iKhA^UKL KUUM 
 
 rge Washington Flc 
 .\ tentorial Collection 
 
 DUKE UN1VERS1 iv i IBR \ky 
 
 ! I I-1I1I) II V THE 
 
 PAMH ■ 01 
 COLO' A I na 
 
THE LIFE 
 
 OP 
 
 LIEUT. GEN. T. J. JACKSON 
 
 BY AN EX-CADE^ 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 PRLNTED AM) PUBLISHED 13Y- JAMES E. QOODE. 
 
 18b3. 
 
 
red according to an act ol congress, by Jambb E. Goode. in 
 office of the district court of the Confederate States, for the Eastern', 
 of Virginia. 
 
.-££ _>&r ^1 
 
 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL R. S. EWELL, 
 
 THIS BOOir 
 
 DEDICATED- 
 
 3lS0i2 
 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 The materials from which this book !■■ 
 pared have been collected since June 1-861, thoi 
 for a different purpose. 
 
 Upon the death of GeneralJackson, the author de- 
 termined to prepare a sketch of his life, a plan which 
 he had had in contemplation for several months. 
 He had fairly entered upon his task when he learned 
 that a distinguished Southern author was engaged in 
 a similar undertaking 
 
 Believing, however, that there is room enough in 
 the South for two such books, he has continued his 
 labor and the result of it is now offered to the public. 
 
 He had just put the \ q he was 
 
 informed tha General J:. n and 
 
 one which * n any yet pub- 
 
 lished, was boi d by the E Doctor 
 
 Dabney, for baff. I 
 
 ill room foi 
 
 3l30fS 
 
fc .11 lari 
 
 i 
 
 AH. 
 
 ited, came u 
 author, and the remainder, 
 .- entic sour< 
 
 completed and put in • a the 
 
 . but the failure to pnfcure pa] 
 and difficulties hard >vercome, have pre- 
 
 al .1'' e rliei p iriod. 
 
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL T. J. JACKSON 
 
 d 
 
J 
 
Tit TC LIFE 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 It would be difficult for any one to do justice to the narra- 
 tion of such a life as that of Thomas J. Jackson — a life pure 
 and spotless as the dew of the morning; grand and 
 
 as the full blaze of the noontide sun. To a stranger such a 
 task must be an impossibility : and even cue who knew and 
 loved him, may well pause in dismay as he contemplates the 
 magnitude of. the task that he has imposed upon himself. 
 Many will enter upon such an undertaking: some with a de- 
 sire to preserve to the country and to the world a record of 
 the services of a good and great man: others from more sordid 
 motives which in this age but too often invade th acred 
 
 pla< 
 
 - room for one who knew and lo\ ' 
 to offer his humble tr'bute to the glori I : and though 
 
 that I lay be imperfi »r of 
 
 \ill pro'- table to : 
 
 • 
 • ■ s of English descent. His great grand- 
 m, and his great grandme 
 
 this coTOtrv ■>'■ 'i v-;ry c^rly day, and settled upon the south 
 2 
 
 I 
 

 10 ERAL 
 
 ; 
 
 I v. and 
 ■ is in the legisla- 
 
 ■ 
 
 upon I 
 
 ; 
 I 
 on which rn, and 
 
 . 
 
 rudl- 
 
 e- 
 
 hard while at faithful in*L< 
 
 4 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 11 
 
 charge of his duties. These qualities exhibited in a d 
 remarkable in one so you the at- 
 
 tention anil win the admiration of all with \vl rown. 
 
 Nor v.- ere they all 
 
 wishing to assi . truggling 
 
 to raise himself in the worl d upon him the offi 
 
 table of the county when ho was but vea-rs old. 
 
 He accepted the appo . ana in spite of his extreme 
 
 youth, di- his new I with ability. 
 
 There are some persons in this world I God gives na- 
 
 tures and characters older and maturer than their years, and 
 the of th< 
 In his seventeenth year he solicited and receive oint- 
 
 ment as cadet in the milil Point, and to 
 
 accept this position, resigned tl able. 
 
 It is related of him, upon what seems to I I i uthority, 
 
 that ! he heard there was a v 
 
 he dc ■ are it for himself. mediate) 
 
 out and walked a 1 mud to a point 
 
 h he could take the stage to V, on city, 
 
 riving there he sought out Mr. Hays, the m 
 for hi :, and travel and with his face H< 
 
 with excitement, presented himself before him and told him 
 that he wanted the place at West Point then vacant. Aston- 
 ished I by Bueh a request coming from one who 
 seemed so humble and sounsuited to such a position, Mr. Hays 
 d into conversation with young Jackson and endeavored 
 to di; im from trying fo enter the West Point academy. 
 But the energetic youth was not to be discouraged, and in the 
 conversation, evinced such a marked degree of intelligence, 
 that his application was successful and he received the desired 
 appointment. 
 
 He entered the military academy in 1812, and remained 
 there for four y 
 vering attention to his duties. His sense of duty was ah 
 
1 
 
 ■ 
 
 * 
 
 ; 
 
 mm and ■ d Taylor 
 
 ■ which 1 
 
 ons. I. me which 
 
 him for - 
 ■ i in idlei 
 year 184' 
 
 i!i ■ island "l I ' ncrul 
 
 unizing an expedition against the city of \ 
 
 I to that point with his 
 * 
 r, the » 
 
 ., and on the n 
 
 . 
 
 . lilt' 
 
 . of the 
 
 « 
 
THOMAS J, JACKSOR. lb 
 
 Lieutenant Jackson was assignor! the command of one of the 
 battc t of the devote. I city. Ex- 
 
 dships, he exhibited the most unvarying cheer- 
 fulness, and, the object of a heavy fire, he worked his guns 
 with such skill and courage as to attract the attention of the 
 commandi I iendation. 
 
 gallant ai as conduct" ti Vera 
 
 Cruz, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. 
 
 After the fall of Vera Cruz, the army advanced towards the 
 city of Mexico. On the 18th of April the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo was fought and won. In this action Captain John 
 Bankhead Magruder, (who, like Lieutenant Jackson, had been 
 ned to duty with the heavy artillery,) led the party that 
 stormed the enemy's works at Cerro Gordo. The Mexicans 
 were driven from their strong position. Captain Magruder 
 Was the first artillery officer to enter the works. He captured 
 a Mexican field battery, which he turned and served with great 
 effect upon their flying columns. General Scott observing this, 
 rode up to him and presented him with the guns, which after- 
 wards became so famous under the name of " Magruder s light 
 battery." 
 
