Scientific and Medical 
 Books, and all objects 
 of Natural History 
 
 ^223®B!?n?„F'A^e®- 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. ’ 
 
I 
 
 i. 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 .1 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2016 
 
 https://archive.org/details/zoonomiaorlawsof21darw 
 
ZOONOMIA; 
 
 OR, 
 
 The Laws of Organic Life. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Br ERASMUS DARWIN, m, d, 
 
 A NEW EDITION ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 An IntroduBory Addrejs^ 
 
 AND 
 
 A SHOR r APPENDIX, 
 
 By CHARLES CALDWELL, m. D. 
 
 tELLOW OF THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 VOL. II. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA; 
 
 PRINTED BY T. DOBSON, AT THE STONE HOUSE 
 NO. 41, SOUTH SECOND STREET. 
 
 1797. 
 

 
 ; ■ 
 
 •i 
 
 
 
 ti' . ', ' . ^ > 
 
 L »!.'(' *flf ‘ Jr ^.*J . .V’ * 
 
 4, \ >■■.,. % '■W- ■ — i -V 
 
 ., ;,;fi9l!J''D»ff.n,n;i!<,^^ ■ 
 
 ^■' ^;-,y- ^p> •,...: 
 
 
 - ' ■■■ ■ ", ' -«■' ... ■ ■■ -teC. *-:t? -.n 
 
 
 u.TiTr 
 
 i, ,..^.' .V,'”\^^ •- 
 
 t-S-. 
 
 ,a,->;A 
 
 
 '' '-W' - . ■• . .. . . 
 
 
 ■ 6 ’lii' ' • "■ “ 
 
 V 'r^ 
 
 
 ■ . V? : 
 
 V‘\' .,•■ •- ■■ .•: ♦ \ ■ yrs- '.i 
 
 
 Hri 
 
 
 
 
 
 v /i a 
 
 fc /. V'V \ ' '- 
 
 ■■ ,v a: ' ■ 
 
 . iX: ' v'-f:- iV 0 ■ 
 
 '"I 
 
 .*■ «r 'A'*' •■*’ * ‘ 
 
 ■, .r'-' " • v..'^-'^::'--' •=■;■• 
 
 
 . / ><s 
 
Z O O N O M I A; 
 
 OR, 
 
 T^he Laws of Organic Life> 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A CATALOGUE OF DISEASES 
 
 DISTRIBUTED INTO 
 
 NATURAL CLASSES ACCORDING TO THEIR 
 PROXIMATE CAUSES, 
 
 TTltS THSIR 
 
 SUBSEQUENT ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES, 
 
 AND WITH 
 
 THEIR METHODS OF CURE. 
 
 Hjec, ut potero, explicabo ; nec tamen, quafi Pythiiis Apollo, certa 
 ut fint et fixa, quas dixero ; fed ut Homunculus unus e multis 
 probabiliora conjeftura fequens. 
 
 Cic. Tusc. Disp. 1. I. 9 . 
 
Z O O N O M I A. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 CLASS IIL 
 
 DISEASES OF VOLITION. 
 
 o R n o II. 
 
 Decreafed VoUtmu 
 
 GENUS I. 
 
 With decreafed Adions of the Mifcks, 
 
 Our mufcles become fatigued by long contraftion, 
 and ceafe for a time to be excitable by the will ; ow- 
 ing to exhauftion of the fenforial power, which refides 
 in them. After a lliort interval of relaxation the 
 mufcle regains its power of voluntary contraction ; 
 which is probably occafioned by a new fupply of the 
 fpirit of animation. In weaker people thefe contrac- 
 tions ceafe fooner, and therefore recur more fre- 
 quently, and are attended with fliorter intervals of 
 relaxation, as exemplified in the quicknefs of the pulfe 
 in fevers with debility, and in the tremors of the hands 
 of aged or feeble people. 
 
 After a common degree of exhauftion of the fenforial 
 power in a mufcle, it becomes again gradually reftored 
 by the reft of the mufcle ; and even accumulated in 
 
 VoL. II. A ‘ thofe 
 
3 DISEASES [Class III. i. t. 
 
 thofc mufclesj which are mod frequently ufed ; as in 
 thofc which conditute the capillaries of the /kin after 
 having been rendered torpid by cold. But in thofc 
 mufcles, which are generally obedient to volition, 
 as thofe of locomotion, though their ufual quantity 
 of fenforial power is redored by their quiefcence, or 
 in deep [for deep allefts thefe parts of the fydem only), 
 yet but little accumulation of it fucceeds. And this 
 want of accumulation of the fenforial power in thefe 
 mufcles, which are chiefly fubfervient to volition, ex- 
 plains to us one caufe of their greater tendency to 
 paralytic aifeclion. 
 
 It mud be obfervsd, that thofe parts of the fydem, 
 xvhich have been for a time quicfcent from want of 
 dimulus, as the ve/Tels of the Ikin, when expofed 
 to cold, acquire an accumulation of fenforial power 
 during their inadivity j but this does not happen at 
 all, or in much lefs quantity, from their quiefcence 
 after great expenditure of fenforial power by a pre- 
 vious exceffive dimulus, as after intoxication. In 
 this cafe the mufcles or organs of fenfe gradually ac- 
 quire their natural quantity of fenforial power ; as 
 after deep ; but not an accumulation or fuperabun- 
 " dance of it. And by frequent repetitions of exhauf- 
 tion by great dimulus, thefe veiTels ccafe to acquire 
 their v/hole natural quantity of fenforial power ; as 
 in the fchirrous dom.ach, and fchirrous liver, occafl- 
 oned by the great and frequent dimulus of vinous fpi- 
 r't ; which may properly be termed in itative paralyxrs 
 of thofe parts of the fydem. 
 
 In 
 
Class III. 2.1.] OF VOLITION. 3 
 
 In the fame manner in common palfles the inaffiott 
 of the paralytic mufcles feems not to be owing to 
 defeft of the ftimulus of the will, but to exhauftion 
 of fcnforial power. Whence it frequently follows 
 great exertion, as in Seft. XXXIV. i. 7. Thus fome 
 parts of the fyftem may ceafe to obey the will, as in 
 common paralyfis ; others may ceafe to be obedient 
 to fenfation, as in the impotency of age ; others to 
 irritation, as in fchirrous vifcera ; and others to affo- 
 ciation, as in impediment of fpeech 5 yet though all 
 thefe may become inexcitable, or dead, in refpeft to 
 that kind of ftimulus, which has previouily exhaufled 
 them, whether of volition, or fenfation, or irritation, 
 ,or alTociation, they may ftill in many cafes be excited 
 by the others. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. LaJJltudo. Fatigue or wearinefs after much 
 voluntary exertion. From the too great expenditure 
 of fenforial power the mufcles are with difficulty 
 brought again into voluntary contraction ; and feem 
 to require a greater quantity or energy of volition for 
 this purpofe. At the fame time they flill remain obe- 
 dient to the ftimulus of agreeable fenfation, as appears 
 in tired dancers finding a renovation of their aptitude 
 to motion on the acquifition of an agreeable partner y 
 or from a tired child riding on a gold-headed cane, 
 as in SeCt. XXXIV. 2. 6. Thefe mufcles are likewife 
 flill obedient to the fenforial power of afTociation, be- 
 caufc the motions, when thus excited, are performed 
 
 A 2 m 
 
4 - 
 
 DI SILASES [Class III. 2. I. 
 
 in their defigned directions, and are not broken into 
 variety of gefticulation, as in St. Vitus’s dance. 
 
 A laflimde likewife frequently occurs with yawning 
 at the beginning of ague-fits ; where the production 
 of fenforial power in the brain is lefs than its expen- 
 diture. For in this cafe the torpor may either origi- 
 nate in the brain, or the torpor of fame difiant parts 
 of the fyilem may by fympathy affect the brain, though 
 in a lefs proportionate degree than the parts primai'ily 
 affected- 
 
 2. Vacillatio fenilis. Some elderly people acquire 
 a fee-faw motion of their bodies from one fide to the 
 other, as they fit, like the ofcillation of a pcndulum- 
 By thefe motions the mufcles, which preferve the per- 
 pendicularity of the body, are alternately quiefeent, 
 and exerted ; and are thus lefs liable to fatigue or ex- 
 hauflion- This therefore refemblcs the tremors of old 
 people above mentioned, and not thofe fpafmodic 
 movements of the face or limbs, which are called 
 tricks, deferibed in Clafs IV. 3. 2. 2. which originate 
 from excefs of fenfoiial power, or from efforts to re- 
 lieve difagreeable fenfation, and are afterwards con- 
 tinued by habit. 
 
 3. Tremor fenilis. Tremor of old age confifls of a 
 perpetual trembling of the hands, or of the head, or 
 of other mufcles, when they are exerted and is erre- 
 neoufly called paralytic ; and feems ow'ing to the fmall 
 quantity of animal power refiding in the mufcular 
 
 fibres. 
 
Class III. 2, i.] OF VOLITION. 
 
 5 
 
 fibres. Tiiefe tremors only exift when the afiecled 
 mufcles are excited into aftion, as in lifting a glafs to 
 the mouth, or in writing, or in keeping the body 
 upright ; and ceafe again, when no voluntary exer- 
 tion is attempted, as in lying down. Hence thefe 
 tremors evidently originate from the too quick ex- 
 hauftion of the leffened quantity of the fpirit of ani- 
 mation. So many people tremble from fear or anger, 
 when too great a part of the fenforial power is exerted 
 on the organs of fenfe, fo as to deprive the mufcles, 
 which fupporl the body ere£l, of their due quantity. 
 
 4. Brachiorum paralyfis. A numbnefs of the arms 
 is a frequent fymptom in hydrops thoracis, as explain- 
 ed in Clafs I. 2. 3. 14. and in Seft. XXIX. 5. 2. ; it 
 alfo accompanies the afthma dolorificum, Clafs III. i. 
 I . II. and is owing probably to the fame caufe in 
 both. In the colica faturnina a paralyfis aflefls the 
 wrifts, as appears on the patient’s extending his arm 
 horizontally with the palm downwards, and is often 
 attended with a tumor on the carpal or metacarpal 
 bones. See Clafs IV. 2. 2. 10. 
 
 Mr. M , a miner and well-fmker, about three 
 
 years ago, loft the power of contrafting both his 
 thumbs ; the balls or mufcles of the thumbs are much 
 emaciated, and remain paralytic. He afcribes his dif- 
 eafe to immerfing his hands too long in cold water in 
 the execution of his bufmefs. He fays liis hands had 
 frequently been much benumbed before, fo that he 
 could not .without dlftlculty clench them ; but that 
 
 A 3 they 
 
6 
 
 DISEASES [Class III. 2. I. 
 
 they recovered their Emotion, as foon as they began to 
 g’ow, after he had dried and covered them. 
 
 In this cafe there exifted two injurious circumflanccs 
 of different -kinds ; one the violent and continued 
 aftion of the mufcles, which deffroys by exhaufting 
 the fenforia! power ; and the other, the application 
 of cold, which deffroys by defeff: of ffimulus. The 
 cold feems to have contributed to the paralyfis by its 
 long application, as well as the continued exertion j 
 but as during the torpor occafioned by the expofure to 
 cold, if the degree of it be not fo great as to extin- 
 guifti life, the fenforial power becomes accumulated ; 
 there is reafou to believe, that theexpofmg a paralytic 
 limb to the cold for a certain time, as by covering it 
 v/ith fnov/ or iced water for a few minutes, and then 
 covering it with warm flannel, and this frequently re- 
 peated, might, by accumulation of fenforial power, 
 contribute to reftore it to a ffate of voluntary excitar 
 bility. As this accumulation of fenforial power, and 
 confequent glow, feems, in the prefent cafe, feveraJ 
 times to have contributed to reffore the numbnefs or 
 inability of thofe mufcles, which at length became 
 paralytic. See Clafs I. 2. 3. 21. 
 
 M. M. Ether externally. Friction. Saline warm 
 bath. Electricity. 
 
 5. Raucedo parclyilca. Paralytic hoarfenefs con- 
 ffffs in the almoft total lofs of voice, which fometimes 
 continues for months, or even years, and is occafioned 
 by inability or paralyfis of the recurrent nerves, which 
 
 ferve 
 
Class III 2. i.] OF VOLITION. 
 
 7 
 
 fcrve the mufcles of vocallty, by opening or dofing 
 the larynx. The voice generally returns fuddenly, 
 even fo as to alarm the patient. A young lady, "who 
 had many months been affeefed with almoft a total lofs 
 of voice, and had in vain tried variety of advice, re- 
 covered her voice in an inllant, on fome alarm as flie 
 was dancing at an aifcmbly. Was this owing to a 
 greater exertion of volition than ufual ? like the dumb 
 young man, the fon of Creefus, who is related to 
 have cried out, when he faw his father’s life endan- 
 gered by the fword of his enemy, and to have con- 
 tinued to fpeak ever afterwards. Two young ladies 
 in this complaint feemed to be cured by eleciric fliocks 
 palfed through the larynx every day for a fortnight. 
 See Raucedo catarrhalis, Ciafs II. 1.3. 5. 
 
 M. M. An emetic, Ele£Iric Ihocks. Muflard-fced, 
 a large fpoonful fwallowed whole:, or a little bruifed, 
 every morning. Valerian. Burnt fponge. Blifters 
 on each fide of the larynx. Sea-bathing. A gargle 
 of decoftion of fencca. FrifHon, Frequent endea- 
 vours to fhout and fing. 
 
 6. VeftC(Z urinaria paralyfis. Paralyfis of the blad- 
 der is frequently a fymptom in inirritative fever; in 
 this cafe the patient makes no water for a day or two ; 
 and the tumor of the bladder diftended with urine 
 may be feen by the lhape of the abdomen, as if girt 
 by a cord below the navel, or dillinguiflied by the 
 hand. Many patients in this fituation make no com- 
 plaint, and fuffer great injury by the inattention of 
 
 A 4 their 
 
DISEASES [Class III. 2, 1. 
 
 tlieir attendants ; the water mufl be drawn off once 
 or twice a day by means of a catheter, and the re- 
 gion of the bladder gently preffedby the hand, whiift 
 the patient be kept in a fitting or erecl pollure. 
 
 M. M. Bark. Wine. Opium, a quarter of a 
 grain every fix hours. Balfam of copaiva or of Peru. 
 Tinffure of cantharides 20 drops twice a day, or re- 
 peated litiall buffers. 
 
 , ^Re£ti parahfis. Palfy of the reffum. The rec- 
 tum inteftinum, like the urinary bladder in the pre- 
 ceding article, poffeffes voluntary power of motion ; 
 though thefe volitions are at times uncontrollable by 
 the will, when the acrimony of the contained feces, 
 or their bulk, ffimulate it to a greater degree. Hence 
 it happens, that this part is liable to lofe its volun- 
 tary power by paralyfis, but is ffill liable to be ftimu- 
 lated into action by the contained feces. This fre- 
 quently occurs in fevers, and is a bad fign as a fymp- 
 tom of general debility ; and it is the fenfibility of the 
 mufcular fibres of this and of the urinary bladder re- 
 maining, after the voluntarity has ceafed, which oc- 
 cafions thefe two refervoirs fo foon to regain, as the 
 fever ceafes, their obedience to volition ; becaufe the 
 paralyfis is thus fliewn to be lefs complete in thofc 
 cafes than in common hemiplegia ; as in the latter 
 the fenfe of touch, though perhaps not the fenfe of 
 pain, is generally deffroyed in the paralytic limb. 
 
 M, M. A fponge introduced within the fphincter 
 aai to prevent the ponilant difeharge, which fnould 
 
 have 
 
9 
 
 Class III. 2. i.J OF VOLITION. 
 
 have a firing put through it, by which it may be 
 retracted. 
 
 • 
 
 8. Parejis voluntaria. Indolence ; or inaptitude to 
 voluntary action. This debility of the exertion of 
 voluntary eliorts prevents the accomplifliment of all 
 great events in life. It often originates from a 
 miftaken education, in which pleafure or flattery is 
 made the immediate motive of adbon, and not future 
 advantage ; or what is termed duty. This obfervation 
 is of preat value to thofe, who attend to the educa- 
 tion of their own children. I have feen one or two 
 young married ladies of fortune, who perpetually 
 became uneafy, and believed themfelves ill, a week’ 
 after their arrival in the country, and continued fo 
 uniformly during their flay ; yet on their return to 
 London or Bath immediately loft all their complaints, 
 and this repeatedly ; which I was led to aferibe to 
 their being in their infancy furrounded with menial 
 attendants, who had flattered them into the exertions 
 they then ufed. a'lnd that in their riper years, they 
 became torpid for want of this flimulus, and could 
 not amufe themlelves by any voluntary employment ; 
 but required ever after, either to be ainufed by other 
 people, or to be flattered into activity. This I flip* 
 pofe, in the other fex, to have fupplicd one fource of 
 ennui and faicide. 
 
 9. Caiakpfis is fometimes ufed for fixed fpafmodra 
 contracbons or tetanus, as deferibed In Sefl. XXXIV, 
 y. 5. and m, Clms JII. 1. i. 17. but is properly 
 
 filnpijr 
 
le DISEASES [Class III. 2. r. 
 
 limply an inaptitude to mufcular motion, the limbs 
 remaining in any attitude in which they are placed. 
 One patient, whom 1 faw in this Htuation, had taken 
 much mercury, and appeared univerfally torpid. He 
 fat in a chair in any pofture he w^as put, and held 
 a glafs to his m.outh for many minutes without at- 
 tempting to drink, or withdrawing his hand. He 
 never fpoke, and it was at firll neceffary to compel 
 him to drink broth ; he recovered in a few' weeks 
 without relapfe. 
 
 10. Hemiplegia. Pally of one fide confifls in the 
 total difobedience of the affefted mufcles to the power 
 of volition. As the voluntary motions are not per- 
 petually exerted, there is little fenforial power accu- 
 mulated during their quiefcence, whence they are lefs 
 liable to recover from torpor, and are thus more fre- 
 quently left paralytic, or difobedient to the pow'er of 
 \'oiitian, though they are fometimes ftill alive to 
 painful fenfation, as to the prick of a pin, and to 
 heat ; alfo to irritation, as in ftretching and yawn- 
 ing ; or to eleftric fliocks. Where the paralyfis is 
 complete the patient feems gradually to learn to ufe 
 his limbs over again by repeated efforts, as in infancy ; 
 and, as time is required for this purpofe, it becomes 
 difficult to know, whether the cure is owing to the 
 effecl: of medicines, or to the repeated efforts of the 
 voluntary power. 
 
 The difpute, w hether the nerves decuflate or crofs 
 each other before they leave the cavities of the fkuli 
 
 or 
 
II 
 
 Class III. 2. i.] OF VOLITION. 
 
 or fpine, fecms to be decided in the afErmative by 
 comparative anatomy ; as the optic nerves of fome 
 fifa have been ftiewn evidently to crofs each other ; 
 as feen by Haller, Elem. Phyfiol. t. v. p. 349. 
 Hence the application of bliflers, or of ether, or of 
 warm fomentations, ftiould be on the fide of the head 
 oppofitc to that of the alfefted mufcles. This fubjeft 
 fliould neverthelefs be nicely determined, before any 
 one fhould' trepan for the hydrocephalus internus, 
 when the difeafe is fhewn to exill only on one fide 
 of the brain, by a fquinting affe£);ing but one eye ; 
 as propofed in Clafs I. 2 . 5. 4. Dr. Sommering hae 
 fhewn, that a true decuffation of the optic nerves in 
 the human fubjeft actually exifls, Elem. of Phyfio- 
 logy by Blumenbach, tranflated by C. Caldwell, 
 Philadelphia. This further appears probable ffoin 
 the oblique direfHon and infertion of each optic nerve, 
 into the fide of the eye next to the nofe, in a dire^ 
 line from the oppofte fde of the brain. 
 
 The vomiting, which generally attends the attack 
 of hemiplegia, is mentioned in Seft. XX. 8.. and is 
 fjmilar to that attending vertigo in fea-ficknefs, and 
 at the commencement of fome fevers. Black fools 
 fometiines attend the commencement of hemiplegia, 
 which is probably an effufon of blood from the 
 biliary du<f , where the liver is previoufly affefed ; 
 or fome blood may be derived to the intefines by 
 its efcaping from the vena cava into tlie receptacle 
 of chyle during the diflrefs of the paralytic attack ; 
 gnq may be conveyed from thence into the inteftines 
 
IZ 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class III. 2. .1 
 
 by the retrograde motions of the lacl-eals ; as pro- 
 bably fometimes happens in diabmtes. See Seel. 
 XXVII. 2. Palfy of one fide of the face is men- 
 tioned in Clafs II. i. 4. 6. Paralyfis of the lafteals, 
 of the liver, and of the veins, which arc deferibed 
 in Seft. XXVIII. XXX. and XXVII. do not belong to 
 this clafs, as they are not difeafes of voluntary mo- 
 tions. 
 
 M. M. Tire eleclric fparks and fliocks, if ufed 
 early in the difeafe, are frequently of fervice. A 
 purge of aloes, or calomel. A vomit. Blifter. Saline 
 draughts. Then the bark. Mercurial ointment or 
 fublimate, where the liver is evidently difeafed ; or 
 where the gutta rofea has previoufiy exifted. Sudden 
 alarm. Frequent voluntary efforts. Externally ether. 
 Volatile alkali. Fomentation on the head. Fridticn. 
 When children, v/ho have fuffered an hemiplegia, 
 begin to life the affefted arm, the other hand fhould 
 be tied up for half an hour three or four times a 
 da.y ; which obliges them at their play to ufe more 
 frequent voluntary efforts with the difeafed limb, and 
 thus fooner to reftore the diffevered affociations of 
 motion. 
 
 Dr. J. Alderfon has lately much recommended the 
 leaves of rhus toxicodendron (fumach), from one gr. 
 to iv. of the dried powder to be taken three or four 
 times a day. Effay on Rus Toxic. Johafon, London, 
 1793. But it is difficult to know what medicine is of 
 fervice, as the moTements of the mufcles mufl be 
 letsrned, as in infancy, by frequent efforts. 
 
 1 1 . Para' 
 
Slass III. 2. 1.3 OF \OLITION. 
 
 II. Paraplegia. A palfy of the lower half of the 
 body divided horizontally. Animals may be con- 
 ceived to have double bodies, one half in general 
 refembling fo exa(?cly the other, and being fupplied 
 with feparate feats of nerves ; this gives rife to hemi- 
 plegia, or palfy of one half of the body divided ver- 
 tically ; but the paraplegia, or palfy of the lower 
 parts of the fyllem, depends on an injury of the 
 fpinal marrow, or that part of the brain which is 
 contained in the vertebras of the back ; by which 
 all the nerves fituated below the injured part are 
 deprived of their nutriment, or precluded from do.i 
 ing their proper ofhees j and the mufcles, to which 
 they are derived, are in confequence difobedient to 
 the power of volition. 
 
 This fometimes occurs from an external injury, - 
 as a fall from an eminence ; of which I faw a deplo- 
 rable inflance, where the bladder and reSum, as well 
 as the lower limbs, were deprived of fo much of 
 their powers of motion, as depended on volition or 
 fenfation ; but I fuppofe not of that part of it, which 
 depends on irritation. In the fame manner as the 
 voluntary mufcles in hemiplegia are fometimes brought 
 into aftion by irritation, as in ftretching or pendicu- 
 lation, deferibed in Sect. VII. i. 3. 
 
 But the moh frequent caufe of paraplegia is from 
 a protuberance of one of the fpinal vertebrm ; which 
 is owing to the innutrition or foftnefs of bones,- de- 
 feribed in Clafs I. 2. 2. 17. The cure of this de- 
 plorable difeafe is frequently effeaed by the flimulus 
 
 Of 
 
*4 
 
 DISEASES CClass III. 2. 1. 
 
 of an ifTuc placed on each fide of the prominent fpine, 
 as firft publiilied by Mr. Pott. The other means re* 
 commended in foftnefs of bones fliould alfo be attended 
 to ; both in refpeft to the internal medicines, and 
 to the mechanical methods of fupporting, or extending 
 the fpine ; which laft, however, in this cafe requires 
 particular caution. 
 
 12. Somnus. In fleep all voluntary power is fuf- 
 pended, fee Sefl:. XVIII. An unufual quantity of 
 llcep is often produced by weaknefs. In this cafe 
 fmall dofes of opium, wine, and bark, may be given 
 with advantage. For the periods of fleep, fee Clafs 
 IV. 2. 4. I- 
 
 The fubfequent ingenious obfervations on the fre- 
 quency of the pulfe, which fometimes occurs in fleep, 
 are copied from a letter of Dr. Currie of Liverpool 
 to the author. 
 
 “ Though refl; in general perhaps renders the 
 healthy pulfe flower, yet under certain circuraflanccs 
 the contrary is the truth. A full meal without wine 
 or other flrong liquor docs not increafe the frequency 
 of my pulfe, while I fit upright, and have my atten- 
 tion engaged. But if I take a recumbent pollurc after 
 eating, my pulfe becomes more frequent, cfpccialiy 
 if my mind be vacant, and I become drowLy ; and, if 
 I flumber, this increafed frequency is more confider- 
 able with heat and flufhing. 
 
 “ This I apprehend to be a general truth. The 
 obfervatien may be frequently made upon children ; 
 
 and 
 
CtAis ill. 2. 1.] OF VOLITION. • IS 
 
 and the refllefs and feverifli nights experienced hj 
 many people after a full fupper are, I believe, owing 
 to this caufe. The fupper oecafions no inconvenience, 
 whilfl the perfon is upright and awake ; but, when 
 he lies down and begins to lleep, efpecially if he does 
 not perfpire, the fymptoms above mentioned occur. 
 Which may be thus explained in part from your prin- 
 ciples. When the power of volition is aboliflied, the 
 other fenforial aftions are increafed. In ordinary ileep 
 this does not occafion increafed frequency of the pulfe 5 
 but where fleep takes place during the procefs of di- 
 geftion, the digeilion itfelf goes on with increafed ra- 
 pidity. Heat is excited in the fyftem fafter than it 
 is expended ; and operating on the fenfitive a^Hons, it 
 carries them beyond the limitation of pleafure, pro- 
 ducing, as is common in fuch cafes, increafed fre- 
 quency of pulle. 
 
 “ It is to be obferved, that in fpeaking of the heat 
 generated under thefe circnmftances, I do not allude 
 to any chemical evolution of heat from the food in the 
 procefs of digeftion. I doubt if this takgg^Iace to any 
 confiderable degree, for I do not^b^nfe that the part^ 
 incumbent on the ftomach are increafed in heat during 
 the moil hurried digeftion. It is on fome parts of the 
 furface, but more particularly on the extremities of 
 the body, that the increafed heat excited by digellion 
 appears, and the heat thus produced arifes, as k 
 fhould feem, from the fympathy between the ilomach 
 and the veifcls of the ikin. The parts moil aite^lcd 
 are the palms of the hands and the foie's of the feet. 
 
 Evest 
 
DISEASES 
 
 lClASS III. 2. I. 
 
 tS 
 
 Even there the thermometer feldom rifes above 97 or 
 98 degrees, a temperature not higher than that of 
 the trunk of the body ; but three or four degrees 
 higher than the common temperature of thefe parts, 
 and therefore producing an uneafy fenfation of heat, 
 a fenfation increafed by the great fenfibility of the 
 parts affefted. 
 
 That the increafed heat excited by digeflion in 
 ilcep is the caufe of the accompanying fever, feems 
 to be conhimcd by obferving, that if an increafed ex- 
 penditure of heat accomipanies the increafed generation 
 of it (as when perfpiration on the extremities or fur- 
 face attends this kind of fleep) the frequent pulfe and 
 fiuuied countenance do not occur, as I ivoow by ex- 
 periment. If, during the feverifh fieep already men- 
 tioned, I am atvakened, and my attention engaged 
 powerfully, my pulfe becomes almoll immediately 
 flower, and the fever gradually fubfides.” 
 
 From thefe obfervations of Dr. Currie it- appears, 
 that, while in common fleep the aftions of the heart, 
 arteries, and capillaries, are flrengthened by the ac- 
 cumulation of fenforial power during the fufpenfion 
 of voluntary aflion, and the pulfe in confequence be- 
 comes fuller and florver ; in the feverilh fleep above 
 deferibed the actions of the heart, arteries, and capil- 
 laries, are quickened as well as flrengthoned by them 
 eonfent with the increafed afibns of the flomach, as 
 well as by the ftimulus of the new chyle introduced 
 into the circulation. For the ftomach, and ail other 
 parts of the fyftem, being more fenlible and more 
 I irritable 
 
Class III. 2. i.] OF VOLITIOR 
 
 irritable during fleep, Seft. XVIII. 1 5. and probably 
 more ready to aft from alTociation, are now exerted 
 with greater velocity as well as flrength, conflituting 
 a temporary fever of the fellfitive irritated' kind, re- 
 fcmbling the fever excited by wine in the beginning 
 of intoxication ; or in fome people by a full meal in 
 their waking hours. Seft XXXV. 1. 
 
 On waking, this increafed fenfibility andJrritability 
 of the fyftem ceafes by the renewed exertions of voli- 
 tion ; in the fame manner as more violent exertions of 
 volition deflroy greater pains 5 and the pulfe in con- 
 fequence fubfides along with the increafe of heat ; if 
 more violent efforts of volition are exerted, the fyflera, 
 becomes ftill lefs affefted by fenfation or irritation. 
 Hence the fever and vertigo of intoxication are lelfened 
 by intenfe thinking, Seft. XXI. 8 ; and infane people 
 are known to bear the pain of cold and hunger better 
 than others, Seft. XXXIV. 2.. 5 ; and lallly, if greater 
 voluntary efforts cxiff, as in violent anger or violent 
 cxercife, the whole fyflem is thrown into more ener- 
 getic aftion, and a voluntary fever is induced, as ap- 
 pears by the red fkin, quickened pulfe, and increafe 
 of heat ; whence dropfzes and fevers with debility arc 
 not unfrequently removed by infanity. 
 
 Hence the exertion of the voluntary power in its 
 natural degree diminifhes the increafed fenfibility, and 
 irritability, and probably the Increafed affociability^ 
 which occurs during fleep •, and thus reduces the fre- 
 quency of the pulfe in the feverifh fleep after a full 
 meal. In its more powerful date of exertion, it dimt-'- 
 VoL. II. B niflies 
 
DISEASES 
 
 (^ClASS III. 2. 1. 
 
 niflies or deftroys fenfations and irritations, which are 
 ftronger than natural, as in intoxication, or which 
 precede convulfions, or infanity. In its ftill more 
 powerful degree, the fuperabundance of this fenforial 
 power a< 5 luates and invigorates the v/hole moving 
 fyflem,^ giving ftrength and frequency to the pulfe, 
 and an univerfal glow both of colour and of heat, as 
 in violent anger, or outrageous infanities. 
 
 If, in the feverifh fleep above deferibed, the /kin 
 becomes cooled by the evaporation of much perfpira- 
 ble matter, or by the application of cooler air, or 
 thinner clothes, the aclions of the cutaneous capillaries 
 are le/Tened by defect of the /iimulus of heat, which 
 Gounterafis the increafe of fenfibility during deep, and 
 the pulfations of the heart and arteries become flower 
 from the le/Tened /limulus of the particles of blood 
 thus cooled in the cutaneous and pulmonary veflels. 
 Hence the admiffion of cold air, or ablution with fub- 
 tepid or with eold water, in fevers with hot /Idn, whe- 
 ther they be attended with arterial /Ircngth, or arte- 
 rial debility, renders the pulfe flower ; in the former 
 cafe by diminiflhng the /limulus of the blood, and in 
 the latter by le/Tening the expenditure of fenforial 
 - power. See SuppL I. 8. and 15. 
 
 13. Incubus, The night-mare is an imperfect lleep, 
 where the deflre of locomotion is vehement, but the 
 mufcics do not obey the will : it is attended with great 
 ancafmefs, a fenfe of fu/Focation, and freqHcntly with 
 fear. It is camfed by violent fatigue, or drunkennefs, 
 
 or 
 
Class III. 2. i.] OF VOLITION. 
 
 19 
 
 or indigeftible food, or lying on the back, or peidaps 
 from many other kinds of uneailnefs in our fleep, 
 which may originate either from the body or mind. 
 
 Now as the aftion of refpiration is partly voluntary, 
 this complaint may be owing to the irritability of the 
 fyftem being too fmall to carry on the circulation of 
 the blood through the lungs during fleep, when the 
 voluntary power is fufpended. Whence the blood 
 may accumulate in them, and a painful oppreflipn 
 fupervene ; as in fome hmm.orrhages of the lungs, 
 which occur during fleep ; and in patients much debi- 
 litated by fevers. See Somnus interruptus, Clafs I. 2. 
 I. 3. and I. 2. I. 9. 
 
 Great fatigue with a full flipper and much wine, 
 I have been w^ell informed by one patient, always 
 produced this difeafe in himfelf to a great degree. 
 Now the general irritability of the fyllem is much de- 
 creafed by fatigue, as it exhaufts the fenforial power ; 
 and fecondly, too much wine and flimulating food 
 will again diminifli the irritability of fome parts of the 
 fyftem, by employing a part of the fenforial power, 
 v/hich is already too flnall, in digefting a great quan- 
 tity of aliment ; and in increafmg the m.otions of the 
 organs of fenfe in confequence of fome degree of 
 intoxication, whence difficulty of breathing may occur 
 from the inirritability of the lungs, as in Clafs L 2. 
 I- 3- 
 
 M. M. To fleep on a hard bed wdth the headraifed. 
 Moderate flipper. The bark. By fleeping on a harder 
 bed the patient vvill turn himfelf more frequently, 
 
 B 2 and 
 
50 D I S E A S E S' [Class iri. z, r. 
 
 and not be liable to fleep too profoundly, or lie too 
 long in one pdllufe. To be a^/akened frequently by 
 an alitrm clock. 
 
 14. Leikargm. The lethargy h a lighter a[o-- 
 ^Icxy.- It -hi fuppofed to originate from univerfal 
 preffhre on the brain, and is faid to be produced by 
 compreiTing the fpinal marrow, v/here there is a defici- 
 ency of the bone in the fpina bifida. See Sect. XVID. 
 30. Whereas in the hydrocephalus there is only a partial’ 
 prefiure of the brain and' probably in nervous fevers 
 with-fkipor the preiFure' on the brain may afteci only 
 the nerves of the fenfes, which lie wuthin the fkull, 
 and not thofe nerves of the medulla oblongata, which 
 principally contribute to metve the heart and arteries j 
 whence m- the lethargic or apopleflic ftupor the pulfc 
 is flow as in fleep, whereas in nervous fever the pulfc 
 is very quick and feeble, and- generally fo in hydrocc- 
 phaltis. - 
 
 In cafes of obflruftcd kidneys', whether owing to the 
 tubuli uriniferi being totally obflru6icd by calculous 
 matter, or by their paralyfis, a kind of drowfinefs or 
 lethargy comes on about the eighth or ninth day,, 
 and tlic patient gradually finksi See Clafs I. i. 
 3’- 9- 
 
 15. Syncope epikpilca^ is a temporary apoplexy, the 
 pulfe continnlug in its natural date, and the voluntary 
 power fufpended. This trTrr.'r.ates the raronyfms or 
 epilepfy.- 
 
Class in. 2. r.] OF VOLITION. . *2i 
 
 V/hen the animal power is much exhaufled by the 
 •preceding convuHions, fo that the motions from fenfa- 
 tion as well as thofe from volition are fufpc-nded in a 
 ■q^uarteror half aa hour. 'the fenforial power ;^comes 
 reftored, and if no -pam, .or irritation producing. paiUj 
 recurs, the fit of. epilepfy^ ceafes j if the. pain -recurs, 
 or the irritation, which ufed to produce it, a new fit 
 ■of convulfien takes place, and is fucceeded again by a 
 Jyncope. Sec Epilepfy, iClafs lil. i.. i . y. 
 
 j 6. Apoplexia, Apoplexy may be termed an urn- 
 verfal palfy, or a permanent fieep. •In whkhj where the 
 ■pulfe -is weak, copious bbeding muft be injurious^ as is 
 .v/ell obferved by Dr. Heberden, Tranf. of -the College.- 
 
 Mr. , about -yo years of age, had.an apoplectic 
 
 ieizure. His pulfe was flrong and fulL One of the 
 temporal arteries was opened, and .about - ten 'Ounces 
 of blood fuddenly taken from it.. He feemed to re- 
 ceive no benefit from this, operation.^ -hut gradually 
 iiink, and lived but a dity or two. • ' 
 
 If apoplexy arifes firom the prefiure of blood extra- 
 vafated on the. .brain, one moderate venefection may 
 be of fervice to prevent the further efiufion of blood ; 
 hut copious venefection' muft be injarious by weakening 
 the patient ; fince the effufed blood mufl; have time, 
 as in common vibices or hraifes, to undergo a che- 
 mico-animal procefs, fo-to. change its nature as to fit 
 it for abforption ; ‘ which may take two or three 
 weeks, which time a patient weakened by repeated 
 yeuefeftion or arterictomy may not furvive. 
 
 .- 2 . Mrs. 
 
 
22 
 
 DISEASES lClass III. 2. T. 
 
 Mrs. , about 40 years old, had an apoplectic 
 
 feizure after gre^t exertion from fear ; flie- had lain 
 about 24 hours without fpeech, or having fwallowed 
 any liquid. She w 4 s then forcibly raifed in bed, au 4 
 a fpoonful of folution of aloes in wine put into her 
 mouth, and the end of the fpoon withdrawn, that flic 
 might more eafily fwallow the liquid. — This was done 
 every hour, with broth, and wine and water inter- 
 vening, till evacuations were procured ; which with 
 other means had good elFeft, and flie recovered, ex- 
 cept that a confiderable degree of hemiplegia remain- 
 ed, and fome imperfeflion of her fpeech. 
 
 Many people, who have taken fo much vinous fpirit 
 as to acquire the tem.porary apoplexy of intoxication, 
 and are not improperly faid to be dead-drunk, have 
 d ed after copious venefection, I fuppofe in conft- 
 quence of it, I once faw at a public meeting two 
 gentlemen in the drunken apoplexy ; they were to- 
 tally infenfible with low pulfe, on this account they 
 were direfted not to lofe blood, but to be laid on a 
 bed with their heads high, and to be turned every 
 half hour ; as foon as they could fwallo'w, warm tea 
 was given tliem, which evacuated their ftomachs, and 
 they gradually recovered, as people do from lefs de- 
 grees of intoxication. 
 
 M. M. Cupping on the occiput. Venefedtion once 
 in moderate quantity. Warm fomentations long con- 
 tinued and frequently repeated on the lliaved head. 
 Solution of aloes. Clyhers with folution of aloe and 
 p:I of amber. A Llider on the J^nne, An emetic. 
 
 Ai'terwards 
 
Class III. 2. i.J 
 
 OF VOLITION. 
 
 ss 
 
 Afterwards the bark, and fmall does of chalybeates. 
 Small eleftric fliocks through the head. Errhines. If 
 fmall dofes of opium ? 
 
 1 7. a frigore. Death from cold. ITie un- 
 
 fortunate travellers, who almofl every winter perifli in 
 the fnow, are much exhaufted by their efforts to pro- 
 ceed on their journey, as well as benumbed by cold. 
 And as much greater exercife can be borne vdthout 
 fatigue in cold weather than in warm ; becaufe the 
 excellive motions of the cutaneous veffels are thus 
 prevented, and the confequent waife of fenforial 
 power ; it may be inferred, that the fatigued traveller 
 becomes paralytic from violent exertion as well as by 
 the application of cold. 
 
 Great degrees of cold affed the motions of thofe 
 veffels moff, which have been generally excited into 
 aefion by irritation ; for when the feet are much be- 
 numbed by coldp and painful, and at the fame time 
 almofl infenfible to the touch of external objefls, the 
 voluntary mufcles retain their motions, and we conti- 
 nue to walk on ; the lame happens to the fingers of 
 children in throV/ing fnow-balls, the voluntary mo- 
 tions of the mufcles continue, though thofe of the 
 cutaneous veffels are benumbed into inactivity. 
 
 Mr. Thompfon, an elderly gentleman of Shrewf- 
 bury, was feized W'ith hemiplegia in the cold bath ; 
 W'hich I fuppofe might be owing to fome great energy 
 of exertion, as much as to the coldnefs of the water. 
 As in the in (lance given of Mr. Nairn, who, by the 
 
 B 4 exertion 
 
H 
 
 D I S E A S E S [Class III. 2. i, 
 
 exertion to fave his relation, pcrilhed himfcif. See 
 Sea. XXXIV. I. 7. 
 
 . Whence I conclude, that though heat is a fluid ne- 
 ccflar t ! mufcular motion, both perhaps by its ftimu- 
 lus, and by its keeping the minute component parts of 
 the ultimate fibrils of the mufcles or organs of fenfc 
 at a proper difiance from each other ; yet that para- 
 lyfis, proferiy fo called, is the confequence of exhauf- 
 tion of fenforial power by exertion. And that the 
 accumulations of it during the torpor of the cutaneous 
 veffcls by expofure to cold, or of fome internal vif- 
 cus in the cold fits of agues, are frequently infiru- 
 mental in recovering the ufe Qf paralytic limbs, or of 
 the motions qf otho: paralytic parts of the fyllem, 
 See Spec. 4. of this genus. 
 
 Animal bodies refifi; the power of cold probably by 
 their exertions in confequenpe pf the pain of cold, 
 fee Botan. Qard. V. i, additional note xii. But if 
 thefe increafed exertions'be too violent, fo as to ex- 
 haufe the fenfqrial power in producing unneceiTary 
 motions, the animal will probably fooner perilh. Thus 
 a moderate quantity of wine or fpipit repeated at 
 proper intervals of tim.e might be of fervice to thofe, 
 pvho are long expqfed to excefiive cold, both by in- 
 creafmg the aftion of the capillary velTels, and thus 
 producing heat, «md perhaps by increafing in fome 
 degree the fccretion of fenforial power in the brain, 
 pat the contrary mufi happen when taken immode- 
 rately, and not at due interval's. A well attefied 
 li’ilqry was qnce related to ’me of tv.'0 men, who 
 
 cut 
 
CiAss III. 2. r.] OF VOLITION. 25^ 
 
 out on foot to travel in the fnow, one of whom drank 
 two or three glaffes of brandy before they began 
 their journey, the other contented himfelf with his 
 ufual diet and potation ; the former of w'hom pe- 
 rilled in fpite of any affillance his companion could 
 afford him ; and the other performed his journey 
 with fafety. In this cafe the fenforial power was ex- 
 haufled by the unneceffary motions of incipient in- 
 toxication by the flimulus of the brandy, as well as 
 by the exertions of walking ; which fo weakened 
 the dram-drinker, that the cold fooner deftroyed him ; 
 that is, he had not power to produce fufficient muf- 
 cular or arterial action, and in confequence fufheient 
 heat, to fupply the great expenditure of it. Hence 
 the capillaries of the fkin firft ceafe to a£t, and become 
 pale and empty ; next thofe w^hich are immediately 
 affociated with them, as the extremities of the pul- 
 monary artery, as happens on going into the cold 
 bath. By the continued inaftion of thefe parts of the 
 vafcular fyflem the blood becomes accumulated ia the 
 internal arteries, and the brain is fappofed to be af- 
 fefted by its compreffion ; becaufe thefe patients arc 
 fild to fleep^ or to become apopledic, before they die. 
 1 overtook a firnman aljeep on his panniers on a very 
 cold frofty night, but on waking him he did not ap- 
 pear to be in any degree of ftupor. See Clafs I. 2 . 
 2. I. 
 
 When travellers are benighted in deep fnow, they 
 
 m 
 
 might frequently be faved by covering themfelves 
 iji it, except a fraall aperture for air ; in which fituar 
 tlgn the lives of hares, fceep, and other animals, are 
 
DISEASES [Class III. 2.’r. 
 
 fo ofteft prtftTvtd. The fnow, both in refpe£k tt its 
 tofaponent parts, and to the air Contained in its pores, 
 is a bad Cond'uftor of heat, and will therefore well 
 keep but the external cold ; and as the neater, when 
 part of it diffolves, is attrafted into the pores of the 
 remainder of it,, the fituation of an animal beneath it 
 is perfectly dry ; and, if he is id codta^i with the 
 earth, he is in a degree of heat between 48, the medium 
 heat of the earth, and 32, the freeting point ; that is, ia 
 40 degrees of heat, in which a man thus covered w’ill 
 be as warm as in bed. See Botan. Garden, V. II. 
 notes on Anemone, Barometr, and Mufehus. If 
 thefe fafts wei'c more generally underilood, it might 
 annually fave the lives of many. 
 
 After any part of the vafcular fyhem of the body 
 has been long expofed to cold, the fenforial power is 
 fo much accumulated in it, that on coming into a 
 warm room the pain of hotach is produced, and in- 
 flammation, and confequent mortification, owing to 
 the great exertion of thofe velTcls, when again expofed 
 to a moderate degree of warmth. See Sect. XII. 5. 
 Whence the propriety of applying but very low de- 
 grees of heat to limbs benumbed with cold at firfl, as 
 of fnow in its hate of diffolvlng, which is at 32 de- 
 crees of heat, or of very cold water. A French writer 
 has obferved, that if frozen apples be thawed gradually 
 by covering them with thawing fnow, or immerfing 
 them hi very cold waten, that they do not lofe their 
 taffe ; if this faft was well a.fcertained, it might teach 
 C.3 how to preferve other ripe fruits in ice-houfes for 
 inter confump t; on. 
 
 ORDO 
 
-7 
 
 Class III. 2. 2 ] OF VOLITION 
 
 ORDO II. 
 
 Decreafed Voliiion. 
 
 GENUS IT. 
 
 JYHh decreafed Actions of the Organs of Serf c. 
 
 \ 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. RecoUedionis jadhira. Lofs of recoileffion. This 
 is the defecl of memory in old people, who forget 
 t-he afHons of yefterday, being incapable of voluntary 
 recollection, and yet remiember thofe of theif youtli, 
 which by frequent repetition are introduced by af- 
 foclation of fuggeftion. This is properly the para- 
 lyfis of the min'd ; the organs of fenfe . do not obey 
 the voluntary power ; that is, our ideas rannot be re- 
 collected, or acted over again by the will. 
 
 After an apoplectic attack the patients, on begin- 
 ning to recover, fnd themfelves m.ofl; at a lofs in re- 
 collecting proper names of perfons or places ; as thofe 
 words have not been fo frequently aifoclated with the 
 ideas they hand for, as the common words of a lan- 
 guage. Mr. , a man of ftrong mind, of a 
 
 fhort necked family, many of whom had fultered by 
 apoplexy, after an apoplectic fit on his recovering the 
 ufe of fpeech, after repeated trials to remember the 
 name of a perfon or place, applauded himfelf, when 
 he facceeded, with fuch a chiidiih fmiie on the partial 
 return of his lagacity, as very much alfcclcd me. — ^ 
 
 Not 
 
its DISEASES [ClassTiI. 2. J, 
 
 Hot long, alas ! to return ; for another attack in a 
 few weeks deftroyed .the whole. 
 
 I faw a child after the fmall-pox, which was left in 
 this fituation ; it was lively, active, and e\^n vigo- 
 rous ; but flaewed thatldndof furprife, which novelty 
 excites, at every objeft it viewed ; and that as often 
 as it vaewed it. I never heard the termination of the 
 cafe. 
 
 2. Stidtitia vohmtaria. Voluntary folly. The ab- 
 fcnce of voluntary power and confequent incapacity 
 to compare the ideas of prefsnt and future good. 
 Brute animals may be faad to be in this fituation, a$^ 
 they are in general excited mto afdon only by' their 
 prefent painful or pleafurable fenfations. Hence though 
 they are liable to furprife, when their paihng trains 
 of ideas are diiTevered by violent himuH ; yet axe they 
 not affcfted with wonder or aflonilhment. at the npveh 
 ty of objefls ; as they polfsfs but in a '.very inferior 
 degree, that voluntary power of comparing the pre- 
 fent ideas with thofe previouHy acquired^' which diHin- 
 gui flies mankind ; and is termed analogical reafoning,, 
 when deliberatively exerted ; and intuitive* ar^alogy, 
 when ufed without- our attention to it, and. which 
 always preferves our hourly trains of ideas, confiffent 
 with truth and natm-e. See Seel. XVII. 3. ’7. 
 
 3. Credulitas. Credulity. Life is fliort, oppor- 
 tunities of knowledge rare ; our fenfes are fallacious, 
 ,-our reafonings uncertain, man therefore’ flfuggles 
 
 with 
 
Class TIL 2 . 2.] OF VOLITIOK. 
 
 With perpetual error from . the cradle to the coffiir^ 
 He is neceffitated to correft experiment by analogy^ 
 and analogy by experiment ; and not always to reff 
 latisficd in the belief of fafts even with this two-fold 
 tehimony, tfll future opportunities, or tho ohferva-- 
 tions of others, concur in their fupport. 
 
 Ignorance and credulity have everbeen companions^ 
 and have raided and endaved mankind ; philofophy 
 has in all ages endeavoured to oppofe their progrefs,, 
 and to loofen the {hackles they had. impofed ; philofo- 
 phers have on this account been called unbelievers t 
 unbelievers of what ? of the fiftions of fancy, of witch- 
 craft, hobgobblins, apparitions, vampires, fairies ; 
 of the influence of dars on human aftions, miracles 
 wrought by the bones of faints, the flights of ominous 
 birds, the predictions from the bowels of dying ani- 
 mals, expounders of dreams, fortune-tellers, conju- 
 rors, modem prophets, necromancy, cheiromancy,^ 
 animal magnetifm', with endlefs variety of folly ? Thefc 
 they have difbelieved and defpifed, but have ever 
 bowed their hoary heads to truth and Nature- 
 
 Mankind may be divided in refpect to the facility 
 of theif belief or conviftion into two clafles ; thofe,. 
 who are ready to aflTent to Angle fa£ts from the evi- 
 dence of their fenfes, or from the ferious alTertions of 
 others; and thofe, who require analogy tc? corrobo- 
 rate or authenticate them. 
 
 Our flrfl: knowledge is acquired by our ienfes ; but 
 thefe are liable to deceive us, and we learn to deteft 
 thefe deceptions by comparing the ideas prefented to 
 ns by one fenfe with thofe prefented by another. 
 
 Thus 
 
D I 5 E S £ S 
 
 
 [Class III. 3. z. 
 
 llius when we firll view a cylinder, it appears to the 
 ■eye as a flat fnrface with different fliades on it, till we 
 correft this idea by the fenfe of touch, and find its 
 furface to be circular ; that is, having foine parts gra- 
 dually receding further from the eye than others. So 
 when a child, or a cat, or a bird, firfl; fees its own 
 Image in a looking-glafs, it believes that another ani- 
 mal exifls before it, and detefts this fallacy by going 
 behind the glafs to examine, if another tangible ani- 
 mal really exifls there. 
 
 Another exuberant fource of error confifls in the 
 falfe notions, which we receive in our early years 
 from the defign or ignorance of our inflruclors, winch 
 afleef all our future reafoning by their perpetual in- 
 trufions ; as thefe habits of mufcular aftions of the 
 face or limbs, w’hich are called tricks, when contract- 
 ed in infancy continue to the end of our lives. 
 
 A third great fource of error is the vivacity of our 
 i leas of imagination, wdiich perpetually intrude them- 
 jclves by various affociations, and compofe the farrago 
 of ©nr dreams ; in which, by the fufpenfion of voli- 
 tion, we are precluded from comparing the ideas of 
 one fenfe with thofe of another, or the incongruity 
 of their fucceflions with the ufual courfe of nature, 
 and tlras to detect their fallacy. Which we do in 
 our waking hours by a perpetual voluntary exertion, 
 a procefs of the mind above mentioned, which we 
 have termed intuitive analogy. Sefl. XVII. 3. 7. 
 
 This analogy prefuppofes an acquired knowledge 
 of things, hence children and ignorant people are the 
 mgfl credulous, a-s not poflelfing much knou ledge of 
 
 ' the 
 
Ci-Ass III. 2. 2 ] OF VOLITION. 31 
 
 the ufual courfe of nature j and fecondly, thofe are 
 mod; credulous, whofe faculty of comparing ideas, or 
 the voluntary exertion of it, is flow or imperfect. 
 Thus if the power of the magnetic needle of turning 
 towards the north, or the fhock given by touching 
 both fides of an elefirized coated jar, was related for 
 -the firfl; time to a philofopher, and to an ignorant 
 perfon ; the former would be lefs ready to believe 
 them, than the latter ; as he would find nothing fimi- 
 lar in nature to compare them to, he would again 
 and again repeat the experiment, before he would 
 give it his entire credence ; till by thefe repetitions it 
 w'ould ceafe to be a Angle fa£i, and would therefore 
 gain the evidence of analogy. But the latter, as 
 having lefs knowledge of nature, and lefs facility of 
 voluntary exertion, would more readily believe the 
 aflertions of others, or a Angle fafi, as prefented to 
 his own obfervarion. Of this kind are the bulk of 
 mankind ; they continue throughout their lives in a 
 Hate of childhood, and have thus been the dupes of 
 priefls and politicians in all countries and in ail ages 
 of the world. 
 
 In regard to religious matters, there is an intel- 
 leftual cowardice inflilled into the minds of the people 
 from their infancy, which prevents their inquiry : 
 credulity is made an indifpenfible virtue ; to inquire 
 or exert their reafon in religious matters is denounced 
 as fmful ; and in the catholic church is punilhed with 
 more fevere penances than moral crimes. But in re- 
 fpefl to our belief of the fuppofed medical facts, which 
 
 are 
 
52 
 
 DISEASES [Class III. 2. 
 
 are publiflied by variety of authors ; many of whom 
 are ignorant, and therefore credulous ; the golden 
 rule of David Hume may be applied with great ad- 
 vantage. “ When two miraculous alfertions oppofc 
 each other, believe the lefs miraculous.” Thus if a 
 perfon is faid to have received the fmall-pox a fecond 
 time, and to have gone through all the llages of it, 
 one may thus reafon : twenty thoufand people have 
 been expofed to the variolous contagion a fecond time 
 without receiving the variolous fever, to every one 
 who has been faid to have thus received it ; it an- 
 pears therefore lefs miraculous, that the afferter of 
 this fuppofed faft has been deceived, or w'ilhes to de- 
 ceive, than that it has fo happened contrary to the 
 long experienced order of nature. 
 
 M. M. The- method of cure is to increafe our know- 
 ledge of the laws of nature, and our habit of com- 
 paring whatever ideas are prefented to us with thofc 
 known laws, and thus to counteract the fallacies of our 
 fenfes, to emancipate ourfclves from the falfe im- 
 preffions which we have imbibed in our infancy, and 
 to fet'the hiculty of reafon above that of imagination. 
 
 I 
 
 TI £ 
 
Class IV.j OF ASSOCIATION. ' 33 
 
 7HE ORDERS AND GENERA OF ‘THE FOURTH CLASS 
 OF DISEASES. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 DISEASES OF ASSOCI ATIOl^* 
 
 O R D O I. 
 
 Increafed AJfoclate M.otions, 
 GENERA. 
 
 1. Catenated with irritative motions. 
 
 2. Catenated with fenfitive motions. 
 
 3. Catenated with voluntary motions. 
 
 4. Catenated with external influences. 
 
 ORDO II. 
 
 Decreafed AJfociate Motions. 
 GENERA. 
 
 1. Catenated with irritative motions. 
 
 2. Catenated with fenfltive motions. 
 
 3. Catenated with voluntary motions. 
 
 4. Catenated with external influences. 
 
 ORDO III. 
 
 Retrograde A/fociate Motions. 
 
 G E N E R 
 
 1. Catenated with irritative m.otions. 
 
 2. Catenated with fenfitive mations, 
 
 3. Catenated with voluntary motions. 
 
 4. Catenated with external influences. 
 
 VoL. II. C 
 
 THE 
 
3+ 
 
 T> I s - E A S E s- 
 
 [Class IV. r, i. 
 
 TII£ 0RLER3, GENERA, AND SPECIES, OR ’lEE POVR'TH 
 CLASS OF DISEASES. 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 DISEASES OF ASSOCIATIOl^. 
 
 O R D O I. 
 
 Increafed AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS L 
 
 Catenated with Irritative Motions. 
 
 S P L C I E S. 
 
 1, Rubor vuliuspranfcrum.YlxiIhimg of the face after 
 
 dinner. 
 
 2.. Sudor Jiragulis immer- Sweat from covering the 
 forum. face in bed. 
 
 3, Ceffatio agrititdinis cute Cure of ficknefs by ftimu- 
 excitata. lating the ikin. 
 
 4. Digedio audia frigore Digeflion increafed by cold- 
 cutaneo. nefs of the fs-in. 
 
 3. Catarrhiis a frigore ru- (^^atarrh from cold ikin. 
 ianeo. 
 
 6. Abforptio cellularh audta Cellular abforption increaf- 
 
 vomitu. ed by vomiting. 
 
 7. Syngtdtiis nephriticus. Nephritic hiccough. 
 
 8. Ycbris irrif ark'll. Irritative fever. 
 
 
 G?.NUE 
 
€lAss IV. I. 2.3 OF ASSOCIATION. 35 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated with Senfitive Motionsi 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1 4 Lacryniafumjluxusfym- 
 patheticys. 
 
 Sternutatio a lumim. 
 
 3. Dolor dentium a Jiridore. 
 
 4. Bdfus fardonkus. 
 
 5. Saliva Jiuxus cibo vifo. 
 
 6. Ten/to mamularum vifo 
 puerulo. 
 
 7. Tenfio penis in hydropho 
 
 bia. 
 
 8. Tenefmus calculofus. 
 
 9. Polypus nariu?n ex afca- 
 
 ride, 
 
 -TO. Crampiis fur arum _ in 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 1 1 . Zona ignea ?iephritica. 
 
 12. Eruptio variolarum. 
 
 13. G lift a rofea Jiomatica* 
 
 14 . — hepaticUi 
 
 15. Podagra. 
 
 16. Rheumatifmus. 
 ij, Erydpelas. 
 
 Sympathetic tears; 
 
 Sneezing from light. 
 
 Tooth-edge from gratilig 
 fonnds. 
 
 Sardonic fmile. 
 
 Flux of faliva at fight of 
 food. 
 
 Tenfion of the nipples of 
 laftefcent women at 
 fight of the child. 
 
 Tenfion of the penis in hy- 
 drophobia. 
 
 Tenefmus from hone. 
 
 Polypus of the nofe frorii 
 afcarides. 
 
 Cramp from diarrhoea. 
 
 Nephritic fliingles. 
 
 Eruption of fmail-pox.- 
 
 Stomatie rofy drop. 
 
 Hepatic rofy drop.- 
 
 Gout. 
 
 Rheum atifm. 
 
 Eryfipelas.- 
 C 2 
 
 
5^ DISEASES [Class IV. i. 3,4, 
 
 18. Tcjliumfumor higomr^ Swelled tcftes In gonorrhoea, 
 
 rhaa. 
 
 19. in paroti- in mumps. 
 
 tide. 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 ) 
 
 Catenated ‘with Voluntary Motions. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 f. Deglutitio invlta. Involuntary deglutition. 
 
 2. Niditatio invita. nictitation. 
 
 3. Rif us invitus. langhtcr. 
 
 4. Lifus digit orum invitus. actions with the 
 
 fcgers. 
 
 5.. Unguium morjiuncula. biting the nails. 
 
 invita. 
 
 C. Vigilia invita. watchfulnefs, 
 
 GENUS rv. 
 
 Catenated with External Influences. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 r. Vita ovi. Life of am egg. 
 
 2. Vitahiemi-d'urmientium. Life of winter-fcepers. 
 
 3. Pullulatio arborum. Budding of trees. 
 
 4. Orgafmatis venerei peri- Periods of venereal dehre. 
 'odus.- 
 
 5. Erachii conaffo elec- Electric fhock through the 
 
 trica. arm. 
 
 £. Oxygenaiiofanguinis. Oxygenation of the blood. 
 7. Humedatic corporis. Humcftation of the body. 
 
 ORDO 
 
Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 S? 
 
 O R D O II. 
 
 Decreafed AJhciate Motto?is.. 
 GENUS I. 
 
 Catenated ’with Irritative Motio?is.. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Cutis frigida pran/onim. Cliillnefs after dinner. 
 
 2. Pallor urina pranforwn. Pale urine after dinner. 
 
 3. a frigore from cold Ikin. 
 
 cuta)ieo. 
 
 4. Pallor ex agritudine. Palenefs from ficknefs. 
 
 5. Dyfptiaea a balneo frigido. Shortnefs of breath from 
 
 6. Dyfpepfia a pedibus fri- 
 
 gidis. 
 
 7. Pitjfss a pedibiis frigidis. 
 
 8. hepatica. 
 
 9. arthritic a. 
 
 10. Vertigo rotatoria. 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 . — ‘vijhalis. 
 
 12. . ebriofa. 
 
 JO. — — — febriculofa. 
 
 14. cerehrofa. 
 
 15. Murmur auriuni verti- 
 ginofum. 
 
 1 6. P act as giijhis^ olfachis 
 
 vertiginqfi. 
 
 ij. PidJ'us mollis a vomlilone 
 
 ( 
 
 'cold bathins;. 
 Indig-eflion from cold feet. 
 
 Cough from cold feet. 
 Liver-cougli. 
 
 Gout-cougli. 
 
 Vei’tigo rotatory. 
 
 • vifual. 
 
 — inebriate. 
 
 ' — — — — feverifli. 
 
 from the brain. 
 Noifc in the ears. 
 
 Vertiginous touch, talle, 
 fmell. 
 
 Soft pulfc in vomiting. 
 
 3 18. Pulfus 
 
CO 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. 2. 
 
 18. Pulfus intermittens a Intermittent pulfe from tlic 
 
 ‘ventriculo. ftomacli. 
 
 19. Febris inirritativa. Inirritative fever. 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated with Senfiiive Motions. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Torpor gena a dolor e Coldncfs of the cheek from 
 
 dentis. tooth-ach. 
 
 2. Stranguria a dolor e ve- Strangury from pain of the 
 
 ficcz. bladder. 
 
 3. conmulfi-va. Convulfive itrangury. 
 
 4. Dolor termini dudtus Pain of the end of the bilc- 
 
 choledochi. duel. 
 
 5. Dolor pharyngis ah aci- Pain of the throat from 
 
 do gajirico. gaftric acid. 
 
 6. Pruritus narium a ver- Itching of the nofe from 
 
 mihus. worms. 
 
 . Cephalaa. Head-ach. 
 
 . Flemicrania et otalgia. Partial head-ach, and ear- 
 
 9. Dolor humeri in hepati- Pain of flioulder in hepatitis. 
 dide. 
 
 10. Torpor pedum 'variola Cold feet in eruption of 
 
 II. lejiium dolor nephriti- Nephritic pain of teflis. 
 
 12. Do^or digiti minimi J)'m- V'dm of little finger from 
 
 ach. 
 
 erumpente. 
 
 fmall-pox. 
 
 cus. 
 
 fympathy. 
 
Class IV. 2. 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 3 ? 
 
 13. Dolor brachii in hydrope' 2 d!m of the arm in dropfy 
 peBoris. of the cheft. 
 
 J4. Diarrbxa a dentitione. Diarrhoea from toothing. 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 Catenated with Voluntary Motions. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 i . Titubatio lingua. 
 
 Impediment of fpeech. 
 
 2. Chorea fandli viti. 
 
 St. Vitus’ dance. 
 
 3. Rifus. 
 
 Laughter. 
 
 4. Tremor ex ird. 
 
 Trembling from anger. 
 
 5. Rubor ex ird. 
 
 Rednefs from anger. 
 
 6. — — - criminati. 
 
 Blulh of guilt. 
 
 7. Tarditas paralytica, 
 
 Slownefs from palfy. 
 
 S. , — — = — ,, flenilh. 
 
 of age. 
 
 GENUS IV. 
 
 Catenated with External Influences. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1 . Somni periodus. Periods of deep. 
 
 2. Studii inanis periodus. of reverie. 
 
 3. Dernier ani(Z periodus. ^ of head-ach. 
 
 4. Epilepfice doloriflcce pe — =■ of painful epilepfy. 
 
 riedus. 
 
 5. Convulflonis dolorificce — of painful convuh 
 
 periodus. fion. 
 
 .6, Tujfls periodica periodus. — of periodic cough. 
 
 C 4 7. Cata^ 
 
DISEASES [Claes IV. i. j. 
 
 4 » 
 
 7. Catamenia periodus. Periods of catamenia. 
 
 8. Hcs?norrboidis periodus, of the piles. 
 
 . 9. Podagra periodus. of the gout. 
 
 j o. EryTipelatis periodus. — of eryfipclas. 
 
 1 1 . Febrium periodus. of fevers. 
 
 O R D O III. 
 
 Retrograde AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS I. 
 
 Catenated with Irritative Motions. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I . Diabates irritata. Diabetes from irritation, 
 
 1. Sudor frigidus in ajlh- Cold fweat in allhma. 
 mate. 
 
 Diabates a tbnore. Diabetes from fear. 
 
 4 Diarrhoea a timore. Diarrhoea from fear. 
 
 5. Pallor et tremor a ti- Palenefs and trembling from 
 7 nore. fear. 
 
 Palpitatio cordis a ti- Palpitation of the heart 
 7 nore. from fear. 
 
 7. Abortio a thnore. Abortion from fear. 
 
 I, Hydcria a timore. Plyflerics from fear. 
 
 GENUS 
 
Class IV. 3. 2. 3.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated luitjo Senfiti-ve Motions. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. Naiifea idealis. Naufea from ideas. 
 
 ■2. a conceptu. Naufea from conception. 
 
 3. Vomitio %'ertiginofa. Vomiting from vertigo. 
 
 4. a calcido in ure from ftone in tlic 
 
 tei-e. ureter. 
 
 5. ah mfultu para from ftroke of paj- 
 
 lytico. fy. 
 
 6. a titilatione fau- Vomiting from tickling the 
 
 cium. throat. 
 
 7. cutefympathetica. from fympathy 
 
 with the /kin, 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 Catenated with volwitary Motions. 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. Ruminatio. Rumination. 
 
 %. Vomitio ‘vobmiaria. Voluntary vomiting. 
 
 3. Eruclatio vohtniaria. — — eruclatlon. 
 
 GENUS 
 
42 
 
 DISEASES ^Class IV. 3. 
 
 GENUS IV. 
 
 Gatenaied uuith external hijiuences^ 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1 . Catarrhus periodicus. Periodical catarrh. 
 
 2. Tujfts periodica. Periodic cough. 
 
 3. Hyfieria a frigore. Hyfterics from cold. 
 
 4. Naufea pluvialis. Sicknefs againfl rain. 
 
 CLASS 
 
Class IV.. I. I,] OP ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ' 43 
 
 CLASS IV. 
 
 BISEASES OF ASSOCIATION* .' 
 
 ORDO I, 
 
 Increafed AJfcclaie Motiofts. 
 
 GENUS I. 
 
 Catenated with Irritative Motion. 
 
 The importance of the fubfequent clafs not only 
 confifts in its elucidating all the fympathetic difeafes, 
 but in its opening a road to the knowledge of fever. 
 The difficulty and novelty of the fubjedl rnufc plead 
 in excufe for the prefent imperfe^l ftate of it. Ths 
 reader is entreated previoufly to attend to the fol- 
 lowing circumftances for the greater facility of invefti- 
 gating their intricate connexions ; w'hich I ffiail enu- 
 merate under the following heads. 
 
 A. Affociate motions diftinguiffied from catenations. 
 
 B. Affociate motions of three kinds. 
 
 C. Affociations affeXed by external infiuences. 
 
 D. Affociations affeXed by other fenforial motions, 
 
 E. Affociations catenated with fenfation. 
 
 F. DireX and reverfe fympathy. 
 
 G. Affociations affeXed four ways. 
 
 EL Origin of affociations. 
 
 I. Of the aXion of vomiting:. 
 
 O 
 
 ly. Tertian affociations. 
 
44 
 
 DISEASES (^Class IV. I. r. 
 
 A. AJfociate Motions dijlinguijhedfrom Catenations. 
 
 Affociate motions properly mean only thofe, which 
 are caufed by the fcnforial power of alTociation. 
 Whence it appears, that thofe fibrous motions, which 
 conflimte the introductory link of an affociate train 
 of motions, are excluded from this definition, as not 
 being themfelves caufed by the fenforial power of 
 afibciation, but by irritation, or fenfation, or voli- 
 tion. I fhall give for exam.ple the flufliing of the face 
 after dinner ; the capillary velTcIs of the face increafe 
 their affions in confequence of their catenation, not 
 their aiTociation, with thofe of the ftomach ; which 
 latter are caufed to act v/ith greater energy by the 
 irritation excited by the fiimulus of food. Thefe ca- 
 pillaries of the face are afibciated with each other re- 
 ciprocally, as being all of them excited by the fen- 
 forial power of afifociation ; but they are only cate- 
 nated with thofe of the ftomach, which are not in this 
 cafe affociate motions but irritative ones. The com- 
 mon ufe of the word affociation for almoft every kind 
 of connexion has rendered this fubject difficult ; from 
 which inaccuracy I fear fome parts of this work arc 
 not exempt. 
 
 A 
 
 B. Affociate Motions of three Kinds. 
 
 Utofe trains or tribes of affociate motions, wdmfe 
 jntrodu(fcory link confills of an irritative motion, are 
 termed irritative affociations ; as vrhen the mufcles of 
 the eyelids clofe the eye in common nictitation. 
 Tkofe, whofe introduftory link coufifts of a fen fi rive 
 
 motion, 
 
Class IV. i. i.J OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 5 
 
 motion, are termed fenfitive affociations ; as when the 
 pectoral and intercoflal mufcles aft in fneezing. And 
 ialTily, thofe, whofe iutroduftory link confifts of a 
 voluntary motion, are termed voluntary affociations ; 
 as when the mufdes of the lower limbs aft in concert 
 with thofe of the arm in fencing. 
 
 C. Ajfociations offeded by eyJernal Injluences. 
 
 Circles of affociatc motions, as well as trains and 
 tribes of them, are liable to be affefted by external 
 influences, which confift of ethereal fluids, and which, 
 by penetrating the fyflem, aft upon it perhaps rather 
 as a caufa fine qua non of its movements, than direftly 
 as a ftimulus ; except when they are accumulated in 
 unufual quantity. We have a fenfe adapted to the 
 perception of the cxcefs or defeft of one of thcfc fluids ; 
 I mean that of elementary heat ; in which all things 
 are immerfcd. See Clafs IV. i. 4. i. But there are 
 others of them, which as we have no power to evade 
 their influence, fo we have no fenfe to perceive it ; 
 thefe are the folar, and lunar, and terreffrial gravi- 
 tation, in which alfo all things are immerfed; the 
 eleftric aura, which pervades us, and is perpetually 
 varying. See Clafs IV. i. 4, 5; the magnetic fluid, 
 Clafs IV. I. 4. 6; and laffly, the great life-preferver 
 oxygen gas, and the aqueous vapour of the atmofphere, 
 fee Clafs IV. i. 4. 6. and 7. and 2. 
 
 Of thefe external influences thofe of heat, and of 
 gravity, hare diurnal periods of increafe and de- 
 crcafe j befides their greater periods of monthly of 
 
 annual 
 
4 ^ 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. t. i; 
 
 annual variation. The manner in which they a 61 : by 
 periodical increments on the fyhem, till fome eifecl is 
 produced, is fpoken of in Sect. XXXII. 3. and 6 . 
 
 D. Affbciations affeded by other Senfor'ml Motions. 
 
 Circles and trains of alTociate motions are alfo liable 
 to be aiietred by their catenations wdth other fenforial 
 powers, as of irritation, or fenfation, or volition j 
 which other fenforial powers either thus limply form 
 fome of the links of the catenation, or add to the ener- 
 gy of the aiTociated motions. Thus when vomiting 
 is caufed by the llimulus of a ftone in the ureter, the 
 fenfation of pain feems to be a link of the catenation 
 rather than an efficient caufe of the vomiting. Eut 
 when the capillary veiTels of the fkin incrcafe their 
 aftion from the influence of external heat, they are 
 excited both by the llimulus of unufual heat, as w-ell 
 as by the llimulus of the blood, and by their accuf- 
 tomed allociation with the addons of the heart and 
 arteries. And laflly, in the blulli of anger the fen- 
 forial power of volition is added to that of aflbeiation, 
 and irrit.ition, to excite the capillaries of the face with 
 increafed acdon. See Clafs IV. 2. 3. 5. 
 
 E. Affheiations catenated ^jdth Senfation. 
 
 Pain frequently accompanies alTociate trains or cir- 
 cles of motion without its being a caufe, or a link, of 
 them, but Amply an attendant fymptom ; though it 
 frequently gives nam.e to the difeafe, as head-ach. 
 'Thus in the cramp of the calves of the legs in diar- 
 rhoea. 
 
Class IV. i. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 4T 
 
 rhoea, the increafed fenforial power of alTociatiGn is 
 the proximate caufe ; the preceding increafed afhon 
 of the bowels is the remote caufe ; and the proximate 
 effeft is the violent contraftions of the mufeuli gaflroc- 
 nemii ; but the pain of thefe mufcles is only an atten- 
 dant fymptom, or a remote eifefi:. See Seft. XVIIL 
 1 5. Other fenfitive affociations are mentioned in Clafs 
 IV. I. 2. and IV. 1. 2. 15. 
 
 Thus, if the fluftiing of the face above mentioned 
 after dinner be called a difeafe, the im.mediate cr 
 proximate caufe is the increafed power of allbciation, 
 the remote caufe is the increafed irritative motions of 
 the flomach in confequence of the flimulus of food 
 and wine. The difeafe or proximate effeft confids in 
 the increafed aftions of the cutaneous velTels of the 
 face •, and the fenfation of heat, the exigence of heat, 
 and the red colour, are attendants or fymptoms, or 
 remote effefls, of the increafed aftions of thefe cuta- 
 neous velTels. 
 
 F. Dire 6 i and reverfe Sympathy. 
 
 The increafed aflions of the primary part of the 
 trains of aflbeiated motions are fometimes fucceeded 
 by increafed aft ions of the fecondary part of the train; 
 and fometimes by decreafed aftions of it. So like- 
 wife the decreafed addons of the primary part of a 
 train of aiTociate motions are fometimes fucceeded by 
 decreafed aftions of the fecondary part, and fometimes 
 by increafed aftions of it. The former of thefe htua- 
 tions is called direft fympathy, and the latter reverfe 
 
 fympathj'. 
 
DISEASES 
 
 4S 
 
 [Class IV. 1. i. 
 
 fympathr. In general I believe, where the primary 
 part of the train of afiociated motions is exerted more 
 than natural, it produces direct fympathy in ftrong 
 people, and reverfe fympathy in weak ones, as a full 
 meal makes fome people hot, and others chill. And 
 where the primary part of the train is exerted lefs 
 than natural, it produces direct fympathy in weak 
 people, and reverfe fympathy in ftrong ones, as on 
 being expofed for a certain length of time on herfe- 
 back in a cold day gives indigeftion and confequenc 
 heart-burn to weak people, and flrengthens the digef- 
 tion, and induces coufequent hunger, in ilrong ones. 
 See Sect. XXXY. i. 
 
 This may perhaps be more cafily underflood, by 
 confidering ftrength and weaknefs, when applied to 
 animal bodies, as confifting in the quantity of fenforial 
 power refiding in the contrafting fibres, and the quan- 
 tity of ftimulus applied, as flaewn in Sect. XII. 2 . i. 
 Now when defective ftimulus, within certain limits, 
 is partially applied to parts fabject to perpetual motion, 
 the expenditure of fenforial power is for a while 
 Icffened, but not its general produftion in the brain, 
 nor its derivation into the weakl}’'-ftimulated part. 
 1 ience in ftrong people, or fuch whofe fibres abound 
 wit hi fenforial power, if the firft tribe of an afibciatc 
 train of motions be deprived in part of its accuftomed 
 ftimuhis, iis aftion becomes diminifiied ; and the fen- 
 forial porver becomes accumulated, and by its fuper- 
 abundance, or overflowing as it were, increafes the 
 8.6-ioti of the fecond tribe of the aftbeiate adtions by 
 
 rev'erfe 
 
 1 
 
Olass IV. I. I.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 49 
 
 reverfe fympathy. As expofing the warm ikln for a 
 moderate time to cold air increafcs the aftion of the 
 flomach, and thus flrengthens the power of digeftion. 
 
 On the reverfe, wdien additional flimulus within 
 certain limits is partially applied to parts, w'hich are 
 deficient in refpect to the natural quantity of fenforial 
 power, the expenditure of fenforial power is increafed, 
 but in a lefs degree than the increafed produftion of it 
 in the brain, or its increafed derivation into the 
 firongly^llimulated organ. Hence in w’eak people, 
 or fuch whofe fibres are deficient of fenforial power, 
 if the firft tribe of an alTociate train of motions be fub- 
 jecled for a while to greater fiimulus than ufual, a- 
 greatcr produftion of fenforial powder, or a greater 
 derivation of it into the ftimulated parts occurs ; which 
 by its excefs, or overflowing as it were, increafes the 
 aftions of the fecond tribe of the affociate motions 
 by direct fympathy* Thus Vv^hen vomiting occurs 
 with cold extremities, a blifter on the back in a few 
 hours occafions univerfal warmth of the lldn, and 
 (tops the vomiting. And when a diarrhoea occurs 
 wdth pale Ikin and cold extremities, the pricking of 
 the points of a flannel fliirt, worn next the fkin, oc« 
 cafions univerfal warmth of it, and checks or cures the 
 diarrhoea. 
 
 In fome affociate trains of a£Hon neverthelefs re- 
 verfe fympathies more frequently occur than direfl 
 ones, and in others dire£t ones more frequently than 
 reverfe ones. Thus in continued fever with debility 
 there appears to be a reverfe fympathy between the 
 
 VoL. II. D capillary 
 
5 ^ 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. i. 
 
 capillary veiTels of the fcomach and thofe of the /Idn ; 
 becaufe there exifts a totai averfon to folid food, and 
 conffant heat on the furface of the body. Yet thefe 
 two fyflems of veffels are at other times actuated by 
 direct fym.pathy, as when palenefs attends ficknefs, or 
 cold feet mc-uces indigeflion. This fubject requires 
 to be farther invcHigated, as it probably depends not 
 only on the pi-efent or previous plus or minus of the 
 feuforiaJ power of affociation, but alfo on the intro- 
 duftion of other kinds of fcnforial power, as in Clafs 
 IV, I. I. D ; or tl>e increafed production of it in the 
 brain, or the greater m.obility of one part of a train 
 of actions than another. 
 
 Thus when much food or wine is taken into the 
 ftomach, if there be no fuperfiuity of fenforial power 
 in the fyftem., that is, none to be fpared from the con- 
 tinual actions of it, a palenefs and chrilnefs fucceeds 
 for a time ; becaufe now the expenditure of it by the 
 increafed actions of the flomach is greater than the 
 prefent production of it. In a little timm however the 
 Ifiraulus of the food and wine increafes the production 
 of fenforial power in the brain, and this produces a 
 fuperfiuity of it in the fyfiem ; in confequeuce of which 
 the ikin now becomes warm and fiorid, which was at 
 firfi cold and pale ; and thus the reverfe fympathy 
 is fliortly converted into a direft one ; which is pro- 
 bably owing to the introduction of a fecond fenforial 
 power, that of pleafurable fenfation. 
 
 On the contrary, when an emetic drug produces 
 ficknefs, the ikin is at firfi; pale for a time by direCt 
 
 fympatbv 
 
Class IV. i. i.] OF ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 5t 
 
 fympatliy with the capillaries of the homach ; but in 
 a few minutes, by the accumulation of fenforial power 
 in the ftomach during its lefs a£i;ive ftate in fcknefs, 
 the capillaries of the Ikin, which are alfociated \vith 
 thofe of the flomach, aft with greater energy by re- 
 verfe fympathy, and a florid colour returns. Where 
 the quantity of aftion is diminiflied in the firfl part of 
 a train of motions, whether by previous diminution 
 of fenfcr'al powxr, or prefcnt diminution of flimulus, 
 the fecond part of the train becomes torpid by direft 
 fympathy. And when the quantity of aftion of the 
 firfl; part becomes increafed by the accumulation of 
 fenforial power during its previous torpor, or by in- 
 creafe of fliimulus, the aftions of the fecond part of it 
 lilcewdfe become increafed by direft fympathy. 
 
 In m.oderate hunger the fkin is pale, as before din- 
 ner, and in moderate ficknefs, as no great accumu- 
 lation of fenforial pow'er has commenced ; but in vio- 
 lent hunger, and in greater torpor of the ftomach, as 
 from contagious matter, the accumulation of fenforial 
 powder becomes fo great as to aiFeft the arterial and 
 capillary fyftem, and fever is produced in both cafes. 
 
 In contagious fevers wdth arterial debilities com- 
 mencing wath torpor of the ftomach, why is the aftion 
 of the heart weakened, and that of the capillaries in- 
 creafed ? Is it becaufe the mobility of the heart is lefs 
 than that of the ftomach, and the mobility of the 
 capillaries greater ? Or is it becaufe the affociation 
 between the muftular fibres of the ftom.acIi and thofe 
 of the heart have been uniformly aflbciated by direft 
 D 7, fyinpathy ; 
 
DISEASES [Class IV, i. ?. 
 
 52 
 
 fjympathy ; and the capillaries of the ftoraach and 
 thofe of the /kin have been more frequently alTociated 
 by reverfe fympathy ? 
 
 Where the acHons of the ftomach have been prc- 
 vioufly exhaufted by long /limulus, as on the day after 
 intoxication, little or no accumulation of fenforial 
 power occurs, during the torpor of the organ, beyond 
 what is required to replace the deficiency of it, and 
 hence fever feldoin follows intoxication. And a repe- 
 tition of the fiimulus fometimes becomes necefiary even 
 to induce its natural aftion, as in dram-drinkers. 
 
 Where there has been no previous exhauftion of 
 fenforial power, and the primary link of a/Tociate 
 motions is violently acluated by the fenforial power 
 of fenfation, the fecondary link is alfo violently ac- 
 tuated by dircft fympathy, as in inflammatory fevers. 
 Where however the fenforial power of the fy/lem is 
 lefs than natural, the fecondary link of aflbciated 
 motions becomes torpid by reverfe fympathy, as in 
 the inoculated finall-pox during the eruption on the 
 face the feet are frequently cold. 
 
 G. Jffociatkm affected four IVays. 
 
 Hence aflbciated trains or circles of motions may be 
 aflefted four different ways. i. By the greater or 
 iefs energy of acflion of the firll link with which they 
 are catenated, and from which they take their names ; 
 as irritative, fenfitive, or voluntary alfociations. 2. 
 By being excited by two or more fenforial powers at 
 •■he fame time, as by irritation and aflociation, as m 
 
 the 
 
S3 
 
 C^.«s nr. 1. 1.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 the inftance of the application of the ftimulus of in- 
 creafed external heat to the cutaneous capillaries. 3. 
 B7 catenation with other fenforial powers, as wuth pain 
 or pleafure, which are in this cafe not the proximate 
 caufe of motion, but w'hich, by becoming a link of 
 catenation, excites the fenforial power of affociation 
 into action ; as the pain at the neck of the gall-blad- 
 tf^r occahoned by a gall-hone is transferred to the 
 other end of that canal, and becomes a link of cate- 
 nation between the aftion of the two extremities of 
 it. 4. The influence of ethereal fluids, as of heat 
 and gravitation. To which laft perhaps might be 
 added moifture and oxygen gas as conllituting necef 
 fary parts of the fyftem, rather than flimuli to excite 
 it into aflion. 
 
 H. The Origin of Ajfociations. 
 
 Some trains or circles of aflbciate motions mufl have 
 been formed before our nativity, as thofe of the heart, 
 arteries, and capillaries ; others have been aflbciated, 
 as Gccalion required them, as the raufcles of the dia- 
 phragm and abdomen in vomiting ; and others by 
 perpetual habit, as thofe of the flomach v/ith the heart 
 and arteries direftly, as in weak pulfe during ncknefs ; 
 with the capillaries directly, as in the fiuflied ikin 
 after dinner ; and laflly, with the cellular abforbents 
 reverfely, as in the increafed abforption in anafarca 
 during ficknefs ; and with the irritative motions of the 
 organs of fenfe reverfely, as in vertigo, or fea-flcknefs. 
 Some of thefe affociations fliall be here fliortly de- 
 fcribed to facilitate the inveftigation of others. 
 
 j 
 
 Firfl, 
 
5 + 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. I. I, 
 
 Firfr, otiicr congeries of glands occupy but a par- 
 ticular part of the fyffcem, or conftitute a particular 
 organ, as the liver, or kidneys ; but thofe glands, 
 which fecrete the mucus, and perfpirable matter, 
 ■which are called capillaries, are of very great extent ; 
 they receive the blood from the arteries, feparate from 
 it the mucus, which lines cverj'- cell, and covers every 
 cavity of the body ; and the perfpirable matter, whicn. 
 foftens and lubricates the whole furface of the Ikin, and 
 the more extenfive furface of the air-veiTc!s, which 
 compofe the lungs. Thefe are fuppli^d w ith blood 
 by the perpetual action of the heart and arteries, and 
 have therefore their motions alTociated with the 
 former, and wnth each other, by fym.pathy, wdiich 
 is fometimes direct, and fometimes reverfe. 
 
 One branch of this afibciation, the capillaries of 
 the ikjn, are very irritable by the increafed quantities 
 of' cold and heat, another branch, that of the lungs, 
 has not the perception of cold and heat, but is liable 
 by direct fyrnpathy to act in concert with the former, 
 as in going into the cold bath. And it is probable 
 the capillaries of the internal membranes arc likewdfe 
 directly affected by their fyrnpathy with thofe of the 
 j Lin, as appears from the defect of fecretion in ulcers 
 during the cold h',s of agues. 
 
 The motions of this extenfive fyftem of capillaries, 
 thus affociated by direct fyrnpathy, are alfo alTociated 
 w ith thofe of the Iteart and arteries, fometimes by re- 
 verfe a.nd lomctimes by direeff fyrnpathy ; and thus 
 cquilitutc fnnple fever. The cold paroxyfin of which 
 
 copfills, 
 
CtAss IV. I. k] of association. 
 
 55 
 
 confifts in their torpor, and the hot one in their or- 
 gal'm, or increafed aftivity. 
 
 I. Of the A Elion of Vomiting. 
 
 The manner, in which the ftomach and the dia- 
 phragm and abdominal mnfdes acquire their alTociate 
 a-fdon in vomiting, requires fome attention. It is 
 not probable, that this aftion of vomiting occurs be- 
 fore nativity ; as the uniform application of the nutri- 
 tive liquor amnii to the mouth of the foetus, and the 
 uniform expenditure of its nourilhment, would not 
 feem to give occafion to too great temporary repletion 
 of the ilomach ; and would preclude the deglutiticn 
 of any improper material. After nativity the Ilomach 
 of the child may be occafionally too much diflended 
 with milk ; as previous hunger may induce it to over- 
 gorge itfelf ; and by repeated efforts the ad of vomit- 
 ing is learned, as a means of getting free from .a 
 difagreeable fenlation. Thus when any difguftful 
 material, as a bitter drug, is taken into the mouth ; 
 certain retrograde motions of the tongue and lips 
 are produced, for the purpofe of paitting the difagree- 
 able material out of the mouth a^ain. 
 
 ’When the ffomach is difagreeably ftimulated by the 
 difiention or acrimony of the aliment, a fimilar effort 
 to regurgitate it muff occur j and by repeated trials 
 the adion of the diaphragm and abdominal muffles 
 by fqueezing the ffomach affiffs its retrograde exertion 
 to difgorge its contents. In the fame manner when a 
 piece of gravel is pufiied into the urethra, or a piece 
 
 U 4 of 
 
5'5 
 
 DISEASES [CtASF IV. I. I. 
 
 of indurated bile into the neck of the gall-bladder, 
 after the)'' have been in vain prelTed forward by the 
 ufual motions of thofe dufts, thev return into the 
 bladders of gall and urine by the retrograde motions of 
 them. 
 
 That this is one mode, in which vomdting is induced, 
 appears from the inflantaneous rejeftion from the 
 ilomach occafioned by fome naufeous drug, or from 
 fome naufeous idea ; and laftly, from the voluntary 
 powei'j which fome people have been faid to have 
 acquired, of emptying their llomachs, much in the fame 
 manner as ruminating animals bring up the grafs from 
 their firft Ilomach. 
 
 There are neverthelefs many modes by which thefc 
 inverted miotions of the Homach and cefophagus are 
 induced, and which it is of confequence to dihinguilli 
 from each other. The firfl is the mode above de- 
 feribed, v'here an elfort is made to diflodge fomething, 
 which llimulates the flomach into difagreeable fenfa- 
 tion ; and which is returned b)' repeated exertions ; 
 as when a naufeous drug is taken into the m.outh, or 
 a bit of fand falls into the eye, or a drop of water into 
 the. wind-pipe. In this the periidaltic motions of the 
 flomach are frft flopped, and then reverted by pain- 
 ful fenfation ; and the abdomiaal mufcles and dia- 
 phragm by repeated efforts become affociated with them. 
 Now as Ids fenforial power is expended on the retro- 
 grade actions of the ffomach, and of the lymphatics, 
 which open their mouths on its furface, than by their 
 natural motiens, an accumulation of fenforia; power 
 
^LASS IV. 1 . I.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 57 
 
 in the fibres of the fiomach follows the exhibition of 
 an emeticj and on that account an emetic will fome- 
 tlmes flop a fpontaneous vomiting which was owing 
 to fenforial deficiency. See Se61. XXXV. i. 3. and 
 Art. V. 2. I. 
 
 As bitters and metallic falts, exhibited in fmall dofes, 
 ftimulate the fiomach into greater aftion, as appears 
 by their increafmg the power of digefiion, and yet 
 become emetic, when given in larger dofes ; one might 
 fufpefi, that they became emetic by inducing debility, 
 and confequent retrograde aftions of the fiomach, by 
 their previoufly exhaufiing the fenforial power by their 
 great fiiraulus ; which might be effedfed in a moment 
 without producing pain, and in confequence without 
 our perceiving it. But on the contrary, the're does 
 not in general appear on the exhibition of emetics to 
 be any previous exhaufiion of fenforial power ; be- 
 caufe there is evidently an accumulation of it during 
 the ficknefs, as appears from the digefiion being firon- 
 ger afterv/ards ; and from the increafed aftion of tlie 
 cellular and cutaneous abforbents during its operation. 
 See Art. V. 2. i. 
 
 Another mode, by which vomiting is induced, is 
 owing to debility or deficiency of Icnforiai power, 
 from the previous exhaufiion of it : as on the day 
 after intoxication, or which occurs in people enfeebled 
 with the gout, and in dropfy, and in fome fevers 
 with debility. In thefe, w]ien the vomiting ceafes, 
 there is no appearance of accumulation of fenforial povs- 
 cr, as the digefiion ftill remains weak and iinperfedf. 
 
 Another 
 
5 * 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. i. I. 
 
 Another mode by which ficknefs or vomiting is 
 induced, is by defeft of flimulus, as in great hunger ; 
 and in thofe, who have been habituated to fpice and 
 fpirit vdth their meals, who are liable to be fick after 
 taking food without thefe additional ftimuli. Other 
 means of inducing iTcknefs by vertigo, or by naufeous 
 ideas, will be mentioned below.. 
 
 Welhall only add, that the motions of the mufcu- 
 lar fibres of the flomach are a.fibciated with thofe of 
 the heart and arteries by direct fympathy, as appears 
 by the weaknefs of the pulfe during the exhibition of 
 an em.etic ; and that the abforbents of tlie flomach 
 are aflbciated with the cellular and cutaneous abfor- 
 bents by reverfe fyrapath)^, as is flsewn by the great 
 abforption of the mucus of the cells in anafarca during 
 ficknefs ; at the fame time that the abforbents of the 
 flomach invert their actions, and pour the mucus and 
 ^^ater thus abforbed into that vifcus. 
 
 In cold paroxyfms of fever the flomach partakes 
 of the general torpor, and vomiting is induced by 
 its debility, either by its afibciation with the torpid 
 capillaries, or other torpid parts, or by its own torpor 
 commencing firil, and caufing the cold fit. The difor- 
 dered motions of the flomach frequently fcem to be 
 the caufe or primary feat of fever, as where contagi- 
 ous miafmata are fwallowed with the faliva, and 
 where fever is produced by fea-ficknefs, which I once 
 fiiw. Neverthelefs a diforder of the flomach does not 
 ;^iWays induce fever, as In tha: cafe It fliould conflantly 
 attmsd indigcftion, and ver/'to, and fca-ficknefs 5 but 
 
 is 
 
Class IV. i. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 59 
 
 is itfelf frequently induced by affociation with the 
 difordered; movements of other parts of the fyftera, 
 as when it arifes from gravel in the ureter, or from a 
 •percuiTion on the head. 
 
 . The connexion of the motions of the flomach with 
 irritative ideas, or motions of the organs of fenfe, in 
 vertigo, is Ihewn in Seft. XX. and thus it appears, 
 
 ■ that many circles of affociation are either dire^lly or 
 reverfely aflbciated, or catenated, with this vifcus ; 
 which will much contribute to unfold fome of the 
 fymptoms of fever. 
 
 K. Tei-fian Ajj'ociations. 
 
 The third link of alTociate trains of motion is fome- 
 times actuated by reverfe fympathy with the fecond, 
 link, and that by reverfe fympathy with the firil link ; 
 fo that the firfl and third link may aft by direft fym.-> 
 pathy, and the intermediate one by reverfe fympathy; 
 Of this inftances are given in the fyngultus nephriti- 
 cus, Clafs IV. I. 1.7. and IV. 2. i. At other times 
 the tertian or quartan links of affociate motions are 
 aftuated by direft fym,pathy ; and that fometimes for- 
 wards and fometimes backwards in refpeft to the ufual 
 order of thole trains of affociate motions, as in Ckifs 
 IV. I. 2. I. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 t. Rubor •Vidius prarjonmi. Flu filing of the face 
 after dinner is explained in Seft. XXXV. i. In the 
 beginning of intoxication the whole ildn becomes florid 
 from the affociatioji of the aftions of the cutaneous 
 
 arteries 
 
6o 
 
 DISEASES IClassIV. r. I. 
 
 arteries with thofe of the ftomach, becaufc vinous 
 fpirit excites the fibres of the flomach into more violent 
 aftion than the ftimulus of common food ; and the 
 cutaneous capillaries of the face, from their more fre- 
 quent expofure to the vicifiitudes of cold and heat, 
 poffefs more mobilit}' or irritability than thofe of other 
 parts of the fkin, as further explained in Sect. 
 XXXIII. 2. lo. Vinegar is liable to produce this 
 ilufiiing of the face, which probably is owing to the 
 quantity of vinous fpirit it contains, as I believe the 
 mifermented vegetable acids do not produce this efieft. 
 In every kind of blufli the arterial blood is propelled 
 into the capillaries fafter than the venous abforption 
 can carry it forwards into the veins, in this refpect 
 rcfembling the tenfo phalli. 
 
 Can the beginning vinous or acetous fermentation of 
 the aliment in weak fiomachs contribute to this etfeft ? 
 or is it to be afcribed to the greater power of afibcia- 
 tlon between the arteries of the face and the fibres 
 of the ftomach in fome people than in others? 
 
 M. M. Eat and drink lefs at a tim.e, and more 
 frequently. Put 20 drops of weak acid of vitriol into 
 water to be drank at meals. Let the drefs over the 
 Itomach and bowels be loofe. Ufc no fermented li- 
 quors, or vinegar, or fpice. 
 
 2. Sudor JiraguUs tmmer forum. Sweat from being 
 covered in bed. In the commencement of an epidemic 
 fever, in which the perpetual efforts to vomit was a 
 difirefiing fymptora. Dr. Sydenham difeevered, that 
 
 ll 
 
Class IV. i. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 6i 
 
 if the patient’s head was for a fliort time covered over 
 with the bed clotheSj warmth was produced, and a 
 fweat broke out upon the ikin, and the tendency to 
 vomit ceafed. In this curious facl two trains of affo- 
 ciated motions arc excited into increafed a£tion. Firft- 
 the veflels of the lungs are known to have their mo- 
 tion affociated with thofe of the flcin by the difficulty 
 of breathing on going into the cold bath, as defcribed 
 in Seft. XXXII. ■3. 2. Hence, when the veffiels of 
 the lungs become excited into ftronger action, by the 
 bad air under the bed clothes, warmed and adulte- 
 rated by frequent breathing, thofe of the external 
 Ikin foon become excited by their affociation into 
 more energetic aftion, and generate more heat along 
 with a greater fecretion of perfpirable matter. Se- 
 condly, the fympathy between the flomach and ffiin 
 is evident in variety of circumflances ; thus the cold 
 air of frofty days applied to the ikin for a ffiort time 
 increafes the aftion of the flomach by reverfe fympa- 
 thy, but decreafes it if continued too long by direft 
 fympathy ; fo in the circumftance above mentioned 
 the aflion of the flomach is increafed by direft fyra- 
 pathy with that of the fkin ; and the tendency 
 to vomit, which was owing to its diminiffied aflion, 
 ceafes. 
 
 3. Cejpitio agrltudinis cute excitatd. The cure of 
 ficknefs by flimulating the ficin. This is explained in 
 the preceding article ; and further noticed in IV. 2, 
 2. 4. and in IV. i. i. f. 
 
 Similar 
 
DISEASES 
 
 6i 
 
 Siraiiar to thcfc is the effeci: 
 
 [Class IV. i. i. 
 of a blifter on the 
 
 back in relieving ficknefs, indigeftion, and heart-burn ; 
 and, on the contrary, by tliefe fymptoms being fre- 
 quently induced by coldnefs of the extremities. The 
 biifLer flimulates the cutaneous vefl'els into 5;reater ac- 
 tion ; whence warmth and pain are produced at the 
 fame time, and the fibres of the flomach are excited 
 into greater action by their aiTociation v/ith thofe of 
 the Jldn. It does not appear, that the concomitant 
 pain of the blifler caufes the increafed energy of the 
 ftoraach, becaufe the motions of it are not greater 
 than natural ; though it is fometimes dimcult to 
 determine, whether the primary part of fome ailb- 
 ciated trains be connedled with irritative or fenfitivc 
 motions. 
 
 In tire fame manner a flannel fliirt, to one who has 
 not been in the habit of wearing one, fciiriulates the 
 ikin by its points, and thus flops vomiting in fome 
 cafes ; and is particularly efficacious in checking fome 
 chronical diarrhoeas, which are not attended \ritli 
 fever ; for the abforbents of the fldn are thus flimu- 
 lated into greater aclion, with which the'e of the 
 inteflines confent by direct fympathy. 
 
 This eflecfl cannot be aferibed to the warmth alone 
 of the flannel fliirt, as being a covering of loofc texture, 
 and confining air in its pores, like a fponge, which air 
 is known to be a bad conduefor of heat, fince in that 
 cafe its ufe fliould be equally efficacious, if it were 
 worn over a linen fliirt ; and an increafed warmth of 
 the I'oom of the patient vcould be equally fervicea'ole. 
 
 4. D’ge/Uo 
 
^3 
 
 CtAss IV. I. T-] OF AS.3OCIATT0K. 
 
 4. Dl^ejiio auBa frigore cutaneo. Dlgeflioii increafcd 
 by coldnefs of the fkin. Every one has experienced 
 the increafe of his appetite after walking in the cool 
 air in frofty days ; for there is at this time not only a 
 favinT of fenforial power by the lefs exertion of the 
 cutaneous velTels ; but, as thefe eonfent with thofe of 
 the fhomach and bowels, this faving of fenforial powder 
 is transferred by reverfe fympathy from the cutaneous 
 capillaries and abforbents to thofe of the fiomach and 
 inteftines. 
 
 Hence weak people flrould ufe the cold air of winter 
 as a cold bath ; that is, they fliould flay in it but a 
 fhort time at once, but fhouid immerfe themfelves in it 
 many times a day. 
 
 5. Catarrhus a frlgore cutaneo. Catarrh from cold 
 fkin. This has been already explained in Clafs I. i. 
 2. 7. and is further defcribed in Se< 5 l. XXXV. i. 3. 
 In this difeafe the veffels of the membrane, which lines 
 the noflrils, are excited into greater aflion ; w^hen 
 thofe of the fkin, with which they are affocialed, arc 
 excited into lefs aftion by the deficiency of external 
 heat, by reverfe fympathy ; and though the pain of 
 cold attends the torpor of the primary link of this 
 affociation, yet the increafed motions of the membrane 
 of the noflrils are alTociated vrith thofe of the cutane- 
 ous veffels, and not with the pain of them, becaufe 
 no inflammation follow^s. 
 
 6. Abforpfio cellularis auBa vomitu. In the aft 
 of vomiting the irritative motions of the flomacli arc 
 
 inverted. 
 
(^4 DISEASES [Class IV. i. !. 
 
 inverted, and of the abforbents, which open their 
 mouths into it ; while the cutaneous, cellular, and 
 pulmonary abforbents are induced, by reverfe fympa- 
 thy with them,'' to aft with greater energy. This is 
 feen in cafes of anafarca, when long ficknefs and vo- 
 miting are caufed by fquills, or antimonial falts, or 
 mod of all by the decoftioii of digitalis purpurea, 
 fojtglove ; and Mr. J. Hunter mentions a cafe, in 
 which a large bubo, which w'as juil; ready to break, 
 was abforbed in a few days by ficknefs at fea. Trea- 
 tife on the blood, p. 501, which is thus accounted 
 for j lefs fenforial power is expended during ficknefs 
 by the decreafed aftion of the fibres of the fiomach, 
 and of its abforbents ; as fliewn in Seft. XXXV. i. 3. 
 whence an accumulation of it is produced, and there 
 is in confequence a greater quantity of fenforial power 
 for the exertion of thofe motions, which are alTociated 
 with the abforbents of the ftomach by reverfe fympathy. 
 
 The reverfe fympathy between the lafteal and lym- 
 phatic branches of the abforbent fyfiem have been 
 produced by the one branch being lefs excited to aft, 
 when the other fupplies fufficient fluid or nutriment to 
 the fanguiferous veffels. Thus W'hen the ftomach is 
 full, and the fupply of chyle and mucus and w^ater is 
 in fufiicient quantity ; the pulmonary, cellular, and 
 cutaneous lymphatics are not excited into aftion ; 
 whence the urine is pale, and the flein raoift, from the 
 defeft of abforption on thofe furfaces. 
 
 7. Syngultus nephriticus. When a ftone irritates 
 the ureter, and that even wdthout its being attended 
 I with 
 
•Ci,AsslV. 1. I.] O? ASSOCIATiOISf. 
 
 ■with pain or fever, fometimes a chronical hiccough 
 occurs, and continues for days and weeks, indead of 
 ficknefs or vomiting ; which are the common fymp- 
 toms. In this cafe the motions of the domach are 
 decreafed by their fympathy with thofe of the ure» 
 ter, which are increafed by the dimulus of the done 
 in it ; and the increafed motions of the diaphragm 
 feem to exid in confequence of their adbciation with 
 the domach'by a fecond reverfe fympathy. This 
 hiccough may neverthelefs admit of another explana- 
 tion, and be fuppofed to be a convuldve exertion of 
 the diaphragm to relieve the difagreeabis fenfation 
 of the domach in confequence of its difordered irri- 
 tative adbciations ; and in that cafe it would belong 
 to Clafs in. I. I. See Clafs IV. 2. i. for another 
 example of tertiary adbciation. 
 
 M. M. VenefefHon. Emetic. Calom.el. Cathar- 
 tic, opium, oil of cinnarnmn from two to tea dropSi 
 Aerated alkaline water. Peruvian bark. 
 
 8 . Febris irritativa. Irritative fever, defcribed in- 
 
 • 
 
 Clafs I. I. I. I. The difeafes above explained in 
 this genus are chiefly concerning the fympathies of 
 the abforbeiit fydem, or the alimentary canal, which 
 are not fo much aflbciated with the arterial fydem, 
 as to throw it into diforder, when they are flightly* 
 deranged ; but w'hen any great congeries of conglo-* 
 merate glands, which may be confidered as the ex- 
 tremities of the arterial fydem, are affecled with tor- 
 por, the whole arterial fydem and the heart fympa- 
 
 Von. II. ' E tkiz3 
 
66 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i. t. 
 
 thize with the torpid glands, and acl with lefs energy; 
 which conftitutes the cold fit of fever ; which is 
 therefore at firfl a decreafed a£lion of the affociatc 
 organ ; but as this decreafe of aftian is only a tem- 
 porary effeft, and an increafe of exertion both of 
 the torpid glands, and of the whole arterial fyftsm, 
 foon follows ; the hot fit of irritative fever, or fever 
 with ftrong pulfe, properly belongs to this clafs and 
 genus of difeafes^ 
 
 O R D O I. 
 
 Increafed AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated ivith Senfttive Motiotis. 
 
 The primary links of the afifociated afbons of tliir 
 genus are either produced or attended by painful or 
 pleafurable fenfation. The fecondary links of the 
 firfi: ten fpecies are attended with increafed motions 
 without inflammation, thofe of the remainder are at- 
 tended with inflammation. All inflammations, whicli 
 do not arife in the part which was previoufly torpid, 
 belong to this genus ; as ti|te gout, rhemnatifm, eryfi- 
 pelas. It is probable many other inflammations may, 
 by future obfervation, require to be tranfplanted into 
 this clafs. 
 
 The circles of fenfitive afTociatc motions confill 
 chiefly of the excretory duffs of the capillaries and of 
 
 the 
 
Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 61 
 
 the mouths of the abforbent veffels, which conftitute 
 the membranes ; and which have been induced into’ 
 action at the hune time ; or they confifl of 'the ter- 
 minations of canals ; or of parts which are endued 
 with greater fenfibility than thofe which form the firft 
 link of the alTociation. An inllance of the firfl of 
 thofe is the fympathy between the membranes of the 
 alveolar procelTes of the jaws, and the membranes 
 above or beneath the mufcles about the temples in 
 •hemicrania. An inftance of the fecond is in the fym- 
 pathy between the excretory duft of the lacrymal 
 gland, and the nafal duft of the lacrymal fac. And 
 an inftance of the third is the fympathy between the 
 membranes of the liver, and the fldn of the face in 
 the gutta rofea of inebriates. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. Lacryinarwn fiuxus fymtatheticus. A flow of 
 tears from grief or joy. When the termination of the 
 ducf of the lacrymal fac in the noftrils becomes alfefled 
 cither by painful or pleafurable fenfations, in confe- 
 quence of external ftimulus, or by its alTociation with 
 agreeable or difagreeable ideas, the motions of the 
 lacrymal gland are at the fame time exerted with 
 greater energy, and a profpfion of tears fucceeds by 
 fenfitive alTociation, as explained in Seff. XVI. 8 . 2. 
 
 In this cafe there exifts a chain of alTociated aftions, 
 the fecretion of the lacrymal gland is increafed by 
 whatever ftimulates the furface of the eye, at the fame 
 time the increafed abundance of tears ftimulates the 
 
 E 2 punfta 
 
68 
 
 r> I S E A S i: S (_Cljl:s fa I . 2 . 
 
 pun£la lacrymalia into greater afrion ; and the fluid 
 thus abforbed llimulates the lacrymal fac, and its nafal 
 duft in the nofe into greater action. In a contrary 
 direftion of this chain of alfociation the prefent in- 
 ereafe of action is induced. Firft, the nafal du^ of 
 (he lacrymal fac is excited into increafed action by 
 fome pleafurable or painful idea, as deferibed in Seft. 
 XVI. 8 . 2. 2d. The punfta lacrymalia or other ex- 
 
 tremity of the lacrymal fac fympathizes with it (as the 
 two ends of all other canals fympathize with each 
 other). 2d. With thefe increafed motions of the 
 puncta lacrymalia thofe of the excretory duft of the 
 lacrymal gland are aifociated from their having fo per- 
 petually afted together. And, lailly, with the in- 
 creafed aftions of the excretory duct of this gland are 
 affociated thofe of the other end of it by their fre- 
 quently afting together ; in the lame manner as the 
 extremities of other canals are alTociated ; and thus a 
 greater flow of tears is poured into the eye. 
 
 When a flow of tears is produced in grief, it Is 
 believed to relieve the violence of it, which is worthy 
 a further inquiry. Painful fenfations^ when great, 
 excite tlie laculty of volition ; and the perfen conti- 
 nues voluntarily to call up or perform thofe ideas,, 
 v.hich occa-flon the painfid fenfation ; that is, the 
 afHicIed perfon becomes fo far infanc or melancholy j 
 b>it tears are produced by the fenforial faculty of tifl'c- 
 clation, and ihew that the pain is fo far relieved as 
 not to excite the excetTive power of volition, or infa- 
 nity, and are therefere a flgn of the abatement of the. 
 
 palnf.d 
 
Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 69 
 
 painful ftate of grief, rather than a caufe of that 
 abatement. See Clafs III. i. 2. 10,. 
 
 2. Sternutatio a himlne. Some perfons fneeze from 
 looking up at the light fky in a morning after coming 
 out of a dark bed-room. The olfactory nerves are 
 brought into too great aftion by their fympathy with 
 the optic nerves, or by their refpe&ive fympathies 
 with fome intervening parts, as probably with the two 
 extremities of the lacrymal fac ; that is, with the 
 punfta lacrymalia and the nafal duft. See Clafs IL 
 I. I. 3. 
 
 3. Dolor dentiumjiridore. Tooth-edge from grating 
 founds, and from the touch of certain fubllances, and 
 even from imagination alone, is defcribed and ex- 
 plained in Seft, XVI. jo. The increafed aftions of 
 tlie alveolar velfels or membranes are affociated wnth 
 the ideas, or fenfual motions of the auditory nerves in 
 the hrll: cafe ; and of thofe of the fenfe of touch, in 
 the fecond cafe ; and by imagination, or ideas exerted 
 of painful fenfation alone, in the lad;. 
 
 4. Kifus fardonicus. A difagreeable fmile attends 
 inflammations of tlie diaphragm ariling from the alfo- 
 ciations of the reiterated exertions of that mnfcle with 
 thofe of the lips and cheeks in laughing. See Dia- 
 phragmitis, Clafs IL i. 6. 
 
 .5. Saliva jluxiis ciho vifo. The flow of faliva into 
 the mouths of hungry animals at the fight or fmell of 
 
 E 3 foad 
 
7 © 
 
 DISEASES [[Class IV. i. i. 
 
 food is fccn'-in. dogs {landing round a dinner-table. 
 The increafed aftions of the falivary glands have been 
 ufually produced by the flimulus of agreeable food on 
 their excretory duels during the maflication of it ; and 
 with this increafed aclion of their excretory du£ls the 
 other terminations of thofe glands in the capillary 
 arteries have been excited into increafed a£lion by the 
 mutual aifociation of the ends of canals ; and at the 
 fame time the pleafurable ideas,, or fenfual motions, of 
 the fenfe of fmell and of fight have accompanied this 
 increafed fecretion of faliva.. Hence this chain of mo- 
 tions becomes alTociated with thofe vifual or olfaftory 
 ideas, or with the pleafure, which produces or attends 
 them, 
 
 6. Tenfio mammularum’vifo puerulo. The nipples of 
 la£lefcent women are liable to become turgid at the 
 fight of their young offspring. The nipple has gene- 
 rally been rendered turgid by the titillation of the 
 lips or gums of the child in giving fuck ; the vifible 
 idea of the child has thus frequently accompanied this 
 pleafurable fenfation of parting with the milk, and 
 turgefcence of the tubes, which conilitute the nipple. 
 Hence the vifual idea of the child, and the pleafure 
 which attends it, become affociated with thofe in- 
 creafed arterial aclions, which fwell the cells of the 
 mammula, and extend its tubes ; which is very fimilar 
 to the tenfio phalli vifa mmlicre nuda etiam in infomnio. 
 
 7. Tenfto penis hi hydrophobia. An ereffion of the 
 penis occurs in the hydrophobia, and is a troublefome 
 
 fymptom, 
 
Class IV. r. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 71 
 
 fymptoni, as obferved by Coslius Aurelianus, Fother- 
 gill, and Vaughn, and would f(fem to be produced 
 by an unexplained fympathy between the lenfations 
 about the fauces and the penis. In men the hair grows 
 about both thefe parts, the voice changes, and tlie 
 neck thickens at puberty. In the mumps, when the 
 fwellings about the throat fubfides, the tefticles are 
 liable to fwell. Venereal infection received by the 
 penis is very liable to afFe£I the throat with ulcers. 
 Violent coughs, with forenefs or rawnefs about the 
 fauces are often attended with erection of the penis ; 
 which is alfo faid to happen to male animals, that are 
 hanged ; which laft circumflance has generally been 
 afcribed to the obflru£Hon of the circulation of the 
 blood, but is more probably occafioned by the flimulus 
 of the cord in compreffing the throat ; fince if it was 
 owing to impeded circulation it ought equally to occur 
 in drowning animals. 
 
