/ ERRATA. Page 7, line 7, for " Bumford" read " Bomford." 11, line 6 from bottom, for " 125° to 300°" read " not less than 125®." 20, lines 5 and 14 from bottom, for " bands" read " lands." 20, line 9 fi'om bottom, add " and is rifled with one turn in 16 feet." 21, line 7, for " twenty-seven" read " twenty-four." 23, line 10, after "dispensed with," add " with cast iron balls sulphur is used." 24, line 8, for ".2607" read " .2607 lbs." 36, line 5, for "0.75" read " .075." 37, line 22, for "plane" read "line." ^ 53, line 25, for ".36 inch" read ".37 inch." 54, line 6, for "band" read "barrel." 56, line 14, for "the size above mentioned" read "48 in. by 14 in. weighing 4 lbs." ii, line 8 from bottom, for " thin" read " three." 76 (table), weight of 6-pdr, spherical case, for "2.5 lbs." read " 5.5 lbs." THE FIELD MANUAL FOR THE USE OF THE OFFICERS ON ORDNANCE DUTY PREPARED BY THE ORDNANCE BUREAU. RICHMOND: PRINTED BY RITCfflE & DUNNAVANT. 1862. FIELD MANUAL. CHAP. I. ORDNANCE. Ordnance for the land service is made chiefly by private con- tractors, under the direction of oflScers of the Ordnance Bureau. The kinds and calibres used are as follows : KIND DF ORDNANCE. CALIBRE. MATERIAL. MODEL. Mountain rifle, . 2.25-inch, . . . Bronze, . 1862 ■f 3-inch (rifled), ". Cast iron. 1861 Field, .... ■{ 6-pounder, . . . 12 pounder, . . Bronze, . 1841 1841 12-pounder, . . " Napoleon. Guns. . . .s r 4.62-inch (rifled), Cast iron, 1862 Siege and garrison, ) 1 12-pounder, . . ISpounder, . . . 1839 1839 24-pounder, . . ' 1839 Seacoast, . , . ■I 32-pounder, . . 42-pounder, . . 8-inch, . . . . 8-inch, . . . . ' 1841 1841 1844 1861 COLUMBIADS, . • ' 10-inch 10-inch, .... ' 1844 1861 ■» 15-inch " 1862 Mountain, . . . 12-pounder, . . Bronze, . 1841 '( ]2-pounder, . . Iron, . . 1862 Field, .... • < 12-pounder, . . Bronze, . 1841 Ho^^^TZERs. - ( 24-pounder, . . " 1844 Garrison and siege. { 24-pounder, . . 8-inch Cast ron. 1841 1841 Seacoast, . ; . •{ 8-inch, . . . . 10-inch, .... , 1841 1841 Siege ■{ 8-iuch, . . . . 10-inch, .... ! 1841 1844 MOJLTARS. Seacoast, . . , ■\ 10-inch, .... 13-inch, .... " 1841 1841 . Coehorn, . . . 24-pounder, . . Bronze, . 1841 There are in some of the forts guns of an older model than the above. The 42-pounder gun and the 8 and 10 inch seacoast howitzers are suppressed by order of Feb. 9th, 1861. Some of the 8 and 10 inch columbiads have been rifled ; the first to a cali- bre of 5.8 inch ; the second, 6.4 inch. Their frequent bursting has caused this class of rifled gUns to be discontinued. A few of the 8 inch siege howitzers were also rifled, for experiment, with a bore of 4.62 inch. Guns and howitzers take their denominations from the weights of their solid shot in round numbers, including the 42-pounder ; large pieces, rifle guns and mortars, from the diameter of the bore. Definitions. Cascable. — The knob on the end of the breech of a gun ; it is composed of the knoh and neck ; sometimes the fillet. Breech. — The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to the cascable. Base of the breech. — The rear surface of the breech. Base line. — A line traced round the gun in rear of the vent. Base ring. — A projecting band of metal adjoining the base of the breech, and connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding. Reinforce. — The thickest part of the body of the gun, in front of the base ring or line : if there is more than one reinforce, that which is next to the base ring is called the first reinforce ; the other the second reinforce. Reinforce hand. — A band at the junction of the first and second reinforces. Chase. — The conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce. Astragal and fillets. — The moulding at the front end of the chase. Chase ring. — A band at the front end of the chase. j^eck. — The smallest part of the piece, in front of the chase. Swell of the muzzle. — The largest part of the gun in front of the neck. Muzzle band. — A band which takes the place of the swell of the muzzle in some guns. Face of the piece. — The plane terminating the gun at the muzzle. Trunnions. — Two cylinders, near the centre of gravity of the gun, by which it is supported on its carriage. The axes of the trunnions are in a line perpendicular to the bore, and in our guns, in the same plane with the axis. Rimhase. — The shoulder at the base of the trunnions. Bore. — All the part bored out, including the chamber and the junction of the bore with the chamber. Chamber. — The small part of some bores ; it col tains the charge of powder. Gomer chaynber. — A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bore by a portion of a spherical surface. True luindaf^e. — The difference between the true diameters of the bore and of the ball. Lock piece. — A block of metal at the outer opening of the vent to facilitate attaching a lock to the gun. Natural line of sight. — A line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the piece from the highest point of the base ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, or to the top of the sight, if there be one. ^ Natural angle of sight. — The angle which the natural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece. Dispart. — The difference of the semi-diameters of the base ring and the swell of the muzzle, or the muzzle band. It is therefore the tangent of the natural angle of sight to a radius equal to the distance from the rear of the base ring to the highest point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzzle band, as the case may be. Preponderance. — The excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over that in front ; it is measured by the weight which the breech #)ears on a balance, the point of support resting at the rear of the base ring, at the base line, or at the bottom of the ratchet, the gun being suspended freely on the axis of the trunnions. Handles. — Flat rings cast on some bronze pieces ; they are placed with their centres over the centre of gravity of the piece. Ear. — A lug of metal cast on some mortars ; it is attached to a clevis hy a bolt, and constitutes a handle. Nomenclature. Guns of the Model of 1861. Parts. — The bore, a cylinder terminated by curved surfaces, the chamber. The breech ; the cascable, the knob, the neck. The body of the gun ; the reinforce, the chase, the muzzle, the /ace, the trunnions, the rimbases. Mouldings. — None. Columbiads. — Add to the above the ratchet, the sight-piece. The vent is in the vertical plane of the axis, perpendicular to it, and enters the bore at the termination of the cylinder of the bore, or slightly in front of it. Guns of the Model of 1841-44. The general difference between guns of the model of 1861 and of 1841-44, is, that in the latter the vent makes an angle of 80^ with the axis of the bore, entering the bore one-fourth diameter of the bore from the ifRttom, and that the latter have more mould- ings. In the model of 1861, all unnecessary mouldings are dis- pensed with, as they are found to materially injure the strength of th^ gun. Different kinds of Cannon. Gun. — A gun, technically, is a heavy cannon, intended to throw solid shot with large charges of powder. It may be distinguished from other cannon by its great weight and length, and by the ab- sence of a chamber. Howitzer. — The howitzer is a cannon employed to throw large hollow projectiles with comparatively small chlirges of powder. It is shorter, lighter, and more cylindrical in shape than a gun of the same calibre, and it has a cylindrical chamber for the recep- tion of powder. The chief advantage of a howitzer over a gun is, that with less weight of piece it can produce at short ranges a greater effect. Mortar. — A mortar is a short cannon used to throw large hoi- low projectiles at great angles of elevation — usually that of 45^. It has a chamber generally of a conical form. Columhiad. — The columbiad combines certain qualities of the gun, howitzer, and mortar. It is a long (the model of 184^-44 having a cylindrical chamber), heavy piece, capable of projecting shot and shells, with heavy charges of powder, at high angles of elevation. Invented by Col. Bumford, and used for soUd shot in 1812. Carronade. — A carronade is a light cannon about 6 cahbres long in the bore, weighing about 65 times the weight of the pro- jectile. It was formerly much used on ships of war. A car- ronade has no trunnions, but is supported on its carriage by a stout bolt, which passes through a loop cast on the under side. Its name is derived from the Carron foundry, where they were first made. It is not used in the C. S. service. Rifie cannon. — These are of a recent date, and are distinguished from the smooth bore, in having the rifles or threads of a female screw cut in the bore. There are many varieties. Chambers. Experience shows that up to a charge of powder equal to one- seventh of the weight of the projectile, and a length of bore equal to 9 or 10 calibres, a chamber is advantageous ; but beyond these limits, it possesses no compensating advantages. There are three kinds of chambers used in fire arms : cylin- drical, conical, or spherical. * Cylindrical chamber. — This is a cylinder of smaller diameter than the bore, terminated at bottom by a portion of a sphere, and connected, by a spherical or a conical surface, with the bore. For very small charges of powder and short lengths of bore, the cylin- drical chamber gives better results than the conical. Hence, all howitzers are provided with the cylindrical chamber. Conical chamber. — This, called also the Gomer chamber, con- sists of the frustrum of a cone connected with the bore by a por- tion of the surface of a sphere. This kind of chamber is con- sidered the most advantageous for large charges, and is adopted in mortars. 8 Spherical chamber. — This consists of a sphere joined to the bore of the piece by means of a small cylinder, which serves as a channel to the gases. It is now ontirely'iabandoned. Grooves of the Rifled Gun. S 4.62-inch rifled gnns 7 ■ ^3 " 5 (4-62 " ■ ^3 <« <« 0.5 inch. <( << 0.4 " 5 4.62 " ■ ^3 <( u 0.1 " " (( 0.07 <( S 4.62 " " >3 <( Cftt>. IrttM tfti b.-^-^ft* P4 .a cooirsco co>-ir-ii>. ojcovoxcocioo-* (i u « ccdt>^irio>.rfiO'^o6°otdaioic^'«a5^ t-1 lO r-1 <£> " S-> -. CO o-"! 1 § g tj aj CO t^ CO CJ t^ 00 p< U3 CO rH tA r-l CO t* '-O C5 S P -* d TT CO .X ic CO d °, d c? 5j f^ -^ -^ ^-'•^ i5 i' 1 C>0 t>.OD ll-^CO^OC^It^S^ScO w d d t>: d rf CO dcd CO wcri co^ o 5S 6i T}< ri Tf T3< r-l f-, (>i aJ ^ lO i s s ro \.n uo CO 1^ i^ lO ►» .c] _ lO TD ^ .1-1 1 '^ --J to 1.0 t>; CO ^ CO t>. ,-4 ri a coooJdoJc^uo od^oicocO'-^^^ r^ C0Cv)-O'l>. GOr-irt ■n' J5 O CO i l^-OiO-^iO-HO H2'-^ »«»^ »^tO o o. A CO— HTrt^05t>»t^ 1 1^^— iiO>Ot>co cot^ p:; S « codo>d-;dio od-^dcoco-;^ f^ M CCT-(COt>. S^,-.s^ S i5 ~, _,,HC^-i ^'-^^^ ccir:. " zzle ions zzle nds nds rf « 3 P P . . , ,a , , . «,§,., Js.a ^ c S j:3 ^ -N ^ ^ face mnz diam •earo face Ol .J. '"' -M iameters, base ring t piece, base ring, swell of th se two sem it, - base ring to ring, 3 rimbases, ons, uions, trunnions eter of the bore, windage, th of bore. Ditto, in d th from rear of length of the diameter of the diameter of the nee between the al angle of sigL nee from rear of eter of the base nee between th( th of the trunnii eter of the trun nee from axis of ht, )nderance, s &B ^^ -^ •?: ^ s ii a ^ ^ a ii .fee ^ rt=!fl n^Sai2-i:^1^c3l^g=«1^Sffi QHvS ^-^^ccc^fll^SftSh^fiA^;^; le 1 ii i 1 O) O 'O -^ ift T-i w V.O -H t-i in CC C<1 rr d 30 o c^ ^ oj »^co ^J;^o oj>:«d<>}c4cD i 6t 1 o> o lo r^ >o \o in j^ — < oo uc rdidcdo*f':■^^oadlO•^f^i"codcj2^^5^>; a O 00 CO -a ft ?5 o ^ •^ r^ cb , . _ Ci tt:' U o i^ 00 _ o cb & c~^c5 § M "1 25 o cc-^oo — CO Tf0':lll(^)OO cocooio ^d^ojcob:d^o ^^d^foj^jgt- ft o a c6dT)'^Tto6s2-^05Xr-;^^odo6iOioipoi CO ilOCO vOW'-i'-i CO Diameter of the bore, -^ » - - True windage, - - - - - Length of bore, exclusive of chamber, " '• " " indiam. Diameter of the chamber, Length of the chamber, . . . Length from rear of base ring to face of muzzle. Whole length of the piece, Semi-diameter of base ring, - - . Semi-diameter of swell of muzzle. Distance between these semi-diameters, Natural angle of sight, Dist. from rear of base ring to rear of trunnions. Diameter of base ring, - - - - Distance between the rimbases. Length of the trunnions. Diameter of the trunnions, Dist. from axis of trunnions to face of muzzle, Weight, - - - pounds. Preponderance, - - pounds, 11 Materials for Ordnance. Bronze. Bronze for cannon (commonly called brass) consists of 90 parts of copper, and 10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is more fusible than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, and less susceptible of oxidation, and much less ductile than either of its components. Its fracture is of a yellowish color, with litlle lustre, a coarse grain, irregular, and often exhibiting spots of tin, which are of a whitish color. These spots indicate defects in the metal ; but they seldom con- tain more than 25 per cent, of tin. The specific gravity of bronze is about 8,700, being greater than the mean of the specific gravi- ties of copper and tin. Pure copper is of a red color, inclining to yellow; it has a fine metallic lustre. Its fracture exhibits a short, even, close grain, of a silky appearance ; it is very ductile and very malleable. The greater the purity of copper, the more malleable it is, and the finer the grain. !:^pecific gravity from 8,600 to 9,000. Pure tin is of a white color, a little darker than silver; it Is malleable, and susceptible of being rolled into sheets, but it is not very ductile ; it is very soft, and when bent backwards and for- wards, it gives a peculiar crackling sound, the distinctness of which is in proportion to the purity of the tin. Specific gravity, 7,290 to 7,320. Cast Iron. Iron for making cannon should be smelted with the greatest possible care, with charcoal, and a blast of a constant tempera- ture of 125^ to 300'^, depending upon the ore used. * All the ma- terials wluch enter the smelting furnace should be of the best and purest quality. The most important quality of gun-iron, after a medium strength of 25,000 to 30,000 pounds per square inch, is uniformity, without which no two guns can be made alike, or any idea formed of what kind of guns are being made. The essential 12 -qnalities of good gttn-iron, are tenacity, elasticity, extensibility and incompressibility : that iron will Tse tlie best 'whrcli has them ^11 in the greatest degree, and the absence of any one will render the iron unfit for guns. Before making guns from an iron which has never been tried for this purpose, a sample-gun of the calibre of the gun to be made, should first endure a satisfactory proof with service charges. The mean specific gravity of gun-iron is about 7,248, and the average tenacity about 30,000 pounds per square inch. Wrought Iron and Steel. Experimental guns have been made of wrought iron and steel, giving satisfactory results, and an order has been given for guns, to be made of the former material. The superior strength of these materials, and the evenness, smoothness and hardness of gnrface of which they are susceptible, render it probable that these are the materials of which our field rifle guns will soon 1>€ exclusively made. Marks. All cannon are required to be weighed, and to be marked as follows, viz : the number of the gun, and the initials of the inspec- tors name, on Ihe face of the muzzle ; the numbers in a separate series for each kind and calibre at each foundry ; the initial let- ters of the name of the founder and of the foundry, on the end of the right trunnion ; the year of fabrication on the end of the lofi trunnion; the foundry number on the end of the right rimbase, above the trunnion ; the weight of the piece in pounds on the base of the breech ; the letters C. S. on the upper surface of the piece, near the end of the reinforce. Cannon rejected on inspection are marked X C on the face of the muzzle ; if condemned for erroneous dimensions which cannot be remedied, add X D ; if by powder proof, X P ; if by water proof, X W. Injuries caused by service. Brass cannon are little subject to esternal injury, except from 13 the bending of the trunnions sometimes after long service or heavy charges. internal injuries are caused hj the action of the elastic fluids developed in the combustion of the powder, or by the action of the shot in passing out of the bore, these effects generally in-» crease with the calibre of the piece. Of the first kind, which exhibit themselves in rear of the shot, are : 21ie enlargement of the bore by the compression of the metal, which is seldom a serious defect; corrosion of metal, particularly at the angles, such as the inner orifice of the vent, or the mouth of a cjluidrical chamber ; cracks, from the yielding of the cohe- sion of the metal ; cavities, cracks enlarged by the action of the gas, and by the melting of the metal ; observable especially in the upper surface of the bore. Injuries of the second kind, which appear in front of the charge, are : The lodgment of the shot, a compression of the metal on the lower side of the bore, at the seat of the shot, caused by the pres- sure of the fluid in escaping over the top of the shot. There is a corresponding burr in front of the lodgment, and the motion thereby given to the shot causes it to strike alternatelj' on the top and bottom of the bore, producing other enlargemenif;, generally three in number ; it is chiefly from this cause that bronze guns become unserviceable. Scratches, caused by the fragments of a broken shot, or the roughness of an imperfect one. The durahility of bronze guns may be much increased by careful use, and by the precautions of increasing the length of the cartridge, or that of the sabot, or using a wad over the car- tridge, in order to change the place of the shot ; by wrajyping the shot in ivoolcn or other cloth, or in paper, so as to diminish the windage and the bounding of the shdt in the bore. The French bronze siege guns, which formerly v. < re rendered unserviceable in 600 service rounds, now endure l)y iliis method 2,500 service rounds. In field guns, both bronze and iron, the paper cap, which is taken off from the cartridge, should always be jmt over the shot. Iron guns are subject to the above defects in a less degree than bronze, except from corrosion of the metal. The principal cause 14 of injury to iron guus is rusting of the metal, producing a rough- ness and enlargement of the bore. The service to which an iron gun has been subjected, may gene- rally be determined by the appearance of the vent. This is ex- amined by taking a cast of it in lead. After about 500 rounds, the vent becomes enlarged to .3 inch, and should not be longer used. In rifled guns, the wear of the vent is about twice as great as in smooth bored guns. Replacing vents. — In bronze field pieces, the vent piece is taken out and a new one screwed in. In other guns, the vent is filled up by pouring in melted zinc, the vent being closed on the inte- rior by means of cLay placed on the head of a rammer, and pressed against the upper surface of the bore, and a new vent is bored at a distance of two or three inches from the first. Spiking and unspiking Guns, and rendering them unser- viceable. To spike a piece, or to render it unserviceable. — Drive into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spike with a soft point, or a nail without a head ; break it off flush with the outer surface, and clinch the point inside by means of a rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of iron wedges, using the rammer, or a bar of iron to drive them in ; a wooden wedge would be easily burnt by means of a charcoal fire, lighted with the aid of a bellows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of bronze guns, or fire broken shot from them with high charges. Fill a piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire a piece against another, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chase of the other. Light a fire under the chase of a bronze gun, and strike on it with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns ; or burst them by firing them with heavy charges, and full of shot at a high elevation. When guns are to be spiked temporaril}^ and are likely to be retaken, a sjning spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted. To unspike a piece.— H the spike is not screwed in or clinched, 16 and the bore is not impeded, put in a charge of powder of one- third the weight of the shot, and ram junk wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood with a gl'oove on the under side, containing a strand of quick-match, by which fire is communicated to the charge ; in a bronze gun, take out some of the metal at the upper orifice of the vent and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours before firing. If this method, several times repeated, is not successful, unscrew the vent piece if it be a bronze gUn, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or drill a new vent. ^o drive out a shot wedged in the hare. — Unscrew the vent piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward — then ram it back again, in order to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it after replacing the vent piece. In the last resort bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out the shot and stop the hole with a screw. To use a piece ivhich has been spiked. — Insert one end of a piece of quick-match in the cartridge, allowing the other to pro* ject out of the muzzle of the gun. Apply the fire to the quick- match, and get out of the way. When quick-match of sufficient length is not at hand, insert one end in the cartridge, the other projecting in front of the shot; and after ramming the cartridge home, throw two or three pinches of powder into the bore. Place another piece of match in the muzzle, the end projecting out. The piece may be fired in this way without danger. Quick-match in the cartridge may be dispensed witli by piercing three or four holes in the cartridge bag. In this manner the gun may be fired with great rapidity. Preservation of Ordnance. Cannon should be placed together, according to kind and calibre, oti skids of stone, iron, or wood, laid on hard ground, well rammed and covered with a layer of cinders, or of some other material, to prevent vegetation. Guns and long; howitzers. — The pieces should rest on the skids in front of the base ring and in rear of the astragal; the aiis in- 16 dined at an angle of 4 or 5 degrees with the horizon, the muzzle lowest ; the trunnions touching each other ; or if space is wanting for that arrangement, the trunnion of one piece may rest on the adjoining piece, so that the axis of the trunnions is inclined about 45° with a horizontal line ; the vent down, stopped with a greased w^ooden plug, or with putty or tallow. If circumstances require it, the pieces may be piled in two tiers, with skidding placed between them, exactly over those which rest on the ground ; the muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the game inclination. Short howitzers and mortars. — On thick planks, standing on their muzzles, the trunnions touching, the vents stopped. Iron ordnance should be covered on the exterior with a lacker impervious to water; the bore and the vent should be greased with a mixture of oil and talloiv, or of tallow and beeswax melted together and boiled to expel the water. The lacker should be renewed as often as requisite, and the grease at least once every year. The lacker and grease should be applied in hot weather. The cannon should be frequently inspected, to see that moisture does not collect in the bore. History of Cannon. Gunpowder became generally known in Europe about 1320, and about this time it was first used to project rounded stones from short conical guns, made in the shape of an apothecary's mortar. Perrieres. — These were succeeded by guns made of long and cylindrical bars of iron bound together by hoops, with a chamber for the powder, called perneies, from being used to breach stone walls. Culverin. — The introduction of the cast iron instead of the stone projectile, caused the rejection of the perrieres for the cul- verin, a gun somewhat like that used at present, of cast metal, only much longer bore, and ornamented on the exterior with "vajrious devices. There is one now at Dover, England, 25 feet 17 long, which casts a projectile of 18 pounds, called " Queen Anne's Pocket Piece." Breech-loading cannon. — In the repository at Woolwich, there is a gun marked 1426, with a moveable breech. Among the ear- liest cannon are found those loading at the- breech. They were soon abandoned for want of strength. ArqueUise. — The arquehuse was a light gun, to be used by the hand, which came into use about 1524; and this was finally suc- ceeded by the musket, cannon having been in use nearly two hundred years before the musket. Ancient mortars. — In 1478 an attempt was made to use hollow projectiles, to which was attached a burning match, but with little success. In 1G34 the present mortars were introduced in the French service. Ancient howitzers. — Early attempts were also made to throw hollow projectiles from the long culverins ; but the difficulty of loading, as the match was lighted before they were introduced, caused the attempt to be abandoned, until the Dutch artillerists conceived the idea of reducing its length so the projectile could be readily inserted. These cannon, thus reduced, came into general use, under the name of Howitzers from the German, Haubitz. Calibres. — The principal series were the French: the 32- pounder, 16-pounder, 8-pounder, 4-pounder and 2-pounder ; and the German, the 48-pounder, 24-pounder, 12-pounder, 6-pounder, 3-pounder and 1^-pounder. To one or the other of these, all the various systems of calibres were finally reduced. Valiere.