 Lieutenant Jackson was very anxious to be transferred from 
 the heavy artillery service to a field battery; and as soon as 
 he found that his friend, Captain Magruder, had been placed 
 in command of one, he bent every energy to secure a transfer 
 to that battery. In speaking of this, in after years, he re- 
 marked to a friend; '"1 wanted to see active service. I wished 
 to be near the enemy and in the fight, and when 1 heard John 
 uder had got his battery, I bent all my energies to be 
 with him, for I knew if there was any fighting to be done, Ma- 
 ud." 
 Wli I, the an I to 
 
 t came within sight of the city of Mexico. 
 i almost the same spot where, three hundred years before, 
 Cortcz and his followers looked down upon the distant balls 
 
 -. armv bbhokl \\u? <?cenctf 
 
14 LIEUT • RAL 
 
 ■ 
 
 ! ', and h 
 . ■! the ad . ind halted and 
 
 • 
 
 peU at the tow:; of San A 
 miles fro 
 
 the Americans had turned El F n 
 i side of the city, ho loft th- 
 in the strong fort of San Antonio, which 1;; 
 of Worth's new position. Northwest of San Ant 
 miles from the city, lay the li 
 
 1 hcen strongly forttfi e Mexicans. A little 
 
 to the west of San Aeguslin was the fortified camp of Con- 
 
 -.v.- risen of about six tl men. In the 
 
 was a reserve fore and men lying between the 
 
 camp ami the city. Tae whole number of Mexicans manning 
 these def ad, with about one 
 
 hundred pieces of heavy and light a:-:;!: 
 
 General Persifer F. Smith was ordered to advance with his 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 15 
 
 brigade, (the 1st of the 2d division of regulars,) and carry the 
 entrenched camp at Contreras, while Shields and Pierce should 
 move between the gimp and Santa Anna at San Antonio, and 
 n.t him from going to the assistance of the force at Con- 
 treras. At 3 o'clock on the morning of the 20th of August 
 1947, the expedition set out and at daylight made the at 
 on t lie entrenched camp, which was carried after several hours 
 hard fighting; those of the enemy who escaped retreating to 
 Churubusco. After the capture of Contreras, the army ad- 
 rks at Churubusco, ami after a stubborn 
 light succeeded in driving the enemy from them. 
 
 Ies Lieutenant Jackson behaved most gallantly, 
 mentioned "for gallant services" in the official report 
 of General Twiggs. For his conduct in these engagements he 
 n, but this p .) did not each him 
 
 Li ' ".it Jackson hud obtained 
 
 .• to the light artillery service and was ordered to 
 Of his conduct. Captain Ma- 
 ler in his official is, singularly enough, ad- 
 :> Captain J. Hookeu,) sj 
 
 jreneral T d was o y him to 
 
 ' ! the enemy's battery. * * * * About 
 k P. M., the bat ..is placed in front of 
 
 ■ at the distance of about nine hundred 
 * My fire was opened * * * * and 
 
 out an ho;::-. * * * * 
 •it Jackson, commanding the second 
 section of who had opened a fire upon the enemy's 
 
 km on the right, hearing our own fire 
 ivanccd in handsome style, and being as- 
 . post so gallantly filled by Lieutenant John- 
 stone up the fire with great briskness and effect. * * 
 * * * * I ) ...n's conduct was. equally con- 
 spicuous throughout the whole day, and I cannot too highly 
 
 ■ General's favorable consideration." # 
 
 80 'i few oiuuu.-i before. 
 

 16 LISl 1 IBHBRAL 
 
 After the death of Lieutenant J Jackson became 
 
 the battery, and filled that pos.1 with 
 ami 'ii. 
 
 On Mil. or th< del Rey 
 
 wo* fought and won 1» v the American army. Havi 
 
 i tu carry the city of Mexico by Btorm, General S 
 orders for the final assault. On the morning of thi 
 September 1847, the attack was began, and by night the strong 
 castle of Chapultcpec and the Belen ami gates of 
 
 the city had been carried by the \ Early the 
 
 next morning (the 1 4th) the city was taken | n pf. In 
 
 the actions which led to the capture of th< Lieutenant 
 
 On behaved with the most conspicuous gallantry, and as 
 a reward for his services was brevetted maj 
 
 In his official report of the battle of ChapulttJpec, General 
 Scott speaks of him as follows : 
 
 41 To the north and at the base of the mound inaccessible on 
 id", the 11th infantry under Lieutenant-colonel H 
 and the 14th under Colonel Trousdale, and Captain Magru- 
 lieM battery 1st urtillery, one n advanced under 
 
 Lieutenant -1 i< kson — all of Pillow's division — had. at the 
 time, some p rited affairs against superior numb rs, di 
 the enemy from a battery in the road and capturi . In 
 
 - named gained merited praise. * 
 ****•• j | iv'.ig t i U'.d the forest on the west, and 
 arrivin to the north ■ ■ r Chapultepec, Worth 
 
 came up with I i r >ad under ' lolonel T 
 
 and aided by a flank movement <»f ;i part of Garland's brigade 
 in tak twork, then und w fire of Lieuten- 
 
 ant Jackson's section of Magrudor's battery." 
 
 In the official report of General Worth, I find the following 
 complimenl fcice of the brave young artillerist : 
 
 some four hundred yards we came to a 
 battery which had been assailed by a portion of Mngruder's 
 Ad guns-wpai'ticulai'ly the section under the gallant Lieu- 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 17 
 
 i, who, although he had lost most of his horses 
 Itnd many of his men, continued chivalrously at his post com- 
 battine with nob] 
 
 In closing iiis report, . Worth tendered his acknow- 
 
 ta to Liei on •• for gallant conducts* 
 
 Go : 
 
 haft placed Colonel Trouble with the. llthlujcl 14th 
 .cuts, a)kl on uder's battery, under com- 
 
 mand of Lieutenant Jackson, on^thc road leading on the left 
 
 us to advance on 
 : . :;: ::: : - : :;; 1 : ild battery engaged a 
 
 - in the road immedi- 
 Ivanced section of 
 the batterj Jack- 
 
 lly cut up and almost . * :;: * 
 
 h great ! the 
 
 tit, Jackion, il! thjj facft^f a galling 
 
 'lf% ca/iv le ser- 
 
 tult." 
 