 In men tlie throat becomes fo thickened at the time 
 of puberty, that a meafure of this is ufed to afcertain 
 the payment of a poll-tax on males in fome of the 
 illands of the Mediterranean, which commences at 
 puberty ; a firing is wrapped twice round the thinned; 
 part of the neck, the ends of it are then put one into 
 each corner of the mouth ; and if, when thus held in. 
 the teeth, it paffes readily over the head, the fubjcft 
 is taxable. 
 
 It is difficult to point out by what circumdance the 
 fenfitive motions of the penis and of the throat and 
 nofe become affociated 5 I can only obferve, that thefe 
 
 E 4 parts 
 
©ISEA5ES 
 
 [|Class IV. X. 2. 
 
 ?2 
 
 parts arc fubjecled to greater pleafurable fenfations 
 than any other parts of the body ; one being defigned 
 to preferve ourfelvcs by the pleafure attending the 
 fmell and deglutition of food, and the other to enhirc 
 the propagation of our fpecies ; and may thus gain an 
 afibciation of their fenfitive motion by their being emi- 
 nently fenfible to pleafure. See Clafs I. 3. i. ii. 
 and III. I. I. 15. and Seft. XVI. 5. 
 
 In the female fex this afibciation between the face, 
 throat, nofe, and pubis does not exift ; whence no 
 hair grows on their chins at the time of puberty, nor 
 do their voices change, or their necks thicken. This 
 happens probably from there being in them a more 
 exquihte fenfitive fympathy between the pubis and 
 the breads. Hence their breads fwell at the time of 
 puberty, and fecrete milk at the time of parturition. 
 And in the parotitis, or mumps, the breads of women 
 fw^ell, wdien the tumor of the parotitis fubfides. Sec 
 Clafs I. I. 2. 15. Whence it would appear, that 
 their breads poffefs an intermediate fympathy between 
 the pubis and the throat ; as they are the feat of a 
 paldon, which men do not podefs, that of fuckling 
 children. 
 
 8. Tenefmus calculofus. The fphinder of the redum 
 becomes painful or inflamed from the aflbeiation of its 
 fenfitive metions with thofe of the fphincrer of the 
 bladder, when the latter is dimulated into violent pain 
 or inflammation by a done. 
 
73 
 
 Class IV. t. 2.3 OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 9. Polypus narium ex afcaridibus ? The ftimulatioa 
 of afearides in the return produces by fenfitive fym- 
 p.ithy an itching of the nofe, as explained in IV, 
 2. 2. 6 ; and in three children I have feen a polypus 
 in the nofe, who were all affcaed with afearides ; to 
 the perpetual Simulation of which, and the confequent 
 fenfitive alfociation, I was led to aferibe the inflamma* 
 tion and thickening of the membrane of the noSrils. 
 
 I o. Crampus furarum in cholera. A cramp of the 
 mufcles of the legs occurs in violent diarrhoea, or cho- 
 lera, and from the ufe of too much acid diet in goutv 
 habits. This feems to fympathize with uneafy fenfa- 
 tion in the bowels. See Cdafs III. i. i. 14. This 
 alfociation is not eafily accounted for, but is analogous 
 in fome degree to the paralylls of the mufcles of the 
 arms in colica faturnina. It would feem., that the muf- 
 des of the legs in walking get a fympathy with the 
 lower parts of the intellines, and thofe of tire arms in 
 variety of employment obtain a fympathy with the 
 higher parts of them. See Cholera and Ileus. 
 
 II. Zona ignea nephritka. Nephritic iliingies. 
 The external ddn about the loins and lides of the 
 belly I fuppofe to have greater mobility in refpeci; to 
 fenfitive alfociation, than the external membrane of 
 the kidney ; and that their motions are by fome un- 
 known means thus alfociated. When the torpor or 
 beginning inflam_mation of this membrane ceafes, the 
 external Ikin becomes infiamed in its Head, and a kind 
 
 Pf 
 
74 DISEASES [Class IV. i . i. 
 
 of hcrpc?, called the fhingles, covers the loins and 
 fides of the belly. See Clafs II. i. 5. 9. 
 
 12. Eruptio varlolarum. After the inflammatioR 
 of the inoculated arm has fpread for a quarter of a 
 Innation, it affects the ftomach by reverfe fympathy ; 
 that is, the actions of the ftomach are affociated with 
 thofe of the fkin ; and as much fenforial power is now- 
 exerted on the inflamed fkin, the other part of this 
 fenfitive affociation is deprived of its natural fhare, 
 and becomes torpid, or inverts its motions. After this 
 torpor of the ftomach has continued a time, and much 
 fenforial power is thus accumulated ; other parts of 
 the ilcin, which are alfo affociated with it, as that of 
 the face firft, are thrown into partial inflammation ; 
 that is, the eruptions of the fmali-pox appear on the 
 face. 
 
 For that the variolous matter affe^ls the ftomach 
 previous to its eruption on the fkin appears from the 
 feknefs at the commencement of the fever ; and be- 
 caufe, when the morbid motions affecl: the ikin, thofe 
 of the ftomach ceafe ; as in the gout and eryfipelas, 
 mentioned below. The confent between the ftomach 
 and the ikin appears in variety of other difeafes ; and as 
 they both confift of furfaces, which abforb and fecrete 
 a quantity of moifture, their motions muft frequently 
 be produced together or in fuccelllon ; which is the 
 foundation of all the fympathics of animal motions, 
 whether of the irritative, fenfitive, or voluntary kinds. 
 
 Now 
 
75 
 
 Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Now as the Ikin, which covers the face, is expofed 
 to greater variations of heat and cold than any other 
 part of the body ; it probably polfelfes more mobility 
 to fenfitive alTociations, not only than the homach, 
 but than any other part of the fkin ; and is thence 
 affected at the eruption of the fmall-pox with violent 
 aflion and confequent inflammation, by the affociation 
 of its motions with thofe of the flomach, a day before 
 the other parts of the fkin ; and becomes fuller of puf- 
 tules, than any other part of the body. See Clafs IL 
 I. 3. 9. 
 
 It might be fuppofed, that the fuccefhve fwelling 
 of the hands, when the face fubfides, at the height of 
 the fmall-pox, and of the feet, when the hands fub- 
 fide, were governed by fome unknown alTociations of 
 thofe parts of the fyflem ; but thefe fuccefhons of 
 tumor and fubfidence more evidently depend on the 
 times of the eruption of the puflules on thofe parts, 
 as they appear a day fooner on the face than on the 
 hands, and a day fooner on the hands than on the 
 feet, owing to the greater comparative mobility of 
 thofe parts of tlie fkin. 
 
 13. Gutta rofea Jlomatica. Stomatic red face. On 
 drinking cold water, or cold milk, when heated with 
 excrcife, or on eating cold vegetables, as raw turnips, 
 many people in harvefl-time have been afili^fed with 
 what has been called a forfeit. The flomach becomes 
 painful, with indigeflion and flatulency, and after a 
 few days an eruption of the face appears, and con- 
 tinues 
 
75 
 
 DISEASES [Clasi IV. i. 2. 
 
 tlnues with fome relief, but not with entire relief; 
 as both the pimpled face and indigeflion are liable to 
 continue even to old age. 
 
 M. M. Venefeftion. A cathartic with calomel. 
 Then half a grain of opium twice a day for many 
 weeks. If faturated folution of arfenic three or five 
 drops twice or thrice a day for a week ? 
 
 14. Gutta rofea hepatica. The rofy drop of the 
 face of fome drinking people is produced like the gout 
 deferibed below, in confequence of an inflamed liver. 
 In thefe conflitutions the flein of the face being ex- 
 pofed to greater variation of heat and cold than the 
 membranes of the liver, poflefles more mobility than 
 thofe hepatic membranes ; and hence by whatever 
 means thefe membranes are induced to fympathize, 
 when this fenfltive afibciation occurs, the cutaneous 
 vclTels of the face run into greater degrees of thofe 
 motions, w'hich conflitute inflammation, than pre- 
 vioufly exifled in the membranes of the liver ; and 
 then thofe motions of the liver ceafe. See Clafs II. 
 1. 4. 6. 
 
 An inflammation of the liver fo frequently attends 
 the great potation of vinous fpirit, there is reafon 
 to fiifpecc, that this vifeus itfelf becom.es inflamed by 
 fenfltive afibciation with the ftomach ; or that, when 
 one termination of the bilc-duft, which enters the 
 duodenum is flimulated violently, the other end may 
 become inflamed by fenfltive afibciation. 
 
 15. Fodagra, 
 
Class IV. i. 2-3 OF ASSOCIi^TlON. 77 
 
 15. Podagra. The gout, except Vv^hen it afFeftg 
 the liver or ftomach, fcems always to be a fecondary 
 difeafe, and, like the rheumatifm and eryfipelas men- 
 tjoned below, begins with the torpor of fome diHant 
 part of the fyilem. 
 
 The moft frequent primary feat of the gout I fup- 
 pofe to be the liver, which is probably affefted with 
 torpor not only previous to the annual paroxyfms of 
 the gout, but to every change of its fituation from 
 one limb to another. The reafons, which induce ms 
 to fufpect the liver to be firft aifecled, are not only 
 becaufe the jaundice fometimes attends the commence- 
 ment of gout, as defcribed in Seft. XXIV. 2. 8. but 
 a pain alfo over the pit of the ftomach, which I fup- 
 pofe to be of the termination of the bile-duft in the 
 duodenum, and which is erroneoufly fuppofed to be 
 the gout of the ftomach, with indigeftion and flatu- 
 lency, generally attends the commencement of the 
 inflammation of each limb. See Arthritis ventriculi,. 
 Clafs I. 2. 4. 6 . In the two cafes, which I faw, of 
 the gout in the limbs being preceded by jaundice^ 
 there was a cold ftiivering fit attended the inflamma- 
 tion of the foot, and a pain at the pit of the ftomach ; 
 which ceafed along with the jaundice, as foon as the 
 foot became inflamed. This led me to fufpefl, that 
 there was a torpor of the liver, and perhaps of the 
 foot alfo, but nevcrthelefs the liver might alfo in this 
 cafe be previoufly inflamed, as obferved in Seff.. 
 XXIV. 2. 8. 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i. 2 . 
 
 Now as the membranes of the joints of the feet 
 faffer greater variations of heat and cold than the 
 membranes of the liver, and are more habituated to 
 extenfion and contraflion than other parts of the fkin 
 in their vicinity ; I fuppofe them to be more mobile, 
 that is, more liable to run into extremes of exertioa 
 or quiefcence ; and are thence more fufceptible of in- 
 flammation, than fuch parts as are lefs expofed to 
 great variations of heat and cold, or of extenfion and 
 contraction. 
 
 When a hone prefTes into the fphlniTter of the blad- 
 der, the glans penis is affefted with greater pain by 
 fympathy, owing to its greater fenfibility, than the 
 fphinfler of the bladder ; and when this pain com- 
 mences, that of the fphincter ceafes, M^hcn the flonc 
 is not too large, or pufhed too far into the urethra. 
 Thus when the membrane, which covers the ball of 
 the great toe, fympathizes with fome membranous 
 part of a torpid or inflamed liver ; this membrane of 
 the toe falls into that kind of afHon, whether of tor- 
 por or inflammation, with greater energy, than thofe 
 aflions excited in the difeafed liver ; and when this 
 new torpor or inflam.marion commences, that with 
 which it fympathizes ceafes ; which I believe to be a 
 'general law of aflbeiated inflammations. 
 
 The paroxyfms of the gout would feem to be cate- 
 nated with folar influence, both in refpefl to their 
 larger annual periods, and to their diurnal periods — 
 Seft. XXXVI. 3. 6 — as the former occur about the 
 fame feafou of the year, and the latter commence 
 2 about 
 
7 ? 
 
 Clajs IV. I. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 about an hour before fun-rife ; neverthelefs the an- 
 nual periods may depend on the fucceffion of great 
 vicilTitudes of cold and heat, and the diurnal ones on 
 our increafed fenfibility to internal fenfations during 
 fleep, as in the fits of aflhma, and of fome epilepfies. 
 See Sea. XVIII. 15. 
 
 In refpea to the pre-remote caufe or difpofition to 
 the gout, there can be no doubt of its individually 
 arifing from the potation of fermented or fpirituous 
 liquors in this country ; whether opium produces the 
 fame effea in the countries, where it is in daily ufe, 
 I have never been well informed. See Seft. XXL 
 io, where this fubjeft is treated of ; to which I have 
 to add, that I have feen fome, and heard of others, 
 who have moderated their paroxyfms of gout, by 
 diminifliing the quantity of fermented liquors, which 
 they had been accuftomed to ; and others who, by a 
 total abftinence from fermented liquors, have entirely 
 freed themfelves from this excruciating malady j which 
 ©therwife grows vdth our years, and curtails or ren- 
 ders miferable the latter half, or third, of the lives 
 of thofe, who are fubjeft to it. The remote caufe is 
 whatever induces temporary torpor or weaknefs of 
 the fyllem ; and the proximate caufe is the inirrita- 
 bility, or defeftive irritation, of fome part of the fyf- 
 tera ; whence torpor and confequent inflammation. 
 The great Sydenham faw the beneficial effects of 
 abftinence from fermented liquors in preventing the 
 gout, and adds, “ if an empiric could give fmall-beei* 
 
 only to gouty patients as a noftrum, and perfuade 
 
 them 
 
BiSEASES [Class IV. i, 2. 
 
 So 
 
 them not to drink any other fpirltuous fluids, that 
 “ he might refcuc thoufands from this difeafe, and 
 
 acquire a fortune for his ingenuity.” Yet it is to 
 be lamented, that this accurate obferver of difeafes 
 had not refolution to praftife his own prefcription, 
 and thus to have fet an example to the world of the 
 truth of his doctrine ; but, on the contrary, recom- 
 mends Madeira, the ftrongeft wine in common ufe, 
 to be taken in the fits of the gout, to the detriment 
 of thoufands ; and is faid himfelf to have periftied 
 a martyr to the difeafe, which he knew how to 
 fubdue ! 
 
 As example has more forcible efleft than fimplc 
 aflertion, I fliall now concifely relate my own cafe, 
 and that of one of my mofl refpe<fled friends. E. D. 
 v/as about forty years of age, when he was firfl; feized 
 with a fit of the gout. The ball of his right great 
 toe was very painful, and much fwelled and inflamed, 
 ■which continued five or fix days in fpite of venefeftion, 
 a briJk cathartic with ten grains of calomel, and the 
 application of cold air and cold water to his foot. EIc 
 then ceafed to drink ale or wine alone ; confining him- 
 felf to fmall beer, or wine diluted with about thrice its 
 quantity of water. In about a year he fuifered two 
 other fits of the gout, in lefs violent degree. He 
 then totally abflained from all fermented liquors, not 
 even tailing fmall-beer, or a drop of any kind of 
 wine ; but eat plentifully of fiefli-meat, and all kinds 
 of vegetables, and fruit, uflng for his drink at meals 
 ©hiefiy water alone, or lemonade, or cream and 
 
 I -water ; 
 
Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. gt 
 
 v/ater ; with tea and coffee between them as 
 ufual. 
 
 By this abftinence from fermented liquors he kept 
 quite free from the gout for fifteen or fixteen years ; and 
 then began to take fmail-beer mixed with v;ater occafion- 
 ally, or wine and water, or perry and water, or cyder 
 and water ; by which indulgence after a few months 
 he had again a paro.xyfm of gout, which continued 
 about three days in the ball of his toe which oc- 
 cafioned him to return to his habit of drinking waLer, 
 and has now for above twenty years kept in perpetual 
 health, except accidental colds from the changes of 
 the feafons. Before he abflained from fermented or 
 fpirituous liquors, he was frequently fubjeft to the 
 piles, and to the gravel, neither of which he has fince 
 experienced. 
 
 In the following cafe the gout was eftabliflied by 
 longer habit and greater violence, and therefore re- 
 quired more cautious treatment. The Rev. R. W. 
 v/as feized with the gout about the age of thirty-two, 
 which increafed fo rapidly that at the age of forty-one 
 he was confined to his room feven months in that year ; 
 he had fome degree of lamenefs during the intervals, 
 with chalky fwellings of his heels and elbows. As 
 the difeafc had continued fo long and fo violently, and 
 the powers of his digefcion were foraewhat weakened, 
 he was advifed not entirely to leave off all ferm.ented 
 liquors ; and as fmall-bcer is of fuch various ftrength, 
 he was advifed to drink exactly two wine glaffes, 
 about four ounces, of wine mixed with three or four 
 
 Von. IL F times 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i. t. 
 
 times its quantity of water, with or without lemon 
 and fugar, for his daily potation at dinner, and no 
 other fermented liquor of any kind ; and was advifed 
 to eat flefli-meat with any kind of boiled vegetables, 
 and fruit, with or without fpice. He has now fcru- 
 puloufly continued this regimen for above five years, 
 and has had an annual moderate gouty paroxyfm of 
 a few weeks, inflead of the confinement of fo many 
 months, with great health and good fpirits during the 
 intervals. 
 
 The following is a more particular account of the 
 hifeory of this cafe ; being part of a letter which Mr. 
 Wilmot wrote on that fubjecl at my entreaty. 
 
 “ I entered into the army with an excellent con- 
 flitution at the age of fifteen. The corps I ferved in 
 was diftinguiflied by its regularity, that is, the regu- 
 lar allowance of the mefs was only one pint of wine 
 per man each day ^ unlefs we had company to dine 
 with us ; then, as was the general cuftom of the 
 time, the bottle circulated without limit. This mode 
 of living, though by no means confidered as excefs for 
 men, was certainly too great for a youth of my age. 
 This ftyle of living I continued, when wnth the regi- 
 ment, till the latter end of the year 1769, when I 
 had the misfortune to ileep in a damp bed at Sheffield 
 on a journey to York, but arrived there before I felt 
 the ill effefts of it. I was then feized with a violent 
 inflammatory rheumatifrn with great inflammation of 
 my eyes, and was attended by Dr. Dealtry ; fo violent 
 was tlae diforder, that I was bled for it eight times in 
 
 lefs 
 
Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 S3 
 
 lefs than a fortnight ; and was three months, before 
 I could confider my health perfeftly re-eftabliflied. 
 Dr. Dealtry told me, that I Ihould be fubjefl to fimi- 
 lar attacks for many years ; and that he had no doubt, 
 from the tendency he found in my habit to inflam- 
 mation, that, when I was farther advanced in life, 
 I flrould change that complaint for the gout. He pre- 
 difted truly ; for the three fucceeding winters I had 
 the fame complaint, but not fo violently ; the fourth 
 winter I cfcaped, and imputed my efcape to the con- 
 tinuance of cold bathing during the whole of that 
 winter ; after that I never efeaped it, till I had a re- 
 gular and fevere fit' of the gout : after the firfl attack 
 of rheumatic fever I was more abflemious in my man- 
 ner of living, though when in company I never fub- 
 jefted myfelf to any great reftraint. In the year 1774 
 I had quitted the army, and being in a more retired 
 fituation, was feldom led into any excefs ; in 1776 
 and 1777 I was in the habit of drinking a good deal 
 of wine very frequently, though not conftantly. After 
 that period till the year 1781, I drank a larger quan- 
 tity of wine regularly, but very feldom to any degree 
 of intoxication. I lived much at that time in the 
 fociety of fome gentlemen, who ufually drank nearly 
 a bottle of wine daily after dinner. I mufl here how- 
 ever obferve, that at no part of my life was I accuf- 
 tomed to drink wine in an evening, and very feldom 
 drank any thing more than a- fmgle half-pint glafs of 
 fome fort of fpirits diluted with much water. Till 
 the year 1781 I had always been accuftom.ed to ufe 
 
 F 2- very 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. r. 2. 
 
 3i^ 
 
 very violent and continued exercife on horfeback ; in 
 the winter months I purfued all field diverfions, and 
 in the fiimmer months I rode frequent and long 
 iourneys ; and with this exercife was liable to per- 
 fpire to great excefs ; befides which I was fubjeft to 
 very profufe night-fweats, and had frequently boils 
 break out all over me, efpecially in the fpring and 
 autumn ; for which I took no medicine, except a 
 little flour of fulphur with cream of tartar in honey. 
 
 “ You will obferve I bring every thing down to the 
 date of 1781. In the month of Oftoberin that year,, 
 when I was juft entered into the thirty-fecond year of 
 my age, I had the firfl attack of gout ; that fit was 
 very fcvere, and of many weeks continuance. 1 now 
 determined upon a more abflemious method of living, 
 in refpect to wine ; and indeed the fociety, in which 
 I had before been accuftomed to live, being confi- 
 derably changed, I had lefs frequent temptations to 
 excefs. From this time I enjoyed the mofl; perfect 
 good flate of health til! Auguft 17S4, when I had 
 my fecond attack of gout. I never perfccUy re- 
 covered from this attack through the fucceeding 
 winter, and in March 1785 was advifed to try the 
 Bath waters, and drank them under the direcbon of 
 one of the faculty of that place. I was there foon 
 feized w'ith a fever, and a flight attack of gout in one 
 knee. I fiiould obferve, that wdien I fet out from 
 home, I was in a weak and low flate, and unequal 
 to much fatigue ; as appeared by my having a faint- 
 ing fit one day on the road, after having travelled 
 
 only 
 
Class IV, i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 only about fifty miles ; in the courfe of the fummer 
 i had two or three more flight attacks of gout of lefs 
 confequence, till the month of Oclober ; when I was 
 afflifted with it all over me in fuch a manner, as to 
 be without the polTibility of the leafl: degree of re- 
 moval for fome days ; and was about two months 
 without being able to get into the air. This was 
 the feverefl; attack I had then experienced j though I 
 have fince had feveral equally fevere. In the courfe 
 of this fummer I had a fall with my horfe ; and foon 
 after it, having difcovered an enlargement on one 
 elbow, I concluded I had hurt it at that time ; but 
 in the courfe of this lafl: attack having a fimilar 
 enlargement on the other elbow, I found my mifiake, 
 and that they were collections of gouty matter ; thefc 
 increafed to the fize of pullet’s eggs, and continue in 
 that ftate, I had foon after fimilar enlargements on 
 my heels ; the right heel being feverely bruifed, I was 
 under the necelTity of having it lanced, and a large 
 quantity of chalky matter was difcharged from it ; 
 and have fince that time frequently had chalky matter 
 taken from it, and fometimes fmall bits of apparently 
 perfeCf chalk. My right hand foon was affliCfed in 
 the fame w'ay, and I have fcarcely a joint on thofe 
 fingers now in a natural ftate. My left hand has 
 efcaped tolerably well. After this laft attack fviz. 
 Oclober 1785), I had two or three flight attacks 
 before the month of June 1787, when I had a very 
 fevere intermittent fever ; from that time I continued 
 very well till the latter end of the year, when I began 
 
 F 3 to 
 
DISEASES [Glass IV. i. *. 
 
 86 
 
 to feci the gout about me very much, but v/as not 
 confined by it. I was in this hate advifed to try what 
 is called the American Recipe (gum guaiacum and 
 nitre diiTolvcd in fpirits') ; it had apparently been of 
 effential fervice to a friend of mine, who from the 
 inability to walk a mile for fome years, was believed 
 to be reftored by the ufe of this medicine to a good 
 hate of health, fo as to walk ten miles a day. In 
 addition to this medicine I drank, as my common be- 
 verage with my meals, fpruce beer. I had fo high 
 an opinion of this medicine in the gout, and of fpruce 
 beer as an antifcorbutic, that I contemplated with 
 much fatisfaclion, and with very little doubt, tlic 
 perfeft refloration of my health and llrength ; but I 
 was m.iferably deceived ; for in September 1788 I was 
 feized with the gout in a degree that none but 
 arthritics, and indeed but few of thofe, can eafily 
 conceive. From this time till Augufl 1789 I fcarcely 
 ever paffed a comfortable day ; feven months of this 
 time I. had been confined, my health feemed much 
 impaired, my flrength was diminiflied, and my appetite 
 almofi: gone. In this date my friends preffed me to 
 confuit you. I was unwilling for fome time to do it, 
 as I had lofl all hope of relief ; however, when I had 
 determined to apply to you, I likewife determined to 
 give up every prejudice of my own refpecting my cafe, 
 and to adhere mofl flriclly to your advice. On the 
 20th of Augufl 1789 I confulted you, on the 25th 
 I entered upon the regimen, which you preferibed, 
 gnd which was as follows. 
 
 Diink 
 
87 
 
 Class IV. J. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Drink no malt liquor on any account. Let your 
 ‘‘ beverage at dinner confill of two glaffes of wine 
 “ diluted with three half-pints of water. .On no 
 “ account drink any more wine or fpirituous liquors 
 in the courfe of the day ; but, if you want more 
 “ liquid, take cream and water, or milk and water, 
 “ or lemonade, with tea, colFee, chocolate. Ufe the 
 warm bath twice a week for half an hour before 
 ‘‘ going to bed, at the degree of heat which is moft 
 grateful to your fenfations. Eat meat conhantly 
 “ at dinner, and with it any kind of tender vege- 
 tables you pleafe. Keep the body open by two 
 “ evacuations daily, if poffible without medicine, if 
 not take the fize of a nutmeg of lenitive elecluary 
 “ occafionally, or five grains of rhubarb every night. 
 
 Ufe no violent exercife, which may fubjeft yourfelf 
 “ to fudden changes from heat to cold ; but as much 
 “ moderate exercife as may be, without being much 
 “ fatigued or fiarved with cold. Take feme fupper 
 “ every night 5 a fmall quantity of animal food is 
 “ preferred ; but if your palate refufes this, take 
 «« vegetable food, as fruit pie, or milk ; fomething 
 fliould be eaten, as it might be injurious to you to 
 fafl too long.’^ To the whole of this I adhered 
 moll fcrupuloufly, and foon found my appetite im- 
 prove, and with it my fiirength and fpirits. I had 
 in December a fevere attack, and two or three flight 
 ones in the courfe of twelve months ; but the im- 
 provement in the general fiate of my health induced 
 jaie to prefevere. On the i8th of AugufI; 1790 I had 
 
 E 4 anothe- 
 
88 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. r. 2 . 
 
 another fevere attack, but it went off eafier than 
 before, and I foon recovered fufficiently to go to 
 Buxton, which you advifed me to, and from which 
 I reaped great benefit ; neverthelefs on the 29th of 
 December I had a flight attack in comparifon of 
 fome that I had before experienced, and from that 
 time 1 was free from gout, and enjoyed my health 
 perfectly well till the fourth week in October 1791 ; 
 from that till the third week in October 1790 ; 
 from that till the third w'eek in October 1793 ; 
 and from that till June 1794. From what hap- 
 pened for the lafl three years I dreaded the month of 
 October ; but I efcaped then, and have enjoyed m.y 
 health mofl perfectly ever fince till within the lafl 
 week, that I have had a flight attack in one knee, 
 which is nearly gone, without any f}mptom to lead 
 me to fuppofe that it will go further. 
 
 “ I adhered to your advice mofl fcrupuloufly for 
 the firfl year ; and in regard to the not drinking malt 
 liquor, and taking only the tAvo glaffes of wine with 
 water, I have never deviated but two days ; and then 
 the firfl day 1 only drank one glafs of ale and one 
 glafs of Champaigne ; on the fecond only one glafs 
 of Champaigne. With regard to the wai'm bath, I 
 only ufe it now when I have gouty fymptoms upon 
 me, and in fuch fituations I fnd it of infinite fervice ; 
 and in other refpefls I continue to live according to 
 your direftion. 
 
 “ Many perfons have laughed at the idea of my 
 perfeverance in a fyflem, which has not been able 
 
 to 
 
Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 0 
 
 to cure the gout after five years trial ; but fuch 
 perfons are either ignorant of wliat I before fuifered, 
 or totally unacquainted with the nature of the dif- 
 order. Under the blefilng of Providence, by an 
 adherence to your advice, I am reaping all the 
 benefit you flattered me I might expeft from it, viz. 
 my attacks lefs frequent, my fulferings lefs acute, 
 and an improvement in the general Hate of my heaJth. 
 
 “ I have been particular in this account of myfelf 
 at your requeft, and am. Sir, &rc. 
 
 Morley, r.ear Derby, 7 
 February loth, 1795.^ 
 
 Robert VVilmot.’” 
 
 There are fituations neverthelefs in which a pa- 
 roxyfm of gout has been believed to be defirable, as 
 relieving the patient from, other difagreeable difeafes, 
 or debilities, or fenfations. Thus w'hen the liver is 
 torpid, a perpetual uneafmefs and deprelfion of fpirits 
 occur ; which a fit of gout is fuppofed to cure by a 
 metaftafis of the difeafe. Others have acquired epi- 
 leptic fits, probably from the difagreeable fenfation 
 of a chronically inflamed liver y v/hich they fuppofc, 
 the pain and inflammation of gout vcould relieve. 
 When gonty patients become much debilitated by the 
 progrefs of the difeafe, they are liable to dropfy of 
 the chelf, which they fuppofe a fit of the gout would 
 relieve. But in all thefe cafes the attempt to procure 
 a paroxyfm of gout by wane, or aromatics, or volatiles, 
 or blifters, or mineral waiters, feldom fucceeds ; and 
 the patients are obliged to apply to other methods of 
 
 relief 
 
5 ^ 
 
 DISEASES [[Class IV. i. 2. 
 
 relief adapted to their particular cafes. In the two 
 loraier fituations fmall repeated dofes of calomel, or 
 mercurial unction on the region of the liver may fuc- 
 ceed, by giving new activity to the veffels of the 
 jiver, either to fecrete or to abforb their adapted 
 fiuids, and thus to remove the caufe of the gout, 
 rather than to promote a fit of it. In the lall cafe 
 the tincture of digitalis, and afterwards the clafs of 
 forbentia, mufi; be applied to. 
 
 M. M. In young firong patients the gout ftiould 
 be cured by venefeftion and cathartics and diluents, 
 with poultices externally. But It has a natural crifis 
 by producing calcareous matter on the inflamed mem- 
 brane, and therefore in old enfeebled people it is 
 fafefl; to wait for this crifis, attending to the natural eva- 
 cuations and the degree of fever ; and in young ones, 
 where it is not attended with much fever, it is 
 cufliomary and popular not to bleed, but only to 
 keep the body open with aloes, to ufe gentle fudo- 
 rifics, as neutral falts, and to give the bark at the 
 decline of the fit ; which is pai'ticularly vifeful w’here 
 the patient is much debilitated. See Arthritis ven- 
 triculi, Clafs I. 2. 4. 6. and Seft. XXV. 17. 
 
 When there is not much fever, and the patient is 
 iiebllltated with age, or the continuance of the difeafe, 
 a moderate opiate, as twenty drops of tinfture of 
 opium, or one grain of folid opium, may be taken 
 cveiy night with advantage. Externally a paile made 
 with double the quantity of yeafl; is a good poultice ; 
 and booterkius made with oiled filk, as they confine 
 
 the 
 
ClassIV. I. 20 OF ASSOCIATION. gt 
 
 the pcrfpirable matter, keep the part moift and fapple, 
 and thence relieve the pain like poultices. 
 
 The only fafe way of moderating the difeafe is by 
 an uniform and equal diminution, or a total abftinence 
 from fermented liquors, with the cautions directed in 
 Seft. XII. 7. 8. The continued ufe of ftrong bitters, 
 as of Portland’s powder, or bark, has been frequently 
 injurious, as fpoken of in the Materia Medica, Art. 
 IV. 2 . II. 
 
 One of my acquaintance, who was much afflicted 
 with the gout, abflained for about half a year from 
 beer and wine and not having refolution to perfffl, 
 returned to his former habits of potation in lefs quan- 
 tity ; and obferved that he was then for one winter 
 Wronger and freer from the gout than ufual. This 
 
 however did not long continue, as the difeafe after- 
 
 • 
 
 wards returned with its ufual or increafed violence. 
 This I think is a circumflance not unlikely to occur, 
 as opium has a greater effeft after its ufe has been 
 a while intermitted ; and the debility or torpor, which 
 is the caufe of gout, is thus for a few months pre- 
 vented by the greater irritability of the fyflem, ac- 
 quired during the lelTened ufe of fermented liquor. 
 
 For the fame reafon an ounce of fpirituous tinfture 
 of guaiacum, or of bark, is faid to have for fome 
 time prevented returns of the gout ; which has aftcr- 
 tvards, like all other great ftimuli when long continued, 
 been fucceeded by greater debility, and deftroyed the 
 patient. This feems to have been exemplified in the 
 cafe of the ingenious Dr. Brown, fee Preface to his 
 
 Elements 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. r. 2. 
 
 92 
 
 Elemcntii MedicinEe ; he found temporary relief from 
 the flimulus of wine, reeardlcfs of its future effects. 
 
 16.. Rheumatifmus. Acute rheumatifm. There 
 is reafon to fufpeft, that rheumatic inflammations, like 
 the gouty ones, are not a primary difeafe ; but that 
 they are the confequence of a tranflation of m.or- 
 bid action Irom one part of the fyftem to another. 
 This idea is countenanced by the frequent change of 
 place of rheumatic-like gouty inflammations, and from 
 their attacking two fimilar parts at the fame time, as 
 both ancles and both wrifts, and thefe attacks being 
 in fucceflion to each other. Whereas it is not pro- 
 bable that both feet or both hands fliould at the fame 
 time be equally expofed to any external caufe of the 
 difeafe, as to cold or moifture ; and lefs fo that thefe 
 fliould occur in fucceflion. Laflily, from the inflam- 
 matory diathefis in this difeafe being more diflicult to 
 fubdue, and more dangerous in event, than other com- 
 mon inflammations, efpecially to pregnant women, and 
 in wealc conftitutions. 
 
 Fx'om this idea of the rheumatifm being not a pri- 
 mary difeafe, like the gout, but a transferred morbid 
 aftion owing to the previous torpor of fome other 
 part of the fyfiem, we perceive why it attacks weak 
 people with greater pertinacity than flrong ones ; re- 
 lifling or recurring again and again alter frequent 
 evacuations, in a manner very dift'erent from primary 
 inflammations ; bccaufe the caufe is not removed, v. hich 
 is at a diflaiice from the feat of the inflammation. 
 
 This 
 
9J 
 
 Class IV. i. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 This alfo accounts for rheumatic inflammations fo 
 very rarely terminating in fuppuration, becaufe like 
 the gout the original caufe is not in the inflamed part, 
 and therefore does not continue to aft after the in- 
 flammation commences. Inflead of fuppuration in 
 this difeafe, as well as in the gout, a quantity of 
 mucus or coagulable lymph is formed on the inflamed 
 membrane 5 which in the gout changes into chalk- 
 ftones, and in the rheumatifm is either rcabforbed, or 
 lies on the membrane, producing pains on motion long 
 after the tennination of the inflammation, which pains 
 are called chronic rheumatifm. The membranes, 
 which have thus been once or repeatedly inflamed, 
 become lefs mobile, or lefs liable to be aflefted by 
 fympathy, ?cs appears by the gout affefting new parts, 
 when the joints of the foot have been frequently in- 
 flamed by it ; hence as the caufe of the inflammation 
 does not exifl in the inflamed part, and as this part 
 becomes lefs liable to future attacks, it feldom fuppu- 
 rates. 
 
 Secondly, w'hen rheumatifm aflefts the mufcles of 
 the chefl, it produces fymptoms fimilar to pleurrfy, 
 but are diflinguiflied from that by the patient having 
 previoufly fuflered rheumatic afleftions in other parts, 
 and by the pertinacity or continuance of the inflam- 
 matory Hate of the patient, this fliould be termed 
 pleurociyae rheumatica. 
 
 Thirdly, when rheumatic inflammation aflefts the 
 bowels, it produces a difeafe very different from ente- 
 ritis, or commion inflammation of the boweb, and 
 
 fliould 
 
94 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i, 2. 
 
 fnould be termed enteralgia rheumatica. The pain is 
 lefs than in enteritis, and the difeafe of longer conti- 
 nuance, with harder pulfe, and the blood equally fizy. 
 It is attended with frequent dejeftions, with much 
 mucus, and previous griping pains, but without vom.it- 
 ing ; and differs perhaps from dyfentery from its not 
 being attended with bloody fiocls, and not being in- 
 feftious. 
 
 Fourthly, there is another kind of rheumatifm at- 
 tended with debility, Avhich fuppurates, and fliould be 
 termed rheumatifmus fuppurans. It is generally be- 
 lieved to be the gout, till fuppuration takes place on 
 the fwelled joint ; and, as the patient finks, there arc 
 houghs formed over the Avhole mouth ; and he feems 
 to be deftroyed by inflammation or gangrene of the 
 mucous membranes. I hare tw'ice feen this difeafe in 
 patients about fixty. Some other difeafes are errone- 
 onfly called rheumatic, as hemicrania, and odontalgia. 
 See Seft. XXVI. 3. 
 
 M. M. In the three former kinds venefcfHon re- 
 peatedly. Cathartics. Antimonials. Diluents. Neu- 
 tral falts. Oil. "Warm bath. Afteiuvards the bai'k. 
 Opium with or without ipecacuanha ; but not till the 
 patient is confiderably Aveakened. Sweats forced early 
 in the difeafe do injury. Opium given early in the 
 difeafe prolongs it. In the lafh kind, gentle ftimu- 
 iants, as wine and Avater, mucilage, forbentia. 
 
 The folloAving is a cafe of fuppurative rheumatifm. 
 
 j about fixty, Avas fuppofed to haAX the 
 gout In his hand, Avhich hoAve.ver flupp'-'^vated, and k 
 2 
 
Class IV. I. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 95 
 
 was then called the fuppuratiye rheumatifm. He had 
 lived rather in temperately in refpe£i to wine, and 
 was now afilifted wdth a tendency to inflammation of 
 the mmcous membranes. As he lay on the bed half 
 refupine, propped up with pilloAvs, and alfo flept in 
 that pofture, his lower jaw dropped by its own 
 wmight, wdien the voluntary power of the mufcles was 
 fufpended. The m.ucus of his mouth and throat be- 
 came quite dry, and at length was fucceeded with 
 floughs ; this was a mofc diftreflang circumflance to 
 him, and was in vain endeavoured to be relieved bj 
 fupporting his jaw by flender fleel fprings flxed to his 
 night-cap, and by fprings of eiaflic gum. The floughs 
 fpread and feemed to accelerate Ills death. See Ciafs 
 L I. 3. 2. 
 
 17. Eryfipelas. The eryflpelas differs from the 
 zona ignea, and other fpecies of herpes, in its being 
 attended with fever, which is fometimes of the fen- 
 fitive irritated or inflammatory kind, with flrong and 
 fiill pulfe ; and at other times wdth wealc pulfe and 
 great iiairritability, as when it precedes or attends 
 mortifications. See Ciafs II. i. 3. 2. 
 
 Like the zona ignea above defcribed, it feems to 
 be a fecondary difeafe, having for its primary part the 
 torpor or inflammation of fome internal or diftara; 
 membrane, as appears from its fo frequently attending 
 wounds 5 fometimes fpreading from iflues over the 
 whole limb, or back, by fympathy with a tendon or 
 membrane, which is flimulated by the peafe in them. 
 
 la 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i. 2, 
 
 5.5 
 
 Tn its more violent degree I fuppofe that it fympa- 
 thizes with fome extenfive internal membranes, as of 
 the liver, ftomach, or brain. Another reafon, which 
 countenances this idea, is, that the inflammation gra- 
 dually changes its fituation, one part healing as ano- 
 ther inFiames ; as happens in refpeft to more dillant 
 parts in gout and rheumatifm ; and which feems to 
 flrcsv, that the caufe of the difeafe is not in the hime 
 place with the inflammation. And thirdly, becaufe 
 the eryfipelas of the face and head is liable to affeef: 
 the membranes of the brain ; W'hich were probably in 
 thefe cafes the original or primary feat of the difeafe ; 
 and laflly, becaufe the fits of eryfipelas, like thofc of 
 the gout, arc liable to return at certain annual or 
 monthly periods, as further treated of in Clafs IL 
 t. 3. 2. 
 
 hlany cafes of eryfipelas from wounds or bruifes are 
 related in Default’s Surgical Journal, Vol. II. in which 
 poultices are faid to do great injury, as well as oily 
 or fatty applications. Saturnine folutions were fom.e- 
 tiines ufed with advantage. A grain of emetic tartar 
 given to clear the flomach and bowels, is faid to be 
 of great fervice. 
 
 iS. Tejiium tumor in go7icrrhaa. Mr. Hunter in 
 his Trcatife on the Venereal Diieafe obfen-es, that 
 the tumor of the teftes in gonorrhoea arifes from their 
 fympathy wath the inflammation of the urethra ; and 
 that they are not fimilar to the affions arifing from 
 the application of venereal matter, whether by ab- 
 4 forption 
 
97 
 
 Class IV. i. 2.]' OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 forption or otherwife ; as they feldom or never fup- 
 purate ; and when fuppuration happens, the matter 
 produced is not venereal. Treatifc on Venereal Dif- 
 eafe, p. 53. 
 
 19. Tejllwn tumor in parotidite. The fympathy be- 
 tween fome parts about the throat and the genitals 
 has been treated of in Clafs IV. i. 2. 7. The fwel- 
 ling of the tefles, when that of the parotis fubiideSj 
 feems to arife from the alTociation of fucceffive aftion ; 
 as the tenfion of the penis in hydrophobia appears to 
 arife from the previous fynchronous affociations of the 
 fenfitive motions of thefe parts ; but the manner of 
 the produflion of both thefe affociations is yet very 
 obfeure. In women a fwelling of the breafis often 
 fucceeds the decline of the mumps by another won- 
 derful fympathy. See Clafs IV. i. 2. 7. and I. i. 2. 
 15. In many perfons a delirium fucceeds the fuel- 
 ling of the parotis, or the fubfequent ones of the 
 tefles or breafis ; which is fometimes fatal, and feems 
 to arife from a fympathy of fucceffive aclion, and not 
 of fynchronous aftion, of the membranes of the brain 
 with thofe of the parotid glands. Sometimes a flu- 
 por comes on inftead of this delirium, which is relieved 
 by fomenting the fhaved head for an hour or two. 
 See Clafs II. i. 3. 4. 
 
 VCL. IL 
 
 G 
 
 ORD<^ 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. i, 3. 
 
 O R D O I. 
 
 hcrcafed Ajjhciaie Mcimis. 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 Catenated with Voluntary Motions. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Deglutitio hi’vita. When any one is told not 
 £0 fwallow his faliva, and that efpecially if his throat 
 be a little fore, he finds a necefiity of immediately 
 fwallowing it ; and this the more certainly, the more 
 he voluntarily endeavours not to do fo. 
 
 In this cafe the voluntary power exerted by our 
 attention to the pharinx renders it more fcnfible to 
 irritation, and therefore occafions it to be more fre- 
 quently induced to fwallow the faliva. Here the ir- 
 ritation induces a volition to fwallow it, which is more 
 powerful than the defire not to fwallow it. Sec 
 XXIV. 1. 7. So in reverie, when the voluntary 
 power was exerted on any of the fenfes, as of fight 
 or tafle, the objefrs of thofe fenfes became percei- 
 ved ; but not otherwife. Sefr. XIX. 6. This is a 
 troublcfome fyinptora in fome fore throats.^ 
 
 M. M. Mucilage, as fugar and gum arabic. Warm 
 water held in the mouth frequently, as a fomentation 
 to the inflamed throat. 
 
 2. Nidlitatio invita. Involuntary winking with the 
 cye-lids, and twitchings rf the face, are originally 
 induced by an endeavour to relieve fome difagree- 
 
 3 -blc 
 
Class IV. i. 3-] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 99 
 
 able fenfations about inflamed eyes, as the dazzling 
 of light ; and afterwards thefe motions become ca- 
 tenated with other motions or fenfations, fo as not 
 to be governed by the will. Here the irritation firft 
 produces a volition to wink, which by habit becomes 
 flronger than the anti-volition not to wink. 
 
 This fubjeft is rendered difficult from the common 
 acceptation of the word, volition, including previous 
 deliberation, as v/ell as the voluntary exertion, which 
 fucceeds it. In the volitions here fpoken of there 
 ' is no time for deliberation or choice of objefts, but 
 the voluntary aft im.mediately fucceeds the fenfation 
 which excites it. 
 
 M. M. Cover the affefted parts with a flicking 
 plafter or a blifler. Pafs a fine needle and thread 
 through a part of the ikin over the mufcle, which 
 moves, and attach the other end of the thread by 
 a flicking plafler to a diflant pa.rt. An iffae behind 
 the ear. To praftice daily by a looking-glafs to 
 flop the motions with the hand. See the cure of a 
 cafe of the leaping of a mufcle of the arm, Seft. 
 XVII. I. 8. See Convulfio debilis, Clafs III. i. 1.5.. 
 
 3. Rifiis invitus. Involuntary laughter. When 
 the pleature arifing from new combinations of words 
 and ideas, as in puns ; or of other circumflances, 
 which are fo trivial, as to induce no voluntary exer- 
 tion to compare or confider their prefent importance 
 or their future confequence ; the pleafure is liable to 
 rife into pain ; that is, the ideas or fenfual motions 
 become exerted too violently for want of fome anti- 
 
 G a thefiflic 
 

 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. i. j. 
 
 thefiflic ideas ; in the fame manner as thofc mufcles^ 
 which have weak antagonifts, as thofe of the calf of 
 the leg, are liable to fall into cramp or painful con- 
 traction. In this fituation a feream is begun to relieve 
 this pain of ideas too violently exerted, w'hich is flop- 
 ped again foon, as explained in Seft. XXXIV. i. 4. 
 and Clafs III. i. 1.4. and IV. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 The pain, into wdiich this pleafure rifes, which 
 would excite the feream of laughter, has been felt 
 forcibly by every one j when they have been under 
 fuch circumflances, as have induced them to refirain 
 it by a counter-volition ; till at length the increafed 
 affociate motions produce fo much pain as to overcome 
 the counter-volition, and the patient burfis out into 
 indecent laughter, contrary to his will in the common 
 acceptation of that word. 
 
 4. Lupus cDgitorwn invitiis. An awkward playing 
 with the fingers in fpeaking in public. Thefe habits 
 are begun through bafhfulnefs, and feem rather at firfl 
 defigned to engage the attention in part, and thus pre- 
 vent the difagrceable ideas of mauvaife hont ; as timo- 
 rous boys wliiflle, when they are obliged to walk in 
 the dark ; and as it is fometiines neceffary to employ 
 raw'^ foldiers in perpetual manoeuvres, as they advance 
 to the firft charge. 
 
 5. Unguium 7 norJiu 7 icula ininta. Biting the nails 
 is a depraved habit arifing from fimilar caufes as thofc 
 of the lafl article. 
 
 M. hi. Dip the fingers in folution of aloes. 
 
 6 . Vigilui 
 
Class IV. i- 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. loi 
 
 V - 
 
 6. Vigilia invita. Watchfulnefs, where the perfon 
 wiflres, and endeavours to fall afleep, properly belongs 
 to this place, as the whir or volition to fleep prevents 
 the defired effeft ; becaufe fleep conflfts in an abolition 
 of volition. See Clafs III. i. 2. 3. 
 
 O R D O. I. 
 
 lucre afed AJjociate Motiens. 
 
 GENUS IV. 
 
 Catenated with External Influences. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I . Vita ovL Life of an egg. The eggs of fowls 
 were flrewn by Mr. J. Hunter to refift the freezing 
 procefs in their living ftate more powerfully, than 
 when they were killed by having the yolk and white 
 fliook together. Philof. Tranf. It may be aflced, 
 does the heat during the incubation of eggs a£t as a 
 ftimulus exciting the living principle into aftivity ? 
 Or does it aft Amply as a caufa Ane qua non, as an 
 influence, which penetrating the mafs, removes the 
 particles of it to a greater diftance from each other, 
 fo as to allow their movement over each other, in the 
 fame manner as heat is conceived to produce the flui- 
 dity of water ; not by ftimulus, but by its penetrating 
 influence ? Or may elementary heat in its uncombiued 
 Hate be fuppofed to aft only as an influence neceflary 
 
 G 3 to 
 
132 
 
 f DISEASES CClass IV. i. +. 
 
 to life in its natural quantity ; whence torpor and death 
 follow the educHon of it from the body ; but in 
 its increafed ftate above what is natural, or ufual, 
 that it acts as a ftiraulus ; v/hich we have a fenfe to 
 perceive ; and which excites many parts of the fyftem 
 into unnatural action ? See Ciafs IV. i. i. C. 
 
 2. Vita hiemi-donnientium. The torpor of infects, 
 and birds, and quadrupeds, during the cold feafon, 
 has been called deep ; but I fuppofe it mull differ 
 very much from that ftate of animal life, fince not 
 only all voluntary power is fufpended, but fenfation 
 and vafcular motion has ceafed, and can only be re- 
 ffored by the influence of heat. There have been 
 related inftances of fnails, which have recovered life 
 and motion on being put into water after having ex- 
 perienced many years of torpidity, or apparent death, 
 in the cabinets of the curious. Here the water as 
 •well as the heat are required not only as a ftimulus, 
 but as a caufa une qua non of fluiditv and motion, and 
 confequent life. 
 
 < 
 
 3. PuUulatio orborum. The annual rcvivefcencc 
 of the buds of trees feeras not only to be otving to the 
 influence of the returning warmth of the fpring, but 
 alfo to be catenated with folar gravitation; becaufe 
 feeds and roots and budis, wliich are analogous to the 
 eggs of animals, put forth their flioocs by a lefs quan- 
 tity of heat in foring, than they had undergone in the 
 latter part of autumn, which may however be af- 
 
 cribed 
 
Class IV. s. 4,] OF ASSOCIATION. 103 
 
 cribed to their previous torpid ftate, and confcquent 
 accumulation of fenforial power, or irritability ; as 
 explained in Botanic Garden, Part II. Cant. 1 . 1 . 322. 
 note. Other circumilances, which countenance the 
 idea, that vegetation is alFefted by folar gravitation, 
 as w'ell as by heat, may be obfcrved in the ripening 
 of the feeds of plants both in thofc countries where 
 the fummers are Ihort, and in thofe where they are 
 long. And ’ by fome flowers cloflng their bells at 
 noon, or foon after and hence feem to fleep rather 
 at folar diurnal periods, than from the influence of 
 cold., or the deficiency of light. 
 
 4. Orgofmath venerei psriodus. The venereal or- 
 gafm of birds and quadrupeds commences or returns 
 about the vernal or autumnal equinoxes, and thence 
 feems in refpe^i to their great periods to be governed 
 by folar influence. But if this orgafm be difappointed 
 of its objedr, it is faid to recur at about monthly pe- 
 riods, as obferved in mares and bitches in this refpe^i 
 refcmbling the female catamenia. See Sed. XXX VL 
 2. 3. and Sect. XVI. 13. 
 
 5. Bracbli concujjlo dcElrlca. The movement of 
 the arm, even of a paralytic patient, when an electric 
 fhock is paffed through it, is owing to the ftiramlus of 
 the excefs of elcftricity. When a piece of zinc and 
 filver, each about the fize of a crown-piece, are 
 placed one under the upper lip, and the other on the 
 tongue, fo as the outer edges may be brought into 
 
 G 4 contaft. 
 
104 
 
 DISEASES (^Class IV. i. 4. 
 
 contact, there is an appearance of light in the ejes, 
 as often as the outer edges of thefe metals are brought 
 into contact or feparated ; which is another inflance 
 of the flimulus of the palTage of electric fliocks 
 through the fibres of the organs of fenfe, as well 
 as through the mufcular fibres. See Sect. XII. i. i. 
 and firfl addit. note to Vol. I. of this work. But in 
 its natural ftate electricity feems only to act as an in- 
 fluence on animal and vegetable bodies ; of the falutary 
 or injurious elfects of which we have yet no precifc 
 knowledge. 
 
 Yet if regular journals were kept of, the variations 
 of atmofpheric eleftricity, it is probable fome difco- 
 veries of its influence on our fyflem might in time be 
 difcovered. For this purpofe a machine on the principle 
 of Mr. Bennet’s electric doubler might be applied to 
 the pendulum of a clock, fo as to manifefl, and even 
 to record the daily or hourly variations of aerial elec- 
 tricity. Which has already been executed, and ap- 
 plied to the pendulum of a Dutch wooden clock, by 
 Mr. Bennet, curate of AVirkfworth in Derbyfliire. 
 
 Befides the variations of the degree or kind of at- 
 mofpheric electricity, fome animals, and fome men, 
 feem to poiTefs a greater power of accumulating this 
 fluid in themfelves than others. Of which a famous 
 hiflory of a RuITian prince was lately publilhed ; who, 
 during the clear and fevere frofls of that country, 
 could not move himfelf in bed without luminous cor- 
 rufcations. Such may have been the cafe of thofe 
 people, who have been related to have taken fire fpon- 
 
 taneouflv. 
 
Class TV. i. 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 T05 
 
 taneoufly, and to have been reduced to afnes. The 
 eleftric concuffion from the gymnotns eleciricus, and 
 ■torpedo, are other inftances of the power of rhc ani- 
 mal fyftem to accumulate eleftricity, as in thefe it is 
 ufed a's a weapon of defence, or for the purpofe of 
 taking their prey. 
 
 Some have believed that the accumulation or paflage 
 of the magnetic fluid might afieft the animal fyflem, 
 and have alferted that the application of a large mag- 
 net to an aching tooth has quickly eflecled a cure. If 
 this experiment is again tried in odontalgia, or heini- 
 crania, the painful membrane of the tooth or head 
 flrould be included between the fouth and north poles 
 of a horfe-flioe magnet, or between the contrary poles 
 of tv/o different magnets, that the magnetiiin may be 
 accumulated on the torpid part. 
 
 6. Oxygcnatio fanguinis. The variation of the quan- 
 tity of oxygen gas exifting in the atmofphere muff aifecc 
 all breathing animals ; in its excefs this too mull be 
 effeemed a ftimulus ; but in its natural quantity would 
 feem to aft as an influence, or caufe, without Avhich 
 animal life cannot exiff even a minute. It is hoped 
 that Dr. Beddoes’s plan for a pneumatic inffrm.ary, 
 for the purpofe of putting this and various ocher airs 
 to the tell of experiment, will meet with public en- 
 couragement, and render confumption, afthma, can- 
 cer, and many difeafes conquerable, which at prefenn 
 prey with unremitted devaffation on all orders and ages 
 of mankind. 
 
 7 . Hwnsd.it if 
 
165 D r S E A S E S' [Class IV. i. 4. 
 
 7. HumeSIatio corporis. Water, and probably the 
 ■rapoar of water dilTolved or dilFufed in the atmofphcre, 
 anites by mechanical attraftion with the unorganized 
 cuticle, and foftens and enlarges it ; as may be feen 
 in the loofe and wrinkled /kin of the hands of wa/Iicr- 
 women ; the fame probably occurs to the mucous 
 membrane of the lungs in moifl weather ; and by 
 thickening it increafes the difficulty of refpiratron of 
 fome people j who are faid to be afthmaticak So far 
 water may be faid to aef as an influx or influence, but 
 when it is taken up by the mouths of the abforbent 
 fyftem, it mud excite thofe mouths into action, and 
 then afts as a ftimulus. 
 
 There appears from hence to be four methods by 
 which animal bodies are penetrated by external things. 
 1. By their flimulus, which induces the abforbent 
 reflels to imbibe them. 2. By mechanical attraftion, 
 as when water foftens the cuticle. 3. By chemical 
 atfraftion, as when oxygen paiTes through the 
 membranes of the air-veffels of the lungs, and com- 
 bines with the blood. And Jaflly, by influx without 
 mechanical attra6fion, chemical combination, or ani- 
 mal abforption, as the univerfal fluids of heat, gravi- 
 tation, eleffricity, raagnetifro, and perhaps of other 
 ethereal fluids vet unknown. 
 
 CRDO 
 
CtAss IV. 2. I.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ii»7 
 
 O R D O II. 
 
 Decreafed A[fociaie Motions. 
 
 GENUS I. 
 
 Catenated with Irritative Motions. 
 
 As irritative mufcular motions are attended \vith 
 pain, when they are exerted too weakly, as well as 
 when they are exerted too ftrongly ; fo irritative ideas 
 become attended with fenfation, when they are ex- 
 erted too weakly, as well as when they are exerted 
 too ftrono'lv. Which accounts for thefe ideas being 
 attended with fenfation in the various kinds of vertigo 
 deferibed below. 
 
 There is great difficulty in tracing the immediate 
 caufe of the deficiencies of aftion of lome links of the 
 affociations of irritative motions ; firfl:, becaufe due 
 trains and tribes of motion^, which compofe thefe 
 Finks, are fo widely extended as to embrace almoU the 
 whole animal fyllem ; and fecondly, becaufe when the 
 hrll link of an aiTociated train of aflions is exerted 
 ivith too great energy, the fecond link by reverfe fym- 
 pathy may be affefted with torpor. And then this 
 fecond link may tranfmit, as it were, this torpor to 
 a third link, and at the fame time regain its owti 
 energy of aftion ; and it is poffiblc this third link may 
 in like m.anner tranfmit its torpor to a fourth, and thus 
 regain its own natural quantity of motion. 
 
 I ffiall endeavour to explain this by an example 
 taken from Icnfative affiociated motions, as the origin 
 
 of 
 
DISEASES [Cla-ss IV. 2. i. 
 
 TcS 
 
 of their difiiurbed actions is more eafily detefted. This 
 morning I faw an elderly perion, uho had gradually 
 loll all the teeth in his upper jaw, and all of the under 
 except three of the molares 5 the lall of thefe was now 
 loofe, and occafionally painful ; • the fangs of which 
 were almoll naked, the gums being much wailed 
 both within and without the jaw. He is a man of 
 attentive obfervation, and alfared me, that he had 
 again and again noticed, that, when a pain commenced 
 in the membranes of the alveolar procefs of the upper 
 jaw oppofite to the ioofe tooth in the under one (which 
 had frequently occured for feveral days pall), the pain 
 of the Ioofe tooth ceafed. And that, when the paiu 
 afterwards extended to the ear and temple on that 
 fide, the pain in the membranes of the upper jaw 
 ceafed. In this cafe the membranes of the alveolar 
 procefs of the upper jaw became torpid, and confe- 
 quently painful, by their reverfe fympathy with the 
 too violent aftions of the inflamed membranes of the 
 Ioofe tooth ; and then by a fecondary fympathy the 
 membranes about the ear and temple became torpid, 
 and painful ; and thofe of the alveolar procefs of the 
 upper jaw regained their natural quantity of aftion, 
 and ceafed to be painful. A great many more nice 
 and attentive obfervations are wanted to elucidate 
 thefe curious circuraflances of aflfociation, which will 
 be found to be of the greatell importance in the 
 cure of many difeafes, and lead us to the knowdedge 
 of fever. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
Class IV; 2. i.J OF ASSOCIATION, IC9 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Cutis frigida pranforum. Chillnds after dinner 
 frequently attends weak people, or thofe who have 
 been exhaufted by exercife ; it arifes from the great 
 expenditure of the fenforial power on the organs of 
 digefliion, which are flimulated into violent aihion by 
 the aliment ; and the velfels of the hcin, which are 
 alTociated with them, become in fome meafure torpid 
 by reverfe fympathy ; and a confequent chillnefs fuc- 
 ceeds with lefs abforption of atmofpheric raoihure. 
 See the fubfequent article, 
 
 2. Pallor urintz pranforum. The paJenefs of urine 
 after a full meal is an iuuance of reverfe affociation ; 
 where the fecondary part of a train of affociate motions 
 afts with lefs energy in confequence of the greater 
 exertions of the primarv part. After dinner the ab- 
 forbent velfels of the ftomach and inteltines are ftimu- 
 lated into greater aftion, and drink up the newly 
 taken aliment ; while thofe, which are fpread in great 
 number on the neck of the bladder, abforb lefs of the 
 aqueous part of the urine than ufual, which is there- 
 fore difeharged in a more dilute hate ; and has 
 been termed crude by fome medical writers, but it 
 only indicates, that fo great a proportion of the fen- 
 forial power is expended on digehion and abforption 
 of the aliment, that other parts of the fyhem ah for 
 a time with lefs energy. See Clafs IV. i. 1.6. 
 
t T* 
 
 iJ t S E A S E S [Cla's TV. 2. r. 
 
 3 . Pallor ur 'uuz a f rigor e ciiianco. There is a tem- 
 porary difcharge of pale water, and a diarrhoea, in- 
 duced by expofing the flcin to the cold air ; as is ex- 
 perienced by boys, who (trip themfelves before bath- 
 ing. In this cafe the mouths of the cutaneous lym- 
 pha.tics become torpid by the fubduction of their 
 accullomed degree of heat, and thofe of the bladder 
 and intelfines become torpid by direct fympathy ; 
 whence lefs of the thinner part of the urinary fecre- 
 tion, and of the mucus of the inteftines, is reabforbed. 
 See Seel. XXIX. 4. 6. This eft'efl of fuddenly cool- 
 ing the /kin by the alperfion of cold water has lieen 
 ufed tvith fuccefs in coflivenefs, and has produced 
 evacuations, when other means have failed. When 
 young infants arc afllidled with griping joined -with 
 coflivenefs, I have fometimes dire«h;ed them to be 
 taken out of a warm bed, and carried about for a 
 few minutes in a cool room, with almoll inflant 
 relief. 
 
 4. Pallor ex agritudine. When ficknefs of flomach 
 firfl occurs, a palenefs of the /kin attends it ; Avhich is 
 owing to the aflbeiation or catenation between the 
 capillaries of the flomach and the cutaneous ones ; 
 which at firfl a£l by direcfl fympathy. But in a fliort 
 time there commences an accumulation of the fenforial 
 po’.A^r of affociation in the cutaneous capillaries during 
 their Hate of inaflivity, and then the Jkin begins to 
 glow, and fweats break out, from the increafed aflion 
 «f the cutaneous glands or capillaries, which is now in 
 
 reverie 
 
2II 
 
 CtA?s IV. 2. I.] 'OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 reverfe fympathy with thofe of the ftomach. So in 
 continued fevers, when the ftomach is totally torpid, 
 which is known by the total averfion to folid food, 
 the cutaneous capillaries are by reverfe fympathy in 
 a perpetual hate of increafed afHvity, as appears from 
 the heat of the ikin. 
 
 5. Dyfpnoca a balneo frigido. The difHcuIty of 
 breathing on- going up to the middle in cold water is 
 owing to the irritative alTociation or catenation of the 
 action of the extreme velfels of the lungs with thofe 
 of the fkin. So that when the latter are rendered 
 torpid or inaflive by the application of fudden cold, 
 the former become inafHve at the fame time, and re- 
 tard the circulation of the blood through the lungs, 
 for this difficulty of breathing cannot be owing to the 
 preiTur?, of the water impeding the circulation down- 
 wards, as it happens equally by a cold fliower-bath, 
 and is foon conquered by habitual immerfions. The 
 capillaries of the ikin are rendered torpid by the fub- 
 duftion of the llimulus of heat, and by the coniequent 
 diminution of the fenforial power of irritation. The 
 capillaries of the lungs are rendered torpid by the 
 diminution of the fenforial power of alTociation, which 
 is now excited in lefs quantity by the leffened afiions 
 of the capillaries of the Ikin, with which they are ca- 
 tenated. So that at this time both the cutaneous and 
 pulmonary capillaries are principally aftuated, as far 
 as they have any aftion, by the flimulus of the blood. 
 But in a ihort time the fenforial powers of irritation, 
 and of alTociation, become accumulated, and verj 
 i energetic 
 
1 12 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. i. 
 
 energetic action of both thefe membranes fucceedy 
 which thus refemble the cold and hot fit of an inter- 
 mittent fever. 
 
 6. Dyfpepfia a pedibus frigidh. When the feet arc 
 long cold, as in riding in cold and wet weather, fomc 
 people are very liable to indigeflion and consequent 
 heart-burn. The irritative motions of the iLomacii 
 become torpid, and do their office of digehion imper- 
 fectly, in confequence of their affociation with the 
 torpid motions of the veffels of the extremities. Fear, 
 as it produces palenefs and torpidity of the f]-5n, fre- 
 quently occafions temporary indigeflion in confequence 
 of this affociation of the veffels of the ffiin with thofc 
 of the flomach ; as riding in very bad roads will give 
 flatulency and indigeflion to timorous people. 
 
 A ffiort expofure to cold air increafes c%eflion, 
 which is then owing to the reverfe fympathy between 
 the capillary veffels of the ildn, and of the flomach. 
 Hence when the body is expofed to cold air, within 
 certain limits of time and quantity of cold, a reverfe 
 fympathy of the flomach and the ikin firfl occurs, and 
 afterwards a direct fympathy. In the former cafe the 
 expenditure of fenforial power by the ikin being lef- 
 fened, but not its produftion in the brain ; the fecond 
 link of the affociation, viz. the flomach, acquires a 
 greater fliare of it. In the latter cafe, by the con- 
 tinuation of the deficient flimulus of heat, the torpor 
 becomes extended to the brain itfelf, or to the trunks 
 of the nerves ; and univerfal inaflivity follows. 
 
 3 
 
Class IV 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 1^3 
 
 7. ’TuJJis a pedibm frigidis On (landing with the 
 feet in thawing fnow, many people are liable to in- 
 ceflant coughing. From the torpidity of the abforbent 
 velTels of the lungs, in confequence of their irritative 
 alTociations with thofe of the (kin, they ceafe to abforb' 
 the faline part of the fecreted mucus ; and a cough is 
 thus induced by the irritation of this faline fecretion ; 
 which is (imilar to that from the noftrils in frofty 
 weather, but differs in refpefl to its immediate caufe ; 
 the former being from a(Tociation with a dihant part, 
 and the latter from defeat of the (limulus of heat on 
 the noftrils themfelves. See Catarrhus frigidus, Clafs 
 I. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 8. TuJJts hepatica. The cough of Inebriates, which 
 attends the enlargement of the liver, or a chronical 
 inflammation of its upper membrane, is fuppofed to be 
 produced by the inconvenience the diaphragm fuffers 
 from the comprefTion or heat of the liver. It differs 
 however elTentially from .'■hat attending hepatitis, from 
 its not being accompanied with fever. And is per- 
 haps rather owing to irritative alfociation, or reverfe 
 fympathy, between the lungs and the liver. As oc- 
 curs in flieep, which are liable to a perpetual dry 
 cough, when the fleuk-worm is preying on the fub- 
 ftance of their livers. See Clafs II. i. 1.5. 
 
 M. M. From half a grain to a grain of opium 
 twice a day. A drachm of mercurial ointment rub- 
 bed on the region of the liver every night for eight or 
 ten times. 
 
 f 
 
 Yni,. IT. 
 
 H 
 
 o. TuJ^i 
 
J14 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. T. 
 
 9. arthrttica. Gout-cough. I have feen a 
 
 cough, which twice occurred at a few' years diflance 
 in the fame perfon, during his fits of the gout, wdth 
 fuch pertinacity and violence as to refill venefeclion, 
 opiates, bark, bliflers, mucilages, and all the ufual 
 methods employed in coughs. It was for a time fup- 
 pofed to be the whooping-cough, from the violence 
 of the aftion of coughing ; it continued tw'o or three 
 weeks, the patient never being able to fleep more 
 than a few minutes at once during the w'hole time, 
 and being propped up in bed with pillow's night and 
 day. 
 
 As no fever attended this violent cough, and but 
 little expeftoration, and that of a thin and frothy kind, 
 I fufpecled the membrane of the lungs to be rather 
 torpid than inflamed, and that the faliue part of the 
 mucus not being abforbed flimulated them into per- 
 petual exertion. And laflly, that though the lungs 
 are not fenfible to cold and heat, and probably there- 
 fore lefs mobile ; yet, as they are neverthelefs liable 
 to confent with the torpor of cold feet, as defcribeci 
 in Species 6 of this Genus, I fufpefled this torpor of 
 the lungs to fucceed the gout in the feet, or to a£l a 
 vicarious part for them. 
 
 10. Vertigo rotatoria. In tlie vertigo from circum- 
 gyration the irritative motions of vihon are increafed ; 
 which is evinced from the pleafure that children re- 
 ceive on being rocked in a cradle, or by fwinging on 
 a rope. For W'henever fenfation arifes from the pro- 
 duction 
 
Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 1 75 
 
 duftion of irritative motion with lefs energy than na-> 
 tiiral, it is of the difagreeahlc kind, as from cold or 
 hunger j but when it arifes from their produftion with 
 greater energy than natural, if it be confined within 
 certain limits, it is of the pleafurable kind, as by 
 warmth or wine. With thefe increafed irritative mo-* 
 tions of vifion, I fuppofe thofe of the ftomach are per- 
 formed wuth greater energy by dire^l fympathy ; but 
 when the rotatory motions, w'hich produce this agree- 
 able vertigo, are continued too long, or are too vio- 
 lent, ficknefs of the fiomach follow^s ; Avhich is owing 
 to the decreafed action of that organ from its reverfe 
 fympathy wdth the increafed aftions of the organ of 
 vifion. For the expenditure of fenforial power by th«- 
 Organ of vifion is always very great, as appears by 
 the fize of the optic nerves ; and is now fo much in- 
 creafed as to deprive the next link of aflbeiation of its 
 due fliare. As mentioned in Article 6 of this Genus.- 
 
 In the fame manner the undulations of water, or 
 the motions of a fliip, at firfi; give pleafure by in- 
 creafing the irritative motions belonging to the fenfe 
 of vifion ; but produce ficknefs at length by expending 
 on one part of the alTociated train of irritative aflions 
 too much of that fenforial power, which ufually ferved 
 the whole of it ; whence foine other parts of the 
 train acquire too little of it, and perform their aAions 
 in confequence too feebly, and tlience become attended 
 with difagreeable fenfation. 
 
 It mull alfo be obferved, that w'hen the irritative 
 motions arc fiimulated into unufual aftion, as in in- 
 TI 2 ebriation, 
 
 r 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. 2 . i. 
 
 S16 
 
 ebriatlon, they become fucceeded by fcnfatlon, either 
 of the pleafurable or painful kind ; and thus a ne\r 
 link is introduced between the irritathce motions thus 
 excited, and thofe which ufed to fucceed them ; whence 
 their aifociation is either dilTevered or much weak- 
 ened, and thus the vomiting in fea-ficknefs occurs from 
 the defect of the power of aifociation, rather than 
 from the general deficiency of fenforial power. 
 
 When a blind man turns round, or when one, who 
 is not blind, revolves in the dark, a vertigo is pro- 
 duced belonging to the fenfe of touch. A blind man 
 balances himfelf by the fenfe of touch, which being a 
 lefs perfect means of determining finall quantities of 
 deviation from the perpendicular, occafions him to 
 walk more carefully upright than thofe, who balance 
 themfelves by vifion. When he revolves, the irrita- 
 tive alfociations of the mufcular motions, which were 
 ufed to prefcrve his perpendicularity, become difor- 
 dered by their new modes of fuccelfive exertion ; and 
 he begins to fall. For his feet now' touch the floor 
 in manners or direcHons difierent from thofe they have 
 been accuflomed to ; and in confequence he judges 
 lefs perfectly of the fituation of the parts of the floor 
 in refpeft to that of his owm body, and thus lofes his 
 perpendicular attitude. This may be illuflrated by 
 the curious experiment of crofling one finger over the 
 next to it, and feeling of a nut or bullet with the ends 
 of them. When, if the eyes be clofed, the nut or 
 bullet appears to be two, from the deception of the 
 fenfe of touch. 
 
 In 
 
1J7 
 
 •Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 In this vertigo from gyration, both of the fenfe of ' 
 fight, and of the fenfe of touch, the primary link of 
 ■the alTociated irritative motions is increafed in energy, 
 and the fecondary ones are increafed at firfl by direft 
 fympathy ; but after a time they become decreafed by 
 reverfe fympathy with the primary link, owing to the 
 exhauftien of fenforial power in general, or to the 
 power of affcciation in particular ; beca-ufe ih the lafl 
 cafe, either pleafurablc or painful fenfation has been 
 introduced between the links of a train of irritative 
 motions, and has diffevered, or much enfeebled them. 
 
 Dr. Smyth, in his EiTay on Swinging in Pulmonary 
 Confumption, has obferved, that fwinging makes the 
 pulfe flower. Dr. Ewart of Bath confirmed this ob- 
 fervation both on himfelf and on Col. Cathcart, v/ho 
 v/as then heftic, and that even on fliipboard, wdiere 
 fome degree of vertigo might be fuppofed previoufly 
 to exift. Dr. Currie of Liverpool not only confirmed 
 this obfervation frequently on himfelf, t^i^hen he wa^t 
 alfo phthifical, but found that equitation had a fimilar 
 effeft on him, uniformly retarding his pulfe. This 
 curious circumflance cannot arife from the general 
 dfecl: of exercife, or fatigue, as in thofe cafes the pulfe 
 becomes weaker and quicker ; it mull therefore be 
 aferibed to a degree of vertigo, which attends all thofe 
 modes of motion, which we are not perpetually accu- 
 ftomed to. 
 
 Dr. Currie has further obferved, that “in. cafes 
 of great debility the voluntary mufcular exertion re- 
 quifite in a fwing produces wearinefs, that is, incr cafes 
 
 LI 3 debilitv .5 
 
 / 
 
X) I S E A S E S f Class IV. 2. i. 
 
 X18 
 
 debility ; and that in fuch inftances lie had frequently 
 noticed, that the diminution of the frequency of the 
 pulfe did not take place, but the contrary.” Thefc 
 circumftances may thus be accounted for. 
 
 The links of affociation, which are elfcc 1 :ed in the 
 vertigo oecafioned by unufual motion, are the irrita- 
 tive motions of the fenfe of vifion, thofe of the fto- 
 maeh, and thofe of the heart and arteries. When 
 the irritative ideas of vifion are exerted with greater 
 energy at the beginning of vertigo, a degree of fenfa- 
 tion is excited, which is of the pleafurable kind, as 
 above mentioned ; whence the affociated trains of ir- 
 ritative motions of the domach, and heart, and arte- 
 ries, aft at firll with greater energy, both by direct 
 fympathy, and by the additional fenforial power of 
 fenfation. Whence the pulfe of a confumptive patient 
 becomes ftronger and confequently flower. 
 
 But if this vertigo becomes much greater in degree 
 or duration, the firft link of this train of afl'oeiated 
 irritative motions expends too much of the fenforial 
 power, which was ufually employed on the whole 
 train j and the motions of the ilomach become in con- 
 fequence exerted with lefs energy. This appears, be- 
 caufe in this degree of vertigo ficknefs fupervenes, as 
 in fea-licknefs, which has been fliewn to be owing to 
 lefs energetic action of the ftomach. And the motions 
 of the heart and arteries then become weaker, and in 
 confequence more frequent, by their direft fympathy 
 with the leflened aftions of the ftomach. See Sup^ 
 plement, L 12. and Clafs II. i. 6. 7. The general 
 
 weaknefs 
 
Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 iin 
 
 weaknefs from fatigue is owing to a fimilar caufe, 
 that is, to the too great expenditure of fcuforial power 
 in the inercafed actions of one part of the fyflem, and 
 the confequent deficiency of it in other parts, or in 
 the whole. 
 
 The abatement of the heat of the ikin in heflic 
 fever by fwinging, is not only owing to the increafed 
 ventilation of cool air, but to the reverfe fympathy 
 of the motions of the cutaneous capillaries with thofe 
 of the heart and arteries ; which occurs in all fevers 
 with arterial debility, and a hot or dry fkin. Hence 
 during moderate fwinging the aftion of the heart and 
 arteries becomes ftronger and flower, and the aftion 
 of the capillaries, which was before too great, as ap- 
 peared by the heat of the ikin, now is lelfened by 
 their reverfe fympathy with that of the heart and ar- 
 teries. See Supplement, I. 8. 
 
 1 1 . Vertigo vifualis. Vifual vertigo. The vertigo 
 rotatoria defcribed above, was induced byTlie rota- 
 tion or undulation of external objects, and was at- 
 tended with increafed action of the primary link of 
 the aflbciated motions belonging to vifion, and with 
 confequent pleafure. The vertigo vifualis is owing 
 to Lefs perfe£l vifion, and is not accompanied with 
 pleafurable fenfation. This frequently occurs in 
 ftrokes of the palfy, and is then fucceeded by vom.it- 
 ing ; it fometimes precedes epileptic fits, and often 
 attends thofe, whofe fight begins to be impaired by 
 age. 
 
 H 4 In 
 
120 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. i. 
 
 In this vertigo the irritative ideas of the apparent 
 motions of objects are lefs diflinct, and on that account 
 are not fucceeded by their ufual irritative affociations 
 of motion ; but excite our attention. Whence the 
 objects appear to librate or circulate according to the 
 motions of our heads, which is called dizzinefs ; and 
 we lofc the means^ of balancing ourfelves, or preferv- 
 ing our perpendicularity, by vifion. So that in this ver- 
 tigo the motions of the alTociated organs are decrcafed 
 by direft fympathy with their primary link of irrita- 
 tion ; as in the preceding cafe of fea-ficknefs they are 
 decreafed by reverfe fympathy. 
 
 When vertigo alfefts people about fifty years of 
 age, their fight has generally been fuddenly impaired ; 
 and from their lefs accurate vifion they do not foon 
 enough perceive the apparent motions of objects ; 
 like a perfon in a room, the walls of which are flain- 
 ed with the uniform figures of lozenges, explained in 
 Seft. XX. I. This is generally afcribed to indi- 
 gellion ; but it ceafes fpontaneoufly, as the patient 
 acquires the habit of balancing himfelf by lefs difiincl 
 objefts. 
 
 A gentleman about 50 was feized with an uncom- 
 mon degree of vertigo, fo as to fail on the ground, 
 and not to be able to turn his head, as he fat up 
 cither in his chair or in his bed, and this continued 
 eight or ten weeks. As he had many decayed teeth 
 in his mouth, and the vertigo was preceded and fome- 
 limes accompanied by pains on one fide of his head, 
 the difeafe of a tooth was fufpected to be the caufe. 
 
 And 
 
Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 And as his timidity was too great to admit the cx- 
 tradlion of thofe which were decayed ; after the trial 
 of cupping repeatedly, fomentations on his head, re- 
 peated blifters with, valerian, Peruvian bark, muflc, 
 opium, and variety of other medicines ; mercurials 
 were ufed, both externally and internally, with deligu 
 to inflame the membranes of the teeth, and by that 
 means to prevent the torpor of the aftion of the mem- 
 branes about the temple, and parietal bone ; which arc 
 catenated with the membranes of the teeth by Irrita- 
 tive alTociation, but not by fenfitive alTociation. The 
 event was, that as foon as the gums became fore with 
 a flight ptyalifm, the pains about the head and ver- 
 tigo gradually dlminiflied, and during the forenefs of 
 his gums entirely ceafed ; but I believe recurred after- 
 wards, though in lefs degree. 
 
 The idea of inflaming the membranes of the teeth 
 to produce increafed fenfation in them, and thus to 
 prevent their irritative connexion with thofe of the 
 cranium, was taken from the treatment of trifmus, 
 or locked jaw, by endeavouring to inflame the in- 
 jured tendon ; which is faid to prevent or to remove 
 the fpafm of the mufcles of the jaw. See Clafs III, i. 
 I. 13. and 15. 
 
 M. M. Emetics. Blifters. IlTues about the head. 
 Extraftion of decayed teeth. Slight falivation. Sor- 
 bentia. Incitantia, 
 
 12. Vertigo ebriofa. Vertigo from intoxication is 
 owing to the alTociation of the irritative ideas of vifion 
 vritb the irritative motions of the ftomach. Whence 
 
 when 
 
122 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. t. 
 
 when tliefc latter become much increafed by the im- 
 moderate Himulus of wine, the irritative motions of 
 the retina are produced with lefs energy by reverfe 
 fympathy, and become at the fame time fucceedcd by 
 fenfation in confequance of their decreafed action. 
 See Sect. XXL 3. and XXXV. 1.2. So converfely 
 when the irritative motions of vifion are increafed by 
 turning round, or by our unaccuftomcd agitation at 
 fea, thofe of the homach become inverted by reverfe 
 fympathy, and are attended in confequence with dif- 
 agreeable fenfation. Which decreafed action of the 
 ftomach is in confequence of the increafed expenditure 
 ef the fenforial power on the irritative ideas of vifion, 
 as explained in Vertigo i-otatoria. 
 
 Whence though a certain quantity of vinous fpirit 
 ftimulates the whole fyftem into increafed action, and 
 perhaps even increafes the fecretion of fenforial power 
 in the brain ; yet as foon as any degree of vertigo is 
 produced, it is a proof, that by the too great expen- 
 diture of fenforial power by the ftomach, and its 
 neareft affociated motions, the more diftant ones, as 
 thofe of vifion, become imperfeftly exerted. From 
 hence may be deduced the neceiTity of exhibiting wine 
 in fevers with weak pulfe in only appropriated quan- 
 tity ; becaufe if the leaft intoxication be induced, fome 
 part of the fyftem muft aft more feebly from the un- 
 necelftxry expenditure of fenforial power. 
 
 13. Vertigo febricukfa. Vertigo in fevers either 
 proceeds from the general deficiency of fenforial power 
 belonging to the irritative aflbeiatiens, or to a greater 
 
 expenditure 
 
Class IV. 2. 1.3 ASSOCIATION. 123 
 
 expenditure of it on fome links of the trains and tribes 
 of aifociated irritative motions. There is however a 
 llighter vertigo attending all people, v/ho have been 
 long confined in bed, on their firft rifmg ; owing to, 
 their having been fo long unufed to the apparent 
 motions of objefts in their erefl poflure, or as they 
 pafs by them, that they have lofl in part the habit of 
 balancing themfelves by them. 
 
 14. Vertigo cerebrofa. Vertigo from injuries of the 
 brain, either from external violence, or which attend 
 paralytic attacks, are owing to the general deficiency 
 of fenforial power. In thefe diftrefsful fituations the 
 vital motions, or thofe immediately neccfiary to life, 
 claim their Ihare of fenforial power in the firfi; place, 
 otherwife the patient muft die ; and thofe motions, 
 which are lefs necelfary, feel a deficiency of it, as 
 thefe of the organs of fenfe and mufcles ; which con- 
 fiitute vertigo ; and laflly the voluntary motions, 
 which are fiill lefs immediately neceflary to life, are 
 frequently partially defiroyed, as in palfy ; or totallv, 
 as in apoplexy. 
 
 15. Mtirmur aurium njertlgimfum. The vertiginous 
 murmur in the ears, or noife in the head, is compared 
 to the undulations of the found of bells, or to the 
 humming of bees. It frequently attends people about 
 60 years of age j and like the vifiial vertigo defcribec] 
 above is owing to our hearing lefs perfeflly from the 
 gradual inirritability of the organ on the approach of 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Cl.ASS IV. 2. I. 
 
 age ; and the difagreeabic fenfation of noife attending 
 it is owing to the lefs energetic aftion of thefe irritative 
 motions ; which not being fuiEciently diftinct to excite 
 their ufnal aflbciations become fucceeded by our atten- 
 tion, like the indiflinft view of the apparent motions 
 of obj efts mentioned in vertigo vifualis. This may be 
 better underflood from confidering the ufe, w'hich 
 blind men make of thefe irritative founds, which they 
 have taught themfelves to attend to, but which efcape 
 the notice of others. The late blind Juflice Fielding 
 walked for the firfl time into my room, when he once 
 vifited me, and after fpeaking a few words faid, “ this 
 room is about 22 feet long, 18 wide, and 12 high 
 all which he gueiTcd by the ear with great accuracy. 
 Now if thefe hritative founds from the partial lofs of 
 hearing do not correfpond with the fize or ufual 
 echoes of the places, wdiere we are ; their catenation 
 with other irritative ideas, as thofe of vifion, becomes 
 diflevered or dillurbed ; and we attend to them in 
 confequence, wdiich I think unravels this intricate 
 circumftance of noifes being always iieard in tlie head, 
 when the fenfe of hearing begins to be impaired, from 
 whatever caufe it occurs. 
 
 This ringing in the ears alfo attends the vertigo 
 from intoxication ; for the irritative ideas of found arc 
 tlien mere weakly excited in conlequence of the de- 
 ficiency of the fenforiai power of alfociation. As is 
 known by this alfo being attended with difagreeable 
 fenfation, and by its accompanying other difeafes of 
 debility, as ftrokes on the head, fainting fits, and 
 
 paralvtk' 
 
Glass IV. 2. i.j OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 13 / 
 
 paralytic feizures. For in this vertigo from intoxi- 
 cation fo much fenforial power in general is expended 
 on the increafetl actions of the flomach, and its near- 
 efl conneftions, as the capillaries of the fkin ; that 
 there is a deficiency for the purpofes of the other 
 irritative affociations of motions ufually connefted 
 with it. I'his auditory vei'tigo attends both the rota- 
 tory and the vifual vertigo above mentioned ; in the 
 former it is introduced by reverfe fympathy, that is^ 
 by the diminution of fenforial power ; too great a 
 quantity of it being expended on the increafed irrita- 
 tive motions of vifion ; in the latter it is produced 
 either by the fame caufes which produce the vifual 
 vertigo, or by direfl fympathy with it. See Se^. 
 XX. 7. 
 
 M. M. Stimulate the internal ear by ether, or with 
 dfential oil diluted with exprelfed oil, or with a folu- 
 tion of opium in wine, or in water. Or with fait and 
 water. 
 
 16. Ta 6 ius^ olfadus vertrginoji. Vertigi- 
 
 nous touch, tafie, and fmell. In the vertigo of in- 
 toxication, when the patient lies down in bed, it 
 fometimes happens even in the dark, that the bed 
 feems to lib^ate under him, and he is afraid of falling 
 out of it. The fame occurs to people, who are fea- 
 fick, even when they lie down in the dark. In thefc 
 the irritative motions of the nerves of touch, or irri- 
 tative tangible ideas, a.re performed with lefs energy, 
 in one cafe by reverfe fympathy with the flomach, in 
 
DISEASES 
 
 I^Class IV. 2. 1 . 
 
 \2ft 
 
 tlie other by rcverfe fympathy with the nerves of 
 vifion, and in confequence become attended with fen- 
 fation, and produce the fear of falling by other 
 aflbciations. 
 
 A vertigo of the fenfe of touch may be produced, 
 if any one turns round for a time with his eyes fliut, 
 and fuddenly flops without opening them •, for he will 
 for a time feem to be flill going forwards ; which is 
 difficult to explain. See the notes at the end of the 
 Firfl and Second, Piu-t belonging to Seel. XX. 6, 
 
 In the beginning of fomc fevers, along wiih in- 
 ceffiint vomiting, the patients complain of difagrecable 
 talles in their mouth, and difagreeablc odours ; which 
 are to be aferibed to the general debility of the great 
 trains and tribes of alTociated iiritative motions, and 
 to be explained from their direfl fympathy with the 
 dccreafed aclion of a lick flomach ; or from the lefs 
 fccretion of fenforial power in the brain. Thefe 
 organs of fenfe are conflantly flimulated into action 
 by the faliva or by the air ; hence, like the fenfe of 
 hunger, when they are torpid from want of flimulus, 
 or from want of fenforial power, pain or difagreeablc 
 fenfation enfues, as of hunger, or faintnefs, or fek- 
 nefs in one cafe ; and the ideas of bad tafles or odours 
 
 in the other. This accords with the laws of caufation, 
 QoO- T\r . 
 
 ly. Puifus mol! is in vomilionc. The foftnefs of die 
 pulfe in the acl of vomiting is caufed by direct affiocia- 
 { ion between the heart and the flomach ; as explained 
 
 in 
 
127 
 
 Class IV. 2. i.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 in Seft. XXV. 1 7. A great fiownefs of the pnifatioH 
 of the heart fometimes attends ficknefs, and even with 
 intermilTions of it, as in the exhibition of too great z 
 dofe of digitalis. 
 
 18. Pidfus intermitiens a 'ventrlculo. Wlien the 
 pulfe firft begins to intermit, it is common for the 
 patient to bring up a little air from his ftomaeh ; 
 which if he accompliflies before the intermiffion occurs, 
 always prevents it; whence that this debility of the 
 heart is owing to the direef alTociation of its motions 
 with thofe of the ftomach is well evinced. See Sefi. 
 XXV. 17. 
 
 I this morning faw Mr. , who has long had at 
 
 times an unequal pulfe, with indigeftion and flatulency, 
 and occafional aflhma ; he was feized two days ago 
 v/ith diarrhoea, and this morning with ficknefs, and his 
 pulfe was every way unequal. After an emetic his 
 pulfe ftill continued very intermittent and unequal- 
 He then took feme breakfaft of toaft and butter, and 
 tea, and to my great furprife his pulfe became im- 
 mediately perfeftly regular, about too in a minute, 
 and not weak, by this flimulus on his flomach. 
 
 A perfon, who for many years had had a frequent 
 intermiflion of his pulfe, and occafional palpitation of 
 his heart, was relieved from them both for a time by 
 taking about four drops of a faturated folution of 
 arfenic three or four times a day for three or four 
 days. As this intermiflion of the pulfe is occafloned 
 "by the aflbeiation of the motions of the heart 
 
 with 
 
12S 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. I, 
 
 with thoie of the flomach, the indication of cure muft 
 be to hrengthen the action of the flomach by the 
 bark. Spice. Moderate quantities of wine. A blif- 
 ter. Half a grain of opium twice a day. Solution., 
 of arfenic ? 
 
 19. Febris inirritativa. Inirritative fever defcribcd 
 in Clafs I. 2. i. i. belongs to this place, as it confifls 
 of difordered trains and tribes of affociatcd irritative 
 motions, with leffened actions of the affociated organs. 
 In this fever the pulfations of the heart and arteries 
 are weakened or leffened, not only in the cold pa- 
 roxyfm, as in the irritative fever, but alfo in the hot 
 paroxyfm. The capillary arteries or glands have their 
 actions neverthelefs increafed after the flrft cold fit, as 
 appears by the greater production of heat, and the 
 glow of arterial blood, in the cutaneous veffels ; and 
 kiflly, the aCtion of the flomach is much impaired or 
 deflroyed, as appears by the total want of appetite 
 to folid food. Whence it would feem, that the torpid 
 motions of the flom.ach, wdiatever may occafion them, 
 arc a very frequent caufe of continued fever with weak 
 pulfe ; and that thefe torpid motions of the ftomach 
 do not fufhciently excite the fenforial power of affocia- 
 tion, which contributes in health to aCluate the heart 
 and arteries along xvith the irritation produced by the 
 fllmulus of the blood ; and hence the actions of thefe 
 organs are weaker. And laflly, that the accu- 
 mulation of the fenforial power of affociation, xvhich 
 
 ought to be expended on the motions of the 
 4 hear! 
 
Class IV. 2. 3 .J OF ASSOCIATION. , 729 
 
 heart and arteries, becomes now exerted on the 
 cutaneous and pulmonary capillaries. See Supple- 
 ment 1 . 8. andSeft. XXXV. i. i. and XXXIII. 2. 10. 
 
 I have dwelt longer on the vertiginous difeafes in 
 this genus, both becaufe of their great intricacy, and 
 becaufe they feem to open a road to the knowledge 
 of fever, which confills of affociated trains and tribes 
 of irritative or fenfitive motions, which are fometimes 
 mixed with the vertiginous ones, and fometimes fepa- 
 rate from thertt; 
 
 — IF, HIM 
 
 ORDO II. 
 
 Decreafed Affociate Motions. \ 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated with fenfitive Motions. 
 
 In this genus the fenforial powder of affociation is 
 exerted with lefs energy, and thence the aftions pro- 
 duced by it are lefs than natural ; and pain is produced 
 in confequence, according to the fifth law of animal 
 caufation. Seed. IV. This pain is generally attended 
 wnth coldnefs of the afFefted part, and is feldom fuc- 
 ceeded by inflammation of it. 'This decreafed afticil 
 of the fecondary link of the aflbeiated motions, be- 
 longing to this genus, is owing to the previous ,cx- 
 haiiltion of fenforial powxr either in the increafed 
 adrions of the primary link of the alTociated motions, 
 or by the pain which attends them 5 both which are 
 VoL. II. . I frec^ueqtly 
 
IJO '■ DISEASES [Class IV, 2. 3. 
 
 frequently the confequence of the fllraulus of fome- 
 thing external to the aite£led fibres. 
 
 As pain is produced either by excefs or defeft of 
 the natural exertions of the fibres, it is not, confidered 
 feparately, a criterion of the prefence of either. In 
 the alTociations belonging to this genus the fenfation 
 of pain or pleafure produces or attends the primary 
 link of the affociated motions, and very often gives 
 name to the difeafc. 
 
 When great pain exifls without caufing any fibrous 
 motions, I conjefture that it contributes to exhauil or 
 expend the general quantity of fenforial power ; be- 
 caufe people are fatigued by enduring pain, till at 
 length they fleep. Which is contrary to what I had 
 perhaps erroneoufiy fuppofed in Seft. XXXV. 2. 3. 
 If it caufes fibrous motions, it then takes the name of 
 fenfation, according to the definition of fenfation in 
 Seft. II. 2. g. ; and increafed fibrous action or inflam- 
 mation is the confequence. This circumflance of the 
 general exhauflion of fenforial power by the exiflence 
 ©f pain will aififl: in explaining many of the difeafes 
 of this genus. 
 
 Many of the canals of the body, as the urethra, 
 the bile-dufi, the throat, have the motions of their 
 two extremities alTociated by having been accuftomed 
 to feel pleafiirable or painful fenfations at the fame 
 time or in fuccefilon. This is termed fenfitive alTocia- 
 tion, though thofe painful or pleafurable fenfations do 
 not caufe the motions, but only attend them ; and are 
 thus perhaps, ilriftly fpeaking, only catenated with them. 
 
 NPr.CJES 
 
Class IV. 2. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 13 i 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. Torpor gena a dolor e dentist In tooth-ach there 
 is generally a coldnefs of the cheeky which is fenfible 
 to the hand, and is attended in fome degree wath 
 the pain of cold. The cheek and tooth have frequently 
 been engaged in pleafurable aftion at the fame time 
 during the maflicating of our food ; whence they have 
 acquired fenfitive aflbciations. The torpor of the cheek 
 may have for its caufe the too great expenditure of 
 fenforial power by the painful fenfation of the mem= 
 branes of the difeafed tooth whence the membranes 
 of the cheek alTociated with thofe of the alveolar procefs 
 are deprived of their natural Ihare of it, and become 
 torpid ; thus they produce lefs fecretions, and lefs heat, 
 and the pain of cold is the confequence. This torpor 
 of the velfels of the cheek cannot be produced by the 
 aftivity of the fenforial power of fenfation ; for then 
 they would aft more violently than natural, or become 
 inflamed. And though the pain by exhaufling fo 
 much fenforial power may be a remote caufe, it is 
 the defeft of the power of affociation, which is the 
 immediate caufe of the torpor of the cheek. 
 
 After fome hours this pain occafloned by the tLV.or 
 of the veflfels of the cheek either gradually ceafes 
 along with the pain of the difeafed tooth ; or, by 
 the accumulation of fenforial power during their flate 
 of torpor, the capillaries of the cheek aft with greater 
 violence, and produce more fecretions, and heat, 
 and confequent tumour, and inflammation* In this 
 
 I 2 flat© 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 
 
 fcate the pain of the dlfcafed tooth ceafes ; as the 
 fenforial power of fenfation is now expended on the 
 inflamed velfels of the cheek. It is probable that 
 moll other internal membranous inflammations begin 
 in a fimilar manner ; whence there may feem to be a 
 double kind of feafitlve alTociation ; firfl;, with de- 
 creafed afticn of the aflbeiated organ, and then with 
 increafed aftion of it ; but the latter is in this cafe Am- 
 ply the confequence of the former ; that is, the tumor 
 or inflammation of the cheek is in confequence of its 
 previous quiefcence or torpor. 
 
 2. Stranguria a dolor e vefictz. The firangury, 
 which has its origin from pain at the neck of the blad- 
 der, confifts of a pain in the external extremity of 
 the urethra or of the glans penis of men, and pro- 
 bably in the external termination of the urethra 
 or of the clitoris of women ; and is owing to 
 the fympathy of thefe with fome drftant parts, gene- 
 rally with the other end of the urethra ; an endeavour 
 and difficulty of making watei' attend this pain. 
 
 Its emote caufe is from the internal or external 
 ufe/of cantharrdes,. which fliimulate the neck of the 
 h-^der ; or from a flone, which whenever it is 
 ■ i ifhed into the neck of the bladder,, gives this pain of 
 ftrangury, but not at otha* times ; and hence it is 
 4 felt mofl; feverely in this cafe after having made \^ater. 
 
 The fenfations or fenfitive motions of the glans pe- 
 • nis, and of the fphinfter of the bladder, have been 
 accuftomed to exifl together during the difeharge of 
 
 • the 
 
Class IV. 2. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 135 
 
 the urine ; and hence the two ends of the urethra 
 fympathize by affociation. When there is a ftone at 
 the neck of the bladder, which is not fo large or 
 rough as to inflame the part, the fphinfter of the 
 bladder becomes ftimulated into pain ; but as the 
 glans penis is for the purpofes of copulation more fen- 
 fitive than the fphincfer of the bladder, as foon as it 
 becomes affeffed with pain by the aflfociation above 
 mentioned, the fenfation at the neck of the bladder 
 ceafes ; and then the pain of the glans penis would 
 feem to be aflbeiated with the irritative motions only 
 of the fphincter of the bladder, and not with the fen- 
 fitive ones of it. But a circumftance fimilar to this 
 occurs in epileptic fits, which at firfl; are induced by 
 difagrceable fenfation, and afterwards feem to occur 
 without previous pain, from the fuddennefs in which 
 they follov/ and relieve the pain, w'hieh occafioned 
 them. From this analogy I imagine the paiiy^ of the 
 glans penis is aflbeiated with the pain of the fphinfter 
 of the bladder ; but that as foon as the greater pain in 
 a more fenfihle part is produced ;^the lejfcr one^ which 
 occafioned it, ceafes ; and that this is one of the laws 
 of fenfitive aflbeiation. See Sefl.. XXXV. 2. i? . 
 
 A young man had by an accident fwallowed a large 
 fpoonful or more of tinfture of cantharides ; as foon 
 as he began to feel the pain of ftrangury, he was 
 advifed to drink large quantities of warmifli water ; 
 to which, as foon as it could be got, ,fome gum arable 
 was added. In an hour or tvro he drank by intervals 
 of a few minutes about two gallons of water, and 
 silfeharged his urine every four or five minutes. A 
 
 i 3 little 
 
DISEASES [ClsasIV. 2. a.- 
 
 ^ 34 ' 
 
 little blood was voided towards the end, but he fut- 
 fered no ill confequences. 
 
 M. M. Warm water internally. Clyflers of warm 
 water. Fomentation. Opium. Solution of fixed alkali 
 fuperfaturated with carbonic acid. A bougie may 
 be ufed to pufli back a fioiie into the bladder. See 
 Clafs I. I. 3. 10. 
 
 3. Stranguria eonvulfiva. The convulfive flrangury, 
 like that before defcribed, is probably occafioned by 
 the torpor or defedive a.cHon of the painful part in 
 confequence of the too great expenditure of fenforial 
 power on the primary link of the afibciated motions, as 
 no heat or inflammation attends this violent pain. This 
 kind of flrangury recurs by flated periods, and fome- 
 tlmes arifes to fo great a degree, that convulfion or 
 temporary madnefs terminates each period of it. It 
 affefts women oftener than men, is attended with cold 
 extremities without fever, and is diflinguiflred from 
 the flone of the bladder by the regularity of its pe- 
 riods, and by the pain being not increafed after 
 making water. 
 
 On introducing the catheter fometimes part of the 
 urin^ will come away and not the whole, which is 
 difficult to explain ; but may arife from the weaknefs 
 of the mufcular fi.bres of the bladder ; which are not 
 liable fuddenly to contraft themfelves fo far as to ex- 
 clude the whole of the urine. In fome old people, 
 who have experienced a long retention of urine, the 
 bladder never regains the power of completely empty- 
 ing itfelf j and m.any who are beginning to be weak 
 
Class IV. 2. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 from age can make water a fecond time, a few mi- 
 nutes after they fuppofed they had emptied the bladder. 
 
 . I have believed this pain to originate from fympathy 
 with fome diflant part, as from afcarides in the rec- 
 tum, or from piles in women ; or from caruncles in 
 the urethra about the caput gallinaginis in men ; and 
 that the pain has been in the glans or clitoris by re- 
 verfe fympathy of thefe more fenfible parts with thofe 
 above mentioned. 
 
 M. M. Venefeftion. Opium in large quantities. 
 Warm bath. Balfams. Bark. Tinfture of cantha- 
 rides. Bougie, and the treatment for haemorrhoids. 
 Leeches applied to the fphinfter ani. Aerated alka- 
 line water. Soap and fal foda. Opium in clyfters 
 given an hour before the expefted return. Sm.oke of 
 tobacco in clyllers. Arfenic ? 
 
 4. Dolor termini intejiinalis diifhis choledochi. Pais- 
 at the inteftinal end of the gall-duft. When a gall- 
 ftone is protruded from the gall-bladder a little way 
 into the end of the gall-duft, the pain is felt at the 
 other end of the gall-duft, which terminates in the 
 duodenum. For the actions of the two termina- 
 tions of this canal are alTociated together from the 
 fame fereams of bile palhng through them in fucceffion, 
 exaftly as the two terminations of the urethra have 
 their aftions alTociated, as deferibed in Species 2 and 
 3 of this genus. But as the inteftinal termination of 
 the bile-duft is made more fenfible for the purpofe of 
 bringino- down ;nore bile, when it is ftimulated by 
 
 I 4 new 
 
B I S E A S E S 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 2. 
 
 236 
 
 new fupplies of food from the fcomach, it falls into 
 violent pain from affociation ; and then the pain on 
 the region of the gall-bladder ceafes, e.'mcdy as 
 above explain :d in the account of the pain of the 
 glans penis from a (lone in the fphinfter [of the 
 bladder. 
 
 The common bile-duft opens into the intcHine ex- 
 actly at what is called the pit of the fiomach ; and 
 hence it has fometimes happened, that this pain from 
 affociation with thefenfation of a gall-ftonc at the other 
 end of the bile-du£t has been miffaken for a pain of 
 the ffomach. 
 
 For the method of cure fee Clafs I. 1.3, S. to 
 which flrould be added the ufe of hrong electric lliocks 
 paffed through the bile-dudt from the pit of the fto- 
 tnach to the back, and from one fide to the other. 
 A cafe of the good effeft of electricity in the jaundice 
 is related in Sect. XXX. 2. And another cafe, where 
 it promoted the paffage of a painful gall-ftone, is 
 deferibed by Dr. Flail, experienced on himfelf. Tranf. 
 of the College at Philadelphia, Vol, i. p. 192. 
 
 Flalf a pint of warm water twm or three times a 
 day is much recommended to dilute the infpiffated 
 bile. 
 
 5. Dolor pharyngis ah acido gadrico. The twm ends 
 of the throat fympathize by fenfitive affociation in the 
 iame manner as the other canals above mentioned, 
 namely, the urethra and the bile-duct ; hence when 
 too great acidity of uiidigdted aliment, or the car- 
 bonic 
 
Class IV. 2. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 . 137 
 
 bonic acid air, which efcapes in fermentation, frimu- 
 lates the cardia ventricuii, or lower end of the gula, 
 into pain ; the pharinx, or upper end of it, is af» 
 fefted with greater pain, or a difagreeable fenfation 
 of heat. 
 
 6 . Pruritus narium a vermihus. The itching of tlt^ 
 nofe from w'orm.s in the inteftines is another curious 
 in-ftance of the fenfitive affociations of the motions of 
 membranes ; efpecially of thofe which conftitute the 
 canals of the body. Previous to the deglutition of 
 agreeable food, as milk in our earliefl: infancy, an 
 agreeable odour aSe£ls the membrane, which lines the 
 noftrils ; and hence an alTociation feems to talce place 
 between the agreeable fenfations produced by food in 
 the ftomach and bowels, and the agreeable fenfations 
 of the noftrils. The exiftence of afcarides in the rec- 
 tum I believe produces this itching of the noftrils more 
 than the worms in other parts of the inteftines j as 
 we have already feen, that the terminations of canals 
 fympathize more than their other parts, as in the 
 urethra and gall-dufts. See Clafs I, i. 5. 9. IV, 
 I. 2. 9. 
 
 7. Ccphalaa. Kead-ach. In cold ftts of the ague, 
 the head-ach arifes from confent with fomc torpid vif- 
 cus, like the pain of the loins. After drunkennefs 
 the head-ach is very common, owing to diredl fympa- 
 thy of the membranes of the head with thofe of the 
 ftomach ^ which is become torpid after the too violent 
 
 ftimului 
 
IlirmtiliTs of the preceding intoxication ; and is hence 
 removable by fpirit of wine, or opium, exhibited in 
 fmailer quantities. In fome conftitutions thefe head- 
 schs are induced, when the feet are expofed to much 
 external cold ; in this cafe the feet fliould be covered 
 with oiled filk, w'hich prevents the evaporation of the 
 perfpirable matter, and thence diminiflies one caufe of 
 external cold. 
 
 M. hi. Valerian in powder two drams three or 
 four times a day is recommended. The bark. Cha- 
 lybeates. A grain of opium twice a day for a long 
 time. From five to ten drops of the faturated folution 
 of arfenic two or three times a day. See Clafs I. 
 2. 4. II. A lady once afiured me, that when her 
 head-ach wa.s coming on, flie drank three pints 
 (pounds) of hot water, as haftily as flie could ; w hich 
 prevented the progrefs of the difeafe. A folution of 
 ai'fenic is recommended by Dr. Fowler of York. Very 
 ftrong errhines are faid fometimes to cure head-achs 
 taken at the times the pain recurs, till a few drops of 
 blood ifiue from the noftrils. As one grain of tur- 
 peth mineral (vitriolic calx of mercury) mixed ivith 
 ten grains of fine fugar. Euphorbium or Cayau 
 pepper mixed with fugar, and ufed with caution as an 
 errhine. See the M. M. of the next fpecies. 
 
 8. Hemkrania. Pain on one fide of the head. This 
 difeafe is attended with cold fkin, and hence what- 
 ever may be the> remote caufe, the immediate one 
 feems to be want of fiimulus, either of heat or dif- 
 jenfioo, or of fome other unlaiown fiimulus in the 
 
139 
 
 Class IV. 2. z.'} OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 painful part ; or in thofe, with which it is affociated. 
 The membranes in their natural flate are only irri- 
 table by diJlention ; in their difeafed hate, they arc 
 fenfible like mufcular fibres. Hence a difeafed tooth 
 may render the neighbouring membranes fenfible, 
 and is frequently the caufe of this difeafe. 
 
 Sometimes the fiomach is torpid along with the 
 pained membrane of fhe head ; and then ficknefs 
 and inappetehcy attends cither as a caufe or confe- 
 quence. The natural cure of hemicrania is the ac- 
 cumulation of fenforial power during the reft or fick- 
 nefs of the patient. Mrs. is frequently liable 
 
 to hemicrania with ficknefs, which is probably owing 
 to a difeafed tooth ; the paroxyfm occurs irregularly, 
 but always after fome previous fatigue, or other 
 caufe of debility. She lies in bed, fick, and with'P 
 out taking any folid food, and very little of fluids, 
 and thofe of the aqueous kind, and, after about 48 
 or 50 hours, rife's free from complaint. Similar to 
 this is the recovery from cold paroxyfms of fever, 
 from the torpor occafioned by fear, and from fyn- 
 cope ; which are all owing to the accumulation of 
 fenforial power during the inactivity of the fyftem.. 
 Hence it appears, that, though when the fenforial 
 power of volition is niuch exhaufted by fatigue, it 
 can be reftored by eight or ten hours of fleep ; yet^ 
 when the fenforial power of irritation is exhaufted 
 by fatigue, that it requires two whole folar or lunar 
 days of reft, before it can be reftored. 
 
 The 
 
DISEASES [Class 17. 2. 2. 
 
 1 4® 
 
 The late Dr. Monro aflerted in his lectures, that 
 he cured the hemicrania, or megrim, by a ftrong 
 vomit, and a bri/k purge immediately after it. This 
 method fucceeds beft if opium and the bark are given 
 ki due quantity afto.' the operation of the cathartic ; 
 and with {till more certainty, if bleeding in fmali 
 quantity is premifed, where the pulfe will admit of 
 ft. See Sect. XXXV. i. i. 
 
 The pain generally affefts one eye, and fpreads 2. 
 little way on that fide of the nofe, and may fometimes 
 be relieved by prelhng or cutting the nerve, where 
 it paffes into the bone of the orbit above the eve. 
 When it affefls a fmall defined part on the parietal 
 bone on one fide, it is generally termed Clavus hyfle- 
 ricus, and is always I believe owing to a difeafed dens 
 inolaris. The tendons of the mufcles, which fen'e 
 the oifice of maftication, have been extended into pain 
 at the fame time, that the membranous coverings of 
 the roots of the teeth have been coraprefled into pain, 
 during the bitimj or maflication of hard bodies. Hence 
 when the membranes, which cover the roots of the 
 teeth, become affefted with pain by a beginning de- 
 cay, cyr perhaps by the torpor or coldncfs of the 
 dying part of the tooth, the tendons and membranous 
 fafeia of the mufcles about the fame fide of the head 
 become aiiefted with violent pain by their fenfitive 
 afibdations : and as foon as this aflbeiated pain takes 
 place, the pain of the tooth entirely cea.fes, as ex- 
 pVmed in the fecund fpecies of this genus. 
 
 A remark.. 
 
Ci-Ass IV. 2. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 145 
 
 A remarkable circumflancc attends this kind of he- 
 micrania. viz. that it recurs by periods like tliofe of 
 intennitteiit fevers, as explained in the Sefiion on Ca- 
 tenation of Motions ; thefe periods fometimes cor- 
 refpond with alternate lunar or folar days like tertian 
 agues, and that even when a decaying tooth is evi- 
 dently the caufe j which has been evinced by the cm-c 
 of the difeafe by extrafting the tooth. At other 
 times they obferve the monthly lunations, and feem 
 ■to be induced by the debility, which attends meafliua- 
 tion. 
 
 The dens fapientiae, or lail tooth of the upper jaw% 
 frequently decays firfl, and gives hemicrania over the 
 eye on the fame fide. The firfi; or fecond grinder in 
 the under-jaw is liable to give violent pain about the 
 middle of the parietal bone, or fide of the head, on 
 the fame fide, which is generally called the Clavus 
 hyfiericus, of which an infiruftive cafe is related in 
 Sea. XXXV. 2. I. 
 
 M. M. Detea and extraa the difeafcd tooth. Cut 
 the alFeaed nerve, or ftimulate the difeafed membrane 
 by acupunaure. Venefeaion to fix ounces by the 
 lancet or by leeches. A Itrong emetic and a fubfe- 
 quent cathartic ; and then an opiate and the bark. 
 Pafs fmall elearic fnocks through the pained mem- 
 brane, and through the teeth on the fame fide. Ap- 
 ply vitriolic ether externally, and a grain of opium 
 with camphor internally, to the cheek on the afibaed 
 fide, where a difeafed tooth may be fufpeaed. Fo- 
 ment the head with warm vinegar. Drink two large 
 . fpoonfiiis 
 
142 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [[Class IV. 2, 2. 
 
 fpoonfuls of vinegar. Stimulate the gums of the 
 lufpected teeth by oil of cloves, by opium. See Clafs 
 I. I. 4. 4. SnulF volatile fpirit of vinegar up the 
 noftrils. Laftly, in permanent head-achs, as in per- 
 manent vertigo, I have feen good elfect by the ufe 
 of mercurial ointment rubbed on the fliaved head or 
 about the throat, till a mild falivation commences, 
 which by inflaming the membranes of the teeth may 
 prevent their irritative fympathy with thofe of the 
 cranium. Thus by inflaming the tendon, which is 
 the caufe of locked jaw, and probably by inflaming 
 the wound, which is the caufe of hydrophobia, thofe 
 difeafes may be cured, by difuniting the irritative fym- 
 pathy between thofe parts, wdiich may not polTefs any 
 fenfitive fympathy. This idea is well worth our at- 
 tention. 
 
 Otalgia. Ear-ach is another difeafe occafioned by 
 the fympathy of the membranes of the ear with thofe 
 which invefl; or furround a decaying tooth, as I have 
 had frequent reafon to believe ; and is frequently re- 
 lieved by filling the ear with tinfture of opium. See 
 Clafs I. 2. 4. 
 
