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HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 OF 
 
 TRADE. 
 
THE 
 
 8nttquttp, 
 
 HONOR and DIGNITY 
 
 TRADE, 
 
 PARTICULARLY AS CONNECTED WITH THE 
 
 CITY of LONDON ; 
 
 WRITTEN BY A PEER OF ENGLAND, 
 
 AND ADDRESSED TO HIS YOUNGEST SON, AS AN INDUCEMENT TO FOLLOW 
 A MERCANTILE CONCERN. 
 
 PRINTED FOR MACHELL STACE, NO. 12, LITTLE QUEEN 
 STREET, NEAR GREAT GEORGE STREET. 
 
 1813. 
 
486516 
 
 W. SMITH AND CO. 
 
 Printer^, 
 
 KINO STREET, SEVEN DIALS. 
 
It. /?. 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 JL HE Manuscript from which this work was 
 printed, came into the proprietor's possession, 
 with a large collection of original letters and 
 state papers, belonging to the Sidney family, 
 of Penshurst, in Kent. 
 
 The general title is written on the paper 
 cover, in a different hand to that of the manu- 
 script; who the noble author was does not 
 appear : He was not of the family of Sidney, 
 as the two last peers were brothers, and the 
 name and title ceased in Jocelyn Sidney, 
 the seventh and last Earl; who dying in 1743, 
 without issue, the title of Leicester became 
 extinct. 
 
THE 
 
 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 OF 
 
 TRADE. 
 
 AS Trade is the grand object the British Nation has 
 in view, insomuch, that the Speeches from the throne 
 are filled with the royal care for its preservation and 
 support, and the heads of both houses of parliament, 
 are frequently employed to uphold and protect the 
 meanest branches of it. So I think an attempt to 
 shew how honorable commerce has been deemed in 
 all ages and times, in respective flourishing states, is 
 neither a work impertinent nor useless. 1 shall begin, 
 therefore, this review of commerce, with evidencing 
 the opinion and sentiments, and practice, the Jews 
 held in this matter. 
 
 It is on record in ancient story, that at first, com- 
 merce consisted in* bartering corn and cattle for other 
 
 * See Puffendorf de Leg. lib. 5, cap. 5. 
 B 
 
2 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 commodities. To this effect, speaks Homer in the 
 Iliad, lib. (3, ver. 45, and which is thus translated by 
 Mr. Pope : 
 
 " For Diomed's brass arms of mean device, 
 
 " For which nine oxeu paid a vulgar price, 
 
 " He gave his own of gold divinely wrought 
 
 " An hundred beeves, the shining purchase bought." 
 
 For which cause also I conceive that when Theseus 
 coined money, as it is noted by Plutarch, he stamped 
 it with an ox; and in his life of Poplicola, he observes 
 that when the use of money was not common among 
 the Romans, their wealth consisted in cattle; so says 
 he after, their estates were called n^sAia, peculiar 
 from Pecus, i. e. cattle, and they stamped on their 
 ancient money an ox, a sheep, or a hog ; and, even 
 to this day, in the inland part of Barbary, where coin 
 is not in plenty. Mr. Morgan, in his remarks on the 
 life of Mahomet, tells us, page »27, that there the way 
 of counting their wealth, is, by sheep ; a cow goes 
 for ten, an ox for twenty, a breeding mare goes for 
 fifty, or sixty, &c. Thus the trade of the two sons 
 of Adam consisted in these kinds;* Cain being a tiller 
 of the ground, but Abel was a dealer in sheep; to 
 which latter employ, God seems to have given the 
 preference, Gen. chap. iv. And f Cicero de Officiis 
 observes, that Cato the elder, being asked what he 
 conceived the fittest way of improving an estate, an- 
 swered, by feeding cattle well ; and which the next 
 replied, to feed cattle indifferently; and which the 
 
 " Gen. chap. ir. t Lib. 2. Ca. 4th edition. 
 
OF TRADE. 3 
 
 third returned in answer, to feed cattle even badly. 
 It is evident from the 9th chap. 2d book of Chro- 
 nicles, that king Solomon was a great trader to 
 Tarshish, and that therefore, he surpassed all the 
 kings of the earth in riches and in wisdom, and of 
 this trade, Josephus thus speaks:* 
 
 " About this time, Solomon's ships returned from 
 " Ophir, (otherwise called the land of Gold,) with 
 " stones for jewels, and pine-wood in abundance; the 
 " latter was made use of partly for pillars and sup- 
 " porters of the king's temple and palace ; partly for 
 " musical instruments, as harps, cymbals, psalteries, 
 " and the like, for the Levites to glorify God upon, 
 " accompanied with singing. It is to be noted, that 
 " Solomom had never seen so fine a wood before, 
 " differing greatly from that wood that is called deal 
 " in the way of trade betwixt buyer and seller, in 
 " nature of the grain of a fig-tree, only whiter and 
 " more glossy. I thought it not amiss to note this 
 " common mistake, especially being a question that 
 " falls so naturally upon this occasion, into Solomon's 
 " story. This plate-fleet brought the king, six hun- 
 " dred and sixty-six talents of gold, over and above 
 " the merchant's adventure, and what the governors 
 " and kings of Arabia sent him for presents. Of this 
 " gold, he caused to be cast two hundred targets, 
 " weighing six hundred shekels of gold each, and 
 " these he hung in his hall of the Grove of Lebanon. 
 
 " His drinking cups also were of gold, curiously 
 
 * Jewish Antiq. lib. 8. 
 
4 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 " wrought, and garnished with precious stones, and 
 " his other utensils were of the same metal. There 
 " was no trading with money in this case, for the 
 " king had his ships in the sea of Tarsus, that 
 " dealt upon the truck, with foreign nations, and in 
 " exchange for commodities of his own. returned 
 " him gold, silver and ivory : to make this voyage 
 " and return, took up three years." 
 
 But, as Dean Prideaux in his connection gives 
 a more ample account of this trade, and even brings 
 it down almost to our own times, I shall, for that cause, 
 though somewhat long, insert it, in his very words, 
 rather than use worse of my own. 
 
 " This trade," saith the Dean, " they had long 
 " carried on, through the Red Sea, and the straights 
 * ( of Babelmandel ; not only to the coasts of Africa 
 " on the west, but also to those of Arabia, Persia, 
 " and India, on the East; and reaped a prodigious 
 " profit from it. King David was the first who began 
 " it; for, having conquered the kingdom of Edom, 
 " and reduced it to be a province of his empire, he 
 " then became master of two sea-port towns on the 
 " Red Sea, Elath and Eziongeber, which then be- 
 " longed to that kingdom ; and, seeing the advantage 
 " which might be made of the situation of these 
 " two places, he wisely took the benefit of it, and 
 " there began this traffic. 
 
 " There are two places mentioned in Scripture, 
 " to which it was from thence carried on; that is, 
 " Ophir and Tarshish : from the former of these, David 
 
OF TRADE 5 
 
 " in his time, drew great profit. For the three 
 " thousand talents of gold of Ophir, which he is 
 " said, (1 Chron. chap. xxix. ver. 4,) to have given 
 " to the house of God, seems to be of that gold of 
 " Ophir, which he himself had by his fleets in seve- 
 " ral voyages brought to him from thence. For what 
 " he had reserved for this work out of the spoils of 
 " war, the tribes of the conquered nations, and the 
 " public revenues of his kingdom is before mentioned, 
 " (chap. xxiv. ver. 14,) and amounting to a prodigious 
 " sum. The three thousand talents of the gold of 
 " Ophir, which he added, was over and above this, 
 " and out of his own proper goods or private estate, 
 " which he had beside what belonged to him as king; 
 " and how he could increase that so far, as out of that 
 <( only to be able to give so great a sum, can scarce 
 " any other way be accounted for, than by the great 
 " returns which were made him from this traffic ; for 
 " the gold alone amounted to about one and twenty 
 " millions of our money, besides the seven thousand 
 " talents of refined silver, which were included in the 
 " same gift. After David, Solomon carried on the 
 " same traffic to Ophir, and had from thence in one 
 " voyage, four hundred and fifty talents of gold; and 
 " if Solomon got so much in one voyage, well might 
 " David have gained the sum afore-mentioned, in the 
 " several voyages which were made thither for him,from 
 " the time that he had subdued the land of Edom, to 
 " the time of Ins death, which was at least twenty-five 
 " years. But, it must be acknowledged, that Solomon 
 
(j HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 " much improved this trade, not only by his greater wis- 
 " dom, but also by his greater application to all the busi- 
 " ness of it; for not being incumbered and perplexed 
 " with such wars as his father David was, he had more 
 " leisure to attend thereto. And therefore, for the 
 " better settling of it, he went in person to Elath and 
 u Eziongeber, and there took care by his own in- 
 " spection for the building of his ships, the fortify - 
 " ing of both these ports, and the settling of every 
 " thing else, which might tend to the successful car- 
 " rying on of this traffic, not only to Opbir, but to 
 " all other parts, where the Sea, on which these ports 
 " lay, opened a passage. But his chiefest care was 
 " to plant those two towns with such inhabitants, as 
 " might be best able to serve him in this design ; for 
 " which purpose, he brought thither from the coasts 
 " of Palestine, as many as he could get of those who 
 " had been there used to the sea, especially of the Ty- 
 " rians, whom his friend and ally, Hiram, king of 
 " Tyre, from thence furnished him with in great 
 " numbers, and those were the most useful to him in 
 " this affair. For, they being in those days, and for 
 " many ages after, the most skilful of all others in sea 
 " affairs, they were the best able to navigate his ships 
 " and conduct his fleet through long voyages. But 
 " the use of the compass not being then known, the 
 " way of navigation was, in those times, only by coast- 
 " ing, which often made a voyage to be of three years, 
 " which now may be finished almost in three months. 
 " However, this trade succeeded so far, and grew to 
 
OF TRADE. 7 
 
 u so high a pitch under the wise management of So- 
 " lomon, that, thereby he drew to these two ports, and 
 " from tlience to Jerusalem, all the trade of Africa, 
 " Arabia, Persia, and India, which was the chief 
 " fountain of those immense riches which he acquired; 
 " and whereby he exceeded all the king's of the earth, 
 " in his time, as much as he did by his wisdom ; so 
 " that he made silver to be at Jerusalem as the stones 
 " of the street, by reason of the great plenty, with 
 " which it there abounded, during- his reign. After 
 " the division of the kingdom, Edom being of that 
 " part which remained to the house of David, they 
 " still continued to carry on this trade, from those two 
 " ports, especially from Eziongeber, which they 
 " chiefly made use of till the time of Jehosaphat; 
 " but, he having there lost his fleet, which he had pre- 
 " pared to sail from thence to Ophir, in partnership 
 " with Ahaziah, king of Israel, this spoiled the credit 
 ? of that harbour. For, there being nigh the mouth 
 " of it, a ridge of rocks, as this fleet was passing out 
 " of the port, they were, by a sudden gust of wind, 
 " which God sent on purpose, for this confederacy, 
 " driven upon these rocks, where they were all 
 " broken to pieces, and lost. And therefore, for 
 " the avoiding of the like mischief for the future, the 
 " station of the king's ships was thenceforth removed 
 " to Elath : from whence Jehosaphat the next year 
 " after, sent out another fleet for the same place. For, 
 " whereas it is said, that he lost the first fleet for con- 
 " federating with the idolatrous king of Israel ; and 
 
3 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 " we are told in another place, of his sending forth a 
 " fleet from Ophir, in which lie would not let Ahaziah 
 " have any partnership with him. This plainly proves 
 " the sending- out of two fleets by Jehosaphat, the 
 " first in partnership with Ahaziah, and the other 
 " without it ; and thus this affair was carried on from 
 " the time of David, till the death of Jehosaphat: 
 " for till then, the land of Edom was all in the hands 
 " of the kings of Judah, and was wholly governed 
 " by a deputy or vice-roy there placed by them. But 
 " when Jehoram succeeded Jehosaphat, and God for 
 " the punishment of the exceeding great wickedness 
 " of that prince, had withdrawn his protection from 
 " him, Esau, according to the prophecy of Isaac, 
 u did break the yoke of Jacob from off his neck, 
 " after having served him, (as foretold by that pro- 
 " phecy,) for several generations \ that is, from the 
 " time of David, till then. For on Jehoram's having 
 " revolted from God, the Edomites revolted from him, 
 " and having expelled his vice-roy, chose them a 
 " king of their own, and under this conduct reco- 
 " vered their ancient liberty, and were not after that, 
 " any more subject to the kings of Judah. And from 
 " this time, the Jewish traffic through the Red Sea, 
 " had an interruption till the reign of Uzziah ; but he 
 " in the very beginning of his reign, having recovered 
 " Elath again to Judah, fortified it anew, and having 
 " driven out the Edomites, planted it again with his 
 " own people, and there renewed their old traffic, 
 " which was from thence carried on, and continued 
 