 • icount gi\ grudcr is 
 
 de. This 
 . d on the 
 8l1i, 11th. 
 
 . 
 
 -, Major • 
 cely engaged wit! 
 near ! . was complied v I ar- 
 
 i 
 
 rear; the la done 
 
 by a . be section under the ii . 
 
 * * On 
 3 village of La Piedad, in front 
 
L. 
 
 :ion unci . 
 
 ptfpM ; another * 
 
 tainiijg with mc Li 
 
 i. 
 I 
 
 of Lieutenant Jackson, at |iic 
 lank of Chapultep . 
 ued sufli 
 gcrous to • -ivcfror ia 
 
 ion of the bat! 
 until the main work was ca 
 On rea 
 
 I 
 proach of ^v large »bJMy OT 
 
 ; I ce at thi$ point and to 
 
 . 
 
 of ol frl 
 
 y dis- 
 mounted 
 
 i 
 
 !iere it wa . 
 reports that he was ordered to (hat positio: rous- 
 
 ihat on finding a bat; . largo 
 
 infantry within short range of him across the road, he 
 . as soon as he could bring a piece into battery and ' 
 the enemy from the piece and wo: h ilie infantry 
 
 enter* When I a 
 
THOM #N'. J 
 
 the advance, : over 
 
 ert'ook Li ckson, 
 
 timq^.ujj. n the Aiemy's ^mting col- 
 umn 
 ■ the attention i 
 to the oo of the 1st artillery. If 
 
 tics of a soldier, then "lie is entitled to : 
 
 in all the 
 
 : and upon this occasion, 
 
 ■when ci. ;>laccd him in command for a short time 
 
 of an independent section, he p .' eminently worthy 
 
 of it." 
 
 Amor Tack- 
 son's ex preserved 
 with y by the e Military 
 Institute, i? one r battle of 
 pultapec. I ere. 
 
 Li< section of the 
 
 battery, my which 
 
 riWy 
 
 of those to shelter 
 
 ich the i is hurling 
 
 d by 
 
 - 
 its fire. The 
 
20 
 
 inel^ k possession 
 of it. 
 
 In 1858 the gradhati^| re- 
 solve rttrftt. the truth of . Major 
 
 dent ':cd : 
 
 Major?" 
 ; ackson smiled quietly 
 
 i her 
 of the'cl 
 
 r — very hot," 
 
 A b around tl kson 
 
 Bmili 
 
 to do so. 
 I wo' . but I \\; ;ion, 
 
 ." 
 
 sol- 
 
 Thj w to 
 
 the power of de- 
 
 . 
 closed • 
 eon. As short as that career 1 • lost lr.il- 
 
 liant. He joined the ; . an un- 
 
 ,i brevet second lieutenant of 
 nd upon for promotion but hi 
 brief campaign fi ■•• city « 
 
 reached I : rank of Major — . of promotions un- 
 
 equalled of any other person connec 
 
 of General Scott. 
 
 crvico throuj a in Mr 
 
 te of that country, hud so impaired tho 
 health of Major Jackson, that after the closo of 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 21 
 
 ■war he was forced to resign his commission in the army and 
 retire to private life. 
 
 In 1851 he applied for and received the appointment of pro- 
 fessor of natural and experimental philosophy and as 
 and the post of instructor of artillery at the Military Institute 
 of Vi rcuated near thcrtown* gton in the county 
 
 of Rockbridge, lie immediately entered upon the disch 
 of his dufNK and remained at the Institute until the vcar'18Gl. 
 
 While i m he made a on of religion 
 
 and connected, himself with the Presbyterian church, having 
 for his pa: good old man, the l|cv. Dr. White. After 
 
 connecting himself with the church. on became an 
 
 active aid prominent. member of it, and filled ivel \ and 
 
 almost during the entire period of his residence in Lexington, 
 ' secular positions in it. His zeal i ity in the 
 
 ion were 
 . but while he lal aietly 
 
 Sh removal to Lexington, Tie married Miss 
 
 Junkin, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Junkin, the president, of 
 The lady did no! vive her mar- 
 
 s union Major J id one child, a daugl 
 
 who died in rnl 
 
 ho is still 
 living. his second d one .child, a. daughter, 
 
 born : inths before his death. 
 
 * The life of Major Jac professor at the Instil 
 
 ery httlc of importance. It was quiet 
 peaceful.; ysmroul. F continued 
 
 patiently and humbly to implant in the mil 
 the youth . 
 
 ince enal i to win for them. 
 
 rtal fame, and to serve their country so well in her ] 
 of need. The Military Institute of Virginia has furnished to 
 the South a number of moi miplished officers, 
 
 «u 
 
 
- 
 
 j 
 
 ■ : 
 
 in ]\\< (1 ; 
 
 . hllint ll: 
 
 icityf ai i v, liirh be 
 
 ill with tl long, 
 
 ';. In th 
 
 ning with exhib- 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 : ndjropoundcd t 
 
 . .t the 
 from 
 
THOlfAS J. JACKSON. 23 
 
 A smile passed over the Major's features, and he cut him 
 short in h n with : 
 
 "Ko, sir. You can take .:t." 
 
 Another nd lie was equall 
 
 any light upon I te, and 
 
 another still, and ail the while Major J need in his 
 
 if the uri- 
 fortui; trly 
 
 qjounji the class, m young man, whose humor and auda 
 had made him and 
 
 ! to explain the ma - '. . tie ] . ■. too, 
 
 pletcly non-plu : then, his countenance suddenly bri 
 
 tjor and exclaimed slyly : 
 '• Well, Major, I reckon i be because there is no tele- 
 
 graph between the two 
 
 '• You arc vi i e as 
 
 a judge. " I : seat." 
 
 A shout of laughter • remark, and the M 
 
 ily as if nothing had hap] when 
 
 order I returned to the subject of the recitation 
 
 with the most pRfecl cooln 
 
 His i . iper was sorely tried by the annoyance to wl 
 
 :im. It was their greatest delight to 
 worry the professors — especially "old Jack," a 
 
 LI ba j 
 
 whkh the junior classes ; the fir 
 
 . At dri 
 • all kinds of 
 lies a lynch pin would be taken from tl 
 one oi 1 would of course *run 
 
 i,d the carriage, caisson or limber, as the case might be, 
 break down. < Again, some one would hang a small bell in 
 
 .e limber box, and this woul 1 tinkle merrily whenever tliOv' 
 battery would move off, ca-. 
 of laughter. Major JaQsson would halt the battery and ex- 
 
 

 21 
 
 :.:ovc 
 
 ■ 
 
 laughter. 
 