 9. Dolor humeri in hepatitidc. In the eflbrts of 
 excluding the feces and urine the mufcles of the 
 flioulders are exerted to coraprefs the air in the lungs, 
 that the diaphragm may be preffed down. Elence the 
 diftention of the tendons or fibres of thefe mufcles is 
 affociated with the diflention of the tendons or fibres 
 
 01 
 
* 4 ® 
 
 Class IV. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 of the diaphragm ; and when the latter arc pained bj 
 the enlargement ^ or heat of the inflamed liver, the 
 former fympathize with them. Sometimes but one 
 flioulder is affefted, fometimes both ; it is probable 
 tliat many other pains, which are termed rheumatic, 
 have a fimilar origin, viz. from fenfitive alTociations. 
 
 As no inflammation is produced in confequence of 
 this pain of the flioulder, it feems to be owing to in- 
 action of the membranous part from defeff of the fen- 
 forial power of affociatiou, of which the primary link 
 is the inflamed membrane of the liver ; which now ex- 
 pends fo much of the fenforial power in general by 
 its increafed aftion, that the membranes about the 
 flioulder, which are links of affociatiou with it, become 
 deprived of their ufual fliare, and confequently fall 
 into torpor. 
 
 I o. Torpor pedura in eruptione varlolarimi. At the 
 commencement of the eruption of the fmall-pox, w'hen 
 the face and bread of children are very hot, their ex- 
 tremities are frequently cold. This I aferibe to fen- 
 fitive aflbeiation between the different parts of tlie 
 ikin ; whence when a part affs too violently, die 
 other part is liable to acf too weakly j and the fkin of 
 the face being affeffed firfl in the eruption of the 
 fmall-pox, the fkin of the feet becomes cold in confe- 
 ■ qiience by reverfe fympathy. 
 
 M. M. Cover the feet with flannel, and expofe the' 
 face and bofom to cool air, which in a very lliort time 
 both warms the feet and cools the face ; and hence 
 
 v-hal 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. i . 
 
 M-4 
 
 \vh:it Is crroneoufly called a rafli, but which is proba- 
 bly a too hafty eruption of the fmall-pox, difappears ; 
 and afterwards fewer and naore diftinct eruptions of 
 the fmall-pox fupervene. 
 
 r I. Tejlium dofor ncpbriticus. The pain and retrac- 
 tion of the tefticle on the fame fide, when there is a 
 flone in the ureter, is to be afcribed to fenfitive affo- 
 ciation ; v/hether the connefting caufe be a branch of 
 tlie fame nerve, or from membranes, wdiich have been 
 frequently alfecled at the fame time. 
 
 12. Dolor diglii minhni fympaihelicus. Yfhen any 
 one accidentally flrikes his elbow againfl any hard 
 body, a tingling pain runs dowm to the little finger 
 end. This is owing to fenfitive affociation of m.otions 
 by means of the fame branch of a nerve, as in hemi- 
 crania from a decaying tooth the pain is owing to the 
 fenfitive affociation of tendons or membranes. 
 
 13. Dolor brackii in hydrope pcflcris. The pain in 
 the left arm which attends fome droplics of the cheft. 
 Is explained in Seft XXIX. 5. 2. 10. which refembles 
 the pain of the little finger from a percufnon of the 
 nerve at the elbow in the preceding article. A numb- 
 nefs of this kind is produced over the ivliole leg, 
 when the crural nerve is much compreffed by fitting 
 for a time vvith one leg croffed over the other. 
 
 Mr. , about fixty, had for two years been 
 
 affefled with difficulty of refpiration cn any exertion, 
 
 I with 
 
 \ 
 
Class IV. 2. 2.J OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 H5 
 
 with pain about the llernum, and of his left arm ; 
 which lad was more confiderable than is ufual in drop- 
 fy of the cheft ; fome months ago the pain of his arm, 
 after walking a mile or two, became exceffive, with 
 coldnefs and numbnefs ; and on the next day the 
 back of the hand, and a part of the arm fwelled, and 
 became inflamed, which relieved the pain ; and was 
 taken for the gout, and continued feveral days. He 
 after fome months became dropfical both in refpefl to 
 his chefl: and limbs, and was fix or feven times per- 
 feftly relieved by one dram of faturated tinfture of 
 digitalis, taken two or three times a day for a few 
 days in a glafs of peppermint water. He afterwards 
 breathed oxygen gas undiluted, in the quantity of fix 
 or eight gallons a day for three or four weeks with- 
 out any effeft, and funk at length from general 
 debility. 
 
 In this inflruflive cafe I imagine the preflTure or 
 ftimulus of one part of the nerve Vv^ithin the cheft 
 caufed the other part, which ferves the arm, to be- 
 come torpid, and confequently cold by fympathy ; 
 and that the inflammation was the confequence of the 
 previous torpor and coldnefs of the arm, in the fame 
 manner as the fwelling and inflammation of the cheek 
 in tooth-ach, in the flrfl fpecies of this genus ; and 
 that many rheumatic inflammations are thus produced 
 by fympathy with fome diflant part. 
 
 14. Diarrhcea a dentitione. The diarrhoea, which 
 frequently attends dentition, is the confequence of 
 Voi., IT. K indigeflioit 
 
DISEASES 
 
 146 
 
 [Class IV. 2. T , 
 
 indigellion ; the aliment acquires chemical changes, 
 and by its acidity afts as a cathartic ; and changes the 
 yellow bile into green, which is evacuated along with 
 indigefled parts of the coagulum of milk. The in- 
 digeftion is owing to the torpor of the flomach and 
 inteflines caufed by tlieir affociation with the mem- 
 branes of the gums, which are now Simulated into 
 great exertion w'ith pain ; both which contribute to 
 expend the general quantity of fenforial power, which 
 belongs to this membranous affociation ; and thus the 
 ffomach and inteflines acl with lefs than their natural 
 energy. This is generally efleemed a favourable 
 fymptom in difficult dentition, as the pain of the al- 
 veolar membranes exhaufls the fenforial power without 
 producing convulfions for its relief. See Clafs I. i. 
 4. 5. And the diarrhoea ceafes, as the tooth ad- 
 vances. 
 
 ORDO 
 
*47 
 
 Class IV. 2. 3.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ORDO IL 
 
 Decreafed Ajfociate Mt)iions. 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 Catenated with Voluntary Motions. 
 
 Species. 
 
 2. Tituhat'w lingua. Impediment of fpeecli is ow» 
 ing to the affociations of the motions of the organs of 
 fpeech being interrupted or dilTevered by ill-employed 
 fenfation or fenfitive motions, as by awe, baflifulnef^, 
 ambition of fliining, or fear of not fucceeding, and the 
 pcrfon ufes voluntary efforts in vain to regain the 
 broken affociations, as explained in Se 6 t. XVII. i. 10. 
 and XVII. 2. to» 
 
 The broken affociation is generally between the firff 
 Confonant and the fucceeding vowel ; as in endeavour- 
 ing to pronounce the word parable, the p is volun- 
 tarily repeated again and again, but the remainder of 
 the word does not follow, becaufe the affociation 
 betw-een it and the next vowel is diffevered. 
 
 M. M. The art of curing this defefl is to caufe 
 the Hammerer to repeat the word, which he finds 
 diflicult to fpeak, eight or ten times without the initial 
 letter, in a ffrong voice, or with an afpifafe before 
 it, as arable, or harable ; and at length to fpeak it 
 very foftly with the initial letter p, parable. This 
 fhould be practifed for weeks or months upon every 
 word, which the Hammerer hefitates in pronouncing. 
 
 K 2 To 
 
148 DISEASES [Class IV. 2. 3, 
 
 To this fiiould be added much comm-ercc with man- 
 kind, in order to acquire a careleffnefs about the 
 opinions of others. 
 
 2. Chorea St. Viti. In the St. Vituses dance the 
 patient can at any time lie hill in bed, which fliews 
 the motions not to be convulfive ; and he can at dif- 
 ferent times voluntarily exert every mufcle of his 
 body ; which evinces, that they are not paralytic. 
 In this difeafe the principal m-ufcle in any defigned 
 motions obeys the will ; but thofe mufcles, whofe 
 motions were alTociated with the principal one, do 
 not act ; as their affociation is diffevered, and thus 
 the arm or leg is drawn outward, or inward, or 
 backward, inftead of upward or forward, with vari- 
 ous gefliculatlons exactly refembling the impediment 
 of fpeech. 
 
 This difeafe is frequently left after the itch has 
 been too hahily cured. See Convulfio dolorifica, 
 Clafs III. I. I. 6. A girl about eighteen, after wear- 
 ing a mercurial girdle to cure the itch, acquired the 
 Chorea St. Viti in fo univerfal a manner, that her 
 fpeech became affected as well as her limbs ; and 
 there was evidently a difunion of the common trains 
 of ideas ; as the itch was dill among the younger chil- 
 dren of the family, die was advifed to take her filter 
 as a bed-fellow, and thus received the itch again 
 and the dance of St. Vitus gradually ceafed. Sec 
 Clafs It. 1. 5. 6. 
 
 M. M. Give 
 
Class IV. 2 . 3-1 OF ASSOCIATION, 
 
 M. M. Give the patient the itch again. Calomel 
 a grain every night, or fublimate a quarter of a grain 
 twice a day for a fortnight. Steel. Bark. Warm- 
 bath. Cold-bath. Opium. Venfeftion once at the 
 beginning of the difeafe. Ele&icity. Perpetual flow 
 and repeated eiforts to move each limb in the de- 
 figned direftion, as in the titubatio lingu® above 
 defcribed. 
 
 3. Rifiis. Laughter is a perpetual interruption of 
 voluntary exertion by the interpofition of pleafurable 
 fenfation ; which not being checked by any important 
 confequences rifes into pain, and requires to' be re- 
 lieved or moderated by the frequent repetition of 
 voluntary exertion. See Seft. XXXIV. i. 4. and 
 Clafs III. I. 1.4. and IV. 1.3. 3. 
 
 4. ’Tremor ex ird. The trembling of the limbs 
 from anger. The interruption of the voluntary af. 
 fociations of motions by anger, originates from too 
 great a part of the fenforial power being exerted on 
 the organs of fenfe ; whence the mufcles, which 
 ought to fupport the body upright, are deprived of 
 their due quantity, and tremble from debility. See 
 Clafs III. 2, I. I. 
 
 5. Rubor ex ird. Rednefs from anger. Anger is 
 an excefs of averfion, that is of voluntarily not yet 
 employed. It is excited by the pain of offended 
 pride j when it is employed it becomes outrage, 
 
 K 3 cruelty. 
 
DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 3. ‘ 
 
 cruelty, infanity. The cutaneous capillaries, efpe- 
 cially thofe of the face, are more mobile, that i«, 
 jnore eafily excited into increafed action, or more eafily 
 become torpid, from lefs variation of fenforial power, 
 than any other parts of the fyftem, which is owing 
 to their being perpetually fubject to the viciffitudes of 
 heat and cold, and of extenfion and corrugation. 
 Hence, when an excefs of voluntarily exifts without 
 bcin.g immediately expended in the actions of the large 
 mufcles, the capillary arteries and glands acqvnre 
 more energetic action, and a fluflied /kin is produced, 
 w'ith increafed fecrction of perfpirable matter, and 
 confequent heat, owing to the paufe or interruption 
 of voluntary action ; and thus the aftions of thefc 
 cutaneous veffels become aflociated between the iraf- 
 cent ideas and irafeent mmfcular actions, which are 
 thus for a time interrupted. 
 
 6. Rubor cr'imhwtL The blu/liing of accufed peo- 
 ple, whether guilty or not, appears to be owdng to 
 circumllances fimilar to that of anger ; for in thefe 
 fituations there is always a fudden voluntarity, or 
 v.ath, of clearing their charafters arifes in the mind 
 of the accufed perfon ; which, before an opportunity 
 is given for it to be expended on the large mufcles, 
 influences the capillary arteries and glands, as in the 
 preceding article. Whence the increafed actions oi 
 the capillaries, and the confequent rednefs and heat, 
 become exerted between the voluntary ideas of leltr 
 pefence, and the m.ufcular aftions nccefiary for that 
 
 purpofe j 
 
CtAss IV. 2. 3.] OF ASSOCIATION, 
 
 tfi 
 
 purpofe ; which lall are thus for a time Interrupted or 
 delayed. 
 
 Even in the blufli of modcfty or bafhfulnefs there 
 is a felf-condemnation for fome fuppofed defect or 
 indecorum, and a fudden voluntarity, or wifh, of 
 felf-defeiice ; which not being expended in aftions of 
 the larger mufdes excites the capillaries into aftion ; 
 which in thefe fubjeds are more mobile than in 
 others. 
 
 The blufli of young girls on coming into an aflem- 
 bly room, where they exped their drefs, and fleps, 
 and manner to be examined, as in dancing a minuet, 
 may have another origin ; and may be confidered as 
 a hot fit of returning confidence, after a previous cold 
 fit of fear. 
 
 7. Tarditas paralytica. By a fliroke of the paify 
 or apoplexy it frequently happens, that thofe ideas, 
 which were alTociated in trains, whole firft link was 
 a voluntary idea, have their connection diflevered ; 
 and the patient is under the necelfity by repeated 
 efforts flowly to renew their alfociations. In this 
 iituation thofe words, which have the fewefl: other' 
 words alfociated with them, as the proper names of 
 perfons or places, arc the mofl; difficult to recoiled. 
 And in thofe eftbrts of recollection the word oppofite 
 to the word required is often produced, as hot for 
 cold, winter for furainer, which is owing to our ,af- 
 fociating our ideas of things by their oppofites as well 
 as by their firaiiitudes, and in fome inflances perhaps 
 
 K 4 more 
 
152 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 3. 
 
 more frequently, or more forcibly. Other paralytic 
 patients are liable to give wrong names to' external 
 objefts, as iifing the word pigs for flieep, or cows for 
 horfes ; in this cale the aifociation between the idea 
 of the animal and the name of it is diffcvered ; but 
 the idea of the clafs or genus of the thing remains ; 
 and he takes a name from the firfl of the fpecics, which 
 prefents itfelf, and fometimes can eorreft himfelf, till 
 he finds the true one. 
 
 8. Tarditas fenilis. Slownefs of age. The dif- 
 ficulty of aflbciating ideas increafes with our age ; as 
 may be obferved from old people forgetting the bufi- 
 nefs of the lafi: hour, unlefs they imprefs it ftrongly, 
 or by frequent repetition, though they can well re- 
 colleft the tranfaclions of their youth. I faw an el- 
 derly man, -who could reafon with great clearnefs and 
 precifion and in accurate language on fubjects, w’hich 
 he had been accuftomed to think upon ; and yet did 
 not know, that he had rang the bell by his fii-e-fide in 
 one minute afterwards ; nor could then recolleft the 
 objeft he had wanted, when his fervant came. 
 
 Similar to this is the difficulty which old people 
 experience in learning new bodily movements, that 
 is, in aflbciating new mufcular actions, as in learning 
 a new trade or manufaftury. The trains of move- 
 ments, which obey volition, are the lafi; which ve 
 g,c(^uire j and the firfi:, w'hich ar^ difafibciated. 
 
 V'JvPP 
 
Class IV. i. 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 155 
 
 O R D O II. 
 
 Decreafed\AJJ'ociate Motions, 
 
 GENUS IV. 
 
 Cate7iated with External hifluences. 
 
 As the difeafes, which obey folar or lunar periods, 
 commence with torpor or inaftivity, fuch as the cold 
 paroxyfms of fevers, the torpor and confequent pain 
 of hem.icrania, and the pains w^hich precede the fits 
 of epilepfy and convulfion, it would feem, that thefc 
 difeafes are more generally owing to the diminution 
 than to the excefs of folar or lunar gravitation ; as the 
 difeafes, which originate from the influence of the 
 matter of heat, are much more generally in this coun- 
 try produced by the defeft than by the excefs of that 
 fluid. 
 
 The periodic returns of fo many difeafes coincide 
 with the diurnal, monthly, and annual rounds of time ; 
 that any one, who would deny the influence of the 
 fun and moon on the periods of quotidian, tertian, 
 and quartan fevers, mull deny their effeft on the tides, 
 and on the feafons. It has generally been believed, 
 that folar and lunar efledi was exerted on the blood | 
 which was thus rendered more or lefs ftimulant to the 
 fyflem, as defcribed in Seft. XXXII. 6. But as the 
 fluid matter of gravitation permeates and covers all 
 things, like the fluid matter of heat ; I am Induced 
 to believe, that gravitation afls in its medium ftatc 
 jrather as a caufa fine qua non of animal motion, like 
 
 heat I 
 
^ 54 - 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 4. 
 
 heat ; which may diforder the fyflem chemdcally or 
 mechanically, when it is diminifhed ; but may never- 
 thelefs ftimulate it, when increafed, into animal 
 exertion. 
 
 Without heat and motion, which feme philofo- 
 phers ftill believe to be the fame thing, as they fo 
 perpetually appear together, the particles of matter 
 would attracl: and move towards each other, and the 
 whole univerfe freeze or coalefcc into one folid mafs. 
 Thefe therefore counteraft the gravitation of bodies 
 to one centre ; and not only prevent the planets from 
 falling into the fun, but become either the efneient 
 caufes of vegetable and animal life, or the caufes 
 without which life cannot exifl; ; as by their means 
 the component particles of matter are enabled to Aide 
 over each other with all the various degrees of fluidity 
 and repuluon. 
 
 As the attra^lion of the moon counterv’ails or dimi- 
 nUlies the terrene gravitation of bodies on the furface 
 of the earth, a tide rifes on llrat fide of the earth 
 which is turned towards the moon ; and follows 
 if, as the earth revolves. Another tide is raifed at 
 the fame time on the oppofite fide of the revolving 
 earth f which is owing to the greater centrifugal 
 motion of that f de of the earth, which counteracts 
 the gravitation of bodies near its furface. For the 
 earth and moon may be confidered as two cannon 
 balls of diilerent f zes held together by a chain, and 
 revolving once a month round a common center of 
 f’-ravity between them, near the earth’s furface ; at. 
 
Class’ IV. 2 . 4 ] OF ASSOCIATION. 155^ 
 
 the fame time that they perform their, annual orbits 
 round the fun. Whence the centrifugal force of that 
 fide of the earth, which is farthefl from this center 
 of motion, round which the earth and moon monthly 
 revolve, is confiderahly greater, than the centrifugal 
 force of that fide of the earth, which is neareft it ; to 
 which fnould be added, that this centrifugal Force not 
 only contributes to diminilli the terrene gravitation of 
 bodies on the earth’s furface on that fide furthelL fi'ona 
 this center of motion, but alfo to increa.fe it on that 
 fide, which is neareft it, 
 
 . Another circumftance, which tends to raife the 
 tide on the part of the earth’s furface, which is moft 
 diftant from the moon, is, that the attrafHon of the 
 moon is lefs on that part of the ocean, than it is on 
 the other parts of the earth. Thus the moon may be 
 fuppofed to attraft tlie water on the fide of the earth 
 neareft it with a powmr equal to three 5 and to attraft; 
 the central parts of the earth with a power equal to 
 two ; and the water on the part of the earth moft 
 diftant from the moon v/ith a power only equal to one, 
 Tlence on the fide of the earth moft diftant from tliy 
 moon, the moon’s atlraftion is lefs, and the centri- 
 fugal force round their common centre of motion 15 
 greater ; both which contribute to raife the tides on 
 that fide of the earth. On the fide of the earth near- 
 eft the moon, the moon’s attraclion is fo much great- 
 er as to raife the tides ; though the centrifugal force 
 of tlie furface of the earth round their common centre 
 of motion in forne degree oppofes this elfect. 
 
 Gn 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. 2. 4. 
 
 On tliefe -accounts, when the moon is in the zenith 
 or nadir, the gravitation of bodies on the earth’s fur- 
 face will be greateft at the two oppofite quadratures ; 
 that is, the greafeft gravitation of bodies on the 
 earth’s furface towards her center during the lunar 
 day is about fix hours and an half after the fouthing, 
 or after the northing of the moon. 
 
 Circumftances fimilar to thefe, but in a lefs degree, 
 mufi: occur in refpeef to the folar influence on ter- 
 reflrial bodies ; that is, there mufl: be a diminution 
 of the gravity of bodies near the earth’s furface at 
 noon, when the fun is over them ; and alfo at mid- 
 nieht from the greater centrifugal force of that fide 
 of the earth, which is mod difiant from the center, 
 round v/hich the earth moves in her annual orbit, than 
 on the fide neared that center. Vxdience it likewife 
 follow's, that the gravitation of bodies towards the 
 earth is ereated about fix hours after noon, and after 
 midnight. 
 
 Now when the fun and moon have their united gra- 
 vitation on the lame fide of the earth, as at the new 
 moon ; or when the folar attraction coincides with 
 the oa-eater centrifugal motion of that fide of the earth, 
 which is furthed didant from the moon, as at the full 
 moon; and when this happens about noon or mid- 
 nip'ht, the gravitation of terrene bodies towards the 
 earth will be greater about fix hours after noon, and 
 after midnight, than at any other part of the lunar 
 oeriod ; becaufe the attradion of both thefe lumina- 
 Jies is then exerted on thofe fides of the earth over 
 
 which 
 
Class IV. 2. 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. 157 
 
 which they hang, which at other times of the month 
 are more or lefs exerted on other parts of it. 
 
 Laftly, as heat and motion counteract the gravita- 
 tion of the particles of bodies to each other, and hence 
 become either the efficient caufes of vegetable and ani- 
 mal life, or the caufes without which life cannot exift, 
 it feems to follow, that when our gravitation towards 
 the earth’s center is greateft, the powers of life ffiould 
 be the leafl;- and hence that thofe difeafes, which 
 begin with torpor, ffiould occur about fix hours after 
 the folar or lunar noon, or about fix hours after the 
 folar or lunar midnight ; and this moh frequently 
 about fix hours after or before the new or full moon ; 
 and efpecially when thefe happen at noon or at mid- 
 night ; or laftly, according to the combination of thefe 
 powers in dim.inifliing or increafing the earth’s attrac- 
 tion to bodies on its furface. 
 
 The returns or exacerbations of many fevers, both 
 irritative and inflammatory, about fix in the evening,, 
 and of the periodic cough deferibed in Seft. XXXVI. 
 3. 9. countenance this theory. Tables mnght be made 
 out to fliew the comffiined powers of the fun and 
 moon in diminiffiing the gravitation of bodies on the' 
 earth’s furface, at every part of their diurnal, monthly^ 
 and annual periods ; and which might facilitate the- 
 elucidation of this fubjecl. But I am well aware of' 
 the difficulty of its application to difeafes, and hope- 
 thefe conjeftures may induce others to publifli more 
 numerous obfervations, and more conclufive rea=f 
 fonings. 
 
 SPECIES 
 
158 
 
 BISEASES 
 
 [Class IV. 2. 4* 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 r. So?mn perlodiis. The periods offleeping and of 
 waking are fliortcned or prolonged fo many other 
 circumllances in animal life, befides the minute dTffc- 
 rcnce between diurnal and nofturnal folar gravitation, 
 that it can fcarcely be afcribed to this influence. At 
 the fame time it is curious to obferve, that vegeta- 
 bles in refpecl to their times of fleepiiig m.ore regu- 
 larly obferve the hour of the day, than the prefence 
 or abfence of light, or of heat, as may be feen by 
 confulting the calendar of Flora. Botanic Gai'den, 
 Part II. Canto 2. 1 . 165. note. 
 
 Some difeafes, which at firll fight might be fup- 
 pofed to be influenced by folar periods, feem to be 
 induced by the increafing fenfibility of the fyilem to 
 pain during our fleeping hours ; as explained in Seifi. 
 XVIII. 1 5. Of thefe are the fits of afihma, of fome 
 epilepfies, and of lome hmmoptoes ; all which difturb 
 the patient after fome hours fleep, and are therefore 
 to be afcribed to the increafe of our dormant fenfibi- 
 lity. There may likewife be fome doubt, whether 
 the commencement of the pain of gout in the foot, 
 as it generally makes its attack after fleep, ihould 
 be afcribed to the increafed fenfibility in fleep, or to 
 folar influence ? 
 
 hi. M. AVhen afthraatic or epileptic fits or hermop- 
 toe occur after a certain number of hours of fleep, 
 tire patient flrould be forcibly av'akened before the 
 expefted time by an alarm clock,, and drink a cup of 
 i chocolate 
 
Class IV. 2. 4.1 OF ASSOCIATION. 15-5 
 
 chocolate or lemonade. — Or a grain of opium fliould 
 be • given at going to bed.— In one cafe to prevent 
 the too great increafe of fenfibility by fliortening the 
 time of fleep ; and in the other by increafmg the irri- 
 tative motions, and expending by that means a part 
 of the fenforial power. 
 
 2. Studii inanis perioduu Clafs III. i. 2. 2. The 
 cataleptic fpalm which preceded the reverie and fom- 
 nambulation in the patient wdiofe cafe is related in 
 Seft. XIX. 2. occurred at exaftly the fame hour, 
 which was about eleven in the morning for many 
 weeks ; till thofe periods were dillurbed by lai]gc 
 dofes of opium ; and mull therefore be referred to 
 fome efFect of folar gravitation. In the cafe of Mailer 
 A. Seel. XXXIV. 3. as the reverie began early in the 
 morning during ileep, there may be a doubt, whether 
 this commenced with torpor of fome ‘organ catenated 
 with folar gravitation ; or was caufed by the exiflence 
 of a previous torpid part, which only became fo pain- 
 ful as to excite the exertions or reverie by the per- 
 petual increafe of fenfibility during the continuance 
 of fleep, as in fome fits of epilepfy, ailhma, and 
 h^moptoe mentioned in the preceding article. 
 
 3. Hemicran'uz periodus. Periods of hemicrania. 
 Clafs IV. 2. 2. 8. The torpor and confequent pain 
 of fome membranes on one fide of the head, as over 
 one eye, is frequently occafioncd by a decaying tooth, 
 .and is liable to return every day, or on alternate days 
 
 at 
 
DISEASES {[Class IV. 2. 4^ 
 
 x6o 
 
 at folar or lunar periods. In this cafe large quanti- 
 ties of the bark will frequently cure the difeafe, and 
 efpecially if preceded by venefeftion and a bri/k ca- 
 thartic ; but if the offending tooth can be detected, 
 the mod certain cure is its extraction. Thefc partial 
 head-achs are alfo liable to return at the greater lunar 
 periods, as about once a month. Five drops from a 
 two-ounce phial of a faturated folution ofarfenic twice 
 a day for a week or two have been faid to prevent the 
 returns of this difeafe. See a Treatife on Arfenic by 
 Dr. Fowler, of York. Strong errhines have alfo been 
 recommended. 
 
 4. Epilepfia dolortfica periodm. Clafs III. i. 1. 8^ 
 The pain which induces after about an hour the vio- 
 lent convulfions or infanity, which conditute the pain- 
 ful epilepfy, generally obferve folar diurnal periods 
 for four or five weeks, and are probably governed 
 by folar and lunar times in refpeft to their greater pe- 
 riods ; for I have obferved that the daily paroxyfms, 
 unlefs didurbed by large dofes of opium, recur at very 
 nearly the fame hour, and after a few weeks the pa- 
 tients have recovered to relapfe again at the interval of 
 a few months. But more obfervations are wanted 
 upon this fubjeft, which might be of great advantage 
 in preventing the attacks of this difeafe ; as much lefs 
 opium given an hour before its expefted daily return 
 will prevent the paroxyfm, than is necefiary to cure 
 it, after it has commenced. _ 
 
 5. Coxivvlfu'r^ ' 
 
Class IV. 2- 4 j OlT ASSOCIATION. ’ 
 
 5. Con-vulfionis dohrifica periodus. Clafs III. i. 1.6. 
 The pains, which produce thefe convulfions, are 
 generally left after rheumatifm, and come on when 
 the patients are become warm in bed, or have been 
 for a fhort time afleep, and are therefore perhaps 
 ratlier to be afcribed to the increafing fenfibility of 
 the fyftem during deep, than to folar diurnal periods, 
 as in Species firfl and fecond of this Genus. 
 
 6. Tujfis periodica periodus. Periodic cough, Clals 
 IV. 2. I. 9. returns at exact folar periods ; that def- 
 cribed in Seft. XXXVI. 3. 9. recurred about feven in 
 the afternoon for feveral weeks, till its periods were 
 difcurbed by opium, and then it recurred at eleven at 
 night for about a week, and was then totally deftrcyed 
 by opium given in very large quantities, after having 
 been previously for a few days omitted. 
 
 7. Catamenia periodus. Periods of menflruation. 
 The correfpondence of the periods- of the catamenia 
 with thofe of the moon was treated of in Sedi;. XXXII. 
 6. and can admit of no more doubt, than tliat then-e- 
 turns of the tides are governed by lunar influence. 
 But the manner in which this is produced, is lefs evi- 
 dent ; it has commonly been afcribed to fome effedi 
 of the lunar gravitation on the circulating blood, as 
 mentioned in Sedf. XXXII. 6. But it is more ana- 
 logous to other animal phenomena to fuppofe that the 
 lunar gravitation immediately affedls the folids by its 
 influx or flimulus. Which we believe pf the fluid ele- 
 
 VoL. II. L ipent 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. z. c^. 
 
 i6z 
 
 nient of heat, in which we are equally immerfed ; 
 and of the eleftrie fluid, which alfo furrounds and 
 pervades us. See Seft. XXXVI. 2. 3. 
 
 If the torpor of the uterine veins, which induces 
 the monthly periods of the catamenia, be governed 
 by the increafe of terrene gravitation ; that is, by 
 the deficiency of the counter-influence of folar and 
 lunar gravitation ; why does not it occur mofl fre- 
 quently when the terrene gravitation is the greatefl, 
 as about fix hours after the new moon, and next to 
 that at about fix hours after the full moon ? This 
 queflion has its difiiculty ; firfl, if the terrene gravi- 
 tation be greateft about fix hours after the new moon, 
 it muft become lefs and lefs about the fame time every 
 lunar day, till the end of the firfl; quarter, wflien it 
 will be the leafl ; it mufl; then increafe daily till the 
 full. After the full the terrene gravitation mufl; again 
 decreafe till the end of the third quarter, wflien it will 
 again be the leafl;, and mufl; increafe again till the 
 new moon; that is, the folar and lunar counter-gra- 
 vitation is greatefl;, when thofe luminaries are vertical, 
 at the new moon, and full moon, and leafl; about fix 
 hours afterwards. If it was knovwi, wfliether more 
 menflruations occur about fix hours after the moon is 
 in the zenith or nadir ; and in the fecond and fourth 
 quarters of the moon, than in the firfl; and third ; 
 fome light would be throwm on this fubjeft ; w'hich 
 mufl; in that refpcft w-ait for future obfervations. 
 
 Secondly, if the lunar influence produces a very 
 fmall degree of ^quicfcence, fuppofe of the uterine 
 
 veins. 
 
i65 
 
 Class IV. 2. 4.] O? ASSOCIATION. 
 
 veins, at firft ; and if that recurs at certain periods^ 
 as of lunar days, or about 2 5 hours, even' with lefs 
 power to produce quiefcence than at firfl ; yet the 
 quiefcence will daily increafe by the acquired habit 
 afting at the fame time, as explained in Seft. XII. 3. 
 3. till at length fo great a degree of quiefcence will 
 be induced as to caufe the inaftion of the veins of the 
 uterus, and confequent venous hsemorrhage. See 
 Se6I. XXXII. 6 . Clafs I. 2. i. ii. IV. i. 4. 4. See 
 the introduftion to this Genus. 
 
 8. Hamorrhoidis periodus. The periods of the piles 
 depend on the torpor of the veins of the re£lum, and 
 are believed to recur nearly at monthly intervals. See 
 Seft. XXVII. 2. and Clafs I. 2. i. 6. 
 
 9. Podagra periodus. The periods of gout in fome 
 patients recur at annual intervals, as in the cafe related 
 above in Clafs IV. i. a. 15. in which the gouty 
 paroxyfm returned for three fucceffive years on nearly 
 the fame day of the month. The commencement of 
 the pain of each paroxyfm is generally a few hours after 
 midnight, and may thence either be induced by diurnal 
 folar periods, or by the increafing fenfibility during 
 fleep, as mentioned in the firll fpecies of this genus. 
 
 10. Eryjipelatis periodus. Some kinds of eryfipelas 
 which probably originate from the alibciation of tf e 
 cutaneous velTels with a difeafed liver, occur at 
 monthly periods, like the hasmorrhois or piles ; and 
 
 L 2 others 
 
i54 diseases £Class IV. 2. 4. 
 
 others at annual periods like the gout ; as a torpor of 
 fome part I fuppofe always precedes the eryfipelatous 
 inflammation, the periods fliould accord with the iii- 
 creaflng influence of terrene gravitation, as deferibed 
 in the introduftion to this Genus, and in Species the 
 feventh of it. Other periods of difeafes referable to 
 folar and lunar influence are mentioned in Seel. 
 XXXVI. and many others will probably be difeo- 
 vered by future obfervations. 
 
 II. Febrium periodus. Periods of fevers. 'The 
 commencement of the cold fits of intermittent fevers, 
 and the daily exacerbations of other fevers, fo regu- 
 larly recur at diurnal folar or lunar periods, that it is 
 impoffible to deny their connection with gravitation ; 
 as explained in Seft. XXXVI. 3. Not only thefe 
 exacerbations of fever, and their remiflions, obey the 
 diurnal folar and lunar periods ; but the preparatory 
 circumflances, which introduce fevers, or which deter- 
 mine their crififes, appear to be governed by the 
 parts of monthly lunar periods, and of fohir annual 
 ones. Thus the variolous fever in the natural fmall- 
 pox commences on the 14th day, and in the inocu- 
 lated fmall-pox on the feventh day. The fever and 
 eruption in the diflinCl kind take up another quarter 
 of a lunation, and the maturation another quarter. 
 
 The fever, which is termed canine madnefs, or 
 hydrophobia, is believed to commence near the new 
 or full moon ; and, if the caufe is not then great 
 enough to bring on the difeafe, it feeras to acquire 
 
 fome 
 
Cla^s IV. 1. 3.] OF ASSOCIATION. igj 
 
 fome flrength, or to lie dormant, till another, or 
 perhaps more powerful lunation calls it into aftion. 
 In the fpriug, about three or four years ago, a mad 
 dog very much worried one fwine confined in a fly, 
 and bit another in the fame fiy in a Icfs degree ; the 
 former became mad, refufed his meat, was much 
 convulfed, and died in about four days ; this difeafe 
 commenced in about a month after the bite. The 
 other fwine began to be ill about a month after the 
 firft, and died in the fame manner. 
 
 ORDO III. 
 
 Retrograde Ajfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS I. 
 
 Catenated with Irritative Motions. 
 
 Those retrograde aflbciate motions, the firfi; links 
 of which are catenated with irritative motions, belong 
 to this genus. All the retrograde motions are con- 
 fequent to debility, or inaftivity, of the organ ; and 
 therefore properly belong to the genera of decreafed 
 actions both in this and the former clalTes. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 I. Diahates irritata. When the abforbents of the 
 mtefiines are ftimulated too ftrongly by fpirit of 
 wine, as in the beginning of drunkennefs, the uri- 
 nary abforbents invert their motions. The fame 
 L 3 happens 
 
a66 
 
 DISEASES 
 
 [^Class T\\ 3. I. 
 
 happens from worms in the inteftines. In other 
 kinds of diabetes may not the remote caufe be the 
 too ftrong aftion of the cutaneous abforbents, or of 
 the pulmonary ones ? May not in fuch cafes oil exter- 
 nally or internally be of fervic© ? or \varm bathing 
 for an hour at a time ? In hyfteric inverfions of 
 motion is fome other part too much flimulated ? or 
 pained from the want of flimulus ? 
 
 2. Sudor frigidus in ajlhmate. The caufe of the 
 paroxyfms of humoral aflhma is not well upderflood ; 
 I fuppofe it to be owing to a torpidity or inaction of 
 the abforbents belonging to the pulmonary veffels, 
 as happens probably to other vifcera at the com- 
 mencement of intermittent fevers, and to a confequent 
 accumulation of fluids in them ; which at length 
 producing great irritation or uneafy fenfation caufes 
 the violent efforts to produce the abforption of it. 
 The motions of the cutaneous abforbent veffels by 
 their affbciation with thofe of the pulmonary ones 
 become retrograde, and effufe upon the fkin a fluid, 
 which is faid to be vifcid, and which adheres in drops. 
 
 A few days ago I faw a young man of delicate 
 conffitution in what was called a fit of the affhma ; he 
 had about two months before had a peripneumony, 
 and had been ever Cnee fubjeft to difficult refpiration 
 on exertion, with occafional palpitation of his heart. 
 He was now feized about eight at night after fome 
 exertion of mind in his bufmefs with cold extremities, 
 ^nd difficulty of breathing. He gradually became 
 
 norfe, 
 
&ASS rv. 3. i.J OF ASSOCIATION. 1S7 
 
 worfe, and in about half an hour, the palpitation of 
 his heart and difficult refpiration were very alarm- 
 ing ; his whole ikin was cold and pale, yet he did 
 not ffiudder as in cold paroxyfm of fever ; his tongue 
 from the point to the middle became as cold as his 
 other extremities, with cold breath. He feemed to 
 be in die aft of dying, except that Ms pulfc continu- 
 ed equal in time, though very quick. He loll three 
 ounces of blood, and took ten drops of laudanum with 
 mulk and fait of hartfliorn, and recovered in an hour 
 or two without any cold fweat. 
 
 There being no cold fv/eat feems to indicate, that 
 ■there was no accumulation of ferous fluid in the 
 lungs ; and that their inaftivity, and die coldnefs of 
 the breath, v/as owing to the fympathy of the air-cells 
 with fome diftant part. There was no fliuddering 
 produced, becaufe the lungs are not fenfible to heat 
 and cold ; as any one may obferve by going from a 
 warm room into a frofty air, and the contrary. So 
 the fleam of hot tea, which fcalds the month, does 
 .not aflid: the lungs with tlic fenfation of heat. I 
 was induced to believe, that the whole cold fit might 
 be owing to fiippuration in fome part of the chefl ; 
 as the general difficulty of breathing feemed to be 
 increafed after a few days with pulfe of 120, and 
 other figns of empyema. Does the cold fweat, and 
 the occurrence of the fits of aflhma after fleep, diflin- 
 guifti the humoral aflhma from the cold paroxyfm 
 of intermittents, or wffiich attends fiippuration, or 
 lyhich precedes inflammation ? — I heard a few weeks 
 L 4 afterwards, 
 
s69 
 
 \ 
 
 DISEASES [Class IV. 3. i. 
 
 afterwards, that he fpit up much matter at the time 
 he died. 
 
 3. Diabcstes a timore. The motions of the abforbcnt 
 veffels of the neck of the bladder become inverted 
 by their coiifent with thofe of the ilcin ; which are 
 become torpid by their reverfe fympathy with the 
 painful ideas of fear, as in Sect. XVL 8. i. whence 
 there is a great difcharge of pale urine, as in hyfteric 
 difeafes. 
 
 The fame happens from anxiety, where the painful 
 fufpenfe is continued, even when the degree of fear 
 is fmall ; as in young men about to be examined for 
 a degree at the univerfities the frequency of making 
 water is very obfervable. When this anxiety is at- 
 tened with a fleeplefs night, the quantity of pale 
 urine is amazingly great in forae people, and the 
 micturition very frequent. 
 
 M. M. Opium.. Joy. Confolaticns of friendfliip. 
 
 4. Diarrhaia a timore. The ablbrbent velfcls of 
 the inteflines invert their m.otions by direct confent 
 with the ikin ; hence many liquid (tools as well as 
 much pale urine are liable to accompany continued 
 fear, along wdth coldnefs of the (l:in. The imme- 
 diate caufe of this is the dccreafed fenforial power 
 of atTociation, which intervenes between the aaions 
 of the abforbents of the cold (kin, and thofe of the 
 intehinal abforbents ; the motion; of the latter be- 
 come on that account weakened and at length retro- 
 grade.- 
 
Cl-ass IV. 3. I.] OF ASSOCIATION. 1C9 
 
 grr.de. The remote caufe is the torpor of the veffels 
 of the Jhin catenated with the pain of fear, as ex- 
 plained in Seft. XVI. 8. i. 
 
 The capillaries of the fl-iin confent more generally 
 by direft fympathy with thofe of the lower inteftines, 
 and of the bladder ; but by reverfe fympathy more 
 generally with thofe of the llomach and upper inteh 
 tines. As appears in fevers, where the hot dun ac- 
 companies indigedion of the ftomach ; and in diar» 
 rhoeas attended with cold extremities. 
 
 The remote caufe is the torpor of the ilcin owing 
 to its reverfe fympathy with the painful fenfual mo- 
 tions, or ideas, of fear 5 which arc now aftuated with 
 great energy, fo as to deprive the fecond link of 
 aflbciated motions of their due flrare of fenforial 
 power. It is alfo probable, that the pain of fear 
 itfelf may contribute to exhaufl the fenforial power, 
 even when it produces no mnfcular aftion. See Clafs 
 IV. 2. 2. 
 
 5. Pallor et tre?nor a timore. A retrograde aftion 
 of the capillaries of the fcin producing palenefs, and 
 a torpor of the rnufcular fibres of the limbs occafion- 
 ing trembling, are caufed by their reverfe aflbciations 
 with the ideas or imaginations of fear ; which are 
 now aftuated with violent energy, and accompanied 
 wnth great pain. The caufe of thefe afibciations is 
 explained in Seft. XVI. 8. i. 
 
 Ihefe torpid aftions of the capillaries and mufcles 
 of the limbs are not c.aufed iramei,liate]y by the pain- 
 
DISEASES 
 
 
 [Class IV. 3-. r. 
 
 ful fenfation ©f fear ; as in that cafe they would have 
 been increafed and not decreafed aflions, as occurs 
 in anger j where the painful volition increafes the 
 aflions of the capillaries, exciting a blulh and heat 
 of the Ikiin Whence we may gain fome knowledge 
 of what is meant by deprelTing and exciting palfions ; 
 the former confifting of ideas attended with pain, 
 which pain occalions no mufcular a<51:ions, like the 
 pain of cold head-ach ; the latter being attended with 
 volitions, and confequent mui'cular exertions. 
 
 That is, the pain oi fear, and the pain of anger, 
 are produced by the exertion of certain ideas, or mo- 
 tions of certain nerves of fenfe ; in the former cafe, 
 ^the painful fenfation of fear produces no mufcular 
 aftions, yet it exhaulls or employs fo much fenforial 
 power, that the whole fyilem acts more feebly, or be- 
 comes retrograde ; but fome parts of it more fo than 
 others, according to their early alTociations deferibed 
 in Sefl. XVI. 8. i. hence the tremor of the limbs, 
 palpitation of heart, and even fyncope. In anger the 
 painful volition produces violent mufcular actions ; but 
 if previous to thefe any deliberation occurs, a fluflied 
 countenance fometinies, and a red Jkin, are produced 
 by this faperabundance of volition exerted on the ar- 
 / terial fyftem; but at other times the fkin becomes 
 pale, and the legs tremble, from the exhauftion or ex- 
 penditure of the fenforial power by the painful voli- 
 tions of anger on the organs of fenfe, as by the pain- 
 ful fenfations of fear above mentioned. 
 
 Where 
 
Class IV. 3. 1.] OF ASSOCIATION. 171 
 
 Where the paffion of fear exills in a great degree, 
 it exhaufts or expends fo much fenforial power, either 
 fimply by the pain which attends it, or by the violent 
 and perpetual excitement of the terrific imaginations 
 or ideas, that . not only a cold and pale /kin, but a re- 
 trograde motion of the cutaneous abforbents occurs, 
 and a cold fweat appears upon the whole furface of 
 the body, which probably fometimes increafes pulmo- 
 nary abforption ; as in Clafs II. i. 6. 4. and as in the- 
 cold fweats, which attend the paroxyfms of humoral 
 aflhma. Hence anxiety, which is a continued pain of 
 fear, fo univerfally debilitates the confiitution as to 
 occafion a lingering death ; which happens much more 
 frequently than is ufually fuppofed ; and thefe viftim^ 
 of continued anxiety are faid to die of a broken heart. 
 Other kinds of palenefs are defcribed in Clafs I, 
 2. 2. 2. 
 
 M. M. Opium. Wine. Food. Joy. 
 
 6. Palpltatio cordis a timore. The palpitation of 
 the heart from fear is owing to the weak adion of 
 it, and perhaps fometimes to the retrograde exertion 
 of the ventricules and auricles ; becaufe it feems to 
 be affected by its affociation with the capillaries, the 
 aftions of which, with thofe of the arteries and veins, 
 conftitute one great circle of affociate motions. Now 
 when the capillaries of the /kin become torpid, cold- 
 nefs and palenefs fucceed ; and with thefe are a/To- 
 ciated the capillaries of the lungs, whence difficult 
 refpiration ; and with thefe the weak and retrograde 
 
 aflions 
 
DISEASES 
 
 172 
 
 {^Class IV. 3. r. 
 
 aftions of the heart. At the fame time the abforhents 
 of the fkin, and of the bladder, and of the inteftines, 
 fometimes become retrograde, and regurgitate their 
 conten.ts ; as appears by the pale urine in large quan- 
 tities, vchich attends hyfiieric complaints along with 
 this palpitation of the heart ; and from the cold fweats, 
 and diarrhoea ; all which, as well as the hylleric com- 
 plaints, are liable to be induced or attended by fear. 
 
 When fear has hill more violently affe^fed the fyf- 
 tem, there have been inflances v'here fyncope, and 
 fudden death, or a total ftoppage of the circulation, 
 have fucceeded : in thefe lad: cafes, the pain of fear 
 has employed or exhaufted the whole of the fenforial 
 power, fo that not only thofe mufcular fibres generally 
 exerted by volition ceafe to aft, whence the patient 
 falls down ; and thofe, which conflitute tlic organs of 
 fenfe, whence fyncope ; but laflly thofe, w hich per- 
 form the vital motions, become deprived of fenforial 
 power, and death enfues. See Clafs I. 2. i. 4. and 
 I. 2. I. 10. Similar to this in fome epileptic fits the 
 patient firfl fuddenly falls down, without even en- 
 deavouring to fave himfelf by his hands before the 
 convulfive motions come on. In tliis cafe the great 
 exertion of fome fmall part in confequence of great 
 irritation or fenfation exhaufls the whole fenforial 
 power, which was lodged in the extremities of the 
 locomotive nerves, for a fliort time, as in fyncope ; 
 and as foon as thefe mufcles are again fupplied, con- 
 ^'ul^ions fupervene to relieve the painful fenfation. 
 See Clafs UL 1.1.7. 
 
 7 . Ahoriio 
 
*75 
 
 Class IV. 3. 1.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 7. Abortio a timcre. Women mifcany much more 
 frequently from a fright, than from bodily iujury. A 
 torpor or retrograde motion of the capillary arteries 
 of the internal uterus is probably the immediate caufe 
 of thefe mifearriages, owing to the affociation of the 
 actions of thofe veifels with the capillaries of the fkin, 
 which are rendered torpid or retrograde by fear. By 
 this contraflion of the uterine arteries, the fine t^ffels 
 of the placenta, which are inferted into them, are de- 
 truded, or otherwife fo affedted, that the placenm 
 feparates at this time from the uterus, and the fetus 
 dies from w'ant of oxygenation. A ftrong young wo- 
 man, in the fifth or fixth month of her pregnancy, 
 rvho has fince borne many children, went into her cel- 
 lar to draw beer ; one of the fervant boys was hid 
 behind a barrel, and flatted cut to furprife her, be- 
 lieving her to be the maid-fervant ; fire began to flood 
 immediately, and mifearried in a few hours. See 
 Seft. XXXIX. 6. 5. and Clafs I. 2. ,1. 14. 
 
 8. Hyfieria a tmore. Some delicate ladles are liable 
 to fall into hyfleric fits from fudden fright. The pe- 
 riflaltic motions of the bow^els and flomach, and thofe 
 of the oefophagus, make a part of the great circle of 
 irritative motions wdth thofe of the fkin, and many 
 other membranes. Hence when the cutaneous vefTels 
 become torpid from their reverfe fympathy wnth the 
 painful ideas of fear ; thefe of the bowels, and fto- 
 mach, and oefophagus, become firh torpid by direou 
 fympathy v/ith thofe of the ikin, and then feebly and 
 
 inefFeifmally 
 
174 
 
 DISEASES [Glass IV. 3. -i. 
 
 ineffeci:oaIIy invert the order of their motions, which 
 conflitutes a paroxyfm of the hyfteric difeafe. Sec 
 Clafs I. 3. I. 10. Thefe hyfteric paroxyfms are fome- 
 times followed by convulfions, which belong to Clafs 
 
 III. as they are exertions to relieve pain ; and fome- 
 times by death. See Species 9 of this Genus, and 
 Clafs I. 2. 1.4. 
 
 Indigeftion from fear is to be afcribed in the fame 
 manner to the torpor of the ftomach, owing to its 
 alTociation with the fkin. As in Clafs IV. i. 2. 5. 
 
 IV. 2. I . 
 
 ORDO III. 
 
 Retrograde AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS II. 
 
 Catenated ‘ivith Soifitive Motions. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 r. Naufea idealis. Naufea from difguhful ideas, 
 as from naufeous flories, or difguftful fights, or fmclls, 
 or taffces, as well as vomiting from the fame caufes, 
 confifts in the retrograde aftions of the lymphatics of 
 the throat, and of the oefophagus, and ftomach ; which 
 are alfociated with the difguftful ideas, or fenfual mo- 
 tions of fight, or hearing, or fmell, or tahe ; for as 
 thefe are decreafed motions of the lymphatics, or of 
 the oefophagus, or Ifomach, they cannot immediately 
 
 be 
 
Class IV. 3. 2.] OF ASSOCIATION. 1 73 
 
 be excited by the fenforial power of painful fenfation, 
 as in that cafe they ought to be increafed motions. So 
 much fenforial power is employed for a time on the 
 difguflful idea, or expended in the produftion of in- 
 aftive pain, which attends it, that the other parts of 
 the alTociated chain of aftion, of which this difguflful 
 idea is no%v become a link, are deprived of their accu- 
 flomed fliare ; and therefore firft flop, and then invert 
 their motions.' Owing to deficiency of fenforial power, 
 as explained more at large in Se6l. XXXV. i. 3. 
 
 2. Naufea a conceptu. The naufea, which pregnant 
 women are fo fubjefl to during the firfi: part of gef- 
 tation, is owing to the reverfe fympathy between 
 the uterus and fiomach, fo that the increafed aftion 
 of the former, excited by the flimulus of the grow- 
 ing embryon, which I believe is fometimes attended 
 with fenfation, produces decreafed aclions of the lat- 
 ter with the difagreeable fenfation of ficknefs with in- 
 digefiion and confequent acidity. When the fetus 
 acquires fo much mufcular power as to move its limbs, 
 or to turn itfelf, which is called quickening, this fick- 
 nefs of pregnancy generally ceafes. 
 
 M. M. Calcined magnefia. Rhubarb. Half a grain 
 of opium twice a day. Recumbent pofture on a fofa. 
 
 3. Vomiiio •vertiginofa. Sea-ficknefs, the irritative 
 motions of vifion, by which we balance ourfelves, and 
 preferve our perpendicularity, are difiurbed by the 
 indiflinftnefs of their obiefts ; which is either owing 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. 3. 2, 
 
 to the fimilarity of them, or to their dihance, or to 
 thehr apparent or unufual motions. Hence thefe irri- 
 tative raotions of vifion are exerted with greater 
 energy, and are in confequence attended with fenfa- 
 tion ; which at hrft is agreeable, as v.’hen children 
 fwing on a rope ; afterwards the irritative motions of 
 the ifomach, and of the abforbent velTels, which open 
 their mouths into it, become inverted bv their alTo- 
 ciations with them by reverfe fympathy. 
 
 For the aclicn of voiniting, as wt! 1 as the difagree^ 
 able fcnfation of ficknefs, are fliewn to be occafioned 
 by defech of the fenforial power ; wdiich in this cafe is 
 owing to the greater expenditure of it by the fenfe of 
 vifion. On the fame account the vomiting, which 
 attends the paiTage of a flone through the ureter, or 
 from an inflammation of the bowels, or in the com- 
 mencement of fome fevers, is caufed by the increafeJ 
 expenditure of the fenforial pow'cr by the too great 
 action of fome links of the alTociations of irritative 
 motions ; and there being in confequence a deficienev 
 of the quantity required for other links of this great 
 catenation. 
 
 Tt muil be obferved, that the expenditure of fenfo- 
 rial powmr by the retinas of the eyes is very great ; 
 which may be eflimated by the perpetual ufe of thofe 
 organs during our wmking hours, and during mioft of 
 our fleeping ones ; and by the large diameters of the 
 tw'O optic nerves, which are nearly the fze of a quill, 
 or equal to fome of the principal nerves, which ferve 
 the limbs. 
 
 4 
 
 4. Vomitia 
 
Glass IV. 3. 2.3 OF ASSOCIATION. 177 
 
 4. Vomitio a calculo in uretere. The aftion of vomit= 
 ing in confequence of the increafed or decreafed ac- 
 tions of the ureter, when a ftone lodges in it. The 
 natural aftions of the ftomach, which confift of mo- 
 tions fubjeft to intermitted irritations from the fluids, 
 which pafs through it, are aflbciated with thofe of 
 the ureter ; and become torpid, and confequently re- 
 trograde, by intervals, when the actions of the ure- 
 ter becomes torpid owing to previous great ftimulus 
 from the flone it contains ; as appears from the vo- 
 miting exifling when the pain is leaft. When the 
 motions of the ureter are thus leflened, the fenforial 
 power of aflbciation, which ought to aftuate the fto- 
 mach along with the fenforial power of irritation, 
 ceafes to be excited into a6Hon ; and in confequence 
 the actions of the ftomach become lefs energetic, and 
 in confequence retrograde. 
 
 For as vomiting is a decreafed aftion of the fto- 
 mach, as explained in Seft. XXXV. i. 3. it cannot 
 be fappofed to be produced by the pain of gravel 
 in the ureter alone, as it fliould then be an increafed 
 atftion, not a decreafed one. 
 
 T^he perpetual vomiting in ileus is caufed in like 
 manner by the defective excitement of the fenforial 
 power of aflbciation by the bowel, which is torpid 
 during the intervals of pain ; and the ftomach fym- 
 pathizes with it. See Enteritis, Clafs II. i. 2. ii.- 
 Does this fymptom of vomiting indicate,- whether the 
 difeafe be above or below the valve of the colon ? 
 Does not the fofter pulfe in feme kinds of enteritis 
 
 VoL. II.- M depend 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. 3. 
 
 17S 
 
 depend on the fympathy of the heart and arteries 
 with the ficknefs of the ftomach ? See Ileus and Cho- 
 lera. 
 
 Hence this ficknefs, as well as the ficknefs in fomcr 
 fevers, cannot be elleemed an effort of nature to dif- 
 lodge any offenfive material ; but like the fea-ficknefs 
 deferibed above, and in Seft. XX. 4. is the confe- 
 quence of the affociations of irritative or fenfitive mo- 
 tions. See Clafs L i. 3. 9. 
 
 5. - Vomitio ah infiiitu paralytlco. Paralytic affeftions 
 generally commence wdth vomiting, the fame fre- 
 quently happens from a violent blow with a fiick 
 on the head ; this curious connection of the brain 
 and flomach has not been explained ; as it refembles 
 the ficknefs m confequence of vertigo at fea, it would 
 feem to arife from a firailar caufe, viz. from difiurbed 
 irritative or fenfitive affociations. 
 
 6. Vomitio a titillafione fatichm. If the throat be. 
 flightly tickled with a feather, a naufea is produced, 
 that is, an inverted action of the mouths of the lym- 
 phatics of the fauces, and by direft fym.pathy an in- 
 verted action of the flomach enfues. As thefe parts 
 have frequently been flimulated at the fame time into 
 pleafurable action by the deglutition of our daily ali- 
 ment, their actions become firongly affociated. And 
 as all the food, we fwallow’, is either moifi: origi- 
 nally, or mixed with our moift faliva in the mouth ; 
 a feather, which is originally dry, and which in fome 
 meafure repels the raoill faliva, is difagreeable to the 
 
 touch 
 
Class IV. 3- 2.] Of ASSOCIATION. 1^3 
 
 touch of the fauces ; at the fame time this naufea 
 and vomiting cannot be caufed by the difagreeable 
 fenfation fimply, as then they ought to have been 
 increafed exertions, and not decreafed ones, as fliewn 
 in Seftion XXXV. li 3. But the mouths of the 
 lymphatics of the fauces are flimulated by the dry 
 feather into too great aftion for a time, and become 
 retrograde afterwards by the debility confequent to 
 too great previous ftimulus. 
 
 7. Vomitio cute fympathetica. Vomiting is fuccefs- 
 fully flopped by the application of a blifler on the 
 back in fome fevers, where the extremities are cold, 
 and the fldn pale. It was flopped by Sydenham by 
 producing a fweat on the fkin by covering the head 
 with the bed-clothes. See Clafs IV. i. i. 3. and 
 Suppl. I. II. 6. 
 
 M 2 
 
 ORDO 
 
DISEASES [Class IV. 3. 
 
 180 
 
 O R D O III. 
 
 ^ Retrograde AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS III. 
 
 Catenated with Voluntary Motions. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Rianinatio. In the rumination of horned cattle 
 the food is brought up from the firft flomach by the 
 retrograde motions of the flomach and osfophagus, 
 which are catenated witli the voluntary motions of the 
 abdominal mufcles. 
 
 2. Vomltio voluntaria. Voluntary vomiting. Some 
 human fubjeffs have been faid to have obtained this 
 power of voluntary action over die retrograde motions 
 of the flomach and oefophagus, and thus to have been 
 able to empty their flomach at pleafure. See Sefl. 
 XXV. 6. This voluntary act of emptying the flo- 
 mach is pofTefTed by fome birds, as the pigeon ; who 
 has an organ for fecreting milk in its flomach, as Mr. 
 Hunter obferved ^ and foftens the food for its young 
 by previoufly fwailowing it ; and aftervmrds putting 
 its bill into theirs returns it into their mouths. See 
 Seft. XXXIX. 4. 8. The pelicans ufe a flomach, or 
 throat bag, for the purpofe of bringing the hfli, which 
 they catch in the fea to fliore, and then ejecl them, 
 and eat them at their leifure. See Sefl. XVI. ii. 
 And I am well informed of a bitch, who having pup- 
 pies in a liable at a dillance from the houfe, fwallowed 
 
 the 
 
Class IV. 3. 3.] OF ASSOCIATION. i8i 
 
 the flefli-meat, which was given her, in large pieces, 
 and carrying it immediately to her whelps, brought 
 it up out of her ftomach, and laid it down before 
 them. 
 
 3. ‘Erudatio voluntaria. Voluntary erudlation. 
 Some, who have weak digellions, and thence have 
 frequently been induced to eruft the quantity of air 
 difcharged from the fermenting aliment in their fto- 
 machs, have gradually obtained a power of voluntary 
 cruftation, and have been able thus to bring up hog>> 
 {heads of air from their ftomachs, whenever they 
 pleafed. This great quantity of air is- to be afcribed 
 to the increafe of the fermentation of the aliment by 
 drawing off the gas as foon as it is produced. See 
 Sea. XXIII. 4. 
 
 M3 
 
 ORDO 
 
D I S EA S E S 
 
 [Class IV. 3. 4. 
 
 O R D O III. 
 
 Retrograde AJfociate Motions. 
 
 GENUS IV. 
 
 Catenated with External Influences. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 1. Catarrhus periodicus. Periodical catarrh is not 
 a very uncommon difcafe ; there is a great difchargc 
 of a thin faline mucous material from the membranes 
 of the noftrils, and probably from the maxillary and 
 frontal finufes, which recur once a day at exa6V folar 
 periods ; unlefs it be diflurbed by the exhibition of 
 opium ; and refembles the periodic cough mentioned 
 below. See Clafs I. 3. 2. i. It is probably owing 
 to the retrograde aftion of the lymphatics of the 
 membranes affefted, and produced immediately by 
 folar influence. 
 
 2. Rujfis periodica. Periodic cough, called nervous 
 cough, and tullis ferina. It feems to arife from a 
 periodic retrograde afrion of the lymphatics of the 
 membrane, which lines the air-cells of the lungs. And 
 the afrion of coughing, which is violent for an hour 
 or longer, is probably excited by the flimulus of the 
 thin fluid thus produced, as well as by the difagree- 
 able fenfation attending membranous inafrivity ; and 
 refembles periodic catarrh not only in its fltuation on 
 a mucous membrane, but in the difcharge of a thin 
 fluid. As it is partly reflrainable, it does not come 
 
 under 
 
Class IV. 3. 4.] OF ASSOCIATION. 
 
 183 
 
 under the name of convulfion ; and as it is not attend- 
 ed with difficult refpiration, it cannot be called afthma ; 
 it is cured by very large dofes of opium, fee a cafe 
 and cure in Seft. XXXVI. 3. 9. fee Clafs IV. 2. 4. 6. 
 and feems immediately to be induced by folar influence. 
 
 3. Hyjierla a frigore. Hyfleric paroxyfms are oc- 
 cafloned by whatever fuddenly debilitates the fyflem, 
 as fear, or cold, and perhaps fometimes by external 
 moifture of the air, as all delicate people have their 
 days of greater or lefs debility, fee Clafs IV. 3. 1.8. 
 
 4. Naufea plwvialis. Sicknefs at the commence- 
 ment of a rainy feafon is very common among dogs, 
 who affifl themfelves by eating the agroftris canina, 
 or dog’s grafs, and thus empty their ftoraachs. The 
 fame occurs with lefs frequency to cats, who make 
 ufe of the fame expedient. See Seft. X\T. 1 1 . I 
 have known one perfon, who from his early years has 
 always been fick at the beginning of wet weather, and 
 flill continues fo. Is this owing to a fympathy of the 
 mucous membrane of the ffiomach with the mechanical 
 relaxation of the external cuticle by a moifter atmo- 
 fphere, as is feen in the corrugated cuticle of the hands 
 of wafliing-women ? or does it fympathize w'ith the 
 mucous membrane of the lungs, which mull be affeft- 
 ed along with the mucus on its furface by the refpira- 
 tion of a moifter atmofphere ? 
 
 M4 
 
 SUPPLEMENT 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 T o 
 
 CLASS IF. 
 
 Sympathetic Theory of Fever. 
 
 As fever confifls in the increafe or diminution of 
 direct or reverfe alTociated motions, whatever may 
 have been the remote caufe of them, it properly be- 
 longs to the fourth clafs of difeafes ; and is introduced 
 at the end of the clafs, that its great difficulties might 
 receive elucidation from the preceding parts of it. 
 Thefe I lhall endeavour to enumerate under the fol- 
 lowing heads, trufting that the candid reader will dif- 
 cover in thefe rudiments of the theory of fever a naf- 
 Cent embryon, an infant Hercules, which Time may 
 rear to maturity, and render ferviceable to •man- 
 kind. 
 
 I. Simple fever of two kinds. 
 
 II. Compound fever. 
 
 III. Termination of the cold fit. 
 
 IV. Return of the cold fit. 
 
 V. Senfation excited in fever. 
 
 VI. Circles of aflbciated motions. 
 
 VIL Alternations of cold and hot fits. 
 
 _ VIII. Orgafm 
 
THEORY OF FEVER, 
 
 [Sup. I. I. 
 
 iS6 
 
 VIII. Orgafm of the capillaries. 
 
 IX, Torpor of the lungs. 
 
 X. Torpor ©f the brain. 
 
 XL Torpor of the heart and arteries. 
 
 XII. Torpor of the flomach and inteiliines. 
 
 XIIL Cafe of continued fever explained. 
 
 XIV. Termination of continued fever. 
 
 XV. Inflammation excited in fever. 
 
 XVI. Recapitulation. 
 
 I. Simple Fever. 
 
 1. Wlien a fmall part of the cutaneous capillaries 
 Vvith their mucous or perfpirative glands are for a 
 fliort time expefed to a colder medium, as when the 
 hands are immerfed in iced water for a minute, thefc 
 capillary veffeis and their glands become torpid or 
 quiefeent, owing to the eduftion of the ftimulus of 
 heat. The Ikiii then becomes pale, becaufe no blood 
 palfes through the external capillaries ; and appears 
 flirunk, becaufe their fides ai-e collapfed from inafti- 
 vity, not contrafted by fpafra j the roots of the hair 
 are left prominent from the feceding or fubfiding of 
 the fkin around them 5 and the pain of coldnefs is 
 produced. 
 
 In this fituation, if the ufual degree of warmth be 
 applied, thefe veffeis regain their activity ; and ha- 
 ving now becem-e more irritable from an accumulation 
 of the fenforial power of irritation during their quief- 
 cence, a greater exertion of them follows, with an 
 increafed glow of the fkin, and another kind of pain, 
 
 which 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 y 
 
 Sup. I. i.J 
 
 which is called the hot-ach ; but no fever, properlj 
 fo called, is yet produced ; as this elFedl; is not univer- 
 fal, nor permanent, nor recurrent. 
 
 2 . If a greater part of the cutaneous capillaries 
 with their mucous and perfpirative glands be expofed 
 for a longer time to cold, the torpor or quiefcence 
 becomes extended by direft fympathy to the heart 
 and arteries ; which is known by the weaknefs, and 
 confequent frequency of the pulfe in cold fits of 
 fever. 
 
 This requires to be further explained. ■ The move- 
 ments of the heart and arteries, and the whole of the 
 circulatory veffels, are in general excited into aTion 
 by the tw^o fenforial powers of irritation, and of af- 
 fociation. The former is excited by ftimulus, the lat- 
 ter by the previous actions of a part of the vital cir- 
 cle of motions. In the above fituation the capillaries 
 aft w'eakly from defeft of irritation, which is caufed 
 by deficient ftimulus of heat ; but the heart and arte- 
 ries aft \veakly from defeft of aflbciation, which is 
 owing to the weak aftion of the capillaries ; which 
 does not now excite the fenforial powder of aftbciatioii 
 into aftion with fufticient energy. 
 
 After a time, either by the application of warmth, 
 or by the increafe of their irritability owing to the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation du- 
 ring their previous quiefcence, the capillary veffels 
 and glands aft with greater energy than natural ; 
 whence the red colour and heat of the ftcin. The 
 
 
 nearc 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 TFIEORY OF FEVER. fSup. I. i. 
 
 heart and arteries acquire a greater flrength of pul- 
 fation, and continue the frequency of it, owing to the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of alTociatioti 
 during their previous torpor, and their confequent 
 greater affociabiiity ; which is now alfo more ftrongly 
 excited by the increafed aclions of the capillaries. 
 And thus a ht of fimple fever is produced, which is 
 termed Febris irritativa ; and confifts of a torpor of 
 the cutaneous capillaries with their mucous and per- 
 Fpirativc glands, accompanied with a torpor of the 
 heart and arteries ; and afterwards of an increafed 
 action of all thefe veffels, by what is termed direct 
 fympathy. 
 
 This fever, with ftrong pulfe without inflammation, 
 or febris irritativa, deferibed in Clafs I. i. i. i. is 
 frequently feen in vernal interraittents, as the orgafm 
 of the heart and arteries is then occafioned by their 
 previous hate of torpor ; but more rarely I believe 
 cxifts in the type of continued fever, except there be 
 an evident remiflion, or approximation to a cold fit ; 
 at which time a new accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of afibciation is produced ; ■which afterwards 
 adfuates the heart and arteries with unnatural vigour ; 
 or unlefs there be lome ftimulus perpetually a6Hng 
 on tlie fyflem, fo as to induce an increafed fecretion 
 of fenforial power in the brain, as occurs in flight 
 detrrees of intoxication. Since without one or other 
 of thefe circumflances in continued fevers without in- 
 flammation, that is, without the additional fenforial 
 oo-wer of fenfation being introduced, it feems difficult 
 
 te 
 
^-F. I. r.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 289 
 
 to account for the produftion of fo great a quantity 
 of fenforial power, as muft be neceifary to give per- 
 petual increafe of aftion to the whole languiferous- 
 fyftera. 
 
 3. On the contrary, while the cutaneous capillaries 
 with their raucous and perfpirative glands acquire an 
 increafed irritability, as above, by the accumulation 
 of that fenforial power during their previous quief- 
 cence, and thus conftitute the hot fit of fever ; if the 
 heart and arteries do not acquire any increafe of af- 
 fociability, but continue in their fiate of torpor, 
 another kind of firaple fever is produced ; which is 
 gena-ally of the continued kind, and is termed Febris- 
 inirritativa ; which confifis of a previous torpor cs 
 the capillaries of the jhin, and of the heart and arte- 
 ries by direfl fympathy with them ; and afterwards 
 of an orgafm or increafed aftion of the capillaries cf 
 thei,ficin, with a decreafed action, or continued torpor, 
 of the heart and arteries by reverfe fyrnpatby with 
 them. This orgafm of the cutaneous capillaries, 
 which appears by the blufii and heat of the Ikin, is 
 at firll owing to the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation during their previous torpid ftate, 
 as in the febris irritata above dcfcribed ; but which 
 is afterwards fupported or continued by the reverfe 
 fympathy of thefe capillaries with the torpid hate cf 
 the heart and arteries, as will be further explained in 
 article 8 of this Supplement. 
 
190 
 
 theorV of fever. 
 
 [Sup. I. I. 
 
 4. The renovated aftivity of the capillaries coni'- 
 niences as foon or fooner than that of the heart and 
 arteries after the cold fit of irritative fever ; and is 
 not owing to their being forced open by the blood 
 being impelled into them mechanically, by the reno- 
 vated aftion of the heart and arteries ; for thefe ca- 
 pillaries of the Ikin have greater mobility than the 
 heart and arteries, as appears in the hidden bluih of 
 fliame ; which may be owing to their being more lia- 
 ble to perpetual varieties of activity from their expofurc 
 to the vicilTitudes of atmofpheric heat. And becaufe 
 in inirritative fevers, or thofe with arterial debility, 
 the capillaries acquire increafed flrength, as is evinced 
 by the heat of the ihin, while the pulfations of the 
 heart and arteries remain feeble. 
 
 5. It was faid above, that the cutaneous capillaries, 
 when they were rendered torpid by expofure to cold, 
 either recovered their activity by the reapplicatioii of 
 external warmth ; or by their increafed irritability, 
 which is caufed by the accumulation of that fenforial 
 power during their quiefcence. An example of the 
 formmr of thefe may be feen on emerging from a very 
 cold bath ; which produces a fit of fimple fei’^r ; the 
 cold fit, and confequent hot fit, of which may be 
 prolonged by continuing in the bath ; which has in- 
 deed proved fatal to fome weak and delicate people, 
 and to others after having been much exhaufted by 
 heat and exercife. See Seft. XXXII. 3. 2. An 
 example of the latter may be taken from going into a 
 
 bath 
 
SCJF. I. I.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 191 
 
 bath of about eighty degrees of heat, as into the bath 
 at Buxton, where the bather firft feels a chill, and 
 after a minute becomes warm, though he rem.ains in 
 the fame medium, ovcing to the increafe of irrita- 
 bility from the accumulation of that fenforial power 
 during the fliort time, which the chilinefs con- 
 tinued. 
 
 6 . Hence fimple fevers are of two kinds ; firft, 
 the fcbris irritativa, or fever with ftrong pulfe ; which 
 conlifls of a previous- torpor of the heart, arteries, 
 and capillaries, and a fucceeding orgafm of thofe vef- 
 fels. Secondly, the febris inirritativa, or fev W J Lxi 
 weak pulfe, which confifts of a previous torpor of the 
 heart, arteries, and capillaries ; and of a fucceeding 
 orgafm of the capillaries, the torpor of the heart and 
 arteries continuing. But as the frequency of the pulfe 
 occurs both in the Hate of torpor, and in that of or- 
 gafm, of the heart and arteries ; this conHitutes a 
 criterion to diflinguifi fever from, other difeafes, which 
 are owing to the torpor of fome parts of the fyllem, 
 as paref s, and hemicrania.. 
 
 7 . The reader will pleafe to obferve, that where 
 the cutaneous or pulmionary capillaries are mentioned, 
 their mucous and perfpirative glands are to be under- 
 ftood as included ; but that the abforbents belonginp- 
 to thofe fylfems of velfels, and the commencement of 
 the veins, are not always included ; as thefe are liable 
 to torpor feparately, as in anafarca,-and petechim j or 
 
 to 
 
1§2 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 2. 
 
 to orgafrn, or Increafed aftion, as in the exhibition of 
 flrong emetics, or in the application of vinegar to the 
 lips ; yet he will alfo pleafe to obferve, that an in- 
 CTeafed or decreafed acHon of 'thefe abforbents and 
 veins generally occurs along with that of the capilla- 
 ries, as appears by the dry ikin in hot fits of fever ; 
 and from there being generally at the fame time no 
 accumulation of venous blood in the cutaneous vef- 
 fels, which wmuld appear by its purple colour, 
 
 II. Compound Fc-ver. 
 
 I. When other parts of the fyilem fympathize with 
 this torpor and orgafm of the cutaneous capillaides, 
 and of the heart and arteries ; the fever- fit becomes 
 more complicated and dangerous ; and this in pro- 
 portion to the number and confequence offuch affeched 
 parts’. Thus if the lungs become alTecfed, as in going 
 into very cold water, a fliortncfs of breath occurs ; 
 which is owing to the collapfe or inactivity (not to 
 the aftive contraction, or fpafm), of the pulmonary 
 capillaries j which, as the lungs are not fcnfible to 
 cold, are not fubjeef to painful fenfation, and confe- 
 quent flmddering, like the Jkin. In this cafe after a 
 time the pulmonary capillaries, like the cutaneous 
 ones, atl with increafed energy ; the breathing, which' 
 was before quick, and the air thrown cut at each ref- 
 piration in lefs quantity, and cool to the back of the 
 hand oppofed to it, now becomes large in quantity, 
 and warmer than natural ; which however is not ac- 
 companied witli the fenfttion of heat in the mcm- 
 
Sup. I. 2.] THEORY OF FEVER. I9I 
 
 brane, which lines the air-veffds of the lungs, as in 
 the /l<in. 
 
 2. One confequence of this increafed heat of the 
 breath is the increafed evaporation of the mucus on 
 the tongue and nohrils. A vifcid material is fecreted 
 by thefe membranes to preferve them moifl and fup- 
 pie, for the purpofes of the fenfes of tafte and of fmell,- 
 which are extended beneath their furfaces ; this vifcid 
 mucus, when the aqueous part of it is evaporated by 
 the increafed heat of the refpircd air, or is abforbed 
 by the too great action of the mucous abforbents, 
 adheres dofely on thofe membranes, and is not with- 
 out diihculty to be feparated from them. This drynefs 
 of the tongue and noflrils is a circumftance therefore 
 worthy to be attended to ; as it fliews the increafed 
 '^ftion of the pulmonary capillaries, and the confequent 
 increafed heat of the expired air ; and may thus in- 
 dicate, when colder air flrould be admitted to .the 
 patient. See Clafs L i. 3. i. The middle part of 
 the tongue becomes dry fooner, and recovers its moif- 
 tnre later, than the edges of it ; becaufe the currents 
 of refpired air pafs moll; over the middle part of it. 
 This however is not the cafe, when the drynefs cf 
 the tongue is owing only to the increafed mucous ab- 
 forption. When however a frequent cough attends 
 pulmonary iahainmation, the edges of the tongue are 
 liable to b/as much furred as the middle of it ; as dur- 
 ing the ya^ftion of coughing the middle of the tongue is 
 deprelTed, fo as to form half a cylinder, to give a 
 greater aperture for the emiiTion of air from the 
 Vor,. n. N larymxj 
 
194 THEORY OF FEVER, [Sur. I. z 
 
 larynx ; and the edges of it become thus as much 
 expofed to the currents of air, as the middle parts 
 of it. 
 
 3. When the internal capillaries or glands fympa- 
 thize with the cutaneous capillaries ; or when any of 
 them are prcvloufly affected w'ith torpor, and the 
 external or cutaneous capillaries are afFefted feconda- 
 rily ; other fymptoms are produced, which render 
 the paroxyfms of fever flill more complicate. Thus 
 if the fpleen or pancreas arc primarily or fecondarily 
 affected, fo as to be rendered torpid or quiefeent, 
 they are liable to become enlarged, and to remain fo 
 even after the extinction of the fever-fit. Thefe in 
 ibme intermittent fevers are perceptible to the hand, 
 and are called ague-cakes ; their tumour feems to be 
 owing to the permanent torpor of the abforbent fyflem, 
 the fecerning veffels continuing to act fome time after- 
 wards. ff the fccrctoiy veffels of the liver are affeCted 
 firff with torpor, and afterwards with orgafm, a grea- 
 ter fecretion of bile is produced, which fometimes 
 eaufes a diarrhoea. If a torpor of the kidneys, and 
 of the abforbents of the bladder occurs, either pri- 
 marily, or by fympathy with the cutaneous capillaries, 
 the urine is in fmall quantity and pale, as explained 
 in ClafsI. 2. 2. 5. ; and if thefe fecretory veffels of the 
 kidneys, and the abforbents of the bladder a£t more 
 ftrongly than natural afterwards by their increafed 
 irritability or affociability, the urine becomes in larger 
 quantity, and deeper coloured, or depofits its earthy 
 
 parts. 
 
Sup. 1 . 2.] THEORY OF FEVER. J95 
 
 parts, as in Clafs I. i. 2. 4. which has been eileemed 
 a favourable circumflancc. But if the urine be in 
 fmall quantity, and no fediment appears in it, after 
 the hot fit is over; it (hews, that the fecerning veflbls 
 of the kidneys and the abforbent velTels of the blad- 
 der have not regained the whole of their aftivity, and 
 thence indicates a greater tendency to a return of the 
 cold fit. 
 
 4. When the fiomach is affected with torpor either 
 primarily ; or fecondarily by its fympathy with the 
 cutaneous capillaries ; or with fome internal vifcus ; 
 ficknefs occurs, with a total want of appetite to any 
 thing folid ; vomiting then fupervenes, which may often 
 be relieved by a blifier on the Ikin, if the Ikin be 
 cool and pale ; but not if it Be hot and fiufhed. The 
 intefiines ceafe to perform their office of abforption 
 from a fimilar torpor ; and a diarrhoea fupervenes ow- 
 ing to the acrimony of their putrid, or of their acid 
 contents. The loofe undigefted or fetid fiools indi- 
 cate the inability of the intefiines to perform their pro- 
 per office ; as the mucus and gafiric acid, which are 
 vomited up, does that of the fiomach ; this torpor of 
 the fiomach is liable to continue after the cold pa- 
 roxyfm ceafes, and to convert intermittent fevers 
 into continued ones by its direft fympathy with the 
 heart and arteries. See article 10 of this Sup- 
 plement. 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. j. 
 
 19G 
 
 5. If the meninges of the brain fympathize with 
 other torpid parts, or are primarily affe£led, delirium, 
 ftupor, and perhaps hydrocephalus internus occur, 
 fee Clafs II. i. 7. i.and I. 2. 5. 10; and fometimes 
 the pulfe becomes flow, producing parefis inftead of 
 fever. But if the membranes, which cover the muf- 
 cles about the head, or of the pericranium, become 
 torpid by their fympathy with other torpid parts, or 
 are primarily affefted, a head-ach fupervcnes ; which 
 however generally ceafes with the cold paroxyfm of 
 fever. For as when the fenforial power of volitionr 
 is exhauhed by labour, a few hours, or half a folar 
 day, paffed in lleep recruits the fyftera by accumula- 
 tion of this fenforial power ; fo when the fenforial 
 power of irritation is exhaufted, one or two folar or 
 lunar days of reft or quiefcence of the alfefted part 
 will generally reftore its action by accumulation of 
 irritability, and confequent increafe of affociation, as 
 in hemicrania, Clafs IV. 2. 2. 8. But when the heart 
 and arteries become torpid, either primarily, or by 
 their fympathy with the flomach, this accumulation 
 of the fenforial power of irritation can take place but 
 ilowly ; as to red is death ! This explains the caufe 
 of the duration of fevers with weak pulfe, which 
 continue a quarter, or half, or three quarters, or a 
 whole lunation, or hill longer, before fulEcient accu- 
 mulation of irritability can be produced to reftore their 
 natural hrengtli of aclion. 
 
 6 . If 
 
Sup. I. 2 .] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER, 
 
 197 
 
 6 . If the abforbent veffds, which are fpread around 
 the neck of the bladder, become torpid by their di- 
 reft fympathy with the abforbents of the /kin in cold 
 /its of fever; the urine, whicli is poured into the 
 bladder in but fmall quantity from the torpid kidneys, 
 has neverthelefs none of its aqueous faline part reab- 
 forbed ; and this faline part flimulates the bladder to 
 empty itfelf frequently, though the urine is in fmalt 
 quantity. Which is not therefore owing to any 
 ilippofed fpafm of the bladder, for the aftion of it in 
 excluding the urine is weak, and as much controlable 
 by the will as in ordinary mifturition. 
 
 7. If the beginnings or abforbent mouths of the 
 venous fy/lem remain torpid, petechise or vibices are 
 produced in fevers, /imilar to thofe which are feen in 
 fcurvy without fever. If the /kin was frequently 
 moi/lened for an hour, and at the fame time expofed 
 to the common air, or to oxygen gas, it might contri- 
 bute to turn the black colour of thefe points of extra- 
 vafated blood into fcarlet, and thus by increa/ing its 
 ftimulus facilitate its reabforption ? For oxygen gas 
 penetrates moift animal membranes though not dry 
 ones, as in the lungs.during refpiration. 
 
 8. When the fenforial power of fenfation is intro- 
 duced into the arterial fy/lem, other kinds of com- 
 pound fevers are produced, which will be fpoken of 
 ill their place. 
 
 N 3 
 
 III. 
 
198 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 3. 
 
 III. Termination of the cold Fit. 
 
 I. If all the parts, which were affefted with tor- 
 por, regain their irritability, and alTociability, the 
 cold paroxyfm of fever ceafes ; but as fome of the 
 parts alfefted Avere previoufly accuftomed to inceffant 
 action, as the heart and arteries, and others only to 
 intermitted aftion, as the flomach and inteflines ; and 
 as thofe, which are fubjecled during health to perpe- 
 tual aftion, accumulate fenforial power fafter, when 
 their motions are impeded, than thofe which are fub- 
 jefted to intermitted action ; it happens, tliat fome of 
 the parts, which were alFefted with torpor during the 
 cold fit, recover their irritability or afibciability fooner 
 than others, and more perfe£Hy, or acquire a greater 
 quantity of them than natural ; as appears by the 
 partial heat and flufhings previous to the general 
 • hot fit. 
 
 Plence if all the parts, which were previoufiy tor- 
 pid, regain their due degree of irritability, or of afib- 
 ciability, the difeafe is removed, and health refiored. 
 If fome or all of them acquire more than their natural 
 degree of thefe fenforial powers ; increafed aflions, 
 and confequent increafed fecretions, and greater heat 
 occur, and conftitute the hot fit of fever. If after 
 this hot fit of fever all the parts, which had acquired 
 too great irritability, or alTociability, regain their natu- 
 ral degree of it ; the difeafe is removed, and health 
 refiored. But if fome of thefe parts do not regain 
 their natural degree of thefe fenforial powers, the 
 
 aiftioas 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 t99 
 
 Sup.J. 3.] 
 
 aftions of thofe parts remain imperfeft, and are more 
 or lefs injurious to the fyftem, according to the im- 
 portance of their funHions. 
 
 2. Thus if a torpor of the heart and arteries r(^ 
 mams ; the quick pulfe without ftrength, which begins 
 in the cold fit, perfifts ; and a continued fever is pro- 
 duced. If the torpor of the fiomach and intefiines 
 remains, which are known by ficknefs and undigsfled 
 fiools, the fever is liable to be of confiderable length 
 and danger ; the fame if the kidneys and abforbent 
 I'yfteni retain fome degree of torpor, as is fliewn by 
 the pale urine in not unufual quantity. If part of the 
 abforbent fyflera remains torpid, as the abforhent vef- 
 fels of the fpleen, a tumour of that vlfcus occurs, 
 which may be felt by the hand ; the fame fometimes 
 happens to the liver ; and thefe from their tendency 
 to more complete torpor are afterwards liable to give 
 occafioh to a return of the cold fit. If the cellular 
 abforbents do not completely recover their aftivity, a 
 pale and bloated countenance wfith fwelled legs mark 
 their want of action. 
 
 3. As the termination of the cold fit is owing to the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation and of 
 affociation during the previous quiefcence of the fyf- 
 tem ; and as thofe parts, which are in perpetual 
 aftion during health, are more fubjeft to this accumu- 
 lation during their torpor, or quiefcence ; one fliould 
 have imagined, that the heart and arteries would ac- 
 
 N 4 quire 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. j. 
 
 200 
 
 quire this accumulation of fenforial power fooner or 
 in greater degree than other parts. This indeed fo 
 happens, where the pulfe is previoufly fcrong, as in 
 febris irritativa ; or where another fenforial power, 
 as that of fenfation, is exerted on the arterial fyftem, 
 as in inflammations. The heart and arteries in thefe 
 cafes foon recover from their torpor, and are exerted 
 with great violence. 
 
 Many other parts of the fyflem fubjecl to perpetual 
 motion in health may reft for a time without much 
 inconvenience to the whole ; as when the Angers of 
 -fome people become cold and pale ; and during this 
 complete reft great accumulation of irritability may 
 he produced. But where the heart and arteries arc 
 previoufly feeble, they cannot much diminifli their 
 aflions, and certainly cannot reft entirely, for that 
 would be death ; and therefore in this cafe their ac- 
 cumulation of the fenforial power of irritation or of 
 alfociation is flowly produced, and a long fever fuper- 
 venes in cGnfequence ; or fudden death, as frequently 
 happens, terminates the cold At. 
 
 Whence it appears, that in fevers vrith weak pulfe, 
 if the aftion of the heart, arteries, and capillaries 
 could be diminiflied, or ftopped for a ftiort time 
 without occafioning the death of the patient, as hap- 
 pens in cold bathing, or to perfons apparently di*.)\vn- 
 cd, tliat a great accumulation of the fenforial powers 
 of irritation or of alTociation might foon be produced, 
 and the pulfe become ftronger, and confequcntly 
 flower, and the fever ceafe. Hence cold ablution 
 
 mav 
 
Sup. I. 4-]] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 2CI 
 
 may be of fervice in fevers with weak pulfe, by pre- 
 venting the expenditure and producing accumula- 
 tion of the fenforial power of irritation or alTocia- 
 tion. Stupor may be ufeful on the fame account. 
 Could a centrifugal fwing be ferviceable for this 
 purpofe, either by placing the head or the feet in 
 the outward part of the circle, as deferibed in Art. 
 
 1 5. 7. of this Supplement ? 
 
 IV. Return of the cold Fit. 
 
 1. If the increafed aclion of the cutaneous and pul- 
 monary capillaries, and of the heart and arteries, in 
 febris irritativa continues long and with violence, a 
 proportional expenditure or exhauhion of fenforial 
 power occurs ; which by its tendency to induce torpor 
 of fome part, or of the whole, brings on a return 
 of the cold fit, 
 
 2. Another caufe which contributes to induce torpor 
 of the whole fyflem by the fympathy of its parts 
 with each other, is the remaining torpor of fome 
 vifeus 5 which after the laff cold paroxyfm had not 
 recovered itfelf, as of die fpleen, liver, kidneys, or 
 of the ftoraach and inteftines, or abforbent veffelsy as 
 above mentioned. 
 
 3. Other caufes are the deficiency of the natural 
 fiimuli, as hunger, third:, and want of frefli air. 
 Other caufes are great fatigue, want of red, fear, 
 grief, or anxiety of mind. And laftly, the influence 
 
 of 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 2C2 
 
 [Sup. I. 4. 
 
 of externa] ethereal fluids, as the defeci: of external 
 heat, and of folar or lunar gravitation. Of the lat- 
 ter the return of the paroxyfins of the continued- fevers 
 about fix o’clock in the evening, when the folar 
 gravitation is the leaft, affords an example of the 
 influence of it and the ufual periods of intermittents, 
 whether quotidian, tertian, or quartan, which fo re- 
 gularly obey folar or lunar days, afford inflances of 
 the influence of thofe luminaries on thefe kinds of 
 fevers. 
 
 4. If the tendency to torpor of fomc vifeus is con- 
 fidcrable, this will be increafed at the time, when 
 the terrene gravitation is greatefl, as explained in the 
 introduftion to Clafs IV. 2. 4. and may either pro- 
 duce a cold paroxyfm of quotidian fever ; or it 'may 
 not yet be fuflicient in quantity for that purpofe, but 
 may neverthelefs become greater, and continue fo till 
 the next period of the greatefl: terrene gravitation, 
 and may then either produce a pai’oxyfm of tertian 
 fever ; or may flill become greater, and continue fo 
 till the next period of greatefl terrene gravitation, 
 and then produce a paroxyfm of quartan ague. And 
 laflly, the periodical times of thefe paroxyfins may 
 exceed, or fall Ihort of, the time of greatefl diurnal 
 terrene graAutation according to the time of day, or 
 period of the moon, in which the firfl fit began ; that 
 is, w'hether the diurnal terrene gravitation was then 
 ki an iiicrcaflng or decreafing flate. 
 
 Sr;:- 
 
Sup, L 5.3 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 =03 
 
 V. Senfation excited in Fever. 
 
 1. A curious obfervation is related by Dr. Fordyce 
 in his Traft on Simple fever, page i68. He alTerts, 
 that thofe people, who have been confined fome time 
 in a very warm atmofphere, as of 120 or 130 degrees 
 of heat, do not feel cold, nor are fubjeft to palenefs 
 of their ikins, on coming into a temperature of 30 
 or 40 degrees ; which would produce great palenefs 
 and painful fenfation of coldnefs in thofe, who had 
 been fome time confined in an atmofphere of only 86 
 or 90 degrees. Analagous to this, an obferving 
 friend of mine alfured me, that once having fat up 
 to a very late hour with three or four very ingenious 
 and humorous companions, and drank a confiderable 
 quantity of wine ; both contrary to his ufual habits 
 of life ; and being obliged to rife early, and to ride 
 a long journey on the next day ; he expe^ed to have 
 found himfelf weak and foon fatigued ; but on the 
 contrary he performed his journey with unufual eafe 
 and alacrity ; and frequently laughed, as he rode, at 
 the wit of the preceding evening. In both thefe 
 cafes a degree of pain or pleafure aftuated the fyftem ; 
 and thus a fenforial power, that of fenfation, was 
 fuperadded to that of irritation, or volition. See Seft. 
 XXXIV. 2. 6. 
 
 2. Similar to this, when the energetic exertions of 
 fome parts of the fyflem in the hot fit of fever arife 
 fo a certain excefs, a degree of fenfation is produced ; 
 
 as 
 
2C4 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 6. 
 
 as of heat, which particularly increafes the actions of 
 the cutaneous vcffels, which are more liable to be 
 excited by this ftimulus. When this additional fen- 
 forial powder of fenfation exifts to a greater degree, 
 the pulfe, which w^as’ before full, now becomes hard, 
 owing to the inflammation of the vafa vaforum, or 
 coats of the arteries. In thefe cafes, whether there 
 is any topical inflammation or not, the fever ceafes to 
 intermit j but neverthelefs there are daily remiilions 
 aad exacerbations of it ; which recur for the mofl: 
 part about fix in the evening, w^hen the folar gravita- 
 tion is the Icaft, as mentioned in Se« 51 :. XXXVI. 3. 7. 
 
 3. Thus the introduction of another fenforial power, 
 tliat of fenfation, converts an intermittent fever into 
 a continued one. If it be attended with flrong pulfe, 
 it is termed febris fcnfitiva irritata, or pyrexia, or 
 inflammation ; if with a weak pulfe, it is termed 
 febns fenfitiva inirritata, or typhus gravior, or malig- 
 nant fever. The feat of the inflammation is in the 
 glandular or capillary fyftem, as it confifts in the 
 feo'etion of new fluids, or new fibres, which form 
 new veflels, as they harden, like the filk of the filk- 
 wonn. See Art. 15. of this Supplement. 
 
 VI. Circles of irritative Affodate Motions. 
 
 I. There are feme afibciate motions, which arc 
 perpetually proceeding in our waking hours, and are 
 catenated by their firfl: link, or in fome fubfequent 
 paits of the chain, widi the ftimuli or the influence 
 
 of 
 
Sup. 1. 6.2 THEORY OF FEVER. ss- 
 
 of external things 5 which we fhall here enumerate, 
 as they contribute to the knowledge of fever. Of 
 thefe are the irritative ideas, or fenfoal motions of 
 the organs of fenfe, and the mufcular motions aifo- 
 ciated with them ; which, when the chain is difturbed 
 or interrupted, excite the fenforial power of fenfation, 
 and proceed in confufion. Thus if the irritative ideas 
 of fight are difturbed, the paralaftic motions of ob- 
 jefts, which in general are unperceived, become fen- 
 fible to us ; and the locomiotive mufcles aflbeiated with 
 them, which ought to preferve the body ere6t, ftagg-er 
 from this decreafe or mterruption of the fenforial 
 power of aftbeiation j and vertigo is produced. 
 
 When the irritative fenfual motions, or ideas^ be- 
 longing to one fenfe are increafed or diminiflied, tlie 
 irritative fenfual motions, or ideas, of the other feafes 
 are liable to become difturbed by their gaierai cate- 
 nations ; whence occur noifes in the ears, bad taftes 
 in the mouth, bad odours, and numbnefs or tingling of 
 the limbs, as a greater or lefs number of fenfes are 
 affefted. Thefe conftituie concomitant circles of dif- 
 turbed irritative ideas ; or make a part of the great 
 circle of imtative ideas, or motions of the ornans of 
 fenfe ; and when thus difturbed occafion many kinds 
 of hallucination of our other fenfes, or attend on the 
 vertigo of vifion. 
 
 2. Another great circle of Irritative aflociated mo- 
 tions conftfts of thofe of the alimentary canal ; which 
 are catenated with ftimuli or with influences external 
 
 to 
 
2o6 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 6. 
 
 to the fyilcm, but continue to be exerted in our fleep- 
 ing as well as in our waking hours. When thefc 
 affociatlons of motion are diflurbed by the too great 
 or too fmali himulus of the food taken into the fto- 
 mach, or by the too great cxcefs or deprivation of 
 heat, or by indigeflible fubftances, or by torpor or or- 
 gafm occafjoned by their aflbciation with other parts, 
 various difeafcs are induced under the names of apep- 
 ha, hypochondriafis, hyileria, diarrhoea, cholera, ileus, 
 nephritis, fever. 
 
 3. A third circle of Irritative alTocIatc motions con- 
 fifls of thofe of the abforbent fyflem ; which may be 
 divided into two, the lafleals, and the lymphatics. 
 When the homach and inteftines are recently filled 
 with food and fluid, the lafteal fyflem is flimulated 
 into great acHon ; at the fame time the cellular, cuta- 
 neous, and pulmonary lymphatics afl with lefs energy ; 
 becaufe lefs fluid is then wanted from thofe branches, 
 and becaufe more fenforial power is expended by the 
 lafteal branch. On this account thefe two fyflems of 
 abforbents are liable to act by reverie fympathy ; 
 hence pale urine is made after a full dinner, as lefs 
 of the aqueous part of it is imbibed by the urinary 
 lymphatics ; and hence the water in anafarca of the. 
 lungs and limbs is fpeedily abforbed, when the actions 
 
 of the lafleals of the flomach or inteflines are vveak- 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ened or Inverted by the exhibition of thofe drugs, 
 which produce naufea, or by violent vomiting, or vio- 
 lent cathartics. 
 
 Hence 
 
Sup. I. 6.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVE.R. 
 
 ■ 20 ’^ 
 
 Hence in diabetes the lacteal fyftera a£ts rirongly, 
 at the fame time that the urinary lymphatics invert 
 their ^notions, and tranfmit the chyle into the bladder ; 
 and in diarrhoea from crapula, or too great a quantity 
 of food and fluid taken at a time, the lafteals a 61 : 
 flrongly, and abforb chyle or fluids from the flomacli 
 and upper inteftines ; while the lymphatics of the 
 lower inteftines revert their motions, and tranfmit this 
 over-repletion into the lower inteftines, and thus pro- 
 duce diarrhoea ; which accounts for the fpeedy opera- 
 tion of fome cathartic;: drugs, when much fluid is taken 
 along with them. 
 
 4. Other circles of irritative aflbciate motions of 
 great importance are thofe of the fecerning fyftem j 
 of thefe are the motions of the larger congeries of 
 glands, .which form the liver, fpleen, pancreas, gaftric 
 glands, kidneys, falivary glands, and many others 4 
 fome of which aft by direft and others by reverfe 
 fympathy with each other. Thus when the gaftric 
 glands aft moft powaTully, as when the ftomach is 
 filled with food, the kidneys aft with lefs energy ; as 
 is fliewn by the fmall fecretioti of urine for the firft 
 hour or two after dinner ; which reverfe fympathy is 
 cccafioned by the greater expenditure of fenforiai 
 power on the gaftric glands, and to the newly ab- 
 forbed fluids not yet being fufficiently animalizcd, or 
 otherwifc prepaned, to ftimulate the' fecretory veflels 
 ©f the kidneys. 
 
 But 
 
20a 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [^Sup. I. 6. 
 
 But tliofc very extenfiye glands, which fccrete the 
 perfpirabre matter of the ikin and lungs, M’ith the 
 mucus, which lubricates all the internal cells and ca- 
 vities of the body, claim our pai'ticular attention. 
 Thefe glands, as well as all the others, proceed from 
 the capillary veflels, which unite the arteries with the 
 veins, and are not properly a part of them ; the mu- 
 cous and perfpirable glands, which arife from the cu- 
 taneous and pulmonary capillaries, are alTociated bv 
 direct fympathy ; as appears from immerfion in the 
 cold bath, which is therefore attended with a tempo- 
 rary difficult refpiration ; while thofe from the capil- 
 laries of the ftomach and heart and arteries are more 
 generally affociated by reverfe fympathy with thofe 
 of the cutaneous capillaries ; as appears in ferers with 
 weak pulfe and indigeftion, and at the fame time with 
 a hot and dry Ikin. 
 
 The diflurbed actions of this circle of the alTociate 
 motions of the fecerning fyifeu?, when the fenforial 
 power of fenfation is added to that of irritation, fre- 
 quently produces inflammation, which confifls in the 
 feaxtion of new fluids or new veflels. Neverthclefs, 
 if thefe diflurbed aftions be of the torpid kind, the 
 pain, which attends them, is feldom productive of in- 
 flammation, as in hemicrania ; but is liable to excite 
 voluntary aflions, and thus to expend much fepforiai 
 power, as in the ffiuddering in cold fits of fever, or in 
 coiivulflons j or laftly, the pain itfelf, which attends 
 torpid afeions, is liable to expend or exhaufl much 
 fenforial power without producing any increafed ac- 
 4 tions ; 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 SUF. I. 6.] 
 
 299 
 
 tions ; whence the low pulfe, and cold extremities, 
 which ufually attend hemicrania ^ and hence when 
 inert, or inaftive fenfation attends one link of affociatcd 
 aftion, the fucceeding link is generally rendered tor° 
 pid, as a coldnefs of the cheek attends tooth-ach. 
 
 5. A fifth important circle of Irritative motions is 
 that of the fanguiferous fyilem, in which the capillary 
 velTels are to be included, which unite the arterial and 
 Venous fyflems, both pulmonary and aortal. The dif- 
 turbed aftion of this fyfietn of the heart and arteries^ 
 and capillaries, conftitute fimpie fever ; to which may 
 be added, that the fecerning and abforbent veficls ap- 
 pending to the capillaries, and the bibulous mouths of 
 the veins, are in fome meafure at the fame time gene® 
 rally affefted. 
 
 6. Now, though the links of each of thefe circles 
 of irritative motions are more firiftly afibciated toge- 
 ther, yet are they in greater or lefs degree alTociated 
 or catenated with each other by direct or reverfe fym- 
 pathy. Thus the ficknefs, or inverted irritative mo® 
 tions of the flomach, are afibciated or catenated with 
 the difturbed irritative ideas, or fenfual motions, iu 
 vertigo : as in fea-ficknefs. This ficknefs of the fio- 
 
 O * 
 
 mach is alfo afibciated or catenated with the torpor of 
 the heart and arteries by direft fympathy, and with 
 the capillaries and abforbents by reverfe fympathy \ 
 and are thus all of them liable occafionally to be dif- 
 turbed, when one of them is dlfeafed ; and conftitute 
 the great variety of the kinds or fymptoms of fevers. 
 .VoL. II. O VII. AUer- 
 
iio 
 
 THEORY or FEVER. 
 
 [Su?. I, j. 
 
 VII. Alternation of the cold and hot Fits. 
 
 I. When any caufe occurs, which diminiflies to a 
 certain degree the fupply of fenforial power in refpec^t 
 to the whole fyftem ; as fuppofe a temporai-y inexer- 
 tion of the brain ; what happens ? Firft, thofe motions 
 are exerted with lefs energy, which are not immedi- 
 ately neceffary to life, as the locomotive mufcles ; and 
 thofe ideas, which are generally excited by volition ; 
 at the fame time this deficiency of voluntary motion is 
 different from that which occurs in deep ; as in that 
 the movements of the arterial fyflem are increafed in 
 energy though not in frequency. Next, the motions 
 of the alimentary canal become performed vith lefs 
 energy,, or c^afe altogether j and a total want of ap- 
 petite to folid food occurs, or ficknefs, or a diarrhoea 
 occafioned by the indigelfed aliment. Then the ab- 
 forbent velfels ceafe to aef with their due energy ; 
 whence thinf, and pale urine, though in fmall quan- 
 tities. Fourthly, the fecerning velTels become aflefted 
 by the general diminution of fenforial power ; whence 
 all the fecrered fiiids are produced in lefs quantity. 
 And laftly, the fanguife r jus canals feel the general 
 torpor ; the pulfations of the heart and arteries be- 
 come feeble, and confequently quick ; and the capil- 
 laries of the Jkin become ina^ive, acquire lefs blood 
 Ifom the arteries, and are confequently paler and 
 fiirunk. 
 
 In this lafl circumflance of the torpor of the fan- 
 guiferous fyflem confifls inirritative fever ; as all the 
 others are rather accidental or concomitant f)^raptoms, 
 
 and 
 
Sup. I. 7.] THEORY OF FEVER. ill 
 
 and not effential ones j as fcM^er or more of them may- 
 be prefent, or may exift with a greater or lefs degree 
 of inaftivity. 
 
 2. Now as the capillaries of the Ildn are expofed 
 to greater varieties of heat and cold, than the heart 
 and arteries, they are fappofed to be more mobile, 
 that is, more fufceptible of torpor or exertion, or of 
 inflammation, by external fliimuli or influences, than 
 the other parts of the fanguiferous fyflem 5 and as the 
 :flcin is more fenfible to the prefence of heat, than the 
 internal parts of the body, the commencement of the 
 cold paroxyfms of fever generally either nrfl: exifts in, 
 or is firfl: perceived by, the coldnefs and palenefs of 
 the flcin ; , and the commencement of the hot fits by 
 the heat and rednefs of it. 
 
 3. The accumulation of fenforial potver occurs in 
 thefe organs foonefl, and in greatefl; quantity, during 
 their quiefcence, which were mofl perpetually^ in ac- 
 tion during health ; hence thofe parts of the fy^flem 
 foonefl recover from torpor in intermittent fever, and 
 foonefl fall into the contrary extreme of increafed 
 aftivity ; as the fanguiferous fyflem of the heart and 
 arteries and capillaries. But of thefe the capillaries 
 feem firfl to acquire a renovation of their aftion, as 
 the heat of the flcin becomes firfl renewed, as well 
 as increafed beyond its natural quantity, and this in 
 fome parts fooner than in others j which quantity of 
 heat is however not to be eftimated fimply by th«- 
 
 O 2- rife- 
 
THEORY OF FEVERi [Sup. I. 7. 
 
 rife of the mercury in the thermometer, but alfo by 
 the qua. thy carried away into the atmofphere, or dif- 
 fufed amongfl other bodies in , a given time ; as more 
 heat paffes through water, which boils vehemently, 
 than when it boils gently, though the rife of the 
 thermometer in both cafes continues the fame. This 
 faft may be known by boiling an egg in water, the 
 white of which coagulates in much lefs time, if the 
 water boils vehemently, than if it boils moderately, 
 though tire fenfible heat of the water is the fame 
 in both cafes. 
 
 Another eaufe, which induces the cutaneous ca- 
 pillaries to renew their a<5lions fooner than the heart 
 and arteries after immerfion in the cold bath, is, that 
 their torpor was occafioned by defedt of irritation ; 
 w'hereas that of the heart and arteries was occafoned 
 by defedl of affociation ; which defect of aifociation 
 was owing to the decreafed adtions of the capillaries, 
 and is now again excited by their renewed action ; 
 which excitement mufh therefore be fubfequent to that 
 inereafed adtion of the capillaries ; and in confequence 
 the increafed adticn of the heart and arteries at the 
 commencement of the hot fit of fomc fevers is fub- 
 fequent to the increafed adtion of the cutaneous ca- 
 pillaries.- There is, however, in this cafe an accu- 
 mulation of the fenforial power of afibciation in the 
 heart and arteries, which raufi; contribute to increafe 
 their orgafm in the hot fit, as well as the increafed 
 excitement of it by the increafed adtion of the capil- 
 laries.. 
 
 4, Now 
 
Sop. I. 7.3 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 21 ^ 
 
 4. Now this increafed aftion of the fyflem, during 
 the hot fit, by exhaufling the fenforial powers of irrita- 
 tion and affociation, contributes to induce a rene v, ai 
 of the cold paroxyfm j as the accumulation of thofe 
 fenforial powers in the cold fit products the increafed 
 aftions of the hot fit ; which two ftates of the fyftem 
 reciprocally induce each other by a kind of libration, 
 or a plus and minus, of the fenforial poM^ers of irrita- 
 tion and aifociation. 
 
 If the exhauftion of fenforial power during the hot 
 fit of fever only reduces the quantity of irritability 
 and afibciability to its natural ftandard, the fever is 
 cured, not being liable to return. If the quantity 
 of thefe fenforial powers be reduced only fo much, 
 as not to produce a fecond cold fit during the prefent 
 quantity of external ftimuli or influences yet it may 
 be fo far reduced, that a very fmall fubtraftion of fci- 
 mulus, or of influence, may again induce a cold fit j 
 fuch as the colclnefs of the night-air, or the diminution, 
 of folar or lunar gravitation, as in intermittent fwers. 
 
 5. Another caufe of the renovation of the cold fits 
 of fever is from fome parts of the fyflem not having 
 completely recovered from the former cold paroxyfm 5 
 as happens to the fpleen, liver, or other internal vif- 
 cus ; which fometimes remains tumid, and either occa- 
 fions a return of the cold fit by direft fympathy with 
 other parts of the body, or by its ovm want of aftion 
 caufes a diminution of the general quantity of heat, 
 and thus facilitates the renovation of the torpor of the 
 
 O 3 whole 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 8. 
 
 »i4 
 
 whole fyftem, and gives caufe to intermittent fevers 
 catenated with lunar or folar influence. 
 
 VIII. Orgajvi of the Capillaries. 
 
 As the remaining torpor of fome lefs elTential part 
 of the fyftem, as of the fplcen, when the hot fit ceafes, 
 produces after one, two, or three days a return of 
 cold fit by direft fympathy with the cutaneous capilla- 
 ries, when joined with fome other caufe of torpor, as 
 the defeft of folar or lunar influences, or the expofurc 
 to cold or hunger, and thus gives origin to intermit- 
 tent fever ; fo the remaining torpor of fome more 
 elTential parts of the fyftem, as of the ftomach and 
 inteftiiies, is probably the caufe of the immediate re- 
 currence of the cold paroxyfm, at the time the hot 
 one ceafes, by their direft fympathy with the cutane- 
 ous capillaries, without the alfiftaiice of any other 
 caufe of torpor ; and thus produces remittent fever. 
 And laftly the remaining torpor of fome ftill more 
 elTential parts of the fyftem, as the heart and arteries, 
 after the hot fit ought to ceafe, is liable by reverfe 
 fympathy with the cutaneous capillaries to continue 
 their orgafni, and thus to render a fever continual, 
 which would otherwife remit or intermit. 
 
 Many difficulties here occur, which we fliall en- 
 deavour to throw Tome light upon, and leave to future 
 inveftigation ; obferving only that difficulties were to 
 be expected, otherwife fevers would long fince have 
 been underftood, as they have employed the unremit- 
 fed attention of the phyficians of all ages of the world, 
 
 I. Why 
 
Sup. I. 8.J 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 215 
 
 I. Why do the fame parts of fucceffive trains of 
 aftion fometimes affefl each other by direft, and fome- 
 times by reverfe fympathy ? — ift, When any irritative 
 motion ceafes, or becomes toi'pid, which was before 
 in perpetual action ; it is either deprived of its ufual 
 ftimulus, and thenee the fenforial power of irritation 
 is not excited 4 or it has been previoufly too much 
 Simulated, and the fenforial power has been thus ex- 
 haufled. 
 
 In the form.er cafe an accumulation of fenforial 
 power foon occurs, which is excitable by a renew'al 
 of the flimulus ; as when the fingers, which have been 
 immerfed fome time in fnow, are again expofed to the 
 ufual warmth of a room. Or, fecondly, the fenforial 
 power of irritation becomes fo much accumulated, 
 that the motions, which were torpid, are now per- 
 formed by lefs firmulus than natural ; as appears by 
 the warmth, which foon occurs after the firfi; chill iii 
 going into frofiy air, or into the bath at Buxton, 
 which is about eighty degrees of heat. Or, lafily, 
 this accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation 
 fo far abounds, that it increafes the aftion of the next 
 Jink of the aflbeiated train or tribe of motions ; thus 
 on expofing the Ikin to cold air, as in walking out in 
 a frofty morning, the aftions of the ftomach are in- 
 creafed, and digeflion firengthened. 
 
 But where the torpor of fome irritative motion is 
 owing to the previous exhauftion of the fenforial 
 power of irritation by too great flimulus, the reftora- 
 tion of it occurs either not at all, or much more 
 
 O 4 flowly 
 
3i6 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [SuF. T. 3. 
 
 ilowly than in the former inftanees ; thus after intoxi- 
 cation the flomach is very How in recovering its due 
 quantity of the fenforial power of irritation, and never 
 flaev/s any accumulation of it. 
 
 2. When an affociate motion, as defcribed in the 
 introduftion to Clafs IV. i. i. afts with lefs energv, 
 the fenforial power of alTociation is either not fuffi- 
 ciently excited by the preceding fibrous motions ; or 
 it has been expended or exhauftcd by the too violent 
 actions of the preceding fibrous motions. In the 
 former cafe there occurs an accumulation of the fen- 
 forial power of alTociation ; exaftly as, where the 
 ufual ftimulus is withdrawn, there occurs an accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial power of irritation. Thus 
 when the actions of the capillaries of the fkin are 
 diminiflied by immerfion in cold water, the capillaries 
 of the lungs are i-endered torpid by the want of 
 the excitement of the fenforial power of alTociation, 
 owing to the lefiened actions of the previous fibrous 
 motions, namely, of thofe of the ildn. Neverrhelefs 
 as foon as the capillaries of the Jlcin regain their 
 increafed aftivity by the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation, thefe capillaries of the lungs acd 
 with greater energy alfo owing to their accumulated 
 fenforial power of alTociation. Thefe are inftanees of 
 direft fympathy, and cbnli:itutc the cold and hot pa? 
 roxyfms of intermittent fever ; or the firft paroxyfm 
 pf a continued one. 
 
 When 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 SvT. I. 8.3 
 
 2 17 
 
 3. "When the flrfl link of a train of aliociatcd 
 motions, which is fubjeft to perpetual action, becomes 
 a confiderable time torpid for want of being excited 
 by the previous exertions of the irritative motions, 
 with which it is catenated ; the fenforial power of 
 aifociation becomes accumulated in fo great a degree 
 as to alfefl: the fecond link of the train of afibciated 
 motions, and to excite it into ftronger action. Thus 
 when the flomach is rendered torpid by contagious 
 matter fwallowed into it mixed wdth the faliva, the 
 heart and arteries aft more feebly ; becaufe the fen- 
 forial power of alTociation, which ufed to be excited 
 by the fibrous motions of the itomach, is not now 
 excited ; and In confequence the motions of the heart 
 and arteries aft only by the fenforial power of irrita- 
 tion, w^hich is excited by the ftimulus of the blood. 
 