OF TRADE. 9 
 
 " till the reign of Ahaz. But then, Rezin, king of 
 " Damascus, having- in conjunction with Pekah, king 
 " of Israel, oppressed and weakened Judali, to that 
 " degree which I have mentioned, he took the ad- 
 " vantage of it to seize Elath, and driving out the 
 " Jews from thence, planted it with Syrians, pro- 
 " posing thereby to draw to himself the whole profit 
 " of that traffic of the Southern Seas, which the 
 " kings of Judah had hitherto reaped by having that 
 " port. But the next year after, Ziglath-pilezer 
 " having conquered Rezin, and subdued the kingdom 
 " of Damascus, he seized with it Elath, as then be- 
 " longing to his new conquest, and without having 
 " any regard to his friend and ally, king Ahaz, or 
 " the just claim which he had thereto, kept it ever 
 " after, and thereby put an end to all that great 
 " profit which the Jews till then had reaped from 
 u this traffic, and transferred it to the Syrians, 
 " which became a great diminution of their wealth. 
 " For although they did not always carry it on with 
 " the same full gales of prosperity as in the time of 
 " King Solomon, yet it was constantly as long as 
 " they had it, of very great advantage to them. For 
 " it included all the trade of India, Persia, Africa, 
 " and Arabia, which was carried on through the Bed 
 " Sea. But after Rezin had thus dispossessed them 
 " of it, they never had it any more restored to them, 
 " but were ever after wholly excluded from it. From 
 " thenceforth, all the merchandize that came that 
 " way, instead of being brought to Jerusalem, was 
 
 c 
 
10 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 u carried elsewhere. But at what place the Syrians 
 " fixed their principal mart for it, while it was in 
 " their hands, is no where said. But at length, we 
 " find the whole of it engrossed by the Tyrians, who 
 u managing it from the same port, made it by the 
 " way of Rhinocorura, (a sea-port lying between the 
 " confines of Egypt and Palestine) centre all at 
 " Tyre ; and from thence they furnished all the 
 " western parts of the world with the wares of India, 
 " Persia, Africa, and Arabia, which thus by the way 
 " of the Red Sea they traded to ; and hereby they 
 " exceedinolv enriched themselves, during- the Per- 
 " sian empire, under the favour and protection of 
 " whose kings, they had the full possession of this 
 " trade. But, when the Ptolemy's prevailed in 
 " Egypt, they did by building Berenice, Myos-Hor- 
 " mos, and other ports in the Egyptian or Western 
 " side of the Red Sea, (for Elath and Eziongeber 
 " lav on the Eastern) and by sending forth fleets 
 " from thence to all those countries, to which the 
 ** Tyrians traded from Elath, soon drew all this 
 " trade into that kingdom, and there fixed the chief 
 " mart of it at Alexandria, which was thereby made 
 " the greatest mart in all the world, and there it 
 ** continued for a great many ages after ; and all the 
 " marine traffic which the western parts of the world 
 " from that time had with Persia, India, Arabia, 
 " and the eastern coasts of Africa, was wholly car- 
 " ried on through the Red Sea, and the mouth of the 
 " Nile, till a way was found, a little above two hun- 
 
OF TRADE. 11 
 
 " dred years since, of sailing to those parts by the 
 " way of the Cape of Good Hope. After this, the 
 " Portuguese for some time managed this, but now 
 " it is in a manner wholly got into the hands of the 
 " English, and Dutch. And this is a full account 
 " of the East India trade, from the time it was first 
 u begun by David and Solomon to our present age."* 
 The prophet Isaiah f speaking of this trade of 
 Tarshish and Tyre, calls it the crowning city, whose 
 merchants are princes, whose trafficers are the honour- 
 able of the earth. And our Lord J himself likeneth 
 the kingdom of Heaven to a merchant-man seeking 
 goodly pearls. And St. John§ declares the mer- 
 chants to be the great men of the earth. And the 
 great apostle so far encourages trade and industry, 
 that he pronounces that those which provide not for 
 their household, deny the faith, and are worse than 
 infidels. || It being thus evident that Solomon lived 
 in greater pomp than any other king, before or since ; 
 whose very utensils were gold, and all whose amazing 
 splendour accrued from a flourishing trade ; for, of 
 
 * Josephus speaks of two brothers, Jews, named Asinaeus and 
 Arilaeus, by trade, weavers, which trade, says he, is accounted no 
 disparagement among those people, who, by their valour and resolu- 
 tion, made themselves allies of Artabanes, king of Parthia, with 
 whom he cultivated a league, and made them chief directors in 
 -Mesopotamia. These men were held in universal esteem by the 
 Jews, till, like Solomon, they were ruined by Arilaeus giving him- 
 self up to an idolatrous way, and other vile affections.— Jewish 
 Antiq. ch. xii. 
 
 t Chap, xxiii. § Rev. ch. xviii. v. 23. 
 
 J Matt. ch.xvii. v. 45. n Tim. ch. v. v. 8. 
 
12 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 the extent of the Jewish dominions, St. Hiarom thus 
 speaks, " Quoniam tota Judacoruin Regio aded au- 
 " gusta sit ambiter, ut vix longitudinem habeat 160 
 " milliarum, latitudinem vero 40; and in his etiam 
 " requires, loca urbes at oppida sunt plurima, nun 
 " quam a Judaeis occupata, sed tantum divina polli- 
 " citatione promisa." Because the whole country of 
 the Jews is scarce in length 160 miles, and in 
 breadth, about 40. From the whole, therefore, of 
 what has been cited, it is very evident, that com- 
 merce was well esteemed of among the Hebrews, a 
 people who were under the immediate influence and 
 governance of God ; and, therefore, merchandize 
 with them was fitly esteemed a worthy occupation. 
 
 And if trade was thus reputable amongst the Jews, 
 it was much more so in Greece, for, as the merchants 
 of the first are stiled princes and nobles, so they be- 
 came reputed as Gods to the Greeks. Of these, the 
 Tyrians were a people strongly attached to trade. 
 Appian, of Alexandria, says, that Bryga and Carthage, 
 from industry and trade, acquired almost the total 
 dominion of the seas, and made divers conquests, in 
 Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia, and subdued all Lybia ; 
 and this from a little town, whose dominions at first 
 only extended as far as an ox's hide cut in thongs 
 would reach. App. Bell. lib. c. i. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, * speaking of the city of 
 Tyre, says, for strength and commodity of its harbour, 
 
 • Raleigh's Hist. p. 191. 
 
OF TRADE. 13 
 
 and the better to receive trade from all places, it was 
 by a new erection founded in an island, seven hundred 
 paces from the continent, and therefore Ezekiel 
 placeth it in the midst of the sea, whence he calleth 
 it situate at the entrance of the sea, and also the 
 same prophet calleth it the mart of the people of many 
 isles ; and Isaiah, a mart of the nations. It excelled 
 both in learning- and manufacture, especially in the 
 making- and dying of purple and scarlet, which saith 
 Julius Pollux was first found out by Hercules's dog, 
 v.* ho, passing- along the sea coast, and eating of the 
 fish conchilis, or purpura, the hair of his lips became 
 of that colour. And Loyde, in his Lexicon de tem- 
 porum Mythocorum Historia per Generationes Di- 
 jesta, gives the following * account of Hercules and 
 the Phenician traders : f At the time, says he, that 
 Deborah and Barak judged Israel, a merchant named 
 Alcides, by origin a Phenician, but born in Bcotia, 
 made great voyages, sometimes alone, and some- 
 times with other merchants, some of whom went in 
 their own bottoms, and some as commissioned br- 
 others ; he established on all the coasts a great num- 
 ber of colonies, and, as Greece at that time of day 
 was but thinly peopled, it fell out in many places, 
 that these new inhabitants had as much difficulty to 
 defend themselves from wild beasts, as against the 
 
 * See Bib. Univcr. vol. i. p. 242 — also vol. ii. p. 500. 
 
 1 Mr. Stanyan, in his Grecian History, p. 71, very justly observes, 
 that the Curetes, certain handicraft Phenician traders, were the in- 
 ventors of music, and obtained from Miuos, the dominion of the 
 Seas. 
 
14 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 inclemency of the air; at this time they lived by 
 cattle, and therefore the young men who employed 
 themselves very early to combat with lions and bears; 
 Alcides at eighteen years old killed a lion * on a 
 mountain of Beotia, named Citheron, and which had 
 made great destruction in the flocks of Thespia and 
 Thebes; for this reason the king of Thespia gave 
 him, or his followers, some of his daughters in mar- 
 riage, and ever after Alcides wore the lion's skin he 
 had killed, in the nature of a cloak ; he also killed 
 another lion in the forest of Nenia, which he under- 
 took, by the order of the king of Mycenae, in which 
 country he staid a long time, and there established a 
 colony of merchants or Heraclides ; these men deli- 
 vered the country from divers venomous animals, 
 which infested those parts, as the lake of Lurna, 
 from an infinite number of serpents, in which it 
 abounded, and rendered himself still more famous 
 by the slaughter of divers beasts, as the bears of 
 Ery man thus, and of some wild bulls, notwithstand- 
 ing which it was impossible, that a colony thus 
 newly established in those parts, who over-run the 
 whole country, as well for pasturage as hunting, 
 should not raise up envy in their neighbours; thus 
 in hunting or feeding their cattle, near a mountain 
 in Arcadia, named Pholoc, they quarrelled with a 
 
 • This lion hunting seems to have been carried very late down. 
 Sallust mentions it in his Jugurthan war, ad hoc pleraque tempora 
 in venando, agere, leonem atque alias feras primus aut in prion's fe- 
 rine- Sail, de Belle. Jug. ch. ii. 
 
OF TRADE. lg 
 
 people rich in horses and horned cattle, who were 
 called Centaurs,* which being- interpreted, signifies 
 a driver or hunter of bulls. These people fought on 
 horse-back, whereas the merchants engaged on foot, 
 but, nevertheless were above their match ; for these raw 
 Centaurs were not equal in address to the Phenicians, 
 as also because that part of Peloponnesus was full of 
 mountains and forests, and therefore cavalry was of 
 little use. They had also other broils with certain 
 shepherds, that lived at the extremity of Pelopon- 
 nesus, near to the promontory of Tenedus; from 
 these they took the dogsf they had broug-ht up to 
 guard their cattle, and which they set upon all such 
 as attacked them ; he also set at liberty some attick 
 prisoners, which these shepherds had taken up as they 
 were endeavouring to kidnap some of the inhabitants. 
 After this, Alcides leaving' his colony in Pelopon- 
 nesus, returned to Thebes, and from thence to Eubea 
 upon some concerns where he heard that Euritus had 
 promised his daughter Iole, in marriag-e to him, who 
 could shoot better than himself and sons. Alcides 
 presented himself, and made it appear he was much 
 abler at this exercise than these princes ; but after, 
 they refused him Iole, under a pretence that the 
 Phenicians sacrificed their children to appease the 
 anger of the Gods. Nevertheless, Iphitus, son of 
 
 * Centaurs, of them, vide Ludovicus Vim's notes on the 13th chap, 
 of the 18th book of St. Austin's City of God. 
 
 t This story is, by a poetical science, as Lloyd supposes, turned 
 into the fable of Cerberus. 
 
l(j HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 Euritus, contracted a great friendship for Alcides, 
 but soon after they quarrelled in going' in quest for 
 cattle they had stolen from Euritus. Alcides killed 
 Iphitus; this murder made him take sanctuary with 
 Deiphobus, prince of Amyeles, a town in Laconia, 
 who purified him from his crime, according to the 
 fashion of those days, by plunging him into a river; 
 but after falling sick, he believed that heaven had 
 visited him with this illness, as a punishment for the 
 murder he had committed ; for which cause he formed 
 a resolution to visit a famous priest that lived at Delphi, 
 to endeavour to learn from him how to clear away this 
 scruple of conscience; but meeting no consolation 
 from the priest, Alcides attempted to make himself 
 master of Delphi ■ yet afterwards agreeing with the 
 priest, he learned from him, that to appease his con- 
 science, he should instantly depart from Greece, and 
 make some atonement to Euritus, father of Iphitus, 
 which advice he resolved to follow ; but being arrived 
 at the coast of Asia, he was taken prisoner by the 
 people of Omphala, * queen of Lybia, where he re- 
 mained a captive three years, and from thence escaped 
 with some Phenician vessels, and making a descent 
 in Cappadocia, he was there opposed by both men 
 and women, all the people being united to drive 
 them out; but having plundered them, he returned 
 
 * This story seems to be confounded by Herodotus into a certain 
 amphibious monster; half a serpent, and half a virgin, which Her- 
 cules met with in Scythia, and by whom he had three sons. Vide 
 Herod: Melpomene, lib. 4. 
 
OF TRADE. 17 
 
 to Greece, with the arms he had taken from those 
 women. 
 
 The nearness of Pkrygia, and the riches of the 
 Phrygians, produced a desire in the Phenicians, to 
 seize some port of theirs, advantageously situated 
 for carrying- on a trade with Troy, and to establish 
 themselves there. For this purpose they equipped a 
 fleet of eighteen vessels of fifty oars each, and sailing 
 under the conduct of Alcides, landed at the most 
 convenient place they could find, and there main- 
 tained a foot i no- for some time ; but intestine divisions 
 soon putting an end to this enterprize, they left this 
 place therefore with all their fleet, and arrived at the 
 Isle of Cos, where being* taken for pirates, they 
 could not refresh themselves, but by making a de- 
 scent,* sword in hand. Alcides returning- from thence 
 into Greece, he was anew engaged in divers wars, 
 in order to maintain his colony in Peloponnesus, of 
 which Appottodorus gives an exact account, lib. 2. 
 ch. vii. After this he died in a mountain of Thessaly, 
 named Octa, and his body was burnt after the fashion 
 of the country, and he was ranked in the number of 
 the Gods,f from his great actions. 
 
 This famous merchant made not these voyages by 
 himself, one man could not accomplish such great 
 enterprizes, but the honor of them was attributed to 
 
 * Being here opposed by the women as well as men, from hence it 
 ie conceived, arises the supposed history of his subduing the Ama- 
 zons. 
 
 t De Hercule Tyrio, see Herodotus, lib. 2. ch. lxiv. 
 
