permit tit accidere. Severus, Adrian, Do- raitian, can testify as much, of whose fear and suspicion, Sueton, Herodian, and the rest of those writers, tell strange stories in this behalf. eMontanus {consil 31) hath one " S'-ct. 2 Memb. 4 Subs. 3. b Accersuut sibi malum. ^ Si non obser- vemus, n>lnl x alent Polydor d Consii. 26. 1.2. e Harm watch, harm wela.i'cholic * '^' "^ ** ^ Jnvenis, solicihis de futons frustra, factus VOL. 1. ■ B g 248 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. I. Sec. 2. example of a youn^ man, exceeding melancholy upon this occasion. Such fears have still tormented mortal men in all a^es, by reason of those lying oracles, and jugling' priests. *There was a fountain in Greece, near Ceres temple in Achaia, where the event of such diseases was to be known : a glass let down by a thread, S^c. Amongst those Cyanean rocks at the springs of Lycia, was the oracle of Tlirixeus Apollo, ivhere all jortiines werejoretold, sickness, health, or what they would be- sides: so common people have been alnayes deluded with future events. At this day, nietus Juturorum maxime torquet Sinas, this foolish fear mightily crucifies them in China: as ^Mat- thew Riccius the Jesuit informeth us, in his Commentaries of those countreys, of all nations they are most superstitious, and much tormented in this kind, attributing- so much to their divinators, nt ipse metus JidemJ'aciat, that fear it self and con- ceit cause it to "" fall out : if he foretell sickness such a day, that very time they will be sick (vimetus ajffiictiina^yritudi- nem cadunt), and many times dye as it is foretold. A true saying, timor mortis morte pejor, the fear of death is worse than death it self; and the memory of that sad hour, to some fortunate and rich men, is as bitter as gaul (Eccles. 41. 1.) Inquietam nobis vitam Jacit mortis metus : a worse plague cannot happen to a man, than to be so troubled in his mind ; 'tis triste divortium, an heavy separation, to leave their goods, with so much labour got, pleasure of the world, which they have so deliciou,sly enjoyed, friends and companions whom they so dearly love, all at once. Axiochus the philosopher was bold and couragious all his life, and gave good precepts de contemnendd morte, and against the vanity of the world, to others; but being now ready to dye himself, he was mightily dejected; hac luce privabor ? his orbabor bonis? he lamented like a child, &c. And though Socrates himself was there to comfort him, ubi pristina virtutum jactatio, O Jlxioche? yet he was very timorous and impatient of death, much troubled in his mind: imbellis pavor et impatientia, S)C, O Clot ho ! Megapetus the tyrant in Lucian exclaims, now ready to de- part, let me live a while longer. ^ I will give thee a thousand talents of gold, and two boles besides, which I took from Cleocritus, worth an hundred talents apiece. Woe's me! "^saith another, what goodly manors shall I leave! what fertile f elds / aPausanias in Achaic. lib. 7. Ubi omuiimi eventus dignoscuiitur. Speculum tenni suspensum funiculo deiuittunt : et ad Cyaneas petras, ad Lyciaj fontes, &c. ''Expedit. in Sinas, lib. 1. c. 3. •'Tiniendo prajoccupat, quod vitat, ultro, provocatque ([uod fugit, gaudetque mcerens, et lubens miser fuit. Heinsius, Anstriac. A verttioas woman is the crown of lier husband, Prov. 12. 4. but she, &:c. ^ Lib. 17. epist 105. "^ Titionatur, caudela- bratar, &c. ^ Daniel; in Rosamund. ^ Chalinorus, lib. 9. de repub. Angl. 352 . Causes of Melancholia. , [Part. 1.. Sec. 2. Hard hearted parents, both lament my fate, If self I kill or hang, to ease my state. ^A young" g'entlewoman in Basil was married (saith Felix Plater, observat. I. 1.) to an ancient man aj^ainst her will, whom she conld not atfect : she was continually melancholy, and pined away for grief; and, though her husband did all he could possibly. to give her content, in a discontented humour at length she hanged her self. Many other stories he relates in this kind. Thus men are plagued with women, they again with men, when they are of divers humours and conditions ; he a spendthrift, she sparing ; one honest, the other dishonest, &c. Parents many times disquiet their children, and they their parents. ^A Jvolish son is the heaviness of his mother. Injusta noverca : a stepmother often vexetli a whole family, i§ matter of repentance, exercise of patience, fuel of dissention, which made Catos son expostulate with his father, why he should offer to marry his client Solinius daughter, a young wench — cnjus cavssa novercam induceret ? what offence had he done, that he should marry again ? Unkind, unnatural friends, evil neighbours, bad servants, debts, and debates, &c. — 'twas Chilons sentence, comes osris alieni et litis est miseria, misery and usury do commonly go together ; suretiship is the bane of many families ; sponde, prasto noxa est : he shall be sore vexed that is surety J'or a stranrjer (Pro v. 11. 15.), and he that hateth suretiship is sure. Contention, brawling, law-suits, falling out of neighbours and friends [discordia demens, Virg. ^n. 6), are equal to the first, grieve many a man, and vex his soul. Nihil sane miser abilius eorum mentihus (as ^Boter holds) : nothinr/ so miserable as such men., full of cares, griefs, anxieties, as ifthei/ icere slabbed with a sharp sivord :fear, suspicion, desperation, sorrow are their ordinary companions. Our Welchmen are noted, by some of their '^ own writers, to consume one another in this kind ; but, whosoever they are that use it, these are their common symptomes, especially if they be convict or overcome, * cast in a suit. Arius, put out of a bishoprick by Eustafhius, turned heretick, and lived after discontented all his life. ^ Every repulse is of like nature; heu ! quanta, de spe decidi! Dis- grace, infamy, detraction, will almost efi'ectas much, and that * Elegans virgo in vita cuidam e nostratibus nupsit, &c. •'Pror. «= De increm. urb. lib. 3. c. 3. TaiiKwiam dim mucrone confossi : his nulla requies, nulla delectatio ; solicitudine, ^emitu, furore, desperalione, timore, tauiquam ad perpetuam ?erumnam infeliciter rapti. ^iHumfredus Lliiyd, epist. ad Abrahamum Ortelium. M. Vaughau, in his Golden Fietce. Litjbus et controversiis usque ad omnium bonorum coDsuraptionem contendunt. « Spreteaque injuria fovmaj. f Quseque repulsa gravis. 3Iem. 4. Subs. 7.] Oilier Accidents and Grievances. 253 a long time after. Hipponax, a satyrical poet, so vilified and lashed two painters in his iambicks, ut aniho laqneo se snffoca' rent (^Pliny saith), both hanged themselves. AH oppositions, dangers, perplexities, discontents, ''to live in any suspence, are of the same rank : potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos ? who can be secure in such cases ? Ill bestowed benefits, ingratitude, unthankful friends, much disquiet and molest some. Unkind speeches trouble as many : uncivil carriage or dogged answer, weak women above the rest, if they proceed from their surly husbands, are as bitter as gaul, and not to be digested. A glass-mans wife in Basil became melancholy, because her husband said he would marry again if she dyed. JVo cut, to unkindnesSy as the saying is : a frown and hard speech, ill respect, a brow-beating, or bad-look, especially to courtiers, or such as attend upon great persons, is present death. Ingenium vultu statque caditque suo ; they ebb and flow w ith their masters favours. Some persons are at their wits ends, if by chance they overshoot themselves in their ordinary speeches or actions, which may after turn to their disadvantage ordisgrace, or have any secret disclosed. Rouseus (episf. iiiiscel. 3) reports of a gentlewoman twenty five years old, that falling foul with one of her gossips, was upbraided with a secret infirmity (no matter what), in publick, and so much grieved with it, that she did thereupon solitudines qucprere, omuesah seahlerjare, ac tandem ingravissimam incidens melancholiam^coniahescere — forsake all company, quite moped, and in a melancholy humour pine away. Others are much tortured to see themselves rejected, contemned, scorned, dis- abled, diflfamed, detracted, undervalued, or '^ left behind their felloics. Lucian brings in ^Etamocles a philosopher in his Lapith. convAvio, much discontented that he was not invited amongst the rest, expostulating the matter, in a long epistle, with Aristaenetus their host. Praetextatus, a robed gentleman in Plutarch, would not sit down at a feast, because he might not sit highest, but went his wayes all in a chafe. We see the common quarrellings that are ordinary with us, for taking of the wall, precedency, and the like, which though toyes in themselves, and things of no moment, yet they cause many distempers, much heart-burning amongst us. Nothing pierceth deeper than a contempt or disgrace; ''especially if they be generous spirits^ scarce any thing affects them more than to * Lib. 36. c. 5. b Nihil aeqiie amarnm, quani Hiu prndere : wnniore qnidam anirnofernnt pr.vcidi spem siiam, quain trahi. Seneca. cap. 4. lib. 2. deBen. — Virg. Plater, obst^rvaf. I. 1. ■" Tnrpe relinqni est. Hor. << Scinnis euiin generosas Daturas nulla re litius move ri, ant gnnins aSici, qiiaiii contemtu ac despicientiS. 254 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. be despised or vilified. Croto (consil. 16. 1. 2) exemplifies it, and common experience confirms it. Of the same nature is oppression; {Ecchis. 77) surely oppression makes a man mad; loss of liberty, which made Brutus venture his life, Cato kill himself, and ''Tully complain, omnem hilaritatem in perpetuum amisi, mine heart's broken, I shall never look up, or be merry again ; '' h(sc jactura intolerahilis ; to some parties 'tis a most intolerable loss. Banishment, a great misery, as Tyrtseus describes it an epigram of his, Nam miserum est, patria amissa, Laribusque, vagari Mendicum, et timida voce rogare cibos. Omnibus invisus, quocumque accesserit, exsul Semper erit ; semper spretus egensque jacet, «&:c. A miserable thing 'tis so to wander, And like a beggar for to whine at door. Contenm'd of all the world an exile is, Hated, rejected, needy still, and poor. Polynices, in his conference with locasta, in " Euripides, reckons up five miseries of a banished man, the least of which alone were enough to deject some pusillanimous crea- tures. Oftentimes a too great feeling of our own infirmities or imperfections of body or mind Avili rivel us up ; as, if we be long sick, (O beata sanitas ! te prsesente, amoenum Ver floret gratiis ; absque te nemo beatus : O blessed health ! tliou art above all gold and treasure {Ecclus, SO. 15), the poor mans riches, the rich mans bliss : without thee, there can be no happiness) or visited with some loath- some disease, offensive to others, or troublesome to our selves, as a stinking breath, deformity of our limbs, crookedness,' loss of an eye, leg, hand, paleness, leanne^^s, redness, baldness, loss or want of hair, &c. hie nhijluere coepit, diros ictus cordi inj'ert (saith ^Synesius, he himself troubled not a little ob coma; defectum), the loss of hair alone strikes a cruel stroke to the heart. Acco, an old woman, seeing by chance her face in a true glass (for she used false flattering glasses, belike, at other times, as most gentlewomen do) animi dolore in insaniam delapsa est (Coelius Rhodoginus, /. 17. c. 2) ran mad. *Bro- teas, the son of Vulcan, because he was ridiculous for his imperfections, flung himself into the fire. Lais of Corinth, now groM'n old, gave up her glass to Venus; for she could not abide to look upon it. f Qualis sum, nolo ; qualis eram, nequeo. =» Ad Atticnm epist. lib. 12. bEpist. ad Brutum. <" lu PhoeDiss. «* lu laadem calrit. * Ovid. - fE Cr«t. Mem. 4. Subs. 7.J Other Accidents and Grievances. 255 Generally, to fair nice pieces, old age and foul linnen are two most odious tilings, a torment of torments ; they may not abide the thouirht of it. -* 6 Deorum Siquis htec audis, utinam inter errem Nuda leones ! Antequam turpis macies decentes Occupet malas, tenera3que succus Defluat praedae, speciosa qusero Pascere tigres. To be foul, ugly, and deformed! much better to be buried alive. Some are fair, but barren ; and that gauls them. Haiuiah ^cept sore, did not eat, and was troubled in spirit , and all for her barrenness (1 Sam. 1), and (Gen. 30) Rachel said in the anguish of her soul, give me a child, or I shall dye: another hath too many: one was never married, and that's his hell ; another is, and that's his plague. Some are troubled in that they are obscure; others by being traduced, slandered, abused, disgraced, vilified, or any way injured ; minime rtiiror eos (as he said) qui insanire occipiunt ex injuria ; I marvel not at all if offences make men mad. Seventeen particularcauses of anger and offence Aristotle reckons them up, which, for brevities sake, 1 must omit. No tydings troubles one ; ill re- ports, rumors, bad tydin^^s, or news, hard hap, ill success, cast in a sute, vain hopes, or hope deferred, another ; expectation, adeo omnibus in rebus molesta semper est expectatio (as ^ Po- lybius observes) : one is too eminent, another too base born ; and that alone tortures him as much as the rest; one is out of action, company, imployment ; another overcome and tor- mented with worldly cares, and onerous business. But Avhat " tongue can suffice to speak of all.? Many men catch this malady by eating certain meats, herbs, roots, at unawares, as henbane, nightshade, cicuta, mandrakes, &c. "^ A company of young men at Agrigentum in Sicily, came into a tavern ; where after they had freely taken their liquor, whether it were the wine it self, or some- thing mixt with it, 'tis not yet known, *^ but upon a sudden they began to be so troubled in their brains, and their phan- tasie so crazed, that they thought they Avere in a ship at sea, and now ready to be cast away by reason of a tempest. a Hor. 8. Car. Ode 27. bHi.st.l. 6. c Non, inihi si centum lingua sint oraqiie centum, Omma cau.s.sarnni percurrere nomina possini. dCoelius, I. 17. c. 2. c ita mentc exagitati sunt, ut in trirenii se ronstitutos piitarent,nia- ri(|ue vagabunclotcmpestatejactatos: pioinde naulVaKiuni vcriti, ese.stis unditjue rebus, \asa omii;a in viaiu e fiutstiis, ecu iu mare, pni;ti[.itaruut : postridie, &c. 256 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Wherefore, to avoid shipwreck and present drowning, they flung all the goods in the house out at the windows into the street, or into the sea, as they supposed. Thus they continued mad a pretty season ; and being brought before the magistrate, to give an account of this their fact, they told him (not yet re- covered of their madness) that what was done they did for fear of death, and to avoid eminent danger. The spectators were all amazed at this their stupidity, and gazed on them still, whilst one of the antientest of the company, in a grave tone, excused himself to the magistrate upon his knees. O viri Triiones, ego in imo jacui ; 1 beseech your deities, &c. for I was in the bottom of the ship all the while : another besought them, as so many sea gods, to be good unto them; and, if ever he and his fellows came to land again, ^he would build an altar to their service. The magistrate could not sufficiently laugh at this their madness, bid them sleep it out, and so went His wayes. Many such accidents frequently happen upon these unknown occasions. Some are so caused by philters, wandring in the sun, biting of a mad dog, a blow on the head, stinging with that kind of spider called tarantula — an ordinary thing (if we may believe Skenck. 1.6. de Venems) in Calabria and Apulia in Italy (Cardan, suhtU. L 9. Scaliger, exerciVa^. 185). Their symptomesare merrily described by Jovianus Pontanus (^Ant, dial.) how they dance altogether, and are cured by musick. ''Cardan speaks of certain stones, if they be carried about one, which will cause melancholy and madness ; he calls them un- happy, as an " adamant^ selenites, ^-c. which drij up the body, increase cares, diminish sleep. Ctesias (in Persicis) makes mention of a well in those parts, of which if any man drink, ^ he is mad for four and twenty hours. Some lose their wits by terrible objects (as elsewhere I have more " copiously di- lated), and life it self many times, as Hippolytus affrighted by Neptunes sea-horses, Athamas by Junos Furies : but these relations are common in all writers. f Htc alias poteram et plures subnectere caussas : Sed jumenta vocant, et Sol inclinat. Eundum est. , Many such causes, much more could I say, But that for provender my cattle stay, The sun declines, and I must needs away. These causes, ifthey be considered, and comealone, I do'easily yield, can do little of themselves, seldome, or apart (an old oak is notfelledat a blow), though many times they are all sufficient a Aram vobis servatoribus Diis erigemus. •> Lib. de gemmis. c Quae gestatse infelicem et tristem reddunt, cunis augent. corpus siccant. somnum minntint. the manners dofolloicthe tempera- ture of the body, as Galen proves in his book of that subject, Prosper Calenius, deAtrd Bile, Jason Pratensis, crfec/J/ama, Lemnius, /. 4. c 16, and many others. And that which Gaulter hath commented (horn. 10. in epist. Johannis) is most true ; concupiscence and original sin, inclinations and bad humours, are ^radical in every one of us, causing- these per- turbations, affections, and several distempers, offering many times violence unto the soul. Every man is tempted by his oicn concupiscence (James 1. 14) ; the spirit is wil liny ; but the flesh is weak,andrebellethayainstthe spirit, as our ''apostle teacheth us : that methinks the soul hath the better plea against the body, which so forcibly inclines us, that we cannot resist ; Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum, Sufficimus. How the body, being- material, worketh upon the immaterial soul, by mediation of humours and spirits Ayhich participate of both, and ill disposed organs, Cornelius Agrippa hath dis- coursed, lib. I. de occult. Philos. cap. 63, 64,65. Levinus aJntus hesti;p minuta; mnltae necant. Nuniquirl minutissima sunt pvanaarense? sed SI arena anipliiis in nnvpin inittatiir. mergit illani Q-iam niiniifa- mittre pluvia ! el tamcn iiiij)l-nt lluniiua, (loimis fjiriuat: timenda erso riiina niultitudinis, si non mag- "'''"'"'."'• *■ ^•Jwf s .si-quuntui teinperaturani corporis. c Scintilla' latent in ci.rponhus. ritial.a. 268 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec, 2. Lemnius, lib. 1 . de occult, nat. mir. cap. 1 ^.et 16. et 21. instrtut. ad opt. vit. Perkins, lib. I. Cases of Cons. cap. 12. T. Bright, c. 10, 11, 12. in his Treatise oj" Melancholy . For, as ^ anger, fear, sorrow, obtrectation, emulation, &c. si mentis intimos re- cessusoccupdrint (saith ^Lemnius), corpori quoqueinfesta sunt, et illi teterrimos morbosinferunt, cause g-rievous diseases in the body, so bodily diseases affect the soul by consent. Now the chiefest causes proceed from the "^ heart, humours, spirits: as they are purer, or impurer,so is the mind, and equally suffers, as a lute out of tune ; if one string or one organ be distem- pered, all the rest miscarry : ^ Corpus, onustum Hesternis vitiis, animum quoque praegravat una. The body is domicilium animce^ her house, abode, and stay ; and, as a torch gives a better light, a sweeter smell, according to the matter it is made of, so doth our soul perform all her actions better or worse, as her organs are disposed ; or as wine savours of the cask wherein it is kept, the soul receives a tincture from the body, through which it works. We see this in old men, children, Europeans, Asians, hot and cold climes. Sanguin are merry, melancholy sad, phlegmatick dull, by reason of abundance of those humours; andthey cannot resist such passions which are inflicted by them: for, in thisinfirmity of humane nature (as Melancthon declares), the understanding is so tied to and captivated by his inferiour senses, that without their help, he cannot exercise his functions ; and the will, being weakned, hath but a small power to restrain those outward parts, but suffers herself to be overi'uled by them ; that I must needs conclude with Lemnius, spiritns et humores maximum nocumentum obtinent, spirits and humours do most harm in * troubling the soul. How should a man choose but be cho- lerick and angry, that hath his body so clogged with abun- dance of gross humours .'' or melancholy, that is so inwardly disposed ? That thence comes then this malady, madness, apoplexies, lethargies, &c. it may not be denied. Now this body of ours is, most part, distempered by some precedentdiseasesjwhich molest his inward organs and instru- ments, and so, jaer consequens, cause melancholy, according to the consent of the most approved physicians. ^ This humour (as Avicenna, /. 3. Fen. 1. Tract. 4. c. 18. Arnoldus, breviar, l.l.c. 18. Jacchinus, comment, in 9. Rhasis. c. 15. Montaltus, a Sicut ex animi affectionibus corpus languescit, sic ex eorporis vitiis et morborum plerisque cruciatibus animum videmus hebetari. Galenus. bLib. 1. c. 16. <: Corporis itidem morbi animam per consensum, a lege consortii, afficiunt : et, quan- quam ohjecta multos motus turbulentos in homine concitent, prsecipua tamen caussa ia corde, et humoribus, spiritibusque, consistit, &c. "^ Hor, <^ Humores pravi mentem obnubilant. f Hie humor vel a partis intemperie generatur, vel relinquitur post inflammationes, vel crassior iu venis conclusus vel torpidus malignam qualitat«m contrahit. Mem. 5. Subs. 2.] Other Accidents and Grievances 259 e. 10. Nicholas Piso, c. deMelan. <^-c. suppose) is ber/otten bj/ the distemperatnre oj' some inward part, innate, or left aj'ter some inflammation, or else includedin the blood after an '" afpie, or some other malif/nant disease. This opinion of theirs con- currs witli that of Galen, /. 3. c. G. de locis affect. Guianerius ^ives an instance in one so caused by a quartan ague ; asid Montanus {consil. 32), in a young' man of twenty-eight years of age, so distempered after a quartan, Avhich had molestcjd him for five years together. Hildesheim (spicil. 2. de Mania) relates of a Dutch baron, gi-ievously tormented with melan- choly after a long- ''ague. Galen (/. de atrd bile, c. 4) puts the plag'ue a cause ; Botaldus(in his book de hie vener. c. 2) the French pox for a cause ; others, phreiisie, epilepsie, apo- plexie, because those diseases do often degenerate into this. Of suppression of ha3mrods, hsemorrhagia, or bleeding- at nose, menstruous retentions (although they deserve a larger explication, as being the sole cause of a proper kind of me- lancholy, in more ancient maids, nuns, and widows, handled apart by Rodericus a Castro, and Mercatus, as I have else- where signified), or any other evacuation stopped, I have already spoken. Only this I will add, that this melancholy, which shall be caused by such infirmities, deserves to be pittied of all men, and to be respected with a more tender compassion (according to Laurentius), as coming from a more inevitable cause. SUBSECT. II. Distemperature of particular Parts^ Causes. A HERE is almost no part of the body, which, being* dis- tempered, doth not cause this malady, as the brain and his parts, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, i.iatrix or womb, pylorus, myrache, mesentery, hypochondries, mesaraick veins ; and, in a word (saith *= Arculanus), there is no pari tchich canseth not melancholy, either because it is ad^ist, or doth not expel the superfluity of the nutriment. Savanarola (Pract. major, ru- bric. 11. Tract. G. cap- 1) is of the same opinion, that melan- choly is ingendred in each particular part ; and '^ Crato {in 'Ssepe constat in febre hominem melancholicutn vel post febreni retldi, aut aliiim morbnm. Calida intemperies innata, vel a febre contracta. ''Rare qiiis diutiirno morbo laborat, qui non sit melancholicus. Mercurialis, de affect, capitis, lib. 1. c. 10. de Melanc. »^ Ad nonum lib. Rhasis ad Almansor. c. 16. Uoiversaliter a qua- cunqne parte potest fieri melancholicus ; vel quia aduritur, vel quia non expellit super- rtuitatem excrenienti. ^A liene, jecinore, utero, et aliis partibus, oritur. 260 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. ?. consil. 17. lib. 2). Gordonius, who is instar omiiium (lib . med. partic. 2. cap 19), confirms as much, putting- the "" matter of melancholy sometimes in the stomach, liver ^ heart, brain, spleen, myrach, hypochondries, when as the melancholy humour resides there, or the liver is not well cleansed from melancholy blood. The brain is a familiar and frequent cause, too hot, or too cold, ^through adust blood, so caused (ns Mercurialiswill have it) within or without the head ; the brain it self being distem- pered. Those are most apt to this disease, ^that have a hot heart and moist brain ; which Montaltus (cap. 11. deJWelanch.) approves out of Halyabbas, Rhasis, and Avicenna. Mercuri- alis (consil. 11) assigns the coldness of the brain a cause; and Sallustius Salvianus (^med. lect. a. c. 1) ''will liHveharise from a cold and dry distemperatureofthe brain. Piso, Bene- dictus, Victorius Faventinus, will have it proceed from a '^hot distemperature of the brain ; and ' Montaltus (c<7jj. 10) froni the brains heat, scorching the blood. The brain is still dis- tempered by himself, or by consent; by himself or his pro- per atlection (as Faventinus calls it), ^or by vapours tvhich arise from the other parts, and fume up into the head, altering the animal J'aculties. Hildesheim {spicil. 2. de Mania) thinks it may be caused from a ^ distemperature of the hearty sometimes hot, sometimes cold. A hot liver and a cold stomach are put for usual causes of melancholy. Mercurialis (consil. \\. et consil. 6. consil. 86) assignes a hot liver and cold stomach for ordinary causes. ^Monavius(in an epistle of his to Crato, in Scoltzius) is of opinion that hypochondriacal melancholy may arise from a cold liver. The question is there discussed. Most agree that a hot liver is in fault. ^ The liver is the shop of humours, and especially causeth melancholy by his hot and dry distem^ perature. ^ The stomachy andmesardickveins do often concurr, by reasoji of their obstructions ; and thence their heat cannot be avoided; and many time» the matter is so adust and inflamed in those parts, that it degenerates into hypochondriacal melan- choly. Guianerius (c. 2. Tract. 15) holds the mesaraick veins 1 Materia melancholiae aliquando in corde, in stomacho, hepate, hypochondriis, my- rache, splene, cum ibi remanet humor melancholicus. ''Ex sanguine adnsto, intra vel extra caput. c Q^j caiidum cor habent, cerebrum liumidum, facile nie- lancholici. '-• Sequitur melancholia malam intemperiem frijjidam et siccani ipsius cerebri. ^Saspe fit ex calidiore cerebro, autcorpore colligeute melancholiam. Piso. f Vel per propriam aiJectionem, vel per cousensura, cum vapores exhalant in cerebrum. Montalt. cap. 14. &Aut ibi gignitur melancholicus fumus, aut aliunde vehitur, alterando auimales facultates. •' Ab intemperie cordis, niodo calidiore^ modo frigidiore. > Epist. 239. Scoltzii. kOfficina huinorum hepar conourrit, &c. ' Ventriculus et veniE mesaraicse concurrunt, quod ha; partes obstructae sunt^ &c. Mem. 5. Subs. S.] Causes of Head-Meluncholij. 26*1 to be a sufficient * cause alone. The spleen concurrs to this malady (by all their consents), and suppression of htenirods : dam non exprirr/at, altera causa, lien, saith Montaltus : if it be •* too cold and dry, and do not purr/e the other parts as it ouf/ht (Consil. 23). Montanus puts the "spleen stoppf^dfov a great cause. '' Christophorusa Vegar^^ports, of hisknovvledg-e, that be bath known melancholy caused from putrified blood in those seed veins and womb : «Arculanus,yrom thatruenstruous blood turned into melancholt/, and seed too lorn/ detained (as 1 Lave already declared) by putrefaction or adustion. The mesenterium, or midriffe, diaphragma, is a cause (which the "^^ Greeks called ip^fv*?), because, by his inflammation, tiie mind is much troubled with convulsions and dotage. Ail these, most part, offend by inflammation, corrupting- humours and spirits, in this non-natural melancholy ; for from these are ingendred fuliginous and blackspirits. And, for that reason, 8 Montaltus (cap. 10. de caussis melan) will have the pffltnent cause oj' melancholy to he hot and dry, not a cold and dry dis- temper at7ire, as some hold, from the heat of the hroAn, rostinq the blood, immoderate heat of the liver and bowels, and inflam- mation of the pylorus : and so much the rather, because that (as Galen holds) all spices injiame the blood, solitariness, wak- ing, agues, study, meditation, all which heat ; and tlierffore he concludes that this distemper at ure causing adventitious me- lancholy, is not cold and dry, but hot and dry. But of this I have sufficiently treated in the matter of melancholy, and hold that this may be true in non-natural melancholy which produceth madness, but not in that natural, which is more cold, and being immoderate, produceth a gentle dotage ; ^ which opinion Geraldus de Solo maintains in his comment upon Bhasis. SUBSECT. III. Causes of Head-Melancholy . xxFTER a tedious discourse of the general causes of me- lancholy, I am now returned at last to treat in brief of the three particular species, and such causes as properly appertain "Per ae san^inem adurentea. bLien frigidus et siccus, c. 13. eSplen oh- structus. rf De arte nitd. lib. 3. cap. 24. « A sant,nniiis putredine in vasis semiimrij.s et utero, etqimndoqiie a spermate din retento, vel sanguine nienstnio in nielanciioliani verso per putrefactionem, vel adustionem. 'Magirus. SfErgo efliciens caussa melancholiaj est calida et sicca intemperies, non frigida et sicca, quod nuilti opinati sunt; oritur eniui a calore cerebri assante sanguinem, tltc. turn quod aroniata sangui- nein incendunt, solitudo, vigiliae, febris prsecedens, nieditatio, studiain ; et haec omnia calefaciunt ; ergo ratuni sit. '' Lib. 1. cap. 13. de Melanch. 262 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2, unto them. Althoug'h these caases promiscuously concur to each and every particular kind, and commonly produce their effects in that part which is most weak, ill disposed, and least able to resist, and so cause all three species, yet many of them are proper to some one kind, and seldom found in the rest: as, for example, head-melancholy is commonly caused by a cold or hot distemperature of the brain, according' to Lauren- tius {cap. 5. de melan.), but, as ^ Hercules de Saxonia con- tends, from that agitation or distemperature of the animal spi- rits alone. Sallust. Salvianus, before mentioned (lib. ?. cap. 3. de re med.) will have it proceed from cold : but that I take of natural melancholy, such as are fools, and dote ; for (as Galen Avrites, lib. 4. de puis. 8. and Avicenna) ^a cold and moist brain is an unseparable companion of folly. But this adven- titious melancholy, which is here meant, is caused of an hot and dry distemperature, as '^Damascen the Arabian {lib. 3. cap. 22) thinks, and most writers. Altomarus and Piso call it '^an innate bnrtiing nntemperateness, turning blood and choler into melancholy. Both these opinions may stand good, as Bruel maintains, and Capivaccius, si cerebrum sit calidms^ ^ifthe brain be hot, the animal spirits will be hot, and thence comes madness : if cold, folly. David Crusius (TAe«^ ^/torft. Hermet. lib. 2. cap. 6. de atrd bile) grants melancholy to be a disease of an inflamed brain, and cold notwithstanding of itself: calida per accidens, frigida per se, hot by accident only. I am of Capivaccius mind, for my part. Now this humour, according to Salvianus, is sometimes in the substance of the brain, sometimes contained in the membranes and tunicles that cover the brain, sometimes in the passages of the ventricles of the brain, or veins of those ventricles. It follows many times ^ phrensie, long diseases, agues, long abode in hot places, or under the sun, a blow on the head, as Rhasis informeth us : Piso adds solitariness, waking, inflammations of the head, pro- ceeding most part sfrom much use of spices, hot wines, hot meats (all which Montanus reckons up, consil. 22. for a me- lancholy Jew; and Heurnius repeats, cap. 12. de Mania), hot bathes, garlick, onions (saith Guianerius), bad aire, corrupt, much ''waking,&c. retention of seed, or abundance, stopping" of hwmorrhagia, the midriffe raisaflfected ; and (according to « Lib. .3. Tract, postiim. de melan. i^A fatuitate inseparabilis cerebri frigiditas. c Ab interno calore assatur. dlntemperiesinnata exiirenn, flavam bilem a.; sangui- nem in melancholiam convertens. « Si cerebrum sit calidius, fiet spiritiis auimalis calidior, et delirium maniacum ; si frigidior, fiet t'attiitas. f Melancholia capitis accedit post phrenesim ant longam moram sub sole, aut percussionem in capite. cap. 13. lib. 1. eQui bibunt vina potentia, et saepe sunt sub sole. I'Cura* vu- lidse, largioris vini et aromatuni usus. Mem. 5. Subs. 4] Other Accidents and Grievances. 263 Tralliamis, /. l.lf)) ininioderate cares, troubles, o-rjefs, discon- tents, study, meditation, and, in a word, the al)use of all those six non-natural thini»^s. Hercules de Saxonia {cap. 16. lib. 1) will have it caused from a -'cautery, or boyl dried up, or any issue. Amatus Lusitanus (cent. 2. cura 67) gives instance in a fellow that had a boyl in his arm, and, ^ after that teas healed, ran mad; and, when the wound ic as open, he was cured af/ain. Trincavellius (consil. 13. ///;. I) hath an example of a melan- choly man so caused by overmucli continuance in the sun, frequent useof venery, and immoderate exercise; and (in his cons. 49. lib. 3) from an " headpiece overheated, which caused bead-melancholy. Prosper Calenus brings in Cardinal Caesius for a pattern of such as are so melancholy by long btudy : but examples are infinite. SUBSECT. IV. Causes oj" Hypochondriacal, or windy Melancholy. J.N repeating of these causes, I must cramhen bis coctam appo- nere,saythatagainwhichl have formerly said, in applying- them to their proper species. Hypochondriacal or flatuous melan- choly is that which the Arabians call myrachial,and is, in my judgement, the most grievous and frequent, though Bruel and Laurentius make it least dangerous, and not so hard to be known or cured. His causes are inward or outward : — inward from divers parts or organs, as midriffe, spleen, stomach, liver, pylorus, womb, diaphragma, mesaraick veins, stopping of issues, &c. Montaltus, cap. 1.5. out of Galen) recites '^heat and obstruction of those mesaraick veins, as an immediate cause, by which means the passage of the chylus to the liver is detained, stopped, or corrupted, and turned into rumbling and wind. Montanus {consil. 233) hath an evident demon- stration, Trincavellius another {lib. 1. cap. 12), and Plater a third {observat. lib. I ) for a doctour of the law visited Avith this infirmity, from the said obstruction and heat of those mesa- raick veins, and bowels; quoniam inter ventrictdum et jecur vencc eff'ervescunt, the veins are inflamed about the liver and stomach. Sometimes those other parts are together misaflected, and concurr to the production of this malady — a hot liver or cold stomach or cold belly. Look for instances in Hollerius, a A. canterio et ulcere eisiccato. >> Ab ulcere curato incidit in insaniam ; aper'o vnluere, ciinitiir. ""A s^alvaniinis cilefdcta. 'i rxiritiir s-.iii;iiis, et venie obstruinitur, qi-.ibns obstnictis prohibetur transitus chyli ad jecur, corruinpitur, et in ruf;itus et tlatus vrrtitur. VOL. I. C (• 2G4 Causes of Melancholy. [Part. 1 . Sec. 2. Victor, Trincavellius, consil. 35. /. 3. Hildesheim, spicil. 2. fol. 13^2. Solenander, consil. 9.procive Lug dunensi, Montanus, consil. 229. for the Earl of Monfort in Germany, 1549, and Frisimelica in the 2S3 consultation of the said Montanus. J. Cassar Claudinus gives instance of a cold stomach and over- hot liver, almost in every consultation, co?i. 89, for a certain count, and cow. 106, for aPolonian baron : byreasonof heat, the blood is inflamed, and g-ross vapours senttothe heart and brain. Mercurialis subscribes to them, (cons. 89) * the stomach heinxf misaffected, which he calls the king of the belly, because, if he be distempered, all the rest suffer with him, as being deprived of their nutriment or fed with bad nourishment ; by means of which, come crudities, obstructions, wind, rumbling, griping, &c. Hercules de Saxoni^, besides heat, will have the weakness of the liver and his obstruction a cause, J'acultatem debilem jecinoris, which he calls "^ the mineral of melancholy. Lauren- tius assigns this reason, because the liver overhot draws the meat undigested out of the stomach, and burneth the humours. Montanus {co7is. 244) proves that sometimes a cold liver may be a cause. Laurentius (c. 12), Trincavellius (/i6. 12. consil.) and Gualter Bruel, seem to lay the greatest fault upon the spleen, that doth not his duty in purging the liver as he ought, being too great, or too little, in drawing too much blood sometimes to it, and not expelling it, as P. Cnemiandrus in a '^consultation of his noted: tnmorem lienis, he names it, and the fountain of melancholy. Diodes supposed the ground of this kind of melancholy to proceed from the inflammation of the pylorus, which is the neather mouth of the ventricle. Others assign the mesenterium ormidrifte distempered by heat, thewombmisaffected, stopping of haemrods, with many such : all which Laurentius (cap. 12) reduceth to three, mesentery, liver and spleen ; from whence he denominates hepatick, splenetick, and mesaraick melancholy. Outward causes are bad diet, care, griefs, discontents, and, in a word, all those six non-natural things, as Montanus found by his experience(consil. 244). Solenander (consil. 9. for a citizen of Lyons in France) gives his reader to understand, that he knew this mischief pro- cared by a medicine of cantharides, which an unskilful phy- sician ministered his patient to drink, ad venerem excitandam. But most commonly fear, grief, and some sudden commotion or perturbation of the mind, begin it, in such bodies especially as are ill disposed. Melancthon (tract. 14. cap. 2. deanimd) will have it as common to men, as the mother to women, upon some grievous trouble, dislike, passion, or discontent : for, as aStomacho laeso, robur corporis imminuitur ; et reliqua membra alimento orbata,&c. ••Cap. !2. 'Hildesheim. Mem. 5. Subs. 5.] Other Accidents and Grievances. 265 Canierariiis records in his life, Melancthon himself was much troubled with it, and therefore could speak out of experience. Montanus (consil. 22.pro delirunte Judceo) confirms it : * orie- vous symptomes of the mind brought him to it. Randolotius relates of himself, that, being- one day very intent t<» write out a physicians notes, molested by an occasion, he fell into an hy- pochondriacal fit, to avoid which he drank the decoction of wormwood, and was freed. ''Melancthon {hebiff the disease is so tronhlesome andjreqiienf) holds it a most necessary and profitable study, for every man to know the accidents oj'ity and a dangerous thiny to he iynorant, aiul would therefore have all men, in some sort, to understand the causes, symp- tomes, and cures of it. SUBSECT. V. Causes of Melancholy from the ivhole Body. iVS before, the cause of this kind of melancholy is inward or outward : — inward, " when the liver is apt to ingender such a humour, or the spleen weak by nature, and not able to dis- charge his office. A melancholy temperature, retention of haemrods, monthly issues, bleeding at nose, long- diseases agues, and all those six non-natural things, increase it ; but especially '^bad dy et (as Piso thinks) , pulse, salt meat, shell-fish, cheese, black wine, &c. Mercurialis (out of Averrocs and Avicenna) condemns all herbs; Galen (lib. 3. de loc. affect, cap. 7) especially cabbage : — so likewise fear, sorrow, discon- tents, &c. but of these before. And thus in brief you have had the general and particular causes of melancholy. Now go and brag of thy present happiness, whosoever thou art ; brag of thy temperature,of thy good parts ; insult, triumph, and boast; thouseestin what a brittle state thou art, how soon thou maist be dejected, how many several ways, by bad diet, bad ayre, a small loss, a little sorrow or discontent, an ague,&c. how many sudden accidents may procure thy ruine, what a small tenure of happiness thou hast in this life,how weak and silly a creature thou art. Humble thy selfthereforeunder the mighty handofGod{\ Pet. 5. 6), know thy self, acknowledge thy pre- sent misery, and make right use of it. Qui stat, videat ne cadat. »Habnit saeva anitni symptomata, qua? inipediu»t concoctionem, &c. b Usila- tissimus morbus cum sit, utile est hujiis visceris accidentia considerare: nee leve peri- culiim hiijus caussas morbi ignorantibns. c Jecur aptum ad generandam talem huiuorem. splen natiirii imbecillior. Piso, Altomams ; Guianeriiis. 'i Melancho- liam, quae fit a redundantia humoris in toto corpore, victus imprimis generat, qui enin humorem pnrit. cc 2 266 Causes of Melancholy . [Part. 1. Sec. 3. Thou dost now flourish, and hast bona animi, corporis, etj'or- tuncc, goods ol" body, mind, and fortune : nescis quid seriis secum vesper J'eratyihou knowest not what storms and tempests the late evening may bring with it. Be not secure then ; be sober and watch; \f or timamir ever enter hahe, if fortunate and rich ; if sick and poor, moderate thy self. I have said. SECT. III. MEMB. I. SUBSECT. I. Symptomes^ or signs of Melancholy in the Body. JrARRHASlUS, a painter of Atliens, amongst those Olyn- thian captives Philip ofMacedon broughthome to sell, ''bought one very old man ; and, when he had him at Athens, put him to extream torture and torment, the better, by his. example, to ex- press the pains and passions of his Prometheus, whom he was then about to paint. I need not be so barbarous, inhumane, curious, or cruel, for this purpose to torture any poor melancholy man : their symptomes are plain, obvious, and familiar: there needs no such accurate observation or far fetcht object; they delineate themselves; they voluntarily bewray themselves; they are too frequent in all places; I meet them still as I go ; they cannot conceal it ; their grievances are too well known ; I need not seek far to describe them. Symptomes therefore are either '^ universal or particular,(saith Gordonius, lib. med. cap. 19. part. ^) to persons, to species. Some siyns are secret, some manifest ; some in the body, some in the mind; and diver sly vary, according to the imvard or outward causes (Capivaccius), or from stars (according to Jovianus Pontanus, de reb. cosiest, lib. l(j. cap. 13) and cce- lestial influences, or from the humours diversely mixt (Ficinus, lib. 1 . cap. 4, de sanit. tuendd). As they are hot, cold, natural, unnatural, intended, or remitted, so will Aetius have melan- c/io/ica c?e/iWamM/?//b?'mi«, diversity ofmelancholy signs. Lau- rentius ascribes them to their several temperatures, delights, natures, inclinations, continuance of time, as they are simple or mixt with other diseases; as the causes are divers, so must the signs be almost infinite, (Altomarus, cap. 7. art. med.) and as wineproduceth divers effects, or that herb tortocolla (in ''Lau- aAusonius. ^Seneca, cont. lib. 10. cont. 5. t^Quaedara universaliajjjarticii- laria quEedara ; manifesta qiiBstlani in corpore, qiiajdani in cogitatioue et animo ; qusedam a stelli.s, qiiaedam ah laimoribus, quze, ut vininu corpusTarie disponit, &c. Diversa pl'Riitasmata pro varietate caussae externip, internaj. »' Lib. 1. de risu. fbl. 17. Ad ejus esiiiu alii sucl:int; alii vomuut, iitnt, bibunt, saltant; alii rident, tremunt, doi- niiiint. Sec. Mem, 1. Subs. 1.] Symptomes of Melancholy. 267 reiitius), which makes some lanyh, some weep, some sleep, some dance, some sing, some howle, some drink, S^c. so doth this our melancholy humour work several signs in several parties. But to confine them, these general symptomes may be reduced to those of the body or the mind. Those usual sio-ns, appearing in the bodies of such as are melancholy, be th^se, cold and dry, or they are hot and dry, as the humour is more'or less adust*. From Mhese first qualities, arise many other second, as that of i^ colour, black, swarthy, pale, ruddy, &c. some are impense rvhri, (as Moutaltus, cap. 16. observes out of Galen, /*6. 3. de locis affectis) very reil andhigh coloured. Hippocrates in his book " deinsanid et melan. reckons up these signs, that they are '^ lean, withered, hollow-eyed, look old, ininkled, harsh, much troubled with wind, and a yripiny in their bellies, or belly-ake, belch often, dry bellies and hard, dejected looks, fai/yy beards, sinying of the ears, vertiyo, liffht-headed, little or no sleep, and that internqjt, terrible fearful dreams : e Anna sorer, qua3 me suspensam insomnia terrent? The same symptomes are repeated by Mclanelius (in his book of melancholy collected out of Galen, Kuffus, Aetius), by Rhasis Gordonius, and all the juniors — ^continual, sharp, and stinking belchinys, as if their meat in their stomach were pntrified,or thai they had eaten fish, dry bellies, absurd and in- terrupt dreams, and many phantastical visions about their eyes, vertiginous, apt to tremble, and prone to venery. sSome add palpitation of the heart, cold sweat, as usual symptomes, and a leapino" in many parts of the body, saltum in multis cor- poris partibus, a kind of itching (saith Laurentius) on the su- perficies of the skin, like a flea-biting sometimes. '^ Mental tus (c. 21) puts fixed eyes and much twinkling of their eyes for a sign; and so doth Av'\cenm\,oculoshahe7itespalpitantes,trauli, vehementer rubicundi, cVc (I. 3. Fen. i. Iract. 4 c. I8.J They stut most part, which he took out of Hippocrates Apho- risms. 'Rhasis makes head-ach and a binding heaviness aT Bright cap 20. bKiffrescit hie humor aliquatido snpercalefactns, aliqiiando super('ri"efactus. Melanel. e Gal. -- Interprete F. Calvo. JOciili his excayantur, venti KiRnuntiir circnm praecordia, et acidi riictiis, sicci Are ventns, vertigo, tinnitus aurium, sonini pusilli, somnia terribiiia et interrupta fVirg. *.n. ' A.ssiduip, e«que acidse ructationes, quae cibura virnlentum pisculentnmqne mdorem (etsi nil tale in- eestHin sit) referaat, ob cruditateui. Ventres hisce aridi, soiiinus i)leruinqne parens et interruptus, somnia absurdissima, turbnlenta, corporis tremor, capitis gravedo, strepitiis circa aures, et visiones ante oculos, ad Venerem prodigi. ^ Altomarns, Briiel, I'lso, Montaltus ^ Frequentes habent oculornm nictationes ; aliqui taiiien fixis oculis plernmque sunt * Cent. hb» 1 . tact 9. Signa hiijns morbi sunt plurimiis saltus, sonitus auriuin, capitis gravedo, lingua titubat, oculi excavantur, Kc. 268 Symptomes of' Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. for a principal token, much leaping of icind about the skin, as tcell as stutting or tripping in speech, Sfc. hollow eyes, gross veins, and broad lips. To some too, if they be far ^one, mimical gestures are too familiar, laughino-, grinning-, fleerin"", murmuring, talking to themselves, with strange mouths and faces, inarticulate voices, exclamations, &c. And, althouph they be commonly lean, hirsute, unchearful in coun- tenance, withered, and not so pleasant to behold, by reason of those continual fears, griefs, and vexations, dull, heavy, lazy, restless, unapt to go about any business ; yet their memories are most part good, they have happy wits, and excellent appre- hensions. Their hot and dry brains make them they cannot sleep ; ingentes habent et crebras vigilias (Aretffius), mighty and often watchings, sometimes waking for a moneth, a year together. ^Hercules de Saxonia faithfully averreth, that he hath heard his mother swear, she slept not for seven months together. Trincavellius (Tom. 2. cons. 16) speaks of one that waked fifty days ; and Skenkius hath example of two years ; and all without offence. In natural actions, their appetite is greater than their concoction : rmilta appetunt, panca digerunt (as Rhasis liath it); they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And, althou<*h they ^ do eat much, yet they are lean, ill liJdng, (saith Aretreus), icithered and hard, mtich troubled with costiveness, crudities, oppillations, spitting, belching-, &c. Their pulse is rare and slow, except it be of the " carotides, which is very strono*; but that varies according to their intended passions or perturbations, as Struthius hath proved at large [Spigmaticce artis I. 4. c. 13). To say truth, in such chronick diseases the pulse is not much to be respected, there being so much super- stition in it, as '' Crato notes, and so many differences in Galen, that he dares say they may not be observed, or understood of any man. Theirurine is most part pale, and low coloured ; nrinapavca, acris, biliosa (Arets^us), not much in f«uantity. But this, in my judgement, is all out as uncertain as the other, varying so often according to several persons, habits, and other occasions not to be respected in chronick diseases. ^ Their melancholy excre- ments, in some very much, in others little, as the spleen plays his part ; and thence proceeds wind, palpitation of the heart, short breath, plenty of humidity in the stomach, heaviness of heart and heartake, and intolerable stupidity and dulness of spirits; their excrements or stool hard, black to some, and little. If the a In Pantheon, cap. de melancholia. ^Alvus arida nihil dejiciens; cibi capaces, nihilo miniii! tamen extenuati sunt. « Nic. Piso. Inflatio carotidum, &c. '' An- dreas Dudith Rahamo. ep. lib. 3. Crat. epist. Miilta in pulsibus siiperstitio ; ausim etiam dicere, tot differentias, qiire rlescribuntur a Galeuo, neque intelligi a qiioqaam nee observari posse. * T. Bi iglil. cap. 20. Meui. J. Subs. 2.] Symptomes in the Mind. 269 heart, brain, liver, spleen, be misaffected, as usually (hey are, many inconveniences proceed from them, many diseases ac- company, as incubus, * apoplexy, epilepsie, vertigo, those frequent Avakings and terrible dreams, ''intempestive laughing, weeping, sighing, sobbing-, bashfulness, blushing, trembling, sweating-, swouning, &c. '^ AW their senses are troubled : they think they see, hear, smell, and touch that which they do not, as shall be proved in the following discourse. SUBSECT. II. Symptomes or Signes in the Mind, /^ear. ]ArCULANUS {in 9 Rhasis adAlmansor. cap. 16) will have these symptomes to be infinite, as indeed they are, varying according to the parties ; Jor scarce is there one of a thousand that dotes alike (^ Laurentius, c. 16). Some few of greater note I will point at; and, amongst the rest, fear and sor- row, which as they are frequent causes, so if they persevere long, according to Hippocrates ^and Galens Aphorismes, they are most assured signs, inseparable companions, and characters of meU.ncholy; of present melancholy, and habituated, saithMon- taltns (c. 11), and common to them all, as the said Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and all neotericks, hold. But, as hounds many times run away with a false cry, never perceiving them- selves to be at fault, so do they : for Diodes of old, (whom Galen confutes) and, amongst the juniors, * Hercules de Saxo- nia, with Lod. Mercatus, (cap, 1 7- I- 1. de tiielan.) take just exception at this aphorism of Hippocrates ; 'tis not alwayes true, or so generally to be understood : fear and sorrow are no common symptomes to all melancholy : npon more serious con- sideration, I find some (saith he) that are not so at all. Some indeed are sad, and not fearful ; some fearfd and not sad ; some neither fearful nor sad; some both. Yowx kinds he ex- cepts, fanatical persons, such as were Cassandra, Manto, Nico- strata, Mopsus, Proteus, the Sibylls,whom ^Aristotle confesseth to have been deeply melancholy. Baptista Porta seconds him * Post 40. aetat. annum, saith Jaccbiniis, in 15. 9. Rhasis. Idem Mercurialis, consiJ. 86. Trincavellius, torn. 2. cons. 1. ''Gordonius. Modo ridenf, mode flent, silent, &c. cFernelius, consil. 43. et. 4.'5. Montanus, consil. 2.30. Galen, de locis affectis, lib. 3. cap. 6. d Aphorism, et lib. de Melan. « Lib. 2. cap. 6. de locis affect. Timor et moestitia, si dintiiis perseverent, &c. fTract. postnmO de Melan. edit. Venetiis 1620, per Bolziittam bibliop. Mihi diligentius banc rem considcranti, patet qnosdam esse, qui non lahorant mcorore et timore. ?Prab. lib. 3. 270 Symptomes oj' Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. S. (Physioff. lib. 1 . cap. 8) : they were atrd bile percit't. DaBino- niacal pt^soiis, and such as speak strange languages, are of this rank ; some poets ; such as laugh alwayes, and think themselves kings, cardinals, &c. sanguine they are, pleasantly disposed most part, and so continue. ''Baptista Porta confines fe^r and sorrow to them that are cold ; but lovers, Sibylls, enthusiasts, he wholly excludes. 8o that I think I may truly conclude, they are notalwayessad and fearful, but usually so, and thn^t^witJiont a cause : iiment de non timendis (Gordonius), quccque momenti non sunt : although not all alike, (saith Altomarus) "^ yet all likely fear, "^ some with an extraordinary and a mighty foar (Aretaeus). ^JUanyJear death, and yet, in a contrary humour^ make away themselves (Galen, lib. 3. de loc. affect, cap. 7). Some ar6 afraid thatheaven will fall on their heads; some, they are damned, or shall be, * They are troubled with scruples of conscieyice, distrusting Gods mercies, think they shall go certainly to hell, the devil will have them, and make great lamentation (Jason Pratensis). Fear of devils, death, that they shall be so sick of some such or such disease, ready to tremble at every object, they shall dye themselves forthwith, or that some of their dear friends or nearalliesare certainly dead ; imminesit danger, loss, disgrace still torment others, &c. that they are all glass, and therefore will suffer no man to come near them; thatthey are all cork, aslightas feathers; others as heavy as lead ; some are afraid their heads will fall off their shoulders ; that they have frogs in their bellies, &c. "Montanus (consil. 23) speaks of one that durst not walk alone from home, for fear he should swoon or die. A second ^ fears every man he meets will rob him, quarrel xcith him, or kill him. A third dares not venture to walk alone, for fear he should meet the devil, a thief, be sick; fears all old women as witches; and every black dog or cat he sees, he suspecteth to be a devil ; every person comes nearhim ismalificiated ; every creature, all intend to hurt him, seek his mine: another dares not go over a bridge, come near a pool, rock, steep hill, lye in a cham- ber where cross beams are, for fear he be tempted to hang, drown, or precipitate himself. If he be in silent auditory, as atasermon,heis afraid he shall speak aloud, at unawares, some a Physiog. lib. 1, c 8. Quibus miilta fri^ida bilis atra, stolidi et timidi ; at qui ca- lidi, ingeniosi, ainasii, divinosi, spiritu instigati, &c. •> Omnes exercent metiis et tristitia, et sine cauasa. i-' Omnes tiinent, licet non omnibus idem timendi modus. Aetius, Tetrab. lib. 2. sect. c. 9. J Ingenti pavore trepidant. « Mnlti mortem timent, et tamen sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt: alii coeli ruinam timent. fAffligit eos plena scrupulis conscientia ; divinse misericordise diftidentes, Oreo se destinant, fceda lamentatione deplorantes. S Non ausus egredi domo, ne deficeret. hMulti daemoues timent, latrones, insidias. Aviceuna. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Symptomes in the Mind. 271 thing- inu'ecent, unfit to be said. If he be locked in a close room, he is afraid of being- stifled for want of air, and still carries bisket, aquavits, or some strong waters about him, for fear of deliqubims, or being sick; or, if he be in a throng, middle of a church, multitude, where he may not well aetout, though he sit at ease, he is so misaffected. He will freely promise, undertake any business beforehand; but, when it comes to be performed, he daresnotadventure, but fears an infinite number of dangers, disasters, &c. Some are ^afraid to he hurned, or that the ^r/ronnd xcill sink under them, or "^swallow them (juick, or that the king will call them in question for some J'act they never did, (Rhasis, cont.J and that they shall surely be executed. The terror of such a death troubles them ; and they fear as much, and are equally tormented in mind, '^ as they that have committed a murder ; and are jjensive without a cause, as if they were now presently to he put to death. (Plater, cap. 3. de mentis alienat.) They are afraid of some loss, danger, that they shall surely lose their lives, goods, and all they have ; but why, they know not. Trincavellius {con- sil. 13. lih. 1) had a patient that would needs make away himself, for fear of being hanged, and could not be perswaded, for three years together, but that he had killed a man. Plater [ohservat. lih. 1) hath two other examples of such as feared to be executed without a cause. If they come in a place Avhere a robbery, theft, or any such ofl^ence, hath been done, they pre- sently fear they are suspected, and many times betray them- selves without a cause. Lewis the eleventh, the French kino-^ suspected every man a traitour that came about him, durst trust no officer. Alii Jormidolosi omnium, alii quornmdam, (Fracastorius, lib. 2. de Intellect.) '^ some fear all alike, some certain men, and cannot endure their companies, are sick in them, or if they be from home. Some suspect ^treason still; others are afraid of their ^dearest and nearest friends (x\Ie- lanelius e Galeno, RufFo, Actio), and dare not be alone in the dark, for fear of hobgoblins and devils: he suspects every thing lie hears or sees to be a devil, or enchanted, and imagineth a thousand chimeras and visions, which to his thinking he certainly sees, bugbears, talks M'ith black men, ghosts, gob- lins, he. '• Omnes sc tcrrent aurse, sonus excitat omnis. a Alii comburi, alii de rege. Rhasis. '•'Ne terra absorbeantur. Forestas. c Ne terra dehiscat. Gordon. d Alii tiinore mortis tenentur, et mala gratia principiitn ; pulaiil se aliqiiid conunisisse, et ad siippliciuin requiri. «• Alius do- iiifsticos timet, alius omues. Aetius. f Alii tiiiieut insidias. Aiirel. lib. 1. de iiior!). i:hrou. c. 6. sllle carissiuios, hie oiunes houiiues citra discriiucn, timet i' \iigil. 