 But during this torpor of the flomach, and lefs 
 aftion of the heart and arteries, fo great an accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial powers of irritation and of 
 aifociation occurs, that it adds to the aftion of the 
 next link of this vital circle of aftioiis, that is, to that 
 of the cutaneous capillaries. Whence in this fituation 
 the torpor of the flomach eccafions a diminifhed aftion 
 of the heart and arteries by direft fympathy, and may- 
 be faid, to occafion an increafed one of the cutaneous 
 capillaries by rm/erfc fympathy ; which conftitule con- 
 tinued fever with weak pulfe. 
 
 Nor is this increafed action of the capillaries in 
 confequence of the decreafed aftion of the heart and 
 ^mteries^ as in fevers with weak pulfe, a fingle faft 
 
£13 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sur. L !s. 
 
 hi the animal economy ; though it exifts in this cafe 
 in the greatell degree or duration, becaufe the heart 
 and arteries are perpetually in greater action than any 
 other part of the fyllem. But a fimilar circumftancc 
 occurs, Vv'hen the ' flomach is rendered inaftive by 
 defe«5tive excitement of the fenforial power of alTocia- 
 tion, as in fea-ficknefs, or in nephritis. In thefe 
 cafes the fenforial power of alTociation becomes much 
 accumulated in the ftomach, and feems by its fuper- 
 abundance to excite the abforbent fyftem, which is 
 fo nearly connected with it, into great increafe of 
 action ; as is known by the great quantity frequently 
 in thefe fituations rejefted by vomit, which could not 
 otherways be fupplied. It is probable the increafe 
 of digeftion by walking in frofey air, with many other 
 animal fafts, may by future obfervations be found to 
 be dependent -on tills principle, as well as the increafed 
 action of the capillaries in continued fevers with weak 
 pulfe. 
 
 Whereas in continued fever with flrong pulfe, 
 which may perhaps occur fometimes on the firll day 
 even, of the plague, the flomach with the heart and 
 arteries and the capillaries aft by direft fympathy ; 
 that is, the flomach is excited into fironger aftion by 
 increafed ii*ritation owing to the flimulus of contagious 
 matter ; thefe fironger irritative motions of the flomach 
 excite a greater quantity of the fenforial power of 
 affociation, which then aftuates the heart and arteries 
 ivith greater energy, as thefe are catenated with the 
 tloinach 5 and in the fame manner the increafed aftioms 
 
 ©f 
 
S-up. I. 8.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 2:g 
 
 of the heart and arteries excite a greater quantit}' of 
 the fenforial power of alTociation which affuates the 
 cutaneous capillaries with increafe of energy. See 
 Clafs IV. I. I. 
 
 4. I flrall dwell a little longer on this intricate 
 fubjeft. The commencement of fever-fits is known 
 by the inactivity of the cutaneous capillaries, wTfich 
 inaftivity is obfervable by the palenefs and coldnefs 
 of the {kin, and alfo by the pain of coldnefs, which 
 attends it. There is neverthelefs in moft cafes, except 
 thofe which are owing to expofure to external cold, 
 a torpor of the capillaries of fom.e internal vifcus 
 preceding this inaftivity of the cutaneous capillaries ; 
 which is known by the tumor or hardnefs of the 
 vifcus, or by an aching pain of it. The capillaries 
 of the lungs are at the fame time rendered inactive 
 or torpid, as appears by the difficulty of breathing, 
 and coldnefs of the breath in cold fits of fever, and 
 in going into the cold bath ; but the lungs are not 
 affefted with the pain either of coldnefs or of torpor. 
 
 One caufe of this fynchronous or fuccefiive inac- 
 tivity of the cutaneous capillaries, in confequence of 
 the previous torpor of fome internal vifcus, may be 
 owing to the deficiency of heat ; w'hich muff occur, 
 when any part becomes inactive ; becaufe the fecre- 
 tions of that part ceafe or are lefTened, and the quan- 
 tity of heat of it in confequence. But the principal 
 caufe of it I fuppofe to be ovring to the defed of the 
 fenforial power of aflbclation ; which power of aflo- 
 
 ciaticai 
 

 ; 
 
 [Strp. I. ?. 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 Nation fs excited by fome previous or concomitant 
 motions of the parts of every great circle of actions. 
 This appears on going into the cold bath, bccaufe 
 the fliortncfs of breath inflantly occurs, fooner than 
 ©ne can conceive the diminution of the heat of the 
 fkin could arfecl the lungs by the want of its flimulus ; 
 but not fooner than the defeft of the fenforial pov^^-er 
 ©f aifociation could affedt them ; becaufe this mnft 
 ceafe to be excited into action on the mllant that the 
 cutaneous capillaries ceafe to d.S : ; whence in ti^e firfl 
 moment of contact: of the cold water the cutaneous 
 capillaries ceafe to acl from defeft of imtation ; which 
 ss caufed by defed: of the ftimulus of heat j and in 
 the fecond moment the capillaries of the lungs ceafe 
 tO' a£t from the defeft of affociatron ; which is Caufed 
 by the defect of the motions of the cutaneous capil- 
 laries. Thus the nniverfal torpor in the cold pa- 
 ]TDX)-fm of fever is an example of direct fympathy, 
 though eccafioned in part by defect of irritation, and 
 in part by defect of alTociation. 
 
 5. Tiias in walking out in a frofty morning the 
 fkin is cooled by the contact of the cold air, whence 
 the actions of its capillaries are diminiflied for want 
 of their ufual flimulus of heat to excite a fufEcient 
 quantity of tlie fenforial power of irritation. Hence 
 there is at firlt a faving of fenforial power of irritation 
 for the purpofe of afluating the other parts of the 
 fyflem with greater energy. Secondly the fenforial 
 power of affociation, which ufed to be excited by the 
 
 motions 
 
THEORY OF FEVER, 
 
 22S 
 
 S 0 ?. !• 8.J 
 
 motions of tlie cutaneous capillaries, is now not fo 
 powerfully excited; and in confequence the parts, 
 wnich conftitiite the next links of the circles of af- 
 fociated motions, are for a time afluated with lefs 
 energy, and a temporary general chillnefs fucceeds j 
 which is fo far fenilar to the coki fit of intermittent 
 fever. 
 
 In this fitnatlon there is a curious circumfiancc 
 occurs, which merits peculiar attention : after a fboit 
 time, though the externai /kin continues cool by its 
 expofurc to the cold air, and the .aftions of its capil- 
 laries are confequently dimini/hed, yet the capillaries 
 of the fiomach afl with greater energy ; as is knowia 
 by increafcd digePdon and confequent hunger. This 
 is to be aferibed to the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation, which now excites by its fuper- 
 abundance, or overflowing, as it wore, the flomach 
 into increafcd aSion ; though it is at the fame time 
 excited iefs powerfully than ufuai by the fenforial 
 power of aflbeiation. Thus the accumulation of the 
 fenforial power of irritation in the veffels of the fldra 
 incrcafes in this cafe the afiion of the flomach, in the 
 fame manner as an accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of aflbeiation in the heart and arteries m 
 fevers with weak puhe increafes the a^ion of the 
 capillaries. 
 
 If nevertheiefs the coldnefs of the ikm be too 
 long continued, or exifts in too great a degree, fo as 
 in fome meafure to impair the life of the part, no 
 further accumulation of the fenforial power of irri- 
 tation 
 
222 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. ?. 
 
 tation occurs ; and in confequencc the actions of the 
 floinach become lefs than natural by the defeft of the 
 fenforial power of affociation ; which has ceafed to be 
 excited by the want of action of the cutaneous capil- 
 laries. ‘Whence continued coldnefs of the feet is ac- 
 companied w ith mdigeftion and heartburn. See Clafs 
 IV. 2. 1.6. 
 
 6. Similar to this when the aftions of the flomach' 
 are rendered torpid by the previous ftimulus of a 
 violent emetic, and its motions become retrograde in 
 confequence, a great quantity of fenforial power is 
 exerted on the lymphatics of the lungs, and other 
 parts of the body ; which excites them into greater 
 dircft aftion, as is evinced by the exhibition of di- 
 gitalis in anafarca. In this fituation I fuppofe the 
 emetic drug Ifimulates the mufcular fibres of the fto- 
 mach into too great action ; and that in confequence 
 a great torpor foon fucceeds ; and that^ this inaftion 
 of the mufcular parts of the ftomach is not followed 
 by much accumulation of the fenforial powder of irri- 
 tation ; becaufe that fenforial power is in great mea- 
 fure exhaufted by the previous excefiive fiimulus. 
 But the lymphatics of the flomach have their adtions 
 leflened by defeat of the fenforial power of affociation, 
 tvhich is not now excited into aftion, owing to the 
 leffened motions of the mufcular parts of it, with 
 which the lymphatics are affociated. The fenforial 
 power of affociation becomes therefore accumulated 
 in thefe lymphatic? of the flomach, becaufe it is not 
 
 excited 
 
Sup. I. 8 ] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER, 
 
 excited into aftion ; exaftly as the power of irritation 
 becomes accumulated in the hand, when immerfed 
 in fnow ; and this accumulated fenforial power of 
 affociation excites the lymphatics of the lungs and of 
 other parts, which are moft nearly alfociated with 
 thofe of the ftomach, into more energetic actions. 
 Thus the mufcular fibres of the ftomach aft with the 
 lymphatics of that organ in direft fympathy ; and the 
 lymphatics of the ftomach aft in reverfe fympathy 
 with thofe of the lungs and of other parts of the 
 body ; the former of which is caufed by defeft of 
 the excitement of the fenfcndal power of alTociation, 
 and the latter by the accumulation of it. 
 
 Befides the efficient caufe, as above explained, the 
 final caufe, or convenience, of thefe organic aftions 
 are worthy our attention. In this cafe of an acrid 
 drug fwallowed into the ftomach the reverted aftions 
 of the mufcular fibres of the ftomach tend to ejeft; 
 its enemy ; the reverted aftions of its lymphatics 
 pour a great quantity of fluids into the ftomach for 
 the purpofe of diluting or wafliing off the noxious 
 drug ; and the increafed aftions of the other lymphatics 
 fupply thefe retrograde ones of the ftomach with an 
 inconceivable fupply of fluids,, as is feen, in Ileus and- 
 Cholera.. 
 
 7. The inquifitive reader will excufe my continuing- 
 this fubjeft, though perhaps with fomx repetitions, as 
 it envelopes the very effence of fever.. When the firft 
 link of a train of aftions is. excited by exceffivc 
 
 ftimulus. 
 
THEOHY OF FEVER, 
 
 
 CSup. I. 8. 
 
 llimulus, or excefHve irritability, and thus afts wiih 
 unufual energy by the increafed quantity of irritation, 
 thefe increafed motions excite a greater quantity of 
 the fenforial power of affociation, which caufes in- 
 creafed motions in the fecond link, which is catenated 
 with the firft ; and then the exceffive aftion of this 
 fecond link excites alfo a greater quantity of the fen- 
 forial power of affociation, which increafes the motions 
 of the third link of this chain of affociation, and 
 thus the increafe of the ffimulus on the irritative 
 motions, to which the chain of affociation is catenated, 
 Increafes the aftion of the whole chain or circle of 
 afbeiated motions. 
 
 After a time the irritative motions become torpid 
 by expenditure of the fenforial power of irritation, 
 and then the power of affociation alfo becomes lefs 
 exerted, both becaufe it has been in part exhaufted 
 by too great aftion, and is now lefs excited by the 
 leffeaed action of the irritative motions, which ufed 
 to excite it. Thefe are both inftances of direct fym- 
 pathy, and frequently conftitute the cold and hot fit 
 of intermittents. 
 
 But though the accumulation of the fenforial pow’er 
 of , irritation during the quiefcence of forae motion 
 owing to want of ffimulus generally induces torpor in 
 the firft link of the train of affociated motions cate- 
 nated with it ; as the capillaries of the lungs become 
 torpid immediately on Immerfion of the flcin into cold 
 water ; yet in fome fituations an orgafm or excefs of 
 atfion is produced in the firft link of the affociated 
 T motions 
 
Sup. I. S.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 i25 
 
 motions thus catenated with irritative ones ; as in the 
 increafed aftion of the ftooiach, when the ildn is for 
 a time expofed to cold air ; which may in part be 
 afcribed to the general increafe of action of the w^hole 
 fyllem, owing to the diminilhed expenditure of fen- 
 forial powrer, but particularly of the parts, which 
 have habitually afted together j as w^hen one arm is 
 paralytic the other is liable to more frequent or al- 
 moft continual motion ; and w'hen one eye becomes 
 blind the other frequently becomes llronger ; which 
 is well known to farriers, who are faid fometimes to 
 deilroy the fight of one eye to flrengthen that of the 
 other in difeafed horfes. 
 
 Hence there is fometimes a direcl fympathy, and 
 fometimes a reverfe one fucceeds the torpor occafioned 
 by defefl of ftimulus, the latter of which is perhaps 
 owing to a certain time being required for the pro- 
 duction of an accumulation of the fenforial po'ver of 
 irritation by the nervous branciies of the torpid 
 organ ; which accumulation is now in part or entirely 
 derived to the next link of the affociation. Thus in 
 Roin^ into a coldiflr bath, as into a river in the fum- 
 mer months, w^e at firll experience a difnculty of 
 breathing from the torpid action of the pulmonary 
 capillaries, owing t& the deficient excitement of the 
 fenforial power of affociation in confequence of the 
 torpor of the cutaneous capillaries. But in a very 
 fhort time, as in one minute, the fenforial power of 
 irritation becomes accumulated by the Inactivity of the 
 cutaneous capillaries j and as its fuperabundance be- 
 VoL. IT. P 
 
 comes 
 
2-26 THEORY OF FEVER. [Scp. I. 8. 
 
 comes now expended on the pmlmonary capillaries, 
 the difticult refpiration ceafes ; though the cutaneous 
 capillaries continue torpid by their contacl v/ith the 
 cold water, and confequently the fenforial po'.ver of 
 aiTociation, wdiich ufed to contribute to actuate the 
 pulmonary capillaries, is lefs excited. 
 
 8. In like manner when there exilfs an accumula- 
 tion of the fenforial power of alTociation, owing to 
 tiefeft of its exci cement by fome previous irritative or 
 alTociate motions, it is generally accompanied for a 
 certain time by a torpor not only of the link lirfl af- 
 fected, but of the fubfequent parts, or of the whole 
 train of affociated motions, as in the cold fits of in- 
 termittent fevers. Yet after a time an increafcd action 
 of the next links of affociated motions fucceeds tlie 
 torpor of the firff, as the abforbent veffels of the lungs 
 acf^ more violently in confequcnce of the deficient 
 aftion of thofe of the flomach ; and the fldn at the 
 commencement of ficknefs is pale and cold, but in a 
 little time becomes flufhed and w'arra. 
 
 Thus wm fee in affociate motions, wdiich are ren- 
 dered torpid by defect of excitem.ent, that fometimes 
 a direft, and fometimes a reverfe fympathy fucceeds 
 in the fubfequent links of the chain. But I believe 
 w'hcre a torpor of irritative or of the affociate motions 
 is caufed by a previous too great expenditure or ex- 
 hauflion of the fenforial powers of irritation or affocia- 
 tion, no increafe of aftion in the fubfequent link ever 
 occurs, or not till after a very long time. 
 
 Thu- 
 
Sup. 1. 8.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 5-7 
 
 Thus when the flomach becomes torp'd by previous 
 violent exertion, and confequent exhauflion of the 
 fenforial power of irritation, as after intoxication with 
 wine or opium, or after the exhibition of fome violent 
 emetic drug, the torpor is communicated to the heart 
 and arteries, as in continued fevers with \veak pulfe* 
 But where the torpor of the flomach is produced front 
 defeftive affociation, as in fea-ficknefs ; or in the fick- 
 nefs which occurs, when a flone fcimulates the ureter j 
 no torpor is then communicated to the heart and arte- 
 ries. For in the former cafe there is no accumulation 
 of fenforial power in the flomach, which was pre- 
 vioufly exhaufled by too great flimulus ; but in the 
 latter cafe the accumulation of fenforial power in the 
 flomach during its torpor is evinced by this circum- 
 ftance ; that in fea-ficknefs the patients eat and drink 
 voracioufly at intervals ; and thepulfe is, generally not 
 affefted by the ficknefs occafioned by a flone in the 
 ureter. For the aclion of the flomach is then leffen- 
 ed, and in confequence becomes retrograde, not ow- 
 ing to the exhauflion of the fenforial power of irrita- 
 tion, but to the wmnt of excitement of the fenforial 
 power of affociation ; which is caufed by the defective 
 action of the ureter, which becomes occafionally tor- 
 pid by the great flimulus of the flone it contains ; or 
 which is caufed by the great exhauflion of fenforial 
 power by the pain ; which affefts the ureter without 
 exciting inflammation, or increaftd action of it. 
 
 9. Thus though the ihomach after the great flimu- 
 lus of intoxication from excefs of wine or opium will 
 
 P 2 continue 
 
238 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 f^Sup, r. 8< 
 
 continue many hours without accumulation of fenforial 
 power, as appears from the patient’s experiencing no 
 appetite at the intervals of ficknefs ; yet after long 
 abilinence from food, at length not only the exhaufted 
 quantity of fenforial power is renewed, but an accu- 
 mulation of it at length occurs, and hunger returns. 
 In this fituation the homach is generally about a whole 
 day before it regains its ufuai powers of digcftion ; 
 but if it has been flill more violently flimulated, and 
 its adlions further impaired, a hill more permanent 
 torpor along with a continued fever with weak pulfe 
 is liable to occur ; and a fourth part, or a half, or 
 three fourths, or a whole lunar period paffes, before 
 it recovers its due irritability and confequent action. 
 
 In fimilar manner, after a perfon has been confined 
 in a vcTy warm room for fome hours, the cutaneous 
 capillaries, with their fecretory and abforbent vcfTels, 
 become exhauhed of their fenforial power of irritation 
 by the too great violent exertions occafioned by the 
 unufual himulus of heat ; and in coming into a colder 
 atmofphere an inaftivity of the cutaneous veffcis exifts 
 at firfl for fome time without accumulation of fenforial 
 power ; as is fhewn by the continuance of the pain 
 of cold and the palenefs ; but after a time both the 
 pain of cold and palenefs vanilh, which now indicates 
 an accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation, 
 as lefs degrees of heat ftimulate the fyliem into due 
 a£Hon. 
 
 In the fame manner, after any one has been fome 
 time in the fummer funlhine, on coming into a dark 
 cell he continues much longer before he can clearly 
 
 dhtingnifh 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 229 
 
 Sup. I. 8.j 
 
 diftinguifli objefts, than if his eyes had only been 
 previoully expofed to the light of a cloudy day in win- 
 ter; becaufe the fenforial power of irritation, and 
 confequent fenfation, had in the firft cafe been pre- 
 vioufly much expended or exhaulled ; and therefore 
 required a much longer time before it could be pro- 
 duced in the brain, or derived to the optic nerves, 
 in fuch quantity as to reftore the deficiency, and to 
 caufe^ an accumulation of it ; whereas in the latter 
 cafe no deficiency had occurred. 
 
 10. Thus the accumulation or deficiency of fen- 
 forial power in a torpid organ, which had previoufiy 
 been accuftomed to perpetual a£Hon, depends on the 
 manner in which it becomes torpid ; that is, whether 
 by great previous fiimulus, or great previous excite- 
 ment of the power of aflbciation ; or by defeft of its 
 accuftomed ftimulus, or of its accuftomed excitement 
 of the power of afibciation. In the former cafe the 
 fenforial power is in an exhaufted ftate, and therefore 
 is not likely to become fo foon accumulated, as after 
 drunlcennefs, or expofure to great heat, or to great 
 light ; in the latter a great accumulation of fenforial 
 power occurs, as after expofure to cold, or hunger, 
 or darknefs. < 
 
 Hence when the ftomach continues torpid by pre- 
 vious violent ftimulus, as in the exhibition of digitalis, 
 no accumulation of fenforial power of irritation fuper- 
 vcnes ; and in confequence the motions of the heart 
 and arteries, which are aflbclated with thofe of the 
 
 r ^ ftomach 5 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Scp. L 8. 
 
 330 
 
 ilomacb, become weak, and flow, and intermittent, 
 from the defeft of the e?'.citement of the fenforial 
 power of affociation. But what follows ? as the actions 
 of the heart and arteries are leffened by the deficient 
 aftion of the fenforial power of afibciation, and not 
 by previous increafed excitement of it ; a great accu- 
 mulation of the fenforial power of afibciation occurs, 
 which is exerted on the pulmonary and cutaneous ab- 
 forbents by reverfe fympathy, and produces ^rcat 
 abforptlon of the fluid effufed into the cellular mem- 
 brane in anafarca, with dry flein ; conflituting one 
 kind of atrophy. 
 
 But if at the fame time the fecerninn' velTels of the 
 Iforar.ch are flimuiated into fo violent afliivitv as to 
 induce great confequent torpor, as probably happens 
 when contagious matter is fwaliowed into the flomach 
 with our faliva, thofe of the heart and arteries acf 
 feebly from the deficient excitement of the power of 
 aflbeiation ; and then the cutaneous and pulmonary 
 fecerning veflbls aft with greater force than natural, 
 owing to the accumulation of the fenforial power of 
 ivfibciation ; and unnatural heat of die ikin, and of 
 the breath fucceed ; but without frequency of pulfe, 
 .conftituting the. parefis irritativa of Clafs I. 2. 1. 2. 
 And laftly, if a paucity of blood attends this parefis, 
 or fome other caufc inducing a frequency of pulfe, 
 the febris iiiirritativa, or fever with weak pulfe, is 
 produced. 
 
 But on tlie contrary when the flom.ach has pre- 
 v)oufly been rendered torpid by defeft of flimiihi^ 
 
 as 
 
St7P. I. 8.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 331 
 
 as by hunger, if food be too haftiiy fupplied, not 
 only great exertion of the flomach itfelf fucceeds, but 
 fever with ftrong pulfe is induced in confequence ; 
 that is, the heart and arteries are excited into more 
 energetic action by the excefs of the power of aiTocia- 
 tion, which catenates their motions with thofe of the 
 llomach.^ For the redundancy of fenforial power of 
 irritati(5n, wliich was accumulated during the inafti- 
 vity of the ftomach, and is now call-ed into aftion by 
 ftimulus, aftuates that organ with increafed energy, 
 and excites by thefe increafed motions the fenforial 
 power of alTociation ; which has alfo been accumiU- 
 lated during the inaftivity of the heart and arteries ; 
 and thus thefe organs aifo are now excited into great- 
 er aclion. 
 
 So after the fkin has been expofed fame hours to 
 greater heat than natural in the warm room, other 
 parts, as the membranes of the noflrils., or of the 
 lungs, or of the ftomach, are liable to become torpid 
 from direft fympathy with it, when we come into air 
 of a moderate temperature ; whence catarrhs, coughs, 
 and fevers. But if this torpor be occafioned by defeft: 
 of ftimulus, as after being expofed to frofty air, the 
 accumulation of fenforial power is exerted, and a 
 glow of the Ikin follows, with increafed digeftion, full 
 refpiration, and more vigorous circulation. 
 
 II. It may be aflced, Why is there a great and 
 conftant accumulation of the fenforial power of aft 
 fbciation, owing to the torpor of the ftomach and 
 
 F 4 heart 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 
 
 heart and arteries, in centinued fever with weak 
 pulie ; which is exerted on the cutaneous and pul- 
 monary capillaries, fo as to excite them into increafed 
 aftion for many weeks, and yet no fuch exuberance 
 of fenforial power produces fever in winterrfleeping 
 animals, or in chlorofis, or apepfia, or hyfteria ? 
 
 In winter-ileeping anim.als I fuppofe the vchole ner- 
 vous fyffcem is torpid, or paralyfed, as in the deep of 
 frozen people ; and that the Ifomach is torpid in con- 
 fequence of the inaftivity or quiefcence of the brain ; 
 and that all other parts of the body, and the cuta- 
 neous capillaries with the red, labour under a fiinilar 
 torpor. 
 
 In chlorofis, I imagine, the actions of the heart 
 and arteries, as w^ell as thofe of the cutaneous and 
 pulmonary capillaries, fufter along with thofe of the 
 flomach from the deficient ftimulus of the pale blood ; 
 and that though the liver is probably the feat of the 
 original torpor in this difeafe, with which all other 
 parts fympathize from defect of the excitation of the 
 fenforial power of afibciation ; yet as this torpor oc- 
 curs in fo fmall a degree as not to excite a fliuddering 
 or cold fit, no obferyable confequences are in general 
 occafioned by the confequent accumulation of fenforial 
 pov er. Sometimes indeed in chlorofis there does oc- 
 cur a frequent pnlfe and hot ildn ; in which circum- 
 itances I fuppofe the heart and arteries are become in 
 fame degiee t:rp;d by direct fympathy with the torpid 
 fiver ; and that hence not only the puife becomes fre- 
 (|Uent, but the capillaries of the ihin aft more violently 
 
 by 
 
Sup. I. 8.] 
 
 THEOR.Y OF FEVER. 
 
 23$ 
 
 by reverfe fympathy with the heart and arteries, ow- 
 ing to the accuinulatlon of the fenforial power of affo- 
 ciation in them during their torpid hate, as' occurs 
 in irritative fever. See ^Article ii of this Supple- 
 ment. 
 
 In apepfia chronica the aflions of the flomach arc 
 not fo far impaired or deftroyed as totally to prevent 
 the excitation of the fenforial power of alTociation, 
 which therefore contributes fomething towards the 
 aflions of the heart and arteries, though lefs than 
 natural, as a weak pulfe always I believe attends this 
 difeafe. 
 
 There is a torpor of the flomach, and of the upper 
 part of the alimentary canal in hyfleria, as is evident 
 from the retrograde actions of the duodenum, flomach, 
 and oefophagus, which conflitute the globus hyflericus, 
 or fenfation of a globe rifing into the throat. But as 
 thefe retrograde adions are iefs than thofe, which in- 
 duce ficknefs or vomiting, and arc not occafioned by 
 previous exhauftion of the fenforial power of irritation, 
 they do not fo totally prevent the excitement of the 
 fenforial power of afibciation, as to lefien the motion 
 of the heart and arteries fo much as to induce fever j 
 yet in this cafe, as in apepfia, and in chlorous, the 
 pulfations of file heart and arteries are weaker than 
 natural, and are fometimes attended with occafionally 
 increafed adion of the capillaries ; as appears from 
 the flufnings of the face, and hot fkin, which gene- 
 rally form an evening febricula in dheafes attended 
 with weak digefliQii. 
 
 12, The 
 
234 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 PSu?. I. S, 
 
 12. The increafed action, or orgafrn, of the cuta- 
 neous, pulmonary, and cellular capillaries, with their 
 fccerning and abforbent veffeh, in thofe fevers which 
 a,re attended with deficiency of vital action, exhaufls 
 the patient both by the additional expenditure of fen- 
 forki power on thofe organs of fecretion, and by the 
 too great abforption of the mucus and fat of the body ; 
 whence great debility and great emaciation. Hence 
 one great indication of cure of continued fever with 
 arterial debility is to diminida the too ffreat action of 
 
 r O 
 
 the capillaries ; which is to be done by frequent ablu- 
 tions, or bathing the whole ildn in tepid or in cold 
 water, as recommended by Dr. Currie of Liverpool 
 (Philoh Tranf. for 1792), for half an hour, twice a 
 day, or at thofe times when the ikin feels driefl and 
 Iiottefl. hluch cool air fliould alfo be admitted, avhen 
 the breath of the patient feels hot to one’s hand ; 
 or when the tongue, efpecially its middle part, is 
 dr}", and covered with a cruft of indurated mucus ; 
 as thefe indicate the increafed action of the pulmonary 
 capillaries ; in the fame manner as the dry and hot 
 tkin indicates the orgafin of the cutaneous capilla- 
 ries ; and the emaciation of the body that of the 
 cellular ones. 
 
 For this pui-pofe of abating the aefion of the ca- 
 yjillarics by frequent ablution or fomentation, water 
 of any degree of hea.t beneath that of the body will 
 be of. fervice, and ought in accurate language to be 
 called a cold bath ; but the degree of coidnefs, where 
 the patient is fenfible, fliould hi fome meafure be 
 
 governed 
 
Sc/P. I. 9.] THEORY OF FEVER. .35 
 
 '^ovcr’^'-cd by bis Icnit-itions ^ <is it ij> probct^^ICj Liint 
 the degree of coldnds, which is moh grateful to him, 
 will alfo be of the greateft benefit to him. See 
 Clafs III. 2. I. 12. and Article 15 of this Supple- 
 ment. 
 
 Another great ufe of frequent ablutions, or fomen- 
 tations, or baths, in fevers, where the flomach is in 
 fome degree torpid, is to fupply the fyftem with 
 aqueous fluid by means of the cutaneous abforbents ; 
 w'hich is dilhpated fafler by the increafed action of 
 the fecerning capillaries, than the flomach can fur- 
 niih, and occafions great thirfl at the intervajs of the 
 flcknefs. 
 
 IX. Torpor of the Lungs. 
 
 1. The lungs in many cafes of contagion may flrft 
 be aflecled with torpor, and the ikin becomie cold 
 by fympathy ; in the fam.e manner as a cold Jkin on 
 tpoing into the cold bath induces difficulty of breath- 
 ing. Or the flomach may become affefced with torpor 
 by its fympathy with the lungs, as in the experi- 
 ment>of Mr. Watt with hydro-carbonate gas ; a few 
 refpirations of which induced flcknefs, and even fyn- 
 cope. When the flomach or fkin 'is thus affieffed 
 fecondarily by aiTociation, an accumulation of fenfo- 
 rial power occurs much fooncr, than when thefe parts 
 become torpid in confequence of previous excefs of 
 flimulus ; and hence they fooner recover their accui- 
 tomed aftion, and the fever ceafes. The particles of 
 pontagious rnatt>-r thus received by refpiratlon fome^ 
 
 wduit 
 
2 •’6 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 9. 
 
 ■wliat relemble in their effects the acid gafes from 
 huming fulphur, or from charcoal ; which, if they 
 do not iiilLanrly deftroy, induce a fever, and the pa- 
 tient ilowly recovers. 
 
 2 . I was forae years ago looping down to look, 
 which way the water oozed from a morafs, as a la- 
 bourer opened it with a fpade, to detect the fource 
 of the fpring, and inhaled a vapour, which occafioned 
 an inftant fenfe of fuffocation. Immediately recoiling 
 I believe I inhaled it but once ; yet a few hours after- 
 wards in the cool of the evening, when I returned 
 home rather fatigued and hungry, a fhivering and 
 cold fit occured, which was followed by a hot one ; 
 and the whole difeafe began and terminated in about 
 twelve hours without return. In this cafe the power 
 of fear, or of imagination, was not concerned ; as 1 
 neither thought of the bad air of a morafs before 
 I perceived it ; nor expecled a fever-fit, till it oc- 
 curred. 
 
 In this cafe the torpor commenced in the lungs, and 
 after a fev/ hours, by the addition of fatigue, and 
 cold, and hunger, v.sas propagated by direct fym.pathy 
 to the reft of the fyfiem. An orgafm or increafed 
 acUon of the whole fyffeni was then induced by the 
 accumulation of feuforial power of irritation in the 
 lungs, and of affociation in the other organs ; and 
 when thefe fubfided, the difeale ceafed. It may be 
 ;i.fked, could a torpor of the capillaries of the air-vefiels 
 cf the lungs be fo fuddenlr produced by great fiimu- 
 
 latipu r 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 237 
 
 Sup. 1. 9*]- 
 
 lation ? — It appears probable, that it might, becaufe 
 great exertion of irritative motions may be inlianth- 
 produced without our perceiving them ; that is, with- 
 out their being attended by lenfation, both in the 
 lungs and flomach j and the organs may become tor- 
 pid by the great expenditure of the fenforial power af 
 irritation in an inllant of time ; as paralyfis frequently 
 inllantly /ollows too gr^at an exertion of voluntary 
 power. 
 
 3. When the capillaries of the lungs afl too vio- 
 lently, as in fome continued fevers ; which is known 
 by the heat of the breath, and by the drynefs of tire 
 tongue, efpecially of the middle part of it : not only 
 cooler air might be admitted more freely into a hck 
 ‘room to counteraft this orgafm of the pulmonary ca- 
 pillaries ; but perhaps the patient might breathe with 
 advantage a mixture of carbonic acid gas, or of hydro- 
 gene gas, or of azote with atmofpheric air. And on 
 the contrary, when there exids an evident torpor of 
 the pulmonary capillaries, which may be known by 
 the correfpondent chillnefs of the ilcin ; and by a 
 tickling cough, which fomiCtimes attends cold pa- 
 roxyfms of fever, and is then owing to the dehcient 
 abforption of the pulmonary mucus, the faline parts 
 of which dimulate the bronchice, or air-veflels ; ,a 
 mixture of one part of oxygen gas vdth 10 or 20 pai'ts 
 of atmofpheric air might probably be breathed with 
 great advantage. 
 
 X* Torpor 
 
[Sup. I. IS. 
 
 
 rnzoiiY CF 
 
 X. Torpor of the Brain. 
 
 As the inactivity or torpor of the abforbent veffels 
 of the brain is the caufe of hydrocephalus internus ; 
 and as the deficiency of venous abforption in the brain, 
 or torpor of the extreirnties of iis veins, is believed 
 frequently to be the caufe of apople.xies ; fo there is 
 reaibn to conclude, that the torpor of the fecerning 
 velTels of the brain, which are fuppofed to produce 
 the fenforial pov/er, may confHtute the immediate 
 caufe of fome fevers with arterial debility. And alfo 
 that the increafed aclican of thefe fecerning veiTels may 
 fometiraes conflitute the immediate caufe of fevers 
 with arterial ftrength. 
 
 It is neverthelefs probable, that the torpor or or- 
 gafra of the fanguiferous, abforbent, or fecerning vef- 
 fels of the brain may frequently exih as a fecondary 
 effeef, ow'ing to their affociation with other organs, as 
 the ftomach or lungs ; and may thus be produced like 
 the torpor of the heart and arteries in inirriuitive 
 fevers, or like the orgafm of thofe ortrans in irriiativc 
 fevers, or inflammatory ones. 
 
 Wiiere there exifls a torpor of the brain, might 
 not very flight electric fiiocks paifed frequently 
 through it in all directions be ufed with advantage r 
 Jdigh.t not fomentations of 94 or 96 degrees of heat 
 bn the head for an hour at a time, and frequently 
 repeated, flimulate the brain into aflion ; as in the 
 revival of winter-fleeping animals by warmth ? Ether 
 
 externally 
 
239 
 
 Sup. I. II.] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 externally might be frequently applied, and a blifter 
 on the fhaved head. 
 
 Where the fecerning velTels of the brain afr with too 
 great energy, as in fome indaminatory fevers, might 
 it not be diminhhed by laying the patient horizontally 
 on a milhftone, and whirling him, till deep fnonid be 
 produced, as the brain becomes compreffed by the 
 centrifugal force ? See Article 15 of this Sup- 
 plement. 
 
 XI. ’Torpor of the Heart and Arteries. 
 
 -I. It was fliewn in Clafs IV. i. i. 6. in IV. 2. i. 2- 
 and in Suppl. I. 6. 3. that a reverfe fympathy gene- 
 rally exifls between the lafreal and lymphatic branches 
 of the abforbent fyflem. Hence, when the motions 
 of the abforbents of the homacli are rendered torpid 
 or retrograde in fevers with arterial debility, chofe of 
 the Ihin, lungs, and cellular membrane, aft with in- 
 creafed energy. But the afrions of the mufcular fibres 
 of the heart and arteries are at the fame time afrociatcd 
 with thofe of the mufcular fibres of the ftcmach by 
 direfr fympathy. Both thefe afrions occur during the 
 operation of powerful emetics, as fqulll, or digitalis ; 
 while the motions ©f the fbomach continue torpid or 
 retrograde, the cellular and cutaneous abforbents afr 
 wnth greater energy, and the pulfations of the heart 
 and arteries become weaker, and fometimes flower* 
 
 2. The increafed afrion of the flomach after a m.eal, 
 and of the heart and arteries at the fame time froan 
 
?40 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 1 1. 
 
 theftimiilus of the new fupply of ch} le, fecms origi- 
 nally to have produced, and to have eflabliflied, this 
 direft fympathy between them. As the increafed 
 aftion of the abforbents of the ftomach after a meal 
 has been ufually attended with diminifhed aftion of 
 the other branches of the abforbent fyftem, as men- 
 tioned in Clafs IV. i. 1.6. and has thus eflabliflied a 
 reverfe fympathy between them. 
 
 3. Befides the reverfe fympathy of the abforbent 
 vefl'els and the mufcles of the . llomach, and of the 
 heart and arteries, with thofe of the ikin, lungs, and 
 cellular membrane ; there exifls a flmilar reverfe fym- 
 pathy between the fecerning vefl'els or glands of the 
 former of thefe organs with thofe of the latter ; that 
 is the mucous glands of the heart and arteries aft ge- 
 nerally by direft fympathy with thofe of the flomach ; 
 and the mucous glands of the cellular membrane of the 
 lungs, and of theJkin, aft by reverfe fympathy with 
 them both. 
 
 Hence when the flomach is torpid, as in fickncfs, 
 this torpor fometimes only affefts the abforbent vefl'els 
 of it ; and then the abforbents of the cellular mem- 
 brane and the fldn only aft with increafed energy by 
 reverfe fympathy. If the torpor aflefts the mufcular 
 fibres of the flomach, thofe of the heart and arteries 
 aft by direft fympathy with it, and a w^eak pulfe is 
 produced, as in the exhibition of digitali.', but with- 
 out increafe of heat. But if the torpor alfo aflefts tlie 
 glands of the flomach, the cutaneous and pulmonary 
 
 glands 
 
 I 
 
Su?. L II;] THEORY OF FEVER; 
 
 241 
 
 glands aft with greater energy by their reverfe fympa- 
 thy with thofe of the ilomach, and of the heart and 
 arteries ; and great heat is produced along with in- 
 creafed perfpiration both from the fldn and lungs. 
 
 3. There is fome difficulty in explaining, why the 
 aftions of the extenfive fyftem of capillary glands, 
 which exift on every other membrane and cell in the 
 body for the purpofe of fecreting mucus and perfpira- 
 ble matter, fliould fo generally aft by reverfe fympathy 
 with thofe of the flom.ach and upper part of the 
 inteflines. It was fnewn in Clafs IV. 1. i. 6. that 
 when the Ilomach was filled with folid and fluid ali- 
 ment, the abforbents of the cellular membrane, and 
 of the bladder, and of the fldn afted with lefs energy ; 
 as the fluids, they were ufed to abforb and tranfmit 
 into the circulation, were now lefs wanted ; and that 
 hence by habit a reverfe fympathy obtained between 
 thefe branches of the abforbents of the alimentary 
 
 j 
 
 canal, and thofe of the other parts of the body. 
 
 Now, as at this time lefs fluid was abforbed by the 
 cutaneous and cellular lymphatics, it would happen, 
 that lefs would be fecreted by their correfpondent fe- 
 cerning velTels, or capillary glands j and that hence by 
 habit, thefe fecerning veffels would acquire a reverfe 
 fympathy of aftion with the fecerning veffels of the 
 alimentary canal. 
 
 Thus when the abforption of the tears by the 
 punfta lacrymalia is much increafed by the Ilimulus of 
 fnuff; or of an affefting idea, on the nafal ducts, as 
 
 Vol. II. O explained 
 
2'42 
 
 \ THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup I. 1 1. 
 
 explained in Seel. XVI. 8. 2. a great increafe of the 
 fecretion of tears fro:n the iacrymal glands is pro- 
 duced by the direft fympathy of the action of thefe 
 glands with thofe of their correfpondent abforbents ; 
 and that though in this cafe they me placed at fo great 
 a diftance from each other. 
 
 4. A difficult quehion here occurs ; why does it 
 happen, that in fevers with weak pulfe the contrac- 
 tions of the heart and arteries become at the fame time 
 more frequent ; which alfo foraetimes occurs in chlo- 
 rofis, and in fome hyfteric and hypochondriac dif- 
 cafes, and in fome infanities ; yet at other times the 
 weak pulfe becomes at the fame time flow, as in the 
 exhibition of digitalis, and in parefis irritativa, de- 
 feribed in Clafs I. 2. i. 2. which may be termed a 
 fever with flow pulfe ? this frequency of pulfe can- 
 not depend on heat, bccaufe it fometimes exifts with- 
 out heat, as towards the end of fome fevers with 
 debility. 
 
 Now as apoplexies, which are foraetimes aferibed 
 to fulnefs of blood, are attended with flow pulfe ; and 
 as in animals dying in the flaughter houfe from defici- 
 ency of blood the pulfe becomes frequent in extreme ; 
 may not the frequency of pulfe in fevers with arterial 
 debility be in general owing to paucity of blood ? as- 
 explained in Sefr, XXXII. 2. 3. and its flownefs in 
 parefis irritativa be caufed by the debility being ac- 
 Gompanied with due quantity of blood ? or may not 
 the former circumflajice foraetimes depend on a con- 
 comitant 
 
Sup. I. II.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 243 
 
 comitant afFe(?lion of the brain approaching to lleep ? 
 or to the unufual facility of the pafTage of the blood 
 through the pulmonary and aortal capillaries ? in 
 which clrcumflance the heart may completely empty 
 itfelf at each pulfation, though its contractions may be 
 weak. While the latter depends on the difficulty of 
 the pafTage of the blood through the pulmonary or 
 aortal capillaries, as in the cold fits of intermittents, 
 and in foihe palpitations of the heart, and in fome 
 kinds of hmmoptoe ? in thefe cafes the increafed refifl- 
 ance prevents the heart from emptying itfelf, and in 
 confequence a new diaftole fooner occurs, and thus 
 the number of pulfations becomes greater in a given 
 time. 
 
 5. In refpeCl; to the fympathies of aCfion, which 
 produce or conflitute fever with debility, the fyfiem 
 m.ay be divided into certain provinces, which are afTen- 
 tient or oppofite to each other. Firft, the laCleals or 
 abforbent vefTels of the flomach, and upper part of 
 the inteflines ; fecondly, the lymphatics or all the 
 other branches of the abforbent vefTels, which arife 
 from the fkin, mucous membranes, cellular mem- 
 branes, and the various glands. Thefe two divifions 
 act by rcverfe fympathy with each other in the hot 
 fits of fever with debility, though by direCt fympathy 
 in the cold ones. The third divifion eonfifls of the 
 fecerning vefTels of the ftomach and upper inteflines ; 
 and the fourth of the fecerning vefTels of all the other 
 parts of the body, as the capillary glands of the fkin,; 
 
244 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. rr. 
 
 lungs, and cellular membrane, and the various other 
 glands belonging to the fanguiferous fyflem. Many 
 of thefe frequently, but the capillaries always, aft by 
 reverfe fympathy with thofc of the third divifion 
 above mentioned in the hot fits of fever with debility, 
 though by direct fympathy with them in the cold fits. 
 Fifthly, the mufcular fibres of the flomach, and up- 
 per intefUnes ; and fixthly, the mufcular fibres of the 
 heart and arteries. The aftions of thefe two lafi: 
 divifions of moving fibres act by direct fympathy with 
 each other, both in the cold and hot fits of fevers 
 with debility. 
 
 The efficient caufe of thofe apparent fympathies 
 in fevers with weak pulfe may be thus underftood. 
 In the cold paroxyfm of fever with weak pulfe the 
 part firfi; affefted I believe to be the fiomach, and 
 that it has become torpid by previous violent exer- 
 tion, as by fwallowing contagious matter mixed with 
 faliva, and not by defefl of fiimulus, as from cold or 
 hunger. The aflions of this important organ, which 
 fympathizes with almoft every p;u‘t of the body, being 
 thus much diminiflied or nearly deftroyed, the fenfo- 
 rial power of alTociation is not excited ; which in 
 health contributes to move the heart and arteries, 
 and all the reft of the fyftem ; whence an univerfal 
 torpor occurs. 
 
 When the hot fit approaches, the ftomach in fevers 
 with ftrong pulfe regains its aftivity by the accumula- 
 tion of the fenforial power of either irritation, if it 
 was the part firft aliefted, or of allbciation if it was 
 
 affefted 
 
Sop. I. £ 1.3 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 245 
 
 affefted in fympathy with fome other torpid part, as 
 the fpleen or liver ; which accumulation is produced 
 during its torpor. At the fame time ail the other ' 
 parts of the fyftem acquire greater energy of a£Hon 
 by the accumulation of the fenforial power of affocia- 
 tion, which was produced, during their inactivity in 
 the cold fit. 
 
 But in fevers with weak pulfe the fiomach, whofe 
 fenforial power of irritation had been previoufly ex- 
 haufied by violent aCHon, acquires no fuch quick accu- 
 mulation of fenforial power, but remains in a flate of 
 torpor after the hot slit commences. The heart and 
 arteries remain alfo in a fiate of torpor, becaufe there 
 continues to be no excitement of their power of affo. 
 ciation owing to the torpid motions of the fiomach ; 
 but hence it happens, that there exifis at this time a 
 great accumulation of the power of aflbciation in the 
 lefs aClive fibres of the heart and arteries ; which, as 
 it is not excited and expended by them, increafes the 
 afibciability of the next link of the aflbciated chain of 
 motions, which confifis of the capillaries or other 
 glands ; and that in fo great a degree as to afiuate 
 them with unnatural energy, and thus to produce a 
 perpetual hot fit of fever. Becaufe the afibciability of 
 the capillaries is fo much increafed by the accumula- 
 tion of this powmr, owing to the lefiened activity of 
 the heart and arteries, as to over-balance the lefiened 
 excitement of it by the weaker movements of the 
 heart and arteries. 
 
 0.3 
 
 6 . When 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. u. 
 
 246 
 
 6. When the accumulation of the fenforial power 
 of irritation caufed by defeft of ftimulus is greater in 
 the nrll link of a train of aftions, to which alTociated 
 motions are catenated, than the deficiency of the ex- 
 -citement of the fenforial power of alTociation in the 
 next link, what happens ? — the fuperabundance of the 
 unemployed fenforial power of the firfl link is derived 
 to the fecond ; the aflbeiability of which thus becomes 
 fo greatly increafed, that it acls more violently than 
 natural, though the excitement of its power of aflb- 
 ciation by the leflened aftion of the firfi: link is lefs 
 than natural. So that in this fituation the withdraw- 
 ing of an accuftomed ftimulus in fome parts of the 
 fyflem will decreafe the irritative motions of that part, 
 .and at the fame time occafion an increafe of the aflb- 
 ciate motion of another part, which is catenated -with 
 it. 
 
 This circumftance never thelefs can only occur in 
 thofe parts of the fyfiem, wdiofe natural actions are 
 perpetual, and the accumulation of fenforial power on 
 that account very great, tvhen their activity is much 
 iefi'ened by the dedudtion of their ufual fiimulus ; and 
 are therefore only to be found in the fanguiferous fyf- 
 tem., or m the alimentary canal, or in the glands and 
 capillaries. Of the firfl of which the following is an 
 ini lance. 
 
 l iiC refpiration of a reduced atmofphcre, that is of 
 air mixed with hydrogene or azote, quickens the 
 pulfe, as obferved in the cafe of Mrs. Eaton by Dr. 
 H-eynolds and Dr. Thornton 5 to wTich Dr, Beddoes 
 
 adds 
 
Sup. r. 1 1.3 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 247 
 
 adds in a note, that he never faw an inflance in 
 which a lowered atmofphere did not at the moment 
 quicken the pulfe, while it weakened the aftion of the 
 heart and arteries.” Confiderations on Faftitious 
 Airs, by Thomas Beddoes and James Watt, Part III. 
 ■p. 67, Johnfon, London. By the aililfance of this 
 new faft the curious circumftance of the quick produc- 
 tion of warmth of the Ikin on covering the head un- 
 -der the bed-clothes, which every one muft at fome 
 time have experienced, receives a more fatisfaclory 
 explanation, than that which is given in Clafs IV. 
 I. I. 2. which was printed before this pait of Dr. 
 Beddoes’s Confiderations was pubhfiied. 
 
 For if the blood be deprived of its accufiomed 
 quantity of oxygen, as in covering the head in bed, 
 and thus breathing an air rendered impure by re- 
 peated refpiration, or by breathing a fa&itious air 
 with lefs proportion of oxygen, which in common re- 
 fpiration pafifes through the moift m.cmbranes of the 
 lungs, and mixes with the blood, the pulfations of the 
 heart and arteries become weaker, and confequently 
 •quicker, by the defeft of the ftimulus of oxygen. And 
 as thefe velfels are fubjecl to perpetual motion, the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation be- 
 comes fo great by their lefiened aftivity, that it ex- 
 cites the veffels next connefted, the cutaneous capilla- 
 ries for inflance, into more energetic aftions, fo as to 
 produce increafed heat of the ficin, and greater per- 
 fpiration. 
 
 0^4 
 
 How 
 
248 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Su?. I. 1 1 . 
 
 How cxaftly this refembles a continued fever with 
 weak and quick pulfe ! — in the latter the action of 
 the heart and arteries are lefTcned by defect of the ex- 
 citement of the fenforial power of affociation, owing 
 to the torpor or lelfened aftions of the llomach ; hence 
 the accumulation of the fenforial power of alTociation 
 in this cafe, as the accumulation of that of irritation 
 in the former, becomes fo abundant as to excite into 
 increafed action the parts mod nearly connected, as 
 the cutaneous capillaries. 
 
 In refpect to the circumdance mentioned by Syden- 
 ham, that covering the head in bed in a diort time 
 relieved the pertinacious ficknefs of the patient, it 
 mud be obferved, that when the aft ion of the heart 
 and arteries become weakened by the w^ant of the due 
 dimulus of the proper quantity of oxygen in the 
 blood, that an accumulation of the fenforial po\ver of 
 irritation occurs in the dbres of the heart and arteries, 
 which then is expended on thofe of tlie capillary 
 glands, inergafng their aftions and confequent fecrc- 
 tions and heat. And then the dom.ach is thrown into 
 dronger aftion, both by the greater excitement of its 
 natural quantity of the fenfoiial power of alfociation 
 by the increafed aftions of the capillaries, and alfo by 
 fome increafe of adbciability, as it had been previoudv 
 a long time in a date of torpor, or Icfs aftivity lhan 
 natural, as evinced by its perpetual fickned. 
 
 In a manner fomewhat fimilar to tliis, is the rednefs 
 of the dcin produced in angry people by the fuper- 
 abundanep of the unemployed fenforial power of vo- 
 
 lii-jon, 
 
Sup. I. II.] THEORY OF FEVER. 2^9 
 
 lidon, as explained in Clafs IV. 2. 3. 5. Rubor ex 
 ira. From hence we learn how, when people in fevers 
 with weak pulfe, or In dropfies, become infane, the 
 abundance of the unemployed fenforial power of voli- 
 tion increafes the actions of the whole moving fyllera, 
 and cures thofe difeafes- . ^ 
 
 7. As the orgafm of the capillaries in fevers with 
 weak pulfe is immediately caufed by the torpid actions 
 of the heart and arteries, as above explained, this 
 fupplies us with another indication of cure in fuch 
 fevers, and that is to flimulate thefe organs. This 
 may probably be done by fome kind of medicines, 
 w’hich are known to pafs into the blood unchanged ia 
 fome of their properties. It is poffible that nitre, or 
 its acid, may pafs into the blood and increafe the co- 
 lour of it, and thus increafe its ftimulus, and the fame 
 may be fuppofed of other falts, neutral or metallic ? 
 As rubia tinc^rcria, madder, colours the bones of young 
 animals, it mufh pafs into the blood with its colouring 
 matter at lead unchanged, and perhaps many other 
 medicines may likewife affect the blood, and thus aff 
 by ffimulating the heart and arteries, as well as by 
 ftimulating the flomach ; which circumflance deferves 
 further attention. 
 
 Another way of immediately Simulating ihe heart 
 and arteries would be by transfufing new blood into 
 them. Is it poflible that any other fluid befides blood, 
 as chyle, or milk, or water, could, if managed with 
 great art, be introduced fafely or advantageoufly into 
 the vein of a livijlg animal ? 
 
 A third 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. 12 
 
 .25a 
 
 A third method of exciting the heart and arteries 
 immediately is by incrcafmg the natural ftimulus of 
 the blood, and is well worthy experiment in all fevers 
 with weak pulfe j and that confifts in fupplying the 
 blood with a greater proportion of oxygen ; which 
 may be done by refpiration, if the patient was to 
 breathe either oxygen gas pure, or diluted with atmo- 
 fpheric air, which might be given to many gallons 
 frequently in a day, and by paffing through the moid; 
 menrbranes of the lungs, according to the experiments 
 of Dr. Prieftley, and uniting with the blood, might 
 render it more flimulant, and thus excite the heart 
 and arteries into greater addon ! May. not fome eafier 
 method of exhibiting oxygen gas by refpiration be dif- 
 covered, as by ufing very fmall quantities of hyper- 
 oxygenated marine acid gas very much diluted with 
 atmofpheric air ? 
 
 XII. Torpor of the Stojnncb and upper Litefince. 
 
 1. The principal circumflance, which fupports the 
 increafed action of the capillaries in continued fever 
 with weak pulfe, is their reverfe fympathy with tliofe 
 of the ibomach and upper intellincs, or with thofe of 
 the heart and arteries. The torpor of the ftomacli 
 and upper inteflines is apparent in continued fevers 
 from the total want of appetite for folid food, be- 
 tides the ficknefs with which fevers generally com- 
 mence, and the frequent diarrhcca with indigelled 
 hools, at the fame time the thirll of the patient is 
 fometimes urgent at the intervals of the ficknefs. 
 Why the ftomach can at this time take fluids by in- 
 tervals.. 
 

 Sup. I. 12.] THEORY OF FEVER. , 
 
 tervals, and not folids, is difficult to explain ; except 
 it be fuppofed, as fome have affirmed, that the la£leal 
 abforbents are a different branch from the lymphatic 
 abforbents, and that in this cafe the former only arc 
 in a flate of permanent torpor. 
 
 a. The torpor of the heart and arteries is known 
 by the weaknefs of the pulfe. When the aftions of 
 the abforbents of the ftomach are diminiffied by the 
 exhibition of fmali dofes of digitalis, or become retro- 
 grade by larger ones, the heart and arteries aft more 
 feebly by direft fympathy ; but the cellular, cutane- 
 ous, and pulmonary abforbents are excited into greater 
 aftion. Whence in anafarca the fluids in the cellular 
 membrane throughout the whole body are abforbed 
 during the ficknefs, and frequently a great quantity of 
 atmofpheric moiflure at the fame time ; as appears by 
 the very great difcharge of urine, which fometimes 
 happens in thefe cafes ; and in ileus th6 prodigious 
 evacuations by vomiting, which are often a hundred 
 fold greater tlran the quantity fwallowed, evince the 
 great aftion of all the other abforbents during the 
 ficknefs of the fliomach. 
 
 3. But when the fliomach is rendered permanently 
 fick by an emetic drug, as by digitalis, it is not pro- 
 bable, that much accumulation of fenforial power is 
 foon produced in this organ ; becaufe its ufual quan- 
 tity of fenforial power is previoufly exhauflied by the 
 great flimulus of the foxglove ; and hence it feems 
 
 probable^ 
 
[Sup. I. 12 
 
 ZJ2 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 probable, that the great accumulation of fenforial 
 power, v/hich now caufes the increafed action of the 
 abforbents, is produced in confequence of the inactivity 
 of the heart and arteries ; which inactivity is induced 
 by deficient excitement of the fenforial power of afio- 
 ciation between thofe organs and the fiomach, and not 
 by any previous exhauftion of their natural quantity 
 of fenforial power; whereas in ileus, where the torpor 
 of the fiomach, and confequent ficknefs, is induced by 
 reverfe fympathy v4th an inflamed intefiine, that is, 
 by difievered or defective aifociation ; the accumula- 
 tion of fenforial power, which in that difeafe fo vio- 
 lently actuates the cellular, pulmonary, and cutaneous 
 abforbents, is apparently produced by the torpor of 
 the fiomach and lafieals, and the confequent accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial power of afibciation in them 
 ovvincx to their lefiened aftion in ficknefs. 
 
 »w> 
 
 4 . This accounts for the dry Jkin in fevers with 
 weak pulfe, where the fiomach and the heart and ar- 
 teries arc in a torpid fiate, and for the fudden emacia- 
 tion of the body ; bccaufe the actions of the cellular 
 and cutaneous abforbents are increafed by reverfe 
 fympathy with thofe of the fiomach, or with thofe of 
 the heart and arteries ; that is by the expenditure of 
 that fenforial power of afibciation, which is accumu- 
 lated in confequence of the torpor of the fiomiach and 
 heart and arteries, or of either of them ; this alfo ex- 
 plains the fudden abforption of the mfilk in puerperal 
 fevers ; and contributes along with the heat of the 
 
 refpireJ 
 
 / 
 
Sir?. I. 12. 
 
 THEOR.Y OF FEVER. 
 
 255 
 
 refpired air to the drynefs of the mucous membrane of 
 the tongue and ncftrils. 
 
 5. Befides the reverfe fympathy, with which the 
 abforbent veffels of the hoihach and upper inteflines 
 aft in refpeft to all the other abforbent veffels, as in 
 the exhibition of digitalis, and in ileus ; there is ano- 
 ther reverfe fympathy exifts between the capillaries, 
 or fecretory veffels of the ffomach, and thofe of the 
 Ikin. Which may neverthelefs be occafioned by the 
 accumulation of fenforial power by the torpor of the 
 heart and arteries, which is induced by direft fympa- 
 thy with the ffomach ; thus when the torpor of tlie 
 ffomach remains in a fever-fit, which might otherwife 
 have intermitted, the torpor of the heart and arteries 
 remains alfo by direft fympathy, and the increafed cu- 
 taneous capillary aftion, and cbnfequent heat, are pro- 
 duced by reverfe fympathy and the fever is tlius 
 rendered continual, owing primarily to the torpor of 
 the ffomach. 
 
 6. The reverfe fympathy, which exiffs between the 
 capillaries of the ffomach and the cutaneous capilla- 
 ries, appears by the chillnefs of fome people after din- 
 ner ; and contrary-wife by the digeffion being ffrength- 
 cned, when the fkin is expofed to cold air for a fliort 
 time j as m.entioned in Clafs IV. i. i. q. and IV. 2. 
 I. I. and from the heat and glow on the ffein, which 
 attends the aftion of vomiting ; for though when fick- 
 nefs firff commences, the fkin is pale and cold ; as it 
 then partakes of the. general torpor, which induces 
 
 the 
 
254 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I, 12. 
 
 the ficknefs ; yet after the vomiting has continued 
 fome minutes, fo that an accumulation of fenforial 
 power exifts in the capillaries of the flomach, and of 
 ,the ikin, owing to their diminilhed action ; a glow of 
 the fidn fucceeds, with fweat, as well as with increafed 
 abforption. 
 
 7. Neverthelefs in fome circumflances the ftomach 
 and the heart and arteries feem to act by direct fym- 
 pathy with the cutaneous capillaries, as in the fiufli- 
 ing of the face and glow of the /Icin of fome people 
 after dinner ; and as in fevers with ftrong pulfe. In 
 thefe cafes there appears to be an increafed pro- 
 duction of fenforial power, either of fenfation, as in 
 the blulli of fliame ; or of volition, as in the blufh of 
 anger ; or of irritation, as in the fluflied face after din- 
 ner above mentioned. 
 
 This increafed aCtion of the capillaries of the fkin 
 along with the increafed aCtions of the flomach and 
 heart is perhaps to be efleemed a fynchronous increafe 
 of action, rather than a fympathy between thofe or- 
 gans. Thus the flufliing of the face after dinner may 
 be owing to the fecretion of fenforial power in the 
 brain being increafed by the affociation of that organ- 
 with the flomach, in a greater proportion than the 
 increafed expenditure of it, or may be owing alfo to 
 the flimulus of new chyle received into the blood. 
 
 8. When the flomaxh and the heart and arteries 
 are rendered torpid in fevers, not only the cutaneous, 
 cellular, and pulmonary abforbents ai'e excited to aCt 
 
 with 
 
with greater energy ; but alfo their correfpondent 
 capillaries and fecerning veflels or glands, efpecially per- 
 haps thofe of the Hein, are induced into more energetic 
 aftion. Whence greater heat, a greater fecretion of 
 perfpirable matter, and of mucus ; and a greater ab- 
 forption of them both, and of aerial moifeure. Thefe 
 reverfe fympathies coincide with other animal facts,, 
 as in eruption of fmall pox on the face and neck the 
 feet become cold, wdiile the face and neck are much, 
 iluflied ; and in the hemiplagia, when one arm and 
 leg become difobedient to volition, the patient Is per- 
 petually moving the other. Which are well account- 
 ed for by the accumulation of fenforial power in one 
 part of an alfociated feries of aftions, when lefs of it 
 is expended by another part of it ; and by a deficiency 
 of fenforial power in the fecond link of afibciatloni 
 when too much of it is expended by the firfi. 
 
 9. This doftrine of reverfe fympathy enables us to 
 account for that difficult problem, why in continued 
 fevers the increafed aclion of the cutaneous, cellular, 
 and pulmonary capillaries proceeds without interrup- 
 tion or return of cold fit ; though perhaps with fomc 
 exacerbations and remiffions ; and that during a quar- 
 ter, or half, or three quartei*s, or a whole lunation j 
 while at the fame time the pulfations of the heart and 
 arteries are weaker than natural. 
 
 To this fliould be added the direft fympathy, which 
 exifls betw’een the perlftaltic motions of the fibres of 
 the fiomach, and the pulfations of the heart. And 
 
 that 
 
2^5 
 
 THEORY or FEVER. 
 
 £Sup. I. I 2. 
 
 that the fcomach has become torpid by the too great 
 flimulus of fome poifonous or contagious matter ; and 
 this very intricate idea of continued fever v/ith feeble 
 pulfe is reduced to curious fimplicity. 
 
 The direcf fympathy of the ftomach and heart and 
 arteries not only appears from the ftronger and flower 
 pulfe of perfons exhaufled by fatigue, after they have 
 drank a glafs of wine, and eaten a few mouthfuls ; 
 but appears alfo from the exhibition of large dofes of 
 digitalis ; when the patient labours under great and 
 incelTant efforts to vomit, at tlie fame time that the 
 actions of the abforbent fyflem are known to be much 
 increafed by the hafty abforption of the ferous fluid 
 in anafarca, the pulfations of the heart become flow 
 and intermittent to an alarming degree. See Clafs 
 IV. 2. I. 17 and 18. 
 
 1C. It would affifl: us much in the knowledge and 
 cure of fevers, if we could ahvays determine, which 
 part of the fyflem was primarily aflccled ; and whe- 
 ther the torpor of it was from previous excefs or 
 defeff of flimulus ; which the induflry of future ob- 
 fervers mufl difeover. Thus if the flomach be affected 
 primarily, and that by previous excefs of flimulus, as 
 when certain quantities of opium, or wine, or blue 
 vitriol, or arfenic, are fwallowed, it is fome time in 
 recovering the quantity of fenforial power previoufly 
 exhaufled by excefs of flimulus, before any accumu- 
 lation of it can occur. But if it be affefted with tor- 
 por fecondarily, by fympathy with feme diflant part ; 
 
 j. S.S 
 
Sup. I. 12.] THEORY OF FEVER. 357 
 
 as with the torpid capillaries of the ildn, that is by 
 defective excitement of the fenforial power of alTo- 
 ciation ; or if it be alfefted by defecl of (limulus of 
 food or of heat ; it fooner acquires fo much accumu- 
 lation of fenforial power, as to be enabled to accom- 
 modate itfelf to its lelTened flimulus by increafe of its 
 irritability. 
 
 Thus in the hemicrania the torpor generally com- 
 mences in a difeafed tooth, and the membranes about 
 the temple, and alfo thofe of the flomach become 
 torpid by direft fynchronous fympathy ; and pain of 
 the head, and ficknefs fupervene ; but no fever or 
 quicknefs of pulfe. In this cafe the torpor of the 
 ftomach is owing to defeft of the fenforial power of 
 aflbeiation, which is caufed by the too feeble aftions: 
 of the membranes furrounding the difeafed tooth, and 
 thus the train of fympathy ceafes here without afiedr- 
 ing the motions of the heart and arteries ; but where 
 contagious matter is fwailowed into the flomach, the 
 flomach after a time becomes torpid from exhauftion 
 of the fenforial power of irritation, and the heart and 
 arteries aff feebly from defeft of the excitement of 
 the power of affociation. In the former cafe the tor- 
 por of the ftomach is conquered by accumulation of 
 the powmr of affociation in one or two whole days 5 
 in the latter it recovers by accumulation of the power 
 of irritation in three or four weeks. 
 
 In intermittent fevers the ftomach is generally I 
 believe affefted fecondarily by fympathy with the tor- 
 pid cutaneous capillaries, or with fome internal torpid 
 VoL, II. R vifcasj 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Scrp. I. 12 
 
 25 S 
 
 vifcus, and on this account an accumulation of fen- 
 forial power arifes in a few hours fufucient to reftore 
 the natural irritability of this organ ; and hence the 
 hot fit fucceeds, and the fever intermits. Or if this 
 accumulation of fenforial power becomes exccfllve and 
 permanent, the continued fever with flrong pulfc is 
 produced, or febris irritativa. 
 
 In continued fevers the flomach is frequently I fup- 
 pofe alfecled. with torpor by previous cxcefs of Itimii- 
 ius, and confequent exhauftion of fenforial power, as 
 when contagious matter is fwallowed with the falira, 
 and it is then much flower in producing an accu- 
 mulation of fenforial power fufficieiit to reflore its 
 healthy irritability ; which is a frequent caufe of con- 
 tinued fever with weak pulfe or febris inirritativa. 
 Which confifls, after the cold fit is over, in a more 
 frequent and more feeble aflion of the heart and arte- 
 ries, owing to their direcl fympathy with the m.nf- 
 cniar fibres of the torpid flomach ; together w ith an 
 increafed aftion of the capillaries, glands, and abfor- 
 bents of the Ikin, and cellular membrane, owing to 
 their reverfe fympathy with the torpid capillaries, 
 glands, and abforbents of the flomach, or with thofe 
 of the heart and arteries. 
 
 Or in more accurate language, i. Tlie febris in- 
 irritativa, or lever w ith we^il: pulfe, commences with 
 torpor of the itomach, cccafioned by previous ex- 
 hduftion of fenforial power of irritation by the flimu- 
 ]us of contagious matter fwallowed with the faliva. 
 a. The whole fyflem becomes torpid from defect of 
 
 the 
 
259 
 
 Sur. I. 12.] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 ths excitement of the fcnforial power of aiTociation 
 owing to the too feeble actions of the flomach, this 
 is the cold fit. 3. The whole fyflem, except the 
 fiomach with the upper intefiines, and the heart and 
 arteries, falls into increafed aftion, or orgafm, owing 
 to accumulation of fenforial power of alTociation 
 during their previous torpor, this is the hot fit. 
 
 4. The fiomach and upper intefiines have not ac- 
 quired their naairal quantity of fenforial power of 
 irritation, which was previoufly exhaufted by violent 
 afiion in confequence of the fiimulus of contagious 
 matter, and the heart and arteries remain torpid from 
 deficient excitement of the fenforial power of afibcia- 
 tion owing to the too feeble aftions of the fiomach. 
 
 5. The accumulation of fenforial power of aflbeiation 
 in confequence of the torpor of the heart and arteries 
 occafions a perpetual orgafm, or increafed action of 
 the capillaries. 
 
 II. From hence it may be dedufted firfi, that 
 when the torpor of the fiomach firfi occurs, either as 
 a primary eilecl;, or as a fecondary link of fome afibciate 
 train or circle of motions, a general torpor of the 
 fyfiem fometimes accompanies it, which confiitutes the 
 cold fit of fever ; at other times no fuch general tor- 
 por occurs, as during the operation of a weak emeticj 
 or during fea-ficknefs. 
 
 Secondly. After a time it generally happens, that 
 a torpor of the fiomach ceafes, and its afiidns are re- 
 nev/ed with mcreafe of vigour bv a.Qcumula,t!on of fen- 
 
 R 2 iorial 
 
z6o 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. X. iz. 
 
 forial power during its quiefcence ; as after the ope- 
 ration of a weak emetic, or at the intervals of fea- 
 ficknefs, or after the paroxyfm of an intermittent 
 fever. 
 
 Thirdly. The ftomach is fome times much flower 
 in recovering from a previous torpor, and is then the 
 remote caufe of continued fever with weak pulfe j 
 which is owing to a torpor of the heart and arteries, 
 produced in confequence of the deficient excitement 
 of the power of alfociation by the too weak actions of 
 the ilomach ; and to an orgafm of the capillaries of 
 the other parts of the fyfiem, in confequence of the 
 accumulation of fenforial power occafioned by the 
 inaftivity of the heart and arteries. 
 
 Fourchly. The torpor of the fromach is fometiraes 
 fo complete, that probiibly the origin of its nerves is 
 1‘ikewife affefled, and then no accumulation of fen- 
 forial power occurs. In this cafe the patient dies for 
 want of nourifliment ; either in three or four weeks, 
 of the inirritati\m fever j or without quick pulfe, by 
 what we hawe called parelis irritativa. Or he con- 
 tinues many years in a flate of total debility. When 
 t-his torpor fuddenly commences, the patient generally 
 luffers epileptic fits or temporary infanity from the 
 dlfagrceablc fenfation of fo great a torpor of the 
 flomach ; which alfo happens fometimics at the erup- 
 tion of the dilliniTt fmall pox ; whence we have term- 
 ed this ditcafe anoreciia epileptica. See Clafs II. e. 
 2. 5. arid IIL i. s. 7. and Suppl, I. 14, 3. 
 
 Fihlfly. 
 
Sup. I. 12.] THEORY OE FEVER. 2(S^ 
 
 Fifthly. When this torpor of the flomach is lefs 
 in degree or extent, and yet without recovering its 
 natural irritability by accumulation of fenforial power, 
 as it does after the cold fit of intermittent fever, or 
 after the operation of mild emetics, or during fyn- 
 cope ; a permanent defeft of its activity, and of that 
 of the upper intefiines, remains, which conftitutes 
 apepfia, cardialgia, hypochondriafis, and hyfteria. See 
 Clafs I. 3. I. 3. and I. 2. 4. 5. 
 
 Sixthly. If the torpor of the flomach be induced 
 by direfl fympathy, as in confequence of a previous 
 torpor of the liver, or fpleen, or ikin, an accumu- 
 lation of fenforial power will fooner be produced in 
 the ftomach ; becaufe there has been no previous ex- 
 penditure of it, the prefent torpor of the flomach 
 arifmg from defefl of afTociation. Hence fome fevers 
 perfectly intermit, the flomach recovering its com- 
 plete action after tiie torpor and confequent orgafm, 
 which conflitute the paroxyfm of fever, ar-e ter- 
 minated. 
 
 Seventhly. If the torpor of the flomach be owing 
 to defeft of irritation, as to the want of food, an ac- 
 cumulation of fenforial power foon occurs with an in- 
 ereafe of digeflion, if food be timely applied ; or with 
 violent inflammation, if food be given in too great 
 quantity after very long abllinence. 
 
 Eighthly. If the torpor of the flomach be induced 
 by defect of pleafurable fenfation, as when Ccknefs is 
 caufcd by the fuggeflion of naufeous Ideas ; an accu- 
 mulation of fenforial power foon occurs, and the fick- 
 
 R ^ nef§ 
 
302 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [SvP. I. I 2. 
 
 nefs ccafes v/ith the return of hunger ; for in this 
 cafe the inaftivity of the ftomach is occafioned by the 
 fubduftion of agreeable fenfation, which acts as a fub- 
 duftion of ftimulus, and not by exhauhing the natural 
 quantity of fenforial power in the fibres or nerves of 
 the ftomach. 
 
 Ninthly. If the torpor of the ftomach be induced 
 by a twofold caufe, as in fea-ficknefs. See Vertigo 
 rotatoria. Clafs IV. 2.. i. 10. in which the firft link 
 of aflbciation acts too ftrongly, and in confequcnce 
 expends m.ore than .ufual of the fenforial power of 
 irritation ; and fecondly in which fenfation is produced 
 between the links of afibciation, and diftevers or en- 
 feebles them; the accumulation of fenforial power 
 foon occurs in the ftom.ach ; as no previous expendi- 
 ture of it in that organ has occurred. Whence in 
 fea-ficknefs the perfons take food with eagernefs at 
 times, when the vertigo ceafes for a few minutes. 
 
 Tenthly. If the gaftric torpor be induced by pre- 
 vious violent exertion, as after intoxication, or after 
 contagious matter has been fwallowed, or fome pci- 
 fons, as digitalis, or arfenic ; an accumulation of fen- 
 forial power very llowly fucceeds ; whence long iick- 
 nefs, or continued fever, becaufe the quantity of fen- 
 forial power already wafted muft firft be renewed, 
 before an accumulation of it can be produced. 
 
 12. This leads us to a fecond indication of cure in 
 continued fevers, which confifts in ftrengthening the 
 aftions of the ftomach ; as the firft indication confiftcd 
 in decrcafing the aftions of the cutaneous capillaries 
 
S"«P. I. 12.] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 zCs 
 
 Slid abforbents. The aftions of the ftomach may 
 fometimes be increafed by exhibiting a mild emetic j 
 as an accumulation of fenforiai power in the fibres of 
 the ftomach is produced during their retrograde ac- 
 tions. Befides the evacuation of any noxious material 
 from the ftomach and duodenum, and from the ab- 
 orbents, which open their mouths on their internal 
 furfaces, by their retrograde motion. 
 
 It is probable, that when mild emetics are given, 
 as ipecacuanha, or antimonium tartarizatum, or in- 
 . fufion of chamomile, they are rejected by an inverted 
 motion of the ftomach and oefophagus in confequence 
 of difagreeable fenfation, as duft is excluded from the 
 eye ; and thefe aftions having by previous habit been, 
 found effectual, and that hence there is no exhauftion 
 of the fenforiai power of irritation. But where ft.rong 
 emetics are adminiftered, as digitalis, or contagions 
 matter, the previous exhauftion of the fenforiai power 
 of irritation feeras to be a caufe of the continued re- 
 tro^^rade actions and ficknefs of the ftomach. 
 emetic of the former kind may therefore ftrengthen 
 the power of the ftomach immediately after its opera- 
 tion by the accumulation of fenforiai power of irrita- 
 tion during its aftion. See Clafs IV. i. t. 
 
 Anotlier method of decreafing the a.clion of the 
 ftomach for a time, and thence of increafmg it aftci- 
 wards, is by the accumulation of the fenforiai power 
 of irritation during its torpor; as by giving ice, iced 
 water, iced creams, or iced wine. This accounts for 
 the pl'giiiire, whkh many people in fevers with weal; 
 
 R 4 pulfe 
 
3^4 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. 
 
 pulfe cxprcfs on drinking cold beverage of any 
 kind. * 
 
 A fecond method of exciting the ftomach into 
 aftion, and of decreafing that of the capillaries in 
 confequence, is by the flimulus of wine, opium, bark, 
 metallic falts of antimony, heel, copper, arfcnic, given 
 in fmall repeated quantities ; which fo long as they 
 render the pulfe flower are certainly of fervice, and 
 may be given warm or cold, as moll agreeable to the 
 patient. For it is poffible, that the capillaries of the 
 ftomach may act too violently, and produce heat, at 
 the fame time that the large mufcles of it may be in a 
 torpid hate ; which curious circumftance future ob- 
 fcrvations mud determine. 
 
 Thirdly. Hot fomentation on the region of tiie 
 ftomach might be of molt effential fervice by its dimu- 
 lus, as heat penetrates the fydem not by the abfor. 
 bent vedels, but by external influence j whence the 
 ufe of hot fomentation to the head in torpor of the 
 brain ; and the ufe of hot bath in cafes of general 
 debility, which has been much too frequently ne- 
 glected from a popular error occafioned by the un- 
 meaning application of tlie word relaxation to animal 
 power. If the fluid of heat could be direfted to pafs 
 through particular parts of the body with as little 
 diifufion of its influence, as that of eleftricity in the 
 fliocks from the coated jar, it might be employed with 
 dill greater advantage. 
 
 Fourthly. The ufe of repeated fmall electric fliocks 
 through the region of the dpmach might be of fer- 
 
THEORY OP FEVER. 
 
 Su?. I. I 2-2 
 
 26> 
 
 vice 111 fevers witli we 3 . 1 c piiiicj unci wciI dcicivcs ii 
 trial ; twent5r or thirty fraall fhocks twice a day 
 for a week or two v/ould be a promifing CKperi- 
 raent. 
 
 Fifthly. A blifter on the back, or fides, or on the 
 pit of the homach, repeated in fucceffibn, by flirnnhi- 
 ting the hdn frequently flrengthens the aftion of the 
 flomach by exciting the fenforial power of affociation ; 
 this efpecially in thofe fevers where the ikin of the 
 extremities, as of the hands or nofe or ears, fooner 
 becomes cold, when expofed to the air, than ufual. 
 
 Sixthly. The adtion of the ftomach may be in- 
 creafed by preventing too great expenditure of fen- 
 forial power in the link of previous motion with 
 which it is catenated, efpecially if the aftlon of that 
 link be greater than natural. Thus as the capillaries 
 of the fkin aft too violently in fevers wdth weak pulfe,_ 
 if thefe are expofed to cold air or cold winter, the 
 fenforial powor, which previoufly occafoned their 
 orgafm, becomes accumulated, and tends to increafe 
 the action of the llomach ; thus in thofe fevers with 
 weak pulfe and hot fkin, if the flomach be flimulated 
 by repeated fmall dofes of bark and v/ine or opium, 
 and be further excited at the fame time by accumu- 
 lation of fenforial power occafioned by rendering the 
 capillaries torpid by cold air or w'ater, this twofold 
 application is frequently attended wnth vifible good 
 clFeft. 
 
 By thus flimulating the torpid floraacli into greater 
 aftion, the motions of the heart and arteries wall 
 
 Ukewifa 
 
255 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 15, 
 
 Ii]:e\vife be increafed by the greater excitement of the 
 power of affodation. And the capillaries of the fkin 
 will ceafe to act fo violently, from their not polTeffing 
 fo great a fuperfluity of fenforial power as during 
 the greater qniefcence of the ftpinach and of the heart 
 and arteries. Which is in fome circumftances fimilar 
 to the curious phenomenon mentioned in Clafs IV. 
 ‘2. 2.. 10 ; where, by covering the chill feet with 
 flannel at the eruption of the fmall-pox, the points of 
 the flannel flimulate the fkin of the feet into greater 
 action, and the quantity of heat, which they poflefs, 
 is alfo confined, or infulated, and further increafes by 
 its- flimulus the activity of the cutaneous veflels of 
 the feet ; and by that circumflance abates the too 
 great aftion of the capillaries of the face, and the 
 confequent heat of it. 
 
 XIII. Cafe of continued fever. 
 
 The following cafe of continued fever which I fre- 
 quently faw during its progrefs, as it is lefs complicate 
 than ufual, may illuftrate this doctrine, h'lafler S. D. 
 an active boy about eight years of age, had been 
 much in the fnow for many days, and fat in the 
 claflical fchool with wet feet ; he had alfo about a 
 fortnight attended a writing fchool, where many 
 children of the lower order were inftructed. lie was 
 feized on February the 8th, 179-5, with great lan- 
 guor, and pain in lus forehead, with vomiting and 
 perpetual ficknefs ; his pulfc weak, but not very fre- 
 cuent. Fie took an emetic, and on the next day, 
 
 had 
 
Sup. I. 13 ] 
 
 TKEOKY or FEVER.. 
 
 26 j - 
 
 had a blifter, wli’cli checked the fickrxcfs only for a 
 few hours ; his ildn became perpetually hot, and dry ; 
 and his tongue white and furred ; his pulfe when 
 alleep about 104 in a minute, and when awake about 
 1 12. 
 
 Fourth day of the difeafe. He has ha.d another 
 blifter, the pain of his head is gone, but the ficknei^ 
 continues by intervals ; he refufes to take any folid 
 food, and will drink nothing but milk, or milk and 
 water, cold. He lias two or three very liquid hools 
 every day, which are fometirnes green, but generally 
 of a darkilla yellow, with great flatulency both up- 
 wards and downwards at thofe times. An antimo- 
 nial powder was once given, but inflan tly reject- 
 ed ; a fpoonful of decoction of bark was alfo exhi- 
 bited with the fame event. Flis legs are bathed, and 
 his hands and face are moiflened twice a day for half 
 an hour in warmifh water, which is nevertlielefs 
 much colder than his fkin. 
 
 Eighth day. Flis ikin continues hot and dry without 
 any obfervable remifSons, with liquid flools and much 
 flatu.lency and ficknefs ; his water when obferved was 
 of a flraw colour. He has afKed for cyder, and 
 drinks nearly a bottle a day m.ixed with cold ■water, 
 and takes three drops of laudanum twice a dav. 
 
 Twelfth day. He continues much the fame, takes 
 no milk, drinks only cyder and water, Jkin hot and dry, 
 tongue hot and furred, with liquid flools, and fcl-inefs 
 always at the fains time j keeps much. 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 
 rsup. r. 13. 
 
 Sixteenth day. Was apparently more torpid, and 
 once rather delirious ; pulle 1 1 2. Takes only capil- 
 laire and water ; Heeps much. 
 
 Twentieth day. Pulfe 100, ikin dry hut lefs hot, 
 hquid (tools not fo frequent, he is emaciated to a 
 great degree, he has eaten half a tea-cup full of 
 cuftard to day, drinks only capillaire and water, has 
 thrice taken two large fpoonfuls of decoction of bark 
 with three drops of laudanum, refufes to have his legs 
 bathed, and w'ill now take nothing but three drops 
 of laudanum twice a day. 
 
 Twenty-fourth day. He has gradually taken more 
 enftard every day, and began to attend to fome new 
 play things, and takes wine fyllabub. 
 
 Twenty-eighth day. He daily grows ftronger, eats 
 eggs, and bread and butter, and deeps immediately 
 after his food, can creep on his hands and knees, 
 but cannot (land erecl. 
 
 Thrrty-fecond day. He cannot yet ((and alone 
 fafefy, but feems hourly to improve in (Irength of 
 body, and activity of mind. 
 
 In this cafe the remote caufc of his fever could not 
 be well afeertained, as it might be from having liis 
 feet cold for many fuccefTive days, or from contagion ; 
 hut the latter feems more probable, becaufe his younger 
 brother became ill of a drailar fever about three weeks 
 afterwards, and probably received the infection from 
 him. The difeafe commenced with great torpor of 
 the (lomach, which was (liewri by his total averfion 
 folid food, and perpetual (Icknefs ; the watery 
 
 ftools, 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 Sup. I. 13 3 
 
 269 - 
 
 ftools, which were fometimes green, or of a darkife 
 yellow, were owing to the acrimony, or acidity, of 
 the contents of the bowels ; which as well as the 
 flatulency v/ere occafioned by indigeftion. This tor- 
 por of the ftomach continued throughout the whole 
 fever, and when it ceafed, the fever ceafed along; 
 W'ith it. 
 
 The contagious material of this fever I fuppofe lo 
 have been mixed with the faliva, and fwallowed into 
 the flomach ; that it excited the veflels, which con- 
 flitute the flomach, into the greatefl; irritative motion 
 like ai'fenic ; ^johicb might not be percei^oed, and jet 
 might render that organ paralytic or inirrltable in ,a 
 moment of time ; as animals fometimes die by one 
 Angle exertion, and confequent paralyfis, without a 
 fecond flruggle ; as by lightning, or being ihot through 
 the back part of the brain ; of both which I liave 
 feen inflances. I bad once an opportunity of infpedt- 
 ing two oxen, a few minutes after they were killed 
 by lightning under a crab-tree on moill ground io 
 long grafs j and obferved, that they could not have 
 ■ftruggled, as the grafs was not prefled or bent near 
 them ; I have alfo feen two horfes fliot tlrroup-h the 
 cerebellum, who never once drew in their legs after 
 they firfl ftretched them out, but died inflantaneoufly ; 
 in a fimilar manner the lungs feem to be rendered 
 inftantly inanimate by the fumes of burning fulphur. 
 
 The lungs may be fometimes prim.arily aflcfled 
 with contagious matter floating in the atmofphei-e as 
 well as the ftomach, as mentioned in article 9. of this 
 Supplement. But probably this may occur rauch 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. ' 
 
 [Sup. E rj- 
 
 270 
 
 kfs frequently, becaufe the oxygen of the atmofphere 
 tioes not appear to be taken into the blood by animal 
 abforption, as the faliva in the itomach, but palfes 
 throutjh the noiib membranes into the blood, like the 
 ethereal fluids of eleftricity or heat, or by chemical 
 attraftion, and in confequence the contagious matter 
 may be left behind ; except it may fom.eti’-nes be ab- 
 forbed along with the mucus ; of vchich however in 
 this cafe there appeared no fymptoms. 
 
 The tonfils are other organs liable to receive con- 
 tagious matter, as in the fmall-pox, fcarlet-fcver, 
 and in other fenfitive inirritated fevers ; but no fymp- 
 fom of this appeared here, as the tonfils were at no 
 time of the fever inflamed, though they were in this 
 child previoufly uncommonly large. 
 
 The pain of the forehead does not feem to have 
 been of the internal parts of the head, becaufe the 
 nerves, which ferve the ftomach, are not derived 
 from the anterior part of the brain ; but it feems to 
 have been owing to a torpor of the external m.em- 
 branes about the forehead from their direft fyinpathy 
 with thofe of the ftomach ; that is, from the deficient 
 excitement of the fenforial power of affcciation ; and 
 feemicd in forae mcafure to be relieved by the emetics 
 and blifters. 
 
 The pulfations of the heart were weaker and in 
 confequence quicker than natural, owing to their direft 
 fympathy with the torpid periftaltic motions of the 
 ftomach ; that is to the deficient excitement of the 
 ferdbrial power of aflcciation. 
 
 The 
 
S-up. I. 13.] 
 
 THEORY OE FEVER. 
 
 271 
 
 The adion of the cutaneous capillaries and ab- 
 forbents were stronger than natural, as appeared by 
 the perpetual heat and drynefs of the /l:in ; which 
 was owing to their reverfe fympathy with the heart 
 and arteries. This weaker and quicker a6Hon of the 
 heart and arteries, and the ftronger a^ion of the cu- 
 taneous capillaries and abforbents, continued through- 
 out the difeafe, and may be faid to have conftituted 
 the fever, of' which the torpor of the flomach was 
 the remote caufe. 
 
 His tongue was not very much furred or very dry, 
 nor his breath very hot ; which hewed, that there 
 W'as no great increafe of the action of the mucous 
 abforbents, nor of the pulmonary capillaries, and yet 
 fufficient to produce great emaciation. His urine was 
 nearly natural both in quantity and colour ; which 
 hewed, that here was no increafe of action either 
 of the kidneys, or of the urinary abforbents. 
 
 The bathing his legs and hands and face for half 
 an hour twice a day feemed to refreh him, and fome- 
 times made his pulfe flower, and thence I fuppofe 
 ftronger. This feems to have been caufed by the 
 water, though fubtepid, being mucli below the heat 
 of his ikin, and confequently contributing to coed 
 the capillaries, and by fatiating the abforbents to 
 relieve the uneafy fenfation from the drynefs of the 
 ikin. 
 
 He continued the ufe of three drops of tinclure 
 of opium from about the eighth day to the twenty- 
 fourth, and for the three preceding days took along 
 
 with. 
 
227 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 14. 
 
 with it two large fpeonfuls of an infufion of bark in 
 equal parts of wine and water. The former of thefc 
 by its flimulus fecmed to decreafe his languor for a 
 time, and the latter to ftrengthen his returning power 
 of digeflion. 
 
 The daily exacerbations or remilTions were obfcurc, 
 and not well attended to ; but he appeared to be worfe 
 on the fourteenth or fifteenth days, as his pulfe was 
 then quickefi, and his inattention greatell ; and he 
 began to get better on the twentieth and twenty-firlb 
 days of his difeafe ; for the pulfe then became lefs fre- 
 quent, and his fkin cooler, and he took rather more 
 food ; thefe circumstances fecmed to obferve the quar- 
 ter periods of lunation. 
 
 XIV. Termination of continued fever. 
 
 I. When the ftomach is primarily aliefted with 
 torpor not by defect of fiimulus, but in confequence 
 of the previous exhauftion of its fenforial power ; and 
 not fecondarily by its aiTociation with other terpid 
 parts ; it feems to be the general caufe of the weak 
 pulfations of the heart and arteries, and the confequent 
 increafed action of the capillaries, which conftitutc 
 continued fever with weak pulfe. In this fituation if 
 tlie patient reebvers, it is owing to the renovation of 
 life in the torpid ftomach, as happens to the whole 
 fyftem in wintcr-fieeping animal?. If he perilnes, it 
 is owing to the exhauftion of the body fer want of 
 sowilhnient occafionedby indigeftion ; which ishaftened 
 by the increafedactlons of the capillaries- and abforbenfs* 
 
 I 2. When 
 
Sup. L 14.3 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 273 
 
 2. When the homach is primarily affefted by defeft 
 of famulus, as by cold or hunger ; or fecondarily by 
 defefl of the power of affociation, as in intermittent 
 fevers ; or laftly in confequence of the introduflion 
 of the fenforial power of fenfation, as in inflammti- 
 tory difeafes ; the aftions of the heart and arteries are 
 not diminihred, as when the homach is primarily af- 
 fefted with torpor by its previous exhaulllon of fenfo- 
 rial power, but become greatly increafed, producing 
 irritative or inflammatory fever. Where this fever is 
 continued, though with fome remifllons and exacerba- 
 tions, the exceflive aftion is at length fo much lelTened 
 by expenditure of fenforial power, as to gradually 
 terminate in health ; or it becomes totally exhauflied, 
 and death fucceeds the dehruflion of the irritability 
 and alfociability of the fyilem. 
 
 3. There is alfo another termiination of the difeafes 
 in confequence of great torpor of the fliomach, which 
 are not always termed fevers ; one of thefe is attended 
 with fo great and univerfal torpor, that the patient dies 
 in the firfl cold fit ; that is, within twelve hours or lefs 
 of the firfl: feizure ; this is commonly termed hidden 
 death. But the quicknefs of the pulfe, and the cold- 
 nefs with fliuddering, and with fick ftomach, diftin- 
 guifned a cafe, which I lately faw, from the hidden 
 deaths occafioned by apoplexy, or ruptured blood- 
 vefiels. 
 
 In heraicrania I believe the hom.ach is always alFe<hed 
 fecondarily, as no quicknefs of pulfe generally attends 
 Vol. IL S ^ it, 
 
S74 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 14. 
 
 it, and as the ftomach recovers its activity in about 
 two whole days. But in the following cafe, which I 
 faw lad week, I fuppofe the flomach fuddenly became 
 paralytic, and caufed in about a week the death of 
 
 the patient. Mifs , a fine young lady about 
 
 nineteen, had bathed a few times, about a ' month 
 before, in a cold fpring, and was always much in- 
 difpofed after it ; fhe was feized with ficknefs, and 
 cold Ihuddering, with very quick pulfe, which was 
 fucceeded by a violent hot fit ; during the next cold 
 paroxyfra fhe had a convulfion fit ; and after that 
 fymptoms of infanity, fo as to firikc and bite the at- 
 tendants, and to fpeak furious language ; the fiimc 
 drcumflances occurred during a third fit, in v.hich I 
 believe a flrait waiflcoat was put on, and fome blood 
 taken from her ; during all this time her flomach 
 would receive no nutriment, except once or twice a 
 little wine and water. On the feventh day of the 
 difeafe, when I faw her, the extremities were cold, 
 the pulfe not to be counted, and fhe was unable to 
 fwallow, or to fpeak ; a clyfler was ufed with turpen- 
 dns and miilk and op'ur, with warm fomentations, 
 hut file did not recover from that cold fit. 
 
 In this cafe the convulfion fit and the infanity feem 
 to have been violent efforts to relieve the difagreeable 
 fenlation of the paralytic flomach ; and the quick 
 pulfe, and returning fits of torpor and of crgafm, 
 evinced the difeafe to be attended with fever, though 
 it might have been called anorexia maniacalis, cr 
 epileptiai, 
 
 -V Migh* 
 
Buf. L 14.] TriEOilY OF FEVER. 275 
 
 4. Might not many be faved in thefe fevers with 
 weak pulfe for a few weeks by the introduction of 
 blood into a vein, once in two or three days ; which 
 might thus give further time for the recovery of the 
 torpid jflomach ? Which feems to require fome weeks 
 to acquire its former habits of action, like the mufcles 
 of paralytic patients, who have all their habits of 
 voluntary affociations to form afrelh, as in infancy.. 
 
 If this experiment be again tried on the human fiib- 
 jeCt, it fliould be fo contrived j that the blood in paf- 
 fing from the well perfon to the fick one fliould not be 
 expofed to the air j it fliould not be cooled or heated ; 
 and it fliould be mcafured ; all which may be done in 
 the following manner. Procure two filver pipes, each 
 about an inch long, in the form of funnels, wide at 
 top, with a tail beneatli, the former fomcthing wider 
 than a fwan-quill, and the latter lefs than a fmall 
 crow-quill. Fix one of thefe filver funnels by its wide 
 end to one end of the gut of a chicken frefli killed 
 about four or flx inches long, and the other to the 
 other end of the gut ; then introduce the fmall end of 
 one funnel into the vein of the arm of a well perfoii 
 downwards towards the hand ; and laying the gut 
 with the other end cm a water-plate heated to 98 de- 
 grees in a Very warm room, let the blood run through 
 it. Then prelTmg the finger on the gut near the arni 
 of the well perfon. Aide it along fo as to prefs out one 
 gutful into a Cup*j in order to afcertain the quantity by 
 weight. Then introduce the other end of the other 
 funnel into a fimilar vein in the ai’m of the fick perfon 
 
 S ?, upwards 
 
276 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. ij, 
 
 Upwards towards the flioulder ; and by Aiding one 
 Anger, and then another reciprocally, along the 
 chicken’s gut, fo as to comprefs it, from the arm of 
 the well perfon to the arm of the fick one, the blood 
 may be meafured, and thus the exact quantity known 
 which is. given and received. See Clafs I. 2. 3. 25. 
 
 XV. hiJlam 7 nation excited in fever. 
 
 I. When the actions of any part of the fyAera of 
 capillaries are excited to a certain degree, fenfation is 
 produced, along with a greater quantity of heat, as 
 mentioned in the Afth article of this fupplement. 
 When this increafed capillary aftion becomes Aill 
 more energetic, by the combined fenforial powers of 
 fenfation with irritation, new Abres are fecreted, or 
 new Auids, (which harden into Abres like the mucus 
 fecreted by the Alk-worm, or fpider, or pinna,) from 
 which new veAhls are conAructed ; it is then termed 
 inAammation : if this exiAs in the capillary veATcls of 
 the cellular membrane or Adn only, with feeble pul- 
 fations of the heart and arteries, the febris fenfitiva 
 inirritata, or malignant fever, occurs ; if the coats 
 of the arteries ?j"e alfo inAmned, the febids fenAtiva 
 irritata, or inAammatory fever, exiAs. 
 
 In all thefe fevers the part inAamed is called a 
 phlegmon, and by its violent aclions excites fo much 
 pain, that is, fo much of the fenforial power of fen- 
 fation, as to produce more violent aftions, and in- 
 Aammation, throughout the whole fyAem. Whence 
 great heat from the excited capillaries of the fkin, 
 
 larg’2- 
 
Sup. I. 15.] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 ^ri 
 
 large and quick pulfations of the heart, full and hard 
 arteries, with great univerfal fecretions and abforp- 
 tions. Thefe perpetually continue, though with exacer- 
 bations and remiffions ; w'hich feein to be governed by 
 folar or lunar influence. 
 
 2. In this fituation there generally, I fuppofe, exifls 
 an increafed aftivity of the fecerning velfels of the brain, 
 and confequently an increafed produ£lion of fenforial 
 power ; in lefs violent quantity of this difeafe how- 
 ever the increafe of the aftion of the heart and arteries 
 may be owing Amply to the accumulation of fenforial 
 power of affociation in the flomach, when that organ 
 is aflefted by fympathy with fome inflamed part. In 
 the fame manner as the capillaries are violently and 
 permanently aftuated by the accumulation of the fen- 
 forial power of aflbciation in the heart and arteries, 
 when the flomach is aflefled primarily by contagious 
 ma.tter, and the heart and arteries fecondarily. Thus 
 I fufpefl, that in the diflinfl: fmall-pox the flomach 
 is aflefled fecondarily by fympathy vrith the infefled 
 tonfils or inoculated arm ; but that in the confluent 
 fmall-pox the flomach is affefled primiarily, as well as 
 the tonfils, by contagious matter mixed with the fa- 
 iiva, and fwallowed. 
 
 3. In inflammatory fevers with great arterial acHon, 
 as the flomach is not always aft’cfled with torpor, and 
 as there is a direfl fympathy between the flomach and 
 heart, fome people have believed,' that naufeating 
 
278 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. 15. 
 
 dofes of fomc emetic drug, as of antimonium tartari'. 
 fatum, have been adminiflered with advantage, abat^ 
 ing by direct fympathy the aftions of the heart. This 
 theory is not ill founded, and the ufe of digitalis, 
 given in fraall dofes, as from half a dram to a dram of 
 the faturated tinfture, two or three times a day, as 
 well as other Ipfs violent emetic drugs, would be worth 
 the attention of hofpkal phyficians. 
 
 Sicknefs might alfo be produced probably with ad- 
 vantage by whirling the patient in a chair fufpended 
 from the cieling by two parallel cords ; which after 
 being revolved fifty or one hundred times in one di- 
 rpcliion, would return with great circular velocity, 
 and produce vertigo, fimilar I fuppofe to fea-ficknefs. 
 And lafily the ficknefs produced by refpiring an at- 
 mofphere mixed with one tenth of carbonated hy- 
 drogen, difcovered by Mr. Watt, and publiflied by 
 Dr. Beddoes, would be w’elj worthy exar<k and re- 
 peated experiment. 
 
 4. Cool air, cool fomentations, or ablutions, are 
 alfo ufeful in this inflammatory fever ; as by cooling 
 the particles of blood in the cutaneous and pulmonary 
 veiTels, they mufl return to the heart with lefs llimulus, 
 than when they are heated above the natural degree 
 cf n'mety-eight, For this purpofe fiiow and ice have 
 been fcattered on the patients in Italy ; and cold bathing 
 has been ufed at the eruption of the fmall pox in Chinn, 
 ^nd both, it is faid, with advantage. See Clafs III, 
 j. 12. and Supph I. 8, 
 
 ’ 5- The 
 
 / 
 
279 
 
 SuF. I 15.] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 The lancet however with repeated mild cathar- 
 tics is the great agent in deftroying this enormous 
 excitement of the fyftem, fo long as the hrength of 
 the patient will admit of evacuations. Blifters over 
 the painful part, where the phlegmon or topical in^ 
 flammation is fituated, after great evacuation, is of 
 evident fervice, as in pleurify. Warm bathing for 
 half an hour twice a day, when the patient becomes 
 enfeebled, is of great benefit, as in peripneumony and 
 rheumatifra. 
 
 6. Wlien other means fail of fuccefs in abating the 
 violent excitement of the fyllem in inflammatory dif> 
 eafes, might not the fliaved head be covered with large 
 bladders of cold water, in which ice or fait had been 
 recently diflblved ; and changed as often as neceflfary, 
 till the brain is rendered in fome degree torpid by 
 cold? — ^Might not a greater degree of cold, as iced 
 water, or fnow, be applied to the cutaneous ca- 
 pillaries ? 
 
 7, Another experiment I have frequently wiflied 
 to try, which cannot be done in private practice, and 
 which I therefore recommend to fome hofpital phy- 
 ■fician ; and that is, to endeavour to fiill the violent 
 acHons of the heart and arteries, after due evacua- 
 tions by venefeftion and cathartics, by gently comprefil; 
 ing the brain. This might be done by fufpending a 
 bed, fo as to whirl the patient round with his head 
 moft diifant from the centre of motion, as if he lay 
 acrofs a mill-flone, as defcribed in Sect, XVIII, 20, 
 
 b 4 For 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I, i6. 
 
 383 
 
 For this purpofe a perpendicular fhaft armed with iron 
 gudgeons might have one end pafs into the floor, and 
 the other into a beam in the cieling, with an hori- 
 zontal arm, to which a fmall bed might be readily 
 fufpended. 
 
 By thus whirling the patient with incrcafng velo- 
 city fieep might be produced, and probably the vio- 
 lence of the aftions of the heart and arteries might be 
 diminiflied in inflammatory fevers ; and, as it is be- 
 lieved, that no accumulation of fenforial power would 
 lucceed a torpor of the origin of the nerves, either 
 thus procured by mechanical comprelTion, or by the 
 bladder-cap of cold water above defcribed, the lives 
 of thoufands mnght probably be faved by thus extin- 
 guifliing the exacerbations of febrile paroxyfms, or 
 preventing the returns of them. 
 
 In fevers with weak pulfe, fleep, or a degree of 
 fliupor, thus produced, might prevent the too great 
 expenditure of fenforial power, and thus contribute to 
 preferve the patient. See Clafs I. 2. 5. 10. on flupor. 
 What might be the confequcnce of whirling a perfon 
 with his head next the centre of motion, fo as to 
 force the blood from the brain into the other parts of 
 the body, might be difcovered by cautious experim.ent 
 without danger, and m.ight probably add to our ability 
 of curing fever. 
 
 XVI. Recapitulation. 
 
 I . The fenforial power caufes the contracfion of the 
 fibres, and is excited into aftion by four different cir- 
 cumftances, by the ftiaiulus of external bodies, by 
 
 pain • 
 
feup.I. I6.] THEORT OF FEVER. 2&r 
 
 pain or pleafure, by defire or averfion, or by the pre- 
 vious, motions of other eontrafring fibres. In the firit 
 fituation it is called the fenforial power of irritation, in 
 the fecond the fenforial power of fenfation, in the 
 third the fenforial power of volition, and in the fourth 
 the fenforial power of afibciatiation. 
 
 Many parts of the body are excited into perpetual 
 action, as the fiinguiferous veflels confifting of the 
 heart, arteries, and veins ; others into nearly perpe- 
 tual aftion, as the conglomerate and capillary glands 5 
 and others into aftions fliil fomewhat lefs frequent, as 
 the alimentary canal, and the lafiteal and lymphatic 
 abforbents with their conglobate glands : all thefe are 
 principally aftuated by the fenforial powers of irrita- 
 tion, and of aflbciation ; but in fome degree or at 
 fome times by thofe of fenfation, and even of volition. 
 There are three kinds of fiimulus, which may eafily 
 be occafionally diminifired, that of heat on the fidn, 
 of food in the ftoraach, and of the oxygenous part of 
 the atmofphere, which mixes with the blood in refpi- 
 ration, and fiimulates the heart and arteries. 
 
 2. When any parts, which arc naturally excited 
 into perpetual aftion by ftimulus, become torpid or 
 lefs active from decreafe of that fiimulus ; there firfi; 
 occurs a decreafe of the activity of the parts next cate- 
 nated with them ; thus going Into cold v/ater produces 
 a torpor of the capillary veflels of the lungs, as is 
 known by the difficult refpiration, which immediately 
 ppcurs 5 for the fenforial power of affociation, which 
 
 naturally 
 
2S2 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Sup. I. iC- 
 
 naturally contributes to actuate the lungs, is now lefs 
 excited by the decreafed actions of the cutaneous vef- 
 fels,. with which they are catenated. This conftitutes 
 the cold fit of fever. 
 
 There next occurs an accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation in the parts, which were torpid 
 from^ defeft of flimulus, as the cutaneous veffels for 
 inftance when expofed to cold air ; and a fimilar accu- 
 rauiation of the fenforial power of affociation occurs 
 in the parts which avere catenated with the former, 
 as the veffels of the lungs in the example above men- 
 tioned. Whence, if the fubduction of flimulus has 
 not been too great, fo as to impair the health of the 
 part, the activity of the irritative motions returns, 
 even though the ftimulus continues l.efs than ufual ; 
 and thofe of the affociate motions become confiderably 
 inereafed, becaufe thefe latter are nov.' excited by the 
 previous fibrous motions, which now a^ as flrong or 
 flronger than formerly, and have alfo acquired an ac- 
 cumulation of the fenfonal power of affociation. This 
 accounts for the curious event of our becoming warm 
 in a minute or two after remaining in water of about • 
 80 degrees of heat, as in the bath at Buxton ; or in 
 the cold air of a frofly morning of about 30 degrees 
 of heat. 
 
 But if the parts thus poffeffed of the accumulated 
 fenforial pov/ers of irritation and of affociation be ex- 
 pofed again to their natural quantity of flimulus, a 
 great excels of aclivity fupervenes ; becaufe the fibres, 
 which poffefs accumulated irritation, are now excited 
 
 by 
 
Sup. I. 1 6.] THEORY OF FEVER. 2S3 
 
 by their ufual quantity of ftimulus ; and tliofe which 
 poiTefs accumulated aflbciation, are now excited by 
 double or treble the quantity of the preceding irrita^ 
 tive fibrous motions,- with which they are catenated ; 
 this conftitutes the hot fit of fever. 
 
 Another important dreumfiance occurs, when the 
 parts, which are torpid from decreafed llimulus, do 
 not accumulate a quantity of fenforial power fulficient 
 for the purp'ofe of renewing their own natural quan.. 
 tity of acHon ; but are- neverthclefs not fo torpid, as 
 to have the life of the part impaired. In this fitua- 
 tion the fuperabundance of the accumulated power 
 of irritation contributes to aduate the aflbciate mo- 
 tions next catenated with them. Thus, when a per^ 
 fon breathes air with kfs oxygene than natural, as 
 by covering his head in bed, and thus refpiring the 
 fame atmofphere repeatedly, the heart and arteries 
 become lefs adive by defeft of the ftimulus of oxygene ; 
 and then the accumulation of fenforial power of irrita- 
 tion becomes inftantly very great, as thefe organs are 
 fubjed: to perpetual and energetic adion. This accu* 
 mulation neverthelefs is not fo great as to renew their 
 own adivity under this defed of ftimmlus, but yet is 
 in fufficient abundance to increafe the afibciability of 
 the next link of catenation, that is, to aduate the ca^ 
 pillaries of the Ikin with great and perpetual increafe 
 of energy. This refembles continued fever with weak 
 pulfe ; in which the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power caufed by the leflened motions of the heart and 
 arteries, aduates the capillaries with increafe of energy. 
 
 3. Wheia 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. i6. 
 
 2S4. 
 
 3. VVlien the accumulation of the fenforial power 
 of aflociation, which is caufed as above explained by 
 deficient excitement owing to the leflened quantity of 
 aftion of the irritative fibrous motions, with which the 
 aiTociate train is catenated, is not in quantity fufiicient 
 to renew the natural actions of the firfi link of an aiTo- 
 ciate train of motions ; if is neverthelefs frequently fo 
 abundant as to actuate the next link of the affociated 
 train with unnatural energy by increafing its alTocia- 
 bility ; and that in a fiiil greater degree if that fecond 
 link of the alTociated train was previoufiy in a torpid 
 Hate, that is, had previoufiy acquired fome accumula- 
 tion of the fenforial power of alTociation. This im- 
 portant circurafiance of the animal economy is worthy 
 our mofi: accurate attention. Tims if the heart and 
 arteries are deprived of their due quantity of the fii- 
 mulus of oxygene in the blood, a weak and quick 
 pulfe cnfucs, with an accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation ; next follows an increafe of the 
 aclion of the capillaries by the fuperabundance of this 
 accummlated power of irritation ; but there alfo exifis 
 an accumulation of the power of affociation in thefe 
 acting capillaries, which is not now excited by the de- 
 ficient actions of the heart and arteries ; but which by 
 its abundance contributes to actuate the next link of 
 aflociation, which is the fick ftomach in the cafe re- 
 lated from Sydenham in Clafs IV. i. i. 2. and ex- 
 plained in this Supplement I. 4. And as this fick 
 flomach was in a previous ftate of torpor, it might at 
 the fame time polTefs an accumulation of fome fenforial 
 
 power. 
 
Sup. I. i 6 .-j THEORY OF FEVER. 285 
 
 power, which, if it was of aflbciation, would be thus 
 more powerfully excited by the increafed aftions of 
 the capillaries ; which exifted in confequence of the 
 weak aftion of the heart and arteries. This alfo re- 
 fembles in fome refpe^ls the continued fevers with 
 weak pulfe, and with increafed aftivity of the capil- 
 lai'ies. 
 
 4. When a torpor of fome Irritative motions occurs 
 from a previous exhaulfion of the fenforial power of 
 irritation by the aftion of fome very great ftim.ulus, k 
 is long before any accumulation of the fenforial power 
 of indtadon is produced ; as is experienced in the 
 Tcknefs and languor, which continues a whole day 
 after a fit of drunkennefs. But neverthelefs there oc- 
 curs an accumulation of the fenforial power of aflbcia- 
 tion in the firfi: link of the aflbciate train of motions, 
 which is catenated with thefe torpid irritative ones j 
 which accumulation is owing to deficient excitement 
 of that fenforial power in the firfi; link of the afibclatc 
 train. This firfi; link therefore exifis alfo in a lefs 
 aftive or torpid ftate, but the accumulation of the fen- 
 forial power of aflbciation by its fuperabundance con- 
 tributes to askuatc the fecond link of the aflbciate train 
 with unnatural quantity of naotion ; and that though 
 its owm natural quantity of the power of aflbciation is 
 not excited by the deficient aftion of preceding fibrous 
 motions. 
 
 When this happens to the fiomach, as after its irri- 
 tative motions have been much exerted from the un- 
 natural 
 
zS6 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. 
 
 natural fHinulus of wine, or opium, or of contagious 
 matter mixed with the faliva, a torpor or inactivity of 
 it fucceeds for a greater or Icfs length of time ; as no 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation can 
 occur, till the natural quantity, which has been pre- 
 vioully expended, is fird redored. Then the heart 
 and arteries, which are next in catenation, become lefs 
 adive from the want of fufficient excitement of the 
 fenforial power of adbciation, which previoully contri- 
 buted to aduate them. This fenforial power of alTo- 
 ciation therefore becomes accumulated, and by its fu- 
 perabundance contributes to actuate the link next in 
 alTociation, which has thus acquired fo great a degree 
 of alfociability, as to overbalance the lefs quantity of 
 the excitement of it by the torpid adion of the pre- 
 vious or fird alfociate link. This happens to the ca- 
 pillaries, when the heart and arteries are affeded as 
 above by the torpor of the domach, vVhen it is occa- 
 fioned by previous great expenditure of its fenforial 
 power, and thus conditutes fever with weak pulfe, 
 which is here termed inirritative fever, typhus mitior. 
 
 5. When a deficiency of dimulus is too great or too 
 Jong continued, fo as to impair the life of the part, no 
 further accumulation of fenforial power occurs ; as 
 when the fkin is long expofed to cold and damp air. 
 In that cafe the link in catenation, that is, the fird of 
 the alfociate train, is rendered torpid by defed of ex- 
 citement of its ufual quantity of the fenforial power of 
 ali'ociaiion, and from there being no ac«’.mulation of 
 
 the 
 
2S7 
 
 Sup. L 16.] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 the fenforial power of irritation to increafe its affocla- 
 biiity, and thus to contribute to aftuate it by over- 
 balancing the defed of the excitement of its alTocia- 
 tion. 
 
 Thus on riding long and flowly on a cold and damp 
 day, the exhalation of the vapour, which is impinged 
 on the ihin, as the traveller proceeds, carries away his 
 warmth faller, than it is generated within the fyftem ; 
 and thus the capillaries of the Ikin have their aftions 
 fo much impaired after a time, that no accumulation 
 of the fenforial power of irritation occurs ; and then 
 the ftomach, whofe motions are cafenated with thofe 
 of the capillaries, ceafes to a£t from the deficient ex- 
 citement of the power of alTociation ; and indigefiion 
 and flatulency fucceed, inftead of the increafed digef- 
 tion and hunger, which occur, when the cutaneous 
 capillaries are expofed to a lefs degree of cold, and for 
 a fhorter time. In which latter fituation the accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial power of irritation increafes by 
 its fuperabundance the alTociability of the fibres of the 
 floraach, fo as to overbalance the defeft of the excite- 
 ment of their aiTociation. 
 