 D 
 
18 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 hi in, as being- the chief; besides the name of Alcides 
 which he had from his birth, he was called, by way 
 of excellence, Harokel, from whence the Greeks 
 called him H^unXng, Heracleis, and the Latins, 
 Hercule, a Phenician word, signifying merchant. 
 
 In the above account we may find an easy expla- 
 nation of the labours of Hercules, which are so ele- 
 gantly disguised by the Poets. But, in effect, Alcides 
 did nothing more, (as has been shewn) than to esta- 
 blish Phenician colonies, and a flourishing trade. The 
 Greeks, indeed, embellished his history, and made at 
 length, a God and destroyer of monsters of a man, 
 who had never any other view than to aggrandize his 
 country, and to enlarge its commerce; for this reason, 
 the Greeks and Romans, both esteemed him the God 
 of gain and trade, from whence it often happened, 
 that they devoted to him the tenth part of their 
 profits.* 
 
 But he was not the only merchant of Beotia, that 
 became famous in Greece; I am yet to speak of the 
 actions and voyages of other Tyrian Hercules' s, or 
 Merchants, with which is confounded the actions of 
 this Hercules, from a similitude of circumstances. 
 It was another Tyrian merchant that first ventured 
 into the extremity of the Mediterranean, and landed 
 in Spain, in an island the Phenicians called Gades, 
 
 • Armis Herculis adpostem fixis. — Horace, Epist. i. The learned 
 Dacier observes on this line, that the Ancients dedicated the imple- 
 ments of their trade to this God, when they had left it off, or had 
 done with it. — Dae. Horace, vol. viii. p. 28. 
 
OF TRADE. 19 
 
 which was possessed by three Shepherds' families 
 which they drove away, after having- plundered them 
 of their cattle ; at length they passed the straits of* 
 Merchants, and went into Africa, but he dared not 
 launch too far out into the Ocean. On his return to 
 Phenicia, he reported he had sailed as far as Spain, 
 which he believed the farthest part of the earth; all 
 that he did in Spain, was to establish a colony at the 
 mouth of the Beotis, which he called Thapsus, from 
 a name well known in Phenicia ;f from thence he 
 returned into Africa, where he made some descents 
 on different places, in order to furnish himself with 
 necessaries. At the same time, divers Phenician Her- 
 cules's or Merchants, seized on cattle in Arabia, in 
 Africa, in Sicily, in Italy, and at Rhodes; and this 
 with ill judgment is attributed to him that founded the 
 pillars at Gades. Some other Phenician Hercules's 
 or Merchants, coasted on Italy and Gaul, and the 
 profession they followed, has confounded them with 
 more ancient Merchants of Phenicia ; and, of these, 
 through length of time, some have imagined a single 
 person, but others better read in ancient history, have 
 
 * From hence also came the name of divers other places, as Her- 
 cula Via, the way between the Avernan lake and the Sea. And Her- 
 culeum Tiber, the city Tivoli, in Italy. Htrculis insula in Sardinia. 
 Herculisfarum, in Etruria; and as the Phenicians traded here for Tin 
 anciently, so we have remains of this sort with us, as Herculeum 
 promontarium, or Hertsland's point in Devonshire ; also Herey point, 
 and Hortland point, in Cornwall ; and perhaps from thence our name 
 Herey, or Henry, is derived, signifying of old trading men, or mer- 
 chants, or men rich in goods. 
 
 t Aanari r<*n*i»». Quodundis mersa quomadraodo sepulta Videatnr. 
 
20 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 judged to be divers considerable persons to whom the 
 name of Hercules* has been given, -without consider- 
 ing the meaning of the name, confounding as a proper 
 name, what only signified a profession. 
 
 From what has been said, it is evident, that com- 
 merce was esteemed honourable in Greece ; however, 
 I shall add an instance or two more from ancient 
 authors, to enforce the truth of this matter. 
 
 Plutarch, in his life of Sylla, mentions one 
 Archelaus, a merchant's, being publicly employed to 
 make peace between the Romans and Mithridates ; 
 and in his life of Solon, takes notice, that Solon s 
 father had ruined his estate, in doing acts of kind- 
 ness to other men ; and for that cause, though he had 
 friends both sufficient and able to support him, yet 
 being ashamed to be beholden to others, as coming 
 of an illustrious family, who had been used to do 
 kindness rather than receive any, he applied himself 
 to merchandize in his youth. In those days, says he, 
 according to Hesiod, it was no shame for a man to 
 work, nor did a trade make any difference in quality, 
 for merchandize was a very honourable profession, 
 
 * Quamquain quern potissimuni Hcrculeui colamus, scire sale 
 \elim plures enim tradunt nobis ii qui interiores scrutantur et reeon- 
 ciitas litteras ; antiquissimum, Jove natum, sed antiquissimo item 
 Jove, nam JoTes quoque plures in priscis Graecorum litteris iuveui- 
 inus, ex eo igitur, et aiyto est is Hercules, quern concerta visse cum 
 Apolline de tripode accessimus alter traditur Nilo natus .'Egyptius ; 
 quern ajunt Phrygias litteras conscripsisse. Tertius est ex Idaeis 
 digitis ; cui iuferias atf'eauut Quartus Jovis et Astairiae, Latoniu 
 seroris, qui Tyri tuaxime colitur ; cujus Carthaginem filiam ferunt. 
 Quintius, in India, qui Belus dicitur. Cicero Verburg. p. 1114. 
 
OF TRADE. 21 
 
 which brought home the good things that barbarous 
 nations enjoyed, was the occasion of friendship with 
 their kings, ami the mother of experience in many 
 kinds. Some merchants, says he, have built great 
 cities, as the founder of Massilia, that man so much 
 esteemed among the Gauls, that live about the Rhone. 
 Others also report, that Thales and Hippocrates, the 
 mathematicians, traded ; and Plato defrayed the ex- 
 pense of his travels, by selling oil in Egypt. In 
 Athens, * trade was in such repute, that no man was 
 obliged to maintain his father, unless he had brought 
 him up to one, as Plutarch notes in his life of Solon, 
 and elsewhere, f he maintains that idleness was pub- 
 licly punished, insomuch, that a Lacedemonian being 
 at Athens, when suffered for sloth, desired the com- 
 pany to shew him the man that was condemned for 
 living' like a gentleman. By following this rule, 
 there was none begged at Athens. In those days, 
 
 * Plutarch, Vit. Lycur. 
 
 t Potter observes that Solon divided the Athenians in four ranks., 
 according to every man's estate : viz. First. Those who could with 
 their dry and wet commodities, fill five hundred of their measures, 
 he placed in the first order or degree, and called them Pentucosio me 
 dimnoi. Second. Those who were of ability to furnish out a horse, 
 or could fill three hundred of their measures, he called Hippadu 
 telountes. The third class consisted of those who could fill two 
 hundred measures, which were called Ztugitaz ; and the fourth and 
 last he called Thetce. So it is evident at Athens, men owed their 
 nobility merely to their wealth. — Potter, p. 14. Algernon Sidney 
 observes that the Athenians were inclined to war, but applied them- 
 selves to trade, as subservient to that end, by increasing of the peo- 
 ple, furnishing them with the means of carrying it on, with more 
 vigour and power. — Sidney on Gov. p. 142. 
 
22 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 says Isocrates, there were none that died of want or 
 begged in the streets, to the dishonour of the com- 
 munity. And, in Lucians parasite, Tyquiades asks 
 Simon how it came to pass, that all mankind, g*entle 
 and simple, bond and free, betook themselves to 
 some profession, whereby to become useful in their 
 generation, whilst he alone was without any occupa- 
 tion in the world. And Cleon, the cotemporary and 
 rival of Nicias, * the Athenian general, is said by 
 Ludovicus Vives f in his notes on St. Augustine s city 
 of God, " to be by trade, a leather-seller, although 
 " he was a great general, \ and a leading person in 
 " Athens." From whence it should appear, that all 
 degrees of men in Greece were brought up to some 
 trade or calling, as they are even to this day in 
 Turkey. 
 
 As to the Romans, it is very certain that trade was 
 held in good repute with them, for Livy § observes, 
 that Flaminius, the consul, was hated by the nobility, 
 because he obtained a decree, that no senator, or 
 father of a senator, should keep a bark of above eight 
 tons burthen, for this was esteemed large enough to 
 transport their grain from their farms, and was done 
 with a view to hinder their trading. || However, it 
 
 * Vide Plut. vita Aicias— also Thucydides, lib. 4. and 5. 
 
 t City of God, cap. 9. — notes, letter (d) 
 
 I ZTgaTnxoj, the magistrate, to whose jurisdiction the levying and 
 mustering of soldiers was committed. See Thucydides, lib. 4. 
 
 § Lib. 21. ch. 63. 
 
 || In time, the senators got the better of this law. Tully particu- 
 larly mentions Lentulus, a branch of the illustrious family of the 
 
OF TRADE. 23 
 
 is on record, that the matter was debated with great 
 warmth, and was the cause of much hatred in the 
 nobility to Flaminius, though it procured him the 
 people's love. From whence it may be gathered, 
 that till that time it was usual for the nobles of Rome 
 to trade ; and that they even at last parted with this 
 goodly privilege to the commons, with no small re- 
 luctancy. Notwithstanding which, Cicero,* who 
 was a Itoman senator, gives his sentiments very fully 
 on this subject. " As for merchandize," says he, 
 " it is sordid and mean, when the trade that is driven 
 " is little and inconsiderable ; but when the dealings 
 " are large, f and goods are brought home, to sell 
 " them again without lying or deceiving, we can 
 " kardly say but it is creditable enough; nay, it is 
 " most certainly very commendable, when those who 
 " are concerned in it, only design {after they arc 
 " sated, or rather contented with what they have 
 " gained) to return to the country, as before they 
 " betook themselves to the Haven." There is one 
 thing- very remarkable in the last distinction of this 
 great man, which is, that it exactly tallies with what 
 
 Cornelii, to have been master of the long ship, in which he had 
 promised Cicero to bring to Rome, certain statues, Atticus had pur- 
 chased for him. Lentulus naves suas pvlliceiur. Perhaps, as the 
 senators very unwillingly parted with the privilege of trading, so in 
 time, the law was looked upon as obsolete, and therefore not heeded. 
 See Mongault's two notes in Tully's fifth letter to Atticus. 
 
 * Cicero de Ofhciis, lib. i. ch. 42. 
 
 t If carrying on a great trade is commendable, why has not * 
 man's trading, as much as he is able, also its degree of merit ? 
 
2-1 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 the prophet Isaiah * lavs down as a fit rule in such 
 a case : — " And her merchandize and her hire, shall 
 " he holiness to the Lord; it shall not be treasured or 
 " laid up, for her merchandize shall be to eat suf- 
 " ficiently, and for durable cloathing" The mean- 
 ing- of which is, that merchandize should be so far 
 prosecuted, as to obtain a competent f estate to be 
 enjoyed, and not merely pursued for covetousness, 
 and heaping* up useless sums. 
 
 It may not be amiss here to note, that what Tally 
 observes of lying in trade, is undoubtedly a fit and 
 worthy remark • and any commerce so followed, can- 
 not fail of being 1 dishonourable. The ancient Per- 
 sians, as Herodotus writes in his Clio, lib. i. held the 
 affirming of a falsehood, as a most infamous thing-; 
 " for which cause," says he, " to be in debt, is for 
 " many reasons, the next degree of disgrace ; because 
 " they think such a state is always exposed to the nc- 
 " cessity of lying.' 1 But whether men in trade, or 
 men out of trade, are now-a-days most liable to the 
 last named necessity, I leave to others to determine. 
 
 * Isaiah, ch. 23 v. 18. 
 
 t L'Apctre St. Jaques, suppose nianifestemeiit, qu'on peut abande 
 cote et d'autres, pour negocicr et gagner. ch. 4. v. 13, 14. C'est 
 done une chose indifterente en elle-meme, de sorte que, conirae in 
 peut trafiquer ou innocemment, on d'une maniere contraire a quelque 
 vertu; il n'y a non plus rien de lovable, a s'abstenir du negoce, a 
 moins que ce ne soit pour ne pas donner prise a l'avidite insatiable 
 du gain, a laquelle on se seut quelque disposition, ou pour eviter 
 quelque autre teutation dangereuse. — See Barbeyrac's Grotius, lib i. 
 cap. 2. not. 19. 
 
OF TRADE. 25 
 
 Suetonius Tranquilus, in his life of Au- 
 gustus, * tells us, that his great grandfather, was a 
 tribune in the army, and was by trade a rope-maker, f 
 which mig-ht be, as all the Roman J citizens were 
 obliged to serve in the army, and that the son of this 
 rope-maker § and tribune was a banker, and grand- 
 
 * Vit Octavius, ch. ii. 
 
 t Proavum ex provat restanem arum argentariutu ; and from this 
 pasquil Pater Argentaries, ego Corinthiarius, ch. lxx. 
 