 . 
 
 (ver the i 
 companiment, ». 
 
 whole parade gr< i 
 
 cadet officers, i 
 ner. Oac evening 
 
 ib the ini t of the c i ajkjtai: 
 
 proa i 
 with the drill. 
 
 "Very much, sir," replied. the major. Tl . with 
 
 le: " the officers y fine co; . • 
 
 noon." m 
 
 The artillery di 
 
 Then I have nc\ i iv of 
 
 the fa 
 
 s excel them in 
 Jn^nts. As s 
 
 lie 
 re would 
 
 1 1m and 
 
 the 
 
 ; with hi .ml have 
 
 ; lie atteu be was 
 
 mes through wl>ich lie had ^a. ted in that 
 
 ie is so ' lably 
 
 fcant doubted Major Jacl : kill and 
 
 OttC tOl 
 
 ./ere too constant 
 striking to leave room For doubt), hut he sometimes made 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON." 25 
 
 laughable mistakes, at -which none seemed more amused than 
 himself. 
 
 Upon one occasion he informed one of his classes that the 
 clock in front of the Institute did not give the right time, and 
 declared his intention to correct it. He accordingly led the 
 class out upon the parade ground, and arranging his instru- 
 ments, prepared to take his observations for the purpose of 
 ascertaining the true time, lie finished his work about halfV 
 past twelve o'clock in the afternoon, and to his great astonish- 
 ment discovered that it was nearly seven in the evening. 
 The announcement of the result created a great deal of mer- 
 riment, in "which he joined. It was afterwards discovered that 
 the instrument used was out of order, and the observations 
 were necessarily incorrect. 
 
 A cadet was once dismissed from the Institute in conse- 
 quence of a charge being brought and sustained against 
 him by Major Jackson. Filled with rage he vowed revenge ; 
 and arming himself, took his position on the road leading from 
 the Institute into Lexington about the time that Major Jackson 
 usually passed by on his way to meet his classes, intending to 
 shoot him whenever he should appear. A friend heard of this, 
 and meeting Major Jackson on his way to the Institute, warned 
 him of his danger and urged him to turn back. This he re- 
 fused to do, saying — "Let the assassin murder me, if he will!" 
 esteeming his duty more important than his life. When he 
 reached the place where the young man was waiting for him, 
 he 1 turned to him and gazed calmly at him. The young man 
 turned away in silence, and Major Jackson continued his walk. 
 It was always with him a matter of unplesantness to be com- 
 pelled to bring charges against a cadet, and he would seek by 
 every means in his power, consistent with his duty, to avoid 
 such ; ity. It was a fact well known among the cadets, 
 
 that he made fewer reports than aiiy other professor, and that 
 re tlie most difficult to have removed. The rea- 
 son of this is obvious. H- wa always accessible and ever 
 4 
 
i ll 
 difcciii'.' flkidi 
 
 coim^ot fail mand. 
 
 whi< 1 within 
 
 • 1 until af ttion. 'I o av i t - 
 
 the 
 ber. Wl 
 ation to I ; ' the 
 
 . 
 in th' of the b dc of th 
 
 In 
 
 mand of 
 
 I 
 ... 
 he hunt ever 
 i . . . He 
 
 'I 
 
 I 
 
that state. The most i . for- 
 
 pers Ferry, whgpli 
 so conflu ;hc ^Bp- 
 
 iree was colled id Colonel 
 
 ■ 2ml 
 rid at Hai II 
 
 to place the | * On the 23d of 
 
 the com- d by 
 
 .Colonel. 
 the command of the I le of the 
 
 doali, (as the force under General Job 
 while at Harpers Ferry, rendered gi e to his 
 
 manding general. 
 
 Having collected a large numl , the federal gov- 
 
 ernment prepared for theopeni ;n in .Northern 
 
 Inia. On the Potomac lin teld the town of Alex- 
 
 andria, from- which they threatened * 
 
 column under Major Genera! Pat- 
 land towards Harpers 
 as he wj that the enemy were 
 
 about to enter Yi 1 Johnston evacuated Harpers 
 
 of drawing them 
 
 % upon v 
 
 II e m . but 
 
 of Martii und that 
 
 h, liad re 
 
 W ■ -<i' - died to Win- 
 
 . with 
 li lli" 
 ■. 
 ■ 
 
 * 
 
r a r. 
 
 to Winchester, but more than f.»rty of the Largest and finest 
 
 a'n, ithers, old and disabled, and nearly three hun- 
 
 L box and platform and iron ears were destroyed." The 
 
 was torn up and the bridges destroyed for some distance : 
 inflicting a serious loss upon the enemy. 
 On Thursday, 2nd July 1801,' the federal army und 
 ral Patterson, crossed the Potoo I time, at Williams- 
 
 . and moved towards Martinsburg. As soon b 
 informed of this, Colonel Jackson broke up his camp, which 
 was located about two miles no! hie town, and advanced 
 
 to meet the enemy. Having proceeded a short distance he 
 halted his brigade, and detaching part of the 5th Virginia 
 regiment, (Harper's) a small portion of Colonel Stuart's cav- 
 alry, and one gun from Pendleton's battery, in all aboul 
 men, he moved forward towards the Potomac to reconnoitre 
 the enemy's position and ascertain his strength. Arriving 
 near Falling Waters, he found the federal troops drawn up in 
 line of battle. This force consisted of Patterson's adva 
 brigade under Brigadier-general George Cadwallader, and num- 
 bered between three and five thousand men, with a fine battery 
 of field artillery. The action was opened by a dash of two 
 companies of Stuart's cavalry upon that portion of the enemy's 
 forces which was the first to arrive upon bhe Held. As soon as 
 he came up with the main body, Colonel Jackson, skilfully 
 taking a position which enabled him to conceal the smallness 
 of his force, at once engaged the enemy. The action began 
 ."■t '.' o'clock in the morning and continued with great vigor for 
 an hour, when the firing g] gradual, and continued so 
 
 until the close of the engagement. About 12 o'clock. Colonel 
 Jackson, finding that the enemy were making great effor 
 outflank him, which the superiority of their force would en- 
 ble them to do, drew oft' his, men and retired to his main body ; 
 uerny making no attempt at a pursuit. Having rejoined 
 tain column, he continued his retreat through Mar tins 
 
 1 a' ajittle place callc esville, about four miles 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 south of the town, where he was joined by General Johnston, 
 who had advanced to his support with the army of the Shen- 
 andoah. 
 