— In 1732 Gen. Yaliere established a system of uni- formity for cannon throughout France. Still, the carriages for different calibres were of different dimensions ; the axletrees were of wood, and gun carriages without limbers. Gribeauval. — In 1765 Gen. Gribeauval effected the most im- portant changes in artillery. He diminished the charge of pow- der from one-half to one-third the weight of the ball, and was thereby enabled to make the gun lighter ; he disposed the horses in double file, having been previously arranged in single ; he in- X8 troduced iron axletrees, cartridges instead of loose powder, ele- vatiug- screws and tangent scales, and compelled all the arsenals to make the work according to fixed dimensions. Aftcj'wards, all field carriages were reduced to two, making the wheels of the limber and of the carriage the same, and an am- munition chest placed on the limber. The two flasks which formed the trail, were replaced by a single piece, called the stoclc^ allowing the piece to turn in a smaller space. Napoleon gun. — In 1850 the present Emperor of France sub- stituted a single gun of medium weight and 12 lbs. calibre, capa- ble of firing both shot and shell, for the 8 and 12-pounder guns, and 24 and 32-pounder howitzers then in use. It is also called canon-obusier, or gun-howitzer. All the field batteries in the French service in the Crimean war, consisted of these Napoleon guns, each drawn by eight horses. This gun is now adopted in the C. S. service. Increase in calibre. — In 1830 the heaviest gun mounted in the U. S. service, was a 42-pounder; now, 15-inch columbiads, cast- ing a ball of 400 lbs. weight, and mortars, throwing 15-inch shell of 320 lbs. weight, are in use. Rijle cannon. — The first rifled small arm is said to have been made in 1498; yet the method of rifling was not applied to can- non until a recent period. Col. Cavalli of the Sardinian service' introduced about 1832 a breech-loading rifle cannon, which was somewhat noted, though not generally adopted. Lancaster gun. — During the Crimean war Mr. Lancaster in- troduced his rifle cannon of elliptical bore. It was like a smooth bore with its section an ellipse instead of a circle ; having the major axis of the ellipse at the muzzle at right angles to the major axis at the breech. They wholly failed, at the siege of Sevasto- pol, to realize the expectations formed, and from frequent burst- ing, were finally discarded. Rifle fi.eld j^ieces were first used with great efi^ect by the French in the Italian war, and rifle siege 2yieces have been first used in the present war. Among the most celebrated rifle cannon, are the Armstrong, 19 the Whilworth and the Parrott. Some of these are now in the C. S. service, obtained either by capture or purchase. The Armstrong gun, so called from the inventor, who was knighted by the English government for the invention, is a breech-loading rifle cannon, made of wrought iron tubes welded together ; each tube is from two to three feet long, and is formed by twisting a square bar of iron around a mandrel, and welding the edges together, as a good fowling piece is made. In the rear of the trunnions it is enveloped with two additional thicknesses of tubes. The outer consists of a spiral coil, but the inner is formed of an iron slab bent into a circular shape and welded. This in- termediate layer has chiefly to sustain the pressure on the bottom of the bore. Breech. — The breech is closed with a vent piece, which is slipped with the hand into a slot cut into the breech of the piece, and held in its place by a breech screw, which supports it from behind. This screw is made in the form of a tube, so that its hollow forms a part of the bore prolonged, when the vent piece is withdrawn : and through this hollow tube the charge is passed into the chamber. Bore. — The bore of the field gun is three inches in^diameter, and is rifled with thirty-four narrow grooves. Twist, one turn in 9 feet. Projectile. — It consists of a very thin cast iron shell enclosing forty -two segment shaped pieces of cast iron built up so as to form a cylindrical cavity in the centre. The exterior of the shell is thinly coated with lead. The lead is also allowed to percolate among the segments so as to fill up the interstices, the central cavity being kept open bj^ the insertion of a steel core. In this state the projectile is so compact that it may be fired through six feet of hard timber without injury ; while its resistance to a burst- ing charge is so small that less than one ounce of powder is re- quired to burst it. The gun can be fired with great rapidity, and apparently for any length of time, without being sponged. The Armstrong gun always throws to the right, increasing ^nth the range. This con- 20 stant deviation or *' drift" is allowed for by a lateral motion of the rear sight. Eight degrees of elevation give a range of about 3,000 yards. In connection with the elevating apparatus, the field carriage has a lateral screic for giving a slight transverse motion to the piece in pointing. None of them are in the C. S. service. The Whitworth gun is a breech-loading rifle cannon, made of steel, with a wrought iron band at the breech. The breech screws off and works in a collar turning on a hinge. It is 100 inches long in the bore, which is somewhat hexagonal in form. The ca- libre of the inscribed circle is 2.71 inches. The sides of the hex- agon have one turn in 4i feet. The vent is in the direction of the axis of the bore. The projectile is a hexagonal prismoid in form, to fit the bore, with the front end a paraboloid. The carriage is provided with an azimuth screw of play of 1^ inch for moving the gun in azimuth. It derives its name from the celebrated English machinist Whitworth, its inventor, and is said to have a remark- able range. A few are in the C. S. service, by purchase. The Parrott gun derives its name from its inventor, Mr. Par- rott of New York. It is a cast iron rifle cannon, with the dis- tinctive clmracteristic of being reinforced at the breech with a wrought iron band, and of having grooves equal in luidth to the lands. The groove is a portion of an annulus with rounded cornei-s. The Parrott {called also 10-pounder rijled) gun has a calibre 2.9 inches. Length from rear of base band to muzzle, 72.8 inches. Three grooves .05 inch deep, wrought iron band at breech 13 inches in length and 1.18 inch thick. The 20-pounder Parrott gun (captured before Eichraond) has a calibre of 3.67 inches ; length from rear of base band to muzzle, 83 inches ; wrought iron band at breech, 16 inches in length and 1.5 inch in thickness. It has five grooves equal to the bands in width, atd is rifled with one turn in 24 feet. The 30-pounder Parrott gun (captured at Manassas) has a calibre of 4.2 inches ; weight 4190 lbs. ; entire length 132 inches ; five grooves. The wrought iron band at breech is 19 inches in length and 2 inches in thickness. It is rifled ^vith one turn in 24 feet. A few 3-inch guns have been rifled and banded at the Tredegar works like the Parrott gun. A few 3-inch wrought iron guns have also been captured. They arc known by the outline being a con- tinuous curve. Austrian guns. — Twenty-seven bronze field pieces have been introduced into the C. S. service from Austria. Seven are 24- pounder howitzers, cast in Vienna, 1857-50, of calibre 5.87, in- stead of 5.82. The remaining seventeen are 6-pounders, cast in Vienna in 1826 and 1859, of calibre 3.74 instead of 3.67. By having the balls enclosed in canvas, the ordinary ammunition issued for the approximate calibres in the C. S. service may be used with these guns and howitzers. The Blakeleij gun derives its name from its maker, Mr. Blake- ley of England. The field piece is a 12-pounder rifle cannon, of calibre 3.50 inches, with saw tooth grooves. Some are in service;, obtained by purchase. 22 CHAP. II. PROJECTILES. Material. Stone ^yrojec tiles were used before tlie invention of gunpowder, and very generally after it, until the year 1400, when the French made them of cast iron. Un^il quite lately, bronze guns, throwing stone balls of enormous calibre, were used by the Turks in de- fending the passage of the Dardanelles. Lead is too soft to be used against very resisting objects. Large projectiles are liable to be disfigured and partially melted by "the violent shock and great heat of large charges of powder. Wrought iron can be used when great strength and density are required. It is very expensive. Cast iron unites, in a greater degree than any other material, the essential qualities of hardness, strength, density and cheapness. Compound projectiles.-^ AX the siege of Cadiz, cast iron projec- tiles, filled with lead, were used, combining thus great strength and density. For rifle guns, in some services, the projectiles are coated with lead.* In the C. S. service a copper disc is used. Classification. Projectiles may be classified in spherical and oblong. The spherical are used in smooth bored guns, and the oblong in rifle guns. They are further classified according to their structure. Solid or round shot are made of cast iron, and are used in guns. Shells are hollow shot made of cast iron. For field guns and howitzers their calibres are expressed by tJie weight of the equiva- lent solid shot, as 12 and 24 pound shells ; and for all other howit- zers and mortars, by the diameter of the bore of the piece, as 8 and 10 inch shells. They have less strength to resist a shock, and are therefore fired with a smaller charge of powder than solid shot. The cavity contains a bursting charge of powder, or a 23 bursting charge and incendiary composition, if the object be to destroy by combustion. Spherical case shot were invented or perfected by Col. Schrap- nell of the British army, and hence are often called " Schraimeli:' They consist of thin cast iron shells filled with round musket balls. Formerly the interstices were filled with melted sulphur to solidify the mass, and a hole bored through the mass to receive the burst- ing charge. Now, by packing the balls in tight, the sulphur is dispensed with. The 12-pounder spherical case shot contains about 90 bullets and a bursting charge of 1 oz. of powder, and the 24-pounder contains about 175 bullets. Grape shot. — A grape shot is composed of nine small cast iron balls of a size appropriate to the calibre, disposed in three layers of three balls each. Formerly the balls were held together by a covering of canvas and a net-work of twine, called quilted grape. Now a stand of grape is held together by two rings and a plate at each end of the stand connected by a rod or bolt. Grape shot are used in all smooth bored guns except the field and mountain services. Canister shot. — A canister shot is a tin cylinder with iron heads Ailed with balls packed in sawdust. The balls are all made oi cast iron, except for the mountain howitzer. A canister shot for a jgun contains 27 small balls arranged in 4 layers — the top of 6, and the remainder of 7 each. That for a howitzer contains 48 balls in four layers of 12 each. They are used in the field, moun- tain, siege and seacoast services. Bar shot consist of two spheres connected by a bar of iron. They are very inaccurate — so much so as at the present to be abandoned. Chain shot only differ from lar shot in the connection being by a chain instead of a bar. Carcasses are shells having, besides the usual eye, three others, which are placed at equal distances apart, and tangent to the great circle of the shell, which is perpendicular to the axis of the first eye. They are filled with combustible composition, primed at the four holes with quick-match and mealed powder, and are 24 used to 8st fire to au enemy's works, the additional holes being to allow a more rapid escape of the flame. Grenades. — A hand grenade is a small shell thrown from the hand. Rampart grenades are larger, and are used to roll down a breach in its defence, to throw over the ramparts, &c. Six- pounder spherical case shot may be used as hand grenade^ Shot. Calibre, 32 24 18 12 9 6 4 3 1 Diameter, - 6.25 5.68 5.17 4.52 4.10 3.58 3.12 2.84 1.95 Weight, 32.6 24.4 18.5 12.3 9.25 6.10 4.07 3.05 1.00 The specific gravity of shot and shell is about 7,000. Shells 7.1. 1-6 It D^ being the volume of a sphere, and .2607 the weight of a cubic inch of cast iron, the weight of a cast iron sphere will be 1-6 'Tf W X .2607 = 1-6 X 3.1416 x .2607 D^^ = 0.134 D3. To find the weight of a cast iron shot or shell : Multiply the cube of the diameter of the shot in inches, or the difference of the cubes of the exterior and interior diameters of the shell, by 0.134 for the weight in pounds. For lead balls, the multiplier is 0.2142. To find the diameter of a cast iron shot of a given weight : Divide the weight in pounds by 0.134, and the cube root of the quotient will be the diameter in inches. To find the quantity of powder which a shell will contain : Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches by 0.01744, for the weight of powder in pounds. To find the number of balls in te pile: Multiply the sum of the three parallel edges by one-third of the number of balls in a triangular face. In a square pile, one of the parallel edges contains but one ball ; in a triangular pile, two of the edges have but one ball in each. n(n-l-l) The number of balls in a triangular face is 2 ; n bein^ the number in the bottom row. 25 The sum of the three parallel eds^es in a triangular pile is l'w-[-2; in a square pile, 2 71 -|- 1; in an oblong pile, 3 N-\- [2 w — 2 ; N being- the length of the top row, and n the width of the bottom tier; or, 3 m — n -\- 1; m being the length and n the width of the bottom tier. If a pile consist of two piles joined at a right angle, calculate the contents of one as a common oblong pile, and of the other as a pile of which the three parallel edges are equal. 26 CHAP. III. ARTILLERY CARRIAGES. NOMENCLATURE. The nomenclature and the tables of dimensions and weights given in this chapter, apply to the latest patterns adopted. The parts are enumerated generally in the order in which they are put together. Field Gun Carriages. There are four gun carriages for field artillery, viz : One for the 6-pounder gun and the 12-pounder howitzer. One for the 24-pounder howitzer. One for the 12-pounder gun and the 32-pounder howitzer. One for the 12-pounder gun, Napoleon. The parts of these carriages are all similar^ differing only in their dimensions. Wood. 1 stock, in two pieces ; 2 dowels ; 2 cheeks ; 1 axle body. Iron. 2 trail handles. 2 bolts and 2 nuts for do. 1 lock chain bolt, 1 washer, and 1 nut. 1 eye plate for lock chain. 1 lock chain. No. 5, 3 rings, 1 toggle. 1 lunette, for the trail. 1 trail plate ; 2 rivets. 12 nails, for lunette and trail plate. 1 large pointing ring and plate. 2 bolts and 2 nuts, for do. 1 small pointing ring. 2 bolts and 2 nuts, for do. 2 wheel guard plates. 10 nails, for do. 2 prolonge hooks. 8 nails, for prolonge hooks. 1 stop, for rammer head. 4 nails, for do. 3 ear-plate, for worm. 2 nails, for do. 1 key, for v/orra. 1 key chain ; 1 eye-pin. 1 eye-plate for sponge and rammer chains. 2 screws, for eye-plate. 2 chains and hasps, for sponges and rammers. 2 turnbuckles (brass). 2 stud plates, for turnbuckles. 2 trunnion plates. 20 nails, for do., iu 6-pdr. and 24- pdr. howitzer carriage. S7 Field Gun Carriages— /ro^— Continued. 28 nails, in ]2-pclr. carriage. 2 cbaiu bolts ; 2 bevel washers and 2 nuts. * 2 key bolts ; 2 nuts. 6 cheek bolts; 4 washers; 6 nuts. 2 cap squares ; 2 eye pins. 2 cap square chains ; 2 eye pins. 2 cap square keys. 2 key cliains ; 2 eye pins. 2 D rings, for handspikes. 4 staples, for D rings. 1 linstock-socket. 6 nails, for do. 6 rondelles {cast iron). 3 assembling bolts. 3 washers and 3 nuts, for do. 1 washer hook, for lock chain. 2 washer hooks, for handspikes. 1 axletree ; the arms, the stop* 2 under straps. 1 axle strap. 1 bevel washer, for 6-pounder axle strap. 3 axle strap bolts ; 3 nuts. 2 axle bands. 6 nails, for do. 1 box for elevating screw (brass). 2 bolts, for do. ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 elevating screw. 2 shoulder washers, 2 linch washers, 2 linch pins. 2 wheels. for axletree. Limber. The same limber is used for all field carriages. Wood. 1 axle body. 2 hounds. 1 fork. 1 splinter bar. 4 foot board brackets. 2 foot boards. 1 pole. 1 pole prop. 8 screws, for foot board brackets. 20 nails, for foot boards. 4 rivets and 4 burrs, for hounds. 4 plates, for stay pins ; 8 nails. 1 axletree. 1 pintle hook. 3 bolts, for do. ; 2 Avashers ; 3 nuts. 1 stay plate, for limber chest. 2 nails, for do. 1 pintle key. 1 key chain ; 1 eye pin. 1 tar bucket hook ; 2 nails. 2 bolts, for hounds ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 2 under straps. 4 bolts, for under straps; 4 nuts. 2 axle bands ; 6 nails. 2 end bands, for splinter bar. 4 rivets, for do. 2 bolts, for hounds and splinter bar. 4 washers and 2 nuts, for do. 1 eye plate, for pole prop socket. 2 middle bands, for splinter bar. 4 trace hooks. 1 fork strap. 2 bolts, for splinter bar and fork. 2 nuts, for do. 1 pole prop socket ; 1 rivet. 1 pole prop ferrule ; ] rivet. 1 pole prop chain ; 1 toggle. 1 eye pin, for pole prop chain. 1 burr, for eye pin. 2 stay pins, for ammunition chest. 2 keys, for stay pins. 2 key chains ; 2 eye pins. 1 rivet and 1 burr, for end of pole. 1 pole bolt ; 2 washers ; 1 nut. 28 Limber — Iron — (Continued.) 1 pole strap and 3 rivets. 2 pole chains ; the hnks ; the ring. 1 muff, for pole yoke. 1 collar, for muff; in two parts. 2 branches, for pole yoke ; 2 rings. 2 bolts, for collar and branches. 1 washer, for muff; 1 key. 2 shoulder washers. 2 linch w^iBhers. 2 linch pins. 2 wheels, No. 1. 1 ammunition chest. Wheels. There are two Nos. of wheels for field carriages. No. 1, for the 6-pounder gun carriages, the caisson, the forge, the battery wagon, and for the limbers of all field carriages. No. 2, for the 24:-pounder howitzer and the 12-pounder gun carriages. These wheels are of the same form and height, and they fit on the same axletree arm : they differ only in the dimensions of their parts, and consequently in strength and weight. Wood. 1 nave. 14 spokes. 7 fellies. 7 dowels. Iron. 2 broAv bands ; 2 end bands. 12 nails, for bands. 1 tire. 7 tire bolts ; 7 washers ; 7 nuts. 1 nave box (cast iron). Ammunition Chest. The same ammunition chest is adapted to the limber and to the caisson. For the interior arrangements of the chests, for different kinds of ammunition, see chapter on Ammunition. Wood. 2 sides. 2 ends. 1 principa 1 bottom. partition. 1 frame for cover; 2 sides; 2 ends. 1 panel for cover. 1 cover lining. 29 Iron. 34 cut nails, for sides, ends and. bottom. 4 screws, for the bottom. 60 copper nails, for cover lining. 4 corner plates, for ends and sides. 2 do. for ends & bottom. 1 do. for side & bottom. 96 screws, for comer plates. 1 assembling bolt; 1 nut. 1 tunibuckle (brass). 1 washer plate for do. ; 2 screws. 1 back stay ; 6 screws. 2 front stays ; 4 rivets ; 8 screws. 2 hinges ; 4 rivets ; 20 screws. 2 hinge plates ; 4 screws. 1 hasp ; 1 rivet ; 5 screws. 1 hasp plate ; 2 screws. 2 handles ; 8 rivets. 14 copper washers, for rivets. 56 copper tacks, for washers. 1 cover (sheet copper). 216 copper tacks, for cover. Caisson. — Wood. 1 middle rail. 2 side rails. 1 cross bar. 1 bolster, for front foot board. 1 front foot board. 1 rear foot board. 1 axle body. 1 stock. Iron. 2 nails, for front foot board. 1 bolt, for do. ; 2 Avashers ; 1 nut. 6 nails, for rear foot board. 1 middle assembling bar. 2 bolts, 2 washers and 2 nuts, for do. 1 carriage hook. 1 rear assembling bar. 2 bolts, 2 washers and 2 nuts, for do, 1 bridle, for rear of middle rail. 4 nails, for the bridle. J spare wheel axle ; the body, 2 ribs, 1 washer, 3 rivets. 1 chain and toggle, for spare wheel axle. 2 stays, for the same; 2 nuts. 1 stay bolt ; 1 nut. 1 foot bolt ; 1 nut. 1 lock chain bridle. 1 lock chain and toggle. 2 bolts, for lock chain bridle. 2 washers and 2 nuts, for do. 1 lock chain hook ; 2 nails. 1 axletree. 2 under straps. 4 bolts, for under straps ; 4 nuts. 2 axle bands ; 6 nails. 2 rivets for the stock ; 2 burrs. 1 lunette ; 12 nails. 2 lunette bolts ; 2 nuts. 1 key plate, for spare pole. 1 spare pole key. 1 key chain ; 1 eye pin. 2 wheel guard plates ; 10 nails. 1 stock stirrup. 2 bolts for do. ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts. 1 axle strap. 1 spare pole ring. 3 bolts, for axle strap; 3 nuts. 8 plates, for stay pins ; 16 nails. 4 stay pins, stay pin keys. key chains ; 4 eye pins, ring bolt, for spare handspike, washers and 1 nut, for ring bolt, key plate, for handspike ; 2 nails. 1 key plate, for shovel ; 2 nails. 2 keys, for handspike and shovel, key chains ; 2 eye pins, staples, for tool handles, shoulder washers. linch washers. linch pins. 2 wheels, No. 1. 2 ammunition chests. 30 Travelling Forge. It consists of a hody, a belloivs house and coal box. For parts, see Ord. Manual, p. 42-43. To put the bellows in its j^lace. — Keraove the coal box from the back of the bellows house ; take out the two stay plates at the lower ends of the rabbets in the braces; put the projecting ends of the upper bellows arm in the rabbets, and slide them up until the ends of the lower arm come into their places ; put on the stay plates, and fasten them down with the thumb nuts. Screw the brass elbow pipe into its place, through the hole in the sheet iron front of the bellows house ; put in the copper pipe, and screw up the collar which connects it with the elbow pipe. Limber Chest for Travelling Forge and Battery Wagon. This chest differs from the ammunition chest in the following points, viz : It has no principal partition, and instead of the assembling bolt, with the washer plate and turnbuckle, it has a hasp, staple and 2Jlate, fastened by 2 rivets. The backstay is fastened by 1 rivet and 6 screws. The heads of the rivets are not covered with copper washers. Battery Wagon. The battery wagon carries tools, spare parts of carriages, spare harness, and other stores required for the service of a battery in the field, and for repairs. Prairie carriage for the 12-pounder mountain howitzer and mountain rifle. — For particular parts, see Ord. Manual, 2d ed. p. 47-48. Prairie ammunition cart. — This is a two-wheeled cart with shafts, carrying four ammunition chests, and one implement chest like those used for the mountain howitzer ammunition. The chests are held in place by stays and a bar fastened with a spring catch behind, so that they may be easily detached. The wheels I 31 ' are like those of the gun carriage, and have the same track. The shafts have hooks at their front ends for the purpose of attaching another horse if necessary, though one horse is sufficient for the ordinary* draught. Gun Carriage for the Mountain Howitzer and Moun- tain ElFLE. This gun carnage is adapted to transportation on a pack mule ; but for occasional draught, when the roads permit, it is furnished with a thill, which is used with the same saddle that carries the pack. For parts, see Ord. Manual, 2d ed. p. 50-51. Portable forge. — This is used when the capacity of a travelling forge is not required. For parts, see Ord. Manual, p. 51. SIEGE CARRIAGES. Gun Carriage. There are three gun carriages for siege artillery, viz : One for the 12-pounder gun ; One for the 18-pounder gun ; One for the 24-pounder gun and the 8-incli howitzer. These carriages are constructed in the same manner, differing only in their dimensions. When the 8-inch howitzer is mounted on the 24-pounder car- riage, a quoin is used instead of the elevating screw ; the howitzer being too short to rest on the screw. GARRISON AND SEACOAST CARRIAGES. The garrison and seacoast carriages are all made of wrought iron. They are of four diiFerent kinds, viz : 1. The Barbette, front pintle carriage. 2. The Barbette, centre pintle carriage. 3. The casemate carriage. 4. The flank casemate carriage. Each carriage is composed of a chassis and top carriage. The inclination of the chassis rails is the same in all the carriages — 3°. 32 Preservation of Carriages. Wooden carriages ai>e presented in atcII ventilated storeIiouse» protected from tlie weather, or, in the field, are protected from the sun bj a tarpaulin. They should have the- paint renewed when it is worn off. 33 Principal dimensions and weights of Field Gun Carriages Limbers. DIMENSIONS. JbistanCe between the inside of the trunnion plates, Diameter of the trunnion lioles, . . . . Depth of the centre of trunnion hole below the upper face of the trunnion plate, . . . . Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axletree, the piece being in battery on horizontal ground. Distance from axis of Irunuions to axis of axletree, Height of axis of trunnions above the ground, Vertical field | ^^«^« *^^ horizontal line. \ gS^'jt^,,^ \ ^f ^•■^' ^ below the horizontal line. \ S^^witzer, - Distance between the points of contact of trail and wheels with the ground line, ..... Distance from front of wheels to end of trail, the piece being in battery, ...... Distance of the muzzle of 7 Gun, in front of wheels, the piece in battery from > TT -l ^ front of wheels, the front of the wheels. ) "o^i^^cr, <^ ^^^^ ^^ wheels, Length of gun carriage without wheels, Length of limber without wheels, Length of limber without wheels or pole, Length of limber with wheels and pole, Distance between the centres of theaxletrees of gun car riage and limber, ..... Length of the carriage limbered up. Distance from the muzzle of the piece, C Gun, when limbered, to the front of pole. X Howitzer, Whole length of the axletree. Track of the wheels, . - . . Height of wheel, ..... Dish of finished wheel. %i N •■s j; fl^ t^^ CM ■ w jj ■■A'- p, Weights. ^ Gun carriage, without wheels, Limber, without wheels or ammunition chest. Ammunition chest, without divisions, n„« „,i,^^i S Grun carriage, - One wheel. J timber, - Gun carriage complete, without implements. Limber complete, without implements, t Gun carriage and limber, without implements, 9.6 3.7 1. 