 % However the appellation of citizen is at present taken in France 
 and Italy, yet it is certain the old Romans preferred that title to all 
 others, and looked on any man as an upstart, who was not born in 
 the city of Rome. Thus Paterculus describing C. Marius, to be of 
 low birth and vulgar, uses natus agresti loco. Veil. Pat. lib. ii. ch. xi. 
 edit. Lim. 1710. Some editions have it Equestri loco, but I think 
 this is most natural, as it is used by Tully, to signify a clownish, 
 coarseish people. — Qui homines tarn agrestes, 2 Philip, 33. And 
 Ammianus Mercellinus speaking of the Roman pride, uses these 
 words: " Nunc vero inanes flatus quomndam, vile esse quidquid extra 
 " urbis promaerium ?iascitur." A. Mer. lib. xiv. ch. vi. — Also Tlie- 
 mestius, p. 129. And Tully, as we find in Middleton's Life of Cicero, 
 p. 4, was reckoned a new man, merely from not being born in Rome. 
 Thus the term of e«Y,was then a denomination of great honour, which, 
 at this time of day, in those countries, is a term of reproach, which 
 shews that distinctions not built on reason, vary and change ; whereas 
 virtue and honour, both then and now, is the fixed criterion whereby 
 to measure true nobility. 
 
 § The citizens of London, may also as well be considered in the 
 capacity of traders and soldiers, and although at present their 
 prowess is become contemptible through long disuse, yet I would 
 have those consider who are disposed to make a jest of such fighters, 
 that when they were used by Essex, against the king's regular troops 
 at Edgehill, that there the city militia routed all the king's regular 
 forces, and that afterwards these very men, under Cromwell, con- 
 quered Scotland and Ireland, and kept the world in awe. The 
 famous Machiavel, has, in his art of war, a chapter in defence of 
 train-band soldiers, and, whose excellence, he in the end, sums up 
 in these words : — " Nor can there be a better way of forming a mi- 
 " litia, than that which I have prescribed. If you have read the 
 
 E 
 
26 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 father of Augustus. And Ammianus Mer?ellinu$> in 
 his 18th book, chap 5. speaks of one Atoneies, a rich 
 merchant, who held divers posts of honour in the 
 army under Conslantius. W* also find in the 27th 
 book of Ammianus s History, chap. 3. that one Te- 
 rentius, a baker by trade, was made governor of a 
 city, and afterwards of Armenia, lib. 27. chap. 3. and 
 12. And trade seems to be so much in vogue in those 
 days, that we read in the life of the emperor Theo- 
 philus, that his wife the empress Theodora, used to 
 traffic ; and the emperor seeing one of her ships enter 
 the port of Constantinople richly laden, ordered it to 
 be burnt, telling his wife he would have her know he 
 was an emperor, and no merchant. * 
 
 Sallust observes that 31arius was appointed general 
 in the Jugurthan war, in disfavour of Bletellus, th« 
 consul, at the desire of Gauda, and the Roman 
 knights and merchants that were at Utica. — Bell. 
 Jug. c. 184. — Scaurus, born of an illustrious family 
 in Rome, got his bread by selling of coal: this trade 
 of his was nevertheless no impediment whatever to 
 his being more than once chosen consul, and after 
 censor. — See Letters de Cicero, vol. i. p. 67. note 99. — 
 See also Aurel. Cor rial. Victoris libellum de Viris 
 illustribus. 
 
 " orders of the first Roman kings, especially of Servius Tullius, you 
 " will find his orders like ours, and driving at nothing more than 
 " putting the citizens in such a posture, that upon any emergency, 
 " they might be brought suddenly together, and formed into an army 
 " for the defence of the city." — Machiav. Art of War, ch. vii. 
 * Vide Echard's Hist, contin. vol. y. p. 40. 
 
OF TRADE. 27 
 
 It is also evident from the example of Alfenus, 
 mentioned by Horace, in his Third Satire, that peo- 
 ple of the meanest trades might, by their intrinsic 
 merit, aspire to the highest offices in Rome. For 
 Alfenus being a shoe-maker at Cremona, in Italy, or 
 as some say, a barber, but as JBentley says, Certe 
 utram Sutor et Tonsor prerit Alfenus, which Alfenus, 
 a man of so mean a trade, found no obstacle there- 
 from, in a country, where merit was the criterion of 
 true nobility, to rise as he did to be consul, is past 
 any doubt ; for in Rome, as with us, the senate was 
 open to worth, for that practizing a mean trade is no 
 bar to the peerage here, is evident in the example of 
 the late Lord King, who followed the trade of a 
 grocer, in Exeter ; which I mention, as I think it to 
 be the greatest exemplification of his merit, and as to 
 my argument, a proof expressly in point, that fol- 
 lowing a trade is no bar to rising to the first rate 
 honours. Another instance out of Horace, may also 
 be given in proof of the Romans not despising trade ; 
 what I mean, is the account of the quarrel, between 
 Rupilius, Satire 7. and one Persus, of whom he says, 
 Hie per magna negotia dives habebat clazomenis. 
 If, therefore, this man's being a trader had been held 
 in any dishonour on that account in Rome, there is no 
 doubt, but Rupilius, in his wrath, would have up- 
 braided him on that score ; whereas, though Horace 
 enumerates Rupilius's great spleen against him, yet 
 he never touches on this head ; which he undoubtedly 
 would havt done, if trading had been any scandal in 
 
28 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 those days. Nay, trading' was in so high repute with 
 the Romans, that Cicero remembers them, that they 
 often made war with foreign nations for misusing 
 their merchants. Majores vestri saepe mercatoribus, 
 ac na vicula toribus injnriosius tractatis, bella gesse- 
 runt ; prolege Man. ii. : and afterwards, in order to 
 invite them to war, he bids them take care of the 
 interest of the industrious traders in Asia, whose ruin 
 would be attended with that of the republic, ib. 18. 
 and in his defence of King Dejotanus, he puts it out 
 of all doubt who those traders were ; by affirming, 
 that king protected all the Roman magistrates and 
 ambassadors; which, says he, is well known to the 
 Roman knights, that trade in Asia: turn ob equitibus 
 Romanis, qui in Asia, negotiati sunt, perspecta et 
 cognita. — Pro Rege Dejotario ix. 26. edit. Verburg. 
 And elsewhere he says, * that access to the senate 
 was open to the industry and virtue of every private 
 citizen of the republic, f We learn also from Petro- 
 nius Arbiter, in the person of the countryman speak- 
 ing to Emnalpus, after the shipwreck and burial of 
 
 • Deligerentur autem in Consilium ab universo populo, aditusque 
 in ilium summum ordinem omnium, civicum industrial ac virtuti 
 pateret. Cic. p. sext. 65. 
 
 t I am not ignorant that when the Romans gave laws to the senate 
 of the Halexini, a people of Sicily, they would not allow them to 
 trade ; but this being a foreign law, is no disproof of men in trade 
 being admitted at times into the Roman senate, as has been shewed 
 in divers instances ; besides, they might have one rule for themselves 
 and another for their neighbours, as we English are glad to trade in 
 divers things and to many places, where we do not permit the Irish 
 the same libertv. 
 
OF TRADE. 29 
 
 the merchant, Lycas, that traders were never ranked 
 in the class of liars or cheats : — " Alas," says he " if 
 " ye be traders, seek some other quarter, or change 
 " your calling! But if ye be j>ersons of greater 
 " quality, and know how to lie and cheat, you may 
 " flourish in this city, where neither learning nor elo- 
 " quence, nor purity of manners is observed; but 
 11 where men are divided into two classes, the cheaters 
 " and the cheated.'''' * 
 
 And even at this time, the Florentines, a people 
 not the least considerable in Italy, and who are not at 
 all behind hand with their neighbours in pride, in ge- 
 neral trade. " The nobility of Florence," says Ship- 
 pen,f " have every one some profession, either mer- 
 " cJiandizing, selling of silk, fyc. they are only despi- 
 " ser's of Physicians, yet every family hath a Physi- 
 " cian and Lawyer, with whom they agree at an annual 
 " rate ; the ordinary fee for a Lawyer is about half a- 
 " crown, but some English Merchants have brought in 
 " a bad custom of giving more, as a Pistole at a time. 
 " Every Gentleman and Nobleman, sells wine out by 
 " the flask, which is signified by hanging over the door 
 " a wicker bottle or flask ; and there is a little port hole, 
 " in the gate or wall, where they take in and give out 
 " bottles." J This account I know to be true, having 
 seen it in my travels, and yet these men make more 
 
 * See more fully in Petro. Sat. p. 114, Paris edit. vol. ii. 
 t See collection of Voyages, vol. iv. p. 440, 441. 
 X Remarks on the Grand Tour of France and Italy, p. 235, by a 
 person of quality. 
 
30 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 racket about their nobility, than all the world besides. 
 The only trade of Lucca is in silk, and they are famous 
 for an extraordinary crimson dye, in satins, and it is 
 so advantageous that the nobility, (who are forbid all 
 mechanic trades,) are not ashamed to traffic this way 
 (nor which appeared to me most scandalous) to sell 
 wines at their palaces. The Count D'Elei a Siennes, 
 in his Life of Cardinal John Baptist Spinola, observes, 
 that his father, the Count of Pezzuola, was a Banker, 
 and a noble of Genoa, and that the said Cardinal used 
 to merchandize in corn ; from hence it should seem, 
 that all degrees of people may traffic in Italy j and at 
 Naples, another large city in Italy, it is not uncom- 
 mon for Dukes to have counting-houses. 
 
 Having thus shewn what the Jens, Greeks, and 
 Romans thought on this matter, I shall proceed to ex- 
 amine on what footing 1 of honor, it stood with our 
 ancestors, and how it now is, or should be esteemed 
 by us. To begin then with our legislative power, 
 there is no body of people who have so large a share 
 allotted in it as traders ; our House of Commons 
 consists of Knights and Burgesses; but the former 
 who are to consider the landed interest, are but few 
 in comparison of the latter ; there is for no county * 
 more than two allowed, for many only one ; but in 
 every county in England, most trading towns send 
 
 * The Counties send eighty Knights; the Cities, fifty Citizens; 
 and the Boroughs, three hundred and thirty-four Burghers. Vide 
 Debates of the House of Commons, from 1733 to 1741, p. 13, 
 also Dugdale's Autient usage of Arms, p. 164. 
 
OF TRADE. 31 
 
 one, or more Burghers to Parliament, to look to their 
 trading' interest ; and these the law, (which is termed 
 right and reason) intends to he such in the respective 
 towns as live there, and who understand the interest, 
 and are concerned in the benefit of the manufacture, 
 established in that Burg * or Town, they are chose 
 for ; and not strangers, who perhaps are too often 
 elected for their money. This was the just scheme of 
 our wise ancestors, and doth evidently prove how 
 high a value is set on trade by us : nor is this all, 
 for I doubt not, but most fairly to shew, that trade 
 doth neither by the laws of the land or honor, in the 
 least detract from gentility; but, on the contrary, 
 that great traders have frequently been admitted by 
 our princes, into the upper House of Parliament ; 
 that they have been appointed Privy-Councellors 
 for their wisdom, and have been created not only 
 Knights, but Baronets, Knights of the Garter and 
 Bath, Bannerets, Barons, and Earls, which doth 
 fully demonstrate that trading was not only formerly, 
 but is even now also, of the greatest consequence to 
 
 * In the Proclamation for calling a Parliament, in 1620, advice is 
 given, first to cast their eyes on Knights and Gentlemen, that are a 
 light and guide in their Country ; then on eminent lawyers, and sub- 
 stantial citizens and burgesses, such as are interested and have portion 
 in the estate, and not to disvalue and disparage the House with Bank- 
 rupts and necessitous persons, that want long Parliaments only for 
 protection, lawyers of mean account and estimation, young men 
 that are not ripe for grave consultations, mean dependants on great 
 persons, that may be thought to have their voice under their com- 
 mand, and such like obscure and inferior persons. — Lord Bacon's 
 Works, vol. iv. p. 707.— See also the Statute, the first of Henry V. 
 chap. i. 
 
.52 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 the English nation; and never did, or can, by our 
 laws or customs detract from any man or family ; 
 but, on the contrary, that a great part of our nobility 
 are immediately descended from great traders. 
 
 Verstlgan, the English Antiquary, mentions in 
 his Titles of honor* that, in old times, if a mer- 
 chant f so thrived, that he was able to cross the Seas 
 thrice, he was ever after reputed a right worthy Them, 
 and capable of higher advancement; so that from 
 hence it appears, that traffic at that time of day ennobled 
 its followers who were not so before. Nor let any one 
 conceit it to be a new or extraordinary matter, that 
 wealth alone should entitle a man to honor ; >ince it was 
 of old, a law in the most flourishing states, among the 
 Romans, the Census Senator ius, or estate of a Senator 
 was fixed by Augustus J at one hundred and twenty 
 thousand Sesterces, and he who had one hundred 
 thousand Sesterces, was ranked as a Decnrio § or kind 
 of Senator in the Provinces, as Pliny || observes in his 
 
 * Page 367. 
 
 t It is a just observation of Valerius Maximus, that as inferior 
 people pay to the noble, the due tribute of their birth, so the nobility 
 should repay it, by endeavouring to advance their inferiors : Nam ut 
 humiUtas amplitudinem Venerari, debet it a nobilitati forenda magis 
 quam sperranda bonaindolis novitasest. — Lib. 3, ch.viii. Exem. 7. 
 
 | Suetouius, Aug. ch. lx. 
 
 § These Decurio, if they chose it, might wear the purple, a broad 
 stud of a Roman Senator ; as it is evident from the 341 h book of 
 Livv, ch. vii. though not without being ridiculed for this vanity: 
 — Thus Horace says of Luscus, " Fundos, Aujideo husco p> aetine li- 
 bmtcr, Linquimus, a insani ridentes praemia scribae, Prcciexium, et 
 latum datum prunueque batillum." Lib. 1. Sat. v. 
 
 || Pliny's Epistles, 19. lib. i. 
 