272 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Another through bashfiilness, suspicion, and timorousness, will not be seen abroad, ^ love darkness as life, arid cannot endure the light, or to sit in lightsome places; his hat still in his eyes, he will neither see, nor be seen by his good will (Hip- pocrates, lib. de insania et melancholia). He dare not come in company, for fear he should be misused, disgraced, over- shoot himself in gesture or speeches, or be sick ; he thinks every man observes him, aims at him, derides him, owes him malice. Most part, ^they are afraid they are beivitched, possessed or poisoned by their enemies; and sometimes they suspect their nearest friends : he thinks something speaks or talks within him, or to him ; and he belcheth of the poyson. Christophorus a Vega {lib. 2. cap. 1) had a patient so troubled, that by no perswasion or physick he could be reclaimed. Some are afraid that they shall have every fearful disease they see others have, hear of, or read, and dare not therefore hear or read of any such subject, no not of melancholy it self, lest, by applying to themselves that which they hear or read, they should aggravate and increase it. If they see one possessed, bewitched, an epileptick paroxysme, a man shaking with the palsie, or giddy headed, reeling or standing in a dangerous place, &c. for many dayes after, it runs in their minds ; they are afraid they shall be so too, they are in like danger, as Perk (c. 12. se. 2.) well observes in his Cases of Cons, and many times, by violence of imagination, they produce it. They cannot endure to see any terrible object, as a monster, a man executed, a carcase, hear the devil named, or any tragical re- lation seen, but they quake for fear ; Hecatas somniare sibi videntur (Lucian) ; they dream of hobgoblins, and may not get it out of their minds a long time after : they apply (as 1 have said) all they hear, see, read, to themselves ; as " Felix Plater notes of some young physicians, that study to cure diseases,catch them themselves, will be sick, and appropriate all symptomes they find related of others, to their own persons. And there- fore (quod iterurn moneo, licet nauseam paret lectori ; mala decern potius verba, decies repetita licet, abundare, quam unum desiderari) I would advise him that is actually melan- choly, not to read this tract of symptomes, lest he disquiet or make himself for a time worse, and more melancholy than he wasbefore. Generally of them all take this — deinanibus semper " Hie in lacem prodire timet, tenebrasque qnaerit : contra, ille caliginosa fugit. b Quidam larvas et malos spiritns ab iuimicis veneficiis et incantationibus sibi putant objectari. Hippocrates. — Potionem se veneficam sumpsisse putat ; et de hac ructare sibi crebro videtur. Idem Montaltus, cap. 21. Aetius, lib. 2. et alii. Trallianus, 1. 1. cap. 16. c Observat. 1. 1. Quando iis nil nocet, nisi quod mulieribus melancholicis. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Symptomes in the Mind. 2/3 conqnernntiir et ^iwewf, saitli Arefasus ; they complain oftoyes, and fear ''without a cause, and still think their mehmcholy to be mostg-rievous ; none sobad as they are; thouo-h it be nothino- in respect, yet never any man sure was so troubled, or in this sort: as really tormented and perplexed, in as great an aoony for toyes and trifies (such things as they will after lau^h at themselves), as if they were most material and essentiarmat- ters indeed, worthy to be feared, and will not be satisfied. Pacific them for one, they are instantly troubled with some other fear; alwayes afraid of something, which they foolishly imagine or conceive to themselves, which never peradventure was, never can be, never likely will be; troubled in mind upon every small occasion, unquiet, still complaining, grieving, vexing, suspecting, grudging, discontent, and cannot be freed so long as melancholy continues. Or, if their minds be more quietfor the present, and they free from forraign fears, outward accidents, yet their bodies are out of tune, they suspect some part or other to be amiss ; now their head akes, heart, sto- mach, spleen, &c. is misaffected ; they shall surely have this or that disease ; still troubled in body, mind, or both, and through wind, corrupt phantasie, some accidental distemper, continually molested. Yet for all this, (as ^ Jacchinus notes) in all other thinr/s they are wise, staid, discreet, and do no- thinxj unheseeminy their diynity, person, or place, this foolish, ridiculous and childish fear excepted, Avhich so much, so continually tortures and crucifies their souls; like a barkino- dog that alwayes ba^vls, but seldom bites, this fear ever mo*^ lesteth, and, so long- as melancholy lasteth, cannot be avoided. Sorrow is that other character, and inseparable companion, as individual as saint Cosmujj and Ddmxan, Jidus Achates, as all writers witness, a common symptome, a continual ; and still without any evident cause, " moerent omnes, and si rorjes eos reddere caussam, non possunt ; grieving still, but why, they cannot tell : ayelasti, moesti, coyitahundi, they look as )t they had newly come forth of Trophonius den; and, though they laugh many times, and seem to be extraordinary men-y (as they will by fits), yet extream lumpish again in an instant, dull and heavy, semel et siniul merry and sad, but most part sad ; •^ Si qua placent, abeunt ; iuimica tenacius baerent : sorrow sticks by them still, continually gnawing as the vulture a — tinieo temen, nieh.sqne caussa- nescius caussa est metus. Heinsi.is. Austriaco. » t,ap. 1.). m y Khasts. In n.ultis vidi : prater ratio.iam semper aliquid timent in cseteris tanun opti.ne se tiernnt, ne(|ne aliqnid |>rwter dmnitateni coinniittuut c Alto- Jiiaiiis, rap. /.— Arefwus. Tristes buut. rfMaut. Eel 1 274 Symptomes of Melancholy . [Part. 1. Sec. 3, did ^ Tityus bowels; and tliey cannot avoid it. No sooner are their eyes open, but, after terrible and troubl esome dreamsjtbeir heavy hearts begin to sigh : they are still fretting, chafing, sigh- ing-, grieving, complaining, finding faults, repining, grudging, weeping, /ie«?i'/o?iifimon^/ne??oi,vexing themsel ves,Misquieted in mind, with restless, unquiet thoughts, discontent, either for tlieir own, other mens, or public affairs, such as concern them not, things past, present, or to come : the remembrance of some disgrace, loss, injury, abuse, &c. troubles them now, being idle, afresh, as if it were new done ; they are afiHicted otherwise for some danger, loss, want, shame, misery, that will certainly come as they suspect and mistrust. Luguhris Ate frowns upon them, insomuch that Aretagus well calls it ango- rem animi, a vexation of the mind, a perpetual agony. They can hardly be pleased or eased, though in other mens opinion, most happy. Go, tarry, run, ride, c post equitem sedet atra cura : they cannot avoid this feral plague, let them come in what company they will; '^ hcEret lateri letalis arundo ; as to a deer that is struck, whether he run, go, rest, with the herd, or alone, this grief remains; irresolution, inconstancy, vanity of mind, their fear, torture, care, jealousie, suspicion, &c. con- tinues, and they cannot be relieved. So ^ he complained in the poet, Domum reverter moestus, atque animo fere Perturbato atque incerto, prse segrltudine. Assido: accurrunt servi ; soccos detrahunt. Video alios festinare, lectos sternere, Coenam apparare : pro se quisque sedulo Faciebant, quo illam mihi lenlrent miseriam. He came home sorrowfull, and troubled in his mind; his servants did all they possibly could to please him; one pulled oflfhis socks ; another made ready his bed, a third his supper; all did their utmost endeavours to ease his grief, and exhilarate his person ; he was profoundly melancholy ; he had lost his son ; illudangehat; that was his cor do limn, his pain, his agony,which could not be removed. Hence it proceeds many times, that they are weary of their lives ; and feral thoug-hts, to offer violence to their own persons, come into their minds. Tcedinm vitcB.'] Tcsdium vitee is a common symptome ; tarda Jiuunt, ingrataquetempora ; they are soon tired with all things ; they will now tarry, now begone ; now in bed they will rise, now a Ovid. Met. 4. b Inquies animus »^^ Hor. 1. 3. Od. 1- '^ Virg. eMened. Heautont. act. 1. sc. 1. Mem. 1. Subs. 9.] Symptomes in the Mind. 275 lip, tlieu go to bed, now pleased, then again displeased ; now they like, by and by dislike all, weary of" all ; seqnitur nunc vivendi, nunc moriendi, cupido, saith Aurelianus {lib. 1 . cap. 6), but, most part, "^vitam damn ant ; discontented, disquieted, per- plexed upon every light or no occasion, object : often tempted, I say, to make away themselves : ^viverenolunt, morinesciunt : they cannot dye, they will not live : they complain, weep, la- ment, and think they lead a most miserable life ; never was any man so bad, or so before; every poor man they see is more for- tunate in respect of them ; every beggar that comes to the door is happier than they are ; they could be contented to change lives with them ; especially if they be alone, idle, and parted from their ordinary company, molested, displeased, or provoked, grief, fear, agony, discontent,wearisomness, laziness, suspicion, or some such passion, forcibly seizeth on them. Yet by and by, when they come in company again, which they like, or be pleased, snam sententiam rnrsus damnant, etvitce solatia delec- tantur (as Octavius Horatianus observes, lib. 2. cap. 5) ; they condemn their former dislike, and are well pleased to live. And so they continue, till with some fresh discontent they be mo- lested again ; and then they are weary of their lives, weary of all ; they will dye, and shew rather a necessity to live, than a desire. Claudius, the emperour, (as ^Sueton aescribes him) had a spice of this disease ; for, when he was tormented with the pain of his stomach, he had a conceit to make away him- self. Jul. Caesar Claudinus (consil. 84) had a Polonian to his patient, so affected, that, through fear ^ and sorrow, with which he was still disquieted, hated his own life, wished for death every moment, and to be freed of his misery. Mercurialis another, and another that was often minded to dispatch him- self, and so continued for many years. Suspicion. Jealousie, I Suspicion and jealousie are general Anr/er sine caussd. 5 symptoraes : they are commonly dis- trustful, timorous, apt to mistake, and a m pi i tie, ^aci/e iras- cibiles, "^ testy, pettish, pievish, and ready to snarl upon every ^ small occasion, cum amicissimis, and without a cause, datum vel noil datum, it Avill be scandalum acceptum. If they speak in jest, he takes it in good earnest. If they be not saluted, in- vited, consulted with, called to counsel,&c. orthat any respect, small complement, or ceremony, be omitted, they think ^ Altomaras. ''Seneca. ''Cap. 31. Quo (storaachi dolore) se correptnm etiamde consciscendamorte cogitasse dixit J Liiget,et semper tristatiir, solitudineru amat, mortem sibi precatur, vitam propriam odio habet. e Facile in iramincidiint. Aret. f Ira sine caiissa ; velocitas irae. Savanarola, pract. major. Yeloiitas ira; signiim. Avicenna, 1. 3. Fen. 1. tract. 4. rap. 18. ^76 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. themselves neg-lected and contemned; for a time that tortures them. If two talk together, discourse, whisper, jest, or tel! a tale in oeneral,he thinks presently they mean him, applyesalito himself, de se piUat omnia did. Or if they tal k with him, he is ready to misconstrue every word they speak, and interpret it to the worst; he cannot endure any man to look steadily on him, speak to him almost, laugh, jest, or be familiar, or hemm, or point, cough, or spit, or make a noise sometimes, &c. "He thinks they laugh or point at him, or do it in disgrace of him, circumvent him, contemn him ; every man looks at hiu), he is pale, red, sweats for fear and anger, lest some body should ob- serve him. lie works upon it; and, long- after this, this false conceit of an abuse troubles him. Montanus {consil. 22) g-ives instance in a melancholy Jew, that was iracnndior Adrid, so waspish and suspicious, tamj'acile iratus^ that no man could tell how to carry himself in his company. Inconstancy.'] Inconstant they are in all their actions, ver- tig-inous, restless, unaptto resolve of any business; they will and will not, perswaded to and fro upon every small occasion or word spoken; and yet, if once they be resolved, obstinate, hard to be reconciled : if they abhor, dislike, or distaste, oncesetled, though to the better by odds, by no counsel or perswasion to be removed : yet, in mostthings,wavering, irresolute, unable to de-' liberate, through fe?iv;Jhciunt,etmoxJactip(enitet (Aretseus); avari et paullo post prodigi ; now prodigal, and then covetous, they do, and by-and-by repent them of that which they have done; so that both wayes they are troubled, whether they do or do not, want or have, hit or miss, disc[uieted of all hands, soon weary, and still seeking' change; restless, I say, fickle, fuo'itive, they may not abide to tarry in one place long, b (RomfE rus optans, absentem rusticus urbem Tollit ad astra ) no company long', or to persevere in any action or business; e(Et similis regum pueris, pappare minututn Poscit, et iratus mammse lallare recusat) eftsoons pleased, and anon displeased: as a man that's bitten with fleas, or that cannot sleep, turns to and fro in his bed, their restless minds are tossed and vary ; they have no patience to read out a book, to play out a game or tAvo, walk a mile, sit an hour, &c. erected and dejected in an instant; animated to undertake, and, upon a word spoken^ again discouraged. aSuspicio; diffidentia, symptomata. Crato, Ep. Julio Alexandiiuo, cons. 185. ScoltKii. •> Hon ^ Pers. Sat. 3. Mem. 1. Subs. 2 ] Symptomes in the Mind. 277 Passinnate.~\ Extream passionate, qmdqnid volunt, valde volunt ; and what they desire, they do most furiously seek : anxious ever and very solicitous, distrustful and timorous, en- vious, malicious, profuse one Avhile, sparing another, but most part covetous, muttering-, repining, discontent, and still com- plaining, grudging-, pievish, injuriarum tenaces, prone to re- venge, soon troubled, and most violent inall their imaginations, not affable in speech, or apt to vulgar complement, but surly, dull, sad, austere; cogitalmndi, still very intent, and as -^ Al- bertus Durer paints Melancholy, like a sad woman, leaning on her arm, with fixed looks, neglected habit, &c. held there- fore by some proud, soft, sottish, or half mad, as the Abdorites esteemed of Democritus ; and yet of a deep reach, excellent apprehension, judicious, wise, and witty: for I am of that ^ noblemans mind, melanchohf advauceth mens conceits, more than any hnmoicr ?f?/ia#j?oeyer, improves their meditations more than any strong drink or sack. They are of profound judge- ment in some things, although, in otheis, nou recte judicant inquieti, saith Fracastorius, (lib. 2. delntell.) and, as Arculanus (c. 1 6. in 9 Rhasis) terms it, judicium plerumque perversum, corrnpti, cum judicant honesta inhonesta, et amicitiam hahent pro inimicitid : they count honesty dishonesty, friends as enemies ; they will abuse their best friends, and dare not offend their enemies. Cowards most part, et ad inferendam, injuriam timidissimi, saith Cardan (lib. 8. cap. 4. de rerum varietate): loth to offend; and, if they chance to overshoot themselves in word or deed, or any small business or cir- cumstance be omitted, forgotten, they are miserably tormented, and frame a thousand dangers and inconveniences to them- selves, ex mused elephantem, if once they conceit it: over- joyed with every good humour, tale, or prosperous event, trans- ported beyond themselves; with every small cross again, bad news, misconceived injury, loss, danger, afflicted beyond measure, in great agony, perplexed, dejected, astonished, im- patient, utterly undone ; fearful, suspicious of all : yet again, many of them, desperate hare-brains, rash, careless, fit to be assassinates, as being void of all fear and sorrow, according to *^ Hercules de Saxonia, most audacious, and such as dare walk alone in the night, through deserts and dangerous p laces, Jear- ing none. Amorous^ They are prone to love, and "^easie to be taken: propensi adamorem et excandescentiam, (Montaltus, cap. 21.) quickly inamored, and dote upon all, love one dearly, till they a In his Dutch- work picture. ,'' Howard, cap. 7. diflFer. « Tract, de mel. cap. 2. Noctu ambulant per sylvas, et loca pericnlosa ; neminem timeiit. ^ Facile araant. Altom. 278 Srjmptomes of Melancholy , [Part. 1. Sec. 3. see another, and then dote on ber, et lianc^ et lianc, et illanu et omnes ; the present moves most, and the last commonly they love best. Yet some again, anterotes, cannot endure the sio-ht of a woman, abhor the sex, as that same melancholy ^duke of Muscovy, that was instantly sick, if he came but in sight of them; and that ^anchorite, that fell into a cold palsie, when a w^oman was brought before him. Humorous.'] Humorous they are beyond all measure, some- times profusely laughing", extraordinary merry, and then again weeping without a cause, (which is familiar with manygentle- women)groaning,sigh ing,pensive,sad,al most distracted : W7 Generally, as they are pleased or displeased, so are their continual cogitations pleasing or displeasing. e Omnes exerceiit vanae intensseque animi cogitationes, (N. Piso. Bruel.) tt assiduse. • Curiosi de rebus minimis. Aiftitus. Mem. I. Subs. 2.] Symptoines in the Mind, 279 great moment, importance, and still, still, still tbinkinfr- of it, sceviunt in se, macerating themselves. Though they do talk with you, and seem to be otherwise employed, and, to your thinking, very intent and busie, still that toy runs in their nnnd, tliat fear, that suspicion, that abuse, that jealousie, that 3gony, that vexation, that cross, that castle in the air, that crotchet, that whimsie, that fiction, that pleasant waking dream, whatsoever it is. Nee interroyant (saith ^Fracastorius, nee interrogati recte respondent; they do not much heed what you say ; their mind is Hoc melancholicis omnibus proprium, nt, qiias seniel imagioationes valde receperint, non facile rejiciant, seJ ha; etiatnvel invitis IVTJ\ "•.Sf"''"'*"'- f ^ r " '^"""".«^« «»-«• " Consil. ined. pro Hvpochondriaco. •^ tonsil. 43. fCap. 5. K Lib. "2. de lutell VOL. I. D D 280 Symptomes of Melancholij . [Part. 1. Sec. 2. Christopher Urswick, and many such) to refuse honours, offices, and preferments, which sometimes fall into their mouths: they cannot speak, or put forth themselves, as others can ; timor lios,pudor impedlt iilos ; timorousness and bashful- ness hinder their proceedings ; they are contented with their present estate, unwilling- to undertake any office, and therefore never likely to rise. For that cause they seldome visit their friends, except some familiars; pauciloqni, of few Avords, and oftentimes wholly silent. ^ Frambesarius, a Frenchman, had two such patients, omnbio tacituruos : their friends could not g-et them to speak: Rodericus aFouseca (consult. Tom. 2. 85. consil.) gives instance in a young man, of twenty seven years of age, that was frequently silent, bashful, moped, solitary, that would not eat his meat, or sleep, and yet again by 'am apt to be angry, &c. SGlitariness.'j Most part they are (as Plater notes), desides, taciturn), cegreimpuhi, nee nisi coacti procedimt^ 9c. they will scarce be compelled to do that which concerns them, though it be for their good ; so diffident, so dull, of so small or no complement, unsociable, hard to be acquainted v/ith, especially of strangers ; they had rather write their minds, than speak, and above all things love solitariness. Ob vohiptatem, an ob timorem, soli stmt ? Are they so solitary for pleasure (one asks), or pain ? for both : yet 1 rather think, for fear and sorrow, &c. ^ Hinc metuunt, cupiuntque, dolent, fugiuncque, nee auras Respiciunt, clausi tenebris, et carcere cseco. Hence 'tis they grieve and fear, avoiding lig:ht. And shut themselves in prison dark from sight. As Bellerophon in "" Homer, Qui miser in sylvis mcereus errabat opacis. Ipse suum cor edens, hominum vestigia vitans — That wandred in the woods, sad, all alone. Forsaking mens society, making great moan — they delight in floods and waters, desert places, to walk alone in orchards, gardens, private walks, back-lanes; averse fronx company, as Diogenes in his tub, or Timon Misanthropus, ** they abhor all companions at last, even their nearest ac- quaintance, and most faniiliar friends ; for they have a conceit (I say), every man observes them, will deride, laugh to scorn, or misuse them; confining themselves therefore wholly to their private houses or chamherSf J'uffiunt homines sine caussd (saith a Consil. 15 ft 16. lib. 1. ^Virg. ^n. 6. ^ HJad. 6. J Si malum exasperatur, l»oiuJne» odio habent, et solitaria petunt. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Stfinptontes in the Mind. 2Sl Rliasis) et odio Jiahent {cant. /.I. c. 9): they will dyet them- selves, feed and live alone. It was one ot'the chiefest reasons, why the citizens of Abdera suspected Democritus to be melan- choly and mad, because that ('as Hippocrates related in his epistle to PhilopcEmenes) ^hejorsook the city, and lived in groves and holloio trees, upon a green bank by a brook side^ or confluence of waters, all day long, and all night. Quce quidem (saith he) plurimum atra bile vexatis et melancholicis eveniunt ; desertajrequentant, hominumque congressum aver- santur ; ^ which is an ordinary thing with melancholy men. The Egyptians therefore, in their hieroglyphicks, expressed a melancholy man by a hare sitting in her form, as being a most timorous and solitary creature (Fieri us, Hieroglyph. I. 12). But this and all precedent symptomes are more or less appa- rent, as the humour is intended or remitted, hardly perceived in some, or not at all, most manifest in others. Childish in some, terrible in others; to be derided in one, pitied or admired in another; to him by fits, to a second continuate : and, how- soever these symptomes be common and incident to all persons, yet they are the more remarkable, frequent, furious, and vio- lent in melancholy men. To speak in a word, there is nothing so vain, absurd, ridiculous, extravagant, impossible, incredible, so monstrous a chimaera, so prodigious and strange, '^such as painters and poets durst not attempt, which they will notreally fear, fain, suspect, and imagine unto themselves : and that which "^Lod. Viv. said in jest of a silly countrey fellow, that kill'd his ass for drinking up the moon, ut lunam mundo red- der et ; you may truly say of them in earnest : they will act, conceive all extreams, contrarieties, and contradictions, and that in infinite varieties. Melancholici plane incredibilia sibi. persuadent, ut inx omnibus sceculis duo repsrti sint, qui idem imaghiatisinf (Erastus, de Lamiis) ; scarce two of two thousand that concur in the same symptomes. The tower of Babel never yielded such confusionof tongues, as this chaos of melancholy doth variety of symptomes. There is in all melancholy simili- tudo dissiniilis, like mens faces, a disagreeing likeness still ; and as, in a river, we swim in the same place, though not in the same numerical water ; as the same instrument affords several lessons, so the same disease yields diversity of sym- ptomes; which howsoever they be diverse, intricate, and hard to be confined, I will adventure yet, in such a vast confusion ^ Democritus solet noctes et dies apud se degere, plerumque autem inspeluncis, anb amceuis arbonim ninbris vel in tenebris, et mollibus herbis, vel ad aquarum crebra et quieta fiueuta, &c. ^ Gaudet tenebris, aliturque dolor. Ps. 62. Vigilavi, et factu-s sum velut nycticorax in domicilio, passer solitarius in teniplo. <= Et, quaj vix aiidet tabula, monstru parit. J In cap. 18. 1. 10. de civ. Dei. Lunam ab asiuo epotani viden:>. D d2 282 Sipnptomes of MoMnchohj. [Part. I. Sec. S. and orenerality, to bring- them into some order; and so de- scend to particulars. SUBSECT. 111. Particular Symptomes from the influence of Stars; parts of the body, and humours. *^OME men have peculiar symptomes, according- to their temperament and crisis, wliich they had from the stars and those celestial influences, variety of wits and dispositions, as i^nthony Zara contends (Anat. ingen. sect. \. memb. 11, 12, 13, 14.^, plurimum irritant infuentice ccclestes, unde cientur animi (eyritudines, et morbi corporum. ^ One saith, diverse diseases of the body and mind proceed from their influences, ** as 1 have already proved out 'of Ptolemy, Pontanus, Lem- nius, Cardan, and others, as they are principal significators of manners, diseases, mutually irradiated, or lords of the geniture, &c. Ptolemaeus, in his Centiloqiiy, (or Hermes, or whosoever else the author of tl>at tract,) attributes all these symptomes, which are in melancholy men, to celestial influences; which opinion Mercurialis {de affect, lib. 1. cap. 10) rejects : but, as I say, *= Jovian us Pontanus and others stifly defend. That some are solitary, dull, heavy, churlish; some again blith, buxom, light and merry, they ascribe wholly to the stars. As, if Saturn be predominant in his nativity, and cause melancholy in his temperature, then ^ he shall be very austere, sullen, churlish, black of colour, profound in his cogitations, full of cares, miseries, and discontents, sad and fearful, alwayes silent, solitary, still delighting* in husbandry, in woods, or- chards, gardens, rivers, ponds, pools, dark walks and close ; cocfitationes sunt velle cedificare, velle arbores plantare, arjros colere, Multum refert qua quisque melancholia teneatur ; hunc ferveiis et accensa agitat; ilium trisHs et frigens occupat: hi timidi, illi inverecundi, intrepidi, &,c. <^ Cap. 7. et 8. Tract, de Mel. *• Signa melancholise ex intemperie et agitatione spirituura sine materia. eT. Bright, cap. 16. Treat. Mel. /P^P- 16. in 9. Rhasis. S Bripht. c. 16. h Pract.. major. Somnians, piger, frigidus. 'De anim4 cap. de humor. Si a phlegmate, semper in aquis fere sunt, et circa fluvio$ plerant multum, Sec Mem. 1. Subs. 3.] Symptomes from the Stars, ^c. 285 "pale of colour, slothful, apt to sleep, heavy; ^ much troubled icith the head-ach, continual meditation, and multciing- to themselves; they dream of waters, *^ that they are in danger of drowning, and fear such things (Rhasis). They are fatter than others that are melancholy, of a muddy complexion, apter to spit, sleep, ''more troubled with rheum than the rest, and have their eyes still fixed on the ground. Such a patient had Hercules de Saxonia, a widow in Venice, that was fat and very sleepy still, Christophorus a Vega, another affected in the same sort. If it be inveterate or violent, the symptomes are more evident, they plainly dote and are ridiculous to others, in all their gestures, actions, speeches: imagining impossibilities, as he in Christophorus a Vega, that thought he was a tun of wine, ^ and that Siennois, that resolved with himself not to piss, for fear he should drown all the town. Jf it proceeds from blood adust, or that there be a mixture of blood in it, '^' such are commonly ruddy of complexion, and hiyh-coloured, according to Sallust Salvianus and Hercules de Saxonia; and, as Savanarola, Vittorius Faventinus Empir. farther add, ^the veins of their eyes be red, as well as their faces. They are much inclined to laughter, witty raid mej ry, conceited in discourse, pleasant, if they be uotfar gone, much given to rausick, dancing, and to be in Momens company. They meditate wholly on such things, and think '' ihei/ see or hear pJaycs, dancing, and such like sports (free from a:I fear and sorrow, as 'Hercules de Saxonia supposeth) if they be more strongly possessed with this kind of melancholy (Ar- iioldus adds, Breviar. lib. 1. cap. 18), like him of Argos, in the poet, that sate laughing "^all day long, as if he had been at a theatre. Such another is mentioned by ' Aristotle Hvino- at Abydos, a town of Asia Minor, that would sit after the same fashion, as if he had been upon a stage, and sometimes act himself; now clap his hands, and laugh, as if he had been well pleased with the sight. Wolfius relates of a countrey fellow, called Brunsellius, subject to this humour, "^ ihat beiny by chance at a sermon, saw a woman fall off from a form half "Pigra nascitur ex colore palliilo etalho. Her. de Saxon. bS'avannroIa. ♦"Mnros cadere in se, ant submeigi, timent, cmn torpore et se'^nitie, rt fliiviivs aniniit tales. Alexand. c. 16. lib. 7. > that thought he was certainly a beast, and icould imitate most of their voices, with many such symptomes, which may properly be reduced to this kind. If it proceed from the several combinations of these four hu- aTales plus caeteris tinient, et continue trisfantiir; valde suspiciosi, solihiHinem riihgiint ; corniptissimas liabent iinaKiiiatioiic.s, &c. b Si a melanclioiia adnsta tnstes, de sepulchns somniaiit, tinient ne iasciuentiir, pntant se niortuos, adspici nev '"°'' "^ Videntiir sibi videre inouachns nigros et daemoues, (t suspensos et mortnos. Omnia raagna putabat, uxorem niagnam, grandes equos ; abhorruit omnia i)arva ; magna pocula, et calceamenta pedibus majora. ''Lib. 1. cap. 16. Piitavit se uno digito posse totiim mundiim conterere. •" Sustinet humeris ccehim cum Atlante. Alii coeli ruinam timent. ^ Cap. 1. Tract. 15. Alius se gallum pntat, alius lusciniam. eXrallianus. fCap. 7. de mel. g Anthony de Verdeur. * Cap. 7. de mel. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Symptomesfrom Custome. 289 but aloof off, or wear any new clothes, because bethought still they smelled of it; in all other things wise and discreet, he Avould talk sensibly, save only in this. A g-entleman in Ly- mosen (saith Anthony Verdeur), Avas persuaded he had but one legg : affrighted by a wild boar, that by chance stroke him on the legg, he could not be satisfied his legg was sound (iu all other things well) until two Franciscans, by chance coming' that wiiy, fully removed him from the conceipt. Sed abunde J'abularum audivimus. SUBSECT. IV. Si/mptomes Jrom education^ ciistomes, continuance of time, our conditioiiy viixt with other diseases, by Jits, inclination, Sfc. i\NOTHER great occasion of the variety of these symptomes proceeds from custom, discipline, education, and several in- clinations. ''This humour will imprint in melancholy men the objects most answerable to their condition of life, and ordi- uary actions, and dispose men according to their several studies and callings. If an ambitious man become melancholy, he forthwith thinks he is a king, an emperour, a monarch, and walks alone, pleasing himself with a vain hope of some future preferment, or present, as he supposeth, and withal acts a lords part, takes upon him to be some statesman, or magnifico, makes congies, gives entertainments, looks big, &c. Francisco Sansovinorecordsof a melancholy man in Cremona, that would not be induced to believe, but that he was pope, gave pardons, made cardinals, &c. ^ Chistophorus a Vega makes mention of another of his acquaintance, that thought he was a kin<»- driven from his kingdom, and was very anxious to recover his estate. A covetous person is still conversant about pur- chasing of lands and tenements, plottingin in his mind how to compass such and such mannors, as if he were already lord of, and able to go through with it ; all he sees is his, re or spe ; he hath devoured it in hope, or else in conceit esteems it his own ; like him in " Athena3us, that thought all the ships in the haven to be his own. A lascivious ?«flworrt/o plots all the day long to please his mistriss, acts and struts, and carries himself, as if she were in presence, still dreaming of her, as Pamphilus of his Glycerium, or as some do in their morning » Laiirentiiis, rap. 6. •'Lih. 3. cap. 14. Qui se rte:pni piitavit rpRno expnlanm. • Dipnosopliist. lib. Thrasylaiispntaiit omnes uaves in i'iraeiiiu portuiu appelleutes siias esse. srO Symptomes of' MelancUoty . [Part. J. Sec. 3. sleep, ^Marcellus Donatus knew such a gentlewoman in Mantua, called Elionora Meliorina, that constantly believed she was married to a king, and ^ would kneel down and talk with him, as if he had been there present with his associates ; and if she had found by chance a piece of glass in a muck-hill or in the street, she would say that it was a Jewell sent from her lord and husband. If devout and religious, he is all for fasting-, prayer, ceremonies, alms, interpretations, visions, pro- phecies, revelations; '^he is inspired by the Holy Ghost, full of the spirit ; one while he is saved, another while damned, or still troubled in mind for his sins; the devil will surely have him, &c. 3Iore of these in the third partition of love melan- choly. ^ A scholars mind is busied about his studies ; he ap- plauds himself for that he hath done, or hopes to do, one while fearing to be out in his next exercise, another while contemning all censures ; envies one, emulates another ; or else, with indefatigable pains and meditation, consumes him- self. So of the rest, all which vary according to the more remiss and violent impression of the object, or as the humour it self is intended or remitted : for some are so gently melan- choly, that, in all their carriage, and to the outward appre- hension of others, it can hardly be discerned, yet to them an intolerable burden, and not to be endured. "^ Qiucdamocculta, (jnccdam manifesta; some signs are manifest and obvious to all at all times, some to few, or seldom, or hardly perceived: let them keep their own counsel, none will take notice or suspect them. They do not express in outward shew their depraved imaginations (as '^ Hercules de Saxonia observes), hut conceal them ivholly to themselves, and are very icise men, as I have often seen : some fear ; some do not fear at all, as such as think themselves kings or dead; some havemore signs, some fewer, some great, some less; some vex, fret, still fear, grieve, lament, suspect, laugh, sing, weep, chafe, &c. by fits (as I have said), or more during and permanent. Some dote in one thing, are most childish, and ridiculous, and to be wondered at in that, and yet, for all other matters, most dis- creet and wise. To some it is in disposition, to another irt habit; and, as they write of heat and cold, we may say of this humour, one is melancholicus ad octo, a second two degrees less, a third half way. 'Tis super-particular, sesquialtera, ses- aDe hist. Med. mirab. lib. 2. cap. 1. i-Genibus flexis loqiii cum illo voluit, et adstare jam tum putavit, &c. « Gordonius. Quod sit propbeta, ef inflatus a Spiritu Sancto. ^ Qui forensibus caussis insudat, nil nisi arresta cogitat, et supplices libellos ; alius non nisi versus facit. P. Forestus. « Gordonius. 1 Verbo non exprimunt,necopere,sedalta menfe recondunt; et sunt viri prudentissimi, quos ego saepe novi ; cum multi sint .sine (imore, tit qui se reges et mortuosputant ; pluj'a signa c^uidam habeut, pauciora, majora, minora. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Sjpnptomes from Custome. 291 qititertia, ^nd superhipartiens tertias, quintas melancholic^, Src all those geometrical proportions are too little to express it. ""It comes to mnni/ by Jits, and goes ; to others it is continuate: many (saith *" Faventiniis) in spring and fall only are molested; some once a year, as that Roman, "^ Galen speaks of; '^ one, at the conjunction of the moon alone, or some unfortunate aspects, at such and such set hours and times, like the sea- tides ; to some women when they be with child, as '^ Plater notes, never otherwise ; to others 'tis setled and fixed : to one led about and variable still by that ignis J'atuns of phantasie, like an arthritis, or running gout, 'tis here and there, and in every joint, always molesting some part or other; or if the body be free, in a myriad of forms exercising the mind. A second, once peradventure in his life, hath a most grievous fit, once in seven years, once in five years, even to the extremity of madness, death, or dotage, and that upon some feral acci- dent or perturbation, terrible object, and that for a time, never perhaps so before, never after. A third is moved upon all such troublesome objects, cross fortune, disaster, and violent passions, otherwise free, once troubled in three or four years. A fouith, if things be to his mind, or he in action, well pleased in good company, is most jocund, and of a good complexion; if idle, or alone, a la mart, or carried away wljolly Avith pleasant dreams and phantasies, but if once crossed and dis- pleased, Pectore concipiet nil nisi triste sue : bis countenance is altered on a sudden, his heart heavy; irk- some thoughts crucifie his soul, and in an instant he is moped or weary of his life, he will kill himself. A fifth complains in his youth, a sixth in his middle age, the last in his old age. Generally thus much we may conclude of melancholy — that it is * most pleasant at first, I say, mentis yratissitmis error, a most delightsomehumour, to be alone, dwell alone, walk alone, meditate, lye in bed whole dayes, dreaming awake as it were, and frame a thousand phantastical imaginations unto them- selves. They are never better pleased than when they are so doing: they are in Paradise for the time, and cannot well en- dure to be interrupt; with him in the poet, Non servastis, ait- -^ pol ! me occidistis, amici, you have undone him, he complains, if you trouble him: tell ^Trallianus, lib. 1.16. Alii intenalla qiiibdan] habent, ut etiain consiieta adnuDistreiif ; alii in continuo delirio -sunt, &c. "jPrag mag. Vere tantuiii et niitiiniDO, c l^jl,. »le htinioribus. '' Guianeriiis. « De mentis alienat. cap. 3. fLevinus Leranius; Jason Pratensis. Blauda ab initio. » Hor. 292 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. him what inconvenience will follow, what will be the event; all is one ; cams ad vomitiim : ^ 'tis so pleasant, he cannot re- frain. He may thus continue peradventure many years by reason of a strong' temperature, or some mixture of business, which may divert his cogitations: but, at the last, Icesa ima- {^iiiatio, his phantasie is crazed, and, now habituated to such toyes, cannot but work still like a fate; the scene altersupona sudden; fear and sorrow supplant those pleasing- thoughts; suspicion, discontent, and perpetual anxiety succeed in their places ; so by little and little, by that shooing--horn of idle- ness, and voluntary solitariness, Melancholy, this feral fiend, is drawn on ; and ^ Quantum vertice ad auras ^thereas, tantum radice in Tartara tendit : it was not so delicious at first, as it is now bitter and harsh : a cankered soul macerated with cares and discontents, tcedinvi vitcE, impatience, agony, inconstancy, irresolution, precipitate them unto unspeakable miseries. They cannot endure com- pany, light, or life it self, some; unfit for action, and the like. = Their bodies are lean and dryed up, withered, ugly, their looks harsh, very dull, and their souls tormented, as they are more or less intangled, as the humour hath been intended, or according to the continuance of time they have been troubled. To discern all which symptomes the better, "^ Rhasis the Arabian makes three degrees of them. The first is ^ falsa co- qitatio, false conceits and idle thoughts ; to misconstrue and amplifie, aggravating- every thing they conceive or fear: the second i^,falsa cogitata loqui, to talk to themselves, or to use inarticulate, incondite voices, speeches, obsolete gestures, and plainly to utter their minds and conceits of their hearts by their words and actions, as to laugh, weep, to be silent, not to sleep, eat their meat, &c. the third is to put in practice that which they think or speak. Savanarola (Rnh. 11. tract. 8. cap. 1. de cerjr Undine) confirms as much: ^when he begins to express that in loords, ichich he conceives in his heart, or talks idly, or goes from one thing to another (which " Gordonius calls nee caput habentia, nee eaudam), he is in the middle way: ^but, ichen he begins to act it likeivise, and to put his fopperies in execution, he is then in the extent of melancholy or madness * Facilis descensus Averni. b Virg. <^ Corpus cadaverostim. Psa. G7. Carioaa est facies mea prse acrritudine aninia3. d Lib. 9. ad Alniansorem. «Practica. rnajore. 'Qiiuni ore lo(iiiitur quae corde concepit, qnuni subito de una re ad aliud transit, neque rationein de aliquo reddit, tunc est in medio : at quum incipit ope- rari quaj loquitur, in summo graduest. sCap. 19. Partic. 2. Loquitur secum, et ad alios, ac si vere praesentes. Aug. c. IL lib. de curapro tnortuis gerenda. Rhasis. hQuum res ad hoc devenit, ut ea, quae cogitare coeperit, ore proniat, atque acta per- jnisceat, turn perfecta melanoholia est. Mem. 1. Subs. 4.] Symptomes from Custome. 293 it self. This progress of melancholy you shall easily observe in them that have been so affected : they go smilino- to them- selves at first, at length they laugh out ; at first solitary, at last they can endure no company : or, if they do, they are now dizards, past sense and shame, quite moped ; they care not what they say or do ; all their actions, words, gestures are furious or ridiculous. At first his mind is troubled ; he doth not attend what is said ; if you can tell him a tale, he cryes at last, what said you? but in the end he mutters to himself, as old Avomen do many times, or old men when they sit alone ; upon a sudden they laugh, whoop, hollow, or run away, and swear they see or hear players, ^devils, hobgoblins, ghosts ; strike, or strut, &c. grow humorous in the end. Like him in the poet — sccpe ducefitos,scepedecemservos — he will dress him- self, and undress, careless at last, grows insensible, stupid, or mad. ^ He howls like a woolf, barks like a dog, and raves like Ajax and Orestes, hears musick and outcryes, which no man else hears ; as'^he did whom Amatus Lusitanus mentioneth {cent. 3. citra 55), or that woman in '^Springer, that spake many languages, and said she was possessed ; that farmer, in « Prosper Calenus, that disputed and discoursed learnedly in philosophy and astronomy, with Alexander Achilles his master, at Boloigne in Italy. But of these I have already spoken. VV ho can sufficiently speak of these symptomes, or prescribe rules to comprehend them ? As Echo to the painter in Auso- nius, vane, quid affectas, ^c. foolish fellow, what wilt? if you must needs paint me, paint a voice, et similem si vis pin(/ere pinge sonum: if you will describe melancholy, describe a phan- tastical conceit, a corrupt imagination, vain thoughts and dif- ferent; which who can do ? The four and twentyletters make no more variety of words in divers languages, than melancholy conceits produce diversity of symptomes in several persons. They are irreg-ular, obscure, various, so infinite, Proteus him- self is not fio divers ; you may as well make the moon a new coat, as a true character of a melancholy man; as soon find the motion of a bird in the air, as the heart of man, a melan- choly man. They are so confused, I say, divers, intermixt with other diseases — as the species be confounded, (which ' I have shewed) so are the symptomes ; sometimes with head- ach, cachexia, dropsie, stone (as you may perceive by those several examples and illustrations, collected by sHildesheim spicil. 2. Mercurialis, consil. 118. cap. 6. et 11), with head-ach| a Melancholic us se videre et audire putat daitnones. Lavater, de spectris par. 3 cap. 2. b VVieriis, 1. 3. c. 31. <; Michael, a musician. ''Malleo malJf •■ Lib. de atra bile. f Part. 1. Subs. 2. Memb. 2. s De delirio, melancholia' et mama. ' 294 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sfec. 3. epilepsia, priapismus(Trmcavellius, corm/. 12. lib.l.consil,39} with gout, caninus appeiitus (Montanus, const/. 26. ^c. 23. 234. 249), with falling--sickness, head-ach, vertigo, lycanthropia, &c. (.J. Caesar Claudiniis, consult. 4. consult. 80. et IIC) M'ith gout, agues, heraroids, stone, &c. Who can distinguish these melancholy symptomes so intermixt with others, or apply them to their several kinds, confine them into method ? 'Tis hard, I confess ; yet I have disposed of them as J could, and will descend to particularize them according to their species: for hitherto I have expatiated in more general lists or terms, speaking promiscuously of such ordinary signs, which occur amongst writers. Not that they are all to be found in one man ; for that were to paint a monster or chimera, not a man ; but some in one, some in another, and that successively or at several times. Which I have been the more curious to express and report, not to upbraid any miserable man, or by way of derision (I rather pity them), but the better to discern, to apply remedies unto them ; and to shew that the best and soundest of us all is in great danger ; how much we ought to fear our own fickle estates, remember our miseries and vanities, examine and hu- miliate our selves, seek to God, and call to him for mercy, that needs not look for any rods to scourge our selves, since we carry them in our bowels, and that our souls are in a mi- serable captivity, if the light of grace and heavenly truth doth not shine continually upon us ; and by our discretion to mo- derate our selves, to be more circumspect and wary in the midst of these dangers. MEMB.II. SUBSECT. I. Symptomes oj" Head-Melancholy. If ^ wo symptomes appear about the stomach, nor the blood be misaffected, andj'ear and sorrow continue, it is to be thought the brain it self' is troubled, by reason of a melancholy juyce bred in it, or otherumyes conveyed into it; and that evil Juyce isj'rom the distemper ature oj" the part, or left after some in- Jlammation. Thus far Piso. But this is not alwayes true ; for blood and hypochondries both are often affected even in head-melancholy. ''Hercules de Saxonia differs here from the common current of writers, putting- peculiar signs of head- aNicholas PIso. Si signa circa ventriculum non apparent, nee sanguis male affec- tus, et adsunt timor et inoestitia, cerebrum ipsum existiniandum est, &c. ^' Tract. dp mel. c. 13, &c. Ex jnteniperie spirituiim, et cerebri motii et tenebrositate. Mem. 2, Subs, 1.] Symptomes of Head-Melancholy . 295 melanchol}', from the sole disfemperature of spirits in the brain, as they are hot, cold, dry, moist, all whiiovt matter, Jiom the motion alone, and tenehrosity of spirits. Of melan- choly which proceeds from humours by adustion, he treats apart, with their several symptomes and cures. The common sig-ns, if it be by essence in the head, are rndduiessofj'ace, hir/h sanguine complexion, most part, (rubore saturato, ''one calls it) a blewish, and sometimes full of pumples, with red eyes. ( Avi- cenna, /. 3. Fen. 2. Tract. 4. e. IJS. Duretus, and others out of Galen de affect. I. 3. c. 6). ^ Hercules de Saxonia, to this of redness efface, adds heaviness of the head, fixed and hollow eyes. ''If it proceed from dryness of the brain, then their heads will be liyht, vertiyinons, and they most apt to wake, and to continne whole months together without sleep. Few excrc~ ments in their eyes and nostrils ; and often bald by reason of excess of dryness, Montaltus adds(c. 17). If it proceeds from moisture, dulness, drowsiness, head-ach follows ; and (as Sallust. Salviauus, c. 1. /. 2- out of his own experience found) epileptical, with a multitude of humours in the head. They are very bashful, if ruddy, apt to l)lush, and to be red upou all occasions, prcesertim si tnetus accesserit. But the chiefest symptome to discern this species, as I have said, is this, that there be no notable signs in the stomach, hypochondries, or elsewhere, diyna, as '^ Montaltus terms them, or of greater note, because oftentimes the passions of the stomach concurr with them. Wind is common to all three species, and is not excluded, only that of the hypochondries is ^ more windy than the rest, saith Hollerius. Aetius (tetrab. l.'2. se. 2 c.9. et 10) maintains the same : 'ifthere be more signs, and more evident, in the head than elsewhere, the brain is primarily aftected,and pre- scribes head-melancholy to be cured by meats (amongst the rest) void of wind, and good juyce, not excluding- wind, or corrupt blood, even in head-melancholy itself; but these species are often confounded, and so are their symptomes, as 1 have already proved. The symptomes of the mind are suj)erfluous and con- tinual cogitations ; ^for, when the head is heated, it scorcheth a Facie sunt nibente et livescente, qiiibiis etiam aliquando adsunt pustiila;. b Jo. Pantheon, cap. de Mel, Si cerebrum primario afficiatiir, adsiint capitis Rravitas, fixi oculi, &c. c Laurent, cap. 5. Si a cerebro, ex siccitate, tnm capitis erit levitas, sitis, vigilia, pancitas supertluitatum in ociilis et paribus (^Si nulla dipna l Lib. de loc. affect, cap. 6. ^Cap.6. f^Hildesheim, spicil. 1. de inel. In hypochondriaca melancholia, adeo ainbigua sunt symptomata, ut eliani eserGitatissimi medici deloco affecto statuere non possiat. ii Medici de loco afl'ecto nequeunt statuere. Mem. 2. Subs. 2.] Symptomes of windy Melancholy. 297 TrincavelliiJs excuseth Diodes {Uh. 3. consil. 35), because that oftentimes, iu a stron*^ head and constitution, a generous spirit, and a valiant, these symptomes appear not, by reason of his valour and courage. ''Hercules de Saxonia(to whom I sub- scribe) is of the same mind (which I have before touched) that J'ear and sorroiv are not generally symptomes ; some fear, and are not sad ; some be sad, and fear not ; some neither fear nor grieve. The rest are these, beside fear and sorrow, ^ sharp belchinr/s, J'ulsome crudities^ heat in the bowels^ wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and stomach sometimes, aj'ter meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the stomach, and moist spittle, cold sweat, importunus sudor, unseasonable sweat all over the body, (as Octavius Horatianus, lib. 2. cap. 5. calls it) cold joynts, in- digestions ; ^ they cannot endure their own fulsome belching s; continual wind about their hypochondries, heat and griping in their bowels ; prsecordia sursum convelluntur, midriff, and bowels are pulled up ; the veins about their eyes look red, and swell from vapours and wind. Their ears sing now and then ; vertigo and giddiness come by fits, turbulent dreams, dri- ness, leanness ; apt they are to sweat upon all occasions, of all colours and complexions. Many of them are high coloured, especially after meals ; which symptome Cardinal Csesius was much troubled with, and of which he complained to Prosper Calenus his physician, he could not eat, or drink a cup of wine, but he was as red in the face, as if he had been at a maiors feast. That symptome alone vexeth many. '^ Some again are black, pale, ruddy ; sometime their shoulders and shoulder-blades ake : there is a leaping all over their bodies, sudden trembling, a palpitation of the heart,and that cardiaca passio, grief in the mouth of the stomach, which maketh the patient think his heart itself aketh, and sometimes suffocation, dijfieulias anhelitus, short breath, hard wind, strong pulse, swooning. Montanus {consil. 55),Trincavellius(/z7>. 3. consil. 36. et. 37), Fernelius (cons. 43), Frambesarius {c&usult. lib.l. consil. 17), Hildesheim, Claudinus, &c. give instance of every particular. The peculiar symptomes, which properly belong to each part, be these. If it proceed from the stomach, saith » Tract. poHttuuo de rael. Patavii edit. 16'i0. per Bozettum Bibliop. cap. 2. bAcidi ructus, criiditates, ajstus in prascordiis, flatus, interdnm ventriculi dolores ve- hementes, siinitoqiie cibo concoclu diflicili, sputum huiuidum idque multuui .seqnetur, 8cc. Hip. ]ib. de iiiel. Galeuus/Melanelius e Ruflb et Aetio, Altoinnrus, Piso, Mon- tallus, Bruel, W'ecker, &c. <= Circa prascordia de assidua inllatione que- runtur ; et cum, sudore totius corporis importune, frigidos articulos sa>pe patiuntnr, indi- ge«tione laborant, ructus sues insuaves perhorrescunt, viscerum dolores habent «i Montaltus, c. 13. Wecker, Fuchsias, c. 13. Altomarus, c. 7. Laurentius, c. 73. Bruel, Cordou. E E 2 298 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. * Savanarola, 'tis full of pain, wind. Guianerius adds, ver- tiyo nausea, much spitting-, &c. If from the myrache, a swelling- and wind in the hypochondries,a loathing, and appe- tite to vomit, pulling- upward. If from the heart, aking- and trembling- of it, much heaviness. If from the liver, there is usually a pain in the right hypochondry. If from the spleen, hardness and grief in the left hypochondry, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion (Avicenna). If from the mesa- raiick veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite (Here, de Saxonia). It" from the hypochondries,arumbling in- flation, concoction is hindred, often belching, &c. And from these crudities, windy vapours ascend up to the brain, which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heavi- ness, many terrible conceits and chimeras, as Lemnius well observes (/. 1. c. 16) : as ^a black and thick cloud covers the sun, and intercepts his beams and light, so doth this melan- choly vapour obnubilate the mind, hiforce it to many absurd thouf/hts and imaginations, and compel good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising- to the brain from the 'lower parts, as smoak out of' a chimney) to dote, speak, and do that which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms. One, by reason of those ascending- vapours and gripings rumbling be- neath, will not be perswaded but that he hath a serpent in his guts, a viper; another, frogs. Trallianus relates a story of a woman, that imagined she had swallowed an eel, or a serpent; and Felix Platerus (observat. lib. 1) hath a most memorable example of a countreyman of his, that by chance falling into a pit where frogs and frogs-spawn was, and a little of that water swallovved, began to suspect that he had likewise swal- lowed frogs spawn; and, with that conceit and fear, his phan- tasie wrought so far, that he verily thought he had young live frogs in his belly, qui vivebant ex alimento suo, that lived by his nourishment, and was so certainly perswaded of it, that, for manyyears following, he could not be rectified in his conceit : he studied physick seven years together, to cure himself, tra- velled into Italy, France, and Germany, to conferr with the best physicians about it, and, anno 1609, asked his counsel amongst the rest. He told him it was wind, his conceipt, &c- but mor- dicus contradicere, et ore et scriptis probare nitebatur : no saying- would serve : it was no wind, but real frogs : and do you not hear them croak ? Platerus would have deceived him, by putting live frogs into his excrements : but he, being a phy- sician himself, would not be deceived, vir prudens alias, et a Pract. major. Dolor iu eo et ventositas, uausea. b Ut atra densaque nubes, soli oU'usa, ruJioset lumen ejus intercipit etoiluscat: sic, &c. >-'ljtfumuse camiuo. iMem. 2. Subs. 3.] Sijmptomes of windy Melancholij. 