0.5 14.6 43.1 I'HP 13° 8° 5° 74.4 116.6 5.91 1.09 104.4 161.2 52.85 173.08 96. 269.08 279.1 272.1 78.84 60. 57. L5 Lbs. 540 335 165 180 180 900 860 1760 In. 11.65 4.25 0.95 1. 16.2 44.8 130 8° 79.8 122.75 5.9 111.4 161.2 52.85 173.08 101.7 274.78 283.78 78.84 60. 57. L5 Lbs. 736 335 165 196 180 1128 34 Field and Siege Wagons. DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS. 1 1 1 '3 o 1 o ^ « s In. In. In. In. Length, ...... 12,5 5 130. 154. 143 6 Distance between the axletreeg of carriage and limber, ...... 92. 97.8 112.93 102.95 Whole length, when limbered up, 274.7 279. 303.13 287.85 Height, above the ground, 58.75 70.5 73.55 60. Lb.s. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. r Carriage body, without wheels, 1 Limber, without wheels or chest, - 432 997 910 984 335 335 335 585 Weight, -l One wheel, - - - ■ - 180 180 180 404 Carriage and limber, complete, with- out implements or spare parts, - 1982 2217 2130 3186 35 CHAP. IV. ARTILLERY IMPLEMENTS & EQUIPMENTS. NOMENCLATURE. Rammer heads are made of ash, maple, or other tough woods. For hoAvitzers they are countersunk to receive the fuzes in ram- ming shells. Sponge heads are made one inch less than the diameter of the bore. Sponges are made of coarse well twisted woolen yarn woven into a warp of strong thread, after the manner of the Brussels carpet. They are also made of sheep-skin, alum dressed, with the wool on. Sponge covers are made of Eussia duck or cam'^as, painted the same color as the gun carriage. ' « • Ladles are made of sheet copper, and are used for siege, gar- rison and seacoast guns only. Handspikes. — The trail handspike is made of TOckory or young oak, and is used in the service of field carriages. The manceuvre- ing handspike is used with garrison and seacoast carriages. The ■shod handspike is useful in the service of mortars of casemate and barbette carriages. The truck handspike and roller hand- spike are made of wrought iron, and used for casemate carriages. Linstock. — Length of wood 31 .5 inches ; lower end pointed with iron : used to hold the slow-match when lighted. Portfre stock.— ^It has a portfire socket made of brass, with a thumb screw, fastened to a stock of ash 22.5 inches long. It is used to hold the portfire. Pass box. — Interior dimensions 7 inches square by 14 inches long. Budge barrel. — 20 inches in height, 13 inches in diameter, with a leather hood over top : used in forts for carrying ammunition. Gunner's haversack, made of leather; 2 sides, 13 inches high, 13 inches wide. S9 Port fire case, made of sole leather, to contain 12 port fifeef. Tube pouch, made of leather ; the sides 4.25 inches high, 7.25 inches long. The priming wire and gunner's gimlet are carried with the tube pouch in the loops. Priming wire : iron wire 0.75 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inches diameter at the head, and pointed ; length of stem, for siege and garrison guns, 14 inches; length for field gunsr 8 inches. Gunner's gimlet, like the priming wire, terminating in a gimlet point. Vent punch: the body (steel wire) 0.175 inch diameter, 4.3 inches long. Thumbstall (buckskin) : cushion, stuffed with hair, 9.5 inchesr long, 1 inch thick. Port fire cutter: blades (steel) 2.37 inches long, with a notch 1 inch long and 0.4 inch deep in one of them, 1 inch from the- joint — handles with bolv's 2 inches by 1 inch =— whole length 7 inches. Tart^ent scale (sheet brass. No. 13) : flange 0.5 inch wide, cut to fit the base ring of the piece ; upper edge cut into notches for each i degree dypvation. Table of Tangent Scales for Field Guns and Howitzers^ SUNS. HOWITZ-ERS. ELEVATION. 6-pdr. 12-pclr. 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr. 1°15' go 3° 40 Inches. 0.256 1.025 2.051 3.077 Inches. 0.333 1.334 2.670 4.006 Inches. 0.252 0.945 1.870 2.791 Inches. 0.289 ].138 2.271 3.400 Inches, 0.331 1.3J0 2.618 3.920 Pendulum hausse, or tangent scale. The scale is made of sheet brass, No. 13. At the lower end is a brass bulb, filled with lead. The slider is of thin brass, and is retained in any desired position on the scale by means of a brass St get screw with a milled head. The scale is passed through a slit in a piece of steel, with whieh it is connected by a brass screw^ forming a pivot on which the scale can Tib rate laterally ; this slit is made long enough to allow the scale to take a vertical position in any ordinary cases of inequality of the ground on which the wheels of the carriage may stand. The ends of this piece of steel form two journals, by means of which the scale is supported on the seat attached to the gun, and is at liberty to yibrate in the di- rection of the axis of the piece. The seat is of iron, and is fastened to the base of the breech by 3 screws^ in such a manner that the centres of the two journal notches shall be at a distance from the axis equal to the radius of the base ring. A muzzle sight, of iron, is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of guns, or into the middle of the muzzle ring of howitzers. The height of this sight is equal to the dispart of the piece, bo that 8, line from the top of the muzzle sight to the pivot of the tangen€ scale is parallel to the asis of the piece ; consequently, the verti- cal plane of sight passing through the centre line of the scale and the top of the muzzle sight, will be also parallel to the axis, in any position of the piece ; the tangent scale will, therefore, always indicate correctly the angle which the plane of sight makes with the axis. The seat for suspending the hausse on the gun is adapted in each piece, according to the varying inclination of the base of the breech to the axis. The hausse, the seat and the muzzle sight, are marked for the kind of gun to which they belong. The hausse, when not in tise, is carried in a leather pouch suspended to a shoulder strap. The graduations on the scale are the tangents of each quarter of a degree, to a radius equal to the ilJi-jtance between the muzzle sight and the centre of the journal nutclx'S, which are, in all cases, one inch in rear of the base ring. In some rifled cannon the sight is placed on tlie trunnion instead of the muzzle. The breech sight is then placed on the side, so that the line of the sights is in a vertical plane parallel to the axis 38 of the bore. In all rifled cannon the projectile deviates in the direction in which it revolves, to the right. This deviation is to be obviated in practice, by pointing to the left of the object. Tangent Scales for Pendulum Hausses for Field Guns and Howitzers. i — FOR GUN'S. FOR HOWITZERS. Gptlr. 12-pdr. 12-pdr. ! 24-pclr. 32-pdi'. i In. In. In. In. In. Radius of base ? 5.15 6.5 5.0 6.0 6.9 ring, \ Dispart - 1.025 1.33 0.9 1.125 1.3 Height of muzzle sight. Tang. 1° 1.042 1.349 0.931 1.128 1.310 2° 2.084 2.698 1.862 2.275 2.621 3° 8.124 4.046 2.792 3.412 3.933 40 4.164 5.392 3.722 4.548 5.248 5° 5.203 6.737 4.650 5.683 6.566 Gunner'' s level. — This is made of sheet brass ; the lower part is cut in the form of a crescent, the points of which are made of steel ; a small spirit level is fastened to one side of the plate, parallel to the line joining the points of the crescent, and a slider is fastened to the same side of the plate, perpendicular to the axis of the level. The instrument is useful in marking the points of sight on siege guns and mortars when the platform is not per- fectly level. Vent cover, for field pieces (leather) ; 6 inches long, 4 inches wide, with a copper pin riveted to it. The length of the strap varies with the size of the piece. In permanent batteries sheet lead may be used for vent covers. Fuze setter (brass) ; the handle, upper end slightly rounded, the cup 2.1 inches diameter; depth, 0.3 inch. Whole length, 5 to 6 inches. Fuze mallet (dogwood or oak), in one piece ; head, 5.5 inche* 39 long, 4 inches diameter; handle, 7.5 inches long, 1.25 inch di- ameter. Fuze saw (tenon saw) ; 10 inch blade. Fuze rasp ; 12 inch wood rasp. Fuze auger, for boring out the composition to any required depth. Bit 0.2 inch diameter, sliding in a brass socket graduated to lOths of an inch, and held by a thumb screw in the side ; haii- dle, of hard wood. Fuze gimlet ; common gimlet, 0.2 : used for boring across the composition instead of sawing off the fuze. Shell plug screiv (iron) ; stem 3 inches long, cut with a deep, sharp thread ; eye 2 inches in diameter. Fuze plug reamer. — A conical steel reamer, for reaming the holes for paper fuzes in the wooden fuze plugs. Fuze extractor. — The inner screw and its stem are made of steel, and riveted into the handle, which is of iron. It is used for extracting fuzes. Gunner'' s pincers. — Made of iron, with steel jaws 1 inch wide; whole length 10.5 inches. Gunner^s callipers. ^-Mude of sheet brass, with steel points. The graduations show the diameters of guns and of shot, linear inches, degrees of the circle, etc. Guyinefs quadrant (wood) ; a graduated quadrant of 6 inches radius attached to a rule 23.5 inches long. It has a plumb line and bob, which are carried, when not in use, in a hole in the end of the rule, covered by a brass plate. Maul, for driving pickets; head (elm or hickory) 6 inches di- ameter, 8 inches long ; handle (ash) 1^ inch diameter, 24 inches long, with an iron band on each end, 1 inch wide, i inch thick. Pointing ivire, for mortars (iron wire No. 7) ; 20 inches long. Quoin, for siege mortars (oak) : length, 19.5 inches ; height, 7.85 inches ; handle, 6 inches long. Chock, for casemate carriage ; small wedge, with a handle on one side. Plummet, for mortars; line and bob. Scraper, for do. (iron) ; handle 0.5 inch by 0.3 inch square, 27 inches long; one end formed like a spoon : the other, a scraper. 40 Spatula, for mortars (ash or hickorj') ; handle, 16.5 inches long"} hlade, 6 inches ; square end, 3 inches long-. Splints (white pine) ; 6 inches long ; 0.25 inch thick at the large end ; 1 inch Avide. Wiper, for the chambers of mortars ; tow cloth, 1 yard square. Gunner's sleeve, for mortars (r-erge or flannel). Basket, for mortar implements : of strong' wicker work, 18 inches in diameter, 12 inches deep. Tarpaulins are made of two sizes : large, 15 by 12 feet ; small, 6 feet square. Tompions, for 8-inch siege howitzers and mortars, and 10-inch mortar. Broom, for mortar batteries (hickory or birch). Shell hocks (iron) ; 2 branches, 0.5 inch diameter, in shape of an 5, joined by a rivet. Used for lifting large shells. Totv hook (iron); handle, 0.4 inch diameter, 13 inches long; hook, 1 inch ; the other end forms a hammer, 0.6 inch diameter, 2 inches long. Used for unpacking limber chest. Funnel, for filling shells (copper or tin): diameter of funnel, 8.3 inches ; diameter of pipe, 0.7 inch ; length of pipe, 2 inches. Potvder measures.- — They are made of sheet copper, from No. 16 to No. 20. The bottom is made with a flange .1 inch deep, turned downwardsj and it is brazed or soldered to the sides. Prolonge.-^S.5 inch hemp rope of 4 strands ; on one end a toggle, and 3 round links in a thimble ; on the other end a hook and a thimble. Sponge bucket for field gun carriages, made of sheet iron. Di- ameter 7.8 inches ; height 9 inches. Tar bucket, made of sheet iron. Diameter 7.2 inches ; height 8 inches. Water bucket, for travelling forge, made of oak. Diameter at top 11 inches; bottom 10.25 inches; heiglit 11 inches. Watering bucket for field service, haade of sole leather, bottom of two thicknesses. Interior diameter of bucket at top 12 inches ; at bottom 10 inches ; height 9 inches^ 41 Interior dimensions of Cylindrical Powder Measures, Contents. Diameter and height. Contents. Diameter and height. Lbs. oz. In. Lbs. OZ. In. 1 1.337 2 4.240 2 1.685 2 8 4.571 4 2.122 3 4.857 8 2.673 4 5.346 1 3 368 4 8 5.560 1 4 3.628 6 6.120 ] 8 3.85.5 8 6.7.36 Shovel. — Blade, sheet iron, pointed with steel. PicJc axe. — Iron, pointed at both ends with steeL Felling axe. — Blade, with steel edge, and hickory handle, 27 inches long. Hand hill, or Bill hook. — Iron, with steel edges. Whole length Z>^ac/e, 8.25 inches; hook 1 inch long; handle (hickory), 7.5 inches long. Drag rope. — 4 inch rope, 28 feet long, with a thimhle worked in a loop at one end, and a thimble and hook at the other end — 6 handles, wood, 12 inches long, 1.5 inch diameter, fastened to the rope at the distance of 4 feet apart, and at the same distance from the ends of the rope. Men's harness. — 4 inch rope, 18 feet long, with thimbles and a hook. Instead of handles, loops made of leather are used, and fastened to the rope in pairs. Screw jack, for field service.' Height of stand 19 inches ; length of screw 15 inches. 42 Weights of Implements and Equipments. KIND. •a KIND Lbs. Lbs. r42-pdr. 0.7 Fuze plug reamer, 0.3 32-prlr. 0.65 Fuze extractor, 3.53 Woolen spongcB, ^f^^^^^' [ 0.5 04 Gunner's pincers, Gunner's callipers. 85 5 12-pdr. 0.35 Gunner's quadrant wood. 84 6-pdr. 25 Gunner's perpendicular. 0.6 Sponge covers, { t^: ! 28 0.14 Maul, Pointing wire. " 10. 0.08 Trail handspikes, 7.25 Quoin, for siege mortars. 7. Manoeuvreing handspike, 8.28 Chock, - 1.4 Shod handspike and long ma- ... { Plummet, 1. noeuvreing liandspike, Scraper, 2.3 Truck handspike, 18.5 Spatula, 0.75 Roller handspike, Splint, 0.03 Linstock, ag Gunner's sleeve, 0.25 Port-fire stock, - 65 Basket, - 4. Pass box. Budge barrel, 7. 15.5 Tarpaulins, C Small, - I Large, - 9. 54. Gunner's haversack, Port-fire case. 1.86 1.55 Mortar tompions, C 8-inch, - UO-inch, - 5. 7. Tube pouch, 0.95 Broom (hickorv), 3.75 Priming horn, 0.86 Shell hooks, ' - 2. Priming wire. 0.08 Tow hooks. 6 Gunner's gimlet, 0.08 Funnel, 32 Vent pouch, 0.08 (4 oz. 0.3 Thumbstall, Port -fire cutter, - 003 77 Powder measures. J 8 oz. 1 1 lb. 05 C.75 Tangent scale, 0.21 [3 lbs. - 1.6 Pendulum hausse and case, 65 Prolouge, - .18. Cannon lock, 2.75 Sponge bucket. 10. Lock cover, 0.9 'i'ar bucket, . 7. Vent cover, 0.45 Water bucket, wood, - 10. Lanyard for friction primers, - 0.10 Watering bucket, leather. 8. Fnze setter, 2.66 Shovel, 475 Fuze mallet, 2 75 Pickaxe, 6.5 Fuze saw. 0.75 Felling axe, 6. Fuze rasp, 0.75 Hand bill, 2. Fuze anger. 03 Drag rope, 16.5 Fuze gimlet. 1 Men's harness, - 23. Shell plug screw, 31 Screw jack, 25. 43 CHAP. V. * ♦ ARTILLERY HARNESS. The construction of the field carriages requires a harness dif- ferent, in some respects, from that- of common -nagons. The limber having no sweep bar, the pole is supported directly by the wheel horses, by means of a chain which connects the hames with the pole yoke of the Hmber; and, in order to diminish the weight at the end of the pole, the leading bars are dispensed with, the traces of the leaders being attached to those of the wheel horses. The same harness is perfectly adapted, also, to the siege car- riages; but as these are arranged for draught in the ordinary manner, common wagon harness may be used with them if ne- cessary. Black leather is used for the harness when not otherwise speci- fied. It should be of the best quality, and the strongest leather is selected for the parts which are exposed to the greatest strain, such as traces and breeching. Head gear. — The head gear is made of strong black bridle leather, not less than .1 inch thick. It consists of the halter, the Iridic and the hit. The hit is made of iron, japanned. The curh chain consists of 19 links. Driver^s saddle. — The frame is made of beech, and covered with canvas or raw hide. Valise saddle. — The frame like the driver's saddle, only smaller. Valise — made of black bridle leather, lined with cotton ticking. Whip. — The stock is of hickory or raw hide, about 30 inches long. Leg guard. — The body is made of stout kip leather, with a plate of iron 0.1 inch thick fastened to it. 44 Nose hag. — The bottom is made of stiff leather, 6 inches di- ameter and 4 inches deep, to which a bag of strong linen is sewed. Draught harness. — If consists of the collar, the hames, the i; traces, the crupper. Breeching includes the breech strap, the hip strap, the breast strap, the pole strap. The breast strap and pole strap are made of three layers of thick harness leather. Pole jfad is placed on the end of the pole to prevent the lead horses from being injured. Pack-Saddle and Harness for Mountain Artillery. The mountain howitzer and its carriage are either carried on pack-miiles, or the gun is mounted on the carriage and drawn by mules harnessed to it. The ammunition, forage and tool chests are carried on pack- mules ; or, when the roads are good, may be carried in common carts. The equipment is the same whether the gun and carriage are packed or drawn, except that the lashing-girth and lashing-rope are not required for draught. Composition. — The harness complete is composed of the head gear, the pack saddle — which is common for packing the gun car- riage or chests — the crupper, the breeching, the breast strap, and the lashing girth and rojje. Packing the Mountain Howitzer. * The howitzer is placed on the pack saddle, the muzzle to the front, in the recesses cut in the bows and transoms : it is lashed "with the lashing rope. The shafts are placed upside down on the same pack saddle, the cross bar on the neck of the cascable : the shafts are lashed with the bow straps. The carriage is placed on the pack saddle, the axletree against the front face of the front bow : it is fastened by the lashing rope. The wheels are placed on the same pack with the carriage, one on each side, the small end of the nave against the pack between 45 the bows, one of the spokes resting on the arm of the axletree ; they are lashed with the bow straps. The ammunition chests are suspended with chains, on hooks, on each side of the pack, and lashed with lashing ropes. To place the Howitzer on the Saddle. Three men load the howitzer on the mule. Introduce the ram- mer head into the bore ; place the loop of the handspike over the cascable ; carry the piece to the saddle, approaching by the croup ; raise it and place it in its bed. Three men load the carriage, taking hold of it by the arms of the axletree and by the end of the trail. Four men load two ammunition chests and hook the 4 chains at the same time. The load ought to be fastened securely, so as to form as it were a part of the animal, and should be raised as little as possible above the mule's back. HORSE EQUIPMENTS FOR THE CAVALRY SERVICE. A complete set of horse equipments for cavalry troops consists of 1 bridle., 1 watering bridle., 1 halter., 1 saddle, I pair of saddle bags, 1 saddle blanket, 1 surcingle, 1 pair of spurs, 1 curry comb, 1 horse brush, 1 j^if^kct i^in, and 1 lariat (1 link and 1 nose bag, when specially required). The saddle adopted in the C. S. service is known as Jenifer's saddle. General Directions for Shoeinct Horses. The shoe should be forged to fit the form of the foot : it should project on the outside at the end of the heel about its thickness, beginning at the last hole ; should be flush with the hoof at the toe and on the inside ; the heels generally short and thin. The holes in the outer quarter should be farther from the edge, and in ,tlie inner quarter nearer the edge ; in the front shoe nearer the toe, and in the hind shoe nearer the heel. Make the lower face of the shoe perfectly flat, and try it on an iron table. The shoe 46 ehould bear equally all around on the wall of the foot, and not at all on the sole. A judicious preparation of the foot for the shoe is of the greatest importance, strict attention being paid to fts peculiarities. Shoes sliould not be allowed to remain on more than five weeks, when they should be removed, the useless hoof paired off, and the shoe replaced if it still be good. This should be regulated by the length of the hoof rather than by. the wear of the shoe. Rough shoeing differs from ordinary shoeing only in the form of the nails, the heads being longer and more pointed. Harness required for each Horse. 6 WHEELERS. LEADERS. 1 4 aJ 2 o i •z •a '» rH s § •3 5t3 s it: '1 cc ^ , o ^ C Lbs. Hnlter, 1 1 3.0 Bridle, 1 1 3.0 Coupling-strap, .... - _ 0.5 Driver's saddle, .... 1 ]. 1H.25 Valise-saddle, ..... _ _ 7.78 Valine, _ _ 4.5 Collar and cnllar-Kfrnp, - - ' - _ 1 4.25 Haines and strap and 2 turning-straps, _ 1 9.25 I"""'— .U'S., : : : - 1 9.75 11.75 Trace-loops and belly-band, - - 1 1. Loin-straps and trace-loops, ^ J^^'j^j-Jg^ \ : 1 0.75 0.875 Crupper, ..... - 1 0.75 Breeching and hip-gfrap. _ 1 - 3.G Breast-strap, ..... _ 1 _ 4.75 Leg-guard, - . . . . _ 1 - 2. Whip, _ 1 - 0:35 Nose-bag, ..... _ 1 1 1.12 Pole-strap (on the carriage-pole), _ 1 - 2, Pole-pad, " " - - - - - - L5 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. ( For each horse. - 59 82 54,9 5l.fi() 4777 Weight. < ( Set for 2 horsew. - 11 18-2 9f .37 47 Preservation of Harness in Store. - The store houses should be well ventilated, not too dry, but free from dampness. The different articles should be arranged accord- ing- to liind and class, separated or in bundles according to their nature, so placed as to touch each other and the walls as little as possible, having a free circulation of air about them — saddles on trestles or bars — collars hung on pins — haynes, with their straps, and traces with chains and hooks, hung up ; the traces hanging vertically — side straps and hellybands piled on the floor or on shelves — surcingles and breast strops stretched on racks — halters^ bridles, reins, etc., hung up in bundles of five or ten — hames straps, collar^ straps, etc., hung up in bundles of ten or twenty — hits, curb chains, trace hooks, in boxes. All these articles should be examined and cleaned at least four times a year. The leather articles are brushed and greased with neat^s foot oil, as often as their condition requires : if they have a reddish hue, mix a little lamp black with the oil. First brush the leather carefully, then pass over it a sponge wet with lukewarm water; grease it slightly on the hair side, applying the oil with a soft brush before the leather is quite dry. In general, new leather is not greased until it has been in store three years, unless ft should be found to require it. Iron parts which are not japanned or tinned, or from which the coating is rubbed off, are greased with tallow. 48 CHAP. VI. SMALL ARMS, SWORDS, SABRES, &c. History of Small Arms akd Projectiles. Portable Jire arms were invented about the middle of the 14th century. They consisted of a tube of iron fired from a support, aud weighed about 75 pounds. Arquehuse. — The difficulty of firing "hand cannon," arising from their weight, was overcome by making them shorter, and supporting them on a tripod by means of trunnions. They were called arquebuses, and fired with a match by the hand. Pistol. — The first pistol was a wheel lock arquebuse, invented 1545, in Pistoia, a city of Tuscany ; hence its name. Musket. — The musket was first used by the Spaniards, under Charles V. The balls weighed 2 ounces, and the piece had to be supported on a forked stick. The calibre was afterwards reduced ; and hence the present smooth bored musket. Match lock. — To avoid disturbing the aim, a lock was devised, which consisted of a lever holding at its extremity a lighted match. The lever was pressed down with the finger until the end of the match touched the priming. Wheel lock, invented 1517, consisted of a grooved wheel of steel, made to act on a piece of alloy of iron and antimony, placed near the priming charge of powder. Flint lock, derived from the wheel lock by substituting flint and a steel battery for the wheel and the alloy, was generally intro- duced in the French army in 1680. Percussion lock was introduced in 1842, and now all arms are made with this lock. The percussion cap was invented in the United States in 1817. Bayonet. — Before the invention of the bayonet fire arms were combined with pikes in such a manner that one affbrded protec- tion to the other. It was first made at Bayonne 1640 ; hence its 49 i-iame. It was formed of a steel blade attached to a handle of wood, which was inserted into the bore of the barrel when used. Afterwards the wooden handle was replaced by a hollow socket, thus rendering- the musket a pike as well as a fire arm, changing the formation of infantry from six ranks to three and two. Rijle. — The rifle first made its appeamnce at Leipsic 1498. The grooves were parallel to the axis of the bore, for the purpose of diminishing friction. It was accidental!}' discovered that spiral grooves gave greater accuracy to the projectile. About 1600 ife was somewhat used as a military arm for firing spherical balls. Accuracy of the rifle. — In 1742 Robins pointed out the supe- riority of the elongated form of projectile, and demonstrated that the irregular deviations of the projectile fired from a smooth bored musket, were due to the revolution of the ball 'around an axis not coincident with the axis of the bore ; thus producing by the re- sistance of the air an unequal pressure on the sides of the ball. This irregular revolution is due to the eccentricity of the centre of gravity of the ball, and the position which the centre of gravity occupies m reference to the axis of the bore, together with the lodgments of the ball near the muzzle. When by the grooves of the rifle the projectile is made to revolve on an axis coincident with the axis of the bore, tlxere is no inequality in the resistance of the air on the sides of the projectile, and hence no pressure to cause a deviation from the normal trajectory. Range of (he rifle. — The superior range of the rifle over the smooth bored musket, is due entirely to the fact that in the rifle, windage is entirely cut off by forcing the ball into the grooves, and by the shape of the projectile the resistance of the air is di- minished ; thus the explosive force is greater and the resistance less. Forcing. — " Forcing" is the operation by which the projectile is made to take hold of the grooves of a rifled barrel, and follow them in its passage through the bore. At first this was effected by driving the projectile down with a mallet applied to the point of the ramrod, and then by wrapping the projectile in a patch of cloth, greased. Owing to this slow and difficult method of load- 3 50 iDg, the rifle was not introduced as a nTilitary arm trntil quite » recent period, when this difliculty was overcome. Delvigne.