OF TRADE. 33 
 
 Letters, and he was a Roman Knigld, whose estate 
 amounted to four hundred thousand Sesterces com- 
 pleat, which Dr. Middleton in his life of Tully says, 
 made three thousand two hundred and twenty-nine 
 pounds of our money ; and with us we had till lately 
 a law of this kind. Every man who had forty pounds 
 a year, in lands, being" qualified to be a Knight, and 
 from thence came the term of KnigM s-fce * with us; 
 but as king- Charles the first, f basely mis-used the law 
 in his wants, compelling every man who had that 
 qualification in land, to become a Knight or com- 
 pound, it was, for that cause ranked among- the chief 
 grievances of his reign, and therefore was abolished 
 by act of Parliament, at the restoration, as may be 
 found in the histories and statutes of those days. 
 
 The learned Camden J notes that Richard the 
 
 * The Roman terra Equestres Census, used by Suetonius, in his 
 life of Julius Caesar, ch. xxxiii. cannot be better, I think, rendered 
 into our language, than by h night' 's-fce, and the service also required 
 of those who had a knights-fee was just the same as at Rome, viz. 
 that they should appear in the war, with a horse compleatly armed as 
 cavalry ; Civaler, i. e. Equus saith Coke, is a Saxon Word, and by them 
 written Chite. Chivaler, taketh his name from the horse, because they 
 always served in wars on horse-back. The Latins called them 
 Equites ; the Spaniards, Cavalleroes, the French, Chivaliers ; the 
 Italians, Cavallieri ; the Germans, Ritters ; all from the horse. — See 
 Coke on Knight's service, ch. iv. sect. ciii. p. 74. 
 
 t Clarendon speaking of this abuse, says, by this ill husbandry, 
 the king received avast sum of money, from all persons of quality, or 
 indeed, of any reasonable condition, throughout the kingdom upon 
 the law of knighthood, which though it had its foundation in right, 
 yet in the circumstances of proceeding, was very grievous ; and no less 
 projects of all kinds, many ridiculous, many scandalous, all very 
 grievous, were set on foot. — Clar. vol. i. p. 67, 
 
 X Camden's Britania, p. 370. 
 
 F 
 
34 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 Second advanced Michael de la Pole, a merchant to 
 the honor of Earl of Suffolk, and made him chan- 
 cellor of England ; he was the son of William de la 
 Pole, t lie first Mayor of Kingston upon Hull, who 
 on account of his great wealth, had the dignity of a 
 Banneret conferred upon him, and was also made 
 second Baron of the Exchequer, by Edward the Third. 
 " However," says Camden, " his being- a merchant, 
 " did no how detract from his honor; for who knows 
 " not, that even our nobleman's sons have been mer- 
 " chants ? nor will I deny, he was nobly descended, 
 " though a merchant." — This Michael was also 
 knight of the garter, as Vincent* in his Review of 
 Brooke observes ; and that he could not have been so 
 at that time of day, by the Statutes of the order, had 
 he not been a gentleman of three descents, as he was, 
 being the son and grandson of a knight, but that knight 
 a merchant ; from whence, says he, it follows, that 
 mercatura non derogat nobilitati, that is, trade is no 
 abatement of honor. And as it here may be asked what 
 constitutes a gentleman f with us ? So the reply is 
 
 * Vincent on Brooke, p. 700. 
 
 t On the continent where absolute power prevails, it is held dishon- 
 orable to follow the professions of law or physic, or any trade; it 
 being the power of absolute princes, to keep their subjects poor, 
 whereby tliey make them dependant ; for this purpose where the civil 
 law prevails, (the low countries only excepted) few will brin^ their 
 children up' to these professions, or to any trade; because in most 
 places of tbe continent, it is necessary in order to obtain certain posts, 
 in the state, church, and army, that the} make what they call their 
 proof of gentility; that is, that ttVy prove that their ancestors, by 
 father and mother, for so many generations, have been of uo pro- 
 
OF TRADE. 35 
 
 easy; being a gentleman* is being entitled f to bear 
 arms, and 3Ir. Camden observes, that the distinction 
 of a gentleman of coat, armour, (of an upstart J) 
 and a gentleman of blood, is the bearing of arms 
 from the grand-father, § and that he who bears arms 
 from his grand-father, is to all intents and purposes a 
 
 fession or trade, and so with regard to their chief orders of knight- 
 hood, but that does not even extend to us; for the proof necessary to 
 be made by an Englishman, who should require to be admitted a 
 knight of Malta, where this matter is most strictly observed, is, that 
 his ancestors bore arms, both by father and mother for so many gene- 
 rations, and this testimony must be under the seal of the college of 
 arms, which is the proof of gentility required, as any man may know by 
 enquiring of our heralds. — Vide also Essay on Nobility, page 114. 
 
 * Notitia Anglicanse, p. 24 — Also Judge Dodderidge's Honors' Pe- 
 digree, p. 147. — Smith deRepub. Anglo, and Fortescue, p. 82. 
 
 t Kirknerus tells us, that the method of ennobling in the empire is, 
 by giving a grant of arms, together with privileges appertaiuing to 
 gentry: Per imignium etarmorum uti Vecant colationem, conccssis una 
 priiilegiis, ordini usitatis; which are generally limited to the heirs of 
 the body ; wherefore they call a granting arms, a icappenbriffe, from 
 whence our term weapon, which means that kind of arms used against 
 the enemies of the state; and to which those amongst us, as Dugdale 
 affirms, who have been eminent for their military service, have com- 
 monly in their arms or crest some allusion. This custom was extremely 
 antient; we meet with it in the life of Arlaxerxes, who gave the person 
 that killed Cyrus permission to wear a golden curl upon his helmet in 
 token of his valor. — See Plut. Vita Artax. Aolden informs us how the 
 power of such grants belong to princes of the Empire. And Di Casa 
 Moneldesca written by Alonzo Caracelti, sets forth the forms used in 
 patents ennobling by the late Emperors. 
 
 X The meaning of upstart, as to nobility, being much too long for 
 a note, is affixed at the end, by way of Appendix. 
 
 § Any one who chases to see a treatise on the rise of foreign no- 
 bility, will find An. Matthaeus's Discourse thereon, to be well written m 
 — See also Bib. Univ. vol. i. p. 76. Those who read the Holy Scrip- 
 tures must needs observe, that the blessings of just men are often 
 promised to extend to their third or fourth generation; and this is 
 
36 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 gentleman of blood ; * for which cause, it is requisite 
 by the statutes f of the bath, that every knight 
 before his admission, proves that he is so qualified ; and 
 when a knight of the bath has thus evidenced his 
 qualification, for that most honorable order, it carries 
 with it, (if his merit J be equal to the thing) a pass- 
 
 ^ometmies called for ever, in Holy Writ ; as God's premise to continue 
 the throne of Israel in the house of David for ever, in effect only ex- 
 tended to the third generation. From whence we may perceive, that 
 where there is so little certitude (as in this life) the folly of stretching 
 those useless matters, to an unnecesary length, and perhaps fixing of 
 compleat gentry, to only three generations, by the heralds, is not only 
 founded in reason, (if there can be any in such questions) but is also 
 grounded in some measures in passages in Holy Writ — See Dugdale's 
 Antient usage of bearing arms, p. 33. 
 
 * It is evident that the antient Romans judged of gentility from hav- 
 ing a surname, for those families who had acquired a surname from 
 their ancestors, were esteemed a race of gentlemen; this appears from 
 Valerius Maximus, his chapter on surnames; the words are Quodper 
 proprietatcm dicitur hoc distat quia cogens cognoscitur, idco que dicetur 
 gmlilitium." Vol. Max. lib. 10. p. 500. And with us the bearing of 
 arms, which h tacked to names of families, the only standard of genti- 
 lity, always implies, some real or supposed merit. — Or this, see 
 Hooker's History of England, page 1G2, in Hollingshed. 
 
 t Statutes of the Bath, page 5. Although I do not pretend to sa> , 
 that this rule has been broke through, with respect to any of the pre. 
 sent knights of this order, jet, undoubtedly, the king, who is the foun- 
 tain of honor, may dispense with this want of ability in the knights, 
 in favor of merit; and though this maxim may not be relished by 
 some, yet most true it is, as Ben Jonson says : — 
 " That those who swell, — 
 " With dust of Ancestors, in graves but dwell." 
 
 X I think the term merit may be as much applied to traders, who 
 deserve well of their country, as others ; the original signification of 
 merit, is wages paid in consideration of services ; and from thence 
 soldiers were said mcrere, (as Budaus tells us, from whence came 
 the merces,) and mercenary troops or men who deserve their pay by 
 iheir labour and danger; but, by degrees it came to signify no 
 
OF TRADE. 37 
 
 port also to the order of the garter. — The king * having 
 declared and ordained, that for the great love, favor, 
 and confidence, he bears towards the knights of the 
 bath, that a special regard shall be had in preferring, 
 advancing, and presenting them to be companions of 
 the most noble order of the garter. 
 
 Guillim, in his chapter of Gentlemen, says, the)' 
 have their beginning either of blood, as that they 
 are born of worshipful parents, or that they have 
 done something either in peacef or war; whereby 
 they deserve to bear arms, and be accounted 
 Gentlemen. He farther says, cli. 24, if a Gentleman 
 be bound an apprentice to a merchant, \ or other 
 trade, he hath not thereby lost his gentility ; and he 
 desires it may be remembered § for the honour of 
 trade, that Henry VIII. thought it no dishonour to 
 him, when he quitted his queen, to take to wife, 
 Ann, the daughter of Thomas Bullen, sometimes 
 mayor of London. 
 
 Lambarde, in his Perambulation of Kent, \\ tells 
 us, that our Saxon ancestors, and their laws, were 
 in high reputation for wisdom, and each was worthy 
 
 more than merely to attain a thins; ; ami, in this opinion I am justified, 
 as I shall shew tliat traders have at times heen admitted to both the 
 orders. — See Bud. Annot. Reliq. in Pandectas, p. 362. 
 
 * Statutes of the Bath, p. 45. 
 
 t See Description of England.— Hollingshed, vol. i. p. 161. 
 
 X See Judge Doddcridge's Honor's Pedigree, p. 150. — Also, 28 H. 
 c. 2. Estopell. 47. 
 
 § Though Guillim calls her the daughter, I think she was the 
 grand-daughter of Sir Jeffeiy Bullen. 
 
 II Page 364. 
 
38 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 in his degree, the earle, the churle, the theyne, and 
 nnder-theyne. And if a churle so throve, says he, 
 that he had five hides of land of his own, a church, 
 a kitchen, a bell-house, and a seat in the king's hall, 
 that then lie was esteemed a right worthy theyne, 
 and, if he afterwards so increased, that he served 
 the king in his journeys, and thrice with his errand, 
 had gone to the king, that then he became an earle, 
 (and as is before observed,) if a merchant* so pros- 
 pered, that he passed over the seas thrice on his 
 own craft, he was thenceforward a right worthy 
 theyne. 
 
 I next intend to set down the names of divers 
 great traders, who have been advanced to high 
 honours, or posts of great trust, by our respective 
 princes ; which may be found in the following 
 list : — 
 
 Sir John Blunt, mayor of London, made knight 
 of the bath, with Edward, Prince of Wales, 34th of 
 Edward I. — See Wotton's Baronets, vol. iv. p. 675. 
 
 * That ingenious antiquary, John Weaver, seems to consider 
 the term merchant f in two lights ; first, him qui mare trajecir, who 
 passes the seas ; secondly, a merchant of the staple, who are the 
 inland merchants of England, as carry their wools, woolseys, 
 cloaths, lead, tin, &c. to the great towns or cities of this land, to 
 sell by the great or wholesale ; besides which, says he, there is a 
 notable company of scanderouns, which greatly desire to be stiled 
 merchants, and there are such that run from house to house, aud 
 from fair to fair, with packs or fardels, on their backs, with which 
 they cheat and cozen country people. These are called pedlars, 
 Quod pedes iter conficiunt, because they go on foot. — Weaver's 
 Fun. Mon. p. 341, 342. 
 
OF TRADE 39 
 
 Sir Godfrey Fielding, mercer and mayor of 
 London, 1452, was made of the Privy Council to 
 Henry VI. and Edward IV. 
 
 Sir Thomas Cooke, draper and mayor, 1 162, the 
 5th of Edward IV. was made knight of the bath, 
 and afterwards a banneret by that king. 
 
 Sir Matthew Philip, goldsmith and mayor, 1463, 
 was made a knight of the bath, and a banneret, the 
 10th of that reign. — Weaver's Fun. Mon. p. 269. 
 
 In 1464, Sir John Gilliott, merchant and lord 
 mayor of York, was made a knight of the bath. — 
 See a Catalogue of Mayors of York, printed by 
 Step. Buckley, 1664, p. 28. 
 
 Sir Ralph Josline, draper and mayor, 1465, made 
 knight of the bath, and after a banneret. — Stow, 
 p. 419. 
 
 Henry Weaver, sheriff of London, 1461, made a 
 knight of the bath. — Weaver's Fun. Mon. p. 269. — 
 Also, Stow's Ann. p. 419. 
 
 Sir John Young, grocer, made a banneret in the 
 field. 
 
 Sir William Home, Salter and mayor, 1487, made 
 a banneret by Henry VII. 
 
 Sir John Percival, merchant, taylor, and mayor, 
 1490, made a banneret by Henry VII. 
 
 Sir John Shaw, goldsmith and mayor, made a 
 banneret by Henry VII. 
 