 6 . The floitiach is affecled fecondarily in fevers with 
 ftrong pulfe, as in thofe with weak pulfe it is affefied 
 primarily. To illuflrate this doftrine I ftiall relate the 
 
 following cafe of Mr. Y — . He was a young 
 
 man rather intemperate in the ufe of wine or beer,, 
 and was feized with a cold fit, and with a confequent 
 hot one with flrong pulfe j on examining his hypo- 
 3 chondriurs 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. 
 
 chonclrium an oblong tumour was diftinctly felt on 
 the left fide of the llomach, which extended fix or 
 eight inches downward, and was believed to be a tu* 
 ’Hour of the fpleen, which thus bccafioned by its tor- 
 por the cold fit and confcquent hot fit of fr.ver with 
 llrong pulfe. This fever continued, 'hough with re- 
 inifiions, for two or three weeks ; and the patient 
 repeatedly loft blood, ufed cathartics with calomel and 
 fenna, and had frequent antimonial and faline medi- 
 cines. And after he was much wealcened by evacua- 
 tions, the Peruvian bark and fmall dofes of fteel re- 
 moved the fever, but the tumour remained many years 
 during the remainder of his life. 
 
 In this cafe the tumour of the fpleen was occa- 
 fioncd by the torpor of the abforbent veflels ; while 
 the fccerning veftels continued fomewhat longer to 
 pour their fluids into the cells of it. Then the inac- 
 tivity of this vifcus afiected the whole fyflem with 
 torpor by the deficient excitement of the fenfcrial 
 power of aflbciation, which contributes along with 
 the irritation caufed by their fpecific ftimuli to aftuate 
 the whole fanguiferous, fecerning, and abforbent vef- 
 feis ; and along with thefe the ftomach, which pof- 
 fefies perhaps greater mobility, or promptitude to tor- 
 p'or or to orgafm, than any other part. And after a 
 time all thefe parts recover their aftions by the accu- 
 mulation of their fenforial power of afibciation. But 
 the fpleen not recovering its aftion from the aecumula- 
 tion of its power of irritation, as appeared from the 
 continuance of the tumour, ftill afiecls ftomach by 
 
 its 
 
Sup. I. i 6 .y^ THEORY OF FEVER. 289 
 
 its defeftive irritative motions ceafmg to excite the 
 aflbeiation, which ought to contribute to aftuate it. 
 
 Hence the flomach continues torpid in refpe£l to its 
 motions, but accumulates its power of affociation ; 
 \vhich is not excited into aflion by the defective mo- 
 tions of the fpleen ; this accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of affociation now by its fiiperabundance aftu- 
 ates the next link of alfociate motions, which confihs 
 of the heart and arteries, into greater energy of aftion 
 than natural, and thus caufes fever with ftrong pulfe ; 
 which, as it was fuppofed to be moft frequently ex-* 
 cited by increafe of irritation, is called irritative fever 
 or fynocha. 
 
 Similar to this in the fmall-pox, which is given by 
 inoculation, the ftomach is affected fecondarily, when 
 the fever commences ; and hence in this fmall-pox the 
 pulfations of the heart and arteries are frequently 
 ftronger than natural, but never weaker, for the rea- 
 fons above given. Whereas in that fmall-pox, which 
 is caufed by the ftomach being primarily affected, by 
 the contagious matter being fwallowed with the faliva, 
 whether the tonfils are at the fame time affected or 
 not, the pulfations of the heart and arteries become 
 weak, and the inirritative fever is produced, as ex- 
 plained above, along with the confluent fmall-pox. 
 
 - This unfolds the caufe of the mildnefs of the inocu- 
 lated fmall-pox ; becaufe in this difeafe the flomach :3 
 affe(fled fecondarily, whereas in the natural fmall-pox 
 it is frequently affeefed primarily by fwallowing the 
 contagious njttter mixed with faliva. 
 
 Yoj.. II. T 
 
 In 
 
^ 9 © 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 £Sup. I. i6. 
 
 In the meafles I fuppofe the contagious matter to 
 be diiTolveJ in the air, and therefore not liable to 
 be mixed with the fallva ; whereas the variolous mat- 
 ter is probably only diffufed in the air, and thence 
 more readily m.ixed with the fallva in the mouth 
 during refpiratlon. This difference appears more 
 probable, as the fmall-pox I believe is always taken 
 at a Icfs diftance from the difeafed perfon than is ne- 
 ceffary to acquire the meafles. Tlie contagion of the 
 mealies affe(51:s the membranes of the noffrils, and the 
 fecretion of tears in confequence, but never I fufpeft 
 the ffomach primarily, but always fecondarily ; whence 
 the pulfation of the heart and arteries is always 
 ftronger than natural, fo as to bear the lancet at any 
 period of the difeafe. 
 
 The great mildnefs fometimes, and fatality at other 
 times, of the fcarlet fever may depend on the fame 
 circumffance ; that is, on the flomach being primarily 
 or fecondarily affefted by the contagious matter, ob- 
 ferving that the tonfils may be affected at the fame 
 time with the flomach. Should this prove to be the 
 cafe, which future obfeiwations mufl determine, what 
 certain advantage mufl arife from the inoculation of 
 this difeafe ! When it is received by the ikiii prima- 
 rily I fuppofe no fore throat attends it, nor fever with 
 weak pulfe j when it is received by the flomach pri- 
 marily, the tonfils are affefted at the fame time, and 
 the torpor of the flomach produces inirritative fever^ 
 a-nd the mortification of the tonfils fucceeds. 
 
 We 
 
Sup. I. i6,] THEORY OF FEVElt. 291 
 
 We may hence conclude, that when the torpor of 
 the flomach is either owing to defeft of Ilimulus, 
 which is not fo great as to impair the life of the part, 
 as in moderate hunger, or in fwallowing iced water, 
 or when its torpor is induced by its catenation or 
 alfociation with other torpid parts, as in 'the com- 
 mencement of intermittent fevers, and inoculated fmall- 
 pox, that the fubfequent action of the heart and ar- 
 teries is generally increafed, producing irritative fever. 
 Which is owing to the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation in one cafe, and of alfociation in 
 the other, contributing to actuate the next link of 
 the catenated or alfociated motions« But when the 
 torpor of the flomach is induced by previous ex^ 
 haullion of its fenforial powers of irritation Or of af- 
 fociation by continued violent aftion, as by the hi- 
 mulus of digitalis, or of contagious matter, or after 
 intoxication from wine or opium, a weaker action of 
 the heart and arteries fucceeds, becaufe there is no 
 accumulation of fenforial power, and a deficient ex- 
 citement of alfociation. And finally, as this weak 
 aftion of the heart and arteries is not induced by 
 exhaullion of fenforial power, but by defeat of the 
 excitement of alfociation, the accumulation of this 
 power of alfociation increafes the action of the capib 
 laries, and thus induces irritative fever. 
 
 7. When any part of the fyllem acts very violently 
 in fevers, the fenforial power of fenfation is excited, 
 which increafes the aftions of the moving fyllem ; 
 
 T 3 wherea? 
 
292 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. tO. 
 
 whereas the pain, which arifes from decreafed irritative 
 motions, as in hemicrania, feems to exhaufl a quantity 
 of fenforial power, without producing or increafmg 
 any fibrous aclions. 
 
 When the flomach is primarily a&fted, as in in- 
 Irritative fevers from contagion, and in fuch a manner 
 as to occafion pain, the aftion of the capillaries feems 
 t© be increafed by this additional fenforial power of 
 fenfation, v/hence extenfive inflammation or mortifica- 
 tion ; but w'hen the flomach and confequently the 
 heart and arteries continue their torpidity of aftion ; 
 as in confluent fmall-pox, and fatal fcarlatlua ; this 
 conflitutes fenfitive inirritative fever, or typhus gra- 
 vior. 
 
 But when the flomach is fecondarily afFe£led, if the 
 fenforial power of fenfation is excited, as in pleurify 
 or peripneumony, the aflions of the heart and arteries, 
 are violently increafed, and of all the moving fyflem 
 along with them. Thus the peripneumony is gene- 
 rally induced by the patient refpiring very cold air, 
 and this efpecially after being long confined to warm 
 air, or after being much fatigued and heated by 
 excefllve labour or exercife. For we can cover the 
 flein with more clothes, when we feel ourfelves cold } 
 but the lungs not haying the perception of cold, avc 
 do not think of covering thern^'. nor have the power 
 to cover them, if we defired it ; and the torpor, thus 
 produced is greater, or of longer duration, in pro- 
 portion to the previous expenditure of fenforial poAver 
 by heat or exercife. 
 
 This 
 
Sup. I. i 6 .] THEORY OF FEVER. 253 
 
 This torpor of the lungs alFccls the ikin with fliud- 
 dering, and the ftomach is alfo fecondarily affefted | 
 next follows the violent aftion of thc-lungs from the 
 accumulation of the power of irritation, and an in- 
 flammation of them follows this violent aftion. While 
 the ftomach recovers its activity by the increafe of 
 the excitement of the fenforial power of aflbciation, 
 and along with it the heart and arteries, and the 
 whole moving fyftem. Hence this inflammation occurs 
 during the hot fit of fever, and no cold fit fucceeds, 
 becaufe the excefs of the fenforial powder of fenfatioa 
 prevents a fucceeding torpor. 
 
 Thefe new motions of certain parts of the fyftem 
 produce increafed fecrctions of nutritious or organic 
 mucus, which forms new veflels ; thefe new vefifels by 
 tlieir unufual motions produce new kinds of fluids ; 
 which are termed contagious, becaufe they have the 
 power, when introduced into a healthy body, of pro- 
 ducing fimilar aftions and effefts, with or without fever, 
 as in the fmall-pox and meafles, or in the itch and 
 venereal difeafe. 
 
 If any of thefe contagious matters alfea: the fto- 
 mach with torpor either by their ftimulus immediately 
 applied, or by its fympathy with the parts firft dif- 
 eafed, a fever is produced wath ficknefs and want of 
 appetite ; as in fmall-pox, and fcarlatina. If the 
 ftomach is not aftccted by contagious matter, no fever 
 fucceeds, as in itch, tinea, fyphilis. 
 
 All thefe contagious matters are conceived to be 
 Ir^irmlefsj, till they have been expofed to the air, either 
 
 T 3 openly 
 
294 THEORY OF FEVER. [Sup. I. i6. 
 
 openly or through a rnoill membrane ; from which 
 they are believed to acquire oxygene, and thence to 
 becorae fome kind of animal acids. As the prepai'a- 
 tions of mercury cure venereal ulcers ; as a quarter 
 of a grain of fublimate diffolved in wine, and given 
 thrice a day ; this effeel; feems to be produced either 
 by its flimulating the abforbents in the ulcer to abforb 
 the venereal matter before it has acquired oxygen ; or 
 by afterwards uniting with it chemically, and again 
 depriving it of its acquired acidity. On either fupr 
 pofition it might probably be given with advantage 
 in fmall-pox, and in all infeftious difeafes, both pre^ 
 vious to their commencement, and during their whole 
 progrefs. 
 
 8. The cold fits of intermittent fevers are caufed by 
 the torpor of fome part owing to deficient irritation, and 
 of the other parts of the fyftem from deficient affocia- 
 tion. The hot fits are owing firfl: to the accumulation 
 of irritation in the part primarily aiTecfed, if it recovers 
 its aftion, which does not always happen ; and fer 
 condly to the accumulation of alfociation in the other 
 parts of the fyflem, which during health ra-e fnbje^ 
 fo perpetual aftion ; and laftly alfo to the greater ex- 
 citement of the powder of affociation, vhen the part 
 primarily aitcifted recovers its irritability, and a£l:s with 
 greater energy than natural. 
 
 The deficient fe.cretions in the cold fit depend on 
 the torpor of the glandular fyflem ; and the increafed 
 fecretions in the hot fit on their more energetic action, 
 
Sur. I, 1 6 .] 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 ^9S 
 
 The thirft in the cold fit is owing to the deficient 
 abforption from the ficin, cellular membrane, and 
 . bladder ; the third: in the hot fit is owung to the too 
 great diflipation of the aqueous part of the blood. 
 The urine is pale and in fmall quantity in the cold 
 fit from deficient fecretion of it, and from deficient 
 abforption of its aqueous parts ; it is high coloured, 
 and fometimes depofits a fediment, in the hot fit 
 from the greater fecretion of it in the kidneys, and 
 the greater abforption of its aqueous and faline part 
 in the bladder. The drynefs and fcurf on the tongue 
 and nofirils is owing to the increafed heat of the air 
 expired from the lungs, and confequent greater eva>- 
 poration of the aqueous part of the mucus. The 
 fweats appear in confequence of the declenfion of the 
 hot fit, ownng to the abforbent vefiels of the ikin 
 lofing their increafed aftion fooner than the fecerning 
 ones ; and to the evaporation leflening as the ikin be- 
 comes cooler, The returns of the paroxyfms are 
 principally owing to the torpor of fome lefs efiential 
 part of the fyftem remaining after the termination of 
 the lad; fit and are alfo dependent on folar or lunar 
 diurnal periods, 
 
 The torpor of the part, which induces the cold 
 paroxyfm, is owing to deficient irritation occafioned 
 either by the fubduflion of the natural fiimuli of food, 
 or water, or pure air, or by deficiency of external in- 
 fluences, as of heat, or of folar or lunar gravitation. 
 Or fecondly, in confequence of the exhaudion of fen- 
 forial power by great previous exertions of fome part? 
 
 T 4 . 
 
THEOP.Y OF FEVER. 
 
 [*u?. I. i^. 
 
 of the fyftem, as of the limbs by great labour or 
 exercife, or of the ftomach by great flimulus, as by 
 contagious matter fwallowed with the faliva, or by 
 much wine or opium previoufly taken into it. Or 
 laitly a torpor of a part may be occafioned by fome 
 mechanic injury, as by a compreffion of the nerves 
 of the part, or of their origin in the brain ; as the 
 fitting long with one leg crolfed over the other occa^ 
 fions numbnefs, and as a torpor of the flomach with 
 vomiting frequently precedes paralytic ftrokes of the 
 •limbs. 
 
 As ileep is produced, either by defeft of ftimulus, 
 or by previous exhauftion of fenforial power ; fo the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of volition in 
 thofe mufcles and organs of fenfe, which are generally 
 obedient to it, awakens the lleeping perfon ; when it 
 has increafed the quantity of voluntarity fo much as 
 to overbalance the defecl of ftimulus in one cafe, 
 and the exhauflion of fenforial power in the other ; 
 which latter requires a much longer time of deep than 
 the former. So the cold paroxyfm of fever is pro- 
 duced either by defeft of ftimulus, or by previous 
 exhauflion of the fenforial power of fome part of 
 the fyftem ; and the accumulation of the fenforial 
 power of irritation in that part renews the aftion of 
 it, when it has increafed its irritability fo much as to 
 overbalance the defeft of ftimulus in one cafe, and 
 the exhaullion of fenforial power in the other ; which 
 latter requires a much longer torpor or cold fit than 
 the former, 
 
297 
 
 gup. 1. 1 6 .] THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 - But in the cold paroxyfm of fever belides the tor- 
 por of one part of the fyflem from defeft of irritation, 
 the remainder of it becomes torpid owing to defecf 
 of excitement of the fenforial power of alTociation by 
 the lelTened aftion of the part firfl aiFcfted. Tliis 
 torpor of the general fyftem remains, till the accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial power of alTociation has increafed 
 the alTociability fo much as to overbalance the defeft 
 of the excitement of alTociation ; then the torpor 
 ceafes, and if the firff affefted part has recovered its 
 activity the other parts are all thrown into excefs pf 
 action by their increafed alTociability, and the hot , fit 
 «f fever is produced, 
 
 9. In the continued fevers with llrong pulfe the 
 llomach is alTefled fecondarily, and thus acts feebly 
 from deficient excitement of the pow'er of alTociation ; 
 but the accumulation of the power of alTociation thus 
 produced in an organ fubject to perpetual and ener- 
 getic a<ltion, is fo great as to alTeft the next link of 
 the alTociate train, which confifts of the heart and ar- 
 teries ; thefe therefore are exerted perpetually with 
 increafe of aflion. 
 
 In continued fevers with w^eak pulfe the torpid 
 llomach is afiefled primarily by previous exhaullion 
 of its irritability by ftimulus, as of contagious matter 
 fwallowed into it. The heart and arteries aft feebly 
 from deficient excitement of the power of alTociation, 
 owing to the torpor of the llomach, with which they 
 are catenated ; but the accumulation of the power of 
 
 alTociation, 
 
55« THEORY OF FEVER. (^Rup. t iS. 
 
 affodation, thus produced in organs fubjcft to per- 
 petual and energetic motion, is fo great, as to afFeft 
 the next link of the alTociate train ; which confifts of 
 the capillaries of the fkin or other glands ; thefe 
 therefore are exerted perpetually with great increafe 
 of action. 
 
 The continued fevers with ftrong pulfe terminate 
 by the reduftion or exhauhion of the fenforial power 
 by violent adion of the whole fyftem ; which is fol- 
 lowed cither by return of health wdth the natural 
 quantity of irritability, and of alfociabiiity, or by a 
 total deftruchon of them both, and confequent death. 
 
 In continued fevers wdth weak pulfe the llomach re- 
 mains torpid during the whole courfe of the fever j and 
 at lengtlr by the recovery of its irritability and fenfi- 
 bility elfecls the cure of it. Which generally happens 
 about the firfl, fccond, or third quarter of the lunar 
 peidcd, counted from the commencement of the difeafe, 
 or continues a wdiole lunation, and foinetiraes more ; 
 which gave rife to what are termed critical days. See 
 Sect. XXXVI. 4. on this fubjed. If the flomac]i 
 does not recover from its torpor, the patient becomes 
 emaciated, and dies exhaulled by the continuance of 
 the increafed action of the capillaries and abforbents, 
 and the want of nourifliment. 
 
 The cure of continued fever wdth wmak pulfe con- 
 fiiLS fil'd: in weakening the undue action of the capil- 
 laries of the ficin by ablution with cold water from 
 3s to So degrees of heat ; or by expofing them to cool 
 air. Secondly by invigorating the aftioiis of the fto- 
 
 macb. 
 
Sup. I. i6.] THEORY OF FEVER. 299 
 
 mach, by decreafmg them for a time, and thence 
 accumulating the power of irritation, as by an emetic, 
 or by iced water, or iced wine. Or by increafe of 
 ftimulus, as by bark, wine, opium, and food, in fmall 
 quantities frequently repeated. Or by renewing the 
 aftion of the ftomach by flight eleftric fliocks. Or 
 by fomenting it frequently with water heated to 96 
 or too degrees. Or laftly by exciting its power 
 of alTociation with other parts of the fyflem, as by 
 a bliflier ; which fucceeds befl: when the extremities 
 are cool ; or by Twinging, as in vertigo rotatoria. 
 
 If by the ffimulus of the Peruvian bark on the 
 fibres of the ftomach, they regain their due aftion, 
 the heart and arteries alfo regain their due aftion ; 
 as their fenforial power of alTociation is now excited, 
 and expended as ufual. And as there is then no ac- 
 cumulation of fenforial power in the heart and arteries, 
 the capillaries ceafe to aft with too great energy, and 
 the fever is cured. 
 
 Thirdly, If the heart and arteries could be them- 
 felves llimulated into greater aftion, although the llo- 
 mach remained torpid, they might probably by ex- 
 pending a greater quantity of fenforial power of irri- 
 tation, prevent an accumulation of the fenforial power 
 of alTociation, (for thefe may poflibly be only different 
 modes of aftion of the fpirit of animation,) and thus 
 the too great aftion of the capillaries might be pre- 
 vented and the fever ceafe. This new mode of cure 
 might polfibly be accomplilhed, if the patient was to 
 byeathe a gallon or two of puye or diluted oxygen 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 300 
 
 [Sup. I. 16. 
 
 gas frequently in a day ; which by paffing through 
 the moifl membranes of the lungs and uniting with 
 the blood might render it more flimulant, and thus- 
 excite the heart and arteries into greater aftion. 
 
 Fourthly. Greater energy might probably be given 
 to the whole fyllem, and particularly to thofe parts 
 which aft too feebly in fevers, as the ftomach and 
 the heart and arteries, if the action of the fecernincr 
 veffels of the brain could be increafed in energy ; 
 this is probably one effeft of all thofe drugs, which 
 when given in large quantity induce intoxication, as 
 wine and opium. And when given with great caution 
 in fmall quantities uniformly repeated, as from three 
 drops to five of the tinfture of opium, but not mere, 
 every fix hours, 1 believe they fupply an efficacious 
 medicine in fevers with great arterial debility ; and the 
 more fo, if the Peruvian bark be exhibited alternately 
 every fix hours along with them. There are other 
 means of exciting the veffels of the brain into aftion ; 
 as firft by decreafing the flimulus of heat by temporary 
 cold fomentation ; fecondly, increafing the ftimulus of 
 heat by long continued warm fomentation ; thirdly, 
 by eleftricity, as very fmall ffiocks paffed through it 
 in all direftions ; and laftly by blifiers on the head. 
 All thofe require to be ufed with great caution, and 
 cfpecially where there exifts an evident ftupor, as the 
 removing of that is I believe frequently injurious. See 
 ffupor, Clafs I. 2. 5. 10. 
 
 The cure of fever with firong pulfe confifts in the 
 repeated tife of venefeftion, gentle cathartics, diluents j 
 
 medicines 
 
THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 301 
 
 Sut>. I. 17.] 
 
 medicines producing ficknefs, as antimonials, digitalis ; 
 or the refpiration of carbonated hj^drogen ; or by ref- 
 piration of atmofpheric air lowered by a mixture of 
 hydrogen, azote, or carbonic acid gas, or by com- 
 prefling the brain by whirling in a decumbent pofture, 
 as if ly'n acrofs an horizontal mill-ftone. See the 
 former parts of this fupplement for the methods of cure 
 both of fevers with flrong and weak pulfe. 
 
 10. When any difficulty occurs in determining the 
 weak pulfe from the flrong one, it may generally be 
 affiftcd by counting its frequency. Por when an adult 
 patient lies horizontally in a cool room, and is not hur- 
 ried or alarmed by the approach of his phyfician, itor 
 flimulated by wine or opium, the flrong pulfe feldom 
 exceeds 1 18 or 120 in a minute ; and the weak pulfe is 
 generally not much below 130, and often much above 
 that number, except when the patient has naturally a 
 pulfe flower than ufual in his healthy flate. Secondly 
 in fitting up in bed, or changing the horizontal to a per- 
 pendicular poflure, the quicknefs of the weak pulfe 
 is liable immediately to increafe 10 or 20 pulfations in 
 a minute, which does not I believe occur in the flrong 
 pulfe, when the patient has refled himfelf after tire 
 exertion of rifing. 
 
 XWI. flondufion. 
 
 Thus have I given an outline of what may be 
 termed the fympathetk theory of fevers, to diflinguiflx 
 
302 
 
 THEORY OF FEVER. 
 
 [Gup. I. 17. 
 
 it from the mechanic theory of Boerhaave, the fpaf- 
 modic theory of Hoifman and of Cullen, and the 
 putrid theory of Pringle. What I have thus deliver- 
 ed, I beg to be confidered rather as obfervations 
 and conjectures, than as things explained and de- 
 monftrated ; to be confidered as a foundation and a 
 fcaffolding, which may enable future induftry to ereCl 
 a folid and a beautiful edifice, eminent both for its 
 fimplicity and utility, as well as for the permanency 
 of its materials, — which may not moulder, like the 
 firuCtures already ereCted, into the fand of which they 
 were compofed ; but which may fiand unimpaired, 
 like the Newtonian philofophy, a rock amid the wafie 
 ©f ages ! 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
ADDITIONS, 
 
 ADDITION I. 
 
 At the end of the article Canities, in Clafs L 2, 
 2. II. pleafe to add the folloxving : 
 
 As meclianical injury from a percuffion, or a wound, 
 or a crauftic, is liable to occafion the hair of the part 
 to become grey ; fo I fufpefi: the eomprelTion of parts 
 aeainfl; each other of fome animals in the womb is 
 liable to render the hair of thofe parts of a lighter 
 .colour ; as feems often to occur in black cats and dogs- 
 A fmall terrier bitch now hands by me, which is black 
 on all thofe parts, which were external, when flte was 
 wrapped up in the uterus, teres atque rotunda ; and 
 thofe parts white, which were mofl conhantly prehed 
 together ; and thofe parts tawny, which were gene- 
 rally but lefs conhantly prefied together. Thus the 
 hair of the back from the forehead to the end of the 
 tail is black, as well as that of the fides, and external 
 parts of the legs, both before and behind. 
 
 As in the uterus the chin of the whelp is bent down , 
 and lies in contaft with the fore part of the neck and 
 bread ; the tail is applied clofe againfl; the divhion cf 
 the thighs behind ; the infide of the hinder thighs are 
 prelTed clofe to the fidcs of the belly^ all thefe parts 
 have white hairs. 
 
 The 
 
’ -J 
 
 304 ADDITIONS. [Add. I. 
 
 The fore-legs in the uterus lie on each fide of the 
 face ; fo that the feet cover part of the temples, and 
 eomprefs the prominent part of the upper eye-brows, 
 but are fo placed as to defend the eye-balls from pref- 
 fure ; it is curious to obferve, that the hair of the 
 hdes of the face, and of the prominent upper eye- 
 brows, are tawny, and of the infide of the feet and 
 legs, which covered them ; for as this poflure admit- 
 ted of more change in the latter weeks of geflation, 
 the colour of thefe parts is not fo far removed from 
 black, as of thofe parts, where the contaft or com- 
 preihon was more uniform. 
 
 Where this uterine eompreffion of parts has not 
 been fo great as to render the hair white in other ani- 
 mals, it frequently happens, that the extremities of 
 the body are wdrite, as the feet, and nofes, and tips 
 of the ears of dogs and cats and horfes, where the 
 circulation is naturally weaker ; -whence it would 
 feem, that the capillary glands, wdiich form the hair,, 
 are impeded in the firll inftance by compreffion, and 
 in the lad by the debility of the circulation in them. 
 See Clafs I. i. 2. 15. 
 
 This day, Augud 8th, 1794, I have feen a negro, 
 who was born (as he reports) of black parents, both 
 father and mother, at Kiiigdon in Jam.aica, who has 
 many large white blotches on the ikin of his limbs and 
 body ; wdiich I thought felt not fo foft to the finger, as 
 the black parts. He has a white divergent blaze from 
 the fummit of his nofe to the vertex of his head ; the / 
 upper part of which, where it extends on the hairy fcalp, 
 
 has 
 
 I 
 
/ 
 
 Add. il.J ADDITIONS. 305 
 
 has thick curled hair, like the other part of his head, 
 but quite white. thefe marks I fuppofed him to 
 be the fame black, who is defcribed, when only two 
 years old, in the Tranfaftions of the American Philo- 
 fophical Society, Vol. II. page 292, where a fe- 
 male one is likewife defcribed with nearly fimilar 
 marks. 
 
 The joining of the frontal bones, and the bregma, 
 having been later than that of the other futures of the 
 cranium, probably gave caufe to the whitenefs of the 
 hair on thefe parts by delaying or impeding its 
 growth. 
 
 ADDITION II. 
 
 ’The following extract from a letter of Dr. Beddoes on 
 hydrocephalus internusj I efteem a valuable aJditmi to 
 the article on thatfubjed at Clafs I. 2, 3. 12. 
 
 “ Mafter L , aged 9 years, became fuddenly 
 
 ill in the night about a week before I faw him. On 
 the day before the attack, he had taken opening me- 
 dicines, and had bathed afterwards. He had com- 
 plained of violently acute pain in his head, flirieked 
 frequently, ground his teeth hard, could not bear to- 
 have his head raifed from the pillow, and was torpid 
 or deaf. His tongue was white, pulfe 1 1 o in the 
 evening and full. As yet the pupil of the eye was 
 irritable, and he had no ftrabifmus. He had been 
 bled with leeches about the head, and blihered. I 
 VoL. II. TJ dire^fed- 
 
3oy 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 [Add. II. 
 
 directed mercurial inunction, and calomel from 3 to 6 
 grains to be taken at fird: every fix, and afterwards 
 every three hours. This plan produced no fenfiblc 
 elfeft, and the patient died on the 1 8th day after the 
 feizure. He had convulfion fits two days preceding 
 his death, and the well-known fymptoms of hydro- 
 cephalus internus all made their appearance. From 
 what I had feen and read of this difeafe, I believed it 
 to belong to inflammations, and at an earlier period I 
 (liouM be tempted to bleed as largely as for pneumonia. 
 The fluid found after death in the ventricules of the 
 brain 'TTmpute to debility of the abforbents iuduced 
 by inflammation. My reafons are briefly thefe; i. 
 The acutenefs of the pain. 2. The ftate of the pulfe. 
 In the above cafe for the fird 9 or 10 days it did not 
 exceed no, and was full and drong. 3. To find 
 out whether any febrile alternations took place, Mader 
 L.’s feet were frequently felt, and they were found at 
 times cold, and at other times of a dry heat. I have 
 many times feen this difeafe, but the patients were too 
 young, or too far advanced, to inform me, whether 
 they had chillnefs fucceeded by heat at its onfet. 4. 
 The diforders to which the young are more peculiarly 
 liable afford a prefumption, that hydrocephalus inter- 
 iius is an inflammatory difeafe ; and this is confirmed 
 by the regularity of the period, within which it finiflies 
 its courfe. And ladly, does it not happen more fre- 
 quently than is fufpefted from external injury ? 
 
 I have jud now been well informed, that Dr. Rufli 
 has lately cured five out of Ihx patients by copious 
 
 bleedings. 
 
Alii). III.] 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 5^7 
 
 bleedings. ' I relate here the reafons for an opinion 
 without pretending to a difcovery. Something like 
 this doftrine may be found in certain modern publica- 
 tions, but it is delivered in that vague and diffufe 
 ftyle, which I trufl; your example will banifli from me- 
 dical literature.” 
 
 Clifton, near Briftol, J 
 July zB, 1795. 5 
 
 To this idea of Dr. Beddoes may by added, that 
 the hydrocele generally fucceeds an injury, and confe- 
 quent inflammation of the bag, which contains it. 
 And that other dropfies, which principally attend 
 inebriates, are confequent to too great aftion of the 
 mucous inembrancs by the flimulus of beer, wine, and 
 fpirits. And laftly, that as~thefe cafes of hydrocepha- 
 lus end fo fatally, a new m0de of treating them is 
 much to be defired,--and deferves to be ferioufly at- 
 tended to. 
 
 ADDITION III. On Vertigo. 
 
 To be placed after the additional Note at the end of VoL 
 I. on this Subjedl. 
 
 Having reperufed the ingenious Elfay of Dr. Wells 
 on Single Viflon, and his additional obfervations in 
 the Gentleman’s Magazine on the apparent retrogref- 
 fion of objects in vertigo, I am induced to believe, 
 that this apparent retrogreflion of objefts is not always 
 owing to the fame caufe. 
 
 When 
 
[Add. in. 
 
 3gS additions.. 
 
 When a perfon revolves with his eyes clofed, till he 
 becomes vertiginous, and then hands hill without 
 opening them, he feems for a while to go forward in 
 the fame direftion. This hallucination of his ideas 
 cannot be owing to ocular fpeftra, becaufe, as Dr. 
 Wells obfervcs, no fuch can have been formed j but 
 it muh arife from a fimilar continuance or repetition 
 of ideas belonging to the fenfe of touch, inhead of to 
 the fenfe of vifion j and hiould therefore be called a 
 tangible, not a vifual, vertigo. In common language 
 this belief of continuing to revolve for fome time, after 
 he hands hill, when a perfon has turned round for a 
 minute-in the dark, would be called a deception of 
 imagination. 
 
 Now at this time if he opens his eyes upon a gilt 
 book, placed with other books on a hielf about the 
 height of his eye, the gilt book feems to recede in the 
 contrary direftion j though his eyes are at this time 
 kept quite hill, as well as the gilt book. For if his 
 eyes were not kept hill, other books would fall on 
 them in fuccehion j which, when I repeatedly made 
 the experiment, did not occur ; and which thus evin- 
 ces, that no motion of the eyes is the caufe of the ap- 
 parent retrocehion of the gilt book. Why then does 
 it happen ? — Certainly from an hallucination of ideas, 
 or in common language the deception of imagination. 
 
 The vertiginous perfon hill imagines, that he conti- 
 nues to revolve forwards, after he has opened his 
 eyes ; and in confequence that the objefts, which his 
 eyes happen to fall upon, are revolving backward ; 
 
 . as 
 
ADDITIONS. 
 
 3^9 
 
 Add. Ill,] 
 
 as they would appear to do, if he was aflually turning 
 round with his eyes open. For he has been accuifomed 
 toobferve the motions of bodies, whether apparent or 
 real, fo much more frequently by the eye than by the 
 touch; that the prefent belief of his gyration, occa- 
 honed by the hallucinations of the fenfe of touch, is 
 attended with ideas of fuch imagined motions of vifible 
 objeSs, as have always accompanied his former gyra- 
 tions, and have thus been affociated with the mufcular 
 aftions and perceptions of touch, which occurred at 
 the fame time. 
 
 When the remains of colours are fcen in the eye, 
 they are termed ocular fpeftra ; when remaining founds 
 are heard in the ear, they may be called auricular 
 murmurs ; but when the remaining motions, or ideas, 
 of the fenfe of touch continue, as in this vertigo of a 
 blind-folded perfon, they have acquired no name, but 
 may be termed evanefcent titillations, or tangible hal- 
 lucinations. 
 
 Whence I conclude, that vertigo may have for its 
 ■caufe either the ocular fpeftra of the fenfe of vifion, 
 when a perfon revolves with his eyes open ; or the 
 auricular murmurs of the fenfe of hearing, if he is 
 revolved near a cafcade or the evanefcent titillations 
 of the fenfe of touch, if he revolves blindfold. All 
 thefe I fhould wifli to call vaniflung ideas, or fenfual 
 motions, of thofe organs of fenfe ; which ideas, or 
 fenfual motions, have lately been affociated in a circle, 
 and therefore for a time continue to be excited. And 
 what are the ideas of colours, when they are excited 
 U 3 by 
 
310 ADDITIONS. [Ado. IV. 
 
 by imagination or memory, but the repetition of finer 
 ocular fpeftra ? What the idea of founds, but the re- 
 petition of finer auricular murmurs ? And what'thc 
 ideas of tangible objefts, but the repetition of finer 
 cvanefcent titillations ? 
 
 The tangible, and the auricular, and the vifual 
 vertigo, are all perceived by many people for a day 
 or two after long travelling in a boat or coach ; the 
 motions of the vefifel, or vehicle, or of the furround- 
 ing objefts, and the noife of the wheels and oars, oc- 
 cur at intervals of reverie, or at the commencement of 
 fleep. See Se£l. XX. 5. Thefe ideas, or fcnfual 
 motions, of fight, of hearing, and of touch, are fuc- 
 ceeded by the fame effefts as the ocular fpeftra, the 
 auricular murmurs, and the evanefcent titillations 
 above mentioned ; that is, by a kind of vertigo, and 
 cannot in that refpc(d: be diflinguilhed from them. 
 Which is a further confirmation of the truth of the 
 doftriue delivered in Seft. III. of this work, that the 
 colours remaining in the eyes, which are termed ocu- 
 lar fpefba, are ideas, or fenfual motions, belonging 
 to the fenfe of vifion, which for too long a time con- 
 tinue their aftivity. 
 
 ADDITION IV. Of Voluntary Motions. 
 
 A correfpondent acquaints me, that he finds diffi- 
 culty in underftanding how the convulfions of the 
 hmbs in epilepfy can be induced by voluntary exer- 
 tions. This I fufpeft firft to have arilen from the dou- 
 ble 
 
Add. IV.] 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 3Jt 
 
 ble meaning of the words “ involuntary motions 
 which are fometimes ufed for thofe motions, which 
 are performed without the interference of volition, as 
 the pulfations of the heart and arteries ; and at other 
 times for thofe aftions, which occur, where two 
 counter volitions oppofe each other, and the ftronger 
 prevails ; as in endeavouring to fupprefs laughter, 
 and to Hop the fhudderings, when expofed to cold. 
 Thus when the poet writes, 
 
 — video meliora, proboque, 
 
 Detei’iora fequor. 
 
 The rtronger volition aftuates the fyflera, but not 
 without the cotinteraftion of unavailing fmaller ones ; 
 which conllitute deliberation. 
 
 A' fecond difficulty may have arifen from the con- 
 fined ufe of the words “ to will,” which in common 
 difcourfe generally mean to choofe after deliberation ; 
 and hence our will or volition is fuppofed to be always in 
 our own power. But the will or voluntary power, afts 
 always from motive, as explained in Seft. XXXIV. i. 
 and in Clafs IV. i. 3. 2. and III. 2. i. 12. which mo- 
 tive can frequently be examined previous to aftion, 
 and balanced againll oppofite motives, which is cal- 
 led deliberation ; at other times the motive is fo 
 powerful as immediately to excite the fenforial power 
 of volition into aflion, without a previous balancing 
 of oppofite motives, or counter volitions. The for- 
 mer of thefe volitions is exercifed in the common pur- 
 pofes of life, and the latter in the exertions of epilepfy 
 
 and infan i tv. 
 
 ' 
 
 It 
 
312 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 [[Add. V. 
 
 It is difficult 1o think without words, which however 
 all thofe mull: do, who difcover new truths by reafon- 
 ing ; and hill more difficult, when the words in com. 
 mon ufe deceive us by their twofold meanings, or by 
 the inaccuracy of the ideas, which they fugged, 
 
 ADDITION V. Of Figure, 
 
 I feel myfelf much obliged by the accurate atten- 
 tion given to the Find Part of Zoonom.ia, and by 
 the ingenious criticifms bellowed on it, by the learned 
 writers of that article both in the Analytical and En- 
 gliffi Reviews. Some circumdances, in which their 
 fentiments do not accord w'ith thofe expreffied in the 
 work, I intend to reconlider, and 1o explain further 
 at fome future time. One thing, in which both thcfe 
 gentlemen feem to dilTent from me, I fliall now men- 
 tion, it is concerning the manner, in which w'e ac- 
 quire the idea of figure ; a circumdance of great im- 
 portance in the knowledge of our intelledl, as it fliews 
 the caufe of the accuracy of our ideas of motion, time, 
 fpace, number, and of the m.athematical fcicnces, 
 wh'ch are concerned in the raenffirations or propor- 
 tions of figure. 
 
 This I irpaginc may have in part arifen from the 
 prepoffieffion , which has almod univerfally prevailed, 
 that ideas are imm.aterial beings, and therefore pof- 
 fefs no properties in common with folid matter. 
 Which I fuppofe to be a fanciful hypothcTis, like the 
 dories of ghods and apparitions, which have fo long 
 
 aniufed, 
 
 % 
 
Add. V.] ADDITIONS. S^3 
 
 amufed, and ftill amufe, the credulous without any 
 foundation in nature. 
 
 The exiftence of our own bodies, and of their foli- 
 dity, and of their figure, and of their motions, is 
 taken for granted in my account of ideas ; becaufe 
 the ideas themfelves are believed to confifi: of motions 
 or configurations of fol id fibres ; and the queftion now 
 propofed is, how we become acquainted with the 
 figures of bodies external to our organs of fenfe ? Which 
 I can only repeat from what is mentioned in Seft. 
 XIV. 2. 2. that if part of an organ of fenfe be Simu- 
 lated into afHon, as of the fenfe of touch, that part 
 fo Simulated into aSion muS poffefs figure, which 
 niuS be fimilar to the figure of the body, which Simu- 
 lates it. 
 
 Another previous prepoffeffion of the mind, which- 
 may have rendered the manner of our acquiring the 
 knowledge of figure lefs intelligible, may have arifen 
 from the common opinion of the perceiving faculty 
 refiding in the head ; whereas our daily experience 
 Slews, that our perception (which confiSs of an idea, 
 and of the pleafure or pain it occafions) exiSs princi- 
 pally in the organ of fenfe, which is Simulated into 
 aSion ; as every one, who burns his finger in the 
 candle, muS be bold to deny. 
 
 When an ivory triangle is preSed on the palm of 
 the hand, the figure of the Surface of the part of the 
 organ of touch thus compreSed is a triangle, refem^ 
 bling in figure the figure of the external body, which 
 compreSes it. The aiftion of the Simulated fibres, 
 
 which 
 
A B D I T I O N S. 
 
 lAdd» V. 
 
 314 
 
 which conftitute the idea of hardnefs and of figure, 
 remains in this part of the fenforium, which forms 
 the fenfe of touch ; but the fenforial motion, which 
 conilitutes pleafure or pain, and which is excited in 
 confequence of thefe fibrous motions of the organ of 
 fenfe, is propagated to the central parts of the fen- 
 forium, or to the whole of it ; though this generally 
 occurs in lefs degree of energy, than it exifis in the 
 Simulated organ of fenfe ; as in the inJliance above 
 mentioned of burning a finger in the candle. 
 
 Some, who have efpoufed the doftrine of the im- 
 materiality of ideas, have ferioufly doubted the ex- 
 iflence of a material world, with which only our fen- 
 fes acquaint us ; and yet have alfented to the exifl- 
 ence of fpirit, with which our fenfes cannot acquaint 
 us ; and have finally allowed, that all our knowledge 
 is derived through the m.edium of our fenfes I They 
 forget, that if the fpirit of animation had no proper- 
 ties in common with matter, it could neither alfecl: nor 
 be affefted by the material body. But the knowledge 
 of our own material exifience being granted, which I 
 fufpefl few rational perfons will ferioufly deny, the 
 cxiflence of a material external world follows in 
 courfe ; as our perceptions, when we are awake and 
 not infane, are diflinguiflied from thofe excited by 
 fenfation, as in our dreams, and from thofe excited 
 by volition or by alfociation as in infanity and reverie, 
 by the power we have of comparing the prefent per- 
 ceptions of one fenfe with thofe of another, as ex- 
 plained in Seft. XIV. 2. 5. And alfo by comparing 
 
 the 
 
^DD. VI.] ADDITIONS. 315 
 
 the tribes of ideas, which the fymbols of pictures, or 
 of languages, fuggeft to us, by intuitive analogy with 
 our previous experience, that is, with the common 
 courfe of nature. See Clafs III. 2. 2. 3. on Cre- 
 dulity. 
 
 ADDITION VI. 
 
 Pleafe to add the following at the end of page 14. 
 
 Cold and hot Fit, 
 
 As the torpor, with which a fit of fever commen- 
 ces, is fometimes owing to defefl: of fiimulus, as in 
 going into the cold-bath ; and fometimes to a pre- 
 vious exhauftion of the fenforial power by the aftion 
 of fome violent flimulus, as after coming out of a hot 
 room into cold air ; a longer time mull elapfe, before 
 there can be a fufficient accumulation of fenforial 
 power to produce a hot fit in one cafe than in the 
 other. Becaufe in the latter cafe the quantity of fen- 
 forial power previoufly expended mull be fupplied, 
 before an accumulation can begin. 
 
 The cold paroxyfm commences, when the torpor 
 of a part becomes fo great, and its motions in confe- 
 quence fo flow or feeble, as not to excite the fen- 
 forial power of aflfociation ; which in health contri- 
 butes to move the reft of the fyftem, which is cate- 
 nated with it. And the hot fit commences by the 
 accumulation of the fenforial power of irritation of 
 the part firft affefted, either fo as to counteraft its 
 
 deficient 
 
ADDITIONS. 
 
 [Add. Vn. 
 
 316 
 
 deficient flimulus, or its previous wafie of fenforial 
 power ; and it becomes general by the accumulation 
 of the fenforial power of aflbciation ; which is excited 
 by the renovated aftions of the ^art firfi affected ; or 
 becomes fo great as to overbalance the deficient ex- 
 citement of it. On all thefe accounts the hot fit can- 
 not be fuppofed to bear any proportion to the cold 
 one in length of time, though the latter may be the 
 confequence of the former. See Suppl. I. 16. 8. 
 
 ADDITION VII. On Warmth. 
 
 To be added at the end of the Species Sudor Calidus^ 
 in Clafs I. I. 2. 3. 
 
 When the heat of the body in weak patients in 
 fevers is increafed by the flimulus of the points of 
 flannel, a greater confequent debility fucceeds, than 
 when it is produced by the warmth of fire ; as in the 
 former the heat is in part owing to the increafed 
 activity of the Ikin, and confequent expenditure of 
 fenforial power ; whereas in the latter cafe it is in 
 part owing to the influx of the fluid matter of heat. 
 
 So the warmth produced by equitation, or by rub- 
 bing the body and limbs with a fmooth brufli or hand, 
 as is done after bathing in fome parts of the Eafl, 
 does not expend nearly fo much fenforial power, as 
 when the warmth is produced by the locomotion of 
 the whole weight of the body by mufcular atflion, as 
 in walking, or running, or fwiraming. Whence the 
 warmth of a fire is to be preferred to flannel Ihirts 
 
 for 
 
 
ADDITIONS. 
 
 Ado. VIII.] 
 
 317 
 
 for weak people, and the agitation of a horfe to cxi 
 ercife on foot. And I fuppofe thofe, who are unfor- 
 tunately loft in fnow, who are on foot, are liable to 
 perilh fooncr by being exhaufted by their mufcular ex- 
 ertions ; and might frequently preferve thcmfelves by 
 lying on the ground, and covering themfelves with 
 fnow, before they were too much exhaufted by 
 fatigue. See Botan. Garden, VoL II the note on 
 Barometz. 
 
 ADDITION VIII. Puerperal Fever. 
 
 To be added to Clafs II. 1.6. 16. 
 
 A very interefting account of the pua-peral fever, 
 which was epidemic at Aberdeen, has been lately pub- 
 liflied by Dr. Alexander Gordon. (Robinfon, Lon- 
 don.] In feveral dilTedlons of thofe, who died of this 
 difeafe, purulent matter was found in the cavity of the 
 abdomen ; which he aferibes to an eryfipelatous in- 
 flammation of the peritonmum, as its principal feat, 
 and of its produftions, as the omentum, mefentery, 
 and peritoneal coat of the inteftines. 
 
 He believes, that it was infeclious, and that the 
 contagion was always carried by the accoucheur or the 
 nnrfe from one lying-in woman to another. 
 
 The difeafe began with violent unremitting pain of 
 the abdomen on the day of delivery, or the next day, 
 with fluiddering, and very quick pulfe, often 140 in 
 a minute. In this fituation, if he faw the patient 
 within 12 or 24 hours of her feizure, he took away 
 
 from 
 
3^8 
 
 ADDITIONS, 
 
 [Add. Vlir. 
 
 from 1 6 to 24 ounces of blood, which was always 
 fizy.' He then immediately gave a cathartic confifting 
 of three grains of calomel, and 40 grains of powder 
 of jalap. After this had operated, he gave an opiate 
 at night ; and continued the purging and the opiate 
 for feveral days. 
 
 He alTerts, that almoll all thofe, whom he was per- 
 mitted to treat in this manner early m the difeafc, re- 
 covered to the number of 50 ; and that almoll all the 
 reft died. But that when two or three days were 
 clapfed, the patient became too weak for this me- 
 thod ; and the matter was already formed, which 
 deftroyed them. Except that he faw two patients, 
 who recovered after difcharging a large quantity of 
 matter at the navel. And a few, who were relieved 
 "by the appearance of external eryfipelas on the ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 This difeafe, confifting of an erylipelatous inflam- 
 mation, may occafion the great debility fooner to oc- 
 cur than in inflammation of the uterus ; which latter is 
 neither eryfipelatous, I fuppofe, nor contagious. And 
 the fuccefs of Dr. Gordon’s praftice feems to corref- 
 pond with that of Dr. Rufli in the contagious fever 
 or plague at Philadelphia ; which appeared to be 
 much aflifted by early evacuations. One cafe I faw 
 fome time ago, where violent unceafing pain of the 
 whole abdomen occurred a fe\v hours after delivery, 
 with quick pulfe ; which ceafed after the patient had 
 twice loft about eight ounces of blood, and had taken 
 a moder^e cathartic with calomel. 
 
 4 
 
 Tins 
 
Add. VIIL] 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 3-^9 
 
 This cafe induces me to think, that it might be 
 {afer and equally eihcacious, to take lefs blood at firf!:, 
 than Dr. Gordon mentions, and to repeat the ope- 
 ration in a few hours, if the continuance of the 
 fymptoms flrould require it. And the fame in re- 
 fpedl to the cathartic, which might perhaps be given 
 in lefs quantity, and repeated every two or three 
 hours. 
 
 Nor fliould I wilh to give an opiate after the firfl 
 venefeflion. and cathartic j as I fufpeft that this might 
 be injurious, except thofe evacuations had emptied 
 the velfels fo much, that the ftimulus of the opiate 
 iliould act only by increafing the abforption of the new 
 velfels or fluids produced on the furfaces of the in- 
 flamed membranes. In other inflammations of the 
 bowels, and in acute rheumatifm, I have feen the 
 difeafe much prolonged, and 1 believe fometimes ren- 
 dered fatal, by the too early adminiftration of opiates, 
 either along with cathartics, or at their intervals ; 
 while a fmall dofe of opium given after fufiicient eva- 
 cuations produces abforption only by its ffimulus, and 
 much, contributes to the cure of the patient. We may 
 have vifible teftimony of this elFeft of opium, when a 
 folution of it is put into an inflamed eye ; if it be thus 
 ufed previous to fufficient evacuation, it increafes the 
 inflammation ; if it be ufed after fuflicient evacuation, 
 it increafes abforption only, and clears the eye in a 
 very fmall time. 
 
 I cannot omit obferving, from confidering thefc 
 circumftances, how iinwife is the common practice of 
 
 giving 
 
 «••• 
 

 32 e> ' ADDITIONS. [Add, VIII. 
 
 giving an opiate to every woman immediately after 
 her delivery, which mufh often have been of danger- 
 ous confequence. 
 
 IND OF THE SECOND PART. 
 
 Z 00 NO M I M AUC ro R 1 
 
 S. P. D. 
 
 yf M I C U S. 
 
 CURRUS TRIUMPHALIS MEDICINE. 
 
 Currus it Hygeix. Medicus movet arma triumphans, 
 
 Undique vi£ta fugit lurida turma mali. 
 
 Laurea dum Phccbi viridls tua tempora cingit, 
 
 Nec mortale fonans Fama coronat opus ; 
 
 Poft equitat trepidans, repetitque Senedtus in aureni. 
 Voce canens ftridula, “ fis mcraor ipfe mori !’* 
 
 Tb£ 
 
C 321 3 
 
 T HE liberality and candour by ‘which Dr. Darwin is no 
 lefs dijiinguijhed than by his talents and his fcience^ 
 will lead him to look with indulgence on an attempt to 
 convey to the Englijh reader, in the following un- 
 polijhed lines, fometbing of the fpirit and fentiment 
 which characterize the preceding fhort but elegant and 
 nervous poetic addrefs, 
 
 TO THE 
 
 AUTHOR OF ZOONOMIA 
 
 BY A FRIEND^ 
 
 THE TRIUMPHAL CAR OF MEDICINE. 
 
 Health’s car triumphant glides o’er fmiling plains. 
 While Darwin’s hand directs the filken reins. 
 
 As flow the wheels on golden axles turn. 
 
 And wide through air irradiate glories burn, 
 
 Touthy jQy and Love around the pageant play, 
 
 And refcued thoufands throng the brightening way, 
 
 With brow auguft, high on the beamy car. 
 
 The Conqueror burns in dazzling fpoils of war ! 
 
 — Disease with vanqulfli’d hofts, in wild affright. 
 Retiring bides his Demon-head in night ! 
 
 Illuftrious Sage ! while round thy brow divine. 
 
 In fair luxuriance Delphic wreaths entwine, } 
 
 And Fame with founding trump and filver tongue, 
 Embalms thy golden page, thy deathlefs fong ! 
 
 With trembling limbs Old Age moves in the rear, 
 
 Upborne on fnow-white deed, and in thy ear. 
 
 Proclaims in accents Ihrill, with panting breath, 
 
 “ Remember thou muff yield to conquering Death !” 
 
 C. C. 
 
 VoEf IE X index 
 

 
 WP 
 
 miim%Q '■ - ,."H- - v''^'' 
 
 >:r<^';;, '.>: / . ■ ' .... '■.V'- 
 
 ': *’v V.'- '-;- ^ .': ^ ’ ■' ; ‘ - V ’ ' 
 
 ' <■' ■; . 
 
 .1 ■ 
 
 v.A- if ,!i vf'iJ'vr* ■.-<'. . *.■ ■* 
 
 ' V J. ■*'*<''1 « f '-. *• ,--^ 
 
 , ,v '^- •^: *i*t^*- - V -i f-'v-Jw- 
 
 
 ,,c . E^i _ . ,1 . .■ 
 
 'l, >t. ’tiito' , ■’<.'. 1: v:.,.' _■ 
 
 .' t-<.y twUh^yp:' 
 
 .’•;’ ,v.‘ ■>■ ,'AJ* 
 
 tU. • ■■ ' ^ 
 
 ■.',a ♦ 
 
 
 ' iS j* »• t-v ’ ■ 
 
 rt:[ . , 
 
 ^ v?.> 
 
 
 ••’fV • v>> -A • 
 
 ■4 
 
 A V ..' 
 
 L^>• ' ^-9:. a' 
 
 • ! ,^: -1 --IT i 
 
 'iV^' •' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 » 4 ■ 
 
 ' '‘'IGWv 
 
 
 
 
 ■ >-:* - * . . .. . y^rd- 
 
 
 V, # ■ _ 
 
 
 , . , \ 
 • i '* * ^ / 
 
 , -^i .1 ; ■■>: .'*'*^ '"■ ' 
 
 
 '■ -ii''. 
 
 :»%■■-*. V i -'. 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Jr^! . * 
 
 
 
 ^ v-r'. 
 
 'ir- ' 
 
 . . ,^.... ,, ^ - 
 
 * ^ • 
 
 
 r k ‘ 
 
 *1 * 
 
 . ■ ' ‘.^ 
 
 -¥>? 
 
 ■ti 
 
 !4T’ 
 
 
 
 
 ‘k^. 
 V -f- 
 
 
 !»■ 
 
 Sa ,,x k '-V, 
 
 
 
INDEX 
 
 CF THE 
 
 C L A S S E Si 
 
 A. 
 
 Abortion, i. a. i. 14 . 
 
 I from fear, iv. 3. i. 7. 
 
 not from epilepfy, iii. r. i. 
 
 7- 
 
 not from hepatitis, ii. i. 2. 
 
 12. 
 
 Abforption of folids, i. 2. 2. 14. 
 
 . . I . . . . . i of mattet, ii. r. 6. 2. and 6. 
 
 cellular, iv. i. i. 6. 
 
 1 from the lungs, iv. 3. i. 5. 
 
 Suppl. i. 8. 6. 
 
 Abftinence of young ladies, ii#2. 2. I. 
 Acaumulation of feces, ii. 2. 2. 7. 
 Acupundture, iii. i. i. 8. 
 
 Adipfia, ii. 2. 2. 2. 
 
 .ffigritudo ventriculi, i. 2. 4. 4. 
 
 See Sicknefs. 
 
 Agrypnia. See Vigilia. 
 
 Ague-cakes, Suppl. i. 2. 3; 
 
 Alum in ulcers of the mouth, ii. i. 3.1. 
 Ambition, iii. l. 2. 9. 
 
 Amaurofis, i. 2. 5. 5. 
 
 Anafarca of the lungs, i. 2. 3. 16. 
 Anger, iii. l. 2. 17. 
 
 Anger, tremor of iv. 2- 3- 4- 
 ...... blufn of, iv. 2. 3. 5. 
 
 Angina. See Tonfillitis. 
 
 peftoris. See Afthma painful. 
 
 Anhelitus, ii. l. 1.4. 
 
 Arihelatio fpafmodiea, i. 3. 3; 3. 
 Annulus repens, ii. l. 5. 10. 
 
 Anorexia, ii. 2. 2. I. 
 
 mania alis, Suppl. i. 14. 3. 
 
 epileptica, ii. 2. 2. l. iii- I. 
 
 I. 7. 
 
 Appetite depraved, ill. I. 2. 19. 
 
 from abftinence, ii. 2. 2 . I. 
 
 deftroyed, iii. l. 2. 20. 
 
 from epilepfy, ii. 2. 2. I. 
 
 Arm, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 13. 
 
 palfy of, iii. 2. I; 4. 
 
 Arfenic in tooth -ach, i. 2. 4. 12. 
 
 in head-ach, i. 2.4. II. 
 
 Arthrocelc, ii. l. 4. 17. 
 Arthropuofis, ii. l. 4. 1 8. 
 
 Arthritis. See Gout. 
 
 Afcarides, i. i. 4. 12. iv. 2. I. 9. 
 Afcites, i. 2. 3. 13. 
 
 Affociations affedled four ways. iv. i. 
 
 1. G. 
 
 how produced, iv. 1. l. Hi 
 
 i . . diltindl: from catenationsi 
 
 iv. I. I. A. 
 
 i three kinds of, iv. i. I. 
 
 B. 
 
 tertian, iv. l. i. K. 
 
 of the fauces and pubis, 
 
 iv. I. 2. 7. 
 
 fenfttive, a law of, iv. 2, 
 
 2 . 2 . 
 
 fenfitive, iv. 2- i. 
 
 i accumulates, Suppl. i. 8. 
 
 3. i. II. 4. 
 
 Afthma humoral, ii. l. I. 7. i. 3. 2. 8. 
 
 of infants, i, i, 3. 4. 
 
 convulfive, iii. l. l. 10. 
 
 ....... painful, iii. i; i. ll. 
 
 Auditus acrior, i. l. 5. 2. 
 
 imminutus, i. 2. 5. 6. 
 
 Azote, Siippl. i. 9. 3, i. ii. 4. 
 
 B. 
 
 Apepfia, i. 3. I. 3. Suppl. i. 8. Hi 
 Aphtha, ii. l. 3. 17. 
 
 Apoplexy, iii. 2. I. 16. 
 
 Appetite defediivej ii. 2. 2. I. 
 
 Bandages, ill efFedl of, Ii. i. i. 1%, 
 promote abforption, i. I. 3. 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES'. 
 
 324 
 
 BSth, cold, i. S. 2. I. 
 
 warm, Addit. vii. 
 
 Beauty, iii. I. 2. 4. 
 
 ...... lofs of, iii. I. 2- 12 . 
 
 Bile-dU(ft, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 4. 
 
 Bile cryftalized, i. l. 3. 8. 
 
 Bitter tafte, i. i. 3. i. 
 
 ,. . . . not from bile, r. l. 3. I. 
 Bleeding. See Hemorrhage. 
 
 Bladder, diftention of, ii. 2. 2. 6. 
 
 r ftone of, i. I. 3. 10. 
 
 catarrh of, ii. 1. 4. li. 
 
 Bllndnefs, i. 2. 5. 5. 
 
 Blufh of anger, iv. 2. 3. 5. Suppl. i. 
 
 13- ' 7 - _ 
 
 .... of guilt, iv. 2. 3. 6. Suppl. i. 12. 
 
 7 - 
 
 Bones, itinutrition of, i. 2. 2. 14. 
 
 ... . . caries of, ii.- 1. 4. 19. 
 Boi'borigmus, i. 3. l. 9. 
 
 Bougies, ii. I. 4. il. 
 
 Brackioram paralyfis, iii. 2. I. 4. 
 Brain ftimulated, Suppl. i. 1 6. 9. 
 Bronchocele, i. 2. 3. 20. 
 
 Burns, i. I. 3. I3. 
 
 Butterflies, experiment on, i. I. 2- 3. 
 
 G. 
 
 Cacontla, iii. I. 2.20. 
 
 Calculi produiftio, i- !• 3* 9‘ 2- 
 
 14 - 
 
 renis, i. l. 3. 9.1V. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 veficte, i. l. 3. lo. iv. 2. 2. 2. 
 
 Calllco fliirts, i. I. 2 . 3. 
 
 Callus, i. 2. 2. 12. 
 
 Canities. Sec Hair grey-^ 
 
 Calor fsbrillj, i. X. 2. l. 
 
 Calves fed on gruel, i. I. 2. 5. 
 
 hydatldes of, i. 2. 5. 4. 
 
 Cancer, ii. 1. 4. 16. ii. I. 6. 13. 
 Cantharides, large dofe of, iv. 2. 2. 2. 
 Carbonic acid gas, Suppl. i. 9. 3. 
 Cardialgia, i. 2. 4. 5. 
 
 CtLTcinoma, ii. 1.4. 16. ii. I. 6. l;3. 
 Caries offium, ii. l. 4. 19. 
 
 Catarafl, i. 2. 2. 13.' 
 
 Catarrh, warm, i. l. 2. 7. 
 
 cold, i. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 lymphatic, i. 3. 2. I. 
 
 ....... fenfitive, ii. l. 3. 5. 
 
 epidemic, ii. l. 3. 6. 
 
 of dogs and horfes, ii. l. 3. 6. 
 
 from cold flein, iv. 1. i. 5. 
 
 periodic, iv. 3. 4. 1. 
 
 Catamenia, i. 3 - I. lo. iv. 2. 4'. 7. 
 
 Catalepfis; iii. 2. 1. 9. 
 
 Cats, mumps of, ii. l. 3. 4. 
 
 Cephalasa frigida, i. 2. 4. ii. iv. 2. S. 
 
 . 7- 
 
 Charcoal tooth-powder, i. 2. 4. 13. 
 Chce.c, torpor of, iv. 2. 2. l. 
 Chicken-pox, ii. l. 3. 15. 
 
 Chin-cough, ii. i. 3, 8. 
 
 Child-bed fever, ii. X. 6. 16. 
 
 Children, new-born, ii. i.i. 12. 
 
 gripes and purging of, i. % 
 
 2. 5. 
 
 ChloroCs, i. 2. 3. 10. Suppl. i. 8. ii- 
 Chorea St. Viti, iv. 2. 3. 2. 
 
 Citta, iii. 1. 2. 19. 
 
 Clamor, iii. i. i. 3. 
 
 Clavicular animals, ii.l. 2. 6. 
 
 Clavus hyftericus, iv. 2. 2. 8. 
 Claudicatio coxaria, i. 2. 2. 17. 
 
 Cold in the head. See Catarrlr. 
 
 Colic, flatulent, i. 2. 4. 7. 
 
 Colic from lead, i. 2. 4. 8. 
 
 .... hyfteric, i. 2.4. 7. iii. I. I. 8-. 
 Cold air in fevers, iii. 2. I. 12. iv. 3-- 
 4- II. 
 
 .... efiedls of, iii. 2. 1. 17. 
 
 .... how to be ufed, iv. i. r. 4. 
 Compafllon, iii. i . 2. 24. 
 
 Confumption, ii. i. 6. 7. 
 
 Convulfion, iii. i. i. 5. 
 
 weak, iii. 1. 1. y. 
 
 from bad air, iii. I. I. y. 
 
 painful, iii. i. i. 6. iv. 2. 
 
 4- 5- 
 
 Confternation, i. r. y. 12. 
 
 Conftipation, i. i. 3. y. ii. 2. r. 7. 
 Contagious matter of two kinds, ii. I-,- 
 
 3- 
 
 is oxygenated, ii. l. y. 
 
 produces fever, how, 
 
 Suppl. i. 16. 7. 
 
 Cornea to perforate, i. l. 3. 14. 
 
 fears of, feen on milk, i. i. 3 , 
 
 Id- 
 
 Corpulency, i. 2. 3. 17. 
 
 Coryza. See Catarrh. 
 
 Cofthrenefs, i. l. 3. y. ii. 2. I. 7. 
 Cough of dramkards, ii. i. i. y. 
 
 hooping, ii. i. 3. 8. 
 
 ..... hepatic, iv. 2.1. 8. 
 
 ..... gouty, iv. 2. I. 9. 
 
 periodic, iv. 2. 4. 6. iv. 3. 4. 
 
 from cold feet, iv. 2. i. 7. 
 
 Cows, peftilence of, ii. i. 3. 13. 
 
 bloody urine of, ii. I. 3. IJ.- 
 
 Cramp, iii. i. 1. 1-3. 
 
 Cramur 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES^ 325 
 
 Cramp, painful, iii. l- I- 14- 
 
 in diarrhoea, iv. i. a< 
 
 Crab-lice, i I. 4. 14- 
 Credulity, iii. a. a. 3. 
 
 Crines novi, i. I. a. IJ* 
 
 Croup, i. I. 3. 4- ii. I. a. 4. ii. I- 3* 
 
 3- 
 
 Crufta latSlea, ii. I. 5, 13. 
 
 Cutis arida, i. l. 3. 6. 
 
 Cynanche. See Tonfillitis. 
 
 . . parotidoea. See Parotitis. 
 
 D. 
 
 Darknefs in fevers, i. a. 5. 3. 
 
 Deafnefs, two kinds of, i. a. 5. 6. 
 Debility, three kinds of, i. a. I. 
 Debility and ftrength metaphors, i. a. 
 
 I. 
 
 Decnflaticnof nerves, iii. a. I. lo> 
 Deglutition, ii. I. 1. I. 
 
 involuntary, iv. l. 3* I* 
 
 Dentition, i. l. 4. 5. 
 
 Dentium dolor a Itridore, iv. I. a. 3. 
 Defcent of the uterus, i. l. 4. 8. 
 Diabetes, i. 3- a. 6. 
 
 . fdul tongue in, i. I. 3. I. 
 
 irritative, iv. 3. l. l. 
 
 ....... from fear, iv. 3. i. 3. 
 
 tliarrhoea warm, i. l. a. 5. 
 
 of infants, i. l. a. 5. 
 
 lymphatic, i. 3. a. 4. 
 
 chyliferous, i. 3. 3.5. 
 
 . . cold, i. a. 3. 6. 
 
 rheumatic, iv. a. i. 16. 
 
 from fear, iv. 3. l. 4. 
 
 ........ from toothiitg, iv. 2. a. 14. 
 
 in fevefs, Suppl. i. %• 4- 
 
 cure of, iv. 1. I- f. 
 
 Digeftion increafed by cold, I v. 1. 1. 4. 
 
 decreafed by cold, iv. I. a. 
 
 5- 
 
 Dilirium febrile, ii. I. 7. I. 
 
 of drunkennefs, ii. I. 7. 3* 
 
 maniacal, ii. l. 7. a. 
 
 in parotitis, iv. 3. I. 19- 
 
 Diluents, ufe of, ii. I. 2. I. 
 
 Diftention of the nipples, ii. I. 7. lo. 
 iv. I. a. 7. 
 
 Diuretics ufelefs in dropfy, i. I. 3- 7- 
 Dizzinefs. See Vertigo. 
 
 Dogs, catarrh of, ii. i. 3. 6. 
 
 Dolor digit! fympathet. iv. a. a.ia. 
 ..... dutftus choledoch!, iv. a. 3. 4. 
 
 humeri in hepatidite, iv. a. a. 9. 
 
 i . . r . pharyngis ab acido, iv, %. a. 3, 
 
 Dolor teftium nephriticus,iv. a* a. Il» 
 
 urens, i. 1. 5. lo. 
 
 Dracunculus^ i. l. 4. 13. 
 
 Dreams, ii. l. 7. 4. 
 
 Dropfy of the brain, i. 3. 3. 
 
 of the belly, 1 . 3. 3. 13., 
 
 of the cheft, i. 3. 3. 14. 
 
 ..... of the ovary, i. 3. 3. 13. 
 
 of the lungs, i. 3. 3. 16. 
 
 of the fcrotum, i. 2. 3. It. 
 
 Dyfenteiy, ii. i. 3. 18. 
 Dyfmenorrhagia, i. 2. l. 12. 
 
 Dyfpnoea from cold bath, iv. 3. x. 3, 
 
 rheumatlca, iv. 2. l. id. 
 
 Dyfpepfia, i. 3. 1.3. 
 
 a frigore, iv. 2. l. 6. 
 
 Dyfuria infenfitiva, ii. 3. a. 6 . 
 
 E. 
 
 Ears, difcharge behind, 1 , r. a. 9. 
 
 .... noife in tliem, iv. 2. i. 15. 
 Ear-ach, iv. 2. 1. 8.. 
 
 Ebrietas, i. l. i. 2. 
 
 Education, iii. 2. i. 8. iii. l. 15. 24. 
 
 heroic, iii. 1. 2. 3 J. 
 
 Egg boiled for inflamed eyes, ii. i. 4. 
 I. 
 
 . . . boiled fooneft, Suppl. i, 7- 
 . . . life of, iv. I. 4. 1. 
 
 Eledlric fhocks, iv. I. 4. 5. 
 
 EleSrized zinc and filver, i. 2. 5, 3. 
 
 in paralylis, ii. i. i. 9. 
 
 in fcrophula, i. 2. 3. 21. 
 
 in hoarfenefs, iii. 2. I. 3- 
 
 Empyema, ii. i- 6. 4. 
 
 Enteralgia rheumatica, iv. l. %. 16. 
 Enteritis, ii. i. 2. ir. 
 
 ....... fuperfitialis, ii. i. 3. 20. 
 
 Epilepfy, iii. i. i. 7. iv. 3. i. 6. 
 
 painful, iii. i. i. 8. iv. 2/4. 4. 
 
 terminates-withfleep,iii. i.jt., 
 
 in parturition, iii.- i. i. 7. 
 
 with indigeflion, ii. 2. 2 . X. 
 
 Epiflaxis. See Htemorraghia. 
 Epoulofis. See Cicatrix. 
 
 Erotomania, iii. i. a. 4. 
 
 Erudlation, voluntary, iv. 3. 3. 3. 
 Eruption of fmall-pox, iv. 2. I. 12. 
 iv. 2. 2. 10. 
 
 Eryfipelas, iv. i. 2. 17. ii'. l. 3. a. rv. 
 2. 4. 10. 
 
 feldom fuppurates, why,iL 
 
 I. 3. 2. 
 
 Efuries, i. 2. 4. i. 
 
 Evil, i. 2. 3. 3 i- 
 
 E-spedloT?tIon. 
 
22 $ Index of the classes* 
 
 Expectoration, warm, i. i. i. 8. 
 
 folid, i. I. 3. 4. 
 
 cold, i. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Exfudation behind the ears, i. I. 2. 9. 
 Eyes, blue under the, i. 2. 2. 2. ii. l. 
 4* 4- 
 
 Eyelid inverted, cure of, ii. 1. 1.8. 
 i . . . . coloured with antimony, ii. l. 4. 
 
 3* 
 
 F. 
 
 Face, pimpled, ii. i. 4. 6. ^ 
 
 .... red after meals, Suppl. '. 12. 7. 
 .... flulhed after dinner, iv. 1. l. l. 
 Fat people why fhert breathed, ii. I. I. 
 
 4- 
 
 Fear, fyncope from, i; 2. i. 4. 
 
 .... abortion from, iv. l. 3. 7. 
 
 .... produces abforption, ii. i. 6. 4. 
 .... palenefs in, iv. l. 3. 5. 
 
 . . . . ef death, iii. l. a. 14. 
 
 .... of hell, iii. I. 2. IS- 
 .... of poverty, iii. l. 2. 13. 
 
 Feet cold produces heartburn. Suppl. 
 i. 8. .t. 
 
 > . . . fetid, i. I. 2. 14. 
 
 * . . . cold in fmall-pox, iv. 2. 2. 10. 
 Fevers, five kinds, ii. l. 2. Suppl. i. 1.2. 
 ..... irritative, i. l. I. I. iv. l. i. 8. 
 
 inirritative, u 2. 1. 1, iv. a. i. 
 
 19. Suppl. i. I. 2. 
 
 . , . . . fenfitive, ii. I. 5. I. 
 
 1 . . . . fenfitive irritated, ii. I. 2. l. 
 ...... fenfitive inirritated, ii. l. 3. i. 
 
 ..... intermit, tvhy, .Suppl. i, 
 
 4 . . . . continue, why, Suppl. i. 
 
 ..... periods of, iv. 2. 4. II. 
 
 Ample, Suppl. i. r. 
 
 ; . . . . compound, Suppl. i. 2. 
 
 ..... terrainationofcoldfit,Suppl.i. 3. 
 
 . 4. . . return of cold fit", Suppl. i. 3. 
 i . . . . fenfation in, Suppl. i. 5. 
 
 » . . . . circles of motions in, Suppl. i 6. 
 
 4 . . . . cold and hot fits, Suppl. 1. 7. 
 ..... continued, Suppl. i. 8. 
 
 torpor of lungs in, Suppl. i. 9. 1. 
 
 ..... hot determinable in cold fit, i. 
 
 I. I. r. 
 
 frequency of pulfe in, i. l. l. l. 
 
 1 . . . . not an effort to cure, i. i. 2. 3. 
 ..... perpetual, ii. i. 6. 16. i. 2. 4- 9. 
 i . . . . from inclofed matter, ii. l. 6. 2. 
 ..... from aerated matter, ii. i. 6. 6. 
 from contagious matter, ii- 1. 6. 
 
 II. 
 
 Fevers, from contagious fanie$,ii. I. Ct 
 
 15- 
 
 torpor of the ftomach, Suppl. i. 
 
 12. 
 
 cafe of, Suppl. i. 13. 
 
 . i . . . termination of, Suppl. i. 14. 
 
 inflammation excited,Sup.i. 15. 
 
 returns of, SuppL i- 4. 
 
 ..... when cold air in, Suppl. i. 2. 2* 
 
 fympathetic, theory of, Suppl. i. 
 
 ... .4 duration of explained, Suppl. i. 
 2. S- 
 
 Fingers, playing wicla, iv. l. 3. 4. 
 
 pain of, iv. 2. 2. 12. 
 
 Fifli live longer with injured brain, i. 
 2.5.10. 
 
 Fiftula in ano, ii. l. 41 10. 
 
 lacrymalis, ii. i. 4. 9. 
 
 urethra, ii. l. 4. ii. 
 
 Flannel Ihirt in diarrhoea, iv. 1. l. 3. 
 
 injurious in fummer, i. 1. 2. 3. 
 
 Fluor albus warm, i. l. 2. II. 
 
 .... cold, i. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Frigus febrile, i. 2. 2. I. 
 
 chronicum, i. 2. 2. 2- 
 
 G. 
 
 Gall-ftone, i. I. 3. 8. 
 
 Gangrene, ii. i. 6. 17. 
 
 Gargles, ii. l. 3. 3. 
 
 Gaftritis, ii. l. 2. 10. 
 
 fuperficialis, ii. l. 3. 19- 
 
 Genu tumor albus, i. 2. 3. 19. 
 
 Gleet. See Goiiorrhcea. 
 
 Globus hyftericus, i. 3. 1. 7. 
 Gonorrhoea warm, i. 1. 2. 10. 
 
 cold, i. 2. 3. 8. 
 
 Gout, iv. I. 2. 15. iv. 2. 4. 9. 
 
 of the liver, ii. i. i- 7. 
 
 ..... cafes of, iv. 1. 2,. 15- 
 
 cough, iv. 2. I. 9. 
 
 of the ftomach, i. 2. 4. 6. 
 
 haemorrhage in, i. i. i. 41 
 
 Grace defined, iii. r. t. 4. 
 
 Gravel diftiuguilljed fromfalts^i. 1. 3. 
 10. 
 
 Gravitation, iv. 2. 4. 
 
 6reen-licknefs. See Chlorofis. 
 
 Grief, iii. l. 2. lO- 
 
 Gripcs of children, i. I. 2. 5. iv. 2. I. 4. 
 
 Guftus acrior, i. i. 5. 4. 
 
 imminutus, i. 2. 5. 8. 
 
 Gutta rofca, ii. l. 4. 6. iv. i. 2. rj. 
 ar.d 14; 
 
 ferez33j 1. 2. 5. 5. 
 
 Hxmorrhag-i, 
 
index; of the classes. 
 
 
 H. 
 
 Hjeniorrhage arterial, i. i. I. 3. 
 
 of the lungs, i. I. 1.4. 
 
 of the nofe, i. l. J. J. 
 
 venous, i. a. i. 5. 
 
 of the recftum, i. a. l. 6. 
 
 of the kidneys,!. 1. 1. 7. 
 
 , of the liver, i. a. I. 8. 
 
 Hsemoptoe arterial, i, l. I. 4. 
 
 venous, i. 2. l. 9- 
 
 JiaemorrhOTS cruenta, i. 2. I. 6. iv. %, 
 4.8. 
 
 , . alba, i. I. 2. 12. 
 
 Hair, grey, i. 2. 2. .11. 
 
 .... new, i. I. 2. I5. 
 
 .... white by uterine prcffure, Add. i. 
 Hallucination of fight, ii. l. 7. j. 
 
 of hearing, ii. i. 7. 6, 
 
 maniacal, iii. I. 2. J. 
 
 ftudiofa, iii. I. 2. 2. 
 
 Harrowgate water fadl, i. I. 4. 12. 
 Head-ach. Sec Hemicrania and Ce- 
 phaltea. 
 
 Hearing, acuter, i. 1. 5. 2. 
 
 diminilhed, i. 2. 5. 6. 
 
 Heart-burn, j. 2. 4. 5. 
 
 Heart ffimulated, Suppl. i. II. 7* *• 
 16. 9. 
 
 Heat, animal, i. I. 2. I. i. I. 2, 3- 
 ..... fenfe of, acuter, i. l. 5. 6. 
 ..... elemental, iv. 2. 4. 
 
 ..... he(ftickffoncibyfwinging(iv- 
 2. I. 10 
 
 not perceived by the lungs, 
 
 iii. I. I. 10. 
 
 not eftimated by thermome- 
 ters, Suppl. i. 7. 
 
 of the breath. Suppl. i. 2- 2. 
 
 Hemicranja, iv. 2. 2. 8. iv. 2. 4. 3. 
 
 relieved by mercury, jv. 
 
 2. 2. 8. 
 
 Hemiplegia, iii. 2. I. 10. 
 
 Hepatis, tumor, i.'2. 3. 9. 
 
 Hepatitis, ii. l. 2. 12. 
 
 chronica, ii, i. 4. 12. 
 
 Herpes, ii. l. 5. 8, 
 
 nephritica, iv. 1.2. II- 
 
 Hiccough, ii. 1. 1. 6. iv. l. i. 7. 
 Hip-joint injured, i. 2. 2. 17. 
 Hoarfenefs. ii. i. 3. 5. iii. 2. I. 4- 
 Horfes, broken wind of, i. 2. 4. 9. 
 ^umchfation of the body, iv. l. 4. 7 
 Hunger, i, 2. 4. 2. 
 
 Hydatides in calves, i. 2, .5- 2. 
 Hydrocefcj i. 2- 3. ii. 
 
 Hydrocephalus inter, i. 2. 3. 12. i. 2. 
 5. 4. iii. 2. 1. 10. 
 
 from inflammation, Ad- 
 
 dit. ii. 
 
 Hydrogene gas, Suppl. i. 9. 3. i. ii. 4, 
 
 in fevers, Suppl. i. II. 6. i- 
 
 16. 9. 
 
 Hydrothoras,i. 2. 3. 14.cafe of, iv. 2, 
 
 2. 13- 
 
 Hydro-carbonate gas, Suppl. i. 9. i, 
 Suppl. i. 15 - 3 -’ 
 
 Hydrops ovarii, i. 2. 3. IJ. 
 Hydrophobia,!. 3. I. II. iii. l. 1. 15. 
 iv. I. 2. 7. 
 
 H)-pochondriafis, i, 2. 4. lo. 
 Hyfteralgia frigida, i. a. 4. 17. 
 Hyfteria, i. 3. l. 10. Suppl. i. 8. II. 
 
 from fear, iv. 3. i. 8. 
 
 from cold, iv. 3.3.3. 
 
 convulfiojis in, iii. i. i. 5, 
 
 laughter in, iii. i. l. 
 
 Hyfteritis, ii. I. 2. 1 6. 
 
 I. 
 
 Jaiftitatio, iii. l. l. T. 
 jaundice, i. I. 3. 8. i. 2. 4. igi. 
 
 Idterus, i. I.*3. 8. i. 2. 4. 19. 
 
 Ileus, i. 3. I. 6. ii. i. 2. ii. 
 
 Impotentia, ii. 2. 2. 3. 
 
 Indigeftion, i. 3. l. 3. 
 
 See Anorexia and Apepfla, 
 
 ..... from cold feet, iv. 2. i. 6- 
 
 SUp. i. 8. 5. 
 
 Incubus, iii. 2. l. 13. 
 
 Infants, green ftools of, i. l. 2. 
 
 .... new born, ii. i. 1. 12, 
 
 Inflammation of the eye, ii. i. 2. 2. 
 ....... Superficial, ii. l. 4. i. 
 
 ....... of the brain, ii. i. 2. .> 
 
 of the lungs, ii. i. 2. 4. 
 
 fupcrficial, ii. i. 3. 7. 
 
 of the pleura, ii. i. 2. 5. 
 
 of the diaphragm, ii. I, 
 
 2 . 6 . 
 
 of the heart, ii. i. a. 7. 
 
 of the peritoneum, ii. I. 
 
 2 . 8 . . 
 of the mefentery, ii. I. 2. 
 
 9- 
 
 ofthe{lomach,ii.l.2. 10, 
 
 ....... fupcrficial, ii. 1. 3. 19, ' 
 
 of the bowels, ii. i. 2. 3= 
 
 fuperficial, ii. 1. 3. 20^ 
 
 of the liver, ii. I. a. 12- 
 
 chroiiical, ii. l. 4. 12. 
 
 Ir-flanimatioa 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES- 
 
 528 
 
 Inflammation of the fpleen, ii. I. i. 13. 
 Sup. i. 16. 6. 
 
 ....... of thekidneys,ii.l.2. 14. 
 
 . ofthebladder,ii. l.a. 15. 
 
 of the womb, ii. l. 2. 16. 
 
 ofthetonfib, ii. i. 3. 3. 
 
 of the parotis, ii. 1. 3. 4. 
 
 Inirritability oflafteals, i. 2. 3. 26. 
 
 of lymphatics, i. 2. 3.27. 
 
 . of the gall-bladder, j. 2. 
 
 4. 19. 
 
 ....... of the kidney, i. 2. 4- 20. 
 
 of the fpIecn,Suppl.i. 16. 
 
 6. 
 
 viciffitudes of, i. I. I* 
 
 Inoculation, ii. l. 3- 9- 
 Innutrition of bones, i. 2. 2. 14. 
 Infanity, quick pulfe in, iii. i. i. 
 ..... from parturition, iii. l. 2. 
 ..... with fever, iii. l. 2. 
 
 . . . ■» . cure of, iii. l. 2. 
 
 confinement in, iii. I. 2. 
 
 Infenfibility,. ii. 2. I. I. 
 
 Ira, iii. 1. 2. I7. 
 
 Ifchias, ii. I. 2. 18. i. 2. 4. 15. 
 
 Iffues, ufe of, i. 1.2. 9. iii. I. l. II. 
 Itch, ii, I. 5. 6. 
 
 Itching, i. I. J. 9. 
 
 .... of the nofe, iv. 2. 2. 6, 
 
 L. 
 
 X„acrymanim flnxus fym. iv. i. 2. I- 
 Lamenefs of the hip, i. 2. 2. 1 7. 
 Laflitude, iii. 2. l. l. 
 
 Laughter, iv. 2. 3- 3. iii. I. I, 4. iv. 
 I-3-S- 
 
 ...... See Rifus. 
 
 Leg, one Ihorter, i. 2. 2. 17, 
 
 Lepra, ii. l. 5. 3. 
 
 Lethargus, iii. 2. I. 14- 
 Lethi timor, i'i. I- 2. 14. 
 
 Lice, i. I._4- IJ- 
 Lientery, i. 2. 3. 6, 
 
 Light debilitates in fevers, i. 2. J. 3. 
 Lingua arida, i. l. 3. I. iv. 2. 4. II. 
 Liver, torpor of, i. %. 2. 6. 
 w . . . tumor of, i. 2. 3. 9. 
 
 .... inflamed, ii. I. 2. 1 2. 
 
 Lochia, nimia, i. 2- 
 Locked jaw, iii. I. I. 13. 
 
 Love, fentipaental, iii. r. 2. 4. 
 
 Lues venerea, ii. I. 5-8. 
 
 , , . iraaginaria, iii. l. 2. 21. 
 Lumbago, ii. 1-2. 17. iii. I. I. I. 
 
 cold, i. 2. A. 16. 
 
 I 
 
 Lumbricus, i. l. 4. 10. 
 
 Lunar influence on the folids, i. 2. 1, 
 II. 
 
 Lungs, adheConsof, ii. l. 2.3. 
 
 . . . . notfenfibletoheatjiii.i. l.io. 
 Lufus digitorum invitus, iv. l. 3. 4. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macul* vultus, i. 2. I. 9. 
 
 Madnefs, mutable, iii. i. j. i, 
 Mammarum tumor, iv. 2. i. 19. 
 Mammularum tenfio, iv. 2. i. 6. i. 1\ 
 4-7- 
 
 Mania mutabilis, iii. 1. 2. l. 
 
 Matter variolus, ii. i. 3. 9. 
 
 .... contagious, ii. i. 3. ii. i. 6. IJ. 
 .... inclofed, ii. l. 6. 2. 
 
 .... oxygenated, ii. i. 6. 6. • 
 
 .... fanious, ii. I. 6. 15. 
 
 Mealies, ii. I. 3. lo. 
 
 Membranes, what, iv. i. 2. 
 Menorrhagia, i. 2. 1. ii. 
 
 Mercury crude, as a clyfter, i. 3. r. 6 
 , . . . in aUbontagions,Supp . i. i6> 
 7- 
 
 in vertigo, iy- i. 2. II. 
 
 Miliaria, ii. 1. 3. 1 2. 
 
 Milk new, for children, i. i. 2. 5, 
 
 . . old, induces coftivenefs,'u. 2. 2. y, 
 
 Milk-cruft, ii. l. J- 12. 
 
 Mifcarriage. .See .abortion. 
 
 Mceror, iii. I. 2. lO. 
 
 Mobility, iv. i. 2. 
 
 of the Ikin, Suppl. L 7, 
 
 Mollities offium, i. 2. 2. 14. 
 
 Moon, effedl of, iv. 2. 4. 
 
 MorhiUi. See Rubeola. 
 Mortificatiqn, ii, l. 6. 17, 
 
 Morpiones, i. 1.4. I4. 
 
 Mucus dftniniflied, i, 2. 2,4,'' 
 
 .... of the throat, cold, i. 2. 3. r, 
 . . . . of the bowels, i. a. 3. 6. i. i. 
 2. 12. 
 
 . . . . ofthelungs, i. i. 3.4. 
 
 .... forms ftoiies, i. I. 3. {9. 
 
 . . . . diflingnifhed from pus, ii. i. 
 
 6. 
 
 Mumps, ii. l. 3. 4. 
 
 Murmur aurium, iv.j2. I- 15. 
 
 Mufcce volitantes, i. 2. 5. 3. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nails, biting of, iv. 1. 3. 5. 
 
 Nares arid!, i. i. 3. 3. 
 
 NaU 
 
INDEX OE 
 
 ■Naufea, dry, i. 2. .4. 3. 
 
 humid, i. 3. 2. 3. 
 
 ideal, iv. 3. 2. I. 
 
 from conception, iv. 3. 2. 2. 
 
 Navel-ftring of infants, ii. i. i. I2. 
 
 cut toofoon, ii. l. i. 12 
 
 Neck thickens at puberty, iv. l. 2. 7. 
 Neck-fwing, i. 2. 2. 16. 
 
 Nephritis, ii. i. 2. 14. i. i. 3. 9. hi 
 2. I. 14. 
 
 Nerves deculTate, iii. 2. I. lo. 
 Nictitation irritative, i. 1. 4. I. 
 
 fenfitive, ii. 1. i. 8. 
 
 involuntary, iv. i. 3. 2. 
 
 Night-mare, iii. 2. l. 13. 
 
 Nipples, tenfion of, i. l. 4. 7. iv. 2. I. 
 6 . 
 
 Noftalgia, iii. i. 2- 6. 
 
 Noflrils, dry, i. i. 3. 3. 
 
 O. 
 
 Obefitas, i. 2. 3. 17. 
 
 Odontitis, ii. i. 4. 7. 
 
 Odontalgia, i. 2.4. 12. 
 
 Oefophagi fchirrus, i. 2. 3. 25. 
 Olfadtus acrior, i. 1. 3. 3. 
 
 imminutus, i. 2. 5. 7. 
 
 Oil deftroys infedls, i. l. 4. 14. 
 
 . . . elTentialof animals, i. 1. 2. I4. 
 
 • . . why injuiious in erylipelas, ii. l. 
 3- 
 
 Opium in catarrh, i. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 in diaphragmitis, ii. I. 2. 6 . 
 
 Ophthalmy, internal, ii. i. 2. 2. 
 
 fuperficial, h. l. 4. i. 
 
 Orcitimor, iii. I. 2. 15. 
 
 Ofcitatio, ii. l. l. 9. 
 
 Oflium innutritio, i. 2. 2. 14. 
 
 Otitis, ii. I. 4. 8 . 
 
 Otalgia, i. 2. 4. 13. iv. 2. 2- 8. 
 Otopuofis, ii. 1.4. 8. 
 
 Ovary, dropfy of, i. 2. 3. 15. 
 
 exfection of, i. 2. 3. 13. 
 
 Oxygenation of blood, iv. 1. 4. 6. 
 Oxygen gas, Suppl. i. 9. 3. 
 
 in fevers, Suppl. i. ll. 7. i. 16. 
 
 9. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pain exhaufts fenforial power, iv. 2. 2. 
 .... greater prevents left, iv. 2. 2. 2. 
 
 . . . . nervous, i. 2. 4. 
 
 .... of the little finger, fymptom, Iv. 
 
 2. 2. 12. 
 
 VoL. ll. 
 
 THE CLASSES. 329 
 
 Pain of armin hydrothorax,iv. 2.2, 13 
 .... of the bile-dudl, iv. 2. 2. 4. 
 
 .... of theihoulder, Iv. 2. 2. 9. 
 
 .... of the pharynx, iv. 2. 2. 5. 
 
 .... of the teflis, iv. 2. 2. II.j ■ 
 
 fmarting, i. i. 5. 10. 
 
 , .... of the fide, i. a. 4. 14. iv. l. 2. 16. 
 
 .... of menllruation, i. 2. I. 12. 
 
 . . . . ufe of, iii. I. 1. II. i. I. 2. 9. 
 .... of the uterus, i. 2. 4. 17. 
 
 Paint, white, dangerous, ii. 1.4. 6 - 
 Palate, defedl of, i. 2. 2. 20. 
 
 Palenefs, i. 2- 2. 2. 
 
 from fear, iv. 3. l. 5. 
 
 from ficknefs, iv. 2. I. 4. 
 
 of urine after dinner, iv. 2. 
 
 I. 2. 
 
 Palenefs from cold Ikin, iv. 2. l. i. 
 Palpitation of heart, i. 3. 3. 2. i. 2. l- 
 10. 
 
 from fear, iv. 3. i. 6. 
 
 relieved by arfcnic, iv. 2- 
 
 1. 18. 
 
 Pancreas, torpor of, i. 2. 2. 7. 
 Pandiculatio, ii. I. I. 9. 
 
 Panting, ii. l. I. 4. i. 3. 3. 3. 
 Paracentefis at the navel, i. 2. 3. 13. 
 Paralyfis, iii. 2. 1. 10. 
 
 of the bladder, iii. 2. i. 6. 
 
 of the reftum, iii. 2. 1. 7. 
 
 of the hands, iii. 2-1. 4. 
 
 . . .' cure of, iii. 2. 1. 4. 
 
 Paraplegia, iii. 2. I. II. 
 
 Parehs inirritativa, i. a. r. a. Suppl. 
 i. 8. 10. 
 
 fenfitiva, i. 2. I. 3. 
 
 voluntaria, hi. 2. i. 8 . 
 
 Paronychia internal, h. i. 2. 19. 
 
 fuperficial, h. i. 4. 5. 
 
 Parturition, ii. i. i. 12. ii. i. 2. 16. 
 
 more fatal in high life, ii. 
 
 I. I. 12. 
 
 with convulfion, iii. i. i. 
 
 iii. I. I. 7. 
 
 Parotitis, ii. l. 3. 4. 
 
 PalTions depreffing and exciting, iv. 3. 
 
 I- 5- 
 
 Paupertatls timer, hi. I. 2. 13. 
 
 Ptdi culi, i. I. 4. 15. 
 
 Pemphigus, ii. i. 3. 14. 
 
 Penetration of animalbodies,iv. I. 4. 7. 
 Peripneumony, ii. i. 2. 4. 
 
 tracheal, ii. i. 2. 4. 
 
 fuperficial, ii. i. 3. 7. 
 
 inirritated, ii. i. 2. 4. 
 
 Peritonitis, ii. 1. a. 8. 
 
 Perfpiration 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES 
 
 33 ® 
 
 Perfpiration not an excrement. 1. 1. 2. 
 14- 
 
 greateft in the hot fit, i. I. 
 
 2. 3- 
 
 fetid, i. I. 2 . I 4 - 
 
 P.ertulTis, ii. l. 3. 8. 
 
 Peftis, ii. I. 3. 13. 
 
 Petechia, i. 2. i. 17. 
 
 cure of, Suppl. i. 2. 7. 
 
 Fliarynx, pain of, iv. 2. 2.5. 
 
 Phthifis, pulmonary, ii. 1. 6. 7. 
 Pimples on the face, ii. l. 4. 6. 
 
 Piles, bleeding, i. 2. l. 6. 
 
 . . . . white, i. I. 2. 12. 
 placenta, ii. 1. I. 12 . ii. I. 2 . 16. 
 plague, ii. I. 3. 13. 
 
 Plaliers, why moift, i. I. 3. 6. 
 Pleurify, ii. l. 2. 5. 
 
 Pleurodyne chronica, i. 2. 4. 14. 
 
 riieumatica, iv. I. 2. 16. 
 
 Podagra, iv. 1. 2. 13. iv. 2. 4. 9. 
 Polypus of the lungs, i. 1.3. 4. 
 
 of the nofe from worms, iv. 
 
 I. 2. 9. 
 
 Pregnancy, ii. l. l. 12. 
 
 PriapUmus, i. I. 4- 6- ii- I- 7 - 9 - 
 Piotlalgia, i. 2. 4. 18. 
 
 Prolapfus ani, i. I. 4. 9. 
 
 Pruritus, i. i. 5- 9- 
 
 narium a vermibus,iv. 2. 2. 6. 
 
 Pfora, ii. I. 5. 6. 
 
 imaginaria, iii. l. 2. 22. 
 
 ptyalifmus. See Salivatio. 
 
 Puhes and throat fympathife,;v. 2. 1. 7. 
 Puerperal fever, i. 2. 4. 9-- ii. i- 6. 16. 
 Add. S. 
 
 infanlty, iii. l. 2. I. 
 
 Pu]chritudinisdefiderinm,iji. I. 2 . 12 . 
 Pullulation of trees, iv. 1.4. 3. 
 Pulfcfull, why, i. i. i. i. 
 
 .... ftrongjhow determined, i. I. l. 
 
 I. Suppl. i. 16. 10. 
 
 .... foft in vomiting, iv. 2. l. 17. 
 .... intermittent, iv. 2. 1. iS. 
 
 . . . . quick 
 
 from paucity of 
 
 blood. 
 
 Suppl. i. 
 
 II. 4. 
 
 
 , . . . qu.ck 
 
 fo^ietiraes ipfleep, 111. a. l. 
 
 12. 
 
 
 
 . , . . quick 
 
 in weak people, iii. 
 
 2 - I'. 
 
 Suppl. i. 
 
 II. 4 - 
 
 
 .... llowei 
 
 • by fwinging, iv. 2. 
 
 I. 10 . 
 
 .... quick 
 
 in chlorofis, i. 2. 3. 
 
 10 . 
 
 pun^K mucofx vultus, i. 2. 2. 9. 
 Purging. See D!arrh'i;a. 
 pus diminifhed, i. 2. 2. 3. 
 
 . , . difiinguifhed from inucus,Ii. l. 6. 6. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabies, iii. l. 2. 18. 
 
 Rachitis, i. 2. 2. 15. 
 
 Raucedo catarrhal, ii. i. 3. 5. 
 
 paralytic, iii. 2. I. 5. 
 
 RecoUe&inn, lofs of, iii. 2. 2. I. 
 
 Redli paralyfis, iii. 2. 1. 7. 
 
 fchirrus, i. 2. 3. 23. 
 
 R*d-gum, ii. r. 3. 12. i. i. 2. 3. 
 Rednefs from heat, ii. i. 7. y. 
 
 of joy, ii. I. 7. 8. 
 
 after dinner, iv. i. i. i. 
 
 pf anger, iv. 2. 3. 5. 
 
 of guilt, iv. 2. 3. 6. 
 
 of mndefty, iv. 2. 3. 6. 
 
 Refpiration, ii. i. i. 2. 
 
 quic inexcrcife.ii. I. r. 3. 
 
 "... in foftnefs of bones, i. i. 
 
 2. 14. 
 
 Refllcirnefs, iii. 1. r. 1. 
 
 Reverie, iii. i. 2. 2. iv. 2. 4. 2. 
 Rhaphania, iii. r. 1. 6. 
 
 Rlteumatifm, iv. 1. 2. 16. 
 
 of the joints, iv. i. 2. 16. 
 
 of the bowels, iv. i. 2. 16. 
 
 ofthepleura,iv. I. 2.l6e 
 
 fuppurating,iv. i. 2. 16. 
 
 Irom fympathy, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 Id- 
 
 chronical, i. i. 3. 12. 
 
 iii. I. 1.6. 
 
 Rickets, i. 2. 2. 15. 
 
 Ring.worm, ii. r. 5. 10. 
 
 Rifus, iii. I. 1. 4. iv. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 i'ardonicus, iv. 1. 2. 4. 
 
 invitus, iv. 1. 3. 3. 
 
 Rubeola, ii. 1. 3. 10. 
 
 Rubor a calore, ii. 1. 7. 7. 
 
 .... jucunditatis, ii. T. 7. S. 
 
 .... pranfonim, iv. I. 1. I- 
 Ruclus, i. 3. I. 2. 
 
 Ruminatio, i. 3. i. i. iv. 3. 3. I- 
 
 S. 
 
 Sailing in phthifis, ii. l. 6- 7. 
 Salivation, war.m, i. 1. 2. 6. 
 
 lym.phatic, i. 3. 2. 2. 
 
 fympathetic, iv. i. 2. e. 
 
 in low fevi-rs, i. i. 2- 6. 
 
 Salt of urine, i. 1. 2. 4. i. I. 3. 9. 
 Satyriafis, iii. I. 2. 1 6. 
 
 Scabies. See Pfora. 
 
 Scarlatijia, ii. 1.3. it. 
 
 Scarlet fever, il, i. 3. ii. 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES,' 
 
 331 
 
 Staid-head, il. i. 5. ll. 
 
 Sciatica frigida, i. 5ti 4. 15. 
 
 Schirius, i. a. 3. aa. 
 
 fuppurans, ii. I. 4. 15. 
 
 of the redtum, i. a* 3. a3* 
 
 of the urethra, i. a. 3. a4- 
 
 of the oefophagus, i. a. 3. is 
 
 Scorbutus, i. a. I. 15. 
 
 fuppurans, ii. l. 4. 14. 
 
 Scrophula, i. a. 3. ai. 
 
 fuppurating, ii. l. 4. 14. 
 
 produces infanity, iii. i. a. 
 
 Scurvy, i. a. l. IJ. 
 
 fuppurating, ii. I. 4. 14. 
 
 Scurf of tlie head, i. r. 3. 6. 
 
 .... of the tongue, i. l. 3. l. 
 
 Sea-air in phthifis, ii. l. 6. 7. 
 Ssa-ficknefs, iv. a. 1. 10. Suppl. i. 8. 3. 
 Seat, defcent of, i. l. 4. 9. 
 
 Seed, ejedlion of, ii. I. I. II. 
 
 See-faw of old peo-ple, iii. a. l. a. 
 SenStive alTociation, law of, iv. a. a. a. 
 Senfation inert, Suppl. i. 6. 4. 
 
 Setons, ii. l. 6. 
 
 Shingles, ii. I. 3. 9. 
 
 Shoulder, pain of, iv. a. a. 9. 
 Shrieking, iii. I. I. 3. 
 
 Sicknefs, i. a. 4. 4. i. 3. a. 3. 
 
 cured by ablifter, iv. I. l. 3. 
 
 by warm Ikin, iv. i. a- a. 
 
 Suppl. i. II. 4. 
 
 by whirling, i. 1. 1. 4. 
 
 by Twinging, Suppl. i. 13. 3. 
 
 by hydrocarbonate gas, Sup. 
 
 i- Id- 3 - 
 
 See Naufea. 
 
 Sight acuter, i. l. 3. l. 
 
 .... impaired, i. a- 3- a. 
 
 Side, chronical pain of, i. a. 4. 14. 
 Sighing and fobbing, iii. l. a. io. 
 
 Sitis calida, i. a. 4. I. 
 
 . . . frigida, i. a. 4. l. 
 
 . . . defedlus, ii. a. a. a. 
 
 Skin pale in old age, i. a. a. a. 
 
 . . . from cold, i. a. a. a. 
 
 . . . dry, i. l. 3. 6. 
 
 , . . yellowifli, i. a. a. a. 
 
 . , . bluilh and fhrunk, i. a. I- 1 . 
 
 . . . reddifh, ii. l. 3. i. 
 
 . . . cold after meals, iv. a. I. I. 
 
 Sleep, iii. a. I. la. 
 
 interrupted, i. a. i. 3. 
 
 periods in, iv. a. 4. i. 
 
 with quick pulfe, iii. 3. I. 13 . 
 
 . . . . . difturbed by digeftion, iii. 3. 1 , 
 la. 
 
 y 
 
 Sleep-walkers, Hi. l. l. 9. 
 
 Small-pox, ii. 1. 3. 9. 
 
 why diftindl and conflu- 
 ent, Sup. i. 13. a. 
 
 fecondary fever of,ii. l. 4 . 
 
 la. 
 
 eruption of, iv. i. a. 12. 
 
 Smarting, i. i. 3. 10. 
 
 Smell, acuter, i. i. 3. 3. 
 
 .... impaired, i. a. 3, 7. 
 
 Sneezing, ii. i. i. 3. iv. l. a. a. 
 
 Snow in fcrophula, i. a. 3. ai. 
 
 in paralyfis, iii. a. I. 4. 
 
 SnulF in hydrocephalus, i. a. 3. ia< 
 Somnambulifm, iii. i. l. 9. 
 
 Somnium, ii. i. 7. 4. 
 
 Somnus, iii. a. i. 13. iv. a. 4. I. 
 
 interruptus, i. a. l. 3. 
 
 Softnefs of bones, i. a. a. 14. 
 
 Spafm of diaphragm, iii. 1. i. ii. 
 
 of the heart, iii. 1. 1. il. 
 
 Spine diftorted, i. 3. 2 . 16. 
 
 protuberant, i. a. a. 18. 
 
 bifld, i. a. a. 19. 
 
 Spitting blood, i. I. I. 4. i. 3. I. 9. 
 Spleen, fwelled, i. a. 3. 18. Suppl. i, 
 16. 6. 
 
 Splenitis, ii. a. a. 13. 
 
 Spots on the face, i. a. a. 9. 
 
 Spots feen on bed-clothes, i. a. 3. 3. 
 Squinting, i. a. 3^. 
 
 in IjpiFocephalas, i. 3.3.4. 
 
 Stammering, iv. a. 3. l. 
 
 Stays tight, injurious, ii. I. 1. la. 
 Sterility, ii. a. a. 4. 
 
 Sternutatio, ii. l. l. 3. iv. i. 2. a. 
 
 a lumine, iv. 3. I. a. 
 
 Stimulants, their twofold eSeift, ii. i. 
 a. 6. 
 
 Stocks for children dangerous, ilrsi’ a. 
 17 - 
 
 Stomach, torpor of, Suppl. 1 . lo. i. 
 16. 6. 
 
 Stomach, inflammation of, ii. i. a. 10. 
 ii. I. 3. 19. 
 
 its alFociation, iv. l. l. 
 
 caufe of fever, Suppl. i, 8. 8, 
 
 Stones in the bladder. See Calculi. 
 
 .in horfes, i. i. 3. 3. i. i. 3. 10. 
 
 Strabifmus, i. a. 3. 4. 
 
 Strangury, ii. i. i. ii. iv. a. 3. a. 
 
 •’ convulfivc, iv. 3. 2. 3. 
 
 Strength anddebility-metaphors,i. 2. I. 
 Stridor dentlum, iii. i. i. 13. 
 
 Studjum inane, iii. t. a. a. iv. 3.4. 3, 
 Stultitia inirritabilis, i. 3. 3. i. 
 
 » Stultitia 
 
3J2 1NDE2^ or THE CLASSED. 
 
 Stult tia infenfiblli?', ii. i. l. l. Tenefmui, calculofas, Jy. f. 2 . 2 . 
 
 voluntaria, iii. 3. 2. 2. 
 
 Jjtupor, i. 2.5. 10. .?uppl. i. 15. 
 Subfultus tendium, iii. I. 1.5. 
 
 Sbddr. Sec Sweats. 
 
 Suggeftion, flow, 
 
 .Siiqinfe, i. I. 5. 12. 
 
 &\veats, warm, i. I. 2. 3. 
 
 cold, i. 2. 3. 2. 
 
 lympliatic, i. 3. 2. 7. 
 
 ...... afthmatic.i. 3. 2. 8. iv. 3. l. a. 
 
 covered in bed, iv. i. I. 2. 
 
 Suppb i. II. 6. 
 
 in fever fits, why, i. l. 2. J. 
 
 from exeicife, i. i. 2. 3. 
 
 from heat, i. I. 2. 5. 
 
 from rhedicines, i. l. 2. 3. 
 
 Sweaty hands cured, i. 3. 2. 7. 1 
 Svringing, ii. I. 6. 7. 
 
 ....... mates the pulfe flower, iv. 
 
 "2. I. 10. 
 
 Swing, ceiitf-ifugal, Stip^l. i. 15 dnd 3. 
 Sympathy ,direft and reVerfe, iv. i-jl. f. 
 
 with others,, iii. i. 3. 24. 
 
 of various parts, Snppl. i. 
 
 II. J. 
 
 reverfe of laftcals and lym- 
 phatics, Suppb i. 11.5.' 
 
 of capillaries, Suppl. i. ll. 5. 
 
 . diredt of ftomach and heart, 
 
 Suppi. i. II. 5. 
 
 of throat a*! pubes, iv. a. i. 
 
 7- 
 
 Syncope, i. 2. 1. 4- 
 
 epileptic, iii. 3. I. 15. 
 
 Syngultus, ii. 1. 1. 6. 
 
 nepbriticus, iv. I. I. 7. 
 
 Syphilis, ii. I. 5. 2. 
 
 linaginaria, iii. I. 2. 21. 
 
 Syphon, capillary of cloth, ii. l. 3. I. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tadius acrior, i. I- 5. 5. 
 
 .... imminutus, i. 2. 5. 5. 
 Tape-worm, i. 1. 4. II. 
 
 Tapping at the navel, L z. 3. 13. 
 Tafte. See Guftus. 
 
 .... bitter, not from bile, i. I. 3. I. 
 Taidium vitce, ii. 2. 1.2. 
 
 Tsenia, 1. 1. 4. II. 
 
 Tears fympathetic, iv. l. 2. l. iii. I. 
 I. 10. 
 
 Teeth, to preferve, i. i. 4. 5 
 .... fall out whole, ii. r. 4. 7. 
 TencfmUs, ii. l- I. IQ. 
 
 1 eftium dolor nephriticus, iv. 2. 2. !?. 
 tumor in gonorrhoea, iv. 1. *. 
 
 18. 
 
 tumor in parotitide, iv. l. 2. 
 
 19. 
 
 ^ etanus trifmus, iii. 1. I. 13. 
 
 dolorificus, iii. I. 1. 14. 
 
 '1 hirft. See Sitis and Adipfia. 
 Thread-worm, i. i. 4. 12. 
 
 'Ihroat, fwelied, i. 2. 3.20. 
 
 . . . . thickens at puberty, iv. 1. I. 7 - 
 . . . . grown up, i. 2. 3. 25. 
 
 '1 hruih, ii. i. 3. 17. 
 
 1 ickling, i. 1. j. 8. 
 
 Timor orci, iii. i, 2. 15. 
 
 lethi, iii. i. 2. 14. 
 
 .. . . . . paupertatis, iii. i. z. 13. 
 
 1 inea, ii. i. 5. ii. 
 
 1 innitus aurium, iv. 1. 1. 15. 
 
 I'itillatio, i. 1.5. 8. 
 
 Titabatlo, lingux, iv. 2. 3. i. 
 
 Tobacco, fmoke of in piles, i. 2. I. 6. 
 Tongue, dry, i. i. 3. i. Suppl. i. 2. 
 
 coloured mucus, i. i. 3. 1. 
 
 I'onfillitis', ii. l. 3. 3. 
 
 Tonfils fwelled from bad teeth, i. 2. 3. 
 21. ii. 1.3. 3. 
 
 1 otpor of the liver, I. l. 2. 6. 
 
 .... of the pancreas, i. 2. 2. 7. 
 .... of the lungs, Suppl. i. 9. 
 .... of the ftomach, Suppl. i. 19 . 
 .... of the heart, Suppi. i. ic. 
 Tooth-ach, i. 2. 4. 12. ii. i. 4. 7. 
 
 '] ooth-edge, iv. 1.2. 3. 
 
 Toothing, i. i. 4. 5. 
 
 Tooth-powder, i. 1.4.3. 
 
 Touch. See Tadlus. 
 
 .... deceived three ways, i. 2. 5. 9. 
 iv. 2. 1. 10. 
 
 Transfufion of blood, i. 2. 3. 25. 
 Suppl. i- 14. 4. 
 
 Tranilation of matter, i. 3. 2. 9. 
 ...... of milk, i. 3. 2. 10. 
 
 of urine, i. 3. 2. ll. 
 
 Tranfparency of cornea, i. i. 4. i. 
 
 of ciyftalliue, i. 2. 2- IJ. 
 
 of air before min, i. i. 
 
 4. I. 
 
 T remor of old age, iii. 2. l. 3. 
 
 of fever, iii. l. 1.2. 
 
 of anger, iv. 3. 1.4. 
 
 of fever, iv. i. 2. 5. 
 
 TufliS ebrionim, ii. l. 1. 5. 
 
 . . . convulfiva, ii. i. 3. 8. 
 
 . . . hepatica, iv. 1. 2. 7. 
 
 T-. 5 , 
 
XafDE:^ O? THE CLASSES. 333 
 
 T'ui 5 #arthTi«ica', iv. r. ». 8. 
 
 . . . periodica, iv. I. 3 - 9. 
 
 ... a pedibus frigidis, iv- I. 3 - 6- 
 Tympany, i. 3 - 4. 9. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulcers, healing of, i. I. 3. 13.. 
 
 of the cornea, i- l. 3- 14- 
 
 from burns, i. I. 3. 13. 
 
 fcrophulous, ii. I. 4- 13- 
 
 of -the throat, ii. l. 3. 3. il- I- 
 
 3. II. 
 
 of the legs, ii. I. 4 - 13 - 
 
 Unguium morfiuncula, iv. l. 3. 5- 
 Urethra, fcirrhus of, i. 3 . 3. 34 - 
 
 fiftula of, ii. I. 4. II. 
 
 Urine, copious, coloured, i. l. 3 - 4 ' 
 
 copious, pale, i. 3 . 3. 5. 
 
 ..... diminiflied, coloured, i. 1.3. 7. 
 
 diminilhed, pale, i. 3 . 3 . 5. 
 
 its mucus, falts, Pruffian blue, i. 
 
 I. 3 - 4 - 
 
 ..... why lefs and coloured in drop- 
 fies, i. I. 3. 7 - 
 
 tranflation of, 1 . 3. 3. II. 
 
 difficulty of, iii. 3 . I. 6. 
 
 ..... not fecreted, i. 3 . 3 . 8. 
 
 pale after meals, iv. 3 . I. 3 . 
 
 ..... pale from cold fkin, iv. a. i. 3. 
 
 fediment in fevers, Suppl.i. 3. 3. 
 
 pale in fevers, Suppl. i. 3. 3. 
 
 and 5. 
 
 U;ticaria, ii. I. 3. 16. 
 
 Uteri defcenfus, i. l. 4. 8. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vacillatio fenilis, iii. 3 . I. 3 - 
 Varicella, ii. I. 3. 15- 
 Variola, ii. I. 3. 9. 
 
 eruption of, iv. 3 .'i. 13 . 
 
 Vafoium capil retrogreffio, i. 3. 3. I. 
 Venereal orgafrn, iv. I. 4. 4. 
 
 difeafe, ii. l. j. 3. 
 
 imaginary, iii. 1. 3. 31 . 
 