 In this afFair, Colonel Jackson lost two killed and ten wounded. 
 The enemy lost a large number killed and wounded, and forty- 
 five taken prisoners. This hfcs always been justly regarded as 
 one of the most brilliant exploits of the war. With a more 
 handful of men, Colonel Jackson had, for three hours, held in 
 check a force of ten times his own numbers, had repulsed e 
 attack made upon him, had inflicted a severe loss upon the 
 enem}', and had impressed them so deeply with a. sense of his 
 skill and strength, that they had allowed him to retire unmo- 
 lested. It was a severe blow for an invading army, composed 
 entirely of raw troops, to meet with such a decided check from 
 SO small a force upon their first entrance into a hostile country. 
 Surely it must have impressed them most deeply with the con- 
 viction that the task of conquering the South would be any 
 thing but child's play. 
 
 General Patterson telegraphed to Washington that his army 
 had "routed and put to flight ten thousand of the rebels.'* 
 The defeat, however, was too plain to be smothered over by 
 such a bare-faced lie, and a telegram soon afterwards appeared 
 in a Louisville paper, which stated that the federals had " evi- 
 dently nothing encouraging to communicate." 
 
 General Johnston waited four days for General Patterson, 
 who had occupied Martinsburg, to come out and give him 
 battle ; but that officer declined doing so. The lee^on t;: 
 him at Falling Waters Avas not without its effect, lie w; 
 no hurry to meet the men Avho had- given him such a decided 
 check as that which he had experienced on the 2d of July. 
 Finding that General Patterson would not come out and fight 
 him, General Johnston fell back to Winchester. 
 
 A i 'rival of the army at Winches 
 
 mej Jackson receive ' x of brigadier-go 
 
 is the provisional army of federate 
 

 iction 
 
 :lcd 
 
 A finer 
 
 vcr marched to battle. Th 
 their gallant conm not lonj this feel- 
 
 ing of pride v. ged to one of almost i 
 
 ■ and careful of his men, never n 
 that could i to their comfort. 
 
 iredthem • among tl 
 
 and this was in a great measure tt lerful 
 
 ■ ss. 
 On i of Jul}. : Johnsto bra- 
 
 iiarch from Winchest t to 
 lie advance, and, upon arriving at Piedmont o 
 
 ip railroad, was embarked on the c ther 
 
 1 Bartow's brigades, sent forward to Maha 
 
 ched Manassas on I of July, and 
 
 •ed to station himself on the lines of Bull run. in the 
 
 burn's and .Mitchell's fords, in order that he 
 
 pport cither G I the 
 
 .oral Bonham at the I occasion 
 
 ted to endeavor to 
 
 \$tt flank of the confederate army, begun their attack 
 
 'clock on the morning of the 21st of July, 
 
 osidro at the "Stone A few 
 
 . nd chan i ont, 
 
 oo^appcip'cd^and the } 
 
 I 
 
 \ firmly 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. ^ 
 
 battle continued about an hour longer, when G< • 
 order to avoid being outflanked by the enemy, who were p 
 ing upon him from all points, fell back towards the Henry 
 house. 
 
 About seven o'clock in the moral ikeoawas 
 
 ordered to move with his brigade, together with ImbodcnV 
 five pieces of Walton's batteries, and guard the in'u 
 
 i Bonham's left and Cocke's right, and to support either 
 in case of need — the character and topographical feat up 
 the country being shown to him by Captain Harris of tl; 
 gineers. Shortly afterwards Iinboden's guns were scut for- 
 ward with General Bee to the assistance of Colonel E 
 
 reneral Jackson hurried forward to the sup- 
 port of General Bee, who was sorely pressed by' the dense 
 
 os of the enemy which were surging heavily upon him. 
 lie came into action and formed his brigade in line of battle, 
 
 as the torn and shattered fragments of Bee's forces, then 
 in great dang ing routed, reached the plateau on which 
 
 the Henry house is situated. The enemy finding 
 
 ; s front which the gallant " first brigade" presented i 
 not ]-■ 1 1 l their pursuit. Order 
 
 along the lines, and soon Generals Beauregard and Johnston 
 arrived upon the field. While the army ■ dzed, 
 
 and the new line of battle arranged, the artillery of tin 
 armies became hotly engaged. This brief rest given to the 
 infantry, afforded the confederates an opportunity to re 
 their lines, and, beyond a doubt, saved the victory then trem- 
 bling in the balance. All of this was due to the prompl 
 of General Jackson in moving forward from the position to 
 which he had been assigned early in the morning, and brin 
 his brigade into position with such celerity and skill, th< 
 checki 
 .About two o'clock in the ' ceneral B 
 
 I the wh< f his line (excep' 
 
 I 
 
^ ;ral 
 
 time Jackson's brigade pierced 
 determination of veterans and the 
 spirit of men who fight for a sacred cause, but it suffered se- 
 vere!' 
 
 The enemy fell back; but soon receiving Btrong reinforce- 
 ments, pressed forward again and recovered their lust ground. 
 at three o'clock in the afternoon, General Beauregard, 
 having received a small reinforcement, resolved to advance his 
 lines and drive ti hrom the plat ran, and accordingly 
 
 orders were issued for the execution of this movement. 
 
 The army had suffered terribly — particularly the brigade of 
 In that brigade every field officer, and nearly 
 all of the company officers had fallen, and tho heroic regiments 
 which composed it were on the point of being overwhelmed. 
 Just at this moment the order was given to charge the enemy's 
 lines. 
 
 Riding up to General Jackson, who sat on his horse calm 
 and unmoved, though severely wounded in the hand, General 
 Bee exclaimed in a voice of anguish: 
 •■ General, they are beating us back !" 
 
 I Jackson glanced around him for a moment. His 
 - flashed, and his features shone with a glorious light. 
 Turning to General Bee, he .-aid calmly: 
 r, we'll give them the bayonet."' 
 Thfii placing himself al the head of his brigade, he thun- 
 
 1 : 
 
 "Forward !" 
 