— In 1827 M. Delvigue, an officer of the French in- fantry, introduced tlie following- method of "forcing:" At the bottom of the breech was a small chamber to contain the powder* The ball, when resting on the shoulders of the chamber, was forced into the grooves by two or three blows with the ramrod/ This method was soon abandoned, as the ball was much dis- figured. Thouvenin. — Col. Thouvtnin replaced the chamber of Del- vigne by a spindle of iron screwed into the centre of the breech Bcrew. The base of the elongated bullet resting on the point of the spindle, was forced into tlie grooves by two or three blows of the ramrod. This was the celebrated carabine a tige, or stem rijle, and is the first military arm in which an elongated projectile was used. Greener.— The first attempt to force a projectile by the action of powder was made in 1836 by Mr. Greener of London. He inserted a conical pewter wedge in the base of an oblong bullet; which was driven, in by the force of powder so as to force the ex- terior of the bullet into the grooves of the rifle. Minie. — Some years after this, Col. Minie proposed a projectile on the same principle. But instead of a solid wedge, he inserted in the conical cavity at the base of the bullet, a cup of sheet iron* Present method,. — Shortly after the introduction of the Minie hullet, it was discovered, simultaneously, in this country and in England, that by giving a suitable size and shape to the cavity in the projectile, the expansive power of the gas alone, without the wedge or cidot, was sufficient to force the projectile into the grooves. The C. S. bullet is a cylinder surmounted by a conoid, weighs 550 grains, and has three grooves around the bore to hold the grease for lubricating, and to guide the l)ullct in its flight, pre- serving its point foremost. The English bullet (known as the Pritchett bullet) has a per- fectly smooth exterior. A conical wedge of box wood is inserted 51 • « in the cavity of the bore, chiefly to preserve its form in being transported. Charge of powder. — The charge of the old smooth bored mus- ket was from one-half to one-third the weight of the projectile. The charge for elongated expanding bullets varies from one-tenth to one-seventh the weight of the projectile. Different kinds of Small Arms^ The small arms adopted for service are s The rifle musket, model 1855. The rifle musket, model 1842. The rifle, model 1855. The rifle, model 1842, reamed out to .577 inch. No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; several dijfferent patterns are now in the hands of the troops. A repeating pistol is issued to the cavalry. The uniform calibre of .577 inch is adopted in the C. S. ser- vice for all rifles and rijh muskets. Rifle muslcet.'—ThQ, rifle musket of model 1855 combines in one piece the range and accuracy of the rifle, with the advantages of the smooth bored musket, as regards lightness, quickness of load- ing, and facility of handling, as a pike. Length of barrel, - - - 40 inches. Length of arm with bayonet, - - 74 " Weight of barrel, - - - - 4.25 lbs. Weight of arm complete, ^ • 9.90 " Weight of projectile, - - - 550 grs. Weight of powder, - - - 60 " Initial velocity, - _ . 960 feet. Rifle. — The rifle difi^ers from the rifle musket, in having a shorter and stouter barrel, a sword bayonet and brass mountings. Length of barrel, - - - 33 inches. Length of arm with bayonet, - - 72 " Weight of ban-el, - - - 4.80 lbs. 52 Weight of arm complete, - - 13. lbs. Charge (projectile and powder) game as rifle musket. Initial velocity, . - - 910 feet. Enfield rife. — Many are in the C. S. service, obtained by pur- chase and capture — so called because made after the model of the English government rifle, manufactured at Enfield. It has three grooves. Calibre, - - - - .577 inches. Length of barrel, - - - 39. *' Length of arm Avith bayonet, - 73. •♦ Weight of arm complete, - - 9.19 lbs. Weight of projectile, ) as rifle musket. Weight of powder, > " " Twist, - - one turn in 6 feet 6 inches. Smooth bored musket. — The calibre of the smooth hored musket (model 1822 and 1840) is considerably larger than the rifle mus- ket; the former being .69 inch, and the latter .577 inch, and with it, more powder is required to project a ball of less weight, than with the rifle. Many of these models (1822 and 1840) are in our service, some of them being still used with the flint lock. Length of barrel, - - - 42. inches. Length with bayonet (model 1822), - 73.6 " (model 1840), - 75.8 Weight of arm complete (model 1840), 10.18 lbs. Weight of round ball, - - 463 grains. Weight of powder, . - - no " English smooth bored musket. — Some smooth bored muskets of English manufacture (old models) are in our service of very large calibre, being .75 inch. Special ammunition is made for them. Muskctoon. — The muskctoon is a short musket, having barrel 26 inches in length and calibre .09 inch. This is an old model, and w; s formerly issued to the cavalry and artillery in the U. S. servic . Some are now used by the C. S. cavalry. Belgian rijle. — The Belgian rifle is a carbine a tige, having a stem in the chamber of the breech, with a calibre of .70 inch. It has four grooves, and is properly used with a solid projectile of 756 grains in weight. 53 Brunswick rife. — This rifle has two grooves, "Which diminish in depth to a certain distance in the barrel, when they are eased off smooth with the bore — calibre about .70 inch. Some of the Bel- gian and Brunswick rifles are in the C. S. service, both by pur- chase and capture. Carbine. — The term carbine is applied to an arm used by mounted troops, intermediate in weight and length between the rifle and pistol. The name is derived from a company of cavalry called carabins, to whom they were first issued. There are several diff'erent varieties in our service. Breech loading carbines. — Nearly all the carbines in our service are breech loading. All may be divided in two classes, those which have movable chambers and those which have fixed cham- bers. The following kinds are in our service : HalVs carbine. — This is an old carbine with movable chamber, calibre .52 inch, length of barrel 21 inches. It was formerly used with a flint lock in the U. S. service. Some with percussion locks are in the C. S. service. Burnside's carbine has a calibre of .54 Inch, and a movable chamber. The cartridge is enclosed in a conical brass case. Sharps s carbine has a fixed chamber. That in our service has a calibre of .52 inch. Maynard's carbine has a fixed chamber. There are two cali- bres in our service. Large size, calibre .52 inch. Small size, calibre .36 inch. Maynard^s primer, attached to this carbine, contains 60 primers in a row, on a tape or ribbon of paper. A primer is moved under the hammer by the act of cocking. The charge is enclosed in a cylinder of sheet brass. MerrilVs carbine has a fixed chamber, and calibre .54 inch. CoWs revolving carbine has a cylinder with six chambers, and a rifled barrel, of calibre .56 inch. ColCs pistol is used in our service, and is constructed on the revolving principle, with a cylinder containing six chambers, and a rifled barrel. There are two kinds in use ; CoWs army pistol has a barrel inches in length, of .44 inch calibre. The navy pistol has a bar- rel inches in length, of .33 inch calibre. 54 Grape-shot pistol. — This pistol is manufacturecl by M.Le Mat of Paris. It lias a cylinder which revolves, containing nine cham- bers, a rifled barrel and a smooth-bored barrel. The latter re- ceives a charge of eleven buckshot, and is fired by a slight change in the hammer. Some are in our service. Nomenclature. The parts of a musket or rifle, arc the band, breech screw, tang screw, cone bayonet, lock, two side screws, mountings, ramrod, stock and tip. Lock. — The parts of the lock, are lock plate, hammer, tumbler, bridle, bridle screw, sear, sear spring, sear-spring screw, main spring, swivel, tumbler-and-swivel pin. Mountings. — The mountings consist of upper and lower bands, middle band, middle-band swivel, band springs, side-screw wash- ers, guard, guard plate, guard bow, trigger, trigger screw, butt plate, two screws for butt plate. Implements. — The implements for use in the field, are screw driver, with cone wrench, wip>er, ball screw and spring vice. 55 Principal Dimensions, Weights, etc. of Small Arms. KIFLE MUSKETS. RIFLES. 1355. 1842. 1855. 1842. DIMEXSION'S. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. 'Diameter of bore, 0.577 69 0.577 0.577 VariAtion allowed, more, 0.0025 0.015 0.fl025 0.0025 ■RiTjprr J Diameter at muzzle, iJAKKitL. < Di,,„^^,t^j, at breech between 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.90 flats. L14 1.25 1.14 1.15 Length without breech-screw, 40. 42. 33. 33. Bayo.vkt— Length of blade, 18. 18. 21.7 21.7 HamUOD— Length, .39.60 41.70 33.00 33.00 Stock, with butt-plate and tip— Length, 52.85 A„„ ( Length without bayonet, - COMPLFTF < With bayonet fixed, COMPLETE. ^ ^^.j,,^ butt-piece, - 55. F'5 57.80 40.3 48.8 73.85 75.80 71.6 71.3 'Number, 3. 3. 3. 3. Twist, uniform, 1 turn in - fift. 6 ft. 6 ft. 6 ft. Grooves. < Width, o.:io 0.36 0.30 0,30 Depth at, muzzle, - .005 .005 .005 .005 (Depth at breech, - .015 .■015 .013 .013 WKIGHTS. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Barrel, without breeeh-screw, - 4.28 4.19 4.8 4.8 Lock, with side-serews. .81 .95 .81 .55 Bayonet, .... .72 0.64 2.15 2.15 Butt-plate, .... .'.375 An\r ( Withotit bavonet, complete \ ^^'^^^ bayonet, COMPLETE. I ^y.^^ butt-piece, - 9.18 9.51 9.'93 9.68 9.30 10.15 12.08 11.83 What is commonly known as the Mississippi rifle in the C. S. Bcrviee, was made after the model of 1842, with a calibre of .54- Ammunition for Small Arms. Bullets for the military service are made by pressure. One press is capable of making 3,000 bullets in an hour. Some are also cast in moulds, and afterwards swaged in a die to the proper size and shape. Cartridges. — The cartridge is composed, of the bullet and the cylinder which contains the powder. The cylinder is now at- tached to the bullet without a wrapper or twine, by being com- pressed in an incision, by machinery, in its base. 56 Pistol cartridges. — The powder cyliuder of Colt's cartriJge is made of combustible paper (prepared after the manner of gun cotton); it is attached to the base of the ball by gam, and is in- serted in tliC piece entire. Percussion caps. — The cap for small arms is made of copper ; it is very slightly conical, with a rim at the open end for conve- nience in handling. The caps are formed by a machine which cuts a star or Hank from the sheet and transfers it to a die in which the cap is shaped by means of a punch. For use in Boughtou's machine, the copper is first cut into strips, from which the blanks are cut and the caps formed ; Wright's machine cuts the blanks from the whole sheet and forms the cap. The first machine makes 2,196 caps, the second, 2,314 caps, from a sheet of the size above mentioned. Each machine can make about 5,000 caps an hour. The powder with which the caps are charged, consists of fulmi- nate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of saltpetre. Each cap contains half a grain of percussion powder, which is pro^ tected from moisture by a drop of varnish. Preservation of Arms in Service. The officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers should be instructed and practiced in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation. Each soldier should have a screw driver and a wiper, and each squad of ten a band spring and tumbler punch, and a spring vice. No other implements should be used in taking arms apart or in setting them up. In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to service, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lodi separated from the stock. 57 Taking arms to Pieces, To take apart the rifle musket, model 1855 : 1. Unfix the baj^onet. 2. Put the torapion in the muzzle of the barrel. 8. Draw the ramrod. 4. Turn the tang screw. 5. Take off the lock : to do this, first put the hammer at half- cock, then unscrew partially the side screws, and, with a slight tap on the head of each screw with a wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed in the stock; then turn out the side screws, and remove the lock with the left hand. 6. Kemove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers. i 7. Take off the upper band. 8. Take off the middle band. 9. Take off the lower baud. 10. Take out the barrel. in doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel downward, holdiug the barrel loosely with the left hand below the rear sight, the right hand grasping the stock by the handle ; and if it does not leave the stock, tap the tompion in the muzzle gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breech end from the stock. This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the muz- zle, because if the tang of the breech-screw should bind in the wood, the head of the stock would be liable to be split by raising the muzzle first. The foregoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usu- ally be taken off or dismounted. The soldier should never dismount the hand- springs, guard, side screw, washers, butt-plate, rear sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an officer considers it necessary. The breech screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in ordi- nary cleaning. The lock should not be taken apart, nor the bayonet-clasp taken off, except when absolutely necessary in the 3# 58 opinion of an ofEccr. If proper and regular care he taken of the arm, this will he very seldom necessary. The parts which are ppecially assigned to be dismounted by an experienced armorer will be stated in their regular order, following No. 10, viz : 11. Unscrew the cone, keeping the wrench well down on the Bquare of the cone, to prevent the corners from being injured. 12. Take out the cone-seat screw. 13. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs, using a wire punch of proper size. 14. Take out the side screws.* 15. Take out the guard, using care to prevent injuring the wood at each end of the guard-plate. 16. Take out the side screw washers with a drift punch. 17. Take out the butt-plate screws with the largest blade of the screw-driver, and remove the butt plate. 18. Remove the rear sight by turning out the leaf spring screw, which will release the sight from the barrel. 19. Turn out the breech screw by means of a " breech screw wrench" suited to the tenon of the breech screw. No other wrench should ever be used for this purpose, and the barrel should be held in clamps fitting neatly the breech. Order in which (he Lock is taken apart. 1. Cock the piece, and put the spring vice on the main spring; give the thumb screw a turn sufiicient to liberate the spring from the swivel and main spring notch. Remove the spring. 2. The sear-spring screw. Before turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow of the spring with the screw-driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortise ; then remove the screw and spring. 3. The sear-screw and sear. 4. The bridle-screw and bridle. *Tho guard, butt-plate, and side-Hcrew heads have concave slits, for which the Bcrew-driver is adapted : this lessens the danger of the stock being marred by acci- dent or carelessness in letting the screw-driver slip out while in the act of turning the screw. Great care should be observed to prevent injury in this particular. B0 5. Tlie tumbler- screw. ^. The tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted in the screw-hole, which at the same time liberates the hammer. 7. Detach the main-spring swivel from the tumbler with a drift- punch. Assembling Arms. The lock and the musket arc put together in the inverse order of taking them apart. The Lock. 1. The main-spring swivel. 2. The tumbler and hammer. H. The tumblcr-screvr. 4. Bridle and screw. 5. Sear and screw. 6. Sear-spring and screw. 7. Ma»i spring. Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm oil, putting a drop on the point of the screw ; also, on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler ; between the movable branches of tfie springs and the lock-plate ; on the hook and notches of the tum- bler. After the lock is put together, avoid turning the screws in so hard as to make the limbs bind : to insure this, try the motion of each limb before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it moves without friction. The Musket. 1. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze it down with the hand ; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the floor, to settle the breech end of the barrel against the head of the stock. * 2. Put on the lower baud with the letter U upward, being care- ful not to mar the stock or barrel in sliding it into its place ; apply the thumb to the band-spriug, to see that it plays freely. 3. Put on the middle band ; and, 4. The upper band, in the sanie manner. 5. The lock. Half-cock the hammer; take the lock in the right hand, with the main spring and sear toward you, holding •the stock with the left hand by the swell, with the butt betwee^ / 00 the knees. Enter the lock fairly into tlie lock-bed, taking care" to keep the arm of the sear clear of the trigger ; press the plate well down into the wood, and then turn the musket over, holding the lock and stock together with the left hand. 6. With the right hand, turn in the side screws, after having touched their screw-threads with oil. Observe that the point of the rear screw is Jlal, and should not project beyond the plate, to hiterfere with the hammer. The front screw has a rotind point. 7. Turn in the tang-screw, after having oiled the screw-tliread^ Be careful to see that each of these screws are turned firmly home, hut not forced. Observe that the lock plays freely, without friction, and that no limb is bound by the wood. 8. lieturn the ramrod. 9. Eefix the bayonet, afterliaving oiled the clasp and socket to prevent chafing. 10. Eeplace the tompion. Oil the stock well with sp'erm or linseed oil; let it stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woolen rag until the wood is perfectly dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a polish which moisture will not affect. Linseed oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be use(3 while the arm is dismounted. Cleaning and Care of Arms. To Clean the Barrel. 1. Stop the hole in the cone with a peg of soft wood; pour a gill of water (warm, if it can be had) into the muzzle ; let it stand a short time, to soften the deposit of the powder ; put a plug of soft wood into the nmzzle, and shake the Water up and down the barrel well ; pour this out and repeat the washing until the water comes out clear ; take out the peg from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downward, to drain for a few moments. 2. Screw the wiper on to the end of the ramrod, and put a piece of dry cloth or tow round it, sufiicient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of the barrel ; wipe the barrel quite dry, chang- \Qg or drying the cloth two or three times. Of 3. Put no oil into the vent, as it will clog the passage, and cause the first cap to miss fire ; but, with a slightly oiled rag on the wiper, rub the bore of the barrel and the face of the breech-screw, and immediately insert the tompion into the muzzle. 4. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or board, to avoid bending it. The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and rubbing it with a strap or bulf stick, or with the ramrod or any other instrument, to burnish it, is pernicious, and should be strictlj^ forbidden. 5. After firing, the barrel shoQld always be washed as S||n as practicable; when the water comes off clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass into it a rag moistened with oil. As rust and dirt are produced by exploding caps or primers, although no charge be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone ex- posed should be carefully wiped and oiled after such practice. Fine flour of emery cloth is the best article to clean the exte- rior of the barrel. To Clean the Lock. Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one ; if any part of the interior shows rust, put a drop of oil on the point or end of a piece of soft wood dipped into flour of emery ; rub out the rust clean and wipe the surface dry ; then rub every part with a slightly oiled rag. When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it may be cleaned by being boiled in soap-suds or in pearlash or soda water, to loosen the thick oil; but heat should never be applied to any part of it in any other way. To Clean the Mountings. For the mountings, and all of the iron and steel parts, use fine flour of emery, moistened with oil, or flour of emery cloth. For brass, use rotten-stone moistened with vinegar or water, and keep free from oil or grease. Use a hard brush, or a piece of soft pine, cedar, or crocus cloth. Kemove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into them. 6d Wipe clean with a linen rag, and leave the parts slightly oiled. In cleaning the arni§, great care should be observed to preserve the qualities essential to service, rather than to obtain a bright polish. Burnishing the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided, as it tends to crook the barrel, and also to destroy the uniformity of the exterior finish of the arm. It is not essential for the musket to be dismounted every time that it is cleaned ; for, after firing it in jSne weather, or when there has been no chance for the wet to get between the barrel and tuc stock, it can be perfectly cleaned in the following man- ner — Put a piece of rag or soft leather on the top of the cone, and let the hammer down upon it; pour a gill of water into the muz- zle, carefully, so that it does not run down the outside ; put a plug of wood into the muzzle, and shake the gun u\) and down, chang- ing the water repeatedly, until it comes out clear. When clear, withdraw the leather, and stand the musket on the muzzle for a few moments : then wipe out the barrel (as given in the second rule for cleaning), and also wipe the exterior of the lock and the outside of the barrel around the cone and cone-seat, first with a damp rag, and then with a dry one, and lastly with a rag that has been slightly oiled. In this way, all the dirt due to the firing may be removed without taking out a screw. If, however, the hammer be observed to work stiflP, or to grate upon the tumbler, the lock must immediately be taken oflf and the parts cleaned and touched with oil. To change the cone, when it is broken or worn out. — After re- moving the old cone, enter the new one carefully with the fingers, before using the wrench, in order to avoid bruising the thread in the barrel. It is very important to use no other implements than those be- fore mentioned. B}'' using nails to drive out the wires, their holes are enlarged. The main spring should never be heated for the purpose of either raising or lowering its temper ; this destroys the elasticity of the spring, and the lock no longer gives fire. &0 The notches of the tumbler, the main spring, swivel, and in general, all the joints of the lock should be frequently oiled, after first wiping off the hard grease and the dust. Browned arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled rag until the oil is well incorporated with the browning, or by rubbing them with beeswax on a rag or cork. Eifled arms should not have the ramrod sprun^^ in the bore with unnecessary force. It batters the head of the rod, and wears injuriously the grooves. The soldier should let the rod slide down gently, supported by the thumb and finger ; and the insp|pting officer can satisfy himself of the condition of the bottom of the bore by gently tapping with the rod. The face of the breech can be polished, after washing, by means of a cork fixed on the wiper or ball-screw; the polished surface can be seen if the muzzle is turned to the light. Besides all the precautions in dismounting, remounting and cleaning, which have been pointed out in the foregoing pages, ha- bitual care in handling the arms is necessary to keep them in good and serviceable condition. In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the ground, especially when the exercises take place on pavements or hard roads. This will save the mechanism of the lock from shocks, which are very injurious to it, and which tend to loosen and mar the screws and split the wood-work. In stacking arms, care should be taken not to injure the bayo- nets by forcibly straining the edges against each other. The stack can be as well secured without such force being used. No cutting, marking, or scraping in any w^ay the wood or iron should be allowed ; and no part of the gun should be touched with a file. Take every possible care to prevent water from getting in between the lock, or barrel and stock. If any should get there, dismount the gun as soon as possible, clean and oil the parts as directed, and see that they are perfectl}- dry before reassembling them. 64 Strength and Durability of Musk£t Barrels. To test the strength of musket barrels, model 3855, they have Li'cii fired with an increasing number of cartridges, until the fo.ce of the explosion of tlie first two caftridges was unable to dr.ve out the other charges, and the gas escaped through the vent, leaving the barrel uninjured. 