299 doctus,?LVfhe and learned man otherwise, a doctor of pljysick;^ and after seven years dotage in this kind, aphantasid liheratns est, he was cured. Laurentius and Goulart have many such examples, if you be desirous to read them. One commodity, above the rest which are melancholy, these windy flatuous have — hicidaintervalla: their symptomes and gains are not usu- ally so continuate as the rest, but come by fits, fear and sorrow and the rest : yet, inanotlier, they exceed all others ; and that is, ''they are luxurious, incontinent, and prone to venery, by reason oivf'\\\A,et facile amant,et qvamlihet Jcre amant (Jason Pratensis). ''Rhasis is of opinion, that Venus doth many of them much good; the other symptomes of the mind be com- mon with the rest. SUBSECT. III. Symptomes of Melancholy abounding in the whole body. HEIR bodies, that are afiected with this universal mehui- choly, are most part black ; •= the melancholy jnyee isrednndant all over ; hirsute they are, and lean ; they have broad \eiiis, their blood is gross and thick. '' Their spleen is rceah, and a liver apt to ingender the humour; they have kept bad diet, or have had some evacuation stopped, as hsemroids, or months in women, which * Trallianus,in the cure, would have carefully to be inquired, and withal to observeof what complexion the party is, black or red. For, as Forrestus and Hollerius contend, if 4hey be black, it proceeds from abundance of natural melan- choly ; if it proceed from cares, agony, discontents, diet, exer- cise, &c. they may be as well of any other colour, red, yellow, pale, as black, and yet their whole blood corrupt; j)rar7ibri colore sape sunt tales, soipe flavi (saith -Montaltus, cap. 22). The best May to discern this species, is to let them bleed : if the blood be corrupt, thick, and black, and they witlial free from those hypochondriacal symptomes, and not so grievously troubled with them, or those of the head, it argues (hey. are melancholy a toto corpore. The fumes which arise from this T » Hypochondriaci maxime aflectant coire, et mnltiplicatnr coitns in ipsis, eo qtiod ventositates niultiplicantur in hypochondriis, et coitns saepe alievat has ventositates. b Cont. lib. 1. tract 9. f Wecker. Melancholicas succus toto corpore rcdundans. •iSpIennatura imbeciliior. Montaltus, cap. 22. <■ Lib. 1. cap. 16. [nterrngare convenit, an aliqua evacuafionis retentio obvenerit, viri in ha-morrlioid. nii)lirnim ni<=n- struis : et vide faciem similiter, an sit rubicnnda. fNafuraleq nijrri arqiiijnti a toto corpore, sa-pe ribicundi. t' Montaltus, cap. 22. Piso. Ex colon- sanguinis, si minaaii yenam, si fluat Digerj&.c. 300 Symptomes oj' Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. corrupt blood, disturb the mind, and make them fearful andsor- rovvfu I, heavy hearted, as the rest, dejected, discontented, soli- tary, silent, weary of their lives, dull and heavy, or merry, &c. and, if far g"one, that which Apuleius wished to his enemy, by way of imprecation, is true in them; ^dead mens hones, hob- goblins, ghosts, are ever in their minds, and meet them still in every tnrn: all the bugbears of the night, and terrours and fairybabes of tombs and graves, are before their eyes andin their thoughts, as to women and children, rfthey be in the dark alone. If they hear, or read, or see, any tragical object, it sticks by them; they are afraid of death, and yet weary of their lives ; in theirdiscontcnted humours, they quarrel with allthe world, bit- terly inveigh, tax satyrically ; and, because they cannot other- wise vent their passions, or redress what is amiss, as they mean, they will, by violent death, at last be revenged on themselves. SUBSECT. IV. Symptomes of Maids, Jfuns, and Widows Melancholy. -OECAUSE Lodovicus Mercatus (in his second book de mu- Her. affect, c. 4), and Rodericus a Castro {demorb.mulier.c. 3. /. 2), two famous physicians in Spain, Daniel Sennertus of Wittenberg [lib. 1. part. 2. cap. 13), with others, have vouch- safed, in their works notlongsince published, to write two just treatises de Melancholia Virginmn, Motiialinm, et Viduarum, as a peculiar species of melancholy (which I have already specified) distinct from the rest, (''for it much differs from thatwhich commonly befalls men and other women, as having' one only cause proper to women alone) I may not omit, in this general survey of melancholy symptomes, to set down the particular signs of such parties so misaffected. The causes are assigned out of Hippocrates, Cleopatra, Moschion, and those old gynaociorum scriptores, of this feral malady, in more ancient maids, widows, and barren women, o6 septum transversum violatum (naith Mercatus), by reason of the midriffe or diaphragma, heart and brain oflended Avith those vicious vapours which come from menstruous blood : infamma- tionem arterice circa dorsum, Rodericus adds,an inflammation of »Aptil. 1. 1. Semper obvijp. species mortnornm: qiiidquicl umbranim est. nspiam, qui(l(|(ii(l leinuriim et. larvaruni, oculis snis as^geruut : sibi fingunt omnia noctinm oc- misaciila, omnia bnstorum formidamiiia ; omnia stpiilcronim ferrici'Iatnenta. •>Differt enim ab ea qiise viris et reliqiiis feminis commuuiter coutiugit, propriam habeus caussam. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Symptomes of' Women's Melanchol}/. 301 the back, which with the rest is offended by "that fub'g-inous exhalation of corrupt seed, troubling the brain, heart and mind ; the brain 1 say, not in essence, but by consent ; nni' versa enim hnjus affect its causa ah utero pendet, et a sangvinis menstrni malitUl ; for, in a word, the whole malady proceeds from that inflammation, putredity, black smoky vapours, &c. from thence come care, sorrow, and anxiety, obfuscation of spirits, agony, desperation and the like, which are intended or remitted, si amatorius accesserit ardor, or any other violent object or perturbation of mind. This melancholy may happen to widov, s, with much care and sorrow, as frequently it doth, by reason of a sudden alteration of their accustomed course of life, &c. To such as lye in childe-bed, oh snppressam pur- ff((tio)iem ; but to nunnes and more ancient maids, and some barren women, for the causes abovesaid, 'tis more familiar ; crehrins his quam reliqnis accidit, i?iqnit Rodericus ; the rest are not altogether excluded. Out of these causes Rodericus defines it, with Aretaeus, to be anr/orem animi, a vexation of the mind, a sudden sorrow from a small, light, or no occasion, ''with a kind of still dotage and grief of some part or other, head, heart, breasts, sides, back, belly, &c. with much solitariness, weeping, distraction, &c. from which they are sometimes suddenly delivered, be- cause it comes and goes by fits, and is not so permanent as other melancholy. But, to leave this brief description, the most ordinary symp- tomes be these : jmlsatio jnxta dorsum, a beating about the back, which is almost perpetual; the skin is many times rouoh, squalid, especially (as Aretffius observes) about the arms, knees, and knuckles. The midriffe and heart-strings do burn and beat very fearfully; and, when this vapour or fume is stirred, flyeth upward, the heart itself beats, issore grieved, and faints;/a?/ce« siccitate prcechiduntur, ut difficulter possit ah uteri stranf/ula- tione cuucta aug-eutiir, >«:c. •'Cnni tacito delirio ac dolore alicujus partis internse, dorsi, liyiinchondrii, cordis regionem et upiversam mammam iiiterdumocciipanlis, &c. Cutis aliquandosqiialida, as|.era. mgo- sa, pra'cipue ciihitis, genibus, et digitorum articub's ; prafcordia iiitjenli ^api- (eriore aestaant et pulsant; cumque vapor excitatus sursuui evulat, corpalpitat aiit premitiir, animus deficit, Jcc. 302 Symptdmes of Melancholy . [Part. 1, Sec. ??. troubled M'ith wind, cannot sleep, &c. And from hence proceed /er?wrtf/^'//ra/«e«/;ff, a brutish kind of dotage, troublesome sleep, terrible dreams in the night, suhrvsticus pudor ^et verecnndia ig- 7iava, a foolishly kind of bashfulness to some, perverse con- ceites and opinions, ^ dejection of mind, nnich discontent, pre- posterousjudgement. They are apt to loath, dislike, disdain, to be weary of every object, &c. each thing almost is tedious to them; they pine away, void of counsel, aptto weep, and trendjle, timorous, fearful, sad, and out of all hopes of better fortunes. They take delight in nothing for the time,butlove to be alone and solitary, though that do them more harm. And thus they are affected so long' as this vapour lasteth ; but, by and by, as pleasant and merry as ever they were in their lives, they sing", discourse and laugh in any good company, upon all occasions; and so by fits it takes them now and then, except the malady be inveterate; and then 'tis more frequent, vehement, and con- tinuate. Many of ihem cannot tell how to express themselves inwords,how it holds them, what ails them ; youcannotunder- stand them, or well tell what to make of their sayings; so far gone sometimes, so stupified and distracted, they think them- selves bewitched ; they are in despair, apfcc adfletitm^ despera- tionc7n, dolores viajumiset hypochoiidrns. Mercatus therefore adds, now their breasts, now their hypochondries, belly and sides, then their heart and head akes; now heat, then wind, now this, now that offends ; they are weary of all ; '' and yet will not, cannotagain tell how, where or>vhat offends them, though they be in great pain, agony, and frequently complain, grie ving,sigh- ing, weeping' and Ci'\%conie\\ieds,i\\\,shie canssd rnanijestd, most part; yet, I say, they will complain, grudge, lament, and not be persuaded butthatthey are troubled with an evil spirit; which is frequent in Germany, (saith Rodericus) amongst the common sort, and to such as are most grievously atlected ; (for he makes three degrees of this disease in women) they are in despair, surely forespoken or bewitched, and in extremity of their do- tage, (weary of their lives) sonje of theni will attempt to make away themselves. Some think they see visions, confer M'ith spirits and devils; they shall surely be danmed, are afraid of some treachery, imminent danger, and the like; they will not speak, make answer to any question, but are almost distracted. »Animi dejectio, perversa rernm existimatio, prfeposternm judicium. FastidiossB, laniHieites, taediosas, consilii inopes, lacrymosEe, timentes, mcesta;, cum suintna renim ineliorutn desperatione, uulla re delectantnr, solihidinem aniant, &c. b Nolunt apprirc molestianiquam patinntv.r ; sed ronqiii rimfnr taiiicn de CHpifejCorde, niammis^ &,c. Inpnfpoa fere nianiaci pro.silirr, ar straiigiilrtri ca|)innt, tnilfa oratioiiis siiavifate ad sptm saliitis recuperaiidam erigi, &r. Fauiiliaies uon curaiit ; non Icquuntur, noa respoudent. Slc. et ha;c gravjora, ai. Sec. Mem. 2. Subs. 4.] Symptomes of Women's Melancholy. 303 mad, or stupid for the time, and by fits : and thus it holds them, as they are more or less affected, and as the inner humour is intended or remitted, or by outward objects and perturbations agoravated, solitariness, idleness, &c. Many other maladies there are, incident to young- women, out of that one and only cause above specified, many feral dis- eases. 1 will not so much as mention their names: melancholy alone is the subject of my present discourse, from which I will not swerve. The several cures of this infirmity, concerning diet, which must be very sparing, phlebotomy, physick, in- ternal, external remedies, are at large in great variety in ^Ro- dericus a Castro, Sennertus, and Mercatus, which who so will, as occasion serves, may make use of. But the best and surest remedy of all, is to see them well placed, and married to good husbands in due time ; Jmic illce lacrymce, that's the primary cause, and this is the ready cure, to give them content to their desires. I write not this to patronize any wanton, idle flurt, lasciviousorlighthusMives, which are too forward many times, unruly, and apt to cast away themselves on him that comes next, without all care, counsel, circumspection, and Judgement. If religion, good discipline, honest education, wholsome exhortation, fair promises, fame and loss of good name,cannot inhibit and deterr such, (which, to chaste and sober maids, cannot chuse but avail much) labour and exercise, strict diet, rigor, and threats, may more opportunely be used, and are able of themselves to qualifie and divert an ill disposed temperament. For seldome shall you see an hired servant, a poor handmaid, though ancient, that is kept hard to her work and bodily labour, a coarse countrey wench, troubled in this kind ; butnol)le virgins, nice gentlewomen, such as are solitary and idle, live at ease, lead a life out of action and employment, that fare well ingreat houses, andjovial companies, illdisposed peradventure of themselves, and not willing to make any resist- ance, discontented otherwise, of weakjudgement, able bodies, and subject to passions (grandiores viryines, saith Mercatus, steriles, et viduce, plerumqiie melanclioUccc ) such for the most part are misaffected, and prone to this disease. I do not so much pity them that may otherwise be eased ; but those alone, that, out of a strong temperament, innate constitution, arc vio- lently carried away with those torrent ofinward humours, and, though very modest of themselves, sober, religious, vertuous, and well given (as many so distressed maids are), yet cannot make resistance ; these grievances willappear,this malady will take place, and now manifestly shew it self, and may not other- a Clysteres et helleborismum Matthioli sumnie laiidat. 301< Sjjmptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. wise be helped. But where am I? Into what subject have 1 rushed ? What have I to do with nunns, maids, virgins, widows? I am abachelormy self, and lead a monastick life in acollege: nee ego sane ineptus, qui licec dixerim; I confess 'tis an indeco- rum : and as Pallas a virgin blushed, when Jupiter by chance spake of love matters in her presence, and turn'd away her face ; me reprimam ; though my subject necessarily require it, I will say no more. And yet I must and will say something more, add a word or two m f/ratiam virghium et viduarum, in favour of all such distressed parties,in commiseration oftheir present estate. And, as I cannot chuse but condole their mishap that labour of this infiniiity, and are destitute of help in this case, so must I needs inveigh against them that are in fault, more than manifest causes, and as bitterly tax those tyrannizing pseudopoliticians, supersti- tious orders, rash vows, hard-hearted parents, g'uardians, unna- tural friends, allies, (call them how you will) those careless and stupid overseers, that, out of worldly respects, covetous- ness, supine negligence, their own private ends, {cum sibi sit interimhene) can so severely reject, stubbornly neglect, and im- piously contemn, without all remorse and pity, the tears, sighs, groans, and grievous miseries, of such poor souls committed to their charge. How odious and abominable are those supersti- tious and rash vows of popish monasteries, so to bind and inforce men and women to vow virginity, to lead a single life against the laws of nature, opposite to religion, policy, and humanity ! so to starve, to offer violence, to suppress the vigour of youth ! by rigorous statutes,severe laws,vain perswasions, to debar them of that, to which by their innate temperature they are so furiously inclined, urgently carried, and sometimes precipitated, even ir- resistibly led, to the prejudice oftheir souls health, and good estate of body and mind ! and all for base and private respects, to maintain their gross superstition, to inrich themselves and their territories (as they falsly suppose) by hinderingsome mar- riages, that the world be not full of beggers, and their paiishes pestered with orphans. Stupid politicians ! haccine fieri jiagi- tia ? ought these things so to be carried? Better marry than hum, Baith the apostle ; but they are otherwise perswaded. They will by all means quench their neighbours house, if it be on fire; but that fire of lust, which breaks out into such lament- able flames, they will not take notice of; their own bowels oftentimes, flesh and blood, shall so rage and burn ; and they will not see it. Miserum est, saith Austin, seipsnm non mise- rescere ; and they are miserable in the mean time, that cannot pity themselves, the common good of all, and, /*er cnnsequens, their own estates. For let them but consider M'hat fearful Mem. 3.] ^ Causes of these Sympiomes. 305 maladies, feral diseases, o-ross inconveniences come to both sexes by this enforced temperance. It troubles me to think of, much more to rchite, those frequent aborts and murdering- of infants in their nunneries (read ''Kemnitius and others), their notorious fornications, thoscspintrias,tribadas, ambubaias, &c. those rapes, incests, adulteries, mastuprations, sodomies, bug-- o-eries, of monks and friers. (See Bales Visitation of Abbies, ^ Mercurialis, Rodericus a Castro, Peter Forestus, and divers physicians.) I know their ordinary apologies and excuses for these things ; sed viderint politic'}, medici^ thcolof/i : I shall more opportunely meet with them " elsewhere. Illius viJuoe, aut patronum virginis hujus, Ne me forte putes, verbum non amplius addam. MEMB. III. Immediate Cause of these precedent Sympiomes. A O o-ive some satisfaction to melancholy men that are troubled withthcsesymptomes, abettermeans, in myjudgoment,cannot be taken, than to shew them the causes v. hence they proceed ; not from devils, as they suppose, or that they are bewitched or forsaken of God, hear or see, &c. as many of them think, but from natural and inward causes ; that, so knowing them, they may better avoid the effects, or at least endure them with more patience. The most grievous and common symptomes are fear and sorrow,and that without a cause, to the wisest and discreet- est men, in this malady not to be avoided. The reason why they are so, Ai-tius discusseth at large, Tetrabib. 2. 2. in his first problem out of Galen, lib. 2. de caussis sympt. 1. For Galen imputeth all to the cold that is black, and thinks that the spirits being darkned, and the substance ofthe brain cloudy and dark, all the objects thereof appear tenible, and the''mind it self, by those dark, obscure, gross fumes, ascending from black humours, is in continual darkness, fear, and sorrow; divers ter- rible monstrous fictions in a thousand shapes and apparitions occurr,withviolent passions, by Mhich the brain and phantasie are troubled and eclipsed. ' Fracastorius (lib. 2. de intellect.} » Examen cone. Trident, de ca;libatu sacerd. ^ Cap. de Satyr, et Priapis. f Fart. 3. sect. 2. jSlenib. 5. Subs. b. •' Vapores crassi et ni^^ri a ventriciilo in cercbnim exhalaut. Vi\. Phitenis. t Calidi hilares. fri^idi indispo.siti ad lali- tiam, et ideo solitarii. taritiirni, non iil.int intrepuii. Vapores melaiicliolici, spiritibus luixti, teuebraruui caiissu; sunt. Cap. 1. 306 Sipiiptcmes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. tpjM have cold to he the cause of fear and sorrow ; for such as are cold, are ill disposed to mirth, dull and heavy ^ by na- ture solitary, silent ; and not for any inward darkness (as physicians think) ; for many melancholy men dare boldhf be, continue, and walk in the dark, and delight in it : solum fri- yidi timidi : if they be hot, they are merry ; and the more* hot the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in mad men : but this reason holds not; for then no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, should fear. Averroes scoffs at Galen for his rea- sons, and brinos five arguments to refell them : so doth Here, de Saxonia {Tract, de melan. cap. 3) assigning other causes, which are copiously censured and confuted by ^Elianus Montal- tus, cap. 5. et 6. Lod. Mercatus, c?e inter, morb. cur. lib. I. cap. 17. Altomarus, cap. 7- de mel. Guianerius, tract. 15. c. I. Bright, cap. 17. Laurentius, cap. 5. Valesius, med. cont. lib. 5. con. 1. ^ Distemper ature (they conclude) makes black juice ; blackness obscures the spirits; the spirits, ob- scured, cause fear and sorrow. Laurentius {cap. 13) supposeth these black fumes offend especially the diaphragma or midriff, and so, per consequens, the mind, which is obscured, as ^the sun by a cloud. To this opinion of Galen, almost all the Greeks and Arabians subscribe, the Latines new and old; iw- tcrno3 tenebra: ojfuscant animum, et externa nocent pueris : as children are frightened in the dark, soare melancholy men at all times, '^as having the inward cause with them, and still car- rying it about. Which black vapours, whether they proceed from the black blood about the heart, (asT. W. Jes. thinks, in his Treatise of the passions of the mind) or stomach, spleen, midriff, or all the misaffected parts together, it boots not ; they keep the mind in a perpetual dungeon, and oppress it with continual fears, anxieties, sorrows, &c. It is an ordi- nary thing for such as are sound, to laugh at this dejected pusillanimity, and those other symptomes of melancholy, to make themselves merry with them, and to wonder at such, as toyes and trifles, which may be resisted and withstood, if they will themselves : but let him that so wonders, consider Avith himself, that, if a man should tell him on a sudden, some of his especial friends were dead, could he choose but grieve.'* or set him upon a steep rock, where he should be in danger to be precipitated, could he be secure ? his heart would tremble for fear, and his head be giddy. P. Byarus a Intemperies facit succum nigrum j nigrities obscurat spiritiim ; obscuratio spirifus facit metum et tristitiam. * b Jjt nubecula solem oiTnscat. Constantinus, lib. de inelanch. c Altomarus, c. 7. Caussam fimoris circmnfert. Ater humor passionis materia ; et atri spiritus perpetuam auiinre domicilio oflundunt uoctem. Mem. 3.] Causes of these Symptomes. 307 (Tract, de pest.) gives instauoo (as I have said) ^ and put case (saith be) in one that jralks upon a plank ; if it bfe o?i the ground, he can safely do it; hut if the same plank he laid over some deep water, instead of a bridge, he is vehemently moved ; and ^tis nothing but his imagination, forma cadendi impressa, to which his other members andfaculties obey. Yea, but you infer, that such men have just cause to fear, a true object of fear : to have melanclioly men an inward cause, a perpetual fume and darkness, causing fear, grief, suspicion, which they carry with them — an object which cannot be removed, but sticks as close, and is as inseparable, as a shadow to a body; and who can expel, or over-run his shadow : remove heat of the liver, a cold stomach, weak spleen : remove those adust humours and vapours arising from them, black blood from the heart, all outward perturbations; take away the cause; and then bid them not grieve nor fear, or be heavy, dull, lumpish : otherwise counsel can do little good ; you may as well bid him that is sick of an ague, not to be adry ; or him that is wounded, not to feel pain. Suspicion follows fear and sorrow at heels, arising out of the same fountain; so thinks ^Fracastorius, that fear is the cause of suspicion, and still they suspect some treachery, or some secret machination to be framed against them ; still they distrust. Restlessness proceeds from Ihe same spring; variety of fumes make them like and dislike. Solitariness, avoidino- of light, that they are weary of their lives, hate the >vorld, arise from the same causes; for their spirits and humours are opposite to light ; fear makes them avoid company, and absent them- selves, lest they should be misused, hissed at, or overshoot themselves; which still they suspect. They are prone to venery, by reason of wind ; angry, waspish and fretting still, out of abundance of choler, which causeth fearful dreams, and vio- lent perturbations to them, both sleeping and wakino-. That they suppose they have no heads, flye, sink, they are pots, glasses, &c. is wind in their heads. " Here, de Saxouia doth ascribe this to the several motipns in the animal spirits, their dilatation, contraction, confusion, alteration, tenebrosity, hot or colddistemperuture, excluding all material humours. ''Fra- a Pone exemplum, quod quia potest ambalare super trabetn quae est in via : sed si sit super aquain profundain, loco pontis, non aiubulabit super earn, eo quod ima- ginatur in animo et timet vehenienter, forma cadeudi impressa, cui obediaut mem- bra omnia, et facnltates reliquaj. •> Lib. 2. de intellectione. Suspiciosi ob ti- niorem et obliquum discursum ; et semper inde putant sibi fieri insidias. Lau- ren. 5. cTract.de mel. cap. 7. Ex dilatatione, contractione, confusione, tenebrositate spirituum. calida, frigida inteniperie, &c. J IlJud inqui.iitione dignum, cur tain I'alsa recipiant, habere se cornua, esse inortuo.i, nasutos, esse aves &c. SOa Symptomes of Mel(tncholy. [Part. I. Sec. S. castoriiis accounts it a thing ivorthy of inquisition, why they should entertain such false conceits^ as that they have horns, great mioses, that they are birds, beasts, §'c. why they should think themselves king's, lords, cardinals. For the first, ''Fra- castorius gives two reasons : one is the disposition of the body ; the other, the occasion of the phantasie^ as if their eyes be purblind, their ears sing by reason of some cold and rheume, &c. To the second, Laurentius answers, the imaoination, in- wardly or outwardly moved, represents to the understanding-, not inticements only, to favour the passion, or dislike ; but a very intensive pleasure follows the passion, or displeasure; and the will and reason are captivated by delighting- in it. Why students and lovers are so often melancholy and mad, the philosopher of ''Conimbra assigns this reason, because^ by a vehement and continual meditation of that wherewith they are affected, they fetch up the spirits into the brain ; and, with the heat brought up with tltem, they incend it beyond mea- sure ; and the cells of the inner senses dissolve their tempera- ture ; which being dissolved, they cannot perform their offices as they ought. Why melancholy men are witty, (which Aristotle hath long since maintained in his problems; and that ''all learned men, famous philosophers, and law-givers, ad unum fere omnes melancholici, have still been melancholy) is a problem much controverted. Jason Pratensis will have it understood of na- tural melancholy ; which opinion Melancthon inclines to, in his book de Animd, and Marcilius Ficinus, de san. tuen. lib. 1. cap. 5) but not simple ; for that makes men stupid, heavy, dull, being cold and dry, fearful, fools, and solitary, but mixt with the other humours, flegm only excepted ; and they not adust, '^but so mixt, as that blood be half, with little or no adustion, that they be neither too hot nor too cold. Aponensis (cited by Melancthon) thinks it proceeds from melancholy atlust, excluding all natural melancholy, as too cold. Laurentius con- demns his tenent, because adustion of humours makes men mad, as lime burns when water is cast on it. It must be mixt with blood, and somewhat adust ; and so that old aphorism of Aristotle may be verified : nullum magnum ingenium sine mixturd dementia:, no excellent wit without a mix- ture of madness. Fracastorius shall decide the controversies a I. Dispositio corporis. 2. Occasio imasrinationis. I'ln pro. li. de ccelo. Veheinens et assidua cogitatio rei erga quam afiiciinr, spirifus in cerebrum eyocat. c Melancholici ingeniosi omnes, sumnii viriiu artibus et disciplinis. sive circinn impe- ratoriam aut reip. discipliuam, omnes fere melancholici. Aristoteles. 'J Adeo niiscentur, ut sit duplura sanguiuis ad rdiquu duo. Meiii. 3 ] Causes of these Symptomes. S09 ^ phlegmatick are dull: sanyuine, lively, pleasant, accepta- ble and merry, hut 7iot tvitty : cholerick are too sioif't in mo- tion, and furious, impatient of contemplation, deceitful loits : melancholy men have the most excellent wits, but not all ; this humour may be hot or cold, thick or thin ; if too hot, they are furious and mad ; if too cold, dull, stupid, timorous and sad: if temperate, excellent, rather inclining to that extream of heat, than cold. This sentence of his will agree with that of Heraclitus; a dry lig-ht makes a wise mind ; temperate heat and driness are the chief causes of a good wit ; therefore, saith ^Elian, an elephant is the wisest of all bruit beast, because his brain is dryest, et ob atra: bilis copiam : this reason Cardan approves (subtil. 1.12). Jo. BaptistaSilvaticus, a physician of Milan (in his first controversie) hath copiously handled this question ; Ralundus, in his problems, Ccelius Rhodoginus, lib. 17. Valleriola, 6*' narrat. med. Here, de Saxonia,, Tract, post, demel. cap. 3. Lodovicus Mercatus, de inter, morb. cur. lib. cap. 17. Baptista Porta, Physioy. lib. 1. c. 13. and many others. Weeping, sighing, laughing, itching, trembling, sweating, blushing, hearing and seeing strange noises, visions, wind, crudity, are motions of the body, depending upon these pre- cedent motions of the mind. Neither are tears affections, but actions (as Scaliger holds) ; ^the voice of such as are afraid trembles because the heart is shaken (Conimb. prob. Q. sec.S.desom.) Why they stut or faulter in their speech, Mer- curialis and Montaltus {cap. 17) give like reasons out of Hip- pocrates, '' driness, which makes the nerves of the tongue tor^ pid. Fast speaking', (which is a symptome of some few) Aetius will have ea.used'^from abu7tdance ofivind, and swift- ness of imagination : "^ baldness comes from excess of dryness ; hirsuteness from a dry temperature. The cause of much wak- ing in a dry brain, continual meditation, discontent, fears, and cares, that suffer not the mind to be at rest : incontinency is from wind, and an hot liver (Montan us, con*. 26). Rumbling- in the guts is caused from wind, and wind from ill concoc- tion, weakness of natural heat, or a distempered heat and cold; •^ palpitation of the heart, from vapours; heaviness and aking-, from the same cause. That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Redness of the face, and ^ Lib. 2. de intellectione. Ping^i sunt Minerva phlegmatici : sanguinei amabiles, grati, hilares, at non ingeniosi ; cholerici celeres motu, et ob id contemplationis im- patieutes : melancholici solum excellentes, &c. *> Trepidantiuin vox trenmla, qui cor quatitur. c Ob ariditatem qua? reddit nervos lingua; torpidos. •> Incoutinentia liuguaj ex copia ilatuain, et velocitate imagiuationis. eCalvities ob siccitatis excessum. ' Aetius. 310 Symptomes of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. 'Selling', as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pis-mires, from a sharp subtile wind : *cold sweat, from vapours arising- from the hypocondries, which pitch upon the skin; leanness for want of good nourishment. Why their appetite is so g^reat, ''Aetius answers : os ventris J'rif/escit, cold in those inner parts, cold belly and hot liver, causeth crudity; and intention proceeds from perturbations; "^our soul, for want of spiiits, cannot attend exactly to so many intentive operations; Ijeing- exhaust, and overswayed by passion, she cannot consider the reasons which may disswade her from such affections. *^Bashfulnessand blushing- is a passion cojnmon to men alone, and is not only caused from "^ some shame and ignominy, or that they are guilty unto themselves of some foul fact connnitted, but (as Fracastorius well determines) ob defectnm proprmm, et timorem, Jrom J'eur, and a conceit of our defects. The J'ace labours and is troubled at his presence that sees our dejects; and nature, tvillinr/ to help, sends thither heat ; heat draws the subtilest blood; and so we blush. They that are bold, arrogant, and careless, seldom or never blush, but such as are fearyul. Anthonius Lodovicus, in his book de pudore, will have this subtil blood to arise in the face, not so much for the reverence of our betters in presence, ^butjor joy and pleasure, or if ' any thiny at unainares shall pass Jrom us, a sudden ac- cident^ occurse, or nieetiny, (which Disarius, in '' Macrobius, confirms) any object heard or seen (for blind men never blush, asDandinus observes ; the nightand darkness make men impu- dent) — or that we be staid before our betters, or in company we like not, or if any thing molest and offend us — erub'escentia turns to rubor^ blushing- to a continuate redness. 'Sometimes the extremity of the ears tingle, and are red, sometimes the whole face, etsi nihil vitiosuni commiseris, as Lodovicus holds : though Aristotle is of opinion, onmis pudor ex vitio commisso, all shame for some offence. But we find otherwise ; it may as well proceed ''from fear, from force, and inexperience, (so 'Dandinus holds) as vice; a hot liver, saith Duretus (noiis in HolleriumJ ; from a hot brain, Jrom icind, the lunys a Lauren, c. 13. bTehab 2. ser. 2. c. 10. <= Ant, Lodovicus proh, lib. I. sect. 5. de atrabilariis. J Subrusticus jmdor, vitiosus pudor, f 0I» ignoniiniam aut turpedinein facti, &c. f Dc symp. et antip. cap. 12. Laborat facJes ob prt^sentiam ejus qui defectum nostrum videt ; et iiatura, quasi opem latura, calorem illun mittit ; calor sangninem trahit ; unde rubor. Audaces nou rubent &c. g'Ob gaudium et voluptatem, foras exit sanguis, aut ob nielioris reverentiam, ant ob subitum occursum, aut si quid incautius excideril. '' Com. in Arist. de anima. Caeci ut piurimum impudentes. Nox facit impudentes. • Alexander 'Aphrodisiensis makes all bashfulness a vertue ; eamquese ref'ertin seipso experiri solitum, etsi esset admodum senex. k Srepe post cibum apti ad ruborem, ex potu vini, ex tiraore ssepe, et ab hepate calido, cerebro calido, &c. 1 Com. in Arist. de animft. Tarn a y\ et incxperientia quam a vitio. Mem. 3.] Causes of these Symptomes. 31 1 heated, or ajler drinkiny of wine, strung drink, perturba- tions, Si'c. Laushter, what it is, saith ^ Tally, how caused, where, and so suddenly breaks out, that, desirous to stay it, we cannot, how it comes to possess and stir our face, veins, eyes, counte- nance, month, sides, let Democritus determine. The cause, that it often aifects melancholy men so much, is g-iven by Gomesius (/. 3. de sale genial, cap. IS) — abundance of pleasant vapours, which, in sano^uine melancholy especially, break from the heart, ^ and tickle the midriff, because it is transverse and full of nerves ; by which titillation the sense being moved, and the arteries distended, or pulled, the spirits from thence move and possess the sides, veins, countenance, eyes. See more in Jos- sius, de risti, et fetu, Vives, 3. de Animd. Tears, as Scaliijer defines, proceed from {[^rief and pity, ^ or from the heatiny of a moist brain ; for a dry cannot weep. That they see and hear so many phantasms, chimeras, noises, vitiions, &c. (as Fienus hath discoursed at large in his book of imagination, and '^ Lavater, de spec tr is, part. 1 . cap. 2, 3,4) their corrupt phantasie makes them see and hear that which indeed is neither heard nor seen. Qui multum j'ej'unant, aut noctes ducunt insomnes, they that much fast, or want sleep, as melancholy or sick men commonly do, see visions, or such as are weak-sighted, very timorous by nature, mad, distracted, or earnestly seek. Sabini, quod volunt, somniant, as the saying is ; they dream of that they desire. Like Sarmiento the Spaniard, who, when he was sent to discover the Streinhts of Magellan, and confine places, by theprorex of Peru, stand- ing on the top of an hill, amoenissimam planitiem despicere sibi visusfuit, cedijicia magnijica, quamplurimos pagos, altas turres, splendida templa, and brave cities, built like ours in Europe; not (saith mine ^author) that there was any such thing, but that he was vanissimuset ?timis credulus, and would fain have had it so. Or (as ' Lod. 3Iercatus proves), by reason of inward vapours, and humours from blood, choler, &.c. di- versly niixt, they apprehend and see outwardly, as they sup- pose, diverse images, which indeed are not. As they that drink wine think all runs round, when it is their own brain ; so is it with these men ; the fault and cause is inward, as Galen affirms ; § mad men and such as are near death, quas extra se » 2, De oratore. Quid ipse risns, quo pacto concitetur, ubi sit, &:c. ''Diaphrapma titillant, quia transvftrsuna et uervosum, qua tittillatione raoto sensn atque arteriis liis- tentis, spiritus inde latera, venas, os oculos occupant. ••' Ex calefaclione liumidi cerebri ; nam ex sicco iacrj'ma; non fluunt. ii Rt-s inirandas imag^inantur ; 'et putant se videre quae nee vident, nee audiunt.. " Laet. lil;. 13. cap. '2. doscript. India; Occident. fLib. 1. cap. 17. cap. de mel. ijjiiaani, et qui luorti vicini sunt, res, quas extra se videre putaut, intra Ofiili.s habent VOL. I. F i 512 Symptomes of .Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. videre putatit imaf/i?ies, hitra oculos habent ; 'tis in their Ijrain, which seems to be before them ; the brain, as a concave olass, reflects solid bodies. Senes etiam decrepiti cerebrum habent concavum et aridum^ ut imafjinentnr se videre (saith '" Boissard us) qn(S non sunt; ohl men are too frequently mistaken, and dote in like case: or, as he that looketh through a piece of red glass, judgeth every thing he sees to be red; corrupt vapours mounting from the body to the head, and distilling again from thence to the eyes, when they have mingled themselves with the watery crystal which receiveth the shadows of things to be seen, make all things appear of the same colour, which remains in the humour that overspreads our sight, as to melancholy men all is black, to phlegmatick all white, &c. Or else, as before,the organs, corrupt by a corrupt phantasie, (as Lemnius, lib. J. cap. 16. well quotes) ^ cause a great agitation of spirits and humours, which tcander to and fro in all the creeks of the brain^ and cause such apparitions before their eyes. One thinks he reads something written in the moon, as Pythagoras is said to have done of old : another smells brimstone, hears Cerberus bark : Orestes, now mad, supposed he saw the Furies torment- ing him, and his mother still ready to run upon him. O mater! obsecro, noli me persequi His Furiis, adspectu angiiineis, horribilibus ! Ecce ! ecce! in me jam ruunt ! but Electra told him, thus raving in his mad fit, he saw no such sights at all ; it was but his erased imagination. Quiesce, quiesce, miser, in linteis tuis ; Non cernis etenim, quae videre te putas. So Pentheus (in Bacchis Euripidis) saw two suns, two Thebes; his brain alone was troubled. Sickness is an ordinary cause of such sights. Cardan, subtil.S: mens (sgra, labor ibus et Jejuniisfracta,facit eos videre, audire,Sfc. And. Osiander beheld strange visions, and Alexander ab Alexandre, both in their sickness, which he relates (de rerum varietat. lib. 8. cap- 44). Albategnius, that noble Arabian, on his death-bed, saw a ship ascending and descending: which Fracastorius re- cords of his friend BaptistaTurrianus. Weak sight,and a vain persM'asion withall, may effect as much, and second causes concunHng, as an oav.e in water makes a refraction, and seems bigger, bended. dodMe, &c. The thickness of the aire may caiise such efi'ects ; or any object not well discerned in the dark, •JCap. 10. cle spirit, apparitione. *'De occult, nat. mirac. Mem. 'i.] Causf>s of theii^ Symptovfies. 313 feaT and phaiitasie will suspect to be a ghost, a devil, &c. " Quod niiim miseri timent, hoc facile cieduut : we are apt to believe, and mistake insucli cases. Marcellus Donatiis {/ih. 2. cap. 1) brings in a story out of Aristotle, of one Antepheron, which likely saw, wheresoever he was, his own image in the aire, as in a glass. Vitellio {lib. 10. perspect) hath such an- other instance of a familiar acquaintance of his, that, after the want of three or four nights sleep, as he was riding by a river side, saw another riding with him, and using all such gestures as he did ; but when more light appeared, it vanished. Ere- mites and anachorites have frequently such absurd visions, re- velation;-, by reason of much fasting, and bad diet : many are deceived by legerdemain, as Scot hath well shewed in his book of the discovery of witchcraft, and Cardan, subtil. 18. Suffites, perfumes, suffumigation^, mixt candles, perspective glasses, and such natural causes, make men look as if they Were dead, or with horse-heads, bulls-horns, and such like brutish shapes, the room full of snakes, adders, dark, light, green, red, of all colours, as you may perceive in Baptistu Porta, Alexis, Albertus, and others: — glow-worms, tire-drakes, meteors, i(/nns faluus, (which Plinius, lib. 2. cap. 37. calls Castor and Pollux) with many such that appear in moorish grounds, about church-yards, moist valleys, or where battles have been fought ; the causes of which read in Goclenius, Velcurius, Finkius, &c. Such feats are often done, to frighten children, with squibs, rotten wood, &c. to make folks look as if they were dead, ''so/y7o7/tayores,bigger, lesser, fairer, fouler, ut astantes sine capitibus videaniwr, ant toti ifjniti, aut forma dcemonitm. ./Iccipe pilos cunis nigri, Sj-c. saith Albertus ; and so 'tis ordinary to see strange uncouth sights by catoptricks ; who knows not that if, in a dark room, the light be admitted at one only little hole, and a paper or glass put upon it, the sun shining, will represent, on the opposite wall, all such ob- jects as are illuminated by his rayes? With concave and cylinder glasses, we may reflect any shape of men, devils, anticks,(as magicians most part do, to gull a silly spectator in a dark room) we will our selves, and that hanging in the air, when 'tis nothing but such an horrible image (as " Agiippa de- monstrates) placed in another room. Roger Bacon of old is said to have represented hisown image walking in the aire by this art, though no such thing appearin his perspectives. But, •'Seneca. Quod metuunt nimis, niinqiiHin amoveri posse nee tolli putant. '' San- guis npupae cum melle corapositus et centaurea, Sec. Albertus. ^Lib. 1. occult philos. fmperiti homines ddjuionum et iinibrarum imagines videie se' putant, qnuui niliil sint aliucf, qaam .Himnlacra anirnae expertia. F F 2 314 Symptomes oj' Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 3. most part, it is in the l)rain that deceives them ; although I may not deny, but that oftentimes the devil deludes them, takes? his opportunity to sug-o-est, and represent vain objects to me- lancholy men, and such as are ill affected. To these you may add the knavish impostures of jnglers, exorcists, mass-priests, and mountebanks, of whom Roger Bacon speaks, &c. de mi- racnlis natm-ce et artis, cap. 1. ''They can counterfeit the voices of all birds and bruit beasts almost, all tones and tunes of men, and speak within their throats, as if they spoke afar off, that they make their auditors believe they hear spirits, and are thence much astonished and affrighted with it. Besides, those artificial devices to over-hear their confessions, like that whispering- place of Glocester with us, or like the Dukes place at Mantua in Italy, where the sound is reverberated by aeon- cave wall; a reason of which Blancanus in his Echometria gives, and mathematically demonstrates. So that the hearing is as frequently deluded as the sight, from the same causes almost, as he that hears bells, will make them sound what he list. As the fool thinketh, so the bell clinketh. Theophilus (in Galen) thought he heard musick, from vapours which made his ears sound, &c. Some are de- ceived by echoes, some by roaring of waters, or concaves and reverberation of aire in the ground, hollow places and walls. ^ At Cadurcum in Aquitany, words and sentences are repeated by a strange echo to the full, or whatsoever yOu shall play upon a musical instrument, more distinctly and louder, than they are spoken at first. Some echoes repeat a thing spoken seven times, as at Olympus in Macedonia (as Pliny relates, Mb.S6- cap. 15.), some twelve times, as at Charenton, a village near Paris in PVance. At Delphos in Greece heretofore was a miraculous echo, and so in many other places. Cardan {subtil. I. 18) hath wonderful stories of such as have been de- luded by these echoes. Blancanus the Jesuite (in his Echo- metria) hath variety of examples, and gives his reader full satis- faction of all such sounds, by way of demonstration. ''At Barrey, an isle in the Severn mouth, they seem to hear a smiths forge: so at Lipara, and those sulphureous isles, and many such like which Olaus speaks of in the continent of Scandia, and those northern countries. Cardan (dererum var. I. !5.c.84) mentioneth a woman, that still supposed she heard the devil call her, and speaking to her, (she was a painters wife in Milan) '^ PytlionissBB, vocuiu varietatein in ventre et ;i'utture fisigentes, formant voces hiima- nasa loiiRe vel prope, pnmt voluut, ac si spiritu^ cuui lioiuice loqueietur ; et sonosbru- toruui fiiif;uni, &c. '' Tarn clare tt nrtjcuiate aiidies repetitiiin, iit perfectior sit Eclio qnam ipse dixeris. <-■ Blo^^ing oi'beJlovvs, ami knocking of liamajci 8, ii they a{ip]y tlieir tar to the clilC Mem. 1.] Proffnosticks of Melancholy. 315 ami many sucb illusions and voices, which proceed most part from a corrupt imagination. Whence it comes to pass, that they prophesie, speak several lang-uages, talk of astronomy, and other unknown sciences to them, (of which they have been ever ig-norant) ^I have in brief touched: only this I will here add, that Arculanus, Bodiu, {lib. 3. cap. 6, dwmon.) and some others, ''hold as a manifest token that such persons are possessed with the devil, (so doth •^Hercules de Saxonia,and Apponensis) andfitonlyto be cured by a priest. But "^ Guianerius, * Montaltus, Pomponatius of Padua, and Lemnius (lib. 2. cap. 2), refer it wholly to the ill-disposition of the 'humour, and that out of the authority of Aristotle, profe. 30. 1, because such symptomes are cured by purg-ing; and as, by the striking of aflint, fire is inforced,so, by the vehement motions of spirits, they do elicere voces inaudifas, compel strange speeches to be spoken. Another argument he had from Plato's remimscentia, which is, all out, as likely as that which -MarsiliusFicinus speaks of his friend Pierleonus; by a divine kind of infusion, he understood the secrets of nature, and tenents of Gnccian and barbarian philosophers, before ever he heard of, saw, or read their works : but in this I should rather hold, with Avicenna and his associates, that such symptomes proceed from evil spirits, which take all op- portunities of humours decayed, or otherwise, to pervert the soul of man ; and besides, the humour itself is balneum dui- holi, the devils bath, and (as Agrippa proves) doth intice bim to seize upon them. SECT. IV. MEMB. I. Prognosticks of Melanchohf. X ROGNOSTICKS, or signs of things to come, are either good or bad. If this malady be not hereditary, and taken at the beginning, there is good hope of cure; recens curatiunem non habet difficilem, saith Avicenna (/. 3. Fen. I . Tract. 4. c. 18). That which is with laughter, of all others, is most secure, gentle, and remiss (Hercules de Saxonia). ^ If that evacuation of hcemrods, or varices which they call the icater a Memb. 1. Sub. 3. of this partition, cap. 16. in 9 Rhasis. b Si^a djenionis nulla sunt, nisi quod loqnantur ea quaj ante nesciebant, iit Teutonicum aut aliud idio- ma, &c. <• Cap. 12. tract, de me). ''Tract 15. c. 4. *^ Cap «) ' Mira vis concifat humoros, ardorque vehemens mpntem exaKitaf,quiim. Jvr. gPrafat Jambliri mysteiiis. '' Si raelancholiris haptnorrhoidts superventrint, varices vei (ut quibusdam placet) dfjua inter cuteui, solvitur malum. ' ' 316 Prognosticks of Melancholy. [Part, J. Sec. 4. between tlies/cm, shall happen to a vielanchQly man, his misery is ended (Hippocrates, Jlphor. 6. 11). Galen {I. 6. de morbis vjilyar. conu 8) confirms the same ; and to tjiis aphorism of Hippocrates all the Arabians, new and old Latines, subscribe (Montaltus, c 25. Hercules de Saxonia,,Mercuria]is, Vittorius, Faventius, «&c.) Skenkius (/. Lobservat. vied. c. de Mania) illustrates this aphorism, with an example of one Daniel Federer a coppersmith, that was long melancholy, and in the end mad about the twenty-seventh year of his age : these varices or water began to rise in his thighs ; and he was freed from his madness. Marliis the Roman was so cured, some say, though with great pain. Skenkius hath some other instances of wo- men that have been helped by flowing of their moneths, which before were stopped. That the opening of the hajmrods will do as much for men, all physicians joyntly signifie, sothey be voluntary, some say, and not by compulsion. All nielan- choly men are better after a quartane. ''Jobertus saitli, scarce any man hath that ague twice. But, whetlier it free him from this malady, 'tis a question ; for many ])hysicians ascribe all along agues for especial causes, and aquartane ag|iijB amongst the rest. *> Rhasis, c,o?^l. lib. 1. tract. 9. WJien me- lancholy (jets out at the superficies of the skin, or .jetties, breaking '' out in scabs, leprosie, morphew, or is purged by stools, or by the vrine, or that the spleen is enlarged, and those varices appear, the disease is dissolved. Guianerius {cap. 5. tract. 15) adds dropsie, jaundise, dysentery, leprosie, as good signs, to these scabs, morphews, and breaking out, and proves it, out of the sixth of Hippocrates Aphorismes. Evil prog-nosticks, on the other part. Inveterata melancho- lia incurabilis; if it be inveterate, it is "^incurable (a connnon axiome) ant dij/iculfer curabilis, (as they say that make the best) hardly cured. This Galen witnesseth (/. 3. de loc. affect, cap. 6) : ^ be it in whom it will, or from what cause soever^ it is ever long, wayward, tedious, and hard to be cured, if once it be habitnated. As Lucian said of the gout, she was Hhe queen of the diseases, and inexorable, may we say of melan- choly. Yet Paracelsus will have all diseases whatsoever oi- rable, and lauglis at them which think otherwise,as T. Erastus (part. S) objects to him; although, in another place, hereditary cRseases he accounts incurable, and by no art to be ^removed. a Cap. 10. de qiiartnna, h(;„n, sanguis exit per superficiem, et residet melan- pbolia per scabiein, niorpheam nigrara, vet expiirgatur per inferiorps gartes, vel urinam, &C. noil prit, 8.c. splen magnificatur, et varices apparent. <■ Qrim jam ronversa in riatiiram. ^ Jn qiiocimque sii, a quacunque cauRsa, hypocop. prfeserhm, semper est longa, moiosa, nrr facile curari potest. e fjpgjna morborum et inexorabilis. I Qnine delirium, quod oritur a paucitate cerebii, incurabile. Hildesheim, spicil. dp Kiania. . Mem. 1.] Prognosticks of Melancholy. 317 Hiklesheini {spicil. 2. de mel.) holds it less dangferous, ifouly * imagination be hurt, and not reason : ^ the gentlest is from blood, ivorsefrom choler adust, but the worst oj' all from me- lancholg pntrijied. "^ Bruel esteems hypochondriacal least dan- gerous, and the other two species(opposite to Galen) hardest to be cured. "^ The cure is hard in man, but much more difficult in women. And both men and women must take notice of that saying of Montanus (pro Abbate Italo) : '^ this malady doth commonly accompany them to their grave ; physiciansmat/ ease, and it may lye hidj'or a time ; but they cannot quite cure it, but it will return again more violent and sharp than at first, and that upon every small occasion or errour : as in Mercuries wea- ther-beaten statue, that was once all over gilt, the open parts were clean, yet there was in fmbriis aurum, in the chinks a remnant of gold — there will be some reliques of melancholy left in the purest bodies (if once tainted), not so easily to be rooted out. 'Oftentimesit degenerates into epilepsy, apoplexy, convulsions, and bl indness,(by the authority of Hippocrates and Galen) sail averr, if once it possess the ventricles of the brain — Frambesarius, and Sallust Sal vianus'' adds, if it get into the op- tick nerves, blindness. Mercurialis {consil.20) had a woman to his patient, that from melancholy became epileptick and blind. ' If it come from a cold cause, or so continue cold, or increase, epilepsie, convulsions follow, and blindness; or else, in the end, they are moped, sottish, and, in all their actions, speeches, gestures, ridiculous. ""If it come from an hot cause they are more furious and boisterous, and in conclusion mad. Calescentem melancholiam scepius sequitur mania. ' If it heat and increase, that is the common event : "^ per circuitus, aut semper, insanit ; be is mad by fits, or altogether: for (as'^Sen- oertus contends out of Crato) there is seminarium ignis in this humour, the very seeds of fire. If it come from melan- choly natural adust, and in excess, they are often dfemouiacal (Montanus). "Seldom this malady procures death, except (which is the greatest, most grievous calamity, and the misery of all fniseries) they make away themselves; which is a frequent thino-, and » Si sola imagioatio Isedatur, et non ratio. <> Mala a sanguine fervenfe, deterior a bile assata, pessima ab atra bile putrefacta. r. Difticilior ciira ejiis ^nte. fit vifio corporis totius et cerebri. epilepsiam, apoplexiarn, cotnul.sioiifni,' c acitate m. R Montal. c. 25. Laurentius. Nic. Piso. '' Her. de Saxonia, Aristotle, Capiiacrius.' ' Favent. Himior J'rigidus ssia delirii caussa, fiirori.s vero humor calidus. k fJenr- uitLS calls madness .soboleiii melancholia-. 'Alexander, 1. I. c. 18. m Lib. ]. part. 2. c. 11. "Montalt. c. 15. Baro mors aut niinquani, nisi sibi ipsig inferant. 318 PrognosticJcs of Melancholy. [Part. 1. Sec. 4. familiar amohirstthem. 'Tis =* Hippocrates observation, Galens sentence, (etsi mortem timent^ tamen plerumque sibi ipsis mor- tem consciscimt, I. 3. de locis affect, cap. J ) the doom of all physicians. 'Tis Rabbi Moses aphorism, the prog^nosticon of Avicenna, Rhasis, Aetius, Gordonius, Valescus, Altomarus, SallustSalvianus, Capivaccius,Mercatus,HerculesdeSaxonia^ Piso, Bruel, Fuchsius, all, &c. *'Et saepe usque adeo, mortis formidine, vitce Percipit infelix odium, lucisque videndce, Ut sibi consciscat moerenti pectore lelum. And so far forth deaths terrour doth afFrio^ht, He makes away himself, and hates the light : To make an end of fear and grief of heart. He voluntary dies, to ease his smart. In such sort doth the torture and extremity of his misery tor- ment him, that he can take no pleasure in his life, but is in a manner inforced to offer violence unto himself, to be freed from his present insufferable pains. So some (saith *^Fracas- torins) mfury^ hut most in despair, sorrow, Jear, and out of the anguish and vexation of their souls ^ ^,ff^r violence to them- selves :for their life is unhappy and miserable. They can take no rest in the niyht, nor sleep: or, if they do slumber, fearful dreams arAonish them. In the day time, they are affrighted still by some terrible object, and torn in pieces with suspicion, fear, sorrow, discontents, cares, shame, anguish, &c.as so many wild horses, that they cannot be quiet an hour, a minute of time, but, even against their wills, they are intent, and still thinking of it; they cannot forget it; it grinds their souls day and night; they are perpetually tormented, a burden to themselves, as Job was; they can neither eat, drink, or sleep. Psal. 107. 18. Their soul abhorreth all meat, and they are brought to deaths door, '^ being bound in misery and iron: ^they curse their stars (with Job), ^ and day of their birth, and wish for death (for, as Pineda and most interpreters hold, Job was even melancholy to Lncret. 1. 3. « Lib. 2. de Intell. Sanpe mortem sibi consois- cnnt ob timorem et tristitiam, txA'in vitas allecti oh fiimreni et desperationem. Est rnim infera, Str. Ergo sic perpefno afllictaJi vitam odernnt, se praecipitant, his malig caritiiri, aut interfir.iiint se, ant tale tpiid commitlnnt. ^Psal. Ifl7. 10. fjob, 33. 'Job, 6. 8. g Vi doloris et tristitia> ad insauiam paene rcdactus. *• Seneca. Mem. 1.] Prognosticks of Melancholy . 319 the midst of these squalid, \\s\y, and such irksome dayes, they seek at last, (finding no comfort, "no remedy in this wretched life) to be eased of all by death. Omnia appetunt bonum, ; all creatures seek the best, and for their good, as they hope, suh specie, in shew at least, ?;«>/ qnia mori pulchnim putant , (saith *• Hippocrates) vel quia putant inde se majorihus malis liberari, to be freed as they wish. Though, many times,as ^Esops fishes, they leap from the frying-pan into the fire it self, yet they hoped to be eased by this means ; and therefore, (saith Felix '' Platerus) after many tedious dayes, at last, either by drown- ing, hanging, or some such fearful end, they precipitate or make away themselves : many lamentable examples are daily seen amongst u^: alius ante fores se laqueo suspendit^ (as Se- neca notes) alius se prcecipitavit a tecto, ne dominum stomach' antem audiret ; alius, ne reduceretur afugd,ferrum adegit in viscera : so many causes there are ■ His amor exitio est, furor his love, grief, anger, madness ; and shame, &c. 'Tis a common calamity, '^ a fatal end to this disease : they are condemned to a violent death, by a jury of physicians, furiously disposed, carried headlontr by their tyrannizing wills, inforced by miseries; and there remains no more to such persons, if that heavenly phy- sician, by his assisting grace and merry alone, do not prevent, (for no humane perswasion or art can help) but to be their own butchers,and execute themselves. Socrates his cicM?a,Lucretias dagger, Timons halter are yet to be had ; Catoes knife, and Neroes sword are left behind them, as so many fatal engines, bequeathed to posterity, and will be used, to the worlds end, by such distressed souls : so intolerable, unsufFerable, grievous and violent is their pain, * so unspeakable and continuate. One day of grief is an hundred years, as Cardan observes : 'tis carnifcina hominum, angor animi, as well saith Aretaeus, a plague of the soul, the cramp and convulsion of the soul, an epitome of hell; and, if there be an hell upon earth, it is to be found in a melancholy mans heart : For that deep torture may be call'd an hell, When more is felt, than one hath power to tell. Yea, that which scoffing Lucian said of the gout in jest, I may truly affirm of melancholy in earnest. * In salntis suae desperatione proponunt sibi mortis desideriiira. Oct. Horaf. 