 Ventriculi xgritudo, i. 3. 4. 4. 
 
 velicatoriofanata,iv. l.l. 3. 
 
 Vermes, i. l. 4. 10. 
 
 Vertigo rotatory, iv. 3. I. 10 . 
 
 .... of fight, iv. 3. I. II. 
 
 .... inebriate, iv. 3 . I. 13 - 
 .... of fever, iv. 3. l. 13. 
 
 .... from the brain, iv. 3. I. I4. 
 .... of the ears, iv. 3. l. 15. 
 .... of the touch, Addit- iii, 
 
 Vertigoof the touch, tafte and frne^ 
 vs. 3. 1. 16. 
 
 . . . . with vomiting, iv. 3.3.3. 
 .... produces flow pulfe, iv. £. 
 10. 
 
 .... of blind men, iv. 3. l. lo. 
 
 . . . . ufe of mercurials in itj iv. 3. 
 
 I. II. 
 
 .... frcttn ideas, .4,ddit. iii. 
 
 Vibices, i. 3. l. 16. Suppl. i. 3. 7. 
 Vigilia, iii. i. 3. 3. iv. l. 3. 6- 
 Vifion, acuter, i. i. 5. i. 
 
 .... diminiflied, i. 3. 5, 3 - 
 .... expends much^lenforial pows', 
 
 2- 5- 3- 
 
 Vita ovi, iv. i. 4. r. 
 
 . - . hiemi-dormientium, iv. i. 4. 3. 
 Vitus’s dance, iv. 2. 3. a. 
 
 Volition, three degrees of, iii. 3. i. 
 13. 
 
 ...... leflens fever, iii. 3. I. 13. 
 
 Suppl. i. II. 6. 
 
 produces fever, iii. 3. I. 13 . 
 
 without deliberation, iv. 1.3. 
 
 3. Addit. iv. 
 
 Vomica, ii. i. 6. 3. 
 
 Vomitus, i. 3. i. 4. 
 
 Vomendi conamen inane, 1. 3. l. 8. 
 Vomiting Hopped, iv. i. i. 3. iy. j. 
 
 I. f. 
 
 voluntary, iv. 3. 3. 3, 
 
 how acquired, iv. i. i. 3. 
 
 vertiginous, iv. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 from Hone in ureter, iv. 3. 
 
 3. 4. 
 
 from paralytic ftroke, iv- 3. 
 
 2 - 5 - 
 
 from tickling the throat, iv. 
 
 3. 2. 6. 
 
 fympathizes with the fldn, 
 
 iv. 3. 2. 7. 
 
 in hxmoptoe, i. i. i. 4. 
 
 from defedtof affociation/ir. 
 
 3 . 1. 10. 
 
 Vulnerum cicatrix, i. i. 3. 13. 
 
 W. 
 
 Watchfulnefs, iiL l. 3. 3. iv. 3. 3. 5. 
 Water-qualm, i. 3. i. 3. 
 
 Weaknefs, three kinds of, i. 3. I. 
 Whirling-chair, Suppl. i. 15. 3. 
 Whirling-bed, Suppl. i. 15. 7. 
 
 White fwelling of the knee, i. 3. 3. 19, 
 Whitlow, fuperficial, ii. i. 4. 5. 
 
 internal, ii. i. 3. 19. 
 
 Wiftking 
 
INDEX OF THE CLASSES 
 
 334 
 
 Winking, ii.I. I. 8. i. 1.4. 1, iv. 3. 2. 2. Wounds, healing of, i. I. 3.' 13. 
 Wine in fevers, ii. i. 3. i. iv. 2. l 
 
 12. Y. 
 
 Winter-fleeping animals, iv. l. 4. 2. 
 
 Womb, defcent of, i. l. 4. 8. Yawning, ii. I. l. 9. 
 
 .... inflammation of, ii. l. 8. Yaws, ii. i. 5. 5. 
 
 16. 
 
 Worms, i. i. 4. 10. Z. 
 
 ..... mucus counterfeits, i. I. 3. 
 
 4. Zona ignea, ii. l. j. 9. iv. I. 2 . II- 
 
 ..... inlheep, i. 2. 3. 9. ii. I. 2. 14. 
 
Z O O N O M I A; 
 
 OR, 
 
 ^he Laws Organic Life. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 ■WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 OPERATION OF MEDICINES. 
 
 IN VIVUM CORPUS 
 AGUNT MEDICAMENTA. 
 

PREFACE. 
 
 J 1 
 
 i HE Materia Medica includes all thofe 
 fubiLances, which may contribute to the refto- 
 ration of health* Thefe may be conveniently 
 diftributed under feven articles according to the 
 diverfity of their operations. 
 
 1. Nutrientia^ or thofe things which pre- 
 fer ve in their natural ftate the due exertions of 
 all the irritative motions* 
 
 2. IncitantiA, or thofe things which in- 
 creafe the exertions of all the irritative motions. 
 
 3. Secernentia, or thofe things which 
 increafe the irritative motions, which conftitute 
 fecretion. 
 
 4. Sorbentia, or thofe things which in- 
 C'eafe the irritative motions, which conftitute 
 abforption. 
 
 5. InverTentia, or thofe things which 
 invert the natural order of the fuccelTive irritative 
 motions. 
 
 Vo I. IL 
 
 Z 
 
 6^ Revers 
 
33 « 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 6. Revertentia, or thofe things which re- 
 ftore the natural order of the inverted irritative 
 motions. 
 
 7. Torpentia, thofe things which dimi- 
 nifh the exertions of all the irritative motions. 
 
 It is necefiary to apppze the reader, that in 
 the following account of the virtues of Medicines 
 their ufual dofes are always fuppofed to be ex- 
 hibitecTj and the patient to be expofed to the 
 degree of exterior heat, which he has been ac- 
 cuftomed to, (where the contrary is not men- 
 tioned), as any variation of either of thefe cir- 
 eumftances varies their effev^fs. 
 
 ARTICLES- 
 
ARTICLES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MATERIA MEDIC A. 
 
 x\rt. I. 
 
 NUTRIENTIJ. 
 
 1. I. Those things, which prefervc in their 
 tural ftate the due exertions of all the irritative mo- 
 tions, are termed nutrientia ; they produce the growth, 
 and reftore the wade, of the fydera. Thefe confift of 
 a variety of mild vegetable and animal fubdances, 
 xvater, and air. 
 
 2. Where dronger dimull have been long ufed, 
 they become necedary for this purpofe, as miidard^ 
 fpice, fait, beer, wine, vinegar, alcohol, opium. Which 
 however, as they are unnatural dimuli, arid difficult 
 to manage in refpeft to quantity, are liable to diorten 
 the fpan of human life, fooner rendering the fydem 
 incapable of being dimulated into aftion by the 
 nutrientia. See Se£t. XXXVII. 4. On the fame ac- 
 count life is fliorter in warmer climates than in more 
 temperate ones, 
 
 II. Ob- 
 
 Z 
 
340 
 
 N U T III E N T I A. CArt. I. 2. i. 
 
 II. Observations on the Nutrientia. 
 
 ' I. I. The flefli of animals contains more nonrifh- 
 ment, and flimulates our abforbent and fecerning velTels 
 more powerfully, than the vegetable produftions, 
 which we ufe as food ; for the carnivorous animals 
 can fall longer without injury than the graminivorous j 
 and we feel ourfelves warmer and llronger after a meal 
 of flelli than of grain. Hence in difeafes attended with 
 cold extremities and general debility this kind of diet 
 is preferred ; as in rickets, dropfy, fcrophula, and in 
 hyfleric and hypochondriac cafes, and to prevent the 
 returns of agues. Might not flelh in fmall quantities 
 bruifed to a pulp be more advantageoully ufcd in 
 fevers attended with debility than vegetable diet ? 
 
 That fielh, which is of the darkeh colour, generally 
 Contains more nourifliment, and flimulates our veffels 
 more powerfully, than the white kinds. The flelh 
 of the carnivorous and pifcivorous animals is fo llimu- 
 lating, that it feldom enters into the food of Euro- 
 pean nations, except the fwine, the Soland goofe 
 (Pelicanus BalTanus ), and form.erly the fwan. Of 
 thefe the fwine and the fwan are fed previoully upon 
 vegetable aliment ; and the Soland goofe is taken in 
 very fmall quantity, only as a whet to the appetite. 
 Next to thefe are the birds, that feed upon infefts, 
 wh'cli are perhaps the moll llimulating and the moll 
 nutritive of our ufual food. 
 
 It is faid that a greater quantity of volatile alkali 
 , can be obtained from this kind of flelh, to which has 
 
 been 
 
been aferibed its Simulating quality. But it is more 
 probable, that frefli flefli contains only the elements 
 of volatile alkali. 
 
 2. Next to the dark coloured flefli of animals, the 
 various tribes of fliell-fifli feem to claim their place^ 
 and the wholefome kinds of mulhrooms, which muS 
 be eSeemed animal food, both for their alkalefcent 
 tendency, their Simulating quality, and the quantity 
 of nouriSiment, which they aSbrd; as oySers, lob- 
 Sers, crabSSi, Sirimps ; muSirooms ; to which , er- 
 haps might be added fome of the SSi without fcales j 
 as the eel, barbolt, tench, fmelt, turbot, turtle. 
 
 The SeSi of many kinds of Slli, wdien it is fuppofed 
 to have undergone a beginning putrefaSion, becomes 
 luminous in the dark. This feems to Slew a tendency 
 in the phofphorus to efcape, and combine with the 
 oxygen of the atm.ofphere ; and would hence Slew, 
 that this kind of SeSi is not fo perfectly animalized 
 as thofe before mentioned. This light, as it is fre- 
 quently feen on rotten wood, and fometimes on veal, 
 which has been kept too long, as I have been told, 
 is commonly fuppofed to have its caufe from putre- 
 faction ; but is iieverthelefs moS probably of phof- 
 phoric origin, like that feen in the dark on oySer- 
 Siells, which have previouSy been ignited, and after- 
 wards expofed to the funiliine, and on the Bolognian 
 Sone. See Botan. Card. Vol. I. Cant. I. line i. and 
 5, the note. 
 
342 
 
 NUTRIENT I A. [Art. I. 2. 2. 
 
 3. The flefli of young animals, as of lamb, verJ, 
 and fucking pigs, fupplies us with a ftill lefs flimu. 
 iating food. The broth of thefe is faid to become 
 four, and continues fo a confiderable time before it 
 changes into putridity ; fo much does their flefli par- 
 take of the chemical properties of the milk, with 
 which thefe animals are nouriflied. 
 
 4. The white meats, as of turkey, partridge, phea- 
 fant, fowl, with their eggs, feem to be the next in 
 mildnefs ; and hence ai-e generally firft allowed to con- 
 valefcents from inflammatory difeafes. 
 
 5. Next to thofe fhould be ranked the white river- 
 fifli, which have fcales, as pike, perch, gudgeon. 
 
 II. I. Milk unites the animal with the vegetable 
 fource of our nouriflrment, partaking of the proper- 
 ties of both. As it contains fugar, and will there- 
 fore ferment and produce a kind of wine or fpirit, 
 which is a common liquor in Siberia ; or will run into 
 an acid by fimple agitation, as in the churning of 
 cream ; and laflly, as it contains coagulable lymph, 
 which will undergo the procefs of putrefacHon like 
 other animal fubflances, as in old cheefe. 
 
 2. Milk may be feparated by refl: or by agitation 
 into cream, butter, butter-milk, whey, curd. The 
 creara is eafi^ of digeflion to adults, becaufe it con- 
 tains lefs of the coagulum or clieefy part, and is alfo 
 
A'rt. I. 2. 2.] N U T R I E N T I A. 
 
 343 
 
 more nutritive. Butter confifting of oil between an 
 animal and vegetable kind contains ftill more nutri- 
 ment, and in its recent date is not difficult of digeftion 
 if taken in moderate -quantity. See Art. I. 2. 3. 2.. 
 Butter-milk if it be not bitter is an agreeable and 
 nutritive fluid, if it be bitter it has fome putrid parts 
 of the cream in it, which had been hept too long ; 
 but is perhaps not lefs wholefome for being four to 
 a certain degree : as the inferior people in Scotland 
 -choofe four milk in preference to Ikimmed milk before 
 it is become four. Whey is the leafl; nutritive and 
 eafiefl: of digeftion. And in the fpring of the year, 
 when the cows feed on young grafs, it contains fo 
 much of vegetable properties, as to become a falutary 
 potation, when drank to about a pint every morning 
 to thofe, who during the winter have taken too little 
 vegetable nourifliment, and who are thence liable to 
 bilious concretions^. 
 
 3. Cheefe is of various kinds, according to the 
 greater or lefs quantity of cream, which it contains., 
 and according to its age. Thofe cheefes, which are 
 eafieft broffien to pieces in the mouth, are generally 
 eafieft of digeftion, and contain moft nutriment. Some 
 'kinds of cheefe, though flow of digeftion, are alfo 
 flow in changing by chemical procefles in the ftomach, 
 and therefore will frequently agree well with thofe, 
 who have a weak digeftion : as I have feen toafted 
 cheefe vomited up a whole day after it was eaten 
 without having undergone any apparent change, or 
 
 ,Z .4 given 
 
544 
 
 NUTRIENTIA. [Art. I. 2, 3. 
 
 given any uneannefs to the patient. It is probable a 
 portion of fugar, or of animal fat, or of the grav)-- of 
 boiled or roafted meat, mixed with cheefe at the time 
 of making it, might add to its pleafant and nutritious 
 quality, 
 
 4, The rcafon, wdiy autumnal milk, is fo much 
 thicker or coagulable than vernal miik, is not eafy t3 
 underhand, but as new milk is in many refpects 
 fimlar to chyle, it may be confidered as food already 
 in part digefted by the animal it is taken from, and 
 thence fupplies a nutriment of eafy digehion. But as 
 it requires to be curdled by the gahric acid, before it 
 can enter the lafteals, as is feen in the ftomachs of 
 calves, it feems more fuitable to children, whofe hc- 
 machs abound more with acidity, than to adults ; hut 
 neverthelefs fupplies good nouriflnnent to many of 
 the latter, and particularly to thofe, who ufe vege- 
 table food, and whofe homarhs have not teen much 
 accuftomed to the unnatural flimulus of fpice, fait, 
 and fpirit. See Clafs I. 1, 2. 5, 
 
 III. I, The feeds, roots,- leaves, and fruits of 
 plants, conhitute the greateh part • of the food of 
 mankind ; the refpective quantities of nouriihment, 
 which thefe contain, may perhaps be ehimated from 
 the quantity of harch, or of fugar, they can be mace 
 to produce : in farinaceous feeds, the mucilage feems 
 gradually to be converted into ftarch, while they re- 
 main in our granaries 5 and the (larch by the germi- 
 
 natk^n 
 
Art.I. 2. 3-] NUTRIENT I A. 
 
 nation of the young plant, as in making malt from 
 barlev, or by animal digeilion, is converted into fugar. 
 Kence old wheat and beans contain more ftarch than 
 new ; and in our ftomachs other vegetable and animal 
 materials are converted into fugar ; which conflitutes 
 in all creatures a part of their chyle. 
 
 H ence it is probable, that fugar is the mod nutri- 
 tive part of vegetables j and that they are more nu- 
 tritive, as they are convertible in greater quantity 
 into fugar by the power of digediou ; as appears from 
 fugar being found in the chyle of all animals, and 
 from its exiding in great quantity in the urine of pa- 
 tients in the diabmtes, of which a curious cafe is re- 
 lated in Seel. XXIX. 4. where a man labouring under 
 this malady eat and drank an enormous quantity, and 
 fometimes voided fixteen pints of water in a day, with 
 an ounce of fugar in each pint. 
 
 2. Oil, when mixed with mucilage or coagulable 
 lymph, as in cream or new milk, is eafy.of digeflion, 
 and conflitutes probably the m^ofl nutritive part of 
 anim.al diet ; as oil is another part of the chyle of all 
 animals. As thefe two materials, fugar and butter, 
 contain much nutriment under a fmall volume, and 
 readily undergo fome chemical change fo as to become 
 acid or rancid ; they are liable to diflurb weak Ho*' 
 raachs, when taken in large quantity, more than ali- 
 ment, which contains Ids nourifliment, and is at th& 
 fame time lefs liable to chemical changes ; becaufe the 
 qhjle is produced quicker than the torpid lacleals cai\ 
 
 abforbi 
 
NUTRIENTIA. [Aut. T. z. 3, 
 
 abforb it, and thence undergoes a further chemical 
 procefs. Sugar and butter therefore are not fo eafily 
 digefted, Avhen taken in large quantity, as thofe 
 things, which contain lefs nutriment; hence, where 
 the ihomach is weak, they muft be ufed in lefs quan- 
 tity. But the cuftom of fome people in reftraining 
 children entirely from them, is depriving them of a 
 very wholefome, agreeable, and fubftantial part of 
 their diet. Honey, manna, fap-juice, are different 
 kinds of iefs pure fugar. 
 
 3. All the efculent vegetables contain a bland oil, 
 or mucilage, or ftarch, or fugar, or acid ; and, as 
 their ftlrnulus is moderate, are properly given alone 
 as food in infiammatdry difeafes ; and mixed with 
 milk confritute the food of thoufands. Other vegeta- 
 bles poffefs various degrees and various kinds of fti- 
 muius ; and to thefe we are beholden for the greater 
 part of our Materia Medica, which produce naufea, 
 ficknefs, vomiting, catharfis, intoxication, inflamma- 
 tion, and even death, if unflcilfully adminillered. 
 
 The acrid or intoxicating, and other kinds of vege- 
 table juices, fuch as produce flcknefs, or evacuate the 
 bowels, or fuch ea/ea as are only difegreeable to the 
 palate, appear to be a part of the defence of thofe 
 vegetables, which poffefs them, from the affaults of 
 larg-er animals or of infects. As mientioned in the 
 Botanic Garden, Part II. Cant. I. line 161, note. 
 This appears in a forcible manner from the pcrufal 
 
 fome travels, v hich have been publiflred of thofe 
 
 unfortunate 
 
Art. I. 2. 30 K U T R I E N T I A. 
 
 unfortunate people, who have fuftered flilpwreck 
 on uncultivated countries, and have v.nth difficulty- 
 found food to fubfift, in otherwife not inhofpitable 
 climates. 
 
 4. As thefe acrid and intoxicating juices generally 
 refide in the mucilage, and not in the ftarch of many 
 roots, and feeds, according to the obfervation of M. 
 Parmentier, the wholefome or nutritive parts of feme 
 vegetables may be thus feparated from the medicinal 
 parts of them. Thus if the root of white briony be 
 rafped into cold water, by means of a bread-grater 
 made of a tinned iron plate, and agitated in it, the 
 acrid juice of the root along with the mucilage will 
 be dilTolved, or fwnm, in the wmter ; while a frarch 
 perfeftly wholefome and nutritious will liibfide, and 
 may be ufed as food in times of fcarcity. 
 
 M. Parmentier further obferves, that potatoes con- 
 tain too much mucilage in proportion to their flarch, 
 which prevents them from being converted into good 
 bread. But that if the ftarch be collefted from ten 
 pounds pf raw potatoes by gi'ating them into cold v/a- 
 ter, and agitating them, as above mentioned ; and if 
 the flarch thus procured be mixed with other ten 
 pounds of boiled potatoes, and properly fubjefted to 
 fermentation like wdieat Hour, that it will maJee as 
 good bread as the fined; wheat. 
 
 Good bread may alfo be made by mixing w'hcat- 
 flour v/ith boiled potatoes. Eighteen pounds of v/heat- 
 flour are faid to make twenty-two pounds and a half 
 
 of 
 
U T R r E N T I A. [Art. I. 2. 3, 
 
 of bread. Eighteen pounds of v/heat-flour mixed 
 with nine pounds of boiied potatoes, are faid to make 
 twenty-nine pounds and a half of bread. This dif- 
 ference of weight muft arife from the difference of 
 the previous drynefs of the two materials. The po- 
 tatoes might probably make better flour, if they were 
 boiled in fleam, in a clofe veffel, made fome degrees 
 hotter than common boiling water. 
 
 Other vegetable matters may be deprived of their 
 too great acrimony by boiling in water, as the great 
 variety of the cabbage, the young tops of white 
 briony, water-creffes, afparagus, with innumerable 
 roots, and fome fruits. Other plants have their .end 
 juices or bitter particles diminiflaed by covering ci.cm 
 from the light by v/hat is termed blanching them, as 
 the flems and leaves of cellery, endive, fea-kale. 
 The former method either extracts or decompofes the 
 acrid pai'ticles, and the latter prevents them from be- 
 ing formed. See Botanic Garden, Vol. I. additional 
 note XXXIV. on the Etiolation of vegetables. 
 
 < 
 
 5. The art of cookery, by expofing vegetable and 
 animal fubflances to heat, has contributed to increafe 
 the quantity of the food of mankind by other means 
 befldes that of deflroying their acrimony. One of 
 thefe is by converting the acerb juices of fome fruits 
 jnto fugar, as in the baking of unripe pears, and the 
 bimiung of unripe apples ; in both which fituations 
 the life of the vegetable is dellroyed, and the con- 
 rerfion of the harlh iuice into a fwcet one mufl be 
 
 performed 
 
34$ 
 
 Art. 1.2. 3] N U"T R I E N T I A. 
 
 performed by a chemical procefs ; and not by a vege- 
 table one only, as the germination of barley in maJvbg 
 malt has generally been fuppofed. 
 
 Some circumflances, which feem to injure the life 
 of feveral fruits, feem to forward the faccharine pro-* 
 cefs of their juices. Thus if fome kinds of pears arc 
 gatbe -ed a week before they would ripen on the 
 tree, and are laid on a heap and covered, their juke 
 becomes fv/eet many days fooner. ITie taking olf a. 
 circular piece of the bark from a branch of a pear- 
 tree caufes the fruit of that branch to ripen fooner 
 by a fortnight, as I have more than once obferved. 
 The wounds made in apples by infeifls occafion thofe 
 apples to ripen fooner ; caprification, or the piercing 
 -of figs, in the ifiand of Malta, is faid to ripen thena 
 fooner ; and I am well informed, that when bunches 
 of grapes in this country have acquired their expected 
 fize, that if the fialk of each bunch be cut half 
 through, that they will fooner ripen. 
 
 The germinating barley in the malt-houfe I believe 
 acquires little fv/cetnefs, till the life of the feed is de- 
 firoyed, and the faccharine procefs then continued or 
 advanced by the heat in drying it. Thus in animal 
 digellion, the fugar produced in the ftomach is ab- 
 forbed by the lafteals as fad as it is made, otherwife 
 it ferments, and produces flatulency ; fo in the ger- 
 mination of barley in the malt-houfe, fo long as the 
 new plant lives, the fugar, I fuppofe, is abforbed as 
 fad as it is made ; but that, which we ufe in making 
 fecer, is the fugar produced by a chemical procefs 
 
 , after 
 
3i? 
 
 NUTRIENTIA. [Art. I. i. 3. 
 
 after the death of the young plant, or which is made 
 more expeditioufly, than the plant can abforb it. 
 
 It is probably this faccharine procefs, which ob- 
 tains in new hay-flacks too haflilyj and which by 
 immediately running into fermentation produces fo 
 much heat as to fet them on fire. The greatefl part 
 of the grain, or feeds, or roots, ufed in the diftilleries, 
 as wheat, canary feed, potatoes, are not I believe 
 previoufly fubjedled to germination, but are in part 
 by a chemical procefs converted into fugar, and im- 
 mediately fubjedled to vinous fermentation ; and it is 
 probable, a procefs may fometime be difeovered of 
 producing fugar from flarch or meal ; and of fepa- 
 rating it from them for domeflic purpofes by alcohol, 
 which diflblves fugar but not mucilage ; or by other 
 means. 
 
 Another method of increafing the nutriment of 
 mankind by cookery, is by diffolving cartilages and 
 bones, and tendons, and probably fome vegetables, 
 in fleam or water at a much higher degree of heat 
 than that of boiling. This is to be done in a clofc 
 veffel, which is called Papin’s digefler ; in which, it 
 is faid, that water may be made red-hot, and will 
 then difiblve all animal fubflances ; and might thus 
 add to our quantity of food in times of fcarcity. 
 This veffel fhould be made of fron, and fliould have 
 an oval opening at top, with an oval lid of iron 
 larger than the aperture ; this lid fliould be flipped 
 in endways, when the veffel is filled, and then turned, 
 and railed by a ferew above it into centad with the 
 
 under 
 
under edges of the aperture. There flioidd alfo he 
 a fmail tube or hole covered with a weighted valve 
 to prevent the danger of burfting the digefter. 
 
 Where the powers of digeflion are weakened^ 
 broths made by boiling animal and vegetable fub- 
 ftances in water afford a nutriment ; though I fup- 
 pofe not fo great as the fiefli and vegetables would 
 afford, if taken In their folid form, and mixed with 
 faliva in the ad of maflication. The aliment thus 
 prepared Ihould be boiled but a fhort time, nor iliould 
 be fuffered to continue in our common kitchen-uten- 
 fils afterwards, as they are lined with a mixture of 
 half lead and half tin, and are therefore unwhole- 
 fome, though the copper is completely covei-ed. And 
 thofe foups, which have any acid or wine boiled in 
 them, unlefs they be made in fdver, or in china, or 
 in thofe pot-vellels, which are not glazed by the ad-? 
 didon of lead, are truly poifonjous ; as the acid, as 
 lemon-juice or vinegar, when made hot, erodes or 
 diffolves the lead and tin lining of the copper-veffels^ 
 and the leaden glaze of the porcelain ©nes. Hence, 
 where filver cannot be had, iron veffels are preferable 
 to tinned copper ones ; or thofe made of tinned iron- 
 plates in the common tin-fhops, which are laid to be; 
 covered with pure or block tin,. 
 
 6. Another circumftance, which facilitates the non- 
 rhhment of mankind, is the mechanic art of grind- 
 ing farinateous feeds into powder between mill-ftones^ 
 which may be called the artificial teeth of fociety. It 
 
N U T R I E N T 1 A. [Art. L z. 3 . 
 
 is probable, that fome foft kinds of wood, efpeciaUy 
 when they have undergone a kind of fermentation^ 
 and become of loofer texture, might be thus ufed as 
 food in times of famine. 
 
 Nor is it improbable, chat hay, which has been 
 kept in ftacks, fo as to undergo the facchavine pro- 
 cefs, may be fo managed by grinding and by fennen- 
 tation with yeaH like bread, as to ferve in part for 
 the fuflenance of mankind in times of great fcarcity. 
 Dr. Priehley gave to a cow for fome time a Rrong 
 infufion of hay in large quantity for her drink, and 
 found that flie produced during this treatment above 
 double the quantity of milk. Hence if bread cannot 
 be made from ground hay, there is great reafon to 
 fufpeft, that a nutritive beverage may be thus prepa- 
 red either in its facckarine (late, or fermented into a 
 kind of beer. 
 
 In times of great fcarcity there are other vegetables, 
 which though not in common ufe, would mod proba- 
 bly alTord wholefome nourifliraent, either by boiling 
 them, or drying and grinding them, or by both thofe 
 proceffes in fuccellion. Of thefe are perhaps the tops 
 and the bark of all thofe vegetables, which are armed 
 with thorns or prickles, as goofeberry trees, holly, 
 gorfe, and perhaps hawthorn. The inner bark of the 
 elm tree mmkes a kind of gruel. And the roots of 
 fern, and probably of very many other roots, as of 
 grafs and of clover taken up in v.nnter, might yield 
 nourilhment either by boiling or baiting, and fepara- 
 ting the fibres from the pulp by beating them ; or by 
 i getting 
 
353 
 
 Art. 1. 2. 3-i NUTRIENTIA. 
 
 getting only the ftarch from thofe, which poffefs an 
 acrid mucilage, as the white briony. 
 
 7. However the arts of cookery atid of grinding 
 may increafe or facilitate the nourifliment of mankind, 
 the great fource of it is from agriculture. In the fa» 
 vage (late, where men live folely by hunting, I was 
 informed by Dr. Franklin, that there was feldom 
 more than one family exifled in a circle of five miles 
 diameter ; which in a date of pafitirage would fupport 
 fome hundred people, and in a date of agriculture 
 many thoufands. The art of feeding mankind on fo 
 fmall a grain as wheat, which feems td have been dif- 
 covered in Egypt by the immortal name of Ceres, 
 fti'ewed greater ingenuity than feeding them with the 
 large roots of potatoes, which feem to have been a 
 difcovery of ill-fated Mexico. 
 
 This greater produftion of food by agriculture 
 than by padurage, diews that a nation nourldied by 
 animal food will be lefs numerous than if nouridied 
 by vegetable) and the former will therefore be liable, 
 if they are engaged in war, to be conquered by .the 
 latter, as Abel was flain by Cain. This is perhaps 
 the only valid argument againd inclofing open arable 
 fields. The great produdlion of human nourifirment 
 by agriculture and padurage evinces the advantage 
 of fociety over the favage date \ as the number of 
 mankind becomes iiicreafed a thoufand fold by the 
 arts of agriculture and padurage j and their happinefs 
 is probably under good governments improved in as 
 
 VoL. II. A a great. 
 
great a proportion, as they become liberated from the 
 hourly fear of beads of prey, from the daily fear of 
 himine, and of the occafional incuriions of their can- 
 nibal neighbours. 
 
 But padurage cannot enid without property both in 
 the ioil, and the herds which it nurtures ; and for the 
 invention of arts, and produftion of tools neceilary to 
 agriculture, fome mud think, and others labour; and 
 as the efforts of fome will be crowned with greater 
 .fuccefs than thofe of others, an inequality of the ranks 
 of fociety mxud fucceed ; but this inequaldv of man- 
 kind in the prefent date of the world is too great for 
 the purpofes of producing the greated quantity of hu- 
 man nourilhmenf, and the greated fum of human hap- 
 pinefs ; there diould be no flavery at one end of the 
 chain of fociety, and no defpotifm at the other. — By 
 the future improvements of human reafon fuch govern- 
 ments may polTibly hereafter be edablilhed, as may a 
 hundred-ford incrcafe the numbers of mankind, and a 
 thoufand-fold their happmefs. 
 
 IV. I. Water mmd be confidered as a part of onr 
 nutriment, becaufe fo mmch of it enters the compohtioii 
 of our folids as well as of our fluids ; and becaufc 
 veTCtables are now believed to draw aimed the whole 
 
 O 
 
 of their nouridtinent from this foiirce. As in them 
 the water is decompofed, as it is perfpired by them 
 in the funffine, the oxygen gas increafes the quantity 
 and the purity of the atmofphere in their vicinity, and 
 the hydrogen feem.s to be retained, and to form the 
 
 nutritme 
 
Art. I. 2. 4-] NUTRIENT I A. 3iS 
 
 nutritive juices, and confequent fecretions of 
 gum, wax, honey, oily and other vegetable produc- 
 tions. See Botanic Garden, Part I. Cant. IV. line 
 25, note. It has however other tifes in the fyftemj 
 bcfides that of a nourifliing material, as It dilutes oil* 
 fluids, and lubricates our folids ; and bh all thefe ac- 
 counts a daily fupply of it is required^ 
 
 2. .Piver-watef is in general purer than fpring-wa- 
 ter ; as the neutral falts waflied down from the earth 
 decorapofe each othef, except perhaps the marine fait ; 
 and the earths, with which fpring-water frequently 
 abounds, is precipitated ; yet it is not improbable^^ 
 that tile calcareous earth diiTolved in the v/ater of 
 many fprings may contribute to our nourifliment, as 
 the water froiii fprings, which contain earth, is faid 
 to conduce to enrich thofe lands, which, arc flooded 
 with it, iriore than river water. 
 
 3. Many arguments feem to fiiew, that calcareous 
 earth contributes to the nourifliment of animals and 
 vegetables. Firft becaufe calcareous earth conflitutes 
 a confiderable part of them, and rauft therefore either 
 be received from without, or formed by them, cr 
 both, as milk, when taken as food by a laihefceifr 
 woman, is decOmpofed in the flomach by fiie prccefs 
 of digeition, and again in part Converted into milk 
 by the peftoral glands. Secondly, becaufe fi'om the 
 analogy of all organic life, whatever has compoftd a 
 part of a vegetable or animal may again after Its clio 
 
 A: ci S' in i Q Tifg 
 
^56 K U T R I E N T I A. [Art. I. 2. 4. 
 
 mical folution become a part of another vegetable 91* 
 animal, fucli is the general tranfmigration of matter. 
 And thirdly, becaufe the great ufe of lime in agricul- 
 ture on almoft all kinds of fail and fituation cannot be 
 fatisfaclorily explained from its chemical properties 
 alone. Though thefe may alfo in certain foils and 
 iituations have confiderable effe£l:. 
 
 The chemical ufes of lime in agriculture may be, 
 I. from its deflroying In a fliort time the cohefion of 
 dead vegetable fibres, and thus reducing them to 
 earth, which otherwife is effefted by a flow procefs 
 either by the confumption of infe(Tts or by a gradual 
 putrefaction. Thus I am informed that a mixture of 
 lime v/ith oak bark, after the tanner has extracted 
 from it whatever is foluble in water, will in two or 
 three months reduce it to a fine black earth, w'hich, 
 if only laid in heaps, would require as many years to 
 eifc£t by its own fpontaneous fermentation or putre- 
 faftion. This effeft of lime mud; be particularly 
 advantageous to newly inclofed commons when fiidl 
 broken up. 
 
 Secondly, lime for many months continues to at- 
 tract moiflure from the air or earth, which it deprives- 
 I fuppofe of carbonic acid, and then fiiffers it to exhale 
 again, as is feen on the plaflered walls of new houfes. 
 On this account it mufl: be advantageous wdien mixed 
 with dry or fandy foils, as it attrafts moiflure from 
 the air above or the earth beneath, and this moiflure 
 is then abforbed by the lymphatics of the roots of 
 vegetables. Thirdly, by mixing lime with clays it is 
 
 believed 
 
 > 
 
S57 
 
 Art. I 2 4.] NUTTUENTIA. 
 
 believed to make them lefs cohefive, and thus to ad- 
 mit of their being more eahly penetrated by vegetable 
 fibres. A mixture of lime with clays deftroys their 
 f^iperabundancy of acid, if fnch exifls, and by uniting 
 with it converts it into g^’^pfum or alabafter. And 
 laflly, frefli lime defiroys worms, fnails, and other 
 infefts, with which it happens to come in contact. 
 
 Yet do not all thefe chemical properties feem to ac- 
 count for the great ufes of lime in alraoh all foils and 
 fituations, as it contributes fo much to the melioration 
 of the crops, as well as to tlteir increafe in quantity. 
 Wheat from land well limed is believed by farmers, 
 millers, and bakers, to be, as they fuppofe, thinner 
 ildnned ; that is, it turns out more and better flour ; 
 which I fuppofe is owing to its containing more flarch 
 and lefs mucilage. In refpe£l to grafs-ground I am. 
 informed, that if a fpadeful c^ lime be thrown on a 
 tuflbek, which horfes or cattle have refufed to touch 
 for years, they will for many fucceeding feafons eat 
 it quite clofe to the ground. 
 
 One property of lime is not perhaps yet well ui> 
 derftood, I mean its producing fo much heat, v/hen 
 it is mixed with w'aterj which may be ov^^ing to the 
 elementary fluid of heat confolidated in the lime. It 
 is the fleam occafioned by this lieat, when water is 
 fprinkled upon lime, if the water be not in too great 
 quantity or too cold, which breaks the lime into fuch 
 fine powder as almofl to become fluid, which cannot 
 be effected perhaps by any other means, and which I 
 y.ippofe muff give great preference to lime in agricul- 
 A a 3 turcj 
 
35§ N U T 11 r E N T I A. [Art. I. *. 
 
 N. 
 
 turc, and to the folutions of calcareous earth in water, 
 over chalk or powdered limehone, when fpread upon 
 the land. 
 
 4. It was fonnerly believed that waters replete with 
 calcareous earth, iuch as incrull the inf.de of tea-ket- 
 tles, or are kiid to petrify mofs, were liable to pro- 
 duce or to increafe the done in the bladder. This 
 miflaken idea has lately been exploded by the im- 
 pivoved chemidry, as no calcareous earth, or a very 
 minute quantity, was found in the calculi analyfed by 
 Scheeie and Bergman. The waters of Matlock and of 
 Carlfbad, both which cover the m'ofs, which they pafs 
 through, with a calcareous crud, are fo far from in- 
 creafing the done of the bladder or kidneys, that 
 thofe of Carllbad are celebrated for giving relief to 
 th )fc labouring under thefe difeafes. Philof. Tranf, 
 Thofe of Matlock are drank in great quantities with- 
 out any fufpicion of injury ; and I well know a per- 
 fon v/ho for above ten years has drank about two 
 pints a day of cold water from a fpring, which very 
 much incruds the veflels, it is boiled in, with calcareous 
 earth, and affords z copious calcareous fediraent with 
 a folution of fait of tai»tar, and who eniovs a date of 
 uninterrupted health. 
 
 V. I. As animal bodies cenlid much both of oxy- 
 gen and azote, which make up the compofiticn of 
 iUmafpheric air, thefe flrould be counted among!! nu- 
 iricigiis Befides-that by the experiments 
 
359 
 
 ARr. I. 2. 5.] , N U T R I E iM T I A. 
 
 of Dr. Prieflley it appears, that the oxygen gains ad- 
 mittance into the blood through the moifl membranes 
 of the lungs ; and feems to be of much more immedi- 
 ate confequence to the prefervation of our lives than 
 the other kinds of nutriment above fpecified. 
 
 As the balls of -fixed a.m* or carbonic acid gas, is 
 carbone, which alfo confiitutes a great part both of 
 vegetable and anim-al bodies ; this air fliould likewife 
 be reckoned amongfi: nutritive fubfiances. Add to 
 this, that w^hen this carbonic acid air is fwallowed, 
 as it efcapes from beer or cyder, or w^hen water is^ 
 charged with it as detruded from limellone by vitriolic 
 acid, it affords an agreeable fenfation both to the 
 palate and ffomach, and is therefore probably nu- 
 tritive. 
 
 The immenfe quantity of carbone and of oxygen 
 which confiitute fo great a part of the limellone 
 countries is almoll beyond conception, and, as it has 
 been formed by animals, may again becomic a part of 
 them, as well as the calcareous matter with which they 
 are united. Whence it may be conceived, that the 
 waters, which abound with limellone in folution, may 
 fupply nutriment both to animals, and to vegetables, as 
 mentioned above. 
 
 VI. I. 71ie manner, in which nutritious particles are 
 fubftituted in the place of thofe, which are mechanically 
 abraded, or chemically decompofed, or which vanifli 
 by animal abforption, mull be owing to animal appe- 
 tency, as defcribcd in Scff. XXXVII. 3 . and is pro- 
 A a /j. ' bably 
 
360 
 
 V 
 
 N U T R I E N T I A. [Art. I. 2 . 6. 
 
 bably fnnllar to the procefs of inflammation, v/hicli 
 produces new vefl’els and new fluids ; or to that which 
 conftitutes the growth of th.e body to maturity. Thus 
 the granulations of new fiefli to repair the injuries of 
 wounds are vifible to the eye ; as well as the callous 
 matter, which cements broken bones ; the calcareous; 
 matter, which repairs injured fnail-fliells ; and the 
 threads, which are formed by filk-wonns and fpiders ; 
 which are all fecreted in a fofter ftate, and harden by 
 exficcation, or by the contact of the air, or by ab- 
 forption of their more fluid parts. 
 
 Whether the materials, which thus fupply the wafle 
 of the fyflem, can be given any other way than by the 
 fhomach, fo as to preferve the body for a length of 
 time, is worth our inquiry ; as cafes fometimes occur, 
 in which food cannot be .introduced into the ftomach, 
 as in obflru6tions of the oefophagus, inflammations of 
 the throat, or in hydrophobia ; and other cafes are 
 not unfrequent in which the power of digeflion i§ 
 nearly or totally deflroyed, as in anorexia epileptica, 
 and in many fevers. 
 
 In the former of thefe circumftances liquid nutri- 
 ment may fometimes be got into the ftomach through 
 a flexible catheter ; as defcribedin Clafs III. i. i. 15. 
 In the latter many kinds of mild aliment, as milk or 
 jsroth^ have frequently been injefted as clyflers, toge- 
 ther with a flnall quantity of opium, as ten drops of 
 the tincture, three or four times a day j to which 
 alfo might be added very fmall quantities of vinous 
 fpirit. But thefe, as far as I have obferved, rvill not 
 
 long 
 
 y 
 
 % 
 
36 t 
 
 Art. 1. 2. 6.] N U T R I E N T I A. 
 
 longfuftain a perfon, -Vvho cannot take any fuflenance 
 by the flomacli. 
 
 2. Another inode of applying nutritive fluids might 
 be by extenfive fomentations, or by immerging the 
 whole body in a bath of broth, or of warm milk, 
 which might at the- fame time be coagulated by rennet, 
 or the acid of the calf’s flomach ; broth or whey 
 might thus probably be introduced, in part at lead, 
 into the circulation, as a^folution of nitre is faid to 
 have been abforbed in a pediluviumj which was after- 
 wards difcovered by the manner in which paper dipped 
 frequently in the urine of the patient and dined, burnt 
 and fparkled like touch-paper. Great quantity of 
 water is alfo known to be abforbed by thofe, who 
 have bathed in the warm bath after exercife and ah-, 
 flinence from liquids. Cleopatra w^as faid to travel 
 with 4000 milch-affes in her train, and to bathe every 
 morning in their m/ilk, wdiich flie probably might ufe 
 as a cofinetic rather than a nutriti\’0. 
 
 3. The transfufon of blood from another animal 
 into the vein of one, who could take no fuftenance by 
 the throat, or digefl none by the flomach, might long 
 continue to fupport him ; and perhaps other nutria 
 ment, as milk or mucilage, might be this w^ay intro- 
 duced into the fyflem, but we have not yet fuflicient 
 experiments on this fubjefl. See Seft. XXXII. 4. and 
 Clafs I, 2. 3. 25. and Sup. I. 14. 2. 
 
 VII. 
 
N U r R I E N T I A. [Art. I. 2 
 
 562 
 
 VII. Varlcnis kinds of condiments, or fauces, have 
 been taken along with vegetable or animal food, and 
 have been thought by fome to flrengthen the prccefs 
 of digeftion and confequent procefs of nutrition. Of 
 thefe wine, or other fermented liquors, vinegar, fait, 
 fpices, and muftard, have been in mofl common ufc, 
 and I believe to the injury of thoufands. As the 
 ftomach by their violent llimulus at length lofes its 
 natural degree of irritability, and indigeftion is the 
 confequence ; which is attended with flatulency and 
 emaciation. Where any of thefe have been taken fo 
 long as to induce a habit, they mull; either be conti- 
 nued, but not increafed ; or the ufe of them fliould 
 be gradually and cautioufly diminiflicd or difeontinued, 
 as directed in Sect. XII. 7. 8, 
 
 ♦ 
 
 III. CATArOGUE 
 
Art. L 3. i~7.] N U T R I E N T 1 A. 
 
 III. Catalogue 'of the Nutrientia. 
 
 I. I. Venifon, beef, mutton, hare, goofe, duck, 
 
 woodcock, fnipe, moor-game. 
 
 2. Oyfters, lobfters, crabs, flirimps, muflirooins, 
 
 eel, tench, barbolt, imelt, turbot, foie, 
 turtle. 
 
 3. Lamb, veal, fucking-pig. 
 
 4. Turkey, pa.rtridge, plieafant, fowl, eggs. 
 
 5. Pike, perch, gudgeon, trout, grayling. 
 
 II. Milk, cream, butter, buttermilk, whey, cheefc. 
 
 iir, Wheat, barley, cats, peas, potatoes, turnips, 
 ca.rrots, cabbage, afparagus, artichoke, fpi* 
 nach, beet, apple, pear, plumb, apricot, nec- 
 tarine, peach, flrawberry, grape, orange, 
 melon, cucumber, dried figs, raifms, fugar, 
 honey. With a great variety of other roots, 
 feeds, leaves, and fruits. 
 
 IV. Water, river. water, fpring-water, calcareous 
 earth, 
 
 V. Air, oxygene, azote, carbonic acid gas, 
 
 VI. Nutritive baths- and clyfters, transfufion of blood. 
 
 VII, Ccudiments. 
 
 Art, 
 
INCITANTIA. [Art. II. 2. t. 
 
 354 
 
 Art. IL 
 
 INCITANTIA. 
 
 1. r. Those things, which increafe the exertions 
 of all the irritative motions, are termed incitantia. 
 As alcohol, or the fpirituous part of fermented liquors, 
 opium, and many drugs, which are ftill eftcemed poi- 
 fons, their proper dofes not being afcertained. To 
 thefe fhould be added the exhilarating paffions of the 
 mind, as joy, love: and externally the application of heat, 
 elefbricity, ether, elTential oils, fricllon, and exercife. 
 
 q. Thefe promote both the fecretions and abforp- 
 tions, increafe the natural heat, and remove thofe 
 pains, w’hich originate from the defect of irritative 
 motions, termed nervous pains ; and prevent the con- 
 vulficns confequcnt to them. When given internally 
 they Induce coftivenefs, and deep coloured urine ; and 
 by a greater dofe, intoxication, and if:s confequences. 
 
 II. Observations on the Incitantia. 
 
 I. I. Opium and alcohol increafe all the fecretions 
 and abforptions. The increafe of the fecretion of fen- 
 forial power appears from the violent exertions of 
 drunken people 5 the fecretion of fweat Is more cer- 
 tainly excited by opium or wine than by any other 
 medicine ; and the increafe of gcneml heat, which 
 thefe drugs produce, is an evidence of their effecf in 
 
 promoting 
 
Art.il 2. I.] INC IT A NT I A. 
 
 3^3 
 
 promoting all the fecretions ; fince an increafe of fe-^ 
 cretion is always attended with increafe of heat in the 
 part, as in hepatic and other inflammations. 
 
 2. But as they at the fame time promote abforption ; 
 thofe fluids, which are fecreted into receptacles, as 
 the urine, bile, inteflinal and pulmonary mucus, have 
 again their thinner parts abforbed ; and hence, though 
 the quantity of fecreted fluid was increafed, yet as the 
 abforption was alfo increafed, the excretion from thefe 
 receptacles is leffened ; at the fame time that it is 
 deeper coloured or of thicker confillence, as the urine, 
 alvine feces, and pulmonary mucus. Whereas the 
 perfpiration being fecreted on the furface of the body 
 is vifible in its increafed quantity, before it can be 
 reabforbed ; whence arifes that erroneous opinion,- 
 that opium increafes the cutaneous fecretiou, and lef- 
 fens all the others. 
 
 3. It muft however be noted, that after evacuations 
 dpium feems to prom^ote thd abforptions.more than the 
 fecretions ; if you except that of the fenforial power 
 in the brain, which probably fuflers no abforption.^ 
 Hence its cfEcacy in reflraining hemorrhages, after the 
 veflels are em.ptied, by promoting venous abforption. 
 
 4. In ulcers the matter is thickened by the exItK 
 bition of opium from the increafed abforption of 
 the thinner parts of it ; but it is probable, that 
 ^he whole fecreticn, including the part which is 
 
 abforbed;,; 
 
.?6(J tNCITANTIA. [Art. IL 2 . i. 
 
 abforbed, is increafed ; and hence new fibres are fe- 
 creted along with the matter, and the ulcer fills with 
 new granulations of fiefti. But as no ulcer can heal, 
 till it ceafes to difcharge ; that is, till the abforption 
 becomes as great as the excretion ; thofe medicines, 
 which promote abforption only, are more advantageous 
 for the healing an ulcer after it is filled with new (iefh ; 
 as the Peruvian bark internally ; with bandages and 
 folutions of lead externally. 
 
 5. There arc many pains which originate from a 
 want of due motion in the part, as thofe occafioned 
 by cold ; and all thofe pains which are_ attended with 
 cold extremities, and are generally termed nervous. 
 Thefe are relieved by whatever excites the part into 
 its proper actions, and hence by opium and alcohol ; 
 which are the mold univerfal fiimulants we are ac- 
 quainted with. In thefe cafes the efiect of opium is 
 produced, as foon as the body becomes generally 
 warm ; and a degree of intoxication or lleep follows 
 die cefi'ation of the pain. 
 
 Thefe nervous pains (as they are called) frequently 
 returmat certain periods of time, and are alfo fre- 
 quently fucceeded by convulfions in thefe cafes if 
 opium removes the pain, the convulfions do not come 
 on. For this purpofe it is befi to exhibit it gradually, 
 as a grain every hour, or half hour, -till it intoxicates. 
 Here it mufi be noted, that a much lefs quantity will 
 preve-nt the periods of thefe cold pains, than is uecef- 
 fiiry to relieve them after their accefs. As a grain 
 
 aiml 
 
35 ? 
 
 Art. II. 2. I.] INClTANtlA. 
 
 and half of opium given an hour before the expeSed 
 paroxyfm will prevent the cold fit of an intermittent 
 fever, but will not foon remove it, when it is already 
 formed. For in the former cafe the ufual or healthy 
 aflbciations or catenations of motion favour the effe^ 
 of the medicine ; in the latter cafe thefe aflociatioins 
 or catenations are difordered, or interrupted, and new 
 ones are formed, which fo far counterafl the elfefl: of 
 the medicine. 
 
 When o^ium has been required in large dofes to 
 cafe or prevent convulfions, fome have advifed the 
 patient to omit the ufe of wine, as a greater quantity 
 of opium might then be exhibited ; and as opiuna 
 feems to increafe abforption more, and fecretion lefs, 
 than vinous fpirit ; it may in fome cafes be ufeful to 
 exchange one for the other ; as in difeafes attended 
 wnth too great evacuation, as diarrhoea, and dyfen- 
 tery, opium may be preferable j on the contrary iu 
 tetanus, or lockedqaw, where inflammation of the 
 fyflem might be of fervice, wine may be preferable 
 to opium; fee Clafs III. i. i. 12. I have generally 
 obferved, that a mixture of fpirit of wine and warm 
 water, given alternately with the dofes of opium, has 
 foonefl: and moll certainly produced that degree of in- 
 toxication, which was neceflary to relieve the patient 
 in the epilepfia dolorofica. 
 
 6 . There is likewlfe fome relief given by opium to 
 inflammatory pains, or thofe from excefs of mc^'iGE 
 In the affeflcd part ; but with this difference, that 
 
 llii? 
 
1 N C I T A N T I A. [Art. II. 2 . i. 
 
 3 (^ 8 - 
 
 this relief from the pains, and the fleep, which it 
 occafions, does not occur till fome hours after the ex- 
 hibition of the opium. This requires to be explain- 
 ed 5 after the ftimulus of opium or of alcohol ceafes, 
 as after common drunkennefs, a confequent torpor 
 comes on ; and the whole habit becomes lefs irrita- 
 ble by the natural fiimuli. Hence the head-achs, 
 ficknefs, and languor, on the- next day after intox^ 
 ication, with cold fkin, and general debility. Now 
 in pains from excefs of motion* called inflammatory 
 pains, when opium is given, the pain is not relieved, 
 till the debility comes on after the ftimulus ceafes to 
 aft ; for then after the greater flimulus of the opium 
 has exhaufted much of the fenforial power ; the lefs 
 flimulus, which before caufed the pain, does not now 
 excite the part into unnatural aftion. 
 
 In thefe cafes the flimulus of the opium firfl in- 
 creafes the pain j and it fometimes happens, that fo 
 great a torpor follows, as to produce the death or 
 mortification of the affefted part ; whence the danger 
 of giving opium in inflammatory difeafes, efpecially in 
 inflammation of the bowels ; but in general the pain 
 returns with its former violence, when the torpor 
 above mentioned ceafes. Hence thefe pains attended 
 with inflammation are bed relieved by copious vene- 
 feftion, other evacuations, and tlie dais of medicines 
 called torpentia. 
 
 7. Thefe pains from excels of m.otion are attended 
 with increafed heat of the whole, or of the afiefted 
 
■ 3^9 
 
 Art. II. 2. I.] INC IT ANTI A.' 
 
 part, and a flrong quick pulfe ; the pains from defeft 
 of motion are attended with cold extremities, and 
 a weak pulfe ; which is alfo generally more frequent 
 than natural, but not always foi 
 
 8. Opium and alcohol are the only two drugs, 
 we are much acquainted with, which intoxicate ; and 
 by this circumftance are eafily diftinguiflied from the 
 fecernentia and forbentia. Camphor, and cicuta, and 
 nicotiana, are thought to induce a kind of intoxica- 
 tion ; and there are many other drugs of this clafs, 
 whofe efFefts are lefs known, or their dbfes not afeer- 
 tained ; as atropa belladonna, hyofeyamus, flramo- 
 hium, primus laurocerafus, rnenifpermum., cynoglof- 
 fum, fome fungi, and the water diflilled from black 
 cherry-flones ; the laft of which was once much ia 
 life for the convulfions of children, aiid was faid to 
 have good effeft ; but Is now improvidently left out 
 of our pharmacopociaSi I have known one leaf of the 
 laurocerafus. Hired and m.ade into tea, given every 
 morning for a week with no ill confequence to a weak 
 hyfleric lady, but rather perhaps with advantage; 
 
 g. The pernicious eiTe& of a continued life *of 
 much vinous fpirit is daily feeh and lamented by phy- 
 ficians ; not only early debility, like premature age^ 
 but a dreadful catalogue of difeafes is induced by this 
 kind of intemperance ; as dropfy, gout, leprofy, epi- 
 lepfy, infanity, as deferibed in Botanic Garden, Part 
 11 . Canto III. line 357. The ftronger or lefs diluted 
 the fpirit is taken, the fooner it feems to deflroy, as 
 
 VoL. IL B b 
 
 m 
 
INCITANTTA. tart. II. 2 . 5 . 
 
 ?T® 
 
 in dram-drinkers but ftill fooner, when kernels of 
 apricots, or bitter almonds, or laurel-leaf, are infufed 
 in the fpirit, which is termed ratafia j as then two 
 poifons are fwallowed at the fame time. And vine- 
 gar, as it contains much vinous fpirit, is probably a 
 noxious part of our diet. And the difiilled \nnegar, 
 Avhich is commonly fold in the (hops, is truly poifon- 
 ous, as it is generally difiilled by means of a pewuer 
 or leaden alembic-head or worm-tube, and abounds 
 with lead ; which any one may deteft by mixing wnth 
 it a folution of liver of fulphur. Opium, when taken 
 as a luxury, not as a medicine, is as pernicious as 
 alcohol ; as Baron de Tott relates in his account of 
 the opium-eaters in Turkey. 
 
 • io. It mufi be obferved, that a frequent repetition 
 of the life of this clafs of medicines fo habituates the 
 body to their fiimulus, that their dofe may gradually 
 be incrcafed to an afionilhing quantity, fuch as other- 
 wife w'ould infiantly defiroy life ; as is frequently feen 
 in thofe, who accufiom themfclves to the daily ufe of 
 alcohol and opium ; and it would feem, that thefe 
 unfortunate people become difeafed as foon as they 
 omit their ufual potations and that the confequent 
 gout, dropfyj, palfy, or pimpled face, occur from the 
 debility occafioned from the w'ant of accufiomed fiimu- 
 lus, or to fome change in the contrafiile fibres, which 
 requires the continuance or increafe of it. Whence 
 the cautions necefliiry to be obferved are mentioned in 
 Sea. XIL 7. 8. 
 
 H. It 
 
37 ‘ 
 
 Art. II. 2. 2.] I N C I T A N T I A. 
 
 II. It is probable, that home of the articles in the 
 fubfequcnt catalogue do not induce intoxication, 
 though they have been efteemed to do fo ; as tobacco, 
 hemlock^ nux vomica, ftavifagria ; and on this ac- 
 count fliould rather belong to other arrangements, as 
 to the fecernentia^ or forbentia, or invertentia. 
 
 II. I. Externally the application of heat, as the 
 warm bath, by its flknuius on the hdn excites the- 
 cxcretory duels of the perfpirative glands, and the 
 mouths of the lym.phatics, which open on its furface, 
 into greater aflipn ; and in confequence many other 
 irritative motions, which are affociated with them. 
 To this increafed aftion is added pleafurable fenfation, 
 which adds further a^flivity to the fyhem ; and thus 
 many kinds of pain receive relief from this additional 
 atmofphere of heat.' 
 
 The ufe of a warm bath o'f about 96 or 98 degrees 
 of heatj for half an hour once a day for three or four 
 months, I have knO\vn of great fervice to weak peo- 
 ple, arid is perhaps the leafl noxious of all unnatural 
 Himuli ; which however, like all Ofther great excite- 
 ment, may be carried to exeefs, as complaified of by 
 the ancients. The unmeaning application of the words 
 relaxation and bracing to warhn and cold baths has 
 much prevented the ufe of this grateful hiiUulus ; and 
 the mifufe of the term warm-bath, when applied to 
 baths colder than the body, as to thofe of Buxton and 
 Matlock, and to artificial baths of lefs than 90 de- 
 grees of beat, which ought to be termed cold ones, 
 B b has 
 
372 I N C I T A N T I A. [Art. II. 2 . 2 . 
 
 fias contributed to miflead the unv.'ary in their ap- 
 plication. 
 
 The ftimulus of wine, or fpice, or fait, increafe^ 
 the heat of the fyllem by increafing all or fome of the 
 fecrecions ; and hence the ftrength is diminifhed after- 
 wards by the lofs of fluids, as well as by the increafed’ 
 action of the fibres. But the flimulus of the warm- 
 bath fupplies heat rather than produces it ; and rather 
 fills the fyltem by increafed abforption, than empties 
 k by increafed fecretion 5 arid may hence be employed 
 with advantage in almofl: alt cafes of debility with cold 
 extremities, perhaps even in anafarca, and at the ap- 
 proach of death in fevers. In thefe cafes a bath much 
 beneath 98 degrees, as of 80 or 85, might do iniury, 
 as being a col;^bbath compared with the heat of the 
 body, though Inch a bath is generally called a warm 
 one. 
 
 The activity of the fyflem thus produced by a bath 
 of 98 degrees of heat, or upwards, does not feera to 
 render the patients liable to take cold, when they 
 come out of it j for the fytlem is lefs inclined to be- 
 come torpid than before, as the wnirmnh thus acquired 
 by communication, rather than by increafed action, 
 continues long without any confequent chillnefs. Which 
 accords with the obfervation of Dr. Fordyce, men- 
 tioned in Sup. I. 5. I. who fays, that thofe who are 
 confined fome time in an atmofphere of 120 or 130 
 degrees of heat, do not feel cold or look pale on 
 coming into a temperature of 30 or 40 degrees ; w'hich 
 would produce great paknefs and fenfation of coldnefs 
 
 in 
 
373 
 
 Art. II. 2. 2.] I N C I T A N T I A. 
 
 in thofe, who had been fome time confined in an at- 
 mofphere of only 86 or 90 degrees of heat. Trearife 
 on Simple Fever, p. 168. 
 
 Flence heat, where it can be confined on a torpid 
 part along with moifiure, as on a fcrophulous tumour, 
 will contribute to produce fuppuration or refolution. 
 This is done by applying a warm poultice, which 
 fliould be frequently repeated ; or a plafcer of refin, 
 wax, or fat ; or by covering the part with oiled f Ik ; 
 both which lafi: prevent the perfpirable matter from 
 efcaping as well as the heat of the part, as thefe fub- 
 fiances repel moifiure, and are bad condufiors of heat. 
 Another great ufe of the fiimulus of heat is by ap- 
 plying it to torpid ulcers, which are generally termed 
 fcrophulous or fcorbutic, and are much eafier inclined 
 to heal, when covered with feveral folds of flannel. 
 
 Mr. had for many months been afilicied w'ith 
 
 an ulcer in perinmo, w'hich communicated with the 
 urethra, through which a part of his urine was daily 
 evacuated with confiderable pain ; and was reduced 
 to a great degree of debility. He ufed a hot-bath of 
 96 or 98'degrees of heat every day for half an hour 
 during about fix months. By this agreeable fiimulus 
 repeated thus at' uniform times not only the ulcer 
 healed, contrary to the expeftation of his friends, 
 but he acquired greater health and ftrength, than he 
 had for fome years previoufly experienced, 
 
 Mrs. Avas affefied with tranfient pains, which 
 
 were called nervous fpafms, and with great fear of 
 difeafes, which fire did not labour under, with cold 
 B b 3 extremities. 
 
374 
 
 I N C I T A N T I A, [Art. II. a; a, 
 
 extremities, and general debility. She ufed a hot- 
 bath every other day of 96 degrees of heat for about 
 four months, and recovered a good ftate of health, 
 with greater hrength and courage, than flie had p^f- 
 felTed for many months before. 
 
 hlr. Z. a gentlem.an about 65 years of age, who 
 .had lived rather intemperately in refpeft to vinous 
 potation, and had for many years had annual vifits of 
 the gout, which now became irregular, and he ap- 
 peared to be lofing his flrength, and beginning to feel 
 the effects of age. He ufed a bath, as hot as w'as 
 agreeable to his fenfatioas, twice a week for about a 
 year and half, and greatly recovered his health and 
 flrength with lefs frequent and lefs violent returns of 
 regular gout, and is now near 80 years of age. 
 
 When Dr. Franklin, the American philofopher, 
 W’as in England many years ago, I recommended to 
 him the ufe of a warm-bath twice a week to prevent 
 the too fpeedy accefs of old age, wdiich he then 
 thought that he felt the approach of. and I have been 
 informed, that he continued the ufe of it till near his 
 death, which was at an advanced age. 
 
 All thefe patients were advifed not to keep them- 
 felves warmer than their ufual habits, after they came 
 out of the bath, whether they went into bed or not ; 
 as the defign was not to promote -perfpiration, which 
 weakens all conftitution;, and feldom is of fervice to 
 any. Thus a flannel fliirt, particularly if it be worn 
 in warm weather, occaflons weaknefs by ftimulatlng 
 the Ikin by its points into too great a<fhon, and pro- 
 
375 
 
 Art. II. 2. 2.] I N C I T A N T I A. 
 
 ducing heat in confequence ; and occafions emaciation 
 bf increafing the difcharge of perfpirable matter ; and 
 in both thefe refpe^ts differs from the effeft of warm 
 bathing, which communkrates heat to the fyflem at 
 the fame time that it Simulates it, and caufes abforp- 
 tion more than Exhalation. 
 
 2. The effeft of the paffage of an eleftric fliock 
 through a paralytic limb in caufmg it to contraft, be- 
 fides the late experiments of Galvani and Volta on 
 frogs, intitle it to be claffed amongfl univerfal flimu- 
 lants. Eledric fhocks frequently repeated daily for a 
 week or two remove chronical pains, as the pleuro- 
 dyne chronica, Clafs I. 2. 4. 14. and other chronic 
 pains, which are termed rheumatic, probably by pro- 
 moting the abforption of fome extravafated materia!. 
 Scrophulous tumours are fometimes abforbed, and 
 fometimes brought to fuppurate by paffing eleftric 
 ihocks through them daily for two or three weeks. 
 
 Mifs — a young lady about eight years of age, 
 had a fwelling about the fize of a pigeon’s egg on her 
 neck a little below her ear, which long continued in 
 an indolent (late. Thirty or forty fmall eleftric fliocks 
 were paffed through it once or twice a day for tv/o 
 or three weeks, and it then fuppurated and healed 
 without difEculty. For this operation the coated jar 
 of the eleflric machine had on its top an electrometer, 
 which meafured the fliocks by the approach of a brafs 
 Iniob, which commmnicated with the external coating 
 £0 another, which communicated with the inteimal 
 
 b 4 gne^ 
 
376 
 
 J N e I T A N T I A, ^Art. II. 2 *. 
 
 one, and their diflance was adjufted bj'- a fcrew. So 
 that the iliocks were fo fmall as not to alarm <:hc 
 ehiid, and the accumulated dectrjQpy was.frec]ucndy 
 difcharged, as the wheel continued tutiiing. The tu- 
 mour was inclofed between two other brafs knobs, 
 which were fixed on wires, which palTcd through glafs 
 tubes, the tubes were cemented in two grooves on a 
 board, fo that at one end they were nearer each other 
 than at the other, and the knobs were puflied out fo 
 far as exaclly to include the tumour, as defcribcd in 
 the annexed plate, which is about half the fize of the 
 original apparatus, 
 
 Inflammations of the eyes without fever are fre- 
 quently cured by taking a flream of very fmall eleclric 
 fparks from them, or giving the electric fparks to 
 them, once or twice a day for a week or two ; that 
 is, the new velTels, which conftitute inflammation in 
 thefe inirritable conflitutions, are abfjibed by the ac- 
 tivity of the abforbents induced by the lliraulus of the 
 eleftric aura. For this operation tlie eafiefi: method 
 
 to fix a pointed wire to a flick of fealing v/ax, or to 
 an infulating handle of glafs, one end of this wire 
 communicates with the prime conductor, and the point 
 is approached near the inflamed eye in every direc- 
 tion. 
 
 III. Externally the application of ether, and of 
 cffential oils, as of cloves or cinnamon, feern to pof- 
 fefs a general lliraulating effect. As they infl-anth- 
 rviicve tcoth-av'h, and hiccough, vrhen thefe pains are 
 
377 
 
 Aar. II. 2. 4-] INC IT A NT I A, 
 
 not in violent degree j and camphor in large dofea 
 is faid to produce intoxication ; this eiTe£i: however I 
 Iiave not been witnefs to, and have reafon to doub^. 
 
 The manner in which ether and the efiential oils 
 operate on the fyflem when applied externally, is a 
 curious qudlion, as pain is fo immediately relieved by' 
 them, that they mull feem to penetrate by the great 
 fluidity or expanfive property of a part of them, as 
 of their odoriferous exhalation or vapour, and that 
 they thus Hiraulate the torpid part, and not by their 
 being taken up by the abforbent velTels, and carried 
 thither by the long courfe of circulation ; nor is it 
 probable, that thefe pains are relieved by the fympa- 
 thy of the torpid membrane with the external Jldn, 
 which is thus llimulated into aftion ; as it does not 
 fucceed, milefs it is applied over the pained part. 
 Thus there appears to be three different modes by 
 v/hich extraneous bodies may lie introduced into the 
 fyflem, befides that of abforption. ifl. By ethereal 
 tranfition, as heat and cledricity ; cd. by chemical 
 attraftion, as oxygen ; and gd. by expanfive vapour, 
 as ethep and effentiai oils. 
 
 IV. The perpetual neceflity of the mixture of oxy- 
 gen gas with the blood in the lungs evinces, that it 
 inufl act as a fcimulus to the fanguiferous fyflem, as 
 the motions of the heart and arteries prefently ceafe, 
 when animals are immerfed in airs which pofTefs no 
 oxygen. It miay alfo fubfequently anfv/er another 
 important purppfc, as it probably affords the material 
 
37^ INCITANTIA. lArt. II. 2. 4, 
 
 far the produ(^ion of the fenforial power ; which is 
 fuppofed to be fecreted in the brain or medullary part 
 of the nerves ; and that the perpetual demand of 
 this fluid in refpiration is occafioned by the fenfo- 
 rial power, which is fuppofed to be produced from it, 
 being too fubtile to be long confined in any part of 
 the fyftem. 
 
 Another proof of the fiimulant quality of oxygen 
 appears from the increafed acrimony, which the mat- 
 ter of a common abfcefs pOiFefTes, after it has been 
 expofed to the air of the atmofphere, but not before ; 
 and probably all other contagious matters owe their 
 fcTer-producing property to having been converted 
 into acids by their union with oxygen. 
 
 As oxygen penetrates the fine moifi: membranes of 
 the air-velfels of the lungs, and unites with the blood 
 by a chemical attraftion, as is feen to happen, when 
 blood is drawn into a bafon, the lower furface of the 
 erafikmentum is of a very dark red fo long as it is 
 covered from the air by the upper furface, but be- 
 comes florid in a fliort time on its being expofed to the 
 atm.ofphcre ; the manner of its introduction into the 
 fyftem is not probably by animal abforption but by 
 chemical attraction, in which circumftance it dilfers 
 from the fluids before mentioned both of heat and 
 electricity, and of ether and effential oils. 
 
 As oxygen has the property of pafl'ing through 
 moifi: animal membranes, as firib difeovered by the 
 great Dr. Prieflley, it is probable it might be of ufe 
 IP vibices, and petechim in fevers, and in other 
 
 bf uifes ; 
 
379 
 
 Art. II. 2.4.] INC IT ANTI A. 
 
 bruifes; if tffe iidn over thofe parts was kept moifc 
 by warm water, and covered with oxygen gas by 
 means of an inverted glafs, or even by expofing the 
 parts thus moiftened to the atmofphere, as the dark 
 coloured extravafated blood might thus become florid, 
 and by its increafe of frimulus facilitate its reabforp- 
 tion. 
 
 Two weak patients, to whom I gave oxygen gas in 
 as pure a flate as it can eaflly be procured from Ex- 
 eter manganefe, and in the quantity of about four 
 gallons a day, feemed to feel refreflied, and flronger, 
 and to look better immediately after refpiring it, and 
 gained ftrength in a fliort time. T’vvo others, one of 
 whom laboured under confirmed hydrothorax, and 
 the other under a permanent and uniform difficulty 
 of refpiradon, were not refreflied, or in any w^ay 
 ferved by the ufe of oxygen in the above quantity of 
 four gallons a day for a fortnight, which I afcribed 
 to the inirritability of the difeafed lungs. For other 
 cafes the reader is referred to the publications of Dr, 
 Beddoes ; Confiderations on the ufe of factitious Airs, 
 fold by Johnfon, London. 
 
 Its effeCls would probably have been greater in re- 
 fpecl to the quantity breathed, if it had been given 
 in a dilute flate, mixed with lo or 20 times its quan- 
 tity of atmofpheric air, as otherwufe much of it returns 
 by expiration without being deprived of its quality, 
 as may be fecn by the perfon breathing on the flame 
 of a candle, which it enlarges. See the Treatife of 
 Pr. Beddoes above mentioned. 
 
 T. Thofr 
 
V. Tliofe paffions, which are attended with plea- 
 fnrable fenfation, excite ihe fyftem into increafed ac- 
 tfon in confequence of Ji -t fenfation, as joy, and love, 
 as is feen by the flufli of the ikin. Thofe paffions, 
 which are attended with difagreeable fenfation, pro- 
 duce torpor in general by he expcnre of fenforial 
 power occafioncd by inacfive pain ; uniefs volition be 
 excited in confequence of the painful fenfation ; and 
 in that cafe an increafed aftivity of the fyftem oc- 
 curs ; thus palenefs and coldnefs are the confequence 
 of fear, but warmth and rednefs are the confequence 
 of anger. 
 
 VL Beftdes the exertions of the fyftem occafioned 
 by increafed ftimuli, and confequent irritation, and 
 by the pallions of the mind above deferibed, the in- 
 creafsd aciions occafioned by exercife belong to this 
 article. Thefe may be divided into the actions of 
 the body in confequence of volition, which is gene- 
 rally termed labour ; or fecondly, in confequence of 
 agreeable fenfation, which is termed play or fport ; 
 thirdly, the exercife occafioned by agitation, as in a 
 carriage or on horfeback ; fourthly, that of fridion, 
 as with a brufti or hand, fo much ufed in the baths 
 of Turkey ; and laftly, the exercife of fwinging. 
 
 The firft of thefe modes of exercife is frequently 
 . an ied to great excefs even amongft our own labour- 
 ers, and more fo under the lafii of flavery ; fo that 
 the body becomes emaciated and links under either 
 the prdrnt hardlliips, or bv a premature old age. 
 
 The 
 
38.x 
 
 It. 2 . 6.] I N C I T A N T I A. 
 
 The fecond mode of exercife is feen in the play of all 
 young animals, as kittens, and puppies, and children ; 
 ■and is fo neceffary to their health as well as to their 
 pleafure, that thofe children, who are too much con- 
 fined from it, not only become pale-faced and bloated, 
 with tumid bellies, and confequent worms, but are 
 liable to get habits of unnatural a&ions, as twitching, 
 of their limbs, or of fome parts of their countenance j 
 together with an ill-humoured or difcontented mind. 
 
 Agitation in a carriage or on horfeback, as it re- 
 quires fome little voluntary exercion to preferve the 
 body perpendicular, but much lefs voluntary exertion 
 than in walking, feems the befl adapted to invalids ; 
 who by thefe means obtain exercife principally by the 
 ftrength of the hoi'fe, and do not therefore too muck 
 exhauft their own fenforial power. The ufe of fric- 
 tion with a bruih or hand, for half an hour or lonner 
 morning and evening, is hill better adapted to thofe, 
 who are reduced to extreme debility ; as none of 
 their own fenforial power is thus expended, and 
 affords fomewhat like the warm-bath aftivity without 
 felf-exertion, and is ufed as a luxury after warm 
 bathing in many parts of Afia. 
 
 Another kind of exercife is that of fwlnglng, which 
 requires fome exertion to keep the body perpcndi- 
 eular, or pointing towards the center of the fwing, 
 but is at the fame time attended with a degree of ver- 
 tigo j and is defcribed in Clafs II. i. 6. 7. IV. 2. i. 
 so. Sup. I. 3. and 15. 
 
 The 
 
INC IT ANT I A. iART.IL3.il 
 
 3.S2 
 
 The neceffity of much exercife has perhaps been 
 more infilled upon by phyficians, than nature feems to 
 demand. Few animals exercife themfelves fo as to 
 induce vifible fweat, unlefs urged to it by mankind, 
 or by fear, or hunger. And numbers of people in 
 our market towns, of ladies particularly, with fmall 
 fortunes, live to old age in health, without any kind 
 of exercife of body, or much activity of mind. 
 
 In fummer weak people cannot continue too long 
 in the air, if it can be done without fatigue ; and in 
 winter they fliould go out feveral times in a day for 
 a few minutes, ufing the cold air like a cold-bath, to 
 invigorate and render them more hardy. 
 
 III. Catalogue of the Incitantia. 
 
 I. Papaver fomniferum ; poppy, opium. 
 
 Alcohol, wane, beer, cyder. 
 
 Prunus lauro-cerafus j laurel, diflilled water from 
 the leaves. 
 
 Prunus cerafus ; black cherry, diflilled w^ater 
 from the kernels. 
 
 Nicotiana tabacum ; tobacco ? the eflential oil* 
 decoftion of the leaf. 
 
 Atropa belladona ; deadly nightfliade, the beiTies.- 
 
 Datura llramonium ; thorn-apple, the fruit boiled 
 in milk. 
 
 Hyofcyamus j-eticulatus ; henbane, the feeds and 
 leaves. 
 
 CynoglolTura j hounds tongue. 
 
 r>^enifpermnrr.. 
 
Art. iir. 3. i — 6.3 INCITANTIA. 38^ 
 
 JVTenifpermura, cocculus ; Indian berry.' 
 Amygdalus amarus ; bitter almond. 
 
 Cicuta ; hemlock. Conium maculatum l 
 Stryclinos nuc vomica? 
 
 Delphinium ftavifagria ? 
 
 n. Externally, heat, ele£l:riclt}v 
 
 III. Ether, effentlal oils. 
 
 IV. Oxygen gas, 
 
 V. PaiTions of love, joy, anger. 
 
 / 
 
 VI. Labour, play, agitation, fridtion. 
 
 Art. 
 
SECERNENTIA. [Art. HI. i. 
 
 
 Art. III. 
 
 SEC ERNE NTIJ. 
 
 1. Those things which iilcreafc the irritative 
 motions, which conllitute fecretion, are termed fccer- 
 nentia ; which are as various as the glands, which 
 they ftimulate into action. 
 
 1. Diaphoretics, as aromatic vegetables, eflential 
 oils, ether, volatile alkali, neutral falts, antimonial pre- 
 parations, external hear, exercife, friftion, cold water 
 for a time with fubfequent warmth, blifters, ele^ric 
 fluid. 
 
 2. Sialagogues, as mercury internally, and pyre- 
 thrum externally. 
 
 3. E.xpeftorants, as fquill, onions, gum ammoniac, 
 feneka root, mucilage : fome of thefe incrcafe the pul- 
 monary perfpiration, and perhaps the pulmonary mu- 
 cus. 
 
 4. Diuretics, as neutral falts, fixed alkali, balfams, 
 refins, afparagus, caiitharides. 
 
 5. Cathartics of the mild kind, as fenria, jalap, 
 neutral falts, raatina. They increafe the fecretions of 
 bile, pancreatic juice, and inteflinal mucus. 
 
 t 
 
 6 . The 
 
Art. III. I. 12.] SECERNENTIA 385 
 
 6. The mucus of the bladder is Increafed by can- 
 tharides, and perhaps by oil of turpentine. 
 
 7. The mucus of the return by aloe internally, 
 clyilers and fuppofitories externally. 
 
 8. The mucus of the cellular membrane is increafed 
 by blifters and (inapifms. 
 
 9. The mucus of the noftrils is Increafed by er- 
 rhines of the milder kind, as marum, common fnuff. 
 
 10. The fecretion of tears is increafed by volatile 
 faks, the vapour of onions, by grief, and joy. 
 
 1 1 . All tliofe medicines increafe the heat of the 
 body, and remove thofe pains, which originate from a 
 defeft of motion in the velTels, which perform fecre« 
 -tion ; as pepper produces a glow on the ildn, and 
 balfam of Peru is -faid to relieve the flatulent cholic. 
 But thefe medicines differ from the preceding clafs, a-s 
 they neither induce coflivenefs nor deep coloured urine 
 in their ufual dofe, nor intoxication in any dofe. 
 
 1-2. Yet if any of thefe are ufed unneceffarily, it 
 
 obvious, like the incitantia, that they mufl contri- 
 bute to fliorten our lives by fooner rendering peculiar 
 parts of the fyftem difobedient to their natural flimuli. 
 Of thofe in daily ufe the great excefs of common fait 
 is probably the mofl pernicious, as it enters all ovir 
 VpL. II, C c cookery, 
 
3»6 
 
 SECERNENTIA. 
 
 IAkt. III. 2. I. 
 
 cookery, and Is probably one caufe of fcropliula, and 
 of fea-fcurvy,- when joined with other caufes of debi- 
 lity. See Botanic Garden, Part II. Canto IV. line 
 221. Spices taken to excefs by fhimnlating the flo- 
 ' mach, and the velTels of the jfldn by affociation, into 
 unnecelTary action, contribute to weaken thefe parts 
 of the fyflem, but are probably Icfs noxious than the 
 general ufe of fo much fait. 
 
 II. Observations on the Secernentia. 
 
 I. 1 . Some of the medicines of this clafs produce 
 abforption in feme' degree, though their principal 
 effeft is exerted on the fecerning part of our fyflem.. 
 We fliall have occafion to obferve a fimilar circura- 
 llance in the next clafs of medicines termicd Sorbentia; 
 as of thefe fome exert their effefls in a fmaller degree 
 on the fecerning fyflem. Nor will this furprife any 
 one, who has obferved, that all natural objects are 
 prefented to us in a Hate of combination ; and that 
 hence the materials, which produce thefe different 
 effects, are frequently found mingled in the fame vege- 
 table. Thus the pure aromatics increafe the aflion of 
 the vciTels, which fecrete the perfpirable matter ; and 
 the pure aitringents increafe the aftion of the veffels, 
 which abforb the mucus from the lungs, and other 
 cavities of the body ; hence it muni happen, that nut- 
 meg, which poffelTes both thefe qualities, mould have 
 the double cfic-ft above mentioned. 
 
Art. III. 2. i.j SECERNENTIA. 3'^7 
 
 Other drugs have this double cfTetSl:, and belong 
 either to the clafs of Secernentia or Sorbentia, accord- 
 ing to the dofe in which they are exhibited. Thus a 
 fmall dofe of alum increafes abforption, and induces 
 coflivenefs ; and a large one increafes the fecretions 
 into the intehinal canal, and becomes cathartic. And 
 this accounts for the conftipation of the belly left after 
 the purgative quality of rhubarb ceafes, for it increafes 
 abforption in a fmaller dofe, and fecretion in a greater. 
 Hence when a part of the larger dofe is carried out 
 of the habit by (tools, the fmall quantity v/hich re- 
 mains induces coflivenefs. Hence rhubarb exhibited 
 in fmall dofes, as 2 or 3 grains twice a day, ftrengthens 
 the fyflem by increafmg the aftion of the abforbent 
 velTels, and of the inteflinal canal. 
 
 2. Diaphoretics. The perfpiration is a fecretion 
 from the blood in its palTage through the capillary 
 veflels, as other fecretions are produced in the termi- 
 nation of the arteries in the various glands. After 
 this fecretion the blood lofes its florid colour, which 
 it regains in its paflTage through the lungs j which 
 evinces that fom.ething befldes water is fecreted on the 
 fleins of animals. 
 
 No ftatical experiments can afeertain the quantity 
 of our perfpiration j as a continued abforption of the 
 moiflure of the atmofphere exifls at the fame time 
 both by the cutaneous and pulmonary lymphatics. 
 
 3. Every gland is capable of being excited into 
 greater exertions by an appropriated flimulus applied 
 
 C c 2 either 
 
SECERNENTIA. [Art. III. 2. u 
 
 38? 
 
 either by its mixture with the blood immediately to 
 the fecerning velTelj or applied externally to its ex- 
 cretory duft. Thus mercury internally promotes an 
 increafed lalivation, and py rethrum externally applied 
 to the excretory ducts of the falival glands. Aloes 
 Simulate the rectum internally mixed with the cir- 
 culating blood j and fea-falt by injection externally. 
 Now as the capillaries, which fecrete the perfpirablc 
 matter, he near the furface of the body, the appli- 
 cation of external heat ads immediately on their ex- 
 cretory duds, and promotes perfpiration ; internally 
 thofe drugs Avhich poffefs a fragrant elTential oil, or 
 fpiritus redor, produce this effed, as the aromatic 
 vegetables, of which the number is very great. 
 
 4. It muft be remembered, that a due quantity 
 of fome aqueous vehicle mud: be given to fupport 
 this evacuation ; otherwife a burning heat without 
 much vifible fweat muft be the confequencc. W’'heu 
 the fkin acquires a degree of heat much above 108, 
 4 s appears by I>r. Alexander's experiments, no vifible 
 fweat is produced ; which is owing to the great heat 
 of the ildn evaporating it as haftily, as it is fecreted j 
 and, where the fweat is fecreted in abundance, its 
 evaporation cannot carry off the exuberant heat, like 
 the vapour of boilmg water ; bccaufe a great part of 
 it is wiped off, or abforbed by the bed-clothes ; or 
 the air about the patient is not changed fufficiently 
 often>, as it becomes faturated with the perfpirable 
 matter. And hence it is probable, that the waftc of 
 perfpirablc matter is as great, or greater, when the 
 
 ikio 
 
Art. III. 2. 1.3 SECERNENTIA. ^89 
 
 fkin is hot and dry,' as -when it ftands in drops on the 
 fkin ; as appears from the inextinguifliable third:. 
 
 Hence Dr. Alexander found, that when the heat 
 of the body was greater than io8, nothing produced 
 fweats but repeated draughts of cold water ; and of 
 warm fluids, when the heat was much below that de- 
 gree. And that cold water which procured fweats 
 inflantaneoufly when the heat was above 108, flopped 
 them as certainly when it was below that heat ; and 
 that flannels, wrung out of warm water apd wrapped 
 round the legs and thighs, were then mofl: certainly 
 produftive of fw'eats. 
 
 5. The diaphoretics are all faid to fucceed much 
 better, if given early in the morning, about an hour 
 before fun-rife, than at any other time ; which is 
 owing to the great excitability of every part of the 
 fyftem after the fenforial power has been accumulated 
 during fleep. In thofe, who have heeflic fever, or 
 the febricula, or nocturnal fever of debility, the morn- 
 ing fweats are owing to the decline of the fever-fit, as 
 explained in Seel. XXXII. 9. In feme of thefe par 
 tients the fweat does not occur till they awake ; be- 
 caufe then the fyflem is ftill more excitable than during 
 fleep, bccaufe the affiflance of the voluntary powder in 
 refprration facilitates the general circulation. See 
 Clafs I. 2. 1 , 3. 
 
 6. It mull be obferved, that the fkin is very dry 
 and liard to the touch, where the abforbents, which 
 
 C c 3 open 
 
290 SECERNENTIA. CArt. III. 2 . i. 
 
 open on its furface, do not aft ; as in fome dropfics, 
 
 < and other difcafes attended with great third:. This 
 drynefs, and fhriveiled appearance, and roughnefs, 
 are owin? to the mouths of the abforhents beintr 
 emnty of their accudomed fluid, and is didinnuidiablc 
 from the drynefs of the ikin above mentioned in the 
 hot fits of fever, by its not being attended with heat. 
 
 As the heat of the ddn in the ufual temperature of 
 the air always evinces an increafed perfpiration, whe- 
 ther vifible or not, the heat being produced along 
 with the increafe of fecretion ; it follows, that a de- 
 feft of perfpiration can only exid, when the ddn is- 
 ■ cold, 
 
 7. Volatile alkali is a very powerful diaphoretic, 
 and particularly if exhibited in wine-whey ; 20 drops 
 of fpirit of hartfliorn every half hour in half a pint 
 of wine-whey, if the patient be kept in a moderately 
 warm bed, will in a few hours elicit mod profufe 
 fweats. 
 
 Neutral falts promote invifible perfpiration, when 
 the ikin is not v/armed much externally, as is evinced 
 from the great third, -which fucceeds a meal of fait 
 provifions, as of red herrings. When thefc are fufii- 
 ciently diluted v/ith water, and the fi;;n kept warm, 
 cooious fweats without inflaming the habit, are the 
 confequence. Half an ounce of vinegar fiiturated 
 with volatile alkali, taken every hour or two hours, 
 y/e!I anfwers this purpofe ; and is preferable perhaps 
 in general to all others, where fweating is advantage- 
 ous. 
 
Art. III. 2. I.] SECERNENTIA. 'jgi 
 
 ous. Boerhaave mentions one cured of a fever by 
 eating red-herrings or anchovies, which, with repeated 
 draughts of warm water or tea, would I fuppofe pro- 
 duce copious perfpiration. 
 
 Antimonial preparations have alfo been of late 
 much ufed with great advantage in diaphoretics. For 
 the hiftory and ufe of thefc preparations I fliall refer 
 the reader to the late writers on the Materia Medica, 
 only obferving that the flomach becomes fo foon ha- 
 bituated to its ftimulus, that the fecond dofe may be 
 confiderably increafed, if the firfl; had no operation. 
 
 Where it is advifable to procure copious fweats, 
 the emetics, as ipecacuanha, joined with opiates, as 
 in Dover’s powder, produce this elfeft with greater 
 certainty than the above. 
 
 8. We mull not difmifs this fubjeft without ob- 
 ferving, that perfpiration is defigned to keep the ilcin 
 fiexile, as the tears are intended to clean and lubri- 
 cate the eye ; and that neither of thefe fluids can 
 be confidered as excretions in their natural ftate, but 
 as fecretion'^. See Clafs I. i. 2. 3. And that there- 
 fore the principal ufe of diaphoretic medicines is to 
 v/arra the fldn, and thence in confequence to pro- 
 duce the natural degree of infenfible perfpiration in 
 languid habits. 
 
 9. When the ikin of the extremities is cold, which 
 is always ..a fign of prefent. debility, the digeftion 
 becomes frequently impaired by aflbei^tion, and car- 
 
 C c 4 dialgia 
 
392 SECERNEKTIA. [Art. III. t. 2. 
 
 dialgia br heartburn is induced from the vinous or 
 acetous fernientatibn of the aliment. In this difeafe 
 diaphoretics, which have been called cordials, by their 
 aftion on the ftomach rellore its exertion, and that 
 of the cutaneous capillaries by their alTociation with 
 it, and the Ikin becomes warm, and the digefliou 
 more vigorous, 
 
 10. But a blifter afts with more permanent and 
 certain eifeft by flimulating a part of the Ikin, and 
 thence affecting the whole of it, and of the ftomach 
 by aflbciation, and thence removes the moft obftinate 
 heartburns and vomitings. From this the principal 
 ufe of blifters is underilood, which is to invigorate 
 the exertions of the arterial and lymphatic veffels of 
 
 ^ the ikin, producing an increafe of infenfible perfpi- 
 ration, and of cutaneous abforption 5 and to increafe 
 the aftion of the flomach, and the confequent power 
 of digeftion ; and thence by fympathy to excite all 
 the other irritative motions : hence they relieve pains 
 of the cold kind, W'hich originate from defe^ of mo- 
 tion ; not from their introducing a greater pain, as 
 fome have imagined, but by iHmulating the torpid 
 velTcls into their ufual adlion ; and thence increafmg 
 the aftion and confequent warmth of the whole ikin, 
 and of all the parts which arc aifociated with it. 
 
 11. I. Sialagogties. The preparations of mercury 
 confift of a folution or corrofion of that metal by fome 
 acid j and, when the dofe is known, it is probable 
 
 that 
 
Art. III. 2. 3.J SECERNENTIA. 393 
 
 that they are all equally efficacious. As their prin- 
 cipal ufe is in the cure of the venereal difeufe, they 
 will be mentioned in . the catalogue amongft the for- 
 bentia. Where falivation is intended, it is much for- 
 warded by a warm room and warm clothes ; and pre- 
 vented by expofrag the patient to his ufual habits of 
 cool air and drefs, as the mercury is then more liable 
 to go off by the bowels. 
 
 2. Any acrid drug, as pyrethrum, held in the 
 mouth afts as a fialagogue externally by ffimulating 
 the excretory dufts of the falivary glands ; and the 
 liliqua hirfuta applied externally to the parotid gland, 
 and even hard fubftances in the ear, are faid to have 
 the fam^e effeft. Maftich chewed in the mouth emulges 
 the falivary glands. 
 
 3. The unwife cuftom of chewing and fmoaking 
 tobacco for many hours in a day not only injures the 
 falivary glands, producing drynefs in the mouth whea 
 this drug is not ufed, but I fufpe^f that it alfo pro- 
 duces fchirrhus of the pancreas. The ufe of tobacco 
 in this immoderate degree injures the power of digef- 
 tion, by occafioning the patient to fpit out that faliva, 
 which he ought to fwallow ; and hence produces that 
 flatulency, yvhich the vuigar unfortunately take it to 
 prevent. The mucus, which is brought from the 
 fauces by hawking, Ihould be fpit out, as well as tha.t 
 Goughed up from the lungs ; but that which comes 
 fpontaneouily into the mouth from the falivary glands* 
 
 fliould 
 
J54 SECERNENTIA. f Art. III. 2 . 3 . 
 
 fiiould be fwallow.ed mixed with our food or alone for 
 the purpofes of digeflion. See Clafs L 2. 2. 7. 
 
 - III. I. ExpecioraUxts are fuppofed to iiicreafe the 
 fecretion of mucus in the branches of the windpipe, 
 or to increafe the perfpiration of the lungs fecreted at 
 the terminations, of the bronchial artery. 
 
 2. If any thing promotes expectoration toward the 
 end of peripneumonies, when the inflammation is re- 
 duced by bleeding and gentle cathartics, fmall re- 
 peated bliflers about the chefl, with tepid aqueous and 
 mucilaginous or oily liquids, are more advantageous 
 than the medicines generally enumerated under this 
 head 3 the bliflers by flimulating into action the vef- 
 fels of the ficin produce by affociation a greater acti- 
 vity of thofe of the mucous mem.brane, which lines 
 the branches of the wind-pipe, and air-cells of the 
 lungs ; and thus after evacuation they prom.ote the 
 abforption of the mucus and confequent healing of the 
 infiaraed m.embrane, while the diluting liquids prevent 
 this mucus from becoming too vifeid for this purpofe, 
 or faciliratc its expuicion. 
 
 Blifcers, one at a time, on the fides or back, or on 
 the flenuun, are alfo ufeful towards the end of perip- 
 neuraouics, by preventing the evening accefs of cold fit, 
 and thence preventing the hot fit by their flimulus on 
 the fixin ; in the fame manner as five drops of lauda- 
 num by its flimulus on the llomach. For the increafed 
 ‘ allions of the velTels of the Ihiii or flomach excite a 
 
 greater 
 
395 
 
 Art. til 2. 4.] SECERNENTIA. 
 
 Greater quantity of the fenforial power of affodation, 
 and thus prevent tho torpor of the other parts of the 
 fyftem ; which, when patients are debilitated, is fo 
 liable to return in the evening, 
 
 3. Warm bathing is of great fervice towards the 
 end of peripneumony to promote expedoration, efpe- 
 cially in thofe children who drink too little aqueous 
 fluids, as it gently increafes the adion of the pulmo- 
 nary capillaries by their confent with the cutaneous 
 ones, and fupplies the fyflem with aqueous fluid, and 
 thus dilutes the fecreted mucus. 
 
 Some have recommended oil externally around the 
 chefl, as well as internally, to promote expedoration ; 
 and upon the nofe, when its m.ucous membrane is in- 
 flamed, as in common catarrh. 
 
 IV. I. Diuretics. If the ficin be kept warm, mofi; 
 of thefe medicines promote fweat inftead of urine ; 
 and if their dofe is enlarged, mofl: of them becom.e 
 cathartic. Hence the neutral falts are ufed in general 
 for all thefe purpofes. Thofe indeed, which are com- 
 pofed of the vegetable 'acid, are mofl; generally ufed 
 as fudorifics ; thofe with the nitrous acid as diuretics ; 
 and thefe with the vitriolic acid as cathartics : while 
 thofe united with the marine acid enter our'Common 
 nutriment, as a more general ftimulus. All thefe in- 
 creafe the acrimony of the urine, hence it is retained 
 a lefs time in the bladder ; and in confequence lefs 
 pf it is reabforbed into the fyflem, and the apparent 
 
 quantitT 
 
S9<5 SECERNENTIA. [Art. 111. z. 4. 
 
 quantity Is gi'eater, as more is evacuated from the 
 bladder ; but it is not certain from thence, that a 
 gi-eater quantity is fecrcted by the kidneys. Hence 
 nitre, and other neutral falts, are erroneoufly given 
 in the ^ gonorrhoea ; as they augment the pain of 
 making water by their fdmulus on the excoriated or 
 inflamed urethra. They are alfo erroneoufly given in 
 catarrhs or coughs, where the difeharge is too thin 
 and faline, as they increafe the frequency of cough- 
 ing. 
 
 2. Balfam of Copaiva is thought to promote urine 
 more than the other native balfams ; and common 
 refm is faid to a£l as a powerful diuretic m horfes. 
 Thefe are alfo much recommended in gleets, and in 
 fluor albus, perhaps more than they deferve ; they 
 give a violet fmell to the urine, and hence probably 
 increafe the fecretion of it. 
 
 Calcined egg-lhells are faid to promote urine, per- 
 haps from the phofphoric acid they contain. 
 
 3, Cold air and cold w^ater will increafe the quan- 
 tity of urine by decreafing the abforption from the 
 bladder; and nefttral and alkalious falts and cantharides 
 by flimulating the neck of the bladder ; to difeharge 
 the urine as foon as fecreted ; and alcohol as gin and 
 rum at the beginning of intoxication, if the body be 
 Icept cool, occafion much urine by inverting tlie uri- 
 jiary lymphatics, and thence pouring a fluid into the 
 bladder, which never palTed the kidneys. But it is 
 
 probable, 
 
397 
 
 Akt, III. 2. 5.] SECERNENTIA. 
 
 probable, that thofe medicines, which give a fcent 
 to the urine, as the balfams and refins, but particu- 
 larly afparagus and garlic, are the only drugs, which 
 truly inCreafe the fecretion of the kidneys. Alcohol 
 however, ufed as above mentioned, and perhaps great 
 dofes of tinfture of cantharides, may be confidered 
 as drallic diuretics, as they pour a fluid into the blad- 
 der by the retrograde aftion of the lymphatics, which 
 are in great abundance fpread about the neck of it. 
 See Se£i. XXIX. 3. 
 
 V. Mild cathartics. The ancients believed that 
 fome purges evacuated the bile, and hence were tei-m- 
 ed Cholagogues ; others the lymph, and were termed 
 Hydragogues ; and that in fliort each cathartic feleficd 
 a peculiar humour, which it difeharged. The mo- 
 derns- have too haftily rejefied this fyflem ; the fub- 
 jed well deferves further obfervation. 
 
 Calomel given in the dofe from ten to twenty grains, 
 fo as to induce purging without the alFiftance of other 
 drugs, appears to me to particularly increafe the 
 fecretion of bile, and to evacuate it ; aloe feems to m- 
 creafe the fecretion of the inteftinal mucus j and it is 
 'probdble that the pancreas and fpld^n may be pecu- 
 liarly flimulated into afiion by fome other of this tribe 
 of medicines ; whild others of them may Amply ftimu- 
 late the inteftinal canal to evacuate its con tents, as 
 the bile of animals. It mud be remarked, that all 
 thefc cathartic medicines are fuppofed to be exhibited 
 in their ufual dofes, otherwife they become draftic 
 
 purges. 
 
398 SECERNENTIA. [Art. III. 2 . 6. 8 . 
 
 purges, and are treated of in the Clafs of Inver- 
 tentia. 
 
 VI. The mucus of the bladder is feen in the urine, 
 when cantharides have been ufed, either internally or 
 externally, in fuch dofes as to induce the ^l:rangur^^ 
 Spirit of turpentine is faid to have the fame effect. I 
 have given above a dram of it twice a day floating on 
 a glafs of water in chronic lumbago without this ef- 
 fe( 51 :, and the patient gradually recovered. 
 
 VII. Aloe given internally feeras to acl chiefly on 
 the reftum and fphinffer ani, producing tenefmus and 
 piles. Externally in clyflers or fuppofitories, com- 
 mon fait feems to aft on that bowel with greater cer- 
 tainty. But where the thread-worm or afcaridts 
 cxift, 60 or 100 grains of aloes reduced to powder 
 and boiled in a pint of gruel, and ufed as a clyfler 
 twice a week for three months, has frequently de- 
 ftroyed them. 
 
 VIII. The external application of cantharides by 
 flimulating the excretory dufts of the capillary glands 
 produces a great fccretion of fubcutaneous mucus v;ith 
 pain and inflammation ; which mucaginous fluid, not 
 being able to permeate the cuticle, raifes it up ; a 
 fimilar fecretion and elevation of the cuticle is pro- 
 duced by aftual fire ; and by caufliic materials, as by 
 the application of the juice of the root of white 
 brlony, or brulfed mufiard-feed. Experiments arc 
 
 ‘ veanting 
 
Aiir.III. 2.9-^n.] SECERNENTiA. 3^ 
 
 wanting to introduce fom€ acrid application into prac- 
 tice inftead of cantliarides, ■ which might not induce 
 the ftrangury. 
 
 Muftard-feed alone is too acrid, and if it be haf. 
 fered to lie on the ikin many minutes is liable to pa'o- 
 duce a flough and confequent ulcer, and Ihould there- 
 fore be mixed with flour when applied to cold extre- 
 mities. Volatile alkali properly diluted might ftimu- 
 late the ikin without inducing flrangury. 
 
 IX. The mild errhines arefuch as moderately ftiiim- 
 late the membrane of the noftrils, fo as to increafe 
 the fecretion of the nafal mucus ; as is feen in thofe, 
 w'ho are habituated to take fnulf. The ftronger er- 
 rhines are mentioned in Art. V. 2. 3. 
 
 X. The fecretion of tears is increafed either by ap- 
 plying acrid fubilances to the eye 5 or acrid vapours, 
 which flimulate the excretory du 61 ; of the lacrymal 
 gland ; or by applying them to the noilrils, and flimu- 
 lating the excretory duft of the lacrymal fack, as 
 treated of in the Seclion on Inftinft. 
 
 Or the fecretion of tears is increafed by the aP- 
 fociation of the motions of the excretory du<fl: of the 
 lacrymial fack with ideas of tender pleafure,, or of 
 hopelefs diflrefs, as explained in Sefl. XVL 8. 2. 
 and 3. 
 
 XI. The fecretion of fenforial power in the brain, 
 is probably increafed by opium or wine, becaufe when 
 
 taken 
 
439 S2CERNENTIA. TArt. IIL 3. 2. 
 
 taken in certain quantity an immediate increafe of 
 ■ftrengtli and a^ivity fuccocds for a time, with con- 
 fequent debility if the quantity taken be fo great as to 
 intoxicate in the leaft degree. The neceffity of per- 
 petual refpiration ftiews, that the oxygen of the at- 
 mofpliere fupplies the fource of the fpirit of animation ; 
 which is conilantly expended, and is probably too fine 
 to be long contained in the nerves after its produftion 
 in the brain. Whence it is probable, that the ref- 
 piration of oxygen gas mixed with common air may 
 increafe the fecretion of fenforial power ; as indeed 
 would appear from its exhilarating effc< 9 : on moll 
 patients. 
 
 in. Catalogue of the Secernentia. 
 
 I. Diaphoretics. 
 
 I. Am-omum zinziber, ginger. Car}’ophyllus 
 aromaticus, cloves. Piper indicum, pepper. 
 Capficum. Cardamomum. Pimento, myr- 
 tus pimenta. Canella alba. Serpentaria 
 virginiana, ariflolochia ferpentaria, guaia- 
 cum. Saffafras, laurus faffafras. Opium. 
 Wine. 
 
 i'. ElTential oils of cinnamon, laurus cinnamo- 
 mum. Nutmeg, myriflica mofehata. Cloves, 
 caryophyllus aromaticus. Mint, mentha. 
 Camphor, laurus camphora. Ether. 
 
 3. Volatile falts, as of ammoniac and of hart- 
 fliorn. Sal cornu cervi. 
 
 1 4. Neutral 
 
 I 
 
Art. III. 3. 3.] SECERNENTIA. 40^ 
 
 4. Neutral falts, as thofe with vegetable acid ; 
 
 or with marine acid, as common fait. Halex. 
 Red-herring, anchovy. 
 
 5. Preparations of antimony, as emetic tartar, 
 
 antimonium tartarizatum, wine of antimony. 
 James’s powder. 
 
 6. External applications. Bliders. Warm bath. 
 
 Warm air. Exercife. Friftion. 
 
 7. Cold water with fubfequent warmth. 
 
 II. Sialagogues. Preparations of mercury, hydrar- 
 gyrus. Pyrethrum, anthemis pyrethrum, 
 tobacco, cloves, pepper, cowhage, IHzoIo- 
 bium filiqua hirfuta. Maftieh, piftacia len- 
 tifcus. 
 
 III. Expeclorants. 
 
 1. Squill, fcilla maritima, garlic, leek, onion, 
 
 allium, afafcetida, ferula afafcetida, gum 
 ammoniac, benzoin, tar, pix liquida, bal- 
 fam of Tolu. 
 
 2. Root of feneka, poly gala feneka, of elicam- 
 
 pane, inula helenium. 
 
 3. Marfli-mallow, althaea, coltsfoot, tuifilago 
 
 farfara, gum arabic, raimofa nilotica, gum 
 tragacanth, aftragalus tragacantha. Decoc- 
 tion of barley, hordeum diitichon. Ex- 
 prelTed oils. Spermaceti, foap. Extraft 
 of liquorice, glycyrrhiza glabra. Sugar. 
 
 VoL. IL D d 4. Externally 
 
402 
 
 SECERNENTIA. [Art. III. 3. 6. 
 
 4. Externally bliflers. Oil. Warm bath. 
 
 IV. Mild diuretics. 
 
 I. Nitre, kali acetatum, other neutral Talts. 
 
 Fixed alkali, foap, calcined egg-fliells. 
 
 3. Turpentine. Balfam of Copaiva. Refin. 
 
 Olibanum. 
 
 4. Afparagus, garlic, wild daucus. Parfley, 
 
 apium. Fennel faeniculum, pareira brava, 
 CilTampelos ? 
 
 5. Externally cold air, cold water. 
 
 6. Alcohol. Tin( 5 lure of cantharides. Opium, 
 
 V. Mild cathartics. 
 
 t. Sweet fubacid fruits. Prunes, prunus dome- 
 hica. Cafila fillula. Tamarinds, cryftals 
 of tartar, unrefined fugar. Manna. Honey. 
 3. Whey of milk, bile of animals. ' 
 
 3. Neutral falts as Glauber’s fait, vitriolated 
 
 tartar, fea-water, magnefia alba, foap. 
 
 4. Gum guaiacum. Balfam of Peru. Oleum 
 
 ricini, caftor-oil, oil of almonds, oil of olives, 
 fulphur. 
 
 5. Senna, cafila fenna, jalap, aloe, rhubarb, 
 
 rheum palmatum. 
 
 6. Calomel. Emetic tartar, antimonium tar- 
 
 tarizatum. 
 
 VL Secretion of mucus of the bladder is increafed 
 by cantharides^ by fpirit of turpentine 
 
 VIL Sccre- 
 
Art. IV. I. 4-J SECERNENTIA. 40S 
 
 VII. Secretion of mucus of the return Is increafed 
 by aloe internally, by various cl_^ flers and fup= 
 politories externally. 
 
 VIII. Secretion of fubcutaneous mucus is increafed 
 by blifters of cantharides, by application of a 
 thin flice of the frefh root of white brionyg 
 by fmapifms, by root of horfe-radifli, cochle- 
 aria armoracia. Volatile alkali. 
 
 IX. Mild errhines. Marjoram. Origanum. Marura^ 
 tobacco. 
 
 X. Secretion of tears is increafed by vapour of 
 lliced onion, of volatile alkali. By pity, or 
 ideas of hopelefs diftrefs. 
 
 •XL Secretion of fenforial power in the brain is 
 probably increafed by opium, by wine, and 
 perhaps by oxygen gas added to the common 
 air in refpiration. 
 
 Dd^ 
 
 ArTs 
 
SORBENTIA. ^ Art. IV 1.4. 
 
 404 
 
 Art. IV. 
 
 SORBENTIA. 
 
 I. Those things which increafe the irritative 
 raotions, which conilitute abforption, are termed for- 
 bentia ; and are as various as the abforbent veffelsj 
 which they ftimulate into action. 
 
 1. Cutaneous abforption is incrcafed by auflere 
 acids, as of vitriol ; hence they are believed to check 
 colliquative fweats, and to check the eruption of fmall- 
 pox, and contribute to the cure of the itch, ^nd tinea ; 
 hence they thicken the faliva in the mouth, as lera,on- 
 juice, crab-juice, Hoes. 
 
 2. Abforption from the mucous membrane is in- 
 creafed by opium, and Peruvian bark, internally ; 
 and by blue vitriol externally. Hence the expeftoia- 
 tion in coughs, and the mucous difcharge from the 
 urethra, are thickened and leffened. 
 
 3. Abforption from the cellular membrane is pro- 
 moted by bitter vegetables, and by emetics, and cathar- 
 tics. Hence matter is thickened and leffened in ulcers 
 by opium and Peruvian bark j and ferum is abforbed 
 in anafarca by the operation of emetics and cathartics- 
 
 4. Venous abforption is increafed by acrid vege- 
 tables ; as water-crefs, cellery, horfe-radifli, muftard- 
 Hencc their ufe in fea-fcurvy, the vibices of which 
 
 are 
 
Aut. IV. I. 10.3 SORBENTIA. 
 
 465^' 
 
 axe owing to a defeat of venous abforption ; and by- 
 external flimulants, as vinegar, and by eleflricity, and- 
 perhaps by oxygen. 
 
 5. Inteflinal abforption is increafed by alfringent 
 vegetables, as rheubarb, galls ; and by earthy falts, 
 as alum ; and by argillaceous and calcareous earth. - 
 
 6. Hepatic abforption is increafed by metallic falts, 
 hence calomel and fal martis are fo efficacious in jaun- 
 dice, worms, chlorolis, dropfy. 
 
 7. Venereal virus in ulcers is abforbedby the flimulus 
 of mercury ; hence they heal by the ufe of this medicine. 
 
 8. Venefeftion, hunger, third:, and violent evacua- 
 tions, increafe all abforptions ; hence fweating pro- 
 duces coflivenefs. 
 
 \ 
 
 9. Externally bitter adringent vegetables, earthy 
 and metallic falts, and bandages, promote the ab- 
 forpdon of the parts on which they are applied. 
 
 10. All thefe in their ufual dofes do not increafe 
 the natural heat ; but they induce coflivenefs, and 
 deep coloured urine with earthy fediment. 
 
 In greater dofes they invert the motions of the flo- 
 mach and lafteals ; and hence vomit or purge, as 
 carduus benediftus, rhuharb. They promote per- 
 fpiration, if the dain be kept warm ; as camomile tea, 
 and tedaceotis powders, have been ufed as fudorifics. 
 
 D d 3 The 
 
4o6 SORBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2. i. 
 
 The preparations of antimony vomit, purge, or 
 fweat, either according to the quantity exhibited, or 
 as a part of what is given is evacuated. Thus a 
 quarter of a grain of emetic tartar (if well prepared) 
 will promote a diaphorefis, if the fidn be kept warm ; 
 half a grain will procure a ftool or two firh, and 
 fweating afterwards ; and a grain will generally vomit, 
 and then purge, and laftly fweat the patient. In lefs 
 quantity it is probable, that this medicine afts like 
 other metallic falts, as fteel, zinc, or copper in fmall 
 dofes ; that is, that it flrengthens the fyhem by its 
 flimulus. As camomile or rhubarb in diJerent dofes 
 vomit, or purge, or adt as ftimulants fo as to ftrengthen 
 the fj’hem. 
 
 II. Observations on the Sorbentia. 
 
 I. I. As there is great difference in the apparent 
 flrufture of the various glands, and of the fluids 
 which they feled: from the blood, thefe glands mull 
 poffefs different kinds of irritability, and are there- 
 fore flimulated into flronger or unnatural a^Iions by 
 different articles of the materia medica, as Ihevm in 
 the fecernentia. Now as the abforbent veffels are 
 likewife glands, and drink up or felecl different fluids, 
 as chyle, water, mucus, with a part of every different 
 fecretion, as a part of the bile, a part of the faliva, 
 a part of the urine. See. it appears, that thefe abfor- 
 bent veffels rauit likev.dfe poffefs different kinds of 
 irritability, and in confequence muff require different 
 
 articles 
 
Art. IV. 2. J.] SORBENTIA. 
 
 407 
 
 articles of the materia medica to excite them into 
 unnfual a£lion. This part of the fubjecf has been fo 
 little attended to, that the candid reader will find in 
 this article a great deal to excufe. 
 
 It was obferved, that fome of the fecernentia did 
 in a lefs degree increafe abforption, from the combi- 
 nation of different properties in the fame vegetable 
 body ; for the fame reafon fome of the clafs of for- 
 bentia produce fecretion in a lefs degree, as thofe 
 bitters which have alfo an aroma in their compofition ; 
 thefe are known from their increafing the heat of the 
 fyffem above its ufual degree. 
 
 It mufl alfo be noted, that the aftions of every 
 part of the abforbent fyflem are fo affociated wnth 
 each other, that the drugs which flimulate one branch 
 increafe the aftion of the whole ; and the torpor or 
 quiefcence of one branch weakens the exertions of 
 the whole ; or when one branch is excited into 
 ifronger affion, fome other branch has its a< 51 ;ions 
 weakened or inverted. Yet though peculiar branches 
 of the abforbent fyflem are flimulated into action by 
 peculiar fubflances, there are other fubftances which 
 feem to flimulate the whole fyflem, and that without 
 immediately increafing any of the fecretions ; as thofe 
 bitters wTich pofTefs no aromatic fcent, at the head of 
 which Hands the famed Peruvian bark, or cinchona. 
 
 2. Cutaneous abforption. I have heard of fome 
 experiments, in w'hich the body was kept cold, and 
 was thought to abforb more moifture from the at<> 
 niofphere than at any other time. This however 
 D ,d 4 cannot 
 
SORSENTIA. [Art. IV. 2. I, 
 
 40 S 
 
 cannot be determined by flatical experiments ; as the 
 capillary veffels, which fecrete the perfpirable matter, 
 mnft at the fame time have been benumbed by the 
 cold ; and from their inaction there could not have 
 been the ufual walle of the weight of the body ; and 
 as all other mufcular exertions are beft performed, 
 when the body poiTeifes its ufual degree of warmth, it is 
 conclufive, that the abibrbent fyllem fliould likewife do 
 its office beft, when it is not benumbed by external 
 cold. 
 
 The auftere acids, as of vitriol, lemon-juice, juice 
 of crabs and floes, ftrengthen digeflion, and prevent 
 that propenfity to fweat fo ufual to weak convalefcents, 
 and diminifli the colliquative fwcats in hectic fevers ; 
 ^ all which are owing to their increafing the action of 
 the external and internal cutaneous abforption. Hence 
 v'itriolic acid is given in the fm.all-pox to prevent the 
 too hafty or too copious eruption, which it effects, 
 by increafing the cutaneous abforption. Vinegar, 
 from the quantity of alcohol which it contains, exerts 
 a contrary effeft to that here defcribed, and belongs 
 to the incitantia ; as an ounce of it promotes fweat, 
 and a flufliing of the fkin ; at the fame time exter- 
 nally it afts as a venous abforbent, as the lips become 
 pale by moiflening them with it. And it is faid, 
 when taken internally in great and continued quantity, 
 to induce palenefs of the ikin, and foftnefs of the bones. 
 