 The men BpTang forward with a cheer, and swept like a 
 whirlwind upon the Startled foe. 
 
 Hastening back to his men, General Bee cried enthusiasti- 
 cally, b i he pointed to Jackson, who was dashing on finely: 
 
 "Look yonder! There is Jackson standing like a stone 
 wall! i. ine to die here, and we will conquer. 
 
 i'a report. 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. - 33 
 
 Then placing himself at the head of his shattered column, 
 he led it forward, animated by the glorious example of Gene- 
 ral Jackson and his men, in that noble charge, the success of 
 which was purchased with his pure life. The charge of Jack- 
 son's men was terrific. The enemy were swept before them 
 like chad' before a whirlwind. Nothing could resist its impetu- 
 osity. The men seemed to have caught the dauntless spirit 
 and determined will of their heroic commander, and nothing 
 could stay them in their onward course. The 27th Virginia 
 regiment, in this brilliant charge, captured the greater portion 
 of Rickctts' and Griffin's batteries, and the flag of the 1st 
 Michigan regiment.* The name won that day by the bri 
 and its general, is immortal. Just as the final assault, which 
 ended in their rout, was being made upon the enemy's lines, 
 General Jackson was informed that Keyes' brigade of Tyler's 
 division of the federal army was approaching for the purpose 
 of outflanking the confederate forces. He at once ordered 
 Alburtis' battery (supported by a small force of infantry) to a 
 point overlooking the road by which the enemy were advan- 
 cing. A few shots from this bat, cry and Latham's guns, which 
 had taken position a little to the left, forced the federals to 
 retire. 
 
 In the final attack upon the enemy's lines, the brigade of 
 
 General Jackson greatly d died itself, and drove the 
 
 enemy from the field. The gained by the confederate 
 
 was complete, and no one had contributed more largely 
 
 to it than General Jackson. 
 
 The wound in the hand, he received in the early part of the 
 day. It was severe and painful ; but he refused to leave the 
 field. ai*d continued in command of his brigade until 
 of the oction. 
 
 The appeal of Gen to his troops became widely 
 
 spread throughout the d the South. The troops, as a 
 
 h esteem and admiration for him, bestowed 
 
 • • - report. 
 6 
 
34 
 
 ■ 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 Tlu 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 - 
 - 
 
 to 1; 
 
 . he remained on 
 
 In 
 
 I 
 
 ■ 
 I 
 
 tT.atc commoni ird. The tr Win- 
 
 ■ i 
 v R. Jacl inia, 
 
 were organized into a separate OT i the 
 
 preme command oi 
 3 of the and the Moftongi hela was conf< 
 
 :ph E. Johnston. 
 
 lajor-general, Go.. 
 
THOIvIAS- J # J 35 
 
 ordered to r<\ 
 
 i at once pr0- 
 5, he 
 
 on i i- 
 
 I ' 
 
 Is of 
 
 \-pectful 
 
 1 by 
 
 iiff. left hi ' jade. 
 
 lie w ; aent, the 
 
 I to draw from 
 
 not n scmml 
 
 irything: 
 
 t was^full ; and this silence was more : than 
 
 .. 
 
 As l rnff hal 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I the 
 
36 . . GENERAL 
 
 Manassas, where you U descr ration of 
 
 bavins decided the fate of the battle. Throughout the 1 
 
 yonv rc- 
 hown 
 that • le and wil 
 
 both to defend and protect. Y -\ ■ bril j 
 
 ly high r m iiio arm; 
 
 the whole confede 
 
 me kind 
 idence who he 
 more victories and add addition 
 now enjoy. You have aln 
 
 future . I 
 
 shall look with great anxi< ir future movements, and I 
 
 ar of the first brigade on the field of 
 battle, it will be of still nobier deeds i 
 reputation w< 
 
 Here hi I and glanced proudly around him. Then, 
 
 Lf in his stirraps and throwinj lie on his 
 
 i a voice of such deep feeling, 
 it thrilled through evi gade : 
 
 "In the army of the Shenandoah you were the first bri- 
 • in 1 army of the Potomac you \ 
 in the Bee m 1 corps of this army yoi first brigade ; you 
 
 are the in the affect i' 1 ::nd I 
 
 future deed »u will be handed 
 
 down to posterity as the first brigade in this, our second war 
 of independence. Farewell !" 
 
 For a moment there was a pause, and then arose cheer b 
 cheer, so wild and thrilling, that the very heavens rang with 
 
 r evidences of at 
 I :i hastily waved farewell to his men, and 
 
 le rapidly away. 
 
 to Winchester to organize his army and 
 ):gc the affairs of his department. In addition to the 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 37 
 
 troops sent him from the army of the Potomac, (among which 
 was his old brigade), the command of General Loring was or- 
 dered from Western Virginia to join him. 
 
 General Jackson was not popular at first with the troops of 
 General Loring. They were devotedly attached to their com- 
 mander, and were not willing that he should servo under Gen- 
 eral Jackson; and it was not until they had passed through 
 the glorious campaign in the Valley, that they were perfectly 
 satisfied with their new general. After that, ; lings 
 
 j'd to undergo a complete change, and*not even the 1 r< 
 of the old "Stonewall brigade," were more devotedly attached 
 to him than were "Loring's men." 
 
 While engaged in preparing his forces for active operations, 
 General Jackson, on the 17th of December, destroyed Dam 
 No. 5, on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal ; thus disabling the 
 canal and depriving the city of Washington of the supplies 
 which were sent to it by that route. 
 
 About the close of the year 1861, General .{act army 
 
 numbered ten thousand men. The enemy had collected f 
 at the towns of Bath in Morgan county, and Romney in Hamp- 
 shire county, from which points they committed numerous dep- 
 redations upon the surrounding country. General Jackson 
 resolved to drive them from these places and free the country 
 from their presence. 
 
 On the 1st of January 1362, he left Winchester with his 
 forces and took the road to Romney. Having proceeded a 
 distance, he wheeled to the right and marched towards 
 Morgan county. The weather was very warm and the roads 
 dusty on the first day ; the second day was very cold, and as, 
 the road was not in good order, the wagons were unable to 
 keep up with the army, and the men were forced that night to 
 lie out upon the ground without any covering or any thing to 
 eat. On the morning of the third day, '.'aim- up, 
 
 and the troops were allowed a jdiort time to cook provisions 
 and partake of food. As soon as this was done, they set out 
 
 % 
 
I 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 ■. 
 