 Sir John Allen, mayor, 1588, made a privy 
 councellor by Henry VIII. — Bakers Chronicle, 
 p. 296. 
 
40 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 Sir Thomas Moore, sheriff of London, about the 
 year 1513, was afterwards chancellor of England, 
 and of the privy council to Henry VIII. — See 
 Hollingshed's Hist. vol. ii. p. 711, 341, 938, &c. 
 
 Sir William Acton, made a knight and baronet, 
 when sheriff of London, 1628. 
 
 Sir Thomas Adams, mayor, 1646, made knight 
 and baronet ; and since that time many great 
 traders in every reign have been advanced to that 
 dignity* which may serve to shew that trade with 
 
 * I am sensible that divers of our historians have insinuated that 
 King James I. being in want of money, devised the order of baronets, 
 to supply his extravagancies ; but surely, we should consider rather 
 what Quintillian (Instit. 101.) observes, that men should not be too 
 free in their censure, lest it be in the end found, that they condemn 
 what they don't understand. Nor has any one a fair right to offer 
 a private opinion, against a public record. That of the order of 
 baronets plainly shews it to be derived from a military service in Ireland; 
 and any one who reflects in what a rebellious condition that nation 
 continued, dining the reign of King James and his Son, will certainly 
 see a real necessity for this order: which was erected by King 
 James I. 1611. The reason of the erection was, that the king 
 taking regard to the quietness of Ireland, had granted to the city of 
 London, in 1609, the present possession, and right of peopling of 
 the province of Ulster, whereupon in the year 1612, they sent 
 thither about three hundred people of all sorts of handicrafts-men, 
 chiefly to people the city of Londonderry, and Coleraine ; and 
 Alderman Cocaine was the first governor. To back this wise ap- 
 pointment, the king created a new order of knights, which are 
 called baronets, because they take place next to barons' younger 
 sons, as (See Essa\?on Nobility, Political and Civil, p. 643.) Le Neve 
 Norroy Herald, and Morice Skelton, tells us — And his Majesty- 
 appointed certain laws of admission, as they should maintain each 
 of them the number of thirty foot soldiers in Ireland, for three 
 years, to defend the province of Ulster, with leave, as Selden 
 observes in Tit. Hon. to use the arms of Ulster in their escutcheons. 
 So by this historical account, it plainly appears, that this honourable 
 
OF TRADE. 41 
 
 us is oftentimes the high road to honour. And now 
 I shall demonstrate from Dugdale and others, that 
 many great traders have even been created peers of 
 the kingdom, and that divers ancient peers are 
 descended from great traders. 
 
 order in lieu of taking its rise from a mere court trick, is an 
 honourable Irish military order, as the records of our kingdom, 
 and the Irish badge they use, doth evidently shew ; for this cause, 
 I presume, this order has been frequently bestowed on divers eminent 
 citizens, as the province of Ulster was granted to the city of London, 
 who peopled the same, and appointed out of their venerable body, 
 Alderman Cocaine, the first governor of Ulster. And, surely, if so 
 many ample honours are maintained to the captains of this Irish 
 province, whose rights they were erected to defend, the bestowing 
 the honour itself on the chief directors of the city of London, (perhaps 
 in itself of more account than the whole kingdom of Ireland,) will 
 be judged by all reasonable men, a due and fit reward of their 
 industry and merit. This order, I conceive, owes its rise to a hint 
 of my Lord Bacon, in regard that I find in his Proposals for the 
 Plantation of Ireland, delivered to King James, in 1606, the fol- 
 lowing passage: — " Considering the large territories which are to be 
 " planted, it is not unlike your majesty will think of raising some 
 " nobility there, which, if it be done, merely upon some new titles of 
 " dignity, having no manner of reference to the old, and it be done 
 " also, without putting too many portions into one hand; and, lastly, 
 " if it be done, without any great franchises or commands, I do not 
 " see any great peril can ensue thereof; as, on the other side, it is 
 " like it may draw some persons of great estate and means into the 
 " action, to the great furtherance and supply of the charges thereof; 
 " and lastly, for knighthood, to such persons as have not attained 
 " it ; or otherwise knighthood, with some new difference and pre- 
 " cedence, it may, no doubt, work with man v." — Bacon's Works, 
 vol. iv. p. 445. — This seems a very exact description of baronets, 
 which is a middle order betwixt knights and nobles, having no 
 franchise but rank annexed to it ; and was also conceived by my 
 Lord Bacon, some time before the erection of this Irish military 
 order, and, at the head of which his family was put, which I think 
 makes it very probable it was his invention. 
 
 G 
 
42 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 It is affirmed by some historians, that Robert 
 Harding, who was created Baron Bunkley, by 
 Henry, was a citizen of Bristol. — Vide Baker s 
 Chronicle, p. 58; and Dugdale, vol. i. p. 351. 
 
 Thomas Legge, citizen and skinner of London, 
 was twice mayor thereof : lie married Elizabeth, 
 one of the daughters of Thomas Beauehamp, Earl of 
 Warwick, which shews, that even in those dainty 
 times, the first nobility thought it no degradation to^ 
 mingle themselves with eminent traders. This 
 Thomas Legge was direct ancestor to the Earl of 
 Dartmouth. — Vide Collins s Peerage, vol. iii. p. 100. 
 
 Sir Michael de la Pole, merchant, created Earl of 
 Suffolk, Chancellor of England, and Knight of the 
 Garter. — Vincent on Brooke, p. 700 ; and Rajrin, 
 vol. iv. p. 406. 
 
 Sir Stephen Brown, grocer, twice mayor of London, 
 in 1433 and 1443, and ancestor to the Lord Viscount 
 Montague. — See Seymour, vol. ii. p. 73 and 74 ; 
 also, Wottons Baronets, vol. iii. p. 5. 
 
 Thomas Bidlen, grandson of Jeffery Bullen, 
 mercer and mayor of London, created Viscount 
 Rochford, and Earl of Wiltshire; on the tomb of 
 which Jeffery, in St. Laurence Jewry, is this inscrip- 
 tion : — Hie incineratus corpus quondam Gaulfride 
 Bullyne cives merceri et majo?'is London, qui ab luce 
 migravit, Anno Dom. 1463, cujus amine paxsit per- 
 petua. — Weaver's Fun. Mon. p. 398. 
 
 Sir William Holies, mayor, in 1539, whose great 
 grandson Sir John Holies, was created Earl of 
 
OF TRADE. 43 
 
 Clare, and afterwards Duke of Newcastle. — Dug. 
 Bar. p. 432. 
 
 Sir Edward Osborne, cloth-worker, and mayor of 
 London, 1583, and ancestor of the present Duke of 
 Leeds. This Sir Edward Osborne jumped out of 
 a window into the Thames, to save his master's 
 daughter's life, (who was afterwards his wife.) — 
 See this story at large, attested by the late Duke of 
 Leeds, in Seymour s Survey of London, vol. ii. p. 78. 
 
 Sir Baptista Hicks, mercer, of London, created 
 Lord Hicks, and Viscount Camden, the fourth of 
 Charles I. and is ancestor to the present Earl of 
 Gainsborough. — Dug. Bar. p. 462. — Wootton, in his 
 Baronets, p. 342, observes, that this Sir Baptista 
 Hicks, was one of the first citizens that kept a shop 
 after his knighthood j upon which, in 1607, he had 
 some dispute with an alderman about it, and also a 
 contest for precedency, standing on his knighthood, 
 which matter came at last to be decided by the 
 Earl Marshal. 
 
 Sir Ralph Dormer, mercer, was mayor of London, 
 1529, of which family was Dormer, Earl of Car- 
 narvon ; as is also the present Lord Dormer. — 
 Dug. Bar. p. 428. Also, Collins 's Peerage, vol. iv. 
 p. 97. 
 
 Cromwell, Earl of Essex, and knight of the 
 
 garter, son of Cromwell, a blacksmith, of 
 
 Putney. 
 
 Sir William Capell, draper, and mayor of London, 
 in 1533, is ancestor of the present Earl of Essex.— > 
 
44 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 Seymour s Survey, vol. ii. p. 76. ; and Duy. Bar. 
 vol. ii. p. 466. 
 
 Sir Richard Rich, mercer, and sheriff of London, 
 Anno 1441, and ancestor of the RicJis, Earls of 
 Wanvick, and Holland, and the Baronets. — Duy. 
 Bar. vol. ii. p. 387. 
 
 Sir John Coventry, mercer, and mayor of London, 
 in 1425, and ancestor of the present Earl of 
 Coventry. — Dug. Bar. vol. ii. p. 460. 
 
 Lionel Cranfeld, merchant of London, was by 
 James I. for his great abilities, made master of the 
 requests, afterwards master of the king's wardrobe, 
 then master of the wards, a privy counsellor, lord 
 treasurer, and Earl of Middlesex. — Lord Bacons 
 Letters, vol. iv. p. 675, notes. 
 
 To this list might be added many more instances;* 
 but these may suffice, as England has few better 
 houses amongst the nobility, than some of these 
 families, and many of which titles still live in their 
 descendants. 
 
 As therefore it cannot be doubted, but commerce 
 is of the greatest advantage to a nation, so, in my 
 opinion, the more country gentlemen breed their 
 
 * The Editor of Hudibras, in 1726, pretends, (I know not on 
 
 what ground,) that the said Cromwell, as well as Pride, 
 
 were brewers ; but this I think erroneous, as Cromwell was bred up 
 at Sidney College; and yet Sir William Calvert, the Lord Mayor of 
 this year, is a Brewer, a Doctor of Laws, and a Master of Arts, and 
 was educated at Emanuel College. — I think I remember him a Fellow 
 of Emanuel. — See Hudibras, p. 33. 
 
OF TRADE. 45 
 
 younger children* to it, the likelier such families 
 are to be continued, and become useful to the 
 public. The importance of an idle, listless, younger 
 brother, is very finely set forth by Mr. Addison, in 
 his character of Will Wimble, who greatly laments 
 the folly of some great families f that had rather see 
 their children starve, like gentlemen, than thrive in 
 a profession or trade, that they think is beneath their 
 quality. This humour, says he, fills several parts of 
 Europe, with pride and beggary. J But, it is the 
 happiness of a trading nation like ours, that the 
 younger sons, though incapable of any liberal art 
 or profession, may be placed in such a way of life, 
 as may, perhaps, enable them to vie with the best of 
 their family. And here it may not be amiss to set 
 down his further opinions in this affair. — " When 
 " I have been," says he, " upon the Exchange, I 
 
 have often fancied one of our old kinas standin 
 
 o 
 
 '? 
 
 * Mr. Locke, after recommending it to people to bring up their 
 children to some trade, adds, — but if the mistaken parent, frightened 
 with the name of trade, shall have an aversion to any thing of this 
 kind in their children, yet he recommends the teaching them 
 mercJiant's accounts, as a science well becoming every gentleman.— 
 Locke's Works, vol. ii. p. 95, folio. 
 
 t Lord Bacon assigneth the true cause of this, in saying, that 
 nobility of birth commonly abateth industry ; and he that is not 
 industrious, envieth him that is. — Bacon 'sWorks, vol. iii. p. 319, folio. 
 
 | Lord Bacon saith that trade enableth the subject to live, and 
 live plentifully and happily ; and that the realm is much «nriched and 
 benefitted by the trade or merchandize; — and elsewhere he stiles 
 the merchants Venu Porta, and says, if they flourish not, a kingdom 
 may have good limbs, but will have empty veins, and nourish little. — > 
 Bacon's Works, p. 329, 578, 580, folio. 
 
46 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 " in person where he is represented in effigy, and 
 " looking down upon the wealthy concourse of 
 " people, with which that place is every day filled. 
 " In this case, how would he be surprised to hear all 
 " the languages of Europe spoke in this little spot 
 " of his former dominions, and to see so many 
 " private men, who in his time would have been the 
 " vassals of some powerful baron, negociating, like 
 " princes, for greater sums of money, than were 
 " formerly to be met with in his royal treasury ! 
 
 " Trade, without enlarging the British domi- 
 " nions, has given us a kind of an additional 
 " empire ; it has multiplied the number of our 
 " riches, made our landed estates infinitely more 
 " valuable than they were formerly, and added to 
 " them an accession of other estates as valuable as 
 " the land themselves."— And, in another place, he 
 says, " it is the great advantage of a trading nation, 
 " as there are very few in it so dull and heavy, 
 " who may not be placed in stations of life which 
 " may give them an opportunity of making their 
 " fortunes. A well-regulated commerce is not like 
 " law, physic, or divinity, to be over-stocked with 
 " hands ; but on the contrary, flourishes by multi- 
 " tudes, and gives employment to all its professors. 
 " Fleets of merchantmen, are so many squadrons of 
 " floating shops, that vend our wares and manu- 
 11 factures in all the markets of the world, and find 
 " out chapmen under both the Tropics." 
 