1. 2. c. 5. '' Lib. de insania. Sic sic jnvat ire per umbras. <"Cap. .3. de mentis alienat. Mresti decnint, dora tandem mortem, qnam timent, snspendio aiit submer- sioDP, aut aliqna alia vi, iit multa tristia exempla \idimns. "^ Arcnianns, in 9 Rhasis. r. 16. Cavendiim, ne ex alto se prTrripiteiit. ant alias lardant. ''O onininm opinionibiiR incogitabile malnm ! Liirian. Mortesque mille, millc, dum vivit, oeces, gerit, peritque. Heioeius, Austriaco. 320 Proynosticks of Melancholy, [Part. 1. Sec. 4. O triste nomen ! O Diis obidile, * Melancholia lacrymosa, Cocyti filia ! Tu Tartar! specubus opacis edita Erinnys, utero quam Megsera suo tulit, Et ab uberibus aluit, cuique parvulse Amarulentum in os lac Alecto dedit- Omnes abominabiletn te dsemones Produxere in iucem, exitio mortalium. Et paullo post — Non Jupiter fert tale teluni fulminis, Non uUa sic procella ssevit aequoris, Non impetuosi tanta vis est turbinis. An asperos sustineo morsus Cerberi? Num virus Echidnse membra mea depascitur? Aut tuoica sanie tincta Nessi sanguinis ? lllacrymabile et immedicabile malum hoc. O sad and odious name ! a name so fell. Is this of melancholy, brat of hell. There born in hellish darkness doth it dwell. The Furies brought it up, Megsera's teat, Alecto gave it bitter milk to eat : And all conspir'd a bane to mortal men, To bring this devil out of that black den. Jupiters thunderbolt, nor storm at sea, Nor whirl-wind, doth our hearts so much dismay. What? am I bit by that fierce Cerberus? Or stung by ^serpents so pestiferous ? Or put on shirt that's dipt in Nessus blood ? My pain's past cure ; physick can do no good. No torture of body like unto it ; Siculi nou invenere tyranni Majus tormentum ; no strappadoes, hot irons, Phalaris bulls, *= Nee Ira De6m tantum, nee tela, nee hostis, Quantum sola noces animis illapsa. Joves wrath, nor devils, can Do so much harm to th' soul of man. All fears, griefs, suspicions, discontent.*, iinbonities, insuaivites, are swallowed up and drowned in this Euripus, this Irish sea, this ocean of misery, as so many small brooks; 'tis coagulum omnium a^rumnarum, which '^ Ammianus applied to his dis- tressed Palladius. I say of our melancholy man, he is the cream of humane adversity, the " quintessence, and upshot ; " Regina morborum, cai famulantur omnes et obediunt. Cardan. bEhen ! quis intns Scorpio, &c. Seneca, Act. 4, Here. CEt. <■ Silius Italicus. Plautus. b Vlt, Hfrrnlis. c Persins. -i Qtiid est miserins iu vita, quara Telle Bion ? Seneca. « Tom. 2 Libello, an graviores passiones), &c. f Ter. 322 P r Off noslicks of Melancholy, [Part 1. Sec. 4, it be to his good. Epicurus and his followers, the Cynicks, arTd Stoicks,in general affirm it. Epictetusai>d "Seneca amongst the rest : cjuamcmique veram esse viani ad libertatem ; any way is allowable, that leads to liberty ; •' let us give God thanks, that no man is compelled to live against his will: '^ quid ad hominem clmiMra, career, custodia ? liberum ostium hahet ; death is always ready and at hand, Vides ilium praicipitem locum, illudjlumen ? dost thou see that steep place, that river, that pit, that tree ? there is liberty at hand ; effugia servitutis et dolores sunt, as that Laconian lad cast himself headlong, (non serviam, aiehat puer) to be freed of his misery. Every vein in thy body, if these be nimis operosi exitus, yviW set thee free : quid tua refert, finem facias an accipias ? there's no necessity for a man to live in misery. Malum est necessitati vivere ; sed in necessitate vivere, necessitas nulla est. Igna- vns, qui sine caussd moritur ; et stultus, qui cum dolore vivit {Idem, epi. 58). Wherefore hath our mother the earth brought out poisons (saith ''Pliny) in so great a quantity, but that men in distress might make away themselves? which kings of old had ever in readiness, ad incerta forttm(e venenum sub cus- tode promptuni{L\vy writes,)and executioners alwayesat hand. Speusippus, being sick, was met by Diogenes ; and, carried on his slaves shoulders, he made his moan to the philosopher : but, I pitty thee not, quoth Diogenes, qui, cum talis sis, vivere sustines : thou maist be freed when thou wilt, — meaning by death. "^Seneca therefore commends Cato, Dido, and Lucretia^ for their generous courage in so doing, and others that volun- tarily die, to avoid a greater mischief, to free themselves from ' misery, to save their honour, or vindicate their good name, as Cleopatra did, as Sophonisba(Syphax wife) did, Hannibal did, as Junius Brutus, as Vibus Virius, and those Campanian sena- toursin Livy (Dec. 3. lib. 6), to escape the Roman tyranny, that poisoned themselves. Themistocles drank bulls blood, rather than he would fight against his countrey ; and Demosthenes chose rather to drink poyson,Publius Crassiflius, Censorius, and Plancus, those heroical Romans, to make away themselves, than to fall into their enemies hands. How many myriads besides in all ages might I remember, ■ qui sibi letum Insontes peperere manu, &c. ^Rbasis, in the Macchabees, is magnified for it, Sampsons death approved. So did Saul and Jonas sin ; and many. » Patetexitus ; si piignare non vultis, licet fugere : qnis vos tenet invitos ? De provid. efip. 8. *> AgauiusDeogratias, quod nemo invitiis vita feneri potest. '' Epist. 'Jfi. Senec. et de sacra. 2. cap. 1.5. et Epi.st. 70. et 12. '' Lib. 2. cap. 83. Terra mater. Dostri miserta. f Epist. 24. 71. 82. f Mac. 14. 42. Mem. 1.] Prognosticks of Melancholy. 323 worthy men and women, qnorummemoria celehratur mecclemdy sailh *' LiMninchus, for killing- themselves to save their chastity and honour, when Rome was taken (as Austin instances, /. 1. de Cwit. Dei, cap. 16). Jerome vindicateth the same {in Jo- nam) ; and Ambrose (/. 3. de virrpnitate) commendeth Pela- gia for so doini*-. Easebius(/i7>.8. cap. 15) admires aRoman matron for the same fact, to save herself from the lust of Maxentius the tyrant. Adelhelmus, the abbot of Malmesbury, calls them beatas virgines, quce sic, Sfc. Titus Pompouius Atticus, that wise, discreet, renowned Roman senator, Tullys dear friend, when he had been long sick, as he supposed of an incurable dkenac, vitamque produceret ad augendos doloreSy sine spe salutis, was resolved voluntarily by famine to dispatch himself, to be rid of his pain; and when Agrippa and the rest of his weeping friends earnestly besought him, oscu- lautes ohsecrarent, neid, quodnatura cogeret, ipse acceterarety not to offer violence to himself — with a settled resolution he desired again they would approve of his good intent, and not seek to dehort him from it; and so constantly died, precesfpie eorum taciturnd sua ohstinatioue depressit. Even so did Corellius Rufus, another grave senator, (by the relation of Plinins Secundus, epist. lib. 1. epist. 12) fannsh himself to death ; pedibus correptus^ cum incredibiles cruciatus et indig- nissima tormenta pateretur, a cibis omnino abstinuit : neither he nor Hispulla his wife could divert him ; but destinatus mori obstinatemagis, Sfc. die he would, and die he did. So did Lycurgus, Aristotle, Zeno, Chrysippus, Empedocles, with myriads, &c. lnwarrs,for a man to run rashly upon imminent dano-er, and present death, is accounted valour and magnani- mity; ''to b<3 the cause of his own and many a thousands ruine besides, to commit wilful murther in a manner, of himself and others, is a glorious thing; and he shall be crowned for it. The ^ Massagetai in former times, '^ Barbiccsms, and I know not what nanonsbesides, did stifle theirold men, after seventy years, to free them from those grievances incicent to that age. So did the inhabitants of the island of Choa; because their aire was pure and good, and the people generaMy long lived, ante- vertebant fatum snum, priusquam manci forent, aut imbe- cillitas accederet, papavere velcicutd; wth poppy or hem- lock they prevented death. 8"^ Thomas Moore, in his Utopia, commends voluntary death, if he be sibi ait aliis molestusy troublesome to himself or others : ^ especiaiy if to live be a a Viiidicatio Apoc. lib. '' As amODgst Turks and otheM. c Boiiemu.s, de moribiis gent. ^^Elian. lil>. 4. cap. 1. Oiniies 70 anninn'tfre8."tos interticiimt. ♦'"Lib. 2. Prassertim cum lot nitadim f4 vitn .sit. l-on.'i spe', (nlud,;iccii)a via, vtlnta earccre, «c exiniat, vel ul» alii.s eiinii sua vuluutate putialur. 324 Proyrwsticks of Melancholy, [Part, 1. Sec. 4. torment to him, let himjree himself with his own hands from this tedious life, as from a prison, or suffer himself to be freed by others. ^ And 'tis the same tenant M'liich Laertius relates of Zeno, of old : juste sapiens sibi mortem corisciscit, si in acerbis doloribus versetur, membrorum mutilatione, aut morbis cegre curandis, and which Plato (9. de leyibus) approves, if old age, poverty, ignominy, &c. oppress; and which Fabius expresseth in effect (Prosfat. 7. Institut.) nemo, nisi sua culpa, diu dolet. It is an ordinary thing in China, (saith Mat. lliccius the Jesuit) ^if they be in despair of better fortunes, or tyred and tortured icith misery, to bereave themselves of life^ and many times, to spite their enemies the more^ to hang at their door. Tacitus the historian, Plutarch the philosopher, much approve a voluntary departure, and Austin (de civ. Dei, L I.e. 29) defends a violent death, so that it be undertaken in a good cause : nemo sic mortuus, qui non fuerat aliquundo moriturus : quid autem interest, quo mortis genere vita ista fniatur, quando ille, cut finitur, iterum mori non cogitur ? SfC. no man so voluntarily dies, hxxivolens nolens, he must die at last; and our life is subject to innumerable casualties: who knows when they may happen ? utrum satius est, unamperpeti moriendo, an omnes timere vivendo ? ''rather suffer one, tiian fear all. Death is better than a bitter life (Ec. 30. 17) : '^and a harder choice to live in fear, than, by once dying, to be freed from all. Cleombrotus Ambraciotes perswaded I know not how many hundreds of his auditors, by a luculent oration he mad« of the miseries of this, and happiness of that other life, to precipitate themselves: and (having read Platos divine tract de animd) for examples sake, led the way first. Thf• I parsnips, potatoes, &c. f At seasonable and usual times of repast, in < good order, not before the first be concoct- (. ed, sparing, not overmuch of one dish. Rectification of retention and evacuation, as costiveness, venery, bleeding at nose, months stopped, baths, &c. Naturally in the choice and site of our countrey, i dwelling-place, to be hot and moist, light, wholsome, . pleasant, &tc. f Artificially, by often change of air, avoiding winds, fogs, tempests, opening windows, perfumes, &c. Of body and mind, but moderate, as hawking, hunting, riding, shooting, bowling, fishing, fowling, walking in fair fields, gallerieS; tennis, bar. Of mind, as chess,cards,tables,&;c. to see plaj'es, masks, ^. &c. serious studies, business, all honest recreations. Rectification of waking and terrible dreams, &c. Rectification of passions and perturbations of the mind. ^ Subsect. By using all good means of help, confessing to a friend, &c. Avoiding all occasions of his infirmity. Not giving way to passions, but resisting to his utmost. 1^2, By fair and foul means, counsel, comfort, good jier- swasion, witty devices, fictions, and if it be possible, to satisfie his mind. Musick of all sorts aptly applyed. Mirth, and merry company. l^iiJemb. 1. General discontents and grievances satisfied. 2. Particular discontents, as deformity of body, sickness, baseness of birth, &c. 3. Poverty and want, and such calamities and adversities. 4. Against servitude, loss of liberty, im- prisonment, banishment, &c. Agf»inst vain fear.H^, sorrows for death of friends, or otherwise. 6. Against envy, livor, hatred, malice, emulation, ambition, and self-love, &c. 7. Against repulses, abuses, injuries, con- tempts, disgraces, contumelies, slanders, and scoli's, &c. 8. Against all other grievous and ordinary symptomes of this disease of melan- 3. Air, recti- fied, with a digression of the air. 4. Exercise. From himself I' In from his friends. Sect. 3. A consola- tory digres- sion, con- taining re- medies to all discontents and passions of the mind :• V choly. Sect. 4. Pharmnceu- tice, or Phy- sick wliich ciireth with medicines, with a di- greaiion of this kind of physick, is either Memb. I. Subsect. If. /Similes altenng melan- choly, with H di- ( gression \ ofexotick j simples 2. Subs. SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. 329 To the heart ; borage, buglosse. acorzonera, &c. To the head ; balm, hops, nennphar, &c. f / / j Liver ; eupatory, artemisia, &g. r^ f^ /Simples ^Herbs. / Stomach ; wormwood, centory, peni- 3. Subs. \ royal. Spleen; ceterach, ash, tamerisk. To purifie the blood ; endive, suc- j cory, &c. I Against wind ; origan, fennel, anoi- ^ seed, &c. I 4. Pretions stones ; as smaragdes, chelidonies, I &c. Alinerals ; as gold, &c. /■ Wines ; as of hellebor. r r Com- pounds altering melan- choly, With a d gression of com- pounds. 1. Subs. K fluide coDsiat- ing. f ■X Out- bnglosse, tamerisk, &c. Syrups of borage, bu- glosse, hops, epithyme. endive, snccory, &c. Conserves of violets, mai- denhair, borage, bn- glosse, roses, &c. Confections ; treacle, Mi- thridate, eclegmes oi- linctures. Diambra, dianthos. Diamargaritnm cali- dum. Diamoschum dulce, Electuarium de gem- mis. Laetificans Galeni et Rhasis. Diamargaritam frigi- um. iarrhodon abbatis. "\ DiacoroUi, diacodi- / um, with their tab- V. lets. VCondites of all sorts, &c. JOyls of camomile, violets, roses, 8tc. Oyntments, alabastritum, populeum. Sec. Liniments, plasters, cerotes, cata- solid as those aro- matical confec- tions. hot cold ^Dia \ du JDia wardly ^ plasms, frontals, fomentations, epi ^Purging d used, as I I themes, sacks, bags, odoramenti, posies, &c.. ^articnlar to the three diitinct .species, 28 it WR-, O G 2 330 SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. r Medicines purging melancholy, are either Memb. 2. Simples purging melan- choly. 3. Snhs. Com- pounds purging melan • \ choly. n Chyrurgical physick which consists of Menib. 3. \ Down- ward. (2. Subs TT " ^ A < A^sarabacca^ lawrell, white hellebor, scilla, 1 P^ '^. ' "j or sea onyon, antimony, tobacco. / as vomits, v. ^ ' •" {More gentle ; as sena, epithyme, polypody, myrobalaues, fumitory, &c. Stronger ; Aloes, lapis Armenus, lapis lazuli, black hellebor. Mouth /' /'Liquid, as potions, julips, I syrups, wine of hellebor, 00 1 bugloss, &c. % ) Solid, as lapis Armenus, and =/ lazuli, pills of Indy, pills of Si \ fumitory, &c. Electuaries, diasena, con Superior parts. faction of hamech, hiero- logadiura, &c. Not swallowed, as gargarisms, masticatories, &c. Nostrils ; sneezing powders,odorament8, per- V, fumes, &c. Inferiour parts, as clysters strong and weak, and sap- ^ positories of Castilian soap, honey boyled, &c. I Phlebotomy, to all parts almost, and all the distinct species. With knife, horsleeches. Cupping-glasses. , , . . • Cauteries, and searing with hot irons, boanng. Dropax and sinapismns. Issues to several parts, and upon several occasions. SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PARTITION. 331 2S Sect. 5. Cure of head-melan- choly. Memb. I. I 1. Subsecf. Moderate diet, meat of good juice, nioistning, easie of digestion. Good air. Sleep more than ordinary. Excrements daily to be voided by art or nature. Exercise of body and mind not too violent, or too remiss, passions of the mind, and perturbations to be avoided. 2. Blood-letting, if there be need, or that the blood be corrupt, in the arm, forehead, &c. or with cupping-glasses z' Preparatives ; as syrup of boraj^e, bugloss, epithyme, I hops, with their distilled waters, &c. XPurgers ; as Montanusand Matthiolus helleborismus, 3. Prepa- ) Quercetanus syrup of hellebor, extract of hellebor, ratives and "x pulvisHali, antimony prepared, RuZawrfiaq/ta mira- purgers, J bilis: which are used, if gentler medicines will not / take place; with Arnoldus vinum buglossatum, sena, C cassia, myrobalanes, aurum potabile, or before Ha- mech, pil. Indse. hiera. pil. de lap. Armeno, lazuli. f Cardans nettles, frictions, clysters, suppositories, sneezings, masticatories, nasals, cupping glasses. To open the haemorrhoids with horsleeches ; to apply horsleeches to the forehead without scarification, to ' the shoulders, thighs. Issues, boating, cauteries, hot irons in the suture of the crown. /" A cup of wine or strong drink. 5. Cordi- V Bezoars stone, amber, spice. als, resol- J Conserves of borage, bugloss, roses, fumitory. verSj hm- \ Confection of alchermes. derers. # Electuarium lalificans Galeni et Rhasis, ifc. ^ Dianmr^aritutnj7-ig. diaboraginattim, Ifc. /^Odoraments of roses, violets. Irrigations of the head, with the decoctions of nymphea, lettice, mallows, &c. Epithemes, oyntments, bags to the heart. Fomentations of oyl for the belly. Bathsof Sweetwater, in which were sod mallows, vio- 6. Correct- lets,roses,water-liIlies,borage flowers,rams heads,&c. orsof acci- ^ f f Poppy, nymphea, lettice, dents, as, f . «■ . „ ) roses, purslane, hen- ^•"•P'^^S bane, mandrake, night- Inwardly j ( shade, opium, &c. taken, ( or . Liquid, as syrups of poppy, y verbasco, violets, roses. Com- .PSolid, as requies Nicholai, pounds. ) Philonium Romunttm, \^ ' laudanum Paracelsi. rOyls of nymphea, poppy, violets, roses, mandrake, nutmegs. Odoraments of vinegar, rose-water, opium. Outward- Frontals of rose-cake, rose-vinegar, ly nstd, / nutmeg. Oyntments, alabastritum, niiguentuni populeum, simple or mixt with opium. Irrigations of the head, feet, spunges, musick.niurninrand noise of waters. Frictions of the head, and outward parts, sHCCuli of henbane, worm wood at his pillow, &;c. Against terrible dreams ; not to sup late, or rat pease, cabbajje, venison, meats heavy of digestion, use bawm, harts-tongue, &c. .\gainst niddiuess and blushing, invardand outward ^ remedies. H I 33i ii 2. Ulemb. Cure of me- lancholy over the body. { HJJ Cure of Hypochon-! driocnl or windy melan- choly. 3. Metnb. SYNOPSIS OF THE SECOND PAKTITION. Diet, preparatives, purp.es, averters, cordials, correctors, as before : Phlebotomy, in this kind more necessary, and more Jrequenf. To correct and cleanse the blood with fumitory, sena, succory, dan- delion, endive, &e. -Snbsect. I. Phlebotomy, if need require. Diet, preparatives, averters, cordials, purgers, as before, saving that they must not be so vehement. Use of peny-royal, wormwood, centaury sod, which alone hath cured many. To provoke arine with anniseed, daucus, asarum, &c. and stools, ii need be, by clysters and suppositories. To respect the spleen, stomach, liver, hypochoudries. To use treacle now and then in winter. To vomit after meals sometimes, if it be inveterate, ^ 50 f Galanga, gentian, enula, angelica, < calamus aromaticus, zedoary, chi- L na, condite ginger, &c. Peniroyal,rue, calamint, bay leaves, and berries, scordium, bettany, lavander, camomile, centaury, wormwood, cumin, broom, orange pills Saffron, cinnamon, mace, nutmeg, pepper, musk, zedoary with wine, &c. 03 r Aniseed, fennel-seed, ammi, cari, Toespel or (^ q, n J cumin, nettle, bayes, parsley, gra- ^'mA, J ^ (^ na paradisi. Diani&um, diagalanga, diaciroinum, dia- calaminthes, electuarium de baccis lauri, benedicta laxativa, &c. pulvis carminativus, et pulvis descrip. Anti- dotario Florentino, aromaticuro rosa- tnm, Mithridate. Outwardly used, as cupping-glasses to the hypochoatieutibus conjuuguut. Mem. I. Subs. I.] Patient. 335 et de Trinit. lib. 13. cap. y. et 8) : tliey can work stnpeiul and admirable conclusions; we see the effects only, but not tlie causes of them. Nothing so familiar as to hear of such cures. Sorcerers are too common ; cunning men, wizards, and white- witches (as they call ihein), in every village, which, if they be sought unto, will help almost all infirmities of body and mind — servatorcs in Latine; and they have commonly S*. Catherines wheel printed in the roof of their mouth, or in some other part about them; resistunt incantatorum prcestigiis, (-^Boissardus writes) morhos a sagis motos propulsant, Sfc. that to doubt of it any longer, *'<>?• not to believe, wei'eto run into that other, scsp- tical extreme of hierednlity, saith Taurellus. Leo Suavius (in his comment upon Paracelsus) seemes to make it an art, which ought to be approved : Pistorius and others stifly main- tain the use of charmes, words, characters, &c. Ars vera est; sed panci artifices rejjeriuntnr ; the art is true, but there be but a few that have skill in it. Marcellus Donatus (lib. 2. de hist. mir. cap. 1) proves, out of Josephus eight books of anti- quities, that '^Solomon so cured all the diseases of the mind by spels, charmes, and drove aumy devils, and that Eleazar did as much bejore Vespasian. Langius {in his me d.epist.) holds Jupiter Menecrates,that did somany stupend cures in his times, to have used tl)is art, and that he was no other than a magician. Many famous cures are daily done in this kind ; the devil is an expert physician (as Godeiman calls him, lib. 1. c. 18): and God permits oftentimes these witches and magicians to pro- duce such effects, as Lavater {cap. 3. lib. 8. part. 3. cap. I), Polyd. Virg. (lib. 1. de prodigiis), Delrio, and others, admit. Such cures may be done; and Paracels. (Tom. 4. demorb. anient.) stifly maintains, '' they cannot othericise be cured but by spels, seals, and spiritual physick. ^ Arnoldus (lib. de siyillis) sets down the making- of them ; so doth Rulandus, and many others. Hoc posito, they can effect such cures, the main question is, whether it be lawful, in a desperate case, to crave their help, or ask a wisards advice. 'Tis a common practice of some men to go first to a witch, and then to a physician ; if one cannot, the other shall : Flectere si nequeunt Superos, Acheronta movebunt. 'It matters not,saith Paracelsus, ivhether it be God or the devil, *Cap. 11. de Servat. !> HfEC alii rident; sed vereor, ne, dam Dohimas esse crednli, vitiiim non eftiii^amus incrediilitatis. ^ Refert Solonionem mentis mor- hos cnrasse, et dsemones abegisse ipsos carminiliiis, quod et coram Vespasiaiio fecit Eleazar. ii Spiritiiales morbi spiritualiter ciirari debeiit. '■ Sig:iilum ex Hiiro pecnliari ad inelanclioliaiii, 8cc. 'Lib. 1. de occult. Pliilos. Nihil re- Cerl, an DcHs an diaboliis, aui;eli an iininundi spiritns, legro opem ferant, mudo morbus ciiietur. 336 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 1. ungels, or unclean spirits, cure him, so that he be eased. If a man fall into a ditch, (as he prosecutes it) what matter is it whether a friend or an enemy help him out? and if I be trou- bled with such a malady, what care I whether the devil himself, or any of his ministers, by Gods permission, redeem me? He calls a* magician Gods minister and his vicar, applying that of vos estis Dii prophanely to them (for which he is lashed by T. Erastus, 7>ar#. l.Jbl. 45) ;and elsewhere he encouragethhis patients to have a good faith, ^ a strong imagination, and they shall Jind the effects ; let divines say to the contrary what they will. He proves and contends that many diseases cannot otherwise be cured : incantatione orti, incantatione curari de- bent ; if they be caused by incantation, '^ they must be cured by incantation. Constantius (/. 4) approves of such remedies : Bartolus the lawyer, Peter iErodius(?'eniccttur, et peccalis vcuiam cxoret ; indc ad Hitdiciyam, &c. Mem. 2.] Patient. 33<) it. And 'tis a tit caution to be observed of all other sorts of men. The prophet David was so observant of this precept that, in the greatest misery and vexation of mind, he put this rule first in practice : (Psal. 7/. 3) W ken I am in heaviness, I will think on God. (Psal. 8b*. 4) Comfort the soul of thy servant, for nnto thee I lift up my soul, (and verse 7.) In the day of trouble will I call upon thee, for thou hearest me. (Psal. 54. I) Save me, O God, by thy name, 8fc. (Psal. 82. Psal. 20) And 'tis the commoji practice of all «rood men : (Psal. 107. 13) ivhentheir heart was himh led with heaviness, theii cryed to the LordiJi their trouble, and he delivered them from, their distress. And they have found g-ood success in so doino- as David confesseth (Psal. 30. 12) : Thou hast turned my mourniny into Joy; thou hast loosed my .sackcloth, and girded me with yladness. Therefore he adviseth all others to do the like: (Psal. 31. 24) All ye that trust in the Lord, be stronn^ and he shall establish your heart. It is reported by ''Suidas speaking of Hezekiah, that there was a great book of old! of king Solomons writing, which contained medicines for all manner of diseases, and lay open still as they came into the temple : but Hezekiah, king of Jerusalem, caused it to be taken away, because it made the people secure, to neglect their duty in calling and relying upon God, out of a confidence on those remedies. ^ Minutius, that worthy consul of Rome, in an ora- tion he made to his souldiers, was much offended Avith them andtaxed their ignorance, that,in their misery, called more on him than upon God. A general fault it is all over the world • and Minutius his speech concerns us all : we rely moreonphy- sick, and seek oftner to physicians, than to God himself. As much faulty are they that prescribe, as they that ask, respect- ing wholly their gain, and trusting more to their ordinary re- ceipts and medicines many times, than to him that made them. I would wish all patients in this behalf, in the midst of their melancholy, to remember that of Siracides, (Ecc, I. 12.) The fear of the Lord is glory and gladness, and rejoymnq . The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart, and giveth glad- ness, and joy, and long life ; and ail such as prescribe pfay- sick, to begin in nomine Dei, as ' Mesne did, to imitate La- lius a Fonte Eugubinus, that, in all his consultations, still con- dudes with a prayer for the good success of his business; and » Greg. Tholos. To. -1. 1. '58. c. 7. Syntax. In vestibulo templi Solomonis liber re mediorum cujusqae morbi fuit, quein revulsit Ezecliias, quod popiilus, neglecto Deo nee invocato, sanitatein inde peteret. b Livius, I. 23. Strepuut aures claraoribus plorantiuai socionmi, ssepius nos quani Deorutn iuvocantiura opem. < Ruiandns adjuDgit optimaiu orationein ad finera Eaipiricoruni. IMerciirialis (consil. ^5) ita con- «;(adit. Montauus passim, &:c. et pliire-i alii, &c. 340 Cure of Melanchoh). [Part. 2. Sec 1. to remember that of Cra to, one of their predecessors, /w^e ava- ritiam : et sine oratione et invocatione Dei nihil facias ; avoid covetousness, and do nothing without invocation upon God. MEMB. III. Whether it he lawful to seek to Saints for aid in this disease. J. HAT we must pray to God, no man doubts : but, whether we should pray to saints in such cases, or whether they can do us any good, it may be lawfully controverted — whether their images, shrines, reliques, consecrated things, holy water, medals, benedictions, those divine amulets, holy exorcisms, and the sign of the cross, be available in this disease. The papists, on the one side, stifly maintain, how many melan- choly, mad, daemoniacal persons are daily cured atS'. Antho- nies church in Padua, at S^ Vitus in Germany, by our Lady of Lauretta, in Italy, our Lady of Sichem in the Low Coun- treys, ^ (pice et ccecis lumen, cegris salutem, mortuis vitam^ claudis gressum reddit, omnes morbos corporis, animi, cu- rat, et in ipsos dcemones imperium exercet: she cures halt, lame, blind, all diseases of body and mind, and commands the devil himself, saith Lipsius : 25000 in a day come thither: ^ quis nisi numen in ilium locum sic induxit ? who brought them ? in anribus, in oculis otmiium gesta, nova novitia ; new news lately done ; our eyes and ears are full of her cures ; and who can relate them all ? They have a proper saint almost for every peculiar infirmity ; for poyson, gouts, agues, Petronella: S, Romanus for such as are possessed : Va- lentine for the falling sickness ; S*. Vitus for mad men, &c. And as, ofold,*^ Pliny reckons up gods for all diseases, (^Fehri fanum dicatum est) Lilius Giraldus repeats many of her cere- monies: all affections of the mind were heretofore accounted gods: Love, and Sorrow, Vertue, Honour, Liberty,Contumely, Impudency, had their temples ; tempests, seasons. Crepitus ventriSf Dea Vacuna, Dea Cloacina : there M^as a goddess of idleness, a goddess of the draught or Jakes, Prema, Premun- da, Priapus, bawdy gods, and gods for all "^offices. Varro reckons up 30000 gods ; Lucian makes Podagra (the gout) a goddess, and assigns her priests and ministers : and Melan- » Lipsius. bCap. 26. "^ Lib. 2. c. 7. de'Deo. Morbisque in genera da- scriptifl, Deos reperimus. Selden. prolog, c. 3. de Diis Syris. Rosinus. '•See Liiii Giraldi syntagma de Diis, &c. Mem. 3. j Sahifs Cure rejected. 341 choly comes not behind ; for, (as Austin mentionetli, lib. 4. de Civif. Dei, cap. 9) there was of old Angerona Dea^ and she had her chappeland feasts ; to whom (saith ^ Macrobius) they did offer sacrifice yearly, that she might be pacified as well as the rest. 'Tis no new thing, you see, this of papists ; and, in my judgement, that old doting Lipsius might have fitter dedi- cated his ''pen, after all his labours, to this old goddess of Me- lanciioly, than to his Virgo Halensis, and been her chaplain; it would have becomed himbetter. But he, poor man, ihought no harm in that which he did, and will not be perswaded but that he doth well ; he hath so many patrons, and honorable precedents in the like kind, that justify as much, as eagerly, and more than he there saith of his Lady and Mistris : read but superstitious Coster and Gretsers Tract, de Crwce Laur. Arcturus Fanteus, de invoc. Sanct. Bellarmine, Delrio, dis. mag. Tom. 3. I. 6. qucest. 2. sect. 3. Greg. Tolosanus, torn. 2, lib. 8. cap. 24. Syntax. Strozius Cicogna, lib. 4;. cap. 9. Tyreus, Hieronymus Mengus; and you shall find infinite examples of cures done in this kind, by holy waters, reliques, crosses, ex- orcisms, amulets, images, consecrated beads, &c, Barradius the Jesuit boldly gives it out, that Christs countenance, and the Virgin Maries, would cure melancholy, if one had looked steadfastly on them. P. Morales the Spaniard (in his book de pnlch. Jes. et Mar.) confirms the same out of Carthusianus, and I know npt whom, that it was a conmion proverb in those daies, for such as were troubled in mind, to say Eamus ad videndnm /ilium Marice (let us see the son of Mary), as they do now post to S'. Anthonies in Padua, or to S*. Hillaries at Poictiers in France. ''In a closet of that church, there is at this day S*. Hillaries bed to be seen,> Spicil. de niorbis dajmoniacis. Sic a sacrificulis parati unguentis magicis corpori illitis, ut stnlfw plebeculae persuadeant tales cnrari a Sancto Antonio. c Printed at London, 4to. by J. Roberts, 1005. d Greg. 1. 8. Cujiis fanum ajgrotantinm multitudine referttiui undiquaque, et tabellis pendentibus, in quibus sanati languores erant iuscripti. «=Maii augeli sumserunt olim nomen Jovis, Junonis, Apollinis, &c. quos Gentiles Deos credebant: nunc i>. Se- bastian!, Barbarae, &c. nomen iiabent, et alioriun. Mem. 4. Subs. 1.] Patient. 343 tius (lib. 2. de orig. erroris,c. 17) observes. The same Jupiter, and those bad anConsil. 16. Non improttatur biifynmi ft olei-m, si tamenpbis rjuam parsit non prpfnndatiir : sacchari et meilis usns ntiiiterad cjbornra •■ondimenta comprobadir. kMerciuialis, consil. 88. Acerba omnia evitentnr. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Dyet rectijied. 353 or coUl, or as lie shall find inconvenience by them. The thin- nest, M iiitest, smallest wine is best, not thick, not strono-; and so of beer, the middling is fittest. Bread of g-ood wheat, Dure, well purged from the bran, is preferred ; Laurentius (cap'. 8) would have it kneaded with rain water, if it may be gotten. Water.] Pure, thin, light Avater by all means use, of o-ood smell and taste ; like to the ayr in sight, such as is soon hot soon cold, and which Hippocrates so much approves, if at least it may be had. Rain avater is purest, so that it fall not down in great drops, and be used forthwith ; for it quickly putre- fies. Next to it fountain water, that riseth in the east, and runneth eastward, from a quick running spring, from flinty chalky, gravelly, grounds : and the longer a river runneth, it is commonly the purest ; though many springs do yeeld the best water at their fountains. The waters in hotter countries, as in Turkic, Persia, India, within the tropicks, are frequently purer than ours in the north, more subtile, thin, and liohter, (as our merchants observe) by four ounces in a pound, pleasanter to drink, as good as our beer, and some of them, as Choaspis in Persia, preferred by the Persian kings, before wine it self. a Clitorio quicunqiie sitim de fonte levarit, Vina fugit, gaudetque meris absteraius undis. Many rivers, I deny not, are muddy still, white, thick, like those in China, Nilus in ^Egypt, Tibris at Rome, but after they be setled two or three dayes, defecate and clear, very commodious usefull and good. Many make use of deep wels, as of old, in the Holy Land, lakes, cisterns, when they cannot be better provided; to fetch it in carts or gundilos, as in Venice, or camels backs, as at Cairo in ^Egypt: ^Radzivilius observed8000 camels daily there, employed about that business. Some keep it in trunks, as in the East Indies, made foursquare, with de- scendingsteps; and 'tis not amiss: for I would not have any one so nice as that Greecian Calis, sister to Nicephorus emperour of Constantinople, and'^mamed to Dominicus Silvius, Duke of Venice, that, out of incredible wantonness, communi aqua nil nolebat, would use no vulgar water; but she died tantd (saith mine nnihoxn) fa^tuUssimi puris copid, of so fulsome a disease that no water could wash her clean. '^ Plato would not have a traveller lodge in a city, that is not governed by laws, or hath not a quick stream running by it ; illudeuim animum, hoc cor- ruinpit valetudinem ; one corrupts the body, the other the minde. But this is more than needs ; too much curiosity is ^Ovid. Met. lib. 15. •> Peregr. Hitr. The dukes of Venice were then permitted to marry. ''De Legibus. 354 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. naught; in time of necessity any water is allowed. Howsoever, pure water is best, and which (asPindarus holds) is better tha,n gold ; an iespeciall ornament it is, and very commodious to a city (accordi ng to ^Vegeti us) whenjresh springs are includedioithin the wals: as at Corinth, in the midst of the town almost, there was arx altissima scatensjontibns, a goodly mount full of fresh- water springs: if nature afford them not, they must he had by art. It is a wonder to read of those •'stupend aqueducts; and infinite cost hath been bestowed, in Rome ofold, Constantinople, Carthage, Alexandria, and such populous cities, to conveigh good and wholsome waters: read •= Frontinus,Lipsius, deadmir. '^Plmius, lib. 3. cap. 11. Strabo, in his Geogr. Thataqueduct of Claudius was most eminent, fetched upon arches 15 miles, every arch 109 foot high : they had 14 such other aqueducts, besides lakes and cisterns, 700, as I take it : '^every house had fjrivate pipes and chanels to serve them fortheiruse. Peter Gil- ius, in hisaccurate description of Constantinople, speaks of an old cistern which he went down to see, 336 foot long, 180 foot broad, built of marble, covered over with arch-work, and sus- tained by 336 pillars, tMelve foot asunder, and in 11 rowes, to contain sweetwater. Infinitecostinchanelsand cisterns, from Nilus to Alexandria, hath been formerly bestowed, to the ad- miration of these times; ^their cisterns so curiously cemented and composed, that abeholder would take them to be all of one stone : when the foundation is laid, and cistern made, their bouse is half built. That Segovian aqueduct in Spain is much wondred at in these dayes, ^upon three rows of pillars, one above another, conveying sweet water to every house : buteach city almost is full of such aqueducts. Amongst the rest, ''he is eternally to be commended, that brought thatnew stream to the north side of London at his own charge; and Mr. Otho Nicholson, founder of our water-works and elegant conduit in Oxford. So much have all times attributed to this element, to be conveniently provided of it. Although Galen hath taken exceptions at such waters which run through leaden pipes, ob cerussam quae in iis generatur, for (hat unctuous ceruse, which causeth dysenteries and fluxes; 'yet, asAlsarius Crucius of Genua weW answers, it is opposite to common experience, > Lib. 4. ca. 10. Magua arbis utilitas, cum perennes fontes mnris includiintur ; quod si uatura non praestat, effodiendi^ &c. b Opera gigantixin dicit aliquis. <^\)& aquaeduct. ^ Curtius fons a quadragesimo lapide in arbem opere arcuato perduc- tus. Plin. lib. 36. 15. « Quseque donius Rom* fistulas habebat et canales, &c. f Lib. 2. ca 20. Jod. a Meggen. cap. 15. pereg. Hier. Bellonius. »Cypr. Eclio- viu8, delic. Hisp. Aqua profluens iiide iu ouines fere demos ilucitnr ; in puteisquoque aestivo tempore frigidissima couservatur. ''Sir Hugh Middktou, barouet. ' De quxsitis med. ceut fol. 354. Mem. 1. Subs. 1.] Dyet rectified. 355 If that were true, most of our Italian cities, Montpelier in France, with infinite others, would finde this inconvenience; but there is no such matter. For private families, in m hat sort they should furnish themselves, let them consult with P. Crescentius, de Agric. I. 1. c. 4. Pamphilus Hirelacus, and the rest. Amongst fishes, those are most allowed ofthatliveingravelly orsandy waters, pikes, pearch,trout,gudoeon,smelts,flounders, &c. Hippolytus Salvianus takes exception at carp; but I dare boldly say, with ^Dubravius, it is an excellent meat, if it come not from ''muddy pooles, that it retain not an unsavory tast. Erinaceus marimis is much commended by Oiibasius, Aetius, and most of our late writers. •^ Crato (consil. 21. lib. 2) censures all manner of fruits, as subject to patrefaction,yettolerableatsome times; aftermeales, at second course, they keep down vapours, and have their use. Sweet fruits are best, as sweet cherries, plums, sweet apples, peare-inaines, and pippins, which Laurentius extols, as having a peculiar property against this disease, and Plater magnifies: omnibus modis appropriata conveniunt ; but they must be cor- rected for their windiness : ripe grapes are good, and raysins of the sun, nmsk-millions w ell corrected, and sparingly used. Figs are allowed and almonds blanched. Trallianus discom- mends figs. ^Salvianus olives and capers, which ^others espe- cially like of,and so ofpistick nuts. Montanus and Mercurialis (out of Avenzor) admit peaches.^peares, and apples baked after mealesjonlycorrected with sugar, and aniseed, orfennell-seed; and so they may be profitably taken, because they strengthen the stomack, and keep down vapors. The like may be said of pre- served cherries, plums, marmalit of plums, quinces, &c. but not to drink after them, s Pomegranates, lemons, oranges are tolerated, if they be not too sharp. ^ Crato will admit of no herbs, but borage, bugloss, endive, fennell, aniseed, bawme : Calenus and Arnoidus tolerate lettuce, spinage, beets, &c. The same Crato will allow no roots at all to be eaten. Some approve of potatoes, parsnips, but all corrected for winde. No raw sallets; but, as Lauren- a De piscibns lib. Habent omnes in lautitiis, raodo non sint e coenoso loco. b De pise. c. 2. 1. 7. Piurimum prajstat ad utilitatem etjucunditatem. Idem Trallianns, lib. 1. c. 16. Pisces petrosi, et molles carne. cfitsi omnes putredini suut obnoxii, ubisecundis mensis, inceptojam priore,devorentur, conimodi succi prosunt, qnidulce- dine sunt praediti, nt dulcia cerasa, poina, &c. L. de atra bile. Simplex sit cibus, et non varius : quod licet dignitati tuse ob convivas diflScile videatur, &c. <-■ Celsitudo tua prandeat sola, absque apparatu aulico, contentus sit illustrissimus princeps duobus tantum fercu- lis, vinoque Rheiiano solum in inensa utatur. f Semper intra satietatem a inensa recedat, uno ferenlo contentus. sLib. de Hel. et Jejunio. Multo melius in terram vina fudisses. h Crato. Multum refert non ignorare qui cibi priores, &c. liquida priecediint carnium jura, pisces, fructus. 8cc. Cccna brevior sit praudio. Mem. 1. Subs. 2.] Dijet rectified. 359 (Uct. IS) disallowes, and that by tlie authority of Gaton, 7- nrt. curat, cap. 6; and for four reasons he will have the supper big- a^est. I have read many treatises to this purpose ; I know not how it may concern some ^e\\ sick men; but, for my part, ije- nerally for all, 1 should subscribe to that custome of the Ro- mans, to make a sparing- dinner, and a liberal supper; all their preparation and invitation was still at supper; no mention of dinner. Many reasons I could give ; but when all is said pro and con, ^Cardans rule is best, to keep that we are accustomed luito, though it be naught: and to follow our disposition andap- petite in some things is not amiss; to eat sometimes of a dish whichishurtfull,ifwehaveanextraordinaryliking toit. Alex- ander Severus loved hares and apples above all other meats, as ''Lampridus relates in his life: one pope pork, another peacock, &c. what harm came of it? I conclude, our own experience is the best physician : that diet which is most propitious to one, is often pernicious to another; such is the variety of palats, hu- mours and temperatures, let every man observe, and be a law unto himself. Tiberius, in <=Tacitus, did laugh at all such, that after 30 years of age would ask counsell of others concerning matters of diet : I say the same. These few rules of diet he that keeps, shall surely finde great ease and speedy remedy by it. Itisawonderto relate that pro- digious temperance of some hermites, anachorites, and fathers of the church. He that shall but read their lives, written by Hierom, Athanasius, &c. how abstemious heathens have bin in this kind, those Curii and Fabricii, those old philosophers, as Pliny records {lib. 11), Xenophon {lib. 1. de vit. Socrat. emperoursaud kings, as Nicephorus relates (£"00/65. hist. lib. 18. cap. 8), of Mauritius, Lodovicus Pius, &c. and that admi- rable "^ example of Lodovicus Cornarus, a patritian of Venice, cannot but admire them. This have they done voluntarilv, and in health ; what shall these private men do, that are visited with sickness,andnecessarily'=injoynedtorecover and continue their health? It is a hard thing to observe a strict diet; et qui me- dice vivit misere vivit, as the saying is; cpiale hoc ipsum erit tiivere, his si privatusfueris? as good be buried, as so much debarred of his appetite; excessit medicina malum, the physick is more troublesome than the disease; so he complained in the poet, so thou thinkest: yethe that loves himself, will easily endure this little misery, to avoid a greater inconvenience • a Tract. 6. contradict 1. lib. 1. b Super omnia qnotidianum leporem habuit, et pomis mddsit. c Annal. 6. Ridere solebat eos. qui post 30 atatis annum, ad coRnoscenda corpori sac noxia vel atilia, alicnjus consilii indigerent d A Lessio edit. 1614. "■ ;E?yptii oliniomnes morbos rnrabant vomitii et jejnnio. BoKemus, lib. 1. cap. .'>. VOL. I. I 1 360 Cura of Melancholy . [Part. 2. Sec. 2. € mails minimum^ better do this than do worse. And, as ^Tully holds, better he temperate old man^ than a lascivious youth. 'Tis the only sweet thing, (which he adviseth) so to moderate our selves, that we may hare senectutem in juventute, et in senectute juventutem, be youthful in our old age, staid in our youth, discreet and temperate in both. MEMB. II. Retention and Evacuation rectified. X HAVE declared in the Causes, what harm costiveness hath done in procuring this disease : if it be so noxious, the op- posite must needs be good, or mean at least, as indeed it is, and to this cure necessarily required ; maxime conducit, saith Mon- taltus, cap. 27 ; it very much availes. ^ Altoraarus (cap. 7) commends icalking in a morning^ into some fair green pleasant fields ; hut hy all means first, hy art or nature, he will have these ordinary excrements evacuated. Piso calls it beneficium ventris, the benefit, help, or pleasure of the belly : for it doth much ease it. Laurentius (cap. 8), Crato (consil. 21. /. 2) prescribes it once a day at least : where nature is defective, art must supply, by those lenitive electuaries, suppositories, con- dite prunes, turpentine, clisters, as shall be shewed. Prosper Calenus {lib. de atrd bile) commends clisters, in hypochon- driacal! melancholy, still to be used as occasion serves. " Peter Cnemander, in a consultation of hisjaro hypochondriaco, will have his patient continually loose, and to that end sets down there many forms of potions and clisters. Mercurialis (consil. 88), if this benefit come not of its own accord, prescribes ^ clisters in the first place : so doth Montanus, consil. 24, con- sil. 31. et 229: he commends turpentine to that purpose: the same he ingeminates, consil. 230, for an Italian abbot. 'Tis very good to wash his hands and face often, to shift his clothes, to have fair linnen about him, to be decently and comely attired ; for sordesvitiant, nastiness defiles, and dejects any man that is so voluntarily, or compelled by want ; itdulleth the spirits. Bathes are either artificial! or natural!; both have their spe- » Cat. Major. Melior conditio senis viventis ex prsescriptio artis medicae, qnam ado- lescentis Iniuriosi. ''Debet peramoena exerceri, et loca viridia, excretis prius arte vel natura alvi eicremeBtia. « Hildesheim, spicil. 2. de mel. Primum omnium operam dabis ut ting'ulis diebus habeas ben»ficium ventris, semper caveudo ne alvus ait diatias astricta. * Si non sponte, clysteribns pnrgetur. Mem. 2.] Retention and Ecacuation rectified, 36"i cial uses in this malady, and (as "^ Alexander supposetb, {lib. 1. cap. 16)yeeld as speedy a remedy, as any other pbysick whatl ^erer. Aetius would have them daily used, assidna balnea, letra.2.!iec.2. c.9. Galen crakes how many severall cures he hath performed in this kinde by use of bathes alone, and Rufus pills, moistning- them which are otherwise dry. Rhasis makes It a principal! cure {tota cnra sit in humcciando) to bathe and afterwards anoint with oyle. Jason Pratensis, Laurentius, ca;?. 8, and Montanussetdown their peculiar formes of artificial! bathes. Crato (co«.s?7. 17. lib, S?) commends mallowes, camo- mde, violets, borage, to be boyled in it, and sometimes faire water alone; and in his following counsell, balneum nqucB dulcis solum scepissime profvisse compertum habcmus. So doth Fuchsius, lib. 1. cap. 33. Frisimelica, 2. consil. 42, in Tnncavellius. Some, beside hearbs, prescribe a rammes head and other things to be boyled. ''Fernelius {consil. 44) will have them used JO or 12 dayes together; to which he must enter fasting, and so continue in a temperate heat, and, after that, frictions all over the body. Lalius Eugubinus, consil. 142, and Christoph. iErerus in a consultation of his, hold once or twice a week sufficient to bathe, the ^ water to he warme, not hot, for fear of sweating. Felix Plater (observ. lib. I. for a melancholy lawyer) ^ icill have lotions of the head still joyned to these bathes, with a lee wherein capital hearbs have been boyled. ^ Laurentius speaks of bathes of milk, which I finde approved by many others. And still, after bath, the body to be anointed with oyl of bitter almonds, of violets, new or fresh butter, 'capons grease, especially the back bone, and then lotions of the head, embrocations, &c. These kinde of bathes have been in former times much frequented, and di- versly varied, and are still in g-enerall use in those eastern coun- tries. The Romanes had their publick baths very sumptuous and stupend, as those of Antonius and Dioclesian. Plin. 36, sail h there were an infinite number of them in Rome, and mightily frequented. Some bathed seven times a day, as Corn- modus the emperour is reported to have done : usually twice a day; and they were afteranointed with most costly oyntments; rich women bathed themselves in milke, some in the milke of 500 she asses at once. We have many mines of such bathes found in this island, among those parietines and rubbish of sBalDeorum usiia dulcium, siqnid alind, ipsis opitulatur. Credo haecdici cum aliqu4 jactantia, inquit Montanus, consil. 26. bjn quibus jejunus din sedeat eo tem- pore, ne sudorem excitent ant maniiestum teporeni, sed quadam refrigeratione humec- ^^}' ^ Aqua non sit calida, sed tepida, ne sudor sequatur. . 'Aquae Porrectaua;. Mem. 2.] Retention and Evacuation, rectified. 363 of brasse, iron, allome; and,co7zsi7. 35. /. 3, for a melancholy lawyer, and eonsil, 36, in that hypochondriacal passion, the ^ baths of Aquaria, and, SG eonsil. the drinking of them. Fri- simelica, consulted among therest (in Trincavellius, consil,¥i. lib. 2) preferres the waters of ''Apona before all artificiall baths whatsoever in this disease, and would have one nine years affected with hypochondriacall passions, flie to them, as an holy anchor. Of the same minde is Trincavellius himself there; and yet both put a hot liver in the same party for a cause, and send him to the waters of '^S. Helen, which are much hotter. Montanus (eonsil. 230) magnifies the '* Chal- derinian Baths; and {eonsil. 237 ^t '^^9) he exhorteth to the same, but with this caution, ^that the liver be outtcardly anointed icith some coolers, that it be not overheated. But these baths must be warily frequented by melancholy persons, or if used to such as are very cold of themselves; for, as Ga- belius concludes of all Dutch baths, and especially those of Baden, they are (food for all cold diseases, hiaught for cho- lerick, hot and dry, and all infirmities proeeediny of choler, inflammations of the spleen and liver. Our English baths, as they are hot, must needs incur the same censure : but D.Turner of old, and D. Jones, have written at large ofthera. Of cold baths I find little or no mention in any physician : some speak against them: « Cardan alone (out of Agathinus) commends bathiny in fresh rivers, and cold rcaters, and ad- visetli all such as mean to live lony to use it ; for it ayrees with all ayes and complexions, and is most profitable for hot temperatures. As for sweating-, urine, bloud-letting by haem- rods, or otherwise, I shall elsewhere more opportunely speak of them. Immoderate Venus, in excess, as it is a cause, or in defect ; so, moderately used, to some parties an only help, a present remedy. Peter Forestus calls it, aptissimum remedium, a most apposite remedy, ^remittiny anyer, and reason, that ^cas other- tcise bound. Avicenna (Pen. 3. 20J, Oribasius {med. collect, lib. 6. cap. 37), contend, out of Ruff us and others, ' that many mad men, melancholy, and labouriny of the falliny sick- ness, have been cured by this alone. Montaltus (cap. 27. a Aquae Aqtiariae. h Ad aqnas Aponenses, velnt ad sacram anchoram, con- fiigiat. <■ John Beanhiniis (li. 3. ca. 14. hist, admir. fontis BoIIensis in ducat. Wittemberg) laudat aquas Bollenses ad inelancholicos niorbos, inoeroreni, fascina- tionem, aliaque animi pathemata. ''Balnea Chalderina. ' Hepar externe ungatur, ne calefiat. 'Nocent calidis et siccis, cholericis, et omnibu[s raorbis ex cholera, hepatis, splenisque atlectionibus. ? Lib. de aqua. Qui breve hoc vit«e curriculum cupiunt sani transigere, frigidis aquis ssepe lavare debeut, nulli a?tati cum sit incongrua, calidis imprimis utilis. h Solvit Venus rationis vim irapeditam, ingentes iras reDiittit^ &c. 'Multi comitiales, melancholici, insani, hujus usu solo sanati. S64 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. de melan.) wiil have it drive away sorrow, and all illusions of the brain, to purge the heart and brain from ill smoakes and vapours that offend them ; "" and if it be omitted^ as Valescus supposeth, it makes the mind sad, the hodi) dull and heavy. Many other inconveniences are reckoned up by Mercatus, and by Rodericus a Castro, in their tracts de melancholia vir- ginum et monialium : oh seminis retentionem, scevivnt scepe moniales et virgines ; but, as Platerus addes, si nuhaut, sanan^ tur ; they rave single, and pine away ; much discontent ; but marriage mends all. Marcellus Donatus {lib. 2. med. hist, cap. 1.) tells a storie to confirm this, out of Alexander Bene- dictus, of a maid that was mad, ob menses inhibitos : cum in ojfficinam meritoriam incidisset, a quindecim viris eddem nocte compressa, mensium largo profluvio, quod pluribus annis ante constiterat, non sine magna pndore, mane, menti restituta, discessit. But this must be warily understood ; for as Arnol- dus objects, lib. I. breviar. 18. cap. quid coitus ad melan- cholicuni succum ? What affinity have these t^vo? ^except it be manifest that superabundance of seed or fulness of blood be a cause, or that love, or an extraordinary desire of Venus, have gone before^ or that, as Lod. Mercatus excepts, they be very flatuous, and have been otherwise accustomed unto it. Montaltus {cap. 27) will not allow of moderate Venus to such as have the gout, palsie, epilepsie, melancholy, except they be very lusty, and full of blood. '^Lodovicus Antonius, /i6. med. miscel. in his chanter of Venus, forbids it utterly to all wrestlers, ditchers, labouring men, &c. ''Ficinus and •Marsilius Cognatus put Venus one of the five mortall ene- mies of a student : it consumes the spirits, arid iveakeneth the brain. Halyabbasthe Arabian (5. Theor. cap. 36), and Jason Pratensis, make it the fountain of most diseases, ^but most pernicious to them loho are cold and dry ; a melancholy man must not meddle with it, but in some cases. Plutarch, in his book de san. tuend. accounts of it as one of the three princi- pall signs and preservers of health, temperance in this kinde : ^to rise with an appetite, to be ready to work, and abstain from venery, tria saluberrima, are three most healthful things. We see their opposites, how pernicious they are to mankinde, as to all other creatures they bringdeath,andmanyferall diseases : » Si omittatur coitns, contristat et plurimum gravat corpus et animum. b Nisi certo constet nimium semen aut sanguinem caussam esse, aut amor praecesserit, aut, &c. cAthletis, arthriticis, podagricis nocet ; nee opportuna prodest, nisi fortibus, et qui multo sanguine abundant. Idem Scaliger, exerc. 269. Turcis ideo luctato- ribus prohibitum. ^ De sanit. tuend. lib. 1. ^Lib. 1. ca. 7. Exhaurit enim spiritus, animnmque debilitat. f Frigidia et siccis corporibus inimicissima. g V«»oi intra satietatem, impigram eise ad laborem, vitale semen consenare. Mem. 2.] Retention and Evaeuation rectijied. 365 Immodicis brevis est eetas et rara senectus. Aristotle gives instance in sparrows, which are parum vivaces oh salacitatem, *short lived because of their salacity, which is very frequent, as Scoppius, in Priapeis, will better inform you. The extremes being both bad, ''the medium is to be kept, which cannot easily be determined. Some are better able to sustain, such as are hot and moist, phlegmatick, as Hippo- crates insinuateth, some strong* and lustie,well fed like •= Her- cules, "^ Proculus the emperour, lusty Laurence, ^ prostibulum J'em,ince,Messa\mathe empress, that by philters, and such kinde of lascivious meats, use all means to ^inable themselves, and brag' of it in the end ; cojifodi multas enim^ occidi vero paucas per ventrem vidisti, as that Spanish § Celestina merrily said : others impotent, of a cold and dry constitution, cannot sustain those gymnicks without great hurt done to their own bodies; of which number (though they be very prone to it) are me- lancholy men for the most part. MEMB. HI. Ayr rectified. With a digression of the Ayr. iVS a long-winged hawk, when he is first whistled off the fist, mounts aloft, and for his pleasure fetcheth many a circuit in the ayr, still soaring higher and higher, till he be come to his full pitch, and in the end, when the game is sprung, comes down amain, and stoopes upon a sudden ; so will I, having now come at last into those ample fields of ayre, wherein I may freely expatiate and exercise myself for my recreation, a while rove, wander round about the world, mount aloft to those ffithereall orbs andcelestiall spheres, and so descend to my former elements again : in which progress, I will first see whether that relation of the '' Frier of Oxford be true, con- cerning those northern parts under the pole, (if I meet obiter with the M'andring Jew, Elias Artifex, or Lucians Icarome- nippus,they shall be my guides) whether there be such4; Euripes, »Nequitia est, quae te non sinit esse senem. ''Vide Montanntn, Pet. Gode- fridnm, Atnorum lib. 2. cap. 6. Curiosuin de his, nam et numerum definite Tal- mudistis, unicuique sciatis assignari suum tempos, &c. cThespiadas genuit. d Vide Lampridium, vit. ejus 4. « Et lassata viris, &c. ' Vid. Mizald. cent. 8. 