 The fweet vegetable acids, as of feveral ripe fruits, 
 are among the torpentia ; as they are lefs flimulating 
 than the general food of this climate, and are hence 
 uied in inilamatory difeafes. 
 
 AVhere 
 
Vv^here the quantity of , fluids in the fyftem h 
 much lefTened, as in heftic fever, which has been of 
 ibme continuance, or in fpurious peripneumony, a 
 grain of opium given at night will fomerimes prevent 
 the appearance of fweats j which is owing to the fti~ 
 mulus of opium increafmg the aftions of the cutane- 
 ous abforbents, more than thofe of the fecerning 
 veffds of the fkin. Whence the fecretion of per- 
 fpirable matter is not decreafed, but its appearance 
 on the fkin is prevented by its more facile abforp- 
 tion. 
 
 3, There is one kind of itch, which feldom appears 
 between the fingers, is the lead infeftious, and mod 
 difficult to eradicate, and which has Its cure much fa- 
 cilitated by the internal ufe of acid of viiriol. This 
 difeafe confids of fmall ulcers in the fkin, which are 
 healed by whatever increafes the cutaneous abforption. 
 The externa] application of fulphur, mercury, and 
 acrid vegetables, ads on the fame principle ; for the 
 animalcula, which are feen in thefe pudules, are the 
 ciled, not the caufe, of them j as all other dagnating 
 animal duids, as the femen itfelf, abounds with fimiiar 
 microfcopic animals. 
 
 4. Young children have fometimes an eruption 
 iipon the head called ■ Tinea, which difcharges an 
 acrimonious ichor innaming the parts on which it 
 falls. 'Fliis eruption I have feen fubmit to the in- 
 jerual ufe of vitrioiic acid, when only wheat-flour 
 
41-0 
 
 SORBENTIi^ [Art. IV. z. 2. 
 
 was applied externally. This kind of eruption is 
 hkewife frequently cured by teflaceous powders ; two 
 materials fo widely different in their chemical pro- 
 perties, but agreeing in their power of promoting 
 cutaneous abforption. 
 
 n. Abforption from the mucous membrane Is in- 
 creafed by applying to its furface the auftere acids, as 
 of vitriol, lemon-juice, crab-juice, floes. When thefe 
 are taken into the mouth, they immediately thicken, 
 and at the fame time leffen the quantity of the faliva ; 
 which laif circumftance cannot be owing to their co- 
 agulating the faliva, but to their increaflng the ab- 
 ibrption of the thinner parts of it. So alum applied 
 to the tip of the tongue does not flop in its aftion 
 there, but independent of its diffuflon it induces cohe- 
 fion and corrugation over the wdiole mouth. ( Cullen’s 
 Mat. Med. Art. Aflringentia.) Which is owing to 
 the affociation of the motions of the parts or branches 
 of the abforbent fyflem with each other. 
 
 Abfoi*ption from the mucous membrane is increafed 
 by opium taken internally in fmall dofes more than 
 by any other medicine, as is feen in its thickening 
 the expcfforation in coughs, and the difcharge from 
 the noflrils in catarrh, and perhaps the difcharge 
 from the urethra in gonorrhcea. The bark feems 
 next in power for all thefe purpofes. 
 
 Extenially flight folutions of blue vi'riol, as two 
 ©r three grains to an ounce of water, applied to 
 ulcers of the mouth or to chancres on the glans 
 
 penis, 
 
4 ” 
 
 Art. iV. 2. 3-] SORBENTIA. 
 
 penis, more powerfully induces them to heal than 
 any other material. 
 
 Where the lungs or urethra are inflamed to u 
 confiderable degree, and the abforption is fo great, 
 that the mucus is already too thick, and adheres to 
 the membrane from its vifcidity, opiates and bitter 
 vegetable and auftere acids are improper ; and muci- 
 laginous diluents fliould be ufed in their Head with 
 venefedtion and torpentia. 
 
 III. I. Abforpcion from the cellular membrane, 
 and from all the other cavities of the body, is too 
 flowly performed in fome conftitutions ; hence the 
 bloated pale complexion ; and when this occurs in its 
 greatefl: degree, it becomes an univerfal dropfy. 
 Thefe habits are liable to intermittent fevers, hyfteric 
 paroxyfms, cold extremities, indigellion, and all the 
 fymptoms of debility. 
 
 The abforbent fyftem is more fubjefl: to torpor or 
 quiefcence than the fecerning fyftem, both from the 
 coldnefs of the fluids which are applied to it, as the 
 moiflure of the atmofphere, and from the coldnefs 
 of the fluids which we drink ; and alfo from its being 
 ftimulated only by intervals, as when we take our 
 food ; w’hereas the fecerning fyflem is perpetually ex- 
 cited into aftion by the warm circulating blood ; as 
 explained in Se£l. XXXII. 
 
 2. The Peruvian bark, camomile flowers, and. 
 lOther l^iutcr drugs, by flimulating this cellular branch 
 
412 
 
 SORBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2, 5. 
 
 of the abforbent fyftem prevents it from becoming 
 quiefcent ; hence the cold paroxyfms of thofe agues, 
 which arife from the torpor of the cellular lymphatics, 
 are prevented, and the hot fits in confequence. The 
 patient thence preferves his natural heat, regains his 
 healthy colour, and his accufiomed firength. 
 
 Where the cold paroxyfm of an ague originates 
 in the abforbents of the liver, fpleen, or other in- 
 ternal vifcus, the addition of fteel to vegetable bitters, 
 and efpecially after the ufe of one dofe of calomel, 
 much advances the cure. 
 
 And where it originates in any part of the fecern- 
 ing fyflem, as is probably the cafe in fome kinds of 
 agues, the addition of opium in the dofe of a grain 
 and half, given about an hour before the accefs of the 
 paroxyfm, or mixed with chalybeate andxbitter medi- 
 cines, enfures the cure. Or the fame may be effect- 
 ed by wine given infiead of opium before the pa- 
 roxyfm, fo as nearly to intoxicate, 
 
 Thefe three kinds of agues are thus diflinguilhed ; 
 the firfi; is not attended with any tumid or indurated 
 vifcus, which the people call an ague cake, and 
 wdrich is evident to the touch. The fecond is accom- 
 panied with a tumid vifcus ; and the lafl has gene- 
 rally, I believe, the quartan type, and is attended 
 with fome degree of arterial debility. 
 
 3. This clafs of abforbent medicines are faid to 
 decreafe irritability. After anv part of our fyfiem 
 lias been torpid or quiefcent, by whatever caufe that 
 
 was 
 
4S3 
 
 Art. rV. 2. 3-3 SORBENTIA. 
 
 was produced, it becomes afterwards capable of being 
 excited into greater motion by fraall flimuli ; hence 
 the hot fit of fever fucceeds the cold one. As thefe 
 medicines prevent torpor or quiefcence of parts of the 
 I fyfiem, as cold hands or feet, which perpetually hap- 
 pen to weak conftitutions, the fubfequent increafe 
 of irritability of thefe parts is likewife pl-evented. 
 
 4. Thefe abforbent medicines, including both the 
 bitters, and metallic falts, and opiates, are of great 
 ufe in the dropfy by their promoting univerfal ab- 
 forption ; but here evacuations are likewife to be 
 produced, as will be treated of in the Invertentia. 
 
 5. The matter in ulcers is thickened, and thence 
 rendered lefs corrofive, the faline part of it being 
 reabforbed by the ufe of bitter medicines ; hence 
 the bark is ufed with advantage in the cure of 
 ulcers. 
 
 6. Bitter medicines firengthen digefiion by pro- 
 moting the abforption of chyle ; hence the introduc- 
 tion of hop into the potation ufed at our meals, 
 which as a medicine may be taken advantageoufly, 
 but, like other unnecelfary flimuli, mufl be injurious 
 as an article of our daily diet. 
 
 The hop may perhaps in fomc degree contribute to 
 the production of gravel in the kidneys, as our intem- 
 perate wine-drinkers are more fubjeCl to the gout, and 
 ale-drinkers to the gravel ; In the formation of both 
 
 which 
 
 I 
 
41 + 
 
 SORBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2. 3. 
 
 which difeafes, there can be no doubt, but that the 
 alcohol is the principal, if not the only agent. 
 
 7. Vomits greatly increafe the abforption from the 
 cellular membrane, as fquill, and foxglove. The fquill 
 fhould be given in the dofe of a grain of the dried 
 root every hour, till it operates upwards and down- 
 wards. Four ounces of the freflr leaves of the fox- 
 glove fliould be boiled from two pounds of water 
 to one, and half an ounce of the decoftion taken 
 every two hours for four or more dofes. This medi- 
 cine by ftimulating into inverted aftion the abforbents 
 of the ftomach, increafes the direft aflion of the cel- 
 lular lymphatics. 
 
 Another more convenient way of afcertainlng the 
 dofe of foxglove is by making a faturated tinfture 
 of it in proof fpirit ; which has the twofold advantage 
 of being invariable in its original flrength, and of 
 keeping a long time as a fhop-medicine without loling 
 any of its virtue. Put two ounces of the leaves of 
 purple foxglove, digitalis purpurea, nicely dried, and 
 coarfely powdered, into a mixture of four ounces of 
 redtified fpirit of wine and four ounces of water ; let 
 the mixture hand by the fii-e-fide twenty-four hours 
 frequently fhaking the bottle, and thus making a 
 faturated tinfture of digitalis ; which mud be poured 
 from the fediment or palTed through filtering paper. 
 
 As the fize of a drop is greater or lefs according 
 to the fize of the rim of the phial from which it 
 is dropped, a part of this faturated tinflurc is then 
 
 direfted 
 
Art. IV. 2. 3-]] SORBENTIA. 4T|! 
 
 direfted to be put into a two-ounce phial, for the 
 purpofe of afcertaining the fize of the drop. Thirty? 
 drops of this tinfture is directed to be put into an 
 ounce of mint-water for a draught to be taken twice 
 or thrice a day, till it reduces the anafarca of the 
 limbs, or removes the difficulty of breathing in hydro- 
 thorax, or till it induces ficknefs. And if thefe do 
 not occur in two or three days, the dofe mull; be 
 gradually increafed to forty or fixty drops, or further. 
 
 From the great flimulus of this medicine the ho- 
 mach is rendered torpid with confequent ficknefs, 
 which continues many hours and even da.ys, owing 
 to the great exhauftion of its fenforial power of irri- 
 tation ; and the aftion of the heart and arteries be- 
 comes feeble from the deficient excitement of the fen- 
 forial power of affociation ; and laftly, the abforbents 
 of the cellular membrane a<h more violently in confe- 
 quence of the accumulation of the fenforial power of 
 affociation in the torpid heart and arteries, as ex- 
 plained in Suppl. I. 12. 
 
 A circumftance curioufly fmilar to this occurs to 
 fome people on frnoking tobacco for a ffiort time,, 
 who have not been accuftomed to it. A degree of 
 ficknefs is prefently induced, and the pulfations of 
 the heart and arteries become feeble for a ffiort time,^ 
 as in the approach to fainting, owing to the direff 
 fympathy between thefe and the flomach, that is 
 from defeft of the excitement of the power of af- 
 fociation. Then there fucceeds a tingling, and heat, 
 and fometimes fweat, owing to the increafed affion 
 2 of 
 
SORBE-NTI A. 
 
 416 
 
 TArt. IV. 2. *5. 
 
 of the capillaries, or perfpirative and mucous glands ; 
 ■Vvdiich is occafioned by the accumulation of the fen- 
 forial power of alTociation by the weaker action of 
 the heart and arteries, which now incrcaies the ac- 
 tion of the capillaries. 
 
 8. Another method of increafing abforption from 
 the cellular membrane is by wann air, or by warm 
 fteam. If the fwelled legs of a dropfical patient 
 are inclofed in a box, the air of which is made w'arm 
 by a lamp or two, copious fweats are foon produced 
 by the increafed action of the capillaiy glands, which 
 are feen to ftand on the ikin, as it cannot readily ex- 
 hale in fo fmall a quantity of air, which is only 
 changed fo fall as may be necelfary to permit the 
 lamps to burn. At the fame time the lymphatics of 
 the cellular membrane are himulated by the heat 
 into greater action, as appears by the fpeedy reduction 
 of the tumid legs. 
 
 It w'ould be well worth trying an experiment upon 
 a perfon labouring under a general anafarca by put- 
 ting him into a room filled with air heated to 120 
 or 130 degrees, which w^ould probably excite a great 
 general diaphorefis, and a general cellular abforption 
 both from the lungs and every other part. And that 
 air of fo great heat may be borne for many minutes 
 wdthout great inconvenience was fliewn bj' the e.xpe- 
 riments made in heated rooms by Dr, Fordyce and 
 others. Philof. Tranf. 
 
 Another 
 
Art. IV. 2. 4-] SORBENTIA. 417 
 
 Another experiment of ufmg warmth in anafarca, 
 or in other difcafes, might be by immerfing the patient 
 In warm air, or in warm (team, received into an oil- 
 fkin bag, or bathing-tub of tin, fo managed, that 
 the current of warm air or fleam fliould pafs round 
 and cover the whole of the body except the head, 
 which might not be expofed to k ; and, thus the ab- 
 forbents of the lungs might be induced to aft more 
 powerfully by fympathy with the ildn, and not by the 
 flimulus of heat. Sec Ufes of Warm Bath, Clafs 
 IV. 2. 2. I. 
 
 IV. I. Venous abforption. Cellery, water-crefTes, 
 cabbages, and many other vegetables of the Clafs 
 Tetradynamia, do not increafe the heat of the body 
 (except thofe whofe acrimony approaches to corro- 
 fion), and hence they feem alone, or principally, to 
 aft on the venous fyllem ; the extremities of which 
 we have fliewn are abforbents of the red blood, after 
 it has palTed the capillaries and glands. 
 
 2 . In the fea-fcurvy and petechial fever the veins 
 do not perfeftly perform this office of abforption j 
 and hence tht: vibices are occafoned by blood flag- 
 nating at their extremities, or extravafat'ed into the 
 cellular membrane. And this clafs of vegetables, 
 fliraulating the veins to perform their natural ab- 
 forption, without increafing the energy' of the ar- 
 terial aftion, prevents future petechiae, and may affifl 
 the abforption of the blood already flagnated, as 
 
 VoT„ II. E e foori' 
 
41^ SORBENTIA. £ Art. IV. 2. 4. 
 
 foon as Its chemical change renders it proper for that 
 operation. 
 
 3 . The utiids, v/hich arc extravafated, and received 
 into the cells of the cellular membrane, feem to conti- 
 nue there for many days, fo as to undergo fome chemi- 
 cal change, and are then taken up again by the mouths 
 of the cellular abforbents. But the new veffels pro- 
 duced in inflamed parts, as they communicate with 
 the veins, are probably abforbed again by the veins 
 along with the blood which they contain in their cavi- 
 ties. Hence the blood, which is extravafated in 
 bruifes or vibicss, is gradually many days in difappear- 
 ing ; but after due evacuations the inflamed veffels on 
 the white of the eye, if any flimulant lotion is ap- 
 plied, totally difappear in a few' hours. 
 
 Amongft abforbents affe61mg the veins we fhould 
 therefore add the external application of flimulant ma- 
 terials as of vinegar, which makes the lips pale on 
 touching them. Fri£lion, and cleftricity. 
 
 4. Ktemorrhages are of two kinds, either arterial, 
 which are attended with inflammation ; or venous, 
 fi'om a deficiency in the abforbent power of this fet 
 of veflels. In the former cafe the torpentia are effica- 
 cious ; in the latter fleel, opium, alum, and all the 
 tribe of forbentia, are ufed with fuccefs. 
 
 5 . Sydenham recommends vegetables of the clafs 
 Tetradynamia in rheumatic pains left after the cure 
 
 of 
 
of hiteripktents. Thefe pains are perhaps Cmilar to 
 tliofe of the fea-fcurvy, and feein to arife from want 
 of abforptiqn in the affefted part, and hence are rc- 
 Jieved by the fame medicines. 
 
 -V. _i. Intedinal abforption. Some aflringent ve- 
 
 ..getables, as rhubarb, may be given in fuch dofes as 
 to prove cathartic ; and, after a part of it is evacuated 
 from the body, the remaining part augments the ab- 
 forption of the inteilines ; and afts, as if a funilar 
 dofe had been exhibited after the operation of any 
 other purgative. Hence 4 grains of rhubarb flrengthen 
 the bowels, 30 grains firfl empty them. 
 
 2. The earthy falts, as alum, increafe the inteftinal 
 abforption, and hence induce conlHpatipn in their 
 ufual dofe ; alum is faid fometimes to cure intermut- 
 tents, perhaps when their feat is in the inteftines, 
 when other remedies have failed. It is ufcful in the 
 diabcetes by exciting the ablbrbents of the bladder 
 into their natural aftion ; and combined ’with reiin is 
 elleeraed in the fiuor albus, and in gleets. Lime-hone 
 or chalk, and probably gypfum, poffefs effefhs in feme 
 degree fimilar, and increafe the abforption of the in- 
 teflines ; and thus in certain dofes reilrain fome diar- 
 rhoeas, but in greater dofes alum I fuppofe will aft as 
 a cathartic. Five or ten grains produce confupation, 
 20 or 30 grains are either emetic or cathartic. 
 
 3. Earth of alum, tobacco-pipe clay, marl, Arme- 
 nian bole, lime, crab’s eyes or claws, and calcined 
 
 E e 2 hartfhorn. 
 
S O R B E N T I A. [Art. IV. 2 . 6. 
 
 ■hartfliorn, or bone afhes, reflrain fluxes ; either mc- 
 ehanically by fupplying fomcthing like mucilage, or 
 oil, or rollers to abate the friftion of the aliment over 
 inflamed membranes ; or by increafing their abforp- 
 tion. The two lafl confift of calcareous earth united 
 to phofphoric acid, and the Armenian bole and marl 
 may contain iron. By the confent between the in- 
 teftines and the fldn 20 grains of Armenian bole given 
 at going into bed to heftic patients will frequently 
 check their tendency to fweat as well as to purge, 
 and the more certainly if joined with one grain of 
 opium^ 
 
 VI. I. Abforption from the liver, flomach, and 
 other vifcera. When inflammations of the liver arc 
 fubdued to a certain degree by veiiefeftion, with calo- 
 mel and other gentle purges, fo that the arterial 
 energy becomes weakened, four or eight grains of 
 iron-filings, or of fait of fleel, with the Peruvian bark, 
 have wonderful effeft in curing the cough, and re- 
 floring the liver to its ufual flze and fanity ; wliich it 
 feems to effefl: by increafing the abforption of this 
 vifeus. The fame I fuppofe happens in refpecl to 
 the tumours of other vifcera, as of the fplcen, or pan- 
 creas, fome of which are frequently enlarged in agues. 
 
 2. Hemorrhages from the nofe, reftum, kidneys, 
 uterus, and other parts, are frequently attendant on 
 difeafed livers ; the blood being impeded in the vena 
 portarum from the decreafed power of abforption, and 
 in. confequence of the increafed flze of this vifeus. 
 
 Thefe 
 
Thefe hgemorrhages after vcnefedion, and a mercurial 
 cathartic, are moft certainly retrained by ileel alone, 
 or joined with an opiate ; which increafe the abforp- 
 tion, and diminiih the fize of the liver. 
 
 Chalybeates may alfo rellrain thefe hcemorrhages 
 by their promoting venous abforption, though they 
 exert their principal elfecl upon the liver. Hence alfo 
 opiates, and bitters, and vitriolic acid, are advantage- 
 oufly ufed along with them. It muft be added that 
 fome haemorrhages recur by periods like the parox- 
 yfms of intermittent fevers, and are thence cured by 
 the fame treatment. 
 
 3. The jaundice is frequently caufed by the infipi- 
 dity of the bile, which does not ftimulate the gall- 
 bladder and bile-du£ls into their due aftion ; hence 
 it llagnates in the gall-bladder, and produces a kind 
 «f cryftallization, which is too large to pafs into the 
 inteftines, blocks up the bile-duft, and occalions a long 
 and painful difeafe. A paralyCs of the bile dufl pro- 
 duces a fimilar jaundice, but without pain. 
 
 4. 3/STorms in Ihecp called flukes are owing to the 
 dilute flate of the bile j hence they originate in the 
 inteftines, and thence migrate into the biliary dufts, 
 and corroding the liver produce ulcers, cough, and 
 heftic fever, called the rot. In human bodies it is 
 probable the inert ftate of the bile is one caufe of 
 the prodmftion of worms 5 which infipid ftate of the 
 bile is owing to deficient abforption of the thinner 
 
 E e 3 parts 
 
42 2 S O R B E N T I A. [Art. IV. 2 . L 
 
 parts of ft ; hence the pale and bloated complexion, 
 and fM^elled upper li.p, of wormy children, is owing to’ 
 the concomitant deficiency of abforption frorri the cel- 
 lular membrane. Salt of fteel, or the ruft of it, or 
 filings of it, with bitters, increafe the acrimony of the 
 bile by promoting the abforption of its aqueous part ; 
 and hence deftroy worms, as well as by their imme- 
 diate aftioii on the inteftines, or on the yorms them- 
 felves. The cui'e is facilitated by preinifmg a purge 
 with calomel. See Clafs I, 2. 3. 9, 
 
 5. The chlorofis is another difeafe owing to the 
 deficient aftion of the abforbents of the liver, and per- 
 haps in feme degree alfo to that of the fecretory vef- 
 fels, or glands, which compofe that vifeus. Of this 
 the want of the catamenia?, which is generally fiip- 
 pofed to be a caufe, is only a fymptom or confequence. 
 In this complaint the bile is deficient perhaps in quan- 
 tity, but certainly in acrimony, the thinner parm not 
 being abforbed from it. Now as the bile is probably 
 of great confequence in the procefs of making tile 
 blood ; it is on this account that the blood is fo de- 
 
 Ititnte of red globules ; which is evinced fq' the great 
 palenefs of thefe patients. As this ferons blood mn'll 
 exert lefs fiimuius on the heamt, and arteries, the pulfe 
 in confequence becomes quick as well as weak, as ex» 
 
 plained in Sect. XII. 1.4. 
 
 The quicknds. of the pulfe is fi-cqucntly f ) great 
 
 and permanent, that when attended by 
 congii, the difeafe may be mifiaken for 
 
 an acciuenctt- 
 feve 
 
 
 I 
 
 9 
 
Art. IV. 2.6.] SORB ENT I A. 
 
 423 
 
 but is cured by chalybcates, and bitters exhibited 
 twice a day ; with half a grain of opium, and a grain 
 of aloe every night ; and the expelled catamenia ap- 
 pears ill confequence of a rcfloration of the due quan- 
 tity of red blood. This and the two former articles 
 approach to the difeafe termed paralyfis of the hver. 
 Seft. XXX, 4. 
 
 6. It feems paradoxical, that the fame treatment 
 with chalybeates, bitters, and opiates, which produces 
 menhruatlon in chlorotic patients, Ihould reprefs the 
 too great or permanent menllruation, which occurs in 
 weak conflitutiohs at the time of life wTen it fliould 
 ceafe. This complaint is an haemorrhage owing to 
 the debility of the abforbent power of the veins, and 
 belongs to the paragraph on venous abforption above 
 deferibed, and is thence curable by chalybeates,, alum, 
 bitters, and particularly by the exhibition of a grain 
 of opium every night with five grains of .rhubarb, 
 
 7. Metallic falts fapply ns with very pow'^erful re- 
 medies for promoting abforption in dropllcal cafes ; 
 which frequently are caufed by enlargement of the 
 liver. Firft, as they may be given in fucli quantities 
 as to prove fh'ongly cathartic, of which more will be 
 faid in the article on invert entia ; and then, when 
 their purgative quality ceafes, like the effeft of rhu- 
 barb, theii' abforbent quality continues to aft. The 
 falts of mercury, filver, copper, iron, zinc, antimony, 
 have all .been.ufed in the dropfy j either fingly for 
 
 E c 4 the 
 
SORBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2 . 6.v 
 
 424 
 
 the former purpofe, or united with bitters for the lat- 
 ter, and occafionally with moderate but repeated opiates. 
 
 8. From a quarter of a grain to half a grain of blue 
 vitriol given everp four or fix hours, is faid to be very 
 efficacious in obflinate intermittents ; which alfo fre- 
 quently arife from an enlarged vifeus, as the liver or 
 fpleen, and are thence owing to the deficient abforp- 
 tion of the lymphatics of that vifeus. A quarter of 
 a grain of white arfenic, as 1 ^\'as mformed by a fur- 
 geon of the army, cures a quartan ague with great 
 certainty, if it be given an hour before the expefted 
 fit. This dofe he faid was for a robufh man, perhaps 
 one eighth of a grain might be given and repeated 
 with greater fafety and equal efficacy. 
 
 Dr. Fowler has given many fuccefsful cafes in his 
 treatife on this fubjeft. He prepares it by boiling 
 fixty-four grains of white arfenic in a Florence flalk 
 along with as much pure vegetable fixed alkali in a 
 pint of dillilled water, till it is difiblved, and then 
 adding to it as much dillilled water as will make the 
 whole exactly fixteen ounces. Hence there are four 
 grains of arfenic in every ounce of the folution. This 
 Ihould be put into a phial of fuch a fize of the edge 
 of its aperture, that fixty drops may weigh one dram, 
 which will contain half a grain of arfenic. To children 
 from two years old to four he gives from two to five 
 drops three or four times a day. From five years old 
 to feven, he directs from feven to eight drops. From 
 g;ight years old to twelve, he directs from feven to ten 
 
 drops, 
 
Art. IV. 2 . 6.3 S O R B E T I A. 4 ?S 
 
 drops. From thirteen years old to eighteen he dire£l;s 
 from ten to twelve drops. From eighteen upwards, 
 twelve drops. In fo powerful, a medicine it is ahvays 
 prudent to begin with fmaller dofes, and gradually to 
 increafe them. 
 
 A faturated folution of arfenic in water is prefer- 
 able I think to the above operofe preparation of it ; 
 as no error can happen in weighing the ingredients, 
 and it more certainly therefore poffelTes an uniform 
 ftrength. Put much more white arfenic reduced to 
 powder into a given quantity of dillilled water, than 
 can be dilTolved in it. Boil it for half an hour in a 
 Florence fla/k, or in a tin fauce-pan j let it ftand to 
 fubfide, and filter it through paper. My friend Mr. 
 Greene, a furgeon at firewood in StafFordfliire, af- 
 fured me, that he had cured in one feafon agues with- 
 out number with this faturated folution ; that he found 
 ten drops from a two-ounce phial given twice a day 
 was a full dofe for a grown perfon, but that he gene- 
 rally began with five. 
 
 9. The manner, in which arfenic afts in curing in- 
 termittent fevers, cannot be by its general fiimulus, 
 becaufe no into?:ication or heat follows the ufe of it j 
 nor by its peculiar fiimulus on any part of the fecre- 
 ting fyfiem, fince it is not in fmall dofes fucceeded by 
 any increafed evacuation, or heat, and mufi therefore 
 exert its power, like other articles of the forbentia, 
 on the abforbent fyfiem. In what manner it deftroys 
 life fo fuddenly is difficult to underftand, as it does 
 
 nor 
 
4-zS S6RBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2 . & 
 
 not intoxicate like many vegetable poifons, nor pro- 
 duce fevers like contagious matter. When applied 
 exteimally it feems chemically to dcflroy the part like 
 other cauftics. Does it chemically deflroy the fto- 
 mach, and life in confequence ? or does it deflroy the 
 aftion of the flomach by its great ftimulus, and life 
 in confequence of the fympathy between the ftomach 
 and the heart ? This laft appears to be the moft pro- 
 bable mode of its operation. 
 
 The fuccefs of arfenic in the cure of intermittent 
 fetmrs I fufpecl to depend on its Simulating the fto- 
 mach into Sronger aftion, and thus, by the alTociation 
 of this vifcus with the heart and arteries, preventing 
 the toi*por of any part of the fanguiferous fyftcm. I 
 was led to this conclufion from the following confidcr- 
 ations. 
 
 Firfl. The effects of arfcnic git’^n a long time in- 
 ternally in fmall dofcs, or when ufed in larger quan- 
 tities externally, feem to be hmilar to thofe of other 
 great ftimuli, as of wine- or alcohol. Thefe arc a 
 bloated countenance, fwellcd legs, hepatic tumours, 
 and dropfy, and fometimes eruptions on the /kin. The 
 former of thefe I have feen, where arfenic has been 
 ufed externally for curing the itch ; and the latter 
 appears on evidence in the famous trial of Mils Blandy 
 at Chelmsford, about forty years age. 
 
 Secondly. I faw an ague cured by arfenic in a 
 child, 'who had in vain prcvioufly taken a very large 
 quantity of hark v/ith great regularity. And another 
 caf? of a young oflcer, v;ho had lived intemperatcly, 
 
 and 
 
Art. IV. 2. 6. j S b R BE rrri A. 427, 
 
 and laboured under an intermittent fever, and had 
 taken the bark repeatedly in cdniiderable quantities, 
 with a grain of opium at night, and though the pa- 
 roxyfms had been thrice thus for a tiro,c prevented, 
 they recurred in about a week. On taking five drops 
 of a faturated folution of arfenic thrice a day the pa- 
 roxyfms ceafed, and returned no more, and at the 
 fame time his appetite became m.uch improved. 
 
 Thirdly. A gentleman about 65 years of age had 
 for about ten years been fubjeft to an intemittefit 
 pulfe, and to frequent palpitations of his heart. 
 Lately the palpitations fcem'ed to obferve irregular 
 periods, but the intermiffion of every third or iburtii 
 pulfation was airaofl perpetual. Oil gi^nng him four 
 drops of a faturated folution of arfenic from a tv/o- 
 ounce phial about every four honrs for ome day, not 
 only the palpitation did not retlini, but the intermib 
 iion ceafed entirely, and did ilot return fo long as he 
 took the medicine, which nd’S three or four days. 
 
 Now as when the ftomach has its aclion mneh 
 weakened by an over-dofe of digitalis, the pulfe is 
 iiable to intermit, fh?s eimices a dir'eft fyinpntby be- 
 tween thefe parti of the f^fonm;, -rin^ as I have repeat- 
 'ekily o'bferved, thkt when the phife b'(%ini tO intermit 
 in 'dddrly peopib, tint ah erUilkaflon fiohi ^le ftotnach, 
 vchtntailiy pfotfaded, wih -preVent the tlfreatened foop 
 *df the bbhrt I mh t6 think, that the torpid 
 
 tfete of tho frohrdefo, htvifo infant fof the pfodu-afon 
 'bf ktr d(t:.iftbri€li ife Aeak a*dHoil-, cahfed the inters 
 
 1tffeh!c hi thh cafe, a§ 
 
 wdl 
 
4-8 O R B It, N PI A, [[Art. IV. 2. 7, 
 
 well as in the cafes of agues above mentioned, pro- 
 duced its elfefts by flimulating the llomach into more 
 powerful aftion ; and that the equality of the motions 
 of the heart was thus rcflored by increafing the ex- 
 citement of the fenforial power of affociation. Sec 
 Sea. XXV. 17. ClafsIV. 2. i. 18. 
 
 10. Where arfenic has been given as a poifon, it 
 may be difeovered in the contents of the ftomach by 
 the fmell like garlic, when a few grains of it arc 
 thrown on a red-hot iron. 2. If a few grains arc 
 placed between two plates of copper, and fubjected to 
 a red heat, the copper becomes whitened. 3. Dif- 
 folve arfenic in water along with vegetable alkali, add 
 to this a folution of blue vitriol in water, and the 
 mixture becomes of a fine green, which gradually pre- 
 cipitates, as difeovered by Bergman. 4. Where the 
 quantity is fufficient, forae wheat may be fteeped in a 
 folution of it, which given to fparrows or cliickens 
 will deflroy them. 
 
 WI. Abforption of the matter from venereal ulcer*. 
 No ulcer can heal, unlefs the abforption from it is as 
 great as the depofition in it. The preparations or 
 oxydes of mercury in the cure of the venereal 
 ciifeafe feem to aft by their increafing the abforp- 
 tion of the matter in the ulcers it occalions; and 
 that whether they are taken into the ftomach, or ap- 
 plied on the fkin, or on the furface of the ulcers. 
 And thus in the, fame manner as fugar of lead, or 
 
 other 
 
Art. IV. 2.7-1 SORBENTI A. 429 
 
 Other metallic oxydes, promote fo rapidly the healing 
 of other ulcers by their external application ; and pro- 
 bably when taken internally, as ruft of iron given to 
 children affeded with fcrophulous ulcers contributes 
 to heal them, and folutions of lead were once famous 
 in phthHis» 
 
 The matter depofited in large abfcelTes does not oc- 
 cailon hectic fever, till it has become oxygenated by 
 being expofed to the open air, or to the air through 
 a moift membrane ; the fame feems to happen to 
 other kinds of matter, which produce fever, or which 
 occafion fpreading ulcers, and are thence termed con- 
 tagious. See Clafs II. i. 3. II. i. 5. II. i. 6. 6. 
 This may perhaps occur from thefe matters not being 
 generally abforbed, till they become oxygenated ; and 
 that it is the ftimulus of the acid thus formed by their 
 union with oxygen, which occafions their abforption 
 into the circulation, and the fever, which they then 
 produce. For thougliTcoIleftions of matter, and milk, 
 and mucus, are fometimes fuddenly abforbed during 
 the aftion of emetics or in fea-ficknefs, they are pro- 
 bably eliminated from the body without entering the 
 circulation ; that is, they are taken up by the in- 
 creafed aftion of one lymphatic branch, and evacuated 
 by the inverted aftion of fome other lymphatic brancli, 
 and thus carried off by ftool or urine. 
 
 But as the matter in large abfcelTes is in general 
 not abforbed, till it becomes by fome means expofed to 
 air, there is reafon to conclude, that the ftimulus of 
 this new combination of the matter with oxygen occa- 
 
 fions 
 
SORpEii^TIA. [Art. IV. 2, 7. 
 
 iiQns its ;^CLL:p,UQn ; t^iat hence the abforption 
 j^iatter in .ukgrs pf all kyids, AjII more powerful]/ 
 pifecied by tlie e/ternal application or internal ufc of 
 jnetaUic-p/ydes ; \vhich a,rc alfo acids confiiling of the 
 xnet^l united with .oxygen ; and lauly, becaufe vene- 
 real ulcers, and thofe of itch, and tinea, will not heal 
 ,’^vitiiout fome ftimulant application ; that is, the fccrc- 
 ^Ibn of inattp: in .tJiem continues to be greater, than 
 the abforption of it ; and tire ulcers at the fame time 
 continue ,to enlarge, by the contagion alFec1:ing the 
 edges of them ; that is, by the flimulus of the oxy- 
 genated matter Simulating the capillary velfels in its 
 vicinity iitto afljons funilar,to tltofc of the ulcer, which 
 produces it. 
 
 This elFecl of the oxydes of mercury occurs, v/hc- 
 ther falivation attends its ufc or not. Salivation is 
 much forwarded by external warmth, when mercury 
 is given to promote this fecretion ; but as the cure of 
 venereal complaints depends on its abforbent quality, 
 the acl of falivation is not necelTary or ufeful. A 
 quarter of a grain of good corrolive fublimate twice a 
 day will fcldom fail of curing the moll coulirmed pox; 
 and will as feldora falivate, if the patient be kept cool. 
 A quarter of a grain thrice a day I believe to be in- 
 fallible, if it be good fublimate. 
 
 Mercury alone when fwallowed docs not act bej ond 
 the inrefiines, its afdve preparations are the falts 
 formed by its union with the various acids, as men- 
 tioned in the catalogue. Its union with th.e vegetable 
 acid, when triturated v.'ith. manna, is faid to compote 
 
 I 
 
Keyfer’s Pill. Triturated with gum arabic it is much 
 recommended by Plenk ; and triturated W'ith fugar 
 and a little effential oil, as directed in a former Edin- 
 burgh Difpenfatory, it probably forms fomc of the 
 fyrups fold as noftrums. 
 
 United with fulphur it feldom enters the circula- 
 tion, as when cinnabar, or ^thiop*s mineral, are 
 taken inwardly. But united with fat and rubbed on 
 the lldn, it is readily abforbed. I know not whether 
 it can be united to charcoal, nor whether it has been 
 given internally when united with animal fat. 
 
 VIII. I . Abforptions in general are increafed by 
 inanition ; hence the ufe of evacuations in the cure of 
 ulcers. Dr. Jurin abforbed in one night, after a 
 day’s abftinence and exercife, eighteen ounces from 
 the atmofphere in his chamber ; and every one mull 
 have obferved, how foon his flieets became dry, after 
 having been moiftened by fweat, if he throws off part 
 of the bed-clothes to cool himfelf ; which is owing to 
 the increafed cutaneous abforption after the evacuation 
 by previous fweat. 
 
 2. Now as opium is an univerfal ftimulant, as ex- 
 plained in the article on Incitantia, it mull flimulate 
 into increafed aftion both the fecretory fyflem, and 
 the abforbent one ; but after repeated evacuation by 
 venefeflion, and cathartics, the abforbent fyftem is 
 already inclined to aft more powerfully ; as the blood- 
 veffds.being lefs .diftended, there is lefs refinance to 
 
 the 
 
432 
 
 SORBENTIA. £Art. IV. 2. 9. 
 
 the progrefs of the abforbed fluids into them. Hence 
 after evacuations opium promotes abforption, if given 
 in fmall dofes, much more than it promotes fecretion ; 
 and is thus eminently of fervice at the end of inflam- 
 mations, as in pleurify, or peripneumony, in the dofe 
 of four or five drops of the tin£iure,- given before the 
 accefs of the evening paroxyfm ; which I have feen 
 fucceed even when the rifus fardonicus has exifted. 
 Some convulfions may originate in the want of the 
 abforption of fome acrid fecretion, which occafions 
 pain ; hence thefe difeafes are fo much more certainly 
 p-elieved by opium after venefeclion or other eva- 
 cuations. 
 
 IX. I. Abforption is increafed by the calces or 
 folutions of mercury, lead, zinc, copper, iron, ex- 
 ternally applied ; and by arfenic, and by fulphur, and 
 by the application of bitter vegetables in fine powder. 
 Thus an ointment confifling of mercury and hog’s fat 
 rubbed on the fkin cures venereal ulcers ; and many 
 kinds of herpetic eruptions are removed by an oint- 
 ment confifling of 60 grains of white precipitate of 
 mercury and an ounce of hog’s fat. 
 
 2. The tumours about the necks of young people 
 are often produced by the abforption of a faline or 
 acrid material, which has been depofited from erup- 
 tions behind the ears, owing to deficient abforption 
 in the furface of the ulcer, but which on running 
 down on the ikin below becomes abforbed, and fwells 
 2 the' 
 
Art. IV. 2. 9.] 
 
 SORBENTIA. 
 
 433 
 
 the lymphatic glands of the neck ; as the variolous 
 matter, when inferted into the arm, fwells the gland 
 of the axilla. Sometimes the perfpirative matter pro- 
 duced behind the ears becomes putrid from the want 
 of daily walking them, and may alfo caufe by its ab- 
 forption the tumours of the lymphatics of the neck. 
 In the former cafe the application of a cerate of lapis 
 calaminaris, or of cerulfa applied In dry powder, or 
 of rags dipped in a folutlon of fugar of lead, increafes 
 the abforption in the ulcers, and prevents the effulion 
 of the faline part of the fecreted material. The latter 
 is to be prevented by cleanlinefs. 
 
 After the eruptions or ulcers are healed U| folutlon 
 of corrofive fubiimate of one grain to an ounce of 
 water applied for fome weeks behind the ear, and 
 amongft the roots of the hair on one fide of the head, 
 where the mouths of the lymphatics of the neck open 
 themfelves, frequently removes thefe tumours. 
 
 3. Linen rags moillened with a folutlon of half an 
 ounce of fugar of lead to a pint of water applied on 
 the eryfipelas on anafarcous legs, which have a tendency 
 to mortification, is more efficacious than other ap- 
 plications. White vitriol fix grains difiblved in one 
 ounce of rofe-water removes inflammation of the eyes 
 after evacuation more certainly than folutions of lead. 
 Blue vitriol two or three grains difiblved in an ounce 
 of water cures ulcers in the mouth, and other mucous 
 membranes, and a folution of arfenic externally ap- 
 plied cures the itch, but requires great caution in the 
 ufe of it. See Clafs II. i. 5. 6. 
 
 VoL. II. F f 
 
 4. Bitter 
 
454 
 
 SORBENTIA. 
 
 [Art. IV. 2. tv 
 
 4. Bitter vegetables, as the Peruvian baric, quilted 
 between tv/o fliirts, or ftrewed in their beds, will cure 
 the ague in children fometimos. Iron in folution, and 
 fome bitter extraft, as in the form of ink, will cure 
 one kind of herpes called the ringworm. And I have 
 feen feven parts- of bark in fine powder mixed with 
 one part of cerufs, or white lead, in fine powder, 
 applied dry to fcrophulous ulcers, and renewed daily, 
 with great advantage. 
 
 5. To thefe fliould be added electric fparks and 
 fhocks, which promote the abforption of the veffels in 
 inflamed eyes of fcrophulous children ; and difperfe, 
 or bring to fuppuration, fcrophulous tumours about 
 the neck. For this lafl purpofe fmart fliocks fliould 
 be pafi'ed through the tumours only, by inclofing them 
 between two brafs knobs communicating with the ex- 
 ternal and internal coating of a charged phial. See 
 Art. II. 2. 2. 2, 
 
 X. I. Bandages Increafe abforption, if they arc 
 made to fit nicely on the part ; for which purpofe it 
 is neceflary to fpread fome moderately adhefive plafler 
 on the bandage, and to cut it into tails, or into flireds 
 two inches wide ; the ends are to be wrapped over 
 each other ; and it mufl be applied when the part is 
 leaft tumid, as in the morning before the patient rifes, 
 if on the lower extremities. The emplafirum de minio 
 ma.de to cover the whole of a Isvelled leg in this man- 
 ner, whether the fweliing is hard, which is ufually 
 termed fcorbutic 5 or more eafily comprefiible, as in 
 
 anafarca. 
 
Art. IV. 2, :o.] SORBENTIA. 
 
 435 
 
 anafarca, reduces the limb in two ©r three days to its 
 na*aral fize ; for this piirpofe 1 have fometimes ufed 
 carpenter’s glue, mixed with one t-wentieth part of 
 honey to prevent its becoming too hard, inhead of a 
 refmous plafter ; but the minium plaher of the fhops 
 is in general to be preferred. Nothing fo much faci- 
 litates the cure of ulcers in the legs, as covering the ' 
 whole limb from the toes to the kiiee wdth fuch a pla- 
 fter-bandage ; which increafes the powxr of abforp- 
 tion in the furface of the fore. 
 
 2. The lymph is carried along the abforbent vefiels, 
 W'hich are replete with valves, by the intermitted pref- 
 fure of the arteries in their neighbourhood. Now if 
 the external ilcin of the limb be lax, it rifes, and gives 
 v'^ay to the preffure of the arteries at every pulfation ; 
 and thence the lymphatic veffels are fubieft to the 
 prelTure of but half the arterial force. But when the 
 external Jhin is tightened by the furrounding bandage, 
 and thence is not elevated by the arterial diaftole, the 
 whole of this power is exerted in comprelTing the lyn s 
 phatic veffels, and carrying on the lymph already ab- 
 forbed ; and thence the abforbent power is fo ama- 
 zingly increafed by bandage nicely .applied. Pains 
 are fometimes left in the flefliy parts of the thighs or 
 arms, after the inflammation is gone, in the acute 
 rheumatifm, or after the patient is too weak for fur- 
 ther evacuation ; in this cafe after internal abforbent 
 medicines, as the bark, and opiates, have been ufed 
 in vain, I have fuccefsfully applied a plaffer -bandage,- 
 
 F f 2 as 
 
436 SORBENTIA. [Art. IV. 2. i 
 
 as above defcribed, fo as to comprefs the pained 
 part. 
 
 XL r. We fliall conclude by obferving, that the 
 forbentia ftrengthen the whole habit by preventing 
 the efcape of the fluid part of the fecretions out of the 
 body, before it has given up as much nourifliment, as 
 it is capable ; as the liquid part of the fecretion of 
 urine, fweat, faliva, and of all other fecretions, which 
 are poured into receptacles. Hence they have been 
 faid to brace the body, and been called tonics, which 
 arc mechanical terms not applicable to the living 
 bodies of animals ; as explained in Seel. XXXII 
 3. 2. 
 
 2. A continued ufc of bitter medicines for vears 
 
 a 
 
 together, as of Portland’s powder, or of the bark, is 
 fiippofed to induce apoplexy, or other fatal difeafes. 
 Two cafes of this kind have fallen under my obfer- 
 vation ; the patients were both rather interapei-ate in 
 refpe^I to the ufe of fermented liquors, and one of 
 them had been previoufly fubjeef to the gout. As I 
 believe the gout generally originates from a torpor 
 of the liver, which inflead of being fucceeded by an 
 inflammation of it, is fucceeded by an inflammation of 
 fome of the joints j or by a pimpled face, which is 
 another mode, by which the difeafe of the liver is ter- 
 minated. I conceive, that the daily ufe of bitter me- 
 dicine had in thefe patients prevented the removal of 
 a gouty urflammation from the liver to the men branes 
 
 c* 
 
 or 
 
43 ? 
 
 Art. IV. 5- i-'2*3 SOREENTIA. 
 
 of the joints of the extremities, or to the Ikin of the 
 face, by preventing the necelTary torpor of thefe 
 parts previous to the inflammation of them ; in the 
 fame manner as cold fits of fever are prevented by the 
 fame medicines ; and, as I believe, the returns of the 
 gout have fometimes for tv^o or three years been pre« 
 vented by them. 
 
 One of thefe patients died of the apoplexy in a few 
 hours ; and the other of an inflammation of the liver, 
 which I believe was called the gout, and in confe- 
 quence was not treated by venefeftion, and other 
 evacuations. From hence it appears, that the daily 
 ufe of hop in our malt liquor muft add to the noxious 
 quality of the fpirit in it, when taken to excefs, and 
 contribute to the produ&on of apoplexy, or inflam- 
 mation of the liver. 
 
 III. Catalogue of the Soreentia. 
 
 L Sorbentia alFefbng the flcin. 
 
 1. Acid of vitriol, of fea-falt, lemons, floes, 
 prunus fpinofa, crabs, pyrus, quince, pyrus 
 cydonia, opium. 
 
 2. Externally cab: of zinc, of lead, of mercury. 
 
 JI. Sorbentia a flefilng the mucous membranes. 
 
 1. Juice ol floes, crabs, Peruvian bark, cinchona, 
 opium. 
 
 2. Externally blue vitriol. 
 
 F f r 
 
 HI. Sor- 
 
438 SORB ENT I A. [Art. IV. 3. 3— 5. 
 
 III. Sorbentia affecting the cellu’ar membrane. 
 
 1. Peruvian bark, wormwoods, artemifia mari- 
 tima, artemifia abfynthium, worm-feed, arte- 
 inlfia fantonicum, chamomile, anthemis nobilis, 
 tanfey tanacetum, bogbean, menyanthes tri- 
 foliata, centaury, gentiana centaurium, gen- 
 tian, gentiana lutea, artichoktvleaves, cynara 
 fcolymus, hop, humulus lupulus. 
 
 2. Orange-peel, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace. 
 
 3. Vomits, fquill, digitalis, tobacco. 
 
 4. Bath of warm air, of ffeam. 
 
 IV. Sorbentia affecting the veins. 
 
 1. Water-crefs, fifymbrium^ r.affurtium aquati- 
 cum, muftard, finapis, feurvy-grafs cochlearia 
 hortenfis, horfe-radifli cochlearia armoracia, 
 cuckoo-flower, cardamine, dog’s-gnafs, dan- 
 delion, leontodon taraxacon, cellery apium, 
 cabbage braffica. 
 
 2. Chalybeates, bitters, and opium, after fuf- 
 heient evacuation. 
 
 3. Externally vinegar, fri( 5 tion, electricity, 
 
 V. Sorbentia affecting the inteffines. 
 
 1. Rhubarb, rheum palmatum, oak-galls, gall® 
 quercin®, tormentil, tormentilla erefta, cinque- 
 foil potentilla, red-rofes, uva urfi, fimarouba. 
 
 2. Logwood, hmmatoxylum campechianum, fuc- 
 cus acaci®, dragon’s blood, terra japonica, 
 mimofa catechu. 
 
 3. Alum 
 
435 
 
 Art. IV, 3* 6. RBENTl A. 
 
 3. Alum, earth of alum, Armenian bole, chalk, 
 creta, crab’s claws, chelm canerorum, white 
 clay, cimolia, calcined hartihorn, cornu ceryi 
 calcinatum, bone-alhes. 
 
 VI. Sorbentia alFefting the liver, ftomach, and other 
 
 vifcera. Ruft of iron, filings of iron, fait of 
 fleel, fal martis, blue vitriol, white vitriol, 
 calomel, emetic tartar, fugar of lead, white 
 arfenic. 
 
 VII. Sorbentia affeftlng venereal ulcers. Mercury 
 
 diffolved or corroded by the following acids : 
 
 1. Diffolved in vitriolic acid, called turpeth mi- 
 neral, or hydrargyrus vitriolatus. 
 
 2. Diffolved in nitrous acid, called hydrargyrus 
 nitratus ruber. 
 
 3. Diffolved in m.uriatic acid, mercurius corro- 
 fivus fublimatus, or hydrargyrus muriatus. 
 
 4. Corroded by muriatic acid. Calomel. 
 
 5. Precipitated from muriatic acid, mercurius 
 precipitatus albus, calx hydrargyri alba. 
 
 6. Corroded by carbonic acid ? The black pow- 
 der on crude mercury. 
 
 7. Calcined, or united with oxygen. 
 
 8. United with animal fat, mercurial ointment. 
 
 9. United with fulphur. Cinnaba,r. 
 
 * o. Partially united with fulphur, ^Sthiops mineral. 
 
 1 1 . Divided by calcareous earth. Hydrargyrus 
 cum creta. 
 
 L Ff 4 
 
 12. Divided 
 
440 SORBENTIA. [^Art. IV. 3. 8 — 11, 
 
 IS. Divided by vegetable mucilage, by fugar, by 
 balfams. 
 
 VIII. Sorbentia affecting the whole fyllem. Evacua- 
 tions by venefeffion and catharfis, and then by 
 the exhibition of opium. 
 
 IX. Sorbentia externally applied. 
 
 1. Solutions of mercury, lead, zinc, copper, 
 iron, arfenic ; or metallic calces applied in dry 
 powder, as ceruffa, lapis calaminaris. 
 
 2. Bitter vegetables in decoctions and in dry 
 powders, applied externally, as Peruvian bark, 
 oak bark, leaves of worm-wood, of tanfey, 
 camomile flowers or leaves. 
 
 3. Electric fparks, or flrocks. 
 
 X. Bandage fpread with emplaftrum c minio, or 
 with carpenter’s glue mixed with one twentieth 
 part of honey. 
 
 XI. Portland’s powder, its continued ufe pernicious, 
 and of hops in beer. • 
 
 As-T. 
 
Art. V. 1.3 INVERTENTIA. 
 
 44t 
 
 Art. V. 
 
 INVERTENTIA. 
 
 I. Those things, which invert the natural order 
 of the fuccelhve irritative motions, are termed inver- 
 tcntia. 
 
 1 . Emetics invert the motions of the ftomach, duo- 
 denum, and oefophagus. 
 
 2. Violent cathartics invert the motions of the lac- 
 teals, and inteftinal lymphatics. 
 
 3. Violent errhines invert the nafal lymphatics, and 
 thofe of the frontal and maxillary linufes. And medi- 
 cines producing naufea, invert the motions of the lym- 
 phatics about the fauces. 
 
 4. Medicines producing much pale urine, as a cer- 
 tain quantity of alcohol, invert the motions of the uri- 
 nary abforbents ; if the dofe of alcohol is greater, it 
 inverts the Homach, producing the drunken ficknefs. 
 
 5. Medicines producing cold fweats, palpitation of 
 the heart, globus hy fieri cus j as violent evacuations, 
 fome poifons, fear, anxiety, aft by inverting the na- 
 tural order of the vafcular motions. 
 
 IL Ob- 
 
INVERTENTIA. [A^t. V. 2. t. 
 
 443 
 
 IL Observations on the Invertentia. 
 
 1. I. The aftion of vomiting feems originally to 
 have been occafioned by difagreeable fenfation from 
 the diflention or acrimony of the aliment ; in the fame 
 manner as when any difguflfnl material is taken into 
 the mouth, as a bitter drug, and is rejected by the 
 retrograde motions of the tongue and lips ; as explained 
 in Clafs IV. 1. i. 2. and mentioned in Seft. XXXV. 
 1.3. Or the difagreeable fenfation may thus excite 
 the power of volition, which may alfo contribute to 
 the retrograde actions of the ftomach and oefophagus, 
 .as when cows bring up the contents of their firft flo- 
 mach to re-mafticate it. To either of thefe is to be 
 attributed the action of mild emetics, which foon ceafe 
 to operate, and leave the ftomach ftronger, or more 
 irritable, after their operation ; owing to the accumu- 
 lation of the fenforial power of irritation during its tor- 
 pid or inverted aftion. Such appears to be the ope- 
 ration of ipecacuanha, or of antimonium tartarizatiim, 
 in final 1 dofes. 
 
 2. But there is reafon to believe, that the ftronger 
 emetics, as digitalis, firft ftimulate the abforbent vef- 
 fels of the ftomach into greater action ; and that the 
 inverted motions ofthefe abforbents next occur, pour- 
 ing the lymyh, lately taken up, or obtained from 
 other lymphatic branches, into the ftomach : the 
 (juantity of which in fome difeafes, as in the cholera 
 
 morbus, 
 
443 
 
 Aut.V. 2. I.] INVERTENTIA. 
 
 morbus, is inconveivable. Th.is inverted motion, firft 
 of the abforbents of the ftomach, and afterwards of 
 the ftomach itfelf, feems to originate from the exhauf- 
 tion or debility, which fucceeds the unnatural degree 
 of aftion, into which they had been previoufly ftimu- 
 lated. An unufual defect of ftimulus, as of food with- 
 out fpice or wine in the ftomachs of thofe, who have 
 been much accuftomed to fpice or wane, wall induce 
 ficknefs or vomiting ; in this cafe the defective energy 
 of the ftomach is owang to defect of accuftomed ftimu- 
 lus ^ while the aftion of vomiting from digitalis is owang 
 to a deficiency of fenforial power, which is previoufly 
 exhaufted by the excefs of its ftimulus. See Sedt. 
 2 XXV. I. 3. and Clafs IV. i. i. 2. 
 
 For fi.rft, noftnereafeof heat arifes from this aftioa 
 of vomiting ; which always occurs, when the fecerning 
 lyftem is ftimulated into action. Secondly, the mo- 
 tions of the abforbent veftels are as liable to inverfion 
 as the ftomach itfelf ; wdiich laft, with the oefophagus, 
 may be confidered as the abforbent mouth and belly 
 of that great gland, the inteftinal canal. Thirdly, 
 the clafs of forbentia, as bitters and metallic falts, given 
 in large dofes, become invertentia, and vomit, or 
 purge. And laftly, the ficknefs and vomiting induced 
 by large potations of wine, or ' opium, does not occur 
 till next day in fome people, in none till fome tim.e 
 after their ingurgitation. And tincture of digitalis 
 in the dofe of 30 or 60 drops, ihough applied in 
 folution, is a confiderable time before it produces its' 
 pfteft 5 though vomiting is inftantaneoufiy induced by 
 
 a nau., 
 
44 + 
 
 INVERTENTIA. CArt. V. .2. i. 
 
 a naufecras Idea, or a naufeous tafte in the mouth. 
 At the fame time there feem to be fome materials, 
 which can immediately ftimulate the ftomach into fuch 
 powerful acHon, as to be immediately fucceeded by 
 paralyfis of it, and confequent continued fever, or 
 immediate death ; and this without exciting fenfation, 
 that is, without our perceiving it. Of thefe are the 
 contagious matter of fome fevers fwallowed with the 
 faliva, and probably a few grains of arfenic taken in 
 folution. See Suppl. I. 8. 8. Art. IV. 1 . 6. 9. 
 
 3. Some branches of the lymphatic fyllem become 
 inverted by their fympathy with other branches, which 
 are only Simulated into too violent abforption. Thus 
 when the ftomach and duodenum are much ftimulated 
 by alcohol, by nitre, or by worms, in fome perfons the 
 urinary lymphatics have their motion inverted, and pour 
 that material into the bladder, which is abforbed from 
 the intellines. Hence the drunken diabetes is produced j 
 and hence chyle is feen in the urine in w^orm cafes. 
 
 When on the contrary fome branches of the abfor- 
 bent fyflems have their motions inverted in confequence 
 of the previous exliauftion of their fenforial power by 
 any violent flimulus, other branches of it have their 
 abferbent power greatly increafed. Hence continued 
 vomiting, or violent cathartics, produce great abforp- 
 lion from the cellular m.embrane in cafes of dropfy ; 
 and the fluids thus abforbed are poured into the fto- 
 mach and inteftines by the inverted motions of the 
 lafteals and Ivmphatics. Sec Seft. X.SIX. 4. and 5, 
 
 4. The 
 
445 
 
 A&r,V.;2,2.] INVERTENTIA. 
 
 4. The quantity of the dofe of an emetic is not of 
 fo great confequence as of other medicines, as the 
 greateflpart of it is rejefted with the firit effort. Ali 
 emetics are faift to aft with greater certainty when 
 given in a morning, if an opiate had been given the 
 night before. For the fenforial power of irritation of 
 the ftomach had thus been in fome meafure previouhy 
 exhaufted by the ftimulus of the opium, which thus 
 facilitates the aftion of the emetic ; and which, when 
 the dole of opium has been large, is frequently fol- 
 lowed on the next day by fpontaneous ficknefs and 
 vomitings, as after violent intoxication. 
 
 Ipecacuanha is the moft certain in its effeft from five 
 grains to thirty ; white vitriol is the moft expeditious 
 in its effeft, from twenty grains to thirty diffolved in 
 warm water ; but emiCttic tartar, antimonium tartari- 
 vatum, from one grain to four to fane people, and 
 from thence to twenty to infane patients, will anfwer 
 moft of the ufeful purpofes of emetics ; but nothing 
 equals the digitalis purpurea for the purpofe of abforb- 
 ing water from the cellular membrane in the anafarca 
 pulmonum, or hydrops peftorus. See Art. 1 I» 3. y. 
 
 II. Violent cathartics, i. Where violent cathartics 
 are required, as in dropfles, the fquill in dried powder 
 made into fmall pills of a grain, or a grain and a half, 
 one to be given every hour till they operate brifkly, 
 is very efficacious ; or half a grain of emetic tartar dif- 
 folved in an ounce of peppermit-water, and given 
 every hour, till it operates. Scammony, and other 
 
 ftrong 
 
 O 
 
446 
 
 I N V^E R T jb N T I A. ^Art. V. 2. 3, 
 
 ftrong purges, are liable to produce hypercatharlls, if 
 they are not nicely prepared, and accurately weighed, 
 and are thence dangerous in common practice. Gam- 
 boge is uncertain in its effefts, it has otherwife the 
 good property of being taftelefs ; and on that account 
 fome preparation of it might be ufeful for children, 
 by which its dofe could be afeertained, and its elTcdls 
 rendered more uniform. 
 
 2. In inflammation ©f the bowels with conflipation, 
 calomel, given in the dofe from ten to twenty grains 
 after due venefedHon, is mofl eflicacious ; and if made 
 into very fmall pills is not liable to be rejected by vomit- 
 ing, which generally attends thofe cafes. When this 
 fails, a grain of aloes every hour will find its way, if 
 the bowel is not deflroyed ; and foraetimes, I believe, 
 if it be, when the mortification is not exienfive. If 
 the vomiting continues after the pain ceafes, and efpe- 
 clally if the bowels become tumid with air, which 
 founds on being flruck with the finger, thefe patients 
 feldom recover. Opiates given along with the cathartics 
 I believe to be frequently injurious in inflammation of the 
 bowels, though they may thus be given with advan- 
 tage in the faturnine colic ; the pain and conflipation 
 in which difeafe are owing to torpor or inactivity, and 
 not to too great action. 
 
 III. Violent errhincs and fialagogucs. i. Turpeth 
 mineral in the quantity of one grain mdxed with ten 
 grains of fugar anfwers every purpofe to be expected 
 
 from 
 
447 
 
 Art. V. 2. 4-1 I N V E R T E N T I A. 
 
 from errliines. Their operation is by Inverting the 
 motions of the lymphatics of the membrane, which 
 lines the noftrils, and the caverns of the forehead and 
 cheeks ; and may thence polTibly be of fervice in the 
 hydrocephalus internus. 
 
 Some other violent errhines, as the powder of white 
 hellebore, or Cayan pepper, diluted with fome lefs 
 acrid powder, are fald to cure fome cold or nervous 
 head-achs ; which may be effefted ' by inflaming the 
 noftrils, and thus introducing the fenforial power of 
 fenfation, as well as increafmg that of irritation ; and 
 thus to produce violent addon of the membranes of the 
 noftrils, and of the frontal and maxillary fmufes, which 
 may by aflbeiation excite into addon the torpid mem- 
 branes, which occafion the head-ach. 
 
 2. A copious fallvation without any increafe of heat 
 often attends hyfteric difeafes, and fevers with debi- 
 lity, owing to an inverfion of the lymphatics of the 
 mouth, fee Clafs I. i. 2. 6 . The fame occurs in the 
 naufea, which precedes vomiting ; and is alfo excita- 
 ble by difagreeable taftes, as by fquills, or by naufe- 
 ous fmells, or by naufeous ideas. Thefe are very 
 fimilar to the occafional difeharge of a thin fluid from 
 the noftrils of fome people, which recurs at certain 
 periods, and differs from defedlive abforption. 
 
 IV. Violent diuretics, i. If nitre be given from a 
 dram to half an ounce in a morning at repeated 
 draughts, the patient becomes flekith, and much pale. 
 
 water 
 
44 * 
 
 INVERTENTIA. [Art. V. 2.4. 
 
 ■plater is thrown into the bladder by the inverted action 
 of the urinary lymphatics. Hence the abforption in 
 ulcers is incrcafed and the cure forwarded, as obferved 
 by Dr. Rowley. 
 
 2. Cantharides taken inwardly fo llimulatc the 
 neck of the bladder as to increafe the difeharge of 
 mucus, which appears in the urine ; but I once faw 
 a large dole taken by miflake, not lefs than half an 
 ounce or an ounce of the tincture, by which I luppofc 
 the urinary lymphatics were thrown into violent in- 
 verted motions, for the patient drank repeated draughts 
 of fubtepid water to the quantity of a gallon or two in 
 a few hours ; and during the greateft part of that 
 time he was not I believe two entire minutes together 
 without making water. A little blood was feen in his 
 water the next day, and a forenefs continued a day 
 longer without any other inconvenience. 
 
 3. The decoftlon of foxglove fliould alfo be men- 
 tioned here, as great elFufions of urine frequently fol- 
 low its exhibition. See Art. IV. 2. 3. 7. And an 
 infufion or tin^lure of tobacco as recommended by Dr. 
 Fowler of York. 
 
 4. Alcohol, and opium, if taken fo as to induce 
 flight intoxication, and the body be kept cool, and 
 much diluting liquids taken along with them, have 
 a fimilar effefi: in producing for a time a greater flow of 
 urine, as moft intemperate drinkers muil cccahonally 
 
 have 
 
 I 
 
Art. V. 2. 5-3 INVERTENTIA. 449 
 
 have obferved. This circuraflance feems to have in- 
 troduced the ufe of gin, and other vinous fpirits as a 
 diuretic, unfortunately in the gravel, amongfl igno- 
 rant people ; which difeafe is generally produced by 
 fermented or fpirituous liquors, and always increafed 
 by them. 
 
 5. Fear and anxiety are well known to produce a 
 great frequency of making water. A perfon, who 
 believed he had made a bad purchafe concerning an 
 eftate, told me, that he made five or fix pints of water 
 during a fleeplefs night, which fucceeded his bargain ; 
 and it is ufual, where young men are waiting in an 
 anti-room to be examined for college preferment, to 
 fee the chamber-pot often wanted. 
 
 V. Cold fweats about the head, neck, and arms, 
 frequently attend thofe, whofe lungs arc opprefled, as 
 in fome dropfies and afthma. A cold fweat is alfo 
 frequently the harbinger of death. Thefe are from 
 the inverted motions of the cutaneous lymphatic 
 branches of thofe parts. 
 
 Gg 
 
 VoL. II. 
 
 III. Cata- 
 
45 ® 
 
 I N'V E R T E N T I A. [Art. I. 3. 
 
 III. Catalogue of InvertenTia, 
 
 I. Emetics, ipecacuanha, emetic tartar, antimonium 
 tartarifatum, fquill, fcilla maritima, carduus be- 
 nediftus, cnicus acarna, chamoemile, anthemis 
 nobilis, white vitriol, vitriolum zinci, foxglove, 
 digitalis purpurea, clyfters of tobacco. 
 
 II. Violent cathartics, emetic tartar, fquill, buck- 
 
 thorn, rhamnus catharticus, fcammonium, con- 
 volvulus fcammonia, gamboge, elaterium, colo- 
 cynth, cucumis colocynthis, veratrum. 
 
 III. Violent errhines and fialagogues, Turpeth mineral, 
 
 hydragyrus vitriolatus, afarum europmum, eu- 
 phorbium, capficum, veratrum, naufeous fmells, 
 naufeous ideas. 
 
 IV. Violent diuretics, nitre, fquill, feneka, cantha- 
 
 ridp, alcohol, foxglove, tobacco, anxiety. 
 
 V. Cold hidorifics, poifons, fear, approaching death. 
 
 Art, 
 
Art. VI. I, I.] REVERTENTIA. 
 
 45 ‘ 
 
 Art. VI. 
 
 REVER TENT I A. 
 
 I. Those things, which reftore the natural order 
 of the inverted irritative motions, are termed Re- 
 vertentia. 
 
 1. As mufk, cailor, afafcetida, valerian, elTential 
 oils. 
 
 2 . Externally the vapour of burnt feathers, of vo- 
 latile falts, or oils, blifters, fmapifms. 
 
 Thefe reclaim the inverted motions without in- 
 creafmg the heat of the body above its natural date, 
 if given in their proper dofes, as in the globus hy- 
 flericus, and palpitation of the heart. 
 
 The incitantia revert thefe morbid motions more 
 certainly, as opium and alcohol : and reflore the na- 
 tural heat more ; but if they induce any degree of 
 intoxication, they are fucceeded by debility, when 
 their ftimulus ceafes. 
 
 II. Obser-» 
 
 G g3 
 
452 
 
 REVERTENTIA, [Art. VI. 2 . 3. 
 
 II. ObsepvVations on the Revertentia. 
 
 I. The hyfleric difeafe is attended with inverted 
 motions feebly exerted of the cefophagus, inteftinal 
 canal and lymphatics of the bladder. Hence the 
 - borborigmi, or rumbling of the bowels, owing to 
 their fluid contents defeending as the air beneath 
 afeends. The globus hyflericus confifls in the re- 
 trograde motion of the cefophagus, and the great 
 flow of urine from that of tlie lympharics fpread on 
 the neck of the bladder ; and a copious falivation 
 fometimes happens to thefe patients froln the inverfion 
 of the lymphatics of the mouth ; and palpitation of 
 the heart owing to weak or incipient inverfion of its 
 motions ; and fyncope, when this occurs in its greatell: 
 degree. 
 
 Thefe hyfleric affeclions are not necelTarily attend- 
 ed with pain ; though it fometimes happens, that 
 pains, which originate from quiefcence, afflict thefe 
 patients, as the hemderania, which has erroneoully 
 been termed the clavus hyftericus ; but which is 
 owing folely to the inaftion of the membranes of 
 that part, like the pains attending the cold fits of 
 intermittents, and which frequently returns like them 
 at very regular periods of time. 
 
 Many of the above fymptoms are relieved by mufk, 
 caflor, the foetid gums, valerian, oleum animale, oil 
 of amber, which act in the ufual dofe without heating 
 the body. The pains, which fometimes attend thefe 
 
 conflitutions. 
 
Art. VI. 2. 2.] REVERTENTIA. 
 
 453 
 
 confHtutions, are relieved by the fecernentia, as ef- 
 fential oils in common tooth-ach, and balfam of Peru 
 in the flatulent colic. But the incitantia, as opium, 
 or vinous fpirit, reclaim thefe morbid inverted motions 
 with more certainty, than the fcetids j and remove 
 the pains, which attend thefe conftitutions, with more 
 certainty than the fecernentia ; but if given in large 
 dofes, a debility and return of the hyfteric fymptoms 
 occurs, when the effeft of the opium or alcohol ceafes. 
 Opiates and fostids joined feera bed to anfwer the 
 purpofe of alleviating the prefent fymptoms ; and the 
 forbentia, by fliraulating the lymphatics and ladeals 
 into continued aftion, prevent a relapfe of their inver- 
 flon, as Peruvian bark, and rufl qf iron. See Clafs 
 I. I. lo. 
 
 II. Vomiting confifls in the inverted order of the 
 motions of the fl:omach, and oefophagus ; and is alfo 
 attended with the inverted motions of a part of the 
 duodenum, when bile is ejefted ; and of the lym- 
 phatics of the ftomach and fauces, when naufea 
 attends, and when much lymph is evacuated. Per- 
 manent vomiting is for a time relieved by the in- 
 dtantia, as opium or alcohol ; but is liable to return, 
 when their aftion ceafes. A blifler on the back, or 
 on the flomach, is more efficacious for reftraining 
 vomiting by their ftimulating into adion the external 
 fkin, and by fympathy afleding the membranes of 
 the flomach. In fome fevers attended with inceflant 
 vomiting Sydenham advifed the patient to put his 
 G g 3 head 
 
454 
 
 REVERTENTIA. [Art. VI. 3.4. 
 
 head under the bed-clothes, till a fweat appeared on 
 the Ikin, as explained in Clafs IV. 1. i. 3. 
 
 In chronical vomiting I have obferved crude mer- 
 cury of good effeft in the dofe of half an ounce 
 twice a day. The vomitings, or vain efforts to 
 vomit, which fometimes attend hyfteric or epileptic 
 patients, are frequently inflantly relieved for a time 
 by applying flour of muflard-feed and water to the 
 fmall of the leg ; and removing it, as foon as the 
 pain becomes conflderable. If fmapifms lie on too 
 long, cfpecially in paralytic cafes, they are liable to 
 produce troublefome ulcers. A plafler or cataplafm, 
 with opium and camphor on the region of the flo- 
 mach, will fometimes revert its retrograde motions. 
 
 III. Violent catharfls, as in diarrhoea or dyfentery, 
 is attended with inverted motions of the lymphatics 
 of the inteflines, and is generally owing to fome 
 flimulating material. This is counterafted by plenty 
 of mucilaginous liquids, as folutions of gum arabic, 
 or fmall chicken broth, to waflt away or dilute the 
 flimulating material, which caufes the difeafe. And 
 then by the ufe of the inteflinal forbentia. Art. IV. 
 2. 5. as rhubarb, decoction of logwood, calcined hartf- 
 horn, Armenian bole ; and laftly, by the incitantia, as 
 opium. 
 
 IV. The diabetes conflfls in the inverted motions 
 of the urinary lymphatics, which is generally I fup- 
 pofe owing to the too great affion of fome other 
 
 branch 
 
45j 
 
 Art. VI. 2. 5.] REVERTENTIA. 
 
 branch of the abforbent fyftera. The urinary branch 
 lliould be ftimulated by cantharides, turpentine, reiin 
 (which when taken in large dofes may poffibly ex- 
 cite it into inverted aftion), by the forbentia and 
 opium. The inteftinal lymphatics fliould be render- 
 ed lefs active by torpentia, as calcareous earth, earth 
 of alum ; and thofe of the fkin by oil externally 
 applied over the whole body ; and by the w^arm- 
 bath, which 'fliould be of 96 or 98 degrees of heat, 
 and the patient fliould fit in it every day for half an 
 hour. 
 
 V. Inverted motions of the inteftinal canal with 
 all the lymphatics, which open into it, conftitute the 
 ileus, or iliac paflion ; in which difeafe it fometinies 
 happens, that clyfters arc returned by the mouth. 
 After venefeftion from ten grains to twenty of calo- 
 mel made into very fmall pills ; if this is rejefted, a 
 grain of aloe every hour ; a blifter ; crude mercury ; 
 warm-bath ; if a clyfter of iced water ? 
 
 Many other inverted motions of different parts of 
 the fyftem are defcribcd in Clafs I. 3. and which 
 are to be treated in a manner fimilar to thofe above 
 defcribed. It muft be noted, that the medicines 
 mentioned under number one in the catalogue of rever- 
 tentia arc the true articles belonging to this clafs of 
 medicines. Thofe enumerated in the other four di- 
 vifions are chiefly fuch things as tend to remove the 
 ftimulating caufes, vrhich have induced the inverfion 
 ■of the motions of the part, as acrimonious -contents, 
 
 G g 4 or 
 
456 REVERTENTIA. [Art. VI. 3. 5. 
 
 or inflammation, of the bowels in diarrhoea, diabetes, 
 or in ileus. But it is probable after thefe remote 
 eaufes are deflroyed, that the fetid gums, muik, caflor, 
 and balfams, might be given with advantage in all 
 thefe cafes. 
 
 III. Catalogue of Revertentia. 
 
 I. Inverted motions, which attend the hyflcric dif- 
 
 eafe, are reclaimed, i. By mufk, callor. 2. By 
 afafoetida, galbanum, fagapsenum, ammonia- 
 cum, valerian. 3. ElTential oils of cinnamon, 
 nutmeg, cloves, infuflon of penny-royal, men- 
 tha, pulegium, peppermint, mentha piperita, 
 ether, camphor. 4. Spirit of hartfliorn, oleum 
 animale, fpunge burnt to charcoal, black- 
 fnuffs of candles, which confifl; principally of 
 animal charcoal, wood-foot, oil of amber. 
 
 5. The incitantia, as opium, alcohol, vinegar. 
 
 6. Externally the fmoke of burnt feathers, 
 oil of amber, volatile fait applied to the noftrils, 
 blifters, finapifms. 
 
 II. Inverted motions of the ftomach are reclaimed 
 
 by opium, alcohol, bliflers, crude mercury, 
 finapifms, camphor and opium externally, cly- 
 fters with afafoetida. 
 
 III. Inverted motions of the inteftinal lymphatics 
 
 are reclaimed by mucilaginous diluents, and 
 
 bv 
 
 y 
 
457 
 
 Aar. VI. 3- 5-] REVERTENTIA. 
 
 by inteftinal forbentia, as rhubarb, logwood, 
 calcined hartfliorn, Armenian bole ; and laftly 
 by incitantia, as opium. 
 
 IV. Inverted motions of the urinary lymphatics arc 
 reclaimed by cantharides, turpentine, rolin, 
 the forbentia, and opium, with calcareous 
 earth, and earth of alum, by oil externally, 
 warm-bath. 
 
 V. Inverted ntotions of the intellinal canal are re- 
 claimed by calomel, aloe, crude mercury, 
 X blifters, warm-bath, clyfters with afafoetida, 
 clyfters of iced water ? or of fpring water 
 further cooled by fait dilTolved in water con- 
 tained in an exterior veffel ? Where there 
 exifts an introfufception of the bowel in chil- 
 dren, could the patient be held up for a 
 time by the feet with his head downwards, 
 or be laid with his body on an inclined plane 
 with his head downwards, and crude mercury 
 be injefted as a clyfter to the quantity of two 
 or three pounds ? 
 
45 ^ 
 
 T O R P E N T I A. [Art. VII. i. i. 
 
 Art. VII. 
 
 TORPENTIA. 
 
 I. Those things, which diminifli the exertion of 
 the irritative motions, are termed torpentia. 
 
 I. As mucus, mucilage, water, bland oils, and 
 whatever polTefles lefs himulus than our ufual food. 
 Diminution of heat, light, found, oxygen, and of all 
 other flimuli ; venefecHon, naufea, and anxiety. 
 
 ' 2 . Thofe things which chemically defiroy acrimony, 
 asx calcareous earth, foap, tin, alkalies, in cardialgia ; 
 
 'Or which prevent chemical acrimony, as acid of vitriol 
 in cardialgia, which prevents the fermentation of the 
 '.iliment in the itomach, and its confequent acidity. 
 Sccoiidiy, Avhich deftioy worms, as calomel, iron 
 filings or ruft of iron, in the round worms ; or amal- 
 gama of quickfilver and tin, or tin in very large dofes, 
 in the tape-worms. AVill ether in clyfters deftroy 
 alcarides ? Thirdly, by chemically dellroying extraneous 
 bodies, as cauflic alkali, lime, mild alkali in the hone. 
 Fourthly, thofe things which lubricate the veffels, 
 along which extraneous bodies hide, as oil in the hone 
 in the urethra, and to expedite the expeftoration of 
 hardened mucus ; or which lelfen the frihion of the 
 contents in the intehinal canal in dyfentery or aphtha, 
 as calcined harthiorn, clay, Armenian bole, chalk, 
 1 Gue-afnes. Fifthlv, fuch things as foften or extend 
 
 the 
 
459 
 
 Art. VII. 2. I.] TO RP ENT I A 
 
 the cuticle over tumours, or phlegmons, 'as vcra-ra wa- 
 ter, poultices, fomentations, or by confining the per- 
 fpirable matter on the part by cabbage-leaves, oil, 
 fat, bee’s-wax, plafters, oiled filk, externally applied. 
 
 Thefe decreafe the natural heat and remove pains 
 occafioned by excefs of irritative miotions. 
 
 II. Observations on the Torpentia. 
 
 I. As the torpentia confift of fuch m.ateriais as are 
 lefs ftimulating than our ufual diet, it is evident, that 
 where this clafs of medicines is ufed, fome j-egard 
 muff be had to the ufual manner of living of the pa- 
 tient both in refpeft to quantity and quality. Hence 
 wounds in thofe, who have been accuftomed to the 
 ufe of much wine, are very liable to mortify, unlefs 
 the ufual potation of wine be allowed the patient. 
 And in thefe habits I have feen a delirium in a fever 
 cured almoft immediately by wine ; which was occa- 
 fioned by the too mild regimen directed by the attend- 
 ants. On the contrary in great inflammation, jh.e 
 fubduftion of food, and of fpirituous drink, contri- 
 butes much to the cure of the difeafe. As by thefe 
 means both the flimulus from difiention of the.veffcls, 
 as well as that from the acrimony of the fluids, is 
 decreafed ; but in both thefe refpefts the previous 
 habits of diet of the patients muff be attended to. 
 Thus if tea be made flronger, than the patient has 
 ufually drank it, it belongs to the article forbentia ; 
 if Aveakcr, it belongs to the torpentia. 
 
 IL 2. Wa. 
 
460 
 
 TORPENTIA. [Art. VII. 2. 3. 
 
 II. i. Water in a quantity greater than ufual 
 diminiflies the a(5lion of the fyftem not only by di- 
 luting our fluids, and thence lelTening their ftimulus, 
 but by lubricating the folids ; for not only the parts 
 of our folids have their Aiding over each other fa- 
 cilitated by the interpofilion of aqueous particles ; 
 but the particles of mucaginous or faccharine folu- 
 tions Aide eafier over each other by being mixed 
 with a greater portion of water, and thence ftimulate 
 the veflTels lefs. 
 
 At the fame time it muA be obferved, that the 
 particles of water theinfelves, and of animal glutai 
 diflblved in water, as the glue ufed by carpenters, 
 Aide eafier over each other by an additional quan- 
 tity of the fluid matter of heat. 
 
 Thefe two fluids of heat and of water may be 
 cfleemed the univerfal folvents or lubricants in refpeift 
 to animal bodies, and thus facilitate the circulation, 
 and the fecretion of the various glands. At the fame 
 time it is polTible, that thefe two fluids may ccca- 
 fionally aflaime an aerial form, as in the cavity of 
 the cheA, and by comprefling the lungs may caufc 
 one kind of aflhma, which is relieved by breathing 
 colder air. An increafed quantity of heat by adding 
 ftimulus to every part of the fyflem belongs to the 
 article Incitantia. 
 
 III. 3 . I. The application of cold to the Ikin, 
 which is only another exprelTion for the diminution of 
 •he degree of heat wc are accuftomed to, benumbs 
 
 the 
 
Art. VII. 2. 3.] TORPENTI A. 4^1 
 
 the cutaneous abforbents into ina6Hon ; and by fym- 
 pathy the urinary and inteflinal abforbents become 
 alfo quiefoent. The focerning veffels continuing their 
 aftion foinewhat longer, from the warmth of the 
 blood. Hence the ufual fecretions are poured into 
 the bladder and intediines, and no abforption is retaken 
 from them. Hence fprinkling the fkin with cold wa- 
 ter increafes the quantity of urine, which is pale ; 
 and of ffool, which is fluid ; thefe have erroneoufly 
 been aferibed to increafed fecretion, or to obflru^fed 
 perfpiration. 
 
 The thin difeharge from the noflrils of fome people 
 in cold weather is owing to the torpid ftate of the ab- 
 forbent veflels of the membrana fchneiderlana, which 
 as above are benumbed fooner than thofe, which per- 
 form the fecretion of the mucus. 
 
 The quick anhelation, and palpitation of the heart, 
 of thofe, who are immerfed in cold water, depends 
 on the quiefcence of the external abforbent velTels and 
 capillaries. Hence the cutaneous circulation is dimi- 
 niflied, and by aflbeiation an almofl: univerfal torpor 
 of the fyftem is induced ; thence the heart becomes 
 incapable to pufli forwards its blood through all the 
 inaftive capillaries and glands ; and as the terminating 
 veflfels of the pulmonary artery fufler a fimilar inaction 
 by aflfociatlon, the blood is with difficulty puflicd 
 through the lungs. 
 
 Some have imagined, that a fpafinodic conftrlclion 
 of the fmaller velTels took place, and have thus ac® 
 counted for their refiftance to the force of the heart. 
 
 But 
 
462 T O R P E N T I A. [Art. VIL 2. 3. 
 
 But there feeins no neceffity to introduce this imagi- 
 nary fpafm ; fince thofe, who are converfant in injeft- 
 ing bodies, find it neceflary firft to put them into 
 warm water to take awmy the ftiffnefs of the cold dead 
 velTels ; which become inflexible like the other muf- 
 cles of dead animals, and prevent the injefted fluid 
 from palling. 
 
 All the fame fymptoms occur in the cold fits of in- 
 termittents 5 in thefc the coldnefs and palenefs of the 
 flcin with thirft evince the diminution of cutaneous 
 abforption ; and the drynefs of ulcers, and fmall fecre- 
 tion of urine, evince the torpor of the fecerning fyf- 
 tern ; and the anhelation, and coldnefs of the breath, 
 fliew the terminations of the pulmonary artery to be 
 likewife aifefted with torpor. 
 
 After thefe veffels of the whole furface of the body 
 both abforbent and fecretory have been for a time 
 torpid by the application of cold water ; and all the 
 internal fecerning and abforbent ones have* been made 
 torpid from their affociation watli the external ; as 
 foon as their ufual ftimulus of warmth is renewed, 
 they are thrown into more than their ufual energy of 
 aflion ; as the hands become hot and painful on ap- 
 proaching the fire after having been immerfed fome 
 time in fnow. Hence the face becomes of a red co- 
 lour in a cold day on turning from the wind, and the 
 infenfible perfpiration increafed by repeatedly going 
 into frofly air, but not continuing in it too long at a 
 time. 
 
 2. When 
 
Art. VI. 2.3-] T O R P E N T I A. 4^3 
 
 2. When by the too great warmth of a room or 
 of clothes the fecretion of perfpirable matter is much 
 increafed, the ftrength of the patient is much exhaust- 
 ed by this unneceffary exertion of the capillary fyftem, 
 and thence of the whole fecerning and arterial fyftem 
 by aflbciation. The diminution of external heat im- 
 mediately induces a torpor or quiefcence of thefe un- 
 neceffary exertions, and the patient inftantly feels him- 
 felf ftrengthened, and exhilarated ; the animal power, 
 which was thus wafted in vain, being now applied to 
 more ^ufeful purpofes. Thus when the limbs on one 
 fide are difabled by a ftroke of the palfy, thofe of the 
 other fide are perpetually in motion. And hence all 
 people bear riding and other exercifes beft in cold 
 weather. 
 
 Patients in fevers, where the ficin is hot, are imme- 
 diately ftrengthened by cold air ; W'hich is therefore 
 of great ufe in fevers attended with debility and heat ; 
 but may perhaps be of temporary difl'ervice, if too 
 haftily applied in fome fituations of fevers attended 
 with internal topical inflammation, as in peripneumony 
 or pleurify, where the arterial ftrength is too great 
 already, and the increafed acHon of the external capil- 
 laries being deftroyed by the cold, the aftion of the 
 internal inflamed part may be fuddenly increafed, un- 
 lefs venefeftion and other evacuations are applied at 
 the fame time. Yet in moft cafes the application of 
 cold is neverthelefs ialutary, as by decreafing the heat 
 of the particles of blood in the cutaneous veffels, the 
 ftimulus of them, and the diftention of tlie veffels be- 
 
 comes 
 
464 
 
 TORPENTIA. [Art.VI. 2. 3. 
 
 comes confiderably leffened. In external inflamma- 
 tions, as the fmall-pox, and perhaps the gout and 
 rheumatifm, the application of cold air muff be of 
 gieat fervice by decreafing the aftion of the inflamed 
 llcin, though the contrary is too frequently the prac- 
 tice in thofe difcafes. It mud: be obferved, that for 
 all thefe purpofes the application of it fliould be con- 
 tinued a long time, otherwife an increafed exertion 
 follows the temporary torpor, before the difeafe is dc- 
 llroyed. 
 
 3. After Immerfion in cold water or in cold air the 
 whole fyffem becomes more excitable by the natural 
 degree of flimulus, as appears from the fubfequent 
 glow on the fkin of people otherwife pale ; and even 
 by a degree of flimulus lefs than natural, as appears 
 by their becoming warm in a fliort time during their 
 continuance in a bath, of about 80 degrees of heat, 
 as in Buxton bath. See Seel. XII. 2. i. XXXII. 
 
 3 - 3 - 
 
 This increafed exertion happens to the abforbent 
 vefl'els more particularly, as they are firfl and mofl 
 aifecled by thefe temporary diminutions of heat ; and 
 hence like the medicines, which promote abforption, 
 the cold-bath contributes to flrengthen the conflitu- 
 tion, that is to increafe its irritability ; for the difeafes 
 attended with weaknefs, as nervous fevers and hyfleric 
 difeafes, are fliev/n in Seclion XXXII. 2. i. to pro- 
 ceed from a want of irritability, not from an excefs of 
 it. Hence the digehion is greater in frolly weather, 
 2 and 
 
4^5 
 
 Art. VII. 2.5- j T ORPENTIA. 
 
 and the quantity of perfpiration. For thefe purpofes 
 the application of cold rnufl not be continued too 
 Iona-. For in riding a journey in cold weather, when 
 the feet are long kept too cold, the digeilion is im- 
 paired, and cardialgia produced. 
 
 4. if the diminution of external heat be too great, 
 produced too hallily, or continued too long, the tor- 
 por of the fyftem either becomes fo great, that the 
 animal ceafes to live ; or fo great an energy of motion 
 or orgafm of the veflels fucceeds, as to produce fever 
 or inflammation. This mofl frequently happens after 
 the body has been temporarily heated by exercife, 
 warm rooms, anger, or intemperance^ Hence colds 
 are produced in the external air by refling after exer- 
 cife, or by drinking cold water. See Clafs I. 2. 2. i. 
 
 Frequent cold mmerfions harden or invigorate the 
 conflitution, which they efteft by habituating the body 
 to bear a diminution of heat on its furface without be- 
 ing thrown into fuch extenfive torpor or quicfcence by 
 the confent of the veffels of the hcin with the pulmo- 
 nary and glandular fyflem ; as thofe experience, who 
 frequently ufe the cold-bath. At firfl they have great 
 anhelation and palpitation of heart at their ingrefs 
 into cold water ; but by the habit of a few weeks 
 they are able to bear this dimanution of heat with lit- 
 tle or no inconvenience ; for the power of volition 
 has fome influence over the mufcles fubfervient to re- 
 fpiration, and by its counter efforts gradually prevents 
 the quick breathing, and diminiflies the aflgciations 
 VoL. II. ■ H h of 
 
4G'6 T O R P E N T I a. [Art. VII. 2. 4 
 
 of the pulmonary veffels with the cutaneous ones 
 And thus though the fame quantity of heat is fub- 
 dufted from the ikin, yet the torpor of the pulmonary 
 velTels and internal glands does not follow. Hence 
 during cold immierfion Icfs fenforial power is accumu- 
 lated, and in confequence, lefs exertion of it fucceeds 
 on emerging from the bath. Whence fuch people 
 are elfeemed hardy, and bear the commmn variations 
 of atmofpheric tem^perature without inconvenience. 
 See Se£l. XXXII. 3. 2. 
 
 IV. Venefeclion has a juft title to be claftcd amongft 
 the torpentia in cafes of fever with arterial ftrength, 
 knov/n by the fulnefs and hardnefs of the pulfe. In 
 thefe cafes the heat becomes lefs by its ufe, and all 
 exuberant fecretions, a-s of bile or fweat, are diminifli- 
 ed, and room is made in the blood-veflels for the ab- 
 forption of mild fluids ; and hence the abforption alfo 
 of new veflels, or extravafated fluids, the produce of 
 inflammation, is promoted. Hence venefeftion is pro- 
 perly clalTed amongft the forbentia, as like other eva- 
 cuations it promotes general abfoi'ption, reftrains he- 
 morrhages, and cures thofe pains, which originate 
 from the too great aftion of the fecerning veflels, cr 
 from the torpor of the abforbents. I have m.ore than 
 once been witncfs to the fudden removal of nervous 
 head-achs by venefefiion, though the patient was 
 already exhaufted, pale, and feeble ; and to its great 
 ufe in convulfions and madnefs, whether the patient 
 was, ftrong or weak ; which difeafes arc the confe- 
 quence 
 
Art. VIL 2. 5. 6.] T O R P E N T I A. 
 
 467 
 
 quencs of nervous pains ; and to its (topping long de- 
 bilitating hcemorrhages from the uteruSs when other 
 means had been in vain eifayed. In inflammatory 
 pains, and inflammatory hmmiorrhages, every one juflly 
 applies to it, as the cerrain and only cure. 
 
 V. When the circulation is carried on too violently, 
 as in inflammatory fevers, thofe m.edicines, which in- 
 vert the motions of fom.e parts of the fyftem, retard 
 the motions of fome other parts, wdiich are alfociated 
 with them. Hence fmall dofes of emetic tartar, and 
 ipecacuanha, and large dofes of nitre, by producing 
 naufea debilitate and lelTen the energy of the circula- 
 tion, and are thence ufeful in inflammatory difeafes. 
 It mull be added, that if nitre be fwallow'ed in poAv- 
 der, or foon after it is diflfolved, it contributes to lef- 
 fen the circulation by the cold it generates, like ice- 
 
 water, or the external application of cold air. 
 
 \ 
 
 VI. The refpiration of air mixed with a greater 
 proportion of azote than is found in the common at- 
 mofphere, or of air mixed with hydrogen, or with 
 carbonic acid gas, fo that the quantity of oxygen 
 might be lefs than ufual, w'ould probably act in cafes 
 of inflammation wdth great advantage. In confump-, 
 tions this might be mofl: conveniently and effedually 
 applied, if a phthifical patient could refide day and 
 night in a porter or ale brewery, where great quan- 
 tities of thofe liquors were perpetually fermenting in 
 vats or open barrels ; or in fome great manufaftory 
 of wines from raifins or from fugar. 
 
 H h 2 
 
 Externally 
 
4G8 
 
 T O R P E N T I A. [Art. VIT. 3. 1—9. 
 
 Externally the application of carbonic acid gas to 
 cancers and other ulcers inftead of atmofpheric air 
 may prevent their enlargement, by preventing the 
 union of oxygen with matter, and thus producing a. 
 new contagious animal acid. 
 
 III. Catalogue of Tcrpentia. 
 
 1. Venefeflion.. Arteriotomy. 
 
 2. Cold water, cold air, refpiration of air v/ith lefs 
 
 oxygen. 
 
 3. Vegetable muciFages. 
 
 a. Seeds. — Barley, oats, rice, young peas^^, 
 
 hax, cucumber, melon, &c. 
 
 b. Glims. — Arabic, Tragacanth, Senegal, of 
 
 cherry-trees. 
 
 c. Roots. — Turnip, potatoe, althea, orchis, 
 
 fnow-drop. 
 
 d. Herbs. — Spinach, brocoli, mercury. 
 
 4. Vegetable acids, lemon, orange, currants, goofe- 
 
 berries, apples, grape, fee. &c. 
 
 5. - Animal mucus, hartflrorn jelly, veal broth, chick- 
 
 en water, oil ? fat ? cream ? 
 
 6. Mineral acids, of vitriol, nitre, fea-falt- 
 
 7. Silence, darknefs. 
 
 8. Invertentia in fmall dofes, nitre, emetic tartar, 
 
 ipecacuanha given fo as to induce naufea. 
 
 3. xVntacids.^ — Soap, tin, alkalies, earths. 
 
 10. Medi' 
 
Art, VIL 3. 10 — 13.] TORP. ENTIA. ^469 
 
 lo. Medicines preventative of fermentation, acid of 
 vitriol. 
 
 j I . Anthelmintics. — Indian pink, tin, iron, cowhage, 
 amalgama, fmoak of tobacco. 
 
 12. Lithonthriptjcs, lixiv. faponarium, aqua calcis, 
 
 fixable air. 
 
 13. Externally, warm bath, and poultices, oil, fat, 
 
 wax,' plafiers, oiled filk, carbonic acid gas on 
 cancers, and other ulcers. - 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 245 > after line 15, fleefe to add, ‘Where the difficulty of 
 breatliing is very urpent in the croup, bronchotomy is re- 
 commended by Mr. Field.’ Memoir of a , Medical Society, 
 London, -1773, Vol. 1 ¥. 
 
 H hj 
 
 
ADDITION. 
 
 INABILITY TO EMPTY THE BLADDER. 
 
 ’To be introduced at the end of Clajs III. 2 . i. 6. on ^ 
 Parah'fis Vcfiaz Urinaria:. < 
 
 An inability to empty the bladder frequently'occurs 
 to elderly men, and is often fatal. This fometimes 
 arifes from their having too long been reftrained fi-om 
 making water from accidental confinement in public 
 fociety, or other wife ; whence the bladder lias be- 
 come fo far diftended as to become paralytic ; and not 
 only this, but the neck of the bladder has bcconlc 
 contracted fo as to refill the introduflion of the cathe- 
 ter. In this deplorable cafe it has frequently happen- 
 ed, that the forcible efforts to introduce the catheter 
 have perforated the urethra ; and the inflrument has 
 been fuppofed to pafs into the bladder when it has 
 only paffed into the cellular membrane along the fide 
 of it j of which I believe I have feen two or three in- 
 j'lances ; and after vards the part has beeome fo m.uch 
 inflamed as to render the introduclion of the catheter 
 into the bladder impradticabke. 
 
 In this fituation the patients are in imminent dan- 
 ger, and forne haye advifed a trocar to be introduced 
 into the bladder from hie reclain ; which I believe is 
 generaily follov/ed by an incurable ulcer. One patient, 
 whoin I faw in this fituation, began to make a fpoonfu! 
 
 ' Vo 1 
 
ADDITION. 
 
 471 
 
 oF v.-acer after fix or feven days, and gracualiy in a 
 few days emptied his bladder to about half its fize, and 
 recovered ; but I believe he never afterwards was able 
 completely to evacuate it. 
 
 In this fituation I lately advifed about two pounds 
 of crude quickfilver to be poured down a glafs tube, 
 which v/as part of a barometer tube, drawn lefs at 
 one end, and about two feet long, into the urethra, 
 as the patient-lay on his back ; which I had previoufly 
 performed upon a horfe ; this eafrly paifed, as was 
 fuppofed, into the bladder ; on handing ere£c it did 
 not return, but on kneeling down, and lying horizon- 
 tally on his hands, the mercury readily returned ; and 
 on this account it was believed to have palfed into the 
 bladder, as it fo eafily returned, when the neck of 
 the bladder was lower than the fundus of it. But 
 neverthelefs as no urine followed the mercury, though 
 the bladder was violently diflendcd, I was led to be- 
 lieve, that the urethra had been perforated by the 
 previous efforts to introduce a catheter and bougee ; 
 and that the mercury had paffed on the outfide of the 
 bladder into the cellular membrane. 
 
 As the urethra is fo liable to be perforated by the 
 forcible efforts to introduce the catheter, when the 
 bladder is violently diftended in this deplorable dif- 
 eafe, I fliould ftrongly recommend the injection of a 
 pound or two of crude mercury into the urethra to 
 open by its w'eight the neck of the bladder previous 
 to any violent or very frequent effays with a catheter 
 whether of metal or of elaffic refm. 
 
 H h 4 
 
 LINES, 
 
LINES, 
 
 TO 3E PLACED AT THE END OF 
 
 Z O 0 N 0 M I A. 
 
 a iTiirnt). 
 
 J A M QJj E O P.U S E X £ G 1. 
 
 The W'ork is done ! — nor Folly’s a<!live rage, 
 
 Nor Envy’s felf, fhall blot llie golden page ; 
 Time il all admire, his mellowing touch employ, 
 And mend the immortal tablet, not dedrcy. 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 A. 
 
 Absorption, iv. 2. i. 
 
 cutaneous, mucous, cel. 
 
 hilar, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 of the veins, iv. 2. 4. 
 
 of inflamed veiTels,iv. 2. 
 
 4 - 3 - 
 
 of inteftincs and liver, 
 
 iv. 2. 5. ^ _ 
 
 of venereal ulcers, iv. 2. 
 
 /• 
 
 not inepeafedhy cold, iv. 
 
 2. I. 
 
 increafed l>y opium after 
 
 evacuation, ii. 2. 1. 
 
 Acacia, iv. 3. 3. 2. 
 
 Acids, auflere, iv. 2. I. 2 . iv. 3. I. 
 ..... vegotabk, fweet, vii. 3. 4. iv. 
 2 . I. 2 . 
 
 mineral, vii. 3. 6 . 
 
 Acrid plants, iv. 2. 4. 
 
 Agriculture, i. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Agues, three kinds, iv. 2. 3. 2. iv. 2. 
 5. iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Airnouriilies, i. 2. 5. 
 
 . . . v.'arni bath of, iv. a. 3. 8. 
 
 Alkrdi, vol. iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Alcoiioi, ii. 2. I. V. 2. 4. 
 
 Almond, bitter, ii- 3- i- 
 Altluea, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 Abium, iii. 3. 3, 
 
 Akic, iii. 2. 3. iii. 7. iii. 3 - ;. 5. vi. 
 
 2- 3 - 
 
 Alnm, hi 2. I. tv. 2. I. iv. 2. 3- 2. iv. 
 
 3 - S- 3 - 
 
 Anialgama in ’.vor.ms, vll. 2. 2. 
 Amemum zlnzlber, iii. 3. 1. 
 
 Amber, oil of, vl. 3. 4. 
 
 .iimmoniac gum, vi. 3. i. iii. 3. 3. 
 
 iidt Cl fpirit, iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Anafaretj warm bath i;t, it- 2. 2. 
 
 Anchovy, iii. 2 . I. iii. 3. I, 4. 
 
 Animal iood, i. 2. I. 1. 
 
 Antimony, prepared, iii. 3. I. 3. iii. 2. 
 
 I. iv. I. 10. 
 
 Anthemis nobilis, iv 3. 3. 
 
 . . pyrethrnm, iii. 3. 2. 
 
 Anxiety, v. 2. 4. 
 
 Apium, petrofelinum, iii. 3. 4. 4. 
 Apoplexy, iv. 2. ll. 
 
 Ariftolochia ferpentaria, iii. 3. i. 
 Armenian bole, vi. a. 3. vi. 3. 3. 3. 
 Arfenic in ague, iv. 2. 6. 8. iv- 3. 6. 
 
 faturated folution of, iv. 2. 
 
 6 . 8 . 
 
 ...... .in itch, iv. a. 9. 
 
 ........ ho-.v it a&s, iv. 2. 6. 9. 
 
 how to deteiSI: it, iv. 2. 6. 10. 
 
 Artemifia maxitima, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 abfynthium, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 ....... fantonicum, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 /rtlchoke-leaves, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Aiafostida, ii. 3. vi. 3. I. 
 
 Afarnm Europeum, v. 3. 3. 
 
 Afearides, vii. 1. 2. iii. 2. 9. 7. 
 Afparagus, iii. 3. 4. 4. 
 
 Aftragalus tragacanth, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 Atropa belladona, ii. 3. j. 
 
 Azo e, i. 2. 3. 
 
 JJ. 
 
 Baifams, diuretic, iii. 2. 4. 
 
 Bandages rromoteabforption, iv. 2. 10, 
 Ear.e, Peruvian, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 ....'. long tiled noxious, iv. 2. 11. i 
 Barley, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 B.«b, warm, ii. 2. 2. 1. iii. 3. i, 6. iii, 
 3. 3. 4. iii. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 .... of warm air, iv. 2. 3. 8. 
 
 .... of fteam, iv. 2. 3 j. 
 
 .... cold, vii. 2. 3. 
 
 . . • . nutritive, i. 2. S. 1. 
 benzoin,' iii. 3. 3.' 
 
 Bi.e 
 
n-TDEX OF THE ARTICLES, 
 
 4/4 
 
 Sile of enimals, iii. 2. 2. 
 
 - - - dilute fiate of, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Sliftcr-,. how they ad, iii. 2. I. lo. 
 
 . cure heart-burn, iii. 2. i. 10. 
 flop vomiting, vi. 2. 2. 
 produce expedoration, iii. 2. 
 
 3 - 3 . 
 
 -increafe pcrfpiration, iii. 2. I. 
 
 10 . 
 
 Bleod, transfuiion of, i. a. 6. 2. 
 g-og-bean, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Bole arnicnicc, iv. 2. 5. 3.- 
 Eone-afltcs, iv. 3. 5. 3. 
 
 Bowels, inflammation of, v. 2. 2. 2- 
 Bryony, white, iii. 3. 8. 
 
 as a blifter, iiL 2. 9. 
 
 Butter, i. 2. 3. 2. 
 
 Butter-milk, L 2. 3 . 2. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabha^e-Ieavcs, vii. I. 2- 
 Calcareous earth, i. 2. 4. 3- 
 Calomel, iii. 2. 5- ti- 2.3. 
 
 in enteritis, v. 2. 2. 2. 
 Camphor, iii. 3. i- 
 Candlaalba, iii. 3. i. 
 
 Cantharid'es,, iii. 2. 6. lii. 2. 8. v. 2. 4. 
 vi- 2., 4- 
 
 Capillary adlion increafed by tobacco. 
 It’- 3 . 3. 7. 
 
 Cbpflcum, iii. 3. I. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas, vii. 2. 6. 
 Cardamomum, lii. 3. I. 
 
 Caryophylus aremrat. iii. 3. I. 
 CarJamiire, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 Ctrliia fillul. iii. 3. 5. l. 
 
 fenna, iii. 3..J. 3. _ 
 
 Caftor, vi. 3. 1. vi. 3. I- 
 Cathartics, mildj>-iji^2. ■ ' 
 violent,, tvir-'T'-'-'T' 
 
 CcruCa in ulcersY'lJv^i^. iv. ' 3 . 7- 
 Clv-Ik/.iv'.'s^. 3- 3. 
 
 Chdlyb^;t^:iv. 3. 4. 3. ' 
 
 t'hecfe,-'l'.':«^. 3.- ■ ' 
 
 « hs*r!es, hlacli,ii^2r. l. 8. 
 
 , Cflldtolis, rv. 
 
 ^ V '^Cicpt 3 , ii. 3. X. '■ ' 
 
 'T-v XelnchfUia, iv- 2. 2. 
 
 ?>■' Cinnafit'en-, iii. 3. 2. 
 
 Clay, ivl- 3 - . 5 - 3 - 
 ' ..Cloves, hi. 3. I. hi. 3 - 2 . 
 
 Crocus acirna, v. 3. 1. 
 
 Ccccu 'US indicus, ii. 3 - I- 
 4_( tuLtria armoracia, iii. 3. 8. iv. 3. 4. 
 l.crtc'.ifis, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 Cold, contirmcdapplication of, vii. 2. 3. 
 . . . . interrupted, vii. 2. 3. iii. 3. 1. 7. 
 . . . . exceflive, vii. 2. 3. 
 
 .... firft affects lymphatics, vii. 2. 3. 
 
 . . . . produces rheum from the nolc, 
 vii. 2. 3. 
 
 quick anhelation, vii. 2. 
 
 3 - 
 
 . . . . increafes digeftion, vii. 2. 3. 
 
 Col 1 -fit eafier prevented than remov- 
 ed, ii. 2. I. 
 
 Colic from, lead, v. 2. 2. 2. 
 Condiments, i. 3. 7. 
 
 Convolvulus feammonium, v. 5- 2. 
 Convulfions, iv. 2. 8. 
 
 Cookery, i. 2. 3. 3, 
 
 Copaiva balfam, iii. 3. 4. 3. 
 
 Cowhage, iii. 3. 2. 
 
 Crah-julce, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 Cream, i. 2. 3. 2. i. 2- 2. 2. 
 
 Cucumis colocynthis, v. 3. 2- 
 Cynar- fcolymus, iv. 3. 3. 
 Cynogiollum, ii. 3. 1. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dandelion, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 Datura Itramor.ium, II. 5. 1. 
 
 Daucus fylveftris, iii. 5. 4- 4- 
 Delphinium flavifagria, ii. 3. 1. 
 Diabetes, iv. 2. 3. 
 
 waim bath in, vi. 2. 4. 
 
 Diaphoretics, iii. 3. 1. iii. 2- 1.2. 
 beft in a mcming, iii. 2. 
 
 I-5- 
 
 DiarrhtEa, vi. 2. 3. 
 
 Digeftion injured by cold, iii 2. I. 
 
 increafed by cold, vii. 2. 3. 
 
 Digital. s, iv. 2. 3. 7. V. 2. I. 2. 
 
 tindure of, iv. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Dragoxr’s blood, iv. 3. 3. 2. 
 
 Drepfy, iv. 2. 3. 4. iv. 2. 6. 7. 
 
 Efr.s, eruption behind, iv. 2. 9. 2. 
 Farth of bones, iv. 2.3. 
 
 of alum, vi. 2. 4. 
 
 calcareous, Iv. 2. 3. 3. vi. 2. 4- 
 
 L 2. 4. 3. 
 
 E|^, 1 . 2 . 1 . 4 - 
 Egg-fhclis diuretic, iii. 2. 4. 
 Eledricity, ii. 2. 2. 2. iv. 3. 9. 
 Emetics, how they ad, v. 2. 1. 
 Errhines, mild, iii. 2. 9. 
 
 iit hydrocrphalus, v. 2. 3. I. 
 
 Errhiuc.-, 
 
INDEX OF TFIE ARTICLES. 
 
 475 
 
 Errliines, violent, v. 2. 3. 
 
 in head-ach, v. 2. 3. l. 
 
 ITyfipelas, iv. 2. 9. 
 
 Eflential oils, ii. 2. 3. 
 
 Ether, vitriolic, ii. 2.3. iii. 3- I.vi. 3. 3. 
 
 in afcarides, vii. I. 2 . 
 
 Etiolation, i. 2. 3. 4. 
 
 Eupliorbium, v. 3. 3. 
 
 Exercife, iii. 3. 1. 6. ii. 2. 6. 
 
 Eyes inflamed, ii. 2. 2. 2. iv. 2. 3. 
 
 F. 
 
 Helenium, iii. 3. 3. 2. 
 
 Herpes, iv. 2. 1. iv. 2. 9. 
 
 Herrings, red, iii. 3. i. 4. 
 
 Honey, iii. 3. 3. 3. iii. 3. 5. I. 
 
 Hop in beer, why noxious, iv. 2. 3. 
 6. iv. 2. II. 2 . 
 
 Hordeum diftichon, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 Humulus lupulus, iv. 1. 3. iv. 2. II. 
 Kydrargyrus vitriolatus, v. 2. 3. 
 Hyileric difeafe, vi. 2. I. 
 
 pains, vi. 2. 1. 
 
 convulfions, vi. 2. l. 
 
 Famine, times of, i. 2. 3. 5- and 6. 
 Fear, v. 2. 4. 
 
 Feathers, fmoke of, vi. 3. 6. 
 
 Fennel, iii. 3. 4. 4. 
 
 Ferula afaioetida, iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Fiih, i. 2. I. 2. i. 2. I. 5. 
 
 Flannel fliirt, ii. 2. 2.1. 
 
 FleCi of animals, i. 2. 1. 
 
 Fluke-work, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 F'oxglovc, iv. 2 . 3. 7. V. 2 . I. V. 2. 4. 
 
 tinfiure of, iv. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Friiftion, ii. 2. 5. iii. 3. l. 6. 
 
 G, 
 
 Galanthus nivalis, vii. 3. 3. 
 
 Galbanum, vi. 3. I. 
 
 Gall-flones, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Galls of oak, iv. 3. 5. 
 
 Garlic, iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Gentiana centaurium, iy. 3. 3. 
 
 lutea, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Ginger, iii. 3. I.iii. 3. 4. ■ 
 Gonorrhcea, iv. 2. 2. iii. 2. 4. 
 
 Goat, iv. 2. II. 2. 
 
 Guaiacum, iii. 3. 1. 
 
 Gjim arabic, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 .... tragacanth, iii. 3. 3. 3. 7- 
 Glyryrrhiza glabra, iii. 3. 3. 3. : 
 Gravel, v. 2. 4. 4. 
 
 H. 
 
 KartPiiorn, fpirit and fait of, iii. 3. 3. 
 iii. 3. I. vi. 3. 4. 
 
 calcined, iv. 2. 5. vi. 2. 3. 
 
 Hsemorrhages, »v. 2. 4. 4. iv. 2. 6. 2. 
 Haematoxylon campechianum, iv. 3. 
 5. 2. 
 
 Hay, iufuflon of, i. 2. 3. 6. 
 Head-ach, fiiufi in,v. 2. 3. 1. 
 
 Heat, ii. 2. 2. 1. See Eath. 
 
 . , . . . an univerfal folvcnt, vii. 2. %. 
 
 I. 
 
 Jalapium, iii. 3. 5. 5. 
 
 Japan earth, iv. 3. 5. 2. 
 
 Jaundice, iv. 2. 6. 3. 
 
 Ileus, vi. 2. 5. 
 
 Incitantia, ii. - 
 Intermittents. See Agues. 
 
 Inverted motions, vi. 2. 1. ' 
 
 in hyfteric difeafe, vi. 2. l. 
 
 of the ftomach, vi. 2. 2. 
 
 inteifinal canal, vi. 2. 5. 
 
 of lymphatics, vi. 2. 3. 
 
 Inula helenium, iii. 3. 3. 2. 
 Ipecacuanha, v. 2. i. 
 
 Iron, : uft of, iv. 3. 6. 
 irritability prevented, iv. 2. 3. 3. 
 Itch, iv. 2. I. 3. 
 
 L. 
 
 Laurus camphora, iii. 3. l. 
 
 cinnamomum, iii. 3. 1. 
 
 faffafras, iii. 3. I. 
 
 Lead, iv. 3 6. 
 
 colic from, v. 2. 2. 2. 
 
 fugar of, iv. 2. 9. 
 
 Leeks, Hi.. 3. 3. I. 
 
 Legs, ulcers of, iv. 2. IC. 
 
 Lemon-juice, iv. 2. 1. iv. 2. 2. 
 Leontodon taraxacum, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 . Life, fhortened by gieat ftimulus, i. i. 
 Lime, i. 2,. 4. 3. 
 
 Liquorice, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 . Ijiver, inflamed, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Ldgiv&a. iv.^3. 5. 2. 
 LyinpMtics,inV4:rted motions of, v. 2 - 1. 
 
 - L 
 
 M. 
 
 Magn^a^-aJba, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 Malt, i- 5. 
 
 Mann.'., liii'’.-^'5. 
 