OF TRADE. 47 
 
 The learned Bishop of Cambray * gives us 
 also his sentiments on this subject in the character 
 t)f Narbal, in his account of the Phenicians, by 
 whom it is conceived this learned archbishop 
 meant the English. " You see," says he, " the 
 *' power of the Phenicians, who have rendered 
 " themselves puissant to all their neighbouring' 
 " nations, by the grandeur of their fleets: Trade, 
 *' which they carry to the further quarters of th<§ 
 " earth, has so enriched them, that they surpass the 
 " most flourishing people in glory." And, again, 
 instructing Telemachus f how to establish a flourishing 
 trade in Ithaca, — " Do," says he, " as these people 
 " do ; receive with kindness and with ease, all 
 M strangers j let them find in your harbours safety 
 " and convenience, free from restraint, and never 
 " suffer yourself to be overcome at any time, either 
 u with pride or avarice ; the true way to get much, 
 ** is never to be too covetous, and even sometimes 
 " to forego gain. Make yourself beloved of all 
 " strangers, and even bear with slight inconveniences 
 ** from them ; fear to excite jealousy from your 
 " pride ; be steadfast to follow the laws of com- 
 " merce, which are simple and easy, and suffer not 
 " your subjects on any account to infringe them ; 
 " keep a strict hand over the fraud, negligence, or 
 " vain glory of the merchants, which ruins com- 
 " merce, in ruining the traders themselves j and 
 
 * Vide Les Avantures de Telemaquc, lib. iii. p. 86. f Pa«-2 103. 
 
48 HONOR AND DIGNITY 
 
 " above all tilings, never attempt to confine commerce 
 " to your own proper interest." 
 
 This may be sufficient to shew how clearly this 
 great bishop saw the advantage accruing from a 
 free trade ; and his countrymen the French, have 
 very greatly increased theirs, by following many of 
 these wise maxims, to our infinite disadvantage. 
 
 But even foreigners themselves make a very great 
 distinction and difference in our favour, betwixt an 
 English trader and those of other nations. To this 
 effect, writes the Baron de Pollnitz, a person well 
 known in most of the courts of Europe. " In England" 
 says he, " the nobility intermarry with traders' 
 " daughters, as they do in France ; however, a great 
 " distinction should be made betwixt the one and 
 " the other. In England, merchants are sometimes 
 " sprung of the greatest houses in the kingdom, and 
 " it has often happened, that younger branches of 
 " noble families, who have been brought up to trade, 
 " by the right of succession, have become peers; 
 " and frequently it falls out, that when a lord 
 " espouses a merchant's daughter, she may be his 
 " cousin, or at least, a lady of a good family. — 
 " Whereas in France, it is always the daughter of 
 M a Roturier"* As to which may be the best trade 
 
 * We hardly know this expression in English ; — Roturier means, 
 born of the dregs of the people, yet the term was anciently used 
 here in tenure of land, as Fief Roturier, or rather inheritance 
 Roturies, in opposition to Knight's-fee, as holding, or socage. — 
 See Somner on Gavalkynd, p. 49. 
 
OF TRADE. 49 
 
 to follow to acquire a fortune, I leave that to be 
 considered by such who from the usage of these 
 matters, may be better able to speak thereon; and 
 all I shall say on that subject is, that I think the 
 list that Tally* gives us of base trades, may be 
 now also very justly so esteemed, as unfit for the 
 practice of any gentleman; such are truly pitiful and 
 low, as purvey and enter for luxury, as fishmongers, 
 butchers, cooks, ^c, as Terence reckons them up ; 
 to these he adds also, perfumers, dancing-masters, 
 and those who supply us w r ith dice and cards. 
 
 Thus have I accomplished my purpose, of laying 
 together in one general view, the sentiments of 
 divers great men, both ancient and modern, on this 
 subject. And, as on the one hand, I expect no 
 applause therefrom, so I am also sure on the other, 
 I cannot acquire the least degree of blame, being 
 herein rather a searcher into other men's opinions, 
 than a fond deliverer of my own ; for, as an author 
 observes, it would be madness of a man to go out of 
 the right way, only because it has been frequented by 
 others, or is perhaps the high road. And I shall 
 comfort myself in that maxim of Pliny the elder, 
 that 7io book was ever yet so bad, but something of nse 
 might be gathered from it. 
 
 Tully's Offices, lib. i. p. 62. — •Victuallers, Tavern-men, Bakers, 
 or Bracium, i. e. Brewers are excepted, from being Aldermen, or 
 Mayor ; but this must mean common Brewers, or Ale-men. — See 
 Seymour's Survey of London, vol. ii. p. 37 ; — also, p. 35, he says, 
 such who formerly kept drinking or Ale-houses. 
 
 H 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 (Referring to the third Note, Page 35.J 
 
 IN OBILITY, amongst the ancient Romans, derived 
 itself from the right of having- images* or statues, 
 which were decreed by the senate to such only who 
 had been great officers, or worthily deserved some 
 great honour from their public services. Thus Tully 
 speaking of Piso, expresses his only merit to be 
 Commendatione fumosarum imaginum, in L. Cat. 
 Pis. 1 ; and in his third Cat. 10, he tells Lentulus, 
 that he sealed his letter with the image f of his 
 ancestor, that deserved so well of his country : — 
 Est vero inquam signum, quidam notum, imago avitui 
 clarissimi vire, qui amavit unice patuam, et cives suos. 
 And speaking of Brutus, in his 2d Phi. 26, he says, 
 
 * Qui stupet in titulis et imaginibus. — Hor. Sat. 6. lib. i. 
 
 t Dion Cassius takes notice, that Augustus, at first, used the figure 
 of a sphinx in his seal, but afterwards, his own image, which was 
 also used by the other emperors, except Galba, who used that of 
 his ancestors, which was a dog peeping out of the prow of a ship. — 
 See Xiphilius Abridgment of Dion Casaius. 
 
52 APPENDIX. 
 
 Brutos ego impellerem quorum uterque L. Bueti 
 imaginem quotidie videret. And Pliny tells us, that 
 they had the images of their ancestors in their courts, 
 which were used at their burials, and shewed the public 
 services of their ancestors : — Apud majores imagines 
 in atrijs erant, qucc spectarentur eapressi vultus 
 singulis disponebantur armarijs, ut essent imagines 
 qua comitarentur gentilia funera.* Semperque de- 
 functo aliquo, totus aderat families ejus qui unquam 
 fuerat populus. Ammata vero lineis discurrebantur 
 ad imagines pietas ; tablina vero eodicibus implebantur, 
 et monumentis rerum, et magistratuum gestorum. 
 From whence it is plain that they used their images, 
 as we do our arms ; for arms with images or sup- 
 porters is the badge of nobility with us, and are 
 erected generally in the courts of all great houses, and 
 are used also at the burials of the dead ; and those 
 who obtained the right of these images brought nobility 
 into their house ; for, as Sail us t — Ex virtute nobiliias 
 cepit. Thus Metritis defending himself against the pride 
 of the nobility, fortifies himself by remunerating his 
 services, Rce (sayshe,)s;<w/ mece imagines, htecnobilitas, 
 non hereditate relicta ; and adds, that the nobility 
 despise him, quia imagines non habes, et quia mihi 
 nova nobiliias est Sail. Bell. Jug. c. 85. And then he 
 tells the people that the nobility had JMajorus eorum 
 omnia, quae, licebat illis reliquere, divilias, imagines, 
 
 * Thus Tully complains that his enemy Clodius was buried without 
 his images: — tu spoliation imaginahus, and that Gallus had the same 
 hard fate : — ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu, Sfc. — Cie. pro Mil. 34, 88. 
 
APPENDIX. .33 
 
 memoriam, sui pra clarrtm. That man, therefore, 
 who first entertained the Senate, and was not born of 
 a noble family, that had borne before any public 
 office, and was entitled to use images, however rich 
 or ancient his family might be, was nevertheless 
 deemed an Upstart, or New Lord. Thus Tully, 
 who came by the father of a Roman knight, de- 
 scended, as some affirm, from Tidlius Attius,* an 
 illustrious king of the Volscii ; but as Dr. Middleton,^ 
 perhaps with more truth, writes, though his family 
 had never borne any great office of the Republic, 
 yet it was very ancient, and of principal nobility and 
 distinction in that part of Italy in which it resided ; 
 and of equestrian rank from its first admission to the 
 freedom of Rome ; yet being newly ennobled from 
 his admission into the Senate, he is therefore, by all 
 the Roman writers, and by himself also, considered 
 as an Upstart, or New Lord. Per hcec tempora, 
 (says Paterculus,) M. Cicero qui omnia incrementa 
 sua sibi debuit : vie nobitatis nobilissima?, et vita 
 clarius ita inyenio maximus, lib. ii. ch. 34. Nay, 
 they even thought that lie polluted the consulship by 
 his base birth ; and before they had need of him in 
 Catali lie's conspiracy, would, by no means admit him 
 to that honour : Namque antea pleraque nobiUtas 
 invidia JEstuabat, et quasi pollui consulaiam credebat 
 si eum, fjuam ris eyreyius, homo novius adeptus 
 feret. — Sallust. Bell. Cat. 43. And, in like case, 
 
 * See Plut. Vit. Cicero. + Midd. Life of Cicero, p. 3. 
 
54 APPENDIX. 
 
 speaking of Marina, whom some record to have 
 been born in the order of knights, he says, — Etiam 
 turn alios magistratusplebes consulatum nobilitas intense 
 per manus tradebat. Novus nemo tarn clarius, neque 
 tarn egregius Jactis eret, quia is indignus Mo honere, 
 et quasi pollutus haberetur. — Sail. Bell. Jug. 179. 
 " At that time, although the people might aspire to 
 " the other offices, yet the consulship was kept by 
 " the nobility in their own hands, and however 
 " famous an upstart might make himself, yet a man 
 " of that sort, they judged unworthy of this supreme 
 " honour, and even thought he would have polluted 
 " the office." And Tully himself, notwithstanding 
 the ancient knightly race he was heir to, considered 
 himself no other wise than an upstart, as in his 1st 
 Cat. 28, he says, that without any recommendation 
 from his birth, he had been raised to all the supreme 
 offices of the republic, Nulla commend at ione majorum 
 tarn mature adsummum imperium per ornnes honorum 
 gradus extulit. And, in his Piso, 1st and 9th, he 
 stiles himself, in plain terms, an upstart ; homini novi, 
 and says, I owe my rise, non major i bus meis; vir- 
 tuti perspectw non auditce nobilitate deferebat. And in 
 his 7th letter to Lentulus, he declares, that he begins 
 to alter his mind, in that hitherto he had conceived he 
 was envied, because he was an upstart; for that he 
 saw Lentulus, sprung from the first nobility, envied 
 like himself — simul quod video, non ut anti hoc puta- 
 bam, novitate esse invissum mece, iute enim homine om- 
 nium nobilissirno simila invidorum vitia perspexi* 
 
APPENDIX. 55 
 
 Epist. ad Lent. 7, lib. prim. Nor in this case, did the 
 Romans make any distinction betwixt new men raised 
 from the dregs of the people, or from ancient knightly 
 families, as Cicero himself uses : — sed innumerabilia 
 qucedam nova ex omni facer e urbis, ac servitio Consti- 
 tuta. And, in his second speech against Piso, first 
 speaking of Syrius, a man raised from the dunghill to 
 the consulship, he still uses the term — De grege novi- 
 tiorum, factus-est, Considem. And Pater cuius, speak- 
 ing of Titus Coruncarius, an upstart consul, adds to 
 his examples Sp. Corvilius, a Roman knight; M. 
 Cato Mummius, and others, chap, cxxviii. Of this 
 Mumniius, he treats more fully in his 14th chap, lib 1, 
 and says, he was the first upstart, that received the 
 surname of a country, — nee quisquam ex novis homin- 
 ibus prior Mummio cognomen virtute partum vindi- 
 cavit : he represents this man so very low and barba- 
 rous, that when he took Corinth, he agreed with the 
 people who where to transport the ancient statues and 
 pictures to Rome, that where done by the best Grecian 
 masters, that, in case they lost any of these rare matters 
 they should return new ones in their place : — Si eas 
 perdissent novas eos reddituros. It is certain the Ro- 
 mans held all as upstart families, who had not evi- 
 denced their worth, by some particular service done 
 the state, whereby they might deserve public regard ; 
 nor has the Roman language any other term for upstart, 
 than novus homo* vel 7iovitus, and which is used in all 
 
 * See Mons. L'Abbe Mongault's 25 note in Cicero's 10th letter to 
 Attkus— also letter 13, note 28. 
 
gg APPENDIX. 
 
 the above cases, without a jot of distinction betwixt 
 an ant ient, or altogether new families ; for they onl}" 
 considered such as noble, or of a noble race, as had 
 passed through the public offices of the senate, which 
 is fully explained by Graecius. Nam-nee cpiestura, nee 
 tribunal us ptebis nobilitabat. Novies homo vero nul- 
 lus appellabatur, nisi qui princeps nobilitatem in sua in 
 domum intulisset. For it neither ennobled a man to 
 be Qiuzstor or Tribune ; no man was justly called an 
 upstart, but he that first introduced into his family, 
 the supreme offices of nobility, — Cic. verb. p. 612, 
 note 7. And our law also, before nobilitation, considers 
 every one on a common footing, as the best gentleman 
 in the land is only tried by his peers,* which even in 
 cases of life, are oftentimes of all low trades, (except 
 butchers) the necessary qualifications of a juryman only 
 requiring that he should be a freeholder, f or, in other 
 words, that he should have forty shillings per annum. 
 To this effect speaks Coke, — " The true distinction of 
 " persons is, that every man is either of nobility, (that 
 
 * The trial of bishops i? by juries, perhaps, because they are con- 
 sidered as noble in office only, and not in blood. — See Wood's Inst, 
 book 1, ch. iv. — Trial of Bishops — also Baronies, by Writ, p. 124. 
 
 t Skene de verbor. signifieat, verb, mitites, saith that, by the an- 
 cient laws of Scotland, freeholders were called milifes, knights, Statu. 
 of Alex. 2, ch. ii. vii. which seems also to have been a custom with us 
 as the chief gentleman or freeholders in every country, (in regard that 
 they held by knight's service) are stiled chavaliers mitites, in the Stat. 
 of Westminster, ch. i. x. touching the choice of Coroners; and Braction, 
 lib. 3, tract. 2, ch. i. no. 2, saith that knights must be in juries, which 
 turn freeholders do now serve. — See also Glavil, lib. 15, ch. clxxix. — 
 Also Coke on Rank, lib. 2, ch. xii. note(e.) 
 