 : 
 - 
 
 in in 
 the had no 
 
 . ovcrco: 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 39 
 
 cold, sank clo^u in their and- had to be carried to the 
 
 men, in i 
 froze to tli. 
 
 3 heard. 
 Ou Sund 
 
 - town of i I 
 leoted a 
 
 . - to 
 the authoril 
 the ^ 
 
 . 
 
 I : i r-* 
 tio. % 
 
 who had 
 
 mo- 
 
 up 
 la 
 
 Oa 
 • from before the 
 
 co of 
 
 R 
 
 Hearing that Gen 
 appro- . Ith 
 
liei ,;e:;eral 
 
 I. Ge1 I •• ion pressed on and 
 
 inal intention of General Kelley, when he 
 .ouch, to del 
 and he i ders to that effect. But his troops be- 
 
 i >lent panic as soon as f the 
 
 oewal] ;"' and ( teneri 1 Kelley, 
 ble to make them fight, was forced to rel 
 The leflei als abandoned a large amount of stores of various 
 id left behind them all the official papers of their ad- 
 nt-general. From these papers much valuable information 
 was General Jackson held Romney until the 6th of 
 
 February, when he evacuated it and ret . ter. 
 
 The terrible sufferings endured by the tro^fe in this expedi- 
 tion, sons to regard the course pursued by 
 ••General Jackson as unnecessary, and ho was, for a time, the 
 object of much censure. But the results of th r ,tion, 
 the facts which time has revealed, prove incontestibb 
 
 nder< d ne issary by. the cfrcumstancos in which he 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad was the great 
 
 connecting link between the East and the West; and the 
 
 United Si itiea were using it to transport troops to 
 
 ;tion of a portion of this 
 road, in< bridge, caused the enemy to 
 
 adoji circuitous route through ereby 
 
 inconveni Two large and ia^*: 
 
 delivered for a time from the thralaoH 
 nemy and the demoralizing influence of their armies; 
 lied from their plundering and destructive acts of barba- 
 rity and villainy, and confidence restored in the power and 
 >f the government to give protection to its citizens. 
 ^,A.s <- was inflicted upon the enemy, a large amount of 
 
 kinds captured, and the enemy greatly de- 
 moralized, for the time, by the sudden and successful march 
 of the '.lonfedorate army. 
 
THOMAS J. JACKS02SF2 41 
 
 j 
 
 It is true that the troops of General Jackson suffered terri- 
 bly — that the hospital reports showed the fearful consequences 
 of the exposure and hardships which had been undergone ; but 
 this could* not be avoided: and a calm consideration of the 
 matter will not fail to convince any one that the expedition 
 was a necessity, and bravely and skilfully carried out, relieet- 
 ingjthe highe upon the gallant commander. 
 
 Nothing ran better illustrate the perfect confidena««eposed • 
 in General dackson by his troops, than the patient ana cheerful 
 manner with which they bore the most trying hardships to 
 which they were exposed. Some of them were without shoes; 
 many of them but poorly clad ; and nearly all without over- 
 okets or tents : and yet they never murmured. They ' 
 vi , ything with the greatest cheerfulness. It was enough 
 for them to know that li old Jack" thought the movement ne- 
 cessary. It must not be supposed that General Jackson fared*' 
 much better than his men. lie experienced all of the hard- 
 ships to which they were subjected. Fatigue, cold, exposure 
 and hunger he shared with them. Wrapping himself up in 
 his blanket, he would throw himself down upon the ground 
 and sleep as soundly as if lying on a bed of down. All that 
 uld do to allc> gs of the men, he did most 
 
 gladly. Such heroism as was exhibited by both officers and 
 men in this fearful march, has never been surpassed in any age 
 of the world. 
 
 Having returned to "Winchester, General Jackson allowed 
 his army a brief period for rest. Sickness and the process of 
 ionization diminished its strength considerably. 
 
 On the 26th of February, the federal army, some. 20,000 
 strong, under Major-general Banks, crossed the lVum.iac at 
 Harpers Ferry, and on eveninj i cavalry 
 
 occupied Charlestown in Jefferson county. This column w,a» 
 or the im Valley and the annihilation of 
 
 the little afmy under Uehcral Jackson. General Jackson. 8 
 force had been gr. n iw numl 
 
 
12 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL . 
 
 more than fiv< 'I men. The army of the Potomac bad 
 
 fallen back from Centreville to the Rappahannock rind K;i]i- 
 dan. and General had no assurance of receiving as- 
 
 sistance from any point. The column under (Jenaral Banks 
 was already nearly four times as large as his own, while the 
 forces of General Lander were within three days march of 
 Banks, and the federal army in Western Virginia could, when- 
 
 , ever it^ftp found necessary, move into the Valley to the sup- 
 port oftnc army there. The position of General Jackson was 
 very trying, and for awhile it seemed that his gallant little 
 army would be overwhelmed by the immense force that was 
 movii ost it. All over the country the hope was ex- 
 
 pressed that the government would order GeneralJackson east 
 of the mountains, and thus prevent his being sacrificed in (what 
 was then thought) the vain attempt to defend the Valley. But 
 
 General Jackson himself was not so despondent. Believing 
 that the just God in whom he trusted did not always give " I tie 
 buttle to the strong alone ; but to the vigilant, the active, the 
 brave," he calmly awaited the enemy's advance. 
 
 Pausing a few days %t Charlcstown, General Banks marched 
 to Martinsburg, which place he occupied on the 3rd of March. 
 Having completed his arrangements, he advanced upon Win- 
 chester by the road leading from Martinsburg and also that 
 from Charlestown. On the 11th of March these two columns 
 
 m 
 ■ united at a point about six miles from Winchester. About 
 
 two o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, the enemy ad- 
 vanced and attacked the picket of A -hby's cavalry, four miles 
 From the town. A small reinforcement was hurried to the as- 
 sistance of the cavalry, but was forced to retire before the 
 
 enemy. The whole confederate force was now thrown forward 
 and held in readiness to engage the federals if th 
 continue to advance. This, how* • ;\ G< ncral Banks dci 
 doing, and nothing further occurred during the day. Late in 
 the day. General Jackson received an order from the govern- 
 airing him to evacuate Wit r, and retire up the 
 
 « 
 
THOMAS J. ACKSON. 43 
 
 Valley. With great regret, he drew off his troops and retired 
 into the town. lie at once comi to remove the stores, 
 
 baggage and other public property. This was successfully ac- 
 complished, and not one dollar's worth of the public property 
 fell into the hands of the enemy. At last all was ready, and 
 General Jackson, leaving Colonel Ashby to cover his retreat 
 with the cavalry, slowly retired from the town. He bivouaced 
 that night about four miles from Winchester. 
 