11. Lemnium, lib. 2. cap. 16. CatuUam ad Hypsithillam, &c. Ovid. Eleg. lib. 3. et 6, &c. Quot itinera una uocte confecisaent, tot coronas ludico Deo puta Triphallo, Marsiae, Henna, Priapo, donarent. Cingemus tibi mentulam coronis, &c. ePornoboscodid. Gasp. Bacthii. h>Jich. de Lynn«, cited by Mercator Ml his Map. 366 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 2: and a great rock of loadstones, which may cause the needle in the compass still to bend that way, and what should be the true cause of the variation of the compass, '^is it a magneticalt rock, or the pole-star, as Cardan will; or some other star in the bear, as Marsilius Ficinus ; or a magneticall meridian, as Maurolicus ; vel situs in vend terrce, as Agricola ; or the near- ness of the next continent, as Cabeus will ; or some other cause,asScaliger,Cortesius,Conimbricenses,Peregrinus, con- tend; why at the Azores it looks directly north, otherwise not? In the Mediterranean or Levant (as some observe) it varies 7 grad. by and by 12, and then 22. In the Baltick Seas, near Rasceburg in Finland, the needle runs round, if any ships come that way, though Martin ''Ridley write other- wise, that the needle near the pole will hardly be forced from his direction. 'Tis fit to be enquired whether certain rules may be made of it, as 11 grad. Lond. variat. alibi S6, ^■c. and, that which is more prodigious, the variation varies in the same place : now taken accurately, 'tis so much ; after a few years, tj-uite altered from that it was : till we have better intelligence, let our D. Gilbert and Nicholas '^Cabeus the Je- suite, that have both written great volumes of this subject, satisfi e these inquisitors. Whether the sea be open and navigable by the pole arctick, and which is the likeliest way, that of Bartison the Hollander, under the pole itself, which for some reasons I hold best ; or hyjreinm Davies, or Nova Zembla. Whether '^Hudsons discovery be true of a new found ocean, any likelihood of Buttons bay in 50 degrees, Hubberds hope in 60 ; that of nt nltra near Sir Thomas Roes welcome in north-west Fox, being that the sea ebbs and flows constantly there 15 foot in 12 hours; as our « new cards inform us that California is not a cape, but an iland, and the west- windes make the nepe tides equall to the spring, or that there be any probability to pass by the straights of Anian to China, by the promontory of Tabin. If there be, I shall soon per- ceive whether * Marcus Polus the Venetians narration be true or false, of that great city of Quinsay and Cambalu; whether there be any such places, or that,assMatth. Riccius the Jesuite hath written, China and Cataia be all one, the great Cham of Tartary and the king of China be the same : Xuntain and Quinsay, and the city of Cambalu be that new Paquin, or such a wall 400 leagues long to part China from Tar- a Mons. Sloto. Some call it the highest hill in the world, next Teneriffe in the Canaries, Lat. 81. •> Cap. 26. in his Treatise of magneticke bodies. «Lege lib. 1. cap. 23. et 24. de magnetica philosophia, et lib. 3. cap. 4. d 1612. « M. Brigs, his Map, and Northwest Fox. ' Lib. 2. ca. 64. de nob. civitat. Quinsay, et cap. 10. de Cambalu. g Jjib. 4. exped. ad Sinas, ca. 3. et lib. 5. c. 18. Mem. 3.] Dif/ression of' Ayre, 367 tary ; "Presbyter John be in Asia or Africk ; M. Poliis Vene- tus puts him in Asia; ''the most received opinion is, that he is eniperour of the Al)issines, which of oid was ^Ethiopia, now Nubia, under the Equator in Africk. Whether ^ Guinea be an ihnid or part of the continent, or that hungry '' Spaniards discovery of Terra Australis Incognita, or Magellanica, be as true as that of 3fercurius Britannicus, or his ojp Utopia, or his of Lucinia. And yet in likelihood it may be so; for, without all question, it being extended from the tropick of Capricorn to the circle Antarctick, and lying as it doth in the temperate Zone, cannot chuse but yeeld in time some Nourishing king- domes to succeeding ages, as America did unto the Spaniards. Shouten and Le Meir have done well in the discovery of the streights of Magellan, in finding a more convenient passage to Mare Pacificum: me thinks some of our modern Argonautes should prosequute the rest. As 1 go by Madagascar, I wouldsee that great bird «^Rucke, that can carry a man and horse or an elephant,M'ith that Arabian Phoenix described by 'Andricomius; see the pellicanesof iEgypt, those Scythian gryphes in Asia : and afterwards in Africk examine the fountains of Nilus, whe- ther Herodotus, s Seneca, Plin. lib. 5. cap. 9. Strabo, lib. 5. give a true cause of his annuall flowing, ''Pagaphetta discourse rightly of it, or of Niger and Senega: examine Cardan, sSca- ligers reasons, and the rest. Is it from those Etesian winds, or melting of snow in the mountains under the J^quator, (for Jordan yearly overflows m hen the snow melts in mount Liba- nus) or from those great dropping perpetuall showres, which are so frequent to the inhabitants within the tropicks, when the sun is verticall, and cause such vast inundations in Senega, Maragnan, Orenoque, and the rest of those great rivers in Zona Torrida, which have commonly the same passions at set times ; and by good husbandry and policy, hereafter no doubt may come to be as populous, as well tilled, as fruitfull as ^Egypt it self, or Cauchinchina ? I would observe all those motions of the sea, and from what cause they proceed ; from the moon (as the vulgar hold) or earths motion, which Gali- leus, in the fourth dialogue of his systeme of the world, so eagerly proves, and firmly demonstrates; or winds, as i^some will. Why in that quiet ocean of Zur, ?« mari pacijico, it is a M. Polus, in Asia, Presb. Job. meminit. lib. 2 cap. 30. bAlInaresius et alii ^ Lat. 10. gr. Aust. d Ferdinando de Quir. anno 1612. « Alarum pennje continent in longitiidine 12 passus : elephantem in sublime tollere potest. Polus, 1. 3. c- 40. 'Lib. 2. Descript. terrse sauctce. i-'Natur. (|uw.st. lib. 4. cap! 2 >' Lib. de reg. Congo. ' Exeicit.47. ^ See M. Carpenters Geography, lib. 2: cap. 6. et Bern. Telesius, lib. de mari. Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. S«e. 2. scarce perceived, in our British seas most violent, in the Medi- terranean and Red Sea so violent and irregular, and diverse ? Why the current in that Atlantick ocean should still be in some places from, in some ag-ain towards the north, and why they come sooner than go : and so from Moabar to Madagascar in that Indian ocean, the merchants come in three weeks, as ^Scaliger discusseth, they retui'n scarce in three moneths, with the same or like windes : the continuall current is from east to west. Whether Mount Athos, Pelion, Olympus, Ossa, Caucasus, At- las, be so high as Pliny, Solinus, Mela relate, above clouds, meteors, uhi nee anrw nee venti spirant, (insomuch that they that ascend dy suddenly very often, the aire is so subtile) 3250 paces high, according to that measure of Dicaearchus, or 78 miles perpendicularly high, as Jacobus Mazonius, sec. 3. et 4. expounding that place of Aristotle about Mount Cau- casus; and as ''Blancanus the Jesuite contends out of Clavius and Nonius demonstrations de Crepuscul'is : or rather 32 sta- diums, as the most received opinion is ; or 4 miles, which the height of no mountain doth perpendicularly exceed, and is equal to the greatest depths of the sea,which is, as Scaliger holds, 1580 paces {Exer. 38), others 100 paces. I would see those inner parts of America, whether there be any suchgreatcity of Man- noa or Eldorado in that golden empire, where the high ways are as much beaten (one reports) as between Madrit and Vale- dolit in Spain ; or any such Amazones as he relates, or giganti- calPatagonesin Chica; with that miraculous mountain, '^ Ybou- yapab in the northern Brasile, cujusjugum stemitur in amoenis- simam j)lttft^itiem, ^c. or that of Pariacacca, so high elevated in Peru. '^The pike of Tenerift^how high is it? 79 miles, or 52, as Patricius holds, or 9 as Snellius demonstrates in his Era- tosthenes : see that Strang '^ Cirknickzerksey lake in Carniola, whose waters gush so fastoutof the ground, that they will over- take a swift horseman, and by and by,witb as incredible celerity, are supped up: which Lazius and Warnerus make an argument of the Argonautes sayling under ground. And that vast den or hole called ^Esmellen in Muscovia, qjice visitur horren' do hiatUf ^c. which, if any thing casually fall in, makes such a roaring noise, that no thunder, or ordnance, or war- like engine, can make the like. Such another is Gilbers » Exercit. 52.' de maris mota caussEe investigandee : prima reciprocationis, secnnda varietatis, tertia celeritatis, quarta cessationis, quinta privationis, sexta coutrarietatis. •^Lib. de explicatione locorum Mathem. Aristot. ^Laet. lib, 17. cap. 13. descrip. occid. Ind, d Patritius saith 52 miles in hejghth. <'Luge alii vocant. Geor. Werneras. Aquae tanta celeritate erumpunt et absorbentiir, ut expedite equiti nditHm mtercludant. f BpissarduS; de Magii, cap. de Pilapiis, Meiii. 3.] Digression of At/re. 369 cave in Lapland, with many the like. I would examine the Caspian sea, and see where and how it exonerates it self, after it hath takeu in Volga, laxares, Oxus, and those great rivers ; at the mouth of Oby, or where? ^V'hat vent the Mexican lake hath, the Titician in Peru, or that circular pool in the vale of Terapeia, (of Avhich Acosta, /. 3. c. IG) hot in a cold coun- try, the spring ef which boils up in the middle twenty foot square, and hath no vent but exhalation : and that o^ JIare mortunm in Palestina, of Thrasuraene, at Perusium in Italy: the Mediterranean it self: for, from the ocean, at the straights of Gibraltar, there is aperpetuall current into the Levant, and so likewise by the Thracian Bosphorus out of the Euxine or Blacksea, besides all thosegreat rivers of Nilus,Padus, Rhoda- nus, &c. how is this water consumed ? by the sun, or other- wise? 1 would find out, with Trajan, the fountains of Danu- bius, of Ganges, Oxus, see those Egyptian pyramids, Trajans bridge, Grotta de Sibylla, Lucullus fish-ponds, the temple of Nidrose, &:c. and, if 1 could, observe what becomes of swal- lowes, storkes, cranes, cuckowes, nightingales, redstarts, and many other kinde of singing birds, water-fowls, hawks, &c. some of them are ouely seen in summer, some in winter ; some are observed in the * snow, and at no other times : each have their seasons. In winter, not a bird is in Muscovie to be found ; but, at the spring, in an instant the woods and hedges are full of them, saith ^Herbastein : how comes it to pass? do they sleep in winter, like Gesners Alpine mice? or do they lye hid (as ^^ Olaus afiirmes) i7i the bottome oj" lakes and rivers, spiritum continentes ? often so found hy fisher- men hi Poland and Scandia, tico torjether, mouth to mouth, winq to icing ; and, ichen the spring comes, they revive again, or if they be brought into a stove, or to the fire side. Or do they follow tlie sun, as Peter Martyr {legat. Baby- lonica, I. 2) manifestly convicts, out of his own kaowledoe ? for, when he was ambassadour in Egypt, he saw swallowes, Spanish kites, '' and many other such European birds, in De- cember and January very familiarly flying,^and in great abun- dance, about Alexandria, nbi fioridce tunc arboresac viridaria, or lye they hid in caves, rocks, and hollow trees, as most think, in deep tin-mines or sea-clifis, *as M"^ Carew gives out? I con- » In carapis Lovicen. solum visuntor in nive ; et ubinam %'ere, Destate, antamno sa occultant ? Hermes, Polit. 1. 1. Jul. Bellins. ^ Statim ineunte vere sylvae strepunt eorum cantilenis. Muscovit. commeni « Immergant se fluniinibns, lucubasqae per hyernem totan, &c. "'Cwterasqae Tolacres Pontum byemeadvenienta e nostril rfjfionibus EuropRis tranirolantei. 'SarrBy of Cornwall. 370 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. elude of tbem all, for my part, ^Minister doth of cranes and storks : whence they come, wliither they goe^incompertum ad' hue, as yet we know not. We see them here, some in summer, some in winter : their commg and going is sure in the night : in the plains of Asia (saith he) the storkes meet on such a set day, he that comes last is torn in pieces ; and so they get^ them gon. Many strange places, Isthmi, Eiiripi, Chersonnesi, creekes, havens, promontories, straights, lakes, bathes, rocks, mountaines, places, and fields, where cities have bin ruined or swallowed, battels fought, creatures, sea-monsters, remora, &c. minerals, vegetals. Zoophites were fit to be considered in such an expedition, and, amongst the rest, that of ''Herbastein his Tartar lambe, '^Hector Boethius goos-bearing tree in the Orchardes, to which Cardan (lib. 7. cap. 36. de rerum va- rietat.) subscribes: '' Vertomannus wonderfull palme, that " fly in Hispaniola, that shines like a torch in the night, that one may well see to write ; those sphericall stones in Cuba which nature hath so made, and those like birds, beasts, fishes, crowns, swords, saws, pots, &c. usually found in the metall-mines in Saxony about Mansfield, and in Poland neer Nokow and Pallukie, as '^Munster and others relate. Many rare creatures and novelties each part of the world affords : amongst the rest I Mould know for a certain whether there be any such men, as Leo Suavius in his comment on Paracelsus de sanit. tuend. and s Gaguinus records in his description of Muscovie, that, in JLucomoria, a province in Russia, lye fast asleep as dead all icinter,from the 27 Jfovemher, like frog ges and swallowes, benumbed with cold, a?id about the 24 of April in the spring they revive again, and goe about their business. I woukl examine that demonstration of Alexander Picolomineus, whether the earths superficies be bigger than the seas ; or that of Archimedes be true, the superficies of all water is ev en. Search the depth and see that variety of sea- monsters and fishes, mare-maids, sea-men, horses. aPorro ciconise quonam e loco veniant, quo se conferant, incompertum adhuc ; agmen venientium, descendentium, ut grunm, venisse cemimus, nocturnis opinor tem- poribus. In patentibus Asiae campis certo die congregant se, earn quae novissime advenit lacerant, inde avolant. Cosmog. 1. 4. c. 126. b Comment. Muscov. c Hist. Scot. I. 1. d Vertomannns, 1. 5. c. 16. mentionetn a tree that bears fruits to eat, woodtobnrn, bark to make ropes, wine and water to drink, oyl and sugar, and leaves as tiles to cover houses, flowers for clothes, &c. « Animal insec- tum Cusino, utquis legere vel scribere possit sine alterius ope luminis. f Cos- mog. lib. 1. cap. 435. et lib. 3. cap. 1. Habent ollas a natiura formatas, e terra extractas, similes illis a figulis factis, coronas, pisces, aves, et onines animantium species. g Ut Solent hirundines et ranse praj frigoris magnitudine niori, et postea, redeunte vere, 24 Aprilis reviviscere, Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayr e. 371 &c. which it affords. Or whether that be true which Jor- danus Bruuus scoffes at, that, if God did not detain it, the sea would overflow the earth by reason of his higher site, and which Josephus Blancanus the Jesuite,in his interpretation on those mathematicall places of Aristotle, foolishly feares, and in a just tract proves by many circumstances, that in time the sea will waste away the land, and all the g^lobe of the earth shall be covered with waters ; risum teneatis, aniici ? what the sea takes away in one place it addes in another. Mee thinks he might rather suspect the sea should in time be filled by land, trees grow up, carcasses, &c. that all- devouring- fire, omnia devorans et consumens, will sooner cover and dry up the vast ocean with sands and ashes. I would examine the true seat of that terrestriall ^Paradise, and where Ophir was, whence Solomon did fetch his gold ; from Peruana, which some suppose, or that Aurea Chersonnesus, as Dominicus Niger, Arias, Montanus, Goropius, and others, will. I would censure all Plinies, Solinus, Strabos, S"^ John Mandevils, Olaus Magnus, Marcus Polus lyes, correct those errors in navigation, leforme cosmographicall chartes, and rectifie lon- gitudes, if it were possible; notby the compass, assome dream, with Mark Ridley in his treatise of magneticall bodies, cap AS: for, as Cabeus {rAacpiet. jihilos. lib. 3. cap, 4.) fully resolves, there is no hope thence : yet I would observe some better meanes to find them out. I would have a convenient place to go down with Orpheus, Ulysses, Hercvdes, ''Lucians Menippus, at St. Patricks purga- tory, at Trophonius den, Hecla in Island, ^Etna in Sicily, to descend and see what is done in the bowels of the earth; do stones and metalls grow there still ? how come firre trees to be " digged out from tops of hills, as in our mosses and marishes all over Europe ? How come they to dig up fish bones, shells, beams, iron-works, many fathomes under ground, and anchors in mountains, far remote from all seas? ''Anno 1460, at Berna in Switzerland, 50 fathom deep, a ship was dig'd out of a mountain, where they got metall ore, in which were 48 carcasses of men, with other merchandise. That such things are ordinarily found in tops of hils, Aristotle insinuates in his meteors, ''Pomponius Mela in his first book, c. cle Numidid; and familiarly in the Alpes, saith * Blancanus the Jesuite, the like to be seen. Came this from earth-quakes, or from Noahs floud, as Christians suppose ? or is there a a Vicl. Pererium, in Gen. Cor. a Lapide, et alios. *> In Necyomantia, Tom. 2. *-' Fracastorius, lib. de simp. Georgius Merula, lib. de mem. Jalius Billins, &c. ^ Simleriis, Ortelius. Brachiis centum sub terra reperta est, in qua quadraginta octo cadavera inerant, anchora', &c. t' Pisces et concha; in uiontibus reperiuntur. f Lib. de locis Mathemat. Aristot. 372 Cure of MelanGhohj. [Part. f. Sec. 2. vicissitudes of sea and land? as Anaximenes held of old, the mountains of Thessaly would become seasj and seas ag-ain mountains. The whole world, belike, should be new moulded, when it seemed g^ood to those all-commanding powers, and turned inside out, as we do hay-cocks in harvest, top to bot- tom, or bottom to top ; or, as we turn apples to the fire, move the world upon his center; that which is under the Poles now, should be translated to the ^Equinoctial!, and that which is under the torrid zone, to the circle Arctique and Antarc- tique another while, and so be reciprocally warmed by the sun ; or, if the worlds be infinite, and every fixed star a sun, with his compassing planets (as Brunus and Campanella con- clude), cast three or four worlds into one; or else of one old world make three or four new, as it shall seem to them best. To proceed, if the earth be 21500 miles in ^compass, its dia- meter is 7000 from us to our antipodes ; and what shall be comprehended in all that space ? What is the center of the earth? is it pure element only, as Aristotle decrees, inha- bited (as ''Paracelsus thinks) with creatures, whose chaos is the earth : or with fairies, as the woods and waters (according to him) are with nymphes, or as the aire with spirits? Diony- siodorus, a mathematician in '^ Pliny, that sent a letter ad siiperos after he was dead, from the center of the earth, to sig- nifie what distance the same center was from the superficies o^ the same, viz. 42000 stadiums, might have done well to have satisfied all these doubts. Or is it the place of hell, as Virgil in his jEneides, Plato, Lucian, Dante, and others, poetically describe it, andasmanyof our divines think? In good earnest, Anthony Rusca, one of the society of that Ambrosian college in Millan, in his great volume de Inferno, lib. 1. cap. 4?, is stiflTe in his tenent : 'tis a corporeall fire tow, cap. 5. /. 2. as he there disputes. Whatsoever philosophers ivrite, (saith •^Surius) there be certain mouthes of hell, and place appointed, for the punishment of mens souls, as at Hecla in Island, where' the ghosts of dead men are familiarly seen, and some- times talk with the living. God would have such visible places, that mortal men might be certainly informed, that there be such punishments after death, and learn hence to fear God. Kranzius {Ban. hist. lib. 2. cap. 24) subscribes to this opinion of Surius ; so doth Colerus, cap. 12. lib. de immortal. animcB (out of the authority, belike, of S'. Gregory, a Or plain, as Patricins holds, which Austin, Lactantius, and some others, hold of old as round as a trencher. b Li. de Zilphis et Pygnijeis. They penetrate the earth, as we do the aire. <= Lib. 2. c. 112. <* Coranientar. ad annum 15.37. Quidquid dicunt philonophi, quaedam suntTartari ostia, et loca peniendis animisdesti- nata, ut Hecla mens, &c. ubi mortuornm spiritus visuntur,&c. vohntDeus eistare talia loea, ut discant mortales. Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayre. 375 Durand, and the rest of the schoolmen, who derive as much from iEtna in Sicily, Lipara, Hiera, and those sulphureous Vulcanian islands) making Terra del Fuego, and those frequent viilcanes in America, of which Acosta, lih. 3. cap. 24. that fearfuU mount Hecklebirg in Norway, an especiall argument to prove it, '^ where lamentable screeches and holdings are con- tinuallij heard, which strike terroiir to the auditors ; fiery chariots are commonly seen to bring in the souls of men in the likeness of croics, anddivels ordinarily goe in and out. Such another proofe is that place neer the pyramides in Egypt, by Cairo, as well to confirm this as the resurrection, mentioned by ^ Kormannus, mirac. mort. lib. 1. cap. 38. Camerarius, oper. sue. cap. 37. Bredenbachius, pereg. ter. sanct. and some others, ivhere once a yeere dead bodies arise about March, and walk, and after a while hide themselves again : thousands of people come yearly to see them. But these and such like tes- timonies others reject, as fables, illusions of spirits ; and they will hare no such locall known place, more than Styx or Phle- geton, Plutos court, or that poeticall infernns, where Ho- mers soul was seen hanging on a tree, &c. to which they fer- ried over in Charons boat, or went down at Hermione in Greece, compendiaria ad inferos via, which is the shortest cut, quia nullum a mortuis naulum eo loci exposcunt, (saith "^ Ger- belius) and besides there were no fees to be paid. Well then, is it hell, or purgatory, as ^eW^xmine \ Limbus patrum, ?ls Gallicius will, andas Ruscawill (for they have made maps of it), '^ or Ignatius parler.f' Virgil, sometimes bishop of Saltburg (as Aventinus, anno 745, relates) by Bonifacius bishop of Mentz was therefore called in question, because he held antipodes, (which they made a doubt v/hether Christ died for), and so by that means took away the seat of hell, or so contracted it, that it could bear no proportion to heaven, and contradicted that opi- nion of Austin, Basil, Lactantius, that held the earth round as a trencher (whom Acosta and common experience more largely confute), but not as a ball ; and Jerusalem, where Christ died, the middle of it; or Delos, as the fabulous Greeks fained ; because, when Jupiter let two eagles loose, to fly from the worlds ends east and Mest, they met at Delos. But the scruple of Bonifacius is now quite taken away by our latter divines : Franciscus Ribera {in cap. 14. Apocalyps.) will have hell a materiall and locall fire in the center of the earth, 200 Italian miles in diameter, as he defines it out of those words, Exivit sanguis de terra per stadia milie » Ubi miserabiles ejulantinm voces audiantur, quae auditoribas horrorem incutinnt kaud vulgarem, &.c. ^ Ex sepulcris apparent mense Jlartio, et rursus sub terrain 88 abscondiint, &c. cDescript Grsec. lib. 6. de Pelop. SeeDr, Raynolds prelect. 55. in Apoc. cAs they come from the sea, so they return to the sea again by secret passages, as in all likelihood the Caspian sea vents tself into the Euxiue or Ocean. d Seneca, qua3st. lib. cap. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 11, 12, de caussis aquarum perpetnis. Mem. 3.] Dnjroasionof Aijre. 375 Plato ' in Timaeo, Veg-etius, ami Botline proves at large, ?ne- thod. cap. 5; some soft, and some hardy, barbarous, civill, black, dun, wliite : is it from the aire, from the soyle, influ- ence of stars, or some other secret cause? Why doth Africa breed so many venemous beasts, Ireland none? Athens owles, Creetnone? ^ Why hath Daulis and Thebes no swallowes (so Pausanias informeth us) as well as the rest of Greece? '' Ithaca no hares, Pontus asses, Scythia swine ? whence come this variety of complections, colours, plants, birds, beasts, '^me- tals, peculiar almost to every place? Why so many thousand strange birds and beasts proper to America alone, as Acosta de- mands, //6. 4. ca/>. 36? were they created in the six dayes, or ever in Noahs Arke ? if there, why are they not dispersed and found in other countries? It is a thing- (saith he) hath long- held me in suspence; no Greek, Latine, Hebrew, overheard of them before, and yet as different from our European animals, as an egg and a chesnut : and, which is more, kine, horses, sheep, &c. till the Spaniards brought them, were never heard of in those parts. How comes it to pass, that, in the same site, in one latitude, to such as are ^ericcc?, there should be such dif- ference of soyle, complexion, colour,metall, aire, &c. The Spa- niards are white, and so are Italians, when as the inhabitants about "^ Caput bonce Spei are blackemores, and yet both alike distant from the aequator : nay, they that dwell in the same parallel line with these Negros, as about the straights of Ma- g"ellan, are white coloured, and yet some in Presbyter Johns country in ^Ethiopia are dun ; they in Zeilan and Malabar, ])arallel with them, again black: Manamotapa in Africk, and St. Thomas isle are extreme hot, both under the line, cole black their inhabitants, whereas in Peru they are quite opposite in colour, very temperate, or rather cold; and yet bothalike ele- vated. Mosco,in53 degrees of latitude, extreme cold, as those northern countries usually are, having- one perpetual hard frost all winter long-: and in 52 deg. lat. sometimes hard frost and snow all summer, as in Buttons bay, &c. or by fits; and yet * Eng^land neere the same latitude, and Ireland, very moist, » In lis nee pullos hirundines excludont, neque,. &:c. bXh. Ravennas, lib. de vit. honi. prorog. ca. ult. '^ At Quito in Peru, plus auri quam terroe foditur in aurifodinis. ■ Hist. lib. 5. dLib. 11. cap. 7. •^Lib. 2. cap. 9. Car Potosa et Plata, nrbes in tarn tenui intervalio, utraqtie montosa, &c. . - K K 2 378 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. tliem, they liave great tempests, storms, thunder and lightning, great store of rain, snow, and the foulest weather ; when the sun is verticall, their rivers over-flow, the morning fair and hot, noon day cold and moist : all which is opposite to us. How comes it to pass ? Scaliger(poe^ices /. 3. c. \^) discourseth thus of this subject. How comes, or wherefore is this ^eme- raria siderum dispositio, this rash placing of stars, or, as Epi- curus will, J'ortuita, or accidentall ? Why are some big, some little ? why are they so confusedly, unequally site in the hea- vens, and set so much out of order? In all other things. Nature is equall, proportionable, and constant; there he justcedinien- siones, et prndens partium dispositio, as in the fabrick of man, his eyes, ears, nose, face, members are correspondent; cur non idem caslo, opere omnium pulcherrimo ? Why are the heavens so irregular, neque paribus molihus, 7ieque paribus intervallis? whence is this difference? DiversosQie concludes) efficere lo- corum Genios, to make diversity of countries, soils, maners, customs, characters and constitutions among us, ut quantum vicinia ad charitatem addat, sidera distrahant ad perniciem ; and so by this means fluviovelmonte distincti sunt dissimileSy the same places almost shall be distinguished in maners. But this reason is weak, and most unsufRcient. The fixed stars are removed, since Ptolemies time, 26 gr. from the first of Aries ; and if the earth be immovable, as their site varies, so should countries vary, and divers alterations would follow. But this we perceive not ; as, in Tullies time, with us in Britain, caelum visujoedum, et in quoj'acile generantur nubes, ^c. 'tis so still. Wherefore Bodine (Tlieat. nat. lib. 2) and some others will have all these alterations and effects immediately to proceed from those genii, spirits, angels, which rule and domineer in severall places ; they cause storms, thunder, lightning, earth- quakes, ruins, tempests, great winds, floods, &c. The philo- sophers of Conimbra will refer this diversity to the influence of that empyrean heaven : for soine say the excentricity of the sun is come neerer to the earth than in Ptolemies time ; the vertue therefore of all the vegetals is decayed ; ^ men grow less. Sec. There are that observe new motions of the heavens, new stars, palantia sidera, comets, clouds, (call them what you will) like those Medicean, Burbonian, Austrian planets lately detected, which do not decay, but come and go, rise higher and lower, hide and shew themselves amongst the fixed stars, amongst the planets, above and beneath the moon, at set times, now neerer, now farther off, together, asunder ; as he that plaies upon a sagbut, by pulling it up and down, alters a Terra initios homines nunc educatj atque pusillos. Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayr e. 379 his tones and tunes, do they their stations and places, thouoh to us undiscerncd ; and from those motions proceed (as they conceive) divers alterations. Clavius conjectures otherwise: but they be but conjectures. About Damascus in Cocle-Syria is a ''paradise, by reason of the plenty of waters ; i)i promptu cmissa est; and the desarts of Arabia barren, because of rockes, rolling seas of sands, and dry mountaines; (piod inacjuosa, (saith Adricomius) montes hahens asperos, saxosos,prcecipites, horroriset mortis speciemprce seferentes, uninhabitable there- fore of men, birds, beasts, void of all greene trees, plants and fruits, a vast rocky horrid wilderness, which by no art can be manured; 'tis evident. Bohemia is cold, for that it lyes all along to the north. But why should it be so hot in Egypt, or there never rain ? Why should those "^Etesian and norlh-east- ern winds blow continually and constantly so long together, in some places, at set times, one way still, in the dog- day es only ; here perpetual drought, there dropping showres; herefoooy mists, there a pleasantaire ; here'^terriblethunderandliohtmno- at such set seasons, here frozen seas all the yeare, there'open in the same latitude, to the rest no such thing, nay quite opposite IS to be found? Sometimes (as in ^Peru) on the one side of the mountaines it is hot, on the other cold, here snow, there winde, M'ith infinite such. Fromundus, in his Meteors, will excuse or salve all this by the suns motion : but when there is such diversity to such asperioeci, or very neare site, how can that position hold ? Who can give a reason of this diversity of meteors? that it should ram^stones, frogs, mice, &c. rats, which they call lemmerm Norway, and are manifestly observed (as ^Munster writes) by the inhabitants, to descend and fall with some fe- culent shoAvres, and, like so many locusts, consume all that is green LeoAfer speaks as much of locusts; aboutFez in Bar- bary there be infinite swarmes in their fields upon a sudden : so at Aries in France, 1553, the like happened by the same mis- chief; all their grass and fruits were devoured; maandincola- rmii admiratwne et consternatione (as A^alleriola, ^ohser. vied, lib. 1. obser. 1. relates) coehim subito obmnbrabrmt, S^c he concludes, ^it could not be from naturall causes; they cannot imagine whence they come, but from heaven. Are these and such creatures, corn, wood, stones, worms, avooII, blood, &c. aNav 1. 1. c. 5. bstrabo. cAs under the ^equator in many parts showres here at such a tune, windes at such a time, the brise (hev call it. d JvVd' Cortesius, l.b. Novus orbis inscnpt. ^Lapidatum est. Li^ie. fCosmo^' hh. 4 ca. 22. Ha. tempestahbus decidnnt e nnbibus foculenHs, depascnnturque more ocustarum omnia virenba. g HorL Genial. An a terra sursum rapiuntJa ToTo iterumque cum pluvus prsecipitantur? &c. F'""ii^ '« so'o. 380 Cure of Mekincholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. lifted up into the middle region by the sun beams, as * Para- celsus the physician disputes, and thence let fall with showres, or there ingendred? ''Cornelius Gemma is of that opinion, they are there conceived by celestiall influences: others suppose they are immediately from God, or prodigies raised by art and illusions of spirits, which are princes of the ayre; to whom Bodin (lib. 2. Theat. nat.) subscribes. In fine, of meteors in generall, Aristotles reasons are exploded by BernardiuusTele- sius, by Paracelsus, his principles confuted, and other causes assigned, sal, sulphur, mercury, in which his disciples are so expert, thatthey can alter elements, and separate nt their plea- sure, make perpetuall motions, not as Cardan, Tasneir, Pere- grinus, by some magneticall vertue, but by mixture of elements; mitate thunder, like Salmoneus, snow, hail, the seas ebbing and flowing-, givelife to creatures (as they say) without gene- ration, and whatnot? P. Nonius Saluciencis, and Kepler, take u]>on them to demonstrate that no meteors, cloudes, fogges, '^vapours, arise higher than 50 or 80 miles, and all the rest to be purer aire or element of fire: which '^ Cardan, '^ Tycho, and ^John Pena manifestly confute by refractions, and many other arguments, there is no such element of fire at all. If, as Tycho proves, the moon be distant from us 50 and 60 semi- diameters of the earth: and as Peter Nonius will have it, the aire be so august, what proportion is there betwixt the other three elements and it ? to what use serves it ? it is full of spi- rits which inhabit it, as the Paracelsians and Piatonists hold, the higher the more noble, efuH of birds, or a meer vacuum to nopurpose? It is much controverted betwixtTychoBrahe and Christopher liotman theLantsgrave of Hessias mathematician, in their Astronomicall Epistles, whether it be the same dia- phanum, cleerness, matter of aire and heavens, ortwo distinct essences? Christopher Rotman, John Pena, Jordanus Brunus, with many other mathematicians, contend it is the same, and ' one matter throughout, saving that the higher still, the purer it is, and more subtile ; as they finde by experience in the top of some hills in ^ America : if a man ascend, he faints instantly for want of thicker ayre to refrigerate the heart. Acosta (1.3. c. 9) calls this mountain Periacacain Peru: it makes men cast and vomit, he saith, that climb it, as some other of those Andes do in the desartsof Chilafor 500 miles together, and,for extre- "Tam ominosus proventus innaturaies canssas referri vix potest. ''Cosmog. c- 6. c Cardan saith vapours rise 288 miles fromtlie earth, Eratosthenes 48 miles. dDe subtil. 1. 2. f'ln progymuas. fPrajfat. ad Euclid, t-atop. g ManucodiatfE, birds that live continually in the ayre, and are never se_en on ground but dead. See Ulysses Aldrovand. Ornithol. ycal. exerc. cap.229. ''Laet. descrip. Amer. Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayr e. 381 raity of cold, to lose their fingers and toes. Tycho will have two distinct matters of heaven and ayre ; but to say truth, with some small qualification, they have one and the selfsame opinion about the essence and matter of heavens ; that it is not hard and impenetrable, as Peripateticks hold, transparent, of a quinta essentia, ""but that it is penetrable and soft as the ayre it self is, and that the planets move in it, as birds in the ayre, fishes in the sea. This they prove by motion of comets, and otherwise (though Claremontius in his Antitycho stiffly oppose) which are not generated, as Aristotle teacheth, in the aeriall region, of an hot and dry exhalation, and so consumed; but, as Anaxagoras and Democritus held of old, of a celestial matter: and as ''Tycho, "^Helisgeus lloeslin, Thaddeus Hag- gesius, Pena, Rotman, Fracastorius, demonstrate by their pro- gress, parallaxes, refractions, motions of the planets, (which enterfeire and cut one anothers orbs, now higher, and then lower, as $, amongst the rest, which sometimes, as "^Kepler confirms byhis own and Tychos accurate observations, comes nearer the earth than the 0, and is again eftsoons aloft in Jupi- ters orbs) and ^ other sufficient reasons, far above the moon : exploding in the mean time that element of fire, those fictitious first watry movers, those heavens I mean above the firma- ment, which Delrio, Lodovicus Imola, Patricius, and many of the fathers, affirm ; those monstrous orbes of eccentricks, and eccentre epicycles deserentes ; M'hich howsoever Ptolomy, Alhasen, Vitellio, Purbachius, Maginus, Clavius, and many of their associates stiffly maintain to be reall orbes, excen- trick, concentrick, circles cEquant, Sec. are absurd and ridicu- lous. For who is so mad to think, that there should be so many circles, like subordinate wheels in a clock, all impenetra- ble and hard, as they fain, adde and substract at their pleasure ? ^Maginusmakes eleven heavens,subdivided into theirorbes and circles, and all too little to serve those particular appearances: Fracastorius, 72 homocentricks : Tycho Brahe, Nicholas Ra- meruSjHselisseusRoeslin, have peculiar hypotheses of their own inventions; and they be but inventions, as most of them ac- knowledge, as we admit of aequators, tropicks, colures, cir- cles,arctique and antarctique, for doctrines sake (though Ra- aEpist. lib. 1. p. 83. Ex qnibns constat nee diversa aeris et aetherisdiaphana esse, nee refractiones aliunde quam a crasso aere caussari. — Non dura ant iuipervia, sed liquida, subtilis, motuique planetanim facile eedens. bin Progymn. lib. 2. ex- emplis quinque. c InTheoria nova Met. coelestium, 1578. d Epit. Astron. lib. 4. e Malta sane hine eonsequantur absurda, et si nihil aliud, tot comela; in jethere animadversi, qui nulliasorbisdnctum comitantur, id ipsnni sufiicienter refellunt. Tycho, astr. epist. pag. 107, f In Tlieoricis planetanim, three above the firma- ment, which all wise men reject. 382 Cure of Melancholy . [Part. 2. >Sec. 2. nius tbinksthem all unnecessary) they will have them supposed onely for method and order. Tycho hath fained I know not how many subdivisions of epicycles in epicycles, &c. to cal- culate and express the moons motion ; but when all is done, as a supposition, and no otherwise; not (as he holds) hard, hu penetrable, subtile, transparent, &c. or making musick, as Pythagoras maintained of old, and Robert Constantino of late, but still quiet, liquid, open, &c. If the heavens then be penetrable, as these men deliver, and no lets, it were not amiss, in this aereall progress, to make wings, and fly up; which that Turk, in Busbequius, made his fellow-citizens in Constantinople beleeve he would perfoi-m, and some new-fangled wits, me thinks, should some time or other finde out: or if thatmay not be, yet with aGaliliesglass, or Icaromenippus wings in Lucian, command the spheres and heavens, and see what is done amongst them : whether there be generation and corruption, as some think, by reason offEthereall comets, that in Cassiopea 157*2, that in Cygno 1600, that in Sagittarius 1604, and many like, which by no means Jul. Caesar la Galla, that Italian philosopher, (in his physicall disputation with Galileus, de phcenomeuis in orbe Lunoc, cap. 9) will admit : or that they were created ab initio, and shew themselves at set times; and, as ^Helisseus RcEslin contends, have poles, axeltrees, circles of their own, and regular motions. For non pereunt, sed minuuntur et dispa- reW, ''Blancanus holds: they come and go by fits, casting- their tailes still from the sun: some of them, as a burning glass projects the sun beams from it; though not alwaies neither; for sometimes a comet casts his taile from Venus, as Tycho ob- serves ; and, as '^Helisasus Roeslin of some others, from the moon, with little stars about them, ad stiqyorem astronomo- rum; cum multis aliis in coelo miraculis, all which argue, with those Medicean, Austrian, and Burbonian stars, that the heaven of the planets is indistinct, pure and open, in which the planets move certis legihus ac metis. Examine likewise, an caelum sit color atum ? Whether the stars be of that bigness, distance, as astronomers relate, so many in •^ number, 1026, or 1725, as J. Bayerus ; or as some Rabbins, 29000 myriades; or, as Galilie discovers by his glasses, infi- nite, and that via lactea, a confused light of small stars, like so many nailes in a door : or all in a row, like those 12000 isles of the Maldives, in the Indie ocean ? whether the least visible star in the eighth sphere be 18 times bigger a Theor. nova, ccelest Meteor. ^ Lib. de fabrica miindi. cLib. de Cometis. d An sit crux et nubecula in coelis ad Polum Antarcticum, quod ex Corsalio refert Patritius. Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayr e. 383 than. the earth; and, as Tycho calculates, 14000semidiaineters distant from it? VVhether tliey be thicker parts of the orbes, as Aristole delivers; or so many habitable Morlds, as Democritus? whether they have light of their own, or from the sun, or give light round, as Patritius discourseth? An ceque distent a ceutro mundi? Whether light be of their essence; and that light be a substance or an accident ? whether they be hot by themselves or by accident cause heat? M^hether there be such a precision of the a^nuinoxes, as Copernicus holds, or that the eight sphere move? An bene philosophentur R. Bacon, et J. Dee, Aphorism, de multiplicatione specierimi ? Whether there be any such images afscending- with each degree of the Zodiack in the east, as Aiiacensis feignes ? An aquasnper coehm? as Patritius and the schoolmen v^ill, a crystalline * watry heaven, which is ^ certainly to be understood of that in the middle region ? for otherwise, if at Noahs floud the water came from thence, it must be above an hundred yeeres fallino- down to us, as *= some calculate. Besides, an terra sit ani- mata? which some so confidently beleeve, with Orpheus, Hermes, Averroes, from which all other souls of men, beasts' divels, plants, fishes, &c. are derived, and into which ao-ain' after some revolutions, as Plato in his Timaeus, Plotinus in his Enneades, more largely discusse, they return (See Chalcidius and Bennius, Platos commentators) as all philosophical! matter, in materiam priniam. Keplerus, Patritius, and some other neotericks, have in part revived this opinion : and that every star in heaven hath a soul, angel, or intellioence to animate or move it, &c. or to omit all smaller controversies as matters of less moment, and examine that main paradox' of the earths motion, now so much in question : Ari- starchus Samius, Pythagoras maintained itof okl,Democritus, and many of their schollers. Didacus Astunica, Anthony Fas- carinus a Carmelite, and some other commentators, will have Job to insinuate as much, cap. 9. ver. 4. Qui commovet terrain de loco suo, Sfc. and that this one place of Scripture makes more for the earths motion, than all the other prove againstit: whom Pineda confutes, mostcontradict. Howsoever it is revived since by Copernicus, not as a truth, but a suppo- sition, as he confesseth himself in the Preface to Pope Nicholas, but now maintained in good earnest by ^ Calcagninus, Tele- sius, Kepler, Rotman, Gilbert, Digges, Galileus, Campa- nella, and especially by ^ Lansbergius, naturce ratioiii, ^ .=> Gilbertus Origanus. i. See this discussed in Sir Walter Raleighs history m Zanch. ad Gasman. c Vid. Fromundura, de Meteoris, lib. 5. artic. 5 et b ° • T63o"4 '' Pec"liari libello. e Comment, in motum terrte Middle. 384 Cure of Melancholy . [Part. 2. Sec. 2.. veritati consentaneum, by Orig-anus, and ^some others of his followers. For, if the earth be the center of the world, stand still, and the heavens move, as the most received opinion is, which they call inordinatam coeli dispositionem^ though stifly maintained by Tycho, Ptolomaeus, and their adherents, quis ille furor ? &c. what fury is that, saith ^ D"". Gilbert, satis animose, as Cabeus notes, that shall drive the heavens about with such incomprehensible celerity in 24hour8s, when as every point of the firmament, and in the aequator, must needs move (so " Clavius calculates) 176660 in one 246^'' part of an houre : and an arrow out of a bow must goe seven times about the earth, whilest a man can say an Ave Maria, if it keep the same space, or compass the earth 1884 times in an houre ; which is supra humanam cogitationem, beyond human conceit : Ocyor et jaculo, et ventos coquante sagittd. A man could not ride so much ground, going 40 miles a day, in 2904 yeeres, as the firmament goes in 24 houres ; or so much in 203 yeeres, as the said firmament in one minute ; quod in- credibile videtur : and the '^pole star, which to our thinking scarce moveth out of his place, goeth a bigger circuit than the sun, whose diameter is much larger than the diameter of the heaven of the sun, and 50000 semidiameters of the earth from us, with the rest of the fi xed stars, as Tycho proves. To avoid therefore these impossibilities, they ascribe a triple motion to the earth, the sun immovable in the center of the whole world, the earth center of the moon, alone, above $ and $, beneath T? , i;, ^ , (or, as ^Origanus and others wil, one single motion to the earth, still placed in the center of the world, Athich is more probable) a single motion to the firmament, which moves in 30 or 26 thousand yeeres; and so the planets, Saturne in 30 yeeres absolves his sole and proper motion, Jupiter in 12, Mars in 3, &c. and so salve all apparences better than any way whatsoever : calculate all motions, be they in longum or latum, direct, stationary, retrograde, ascent or descent, without epi- cycles, intricate, eccentricks, &c. rectius commodiusque per unicum motum terrce, saith Lansbergius, much more certain than by those Alphonsine, or any such tables, which are grounded from those other suppositions. And 'tis true, they say, according' to optick principles, the visible apparances of the planets do so indeed answer to their magnitudes and orbes, and come neerest to mathematical! observations, and precedent cal- culations; there isnorepugnancy to physicall axiomes, because aPeculiari libello. ''See M. Carpenters Geogr. cap. 4. lib. 1. Campanella et Origanus prasf. Ephemer. where Scripture places are answered. '^ De Magnete. Commeut. in 2. cap. sphaer. Jo. de Sacr. Bosc. '• Dist. 3. gr. 1, a Polo. f Praef. Ephem. Mem, 3.] Digression of Ay re. 385 no penetration of orbes : but then, between the sphere of Satnrne and the tirmaraent, there is such an incredible and vast '^space or distance (7000000 semidiameters of the earth, as Tycho calcu- lates) void ofstars: and besides, they do so inhance the big-ness of thestars, enlarge the circuit, tosalve those ordinary objections of parallaxes and retrogradations of the fixed stars, that alter- ation of the poles, elevation in severall places or latitude of cities here on earth (for, say they, if a mans eye Avere in the firmament, he should not at all discern that great annual I mo- tion of the earth, but it \^ou!d still appear p?/??c/ww indivisible, and seem to be fixed in oneplace, of the same bigness) thatitis quite opposite to reason, to natural philosophy, and all out as absurd as disproportionali (so some will), as prodigious, as that of the Suns swift motion of heavens. But hoc posito, to grant this their tenent of the earths motion ; if the eartli move, it is a planet and shines to them in the moon, and to the other planetary inhabitants, as the moon and they do to us upon the earth: but shine she doth, as Galilie, ^Kepler, and others prove ; and then per consequens, the rest of the planets are inhabited, as well as the moon; which he grants in his disserta- tation with Galilies Nuncius Sidereus, <= that there he Joviall and Saturnine inhahitants, ^-c. and those severall planets have their severall moons about them, as the earth hath hers, as Galileus hath already evinced by his glasses; ''four about Jupiter, two about Saturne (though Sitius the Florentine, For- tunius Licetus, and Jul. Ceesar le Galla cavill at it) : yet Kepler, the emperours mathematician, confirms out of his ex- perience, that he saw as much by the same help, and more about Mars, Venus; and the rest they hope to find out, per- adventure even amongst the fixed stars, which Brunus and Brutius have already averred. Then (isay) the earth and they be planets alike, inhabited alike, moved aboutthe sun, the com- mon center of the world alike : and it may be, those two green children, M'hich ''Nubrigensis speaks of in his time, that fell from heaven, came from thence ; and that famous stone that fell from heaven, in Aristotles time, olymp. 84, anno tertio, ad Capuce Fluenta, recorded by Laertius and others, or Ancile a Which may be fnll of planets, perhaps, to us unseen, as those about Jupiter, &c. ''Luna circumterrestris planeta quum sit, consentanenm est esse in hina \iventes creaturas; et singulis planetarumslobissuiserviuDtcircnlatores ; ex qua consideratione de eorutn incolis sunima probabilitate concludimus, quod et Tychoni Braheo, e sola consideratione vastitatis eorum, visum fuit. Kepi, dissert, "cum nun. sid. f. 29. i^Temperare non possuna qiiin ex inventis tnis hoc moneam, veri non absimiJe, non tarn in Luna, sed e tiam in Jove, et reliquis planetis incolas esse. Kepi. fo. 26. Si non sint accoUe in Jovis globo, qui notent adrairajjdam hanc varietatera oculis, cui bono qnatuor illi planetae Jovem circumcursitant ? Anno 1616. c In HypotUes. de mundo, Edit. 1597. JLugduni 1633. Mem. 3.] Digression of Ayre, 389 as a tinker stops one hole and makes two, he corrects them, and doth worse himself; reformes some, and marres all. In the mean time, the world is tossed in a blanket amongst them; they hoyse the earth up and down like a ball, make it stand and goe at their pleasures. One saith the sun stands ; another, he moves; a third comes in, taking them all at rebound ; and, lest there should any paradox be wanting, he ^liudes certain spots and cloudes in the sun, by the help of glasses, which multiply (saith Keplerus)athingseen a thousand times bigger in piano, and make it come 32 times neerer to the eye of the beholder: but see the demonstration of this glass in ''Tardcby means of which, the sun must turn round upon his own center, or they about the sun. Fabricius puts only three, and those in the sun : Apelles, 15, and those without the sun, floating- like the Cyanean isles in the Euxine sea. ^ Tarde the French- man hath observed 33, and those neither spots nor clouds, as Galikus (Epist.ad Fe/^erwmJ supposeth, but planets concen- trick with the sun, and not far from him, witl'i regular motions. •^Christopher Schemer a German Suisser Jesuit, Ursica Rosa, divides them in maculas etj'aculcts, and will have them to be fixed i« solis superjicie, and to absolve their periodicall and regular motion in 27 or 28 dayes; holding withall the rotation of the sun upon his center : and are all so confident, that they have made skemes and tables of their motions. The ^ Hol- lander, in his dissertatiuncula cum Apelle, censures all ; and thus they disagree amongst themselves, old and new, irrecon- cileable in their opinions; thus Aristarchus, thus Hipparchus, thus Ptolomaeus, thus Albateginus, thus Alfraganus, thus Tycho, thus Romerus, thus Rcesliuus, thus Fracastorius, thus Copernicus and his adherents, thus Clavius and Maginus, &c. with their followers, vary and determine of these celestiall orbs and bodies ; and so, whilest these men contend about the sun and moon, like the philosophers in Lucians, it is to be feared the sim and moon will hide themselves, and be as much oftended as 'shee was witii those, and send another mes- sage to Jupiter, by some new fangled Icaromenippus, to make an end of all those curious controversies, and scatter them abroad. But why should the sun and moon be angry, or take ex- ceptions at mathematicians and philosophers, when as the like measure is offered unto God himself, by a company of theolo- » Jo. Fabricias, de macalis in sole, Witeb. 1611. ''In Borboniis sideribas. •^Lib. de Burboniis sid. StellsEsant erraticae, qua- propriis orbibas feruntar, non lono^e a sole dissitis, sed juxta solem. d Braccini, fol. 1G30. lib. 4. cap. b'l, 55, 59, &c. e Lugdnn. Bat. An. 161*2. f Ne se subducant, et relicta statione decessum parent, at curiositatia finem faciant. 390 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. gasters? They are not contented to see the sun and moon, mea- sure theirsiteand biggest distance in a o-lass, calculate their mo- tions, or visit the moon in a poeticall fiction, or adream, as he saith : ^ audax J'acbms et memorahile nunc incipiam, neqne hoc S(Bciilo nsurpatum prhis : quid in Lnnce regno hue node gestnm sit, exponam, et quo nemo unquam nisi soniniando per- venit^ but he and Menippus : or as ''Peter Cuneus, bond fide again: nihil eorum, quce scripturus sum, verum esse scitote, ^'C. qucc nee facta, nee futura sint, dicam, ^styli tantnm et ingeuii caussd: not in jest, but in good earnest, these gygan- ticall Cyclopes will transcend spheres, heaven, stars, into that empyrean heaven ; soare higher yet, and see what God him- self doth. The Jewish Thalmudists take upon them to deter- mine how God spends his Avhole time, sometimes playing- with Leviathan, sometimes over-seeing the world, &c. like Lncians Jupiter, that spent much of the year in painting butter-flies wings, and seeing who offered sacrifice; telling the houres when it should rain, how much snow should fall in such a place, w hich way the winde should stand in Greece, which way in Africk. In the Turks Alcoran, Mahomet is taken up to heaven, upon a Pegasus sent a purpose for him, as he lay in bed with his wife, and, after some conference with God, is set on ground again. The pagans paint him and mangle him after a thousand fashions ; our hereticks, schismaticks, and some schoolmen, come not far behind: some paint him in the habit of an old man, and make maps of heaven, number the angels, tell their severall ''names, offices : some deny God and his pro- vidence ; some take his office out of his hand, will '^binde and loose in heaven, release, pardon, forgive, and be quarter-master with him; some call his Godhead in question, his power and attributes, his mercy, justice, providence; they will know with ^ Csecilius, why good and bad are punished together, war, fires, plagues, infest all alike, why wicked men flourish, good are poor, in prison, sick, and ill at ease. Why doth he suffer so much mischief and evill to be done, if he be sable to help? why doth he not assist good, or resist bad, reform our wills, if be be not the author of sin, and let such enormities be com- mitted, unworthy of his knov/ledge, wisdome, government, mercy, and providence? why lets he all things be done by for- tune and chance ? Others as prodigiously enquire after his a Hercules, tuam fidem ! Satyra Menip. edit. 160S. ^ Sardi venales. Satyr. Menip. an. 1612. '^ Puteani Comus sic incipit, or as Lipsius Satyre in a dream. dTrithemins, 1. de 7. secundis. eThey have fetched Trajanus sonl out of hell, and canonize for saints whom they list. fin Minutius. Sine delectu tenipestates tangunt loca sacra et profana ; bonorum et malorum fata juxta ; nullo ordine res fiunt : solnta legihus fortuna dominatur. ?Vel malus vel impotens, qui peccatum per- mittit, &c. unde hsec superstitio ? Mem. 3.] Dhfresdon ofAyre. 391 omnipotency, an posdt plures similes creare Deo.'i? an ex scarahcEO Deum./ <,S'f. et quo demum metis, sacrificuli? Some, by visions and revelations, take upon them to be familiar with God, and to be of privie counsell with him; they will tell how many, and who, shall be saved, when the world shall come to an end, what year, whatmoneth, and whatsoever else God hath reserved unto himself, and to his angels. Some ag-ain, curious phantasticks, wilt know more than this, and en- quire, with '^Epicurus, what God did before the v.orld «'as made? was he idle? where did he bide ? what did he make the world of? why did he then make it, and not before ? If he made it new, or to have an end, how is he unchanoeal^le, infinite? &c. Some will dispute, cavill, and object, a?Ju!ian did of old, Mdiom Cyriil confutes, as Simon Magus is fained to do,inthat ''dialogue betwixt him and Peter: and Ammonius the philosopher, in that dialogicall disputation with Racha- rms the Christian. If God be infinitely and only good, why should he alter or destroy the world? if he confound that which IS good, how shall himself continue good? if he pull it down because evil!, how shall he be free from the evill, that made it evili? &c. with many such absurd and brain-sick questions, intricacies, froth of humane wit, and excrements of curiosity, &c. which, as our Saviour told his inquisitive dis- ciples, are not fit for them to know. But hoo ! I am now ooue quite out of sight : I am almost giddy with rovino- aboul • I could have ranged further yet ; but I am an infaSt, and not able to dive into these profundities, or sound these depths ; not '^ able to understand, much less to discuss. I leave the contemplation of these things to stronger wits, that have better ability, and happier leisure, to wade into such philoso- phicall mysteries: for put case I Were as able as willino-, vet what can one man do .? I will conclude with '^ Scaliger, I^qiia- qnam nos homines snimis, sed partes hominis : ex onmihis ali- quidjieri potest, idqne non viagnnm ; ex sinr/nfis fere nihil Besides (as Nazianzen hath \i) Deiis latere nos mnlta voluit : and with Seneca, (cap. 35. de Cotneiis) Quid miramur tarn rara mundi spectacnla non teneri certis legibus, nondmn in- telliyi ? multcB swit ijentes, quas taatum de facie sciunt ccb- Inm : veniet tempiis fortasse, qiw ista, quce lumc latent, in lucem dies extrahat lonc/ioris ccvi dilif/entid : nna atas non sufficit: posteri, S^c. when God sees liis time, he will reveal these mysteries to mortall men, and shew that to some i'ew at a Quid fecit Deus:ante ranndum creattim ? uhi vixit otiosus a suo subjecto, &c. Lib. 3 recoR. Pe . cap. 3. Peter answers by the simile of an cgge-shell/ which is cunningly made, ye of necessity to be broken; so is the world, &c. that the excellent git on:s.''