1 he strength of the barrel, therefore, furnishes every requisite security against the accidents of service and the want of care on the jfh't of the soldier. Experience has shown that a musket barrel may be fired 25,000 times without becoming unserviceable. Bai rels which are condemned in service are almost always the result of accident, very rarely from enlargement of the bore oi* from tl.e diminution of the exterior dimensions. The ioUowing trials of the strength and durabilit}' of the French musket barrel are taken from the Aide- Mc moire. They refer to the smoeth bore musket : It is to be observed that the charge of the French musket was formerly 162 grains Troy, priming in- cluded (or 146 grains, exclusive of priming), and is, therefore, considerably greater than our present service charge. In expeiiments made in 1806, barrels reduced 0.13 inch at the breecli bore a double and triple charge with one ball, or two car- tridges placed one over the other. Other trials were made in 1829, at the manufactory of Mutzig, on arms sent there for repairs, which had been a greater or less time in the liands of the troops. They furnished the following* results — 1st. AVhen a musket barrel is charged with a single cartridge, placed in any part of it, or with 2 ot even with 3 cartridges, in- serted regularh', without any interval between them, there is no danger of bursting ; with 4 cartridges inserted regularly ovef each other, or with 2 i)r even 3 cartridges placed oVef each other with slugged balls (or balls driven in, as in a rifle), there is danger only in case of some defect of fabrication, or some deterioration in the 65 barrel ; with more than 4 cartridges inserted regularly one over another, or with 2, 3 and 4 cartridges with intervals between them, it is not safe to fire. Late experiments with the rifle musket show that any number of cartridges can be placed one upon the other, and the piece be fired without injury. In consequence of the expansive nature of the projectile, which cuts off the passage of the flame, but two charges will be inflamed, and their force will be expended through the vent. 2d. No danger of bursting is occasioned by leaving a ball screw in the barrel. There may be danger from a plug of wood driven tight into the muzzle, when the barrel has been loaded with 2 car- tridges ; or from a cork rammed into the barrel to a certain dis- tance from the charge, with another cartridge over it. Snow, clay and sand, which may be accidentally introduced into the barrel, are not dangerous, if they lie close to the charge ; but they are so when there is a space between them and the charge ; in this case sand is the most dangerous, then clay and snow. Balls or pieces of iron inserted over the charge were not at- tended with danger when nlaced close to the charge, even when their weight amounted to iT lb. ; but there is danger from a piece of iron, 0.5 inch square, weighing i lb., if placed 20 inches or more from the breech. 3d. A barrel with a defect which might have escaped the in- spector at the armory, bore the explosion of 3 cartridges, regu- larly inserted. After mutilation, which may have caused a reduc- tion of metal in some parts, it may still be used without danger. Finally, the diminutions of exterior diameter which may be produced in ordinary service are never sufiicient to be dangerous. In these trials, barrels originally 0.272 inch thick at the breech^ did not burst when loaded with 2 cartridges, until the thickness was reduced to 0.169 inch, and with 1 cartridge to 0.091 inch. 66 Spare Appendages required for the repair of 1,000 Rijle Muskets during one year in the field. Wipers, - . _ . . 75 Screw drivers, - - - - 25 Ball screws, - - - - - 25 Spring vices, - - - - - 25 Tompions, ----- 100 Band spring and tumbler punch, - - - 25 jn Spare Parts for 1000 Rifles {Model 1855) one year in the field. Nop. Nos. Barrels, .... 2 Guardbows, 20 Vent-ycrewfi, 30 nuts, - 40 llear-sights, 20 " " swivels and rivets, 50 IJreech-scrcws, 10 Triggers, .... 10 Tang " ... 30 screws, - 10 Cones, .... 50 Guard-plate screws. 50 l^ocks, .... 2 Butt-plates, 2 Lock-plates, .... 5 " screws, 20 Hammers, .... 25 Box-plates with catches, 5 Tumblers, .... 20 " screws. 10 " screws, - 100 " springs, 10 Bridles, .... 20 jL " screws, Eanffods, .... 10 " screws, 50 50 Sears, .... 20 stops, 10 " screws, 50 stocks, .... 30 Scar-springs, 50 Screw-drivers, 50 " screws, 50 Wipers, .... 50 Main springs, 50 Ball-screws, 10 " swivels, 40 Spring-vicex, - ' - 30 " " rivets. 40 Tumbler and wire punches, 10 Side screws. 100 Bullet-moulds, 5 Upper bands with swivels, 10 Swages for balls, - 5 " band swivels and rivets, - 50 Sword-bnyoncts, - 30 " baud springs, 30 Tompions, 20 Lower bands, 10 Sword-bayonet lock-pins. 25- " band springs. 20 " ' " springs, 55 Side screw washers. 30 : " " spring Guard-plates, 10 1 : screws. 50 SWORDS AND SABRES. Sabres are curved, and swords straight. NOMKNCLATUKE. Cavalry sabre consists of a curved blade 36 inches long, hilt guard and scabbard of sheet steel. 67 Mounted artillery sabre. — This differs from the cavalry sabre in haviug a hlade only 32 inches long, though of greater curvature. It also has a hilt, guard and scabbard. Foot artillery sivord has a straight two-edged blade 19 inches long, narrower nearer the hilt than in the middle, a hilt and leather scabbard. Infantry sword has a blade straight (cut and thrust) 32 inches in length, a hilt, guard and leather scabbard. This sword is for the non-commissioned officers of foot troops. The sword for officers not mounted is of the same pattern, with ornamented mountings. Principal Dimensions and Weights of Swords and Sabres. Cavalry Artillery Artillery Infantry Sabre. Sabre. Sword. Sword. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Whole length of the sword or sabre in its scabbard, .... 43.35 38.G 26. 38.75 Leugth of the blade proper, 3H. 32. 19. 32. Length of the scabbard, 37.25 33. 20. 32.5 Width of the blade in the middle,^ 11 1.06 1.8 0.72 Versed sine of the curvature of the blade in the middle. 1.5 2.32 Versed sine of the curvature of the blade in proof, .... 7.5 6.5 - 6 5 WEIGHTS. Lbs. oz. Lb.s. oz. Lbs. oz. Lbs. oz. AVeight of the sword or sabre, complete, 4 8 4 U 3 3 2 5 Weight of the finished blade, - 1 5 1 9 Weight of the scabbard. 2 2 - 10 Cleaning Sioords and Sabres. The iron and brass parts of swords and sabres are cleaned in the same manner as those of muskets. When the oil on the blade of a sword is dried up, it will leave a spot which may be removed bj' covering it with oil and rubbing it smartly, after a short time, with a linen rag. When a leather scabbard has become wet, draw the blade and dry the scabbard slowly without heating it ; wipe the blade dry and pass an oiled rag over it and the scabbard, be- fore returning the blade. Oil the blades of arms in store, and also the scabbards, especially on the seams. 68 Accoutrements. M Infantry Accoutrements. Cartridge box, cartridge-box j^^^a^e (brass), cartridge-box belt^ cartridge-box belt-plate, cap pouch, cone pick, bayonet scabbard, l| waist belt, waist-belt plate, gun-sling, sword-shoulder belt and plate, for non-commissioned officers. Rifle Accoutrements. The same as for infantry accoutrements, except the waist belt for the sword baj'onet and the sword-bayonet scabbard. Cavalry Accoutrements. Cartridge box for carbine, pistol cartridge box, cartridge-box plate, cap pouch, cone pick, sabre belt, sabre-belt plate, sword knot-, carbine sling, holsters. Mounted Artillery Accoutrements. Sabre belt, sabre-belt plate, sword knot. Foot Artillery Accoutrements. Sword belt, belt-plate. Weight of Accoutrements. 100 infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .69-in. ball, 300 infantry cartridg-e-boxes and plates for .58-in. ball, 100 infantry cartridg^e box belts and plates, 100 cap-pouches and cone-picks, - . . - 100 bayonet scabbards and frofrs, . - . . 100 waist belts and plates, 1.9 inch wide, - - - 100 gun slings, .---.. 100 non-commissioned officer's waist belts and plates, 100 non-commissioned officer's sword belts and plates (shoulder), 100 rifle cartridge-boxes and plates for .54-in. ball, 100 rifle waist belts and plates, for bayonet-scabbard, 100 rifle sword-bayonet scabbards, - . , 100 rifle pouches, .-..-- 100 rifle Hasks, ...... 100 rifle flask and pouch belts, . . . . 100 cavalry sabre belts and plates, . . . 100 carbine slings and swivels, . . . - 100 light artillery sabre belts and plates, 100 foot artillery sword belts and plates, - •< 176 lbs 167 63 13 31 50 15 49 60 118 59 49 43 81 27 120 110 95 81 69 Musket and Rifle Practice. Dangerous space. — In practice the object to be struck has a certain height, and the ball will strike it not only when it is at point plank, but also when it shall be at such points in rear or in front of the point blank, that the vertical distance of the trajec- tory from such points shall be equal to, or lees than the height of the object. The distance between the points, where if a man were standing, he would be struck in the head, and where he would be struck in the feet, is called the dangerous space. For cavalry the dangerous space is greater than for infantry, for the same trajectory. The more flattened the trajectory, the greater the dangerous space. The French rifle musket, at a distance of 273 yards, has a dan- gerous space of 87.5 yards ; at 546 yards, of 42.5 yards ; at 872 yards, of 20.5 yards. For the Enfield rifle musket at 600 yards, the dangerous space is 60 yards ; at 800, of 40 yards. Comparative Efficacy of the Sjiiooth Bored Musket, with Round Bali', and the Rifle, with the Hollow Ball. Experiments were made in 1851, at Vincennes, to test the rela- tive efficacy of the musket and rifle at various distances. The conclusions were as follows : 1st. In the fire by company, the rifle with the hollow ball has 710 superiority over the smooth bored musket with round ball, at 164 yards. 2d. At 218 yards, the rifle has one and a half times the efficacy. 3d. At 437 yards, the rifle has six times the efficacy. 4th. Beyond 437 yards, the musket has neither accuracy nor penetration, but the rifle has still very considerable efficacy. ^0 Table showing the relative Penelration of Round and Cylindro- \ conic Balls. 437 yards. Target^ f! feet C inciica. NU3IBER Of PLAKKS. 1 4 2 2 2 1 3 4 5 6. 7 8 Musket — round ball. 120 fired. Struck, Penetrated, T?ge rifle, rylindro- conic ball. 120 fired; Struck, Penetrated, - ' 03 63 C3 55 5") 52 51 43 43 32 27 14 10 13 i The planks \^ere poplar, 1.02 inch thick, placed 18 inches in rear of each other. Charge of powder for round ball, 123.5 grains ; cjlindro-conic, 69.5 grains. Mean deviations, — -Tiie following are the mean deviations of the rifle musket, fired from a shoulder and rest : Distance. Yards. 100 COO 1000 Vertical! Inches. 1.9 22.2 55.9 Horizontal. Inches. 1.5 14.6 22.5 Effect of bullets. — The penetration of the rifle musket bullet, in a target made of pine boards, one inch thick, are as follows : At 200 yards, - - 11 inches. - 600 " " - 6.33 " " 1000 " - - 3.25 " From experiments made in Denmark, the following relations were found between the penetration of a bullet in pine, and its effects on the body of a living horse, viz : Ist. When the force of tlie bullet is sufficient to penetrate 0.31 inch into pine, it is only sufficient to produce a slight contusion of the skin. 2d. AVhen the force of penetration is equal to 0.63 inch, the wound begins to be dangerous, but does not always disable. ?1 3ci. When the force of penetration is equal to 1.2 inch, the tvound is very dangerous. It will thus he seen that the present bullet is capable of pro- ducing very dangerous wounds, at a much greater distance than 1,000 yards. Accidents that occur with the Holloio Ball. Projectiles^ with a cavity in the base, are liable to be torn by the action of the gas, if it be too violent, or if the projectile be defective from its fabrication, as often occurs with moulded bul- lets. The tearing of hollow bullets is thus classified. Lunettes.— In this case the cylindrical part of the bullet re- mains behind in the piece, the conical part being torn off by the action of the gas, and driven out witliout range or accuracy. In case of accidents of this kind, the arm is temporarily unfit for use, and has to be unbreeched to extract the lunette. Sometimes by forcing a second ball down point foremost, and ramming it hard against the lunette, they may both be fired out. Anneavx : composed of a circular part of the hollow portion of the projectile, comprising one or more of the grooves ; these acci- dents arise entirely from a defective fabrication. Affouillements. — In this case the gas penetrates through the fissures or openings of the bullet, from defective moulding, and pierces without separating the front part of the bullet^ thus driving it out with little force or accuracy. 72 CHAP. VII. AMMUNITION. Gunpowder. Gunpowder should be of an even grain, angular and irregular in form ; it should be so hard as not to be easily crushed by pres- sure with the finger ; it should, when new, leave no trace of dust when poured on the back of the hand, and should leave no beads or foulness when flashed, in quantities of 10 grains, on a copper plate. It is distinguished as musket, mortar, cannon and jnam- moth powder. They are all made in the same manner, of the same proportion of materials, and differ only in the size of the grain. Materials. — The materials required are saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. They should be of the greatest possible purity. Proportions of materials. — All powder for the military service must be composed of the following proportions, by weight, viz : 76 parts of nitre, 14 of charcoal and 10 of sulphm*; Or 75 '' " 15 " 10 Size of grain. — The size of the grain is tested by standard sieves made of sheet brass pierced with round holes. Two sieves are used for each kind of powder : Nos. 1 and 2 for musket, 2 and 3 for mortar, 4 and 5 for cannon, and 6 and 7 for mammoth powder. Diameter of holes for musket powder, No. 1, 0.03 iu. ; No. 2, 0.06 in. " mortar " No. 2, 0.06 in. ; No. 3, 0.10 iu. cannon " No. 4, 0.25 in. ; No. 5, 0.35 in. " " mammoth " No. 6, 0.60 in. ; No. 7, 0.90 in. Musket powder. — None should pass through sieve No. 1 — all through No. 2. Mortar powder. — None should pass through sieye No. 2 — all through No. 3. Cannon powder. — None should pass through sieve No. 4 — all through No. 5. 7:3 The smaller flic gTains of powtlcr, to a certain limit, the more nearly instantaneous is its conversion into gas. The object of using large grained powder is to avoid its instantaneous conver- sion into gas, which would burst the gun. As a general rule, in firing cannon, the heavier the projectile the larger the grain of powder used, and conversely. The inertia of rest of the projec- tile is proportional to its mass, and a smetll interval of time is re- quired to impart to it, with safety to the gun, the velocity with which it issues from the muzzle. Powder Measures. Made of sheet copper ; those for use in the park should be made without handles, for the convenience of putting them up in a nest; their form is cylindrical, the interior diameter and height being equal. To find the diameter and height of a cylinder to contain a givtn quantity of gunpowder : Multiply the weight in pounds by 38.2 for cannon powder } c t j -i. 39.4 for musket L lifle powder \ "^ '°'=''"™ ^^^^''^ and take the cube root of the product. Dimensions of Powder Measures. WEIGHT OF POWDER. DIAMETKR AND HEIGHT. WEIGHT OF POWDER. DIAMETER AN'D HEIGHT. Lb8. OZ. Inches. Lbs. OK. Inches. 1 1.337 o 4.240 2 1685 2 8 4.571 4 2.122 3 4.857 8 2.673 4 5.346 1 3.368 4 s 5.560 1 4 3.628 6 6.120 1 8 3.855 8 6.736 74 Ammunition for Small Arms now used in the C. S. Service.- i 3 ARMS, c3 t ^ A t 2 "^.a tn fi to ■3 e1 I, "3 O ^ q' iie]g:ian rifle, .70 738 .675 80 Mississippi rifle, .54 470 .525 .70 Eifle musket, - ^ - .€9 738 - 80 Rifle " - .58 500 .562 75 German rifle, ^ . w .69 738 _ 80 Eufield rifle, .- -' .57 540 .562 70 Smooth bore musket (ball), - .69 400 .650 100 . '♦ " " (buck and ball), .69 - - 110 English smooth bore musket, .75 480 - no Hall's carbine. .54 228 - 60 Merrill's carbine, .56 430 _ 50 Sharp's carbine, . - - .52 480 - 60 Burnside's carbine, .56 385 - 75 Colt's revolving carbine. .56 420 ~ 60 U H li .44 250 - 35 Maynard's carbine, .51 345 - 55 " '• .37 156 25 Colt's army pistol. .44 250 30 " navy " .33 145 - 17 Horseman's pistol, .54 228 30 How to make Cartridges. "When the cylinder of paper is not attached to the ball by the pressure of machinery closing the annulus around the base of the ball, as is usually done in the C. S. service, cartridges should be made with thin wrappers. The first, or inner paper envelope, is made by rolling with the hand the paper around a cylindrical mould, generally of wood, with a conical cavity at one end, to fit the cone of the ball. Besides this paper, a little rectangle of paste-board is also rolled, and the paper projecting beyond, pressed into the hollow of the mould, thus making a cylinder in which to receive the powder. The ball is then placed against the mould, the point of the cone in the hollow of the mouldy and a third wrap- 75 per of thin, strong paper, in shape of a trapezoid, rolled and pasted around ball and powder. The cartridge is terminated by a com- pressed fold at the end with the powder, and tied with twine be- low the ball. The outer wrapper is then lubricated around the ball, with a mixture of two parts of bleached wax and one of tallow. Buckshot cartridges have 4 tiers of 3 buckshot each, inserted like the first, with a half hitch between them, and finishing with a double hitch. Ammunition for Field Pieces. The charges of powder are contained in cartridge hags. The projectile is attached to a block of wood called a sabot. For the guns and the 12-pounder howitzer^ the cartridge and the projectile are attached to the same sabot, making together a round of fixed ammunition. For 32 and 2^-pounder howitzers, the projectile is separate from the charge, and the cartridge is attached to a block of wood, called a cartridge block. Charges of Powder. KIND. FOR GUNS. FOR HOWITZERS, 12-pdr. 6.pdr. j 32-pdr. 24-pdr. 12-pdr. For shot, . . . - For shell, . . . - For spherical case, For canister, - . . . For shell (large charge), Lbs. 2.5 2.0 25 2.0 25 Lbs. 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.0 Lbs. 3.25 3.25 2.5 Lbs. 2.5 2.5 2.0 Lbs. 1.0 1.25 1.0 Cartridge Blocks. Cartridge blocks are cylinders of wood to which the cartridges of howitzers are attached, to give them a better finish, and to in- crease the length of the smaller charges, so that they may fill the chamber of the piece, and may be less apt to turn in the bore. They are made of poplar, linden, or other soft wood. 76 Sabots. Sabots are made of pojylar, linden or other light, close grained wood. ^ The}' should be clear of knots and splits, and well seasoned. They are made with a cavity to fit tlie ball, and a groove around which to tie the cartridge, thus serving as the means of connecting the charge with the projectile. Fuze Plugs. The fuzes for field shells and spherical case are inserted, at the .moment of loading the gun, into wooden fuze X'^'^gs, previously driven into the shells. These plugs are made of beech, perfectly seasoned and dried, so that they may not shrink after they are driven. Charging Shells. Power required to fill the shell, to burst the shell, - to blow out the fuze plug, for service charpre, 32-pdr. 24-1 .dr. 12pdr. Lbs. oz. Lbs. oz. Lbs. oz. 1 5 11 1 0- 8 8 5 2 1 12 1 7 Riiie 01' musket powder is iised iu preference to caunou powder. Spherical Case Shot. CHARGE. 8-in. 42 32 24 18 12 6 Number of musket balls, Bursting charge of powder, oz. Weight of shot loaded, - lbs. 48fi 15 59.5 306 9 39. 225 8 30.13 175 6 22.75 120 5 16.3 78 4.5 11. 38 2.5 2 5 Cylinders and caps. — For the greater security of field ammuni- tion, the cartridges are covered with paper cylinders and caps. The cap is drawn off at the moment of loading the piece, and in using solid shot it may be placed over the shot to diminish windage. 77 Dimensions and Weight of Fixed Ammunition. FOR SUNS. FOR HOWITZERS. DIMENSIONS. 12 6 32 24 12 In. In. In. In. In. Height of charge of powder, f ^ ^hnrtrp including cartridge blocks J ^^"^^^ charge, - 5. 4. 7.4 5.9 { 3.25 for ^32 and 24-pdr. howit- j g^^^^ ^^^^^^^ . 4. 3.25 7.4 5.4 Height of Rtrapped shot or shell, 5.02 4.13 7.14 6.58 6.42 Height of canister with sabot. 8. 6.75 10.5 9.55 8.75 rshot, Height of round of fixed am- ) Shell, 10.4 8.43 - - - 10. munition. \ Spherical case, - { Canister, 9.5 7.8 _ - 10. 12.4 10.3 - - 12.3 WEIGHTS. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Cartridge, including car- C Large charge, tridge block. \ Small charge. 2.56 1.3 3.88 2.7 2.06 1.05 3.1 2.34 1.05 Shot, strapped, . - - . . 12.75 6.28 Shell, strapped and charged. _ _ 24.6 18.8 9.35 Spherical case, strapped and charged. 1143 5.75 31. 23. 11.3 Canister with sabot, .... 148 7 32 28.5 21.25 10.8 rshot, Round of aramuni- ! Shell, with small charge, - 15 4 7.6 _ _ 27.7 21.15 10.5 tion, complete, i Spherical case, [Canister. 13.5 6.82 34.1 25.. 34 12,5 16.91 8.4 .316 23.6 11.85 78 Contents of each Packing Box for Field Afnmunition. FOR GUNS KIND OF AMMUNITION. HOWITZERS. KIND OF AMMUNITION. (J 13 ^ ^ o< 'C P. a o. p. C» rr 2 s CO n CI Shot. Shells. Shot fixed, - Q 14 Shells fixed, _ _ 12 Priming tubes, o 5 Shells strapped, - 4 6 Portfires, 1 1 ^ , . , C .xmall charge. Cartridges, J j^^.^^ ^j^^^^^.; 4 6 Slow match, j'ards, 1.5 1.5 1 1 Priming tubes, 3 3 5 Spherical Case. Portfires, 1 1 I Slow match, yards. 1.5 1.5 1.5 Shot fixed, - 8 14 r black, 2 sec. - 2 2 6 Priming tubes. 5 5 Fuzes, \ ''''^' ^ «««• - ' 1 green, 4 sec. - 4 6 12 Portfires, 1 1 2 2 6 Slow match, yards, 1.5 1.5 (. yellow, 5 sec. - 2 2 black, 2 sec. ;5 7 Fuzes, <^ green, 4 sec. - 8 ■3 14 7 Spherical Case. yellow, 5 sec. 3 Shot fixed, _ _ 12 Canister. Shot strapped, Cartridges, small charge, 4 4 6 6 Canisters fixed, Priming tubes. Portfires, Slow match, yards. 8 5 1 1.5 14 5 1 1.5 Priming tubes. Portfires, Slow match, yards, r black, 2 sec. - T^ 1 red, 3 sec. - 3 1 1.5 2 4 3 1 1.5 o C 5 1 1.5 6 12 F"^««' i greU 4 sec. - 2 2 6 [yellow, 5 sec. - 2 2 Canister. Canisters fixed, - _ _ 12 Canisters with sabots, 4 6 Curt ridges, small charge. 4 6 Priming tubes. 3 3 5 I'ortfires, 1 1 1 Slow match, yards. 1.5 1.5 1.5 Ammunition for Siege and Garrison Service. Cartridges. The ordinary service charge of powder for heavy guns is one- fourth the weight of the shot ; hut the charge varies according to circumstances, from one-third the weight of the shot (for a breach- ing battery), to one-sixth of that weight, for tiring double shot or 79 hot shot, and still less, for ricochet firing. The charges for mor- tars and howitzers vary according to the required range. Cartridge bags for sie^e and garrison service are usually made of woollen stuff. These are cirt in two pieces, in the form of a rectangle with semicircular ends, which are sewed together to form the bag. See Ord. Manual, for the manner of making them. Charges for Shells for Columhiads and heavy Guns. COLUMBIADS. GUNS. CHARGE OF POWDER 10-in. 1 8m. 42 32 =4 18 12 To fill the shell, To burst the shell, - To blow out the fuze plug. For oriliuary service, Lbs. oz. 3 4 1 6 10 3 Lbs. oz. 1 12 1 8* 1 8 Lbs. oz. 1 8 12 ■ 1 e air by tlie explosion which takes place when the rocket reaches the summit of its trajectory. The decorations of rockets a?e stars, serpents, marrons, gold 'fain, Sfc. Serpents are made of smaH paper cases like a rockefi. Marrons are small paper shells fi^lled with grained powdei*. The stick. — The stick m a tapering piece of pine about nine times the length of the ease, aad is ti^ed to the side of the ease to* guide the rocket in its flight. Incendiary Fii e-works. Fire stone is a composition that burns slowly but intensely ; i^ is placed in a shell along with the bursting charge, for the purpose of setting fire to ships, buildings, &'e. It is composed of 10 parts nitre, 4 sulphur, 1 antimony, 3 resin. Carcass,— A. carcass fs a hollow cast kan projectile filled witrl i)urning corapositioii, the Hame of ^yhich Issnes throtigh four fuze' holeg, to set lire to combustible objects. The composition is the same as for port fires, mised with a small quantity of finely chopped tow, and as much white turpentine and spirits of turpen- tine as will g-ive it proper consistency. A common shell mr^y be loaded as a carcass, by placing the' bursting charge in the bottom of the cavity, and covering it with earca?s composition, well driven in, and in»;eyting four or five strands of quick -match. Hot shot. — The pfeeeutions to be obperved in loading hot shot,^ are, that the cartridge be perfectly tight, so that the powder shall ?iot scatter along the bore, and that a wad of pure clay, or hay soaked in water, be interco?ed between the cartridge and th^ shot - ire Balls. Fire halls are projectiles of an oval shape formed of eacks of canvas, filled with combustible composition. They are used ta )ight up the enemy's works and are loaded with shells, to prevent ^hcm from being approached. The sacks are made of strong a>id close canvas (sail clothj'f which may be cut straight and gathered at the ends ; or more' neatly, cut in three gores or curved pieces, to form a ball. The;f are made of two or three thicknesses of stuff, according to it^ strength, and the pieces are sewed together with strong thread. Light Ball So Light halts are made in th On the ammunition in right half. Total number of rounds, - 50 376. .52 FOR 12-rOUNDER GUN. Shot, fixed, - 20 308. In left half, and iu 4th division of right half. Spherical case, fixed, 8 117.6 In 1st and 2d divisions, right halt Canisters, fixed. 4 67.64 In 3d division, right half. Spare cartridges, SV lbs. 2 5.12 On the spherical case. Friction primers. 