APPENDIX. 57 
 
 " is a lord of parliament of the upper house) or under 
 " the degree of nobility, amongst the commons; — the 
 " commons are knights, esquires, citizens, and burges- 
 " ses ; and he that is not of nobility, is by entendement 
 " of law, amongst the commons." Coke of Fee Simp. 
 lib. 1, note (e,) so by our law, every man is on a level, 
 that is no peer — I mean by that, is in no better footing 
 as to the law, than a cooler; therefore, he who is first 
 ennobled, may fitly be termed a new man, a man 
 newly set above his fellows, this 
 
 In Shakespeare, 
 
 (Gloucester speaking of the Queen and Shore's Wife,) 
 
 The jealous o'erworn widow and herself 
 Since that our brother dubb'd them gentlewomen. 
 
 Richard the Third, p. 293.— Pope's 
 And the queen's kindred are made gentle-folks. — p. 294. 
 
 (Gloucester to the Queen herself.) 
 
 Since every Jack became a gentleman, 
 
 There's many a gentle person made a Jack ; 
 
 Myself disgrae'd and the nobility, 
 
 Held in contempt, while many great promotions 
 
 Are daily given, to ennoble those 
 
 That scarce, some two days since were worth a noble. — p. 306. 
 
 Sir Philip Sydney * after the Roman fashion, stiles 
 bringing the first noble image into the house. In 
 Edward the Fourth's time, the court was divided into 
 the old and new nobility, and any one who inspects 
 the writers of those days, will find that the antient 
 
 * Answer to the Memoirs of Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. 
 
 I 
 
58 APPENDIX. 
 
 nobility accounted the new upstarts; which, indeed, 
 I believe, has been the case * in all ages and coun- 
 tries. And one may plainly see, that the Greys, 
 WoodviWs, and some other families that were then 
 newly made noble, although of antient and knightly 
 descent, were, nevertheless, at that time of the day 
 esteemed new men. Clarendon, speaking of Villiers, 
 duke of Buckingham says, that the king's favour 
 to that duke, equally disobliged the old nobility, and 
 people of all conditions, in that the royal favour was 
 bestowed on a family, however old, and even of a 
 line who deduced themselves from the Conquest, yet 
 was it a race, which was never heard of before in the 
 nation; from whence it is plain, that noble author 
 classes the Villiers' s in the rank of novi homines. 
 Nor indeed am I ashamed (especially in such com- 
 pany) to declare myself to be of that opinion; for 
 what is the antiquity j" of any man's race to the 
 public, or a third person ? And I have sometimes 
 thought that the difference of an old and a great 
 family, would not be improperly considered in the 
 following light : — that the first should be weighed 
 
 * Lord Bacon well observes, that men of noble birth, are noted 
 to be envious towards new men, when they rise, for the distance is 
 altered ; and, it is like a deceit of the eye ; that when others come 
 in, they think themselves to go back. — Bacon's Works,\ol. iii. p. 311, 
 folio. 
 
 f Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood, 
 Has crept through scoundrels, ever since the flood ; 
 Go and pretend your family is young, 
 Nor own your father's have been fools so long. — 
 
 Fourth Essay on Mankind, 201, &c. 
 
APPENDIX. 59 
 
 against some antient and unprofitable idol, wor- 
 shipped for age and very antiquity, by its partizans, 
 neighbours, and dependants ; yea, even and curiously 
 Observed by all men for its rust ; but the praise on 
 the other part, is like to that given a true Deity, 
 who, from age to age, doth make appear his great, 
 lasting, and steady glory ; and from time to time, as 
 need shall require, delivers help, and supports those 
 that cry unto him. 
 
( 61 ) 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Abel, 2 
 
 Acton, Sir William, 40 
 Adam, 2 
 
 Adams, Sir Thomas, 40 
 Addison, Joseph, 45 
 Ahaz, King, 9 
 Ahuziah, King, 7, 8 
 Alcides — see Hercules 
 Alfenus, 27 
 Allen, Sir John, 39 
 Appian, 12 
 Appollodorus, 17 
 Arbiter, Petronius, 28 
 Archelaus, 20 
 Arilaeus, 11 
 Artaxerxes, 35 
 Artabanes, King, 11 
 Asinaeus, 1 1 
 
 Atoneies, a merchant, 26 
 Atticus, 23, 55 
 Augustus, 25, 26, 32, 61 
 
 B 
 
 Bacon, Lord, 31, 41, 44, 
 
 45, 58 
 Baker, Sir Richard, 39, 42 
 Barak, 13 
 Barberac, 24 
 Bentley, Mr. 27 
 Blunt, Sir John, 38 
 Brooke, Ralph, 34, 42 
 Brown, Sir Stephen, 42 
 Brutus, 51, 52 
 Buckingham, G. Villiers, 
 
 Duke of, 58 
 Buckley, Stephen, 39 
 Budaeus, 36, 31 
 Bullen, Sir Jeffery, 37, 42 
 Bullen, Thomas, 31, 42 
 liullen, Ann, 37 
 
 Caesar, Julius, 33 
 
02 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cain, 2 
 
 Calvert, Sir William, 44 
 
 Camden, William, 33, 34, 
 
 35 
 Capell, Sir William, 43 
 Caracelli, Alonzo, 35 
 Carnarvon, Earl of, 43 
 Cataline, 53 
 Cato the elder, 2 
 Charles 1, 25, 33, 40, 43, 
 
 58 
 Cicero, 2, 20, 23, 24, 25, 
 
 26, 28, 33, 49, 51, 52, 
 
 53, 54, 55 
 Clarendon, Earl of, 33, 58, 
 Cleon, 22 
 Clodius, 52 
 
 Cocaine, Alderman, 40, 41 
 Coke, Sir Edward, 56, 57 
 Collins, Arthur, 42, 43 
 Constant i us, 26 
 Cooke, Sir Thomas, 39 
 Coruncarius, Titus, 55 
 Corbilius, a Roman Knight, 
 
 55 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 25, 44 
 Cyrus, 35 
 
 D 
 
 Oacier, 18 
 
 Dartmouth, Earl of, 42 
 David, King, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
 
 11, 36 
 Deborah, 13 
 Deiphobus, Prince, 16 
 Dejotanus, King, 2S 
 
 D'Elei, Count, 30 
 Diomed, 2 
 Dion, Cassius, 51 
 Dodderidge, Judge, 35, 37 
 Dormer, Lord, 43 
 Dormer, Sir Ralph, 43 
 Dugdale, Sir William, 30, 
 35, 36, 41, 42, 44 
 
 E 
 
 Echard, Laurence, 26 
 
 Edward I. 38 
 
 Edward II. 38 
 
 Edward III. 34 
 
 Edward IV. 39, 57 
 
 Esau, 8 
 
 Essex, Cromwell, Earl of, 
 
 43 
 Essex, Robert, Earl of, 25 
 Essex (Capell) Earl of, 43 
 Eumalpus, 28 
 Euritus, 15, 16 
 Ezekiel, 13 
 
 Fenelon, Bishop of Cam- 
 bray, 47, 48 
 Fielding, Sir Godfrey, 39 
 Flaminius, 22, 23 
 Fortescue, Judge, 35 
 
 G 
 
 Gainsborough, Earl of, 43 
 Galba, Emperor, 51 
 
INDEX. 
 
 63 
 
 Gallus, 52 
 Cauda, 26 
 Giliiot, Sir John, 39 
 Grotius, 24 
 Guillim, John, 37 
 
 H 
 
 Harding, Robert, 42 
 
 Henry V. 31 
 
 Henry VI. 39 
 
 Henry VII. 39 
 
 Henry VIII. 37, 39, 40 
 
 Hercules, 13, 14, 15, 16, 
 
 17, 18 
 Herodotus, 16, 17, 24 
 Hesiod, 20 
 
 Hicks, Sir Baptista, 43 
 Hippocrates, 21 
 Hirum, King, 6 
 Holland, (Rich) Earl of, 
 
 44 
 Holies, Sir John, 42 
 Holies, Sir William, 42 
 Hollingshed, Raphael, 36, 
 
 37, 40 
 Homer, 2 
 Hooker, Mr. 36 
 Horace, 18, 27, 33, 51 
 Home, Sir William, 39 
 
 Iole, 15 
 Iphitus, 15, 10 
 Isaac, 8 
 
 Isaiah, 11, 13, 24 
 Isocrates, 22 
 
 Jacob, 8 
 
 James I, 40, 41, 44 
 Jehoram, King, 8 
 Jehosaphat, King, 7, 8 
 Jonson, Ben, 36 
 Josephus, 3, 11 
 Josline, Sir Ralph, 39 
 Julius Pollux, 13 
 
 K 
 
 King Peter, Lord, 27 
 Kirknerus, 35 
 
 Lambarde, William, 37 
 Leeds, Duke of, 43 
 Legge, Thomas, 42 
 Leicester, R. Dudley, Earl 
 
 of, 57 
 Le Neve, 40 
 Lentulus, 22, 23, 51, 54, 
 Livy, 22 
 
 Locke, John, 45, 
 Loyde, Mr. 13 
 Lucian, 22 
 Luscus, 32 
 Lycas, a Merchant, 29 
 
 M 
 
 Machiavel, Nicholas, 25, 
 
 26 
 Mahomet, 2 
 
64 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Marius, Caius, 25, 26, 52, 
 
 54 
 Matthaeus, 35 
 
 Maximus, Valerius, 32, 36 
 Mercellinus, Ammianus, 25, 
 
 26 
 Metellus, 26 
 Middlesex,(Lionel) Earl of, 
 
 44 
 Middleton, Dr. 25, 33, 53 
 Minos, 13, 
 Mithridates, 20 
 Mongault, L'Abbe, 23, 55 
 Montague, Lord, Viscount, 
 
 42 
 Moore, Sir Thomas, 40 
 Morgan, Mr. 2 
 Mummius, M. Cato, 55 
 
 Nicias, 22 
 Nolden, Mr. 35 
 
 O 
 
 Octavius, 25 
 Omphale, Queen, 16 
 Osborne, Sir Edward, 43 
 
 Paturculus, 25, 53, 55 
 Pekah, King, 9 
 Percival, Sir John, 39 
 Persus, 27, 
 Pezzuolu, Count, 30 
 Philip, Sir Matthew, 39 
 
 Piso, 51, 54,55 
 Plato, 21 
 Pliny, 32, 49, 52 
 Plutarch, 2, 20, 21, 35, 53 
 Pole, (William) de la, 34 
 Pole, (Michael) de la, see 
 
 Suffolk 
 Pollnitz, Baron de, 48 
 Pope, Alexander, 2, 58 
 Poplicola, 2 
 Potter, Bishop, 21 
 Pride, Col. 44 
 Prideaux, Dean, 4 
 Ptolemy, King, 10 
 Puffendorf, 1 
 
 Quintillian, 40 
 
 R 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 12 
 Rapin, Mr. 42 
 Rezin, King, 9 
 Rich, Sir Richard, 44 
 Richard II. 34 
 Richard III. 57 
 Rupilius, 27 
 
 Sallust, 14, 26, 52, 53, 54 
 Scarus, 26 
 Selden, John, 40 
 Seymour, 43, 44, 49 
 Shakespeare, William, 57 
 Shaw, Sir John, 39 
 
INDEX. 
 
 65 
 
 Shippen, Mr. 29 
 Shore, Jane, 57 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, 57 
 Sidney, Algernon, 21 
 Skelton, Morice, 40 
 Smith, Sir Thomas, 35 
 Solomon, King, 3, 5, 7, 
 
 9, 11 
 Solon, 20 
 Somner, 48 
 Spinola, Cardinal, 30 
 Stanyan, Mr. 13 
 Stow, John, 39 
 St. Augustine, 22 
 St. Hiarom, 12 
 St. James, 24 
 St. John, 11 
 Suetonius Tranquilus, 25, 
 
 32, 33 
 Suffolk, Michael, Earl of, 
 
 34, 42 
 Sylla, 20 
 Syrius, 55 
 
 Terentius, 26, 49 
 Thales, 21 
 Themistius, 25 
 Theodora, Empress, 26 
 Theophilus, Emperor, 26 
 Theseus, 2 
 Thucydides, 22 
 
 Tully — see Cicero 
 Tullius Servius, 26 
 Tullius Attius, 53 
 
 Verstegan, 32 
 
 Vincent, 34,42 
 
 Vives, Ludovicus, 15, 22 
 
 U 
 Uzziah, King, 8 
 
 W 
 
 Warwick, Thomas Beau- 
 champ, Earl of, 42 
 
 Warwick, (Rich,) Earl of, 
 44 
 
 Weaver, John, 38, 39, 42 
 
 Weaver, Henry, 39 
 
 Wotton, 38, 42, 43 
 
 X. 
 
 Xiphilus, 51 
 
 Y 
 
 Young, Sir John, S6 
 
 Z 
 
 Ziglath-pilezer, 9 
 
 FINIS. 
 
rrinteAby W SMITH Mid Co. Kii* Street, Seven Dials. 
 
H