^""^"a"Etcrt r84''' '"^""^^*- '''' ™^ P'""^'^ '^-*' - ^-e n>er- VOL. I. L L 392 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. last, which he hath concealed so long. Fori am of^his mind, that Columbus did not find out America by chance, but God directed him at that time to discover it : it was contingent to him, but necessary to God ; he reveals and conceals, to whom and when he will : and, which ''one said of history and records of former times, God in Jns providence^ to check our presump^ tuous inquisition, icraps up all things in uncertainty, bars us from long antiquity, and hounds our search within the compass of some few ages. Many good things are lost, which our pre- decessors made use o^, as Pancirolla will better enform you ; many new things are daily invented, to the publike good ; so kingdomes, men, and knowledge, ebbe and flow, are hid and revealed : and when you have all done, as the preacher concluded, Nihil est S7ih sole novum. But my melancholy spaniel* quest, my game is sprung-, and I must suddenly come doviai and follow. Jason Pratensis, in his book de morhis capitis^ and chapter of Melancholy, hath these words out of Galen, '^ Let them come to me to know what meat and drink they shall use ; and, besides that, I will teach them tchat temper of ambieiit aire they shall make choice of what wind, what countries they shall chuse, and ivhat avoid. Out of which lines of his, thus much we may gather, that, to this cure of melancholy, amongst other things, the rectification of aire is necessarily required. This is performed either in reforming naturall or artificial] aire. Natural is that which is in our election to chuse or avoid: and 'tis either general!, to countries, provinces, particular, to cities, towns, villages, or private houses. What harm those extremities of heat or cold do in this malady, 1 have formerly shewed ; the medium must needs be good, where the aire is temperate, serene, quiet, free from bogs, fens, mists, all man- ner of putrefaction, contagious and filthy noisom smels. The ** Egyptians by all geographers are commended to be hilares, a conceited and merry nation ; which I can ascribe to no other cause than the serenity of their aire. They that live in the Orchades are registred by eHector Boiithius and *^ Cardan to be fair of complexion, long-lived, most healthful), free from all manner of infirmities of body and mind, by reason of a sharp purifying aire, which comes from the sea. The Boeotians in Greece were dull and heavy, crassi Bceoti, by reason of a foggy aire in which they lived, a Laet. descript. occii. Indise. l^ Daniel, principiohistorise. <^Vemant ad me, audituri quo escnlento, quo item pociilento uti debeant, et prseter alimentam ipsutn, potumque, ventos ipsos docebo, item aeris ambientis temperiem, insuper regiones quas eligere, qiias vitare, ex usu sit. ^Leo Afer, Maginus, &:c. eLib. 1. Scot. Hist. ^Lib. 1. de rer. var. Mem. 3.] ' Aifre rectified. ti^S (* Beeotfim in crasso jurares acre natum.) Attica most acute, pleasant, and refined. The clime cliangeth not so much custouies, manners, wits (as Aristotle, Polit. lib. G. cap. 4. Vegetius, Plato, Bodine, method, hist, cap, 5. hath proved at larg-e) as constitutions of their bodies, and tem- perature itself. In all particular provinces we see it confirmed by experience ; as the aire is, so are the inhabitants, dull, hea- vy, witty, subtle, neat, cleanly, clownish, sick, and sound. In '•Perigortin France, the aire is subtile, healthfull, seldome any plague or contagions disease, but hilly and barren; the men, sound, nimble, and lusty; but in some parts of Quienne full of moores and marishes, the people dull, heavy, and subject to many infirmities. Who sees not a great difl^erence betwixt Surry, Sussex, and Rumny marsh, the -vvolds in Lincolnshire, and the fens? He, therefore, that loves his health, if his ability will give him leave, must often shift places, and make choice of such as are wholsome, pleasant, and convenient ; there is no- thing better than the change of aire in this malady, and, gene- rally for health, to wander up and down, as those '^Tartari Zamolhenses, that live in herds, and take opportunity of times, places, seasons. The kings of Persia had their summer and ■winter houses; in winter at Sardis, in summer at Susa ; now atPersepolis,thenatPasargada. Cyrus lived seven cold months at Babylon, three at Susa, two at Ecbatana, saith -^ Xenophon, and had by that means a perpetual spring. The great Turk sojourns sometimes at Constantinople, sometimes at Adriano- ple, &c. The kings of Spain have their Escuriall in heat of summer, 'Madrittefor an wholesome seat, Villadolitte a plea- sant site, &c. variety of secess?ts, as all princes and great men have, and their severall progresses to this purpose. Lucullus the Roman had his house at Rome, at Baiae, &c. ^When Cn. Pompeius, Marcus Cicero, (saith Plutarch) and many no- ble men, in the summer came to see him, at supper Pompeius jested with him, that it was an elegant and pleasant village,full of windows, galleries, and all offices fit for a summer house; but, in hisjudgment, very unfit for winter: Lucullus made an- swer, that the lord of the house had wit like a crane, that changeth her country with the season ; he had other houses furnished and built for that purpose, all out as commodious as this. So TuUy had his Tusculane, Plinius his Lauretan vil- aHorat. b Maginus. c Haitonns, de Tartaris. The possession of William Purefey, Esq. ' The seat of Sir John Reppington, Kt a Sir Henry Goodieres, lately deceased. 'The dwelling house of Huni. Ad- derly, Esq. mgir John Harpars, lately deceased. " Sir George Greseiles, Kt. Lib. 1. can. 2. Mem. S.] Ayre rectijied. 395 The best soile commonly yeelds the worst aire: a dry sandy plat is fittest to build upon, and such as is rather hilly than plain, full of downes, a cotswold country, as being- most com- modious for hawking-, hunting-, wood, waters, and all manner of pleasures. Perigot in France is barren, yet, by reason of the excellency of the aire, and such pleasures that it affords, much inhabited by the nobility; as Noremberg in Germany, Toledo in Spain. Our countryman Tusser will tell us so much, that the fieldone is for profit, the woodland for pleasure and health, the one commonly a deep clay, therefore noisome in winter, and subject to bad high-wayes : the other a dry sand. Provision may be had elsewhere, and our townes are generally bigger in the woodland than fieldone, more fre- quent and populous, and gentlemen more delight to dwell in such places. Sutton Coldfield in Warwickshire (where I was once a grammar schollar) may be a sufficient witness, which stands, as Camden notes, loco ingrato et sterili, but in an ex- cellent aire, and full of all maner of pleasures. '"^ Wadley in Barkshire is situate in a vale, though notsoferti! a soile as some vales afford, yet a most commodious site, wholsome, in a de- licious aire, a rich and pleasant seat. So Segrave in Leicester- shire (which towne'' 1 am now bound to remember) is sited in a champian, at the edge of the Avoids, and more barren than the villages about it; yet no place likely yeelds a better aire. :And he that built that faire house, '^Wollerton in Not- tinghamshire, is nmch to be commended, (though the tract be sandy and barren about it) for making choice of such a place. Constantine {fib. 2. cap. de agricult.) praiseth mountaines, hilly, steep places, above the rest by the seaside, and such as look toward the '^ north upon some great river, as ^Farmack in Darbishire on the Trent, environed with hils, open only to the north, like Mount Edgemond in Cornwall, which M"^. 'Ca- rew so much admires for an excellent seat: such as is the ge- nerall site of Bohemia: serenat Boreas; the north wind clari- fies ; ^ hut neer lakes or marishes, hi holes, obscure places, or to the south and west, he utterly disproves : those winds are unwholsome, putrifying, and make men subject to diseases. The best building for health, according to him, is in ^ hif/h places, and in an excellent prospect^ like that of Cuddeston a The seat of G. Pnrefey, Esq. i^For I am now incumbent of that rectory, pre- sented thereto by my right honorable patron, the Lord Berkly. '=Sir Francis Wil- loiighby. 'iMontani et maritimi salnbriores, acclives, et ad Boream vergentes. « The dwelling of Sir To. Biirdet, Knight Baronet. 'In his Siirvay of Cornwall, book 2. s Frope paludes, stagna, et loca concava, vel ad Austrum, vel ad Occi- dentem inclinata;, domus sunt morbosai. h Oportet ig^tur ad sanitatem doraasin altioribus aedificarej et ad speculationem. 396 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. in Oxfordshire (which place I must, honoris ergo, mention) is lately and fairly ''built in a good aire, good prospect, good soile, both for profit and pleasure, not so easily to be matched. P. Crescentius (in his lib. I. de Agric. cap. 5) is very copious in this subject, how a house should be wholsomely sited, in a good coast, good aire, wind, &c. Varro {de re rust. lib. 1^. cap, 12.) ^forbids lakes and rivers, marish and manured grounds : they cause a bad aire, gross diseases, hard to be cured : '^ij'it be so that he cannot help it, better as he adviseth, sell thy house and land, than lose thine health. He that re- spects not this in chusing of his seat, or building his house, is mente captus, mad, ^Cato saith, and his dwelling next to hell it self , according to Columella; he commends, in conclusion, the middle of a hill, upon a descent. Baptista Porta (Villcey lib. 1. cap. 22) censures Varro, Cato, Columella, and those ancient rusticks, approving many things, disallowing some, and will by all means have the front of an house stand to the south, which how it may be good in Italy and hotter climes, I know not; in our northern countries I am sure it is best. Stephanus, a Frenchman {proidio rnstic. lib. 1. cap. 4) sub- scribes to this, approving especially the descent of an hill south or south east, with trees to the north, so that it be well wa- tered ; a condition in all sites, which must not be omitted, as Herbastein inculcates, /i6. 1. Julius Csesar Claudinus, a physi- cian, consult. 24 for a nobleman in Poland, melancholy given, adviseth him to dwell in a house inclining to the ^east, and ^by all means to provide the aire be cleer and sweet ; which Mon- tanus {consil. 229) counselleth the earle of Monfort his pa- tient — to inhabit a pleasant house and in a good aire. If it be so the naturall site may not be altered of our city, town, vil- lage, yet by artificial means it may be helped. In hot coun- tries, therefore, they make the streets of their cities very narrow, all over Spain, Africk, Italy, Greece, and many cities of France, in Languedock especially, and Provence, those southern parts : Monpelier, the habitation and university of physicians, is so built, with high houses, narrow streets, to di- vert the sun's scalding rayes,which Tacitus commends, (lib.l5. Annal.) as most agreeing to their health, s because the height a By John Bancroft, Dr. of Divinity, my quondam tutor in Christ-Church, Oxon, now the Right Reverend Lord Bishop of Oxpn^ who built this house for himself and his successors. ^ Hyeme erit vehementer frigida, et aestate non salubris : paludes enim faciunt crassum aerem, et difficiles morbos. c Vendas quot assibus possis, et si nequeas, relinquas. ^ Lib. L cap. 2. In Oreo habitat. c Aurora Musis arnica. Vitruv,' fjEdes Orientem spectantes vir nobilissimus inhabitet, et caret ut sit aer clarus, hjcidus, odoriferus. Eligat habitationem optimo aere jucundam. s Quouiam angustse itiuerum et altitude tectomui dod perinde solis calorem admittunt. Mem. 3.] Ayre recti/ied. 397 of buildings, and narrowness of streets, keep away the sun beams. Some cities use galleries, or arched cloysters towards the street, as Damascus, Bologna, Padua, Berna in Switzer- land, Westchester with us, as well to avoid tempests, as the suns scorching heat. They build in high hills in hot coun- tries, for more aire ; or to the sea side, as Baise, Naples, &c. In our northern coasts we are opposite; Ave commend straight, broad, open, fair streets, as most befitting and agreeing- to our clime. We build in bottomes for warmth : and that site of Mitylene in the island of Lesbos, in the iEgsean Sea, (which Vitrirvius so much discommends, magnificently built with fair houses, sed imprudenter positam^ unadvisedly sited, because it lay along to the south, and when the south wind blew, the people were all sick) would make an excellent site in our northern climes. Of that arlificiall site of houses I have sufficiently discours- ed: if the site of the dwelling may not be altered, yet there is much in choice of such a chamber or room, in opportune opening and shutting of windowes, excluding forrain aire and winds, and walking abroad at convenient times, ''Crato, a German, commends east and south site (disallowing cold aire and northern Minds in this case, rainy weather and misty dayes) free from putrefaction, fens, bogs, and muckhills. If the aire be such, open no windowes ; come not abroad. Mon- tanus will have his patient not to ''stir at all, if the wind be big or tempestuous, as most part in March it is with us ; or in cloudy, louring, dark dayes, as in November, which we commonly call the black moneth; or stormy, let the wind stand how it will : consil. 27 and 30, he must not ^ open a casement in had tceather, or in a boisterous season ; consil. 299, he especially forbids us to open windows to a south wind. The best site for chamber windows, in my judgement, are north, east, south ; and which is the worst, west. Levinus Lemnius {lib. 3. cap. 3. de occult, nat. mir.) attributes so much to aire, and rectifying of wind and windowes, that he holds it alone sufficient to make a man sick or well ; to alter body and minde. ^A deer aire cheares np the spirits, exhilarates the minde ; a thick, black, misty, tempestuous, cotitracts, over- throios. Great heed is therefore to be taken at what times we walke, how Ave place our windows, lights, and houses, how 3 Consil. 21. li. 2. Frigidus aer, nubilosus, densns, vitandus, aeque ac venti septem- trionales, &c. "j Consil. 24. cFenestrain non aperiat Spain they commonly make great opposite windows with- out glass, still shutting those which are next to the sun. So likewise in Turkey and Italy (Venice excepted, which brags of her stately glazed palaces) they use paper windows to like purpose; and lye siih die, in the top of their flat-roofed houses, so sleeping under the canopy of heaven. In some parts of ^ Italy they have windmills, to draw a cooling aire out of hollow caves, and disperse the same through all the cham- bers of their palaces, to refresh them; as at Costoza the house of Csesareo Trento, a gentleman of Vicenza, and elsewhere. Many excellent means are invented to correct nature by art. If none of these courses help, the best way is to make artifi- ciall aire, which howsoever is profitable and good, still to be made hot and moist, and to be seasoned with sweet perfumes, ^pleasant and lightsome as maybe; to have roses, violets, and sweet smelling flowers ever in their windows, posies in their hand. Laurentius commends water-lillies, a vessell of warm water to evaporate in the room, which v/ill make a more de- lightsome perfume, if there be added orange flowers, pills of citrons, rosemary, cloves, bayes, rose-water, rose-vinegar, bel- zoin,, ladanum, styrax, and such like gums, which make a pleasantand acceptable perfume. "^Bessardus Bisantinus pre- fers the smoak of juniper to melancholy persons, which is in great request with us at Oxford, to sweeten our chambers. ''Guianerius prescribes the aire to beTupistened with water, and sweet herbs boiled in it, vine and sallow-leaves, &c. "^to besprinkle the ground and posts with rose-watervrose-vinegar, which Avicenna much approves. Of colours it is good to be- hold greenfred, yellow, and white, and by all means to have light enough with windows in the day, wax candles in the night, neat chambers, good fires in winter, merry companions; for, though melancholy persons love to be darke and alone, yet darkness is a great encreaser of the humour. Although our ordinary aire be good by nature or art, yet it is not amiss, as 1 have said, still to alter it; no better physickfor a melancholy man than change of aire and variety of places, to travel abroad and see fashions. ^ Leo Afer speakes of many of his countrymen so cured, without all other physick; amongst a Fines Morison, part. 1. c. 4. bAltoniarus, cap. 7. Bruel. Aer sit lucidus, bene olens, humidus. Montaltus idem. ca. 20. Olfactus rerum suavinm. Laurentius, c. 8. <^ Ant. Phiios. cap. de melanc. ^ Tract. 15. c. 9. Ex redolentibus her- bis et foliis vitis viniferse, salicis, &c. cPavimentum acetoet aqua rosacea irrorare, Laurent, c. 8. f Lib. 1. cap. de morb. Afrornni, In Nigritarum rep;ione tantaaeris teniperies, ut siqiiis alibi morbosus eo advehatur, optiraaj statim sanitati restituatur ; quod multis accidisse ipse meis oculis vidi. Mem. 3.] ^yre rectified. 399 the Negroes, there is such an excellent aire, that if any of them he sick elsewhere, and brought thither, he is instant /tj re- covered ; of which he icas often an ejie-witness. "Lipsius, Zuinger, and some other, atkle as inucli of ordinary travell. No man, saitli Lipsiiis, in an epistle to Phil. Lauoius, a noble friend of his, now ready to make a voyage, "^ can be such a stock or stone, whom that pleasant speculation nj' countries, cities, towns, rivers, will not affect. '^Seneca the philoso- pher was infinitely taken with the sight of Scipio Airicanus house, near Linternum, to view those old buildings, cisterns liathes, tombs, &c. And how was'^TuIly pleased v.ith the sight of Athens, to behold those ancient and faire buildino-s with a remembrance of their worthy inhabitants. Paulus ^Emi- lius, that renowned Roman captain, after he had conquered Perseus, the last king of 3Iacedonia, and nov/ made an end of his tedious wars, though he had been long absent from Rome, and much there desired, about the beginning of autumne (as *^Livy describes it) made a pleasant peregrination all over Greece, accompanied with his son Scipio, and Alhenseus the brother of king Eumenes, leaving the charge of his army with Sulpitius Gallus. By Thessaly he went to Delpbos, thence to Megaris, Aulis, Athens, Argos, Lacedsemon, Megalopolis, &c. He took great content, exceeding delight, in that his voyao-e ; as who doth not that shall attempt the like, though his travell be ad jactationem mar/is quam ad usum reipub. (as "^one Mell observes) to cracke, gaze," see fine sights and fashions, spend time, rather than for his own or publike good? (asitistomany gallants that travel out their best daies, together with their means, manners, honesty, religion) yet it availeth howso- ever. For peregrination charmes our senses with such un- speakable and sweet variety, e that some count him un- happy that never travelled, a kinde of prisoner, and pity his case, that from his cradle to his old age beholds the same still; still, still the same, the same : insomuch that ""Rhasis {cont. lib. I. Tract. 2.) doth not only commend but en- joyn travell, and such variety of objects, to a melancholy man, and to hje in divers innes, to be draicn into severall companies. Montaltus {cap. 06) and many neotericks are of the same minde. Celsus adviseth him, therefore, that will con- tinue his health, to have variam vitee r/enus, diversity of call- ings, occupations, to be busied about, '50/;ie;?77Epist. 2. cen. 1. Nee qmsquam tam lapis ant frutex, qnem non titillat amoena ilia, variaque spectio locoruni, urbium, gentium, &;c. cEpist. 86. d21ib. delegibiis. ' « Lib. 45. fKeckernian, prafatl polil. P Fines Morison, c. 3. part 1. '' Mutatio tie loco in locum, itinera et viagia longa et indeterminata, et hospitare in diversii diversoriis. ' Modo niri esse, modo in tirbe, saepius iu agro venari, &:c. 400 " Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. the city, sometimes in the countrey ; now to study or work, to he intent, then again to hawk or hunt, swim, run, ride, or exercise himself. A good prospect alone will ease melancholy, as Gomesius contends, lib. 2. c. 7. deSale. The citizens of ^Bar- cino, saith he, otherwise penned in, melancholy, and stirring little abroad, are much delighted with that pleasant prospect their city hath into the sea, which, like that of old Athens, be- sides ^gina, Salamina, and many pleasant islands, had all the variety of delicious objects: so are those Neapolitanes, and in- habitants of Genua, to see the ships, boats, and passengers, go by, out of their windows, their M'hole cities being sited on the side of an hill, like Pera by Constantinople, so that each house almost hath a free prospect to the sea, as some part of London to the Thames: or to have a free prospect all over the city at once, as at Granado in Spain, and Fez in Africk, the river running betwixt two declininghills, the steepness causeth each house almost as well to oversee, as to be overseen of the rest. Every country is full of such ^delightsome prospects, as well within land as by sea, asHermon and *^Rama in Palssstina, Colalto in Italy, the topof Taygetus,orAcrocorinthus, that old decayed castle in Cormth, from which Peloponnesus, Greece, the Ionian and iEgsean seas, were, semeZ et simul, at one view to be taken. In Egypt the square top of the great Pyramis 300 yards in height, and so the sultans palace in Grand Cairo, the country being plain, hath a marvellous faire prospect, as well over Nilus, as that great city, five Italian miles long, and two broad, by the riverside: from mount Sion in Jerusalem the holy land is of all sides to be seen. Such high places are infinite : with us, those of the best note are Glassenbury toM^er, Bever castle, Rodway Grange, "^Walsby in Lincolnshire, where I lately received a real kindness by the munificence of the right honourable my noble lady and patroness, the Lady Frances countess dowager of Exeter ; and two amongst the rest, which I may not omit for vicinities sake, Oldbury in the confines of Warwickshire, where 1 have often looked about me with great delight, at the foot of which hill ''I was born; and Han- bury in Staffordshire, contiguous to which is Falde a pleasant village, and an ancient patrimony belonging to our family, now in the possession of mine elder brother William Burton, esquire. ^Barclay the Scot commends that of Greenwich tower for one of the best prospects in Europe, to see London on the one side, the Thames, ships, and pleasant meadows, on a In Catalonia in Spaine. •> Laudaturqne domns, longos quK prospicit agros. « Many towns there are of that name, saith Adricomiiis, all high-sited. ^ Lately resigned for some speciall reasons. "^ At Lindley in Lecestershire^ the pos- session and dwelling place of Ralph Burton, Esquire, my late deceased father. f In Icon animorum. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectijied. 401 the other. There be those that say as much and more of S'. Marks steeple in Venice. Yet these are too great a distance ; some are especially affected with such objects as be near, tosee passengers go by in some great rode way, or boats in a river, in suhjcctinn Jorum despicere, to oversee a fair, a market- place, or out of a pleasant window into some thorough-fare street to behold a continual concourse, a promiscuous route, coming and going, or a multitude of spectators at a theater, a maske, or some such like shew. But I rove: the sum is thif-, that variety of actions, objects, aire, places, are excellent good in this infirmity and all others, good for man, good for beast. " Constantino the emperour (lib. 18. cap. 13 ex Leontio) holds it an only cure for rotten sheep, and any manner oj'sicke cattel. Lfelius a Fonte Eugubinus, that great doctor, at the latter end of many of his consultations, (as commonly he doth set down what success his physik had) in melancholy most especially approves of this above all other remedies whatsoever, as ap- pears, consult. 69. consult. 229, ^^c. ^ Many other things helped; but change of aire was that which wrought the cure, and did most good. MEMB. IV. Exercise rectijied of Body and Minde. X that great inconvenience, which comes on the one side by immoderate and unseasonable exercise, too much solitari- ness and idleness on the other, must be opposed, as an anti- dote, a moderate and seasonable use of it, and that both of body and minde, as a most materiall circumstance, much con- ducing to this cure,and to thegenerall preservation of our health. The heavens themselves run continually round; thesunriseth and sets; the moon increaseth and decreaseth; stars and planets keep their constant motions ; the aire is still tossed by the winds ; the waters eb and flow, to their conservation no doubt, to teach us that we should ever be in action. For which cause Hierom prescribesRusticus the monk, that he be al wayes occupied about some business or other, "^ that the devil I do notjinde him idle. "^ Seneca would have a man do something, though it be to no purpose. ^ Xenophon wisheth one rather to play at tables, » iEgTotantes oves in alinin locnm transportandje sunt, ut alinm aerem et aqaanipar- ticipantes, coalescant et corroborentnr. ^ Alia ntilia ; sed ex mntatione aeris po- tissimuiu curatns. '^ Ne te da?mon otiosiini inveniat. <• Prajstat alind agere quani nihil. f Lib. .3. de dictis Socratis. Qui tesseris et risua excitando vucast, aliquid faciunt, etai iiceret his meliora agere. 402 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. g. dice, or make a jester of himself (though he might be far better imployed) than donothing. ''TheiEgyptiansof old, and many flourishing commonwealths since, have enjoyned labour and exercise to all sorts of men, to be of some vocation and calling-, and to give an account of their thne, to prevent those grievous mischiefs that come by idleness ;/b7', a$Jodder,ivhip, and hurthen, heloncf to the asse, so meat, correction, andworke, unto the servant, Ecclus. 33. 23. The Turks injoyn all men whatsoever, of what degree, to be of some trade or other: the grand Signior himself is not excused. ^ In our memory (saith Sabellicus) Mahomet the Turke, he that conquered Greece, at that very time when he heard ambassadours oj' other princes, did either carve or cut wooden spoones, or frame some- thing upon a table. '^This present sultan makes notches for bows. The Jev/s are most severe in this examination of time. All wel-governed places, towns, families, and every discreet person will be a law unto himself. But, amongst us, the badge of gentry is idleness : to be of no calling*, not to labour (for that's derogatory to their birth), to be a meer spectator, a drone, fruges consumere natus^ to have no necessary employment to busie himself about in church and commonwealth (some few governers excepted), hut to rise to eat, S^c. to spend his dayes in hawking, hunting, &c. and such like disports and re- creations ('^ which our casuists tax), are the sole exercise almost and ordinary actions of our nobility, and in which they are too immoderate. And thence it comes to pass, that in city and country so many grievances of body and mind, and this ferall disease of melancholy so frequently rageth,and now domineers almost all over Europe amongst our great ones. They know not how to spend their times (disports excepted, which are all their business), what to do, or otherwise how to bestow themselves ; like our modern Frenchmen, that had rather lose a pound of blood in a single combate, than a drop of sweat in any honest labour. Every man almost hath something or other to employ himself about, some vocation, some trade : but they do all by ministers and servants; adotia dnntaxaf se nates existimant, imo ad sui ipsiiis plerumque et aliorum perniciem, «as one freely taxeth such kinde of men ; they are all for pas- times; 'tis all their study; all their invention tends to this alone, to drive away time, as if they were born, some of them, to no other ends. Therefore to correct and avoid these errors and a Amasis compelled every man once a year to tell how he lived. •'Nostra memoria Mahonietes Otbomanus, qui Graiciae iinperiura siibvertit, cum oratomni postu- lata audiret exterarum gentium, cochleari lignea assidue cajlabat, aut aliquid in tabula affingebat. <" Sands, fol. 37. of his voyage to Jerusalem. ■! Perkins cases of conscience, 1. 3. c. 4. q. 3. « Luscinus Grunnio. Meal. 4.] Exercise rectified. 403 inconveniences, our divines, physicians, and politicians, so much labour, and so seriously exhort : and for this disease in particular, ^tliere can he no better cure than continvall business, as Rhasis holds, to have some employment or other., which may set their minde aworhe, and distract their cogitations. Riches may not easily be had without labour and industry, nor learning without study; neither can our health be preserved without bodily exercise. If it be of the body, Guianerius allowes that exercise which is gentle, ^ and still after those or dinar yfrications, which must be used every morning. Mon- taltus (cap. 26) and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exercise, if it be moderate : a ivonderj'ul help, so used, Crato calls it, and a r/reat means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the ichole body, in- creasing naturallheat, by means oJ'which,the nutriment is well concocted in the stomacke, liver, and veines, Jeic or no cru- dities left, is happily distributed over all the body. Besides, it expells excrements by sweat, and other insensible vapours; in so mnch that <= Galen prefers exercise before all physick, rectification of diet, or any regimen in what kinde soever; 'tis Natures physician. ''Fulgentius(outof Gordonius, c?eco/?.«feri7, vit. hom. lib.l. cap. 7) tearms exercise a spur of a dull sleep}/ nature, the comforter of the members, cure of infirmity, death of diseases, destruction of all mischief es and vices. The fittest time for exercise i*? a little before dinner, a little before supper, *or at any time when the body is empty. Montanus {consil. 31) prescribes it every morning to his patient, and that, as 'Calenus addes, after he hath done his ordinary needs, rubbed his body, trashed his hands and face, combed his head and gargarized. What kinde of exercise he should use, Galen tells us, lib. 2et 3. de sanit. tuend. and in what measure, still the body be ready to sweat, and roused up, ad ruborem, some say, 7ion ad sudorem, lest it should dry the body too much; others injoyn those wholesome businesses, as todio-so long in his garden, to hold the plough, and the like. Some prescribe frequent and violent labour and exerciser, as sawing a Non est ciira melior quam injnns;ere iis necessaria, et opportuna ; operam arlmlui- stratio illis magnum sanitatis increiiientiim, et qua? repleant aniinos eonim, et incutiant iis di versus cot,ntatioDes. ConL 1. Tract. 9. b^ute exercitium, leves toto corpore frjcationes conveniunt. Ad hunc tnorbiim exercitationes, qaum recte et suo tempore fiunt, mirifice conducnnt, et sanitatem tuentar, &c. <^ Lib. 1. de san. tuend. •* Exercitium naturic dormientis stimulatio, membrnrnm solatium, morborum medela, fnga vitioriiin, niedicina ianguorum, destnictio omnium malorura. Crato. « Ali- mentis in ventriculo probe concoctis. fjejuno ventre, vesica et a!vo ab excrementis purgato, fricatis raembris, lotis manibns et ocuiis, &c. Lib. de atra bile. f Quousque corpus uuiversum intomescat, et floridam appareat, sudoremqne, &c. 404 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. every day, so long together, {epid. 6. Hippocrates confounds theraj but that is in some cases, to some peculiar men ; * the most forbid, and will by no means have it go farther than a beginning sweat, as being ''perilous if it exceed. Of these labours, exercises, and recreations, which are likcr wise included, some properly belong to the body, some to the mind, some more easie, some hard, some with delight, some without, some within doors, some naturall, some are artificiall. Amongst bodily exercises, Galen commends ludum parvco pilce, to play at ball: be it with the hand or racket, in tennis courts, or otherwise, it exerciseth each part of the body, and doth much good, so that they sweat not too much. It was in greatrequest of old amongst the Greeks, Romanes,Barbarians,mentioned by Homer, Herodotus, and Plinius, Some write, that Aganella, a fair maide of Corcyra, was the inventor of it ; for she pre- sented the first ball that ever was made, to Nausica, the daugh- ter of king Alcinoiis, and taught her how to use it. The ordinary sports which are used abroad, are hawking, hunting : hilares venandi labores, '^ one calls them, because they recreate body andminde; "^another, ^ the best exercise that is, by which alone many have been ^ freed from allferall diseases. Hegesippus {lib. 1. cap. 37) relates of Herod, that he was eased of a grievous melancholy by that means. Plato (7 de ley.) highly magnifies it, dividing it into three parts, by land, water, ayre. Xenophon (in Cyropced.} graces it with a great name, Deorum munus, the gift of the Gods, a princely sport, which they have ever used,saith Langius, (epis^. 59. lib. 2) as well for health as pleasure, and do at this day, it being the sole almost and ordinary sport of our noblemen in Europe, and elsewhere all over the world. Bohemus {de mor. gent. lib. 3. cap. 12.) stiles it therefore studmm nobilium ; commnniter venantur^ quod sibi solis licere contendunt ; 'tis all their study, their exercise, ordinary business, all their talk : and indeed some dote too much after it; they can do nothing else, dis- course of naught else, Paulus Jovius {descr. Brit.) doth in some sort tax our & English nobility for it, for living in the country so much, and too frequent use of it, as if they had no other means but hawking and hunting to approve themselves gentlemen with. » Omnino sudorera vltent. cap. 7. lib. 1. Valescus de Tar. *• Exercitinm si excedat, valde periculosum. Sallust. Salvianns, de remed. lib. 2. cap. I. <= Camden in Staffordshire. ^ Fridevallius, lib. 1. cap. 2. Optima omnium exercitationnm : multi ab hac solummodo morbis liberati. e Josephus Quercetanns, dial, polit. sect. 2. cop. 11. Inter omnia exercitia prsestantise laudem meretur. f Chiron in monte Pelio, prseceptor heroum, eos a morbis animi venationibus etpuris cibis tuebatur. M. Tyrius. S Nobilitas omnis fere urbes fastidit, castellis et liberiore coelo gaudet, generisque dignitatem una maxime venatione et falconum auciipiis ttietur. Mem, 4.] Exercise rectijied. 405 Hawking comes neer to hunting, the one in the aire, as the otheron the earth, a sport as mucii affected as the other, by some preferred. -^It was never heard of amongst the Romans, invented some 1200 years since, and first mentioned by Fir- micus, lih. 5. cap. 8. Tiie Greek emperours began it, and now nothing so frequent : he is nobody that in the season h?th not a hawke on his fist : a great art, and ^ many books written of it. It is a wonder to hear <= what is related of the Turkes officers in this belialf, how many thousand men are employed about it, how many hawks of all sorts, how much rerenewes consumed on that only disport, how much time is spent at Adrianople alone every year to that purpose. The '^Persian kings hawk after butterHies with sparrows, made to that use, and stares; lesser hawks for lesser games they have, and bigger for the rest, that they may produce their sport to all seasons. The Muscovian emperours reclaime eagles to fly at hindes, foxes, &c. and such a one was sent for a present to " Queen Elizabeth : some reclaime ravens, castrils, pies, &c. and man them for their pleasures. Fowling is more troublesome, but all out as delightsome to some sorts of men, be it with guns, lime, nets, glades, ginnes, strings, baits, pitfalls, pipes, calls, stawking-horses, setting- doggs, coy-ducks, &c. or otherwise. Some much delight to take larks with day-nets, small birds with rhaffe-nets, plovers, partridge, herons, suite, &c. Henry the third, king of Castile, (as Mariana the Jesuite reports of him, lib. 3. cap. 7.) was much affected hckh catchinr/ of'quailes : and many gentlemen take a singular pleasure at morning and evening to go abroad with their quaile-pipes, and will take any paines to satisfie their delight in that kinde. The - Italians have gardens fitted to such use, with nets, bushes, glades, sparing no cost or in- dustry, and are very much affected with the sport. Tycho Brahe, that great astronomer, in the Chorography of his Isle of Huena, and castle of Uraniburge, puts down his nets, and manner of catching small birds as an ornament, and a recrea- tion, wherein he himself was sosietimes employed. Fishing is a kinde of hunting by water, be it with nets, weeles, baits, angling or otherwise, and yeeldsall out as much pleasure to some men, as dogs, or hawks, ^ \chen they draw » Jos. Scaliger, comment, in Cirin. fol. 34-1. Salmuth. 23 de Nov. repert com. in Pancir. bDemetrins Constantinop. de re accipitraria liber, a P. Gillar Latine redditus. /Elius. epist. Aquilac, Symmachi, et Theodotionis ad Ptolemjenm, &e '■- Lonicerus, Geffreos, Jovius. .) S. Anthony Sherlies relations. « Hacluit. f Coturnicum anciipio. g Fines Morison, part 3. c. 8. ' Non majorem roluptatem animo capiant, qaam qui feras insectantar, aut missis canibus comprehendiint, qnam retia trahentes, squaraosas pecudes in ripns ad- uiicnnt * 406 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. their fish upon the hank, saith Nic. Hen&eWus, Silesiographice cap. S, speaking" of that extraordinary delight his countrymen took in fishing-, and in making of pooles. James Dubravius, that Moravian, in his book de pise, telleth, how travelling by the highway side in Silesia, he found a nobleman ^booted up to the ffroiiies, v/ading himself, pulling the nets, and labour- ing as much as any fisherman of them all : and when some belike objected to him the baseness of his office, he excused himself, ^that if other men niiffht hunt hares, why should not he hunt carpes? Many gentlemen in like sort, with us, will wade up to the arm-holes, upon such occasions, and volun- tarily undertake that to satisfie their pleasure, which apoor man for a good stipend would scarce be hired to undergo Plutarch, in his book de soler. animal, speaks against all fishing, "^as a filthy., base, illiherall imployment, having neither wit nor perspicacity in it, nor icorth the labour. But he that shall consider the variety of baits, for all seasons, and pretty devices which our anglers have invented, peculiar lines, false flies, severall sleights, &c. will say, that it deserves like commen- dation, requires as much study and perspicacity as the rest, and is to be preferred before many of them; because hawking- and hunting are very laborious, much riding, and many dangers accompany them; but this is still and quiet :.and if so be the angler catch no fish, yet he hath a wholsome walk to the brook side, pleasant shade, by the sweet silver streams; he hath good aire, and sweet sraels of fine fresh meadow flowers; he hears the melodious harmony of birds; he sees the swans, herons, ducks, water-hens, cootes, &c. and many other fowle, with their brood, which he tliinketh better than the noise of hounds, or blast of hofnes, and all the sport that they can make. Many other sports and recreations there be, much in use, as ringing, bowling, shooting, which Askam commends in a just volume, and hath in former times been injoyned by statute, as a defensive exercise, and an '^honour to our land, as well may witness our victories in France; keelpins, tronks, coits, pitching' bars, hurling-, wrestling, leaping, running, fencing, mustring, swimming, wasters, foiles, foot-balls, balown, quin- tans, &c. and many such, which are the common recreations of the country folks; riding of great horses, running at rings, tilts and turnaments, horse-races, wilde-goose chases, which are the a More piscatorum cruribus ocreatiis b Si principibus venatio leporis non sit inhonesta, nescio quomodo piscatio cyprinorutn videri debeatpudefida. "^ Om- nino t.urpis piscatio.nullo studio digna, illiberalis credita est, quod nullum habet ingenioin, nullam perspicaciara. "^ Praecipua hinc Anglia gloria, crebraj victoriss partse. Jovius. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 4O7 disports ofgreater men, and good in themselv^es, tliouoh many gentlemen, by that means, gallop quite out of their fortunes. But the most pleasant of all outward pastimes is that of •Aretasus, deamhulatio per amcena loca, to make a petty progress, a merry journey now and then with some gootl coui- panions, to visit friends, see cities, castles, towns, ''Visere ssepe amnes nitidos, peramoenaque Tempo, Et placidas summis sectari in montibus auras : To see the pleasant fields, the crystall fountains, And ta^e the gentle aire amongst the mountains : ''to walk amongst orchards, gardens, bowers, mounts, and ar- bours, artificiaJI wildernesses, green thickets, arches, groves, lawns, rivulets, fountains and such like pleasant places, like that Antiochian Daphne, brooks, pooles, fish-ponds, betwixt wood and water, in a fair meadow, by a river side, '^uhi varicc avium cayitationes, fiorum colores, pratorum fricticeSy cS'c. to disport in some pleasant plain, park, run lip a steep hill sometimes, or sit in a shady seat, must needs be a delectable recreation . Hortus principis et domus ad delectationemfucta^ cum sylvd, monte, et piscina, vuhjo La Montagna: the princes garden at Ferrara, « Schottus highly magnifies, with the groves, mountains, ponds, for a delectable prospect: he was much af- fected with it ; a Persian paradise, or pleasant parke, could not be more delectable in his sight. S. Bernard, in the description of his monastery, is almost ravished with the pleasures of it. A sick Unan (saith he) sits upon a green hank; and, when the dog-star parcheth the plaines, and dries up rivers, he lies in a shadie bow re, Fronde sub arborea. ferventia temperat astra, and feeds his eyes with variety of objects, hearbs, trees : and In comfort his misery, he receives many delightsome smels, and fils his ears with that sweet and various 'harmony of hirdes. Good God ! (saith he) what a company of pleasures hast thou made for man ! He that should be admitted on a sud- den to the sight of such a palace as that of Escuriall in Spain, or to that which the Moores built in Granado, Fountenblewe in France, the Turkes gardens in his seraglio, wherein all manner of birds and beasts are kept for pteasnre, wolves, bears, lynces, tygers, lyons, elephants, &c. or upon the » Cap. 7. b Fracastorius. « Ambulationes siibdiales, quas hortenses at'rs- ministrant, snb fomice viridi, pampinis ^irentibus concanierata. d Tueo- phyclat. <• Itinerar. Ital. • Sedet ajgrotus ciespite viridi : et ciim inclen.entin caniciilaris terras excoquit.et siccat Humina, ipse sectirus sedet sub arborea fronde ot ad doloris sui solatium, naribus suis Rrauiioeas redolet species ; pascit oculos herbarnm amoena viriditas ; aures suavi modulauiine demulcct pictarum couceutus avium &c Deus bone ! quanta pauperibus procuras solatia ! ' VOL. I. MM 408 Cvre of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. banks of that Tbracian Bosphoriis : the popes Belvedere in Rome ^as ])leasing- as those horti pensiles in Babylon, or that Indian kinas delightsome gardens in ''iElian; or'^those famous gardens of the Lord Cantelow in France, could not choose, though he were never so ill apaid, but be much recreated for the time ; or many of our noblemens gardens at home. To take a boat in a pleasant evening', and with musick '^ to row upon the waters, which Plutarch so much applaudes, ^Elian admires,upontheriver Peneus,in those Thessalian fields beset with green bayes, where birdsso sweetly sing-, that passengers, enchanted as it Mere with their heavenly musick, omnium la- bornm et ciiranim ohllviscantnr, forget forthwith all labours, care and grief; or in a g^undilo through the erande canale in \ enice, to see those goodly palaces, must needs refresh and give content to a melancholy dull spirit. Or to see the inner roomes of a fair-built and sumptuous aedifice, as that of the Persian kings so much renowned by Diodorus and Curtius, in which ail was almost beaten g"old, ^chaires, stooles, thrones, tabernacles, and pillars of gold, plane trees, and vines of gold, grapes of precious stones,all the other ornaments of pure gold, C Fu!g-et gemma toris, et iaspide fulva supellex ; Strata micant Tyrio ) with sweet odours and perfumes, generous M'ines, opiparous fare, &c. besides the gallantest young* men, the fairest § vir- gins, puellce scitulcB ministrantes, the rarest beauties the world could aflord, and those set out with costly and curious attires, ad stuporem ?ts(jne spectantium, with exquisite musick, as in ^Trimalciiions house, in every chamber, sweet voices ever sounding day and night, incomparahilis luxus, all delights and pleasures in each kinde which to please the senses could possibly be devised or had, convivce coionati, deliciis ehriii ^•€. Telemachus in Homer is brought in as one ravished al- most, at the sightof that magnificent palace, and rich furniture of Menelaus, when he beheld i ^lis fulgorem, et resonantia tecta corusco Auro, atque electro nitido, sectoque elephanto, Aroentoque simul. Talis Jovis ardua sedes, Aiilaque Coslicol^m stellans splendcscit Olympo. » Diod. Siculns, Ub. 2. ^ Lib. 1,3. de animal, cap. 13. c Pet. Gillins. Paul, lleufzerus, Itiuemr. Italife, 1617. Jod. Sinceius, Idueiar. Galilee, 1617. Simp, lib. 1. qucest. 4. "l Juciiudissiuia deaiubulalin juxta mare, et navigatio prope terram.— In iitraque flnrainis ripa. •-' Auiei paues, aurea opsonia, via luar- garitanim aceto subacta, &c. f Lucan. B 300 pellices, pocillatores, et princernae innumeri, pueri loti purpura induti, &c. ex omnium pulchritudiue deledi. ^ VWi omnia cantu stiepiint. ' Odyss. 8. Mem. 4,] Exercise rectified, 409 Such glittering of gold and brightest brass to shine, Cleer amber, silver pure, and ivory so fine : Jupiters lofty palace where the gods do dwell, Was even such a one, and did not excell. It will laxare animos, refresh the soule of man, to sec fair- built cities, streets, theaters, temples, obelisks, &c. The tem- ple of Jerusalem was so fairly built of white marble, with so many pyramids covered with gold ; techunque templi,fuivi) coruscans aiiro, nimio snofuhjore ohccecahat oculos itineran- tiiim, Mas so glorious and so g-Jistered afar off, that the spec- tators might not well abide the sight of it. Buttheimur parts were all so curiously set out with cedar, gold, jewels, &c. (as he said of Cleopatras palace iu Egypt, " Crassumque trabes absconderataurum) that the beholders were amazed. V/hat so pleasant as to see some pageant or sight go by, as at coronations, weddings, and such like solemnities ; — to see an embassadour or a prince met, received, entertained with masks, shewe, fireworks, &c.— to see two kiug-s fight in single combat, as Porus and Alexander, Canutus auu Edmond Ironside, Scanderbeg and Ferat Bassa the Twrke, when not honour alone but life'it self is at stake (as the •< poet of Hector, ' ' —nee enim pro tergore tauri. Pro bove nee certamen erat, quae praemiu cursAs Esse Solent, sed pro magni vitaque aniinaque Hectoris); to behold a battle fought, like that of Crcscy, or Agencourt, or Poictiers, qua Jiescio, (saith P'roissard) an vetustas iillam pro- Jerrepossit clariorem ;—io see oim ofCicsars triumphs in old Rome revived, or the like;— to bee present at an mtervieu, ^as that famous of Henry the 8% and Francis the first, so much renowned all over Europe; ubi tanto apparatu (saith Hubertins Vellius) tamqve friumpha/i pompd cm bo reqes cum eorum conjugibus coiere, ut nulla vnquani cstas tani celebria festa viderit aut audierit, no age ever saw the like. So in- finitely pleasant are such shews, to the sight of which often times they will come hunredths of miles, give any mony for a place, and remember many years after with singular delight. Bodine,when he was embassadourin England, said hesaw"'ihe nobleman go in their robes to the parliament house, sxmmd cum jucfindilate vidimus; he was much affected with the sight of it. Pomponius Columna, saith Jovius in his life, saw "Lucnn. I. ?. i- Iliad. 10. ^ Betwixt Ardes and Guiiies, 1519. M .M 2 410 Cure of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 2. 13 Frenchmen, and so many Italians, once fight for a whole army : quod jucundissimum spectaculum in vita dicit sua, the pleasantest sight that ever he saw in his life. Who would not have been affected with such a spectacle ? Or that single com- bat of "Breaute the Frenchman, and Anthony Schets a Dutch- man, before the walls of Sylvaducis in Brabant, anno 1600. They were 22 liorse on the one side, as many on the other, which, like Livies Horatii, Torquati, and Corvini, fought for their own glory and countries honour, in the sight and view of their whole city and army. ''When Julius Ceesar warred about the bankes of Rhene, there came a barbarian prince to see him and the Roman army ; and when he had beheld CcBsar a good while, "^ / see the gods now (saith he) which be- jore I heard of, necfeliciorem iillam vitce mece aut optavi aut sensi diem : it was the happiest day that ever he had in his life. Such a sight alone were able of it self to drive away melan- choly; if not for ever, yet it must needs expell it for a time. Radzivilius was much taken with the bassas palace in Cairo; and, amongst many other objects which that place afforded, with that solemnity of cutting the bankes of Nilus, by Im- bram Bassa, when it overflowed, besides two or three hundred guilded gallies on the water, he saw two millions of men ga- thered together on the land, with turbants as white as snow; and twas a goodly sight. The very reading of feasts, triumphs, interviews, nuptials, tilts, turnaments, combats, and mono- machies, is mostacceptableund pleasant. "^FranciscusModius hath made a large collection of such solemnities in two great tomes, which M'ho so Mill may peruse. The inspection alone of those curious iconogiraphies of temples and palaces, as that of the Laterau church in Albertus Durer, that of the temple of Jerusalem in '^Josephus, Adricoaiius, and Villalpandus : that of the Escuriall in Guadas, of Diana at Ephesus in Pliny, Neros golden palace in Rome, "^^Justinians in Constantinople, that Peruvian Ingos in sCusco, iit }ion ah hominibiis, sed a dcemoniis, cGnstructum videatur ; S. Marks in Venice by Ignatius, with many such : priscorum artificum opera (saith that ''interpreter of Pausanias) the rare workmanship of those ancient Greeks, in theaters, obelisks, temples, stalues, gold, silver, ivory, marble images, 7ion minore ferme, quiim leipm- tur, quani quum cernuntur, animum delectatione complent^ afiect one as mudi by reading* almost, as by sight. a Senertius, in delicils. fol. 487. Veteri Horatiorum exeaipio, virtute et successu ad- mirabill, cajsis hostibus 17 in conspectii patrisj &c. tpaterculas, vol. post. >; Quos antea aiidivi, inoiii*, hodie vidi Docs. Romulus Amaseus, prjefat. Pausan. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectijied. 411 The country hath his recreations, the city his several gym- nicks and exercises, may-games, feasts, wakes, and merry meet- ings, to solace themselves. The very being- in the country, that life it self, is a sufficient recreation to some men, to enjoy such pleasures, as those old patriarks did. Dioclesianthe emperour was so much affected >yith it, that he gave over hisscepter, and turned gardiner. Constantino wrote 20 books of husbandry. Lysander, when embassadours came to see him, bragged of nothing- more, than of his orchard: hi s^int online s mei. What shall I say of Cincinnatus, Cato, Tully, and many such ? how have they been pleased with it, to prune, plant, inoculate, and graft, to shew so many severall kindes of pears, apples, plums, peaches, &c. "Nunc captare feras laqueo, nunc fallere visco, Atque etiam magnos canibus circumdare saltus, Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres. Sometimes with traps deceive, with line and string To catch wild birds and beasts, encompassing The grove with dogs, and out of bushes firing. -et nidos avium scrutari, &.C. Jucundus, in hispreface to Cato, Varro, Columella, &c.put out by him, confesseth of himself, that he was mightily delighted with these husbandry studies, and took extraordinary pleasure in them. If the theorick or speculation can so much affect, what shall the place and exercise itself, the practick part, do.'* The same confession I find in Ilerbastein, Porta, Cauievarius, and many others, which have written of that subject. If niy testimony were ought worth, I could say as much of myself; I am vere Saturninus ; no man ever took more delight in springs, woods, groves, gardens, walks, fishponds, rivers, &c. But Tantalus a labris sitiens fugientia capiat Fluraina ; and so do I : velle licet ; potiri non licet. Every palace, every city almost hath his peculiar walkes, cloysters, tarraccs,groves, theaters, pageants, games, and seve- rall recreations; every country, some professed gyninicks, to exhilarate their minds, and exercise their hodyer-. The ''Greeks had their Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean games, in ho- nour of Neptune, Jupiter, Apollo; Athens, hers; some for ho- iiour,garlands, crowns; for "^^beauty, dancing, rnnning,Ieaping, »Virg. 1. Geor. '"\ioten\a, lib. 3. polif. cap. ]. 'Sefr Atheiifetis, dipnoso. 412 Cure of iMelaiicholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2 like oiirsilver games. The ^Romanes had their feasts (as the Athenians and Lacedaemonians held their publike banquets in Prytaneo, Panathenceis, Thesmophoriis, Phiditiis), playes, naumachies, places for sea-fights, ''theaters, amphitheaters able to contain 70000 men, wherein they had several delight- some shews to exhilarate the people; ''gladiators, combats of men with themselves, witli wild beasts, and wild beasts one with another, like our bull-baitings, or bear-baitings y^in which many country-men and citizens amongst us so much delight and so frequently use), dancers on ropes, juglers, wrestlers, comedies, tragedies, publikely exhibited at theemperours and cities charge, and that with incredible cost and magnificence. In the Low-countries, (as ''Meteran relates) before these wars, they had many solemn feasts, playes, challenges, artillery gardens, colleges of rimers, rhetoricians, poets: and to this day, such places are curiously maintained in Amsterdam, as appears by that description of Isaacus Pontanus, rerum Am^ stelrod. lib. 2. cap. 25. So likewise not long since at Friburg in Germany, as is evident by that relation of ''Neander, they had ludos septeiinales, solemn playes every seven years, which Bocerus one of their own poets hath elegantly described : At nunc niagnifico spectacula slructa paratu Quid meinorein, veteri non concessura Quirino Ludorum pompa, &c. In Italy they have solemn declamations of certain select young gentlemen in Florence (like those reciters in old Rome), and publike theaters in most of their cities for stage-players and others, to exercise and recreate themselves. All seasons al- most, all places, have their severall pastimes; some in som- mer, some in winter; some abroad, some within ; some of t!ie body, some of the minde; and divers men have divers re- creations, and exercises. Domitian the emperour was much delighted with catching flies; Augustus to play with nuts amongst children; * Alexander Severus was often pleased to play with whelps andyoung pigs. ^'Adrian Vr'asso wholly ena- moured with dogs and horses, that he bestowed monuments and tombes on them, and buried them in graves. In fowls » Ludi votivi, sacri, Indicri, Ma^alenses, Cereales, Florales, Martiales, &c. Rosi- nus, 5. 12. iiSee Lipsiiis, Amphitheatrum. Rosiniis^ lib. 5. Meursiiis de liidis Grjecorum. '1500 men at once, tigers, lions, elephants, horses, dogs, beares, &c. ''Lib. iilt. et 1. 