48 .62 In a tin box, in the tray. Slow match, yard, Portfires, 1.5 .28 .57 ^ On the ammunition in right half. Total number of rounds, - 32 •1119.83 FOR 12 POUNDER GUN (NAPOLEON). Shot, fixed, - 12 184.8 In 1st, 2d and 3d divi.siona, left half Spherical case, 12 176.4 In 1st, 2d and 3d divisions, right half. Shells, 4 4d.m In 4th division, rip lit half. Canisters, 4 67.64 In 4th division, left half. Spare cartridges, 2.5 lbs. - 2 5.12 Ou the shells. Friction primers, 48 .62 In a tin box, in the tray. 'Slow match, yard, Portfires, 1.5 3 .28 .57 > Ou the ammunition in right half. Total number of rounds, - 32 484.11 KOR 12-PDR. HOWITZER. Shells, fixed. 15 157.5 In 2d, 3d and 4th divisions, right half. Spherical case, fixed. 20 273. In left half. Canisters, fixed. 4 47.4 In 1st division, right half. Friction primers. 58 .75 In a tin box ou the canisters. Slow match, yards. Portfires,' - 2 2 .38 .57 > On the canisters. Total number of rounds, - 39 479 6 91 Ammunition carried in each Chest — Continued. KIND. No. a Weight. PLACE. FOR 24-rDR. HOWITZER. Sholls, strapped, Spherical case, strapped, - Canisters, r Small charge. Cartridges, -i [Large charge, Friction primers, Slow match, yard, Poi-t fires. Total number of rounds, - 12 8 3 23 2 34 1 2 23 Lbs. 225.60 214.92 63.75 53.82 5.40 .44 .19 .57 564. fi9 In left half In front and middle divisions of right , half. In rear divisions of right half. 12 in middle division, left half; 9 in middle division, right half; 2 on the canisters. On canisters. In a tin box on the canisters. > On the canisters. FOR 32-PDR. HOWITZER. Shells, strapped. Spherical ca.se, strapped, - Canister, Friction primers, Slow match, yard, Portfires, Total number of rounds, - 8 6 1 15 1 22 .5 1 15 196.80 216.00 28.50 46.50 3.88 .28 .09 .28 492.33 Front and rear divisions of left half. Rear divisions and right front division of right half Left front division, right half. > 1st division in each half. In a tin box in the middle division. I In the middle division. FOR MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. Shells, fixed. Spherical case, fixed, Canisters, fixed, Friction primers, Slow match, yard. Portfires, Total number of rounds, - 1 6 1 12 i 8 9.9 75.6 1L8 .15 .09 .28 In left end. In middle. In right end. In water proof paper. 97 82 For Prairie Howitzer. — The same as for the mountain howitzer. 92 Implements and Equip7ncnls for Field Carriages. KIND. No. Weight. PLACE. KOK A GUN OR HOWITZKR ■■ CARRIAGE. Lbs. 1 SponRe.>< and rammers, 2 Sponge covors, 2 0.24 V3.6 Worm and 8taff, k > On the gun carriage. Handspikes, 1> 14.5 Sponge bucket, 1 10. Prolonge, 1 12.5 Yent cover, 1 0.2 On the gun. Tar bucket, Water bucket Oeather), - 1 o 7. 16. \ On the limber. Gunner's haversacks, o 3.72 Tube pouch, - -» Vent punch, 1 1.80 0.08 In the implement trays, or in other Gunner's pincers, - Tow hook. 1 1 0.8.") 0.00 vacant spaces in the ammunition chest. Hausse, 1 0.6.5 Thumb stalls. 2 01 ) Priming wire, 1 0.08 > In the tube pouch. Lanyard for friction primers. 2 0.20 S Gunner's gimlet, Fuze cutter. 1 1 0.08 0.2 > In the tube pouch. Tarpaulin, large, 1 37.75 Strapped on the ammunition chest. KOK A CAISSON. Felling axe. 1 6. Shovel, long handle. 1 4.75 ( In the places provided for them on the Pickaxe, 1 6.5 Spare handspike. 1 7.25 caisson body. Spare pole, 1 2.1. ;*o Spare wheel, 1 180. Tow hooks, 2 1.2 One in the limber chest, and one in a caisson chest. Tar bucket. Watering bucket (leather). 1 7. 16. > On the limber. Tarpaulin, large. 1 37.75 Strapped on the limber chest. ^ 9P, Implements and Equipments for Prairie Carriages. KIND. Sponges and rammers, Sponge covers, Handspike, Vent cover. Haversack, Tube pouch, Priming ■vvire. Thumb stalls. Gunner's gimlet, Lanyard for friction primen Fuze cutter, Gunner's pincers. Tarpaulin, 6x10 feet. Water bucket, Prolnnge, Tar bucket, No. Weight. Lbs. o 3. 2 2.3 1 5. 1 .18 1 1.86 o 1.80 1 0.08 2 .01 1 08 2 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.85 1 12.25 ] 8. 1 _ 1 7. PLACE. > On the carriage. On the gun. ^ In ammunition chests. In the tube pouch. In tool chest A. On the animunition chest. On the limber. On the gun carriage. On the limber. Implements and Equipments for the Mountain Howitzer Carriage. KIND. No. Weight. PLACE. Lbs. Handspike, Sponge and rammer. 5 30 >0n the carriage. Sponge cover. .11 On the sponge. Vent cover. 0.18 On the gun. Haversack, 1.86 ?On the pack with the 3 chests. ammunition Tube pouch. 1.80 Priming wire. 0.08 ^ Gunner's gimlet, 0.08 > In the tube pouch. Lanj^ard for friction primers, 0.2 s Fuze cutter. 0.2 In ammunition chest. Gunner's pincers, - 0.85 In tool chest A. Tarpaulin, 5x5 feet, 5.25 On the pack with the chest. ammunition 94 Equipment of Travelling Forges and Battery Wagons* One forge and one battery wagon accompany each field battery. They are furnished with the tools and materials required for shoe- ing horses and for ordinary repairs and preservation of carriages and harness. Other forges and battery wagons, equipped for the general ser- vice of the army, accompany the field park which contains the general supplies of ordnance stores. The forge for the field battery is designated by the letter A. The forge for the field park " *' " B. The lattery wagon for the field battery " " " C. The battery wagon for the field j)arlc " " *' D. Equipment of a Forge for a Field Battery. Limber Chest. The chest is marked Forge A. The stores and tools are car- ried in 6 boxes and 1 oil can. The boxes are marked, respectively, A, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. I 95 Contents of the Limber Chest of Forge A. Smith's Tools and Stores. No. 1 Weight. Smith's Tools and Stores. No Weight, Lbs. 1 Lbs. Box A 1, contnininp: : _ 8.25 Box A 5, containing: ^ 14.5 Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3, - yo 100. Fire shovel, 1 3,05 i Poker, 1 l.SiO Box A 2, containing : _ 9.75 j Split broom, 1 1.25 Horseshoe nails Nos. 2 Hand hammer. 1 3.50 and 3, - 50.00 Riveting hammer, 1 1.05 Washers and nuts No. 2, - 30 5.35 Nailing hammer, - 1 1.80 Washers and nnts No. 3, - 10 3.20 Sledge hammer, - 1 10.50 Washers and nuts No. 4, - 4 2.15 1 Chisels for hot iron. o 3.00 Nails No. 1 C, - 1.00 Chisels for cold iron. 2 3.00 Nails No. 2 C, .^ 1.00 Smith's tongs, 3 15.00 Tire bolts, 20 5.00 Fore punch, 1 1.00 Keys for ammunit'n chests, 5 1.80 Creaser, 1 1.00 Linch washers, 8 7.30 Fuller, 1 2.40 Linch pins. 12 8.37 Nail claw. 1 5.00 Chains Nos. 1 and 2, ft. 2 1.54 Round punch. 1 2.10 Coldshut 5-llnks, No. 3, - 50 2.50 Tap wrench. 1 3^.75 Coldshut 5-links, No. 5, - 12 2.00 Die stock, 1 6.25 Total contained in Box Nave bands, developed, - 4 11.75 A 2, - 91.11 Tire bands, developed, - Total contained in Box o 2.75 Box A 3, containing: _ 8.25 A5, - _ 80.05 Horseshoes Nos. 2 and 3, - 90 100.00 Shoeing box. Containing : - 4.7 Box A 4, containing : - 8.0 Shoeing hammer, 0.82 Hand cold chisels, 2 2.00 Pincers, pair, 2.00 Hardie, 1 0.75 1 Rasps (12 inches). 2.13 Files assorted, Tvith han- 1 Shoeing knife, 0.33 dles, 12 10.00 Toe-knife, 0.30 Buttress, 1 1.50 I Pritchel, 0.85 Hand punches, round and Nail punch. 0.80 square, 2 2.00 i Clinching iron. 1.00 Screw wrench. 1 2.42 Oil stone, 1.50 Hand screw driver. 1 C.32 ! Leather aprons, - 2 3.00 Hand vise, - - - 1 1.00 Total contained in shoe- Smith's callipers, pair, 1 0.40 ing box. ■ _ 12.75 Taps, ?Nos. 1, 2, 3, Dies, pairs, ) and 4, 4 150 4 1.83 Iron square, in clamps on Wood screws, ? „..^„„ 1 in. No. 14, \ e^^^^' 1 2.10 the inside of cover. 1 2.00 Padlock, on chest. 1 0.50 Quart can of sperm oil. - 1 2.70 Tow, used in packing, - - 5.00 Total contained in Box Tar-bucket, on its hook. 1 7.00 A 4, _ 28.52 1 1 1 Total, - 480 38 nc. Boxes Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are placed in the bottom oi" the chesl: No. 1 against the left band; No. 2 in the middle. No. 4 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left end and the back of tlie chest; the division for the oil can on the left hand. No. 5 is placed on top of Nos. 1, 2 and 3, against the front of the chest. The shoeing box is placed on No. 3, against the right end and the back of the cliest. The tools and stores in all the boxes, and in the forges and bat- tery wagons, are securely packed with tow. Contents of Forge Body A. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. PLACE. Lbs. Square iron, i in. and fio- _ 100.00 Flat iron, li in.xf in., 1 in.xl in., and 1^ In the iron room. Tho iu.xl in. .... ."0.00 1 bars not more than 3 Round iron, Hn. - - 50.00 1 feet long; the square Cast 8teel, f in. square, - _ 5.00 iron iu 2 bundles. English blister steel. _ 5.00 Box A 6, containing : _ 8 25 Horse-slioes, .... 100 108.25 In the iron room. Water bucket, wood. 1 10.00 On its hook. Anvil, ..... 1 100.00 On the fire place. Vise, 1 29.00 Fixed on the stock of the carriage. Water bucket, leather, - ] 8.00 On the vise. liituniinous coal, - - - - Coal shovel, .... 1 250.00 4.75 > In the coal box. Padlock, 1 0.50 Ou coal box. Tow, ..... 2.00 Total, exclusive of vise, 0!i:i50 To put the box in the iron room or take it out, loosen the thumb nuts and raise the rear of the bellows an inch. EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY WAGON FOR A FIELD BATTERY. The battery wagon for a field battery is designated by the let- ter C. Limber Chest. The chest is marked on the front side Battery wagon C. The tools and stores are carried in 4 hoxes and 1 oil can. The boxes are marked, respectively, C, Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4. d-y Contents of Limber Chest for Battery Wagon C. TOOLS AND STORES Xo. Weight. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. Carriage Makers' Tools. Lbs. LbH. Box C 3, containing: - _ 12 5 ?rvrt°i°:;t»' \ " 4.00 Felling axe, \ with ban- Afize, 5 dLs, 5 1 1 1 6.00 (14-in.) 5 ''^ *''^- \ 1 1£0 Krame saw. 1 4..=0 Quart can of spt rm oil, • 1 2.70 Box C 1, containing: - 8 25 Jack. I'laiie, ■ 1 4.15 Sadhrs' Tools and Stores. Smoothing plane, • 1 1.80 Brace, with 24 bits, 1 4 35 Mallet, ] 1.75 Spoke shave. 1 30 Cl.amp, 1 5.00 Gauge, . 1 30 . Plane irons, 2 1.05 23.25 Saw set, 1 25 Rule (2 feet), 1 0.14 Box C 4, containing : • _ 11.00 Gimlets, 12 0.1J5 Hammer, - 1 0.65 Compasses, pair 1 0.18 Shoe knife, 1 09 Chalk line, 1 0.10 Half round knife, - 1 0.-.'8 Brad awls. 2 0.17 Shears, pair, 1 47 Sciiher, 1 0.15 Sandstone, 1 1.54 Saw files (4.V-in.), - 12 87 Rule (2 feet). 1 0.14 "Wood tiles (lO-in ), 2 1.12 Needles, - 100 0.(8 Wood rasp (10 in ). 1 40 Awls and handles. 12 0.75 Trying scjuare (S-in.), 1 0.60 Punches, - 2 22 Hand screw driver, 1 32 I'incers, pair, 1 0.75 Pliers, pair. 1 0.22 17 20 Claw tool, - 1 12 •Creaser, 1 0.15 Box C 2, containing: _ 17.5 Thimbles, - 4 0.06 Oil stone. 1 1.50 .*>trap awl, - 1 01 Broad axe, 1 6 00 Beeswax, lbs. 2 2 00 Hand axe, 1 5.00 Black wax, lbs. 3 3 00 Claw hatchet. 1 2(.0 Bristles, oz. 8 50 Claw hammer. 1 1.60 1 Shoe thread, lbs. 5 5 00 Pincers (small), pair 1 11)6 Patent thread, lbs. 2 2.00 Table vise, 1 3.80 Buckles (assorted, .75-in. Framing chisels (1-in. and to 1.5-in.), doz. 3 1.00 2-in.), o 3.00 Tacks, M. 3 0.75 Firmer chisels (5-in. and Gunners' callipers. 1 0..50 U-in.), 2 1.00 Shoe knives, 2 18 Framing gouges (1-in. anc Scissors, pairs, 2 20 1.4-in.), 2 2.60 Angers and handles (i-in. 20 66 1-in. and 5- in.) 3 2 35 Padlock, on the chest. 1 50 Screw wrench, 1 2 42 Tar bucket, on its hook, - 1 7 00 Tow, for packing. - 7.00 32.23 Total, - 162.59 Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left end. Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2; No. 3 against the rear of the chest. 98 Wagon Body C. The large stores are piled loosely in the body and in the till ; the small stores and tools are packed in Jive boxes. The boxes are marked, respectively, C, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, and can- dle box C. There are seven cans — hvo marked C, Neat's-foot Oil; one marked C, Linseed Oil; 07ie marked C, Turpentine; two marked C, Olive Paint ; one marked C, Black Paint. 1 Contents of Wagon Body C. tools and stores. Box C 5, containing in 5 cans: Linseed oil, gal. Spirits turpentine, gal. Olive paint, lbs. Black paint, lbs. Total in box C 5, Box C 7, containing in 2 cans and 2 kegs : Neat's foot oil, gals. Grease, lbs. Box C 8, containing : Nails (4, 6, 8 and 10 pen- ny), lbs. Felling axes in axe rack, - No. Weight. Lbs. _ 17.5 1 9.17 1 8.77 50 56. 5 6.5 80.44 28. 4 32.80 .50 60. 92.80 - 6. 20 20. 2 12. TOOLS AND STORES. Claw hatchet. Hand bills, m axe rack, Box C 6, containing Paint brushes. Sperm or wax candles, lbs. Rammer heads. Sponge heads, Sponges, - Priming wires. Gunners' gimlets. Lanyards for friction pri mers, Cannon spikes. Dark lanterns. Common lanterns, Total in box C 6, No. Weight. Lbs. 2. 4! 17.5 3.00 7.85 2.90 3.20 3.00 0.24 0.24 0.40 0.30 3.00 4.60 28.73 99 Contents of Wagon Body C. — Continued. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. REMARKS. Caisson stock, 1 Lbs. 35. Under the till, against the side and rear of the wagon. Splinter bar. 1 15. Kammers and sponges, - 3 13.5 On the caisson stock, against rear end. On the bottom ; piled lengthwise Spokes, .... 40 72. against the front end. Fellies, .... 24 160. On the spokes, crosswise. Grindstone, 14-in. x 4-in. 1 50. 1 On the fellies, against the left side 5 of the wagon. Arbor and crank for do. 1 6.5 Screw jacks. 3 75. On the fellies, against the front and the till. Wheel traces. 10 47.5 Leading traces, - Collars, .... 10 6 57.5 27 5 In a pile occupying 30 inches at the Girths, .... Whips, .... Bridles, .... Halters, .... Halter chains, 16 16 Q 11. 8. 18 rear end of the wagon, between the left side and the caisson stock, and up to the top of the till ; the 6 12 21! 15.5 collars piled on each other, from the bottom. Hame straps. 25 4.5 Spare nose bags, - Sash cord, pieces, 12 6 13.5 10. I On the harness. Slow match, yards, 2 0.25 On box No. 7, to the left of No. 8. Elevating screw, Pole yoke. 1 1 15.75 12.25 > On the pile of harness. Harness leather, side. 1 25. 1 Under the till, in front of the pile of Bridle leather, sides. 2 22. 5 harness, against the caisson stock. Prolonge, 1 12.5 On box No. 7, in front of No. 8. Scythes, 4 9. In the till, against the front end. Scythe stones. 4 6. In the curve of the scythes. Spades, 6 30. In the till ; the bits against rear end. Pick axes and handles, - 2 13. Between the spade handles. Corn sacks. 24 20. On the scythes. Tarpavilins, 5 feet square, 2 18. On the corn sacks.against front end. Reaping hooks, - 4 3.85 Fastened to the ridge pole with a wooden clamp and a leather strap. Scythe snaths, - 4 12. Fastened to the ridge pole with two leather straps and buckles. Spare stock for battery wagon, 1 90. In the spare stock stirrup. Padlock, 1 0.5 Watering bucket. 1 8. Tied to the forage rack. Forage, .... - - In the forage rack. Boxes, .... 4 69. Tow, .... - 24.5 Total, - 1292.57 Exclusive of forage. 100 For Equipment of the Forge for the Field-Park, and the Bat- tery Wagon for the Field-Park, see Ord. Manual, 2d edition, pp. 346-354. Forge for the Mountain Howitzer. Two chests, designated the forge chest and the smiths' tool chest, contain the forge and the necessary tools for shoeing horses aud making repairs. The chests are carried on the sides of the pack-saddles, fastened by means of the lashing-chain. The coal sack, containing the charcoal, is fastened to the aro by the handles. Contents of fie Forge Chest. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight. WHERE PLACED. Lbs. Fire place and frame, folded up, 1 3L5 On its Ride, the bottom against the back of the chest. Bellows, closed, • 1 18.25 The right journal in the hole in the eleat on the bottom, the left in that in the clamp ; the nozzle fastened to its support by the strap. Bellows handle, - 1 1.875 On its cleat. Wrench for nuts Nos. 1 and 4, - 1 1.0 Ill its bracket. 1 hand hammer with handle, - 1 S-.^To Placed upright near the wrench. 1 riveting " " " 1 1.5625 " " " " " 1 fore punch and creaser on same handle, ... - 1 1.844 " " " '< " Bugs of horse shoe nails, o 10.0 Packed with tow in the space to th^ right of the bellows. Weight of forge chest, with cleats and clamps, 45. lbs. " of tools and stores, - - - 68.4 " " of forge chtst, packed, ■ • 113.49 " 101 Contents of Smiths' Tool Chest. TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight WHERE PLACED. Lbs. Anvil and block, 38.5 The head in the mortise of the rent, the block necured by the strap aud but-kle. Water bucket (iron), - 4.6875 On the moveable cleat resting on tlie anvil blo<75 " " " " Spli'iing chisel, - .8125 " " " " Tongs, • - pair. 1.6875 In triangular cleat in the corner. Pritihel, .718 " " " '< " Ha.dio. .4"fi In rack on the left end. Cl<-uching iron, - 1 .9375 " " " " Shoeing knife. .406 In rack on the left end. poker. .5 1 Shovel, .6875 i In two wooden racks on the back Rake, ..531 f of the chest. N dl punch. .064 J Buttress, 1.469 On two hooks in the poker rack, held by a burton. Toe knife, .50 In its cleats on the back of the chest. Papp, 1.5 Mn two racks on the back of > chest, near the left end. Square file, ... .719 Flat lile, 1031 ) In two cleats on the inside of > cover, held by a button. Half round, .8125 Bags horseshoe nails. 2 10. One on the bottom at the left end, the other in the bucket. Weight of the chest with cleats and racks, 44. lbs. " " tools and stores, • • 72 875 " " " chest packed, • • 116 875 " Carriage Makers^ Tools and Stores. The tools and stores for the use of carriage makers, in repair- ing the carriages and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those for the ammunition, but without the interior divi- sions. The two classes are designated by^the letters A and B. iU2 Contents of Carriage Makers' Tool Chests. Chest A. No. Weight. Chest A. No. Weight. Lbs. Lbs. Claw liatchet, 1 2.125 Wood files, 12-inch, 2 1.125 Nailing hatchet, 1 1.75 Sickles, - 2 2.125 Firm(h- chisels, i and i in. o .594 Gunners' gimlet, - 1 0.083 Trying square, 1 .422 Priming wire, 1 0.08 Bevel, i .375 Gunners' pincers. 1 1.25 Augers, i and f inch, and Fuze cutter, 1 one handle. y 1.375 Papers of sprigs, 1 in. and Riveting hammer, - 1 1.5 U in. - o 1.0 Hand saw. 1 2.0 Papers of tacks, 8 oz. and Jack plane. i 4.25 12 oz. - o 1.25 Screw driver. 1 .375 Wood screws, i in. No. 9, 60 0.31 Rule (two feet), - 1 .156 Lbs. sash cord, 2 2.0 Gimlets, 3 .1875 Lbs. twine, ^ .5 Hand saw files, a .125 Weight of chest, " of tools and stores, " of chest packed, 21. lbs. 24.96 " 46.96 " Chest B. No. Weight. Chest B. No. Weight. Lbs. Lbs. Hand axe, - 3.25 Brad awls. 6 .5 Claw hatchet, 2.125 Sickles, 2 2.125 Nailing hatchet, 1.75 Gunners' gimlet, - 1 0.083 Firmer chisels. 0.594 Priming wire, 1 0.08 Firmer gouge, 0.25 Papers tacks, 8 & 12 oz. - 2 1.125 Pair compasses. 0.25 Lb. twine. i 0.5 Trying square, 6 inches, - 0.422 Leather thongs, - 25 0.344 Scriber, 0.125 Wood screws, 1^ and 1 Riveting hammer. 1.5 inch. No. 14, - 36 0.562 Mallet, 2.25 Wood screws, 1*^ and 2 Gimlets, 0.1875 inch, No. 16, - 12 0.312 Screw driver, 0.375 Nuts No. 1 ; 2, No. 2 ; Wood rasp, 0.5 (), No. 4, 12 0.625 Oil stone. 1.812 Washers No. 1, - 12 0.437 Weight of chest, *• of tools, " of chest packed, 21. lbs. 22.083 " 45. The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests (inside) by small cleats at the necks and points. The other arti- cles are securely packed in tow, the edges of the cutting tools being carefully wrapped up, to prevent injury. 103 Weights of Gun Carriages and' Caissons, Equipped for Field Service, DESIGNATION. FOR GUNS. FOR HOWITZERS. 6-pdr. 12-pdr. 12-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr. GUN CARRIAGE. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Gun, ..... 884 1757 788 1318 1890 Gun carriage, without wheels, 540 783 540 736 783 Two wheels, .... 360 392 360 392 392 Limber body, without wheels, 335 335 335 335 335 Two wheels, .... 360 360 360 360 360 Ammunition chest, with interior divi- sions, .... 185 182 206 198 192 Ammunition, packed, - 395 497 465 541 470 Large tarpaulin, 36 36 36 36 36 Other implements and equipments, - 83 86 83 86 86 Total weight. 3178 4428 3173 4002 4544 Number of rounds of ammunition on each limber. 50 32 39 23 15 CAISSON. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Body, without wheels, 432 432 432 432 432 Two wheels, .... 360 360 360 360 360 Two ammunition chests. 370 364 412 396 384 Ammunition, packed in do. 790 994 930 1082 940 Limber body, without wheels. 335 335 335 335 335 Two wheels, .... 360 360 360 360 360 Ammunition chest, 185 182 206 198 192 Ammunition, packed in do. - 395 497 465 541 470 Large tarpaulin. 36 36 36 36 36 Other implements and spare parts, - 246 246 246 246 246 Total weight, 3509 3806 3782 3986 3755 Number of rounds of ammunition on each caisson and its limber. 150 96 117 69 45 m Weights of Forges and Battery Wagons equipped for Field Service. >. V ^• 1 ^ DESIGNATION. (^ A ^ * u. h o o b fe FOUOK. Lbs. Lbfl. Body complete, •without wheels, . 997 997 Twr. wheclx, b6{) 3()0 Anvil and water buckets. 118 llrf St'ires ill iron room, 320 455 Stores in coal box. 255 255 lJail)er body, without wheels, .3M5 335 Two wbefU, 3fi0 3()0 Limb.-r chest, empty, - l^S l.-i8 Stores and tools on the limber, 480 332 Total weight. 33c3 3370 BATTERY WAGONS. Lbs. Lbs. Body complete, without wheels, . itlO 910 Two wheels, 3(10 3fi0 Stores in wagon body. r-'89 2583 Limber body, without wheels, 3:<5 335 Two wheels, .3fio 3f)0 Limber chest, empty, • 158 1.^.8 Stores and tools on ihe limber. • 162 200 Total wei ght( pxclup ve of fornge) - 3574 4915 Field Train. Ordnance. The proportion of artillery to otlier troops varies generally be- tween the limits of 1 and 3 pieces to 1,000 men, according to the force of the army, the character of the troops of which it is com- posed, the force and character of the enemy, the nature of the country which is to be the theatre of war, and the character and oltjects of the war. Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ordnance and the proportions of the different kinds in the train. 106 The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases : ( i guns, of which \ I «;? 1|-P^"- 2peces to 1,000 men. ^ H ,. o? j oo j hhowit.-s.of.hieh||:: '^i-'tr'^^-p^'' Distributed as follows : For the ivfanlry. — 1 piece to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of foot artillery. For the cavalry. — 2 pieces to 1,000 men ; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in batteries of horse artillery. For the special and general parks of reserve : ( ^ in 12-pdr. batteries ^ ^r ^^^f ovf;ii^v« 1 piece to 1,000 men. J J " 6-pdr. - \ °^ ^^°* artillery. ( 1-6 in 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery. Ammunition for Cannon. 200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries. The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons at- tached to the pieces will be kept in boxes with the reserves. Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in convenient depots, according to circumstances. Ammunition for Small Arms. 100 rounds to each man ; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the cartridge box, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other small arms. Percussion caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges. 5* 106 Composition of a Battery on the War Establishment. KIND OF BATTERY. 12-pdr. 6-pdr. f^,.^.^ C 12-pouririers, mounted, ^^^- \ fi-poundt^rs, "... HowiTZEH.. \it'^:'X'.: :: : : : Total number of pieces, 4 2 4 2 6 ossoxs, fSu^ZLer.. : : : : 8 4 4 2 12 6 Travflling forge, Battery wago.v, .... 1 1 i 1 Whole number of carriages with a battery, 20 14 AMMUNITION'. ^ C Shot, - For 4 guns. < Spherical case, (Cauiaters, C Shells, For 2 howitzers. I Spherical case, ( Canisters, 448 358 ilO 896 168 112 42 322 400 320 80 600 120 160 32 312 Total number of rounds with a battery, 1,218 1,112 ^»"-- "»--■ r4a«t»re"of::.wem,,. : ! 120 10 84 7 Total, 130 91 Note. — For two 32 the number of ro 2pdr. howitzer carriages and 4 caiesoui;, ) ^^f ,^' , „ ' Dunds of ammunition is - .\ gPjjJJt'^?^ "^**.^ 112 84 14 Total, Harness, corresponding to the number of horses to the carriages. 101 Battery of Mountain Homtztrs. Howitzers, - - - .6 Gun carriages, - - - -7 Ammunition chests, - - - 36 (48 rounds for ^. howitzef.) Forge and tools, in two chests, - - 1 Set of carriage makers' tools, in 2 chests, 1 Pack saddles and harness, - - 33 Horses or mules, - - - 33 Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought ■necessary will be carried with the park of reserve, together with the necessary ammunition for infantry, in packs. A mountain howitzer ammunition chest will carry about 700 musket ball cartridges. Rocket Battery. No regular organization of a rocket battery has been arranged. The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or con- ductors, will be determined by the character of the service for which they may be required. The Field Park. The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials for extensive repairs, and for making up ammuni- tion, for the service of an army in the field, form the field park^ to which should be attached also the batteries of reserve. The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great mea- sure on the particular circumstances of the campaign. The ammunition required for artillery and small arms (accord- ing to the proportions above stated), in addition to what can be carried by the batteries and the troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons, or in store wagons. For Ordnance for Siege Train, see Ord. Manual, 2d edition, p. 364-368. For Armament of Fortifications, see Ord. Manual, 2d edition, p. 369-373. 