 ■;?: Marih- 
 
47 ^ INDEX OF THE ARTICLES. 
 
 Marfli-mallows, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 Marjoram, iii. 3. 9. - 
 Marum, iii. 3. 9. 
 
 Maftich, iii. 3. 2. iii, 3. 3. 
 Menianthes trifoliata, iv. 3. 3. 
 Mei;ifp!ermum coccuius, ii. 3, i. 
 Menftruation, promoted, iv. 2. 6. 6. 
 
 repreiTed, iv. 2. -6. 6. 
 
 Mercury, iii. 3. 2. vi. 2. 2. 
 
 ^ • . . . o . . preparations of, iv. 3. 7. iv 
 2. 7. iv. 2. 9. 
 
 injected as adyfter, vi. 3.5 
 
 Metallic fait?, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Milk, i. 2. 2. 
 
 Mimofa nilotica, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 catechu, iv. 3. 5. 2. 
 
 Mint, vi. 5.3. 
 
 Mortification, iv. 2. 9. 
 
 Mucilage, vegetable, vii. 3. 3. 
 
 Mucus, animal, vii. 3. 5. 
 
 Mufhrooms, i. 2. i. 2. 
 
 Muik, vi. 2. I. vi. 3. I, 
 
 ^Muftard, iv. 3. 4. See Sinapifm. 
 
 N, 
 
 Naufea in fevers, vii. 2. 5. 
 
 Neutral fails, diuretic, why, iii. 2. 4. 
 
 incieafe fome coughs, iii. 2.4. 
 
 increafe heat of urine, iii. 2. 4. 
 
 Nicotiana tabacum, iii. 3. 9. ii. 3. i. 
 Nitre, iii. 3. 4- v. 2. 4. 
 
 Orchis, vii. 3. 3. 
 
 Oxygen gas, ii. 2. 4.1. 2. 5. iii. 2. II. 
 
 iv. I. 4. 
 
 • produces and heals ulcerst 
 
 iv. 2. 7, 
 
 P. 
 
 Papin’s digefier, i. 2. 3.3. 
 
 , Papaver fomniferinn, ii. 3. i. iv. 3. *, 
 See Opium. 
 
 - Pains, periodic, cured by opicm,ii.2. 1. 
 Parcira brava, iii. 3. 4. 4. 
 
 Parlley, iii. 3. 4. 
 
 Paifions, ii. 2. 3. 
 
 Pafturage, i. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Pepper, iii. 3. i. 
 
 Peripneum.ony, iv. 2. 8. 2. 
 Perfpiration in a morning, iii. 2. I. 
 
 not an excrement, iii. 2. I. 
 
 Peru, balfam of, iii. 3. 3. 4. 
 
 > Petechix, iv. 2. 4. 2. 
 
 Pimento, iii. 3. i. 
 
 Piper indicum, iii. 3. r. 
 
 Piftacia lentifcus, iii. 3. a. 
 
 Pix liquida, iii. 3. 2. 
 
 Plafter-bandage, iv. 2. ic. 
 
 Plcurify, iv. a. 8. 2. 
 
 Polygala feneka, iii. 3. 3. 2. 
 
 Poppy. Sec Papaver. 
 
 Portland’s powder noxious, why,iv. 2- 
 II- 2. 
 
 Nutmeg, iii. 2. I. 
 
 Nutrientia, i. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oil of almonds, iii. 5. 3. 4, 
 
 ... of cream, i. 2. 3 2. 
 
 ... of amber, vi. 2. l. 
 
 . . . exprefied, externally, iii. 2. 3. 
 
 . . . effential, ii. 2. 3. hi. 3. 2. 
 
 Oiled filk, vii. 3. 13. 
 
 Oleum, animale, vi. 2. I. vi. 3. 4. 
 
 ricini, iii. 3.3. 4. 
 
 'Onions, iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Op um, ii. 2. I. 2. iv. 1. 2. 
 
 _ in nervous pains, ii. 2. 1. 3. 
 
 i r inflammatory pains,ii. 2 . I. 
 
 6 . 
 
 increafes all fecretlons and ab- 
 
 forptions, ii. 2. 1. 1. 
 
 abferption after evacuation, iv. 
 
 %■ 8. 2. ii. 2. I. 3. 
 
 flops iwrats, iv. 2. l. 2. 
 
 , intoxicates, ii. 2. I. I. 
 
 .Oranges, their peel, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Potatoe-bread, i. 2. 5. 4. 
 
 Potentilla, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Prunes, iii. 3. 3. i. 
 
 Prunus domcftica, iii. 3. 3, i. 
 
 fpinofa, iv. 3. i. 
 
 lauro-cerafus, ii. 3. i. 
 
 Pulegium, vi. 3. 3. 
 
 Pidfc, intermittent, relieved by arfcnic, 
 iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Pyrethrum, iii. 3. 2- 
 Pynismalus, vii. 
 
 cydonia, iv. 3. 1. 
 
 Qi 
 
 Quallla, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 Quince, iv. 3. 1. 
 
 Quinquefolium, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ratafie, why dellruflive, ii. 2. 1. 
 Refin, diuretic, iii. 2. 4. vi. 2. 4. 
 Rharanus cathaiticu.s, v. 3. 2. 
 
 Kl-eumat £m 
 
INDEX OF THE ARTICLES, 
 
 /. 
 
 Riieair.atjfm iv-2. 4. 5. iv. 4. lo. 4. 
 lUieuni palniatum. See Rhubarb. 
 Rhubarb, iii. 2. 1. iv. 2.5. 1. iii. 3. 5.5. 
 ...... . caufcs'ConlHpalioii, why, iii. 
 
 2 . I. I. j 
 Rice, vii. 
 
 Roles, iv. 3. 5. 
 
 Rst in fheap, iv. %, 6. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sago, vii. 3. 
 
 Sagopsenum, vi. 3. I. 
 
 Salivation not neceCary, Iv. 4. 7^ 
 
 hyftcri', v. 2. 3. ' 
 
 Sak, common, unwhclefome, iii. 1. 12. 
 .... muriatic, iii- 3. I. 
 
 .... in clyfters, iii. 2. 7. 
 
 Saks, why diuretic, iii. 2. 4. 
 
 .... neutral, iii. 3. 3. 3. iii. 2. 4. 
 .... improper in coughs and gonor- 
 rhoea, iii. 2. 4. 
 
 Salt fifh and fait meat increafe perfpi- 
 ration, iii. 2. I. 
 
 Saffafras, iii. 3. 1. 
 
 Scammony, v. 2. 2. 
 
 Scarcity, times of, i. 4. 3. 3. and 6. 
 Scilla maritima, v, a. 2. iv. 2. 3- hi. 3- 
 
 3. V. 2. 3. 
 
 Scorbutic legs, iv. 2. 10. 
 
 Scrophulous tumours, ii. 2. 4. iv. 2. 9. 
 Sea-water, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 Seccrnentia, iii. 
 
 Secretion of the bladder, iii. 2. 6. 
 
 of the redlum, iii. 2- 7. 
 
 of the ikin, hi. 2. 8. 
 
 Seneka, iii. 3. 3. 2- 
 Senna, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 .Serpentaria viginiana, iii. 3. I. 
 Sialagogues, iii. 2. 2. v. 2. 3. 
 Simarouba, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Sinapi, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 Sinapifms, iiij 2. 8. vi. 2. 2. 
 Sifymbrium nafturtium, iv. 3. 4. 
 Sloes, iv. 2. 2. 
 
 SnuS's of candles, vi. 3. 4. 
 
 Society, L. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 Scot, vi. 3. 4. 
 
 .Sorbentia, various kinds, iv. 2. I. 
 Spafmodic dodlrlne exploded, vii. 2. 3. 
 Spcm.aceti, iii. 3. 3. 3. 
 
 Spice 9,oxious, iii. 1. 12. 
 
 Spirit of wine noxious, ii. 2. I- 
 Sponge, burnt, vi. 3. 4. 
 
 Squill. See Scilla. 
 
 -Starch, i. 2. 3. I. 
 
 All 
 
 Starch, from poifonous roots, i. 2. 3. 4- 
 Steam, bath of, iv. 2. 3. 8. 
 
 Steel, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 .... fortvards and reprelTes menilm- 
 ation, iv. 2. 6. 
 
 Stizolobiura hliqua hirfnta, iii. 3. 2. 
 vii. 3. II. 
 
 Strychnos mix vomica, ii. 3. i. 
 Sublimate of mercury, iv. 2. 7. fv, 2. 
 
 9 - 
 
 Sugar, ncurifhing, i. 2. 3. l. and 3. in. 
 
 3- 3-3- 
 
 .... formed after the death of ths 
 plant, i. 7,. 3.3. 
 
 .... aperient, iii. 3. 3. 1. 
 
 Sulphur, iii. 3. 3. 4. 
 
 Sweats in a morning, ill. 2. I. I- 
 
 -on waking, iii. 2. I. I. 
 
 cold, V. 2. 3. 
 
 ..... flopped by opium, iv. 2. I. 2- 
 
 T. 
 
 Taenia, vermes. See Worms. 
 Tamarinds, iii. 3. 3.1. 
 
 Tanfey, tanacetum, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 Tar, iii. 3. 3. 
 
 Tartar, cryflals of, iii. 3. 3. l. Clafl L 
 a- 3- 13- 
 
 vitriolate, iii, 3. 3, 3. 
 
 emetic, v. 2, I. v. 2. 2. 
 
 Tea, vii. 2, 1. 
 
 Tears, iii. 2. 10. 
 
 Teftaceous powders, Iv. 2. 2. 
 Tetradynamia, plants of, iv. 2. 4- 
 Tindlure of digitalis, iv. 2. 
 
 Tinea, herpes, iv. 2. I. 4. 
 
 Tobacco, ii. 3. 1. iii. 3. 9. iv. 2. 3. 8. 
 ....... injures digeflion, iii. 2. 2- 
 
 3- 
 
 Tclubalfam, iii. 3. 3. 
 Tormentillaeredla, iv.- 3. 3. 
 
 T orpentia, vii. 
 
 Tragacanth gam, iii. 3. 3. 3,. 
 Turpentine, vi. 2. 4. 
 
 - fpirit of, Iii. 2. 6. 
 
 Turpeth mineral, v. 2.3. 
 
 TnCilago faxfara, iii. 3.3. 3. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulcers, fcrcphulous, iv. 2. 9. 
 
 of the mouth, Iv. 2. 2. 
 
 cured by abforptlon, ii. -2. T. 
 
 4. iv. 2. 3. 3. 
 
 Uva urfi, iv. 3. 3. 
 
 V. Vale- 
 
INDEX OF THE ARTICLES 
 
 478 
 
 V. 
 
 /Valerian, vi. 3. 3. 
 
 Vegetable acids, iv. 2. 1. 
 
 food, i. 2- 1. 2. 
 
 Venereal ulcers, iv. 2. 7. 
 Venefedlion, vii. 2. 4. iv. 2. 8. 
 
 dinainifhes fecretions, vii. 
 
 2. 4- _ 
 
 increafes abforptior.s, vu. 
 
 2. 4- 
 
 Veratrurs, v. 3. 2. 
 
 Vibices, iv. 2. 4. 3- 
 
 Vinegar, iv.2. l.9.iv. 3. 4.3. ii. 2. I. 9. 
 
 Vitriol, blue, in agues, iv. 2. 6. iv. 2. 2. 
 
 in ulcers, iv. 2. 9. 
 
 .... white, iv. 3. 6. v. 2. i. 
 
 .... acid of, iv. 2. i. 
 
 .... in fweats, iv. 1. 1. 
 
 . . . . in fmall pox, iv. 1. 1. 
 
 Volatile fait, vi. 3. 6. 
 
 Vomiting, v. 2. 2. 
 
 Vomiting flopped by mercury, vi. 2. 2. 
 Vomits, iv. 2. 3. 7. 
 
 W. . 
 
 Warm bath, ii. 2. 2. r. 
 
 in diabattes, vi. 2. 4. 
 
 Water, i. 2. 4. 
 
 . . . . dilutes and lubricate:, vii. 2. 2. 
 .... cold, produces fweats, iii. 2. I- 
 .... iced, in ileus, vi. 2. 5. 
 
 .... creffes, iv. 3. 4. 
 
 Whey of millc, iii. 3. 5. 2. i. 2. 2. 2. 
 Wine, ii. 3. i. 
 
 Worms, vii. I. 2. iii. 2. 7, iv. 2. 6. 4- 
 in Ilieep, iv. 2. 6. 4. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zinc, vitriol of, v. 3. I. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 KOrE ON FEVER. 
 
 1 ,HE author of the tragic tlrama holds ever in re- 
 ferve, for his cloftng fcenes, the utmoft power anJ. ^ 
 energy of his pen. In thefe he moflly gives a Joofc W 
 ail his fire, and, in a bolder torrent of pathos-, indul- 
 ges his accumulated feelings to flow. By this addrefe 
 of art the cataftrophe of his piece is rendered much 
 more impreiTive, the mind of the reader or fpci^fator 
 becomes more deeply interefled in the adlion, and 
 abforbed in the misfortunes of each character and 
 thus are the faults or deficiencies of preceding parts 
 cither palliated, excufed, or forgotten. 
 
 Our author, in like manner, would appear, evea 
 while, engaged in the difficulties of Zoonomia, to have 
 ftill preferred, in a ftate of ina6Hvity^ an abundant 
 ftore of acumen and ingenuity. Of this, we may pre- 
 fume, he contemplated an expenditure in the future 
 Supplement to his work ; not indeed for the purpofe 
 of throwing a defenflve or an oblivious mantle over 
 any preceding articles of his fyftem, becaufe of fuch 
 m.antle perhaps they feldom ftand in need ; but in 
 order that that part which he held to be moil interefo 
 
 Ing 
 
KOTE 6N fever. [Appends. 
 
 ing, as a point of medical fcience, might be finifhed by 
 tlie highefl exertioH'of his mind. 
 
 • The part of his publication, to which 1 here ailude, 
 embraces- and treats of a theory of fever, which its au- 
 thor denominates “ the fympatheticj” in order to diftin- 
 guifli it, as he informs us, from the “ mechanical theory 
 of Boerhaave ; the fpafmodic theory of KoTman and 
 of Cullen, and the putrid theory of Pringle.” To 
 this catalogue m.ight he have added the fimple, but 
 apparently namelefs, theory of Brown, and the convul- 
 five theory of Rulli, both of which differ, not a little, 
 from that he has fo ably attempted to propagate and 
 to defend. 
 
 The conception and eflablifhment of a jufl and de- 
 fenfible theory of fever, our author appears to have 
 confidered as an objeft equally important, interefthig 
 and difficult of fuccefsful execution. To contribute 
 to the accompliffiment of fo defifable an end, has been 
 doubtlefs with him a very principal aim throughout 
 the whole of his work entitled Zoonomia, or the Laws 
 of Animal Life. As preparatoij to an entrance on this 
 difficult and rnterefting fubject, he has givep in brief, 
 yet minute and comprehenftve detail, flatements and 
 deferiptions of all the more partial difeafes of the 
 fyffem of man, together with their modes of treatment, 
 agreeably to the moffc modem and approved principles 
 of the healing art. He may even be faid to have pre- 
 viouily confidered almofl all the effential fymptoms of 
 fever in a detached or infnlated ftate, under the cha- 
 rafiers of local difeafes. He has gone farther flill, 
 I and 
 
Append!:j.j note FEVER. xpSi 
 
 and embraced, in his very comprehenfive fyftem of 
 pathology, thofe combinations of fymptoms which 
 he confiders as conftituting different fpecies of fever. 
 Thefe fpecies he has arranged under the claffes and 
 orders to which he fuppofes they refpe<5Live]y belong. 
 
 Our author has indeed attempted, in the fcience of 
 medicine, a reformation, or I fliould rather fay a re- 
 volution, fimilar to what the phiiofophers of France 
 have fo happily effefted in the fcience of chemiflry. 
 They have endeavoured to convey a knowledge of the 
 nature and conftituent parts of chemical fubftances 
 through the medium of the names by which they are 
 defignated. He has attempted to communicate a 
 knowledge of the proximate caufes of difeafes, not 
 indeed by their names, (for the ufual ones are moflly 
 retained), but by their location or place of affignment 
 in his pathological claffification. 
 
 By fubjoining to his deferiptions of each more par- 
 tial difeafe, and even to thofe of what he denominates 
 different fpecies of fever, fuccinft accounts of their 
 philofophy, or of the caufes from which their feveral 
 fymptoms refult, he has gradually prepared the mind 
 of the reader for the final evolution of the theory we 
 are now about to confider. 
 
 We might here paufe for a moment to refleft on the 
 apparent propriety of Dr. Darwin’s view's relative to 
 the nature, the tnagnitude, and the extent of febrile 
 affefbon. He would feem to have confidered fever 
 as embracing within itfelf, or (if the expreffion be ad- 
 miffible) as capable of enclofing within its own pro- 
 Vo l. II. I i lific 
 
4S2 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER, 
 
 [Appendix, 
 
 lific matrix, many, if not moft of the fubordinate dif- 
 eafes to which the fyflem of man is fub^efled. His 
 entertainment of this belief we would infer, partly 
 from his . having completed his confideration of all 
 other difeafes, previoufly to his entrance on the elu- ■ 
 cidation of the theory of fever, and partly from the 
 nature of his obfeiwations on certain local affeftions. 
 The opinion appeai-s to be in a great meafure tenable 
 and juft. Fever when violent diftpreads its ravages 
 throughout every portion of the body, which other 
 difeafes invade only in part. Thus, for example, the 
 alimentary canal and liver ; the fyftems of blood-vef- 
 fels, of lymphatics, of nerves and of mufcles ; the cel- 
 Inlar membrane, with the varions glands and external 
 integuments of the body ; the brain, the lungs, and 
 the heart, are occafionally invaded by this gigantic 
 and formidable difeafe. 
 
 I tvell know that thofe fubordinate fyftems or parts of 
 the body jnft enumerated, are not at all times co-tempo- 
 rary fufterers in confequence of an attack of fever ; but 
 I alfo know that febrile cafes of fuch extenfive influence 
 do occafionally fall under the eye of the praefitioner. It 
 is certainly true, as noticed and ably illuftrared by Br. 
 Rufli in his fourth volume of Medical Inquiries and Ob- 
 fervations, that there exift fevers of nothing more than 
 very partial extent. Thus the bilious fever, or at 
 lead eflecls refulting from caufes which generally give 
 birth to bilious fever, are at times completely con- 
 centrated in the hepatic fyftem. Hence the exiftence 
 ©f genuine hepatitis without any preceding perceptible 
 
 diforder 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 diforder either in the blood-veflels of indeed in any 
 other part of the body. Colic is frequently nothing 
 elfe than a bilious fever pouring the v/hole torrent of 
 its power in a date of concentration bn fome particu- 
 lar portion of the alimentary canal. In this cafe any 
 degree of unmalked and general fever which may 
 eventually fucceed to the primary vifceral affeclion, 
 may with undoubted propriety be denominated a 
 fever of fympathy. Perhaps it might be jufl to con- 
 hder the fcrophula as a certain defcription of flow 
 fever, in its early attack excluflvely confined to the 
 fyflcm of lymphatics. The analogy of its hijiory and 
 progrefs with thofe of genuine phthifis w'ill furnifli at 
 lead fome flight degree of teftimony in flipport of 
 fuch a belief. The leprofy and other cutaneous af- 
 feftions prevailing for the mod part in the warmer 
 climates of our globe, have been viewed by many as 
 nothing elfe than febrile affeftions expending their 
 rage on the fuperficies of the body. If I midake not, 
 this opinion is advocated and defended by Do6^r 
 Rufli, in his clinical leftures delivered in the Univer- 
 fity of Pennfylvania. It is a faft well knowm even to 
 the mod fuperficial obfervers, that during the preva- 
 lence of autumnal difeafes in low and flat countries, 
 many of the inhabitants who are exempt from fevere 
 and dangerous fits of illnefs, are notwithdanding at- 
 tacked by diurnal head-achs and other periodical pains 
 fituated in various parts of the body. At the termina- 
 tion of the feafon of ficknefs thefe anomalous aifeclions 
 for the mod part difappear, and feldora occur again^ 
 
 I-i 2 till 
 
4*^4 
 
 NOT£ On Fever. 
 
 {^Appendix:-. 
 
 till the next return of an epidemic temperament or 
 conflitution of the atmofphere. May we not from 
 thefe circumftances infer, that fuch complaints are no- 
 thing elfe than fo many maflced or recondite forms of 
 the prevailing epidemic of the feafon and place more 
 efpecially as they feldom fail to yield to the fame 
 mode of treatment found moft efficacious in cafes of un- 
 maffied and general fever ? Thefe feveral circumferibed 
 maladies may be cenfidered as fever artfully lurking 
 in an ambujhed Jlate, and prepared for a more open 
 and daring affault, fliould the patients be fubjefted to 
 cxceffive fatigue, or llrould they imprudently abandon 
 themfelves to intemperance and dillipation. 
 
 With the truth of thefe obfervations refpecling the 
 cxiflence of a latent or local date of fever under va- 
 rious forms. Dr. Darwin appears to be duly acquaint- 
 ed and impreffed. He has embraced and confidered 
 mod, if not all, of fuch forms in different parts of his 
 nofological fydem. But it is not the theory of fuch 
 deferiptions of fever w'hich he has fo' ingenioufly at- 
 tempted in the valuable Supplement to his work. He 
 has there endeavoured to died light on the philofophy 
 of fever, not confined to a part, but diffufed over the 
 whole of the liffing fydem, through the medium of 
 fympathy. It mud not however be forgotten, that 
 our author appears to confider mod, if not indeed all, 
 fevers to be nothing more than local difeafes in their 
 nafeent or original date. In the entertainment of this 
 belief perhaps he is philofophically and accurately 
 jud. The caufes of fever onnot be fuppofed to ope- 
 rate 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 4S5 
 
 rate on the whole of the living fyftem at once. Their 
 immediate agency mull be confined to particular 
 parts. On thefe parts, therefore, and on thefe ex- 
 clufively, do they primarily produce their pernicious 
 eftefts. Thus, for infiance, if the matter of conta- 
 gion, or any other agent capable of producing fever, 
 be accidentally fwallowed, and brought into imme- 
 diate conta^ with the internal furface of the ftomach, 
 this organ mufi: be locally affefted before any other 
 part of the fyfiem can pofiibly fuffer. The fame 
 thing may be faid with refpefl; to the ficin, when fub- 
 jefted to the aftion of febrile caufes : a local affeclion 
 mull necclTarily exiil before the fyfiem can be fub- 
 jefted to the ravages of fever. This is happily illuf- 
 trated and confirmed by the phenomena attending 
 •inoculation for the fmall-pox. If inflammation and a 
 pufiule occur on the inoculated part, fome degree of 
 general fever feldom fails to be excited ; but if no 
 fuch local affeifiion take place, we confider our at- 
 tempt for the mofi part abortive, and do not exp&fi 
 any fubfequent fever. I am therefore induced to be- 
 lieve with our author, that all fevers, or in other 
 words, that fever (for perhaps it is an unit ) is in its in- 
 cipient or embryo fiate, nothing more than a local 
 affe^ion. ^ Thus the human body is itfelf, at firfi, a 
 Ample, rude, perhaps a formlefs point, and aflhmes 
 only by degrees that beautiful diverfity, yet regularity 
 of figure, which it exhibits in an adult fiate. 
 
 If then the firfi imprelTions of febrile caufes pre- 
 puce nothing more than topical affeflions on the parts 
 
 I 
 
 to 
 
486 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 to which they are immediately applied, it may be 
 ailved, on what principle, or through what influence, 
 the ravages of general fever cati fupervene ? The an- 
 fv/er may be collected, from the ingenious fupplement 
 to the preceding work — We are there informed that 
 fever is a difeafe of alTociation ; and that it therefore 
 travels from part to part of the human body, fubject 
 only to the control of the principles and laws of 
 fympathy. It is there indirefUy fuggefeed to us, that 
 were it not for the influence of the power of fympa- 
 thy or aflbeiation, the produftion of a general difeafe 
 would be an impracticable event. For as no noxious 
 power can be fuppofed to operate on every part of 
 the human body at once, neither can its deleterious 
 effects be more extenfive than its immediate opera- 
 tion, unlefs communicated and diffufed through the 
 medium of fympathy. . Without the aid of fympathy 
 in what manner could an original impreflion on the 
 ffomach produce diforder in the arterial fyftem, roufe 
 into tumultuous commotion the heart, or excite the 
 mofl; painful fenfations in the head ? Without the in- 
 fluence of the power of fympathy, in what manner 
 could a torpor or inactivity in the veffels of the feet, 
 give rife to inflammation in the membrane iiiveffing 
 the nofe, fauces, and lungs ? On what other prin- 
 ciple, fave the influence of fympathy, can we attempt 
 an explanation of the uniform connection between the 
 uterus and ffomach, or the well known reciprocity of 
 affection between the uterus and mammee ? Without 
 tlje gxiffenge of a powerful fympathy of parts, in 
 
 V hat . 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 1 
 
 487 
 
 what manner could a pain and flight enlargement of 
 one tefticle only, excite conflderable ficknefs at flo- 
 mach, and even involve the whole fyfliem in the fer- 
 vor and tumult of fever ? A mofl diflrelTing and even 
 dangerous cafe of this latter defcription conftitutes at 
 prefent one- of the objefts of my attention. Without 
 a knowledge of the fympathy exifling between par- 
 ticular parts and the whole of the living fyftem, we 
 would be at a lofs to account for the produiftion of 
 general fever by any poflTible defcription of local in- 
 jury, as punctures with a fword, gunfliot wounds, or 
 even the amputation of the larger limbs. In a word, 
 without the exiflence and aftive mediation of fym- 
 pathy or aflbciation, the fyftem of man could not 
 poflibly be pervaded by general difeafes, nor could 
 phyflcians be poITefTed of the command of general re- 
 medies. Were it not for the circumftance of a fympa- 
 thetic conneftion of parts, no remedy could have a 
 power of extending its influence beyond the fcite of 
 its immediate application. In this cafe we would be 
 unconditionally precluded from the efficacy of exter* 
 nal remedies in procuring relief from many internal 
 morbid affeftions of the fyflem. We would be no 
 longer able to remove an inflammation of the pleura 
 or lungs, by giving rife to vefication on the integu- 
 ments of the thorax ; nor could we any more relieve 
 an obflinate vomiting, or retrograde aftion of the 
 ftomach, by the application of bliflers to the ancles or 
 Vv’rifts. Without the pervafive influence of fym- 
 pathy, the application of fetons, iflTues, and caurtics 
 
 I i 4 for 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appekdij, 
 
 for the relief of many difeafes of the fyftem, could 
 not have even the fliadow of a irationai exiftence. Nor 
 would phyficians be any longer able to triumph in 
 the happy elfefls of cold applications to difterent parts 
 of the body, in fevers of a malignant and dangerous 
 nature. Deprived of the kind and conHiant mediation 
 of fympathy, even the warm-bath itfelf would operate 
 to little effecl: on the debilitated and fuffering fyftem 
 of man. 
 
 But it is not external remedies aIo7ie that w^ould 
 fulfer by the extbiSlion of the power and influence of 
 fympathy. The agency of internal remedies would, 
 by fuch an event, be no lefs materially affected. It Is 
 a circumftance well known to phyficians, that many 
 medicines, when taken into the ftom.ach, produce their 
 cifefts on diftant and very differerit parts of the fyftem, 
 in a much fliorter time than is requiflte for their ab- 
 forption and conveyance to fuch parts, through the 
 long and mazy channels of circulation. They m ft 
 operate therefore folely through the medium of fym- 
 pithy or affoclation of parts. This would appear to 
 be particulai'ly the cafe with opium, with ether, with 
 muik, with afafeetida, and perhaps I might add, with 
 the whole of thofe articles generally arranged by wri- 
 ters on materia medica under the head of antifpaf- 
 modics. A fimilar obfervation may be made, relative 
 to by far the greater part of that clafs of medicines 
 denominated tonics^ from their fuppofed power of 
 communicating ftrmnefs and ftrength to the human 
 body. It is true indeed that thefe latter medicines 
 
 do 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE OT^ FEVER. 
 
 4S9 
 
 do not, like tliofe of the former dafs, pioduce an in- 
 dantaneous elfed; on the living fyhem. Like them, 
 however, they appear not to be converted into chyle, 
 and in this form received into the volume of circu- 
 lating fluids, and mull therefore be, in a great mea- 
 lure, if not wholly, confined in their primary opera- 
 tion to the fiomach alone. From this organ, as- from 
 a common fountain, are their efiefts communicated, 
 through the medium of fympathy, to the mofi: diflant 
 parts of the living body. 
 
 The prefent is not an improper occafion to obferve, 
 that the living fyfiem of man is an extended unit, and 
 that fympathy may be confidered as the unitizing 
 principle. Were it notforthis pervafive principle, 
 no one part could be held as absolutely efiential to 
 the cxifience of another. The head, the ftomach,. 
 and the heart, might then be viewed as fo many infu- 
 lated or dillinft beings, not neceflarily linked together 
 by a reciprocity of dependencies and good oificcs. 
 Well might we then, with fome of the ancient pliilo- 
 fophers, confider the lungs as a lefier animal, fituated 
 in the body of a larger, labouring exclufively for the 
 purpofes of its own contrafted economy. To com- 
 pare fmall things with great, fympathy would appear 
 to be to the living body of man, w'hat the Newtonian 
 principle of gravitation is to the 'fclar fyftem. It 
 ferves as a powerful bond of union, and while it fc- 
 cures, in the mofi; effedlual manner, the exiftence and 
 independence of the whole, preferves a mutual coii- 
 neftioi; and necefiary dependence between each of the 
 
 individual 
 
490 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix, 
 
 individual parts. Before concluding my obfervations 
 on this fubjeft, I would beg leave to repeat, that as 
 fympathy appears to be the great generalizing power 
 of the living fyftem of man, without its exiftence and 
 influence we could neither be fubjecfed to the attacks 
 of general difeafes, nor could we polTibly avail our- 
 felves of the exhibition of general remedies. Indeed 
 our demand for fuch rem.edies would be wholly pre- 
 cluded ; for as morbid alTeftTons could be only local, 
 local remedies w'ould be adequate to every polhble 
 purpofe of the heahng art — We may I think go far- 
 ther, and even at prefent with confidence affert, that 
 notwithftanding the exiftence and ever aftive power 
 of fympathy, yet mod: if not all difeafes are in their 
 embryo or nafcent flate nothing more than mere local 
 ahefhons. Morbid caufes, as already obferved, mull: 
 be local in their original application — they cannot 
 poffibly extend to and primarily imprefs every part of 
 the fyftem at once. The actual extent of their earlieft 
 cffecls cannot be paramount to that of their applica- 
 tion or contact — Such morbid effefts therefore muft 
 necelTarily be local, but may be afterwards diffufcd 
 throughout every part of the fyftem through the me- 
 dium of the laws of alTociation or fympathy. Thefc 
 obfervations I confider, with Dr. Darwin, as pecu- 
 liarly applicable to the phenomena and nature of 
 fever. This formidable difeafe, which frequently com- 
 mits fuch ravages on the flrattered fyftem of man, 
 appears to be originally nothing more than a topical 
 afteftion. But nurtured and conduced by the pow- 
 erful 
 
Appendix ] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 491 
 
 erful hand of fympathy, it generally makes rapid ac- 
 quifitions of ftrength, and fuuers finally no part of the 
 body to efcape the defolation of its inroads. Thus 
 the embryo ripple in the lake, at firfi; almofl a 
 viewlefs fpeck, expands by gradual progreffion from 
 the centre, till the whole extent of the glafly furface. 
 partakes of the tremulous commotion. And thus may 
 we denominate the fympathetic theory of fever delivered 
 by Darwin not only ingenious ; perhaps it is, at Icaft 
 in part, entitled to the higher epithet oijujl! 
 
 Having thus fubmitted to the eye of the reader 
 few preliminary and general obfervations, we will 
 now take the liberty of foliciting his attention to a 
 more particular confideration of the fubjeft of fever. 
 Here it would be a refearch neither ufelefs not unin* 
 terefling to travel back through the voluminous 
 records of medical fcience, and inquire into the fpe- 
 culations and opinions of the phyficians of former 
 ages, relative to the nature of this formidable difeafe. 
 But imperious circumftances preclude me at prefen t 
 from engaging in an invefilgation fo extenfive and 
 laborious. Mote leifure, and much more learning 
 than I have now at command, would be requifite for 
 the fatisfaftory accomplifliment of fo very arduous a 
 tafic. To the induftry and enterprize of the phviician 
 more occupied in reading than in practice, mull he 
 configned the office of collefting, arranging, and 
 finally imbodying the fum of the opinions of ancient 
 medical writers, refpefting the theory or nature of 
 fever. Tt may not, however, he at all amifs to paj-, 
 
 on 
 
liOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [ApPEN'Dir. 
 
 4S>2 
 
 on the prefent occafion, at lead; a tranfient attention 
 to the febrile theories of certain dillingu idled charac- 
 ters in medicine, wiio have lived, practiced, and writ- 
 ten at a much more modern period. 
 
 At the dofe of the 'lad, and the beginning of the 
 prefent century, lived three men almod equally cele- 
 brated for genius, for learning, and for indefatigable 
 attention to the cultivation and improvement of the 
 healing art. I need fcarcely inform the reader that 
 Stahl, Boerhaave, and Hoffman are the medical cha- 
 racters to whom I allude. Each of thofe great phy- 
 ficians vrould feem to have directed the principal force 
 of his attention to an afeertainment of the pheno- 
 tpena, and an invedigation of the caufe of fever, while 
 each of them embraced a theory of the difeafe con- 
 ddcrably di derent from thofe of the other two. 
 
 Of thefe theories that of Stahl appears to have 
 been conuderably more fanciful, vidonary, and weak 
 than thofe of his two illudrious co-temporaries. Not- 
 withdanding this, its plauuble and engaging fimplicity, 
 the animated and perdiadve eloquence with which k 
 was delivered, but perhaps above all, the indolence 
 and eafe in which it indulged its practical adherents, 
 drew after' it a numerous retinue of advocates, not 
 only during the life of its author, but later than down 
 to the middle of the current century. I believe it to 
 be a faft, that eveu at tire prefent day, Germany, and 
 ]?crliaps other places alfo, can dill furnifli phydeians 
 wlio zealoufy adhere to the Stahlian doffrine of fever. 
 This acute and ingenious medical philofopher, fancied 
 
 to 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 493 
 
 to himfelf the guardianfliip and aclual prefence of a 
 certain- intelligent and prefervative principle, extended 
 to every part of the living fyftem of man. This prin- 
 ciple he defignated by the name of “ anima mcdica” 
 or the medical foul. To the fedulous and v/ife exer- 
 tions of this anima, or guardian principle, to expel 
 from the body feme noxious agent, he attributed m.oll 
 of the diftreffmg phenoinena and comm.otions of fever. 
 This hypothetical notion, neither founded on experi- 
 ment, nor deduced from accurate and jull obfervation, 
 led him to be extremely guarded, and even painfully 
 timid, in the exhibition of remedies, lefl he Ihould 
 unfortunately interfere vrkh the well timed and cura- 
 tive efforts o-f his favourite principle. The belief in 
 fuch a vague and fanciful dodtrine of fever could not 
 fail of giving birth to a very feeble and indolent fpc- 
 cies of praftice. Such indeed was that purfued by 
 the celebrated Stahl and his credulous followers. 
 Their fyftem of practice a.ppears to- have been literally 
 a fyftem of delay, and of ftrangely amufmg thern.- 
 fefves by remaining idle fpedtators of what they con- 
 ceived to be a ftruggle for vidtory between their anima 
 ?mdica^ and the caufe of difeafe. Often— too often 
 did they fulfer the former to fall in the combat, with- 
 ont ftepping forward with the' flighteft auxiliar}' 
 efforts. This fedt of phyficians might, with more pro- 
 priety, be denominated ?ncdical lookers on^ than 7n:d!- 
 cal pradtitiensrs'; for they appear to have been induf- 
 trious, and perhaps accurate obfervers of liumau 
 mifery, ratlier than benevolent philofophers, anxious 
 
 and 
 
494 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appekdix. 
 
 and aftive td procure for their patients a fpeedy relief 
 Irom the ravages of difeafe. The neceffary refult of 
 fuch a fyftera of practice, it requires in the reader no 
 great depth of fagacity to defery. It confided in the 
 lofs of patients, and, finally, in the lofs of reputation 
 and bufinefs. 
 
 Very different from that of Profeflor Stahl was 
 the febrile dodrine of his co-temporary, the illufirious 
 Boerhaave. As the former was by far too metaphy- 
 fical^ the latter feems to have diverged into the oppo- 
 fite extreme, and was perhaps fully as much too me- 
 chanical^ in his theory of fever. Into this error he 
 appears to have been led, in a great meafure, by his 
 uniform and flrong attachment to the current philo- 
 fopliy of the period in which he lived. The imme- 
 diate caiife of fever he fuppofed to conud in a morbid 
 remora, or Jiagnation of the humours of the body in 
 the evanefeent branches of the capillary velTels. This 
 dagnation or doppage of the fluids. Dr. Boerhaave 
 feems to have derived from two feveral and didinft 
 fources. Its principal caufe he fuppofed to be a mor- 
 bid Icntor, * or coagulation of the humours them- 
 
 * la the appropriation of the x.zrmlentor. Dr. Boerhaave, and 
 1 think moft of his followers, appear unforcunaielv to have ne- 
 gk(51:eJ all definitude of exprefllon, fometimes ufing it to denote 
 a llagnation of the fluids in the e.xtrcme capillaries, and at 
 other limes to defignate a thickening or coagulation of the 
 fluids, which he confidered as the leading caufe of fuch ftagna- 
 tion. In the following brief obfervations relative to his tlteorv 
 ef fever, I {Itaii uniforntly ufe it in the latter feme. 
 
 felves. 
 
Appendix. 3 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 ^93 
 
 felves, rendering them unfit for the purpofe of clv- 
 culary movements through the minute capillary tubes ; 
 hut he unqueftionahly alleged, that it might alfo be 
 occafioned, in part, by a fpo.fm or contraction of the 
 extreme ramifications of the vafcular fyftein — From a 
 late attentive examination of part of the writings of 
 this great phyfician, I am inclined to believe, that his 
 opponents, and perhaps I might alfo add his adhe- 
 rents, have not done him entire jufiice in the opinions 
 they have formed, or at leail in the llatements they 
 have given, refpefting his favourite theory of fever. 
 As well as I now recollecl:, they have all uniformly 
 fuppofed him to have placed his proximate caufe of 
 fever wholly in a lentor or preternatural thickening of 
 the humours of the body, and in the prefence ol 
 other deferiptions of morbific matter. They appear 
 indeed to have confidered and reprefented him a.s a. 
 mofi: complete humoral pathologift, literally difre- 
 garding the folids in his inquiry into the origin ox 
 proximate caufe of fever. That this, however, was- 
 hy no means the cafe — that he did not fufter his at- 
 tachment to the humoral, to abforb his whole atten- 
 tion, and render him quite regardlels of the foUd or 
 7iervous, pathology, will, I think, appear obvious to- 
 any one on a fair and candid examination of his 
 aphorifms relative to the phenomena and caufe of 
 fever. From thefe aphorifms it would feem, that the 
 febrile theory of Dr. Boerhaave was lefs fimple than 
 thofe of his co-temporaries Dr.‘ Stahl or Dr. HoxT- 
 man, the latter of which was afterwards fo warmly 
 2 advocated. 
 
496 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 , [^Appendix. 
 
 advodatecT, and fo extenfively difFufed through Europe 
 and Aincrica by the immenfe talents and induflry of Dr. 
 Cullen of Edinburgh. The former of thefe theories, 
 as already obferved, attributed all the phenomena or 
 fyraptoms of fever to the prophylactic, or rather ex- 
 pulfive operations of a Cngle principle, defignated by 
 the name of anima medica ; while the latter, as will 
 be more fully Hated hereafter, derived them alfo im- 
 mediately from a fimple unity of caufe, namely, a 
 general fpafm or contraction of the extrem.e capillaries 
 of the fyftera. Thus might Dr. Stahl be juHly con- 
 lidered as fimply a metaphyfical, and Dr. Elofiman as 
 a foHd or anti-bumoral pathologift. Dr. Boerhaave, 
 on the other hand, appears to have been more com- 
 plex in his views refpe^ing the nature and caufe of 
 fever. He fought for the true pathology of this dil- ' 
 cafe rteither exclufively in the folids nor in the Jiuids 
 of the body : His more comprehenfive theory ex- 
 tended to, and actually embraced them both ; for 
 while he doubtlefs confidered a lentor or morbid coa- 
 gulation of the fluids as the leading caufe in the pro- 
 duction of fever, he at the fame time admitted, that 
 this caufe might be aflifted in its operation by a pre- 
 ternatural contraction or cramp, as he in one place 
 terras it, of the extremities of the vafcuiar fyflem. 
 A remora or ftoppage of the thickened fluids in the 
 finer ramifications of the blood-velTels, together with 
 a quicker contraction of the heart. Dr. Boerhaave 
 confidered, to ufe his own words, as conflituting the 
 “ eflence or idea of eveiy acute fever.” The preter- 
 natural- 
 
I 
 
 Appendi:-.] note ON FEVER. 497 
 
 natural frequency of the eontraftion of the heart, he 
 fuppofed to refult from an undue impreffion of the 
 blood on this organ, in confequence of its partial flag- 
 nation in the evancfcent extremities of the arteries 
 and veins. The intentional and neceffary elfc^f of 
 fuch contraftion he alleged to be, a gradual commi- 
 nution of the vifcous blood, a progreffive concofHon 
 of the morbifie matter it contained, and a confequent 
 relloration of this fluid to a flate fitted for the import* 
 ant bufmefs of circulation. From thefe latter obferva- 
 tions it v/ould feem, that Dr. Boerhaave, no lefs than 
 his co-temporary Dr. Stahl, confidered fever as an 
 efibrt of the living fyftem to produce certain falutary 
 alterations in the blood, and to prepare for future ex* 
 pulfion, certain noxious agents V'ith which this fluid 
 had become accidentally charged. Thefe efforts, how* 
 ever, he does not appear to have viewed as under the 
 immediate direftion of any intelligent principle re- 
 fiding in, and watching over the fyffem of man. If 
 I miftake not, he attributed them in fome meafure, if 
 not indeed principally, to a well known mechanical 
 law of the uniform and necelTary readion * pf matter. 
 I cannot help obferving, on the prefent occafion, that 
 
 * Rerpefling the truth and accuracy of the pofition here laid 
 down, 1 niuix acknowledge that I cannot pofitirely decide. 
 Nor am I now able to remove the uncertainty under which I 
 labour, not having it in my power, at the prefent moment, to 
 lay miy hand on that volume of the writings ol Dr. Boerhaave, 
 which contains an expofition of his views on this particular fub- 
 jefl. 
 
 Yol. it., K k 
 
 of 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 f ArPENDfX. 
 
 498 
 
 a belief in the doctrine of the curative powers of nature, 
 feldom fails to lead phyficians into a hefitating, weak, 
 and highly inefficient praftice. We had doubtlefs 
 much better, as is ably inculcated’on us in the writings 
 and public lectures of Dr. Rufli, wreft, in moll 
 cafes, the bufinefs of cure wholly out of the hands of 
 nature, and treat our patients agreeably to the prin- 
 ciples and rules of art- Nor do I hefitate in believing, 
 that we will be flill more fully convinced of the pro- 
 priety of this mode of practice, in proportion as our 
 views relative to- the nature and caufe of fever {hall 
 eventually become more elightened and juft- Before 
 difmiffing this fubjeft, it may not be improper to ob- 
 ferve, that the cafe with which this theory of fever 
 appeared to folve all the phenomena of that difeafe, 
 the eminence and authoritative inftuence of the fchool 
 of medicine, where i-t was firft taught, but perhaps 
 above all, the very high and juft celebrity of its au- 
 thor,, gave it, for a conftderable length of time, a decided 
 afcendancy over all others in many, if not indeed in 
 moft, parts of Europe- Such was the vigour and extent 
 of its diffufton, that it even overleapt the limits of the 
 ocean, funk deep into the medical mind of America, 
 and can boaft, down to the prefent day, the advoca- 
 tion of many phyficians educated and refiding on this 
 fide the Atlantic. 
 
 Having thus hazarded a fev/ obfervations on tlie 
 febrile theory of Dr. Eoerhaave, we would now beg 
 kave to folicit, for a moment, the reader’s attention 
 to that taught by his rival co-temporary the celebrated 
 
 Hoffiman- 
 
Appendix]] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 499 
 
 Hoffman. What is denominated the Spafmodic theory 
 of fever is generally fuppofed to have derived its birth 
 from the aftive, the ingenious, and the very fruitful 
 mind of this illuftrious teacher of Medicine. Such 
 allegation may poffibly be true : It is only juft how- 
 
 ever to obferve, that it is very pointedly and pofitively 
 contradifted by Dr. Ferriar, of Manchefter, in his 
 preface to a valuable little work entitled Medical Hif- 
 tories and Rejiedions. “ The affertion,” fays our au- 
 thor, “ of a fpafmodic ftate of the extreme veffelsy 
 in the cold ftage of fevers, for example, commonly 
 afcrlbed to Dr. Hoffman, was firft made by Dr.- 
 Piens, in his comprehenftve treatife De Febre.” Re- 
 fpecling this point of literary controverfy I am not able 
 to fpeak from my own immediate knowledge, having 
 never had an opportunity of confuhing the produftion 
 of Dr. Piens, to which v. e are here referred. From 
 the character, however, of Dr. Ferriar, as a man, 
 remarkable for his accuracy, his candour, and his 
 love of truth, I entertain not at prefent the fliadow of 
 a doubt, but that he is in poffeffion of fafts fully ade- 
 quate to the fupport of the declaration he has made- 
 Nor do I cjn'^der it as at all derogatory from the high 
 reputation of Dr. Hoffman, to deny his having been 
 the father of the fpafmodic theory of fever,— a theoiq^, 
 the influence of which is gradually diffolving away 
 beneath the funftiine of later difcoveries, and which 
 will, in future time, be looked on as nothing more 
 than a fuperb and lafting monument of the talents of 
 its author and its advocates, and of the enormous er- 
 K k 2 rorsa 
 
500 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 rors, (not to fay inconfiftencies) of medical fcience. It 
 may be confidered as praife fufficient to allow, that 
 from the pen of Dr. Hoffman this theory of fever re- 
 ceived fuch fupport and elucidation, as to introduce it 
 to the notice and recommend it to the particular con- 
 fideration and patronage of the famous Dr. Cullen of 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 Illuflrated and fupported by all the powers of a man 
 in whom the world knew not which mofl to admire, 
 his learning, his talents, his eloquence, or his urbanity,* 
 a man to whom the attachment of his pupils appeared 
 in fome inftances paramount even to their inbred love 
 of life ;t and taught in a medical fchool, at that time 
 without a rival in the world, we have no ground for 
 furprife at the afccndancy and dominion which the 
 fpafmodic theory of fever acquired. It became in- 
 deed for a time almoft the idol of no inconfiderablc 
 portion of the medical world. Nor has its influence, 
 though 'certainly yielding to the force of difeovery, and 
 finking beneath the reiterated ftrokes of oppofition, 
 as yet by any means expired. It mingles itfelf hourly 
 in the confultations of phyficians, and it is unncceffary 
 
 * See an euloglum to the memory of Dr. Cullen delivered 
 before the College of Phyficians of Philadelphia, by Dr. Ben- 
 jamin Ruth. 
 
 -|- That I have not here fubjeclei myfelf to the charge cf the 
 flightefi exaggeration, will appear from the circumftance of one 
 of the pupils cf Dr. Culler, having rifqued his life in a duel, 
 by way of refentmer.t againft; what he conceived to be an indig- 
 nity thrown on the medical and fcientific reputation of his niafter. 
 
 for 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER, 
 
 5ei 
 
 for me to add, that under a particular modification 
 cifefted by certain alterations and amendments, it is 
 flill ably advocated and taught by the profeflbr of the 
 practice of medicine in 'the oldeil; and, by far, the 
 mold refpeftablc medical fchool in America;— A fchool 
 which I flatter myfelf will, at no very diftant period of 
 time, become equal in celebrity, as there is reafon to 
 believe it is at prefent in real fcience and practical 
 utility, to any that the nations of Europe can 
 boafl ! 
 
 From the writings of Dr. Cullen being like the book 
 of nature, in the hands of every one, and from the juft 
 illuflration and ingenious fupport given to his fyftem 
 of phyfic by Dr. Kuhn, in the Univerfity of Pennfyl- 
 vania, it v/ould be in me fuperfluous to attempt, at 
 prefent, an analyfis and detail of his theory of fever. 
 To fuppofe the medical reader unacquainted with this 
 theory, would indeed be little lefs than to charge him 
 with the mofl; confummate ignorance refpefting the 
 fcience of his profeflion. I mnfl: here however beg 
 indulgence while I flate a few obfervations and flric- 
 tores on the fecond chapter of Dr. Cullen’s Eirfl Lines 
 of the practice of phyfic, in which he favours the pub- 
 lic with an expofition of his proximate caufe of 
 fever. 
 
 Thefe flriclural obfervations we would introduce by < 
 requeuing the adherents and friends to the Culleniaii 
 doftrine of fever, not to take exception to any free- 
 dom of remark or liberty of language, we may on the 
 prefent occafion afliime. In wdiatever we may advance 
 
 K k 3 we 
 
502 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appekdiz. 
 
 we will doubtlgfs be refpedful ; while in whntever we 
 advance we will endeavour to be Nor will we 
 
 conceive ourfelves intitled to take even the Ihadow of 
 umbrage, fhould any one think proper to fubmit to 
 an examination equally critical and rigid, whatever opi- 
 nions we may publicly avow either on the prefent or 
 on any" future occafion. 
 
 After prefacing this chapter with a very pertinent 
 remark, refpecling the difficulty of developing theprox’- 
 mate caufe of fever, the doftor modeflly declares that 
 he does not “ pretend to afcertain it in a manner that 
 may remove every difficulty ; but that he will only endea- 
 vour to make fuch an approach towards it, as he hopes 
 may be of ufe in conducting the practice in that difeafe.” 
 
 Having thus introduced his fubjeft, he proceeds to 
 lay down, as the ground work of his fubfequent rea- 
 fonings, nothing more than a bare prefumptrce hypo- 
 theus. Let us do him the juflice to hear him in his 
 own words. “ As the hot ftage of fever,” fays our 
 iiluftrious profelTor, “ is fo conftantly preceded by a 
 cold ftage, we prefume that the latter is the caufe of 
 the former.” What an illy felefted ! what a frofl- 
 work foundation is here, for the fupport of a folid and 
 maffy fuperftrufture ! Inftead of proceeding, as every 
 practical philofopher ought, from the afcertainraent of 
 fafts to the deduftion of principles, our author here 
 fets out with nothing more than what logicians deno- 
 minate a petitio principii. He begins by confidering 
 as already eftabliffied, what it was certainly his duty 
 as a teacher of medical fcience to have endeavoured to 
 
 prove 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 5-3 
 
 Atpendix.^ 
 
 prove. In this he has widely (I had almoll: faid wipar^ 
 donably') deviated from that logical accuracy and juft- 
 nefs of reafoning, by which the writings of a philofo- 
 pher fliould never fail to be charafterized. But let 
 u^ even grant him all he here prefumes and wiihes, 
 and pafs on to the confideration of certain fubfequent 
 parts of his inveftigatiom 
 
 Here I am forry to obferve, that although we are 
 prefented with many juft and highly important obfer- 
 vations, yet we find alfo much to controvert, and not 
 a little to condemn. For to pafs in filence over his 
 indefinite ufe of the expreftion “ the energy of the 
 brainf an expreftion to which he appears in reality 
 to have annexed no appropriate meaning ; not to 
 fpeak of his claftlng together, as if of a kindred na- 
 ture, contagion and cold^ miafmata and fear^ caufes 
 oppofite as light and darknefs in their modes of ope- 
 ration on the human body ; he has gone on to call in 
 the agency and aid of a certain imaginary principle, 
 which he denominates the “ vis medicatrix natures f 
 and which is certainly fufficient alone to caft a fliade 
 of difrefpeft on the whole of his elaborate doftrine. 
 A belief in the aftion and inSuence of fuch a principle 
 in the living fyftem of man, can, at the prefent day 
 of fcience, be confidered in uo other light than as a 
 relift of ancient fuperftition in medicine. In admitting 
 the exiftence and operation of this metaphyfcal princi- 
 ple, (for fuch I conceive myfelf authorifed to deno- 
 minate it) Dr. Cullen appears in reality to have formed 
 for himfelf a more complex theory of fever out of the 
 
 K k 4 more 
 
NOiE ON TEVER. [/Appendix. 
 
 more flmple ones previoufly taught by Doctors Stahl 
 and Hoffman. For although the profelTor of Edin- 
 burgh willies to be confidered as not connecting intel- 
 ligence with his vis medicatrix natures^ yet does he 
 attribute to this hypothetical principle, certain opera- 
 tions and elFefts which muh inevitably proceed from 
 an intelligent fource. The truth of the matter appears 
 to be, that the dodlor finding his progrefs in a favourite 
 fpccularion oppofed by an obflacle, which common 
 means were not in his view fufficient to remove, called 
 iji to his aid the agency of a hidden principle, the 
 power of which as no one can pretend to calculate, he 
 flatteringly hoped that no one would venture to deny. 
 Thus the epic poet having plunged his adventurous 
 hero into a fituation from which he cannot pofhbly be 
 extricated by the joint exertions of men, calls in the 
 alTillance of lome friendly deity to facilitate his efcape. 
 And thus the politic and ambitious Alexander, finding 
 all his efforts infufEcient to untie the celebrated Gor- 
 dian knot, drew his rapier and at a fmgle blow fe- 
 vered the cord on which the knot urns formed. Our 
 author having enlilted under his banner this myflerious 
 vis medicatrix, could be no longer at a lofs ’with re- 
 fpecl to the folution of any phenomenon that could pol- 
 fibly occur. For as he took the liberty of introducing 
 principle at all, he might, by the fame rule of pr> 
 vilege, make its agency equal, and even fuperior, to the 
 difficulty of every poflible emergence. Accordingly 
 wK. find him attributing to its operation and influence 
 fhe phenomena of both the cold and bet flages of fe- 
 
Appekdix.j NOTE ON FEVER. 505 
 
 ver.— Strange indeed, tliat the operation of znj phy/ica-1 
 caufe iliould be immediately productive of effeCts fo 
 literally oppofite! But although he did not aeknovv- 
 ledge the circumllance in words, yet to me it 
 appears obvious, that Dr. Cullen muff have confidered 
 his vis medicatrix as poffeffing fomething more than 
 the mere phyfical properties of matter — ^He has cer- 
 tainly fpoken of its operations as if he held it poffelfed 
 of intelligence and volition. 
 
 Not content with afcribing both the cold and hct 
 ftages of fever to the agency of the vis medicatrix na- 
 turae, our author goes on further to conjure up, from 
 the tomb of the medical fyft'em of Hoffman*, an 
 imaginary phenomenon that he may deduce it alfo 
 from the influence of this equally imaginary caufe. I 
 mean his fuppofed fpafmodic affedlion of the extremities 
 of the vafcular fyjflem, an efloCl which he in like man- 
 ner attributes to the affion of the vis medicatrix. 
 Thus are there three leading phenomena, all equally 
 different from each other, which Dr. Cullen has, not- 
 withftanding, thought proper to confider and reprefen t 
 as deriving exiflence from an unity of caufe. 
 
 The next particular, in our author’s complex and 
 elaborate theory, to which I Ihall advert, is the atony 
 which he fuppofes to exift In the extreme veffels of 
 the human body. Though the opinion of the exiflaice 
 
 * I have here fpoken of Dr. Hoffman in the light in which 
 he is generally reprefented, namely, as the original founder of 
 ihe_/^.^//or/rV theory of fever, without by any means vouching 
 for the tryth of the allegaticu. 
 
5c6 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 of an atony in thefe vdTels may be literally jull;, yet 
 I mull confefs that to me it appears in no degree more 
 probable in confequence of the arguments by which 
 Dr. Cullen has attempted its ellablilliment. Here, 
 as in former parts, all is mere hypothefis, or at bell 
 fuperficial and tortured analogy. The following ap- 
 pears to be the fum and fubllance of the Doctor’s rea- 
 foning on this fubjeft. In many cafes there feems 
 to exill a fympathy, or correfpondence of Hate and 
 action, betw^een the Homach and the fuperfcies of the 
 body. During the cold ftage of fever, there generally 
 occurs more or lefs iicknefs at Hornach, w'hich the 
 learned profelTor fuppofed to refult from an atony of 
 the veiTels of that organ. Hence he concluded that 
 there mull alfo cxiH an atony in the fuperficial velTels 
 of the body, from whence the atony of the Homach 
 W'as derived. If the hackneyed motto of “ ex nihilo 
 nihil be true, it is certainly in like manner true, 
 that from fuch fanciful conceptions ( opinions I cannot 
 call them), as thofe of our author to which I have 
 briefly adverted, no folid and practical deductions can 
 poflfibly be drawn. As by the influence and operation 
 of a general and immutable law of nature, every thing 
 begets ilTue in its own likenefs, viiionary fpeculations 
 muH give birth to vifionary refults. 
 
 By way of conclufion on this fubjecl, I -would ob- 
 ferve in general, that among all the chains of ferious 
 reafoning to which I have ever attended, I do not now 
 recolleft any one more truly fophiHical and inconclu- 
 flve. than that of Dr. Cullen in elucidation and fup- 
 
 port 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 507 
 
 port proximate caule of fever. He felt liis future 
 fame deeply involved in the iffue of his theory, and ex- 
 pended therefore the united exertions of all his powers 
 for its permanent eilablifliment. Such were the im- 
 menfity of the profelfor’s talents, ingenuity, and learn- 
 ing, that we may fay of him, with refpeA to his doc- 
 trine of fever, what the Gholl of the fallen Heftor 
 declares of himfelf relating to the melancholy fate of 
 his native city. 
 
 “ Si P.’rg ma dextra 
 
 Defendi poffent, etiam bac defenfa fuiflent.” * 
 
 But unfortunately for the permanency of his fa- 
 vourite fyffem, it was not compofed of materials fuf- 
 ficiently durable to withftand the fhock of future ad- 
 vances in the fcience of medicine. So confummately 
 weak and indefenfiblc was it in its nature, that in at- 
 tempting its eftablilhment and fupport, he could only 
 pile hypothefis on hypothefis, thus giving birth to a 
 huge but unfounded fabric, ready to totter in ruin 
 round its builder’s hoary and venerable head. 
 
 Let not the reader conclude from what I have here 
 advanced, that I am difpofed to think lightly of the 
 
 * In Englifli, fomething of the fpirit and meaning of thi« 
 nervous and celebrated quotation, might perhaps be, not inaptly, 
 thus expreffed. 
 
 Had not, where Gods in awful council join’d, 
 
 Th’ eventful purpofe fwell’d each heavenly mind, 
 
 “ By Grecian wiles that haplefs Troy fliould Gli,” 
 
 Even this right hand had proved her guardian wall. 
 
 C. C. 
 
 writings 
 
5c8 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 writings of Dr. Cullen. Far — very far from it — I had 
 almofl denominated them my Bible in the fcience of 
 medicine. I feldom open them without being fur- 
 nifhed with additional light on the fubjefis of which 
 they immediately treat. They contain indeed an im- 
 raenfe fund of medical information, on which I am 
 at all times delighted to draw. As fources of prac- 
 tical information relative to moil difeafes, perhaps 
 they are fecond to nothing that has yet appeared 
 cither in the Englillt or in any other language. All 
 that I have advanced in the foregoing pages is point- 
 ed, not againfl the pradical^ but merely againft the 
 fpemlativey part of Dr. Cullen’s treatife on the fubjecl 
 of fever. 
 
 "Fne firll ferious and formal oppofition which ap- 
 pears to have been made in Britain to the medical 
 fyllem of Dr Cullen, originated with his co-temporary 
 Dr. Brown of Edinburgh, a man not more remarka- 
 ble for his genius, than for his enmity, his diffipation, 
 and his misfortunes. Although this extraordinary 
 charafter publilhed a work which is generally deno- 
 minated a Bjfieni of Medicine, yet I confefs I am not 
 able fatisfaftorily to afeertain, from the moil attentive 
 examination of it, what were his precife views on the 
 fubjeft of fever.* The performance is however truly 
 
 •* To faV, as is moftly done, that Dr. Browm conceived the 
 n.it'jre and eflence of fever to confifl: wholly in ddllity, would 
 perhaps be to advance an opinion which that teacher of medi- 
 cine did not intend. I think it ipuch more delicate, and it is 
 eexuinlv by far more candid and juft, to acknowledge our ig- 
 norance 
 
Af fendix.3 
 
 NOT^: ON FEVER. 
 
 505 
 
 valuable, and has perhaps the additional merit of 
 being, in parts, entirely original. It muft, at lead, 
 ^be accounted an aftonifliing work in medicine, to 
 have been written by a man who does not appear to 
 have been remarkable for his literary connexions, 
 who drank fo much, and who pradifed fo little.* 
 
 The febrile theories of the celebrated DoXors Dar- 
 win and Rufh, fliall conftitute, in the lafl place, the 
 fubjeX of a few obfervations and remarks. Here I 
 beg leave to premife, that I neither mean to aiiume 
 the liberty, nor to affert in myfelf an ability, to decide 
 on the general and comparative merit of the writings 
 of thefe two great phyfcians. Such an office would 
 not only be indelicate, and juftly offenlive in its na- 
 ture, but would be particularly inconffilent with pro- 
 priety of conduX in a young, and comparatively an 
 uninformed and inexperienced man. In point of de- 
 licacy, at leaf;, it will be early enough to enter on 
 fuch a difquifition, after the w'orld ffiall have been 
 deprived of the virtues and fervices of thefe two great 
 and good men. Should I appear, however, in my 
 
 aorance of an author’s preclfe views, than to run any rifque of 
 mifreprefenting his meaning. Though I am at a lols with re- 
 fpecl to them, yet I do not mean to infinuate that others are 
 not fatisfaftorily poffeiTed of tlie opinions of Dr.» Brown on the 
 fubjedl of fever. 
 
 * Dr. Brown was never at any time popular as a practical 
 phyfician, but, particularly in the latter part of his life, bulkiefs 
 may be faid to have entirely deferted him.. Perhaps he died 
 without a fmgle patient under his care. 
 
 fubfequent 
 
lO 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [“Appindit, 
 
 fubfequent confideration of their doctrines, to adopt 
 and advocate, fometimes the particular opinions of the 
 one, and fometimes thofe of the other, I flatter my- 
 felf I may refl fully confident that an enlightened 
 candour and liberality of fentiment, the never-failing 
 growth of minds expanded by the ameliorating in- 
 fluence of fcience, will be my perfect fecurity againft 
 the refentment of either. 
 
 As the high medical reputation of Dr. Darwin and 
 Dr. Rufli will doubtlefs caufe their theories of fever 
 to be very generally fought after and read, it would 
 be fuperfluous in me, on the prefent occafion, to in- 
 trude on the time, and perhaps exhaufl: the patience, 
 of the reader, by analyfmg either of them in minute 
 and extenfive detail. 
 
 On taking a general or colleftive view of xhc febrile 
 theories of thefe two phyficians, they appear to be re- 
 fpeftively char after i zed by feveral principles and opi- 
 nions very widely different frem^ not to fay, direftly 
 oppofite to, each other ; while in other refpefts again 
 they more nearly coincide. I fltall point out in the 
 following pages fome of thofe particulars in tvhich 
 thefe theories moll flirikingly differ, and perhaps take 
 the liberty of dating a few obfervations on each. 
 
 I. Thefe two medical philofophers feem to differ 
 radically in their views of what may be denominated 
 the effence or proximate caufe of fever. In other 
 words, they differ raofl; widely in their original defi- 
 nitions, or perhaps I might fay deferiptions, of this dif- 
 eafe. Thus Dr. Darwin, in the beginning of his fup- 
 * plement 
 
Appendix. J NOTE ON FJEVER. 5^* 
 
 plement to the preceding work, defines fever as con- 
 fiding in “ the inereafe or diminution of direft or re- 
 verfe afibciated motions,” without faying in what fpe- 
 cific parts of the fydem thefe motions mud be necef- 
 farily excited. While Dr. Rufli, on the other hand, 
 although in page 123 of his fourth volume of Medical 
 Inquiries and Obfervations, he declines giving a defini- 
 tion of fever, in confideration, as he oblerves, of the 
 many difierent forms under which it appears ; yet in 
 page 134 of the fame volume, proceeds to lay down 
 a brief generalifation of his views on the fubjeft, by 
 defining this difeafe to be “ a convulfion in the fan- 
 guiferous, but more obvioudy, in the arterial fydem.” 
 The diderence between thefe two definitions of the 
 fame difeafe, are too' drikingly obvious to demand any 
 comment. I will here however take the hberty of 
 dating, with deference, one or two remarks on the 
 nature of the principal, I may indeed fay the only evi- 
 dence, which Dr. Rudi has advanced in favour of 
 the pofition, that fever is a convulfion in the arterial 
 fydem. This evidence appears to be of a nature en- 
 tirely analogical. This the Doftor himfelf very in- 
 genuoudy acknowledges in the following pafiage, 
 where alluding to the convu'fve nature qf fever he 
 fays, “ That this is the cafe I infer from the drift 
 analogy between fymptoms of fever, and convulfioips in 
 the nervous fydem.” 
 
 Although in difcudlons refpefting objefts of fcience, 
 I am for the mod part an open enemy to criticifms 
 on expreffions or Words ; yet, on the prefent occafion, 
 
 I am 
 
512 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 f Appendix. 
 
 I am induced to deviate for a moment from the im- 
 mediate track I had determined to puidue, for the 
 purpofe of fuggefting the quedion, v/hether or not 
 “ convulfion in the ner’uous fyftem,” be not an ex- 
 prelTion confiderably exceptionable ? With medical 
 writers this expreifion is, I know, extremely com- 
 mon. But, in my view, ihccovimonncfs, by no means 
 eftablilhes the propriety^ of its ufe. Is it not calcu- 
 lated to mifreprefent a facl, and thus to convey an 
 error to the mind ? Is it true that thofe convulfions, 
 which Dr. Rufli and other writers mean to defignate 
 by this expreffion, have their immediate feat in the 
 nervous? — or. Are they not rather difeafed affeftions 
 of the mtifcidar, fyftem ? To me I mull confefs they 
 appear to be unequivocally of the latter defeription. 
 For although it may be time, that the difeafe is pro- 
 duced entirely through the medium of the nerves, yet 
 it is certainly the mufcles which are eventually con- 
 vulfed. I would by no means pofitively deny the 
 exifcence of a fynchronous afieftion of the neiwes ; 
 but I am unable, for the moll: part, to difeover any 
 phenomenon to render fuch affeftion certain. Should 
 it be obferved that the aifeciions to which the Doftor 
 alludes may be denominated convulfions of the nervous 
 fyftem, becaufe the nerves appear to be deeply in- 
 firumenta.1 and efficacious in their produfticn ; I would 
 reply, that by the fame rule of reference, they may be 
 as propeidv denominated convulfions of the brain ; be- 
 caufe it is probably from this organ that the convul- 
 five influence originally proceeds. Were fuch af- 
 4 feclions 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 SIS 
 
 feftions reprefented as convulfions of the mufcular 
 perhaps the phrafeology would be much lefs 
 exceptionable, and would not contribute to the per- 
 petuation of an error in the mind.* 
 
 * In a late converfation on the impropriety of this expreffion, 
 it was alleged to me by an ingenious pupil of Dr. Rufli, that 
 that proteffor had, in his divifion of the human body into dif- 
 ferent fyftems, confidered the mufcles as conftituting a part of 
 the nervous fyftem, and that it was tlierefore, in him, allowable 
 and confiftent, to denominate thofe mufcular affedions alluded 
 to in the above paragraph, convuKlons of the nervous fyjiem. This 
 fuggeftion led me to confult the writings of Dr, Ruih, to ex- 
 amine my manufcript notes taken during my attendance on his 
 ledures, and alfo to interrogate my memory relative to the 
 point immediately in quelHon. But from neither of thefc 
 fources have I been able to colled any fubftantial teftimony in 
 favour of the belief, that the Dodor confiders the mufcles as a 
 part of the nervous fyftem. Such an opinion I conceive to be 
 indeed by far too fanciful to be entitled tq the advocation of this 
 enlightened phyfician. 
 
 On what principle, I would beg leave to afk, can we be led 
 to fuppofe, that the mufcles conftitute a part of the nervous 
 fyftem ? Is it becaufe the evanefcent ramifications of nerves ap- 
 pear to be loft in, and incorporated with, the fubftance of 
 the mufcles ? Or is it becaufe thefe latter organs would feem to 
 derive their fufceptlbility of ftimulant impieflions perhaps en- 
 tirely through the medium of the former ? If fo, we are autho- 
 rized by the fame rule of indudion to declare, that the arteries, 
 the veins, and even the abdominal and other vifcera, conftitute. 
 In like manner, fo many different parts of the nervous fyftem. 
 Throtigh each of thefe parts are the extremities of nerves moft 
 minutely diftributed, and perhaps it is in confequence of this 
 diftribution alone, that fuch parts are rendered alive to the 
 
 VoL.. II. L 1 adion 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 5.1.4 
 
 lAppendix.- 
 
 Begging pardon of the reader for the length of 
 this critical digrelTion, I mufl now requell him to ac- 
 company me in the remarks which I originally con- 
 templated. The nature of the evidence adduced by 
 Dr. Rulli in fupport of his pofition, that fever is a 
 convulfion in the vafcular fyllem is, as already obfer- 
 ved, entirely analogical. It is indeed true that the 
 Doflor has traced this analogy to a very conliderable 
 extent, having Hated no lefs than nineteen particulars in 
 which fever exhibits an obvious fimilitude to what he has 
 denominated convuHions in the nervous fyllem. But 
 had the profelTor adduced tenfold the number of fuch 
 particulars as thefe, the nature of the evidence would 
 have been in no degree alFefted. It would have been 
 analogy Hill. To a man poflelfing the expanded mind 
 of Dr. Pv-ulh, it is furely needlefs for me to obferve, 
 that facls, and not analogy., conHitute the only proper 
 and fecure foundation for the eredlion of fyHems, for 
 the eHablifliment of principles, or even for the for- 
 mation of opinions, in fcience. Though analogy be 
 confelfedly a very fair and flowery, yet I am forry to 
 add, that in point of real fcience, it is but little bet- 
 ter than a fruitiefs, field. Though it abound in mat- 
 
 2(fticn of fuimuli. — With an equal degree of propriety might we 
 pronounce the mulclcs to cenhitute a part of the vafcular fyjitm. 
 Becaufe mufcles are known to be furnilhed with 33 abundant 
 fupply of both arteries and veins ; and unlefs blood were con- 
 veyed to them through the former, and regularly returned 
 through the latter, defeription of canals, dife.afe, and death would 
 be the nccellary reftlt. 
 
 ters 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 5^'S 
 
 ters of imagery for the poet’s creative imagination, 
 and be rich in metaphor for the flowing tongue of the 
 orator, yet can it furnilh but little, very little aid 
 to the philofopher’s more accurate and deliberative 
 pen. 
 
 From what I have here faid, let it not be inferred 
 that I mean to deny the doftrine of fever’s being a 
 conviilfton in the vafcular fyflem — ^No fuch thing !— - 
 Perhaps the doctrine is accurately juft. I only wifti 
 to infmuate, that the medical world may without im- 
 propriety hold themfelvcs at liberty, at leaft, to fufpend 
 their opinion refpefting the truth of a pofition, in fup- 
 port of which, the talents and ingenuity of the profeflfor 
 of the inftitutes of medicine in the Univerfity of Penn- 
 fylvania, were able to advance nothing but the evi- 
 dence of analogy * 
 
 * A medical friend of equal learning, acumen, and ingenuity, 
 did me the favour of looking over the preceding obfervations 
 relative to the cunvulfive action of the blood veifels in fever. 
 After .-having confidered them well, he fuggefted to me the 
 prohahility of my not having done literal juftice to Dr. Rufh in 
 alleging, that his only evidence exhibit- d in favour of the po- 
 fition, that fever is a convulfion In the arterial fyftem, is nothing 
 more than the evidence of analogy. This fuggefllon led me to 
 a farther and more attentive examination of the Doiflor’s trea- 
 tife on the proximate caufe of faver. Nor, has fuch examination 
 had the flighted tendency to make me change the ground | 
 had originally chofen, I muft fill humbly conceive, that the 
 profefibr’s beautiful fabric of argumentation is exclufively built 
 on the bafis of analogy. It Is true. Indeed, he has told us that 
 an irregularity of arterial afUon is eafily difcoverable hy the 
 
 L 1 2 fenfe 
 
516 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [AppESDir. 
 
 II. The next particular I fliall mention in which 
 Doctors Rulh and Darwin differ with refpeft to their 
 views of fever, relates to the divifion or di/iindiions of 
 this difeafe. Thus, Dr. Rufli declares fever to be a 
 fimple unit, ,and confiders all the different forms under 
 which it occafionally appears, as nothing more than 
 particular dates of the fame original affection. But 
 Dr. Darwin, on the other hand, views fever as divi- 
 fible into feveral drflinct fpecies. 
 
 fenfd of touch. Tilts obfervatlon is certainly fomided on nume- 
 rous and well eflablifhcd fact'. — In fever the arterial a<flinn is, in 
 moft cafes, truly /Vrenu/ar : But every Irregularity of action does 
 not neceflarily coaftitute convulfton, agreeably to the common 
 acceptation oi the term. Confeious of the truth of this circum- 
 ftance, the Doftor proceeds to attempt an efia’F)liihment of the 
 really cxivulfive nature of that irregularity of arterial aiftion, 
 which he confiders as the proximate caufe of fever. In this at» 
 tempt he acknowledges himfelf, that he only treads on analogi- 
 cal ground. His own words will conftitute the heft tdlimony 
 in favour of the truth of what I here advance. “ This irregul.ir 
 aalon,” fays the profeffor, “ is in other words, z. con’uuJfion in 
 the fanguiferous, but more obviouily in tlie arterial fyftem. 
 That this is the cafe I infer from the flridl analogy between fymp- 
 toms of fever, and convu'.fions in the nervous f) ftem. I lhall 
 briefly mention the particulars in which this analogy takes 
 place.” 
 
 From the fhort quot.ition, Ihope and prefume, it will appe.rr 
 fulhciently obvious, that I have neither intended, nor done, even 
 rhe fliadow of injuRice to the real nature and fpirit of Dr. Rufh’s 
 reafonlng on this intricate fiibje<5t : but that, on the other hand, 
 I have the unequivocal fanction of his own words, in confidering 
 the evidence helms offered as nothing more than ths evidence 
 ®f anal'ipy. 
 
 Hii 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 517 
 
 His firft, and moiT general divifion of fever, \vouId 
 appear to be that which contemplates this difeafe as 
 either irritative or fenfitive. Irritative fever he di- 
 vides into fimple and compound. Simple fever he again 
 fubdivides into what he calls fehris irritata” and 
 ^'■febris inirritata” his fpecific definitions of which, he 
 has laid down in the fupplement to the preceding 
 work. Compound fever he has not divided into dif- 
 tinft fpecies, but has declared it to be of different im- 
 port and danger, accordingly as different parts of tbs 
 fyfiem are arrefled by torpor. As well, however, as I 
 now recollefl, a torpor of the fiomach appears to be 
 with him a caufa fine qua non of his compound de- 
 feription of fever. Senfifi-ve fever is that in which 
 there exrfls pain in confequence of the occurrence 
 of aftual and topical inflammation. Although 
 Dr. Darwin has not fpoken pointedly, refpefting 
 the divifibility of this defeription of fever ; yet 
 from the fpirit and nature of his general plan, it is 
 obvious that he muft confider it as particularly modified 
 by the occurrence of the inflammation in different parts 
 of the body. 
 
 This point of difference in opinion between thefe 
 two great men, may with propriety be confidered as 
 a fubjeft peculiarly favourable for rem.ark and dif- 
 cuffion. I fliall content myfelf, however, with fimply 
 obferving, that the theory of Dr. Rufli, by, lens-like, 
 concentrating our views on the fubjecl of fever, by 
 confining our attention to a unity of caufe, and, in forne 
 meafure alfo, to a unity of efleft, is well calculated for 
 
 L 1 
 
 Introducing 
 
 o 
 
5i8 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [ArpPKDix. 
 
 introducing into the prafHcc of medicine, a peculiarly 
 bold and defirable fimpHcity. While, on the other 
 hand, that of Dr. Darwin, by refering us to a much 
 lefs definitive caufe, and pointing us to a greater 
 multiplicity of effects, tends more to dii'ide^ I had 
 almofl faid to dijirad, the attention, and thus tends 
 to give birth and continuance to a defcription of prac- 
 tice lefs fimple, and perhaps I may add, in fome cafes, 
 lefs energetic and juft. 
 
 III. A third particular in which thefe two celebrated 
 phyficians differ widely in their views from each other, 
 is that refpecling the embryo or earlleft ftage of fever. 
 Dr. Ruth, for example, appears to confider fever, 
 from'the firft dawning of its onfet, as aftually a dif- 
 eafe of the whole fydem^ and holds the arteries to be 
 the part more immediately attacked. Thus in the 
 fourth volume of his Medical Inquiries and Obferva- 
 tions, page 130, he difclofes his belief on this fubje£f in 
 the following words, “ The ftimuli which induce the 
 irregular aftion or convulfion of fever, acf for the moft 
 part, primarily upon the fanguiferous, and particu- 
 larly, upon the arterial fyftem.” From this, taken in 
 conjunftion with other claufes which might be adduced 
 from his writings, it is fufficiently evident that the Doc- 
 tor confiders fever as originally a general and idiopathic 
 difeafe of the arterial fyftem. Very different from this 
 however is the belief of Dr. Darwin. He confiders 
 fever as a difeafe of fympathy or affociation, and holds, 
 it therefore to be, in its earlicft invafion, nothing more 
 than a topical In no part, indeed, of his 
 
 writings. 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE 'ON FEVER. 
 
 519 
 
 writings, as well as I now recolleft, has he, in exprefs 
 and unequivocal terms, told us, that he views fever, 
 in its firft attack, as nothing more than a local difeafe. 
 But no matter for that. Such a belief is wholly infe- 
 parable from that of its being a difeafe of fympathy. 
 If it v/ere not originally a local affection, in what man- 
 ner could it poffibly be communicated from part to 
 part of the fyhem, in fubfervience to the principles 
 and laws of affociation ? Such an event would be 
 wholly imprafticable. In confideration, therefore, 
 of its original locality, and of fuch locality alone^ can 
 this event be prefumed to take place. For were its 
 firil onfet of general extent, it is needlefs to obferve, 
 that there would be no particular part exempt , from 
 difeafe, to which a fubfequent commumication by fym- 
 pathy or affociation could be efeffed. It is therefore 
 hafficiently obvious, tliat in the very nature of the be- 
 lief of fever’s being a difeafe of affociation or fyrnpa^ 
 thy, is neceffarily interwoven that of its being, in its 
 earlielHtage, nothing more than a local affeffion*. 
 
 ■* Should -it be inquired, what advantage can eventually - 
 lefult froin coniidering fever as originally a topical, and after- 
 wards as a fympathetic difeafe \ I anfwer, the advantage may 
 probably be confiderable. Such a doctrine tends to lead phyf. 
 clans to a more accurate invedigation of the radical feats cf 
 fever, and confequently to a more judicious application of topi- 
 cal remedies, for the purpofe of rendering them productive of 
 -.general efFedts. This dodtrine may alfo lead to fuccefsful \no:v.~ 
 Jatio7i in certain contagious fevers wlilch are not at prefent com- 
 ■muiKcated in that way. 
 
 XI 
 
 4 
 
 Perhaps 
 
520 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 f Appendix. 
 
 I have already intimated that in this particular point 
 of doftrine (however novel and erroneous it may 
 appear to fome) I am difpofed to favour and adopt 
 the opinion of the Britifh phyfician. I have formerly 
 
 Perhaps the moft rational explanation of the well known dif- 
 ference between the violence of the inoculated and natural fmall- 
 pox, may be deduced from a knowledge of the intricate and 
 interefting fubjecl of fympathy. Dr. Darwin fuppofes that :hat 
 particular defcription of fmall-pox denominated the conjiuent^ 
 refults from the immediate lodgement of variolous matter in the 
 flomach, becaufe that vifcus is poffeffed of fuch an extenfive 
 and powerful fympathy with the ether parts of the body. The 
 diftindl fmall-pox, when communicated in the natural way, he 
 confiders as originating from the fixation and confequent adion 
 of the variolous contagion on the tonfils, or on fome other part 
 of the fauces or throat. The difference between the violence 
 and danger of thefe two varieties of difeafe, our author very 
 ingenioufly confide- s as refulting from the difference between 
 the fympathizing powers of the parts where the variolous mat- 
 ter is originally lodged. The ftomach, for example, being the 
 moft powerful feat of fympathy, gives origin, when originally 
 infeded, to a confluent and dangerous variety of fmall-pox. 
 Whereas the tonfils and throat, fympathizing lefs powerfully 
 with the reft; of the fyftem, give rife, when infedted, to a dif- 
 tind and lefs formidable defcription of difeafe. 
 
 On the fame principle may we attempt an explanation of the 
 ftill fuperior mildnefs of the inoculated fmall pox. That part 
 of the body into which the matter of contagion is generally in- 
 troduced, poffeffes but weak powers of fympathy with the fyf- 
 tem at large. The violence and danger of the fubfequer.t dif- 
 eafe would appear, therefore, to cerrefpond in degree with the 
 fympathizing power of the part on wliich the variolous conta- 
 gion produced its earlieft effeds. 
 
 The 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 521 
 
 affigned, in part, the reafons by which I am principally 
 influenced. It may not however be amifs to be fome- 
 what more particular and explicit on this curious and 
 interefling fubjeft. 
 
 The laft praflical advantage I fliall mention as likely to re- 
 fult from coiilidering fever as originally a local alFedion, is the 
 happy tendency which fuch confideraiion would probably have 
 to induce patients to apply for medical aid at a very early 
 period of this difeafe. Thus, for example, in cafes of the bites 
 of ferpsnts, or of animals aifeiled wdth rabies cajihm, the im- 
 portance of an early application for relief is univerfally known 
 and acknowledged. On w’hat circuraftance, I would beg leave 
 to a&, is founded this acknowledgment of the fupreme import- 
 ance of fuch application ? Is it not on that, of thcfe melancholy 
 affeiftions being originally of nothing more than a local nature 
 and extent I The poifons introduced into the wounds occafioned 
 by the teeth of the animals are as yet, in their effeiils, confined 
 to the feats of their immediate application, and have not pro- 
 duced, in the fyilem at large, the ravages of fympatheiic action. 
 To prevent the occurrence of fuch aftion is the only defidera- 
 turn neceflary for the accomplilhment of a cure. This preven- 
 tion may be, perhaps for the moft part, effedled by early and 
 well direded applications to the original affeflions, while Hill 
 in a local llate. But I need not add, that if the difeafes be 
 fuffered to become general, through the medium of fympathy, 
 they too often bid defiance to the bell direfted efforts of the 
 healing art. 
 
 Similar obfervatlons may be made with refpedl to the fubjeft 
 of fever, efpecially of that which derives its origin from miaf- 
 ma or human contagion. Such fever is nothing elfe than 
 the effeift of a peculiar applied to a particular y.'z/-/', not 
 
 extended over the WWe, of the living fyftem. To this part is 
 its primary adtion confined, and confiicutes, therefore, originally 
 a local difeafe. Tins difeafe often retains its local charadler 
 
 for 
 
5S2 
 
 JJOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 It Is a maxim in phyfics, which will not, I prefumc, 
 be denied, nor even controverted, that tire primary 
 and immediate aSiion of a caufe cannot, in extent, be 
 paramount to that of the caufe itfelf. This m.axim is 
 fairly deducible from the univerfally acknowledged 
 truth, that a caufe cannot immediately ncl where it 
 does not pofitively exi/l. Thus, for example, the 
 particles of add and alkali do not aci on, and neutra- 
 lize each other, unlefs they be brought into imme- 
 diate contad. The fragrance of a rofe does not regale 
 us beyond the fphere to which its odoriferous particles 
 are wafted on the atmofphere. The fluid of light can- 
 not difeover to us any of the properties of furrounding 
 objeds, unlefs it be admitted into adual contact with 
 the optic nerve. Nor can the fubtle matter of heat 
 raife the temperature, or augment the bulk of any 
 part of a body, unlefs fuch part be fubjeefed to the 
 immediate impulfe and aftion of its particles. 
 
 for a confiderable time, as we have reafon to believe from the 
 period which not unfrequently elapies after tlie original appli- 
 cation of the poifon, before it appears under a general deferip- 
 tion or form. During the continuance of lucli locality is doabt- 
 Sefs a very favourable time for the fnccefs of preventative ap- 
 plications. Were patients, during this eventful period, to apply 
 Icr medical aid, and had phyficians a perfect knowledge of the 
 aSual feat of difeafe (a knoMedge no doubt in the power of 
 dbfervation to acquire) I have no hefitaticn in believing, that 
 the direful effeQs of miafma or human contagion might be, at 
 lead, as certainly (perhaps I may fay much more certainly) 
 prevented, than tbofe arifing from the ai5lion of the poifon of 
 ftrpent', or of that of anim?.ls affeited by catv.ne madr.eis. 
 
 u 
 
5^3 
 
 Appendix.] NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 In like manner, human contagion, miafmata refult- 
 ing from the decompofition of animal and vegetable 
 fubflances, or whatever other agents may be deemed 
 produftive of fever, cannot be admitted, nor even fup- 
 pofed, to produce their primary elfefts on any other 
 parts of the living body than thofe to which they arc 
 immediately applied. Can it then be alleged, that 
 the feat of the aftual application of thefe agents is at 
 all times extended over the whole of the fyftem ? 
 Such a fuppofition is certainly inadmijfible, not to cha- 
 rafterize it by the epithet abfurd. But even if they 
 could be primarily applied to every portion of the 
 body, hill it appears probable, that there are only 
 certain peculiar parts on which they are capable of 
 originally producing their morbid effefts. On parrs 
 defended by real cuticle in an unbroken (late, it is 
 firongly prefumable, that neither miafma nor human 
 contagion are able to operate, at leaft in their ufual 
 degrees of concentration and hrength. Thus w^e 
 know that variolous matter may be applied to the un- 
 chafed cuticle without giving origin to the flighted 
 complaint. A fimilar obfervation may, in like man- 
 ner, be often applied to matter difcharged from a ve- 
 nereal chancre. At other times, however, fuch is the 
 ftrength of this latter defcription of contagion, that it 
 will produce its fpecific effefts even through the un- 
 organized cuticle itfelf. It appears to be a general 
 truth, to which there exift few if any e?rceptions, that 
 fuch defcriptions of human contagion as are capable of 
 giving birth to fever, do vot, perhaps I may fay can- 
 not^ 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [Appesdia. 
 
 5 -’4 
 
 not, originally exert their pernicious influence on flich 
 parts as are defended by an unbroken cuticle. This 
 reduces the fphere of their primary action on the fyf- 
 tem of man to a very narrow compafs. The mouth 
 appears to be the great port of admiflion for almofl: 
 all febrile contagions into the human body. By 
 the funftions of refpiration and deglutition, they are 
 ultimately conveyed to the feats of their original ac- 
 tion. Here they meet with parts readily fufceptible 
 of their operation and influence, becaufc fuch parts 
 are not defended by a membrane comipletely inor- 
 ganic. On thefe they fix, and appear doubtlefs to be, 
 in their earliefl elfefts, locally confined to the fpots of 
 their aflual application. 
 
 In the mouth, then, in the fauces, the pharynx, the 
 larynx, the trachea, the lungs, the cefophagus, the 
 flomach, or in fomc other part of the alimentary ca- 
 nal, mufl: we fcarch for the original nidus of mofl; * 
 contagious fevers. The contagious mattei', whether 
 inhaled during an aft of infpiration, or taken in along 
 with aliment or drink, attaches itfelf to one or more 
 of the foregoing parts. On fuch parts it would ap- 
 pear to produce its earlieft elicfts under the form of 
 local difeafe. To the fyflem at large thefe eifefts mufl 
 
 * The reader will obferve that I have fa'd the above men- 
 tioned parts appear to be the original feats of mofl, but perhaps 
 not neceffarily of alt, contagious fevers. For I have indeed no 
 hefuation in believing, that other contagion.", befides that of the 
 fmall-pox, m '.y alfo become productive of fever, by being :n- 
 .i'erted beneath the cuticle by means of ir.cificri oi" punfture. 
 
 ncoelTarily 
 
A?PE>!DIX.} 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 525 
 
 neceffarily be communicated through the medium of 
 the laws of fym.pathy or afibciation. Phyficians da 
 not call into queftion the exigence of a general fym- 
 pathetic fever, refulling from the derangement or fuf- 
 penfion of the natural actions of a part in confequence 
 of wounds, contufions, or the infertion of variolous 
 matter in cafe of inoculation for the fmall-pox. V/hy 
 then may they not in like manner admit, that a fever 
 equally fympathetic may, and actually does, originate 
 from an equal derangement or fufpenfion of the natu- 
 ral and healthy action of fome part of the primm vire,, 
 in confequence of the operation of a contagious poi- 
 fon ? I mud, for ray own part confefs, that I conceive 
 a belief in the aftual occurrence of fuch an event, ta 
 be founded on evidence equally refpeftable with that 
 adduced in fupport of feveral pofitions, which are even 
 honoured v/ith the appellation of principles in medical 
 fcience. Thus am I therefore difpofcd, from my pre- 
 fent views on the fubjeft of fever, to decide with Div 
 Darv/in in favour of its being a difeafe of alTociatioii 
 or fympathy. 
 
 IV. A fourth particular, of - general import, in 
 which Dr. Darwin and Dr. Rufli appear to differ 
 with refpecl to their views oi fever ^ relates to the 
 date of the pulfe eiTential to the nature or conditution 
 of that difeafe. Dr. Darwin, for example, would 
 feem to connder a preternatural freque'ncy of arterial 
 pulfation as the only unequivocal criterion to difcH- 
 minate fever from, certain other difeafes, to which the 
 fydem of man is occafonally fubjeded. That this is 
 
 his 
 
526 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [ApFENDir. 
 
 his belief, will appear evident from the face of the 
 following claufe, extra£i:ed from the Supplement to 
 his work, containing an expofition of his theory of 
 fever. “ But as the frequency of the pulfe,” fays the 
 Do£l:or, “ occurs both in the ftate of torpor, and in 
 that of orgafm, of the heart and arteries ; this confti- 
 tutes a criterion to dihinguifli fever from other dif- 
 eafes, which are owing to the torpor of fome parts of 
 the fyffem, as parefis, and hemicrania.” Here our 
 author is fo explicit on the fubjeft that, in my view, a 
 mere citation of his words is alone fufheient to im- 
 prefs us with a conviftion of his belief, that a preter- 
 natural of pulfe ought to be confidercd as 
 
 the diftinguiihing phenomenon or cliaracferiflic of 
 fever. 
 
 Very different, however, from that of Dr. Darwin 
 appears to be the opinion of Dr. Rufli on this parti- 
 cular point of phyfical inquiry. This latter medical 
 philofopher evidently confiders a preternatural fre- 
 quency of arterial aftion, as nothing elfe than an oc- 
 cafional concomitant, or at beft as a fubordinate fymp- 
 tom of the febrile ffate of the fyflem. An irregularity 
 of aftion in the fanguiferous veffels, but more efpeci- 
 ally in the arteries, he holds to be the great criterion 
 or charafteriflic of fever. The quotation of a fmgle 
 claufe from the profeffor’s Treatife on the Proximate 
 Caufe of Fever, will furnifli the bed illudration of his 
 views on this fuhjeft. — “ Fever,” fays he, “ (when 
 not mifplaced) confifls in morbid excitement and irre- 
 gular action in the blood-veffels, more efpecially in the 
 
 arteries. 
 
Appendix.} 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER, 
 
 527 
 
 arteries. This morbid excitement, or irregular aftion 
 manifehs itfelf to the fingers, when preffed upon tlie 
 radial artery, by preternatural Jlowlefs, intermiflions 
 and deprefilon in what are called inflammatory fevem, 
 and by preternatural frequency v/ithout fulnefs or 
 force, in what are called typhus fevers.” 
 
 From the fpirit of this paflfage it would appear, that 
 Dr. Rufli does not confider frequency of pulfe as par. 
 ticularly charafteriflic of any defcription of fever, ex- 
 cept what is ufually denominated typhus by medical 
 praflitioners. It is an irregularity of arterial pulfation 
 to which his views are principally directed. This he 
 holds as a conditio fine qua non of the exiflence of 
 fever \ or rather he confiders it as fever itfelf. Fre- 
 quency of arterial aftion he alleges to be producible 
 by other caufes than that of real morbid excitement. 
 Thus he. obferves, that excefs of aftion often refults 
 from violence of exercife, and that frequency of pulfe 
 never fails to accompany fear, and other direftly de- 
 bilitating caufes. Here, however, he declares the 
 action to be ftill regular, and therefore, very different 
 from that irregularity of aftion producible only by 
 morbid excitement, and which conftitutes the proxi- 
 mate caufe of fever. 
 
 Before difraifling this point of medical inveffigation, 
 we would beg leave to obferve, that the criterion for 
 fever propofed by Dr. Darwin appears, to be fallaci- 
 ous ; while that by Dr. Ruflx deferves to be confldered 
 as much lefs exceptionable. Whether or not future 
 difeoveries in feience may yet polfefs us of a febrile 
 
 tell 
 
5CS NOTE ON FEVER. [Appendix. 
 
 tefl: more accurate and valuable than either, is an 
 event, on the probability of which we prefume not 
 at prefent to determine. 
 
 V. The fubjeft of IndireB debility conflitutes the 
 hH particular of a general nature, to which I fliali 
 folicit the attention of the reader, as giving rife to a 
 diverfity of opinion between Doftors Darwin and 
 Ruhr. On this head my obfervations fliall be neither 
 numerous nor lengthy. Doftor Rulh alleges that in- 
 direft debility, when induced in a certain way, aifefts 
 the fyftera by an accumulation of excitability equal to 
 that which refults from that defeription of debility 
 denominated diredl. “ This increafe of excitability,’* 
 obferves the learned profeffor, “ is faid by Dr. Brenvn 
 to be confined to a fiate of direfl debility, but it takes 
 place in all cafes of indiredl debility, where it is fud- 
 denly induced upon the fyfiem.” 
 
 On this curious point of pathology Dr. Darwin 
 would appear to entertain a very different opinion. I 
 do not indeed at prefent recolleft, that he is in any 
 one part of his writings particularly full and explicit 
 on the fubjeft. But from a general fpirit which per- 
 vades the whole of them, it is evident, that he con- 
 fiders indirect debility as an exhauftion of one or more 
 of the fenforial powers ; and that the parts thus ex- 
 haufled are not capable of being roufed to fubfequent 
 aftion by the ufual impreffion of fhimuli, before thefe ' 
 powers fliall have been again refcored by a temporary 
 torpor or Hate of rell. Nor does the Doftor flate 
 any circuraflance as conllituting an exception to what 
 
AppfiSDIX.i 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 529 
 
 he confiders, and advances, as a general fruth. He 
 does not intimate that there exlfts any difference in 
 the refult with refpeft to remaining escitabilify, be- 
 tween a Rate of exhauffion or indireft debility fud~ 
 denlj induced, and th;it which has been effected in a 
 more gradual manner. In either cafe he would feeiii 
 to prefume on an equal expenditure of fej^erial power, 
 without the prefence of which, no parts are capable of 
 affuming the motions of life. The fubjeft is doubtlefs 
 an intricate one, and Rands perhaps in need of farther 
 obfervation and refearch, before any deduction rela- 
 tive to it can with propriety be reared to the dignity 
 of a principle in fcience. 
 
 Having thus haftily traced a few differences in opi- 
 nion between Dr. Darwin and Dr. Ruff, in matters 
 of general import in the theory of fever, I ffall now 
 take the liberty of giving a very brief ffatement of 
 farther difagreement between the opinions of thefc 
 two celebrated charaiRers, in certain particulars of 
 fubordinate moment. 
 
 In his ratio fymptematiwi^ or expofition of the theory 
 of fymptoms. Dr. Ruff obferves, that “ local pains 
 in the head, bread:, and bones, in fever, appear to be 
 the effects of the irregular determination of the blood 
 to thofe parts, and to morbid aftion being thereby in- 
 duced in them.” Whereas Dr. Darwin would aflign, 
 as the caufe of thefe pains, the exidence of a torpor ^ 
 and a confequent accumulation of fenforiat poxuer in 
 the parts where fuch fymptoms immediately occur. 
 
 The 
 
 VoL. II. 
 
 M m 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 [AppEsT):'r. 
 
 53.0 
 
 The difpofition to vomit, which often proves fo 
 troublefome in cafes of fever, Dr Rufli attributes to 
 “ morbid excitement in the veffels of the Jiomach 
 while Dr. Darwin would appear to deduce the fame 
 fymptom from a torpor, giving birth to the retrograde 
 movements of this organ. 
 
 Cojiivsnefs Dr. Rufli conflders as refulting from a 
 “ defefe of excitement or natural acbon” in the 
 bowels 5 whereas Dr. Darwin alleges this fymptom 
 of difeafe to fpring, at leafl: in many inftances, from 
 an increafed aftivity in the funftions of the lymphatics 
 and abforbents of the inteftines. In confequence of 
 this increafed activity, the inteflinal contents are rob- 
 bed of the whole of their fluidity, and the reflduum 
 becomes too firm to be eafily protruded forward by 
 the periftaltic motions of the furrounding tube. 
 
 The drynefs of the flein, which fo uniformly occurs 
 in mod: cafes of fever, Dr. Rufli fuppofes to depend 
 Amply on “ diminiflied aftion in the veflels which 
 terminate on the furface of the body.” This fymp- 
 tom is, however, explained by Dr. Darwin in a very 
 different way. This ingenious philofopher does not 
 appear to admit, nor even to fufpefe, a diminution of 
 acHon in the fecreting or exhaling veflels which termi- 
 nate on the fuperficies of the body, particularly in 
 cafes where the fldn retains its ufual, or has acquired 
 an increafed, degree of temperature. Nor does he 
 believe that there is a lefs quantity of perfpirable 
 matter difeharged than in a healthy ftate. He even 
 fui'peOs the quantity to be confiderably greater ; but 
 
 alleges. 
 
A ■PP^KDIX.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 53 * 
 
 alleges, that it is no fooner thrown out on the Hein 
 than it is again removed partly by the procefs of eva- 
 poration ; but perhaps chiefly by the increafed aftion 
 of that branch or diviflon of abforbent velTels which 
 ■originate on the furface of the body. This explana- 
 tion by Dr. Darwin is recommended to our notice by 
 a conflderable degree of fpeculative ingenuity ; but it 
 would feem to ftand in need of certain experiments, 
 and farther obfervations, before it can be confldered 
 as inverted with the charafter of a well ertablirtied 
 phyfical truth. 
 
 High coloured urine arifes, in the opinion of Dr. 
 Rufh, from an “ excefsH while that of a pale or 
 lighter fhade originates from “ a deficiency, of excite- 
 ment in the fecretory velfels of the kidneys.” Thefe 
 phenomena are accounted for by Dr. Darwin on prin- 
 ciples entirely different. He fuppofes the high colour 
 ■of urine to arife, in mort cafes, from the watery and pel- 
 lucid parts of this fluid, being taken up in confequence 
 of an excefs of aftion in the ahforbenU of the bladder, 
 ■while its palenefs generally originates from a torpor 
 or inaftivity of the fame veflels, whence the more 
 watery portion of the urine is not taken up by ab- 
 forption, but is fuffered to be evacuated in a more - 
 pale or pellucid rtate. On this fubjefl I would beg 
 permiffion to obferve, that a palenefs of the urine does 
 certainly not at all times indicate a deficiency of ex- 
 citement and of aflion in the fecretory velfels of the 
 kidneys. As urine of this defeription is not unfre- 
 cjnently very profufe in quantity, are we not autho- 
 
 M m 3 fifed 
 
532 
 
 NOTE ON FEVEJl. 
 
 [^ApPEKDir. 
 
 j-ife4 to believe, that under fuch circumllances, the 
 fecretpry velTeh of the kidneys are pofleffed of evca 
 jnore than their nfual degrees of afcion? 
 
 Dr. Ruih alleges the drynefs of the tongue in fever 
 to be occafioned by an obftrufHon of fecretion, and 
 its dark and black colour, by a tendency to mortifica- 
 tion.” The firfi: of thefe fymptoms Dr. Darwin fup- 
 pofes to proceed, in part, from an excefilve abforp- 
 tion, and partly alfo from an increafed evaporation, 
 from the furface of the tongue, in confequence of the 
 high temperature of the air which necelfarily fweeps 
 over this organ, as expejled from the lungs in fuccef- 
 five afts of expiration. The colour of the tongue he 
 fuppofes to be altered, for the moil part, by the aflion 
 of aliment or drink. 
 
 On the febrile phenomenon of thirjl. It may not 
 be amifs to fubmit to the reader the following re- 
 marks. This troublefome fymptoro, which Dr. Rufia 
 confiders as probably the effeft of a preternatural 
 excitement of the veflcls of the fauces,” is explained 
 by Dr. Darwin on a dilferent principle. This latter 
 phyfician feems to fuppofc thirll to be fometimes a 
 difagrceabie fenfation fucceeding to a torpor or tem- 
 porary paralyfis of the fnperficiai or cuticular abforb- 
 cnts, in confequence of which they are incapable of 
 taking up from the atmofphere a fufficient quantity of 
 iluid for the purpofes of the fyllem. Somewhat fimi- 
 iar to this is the opinion of Dr. Fordyce on the fub- 
 jefl of tliirfi:, as delivered in his DilTertation on Simple 
 Ifever. 'I hi' author alleges., that the fenfaticn of third 
 
 may 
 
’Appendix.] NOTE ON FEVER. 533 
 
 may refult, not only from an affeftlon of the mouth 
 and fauces, but alfo from a limple deficiency of v\ ater 
 in the fanguiferous fyfiem. At other times he fup- 
 pofes that thiril may arife from the ftate of the fto- 
 mach alone, independently of any affeftion of the 
 mouth, or of any lack of aqueous fluid in the blood. 
 
 Having thus delivered a few comparative obferva- 
 tions on the theories of fever prefented to the public,, 
 by Doctors Darwin and Rufii, I ihall once more invite 
 the reader’s attention to an attempt of the latter ph]^- 
 fician to explain a certain febrile phenomenon, a 
 knowledge of the caufe of which he appears to have 
 juftly confidered as an interefiing defideratum in the 
 fcience of medicine. 
 
 “ It only remains,” fays the learned Profeflbr, “ to 
 explain the caufe, why excefs in the force, or fre- 
 quency of the action, of the blood-vefiels lliould fuc- 
 ceed debility in a part, or in the whole of the body, 
 and be connefted for days and weeks with preterna- 
 tural debility in the mufcles, nerves,, brain, and alh 
 mentary canal. I fliall attempt the explanation of this 
 phenomenon by directing the attention of the reader 
 {o the operations of nature in other parts of ha- 
 works,” 
 
 “ I. A calm,” condnues the Do<!Ior, “ may be- 
 confidered as a fiate of debility in the atmofphere. It 
 predifpofes to a citrrent c^f air. But is this current 
 proportioned to the lofs of the equilibrium of the air ? 
 By no means : It is exceffive in its force, and tends, 
 thereby to defiroy the works of both nature and art,^* 
 
 ‘*3, The 
 
534 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 ^■Appevdit, 
 
 ‘^'^2. The paffions are given to man on purpofe to 
 aid the how and uncertain operations of reafon. But 
 is their a(hion always proportioned to the caufes 
 which excite them ? An acute pneumony, brought 
 on by the trifling injury done to the fyhera by the 
 fatigue and heat of an evening fpent in a dancing- 
 ahembly, is but a faint reprefentation of the imraenfe 
 ■difpropoition between a trifling affront, and that ex- 
 eefs of paffion which feeks for gratification in poifon, 
 ahafilnation, or a duel. The fame difproportion ap- 
 pears between caufe and effecf in public bodies. A 
 iiaffy word, of no mifchievcus influence, has often 
 produced convulfions, and even revolutions, in hates 
 and empires.” 
 
 The Doefor goes on hill farther, to adduce addi- 
 tional inhances of phyfical phenomena, in which there 
 appears an .equal difproportion between the magni- 
 tude of caufe and effeft. Nor does he propofe any 
 other faefs, or attempt any other fpeculation than 
 the Ample addmhion of fuch inhances, for the expli- 
 cation of the very intricate phencanenon to which 
 his views were direffed. 
 
 "With all deference to Dr. Ruflr’s authority as a 
 profeffor, to his dignity as a philofopher, and to his 
 learning and ingenuity as a man, I mnh conceive, 
 that, in the prefent iahance, he has fallen very far 
 dhoia of accomplifliing the obicfl which he held in 
 contemplation. Ilis aim was an explanation of a cer- 
 tain phenomenon intimately conneffed with the know- 
 kdge of fever. But I mull confefs I am not con- 
 vinced 
 
App.endix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 5.35 
 
 vinced that he has, on the prefent occafion, funiifliesl 
 us with any explanation at all. To me 'his obfer- 
 vations appear calculated, not fo much to explain iis 
 to confound. They teach us nothing except our own 
 ignorance of what we would wifli to know. Inftea<5 
 of explaining the interefting phenomenon to wliich 
 they immediately relate, they difcover to our Tiew 
 various other phenomena, equally curious and dihi- 
 cult of explanation. The Profelfor, it mufl be ac- 
 knowdedged, has here furniflied us with certain lights^ 
 but, I am forry to fay, they are '^dim, green lights, 
 of fuch a nature, as tend only to difcover to us fome- 
 what more of the extent of the circle of darknefs 
 by which w^e are unfortunately furrounded. Thofc 
 unacquainted with Dr. RuflFs love of truth, with 
 his abhorrence of fophihical impolition, and with his 
 aftive zeal for the difcovery and eflablifliraent of juft 
 principles in medicine, might be led to believe, that 
 in the prefent inftance, his only willi v/as, to render 
 his readers unmindful of one difficulty, by engaging 
 their attention to the contemplation of others, equal, 
 if not greater, in the fcience of phyfics. We iin<i 
 in his propofed explanation no regular chain of pro- 
 pofitions, ffiedding each an additional gleam on the 
 objeft of his refearch, and by their collective ludre 
 tending finally to refeue it from that night of dark- 
 nefs in which it has been hitherto involved. Inftead 
 of this, w^e are prefented with difficulty preffing on 
 the rear of difficulty, as if the aggregate appearaace 
 of the whole, could in any way diminifli the real 
 magnitude of either. 
 
 What 
 
NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 fApPETDIX. 
 
 535 
 
 What though the wild tornado be a phenomenon 
 difproportioned in magnitude to the deep tranquility 
 of the atmofphere by which it was immediately pre- 
 ceded ? What though the whirlwind of paiTion be even 
 infinitely paramount to the trifling caufe by whfich it 
 was originally roufed ? or. What though there exift 
 ten thoufand other inflances in which effects bear no 
 flaadow of proportion to the caufes from which they 
 originally fprang ? Can a bare enumeration of thefc 
 furnifh a fatisfaffory folution to the propofition, 
 “ Why excefs in the force or frequency of the aftion 
 of the blood-veffels fhould fuccced debility in a part, 
 or in the whole of the body, and be connected for 
 days and weeks with preternatural debility in the muf- 
 cles, nerves, brain, and alimentary canal ?” — Surely 
 it never can. — Such an enumeration can produce no 
 other effect than that of a deeper regret for the num- 
 ber of phyfical phenomena which, from our humili- 
 ating deficiency in fcience, we arc unable to explain. 
 Such an enumeration can only ferve to bring within 
 the fphere of our vifion additional tracts of “ Terra in- 
 cognita,'* without communicating to us the fiightefl 
 information refpefting the nature of the climate, the 
 productions, or the foil. 
 
 Having thus endeavoured to fliow' the infufficiency 
 of Dr. Rufh’s explanation, it may poffibly, by forae, 
 be deemed incumbent on me to attempt one more jufl 
 ani ,fatisfa£tory myfelf. This, however, is an office 
 1 nuft, at prefent, beg permiffion to decline. “ The 
 tripling feion cannot bear what bends the lordly otik.” 
 Nor do I think it expedient to hazard myfelf in the 
 
Appendix.3 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 537 
 
 perils of an enterprize, where the difficulties are of 
 fuch a nature as not to have yielded to the experience 
 and abilities of Dr. Rufh. 
 
 To conclude on the fubjeft of fever. Dr. Rufh has 
 favoured the public with a theory of this difeafe, of 
 which fimpUdty would appear to be the principal aim 
 and charadleriflic. He has attempted, like moft other 
 fyflematic writers, to trace all febrile phenomena im- 
 mediately up to an original unity of caufe. That caufe 
 is, as already obferved, nothing elfe than diforder 
 exifling exclufively in the fanguiferous fyftem. The 
 Doftor would feem to have taken little or no note of 
 any thing amifs either in the abforbents or nerves. 
 Perhaps in this refpeft his theory may not be alto- 
 gether free from exception ; But I prefume not to 
 decide with refpecl to a point of doftrine, on which 
 perhaps fome “ fhadows, clouds, and darknefs flill 
 remain.” 
 
 The theory of fever by Dr. Darwin is much more 
 complicated, and confiderably more difiicult, to be tho- 
 roughly under flood, than that which we have received 
 from the pen of Dr. Rufh. It would, however, be 
 doing equal injuflice to the author, and violence to my 
 own feelings, not to declare, that to me it appears 
 characterized by an uncommon degree of fpeculative 
 ingenuity. Though by no means wholly original, yet, 
 in two refpeCls, it would feem at leafl to border on ori- 
 ginality, and may be therefore confidered, in the pre- 
 fent inflance, as worthy of particular fpecification. It 
 reprefents fever as a difeafe of ajfociation^ and furnifhes 
 
 VoL. II. N n the- 
 
NOTE ON FEVER.' 
 
 [Appendix. 
 
 53 ^' 
 
 the moft happy explication to many morbid pheno- 
 mena by referring them to the aftion of the abforbent 
 fyPiem. Not only in his Supplement on fever, but 
 throughout his whole writings, particularly in his trea- 
 tife on Materia Medica, Dr. Darv/in feems to have, 
 perhaps with much propriety, furpafled other phy- 
 feians in his attention to this important f}dlem of 
 veiTels. By calling to his aid the well known action 
 of the abforbents, he appears to have flied more light 
 on the philofophy of feveral interehing fymptoms of 
 difeafe, than had been eifected either by liis prede- 
 ceffors or cotemporaries in fcience. 
 
 The Darwinian theory of fever will, no doubt, at- 
 tract the attention of many phyncians, will prove a 
 fruitful fource of medical difeuffion, and will probably 
 receive a wxighty and refpeftable advocation. But 
 whether or not it will be able to fet at defiance the hy- 
 dra-oppofition of future times, and thus continue, “ like 
 the Newtonian Philofophy, a rock amid the wafle of 
 ages,” is an event on the probability of which I am 
 unwilling to pronounce. Dies doceat. 
 
 To the medical public? fome apolog}’- would feem 
 •necefiary for the crude and indigelled Hate, in wliich 
 the preceding note on fever is prefented to their atten- 
 tion. Its author flatters himfelf it may be fufficient 
 fbr him to obferve, that the thoughts and obfervations 
 which it contains dropt haflily from his pen, and were 
 mofl; of them necelTarily hurried into the prefs wnthout 
 having undergone even the fhadow of corre^lion. To 
 
 th^ 
 
 4 
 
Appendix.] 
 
 NOTE ON FEVER. 
 
 539 
 
 the “ lima labor‘d the reader will readily perceive 
 they have not been fubjefted. Like the plaintive 
 gholl of the murdered Hamlet, they were prematurely 
 hallened to their account “ with all their imperfections 
 on their head.” Diflruflful of themielves, and confci- 
 ous fuppliants for fpecial favour, they are anxious for 
 an afylum', from the feverity of juftice, in the libera- 
 lity and candour of the enlightened mind. 
 
 THE END. 
 

 ^l^'r ■.-■■•- '•'v'.T.r, '<X\..V' ■. 'r-,^ 
 
 ^ ^ >■■ ii. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .A 
 

A 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 f' • 
 
I 
 
 Darwin 
 
 V.2