1. ad finem. Consiietudine non minus laudabili, ijuani veteri, contubernia rhetonim, rhythmicornm in urbibus et raunicipiis ; certisqiie diebiis exercebaiit se sagittarii, i>ladiatores, &c. Alia ingenii, animique exercitia, qno- riim pra?cipnum studium, principem popnlum-traga-diis, comoediis, fabulis scenicis, aliisqiie id genus ludis recreare. «Orbis terrij? descript. part. 3. f Lam- pnnius. s Spartiau. Mem. 4.] • Exercise rectified. 413 weather, or when they can use no other convenient sports, by reason of the time, as we do cock- fig-h ting* to avoide idleness I think, (thoug^h some be more seriously taken with it, spend much time, cost and charges, and are too solicitous about it.) ^ Severus used partridges and quailes, as many Frenchmen do still, and to keep birds in cages, with which he was nuich pleased, when at any time he had leasure from publike cares and businesses. He had (saith Lampridius) tame pheasants, ducks, partridges, peacocks, and some 20000 ringdoves and pigeons. Busbequius, the eraperours orator, when he lay in Constantinople, and could not stir nuich abroad, kept for his recreation, busying himself to see them fed, almost all manner of strange birds and beasts; this was something, though not to exercise his body, yet to refresh his minde. Conradus Gesner, at Zurick in Switzerland, kept so likewise for his pleasure a great company of wilde beasts, and (as he saith) took great de- light to see them eat their meat. Turkie gentlewomen, that are perpetuall prisoners, still mewed up according to the cus- tome of the place, have little else besides their houshold busi- ness, or to play with their children, to drive away time, but to dally with their cats, which they have in deliciis, as many of onr ladies and gentlewomen use monkies and little doggs. The ordinary recreations which we have in winter, and in most solitary times busie our minds with, are cardes, tables and dice, shovelboard, chesse-play, the philosophers game, small trunks, shuttle-cock, billiards, musick, masks, sing- ing, dancing, ulegames, frolicks, jests, riddles, catches, pur- poses, questions and comnmnds, ''merry tales of errant knights, queens, lovers, lords, ladies, giants, dwarfes, theeves, cheaters, witches, fayries, goblins, friers, &c. such as the old women told Psyche in '^Apuleius, Bocace novels, and the rest, quaritm anditione pueri delectantur, senes tiarratione, which some delight to hear, some to tell ; all are well pleased with. Amaranthus the philosopher metHermocles, Diophantus, and Philolaus, his companions, one day busily discoursing* about Epicurus and Democritus tenents, very solicitous which was most probable and came nearest to truth. To put them out of that surly controversie, and to refresh their spirits, he told them a ])leasant tale of Stratocles the physicians wedding, and of all the particulars, the company, the chear, the musick, &c. for he Avas new come from it ; with which relation they were so nuich delighted, (hat Philolaus wished ' Delertatiis liisr. cadildriiui, porcelloniin. nf perHicpf! in(pr no ])iignarpnt, niif iit avcs parviilfp .'siirsiim ei Hpoisiiii) volifarpnt, his niaxiiiie delrrtatus, tit solirih Hmp.s piihlicas snhlevaret. '' Bidiualrs laste ill pussint pmdiaere noctes. ' MiJes. 4. 414 CureofJIelantholi/. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. a blessing: to l^is heart, and many a g-ood wedding-, ^ many such merry rneeting-s mig-ht he be at, to please himself toil k the sif/hf, mid otheri* with the narration of it. Newes are generally welcome to all our ears: avide audimus ; aures enim homimim tiovifate Irevantur (^ as Pliny observes), we long- after rnmour, to hear and listen to it; '^ densum humeris blbit aure vuhpis. We are most part too inquisitive and apt to hearken after newes; which Caesar in his '' Cominentaries observes of the old Gaules; they would be ennuiring' of every carrier and passenger, what they had heard or seen, Avhat newes abroad ? -quid toto fiat in orbe. Quid Seres, quid Thraces agant, secreta novercse, Et pueri, quis amet, &c. as at an ordinary with us, bakehouse, or barbers shop. When that g-reat Gonsalva was upon some displeasure confined by king Ferdinand to the city of Loxa in Andalusia, the onely comfort (saitli ^Jovius) he had to ease his melancholy thoughts,' was to hear newes, and to listen after those ordinary occur- rents, which were brought him, cum primis, by letters or otherwise out of the remotest part of Europe. Some mens whole delight is to take tobacco, and drink all day long in a tavern or alehouse, to discourse, sing, jest, roare, talk of a cock and bull over a pot, &c. or. when three or four good companions meet, tell old stories by the fire side, or in the 5un, as old folkes usually do, qnai aprici meminere series, re- membriug afresh and with pleasure ancient matters, and such like accidents, which happened in their younger ycares. Others best pastime is to game: nothing* to them so pleasant. 'Hie Veneri iudulget, hunc decoqiiit alea. Many too nicely take exceptions at cardes, ^tables, and dice, and such mixt lusorious lots (whom Gataker well confutes), which, though they be honest recreations in themselves, yet may justly be otherwise excepted at, as they are often abused, and forbidden as things most pernicious; itisanam rem et damnosam, ^Lemnius calls it: for, most part, in these kind oj' a O Dii ! sitnilibu.s saepe con\'iviis date \\i ipse videndo delectetur, et postmodum nar- raiido delectet. Theod. prodromns Amortim, dial, interpret. Gilberto Gaulinio. b Epist. lib. 8. Ruffino. <" Hor. <* Lib. 4. Gallicae consuetudinis est, ut viatores etiara invito.": consistere coganl, et quid qnisque eorutn de quaque re audieril «iit "-ognorit, qua^tan^. f Vita; ejus, lib. nit. fjuven. StThey ac- count Ihem tinlawfiil, because sortilejions. ^ Tnsitit. c. 44. In his ludis ple- I'umqiie non ars ant peritia vig;et, sed frans, fallacia. dolus, astutiaj casns^ foituna, te- meritasj locum habent, non ratio, consilium, sapientia, Sec. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. 415 disports, 'tis not art or skill, but subtilty, cunniicatchinrj, knavery, chance and fortune, carries all away : 'tis arnbula- toria pecunia, • puncto mobilis horse Permutat dominos, et cedit in altera jura. They labour, most part, notto pass their time in honest disport, but for filthy lucre, and covetousness of money. Inffedissi- mum lucrum et avaritiam hombtum convertitur, as Daneus observes. Fons fraudum et malejiciorum, 'tis the fountain of cosenage and villany : *a thing so common all over Europe at this day, and so yenerally abused, that many men are utterly undone by it, their means spent, patrimonies consum- ed, they and their posterity beggered ; besides swearing-, wrangling-, drinking, loss of time, and such inconveniences, which are ordinary concomitants ; ^Jor, ichen once they have f/ot a haunt of such companies, and habit oj" gaming, they can hardly be drawn Jrom it ; hut ds an itch, it will tickle them; and, as it is with whoremasters, once enter ed,they cannot easily leave it off ; vexat mentes insana cupido, they are mad upon their sport. And in conclusion (which Charles the Seventh, that good French king, published in an edict against game- sters) unde pia: et hilaris vitce snffugium sibi suisque liberis^ totique familiar, cVc. that which was once their livelihood, should have maintained wife, children, family, is now spent and gone ; mwror et algesias. &c. sorrow «nd begoary suc- ceeds. So good things may be abused ; and that which was invented to '^ refresh mens weary spirits when they come from other labours and studies, to exhilarate the minde, to enter- tain time and company, tedious otherwise in those long soli- tary winter nights, and keep them from worse matters, an honest exercise, is contrarily perverted. Chesse-play is a good and witty exercise of the mind, for some kinde of men, and fit for such melancholy (Rhasis holds) as are idle, and have extravagant impertinent thoughts, or trou- bled with cares; nothing better to distract their mind, and alter their meditations ; invented (some say) by the '^generall of an army in a famine, to keep souldiers from mutiny : but "Ab |>ro Abiisus tarn freqiiens horiip in Europa, ut plprique crebro harum usu patrimoniurn ^•ro'undaut, exhaiistisque facultatibiis, arl inopiam redigantur. •'Ubi semel prurigo ista aniraiitn occupat, aegre discuti potest ; solicitantibus undique ejusdem fa- ring hominibus, damnosas illas volnptates rppetnnt ; qiiod et srortatoribus insitnin, 8cc '■ Institiiitur ista exercitatio, not! liicri, sed valetndinis et oblpctamenti ratione, et quo aoiinus defatigatus respiret, novasqnp vires ad snbeiindos iabores denno concipiaf. •^ Lafrimciilorura iudiis inventus ?•;» a dure, nt, nun miles intoleratjiii fame laboraret, altero die edens_^ aitero liidens, tamis oblivisrprptnr. Brilonins. fcDe mor. gent. bPolycrat. J. 1. cap. 8. <=Idein Sarisbnriensis. d Hist, lib. 1, »'Nemo desidet otiosus : ita nemo asinino more ad .serani noctem laborat; nam ea pliisfiuani servilis reniinna, (jua; opilicum vita est, exceptis Utopiensibns, qui diem in "JI horas dividiiut, 1*2 duutaxut operi deputant, reliqiiuni sonino et cibo ca- jusque arbitrio peruiiltiiur. 418 CureofMelanclioly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. to refresh : over idle on the other, to keep themselves busied. And to this purpose, as any labour or employmeijt will serve to the one, any honest recreation will conduce to the other, so that it be moderate and sparing, as the use of meat and drink; not to spend all their life in g-aming-, playing-, and pastimes, as too many gentlemen do; but to revive our bodies and recreate our souls with honest sports : of which as there be divers sorts, and peculiar to severall callings, ages, sexes, conditions, so there be proper for several seasons, and those of distinct na- tures, to fit that variety of humors which is amongst them, that if one will not, another may; some in summer, some in winter, some gentle, some more violent, some for the mind alone, some for the body and mind: (as, to some, it is both business and a pleasant recreation to oversee workmen of all sorts, husbandry, cattle, horse, &c. to build, plot, project, to make models, cast up accompts, &c.) some without, some within doors: new, old, &c. as the season serveth, and as men are inclined. It is reported of Phillippus Bonus, that good duke of Burgundy, (by Lodovicus Vives, in Epist. and Pont. ^ Heuter in his history) that the said duke, at the marriage of Eleonora, sister to the king- of Portugal, at Bruges in Flanders, which was solemnized in the deep of winter, when as by reason of unseasonable weather he could neither hawk nor hunt, and Avas now tired with cards, dice, &;c. and such other domestical sports, or to see ladies dance, with some of his courtiers, he would in the evening walk disguised all about the town. It so fortuned as he was walking late one night, he found a country fellow dead drunk, snorting on a bulk : ''he caused his fol- lowers to bring him to his palace, and there stripping him of his old cloaths, and attiring him after the court fashion, when he waked, he and they were all ready to attend upon his ex- cellency, perswading him be was some great duke. The poor fellow, admiring how he came there, was served in state all the daylong; after supper he saw them dance, heard musick, and the rest of those court-like pleasures: but late at night, when he was well tipled, and again fast asleep, they put on his old robes, and so conveighed him to the place where they first found him. Now the fetlow had not made them so good sport the day before, as he did when he returned to himself; all the jest was, to see how he "'looked upon it. In conclusion, after some little admiration, the poor man told his friends he had seen a vision, constantly believed it, would not otherwise be "Rerotn Burgund. lib. 4. bJussit hominem deferri ad palatiom, et lecto ducal' coliocari, Stc. Mirari homo, ubi se eo loci vide*. "= Qnid interest, iiKjuit Lodo- vicns Vires, (epist. ad Francisc. Bgrducem) inter diem illins et nostros aliquot annos ? nihil penitns, nisi quod, Sec. Mem. 4.] Exercise rectified. ' 419 perswaded; and so the jest ended. »Antiochiis Epiphanes would often disouise himself, steal from his court, and go into merchants, goldsmiths, and other tradesmens shops, sit and talk with them, and sometimes ride, or waike alone, and fall aboord with any tinker, clowne, serving man, carrier, or whom- soever he met first. Sometimes he did ex insperato give a poor fellow money, to see how he would look, or on set pur- pose lose his purse as he went, to watch who found it, and withall how he would be affected ; and with such objects he was much delighted. Many such tricks are ordinarily put in practice by great men, to exhilarate themselves and others; all which are harmless jests, and have their good uses. But, amongst those exercises, or recreations of the n)inde M'ithin doors, there is none sogenerall, so aptly to be applyed to all sorts of men, so fit and proper to expell idleness and me- lancholy, as that of study. Studia seneclutem ohlectant, udo- lescentiam alnnt, secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium el solatium prcehent^ domi delect ant, ^-c. find the rest in Tully pro Archici Poeta. What so full of content, as to read, walke, and see mappes, pictures, statues, jewels, marbles, which some so much magnifie, as those that Phidias madeof old, so exqui- site and pleasing tobe beheld, that (as ''Chrysostome thinketh) if antj mail be sickly., troubled in minde, or that cannot sleep for griefe, and shall but stand over against one of Phidias images, he icill forget all care, or ichaisoever else may molest him, in an instant ? There be those as much taken with Michael Angelos, Raphael d'Urbinos--, Francesco Francias pieces, and many of those Italian and Dutch painters, which were excellent in their ages; and esteem of it as a most pleasing sight, to view those neat architectures, devices, scutchions, coats of armes, read such bookes, to peruse old Coynes of severall sorts in a fair gallery; artificiall works, per- spective glasses, old reliques, Roman antiquities, variety of colours. A good picture is falsa Veritas, et muta poesis ; and though (as '^Vives saith) artificialia delectant, sed mox fastidimns, artificiall toyes please but for a time; yet who is he that will not be moved with them for the present ? When Achilles v.as tormented and sad for the loss of his dear friend Patroclus,hfs mother Thetis brought him a most elaborate and curious buckler made by Vulcan, in which wereengraven sun, moon, stars, planets, sea, land, men fighting, running, riding, women scolding, hils, dales, towns, castles, brooks, rivers, trees, aHen. Stephau. pra-fat. Herodoti. b QraL H. Siquis animo fuerit afflictiis ant a-ger, nee somnam ndmittens, is mihi videtur, e recione stans talis imaginis, obli- lisci omaium posse, «m!e humanse vitaj atrocia et diSicilia accidere solcat. «-■ 3. De animl. 420 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. &e. with many pretty laiulskips, and perspective pieces; with sight of which he was infinitely delighted, and much eased ol" his grief. » Continuo eo spectaculo captus, delenito mcerore, Oblectabatur, in manlbus tenens Dei splendida dona. Who wi)l not be affected so in like case, or to see those wcl- fiirnished cloisters and galleries of those Roman cardinals, so richly stored with all modern pictures, old statues and anti- quities '? Cum se spectaudo recreet simnl et legev do, to see their pictures alone, and read the description, as ''Boissardus well addes, whom will it notafFect.? which Bozius,Pomponius Lsetus, Marlianus, Schotfus, Cavelerius, Ligorius, &c. and he himself hath well performed of late. Or in some princes cabinets, like that of the great dukes in Florence, of Felix Platerus in Brasil, or noblemens houses, to see such variety of attires, faces, so many, so rare, and such exquisite peeces, of men, birds, beasts, &c. to see those excellent landskips, Dutch-works, and curious cuts of Sadlier of Prage, Albertus Durer, Goltzius, Urintes, &c. such pleasant peeces of perspec- tive, Indian pictures made of feathers, China works, frames, thaumaturgical motions, exotick toyes, &c. Who is he that is now wholly overcome with idleness, or otherwise involved in a labyrinth of worldly cares, troubles and discontents, that will not be much lightned in his mind by reading of some inticing story, true or fained, where, as in a glass, he shall observe what our forefathers have done, the beginnings, ruins, fals, periods of coznmon-wealth, private mens actions displayed to the life, &c.? '^Plutarch therefore cals them se- cuiidas mensas et ballaria, the second course and junkets, be- cause they were usually read at noblemens feasts. VVho is not earnestly affected with a passionate speech, well penned, an elegant poem, or some pleasant bewitching discourse, like that of '^Keliodorus, ubi ohlectatio qncedam placide Jiuit, cum hilaritaie conjuncta? Julian the Apostate was so taken with an oration of Libanius the sophister, that, as he confesseth, he could not be quiet till he had read it all out. Legi ora- tionem tiiam magna ex parte, hesternd die ante prandium : pransus vera sme ulld intermissione totam absolvi. O argu- menta! O composltiouem ! 1 nifiy say the same of this or that pleasing tract, which will draw his attention along with it. To most kind of men it is an extraordinary delight to study. For what a world of books offers itself, in all subjecis, arts, and alljacl. 19. I'Topogr. Rora. part. 1. « Quod heroiim convi\iis legi solilct. ''Mplanctlioii, dc Heliocloro. _ Mem. 4.] Exercise reetijied. 421 sciences, to the sweet content and capacity of the reader? In arithmetick, geometry, perspective, optick, astronomy, archi- tecture, sculpturd picturd, ot^hich so many and such elabo- rate treatises are of late written ; in mechanicks and their mysteries, military matters, navigation, ''riding- of horses, ''fencing, swimming-, gardening, planting, great tomes of hus- bandry, cookery, faulconry, hunting, fishing, fowling, &c. with exquisite pictures of all sports, games, and whatnot? In musick, metaphysicks, natural and moral philosophy, philo- . logie,inpolicy,heraldry,genealogy, chronology, &c. they afford great tomes, or those studies of "^ antiquity, &c. et '^ quid snb- tiliu.s arithmeticis inventionihus ? (luid jucimdius mnsicis ra- tionihus? quid dirinius astronomicis ? quid rectius f/eome- tricis demonst ratio nihil s ? What so sure, what so pleasant ? Jle that shall but see that geometrical tower of Garezenda at Bologne, in Italy, the steeple and clock at Strasborough, will admire the effects of art, or that engine of Archimedes to re- move the earth itself, if he had but a place to fasten his in- strument; Arckimedis cochlea, and rare devises to corrivate waters, musick instruments, and trisyllable echoes again, and again repeated, with miriades of such. What vast tomes are extant in law, physick, and divinity, for profit, pleasure, practice, speculation, in verse or prose, &c. ? their names alone are the subject of whole volumes: we have thousands of authors of all sorts, many great libraries full well fur- nished, like so many dishes of meat, served out for several palates ; and he is a very block that is affected with none of them. Some take an infinite delight to study the very lan- guages wherein these books are written, Hebrew, Greek, Sy- riac, Chalde, Arabick, &c. Me thinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, {^ suavi animum delectatione allicere, sb incredibilem rertim varietatem et jucunditatem, et ad pleniorem sui cognitionem excitare) chorographical, to- pographical delineations ; to behold, as it were, all the re- mote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study; to measure, by the scale and compasse, tiieir extent, distance, examine their site. Charles the great (as Platina writes) hath three faire silver tables, in one of which superficies was a large map of Constantinople, in the second Ronie neatly engraved, in the third an exqui- site description of the whole world ; and much deii^^ht he took iu them. What greater pleasure can there now be, than to *Pliivines. ''TLil)aulL "^As, in travelliug, t!ie rest so forward and look betbre tliem, an antiquary uione looks round about him, seeing thiu^s past, ice. hath tt coniplcat horixon^ Januj BilVons. >>Cardi»:i. '-•Hoiidius, prsfat. Merv-atoris. 4^2 CMre of MeUmcholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. view those elaborate maps of Orteliiis, "Mercator, Hoiulius, &c. to peruse those books of cities, put out by Braunus, and Hogenbergius ? to read those exquisite descriptions of Maoi- nus, Mu lister, Herrera, Laet, Merula, Boterus, Leander A!- bertus, Camden, Leo Afer, Adricomius, Nic. Gerbelius, &c. ? those famous expeditions of Christoph. Columbus, Americus Vesputius, Marcus Polus the Venetian, Led. Vertomannus, Aloysius Cadamustus, &c. ? those accurate diaries of Portu- gals, Hollanders, of Bartison, Oliver aNort, &c. Hacluits voy- ages, Pet. Martyrs Decades, Bonzo, Lerius, Linschotens re- lations, those Hodoepericons of Jod. a Meggen, Brocarde the monke, Bredenbachius, Jo. Dublinius, Sands, &c. to Jerusa- lem, Egypt, and other remote places of the world ? those pleasant itineraries of Paulus Hentzerus, Jodocus Sincerus, Dux Polonus, &c. to read Bellonius observations, P. Gillius his survayes ; those parts of America, set out, and curiously cut in pictures, by Fratres a Bry. To see a well cut herbal, hearbs, trees, Howers, plants, all vegefals, expressed in their proper colours to the life, as that of Matthiolus upon Diosco- rides,Delacampius,Lobel, Bauhinus, and that last voluminous and mighty herbal of Besler of Noremberge, wherein almost every plant is to his own bignesse. To see birds, beasts, and fishes of the sea, spiders, gnats, serpents, flies, &c. all crea- tures set out by the same art, and truly expressed in lively colours, with an exact description of their natures, vertues, qualities, &c. as hath been accurately performed by ^Elian, Gesner, Ulysses Aldrovandus, Bellonius, Rondoletius, Hip- polytus Salvianus, &c. ^ Arcana coeli, nature secreta, ordi- nem universi scire, majoris J'elicitatis et dulcedinis est, quani cogitatione qtiis assequi possit, aut mortalis sperare. What more pleasing studies can there be than the raathematicks, theorick, or practick parts .'' as to survay land, makemaps, models, dials, &c. with which I was ever much delighted my self. Talis est mathematum pulchritudo, (saith *^ Plutarch) ut his indignum sit divitiarum phaleras istas et hvllas et jmeU laria spectacula comparari : such is the excellency of these studies, that all those ornaments and childish bubbles of wealth are not worthy to be compared to them : crede mihi, (^ saith one) exstingni dulce erit mathematicarum artium studio; I could even live and die with such meditations, *and take more delight, ^rue content of mind in them, than thou hast in all thy wealth and sport, how rich soever thou art. And, as ^ Cardan well seconds me, honorijicum magis est et gloriosum 1 Atlas Geog. bCardan. c Lib. de cnpid. diiitianira. dLeoh. Diggs, prsefat. ad perpet. prognost. - <> Plus capio voluptatis, &.c. ^In Hy- perehcu. divis. '■). Mem. 4.] Exercise recliju'd. 423 Jtcec intelligere, quam profinciis prceesse,J'ormo.^um aut diieui juveyiem esse. The like pleasure there is in all other studies, to such as are truly addicted to them: ^easitnvkas, (one holds) uty cum quisea degustaverit, quasi poculis Circeis captns,non possit unqnam ah i His divelli ; the like s^ectnesse, which, as Circes cup, bewitcheth a student, lie cannot leave ot!', as well may witnesse those many laborious houres, dayes,atid nights, spent in the volumnious treatises written by them; the same content. '^Julius Scaliger was so much affected with poetry, that he brake out into a pathetical protestation, he had rather be the author of 12 verses in Lucian, or such an ode in ^Ho- race, than emperour of Germany. ''Nicholas Gerbelius, that good old man, was so much ravished with a few Greek au- thors restored to light, Mith hope and desire of enjoying- tlic rest, that he exclaims forthwith, Arahibiis atqne Indis omnihus rrimits diliores, we shall be richer than all the Arabick or Indian princes; of such "^ esteem they were with him, incom- parable worth and value. Seneca prefers Zeno and Chrysip- pus two doting Stoicks, (he was so much enamoured on their works) before any prince or general of an army ; and Oron- tius the mathematician so far admires Archimedes, that he calls him, diiinum et homine mnjorem, a petty god, more than a man ; and well he might, for ought I see, if you respect fame or worth. Pindarus of Thebes is as much renowned for his poems, as Epaminondas, Pelopidas, Hercules, or Bacchus, his fellow citizens, for their warlike actions ; et sij'amam re- spicias, lion pauciores Aristotelisquavi Alexandri meniitierunt: (as Cardan notes) Aristotle is more known than Alexander; for we have a bare relation of Alexanders deeds; but Aristotle totus vivit in monumentis, is whole in his works : yet 1 stand not upon this; the delight is it, Avhich I aim at : so great pleasure, such sweet content there is in study. ' King James, 1605, when he came to see our university of Oxford, and. amongst other tedifices, now went to view that famous library, renewed by S"^. Thomas Bodley, in imitation of y\lexander, at his departure brake out into that noble speech, li" 1 were not a king, I would be a university man : "and ij' it were so, that I must be a prisoner^ if I mitjht have my icish, I loould desire to have no other prison than that Ubrarif, and to he chained to ff ether with so many fjood authors, ct mortius ma- a Cardan, prfefat. reruni \ariet. ''Poetices lib. cLib. .3. Ode 9. Douec grains eram tibi, ixc. JDe Pelopounes. lib. G. descrip. (Jra;c. '^Qnos si int<*gros hahcremus, Dii boni! quas opes, quos the.satiros teneremus! flsaaik Wake, iiiusae recfiiautes. S Si unquaui niilii iu fatis sit, ut capti\us ducar, si niihi daretiir optio, hoc cuperem careers concUuli, his cateuis iiligari, cimi hisce cap- tivi.s roncafenatis «>tateni ajrrp. VOL. 1. NN 424 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. gistris. So sweet is the delight of stutly, the more learning- they have, (as he that hath a dropsie, the more he drinks, the thirstier he is) the more they covet to learn; and the last day is prioris discipnlns ; harsh at first learninjo- is; radices amara;, hut Jructns dulces, according to that of Isocrates, pleasant at last; the longer they live, the more they are enamoured with the Muses. Heinsius, the keeper of the library at Leiden in Holland, was mewed up in it all the year long ; and that ■which to thy thinking should have bred a loathing, caused in him a greater liking*. " / wo sooner (saith he) come into the li' brariff but I bolt the door to me, excluding lust, ambition, avarice, and all such vices, whose nurse is Idlenesse the mother oj' Ignorance, and Melancholy herself; and in the very lap oj eternity, amongst so many divine souls, I take my seat, with so loj'ty a spirit and sicect content, that I pitty all our great ones, and rich men, that kuoiv not this happinesse. I am not ignorant in the mean time (notwithstanding this which 1 have said) how barbarously and basely for the most part our ruder gentry esteem of libraries and books, how they neglect and contemn so great a treasure, so inestimable a be- nefit, as ^sops cock did the jewel he found in the dxmghil ; and all through error, ig-norance,and want of education. i\nd 'tis a wonder withal to observe how much they will vainly cast away in unnecessary expences, (piot modis pereant (saith ''Eras- mus) magnalibus pecuniw, quantum absuniant alea, scoria, com- potationes, profectioncs non necessari^, pompa', bella cpicesita, ambitio, colax, morio, ludio, Q-c.M'hat in hawkes, hounds, law- suitSjVainbuil ding, gurmuiulizing, drinking, sports, playes, pas- times, &c. Ifaweil-mindetlmanto the Siuseswouldsuetosome of them for an exhibition, to the farther maintenance or in- largement of such a work, be it college, lecture, library, or ■whatsoever el^e may tend to the advancement of learning, they are so unwilling, so averse, they had rather see these which are already with such cost and care erected, utterly ruined, demolished, or otherwise employed ; for they repine, many, and grudge at such gifts and revenews so bestowed : andtherefore it were in vain, as Erasmus well notes, vel ab his, vel a negotiatoribus qui se Mammonce dediderunt, improbnvi fortrsse tale offieium eaigere, to soiicite or aske any thing of such men (that are, likely, damn'd to riches) to this purpose. For my part, I pity these men ; stultos jubeo esse libenter; let aEpist. Primiero. Plernmque in qna siiriul ac pedem posni, foribus pessiiltim obdo; ambitionein autem, aniorem. iihidinem, &c. cxcludo, q-.iorum parens est ignctria, imperitia nutrix ; et in ipso aeternitatis g^remio, inter tot illustres animas sedem mihi sumo, cum ingenti quidem anirao, \xi snbinde n)agnatuni me misereat, qui felicitatem banc ignoratit. ^C\vl\, 2. Cent. 1. adag. 1. Mem. 4. ] fJ.rercise rectijicd. 425 thera g-o as they arc, iu the catalogue of Ii:5iiorainus. How much, oil the other side, are we all bound, that are scholars;, to those munificent Ptolemies, bountirull Mecccnates, heroi- call patrons, divine spirits, -^ qui nobis hcec ofiaje- eernnt : namqiie erit ille mihi semper Deus tliat Imve provided for us so many well furnished libraries, as well in our publick academies in most cities, as in our private colleges? How shall I reniembtr "^ S^ Thomas Bodley, amongst the rest, ^ Otho Nicholson, and the right revereutl John Williams, lord bishop of Lincolne, (with many other pious acts) Avho, besides that at S*. Johns college, in Cam- bridge, that in AV^estminster, is now likewise \v\ Jieriwith a li- brary at Lincolne (a noble president for all corporate towns and cities to imitate) O quern te ynemorem, vir illnstrisnmc ! quibus elocfiis ! but to my taske again. Whosoever he is, therefore, that is overrun with solitariness, or carried away with pleasing' melancholy and vain conceits, and for want of imployment knows not how to spend his time, or crucified with worldly care, I can prescribe him no better remedy than this of study, to compose himself to the learning- of some art or science ; provided alwayes that his malady proceed not from overmuch study; for in such cases he addes fuell to the fire; and nothing can be more pernicioui?. Let him take heed he do not overstretch his wits, and make a skeleton of himself; or such inamoratoes as read nothing but play-books, idle poems, jests, Araadis de Gaul, the Knight of the Sun, the Seven Champions, Palmerin de Oliva, Huon of Burdeaux", &c. Such many times prove in the end as mad as Don Quixot. Study is only prescribed to those that are otherwise idle, troubled ui miude, or carried headlong with vain thoughts and imaginations, to distract their cogitations, (al- though variety of study, or some serious subject, would do (he former no harm) and divert their continual! meditations an- other way. Nothing in this case better than study ; semper aliquid memoriter ediscant, saitli Piso ; let them learn some- thing without book, translate, transcribe, &c. read the scrip- tures, which Hyperius {lib. 1. de quoiid. script. lec.Jhl. 11~) holds available of it self: ^ the mind is erected thereby front all worldly cares, and hath much quiet and tranquillity ; for, as * Austin well hath it, 'tis scientia scientiarwn, omni melle dulcior, omni pane suavior, omni vino hilarior ; 'tis the best nepenthes, surest cordiall, sweetest alterative, present'st di- nVirg. eclog. 1. ''Founder of our puhlike library in Oxon. <-'Otirs in Christ-Church, Oxon. J Aniojus levatur inde a curis, multa quiete et traa- quillitate fruens. ^ Ser. 3S, ad Fratres Ereni. N N 2 496 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. verter : for neither, as * Chrysostome well adds, those boughs and leaves of trees which are plashed for cattle to stand tot' der, in the heat of the day, in summer^ so much refresh them ivith their acceptable shade, as the reading of the scripture doth recreate and comfort a distressed soul, in sorrow and qf- fiction. Paul bids pray continually ; quod cibus corpori, lectio animce facit, saith Seneca ; as meat is to the body, such is reading- to the soul. '' To be at leasure ivithout books is another hell, and to be buried alive. "^ Cardan calls a library the physick of the soul; '^divine authors for tife the mind, make men bold and constant ; and (as Hyperius adds) yodly conference ivill not permit the mind to be tortured icith absurd coyitations. Rhasis injoynes continual conference to such melancholy men, perpetuall discourse of some history, tale, poem, news, &c. alternos sermones edere ac bibere^ aque fucundum quam cibus, sive potus, which feeds the minile, as meat and drink doth the body, and pleaseth as much : and therefore the said Rhasis, not without good cause, woulde have some body still talke seriously, or dispute with them, and sometimes ^to cavil and wranyle (so that it break not out to a violent perturbation) ; for such altercation is like stirring of a dead fire, to make it burn afresh: it whets a dull spirit, and ivill not suffer the mind to be droimiedin those profound cogitations., ivhich melancholy men are commonly troubled with. "^^ Ferdinand and Alphonsus, kings of Arragoii and Sicily, were both cured by reading- the history, one of Curtius, the other of Livy, when no prescribed physick would take place, s Camerarius relates as much of Laurence Me- dices. Heathen philosophers are so full of divine precepts in this kinde, that, as some think, they alone are able to settle a distressed mind — '' Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire dolorem, &c. EpictetuSjPIutarch, and Seneca. Quails ille ! quce tela, SRitli Lipsius, adversus omnes animi casus, administrat, et ipsam mortem ! quomodo vitia eripit, infert virtutes ! when I read Seneca, ' me thinks I am beyond all humane fortunes, on the top of an hill above mortalitie, Plutarch saith as much of »Hom. 4. de pcenitentia. Nam neque arborum comae, pro pec.orum tiiguriis fractae, meridie per lestatem optabilem exhibentes unibram, eves ita reticiunt, ac scripturarum lectio afflictas angore animas solatur et recreat. ^ Otium sine Uteris mors est, et viv-i hominis sepiiltura. Seneca. ^Cap. 99. I. 57. derer. var. J Forteiii reddunt animuui et constautem ; et pium coiloquiiim non permittit aninnim absiirda cogitatione torqueri. p Altercationibus utantur, quae non permittunt animiun subraergi profundis cogitationibus, de quibus otiose cogitat, et tri^tatur in iis. ''Bodiu. prajfat. ad nietli. hist. b'Operum subcis. cap. 15. •> Hor, ' Fatendumest, cacuniine Olympi constitn(ns mihi video.", supra ventos et procellas, et omue.s res liiinianas. Mem. 4.J Exercise rectified. 42/ Homer ; for which cause, belike, Niceratus, in Xenophon, was made by his parents to con Homers Iliads and Odysses without book, ut in virnm honum evaderet, as well to make him a good and honest man, as to avoid idleness. If this comfort may be g-ot by philosophy, what shall be had from divinity? What shall Austin, Cyprian, Gregory, Bernards divine meditations, afford us ? Qui, quid sit pulclirum,quid turpe, quid utile, quid non, rienius et melius Chrysippo et Crantore dicunt. Nay what shall the scripture it self, which is like an apothe- caries shop, wherein are all remedies for all infirmities of minde, purgatives, cordials, alteratives, corroboratives, lenitives, &c.? Every disease of the som?, saith * Austin, hath a peculiar medi- cine in the scripture ; this onely is required^ that the sick man take the potion which God hath already tempered. ''Gregory calls it a glass tcherein we may see all our injirmities; ignitnm colloquium, Psalm 1 19, 140 ; ^"Origen, a charme. And there- fore Hierome prescribes Rusticus the monke, ^continnally to read the scripture, and to meditate on thattvhich he hath read; for, as mastication is to meat, so is meditation on that which we read. 1 would, for these causes, wish him that is melancholy, to use both humane and divine authors, voluntarily to impose sometaskeuponhiraself,todivert his melancholy thoughts ; to study the art of memory, Cosmus Roselius, Pet. Ravennas, Scenkeliusdetectus, or practise brachygraphy,&c. that will ask a o-reat deale of attention : or let him demonstrate a proposition inEuclide in his five last books, extract a square root, orstudie alo-ebra; than which, as ^Clavius holds, in all humane disci- plines, nothing can he more excellent and pleasant, so abstruse and recondite, so bewitching, so miraculous, so ravishing, so easie, ivithall, and full of delight, omnem humanum captum superare videtur. By this means you may define ex ungue leonem, as the diverbe is, by his thumb alone the bigness of Hercules, or the true dimensions of the great 'Colossus, So- lomons temple, and Domitians amphitheater, out of a little part. By this art you may contemplate the variation of the 23 letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within ' In Ps. 36. Omuis morbus aniroi in sc.ripturA habet medicinam ; tantuin opus pst, ut qui sit reger, non reciiset potiouem quani Dens teuiperavit. •> In moral, spprnlnm quo nos intueri possimus. ■" Horn. 28. Ut incantatione virus fiiijatur, ita lertione maluni. diterum atque iterum nioneo, ut animam sacra; Hcriptu^a^ lpctii>ne nr- ♦■upes. Masticat (li>inuDi pabulum nieditatio. ''Ad. 2. definit. -. elem. In fliscipHnis humauis nihil prscstantius reperitur : quippf miracnla qntrdam numeroram Tuit tam abstrusa ft recondita. tanta nihilominus facilitate ct voln|-tate, ^iit, &r. / VVbicb contained lOaOOOO weight ol brass. 428 Cnie of Melunclwly. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. (he compass of the firmament: ten words may be varied403£0 several vvayes : by this art you may examine how many men may stand one by another in the whole superficies of the earth : some say 1 48456800000000, assignando singulis passum qtia- dratum ; how many men, supposing all the world as habitable as France, as fruitful!, and so long lived, may be born iit (50000 years; and so may you demonstrate, with ''Archimedes^ how many sands the mass of the whole world might contain, if all sandy, if you did but first know how much a small cube as big as a mustard-seed might hold; with infinite such. But, \\( all nature, what is there so stupend as to examine and cal- culate the motion of the planets, their magnitudes, apogeums, perigeums, excentricities, how far distant from the earth, the bigness, thickness, compass of the firmament, each star, with their diameters and circumference, apparent area, superficies^ by those curious helj)s of glasses, astrolabes, sextants, qua- drants, of which TychoBrahein his mechanicks, opticks (''di- vine opticks), arithmetick, geometry, and such like arts and instruments? What so intricate, and pleasing withall, as to peruse and practise Heron Aloxandrinus works, de spirita- lilms, demachinis heUicis^ demacJdnd se movente, Jordani JV*e- siwraril de pouderibus proposit. 13. that pleasant tract of Ma- chometes Bragdedinus de superfcierum divisionibus, Appol- lonius Conicks, or Commandinus labours in that kinde, de ceulro f/ravitatis, with many such geometricall theorems, and problems? Those rare instruments and mechanical invention^ ofJac. Bessonus, and Cardan to this purpose, with many such experiments intimated long- since by Roger Bacon in his tract de '^ Secreiis ariis et naturce^ as to make a chariot to n\o\e sine uniniali, diving boats, to walk on the water by art, and to fly in the air, to make several cranes and pullies, quibns homo Ivnhat ad se mille homines, lift up and remove great weights, milsto^ move themselves, Archytas dove, Albertusbrasen head, and such tiiaumaturgical works ; but especially to do strange miracles by glasses, of Avhich Proclus and Bacon writ of old, burningglassesj multiplyingglasses, perspectives, ?{t mins homo appareat exercitus, to see afar off, to represent solid bodies, by cylinders and concaves, to walk in the air, nt vorucifer videant (saith Bacon) aurum et arf/entum, et fjuicquid ali?idvo- Su.nt, e/, quum veuiant ad locum visionis, nlliil inneniani , which glasses are much perfected of late by Baptista Porta and Ga- lileus, and much more is promised by Maginus andMidorgius, to be performed in this kinde. Otacousticons some speak of, to intend hearing, as the other dosiglit; Marcellns Vrencken, an Hollander, in his epistle to Burgraviiis, makes mention of a Vide Ciavium, in com. de Saciobosco. f Piitaatias ccclorura sola ppiica dijiK'.ica'. c Cap. 4. et 5. Mem. 4.] Ei:erciMe rectified. 429 a friend of bis that is about an instrument, qiio videhit que^m altero horizonte sint. Bat our alcbymists, me tbinks, and Ro- sie-cross men afford most rarities, and are fuller of experi- ments : tbey can make gold, separate and alter metals, extract oyls, salts, lees, and do more strange works tben Geber, Lul- lins, Bacon, or any of tbose ancients. Crollius bath made, after bis master Paracelsus, cnirumj'ulminans, or aurum vola- tile, wbich shall imitate thunder and lightning, and crack lowder than any gunpowder ; Cornelius Drible a perpetual motion, inextinguible lights, limnnnon ardens, with many such feats : see bis book de naturd elementorum^ besides hail, wind, snow, thunder, lightning, &c.thosestrange fire-works, devilish pettards, and such like warlike machinations derived bence,of which read Tartalea and others. Ernestus Burgravius, a dis- ciple of Paracelsus, bath published a discourse, in which he specifies a lamp to be made of mans blood, hicerna vitce et mortis index, so he terms it, which, chymically prepared 40 dayes, and afterward kept in a glasse, shall shcAV all the acci- dents of this life ; si lampas hie clarus, tunc homo hilaris et sanus corpore et animo ; si nehulosus et depressus, male (vffici- tnr ; et sic pro statu hominis variatur, wide sumptJis sanguis; and, which is most wonderful, it dies with the party; cumho- mine perit, et evanescit ; the lamp, and the man whence the blood was taken, are extinguished together. The same author hath another ti'act of jMunia, (all out as vain and prodigious as the first) by which he will cure most diseases, and transferthem fromamanto a beast, by drawingblood from one, and applying it to the other, vel in plantam deriiare, and an aJexipharmacum (of which Boger Bacon of old.inhis Tract, de retardanda senec- tute) to make a man young again, live three or foure hundred years : besides panaceas, martial amulets, vnc/uentnm armarium, balsouies, strange extracts, elixars, and such likemagico-mag- netical cures. Now whatsopleasingcan there beastbe specu- lation of these things, to read and examine such experiments; or, if a man be more mathematically given, to calculate, or per- use Napiers Logaritbmes, or those tables ofartificiall -^sinesand tangents, not long since set out by mine old collegiate good friend, and late fellow student of Christ-church, in Oxford, ^'M. E(bnund Gunter, which will perform that by addition and subtractiononly,wbichberetoforelvegiomontanus tables did by multiplication and division, or those elaboratecondu.sions of his •^sector, quadrant and crossestaflfe ? Or let him that is melan- choly calculate spherical triangles, square a circle, cast a nati- vity, Avhicbhowsoeversometaxe.T say with "^ Carcseus, duhimns hoc petulantibus inyeniis, we v»'i!l in some cases allow: or let -Printed at Losulon, anno 1620. ^Late astrononiv-reai^er at Gretham colieje. r Printed at Louden by William Jones, 1623. <* FtkhU Mehilosophers stone ; he may apply his mind, I say, to heraldry, antiquity, invent impresses, emblems ; make epithalamiums, epitaphs, elegies, epigrams, palindroma epigrammata, ana- grams, chronograms, acrosticks upon his friends names ; or write a comment on Martianus Capella, Tertullian de pallio^ the Nubian Geography, or upon Mlia Lcelia Crispis^ as many idle fellowes have assayed ; and rather than do nothing, vary a ''verse a thousand waies with Putean, so torturing' his wits, or as Rainnerus of Luneburge, ''2150 times in his Proteus Poeticns, or Scaliger, Chrysolithus, Cleppisius, and others have in like sort done. If such voluntary tasks, pleasure and delight, or crabbednesse of these studies, will not yet divert their idle thoughts, and alienate their imaginations, they nmst be compelled, saith Christophorus a Vega, cogi debent, I. h. e. 14. upon some mulct, if they perform it not, quod ex officio }?icumbat,\ostio( creditor disgrace, such as areourpublick uni- versity exercises. For, as he that playesfor nothing,willnot heed his game ; no more will voluntary imployment so thoroughly affect a student, except he be very intent of himself, and take an extraordinary delight in the study, about which he is con- versant. It should be of that nature his business, which vo- lens nolens he must necessarily undergo, and without great loss, mulct, shame, or hindrance, he may not omit. Now for women, instead of laborious studies, they have cu- rious needle- works, cut works, spinning, bone-lace, and many pretty devises of their own making, to adorn their houses, cushions, carpets, chaires, stools, (for she eats not the bread of idleness, Prov. 31. 27. qu(esivit lanam et linum) confections, conserves, distillations, &c. which they shew to strangers. '■ Ipsa comes proese q\ie operis venientibus ultro Hospitibiis monstrare solet, non segniier horas Contestata suas, sad nee sibi deperiisse. Which to her guests she shews, witli all herpelfe: "Thus far my maids ; but this I did my selfe." This they have to busie themselves about, houshold offices, iScc. ''neatgardens,fullofexotick,versicolour5diversly varied, sweet •' Tot tibi sunt dotes, virgo, quot sidera ccclo. '' D Ut piilchram illam et amabilem sanitatem prii'stemus. 432 Cure of Melmcliohj. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. MEMB. V. Waking and terrible dreams reclijied. A.S waking, that hurts, by all means, must be avoided, so sleep, which so much helps, by like waies, ''must be procured^ by nature or art, inward or outivard medicines, and be protract- ed longer than ordinary, if it may be, as being an especiall help. It moystens and fattens the body, concocts, and helps digestion, as we see in dormice, and those Alpine mice that sleep all winter, (which Gesner speaks of) when they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of winter, as fat as butter. It expels cares, pacifies the minde, refresheth the weary limbs after long work. b Somne, quies rernm, placidissime, Somne, Deorum, Pax animi, quern cura fugit, qui corpora, duris Fessa ministeriis, mulces, reparasque labori. Sleep, rest of things, O pleasing deity. Peace of the soul, which cares doth crucifie, Weary bodies refresh and moUifie. The chiefest thing in all physick '^Paracelsus calls it, omnia arcana gemmarnm superans et metallorum. The fittest time is ^ tico or three hour es after supper , when as the meat is now settled at the bottome of the stomach; and 'tis good to lie on the right side first, because at that site the liver doth rest under the sto- mach, not molesting any u'ay, but heating him, as ajire doth a hettle, that is put to it. After thefrst sleep, 'tis not amiss to lie on the left side, that the meat may the better descend, and some- times again on thebelly,butneveron the back. Seven or eight liours is a competent time for a melancholy man to rest, as Crato thinks; but, as some do, to lie in bed, and not sleep, a day, or half a day together, to give assent to pleasing conceits and vain imaginations, is many wayes pernicious. To procure this sweet moistning sleep, it's best to take away the occasions (if it 1)0 possible) that hinder it, and then to use such inward or outward remedies, which may cause it. Constat hodie (saith Boissardus, in his Tract de magid, cap. 4) multos itafascinarij " Interdicendae vigiliae ; somni paullo iongiores conciliandi. Altomarus, cap. 7. Soramis supra modum prodest, quovis modo conciliandus. Piso. •> Ovid. c Ij, Hippoc. Aphoris. ^i Crato, cons. 21. lib. 2. Duabus aut tribus horis post coenam, quHui jam cibus ad fundura ventricidi resederit, priDium super latere dextro quiescen- diim, quod in tali decnbitii jecur sub ventriculo quiescat, nou gravans, sed cibum falefaciens, pfrinde ac ignis lebetem qui illi admovetnr : post primum somnuffi, quies- cecdum latere sinistro, S:c. Meui. 5.] Wakhiff and Dreams rectified. 433 ut nodes intrrfras exigant msomneSy''stimmd Inquielndine aid' morum et corporiim : many cannot sleep lor witches and fasci- nations, whichare too familiarin some places: (bey call it, dare alicui malam noctevi. But the ordinary causes are heat and dryness, which must first be removed. '^ A hot and dry brain never sleeps well: griefs, feers, cares, expectations, anxieties, great businesses, Qhi aurem utramqiie otiose tit dormias) and all violent perturbations of the mind, must in some sort be qualified, before we can hope for any good repose. He that sleeps in the day time, or is in suspense, fear, any way troubled in minde, or goes to bed upon a full '^ stomach, may never hope for quiet rest in the night. Nee enim meritoria somnos admittunt, as tlie '^poetsaith: innes and such like troublesome places are not for sleep; one calls ostler, another tapster; one cryes and shouts, another sings,whoupes, hollows, eabsentem cantat amicam, Multa prolutus vappa, nauta atque viator. V/ho, not accustomed to such noyses, can sleep among-^t them? llethatM'ill intend to take his rest, mustgoto bed animo sceuro, qnieio, et libero, with a 'secure and composed minde, in a quiet place ; (Omnia noctis erunt placida composta (jT.ictc) and if that will not serve, or may not be obtained, to seek then such means as are requisite : to lye in clean linnen and sweet: before he goes to bed, or in bed, to hear ^siceet musick, (wliicb Ficinus commends, lib. 1 . cap. 24) or (as Jobcrtus, med. pract. lib. 3. cap. 10) ^ to read some pleasant author till he be asleep, to have a bason of water still drojjpinrj by his bed side, or to lie near that pleasant murmure, ' lene sonantis aqua:, some floud-gates, arches, falls of water, like London bridge, or some continuate noise which may bcnum the senses. Lenis motus, silenfium, et tenebrK, turn et ipsa voluntas, sovmosja- eiunt ; as a gentle noyse to some procures sleep, so, which Ber- nardius Tilesius (lib. desomno) well observes, silence, in a darke roome, and the will itself, is most available to others. Piso commends frications, Andrew Borde a good draught of strong drink before one goes to bed ; I si^y, a nutn.eg, and ale, or a good draugl'.t of muscadine, with a tost and a nutmeg, or u posset of the same, which many use in a morning, but, me » Sscpius accidit mplaacholicis, ut. nimium exsiccato cerebro vigiliis, atteniientur. Ficinus, lib. 1. cap. '29. bXer. c Ut sis nocte levi.*. .sit tibi cocoa brevis. '' Jnven. Sat. .3. « Kor Ser. lib. 1 . Sat. i>. f Sejiositis ciiris omnibus, quantum fieri |>otest, una cum vestibiis, £.:c. K;rkst. f Ad buraiu sou!- ni, aures suavibus cantihiis tt .sonis «lelcnirc. '' Lectiojucunda, s>itt sermo, ad qutuj attentior a>iiui'a-s convtrtiiur ; atit aqua ab alto ;a riibjectaic pcMui dckbatur, &c. 'O'.id, 434) Cttre of Melancholy, [Part. 2. Sec. 2. thinks, for such as have dry brains, are much more proper at night. Some prescribe a *sup of vinegar as they go to bed, a spoonefuU, saith Aetius, Te^ra6i6./i6. 3.«er. 2. cap. 10. lib. 6. cap. 10. jEgineta, lib. 3. caj}. 14:. Piso, a little after meat, ^because it rarijies melancholjj, and procures an appetite to sleep. Donat. ab Altomar. cap. 7, and Mercurialis, approve of it, if the malady proceed from the '^spleen. Sallust. Salvian. (lib. 2. cap. 1. de remed.) Hercules de Saxonia, (in Pan.) iElianus Montaltus, (rfe morb. capitis, cap: 28. de Melan.) are altogether against it. Lod.Mercat us (rfe^w^er.mor 6. cau.lib.l, cap. 17) in some cases doth allow it. "^Rhasis seems to de- liberate of it: though Simeon commend it (in sawce perad- venture) he makes a question of it: as for baths, fomentations, oyls, potions, simples or compounds, inwardly taken to this purpose, *1 shall speak of them elsewhere. If in the midst of the night when they lie awake, which is usuall, to toss and tumble, and not sleep, ^Ranzovius would have them, if it bee in warme weather, to rise and walk three or four turnes (till they be cold) about the chamber, and then go to bed again. Against fearfull and troublesome dreams, incubus, and such inconveniences, wherewith melancholy men are molested, the best remedy is to eat a light supper, and of such meats as are easie of digestion, no hare, venison, beef, &c. not to lie on his back, not to meditate or think in the day time of any terrible objects, or especially talke of them before hegoes to bed. For, as he said in Lucian, after such conference, Hecatas somniare mihi videor, 1 can think of nothing but hobgoblins : and, as Tully notes, ^for the most part our speeches in the day time cause our phantasie to icork upon the like in our sleep ; which Ennius writes of Homer: Et canis in somnis leporis vestigia latrat: as a dog dreames of an hare, so do men, on such subjects they thought on last. Somnia, quae mantes ludunt volitantibus umbris, Nee delubra Deiim, nee ab sethere Numina mittunt, Sed sibi quisque facit, &c. For that cause, when '^ Ptolemy king of Egypt had posed the 70 interpreters in order, and asked the nineteenth man, what would make one sleep quietly iu the night, he told him, " Aceti sorbitio. " b Attenuat melancholiam, et ad conciliandiim somnum jtivat. <• Qood lieni acetum conveniat '^ Cont. 1, tract. 9. meditandum de aceto. •• Sect 5. memb. ]. snbsect. 6. ^Lib. de sanit. tnenda. ?In Som. Scip. P'it enim fere lit cogitationes nosfrnr pt sprmones pariant aliquid in sotnno, Cure of Melanchoh}. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. trouble the soul, because tLat othenvise tli^re is bo good to be tloue. * The bodies mischiefes, a« Plato ])VOYes, proceed J'roni the soul : and if' the mind be not Jirst satisjied, the body can never be cured. Alcibiades raves (saith '' Maximus Tyrius), and is sick; his furious desires carry him from Lyceus to the pleading- place, thence to the sea, so into Sicily, thence to La- cedsemon, thence to Persia, thence to Sanios, tht;n again to Athens; Critias tyrannizeth over all the city; Sardanapalus is love-sick; these men are ill-aftected all, and can never be cured, till their minds be otherwise qualified. Crato therefore, in that often cited counsell of his for a noble man his patient, when he had sufficiently informed him in diet, air, exercise, Venus, sleep, concludes with these as matters of greatest mo- ment : (piod reliquum est, animce accidentia corrigantur, from which alone proceeds melancholy ; they are the fountain, the subject, the hinges whereon it turns, and must necessarily be reformed. "^For anger stirs choler, heats the blood and vital spirits : sorrow on the other side refrigerates the body, and ex- tinguisheth natural heat, overihroics appeiite, hinders concoc- tion, dries up the temperature, and perverts the understand- ing: fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart,attenuates the soul: and for these causes all passions and perturbations must, to the uttermost of our power, and most seriously, be re- moved, .^lianus Montaltus attributes so much to them, *■ that he holds the rectification of them alone to be sufficient to the cure of melancholy in most patients. Many are fully cured when they have seen or heard, &c. enjoy their desires, or be secured and satisfied in their minds. Galen, the common masterof themall, from whose fountain they fetch water, brags (lib. 1. de san. tuend.) that he for his part haJh cured divers of this infirmity, .so/^^wi animis adrectuni instituiis,hy rightsettling alone of their minds. Yea, but you will here infer, that this is excellent good in- deed, if it could be done; but how shall it be effected, by whom, what art, what means? hie labor, hoc opus est. 'Tis a natural infirmity, a most powerful adversary : all men are sub- ject to passions, and melancholy above all others, as being- dis- tempered by their innate humors, abundance of choler adust, a Cuncta mala corporis ab animo procedunt, quas nisi cnrentur, corpus curari minime potest. Charmid. ^ Disputat. an inoihi graviores corporia aa aniuii. Renordo interpret. \Jt parum absit a furore, rapitur a Lyceo in coac ionem, a concione ad mare, a viari in Siciliaiii, &c. *^ Ira biiem movet, sanguinena adurit, vitaies spiritus accendit : nioestitia nniversum corpus infri^idat, calorem innatiim exstinguit, appetituin destruit, concoctionem impedit, corpus exsiccat,_ in- tellectum pervertit. Quamobrem hac omnia prorsus vitanda sunt, et pro virili fu- gienda. d De mel. c. 25. Ex illis solum remediuin ; multi ex visis, auditis, &c. sauati aunt. Metu. 6. Subs. 1.] Passions r edified. 