108 CHAP. IX. MECHANICAL MAKCEUVRES AND ARTILLERY PRACTICE. A board of officers has been recently charged with revising and arranging the manoeuvres of heavj' ordnance ; some general direc- tions with regard to the mechanical manoeuvres are retained here for present use. Field Artillery. The manoeuvres may be porforraed by the men attached to the piece, and require no other implements than those belonging to the piece. Begin, in all cases, by unlimbering and taking off the imple- ments attached to the carriage. To change a Wheel. Tighten the cap squares ; raise the elevating screw to its wh.de height; raiiJo the carriage b}' means of two handspikes, one in the b<»re of the piece, and the otiier crossed under the first; support the carriage whilst the wheel is changed. For the 12 pdr. car- riage, dig a hole 6 in. deep under the wheel that is to remain, in order to prevent it from sliding. To dismount a Piece. Take off the cap-squares; run up the elevating screw to its Tvhole height; raise the trail; stand the piece upon its muzzle on the ground, and withdraw the carriage. To mount a Piece. Put a handspike under the piece a little in rear of the rimbases, and another under the cascable ; place 2 men at the first hand- spike, 4 at the second, and 2 at the handles, or (if the piece has 109 no handles) 4 at each handspike, and raise the piece upon its muzzle ; bring up the carriage, raise the trail, and put the piece in its place ; put on the cap squares, and lower the trail, relieving the weight of the piece by raising the rauzzle. In this manoeuvre and the preceding, it may be necessary, with the 12-pdr, and larger calibres, to make a hole in the ground for the mu/.zle. When a piece is upset, separate it from its carriage and re- mount it as above. To transport a Piece hy means of the Limber. Detach the prolonge ; place the limber over the piece so that the pintle hook shall be over the handles (or over the rear of the trunnions), with the breech toward the pole ; raise the pole, and elevate the muzzle of the piece ; lash the piece to the pintle hook, with the prolonge, by passing the ring of the prolonge twice through the handles (or round the piece in rear of the trunnions), and over the pintle book; with the loose end of the prolonge lash the cascable to the fork of the limber. Or, the gun may be placed on blocks at the proper height, and then lashed to the limber as before. Siege Artillery. To change a Piece from the Trunnion Holes to the Travelling Position. Required: 11 men — 6 handspikes — 1 gun roller — 1 small half roller — 1 purchase block — 2 gun chocks — 4 roller chocks — 6 wheel chocks — 1 trace rope. The carriage must be limbered up, or the trail raised upon 3 blocks and a half block. Chock the wheels, depress the muzzle; remove the elevating screw, and place a roller under the reinforce. Lift the muzzle, pushing the {tiece back, hauling at the same tiu»e on the trace rope attached to the knob of the cascable, until the trunnions come over their position. Remove the roller, and lower the breech on the bolster. no To change a Piece from its Travelling Position to the Trun- nion Holes. The carriag-e being limbered up, or the trail resting on 4 blocks and 1 half block. Place a roller under the reinforce as near as possible to the rimbases. Raise the chase, and let the gun run forward to its position, checking it with the trace rope attached to the knob of the cas- cable. As soon as the trunnions pass over the chin bolts, depress the muzzle, and the trunnions drop into th'eir holes. Remove the roller and put in the elevating screw. For Mechanical Manoeuvres of all classes of guns and howitzers, see Ord. Manual, 2d ed., chap. XII, and Manual of Heavy Ar- tillery. ARTILLERY PRACTICE. The plan of tins work does not include the details relative to the service of artillery ; but, in the absence of more full and ac- curate tables of firing, it is thought useful to give here the mean results of such trials of the ranges of our ordnance as have been made from time to time by the ordnance department, together with some other practical information derived from authentic sources. Drift of Rifle Projectiles. Experiments show that elongated balls, when fired from an arm that is rijled, deviate to the right or left, according as the projec- tile is made by the grooves to revolve to the right or left. The deviation is always in the direction of the revolution of the pro- jectile. In nearly all arms the twist of the grooves causes the projectile to revolve to the right. In the Enfield rifle this drift is about 10 feet in 870 yards. The following table gives the drift at difl;erent distances, for the French rifle (model 1842) with a twist of 4.37 feet, and a bullet with a single groove : Ill Distance in yds. 218 328 437 546 656 765 874 984 1093 1312 1421 Drift in ft. > to Remarks. (In pq W « Lbs. o / Yds. 6-pdr. field gun. 1.25 Shot. 1 o 318 674 867 3 1138 4 1256 5 1523 • 1.25 Sph. case 1 600 Time, 2 seconds. shoe. 1 45 700 " 2^ " " 2 800 .< 3 " 2 45 900 " 3i " " 3 1000 " 3i " " 3 15 1100 4 « 4 1200 .. 5 \2-pdr. field gun, model 1841. 2.5 Shot. 1 1 30 347 662 785 115 Ranges — Contiuued. d Kind of Ordnance. .2 6 Remarks. ^ ^ > a o c3 c3 ^ n W « Lbs. o / Yds. 12-pdr. field gu7i, model 1841. 2.5 Shot. o 909 Continued. ;; 3 4 5 1269 1455 1663 2.5 Sph. case. 1 600 Time, If seconds. " 1 45 700 " 2i " " 2 800 " 2i " " 2 15 900 " 3 " 2 30 1000 " 3i " " 3 1100 " 4 " 3 30 1200 " 4i " 12-pdr. field gun, Napoleon. 2.5 Sliot. 1 2 3 4 5 325 620 875 1200 1320 1680 2.5 Sph. case 30 300 Time, 1 second. shot. 1 575 " If seconds. " 1 30 633 " 2^ • " 2 730 " 3 " " 3 960 " 4 " 3 30 1080 " 4i " 3 45 1135 u 5 2.0 Shell. 300 " Of " " 30 425 " li " " 1 616 " If " 1 30 700 " 2i " 2 787 " 2f " " 2 30 925 " 3i " " 3 1080 " 4 " 3 45 1300 " 5 \2pdr. field howitzer. 1. Shell. 1 2 3 4 5 195 539 640 847 975 1072 0.75 Sph. case. 2 15 .S5 Time, 2 geconds. 116 Ranges — Continued. d ! KO'D OF ORDNANCE. "S rt i Remarks. ^ ^• a o ■ "a « Oi P M i Lbs. / Yds. l2-pdr. field knwitzer. 0.75 Sph. case. 3 15 7)5 , Time, 3 seconds. Ooiitimied. 3 45 10.50 1 " 4 •• 12-pdr. mountain howitzer. 0.5 Shell. 1 2 170 300 392 " 2 30 500 Time, 2 seconds. " 3 6:i7 " 4 785 " 3 " 5 1005 0.5 Sph. case. 1.50 2 80 450 Time, 2 seconds. " 3 .'SOO " 4 700 " 2i " " 4 30 800 " 3 2i-pdr. field hoicitzer. 2. Sliell. 1 .3 4 5 295 5;6 ■7V3 97(1 1272 1322 2.5 Sph. case. 1 30 600 Time, 2 seconds. 2 700 " 2V ' " 2 30 800 " 31- " 2 45 IIOO « 3.V " " :j J 5 1000 " 4 " 3 45 1100 " 4,V " " 3 50 1200 1 u 4^ 22-pdr. field howitzer. 2.5 Shell. 1 .3 4 5 2! 10 5:h 77!) 102!) 1203 1504 3.25 Sph. case. 1 30 600 Time, 2 seconds. 2 700 " 2^ " 2 15 800 " 3 2 45 900 " 3^ " 3 1000 " 3i " 3 35 1100 " 4i " ; 3 45 1200 " 4i " 117 Ranges — Continued. o KIN'D OF OUDNANCE. .2 ?; Remarks. ^ ';3 « ft, ;2 U tf »Lb9. o / Yds. 1%-pdr. siege and garrison 4..') Shot. 1 641 gun. " 2 9.50 On barbette carriage. ;; 3 4 5 12.56 1450 ! 1592 1 2\pdr. siege and garrison 6. Shot. 412 gun. 1 642 On Eiege carriage. 1 30 2 3 ^-'53 1147 1417 " 4 ]f)66 5 1901 32-prfr. sea coast gun. 6. Shot. 1 45 900 On barbette carriage. a. ;; 1 1 30 1 35 o 3 4 5 713 800 900 1)00 1433 1684 1922 42-pdr. sea coast gun. 10.5 Shot. 1 775 On barbette cairiage. " 2 3 4 5 1010 1300 1600 1H55 S-inch siege hnwitier. 4. Shell, 251 On siege carriage. 45 lb3. 1 2 3 4 5 12 30 435 618 720 992 1241 2280 Q-inch sea coast howitzer. 4. Shell, 1 405 Ou barbette carriage. 45 lbs. 3 4 5 6.52 875 1110 1300 6. " 1 2 572 828 lis Ranges — Continued. a Kind of Ordnance. V ^" .2 1 Remarks. o c3 33 Ph W W K Lbs. / Yds. B-inch sea coast howitzer. 6. Shell, 3 947 On barbette carriage. 45 lbs. 4 116S Continued. " 5 14(;3 8. I 1 3 4 5 (i4G 909 1190 1532 1800 10-inch sea coast howitzer. 12. Shell, 1 580 On barbette carriage. 90 lbs. o 891 Time, 3 seconds. " 3 1185 " 4 " 3 30 1300 " 4 1426 " 5i " " 5 KiOO " G " 8-inc/t columhiad.* 10. Shell, 1 G81 Time, 1.88 seconds. 5U lbs. o 3 1108 1400 " 3.58 " 4.30 " 4 1649 5.41 " 5 1733 6.25 " G 1994 7.5G " 7 2061 7.96 " 8 2250 9.12 " 9 2454 " 10.16 " 10 26G4 " 10.91 " " 11 2718 " 11.3 " 12 2908 " 13. " 13 3060 " 14.08 " 14 3123 " 14.25 " 15 3138 " 16. " 20 3330 " 18.40 " 25 3474 " 20. " 30 3873 " 25. Shot. 5 1697 " 6.20 " " 15 3224 " 14.19 lO-inch columhiad.* 15. Shell, 3 1068 Time, 3.20 seconds. 100 lbs. 5 1525 5.64 " 8 2238 8.10 LO 2720 " 10.98 " 2 2847 " 11.73 " i 20 3842 " 18.92 * Axis of gun G feet above the horizontal plane. 119 Ranges— Contmned. Kind of Ordnance. i 1 1 §> REMARKS. & d > o c3 .2 (^ PQ » Ph Lbs. Shell, / Yds. lO-in. columbiad — Contin'd. 15. lOO lbs. 30 4836 Time, 27.50 seconds. Shot, 15 3281 " 14.32 " 125 lbs. 30 , 5163 " 27.08 " 18. " 394 Axis of gun 16 feet " 1 752 above the water. <' 2 1002 «' 3 1230 " 4 1570 u 5 1814 " 6 2037 Shot ceased to rico- •' 8 2519 chet on water. " 10 2777 " 15 3525 " 20 4020 " 25 4304 " 30 4761 '< 35 5433 20. " 39 15 5654 12. Shell, 1 800 100 lbs. 2 3 4 5 1012 1184 1443 1604 18. I 1 2 3 448 747 1100 1239 " 4 1611 " 5 1865 " 6 2209 " 8 2489 «' 10 2848 <' 15 3200 " 20 3885 " 25 4150 '< 30 4651 '• 35 4828 Time of flight, 35 s. 15-m. columbiad. 40. Shell, 273 3021b3. 1 2 3 4 5 G 484 812 11.36 1310 1518 1760 1948 315 lbs. 8 2194 120 Ranges — Continued. s h .2 KlXD OF ORDNAXCE. -s & „• "5 > 1 REMARKS. o "a 5 (u M w - Lbs. Shell. Yds. 15-tre. columbiad — Contin'd. 40. 3151b9. 9 2?36 Ti tne, 8 87 8econd8, 10 2425 ' 10 00 ' " 12 iie3l ' 12 07 " 15 3078 ' 13 72 " 20 3t<:i8 ' 17 82 " 25 4.=.28 ' 22 03 " 28 4821 ' 24 18 " 30 5018 ' 26.71 " 45. " 25 4595 . ' 23 20 50. " 25 41,80 ' 23 29 Shell. 13 ire sea coast mortar. 20. 200 lbs. 45 4325 Shell. 10-in. sea coast mortar. 10. 98 lbs. 45 4250 Tl me, 36 seconds. 10- in. siege mortar. 1. Shell, 45 300 Ti me, 6 5 seconds. 15 90 lbs. 45 700 " 12 2. 45 1000 " 14 2.5 " 45 13U0 " 16 3. " 45 KiOO " 18 35 " 45 1800 " 19 4. " 45 2100 •' 21 Lb. oz 6-in. siege mortar. ]0 Shell, 45 500 Tl me, 10 seconda. 13 4(i lbs. 45 COO " 11 1 45 750 " 12.^ " 1 2 " 45 900 " 13 " 1 3 " 45 lOt'O " 13.V 1 4 " 45 1 1 00 " 14 1 G " 45 1200 " 14} " 2i-pdr. coehurn mortar. Oz. o Yds. 0.5 Shell, 45 25 1. 17 U)9. 45 68 1.5 45 104 1.75 " 45 143 2. " 45 l(i5 2 75 " 45 260 4. " 45 422 R. " 45 900 8. 45 1200 1 — 121 '^ •^ I QO ^ CO I 1 1 •am>j 31W18 -pd-ci J3 ^ ^ •9ff!H 9*«*8 'Pd-f- ^ J n *-8ff!a ssBja naaSiqea 5 OQ •Sujpwoi 'a q^JOM^iqAi 1 "• s •agia 18»»S 0S5 1 2I •«. ,.-UOJ[aBa; -pd-os " 1 S •.ipd-(Ji 'ayia orc'c 3 "■ ^ •^lajiBie: -pd-Ei 3 3 ffj ^•a^ia saraBf 08"8 1-5 ^ •ema ai«iunoH S55 1^ s ^• •ama qoai-c ^ s ^•;;ojaBd: -pd-OT CO •ayja eSaig 59^ 5 tJ CO ,.-jpd-oc 'UOJjBd 01-5-^ 1 ir^ •(pinqiuiiioo) agia ss'S 1^ i2 •(jpd-sc) a«ia 0^-9 a 10 (pGiqranioo) ama o^'9 5 ci .-; •XiailBia WL ^ ^ 1 . ■^Vm tpni-^ LO CO i 1 1 -s s s It ^ 0. 122 Elevation, Ranges, and Times of Flight of W-pdr. Parrott Gun, ELEVATION. TIME. RANGE. REMARKS, Deg. Min. Seconds. Yards. 00 i 300 "NVith long muzzle sight giving ine of sight 1 1 4.50 jiaralli-l lo iixis, aim direct up to 300 o 2 900 yards. 3 3 1300 4 4V 1(500 4 30 5 17(i0 5 () 19.50 5 30 6V 2-JOO 6 7 2300 7 8} 2600 10 10} 3000 ]2 12} 3600 15 16 4100 20 m .5000 25 23V 5600 30 27} 5900 35 31} 6200 The range of 3-inch rifle gun, ^vitli 7, or 11, or 13 grooves, docs not vary materially from thi;?, up to 2,300 yards — G"^ elevation giving 2,250 yards. 123 ^t 1 W I— i u ^5 —• Z; H ;- > c3 H o^- _ s :s 1 ZoT < P :s s 2 < g^ s U o ^ T H S o 0'3 as O t-i 3~, X' X; OC 05 O — Tj< t^ 1-i 1.0 .-< 00 cc irr CD oo rH i' ■ --J rH ci (N CO ri -"li •^' LT »ri «c> i> i^; 00 od o u^ c -^ 3-. TT o: o o ir: o LT .— CO sj X n ~ n OTfc:-*< Tji Tf lO LO -J C - x;jcJxr~r?cicc'i>r:-<*ccooc*5CJ'^oco r: •>= cr. r-H uo ~ o X tc ■'r cv o 31 1^ -^c L-> TT c^ CO C^. C-. ~, O C-. Ci ~. X X X X 00 J^ t- t^ t- J- t- {- c J -^11 ■ 1-' cj r^ 'S' m cc t- X ci c: -^' cj CO m.' t- X ci o Ci C5 cr cj L': ct; Tt< —I o o c» tc CO 0} 'J" c::otoo-,ico — xxc^O005OT5.CJOoxl- c~. C-. ^3 c c~. C5 cr. X X 00 X t- i^ t^ r^ t^ 'w ^ «£> I I o I— c< r: Tf. lo ! t^ X C". = — T? I r.^ •3 ^• OCO-^^55J^lOfOi CO o cl o f^ o CO 'o C5 CI LO X r-i CO !S s; CM o X r I' ■ ■ rH i-H r-i ^' r— ^» 'r\ -*» (*^ i^ «^ -^ 1^ f ; 0-' 1 LO C< I I 1-1 C< CI CO CO • lO CS •,£ CC t- LO 'O CJ X n- — i X -sC rf. -* T}< ■ :i5C£-C^Ot^COO{^Tj^C0OJ^Tr< — XCOr:-^C;J^LO _:=;-,OC03Ccr:OCOCOC=»CO = t-JOC=;t- I d o' 1-; ci ci CO •^' rp Lo" CO CO i^ 00 x ci o o •898j33a - ocoocoo.-oC5coccoqeoo?^=:co = coo o o o r-i — ; ci ci CO CO -^ -?• L^J ift CO CO t-' i-» X X oJ 24 §1 II . CO 00 ^ o (N 00 c i.o f- i.o c» « iii-ln-lCJCJC»C c^ -r ^ I- n" o «s .-I lo lo oi ^ _^ Cj ^ ~j rH X OJ 00 C: CO CJ ciffnoooocoroQocsrjTre-- i^OQUoooooucvcoTPiOTrro ■ C? C< O O — i -f '.': J-- O O J;; LO o o - 5- .7: r- : , 01 ai "SI 5J r^ n I CO c'j cfj -r c'( c'< ?:'( c'( -f" c'< ^ oo .2 «• -a .2 to ^ BJ'S ^ - a ■^ teg «P HI o t^. «^ U * o 126 Initial Velocities of Cannon Balls. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is about 1,500 feet per se- cond. It varies from 1,400 feet to 1,800 feet, depending on the weight of the charge and the strength of the powder. The initial velocity of shells and spherical case is less, varying from 1,050 to 1,400, the charge of powder being less. Initial Velocities of Balls fired from Small Arms. Kind of Arms. Kifle musket, Rifle, 1855, Altered inixsket, - Pistol carbine (U. S.), Musket, 1841, Charge. Weight of l.all. Initial velocity. Grains. Grains. Feet. 60 510 963 60 510 914 70 740 879 40 468 603 110 412 1500 Elongated ball. Round ball. Loss of the Velocity by the Windage of the Ball. The loss of velocity by a windage of 1-40 diameter varies from 8 to 12 per ct. The loss is directly as the windage and inversely as the bore. For Penetration of Shot and Shells in Masonry, Brick, 8fc., see Ord. Manual, 2d ed., p. 396-401. Penetration in Fascines, Wool, 8fc. At the distance of 24 yards, a musket round ball penetrates 20 inches into a gabion stuffed with sap fagots ; the ball from a wall piece, 23.63 inches. The resistance of fascines decreases very rapidly by the twigs being broken or separated by the balls. A rolling gabion, stuffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall piece at 15 yards ; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced through by cannon balls of the smallest calibre. The penetration of balls in wool is more than double that in compact earth, even when the wool is contained in close, well 12fi quilted mattresses pressed between hurdles. At 40 yards, a mus- ket ball (round) penetrates more than 40 inches into woollen mat- tresses thus placed together. It has been ascertained by experiment that a musket round ball, having a velocity of 362 feet, at the moment of impact, will just pass through a white pine board 1 inch thick ; and that, with the same velocity, the ball has sufficient force to shatter the leg bone of an ox covered with one thickness of stout harness leather. A musket ball moving with this velocity would, therefore, inflict a wound which would disable a man or beast; or a spherical case shot having this velocity at the moment of bursting would be eflPective against troops in its immediate vicinity. A musket ball with an initial velocity, of 583 feet will pass through one inch white pine board at 100 yards : hence a spheri- cal case shot, moving with that velocity at the moment of burst- ing, would be effective at 100 yards distant from the place of bursting. The remaining velocity at 100 yards as computed, is 394 feet. Penetration of Small Arms in White Pine seasoned. "Wkight of Charge. it Penetration. Kind of Arm. a Bull. 30 200 600 1000 Q yds. yds. yds. yds. Gv». Grs. In. In. In. In. In. Rifle musket, 500 _ .5775 _ 11. 1 6.3.3 3.25 Altered miisket, 7:30 60 .(;85 _ 10.5 6 33 3.5 Harper'w Ferry rifle, 500 70 .5775 _ 9.33 5.6b 3.0 PiHtol carbine. 4r)0 40 .5775 _ 5.75 3.0* Sharp's carliine, 4(;:] fiO .55 7.27 Burusidc'a " . . - :jjo 55 .55 G.15 At 500 yards. 127 CHAP. X. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. Recoil of Gun. The recoil of a gun depends on its weight, the amount of pow- der used and the weight of the projectile. In a light gun the recoil is considerable. It is very great in the old 12-pdr. car- rouades. When the axis of the trunnions is below the axis of the piece, the effect of the reaction of the gas against the breech is to increase the pressure of the trail against the ground, and thereby diminish the distance of recoil. When the axis of the trunnions is above the axis of the bore, the ej^ect is to diminish the pressure on the trail when the- gun is fired; and hence the distance of re- coil is augmented. In the C. S. service the axis of the trunnions is in the exact plane of the axis of the bore. Effect of preventing Recoil. When the powder is changed into gas, by its explosive force, it projects the ball forward and the gun backward, and thus increases the space occupied by the gas. If the gun is checked in its back- ward movement by preventing the recoil, this space is by so much diminished, and the force to burst the guil consequently increased. Hence, there is always danger of bursting heavy siege guns, when fired at large angles of elevation, as thereby the recoilis diminished, the pressure of the gun on the carriage being more nearly vertical. At the siege of Sevastopol the bursting of the siege guns was attributed to their being fired with too great elevation. Endurance of Guns. Iron guns have been known to bear from 1,500 to 3,000 rounds with service charges, and only require the vent to be rehouched. At the siege of Sevastopol many heavy guns endured over 3,000 l'3b rounds. Experience has shown that the iengtli ol" time that a piece has been cast, has a very great influence upon its enduranee. Two 8-inch columbiads of same form and dimensions, and cast in the same way, were tried. One of them had been cast only a few days, and the other six years previous. The one tested a few days after casting, failed at the 72d round. The other sustained 2,582 rounds witliout yielding. This apparent anomaly is explained by the fact, that iron, like other substances, possesses the property of accommodating itself to a new and unnatural position, and of finally becoming stronger in this position than in the original one. A new arrangement takes place among the crystals, in accordance with the solicitation of external forces. Influence of Exterior Mouldings on the Strength op Guns. As a general rule, cast iron guns burst through the vent, that being a weak point for the action of the powder. From thence the line of fracture passes along the axis to the front of the trun- nions, where it turns off to the right or left, or both, leaving the rest of the chase entire. The rule is universal, that the planes of fracture follow the track, with considerable precision, of all re-entering angles on the exterior of the gun. This is not with- out cause. It is a law of physics, that crystals arrange and group themselves with their principal axes in lines perpendicular to the cooling or heating surfaces of the solid. A simple illustration of this law is seen in ice rotten from the heat it has absorbed from the air and water. The crystals are all found to be arranged ver- tically, and are easily pushed through. This form of crystalliza- tion takes place in iron, cast to form a gun, and planes of weak- ness occur just where the crystals, perpendicular to the different surfaces, join confusedly together, giving loss cohesion to the metal than at any other part. These planes of weakness are in a measure avoided now, by avoiding all unnecessary mouldings and sudden changes of .plane on the exterior of the gun. 129 Bursting of Rifle Cannon. When a rifle cannon is fired, the windage by which a portion of the gas escapes, is cut off l)y the sudden forcing of the soft metal at the base of the projectile, into the grooves of the rifle. The gas, thus momentarily confined, possesses more tension than in a smooth bore ; and hence a greater power to burst the cannon. This diflficulty is obviated by making rifle cannon very heavy in the breech, or better, by reinforcing the breech with a heavy wrought iron band, as in the Parrott guns. Too much care can- not be used in sending the projectile home against the charge in rifle cannon. If suflicient space intervenes between the projectile and the powder, the whole of the powder is converted into gas of pow^erful tension, before the projectile moves — that is, before its inertia is overcome. The consequence is, that being thus sud- denly checked, it reacts, and exerts a powerful strain upon the gun. The bursting of some of the large rifle cannon in the C. S. ser- vice, is supposed to be due to the stripping off part of the soft metal from the base of the projectile, and thus wedging it fast in the bore. Accidents of this character are now avoided by attach- ing to the base of the ball a copper saucer, which destroys wind- age, and imparts to it, by taking the grooves, the desired rotary motion. Pressure of Guxpow^der per square inch. [From Capt. Rodman's Experiments.] The pressure on a 42-pouuder gun, at the bottom of the bore, when fired with 10 lbs. of powder and a solid shot weighing 43 pounds, is 44,535 pounds. 8 lbs. of powder, of a grain .1 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave a pressure of 51,800 lbs. 8 lbs. of powder, of a grain .4 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave a pressure of 31,900 lbs. 12.67 lbs. of powder, of a grain .6 inch diameter, and a solid shot weighing 186.3 lbs., fired from a 11 inch gun, gave a pressure of 21,370 lbs. 6* 180 The same weight of .3 in. diameter, gave a preesure of 35,330 lbs. The same weight of .3 inch diameter, of different powder, gave a pressure of 65,920 lbs. Half the weight of powder of the ordinarj^ charge, with double the weight of shot, gave the same pressure as the ordinary charge. 1 lb. of powder, burned in a space equal to twice that occupied by the powder, gave a pressure of 42,500 lbs. 2 lbs. burned in the space occupied by it, gave a pressure of 133,590 lbs. 1 lb. burned in the space occupied by it, .1 inch grain, gave a pressure of 185,000 lbs. The actual pressures are probably greater than those above given. Resistance of the Air. AVhen a ball is projected from a cannon it is acted on liy thr(*e forces : (1.) the impulsive force ; (2.) the force of gravity ; (3.) the resistance of the air. Were the last named force entirely de- stroyed, the trajectory of the ball would be a portion of a para- bola : but owing to its existence, the path of the ball is never a true parabola, but considerably deflected from it, especially in the latter part of the branch. The experiments of Robins established that the resistance of air for very great velocities, increased in a far greater ratio than that of the square of the velocity. He determined that the resis- tance of air on the surface of a bullet, three-fourths of an inch in diameter, with a velocity of 1,050 feet, ainoniited to a pressure of ten pounds. By the application of matliematics to the experi- ments of Robins, the following pressures are computed to arise from the resistance of the air. These are necessarily modified slightly by the condition of the air. A 6-pdr. ball, with a velocity of Ijeno feet, meets witli a resistance of 9:M lbs. A 12-pdr. ball, " " « <• « .. . g,-,) ,, A 24-p(ir. ball, " " " " " " - 6:24 " A 32-pdr. ball, " " " " " " - 736 " A 42-pdr. ball, " " " " " " - 882 " A 64-pdr. ball, " " " " " " - 1,152 " An 130-pdr. ball, " " " " " " - 1,950 " i:3i Influence of shape of hall. — A spherical ball meets with less resistance than one that is flattened, and a conical pointed ball less than a sphere of same diameter. A paraboloid meets with less resistance than any other surface. This form causes the greatest divergence of the deflected currents, and consequently meets with the least opposition from the resis- tance of the air. It results, therefore, that cylindro-conical balls have a more flattened trajectory, and a greater dangerous space. Causes of Difference in the Endurance of Cannon when CAST Solid and when cast Hollow. All field pieces and ordinary columbiads in use are cast solid, and afterwards bored out to the proper calibre. When cast solid, the cooling, and consequent contraction of the metal begins on the exterior and proceeds inwards. The exterior is thus placed under a force of compression, while a force of elongation acts upon the interior. The more rapid the cooling, the greater will be this strain to burst the gun, beginning at the interior. It is an established law, that the strain produced on any material by the action of a central force, diminishes as the square of the dis- tance from the centre increases. Now, when a central force, as exploded powder, is applied to a gun thus strained, the interior being under a force of elongation, and the exterior under one of compression, it develops, in a gun, one calibre in thickness, nine times the strain on the interior that it does on the exterior, inde- pendent of previous strain; so that, there exists the permanent strain arising from difference of contraction, added to that pro- duced by the central force, to break the interior. In all ordinary guns, it is found that this difference of contrac- tion does not injure the gun so much as to prevent it from being serviceable for 1,000 or 1,500 rounds — and the guns are cast solid because the method is cheaper and simpler. This permanent strain arising from difference of contraction, would be so great in very large guns, as to seriously injure them, and prevent their use were tliey cast solid — consequently the 15-inch columbiads are cast hollow, and cooled from the interior, by allowing water to 132 flow through a pipe passed through the centre of the core, aud at the same time keeping the exterior heated. The consoquence is, that contraction begins on the interior and proceeds outward, pro- ducing a force of compression in the interior, and one of exten- sion in the exterior, thus reversing the strain, acting in opposition to that produced by the action of the powder. Capt. Rodman, of the U. S. service, was the first to successfully apply this method. It will be seen, from the following table, that the endurance of guns, cast hollow, greatly surpassed those cast solid, in every case, where both were cast in pairs, at the same time and from the same material. DESCRIPTION. ROUNDS FIRED. Date. Cast .solid. Cast hollow. 1849 1851 1851 First pah-, 8-inch, Second pair, 8-incli, Third pah-, 10-inch, Total nunihm- of fires, 85 73 20 251 1500 249 178 2000 V^^EIGIITS AND MEASURES. Measures of Length. Inches. Feet. Yards. 'Rods or Poles. Furlongs. Mile. 12 36 198 7920 63360 1 3 m 600 52S0 1 5i 1 220 ! 40 1760 1 320 1 8 1 The inch was formerly divided into three parts, called barley- corns, and also into 12 parts called lines, neither of which denomi- nations is now in common use. Scales and measuring rules are generally divided into inches, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths ; or into inches and decimal parts ; the latter of these divisions is used in the Ordnance Department. For surveying land : 7.92 inches = 1 link, > Gnnter's 100 links = 4 poles, or 22 yards, or 66 feet. 3 chain. For map making : Chains are often made of 50 links, each 1 foot in length. For measuring ropes and soundings : 1 fathom = 6 feet. 1 cable's length = 120 fathoms. For measuring doth ; 1 nail = 2i inches = l-16th of a yard. 1 quarter = 4 nails. 1 yard ^ 4 quarters. 1 ell English = 5 quarters. For measuring horses: 1 hand = 4 inches. Geographical measure: 1 degree of a great circle of the earth = 69.77 miles. 1 geographical or nautical mile = l-60th of a degree of the earth = 2025 yards. 1 nautical league = 3 miles. Neic French system. — The basis of the new French system of measures is the mea- sure of a meridian of the earth, a quadrant of which is 10,000,000 metres, measured at the temperature of 32° Fahr. The multiples and divisions of it are decimal, viz : 1 metre = 10 decimetres = 100 centimetres = 1,000 millimetres = 39.3707971 English inches, or 3.2809 feet. Road measure. — Myriametre = 10,000 metres. Kilometre = 1,000 metres. Deca- metre = 10 metres. Metre = 0.51317 toise. According to Capt. Kater's comparison, 1 metre = 39.37079 English inches. Measures of Surface. Square measure. 144 square inches = 1 square foot. 9 square feet = 1 square yard. Land measure. 30i square yards = 1 s(iuare perch or pole. 40 perches = 1 rood. 160 perches == 4 roods = L acre = 10 square chains. (Gunter's) = 4,840 square yards = 70 yards square nearly. 640 acres = 1 square mile. Measures of Solidity. Cubic or solid measure. 1 cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches. 1 cubic yard = 400, .56 cubic inches = 27 cubic feet. Measuring stone. In different parts of the United States the perch of stone de- notes a different quantity, but it is usually 24J cubic feet. Measuring wood. 1 cord is a prism 4 ft. square and 8 ft. long = 128 cubic feet. 134 Measures of Capacity. Liquid Measure. Gills. Pints. Quarts. Gallon. 4 8 32 1 2 8 1 4 1 The standard gallon of the United States is the old wine gallon, which measured 231 cubic inches, and contains (as determined by Mr, Hassler), 58.373 troy grains, or 8.3388822 avoirdupois ijounds, of distilled water at the maximum density (390.83 Fahr.) ; the barometer lieiug at 30 inches. A cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons. A box 6 X 6 X G.42 inches contains 1 gallon. A box 4 X 4 X 3.61 inches contains 1 quart. Dry Measure. Pints. (Quarts. Gallons. Pecks. Bushel. 2 1 8 4 1 - 16 8 2 1 64 32 8 4 1 The standard bushel of the United States is the "Winchester bushel, which mea- sures 2150.4 cubic inches, and contains 54.3391.89 troy grains, or 77.627413 lbs. avoir- dupois, of distilled water, under the circumstances above stated. A cubic yard contains 21.69 bushels. A cylinder 14 in diam. x 14 in. deep J ^,,„tai„, j i^u.hel. Or a box 16 x 16.8 x 8 inches 3 A box 12 X 11.2 X 8 inches contains h bushel. A box 8 X 8.4 X 8 inches contains 1 peck. N. B.— It will be observed that the pint, quart and gallon of dry measure, are not the same as for liquid measure. Measures of Weight. Avoirdupois Weight. Drams. Ounces. Pounds. Quarters. Cwt. Ton. 16 1 256 16 1 7168 448 28 1 28672 1792 112 4 1 573440 35840 2240 80 20 1 135 The standard avoirdupois pound of the United States, as determined by Mr. Ilass* ler, in the weight of 27.7015 cubic inches of distilled water weighed in air, at the temperature of the maximum density (390.83) ; the barometer being at 30 inches. Troy Weight. Grains. Dwt. Ounce. ■ Pound. 24 480 5760 1 , 20 240 1 12 1 The pound, ounce and grain are the same in apothecaries' and troy weight ; in the former, the ounce is divided into 8 drachms, the drachm into 3 scruples, and the Hcruple into 20 grains. 7000 troy grains = 1 lb. avoirdupois. 175 troy pounds = 144 lbs. avoirdupois. 175 troy ounces = 192 cz. avoirdupois. 437^- troy grains = 1 oz. avoirdupois. Physical Data. Worlcing Power of Men and Horses. Men. — A foot soldier travels in 1 minute, In common time, 90 steps = 70 j'ards. In quick time, 110 steps = diQ yards. In doul)le quick, 140 steps = 109 yards. He occupies in the ranks a front of 20 inches, and a depth of 13 inches, without the knapsack : the interval between the ranks is 13 inches. 5 men can stand in a space of 1 square yard. Ave- rag'e weight of men, 150 lbs. each. A man travels, without a load, on level ground, during 8i hours a day, at the rate of 3.7 miles an hour, or 31:1 miles a day. He can carr}" 111 lbs., 11 miles in a day. A porter going short dis- tances and returning unloaded, carries 135 lbs., 7 miles a day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs , 10 miles a day. The maximum power of a strong man, exerted for 2^ minutes, may be stated at 18,000 lbs. raised I foot in a minute. Mr. Fieid^s experiments, 1838. A man of ordinary strength exerts a force of 30 lbs. for 10 hours a day, with a velocity of 2^ feet in a second = 4, .500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute = one-fiffh the work of a horse. 136 Daily allowance of water for a man, 1 gallon, for all purposes. Horses. — A horse travels the distance of 400 3'arcls, at a walk, in 4i minutes ; at a trot, in 2 minutes ; at a gallop, in 1 minute. He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall, from ^h to Ah feet front ; at picket, 3 feet by 9. Ave- rage weight of horses, 1,000 lbs. each- A horse carrying a soldier and his equipments (say 225 lbs.), travels 25 miles in a day (8 hours). A pack horse can carry 250 to 300 lbs., 20 miles a day. A draught horse can draw 1,600 lbs. 23 miles a day ; weight of carriage included. Artillery horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, the weight of the carriage included. The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 22,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute. In a horse mill, the horse moves at the rate of 3 feet in a se- cond. The diameter of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet. Daily allowance of water for a horse, 4 gallons. Forage. — Hay, pressed in bundles : 11 lbs. to the cubic foot. Oats: 40 lbs. to the bushel, or 32.14 lbs. the cubic foot. Wheat: 60 lbs. to the bushel, or 48.21 lbs to the cubic foot. A horse j^oiver in steam engines, is estimated at 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute; but as a horse can exert that force but 6 hours a day, one steam horse power is o(iuivalent to that of 4 horses. The number of horse powers, in a single stroke engine, is ex- pressed by .0000238 d~ n j^ I ; d being the diameter of the piston in inches, n the number of strokes in a minute, I the length of stroke in feet, and p the pressure of steam on a square inch (di- minished usually by l-,5th for friction and inertia). In a double stroke engine the power is double the above. (■'^7 Strength of Ice. Ice 2 inches thick will bear infantiy . Tee 4 inches thick will bear cavalry or light guns. Ice 6 inches thick will bear heavy field guns. Ice 8 inches thick will bear 24-pclr. gun, on sledges ; weight not more than 1,000 lbs. to a square foot. Velocity of Sound. At the temperature of 33° the mean velocity of sound is 1,100 feet in a second. It is increased or diminished half a foot for each degree of temperature above or below 33°. Velocity and Force of the Wind. VEL(X;iTY. Pressure on 1 square foot. Common designations of the force of the ivinds. In 1 hour. In 1 second. MUes. Feet. Lbs. ] 1.47 0.005 Hardly perceptible. o 3 2 93 4.40 .020 7 .044 5 Just perceptible. 4 5 7'.3:3 .079 ) .123 5 Gentle, pleasant wind. 10 15 14.67 22.00 .492 ? 1.107 5 Pleasant, brisk breeze. 20 25 29.34 36 67 1.968 ? 3.075 5 Very brisk. 30 44.01 4.429 I Hicrh wind. 35 51.34 6.027 5 40 45 58.68 66.01 7.873 ? 9.963 5 Very high. 50 73.35 12.300 A storm or tempest. 60 88.02 17.715 A great storm. 80 117.36 31.490 A hurricane. 100 146.70 49.200 A hurricane that tears up trees, carries buildings before it, etc. 138 Table of Natural Sines and Tangents. PEG. MIX. SINE. TANGENT. PEG. MIN. •SINE. TANGENT. 10 0029089 0029089 12 30 2164396 2216947 15 0043033 0043(;34 45 2206974 2262769 30 0087205 0087269 13 00 2249511 2308682 45 or.u)m-> 01.3()i)07 15 2292004 2354687 1 00 01 74 .-.24 0I74.-.51 30 2334454 2400788 15 021 SI 49 ()2K>-201 45 2376859 2446984 30 ()2t;i7r.9 02018.-.:) 14 00 2419219 2493280 45 0305385 0::!05.-j28 15 2461533 2539676 2 00 034^995 0349208 30 2503800 2586176 15 0;i92598 0392901 45 2546019 2632780 30 04 30 J 94 0436609 15 00 2588190 2675)492 45 047U781 0480334 15 2630312 2726313 3 00 0523360 0524078 30 2672384 2773245 15 0560928 0567841 45 2714404 2820292 30 0610485 0611626 16 00 2756374 2867454 45 0654031 0655435 15 2798290 2914734 4 00 0697565 0699268 30 2840153 2962135 15 0741085 0743128 45 2881963 3009658 30 0784591 07870 17 17 00 2923717 3057307 45 0828082 0830it:36 15 296.5416 3105083 5 00 0871557 0^748,-7 30 3007058 31.32988 15 091.5016 091,-871 45 3048643 3201025 30 0!C,84.18 0!l(i2890 18 00 3090170 3249197 45 1001H81 1000947 15 3131638 3297505 6 00 104 .-.285 1051042 30 3173047 3345953 15 108^009 1095178 45 3214395 3394543 30 1132032 11393.56 19 00 32.55682 3443276 45 1175;i74 1183578 15 3296906 3492156 7 00 1218693 1227846 30 33.38059 3541186 15 1261990 1272161 45 3379167 3590367 30 1305262 1316525 20 00 3420201 3639702 45 1348509 1360940 15 3461171 3689195 8 00 1391731 1405408 30 3502074 3738847 15 1434926 1449931 45 3542910 3788661 30 1478094 1494510 21 00 3583679 3838640 45 1.521234 ir,;j9M7 15 3624.380 3888787 9 00 15(i4345 l-iKirM 30 366.5012 3939105 15 1G07'!2(; KI-JSCOIJ 45 3705574 3989595 30 ]G.-j()47(; l(i73 rj6 22 00 3746066 4040262 45 1693495 17l8:il4 15 3786486 4091108 10 00 1736482 1763270 30 3826834 4142136 15 1779435 ]8082'.)5 45 3867110 4193.348 30 1822355 1853390 23 00 3907311 4244748 45 1865240 1898559 15 3947439 4296339 11 00 1908090 1943803 30 3987491 4348124 15 19.50903 1989124 45 4027467 4400105 30 1993(>79 2034.523 24 00 4067366 4452287 45 2036418 2080003 15 4107189 4504672 12 00 2079117 2125566 30 4146932 4557263 15 2121777 2171213 45 4186597 4610063 i;;9 DEG. MIK. SINE. TANGENT. DEG. MIN. SINE. T.\NGENT. 2o 00 4226183 4663077 50 00 7650444 11917.536 30 4305111 4769755 30 7716246 12130970 26 00 4383711 4877326 51 00 ■; 77 1460 12348972 30 4461978 4985816 30 7^26082 12571723 27 00 4539905 5095254 ! 52 00 7^80108 12799416 30 46(7486 5205671 30 79:53.533 130322.54 28 00 4694716 5317094 53 00 79863.55 13270448 30 477158S 5429557 30 8038569 13514224 29 ■ 00 4848096 5543091 54 00 8090170 13763819 30 4924236 5657728 30 8:41155 14019483 30 00 5000000 5773503 ! 55 00 8191.520 14281480 30 . 5075384 5890450 i 30 8241262 14550090 31 00 5150381 6008600 1 56 00 8290376 1482.5610 30 5224986 6128008 1 30 8338858 15108352 32 00 5299193 6248604 i 5'^ 00 8386706 15398650 30 5372996 6370703 1 30 8433914 15696856 33 00 5446390 6494076 i 58 00 8480481 16003345 30 5519370 66I6806 30 8526402 16313517 34 00 5591929 6745085 59 00 8.571673 16642795 30 5664062 6872810 30 8616292 16976631 35 00 5735764 7002075 i 60 00 8660254 17320508 30 5^ 07030 7132931 i 61 00 8746197 18040478 36 00 5877853 7265425 ! 62 00 8829476 18807265 30 5948228 7399611 1 j 63 00 8910065 19626105 37 00 6018150 7535541 1 64 00 8!^87940 20503028 30 6087614 76732/0 65 00 9063078 2144.5069 38 00 6156615 7812856 66 00 913.54.'i5 22460368 30 6225146 7954359 67 00 9205049 23558.524 39 00 6293204 8097840 68 00 927 18.39 24750869 30 6360782 8243364 69 00 9335804 260.50891 40 00 6427876 8390996 i 70 00 9396926 27474774 30 6494480 8540807 1 71 00 9455186 29042109 41 00 6560590 8692867 72 00 9510.565 30776835 30 . 6626200 8847253 j 73 00 9563048 32708526 42 00 6691306 9004040 ] 74 00 9612617 34874144 30 6755902 9163312 I 75 00 965i^258 37320508 43 00 6819984 9325151 76 00 9702957 40107809 30 6883546 9489646 77 00 9743701 433147.59 44 00 6946584 9659888 78 00 9781476 47046.301 30 7009093 9826972 79 00 9816272 5144.5540 45 00 7071068 10000000 80 00- 9848078 56712818 30 7132504 10176074 81 00 98768e3 63137515 46 00 7193398 1035.5303 82 00 9902681 711.53697 30 7253744 10537801 83 00 9925462 81443464 47 00 7313537 10723687 84 00 9945219 9514.3645 30 7372773 10913085 85 00 9961947 1143005-JO 48 00 7431448 11106125 66 00 9'^7.-641 143006660 30 7489557 11302944 87 00 9986295 190811370 49 00 7547096 11. "103684 88 00 9993908 286362530 30 76U4060 11708496 89 00 9998477 572899620 90 00 10000000 Infinite. 141 APPENDIX Instructions to Ordnance Officers in the Field. The appointment of Brig'ade Ordnance Officers liaviuo^ been authorized, the following Instructions are substituted for those of May 20, 1862: 1st. The Chief of Ordnance of an army corps, and ordnance officers of separate commands, will correspond with the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance relative to supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores, with the commands to which they are attached. Requisitions made, whether for money or stores, will be approved by the General commanding. 2d. The division ordnance officers will correspond w^ith the Chief of Ordnance of the army corps to which the divisions are attached, and ob- tain supplies through him. They will be responsil)le for the property under their charge, and make weekly reports of ammunition on hand (consolidated from brigade reports) to this office. 3d. Brigade ordnance officers Avill, Avith the approval of the division ordnance officer, obtain one or more wagons for each regiment in their brigade, as ordnance wagons. These wagons wdll be separate from the train of wagons for reserve ammunition of the division, and will be marked with the name of the regiment to which they are assigned, and will be placed in charge of the Ordnance Sergeant of the regiment. The wagons will be covered, if possible, with painted cloth covers, for secu- rity against the weather, and each wagon Avill be supplied with a spare tarpaulin. These wagons will habitually follow their respective regiments. 4th. On the eve of battle the division ordnance officer will, under direction of the Chief of Ordnance of the army, station the ordnance wagons at the point selected for the division field depot'of ammunition, under charge of the senior ordnance officer of brigades. He will keep himself acquainted with the movements of brigades, and cause the wa- gons of any brigade, w^hich may be detached, to folloAv the movements of the brigade. Brigade ordnance officers will make weekly reports of ammunition on hand, to the division ordnance officers. 142 5th. The Ordnance Sergeants, togetlier a\ itli the dt'tuils hohitually as- signed to them from their regiments, Avill, under the direction of the bri- gade ordnance officers, constitute a corps deA'oted as well to the preserva» lion of the captured and other ordnance stores, as to the supplies of am- munition of the various regiments. One man of each detail should fol- low the movements of the regiment, to ascertain its wants and commu- nicate with the field depot. The habitual details from each regiment should be augmented before a battle, to not less than six men from each. The ammunition wagons, their loads temporarily removed, will, as cir- cumstances favor, be employed to carry to the rear such arms and other captured stores as are left upon the battle field. 6th. Especial care must be taken in selecting competent, prompt and efficient men for the duties of Ordnance Sergeants. They may be re- moved for cause, and new appointments ordered, on the application of the division ordnance officers, through the Chief of Ordnance of the army corps, by the Commanding General. 7th. The ammunition wagons to each regiment will not su]uM,sede the necessity for division supply trains. Duties of Ordnance Sergeants. 1st. To obey the directions of the division ordnance officer, received through the brigade ordnance officer, or of the brigade ordnance officel" (if the brigade is a separate command), in all rclutive to care and preser- vation of arms, and duties connected therewith. 2d. To take charge of all suitplitis, arms and ammunition of the regi- ment, and make returns of the same according to " Ordnance Regula- tions." Issues to be made on written requisitions approved by the Colonel, or commanding officer of the regiment; v.hich requisitions are to be tiled with his " return of property." 3d. To take charge of the ordnance Avagon or wagons attached to each regiment, and to see that it always contain.s at least 15 rounds iwr man of the regiment — surplus arms or accoutrements to be turned over to the brigade or division ordnance officer. 4th. To supervise the condition of the arms of the regimen*, and get a detail of at least two mechanics to assist him in the necessary repairs to the arms ; an account of these repairs to be kept, as far as possible, against each man of the regiment. Repairs to be made on the order of the Colonel of the regiment. 143 5th. To take charge of the arms and accoutrements of the sick of the regiment in hospitals, which will be kept until the sick are sent to the general hospital, when their arms will be turned over to the division de- pots, through the brigade ordnance officer. 6th. In battle, it will be the duty of the Ordnance Sergeants to remain with the ammunition Avagons, and act with the details assigned to them from the regiments, under the orders of the ordnance officer, in supplying the troops with ammunition, collecting arms of the killed and wounded, and securing captured arms and ammunition. J. GORGAS, Col., Chf. of Ord. Approved : G. W. EANDOLPH, Secretary of JIar. July 1, 1862. [No. 2.] Relative to Returns of Ordnance Stores. I. Returns for ordnance and ordnance stores issued to troops, will be made quarterly on the 31st March, 30th June, 3Gth September and 31st December, according to Form I, "Ordnance Regulations," as follows: II. For all ordnance stores — such as arms, accoutrements, equipments and ammunition in the hands of a regiment or battalion, including the supplies carried in the ordnance wagon of the regiment — by the Colonel of the regiment, assisted by his Ordnance Sergeant. III. For all ordnance stores — such as artillery harness, equipments, accoutrements and ammunition in the possession of field batteries — by the Captains of batteries. IV. For ordnance and ordnance stores at posts or garrisons — by the Commanding Officer, assisted by his Ordnance Sergeant. V. For ordnance stores in the division and army trains — by the Divi- sion Ordnance Officer and by the Assistant to the Chief of Ordnance of the army. U4 VI. Invoices to show what has been receiyed, and receipts for issues, must accoiiipauy the "Returns," and the line of "Expenditures" must mention the actions or practice causing the expenditure ; and wliere am- munition or stores are lost, proper evidence and explanation must be furnished, attached to the return. VII. In many cases captains of infantry companies have given re- ceipts for their arms and equipments. In such cases the Colonel of the regiment to Avhich the company belongs, should give a receipt for the property in the possession of the company commander, at the organiza- tion of the regiment, making the necessary expenditures for property lost, worn out and expended on the regimental returns. Where property has bctni furnished l)y a State or by the company themselves, it will be accounted for on a separate return by the company commander, a re- mark to that effect being made in the regimental return. VIII. Wherever there are field depots, with workmen attached, the usual monthly summary statement of work done, should be transmitted. (See Form 29, " Ordnance Regulations.") J. GORGAS, Col., Chief of Ordnance. August 1, 1862. Ordnance and Ordnance Stores. The general denomination, " Ordnance and Ordnance Stores,'^ compre- hends all cannon, howitzers, mortars, cannon balls, shot and shells, for the land service; all gun carriages, mortar beds, caissons and travelling forges, with their equipments; and all other apparatus and machines re- quired for the service and manoeuvres of artillery, in garrisons, at sieges, or in the field ; together with the materials for their construction, preser- vation and repair. Also, all small arms, side arms and accoutrements, for the artillery, cavalry, infantry and riflemcm ; all ammunition for ord- nance and small arms, and all stores of expenditure, for the service of the various arms; materials for the construction and repair of ordnance buildings; utensils and stores for laboratories, including standard weights, gauges and measures ; and all other tools and utensils required for ord- nance duty. The ordinary articles of camp equipage and pioneers' tools, such as axes, spades, shovels, mattocks, &c., are not embraced as ord- nance supplies. The ordnance department also for the present furnishes knapsacks, canteens and haversacks, which belong properly to camp equipage. 146 Rates of Prices of Guns, Carriages, 8fc. Bronze guns and howitzers cost from 65 to 80 cents per pound. In peace they cost about 45 cents. Cast iron guns and howitzers cost from 7^ to 9 cents per pound. In peace less. To rifle a gun costs from 20 to 30 dollars. Field carnages cost about $ 425. Field caissons cost about $ 450. In peace they cost much less. The subjoined tables of rates refer to peace. At present the cost is eonsidierably increased, in many instances doubled. 146 Rates of prices of Small Arms and Accoutrements. PERCUSSION LOCK. PARTS. Musket. Rifle. Pistol. D. C. D. C. D. C. Barrel with sight, without breech, 4 90 5 28 2 40 Breech screw, .... 12 12 09 Bayonet or band Btud, 01 Tang screw, . . . . 06 06 05 Breech sight, .... 07 Cone, . . . . 11 11 11 Lock plate, .... 60 CO 48 Tumbler, . . . . 32 32 30 Tumbler screw, .... 04 04 04 Bridle, . . . . 19 19 17 Sear, . . . . 24 24 20 Sear spring, ... 12 12 10 Main spring, .... 32 32 30 Lock screws, each, . - . . 04 04 04 Hammer, .... 72 72 54 Side plate (with band for pistol), 03 12 48 Side screws, each, .... 05 05 04 Upper band, .... 46 54 Middle band, . . . . 28 Lower band, .... 18 22 Upper band spring, .... 11 11 Middle band spring. 10 Lower band spring. 10 10 Guard plate, .... 50 60 42 Guard plate screws, each, 04 04 02 Guard bow without swivels, 36 42 24 Guard bow nut, each. 02 02 02 Swivels and rivets, each, 12 12 Trigger, 14 14 11 Trigger screw, . . . . 02 • 02 02 Butt plate, .... 36 63 35 Butt plate screw, each, 03 03 03 Ramrod, . . . . 60 60 30 Ramrod spring, .... 14 14 Ramrod wires, .... 01 01 Ramrod stop, .... 01 01 Stock, . . . . 1 74 2 22 1 08 Bayonet, . . . . 1 63 Bayonet clasp, .... 19 Bayonet clasp screw, 02 Box plate, .... - 86 Box catch, .... - 06 Box spring, - - - - 12 Box spring screw, .... — 02 Box screw, each, .... - 03 Ramrod swivel and rivet, Ramrod swivel and rivet screw, - - 30 Sword bayonet blade. - 2 00 02 Sword bayonet hilt without clasp. - 2 00 Sight base, . . . . 40 147 Prices of Small Arms — Continued. PERCUSSION LOCK. PARTS. Musket. Rifle. Pistol. D. C. D. C. Long branch (leaf), - - - - 17 Short, 24 Sight screws, each, - 03 Sight complete, 1 00 Barrel complete, 5 16 5 48 Lock complete. 2 70 2 70 Guard complete. 1 27 1 49 Bayonet complete, - 1 95 Box plate complete, - - 1 16 Arm complete, 15 60 15 90 Appendages for all arms : Screw driver and cone wrench. Wiper. Ball screw. Spring vise. Bullet mould (rifle calibre). 148 Swords and Sabres. TJ •^^- "2 ^ 1 O II 2« OS PARTS. aj w >> li a." is 31 ? m .a 9) o K < S Y-K s D. C. D. C. D. C. D. C. D. r. n. c. (Gripe, - 40 34 - - 48 40 Hilt. ^Head, - 1 40 88 1 74 3 20 1 00 88 (Guard, - 2 20 1 16 _ _ 2 40 88 Blade, 5 60 3 96 4 26 4 26 4 40 3 84 r Mouth piece, - 40 20 Body, 2 40 2 00 1 00 1 24 1 32 I 00 Scabbard. < Band.s and ring.s. Ferule and stud, I Tip, Arm complete, - 1 20 1 20 30 26 50 80 70 50 _ _ 50 50 70 50 14 00 10 00 8 00 10 00 11 00 8 00 Accoutrements — {Black Leather Belts). Part.s. "5 H . % « < o « D. C. T>. C. D. C. D. C. Cartridge box, . . . - - 1 75 - - 1 60 Cartridge box belt, - 75 liayonet scabbard and frog. 75 Waist belt (private's), 60 - - 60 Cap pouch and pick, 65 - 65 65 Gun sling. - Sabre belt. - 1 35 1 35 Sword belt, - 1 00 Carbine or gun sling, - - 1 25 Powder flask (tin), - 30 - 30 30 Canteen. 25 Canteen strap. 20 20 25 25 Knapsacks, 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 25 Haversacks, ------ 20 20 20 149 Ordnance Depots and Officers. Col. J. Gorgas, Chief of Ordnance, - Richmond, Va. Maj. S. Stansbury, Arsenal, Richmond, Va. Capt. G. T. Getty, Ordnance Depot. Lynchburg, Va. Lt. Col. J. A. d'Lagnol, Arsenal and Armorj', Fayetteville, N. C Commanding officer, - Ordnance Depot, Wilmington, N. C. Commanding officer, - Ordnance Depot, Knoxvillc, Tenn. Maj. F. L. Childs, Arsenal, Charleston, S. C. Lt. Col. G. W. Rains, Arsenal, Augusta, Ga. Maj. R. W. Cuyler, - Arsenal, Macon, Ga. Commanding officer, - Ordnance Depot, Savannah, Ga. F. C. Humphreys, M. S. K.. - Ordnance Depot, Columbus, Ga. Capt. J. L. Henderson, Ordnance Depot, Selma, Ala. Commanding officer, ■ Ordnance Depot, Mobile. Ala. C. G. Wagner, M. S. K. ^ Ordnance Depot, Montgomery, Ala. M. Gayle, M. S. K. - Arsenal, Mt. Vernon, Ala. Commanding officer, - Briarfield Arsenal, - Columbus, Miss.