4H7 weakness of parts, outward occurrences; and how shall thoy ho avoided ? The wisest men, greatest philosophers, of most ex- cellent wit, reason, judg-ement, divine spirits, cannot moderate themselves in this behalf: such as are sound in body and mind, stoicks, heroes, Homers gods, all are passionate, and furiously carryed sometimes; and how shall we that are already crazed, Jiacti animis, sick in body, sickinmind, resist? we cannot per- form it. You may advise and give good precepts, as who can- not? But, how shall they be put in practice? I may not deny but our passions are violent, and tyrannize over us; yet there be means to curb them; though they be headstrong, they may be tamed, they may be qualified, if he himself or his friends will but use their honest endeavours, or make use of such ordinary helps as are commonly prescribed. He himself (I say); from the patient himself the iii-st and chiefest remedy must be had ; for, if he be averse, peevish, waspish, give way wholly (o his passions, will not seek to be helped, or ruled by his friends, how is it possible he should be cured ? But if he be willing at least, gentle, tractable, and desire his own good, no doubt but he may macpiam morbi deponere partem, be eased at least, if not cured. He himself must do his utmost endeavour to resist and withstand the be- g'innings. Principiis obsta: Give not zratcr passar/e, no not a little^ Eccles. 25. 27. If they open a little, they will make a greater breach at length. Whatsoever it is that runneth i>i his mind, vain conceit, be it pleasing or displeasing, which so much affects or troubleth him, ^ by all possible means he must withstand it, expel those vain, ^false, J'rivolons imaf/ina" tions, absurd conceits. Joined J cars crndsorroices (from which, saith Piso, this disease primarihf proceeds, and takes his first occasion or beginning ) by doing sometlwig or other that shall be opposite unto them, thinking oj' something else, persicading by reason, or howsoever, to make a snddsn alteration oj'thcm. Though he have hitherto run in a full career, and pre- cipitated himself, following* his passions, given reins to his appetite, let him now stop upon a sudden, curb himself in, and, as ''Lemnius adviseth, strive against with all his potver, to the utmost of his endeavour, and not cherish those Jond imaginations, which so covertly creep into his mind, most 3 Pro viribnsannitendnm in prrorlirfis, turn in aliis. a fiiiibiis maliitn, veluta priniariii caussii, occasionein iiactuiaest: imaginutionesahsiiidie fal^a-qiio et nriGe.stitia quaiciinqise snbierif, propulsetur, aut alim! agendo, aut ratione persiimiendo earnin niiitationeni subito facere. ^ Ijib. 2. c. 16. de occult, nat. Qnisqnis Iniic malo obnoxius ■est, acriter obsistat, pt snninia cura obluctetur, nee ullo niodo foveat itna^rinationes tacite obrepentes animo, blandas ab initio et antabiles, sed quae adeo convalescunt, at Bulla ratione excuti o niorte alirujiis, nee pro carcere, nee pro exiiio, nee pro alia re, nee irasearis, nee timeas, nee doleas, sed cum summa praeseniia liase sustineas. f Quod si incomnioda adversitatis infortunia hoc malum invexerint, his infractum animum ojjpona.s : Dei verho ejiisque fidaciiV te- surtnlcias, iki:. Leinnit<.'<, lih. 1. c. IG. Mem. 6. Subs. 1.] Pasdo/ts recfi/icd. 439 prosperity against adversity : as we refresh our eyes by seeino- some pleasant meadow, fountain, picture, or the lilce, recreate thy mind by some contrary object, with some more pleasing- meditation divert thy thoughts. Yea, but you infer again, facile consilium damns aliis, we can easily give counsel to others ; every nmn, as the saying- is^ can tame a shrew, but he that hath her : si hie esses, aliter sentires: if you were in our misery, you would find it other- wise ; 'tis not easily performed. We know this to be true ; we should moderate our selves ; but we are furiously carry ed ; we cannot make use of such precepts ; we are overcome, sick, male sani, distempered, and habituated in these courses; we can make no resistance ; you may as well bid him that is dis- eased, not to feel pain, as a melancholy man not to fear, not to be sad : 'tis Avithin his blood, his brains, his whole temperature : it cannot be removed. But he may chuse whether he will give way too far unto it ; he may in some sort correct himseli'. Aphilosopherwas bitten with a mad dog; and, as the nature of that disease is to abhor all waters, and liquid things, and to think still they see the picture of a dog before them, he went, for all this, reluct ante se, to the bath, and seeing- there (as he thought) in the water the picture of a dog, with reason over- came this conceit : quid cani cum halneo ? what should a dog- do in abath? a meer conceit. Thou thinkest thou hearestand seest devds, black men, &c. 'tis not so; 'tis thy corrupt phan- tasie ; settle thine imagination ; thou art well. Thou thinkest thou hast a great nose, thou art sick, every man observes thee, laughs thee to scorn: perswade thy self 'tis no such matter: this is fear only, and vain suspicion. Thou art discontent, thou artsad and heavy, but M'hy? upon what ground.? consider of it: thou art jealous, timorous, supicious; for whatcause.? examine it thoroughly ; thou shalt find none at all, or such as is to be contemned, such as thou wilt surely deride, and contemn in thyself, when it is past. Rule thy self then with reason; satisfie thy self; accustom thy self; wean thy self from such fond conceits, vain fears,strongimaginations, restless thoughts. Thou may est do it : est in nobis assuescere (as Plutarch saith) : we may frame our selves as we will. As he that useth an up- right shooe,may correct the obliquity or crookedness by wearing- it on the other side; we may overcome passions if we will. Quicquid sibi imperavit animus, obtinuit (as "Seneca saith) : mdli tarn feri affectus, ut non disciplind perdomentur : what- soever the will desires, shemay command : no such cruel affec- tions, but by discipline they may be tamed. Voluntarily thou »Lib. 2. cle ira. VOL. I. 440 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. wilt not do this or that, whicli thou oiio^htest to do, or refrain, &c. but when thou art lashed like a dull jade, thou wilt re- form it ; fear of a whip will make thee do, or not do. Do that voluntarily then which thou canst do, and must do by com- pulsion : thou maist refrain if thou wilt, and master thine affections. ""As, in a city, (saith Melancthon) they do by stub" bor?i rebellious rogues, that icill not submit themselves to politi- cal judgment, compel them by force ; so must we do by our ajfections. If the heart will not lay aside those vicious motions, and the phantasie those fond imaginations, we have another formof government toenforceandrefrainour outivard members, that they be not led by our jtassions. If appetite will not obey, let the movini>- faculty over-rule her ; let her resist and compel her to do otherwise. In an ag-ue, the appetite would drink; sore eyes that itch, would be rubbed ; but reasonsaith no ; and therefore the moving faculty will not do it. Our phan- tasie would intrude a thousand fears, suspicions, chimeras upon us ; but we have reason to resist ; yet we let it be over- borne by our appetite. ^ Imagination enforceth spirits, which by an admirable league of nature compel the nerves to obey, and they are several limbs: we give too much way to our pas- sions. And as, to him that is sick of an ague, all things are distastful and unpleasant, noti ex cibi vitio, saith Plutarch, not in the meat, but in our taste : so many things are offensive to us, not of themselves, but out of our corrupt judgement, jealousie, suspicion, and the like ; we pull these mischiefs upon our own heads. If then onr judgement be so depraved, our reason over-ruled, will precipitated, that we cannot seek our own good, or moderate ourselves, as in this disease commonly it is, the best way for ease is to impart our misery to some friend, not to smother it up in our ov,n breast; alitur vitium, crescitque, tegendo, Sfc. and that which was most offensive to us, a cause of fear and grief, quod nunc te coquit, another hell ; for <: Strangulat inclusus dolor, atque exeesluat intus, grief concealed strangles the soul ; but when as we shall but impart it to some discreet, trusty, loving friend, it is ''instantly removed by his counsel happily, wisdome, perswasion, advice, a Cap 3. de affect, aniin- Ut in civitatibns conturaaces, qui non cedmit politico iin- perio. vi coerceiidi sunt; ita Deus uobis iadidit alteram ioiperii form am ; si cor non de- ponit vitiosum affectum, membra foras coercenda sunt, ne ruant in quod afiectus im- pellat : et locomotiva, quae herili imperio obtemperat, aiteri resistat. ^ Imaginatio impellit spiritus, et inde nervi moventur, &c. et obtemperant imaginationi et appetitui niirabili fcedere, ad exsequendum quod jubent. <= Ovid. Trist. lib. 5. d Par- ticipes inde calamitatis nostraj sunt; et, velut exonerata ineos sarcina, onere levamur. Arist. Eth. lib. 9. Mem. 6. Subs, l.j Passions rectified. 441 his good means, which wccouhl not otherwise apjjiy unto our selves, A friends counsel is a charm; like mandrake Mine, cnras sopit : and as a ^buU that is tyed to a fig-tree, becomes gentle on a sudden (which some, saith ''Plutarch, interpret of good words), so is a savage, obdurate heart mollified by faire speeches. ^11 adversity finds ease in complaininrf (as *= Isidore holds) ; and ^tis a solace to relate it : friends confabulations are comfortable at all times, as fire in winter, shade in summer; fpiale sopor J'cssis in (jra7nine, meat and drink to him that is hungry or athirst. Democritus coliy- rium is not so soveraign to the eyes, as iJiis is to the heart ; good words are cheerful and powerful of themselves, butmuch more from friends, or as many props, mutually sustaining each other, like ivie and a wal, which '^Camerarius hath well illus- trated in an embleme. Lenit animnm simplex vel scepe nar- ratio, the simple narration many times easeth our distressed mind ; and in the midst of greatest extremities, so divers have been relieved, by ^exonerating themselves to a faithful friend; he sees that which we cannot see for passion and discontent : he pacifies our minds; he will ease our pain, asswage our anger. Quanta inde voluptas ! quanta securitas ! Chrysostomeaddes: what pleasure ! what security by that means ! s Nothing so available, or that so much rejresheth the soul of' man. Tully, as I remember, in an epistle to his dear friend Atticus, much condoles the defect of such a friend. ^ I live here (saith he) in a great 'citie, where I have a multitude of acquaintance, hut not a man of all that companie, with whom I dare familiar I if breath, or freely jest. Wherefore I expect thee, 1 desire thee, I send for thee; for there be many things which trouble and molest me ^ which, had I but thee in presence, I could quid, ly disburden myself of in a ivalking discourse. The like perad- venture may he and he say with that old man in the comedy. Nemo est meorum amicorum hodie, Apud quem expromere occulta mea audeam : and much inconvenience may both he and hesufi'er in the mean time by it. He or he, or whosoever then labours of this ma- lady, by all means let him get some trusty friend, 'Semper habens Pyladen que aliquem, cui curet Oresten, a Camerarius, Embl. 26. Cen. 2. bSympos. lib. 6. cap. 10. ^ Epist. 8. lib. ."?. Adversa fortunahabet in querelis levamentum ; et malornm relatio, &c. d Alloquiiim cari jnvat, et solamen, araici. « Emblem. 54. cent. 1. f As David did to Jonathan, 1 Sam. 20. g Seneca, Epist. 67. hHic in civitate magna et turba magna neminem reperire possumus, quocmn snspirare familiariter, ant jocari libere, possimus. Quare te exspectamus, te desidetamns, te arcessimiis, Miilta sunt enim, quae me solicitant et angunt^ quae mihi videor, aures tuas nactus, unius ambuh- tion'js sermone exhaurire posse. ' Ovid. o o2 442 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec, 2. a Pylades, to whom freely and securely he may open himself. For, as in all other occurrences, so it is in this — si quis in caelum ascendisset, S^c. as he said in ^Tully, if a man had gone to heaven, seeti the beauty of the skies, stars errant, fixed, &c. in- suavis erit at/mira^io, it will do him no pleasure,excepthehave some body to impart what he hath seen. It is the best thing- in the world, as ''Seneca therefore adviseth in such a case, to get a trusty friend, to whom we may freely and sincerely pour out our secrets. Nothing so delighteth and easeth the minde, as when ive have a prepared bosome, to which our secrets may descend, of whose conscience ice are assured as our own, whose speech may ease our succourless estate, counsell relieve, mirth expell our mourning, and ivhose very sight may be acceptable unto us. It was the counsell which that politick '^Commineus gave to all princes, and others distressed in mind, by occasion of Charles, duke of Burgundy, that was much perplexed, ^rsf to pray to God, and lay himself open to him, and then to some speciallfriend, ivhom we hold most dear, to tell all our grievances to him. Nothing so forcible to strengthen, recreate, and heal the wounded soul of a miserable man. SUBSECT. II. Help from Friends by Counsell, Comfort, fair and foul Means, witty Devices, Satisfaction, Alteration of his Course of Life, removing Objects, ^c. ? T HEN the patient of himself is not able to resist or over- come these heart-eating passions, his friends or physician must be ready to supply that which is wanting. Suceerithu- manitatis et sapientice, (which '' Tully injoyneth in like case) siquid erratum, curare, aut improvisum, sua diligentid corri- geie. They must alijoyn; nee satis medico, saith ^^ Hippo- crates, suumfecisse officium, nisi suum quoque cegrotus, suum astantes, 6fc. First they must especially beware, a melancholy discontented person (be it in what kinde of melancholy soever) never be left alone or idle : but, as physicians prescribe physick, cum cusiodid, let them not be left unto themselves but with some company or other, lestby that means they aggral ^ De amicitia. b De tranquil, c. 7. Optimum est amicnm fidelem nancisci, in quem secreta nostra infundamus. Niliil aeque oblectat aninium, quam ubi sint prae- parata pectora, in quas tuto secreta descendant, quorum conscientia a-qiie ac tua ; quo- rum serrao solitudinem leniat, sententia consilium expediat, hilaritas tristitiam dissipet, conspectusque ipse delectet cComment. 1.7. AdDeumconfugiamus, et peccatis veniam preceranr, inde ad amicos, et cui plurimumtribuimus, nos patefaciamus totos, et animi vulnus quo affligimur : nihil ad reficiendum animum efficacius. i Ep. ad Q- frat. e Aphor. prim. Mem. (J. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified, 443 vate aud increase their disease. Non oportet cegros hujusmodi esse solos, vel inter ignotos, vel inter eos quos non amant aut negligunt, as Rod. a Fonseca, (Tom. 1. consul. 35) prescribes. Lngentes custodire solemns, (saith ^ Seneca) ne soUtudine male utantnr ; we watch a sorrowful! person, lest he abuse his solitariness : and so should we do a melancholy man ; set him about some business, exercise, or recreation, which may divert his thoughts, and still keep him otherwise intent; for his phantasie is so restless, operative and quick, that, if it be not in perpetuall action, ever employed, it will work upon • it self, melancholize, and be carried away instantly with some fear, jealousie, discontent, suspicion, some vain conceit or other. If his weakness be such, that he cannot discern what is amiss, correct or satisfie, it behoves them, by counsel, com- fort, or perswasion, by fair or foul means, to alienate his mind by some artificial invention or some contrary perswasion, to remove all objects, causes, companies, occasions, as may any wayes molest him, to humour him, please him, divert him, and, if it be possible, by alterino- his course of life, to give him security and satisfaction. If he conceal his griev- ances, and will not be known of them, ^they must observe, bg his looks, gestures, motions, phantasie, ichat it is that offetidsy and then to apply remedies unto him. Many are instantly cured when their minds are satisfied. "^ Alexander makes mention of a woman, that, by reason of her husbands long absence in travel, was exceeding peevish and melancholy ; buty ichen she heard her husband teas returned, beyond all expec- tation, at thejirst sight of him, she was freed from all fear, without help of any other physick restored to her former health. Trincavelius (consil. 12. lib. 1) hath such a story of a Venetian, that, being much troubled with melancholy, ^and ready to dye for grief when he heard his wife was brought to bed of a son, instantly recovered. As Alexander concludes, "if our imaginations be not inveterate, by this art they may be cured, especially if they proceed from such a cause. No better Avay to satisfy, than to remove the object, cause, occa- sion, if by any art or means possible we may find it out. If he grieve, stand in fear, be in suspicion, suspence, or any way molested, secure him; solvit ur malum: give him satisfaction; the cure is ended : alter his course of life, there needs »Epist. 10. ^ Observando niofns, gestus, manus, pedes, octilos, plianta- s'lam. Piso. fMiilier, melaucholia correpta ex longa viri perejjrinatione, et jracunde omnibus respondeus, quum maritns domum reversus prseter spem, &c. "* Prae dolore moritiinis, quntn nuntiatuirj esset iixorem peperisse filiiim, subito recii- peravit. « Nisi aflfectus loDgo tempore infestaverit, tali artificio inia'^inationes rnrare portet, prsesertim ubi malum ab his, vclut a primaria taussa, occasiuoeni ha- buerit. iU Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. no other pliysick. If the party be sad, or otherwise affected, consider (saitli Trallianus) ^the manner of'it, allcirciunstances, and forthwith make a sudd.en alteration, by removing the occasions; avoid all terrible objects, heard or seen, ^rnon- atrous and prodigious aspects, tales of devils, spirits, ghosts, Iragicall stories: to such as are in fear, they strike a great im- pression, renew many times, and recal such chimeras and ter- rible fictions into their minds. "^ Make not so much as men- tion of them in private talk, or a dumb sheiv tending to that purpose : such things (saith Galateus) wre offensive to their imaginations. And to those that are now in sorrow, ** Seneca forbids all sad companions, and such as lament : a groayiing companion is an enemy to quietness. ^ Or if there he any such party, at whose present the patient is not well pleased, he must be removed: gentle speeches and fair means must /irst be tryed; no harsh language used, or uncomfortable words ; not expel, as some do, one madness with another ; he that so doth is madder than the patient himself; all things must be quietly composed ; eversa non evertenda, sed erigenda, things down must not be dejected, but reared, as Crato counselleth: ^ he must be quietly and gently used; and we should not do any thing- against his mind, but by little and little effect it. As an horse that starts at a drum or trumpet, and will not endure the shooting of a piece, may be so manned by art, and ani- mated, that he can not only endure, but is much more ge- nerous at the hearing of such things, much more couragious than before, and much delighteth in it ; they must not be re- formed ex abrupto, but, by all art and insinuation, made to such companies, aspects, objects, they could not formerly away with. Many at hrst cannot endure the sight of a green wound, a sick man, which afterward become good chyrurgi- ans, bold empericks. A horse starts at a rotten post afar off, M hich, coming near, he quietly passeth. 'Tis much in the manner of making such kind of persons: be they never so averse from company, bashful, solitary, timorous, they may be made at last, M'ith those Roman matrons, to desire nothing more than, in a publike shew, to see a full company of gladi- ators breath out their last. = Lib. 1. cap. 16. Si ex tristitia aut alio affectu coeperit; speciera considera aut aliud quid eoniiu, quae siibitam alterationem facere possunt. bEvitandi monstrifici aspectus, &c. cNeque enim tarn actio aut recordatio rerum hujnsmodi displicet, sed iis vel gestus alterius imaginationi adiimbrare, vehementer molestuni. Galat. de mor. cap. 7. d Tranquil. Praecipue vitentur tristes, et omnia deplo- rantes: tranquillitatiinimicus est comes perturbatus, omnia gemens. •'lilorum quoque hominum, aquorum consortio abhorrent, prsesenfia amovenda, nee sermonibiis ingratis obtunde"di. Si quis insaniam ab insauia sic curari sestimat, et proterve utitur, magis quam pcger insanit. Crato, consil. 184. ScoHzii. '^MoJliterac suavitcr aeger tractetuVj nee ad ea itdigatur qua; nou curat. Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 445 If they may not otherwise be accustomed to brook such dis- tastful and displeasing objects, the best way then is generally to avoid them. Montanus, cotisil 229, to the earl of Montfort a courtier, and his melancholy patient, ad viseth him to leave the court, by reason of those continual discontents, crosses, abuses, "cares, s?ispicions,emulations, ambition, anger, jealousie,2vhich that place aforded, and ichich surely caused him to be so me- lancholy at thejirst : Maxima quseque domus servis est plena superbis : a company of scoffers and proud Jacks, are commonly conver- sant and attendant in such places, and able to make any man that is of a soft quiet disposition (as many times they do), ex stnlto insanum, if once they humor him, a very idiot, or Starke mad : a thing too much practised in all common so- cieties ; and they have no better sport than to make them- selves merry by abusing some silly fellow, or take advantage of another mans weaknes. In such cases, as in a plague, the best remedy is cito, longe, tarde, (for to such a party, especially if he be apprehensive.there cau be no greater misery) to gethmi quickly gone far enough off, and not to be over-hasty in his return. If he be so stupid, that he do not apprehend it, his friends should lake some order, and by their discretion supply that which is wanting in him, as in all other cases they ought to do. If they see a man melancholy given, solitary, averse from company, please himself with such private and vain me- ditations, though he delight in it, they ought by all means to seek to divert him, to dehort him, to tell him of the event and danger that may come of it. If they see a man idle, that, by reason of his means otherwise, will betake himself to no course of life, they ought seriously to admonish him, he makes a noose to intangle himself, his want of imployment will be his undoing. If he have sustained any great losse, suffered a re- pulse, disgrace, &c. if it be possible, relieve him. If he desire ought, let^him be satisfied : if in suspence, fear, suspicion, let^him be secured : and if it may conveniently be, give him his hearts content ; for the body cannot be cured till the mind be satisfied. ^ Socrates, in Plato, would prescribe no physick for Charmides head-ach, till frst he hud eased his troublesome mind; body and soul viust be cured toyether, as head and eyes. c Oculum non curabis sine toto capite, Nee caput sine toto corpora. Nee toium corpus sine aninr^a. a Ob snspiciones, curas, fEmuhtionem, ambitionetn, iras, &c. qtias locus ille minis, trat, et quae fecissent raelancholicum. " Nisi pnus aminum ttirbafassimmn curaaset ; nee oculi sine capite, nee corpus i-ine aninia cuiari polp-.t. U Graeco. 446 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. If that may not he hoped or expected, yet ease him with com- fort, cheaiful speeches,fair promises, and good words ;perswade him ; advise him. Many, saith *Galen, have been cured by good counsel and persivasion alone. Heaviness of the heart of man doth bring it down ; but a good word rejoiceth it (Prov. 12. 25) ; a7id there is he that speaketh words like the pricking of a sword; but the tongue oj'a wise man is health (ver. 18) : oratio namque saucii animi est remedium ; a gentle speech is the true erne of a wounded soul, as bPIutarch contends out of iEschylus and Euripides : if it be wisely administred, it easeth grief and pain, as divert remedies do many other diseases ; 'tis incantationis instar, a charm, ccstuantis animi re~ Jrigerinm, that true nepenthes of Homer, which was no Indian plant or fained medicine, which Epidamna, Thonis wife, sent Helena for a token, as Macrobius, 7. Saturnal. Goropius, Hermet. lib. 9. Greg. Nanzianzen, and others, suppose but op- portunity ofspeech: for Helenas boule, Medeas unction, Venus girdle, Circes cup, cannot so inchant, so forcibly move or alter, as it doth. A letter sent or read w ill do as much ; mnl- turn allevor, quuvi tuas literas lego; lam much eased, as ^Tully Avrit to Pomponius Atticus, when I read thy letters ; and as Julianus the Apostate once signified to Maximus the philo- sopher — As Alexander slept with Homers works, so do I with thine epistles, tanquam Pceo7iiis medicamentis, easque assidue tanqnam recentes et novas iteramus : scribe ergo, et assidue scribe; or else come thy self: amicus ad aniicum venies. Assuredly a wise antl well spoken man may do what he will in such a case: a good orator alone, as '^Tully holds, can alter affections by power of his eloquence, comfort such as are af- flicted, erect such as are depressed, expel and mitigate fear, lust, anger, &;c. and how powerful is the charm of a discreet and dear friend! lUe regit dictis animos, et temperat iras. WJiat may not he effect? as "^Chremes told Menedemus, Fear not ; conceal it not, O friend: but tell me tchat it is that troubles thee ; and I shall surely help thee by con fort, counsel^ or in the matter it self ^Arnoldus (lih. 1. breviar. cap. 18) speaks of an usurer in his time, that, upon a loss much me- lancholy and discontent, was so cured. As imagination, fear, grief, cause such passions, so conceits alone, rectified by a Et no8 nonpaucos sanavimus, animi motibus ad debitnm revocatis. Jib. 1. de sanif. tnend. b Consol. ad ApoUonium. Si quis sapienter et suo tempore adhibeat, remetlia morbis diversis diversa snnt : dolentem sermo benignns sublevat. '' Lib. 12. Epist. "^ De nat. Deoriim. Consol atur aiflictos; dediicit perterritos a timore ; cupiHtates imprimis, et iracundias, comprimit. «Heautou. Act, 1. Seen. 1. Ne uietue ; ne verere ; crede, int]itam, niihi : aut consolando, aut oonsilioj aut re, juvero. 'Novi foeneratorem avarura apnd mtos sic curiitum, qui multatu pecuaiam araiserat. '' Mem. 6. Subs. 2.] Mind rectified. 447 ^ood hope, counsel, &c. are able again to help : and 'tis in- credible how much they can do in such a case, as ='Trinca- velius illustrates by an example of a patient of his. Porphy- rins the philosopher (in Plotinus life, nritten by him) relates, that, being in a discontented humor through unsufferable anguish of mind, he was going to make away himself: but, meeting by chance his master Plotinus, who perceiving by his distracted looks all was not well, urged him to confess hi's grief; which whan he had heard, he used such comfortable speeches, that he redeemed him e faucibus Erehi, pacified his unquiet mind, insomuch that he was easily reconciled to him- self, and much abashed to think afterwards that he should ever entertain so vile a motion. By all means, therefore, fair pro- mises, good words, gentle perswasions, are to be used, not to be too rigorous at first, ""or to insult over them, not to deride, neglect, or contemn, hut rather, as Lemnius exorteth, to pity, and by all plausible means to seek to reduce them : but if satis- faction may not be had, mild courses, promises, comfortable speeches, and good counsel will not take place; then, as Chris- topherus a Vega determines, lib. 3. cap. 14. de Mel. to handle them more roughly, to threaten and chide, saith ^Altomarus, terrific sometimes, or, as Salvianus will have them, to be lashed and whipped, as we do by a starting horse, "^that is affrio-bted without a cause, or, as ^Rhasis adviseth, one ichile to%peak fair and flatter, another while to terrific and chide, as they shall see cause. When none of these precedent remedies will avail, it will not be amiss, which Savanarola and JEVmn Montaltus so much commend, clavum clavo pellere, ^ to drive out one pas- sion with another, or by some contrary passion, as they do bleeding at nose by letting blood in the arm, to expel one fear with another, one grief with another, e Christopherus a Vega accounts it rational physick, non alienum a ratione: and Lemnius much approves it, to use an hard ivedye to an hard knot, to drive out one disease with another, to pull out a tooth, or wound him, to geld him, ''saith Platerus, as they did epileptical patients of old, because it quite alters the tem- perature, that the pain of the one may mitigate the grief of aLib. 1. consil. 12. Incredibile dictn quantum juvent. ''Nemo istiusmodi conditionis hominibus insnltet, aut in illos sit severior ; venim mispriae potius indo- lescat, vicemque deploret. lib 2. cap. 16. fCap. 7. Idem Piso Lanrentius, cap. 8. <' Quod timet nihil est, nbi cogitur et videt, "Una vice blandiantur, una vice iisdeni lerrorem incutiant. ''Si vero fnerit ex novo roalo andito, vel ex animi accideute, aut de aniissione mercium, aut morte amici, introducau- tur nova contraria bis, qu?" ipsum ad gaudia moveant ; de Loc srmper niti debrniiis, &c. !-■ Lib. 3. cap. 14. •' Cap. 3 Casliatio oliui a veteribos usa im morbis. desperatis, &c. 418 Cure of MelancTioly, [Part. 2. Sec. 2 the other; ^and Iknew one that was so curedqfa quartan ague, by the sudden coming of his enemies upon him. If we may be- lie ve '^ Pliny, w])ora Scaliger cals me«rfacior? Lib. 7. cap. 50. In acie pugnans febre quartana liberatiis est. ^ Jacchinus, c. 15, in 9 Rhasis. Mont. cap. 26. d Lib. cap. 16. Aversantur eos qui eorum afl'ectus rident, contemnant. Si ranas et viperas comedisse se putant, concedere debeuius, et spem de cura facere. eCap. 8. de mel. f Cistam posuit ex medicorum consilio prope eum, in quem allum se mortuum fingen- tern posuit ; hie in cista jacens, 8cc. s SerreS; 1550. Moiii. 6. Subs. 3.] Perturbation rectified. 44D of Paris before ineutioiied, who hcleeved verily lie was dead, &c. I readamidtikule of examples, of melancholy men cured by such artificial inventions. SUBSECT. HI. Mustek a remedy. ItjLANY and sundiy are tlie means which [)hilosonhers and physicians have prescribed to exhilarate a sorrowful heart, to divert those fixed and intent cares and meditations, which in this malady so nmch offend; but, in my judgement, none so present, none so powerfull, none so apposite, as a cup of strong- drink, mirth, musick, and merry company. Ecclus. 40. 20. Wine and musick rejoyce the heart, "Rhasis cont. 9. Tract. 15), Altomarus {cap. 7), iElianus Montaltus (c. 26), Ficinus, Bened. Victor. Faventinus, are almost immoderate in the commendation of it; a most forcible medicine ^ Jacchinus calls it: Jason Pratensis, a most admirable thiny, and worthy of consideration, that can so mo/life the mind, and stay those tempestjwus affections of it. Musica est mentis medi- cijia moestce, a roaring-meg^ against melancholy, to rear and revive the languishing soul ; '^ affecting not onely the ears but the very arteries, the vital and animal spirits, it erects the minde and makes it nimble. Lemnius, instit. cap. 24. This it will effect in the most dull, severe, and sorrowful souls, *" expell grief e loith mirth ; and, if there bee any cloudes, dust, or dregges of cares yet lurking in our thoughts, most potver- fully it wipes them all away, (Salisbur. polit. lib. 1 . cap. 6) ; and that which is more, it will perform all this in an instant — ^ chear up the countenance, expell austerity, bring in hilarity (Girald. Camb. cap. 12. Topogr. Hiber.) informe our manners, -mitigate anger. Athenasurs {Dipnosophist . lib. 14. cap. 10) calleth it an infinite treasure to such as are endowed with it. Dulcisonum reficit tristia corda melos. (Eobanus Kessus) Many other ])roperties "^ Cassiodorus {cpist. 4) reckons up of this our divine musick, not only to expel the greatest grieff-, but it doth extenuate fears and furies, appeaseth cruelty, a In 9 Rhasis. Mai;nam vim habet musica. ^ Cap. de Mania. Admiranda pro- fecto res est, et digna expensione, quod sonorum concinnitas mentem emolliat, sistatque procellosas ipsius affectiones. <=Langiiens animus inde erigitur et reviviscit ; nee tam anres afficit, sed et sonitu per arterias undique diti'uso, spiritus turn vifales turn animates excitat, mentem reddens agilem, &r,. "i iMnsica venustate sua mentes severiores capit, &c. f Animos tristes subito exhilarat, nubilos vultiis serenat, austerltatem reponit, jiicunditatemexpunitj barbariemque facit depon^regpntes, mores instituit, iracundiam initigat. 'Cilhara tristiham juciiudaf,, tuuiidos furores cttteu'iat, cruentaiii MC\itium blande reticit^ languorem, Sec. 450 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. abateth heaviness ; and, to such as are watchfully it causetk quiet rest ; it takes away spleen and hatred, bee it instru- mental, vocall, with strings, winde, ^qucB a spiritu, sine ma- iiuum dexteritate, gubernetur, Sfc. it cures all irksomeness and heaviness of the soul. ^ Labouring men, that sing to their M^ork, can tell as much; and so can soiildiers when they go to fight, whom terror of death cannot so much affright, as the sound of trumpet, drum, fife, and such like musick, animates; metus enim mortis, as ^Censorinus enformeth us, musicd depel- litur. It makes a childe quiet, the nurses song; and many times the sound of a trumpet on a sudden, bells ringing, a carrmans whistle, a boy singing some ballad tune early in the street, alters, revives, recreates a restless patient that cannot sleep in the night, &c. In a word, it is so powerful a thing that it raviseth the soul, regina sensuum, the queen of the senses, by sweet pleasure (which is an happy cure) ; andcorpo- rall tunes pacific our incorporeall soul : sine ore loquens, domi- natum in animam exercet, and carries it beyond it self, helps, elevates, extends it. Scaliger (exercit. 302) gives a reason of these effects, <> because the spirits about the heart take in that trembling and dancing air into the body, are moved together, and stirredup with it, or else the minde, as some suppose,har- monically composed, is roused up at the tunes of musick. And 'tis not onely men that are so affected, but almost all other creatures. You know the tale of Hercules, Gallus, Orpheus, and Amphion, (felices animasOv'\A cals them) that could saxa movere sono testudinis, &c. make stocks and stones, as well as beasts, and other animals, dance after their pipes : the dog and hare, wolf and lamb, (Vicinumque lupo preebuit agna latus) clamosus graculus, stridula comix, et Jovis aquila, as Philo- stratus describes it in his images, stood all gaping upon Or- pheus; and * trees, pulled up by the roots, came to hear him; Et comitem quercum pinus arnica trahit. Arion made fish follow him, which, as common experience evinceth, ^are much affected with musick. All singing birds are much pleased with it, especially nightingales, if we may beleeve Calcagninus; and bees among the rest, though they be flying away, when they hear any tingling sound, will tarry be- hinde. ^ Harts, hindes, horses, dogs, bears, are exceedingly a Pet. Aretine. ^ Castilio, de aulic. lib. I. fol. 27.' « Lib. de Natali, cap. 12. dQuocl spiritus, qui in corde agitant, tremulnm et subsaltantem recipiunt aerem in pectus, et incle excitantur, a spiritu muscnli moventur, &c. * Arbores radicibus arulsae, &c. f M. Carew of Anthony, in descript. Cornwal, saith of ■whales, that they will come and shew themselves dancing; at the sound of a trumpet, fol. 35. 1. et fol. 1.54. 2. book. eDe cervo, eqao, cane, arso, idem com- pertnm ; musica afficiuntnr. Mem. 6. Subs. S.] Perturhation rectified. 451 delighted with it, Seal. exerc-SO^. Elephants, Agrippa addes, lib. 2. cap. 24. and in Lydia in the midst of a lake there be certain floating- ilands, (if ye will beleeve it) that, after musick, will dance. But to leave all declamatory speeches in praise ^of divine musick, I will confine my self to my proper subject : besides that excellent power it hath to expell many other diseases, it is asoveraigne remedy against ''despair and melancholy, and will drive away the devil himself. Canus, aRhodian fidler in "^Phi- lostratus, when Apollonius was inquisitive to know what he could do with his pipe, told him, that he would make a me- lancholy man merry, and him that was merry much merrier than before, a lover more inamonred, a religious man more de- vout^ Ismeuias the Theban, ^ Chiron the Centaure, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by musick alcn? : as now they do those, saith '^Bodine, that are troubled with S. Vitus Bedlam dance. 'Timotheus the musician compelled Alexander to skip up and down, and leave his dinner (like the tale of the frier and the boy); whom Austin {de civ. Dei, lib. 17. cap. 14.) so much commends for it. Who bath not heard how Davids harmony drove away the evill spirits from king Saul? (I Sam. 16)andElisha,when he was much troubled by importunate kings, called for a minstrel ; and^ ichen he played, the hand oftheLordcame upon him (2 Kings, 3). Cen- sorinus {denatali, cap. 12) reports how Asclepiades the physi- cian helped many frantike persons by this means, phreneticorum mentes morho turbatas. — Jason Pratensis {cap. de Mania) hath many examples, how Clinias and Empedocles cured some desperately melancholy, and some mad, by this our musick; which because it hath such excellent vertues, belike, § Homer brings in Phemius playing, and the Muses singing at the ban- quet of the gods. Aristotle, Polit. I. 8. c. 5, Plato 2, de legibus, highly approve it, and so do all politicans. The Greekes, Romanes, have graced musick, and made it one of the liberal! sciences, though it be now become mercenary. All civill com- monwealths allow it: Cneius 3Ianlius (as '^Livius relates) A° ab urb. cond. 567, brought first out of Asia to Rome singing wenches, players, jesters, and all kindeof musick to thejrfeasts. a Niimen inest numeris. •> Saepe graves morbos modalatam carmen abegit, Et dcsperatis conciliavit opem. "Lib. 5. cap. 7. Mcereutibus incerorem adiuiain, la;tantera veroseipsoreddam hilariorera, ainantem calidiorem, religiosiimdivinonumiue correptara, at ad Deos colendos paratiorern. "i Natalis Comes, Myth. lib. 4. cap. 12. e Lib. 5. de rep. Curat wusica fnrorem Sancti V'iti. f Eisilire e couvivio. Cardan, subtil, lib. 13. ? Iliad 1. *> Libro9. cap. 1. Psaltrias, sambucistriasqae, et convivialia Iiidorum oblectamenta addita epulis, es Asia invexit io urbera. 452 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2, Your princes, empprour^:, and persons of any quality, main- tain it in their courts: no mirth without musick. S' Thomas Moore in his absolute Utopian common-wealth, allowes musick as an appendix to every meal, and that throughout, to all sorts. Epictetus c?\?,metisani mutam prcesepe^ a table without musick a manger ; for the concent of musicians at a banquet is a carbuncle set in gold; and as the signet of an emerald well trimmed with gold, so is the melody of musick in a pleasant banquet. Ecclus. 32, v. 5. 6. ^ Lewes the eleventh, when he invited Edward the fourth to come to Paris, told him, that, as a principal! partof his entertainment, he should hear sweet voices of children, Tonicke and Lydian tunes, exquisite musick, he should have a ., and the Cardinal! of Burbon to be his confessor; which he used as a most plausible argument, as to a sensuall man indeed it is. ^Lucian, in his book de saltatioue is not ashamed to confess that he took infinite delight in sing- ing, dancing-, musick, womens company, and such like plea- sures; and if thou (saith he) (/«V/a/ but hear them play and dance, I know thouwouldst be so well pleased toith tlie object^ that thou wouldst dance for company thyself: without doubt thou wilt bee taken ivith it : So Scaliger ingenuously con- fessetb, exercit. 274. ^I am beyond all measure affected with musick ; I do most willingly behold them dance ; I am mightily detained and allured with that grace and comeliness of fair tcomen ; I am well pleased to bee idle amongst them. And what young man is not ? As it is acceptable and conducing to most, so especially to a melancholy man ; provided alwaies, his disease proceed not originally from it, that he bee not some light inamorato, some idle phantastick, who capers in conceit all the day long, and thinks of nothing else, but how to make jigs, sonnets, madrigals, in commendation of his mistress. In such cases, musick is most pernicious, as a spur to a free horse will make him run himself blinde, or break his wind ; incitamentum enim amoris musica ; for musick enchants, as Menander holds; it will make such melancholy persons mad; and the sound of those jigs and horn-pipes will not bee removed out of the ears a week after. ^ Plato, for this rea- son, forbids musick and wine to all young men, because they are most part amorous, ne ignis addatur igni, lest one fire increase another. Many men are melancholy by hearing- musick; but it is a pleasing melancholy that it cauSeth ; and « Comraineas. bista libenler et magna rum volnptafe spectare soleo. Et scio te illecebris Iiisce capti-msiri, et insuper tripiidiaturum : haudjdubie demnlcebere. c In musicis snpra omnem fidem capior et oblector; choreas libentissime aspicio ; pul- chrarum ieininarum venustate detineor: otiari inter has solutus curis possum. "^SDe legibus. Mem. 6. Subs. 4.] Parturhalion reciljicd. 453 therefore, to such as are discontent, in wo, fear, sorrow, or dejected, it is a most present remedy: it expels cares, alters their grieved minds, and easeth in an instant. Otherwise, saith ''Plutarch, miisica magis demeutat qunm vinum : musick makes some men mad as a tygre; like Astolphos horn in Ariosto, or Mercmies golden wand in Homer, that made some Avake, others sleep, it hath divers effects: and ''Theophrastus right well prophesied, that diseases were either procured by musick, or mitigated. SUBSECT. IV. JWirth and merry company, J'air objects, remedies. IRTH and merry company may not be separated from musick, both concerning and necessarily required in this busi- ness. Mirth (saith "Yives) purr/ eth the blood, confirmeshealtlu causeth a Jresh, pleasing, and fine colour, prorogues life, whets the wit, makes the body young, lively, and fit for any manner of imployment. The merrier heart, the longer life : a merry hearths the life ofthejlesh (Prov. 14. 20) ; Gladness prolongs his dayes (Ecclus. SO. 22) ; and this is one of the three Saler- nitan doctors, D. Merryman, T>. Diet, and D. Quiet, ''which cure all diseases Mens hilaris, requies, moderata diceta. ^ Gomesius (prcejat. lib. 3. de sal. gen.) is a great magnifyer of honest mirth, by which (saith he) wecuremany passions of the mindeitiour selves, and in onrJricnds:yvhich^Ga[iiteusassignes for a cause w hy we love merry companions: and well they de- serve it, being that (as §Maguinus holds)ameny companion is better than musick, and, as the saying is, comes jucundus in via pro vehicnlo, as a wagon to him that is wearied on the way. Jucmida confabulation sales, joci, pleasant discourse, jests, con- ceits, merry tales, weZ/i?i i;erione//iy/o&M/i, (as Petronius, ''Pliny, ' Spondanus, ''Caelius, and many good authors plead) are that sole nepenthes of Homer, Helenas boule, Venus girdle, sore- a Sympos. quffist. 5. Blusica multos ma^s demcntat quani vinum. b Aniini morbi vel a musica curantnr vel inferiintiir. c \S\h. 3. de aniina. Lajtitia piirgat saDgiiineni, valetudinem coiiservat, colorem inducit florpntem, nitidain, gratuin. •i Spiritus temperat, calorem excitat, naturaleni virtutem corroborat, juvenile corpus diii servat, vitam prorogat, iugeuium acuit, et hominem negotiis quibnslibet aptiorcui reddit. Schola Salem. "Durn contiimelia vacant, et festiva lenitate mordent, mediocres animi a^grittidines sanare sclent, &c. ' De nior. fol. .'J7. Amaniiis ideo eos qui sunt faceti et jucundi. S Regini. sanit. part. '2. Nota quod amicus bonus et dilectus socius narrationibus suis jucundis superat omnem melodiam. "Lib. 21. cap. 27. ' Comment, in 4. Odyss. "^ Lib. 26. c. 15. 454 Cure of Melancholy. [Part. 2. See. 2. Downed of old ^to expell grief and care, to cause mirth and gladness of heart, if they be rightly understood, or seasonably applied. In a word, bAmor, voluptas, Venus, gaudium, Jocus, Indus, sermo suavis, suaviatio, are the true nepenthes. For these causes our physicians gene- rally prescribe this as a principal engine, to batter the walls of melancholy, a chief antidote, and a sufficient cure of it self. By all means (saith '^Mesue) procure mirth to these men, in such things as are heard, seen, taated, or smelted, or any ivay perceived ; and let them have all enticements, and fair pro- mises, the sight of excellent beauties, attires, ornaments, de- lightsome passages, to distract their minds from fear and sorrow, and such things on which they are so f red and intent. '^ Let them use hunting, sports, playes, jests, merry company, as Rhasis prescribes, which ivill not let the minde be molested, a cup of good drinke noiv and then, hear mnsick, and have such companions with whom they are especially delighted, * merry tales or toyes, drinking, singing, dancing, and ivhatso- ever else may procure mirth : and by no means, saith Guiane- rius, suffer them to be alone. Benedictus VictoriusFaventinus, in his Empericks, accompts it an especial remedy against me- lancholy, * to hear and see singing, dancing, maskers, num- mers, to converse tcith such merry fellows, and fair maids. For the beauty of a woman cheareth the countenance, Ecclus. 36.22. sBeautyalone is a soveraign remedy against fear, grief, and all melancholy fits; a charm, as Peter de la Seine and many other writers affirme, a banquet it self; he gives instance in discontented Menelaiis that was so often freed by Helenas fair face: and ''Tully (3 Tusc.) cites Epicurus as a chief patron of this tenent. To expell grief, and procure pleasance, sweet smells, good diet, touch, taste, embracing, singing, dancing, sports, playes, and, above the rest, exquisite beauties, quibus oculi Jucunde moventur et animiy are most powerful means j a Homericum illud nepenthes, qnod moerorem tollit, et enthymiam et hilaritatem parit. '' Plant. Bacch. c De aegritud. capitis. Omni niodo generet laeti- tiam in iis^ de lis quae audiuntur et videntur, aut odorantur, aut gustantur, aut quocunque modo sentiri possunt, et aspectu formarum muUi decoris et ornatus, et negotiatione jacunda, et blandientibus ludis, et promissis distrahantur eorum animi de re aliqua quam timent et dolent. dUtantur venationibns, ludis, jocis, amicorum consortiis, quae non sinunt animum turbaii, vino, et cantu, etloci mutatione, etbiberia, et gaudio, et quibus prajcipue delectantiir. f Piso : fabuliset ludis quajrenda delectatio. His verseturqui maximegrati sunt: cantus et chorea ad lastitiam prosunt. 'Praecipue valet ad expellendam melancholiam stare in cantibus, ludis, et sonis, et habitare cum familiaribus, et prajcipne cum piiellis jncundis. gPar. 5. de avocamentis. lib. de absolve ndo luctu. '' Corpormn complexns, cantiu, ludi, ioxtass, &c. Mem. r». Subs. 4.] Mind rectijied hy Mirth. 4j5 obviajbrma, to moet, or see a fair maid pas;s by, or to be in company with her. He found it by experience, and made f^ood use of it in his own person, if Plutarch bcly him not; for he reckons up the names of some more elegant pieces, ^ Leontia, Boedina, Hedieia, Nicedia, that were frequently seen in Epi- curus g-a'*den, and very familiar in his Iiouse. Neither did lie try it hinijelfalone; butif we may give creditto ** Athencciis!, he practised it upon others: For, when a sad and sick patient was brought unto him to be cured, lie laid him on a doini bed, croivned him with a f/arland of sweet-smellinrj flowers, in a Jxiir perfumed closet delicately set out ; and after a potion or two of good drink which he administered, he brouyht in a beautiful yony « wench that could play upon a lute, siny and dance, S^c.' Tully ('J Tusc.) scoffes at Epicurus for this his prophane physick (as well he deserved) ; and yet Phavorinus and Stobffius highly approve of it. Most of our looser physi- cians, in some cases, to such parties especially, allow of this; and all of them will have a melancholy, sad, and discontented person, make frequent useof honest sports, companies, and re- creations, et incitandos ad Veneicm (as "^ Rodeiicus a Fonseca will) aspectu et contactu pulcherrimaium feminarum ; to he drawn to such consorts, whether they will or no; not to be an auditor only, or a spectator, but sometimes an actor himself. Dulce est desipere in loco ; to play the fool now and then, is not amiss ; there is a time for all things. Grave Socrates would be merry by fits, sing-, dance, and take his liquor too, or else Theodoret belies him; so would old Cato; '^ Tully by his own confession, and the rest. Xenophon, in his Sympos. bring-s in Socrates as a principal actor ; no man merrier then himself; and sometimes he would ''ride a cock horse with his children, equitare in arundine longa (though Alcibiades scoffed at him for it) ; and well he might; for now and then (saith Plutarch) tlie most vertuous, honest, and gravest men will use feasts, jests, and toys^ as we do sauce to our meats. So did Scipio and Laelius, ^ Quin, ubi se, a vulgo et scena, in secreta remorant Virtus Scipiadse et mitis sapientia Lseli, » Circa hortos' Epicori freqaentes. b Dynosoph. lib. 10. Coronnvit florido serto incendens odores, in culcita plumea collocavit, dulcicniam potioneni propinaus psallriam adduxit, &<;. <^ Ut reclinata suaviter in lectnm piiella,&c. '' Tom. 2. consult. 85. «Epist fam. lib. 7. 22. epist. Heri domum, bene jjotiis, seroque redierani. fValer, Max. cap. 8. lib. 8. Interposita arundine crurihns stiis, cum filiis ludens, ab Alcibiade risus est. ? Hot. VOL. I. P P 45G CVre of Melancholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2^ Nugari cum illo, et discincti ludere, donee Decoqueretur olus, soliti Valorous Scipio and gentle LreHus, Removed from the scene and rout so clamorous, Were wont to recreate themselves, their robes laid by, Whilst supper by the cook was making ready. Macliiavel, in the 8 book of his Florentine history, gives this note of Cosmiis Medices, the wisest and gravest man of Iiis time in Italy, that he would '^ now and then play the most eyregious Jool in his carriage, and was so much given to jesters^ players^ and childish .sports, to make himself merry ^ that he that should hut consider his gravity on the one part, his folly and lightness on the other, icould surely say, there were two distinct persons in him. Now, me thinks he did well in it, though •' Salisburiensis be of opinion that magi- strates, senators, and grave men, should not descend to lighter sports, ne respublica ludere videatur ; but, as ThemJstocleK, still keep a stern and constant carriage. I comniGad Cosmus Medices, and Castrucciu« Castnicanus, then whom Italy never knew a worthier captain, another Alexander, if •= Machiavel do not decieve us in his life : when a friend of his reprehended him for dancing beside his dignity (belike at some cushen dance) he told him again, qui sapit inter diu, vix unquam noctu desipit; he that is wise in the day, may dote a little in the night. Paulus Jovius relates as much of Pope Leo Deciums, that he was a grave, discreet, stay'd man, yet sometimes most free, and too open in his sports. And 'tis not altogether *^ unfit or mis-beseeming the gravity of such a man, if that decorum of time, place, and such circumstances, be observed. ^ Mi see stidtitiam consilis brevem : and, as ^he said in an epigram to his wife, I would have every man say to himself, or to his friend, Moll, once in pleasant company, by chance I wisht that you for company would dance : Which you refus'd, and said, your years require. Now, matron-like, both manners and attire. Well, Moll, if needs you will be matron-like. Then trust to this, I will thee matron like : »Hominibus facetis et Indis puerilibus ultra modum deditus, adeo ut sicut in eo tam gravitatem quam levitatem considerare liberet, duas personas distinctaa in eo esse diceret. •> De nugia curial. lib. 1. cap. 4. Magistratus et viri graves a ludis levinribus arcendi. = Machiavel. vita ejus. Ab amico reprehensus, quod prseter di^itatem tripudiis operam daret, respondet, &c. •* There is a time for all things, to weep, laugh, mourOj dance. Eccles. 3. 4. « JJor. ^Sir John Harrington, Epigr Mem. G. Subs. 4.] Mind rectified by Mirth. - 437 Yet so to you my love may never lessen, As you, for church, house, bed observe this lesson : Sit in the church as solemn as a saint ; No deed, word, thought, your due devotion taint : Vaile, if you will, your head; your soul reveal To him that only wounded soules can heal. Be in my house as busie as a bee, Having a sting for every one but me ; Buzzing in every corner, gath'ring hony: Let nothing waste, that costs or yieldeth mony. ^And when thou seest my heart to mirth incline, Thy tongue, wit, blood, warm wiih good cheere and wine : Then of sweet sports let no occasion scape, But be as wanton, toying, as an ape. Thoseold ^Greeks had their Lnbentiam i^mwi, goddess of Plea- sance, and the Lacedamonians, instructed from Lycurgus, did Beo Risvi sacnficare, after tlieir Mars especially, and in times of peace ; which was used in Thessaly, as it appears by that of '^ Apjileius, who was made an instrument of their laughter hmiself ; '^ because laurfhiei- and merriment was to season their labours and modester lij'e. ^ Risus enim Divtlm afque hominum est sterna voluptas. Princes use jesters, players, and have those masters of revels m fheir courts. The Romans, at every supper, (for they had no solemn dinner) used musick, gladiators, jesters &c as Suetonius relates of Tiberius, Dion of Commodus ; and so did the Greeks. Besides musick, in Xenophons Sinnpos. 1 hdrppns ridendi artijiex, Philip, a jester, was brouo-ht to make sport. Paulus Jovius, in his "eleventh book of his history hath a pretty digression of our English customes, which howsoever some may miscouster, I, for my part, will in- terpret to (he best, e The whole nation, beyond all other mortal men, is most given to banqueting and feasts; for theu prolong them majuj houres together, with dainty 'cheere, exquisite mvsick, and facete jesters ; and afterwards they fall a dancing and courting their mistresses, till it be lath in the night, ) ollaterran gives the same testimony of this island, commend- ing our jovial manner of entertainment, and oood mirth ; and melhinks he saith well; there is no harm ^in it; lono- may tliey use it, and all such modest sports. Ctesins report of a Persian king, that had 150 maids attending at his (able, to V>l^''llf^^ ^T '■' ""* ^^Vf_^^\, Thaula nocte volo. „ Lii . G iraldns . hist ■t modesb Mctus cond.ment,.n,. eQalcag. epi:;. -Cap. 61. Id dr lici s r h. = ; u" ''""," 1'" '^"''.^ ** e.xq>nsitas dap. s. interpositis n.nsicis et joo.lato- r^^l^'^lZ^W^^r ''''^ '''''^' '"' *"'''"'''' '"■°""''''' '''°'^''* '^^t anioribus fu-iui- p v2 458 Cure of Mela?icholy. [Part. 2. Sec. 2. play, sing-, and daiice by turns; and "^ Lil. Giraldus of an Ea'vptJan prince, that kept nine virgins stil! to wait upon him, and tiiose of most excellent.featnre, m\d sv/eet voices, which afterwards gave occasion to the Greeks of that fiction of the nine muses. The king- of ^Ethiopia in Africk, most of our Asiaiick princes, have done so, and do; those Sophies,Mooors, Tuikes, &c. solace themselves after supper amongst their f'ueens and concubines, qucv, jucundioris ohlectamenti caussd (^saith mine author) coram re/je psallereet saltareconsueverant ; iuking" great pleasure to hear and see them sing- and dance. This and many such means, to exhilarate the heart of men, have been still practised in all ages, as knowing there is no better thing to the preservation of mans life. What shall I say then, but to every melancholy man, "^ Utere convivis non tristibus ; utere amicis Quos nugai et risus et joca salsa juvant. Feast often, and use friends not still so sad, Vv hose jest and merranents may make thee glad. Use honest and chast sports, scenical shews, playes, games ; '^ Accedant juvenuraque chori, mixtseque puellee. And, as MarsiliusFicinns concludes an epistle to Bernard Cani- sianus and some other of his friends, will I this tract to all good students; "^ Live merrily, O my friends^ free Jrom cares, per- plexity, anrjnish, f/rief of mind ; live merrily ; Isetitise ccelum vos creavit : ^ acjain and ar/ain I request you to be merry ; if any ihiny trouble your hearts, or vex your souls, neglect and contemn it ; s let it passe. '' And this I enjoyn you, not as a divine alone, but as a physician ; for, icithcut this mirth, which iaihe life a7id qui niessejice of phy sick, medici?ies,and whatsoever is nsed and apply ed to prolony the life of man, is dull, dead, and of no force. Dumfata sinnnt, vivite Iwli (Seneca) : I sjy ]>e merry : ' Nee lusibus virentem Viducmus hanc juventam. a Syntag. Ae Musis. '> Atbenams, lib. \'2 et 24. Assiduis niulierum vocibiis, r -.iitutine sympboniae palatium Persanim regis totum personabat. Jovius, hist. lib. 18. f Eobanns He.'ssus. *. ^0 ^ vvv^jg^^ ■•**%€..: ?wl^|'^lr^' ^^Kf^