 At eight o'clock the next morning eight thousaflft federal 
 troops marched imo Winchester and took possession of the 
 town. Colonel Ashby remained, sitting on his horse, in the 
 Main street, until the head of the enemy's column came within 
 ,a short distance of him, and then rode out of the town and 
 rejoined his command. In the afternoon a federal column 
 under General Shields advanced towards Newtown. They 
 were met and driven back to Winchester by Colonel Ashby's 
 command. During the same day. General Jackson continued 
 his retreat until he reached Cedar creek, on the Valley turn- 
 pike, sixteen miles from Winchester, and two from Strasbur 
 Shortly afterwards he continued to retire up the Valley until 
 he reached Mount Jackson, a strong position in Shenandoah 
 county. 
 
 The enemy remained in Winchester a short time longer, pre- 
 paring for the campaign, which was about to open, and while 
 there committed numerous and infamous outrages both in the 
 town and the surrounding country. When he had completed 
 his arrangements. General Banks left Winchester and advanced 
 up the Valley in the direction of General Jackson's army. The 
 iiemy was vastly superior to that of the confede- 
 . and it was necessary that this advance should be checked, 
 and that as speeilily as possible. Seeing the importance of 
 this, and resolving to strike a sudden and powerful blow at the 
 enemy and to cripple his moven I neral Jackson left his I 
 
 position at Mount Jackson, which he had just readied, and 
 moved rapidly towards the enemy. 
 
44 
 
 lieving that Ashby's cavalr in front 
 
 of him, and thai ;>* fight hitn 
 
 Far from the support of the main the eon: 
 
 am era! Banks turned oveT the command o 
 
 to General Shields and si r Washington. General 
 
 Shields eisurely up th Sunday 
 
 . 28d of March, encountered General • 
 
 The first day's march of I iy, was from 
 
 Mount Jackson to Cedar creek — twentyTix miles. On tl 
 
 •: of the 22d of Marc ime 
 
 up with the federal pickets and began a Bkirmi ih With thei 
 
 which continued during th xtmorni 
 
 of March, Gen< ral Ji ■ ten 
 
 lock arrived in front of the federal po ition a1 .vn. 
 
 ^The enemy were advantageously posted on a rising . and 
 
 their force numbered betwe and twei. nd 
 
 men, and a number of fine field batteries. The force that General 
 
 Jackson carried into the" fighjl aenand 
 
 four batteries of artillery. r with A 
 
 G Ids had been wounded in the arm, bv a fr 
 
 • -A 
 
 ment of a shell, on the itinued in 
 
 d of the field during the bi ttle. Genera] Hanks ar- 
 rived while the' en twelve 
 
 moved forward and opened a 
 
 heavy lire upon the ivhich replied with 
 
 spirit. This artillery duel was continued until four o'clock in 
 noon — the infantry of 
 
 .dually moving to the left. A' ■ I half-past Four 
 
 ick, General Shields irward a heavy column to- 
 
 Is the confederate 
 the -\.-: -.xnd tj^e, 
 
 ing until e within short range, openea a 
 
 rapid and desl o la 11 bac*k 
 
 with d nine they advai .e driven 
 
* 
 
 JACKSON. * 1-. 
 
 headlong down the hill at the point of the bayonet. Having 
 received large reinforcements, the enemy made a third attempt 
 to carry the confederate left, but were again repulsed. Gene- 
 ral Jackson now ordered the "Stonewall brigade.'" (reduced 
 by reorganization and losses to almo re handful.) to the 
 
 assistance of the regiments on Ills left, and these hardy vete- 
 rans arriving on the ground just as the enemy made their fourth 
 attack, drove thorn back in confusion. During the battle the 
 enemy advanced to obtain possession of a stone wall in a cer- 
 tain portion of thG field, from which they would be enabled to 
 pour a destructive fire into the Soutbern ranks. Perceiving 
 this, General Jackson at once ordered a regiment to secure the 
 wall before the enemy could reach it. A most exciting race 
 ensued. The oonfederates were the first to arrive at the wall, 
 and dropping on tbeir knees and sheltering themselves behind 
 it, poured volley after volley into the ranks of the enem; 
 forced thorn to fly in disorder. The battle *ragcd hotly until 
 dark, General Jackson successfully holding his position. At 
 nightfall the tiring on both sides ceased. 
 
 Having accomplished all that he wished, and knowing the 
 impossibility of defeating such a large force of the enemy. 
 General Jackson decided to fall back to Cedar creek, where he 
 could occupy a strong position, and successfully resist the ad- 
 vance of the enemy should they endeavor to continue their 
 march up the Valley. The army was withdrawn during the 
 night to a point in the neighborhood of the battle field. Two 
 guns and four andoned, on account of the lack 
 
 of means to remove them. The confederate loss was about 
 100 killed, 2Q0 wounded and 800 prisoners. Most of the 
 wounded were carried oft' up the Valley. Those who could 
 id, together with the dead, were left upon the 
 field. The enemy's loss was much heavier, and although not 
 definitely known, has been estimated at 1,500. It was cer- 
 tainly very great. During the battle, General Jacl 
 
 -1 great gallantry, and led one or two charges in pel 
 
4(j S \ NT-GENERAL 
 
 The enemy, as u-ual. el.- have \\n]i ;i great vicl 
 
 and their papers were idled with. sTOounts of I errible 
 
 punishment inflicted upon the rcl The facts, however, 
 
 furnish ample proofs of the falsity of th i tn. General 
 
 Jackson held his position until the clo§< of the fight, withdrew 
 in perfect order, passed the night in ii irhood of the 
 
 field, and retired up the Valley unm 
 
 General Shields in liis report, which if shameful peiv 
 
 hi of the truth, claims to have won a great victory, but 
 makes the following acknowledgment : 
 
 " The enemy's sufferings have been terrible, and such a> they 
 have nowhere else endured Bmce the, beginning of this war ; 
 and yet such were their gallantry and high state of discipline, 
 that at no time during the battle or pursuit did they give way 
 to panic." 
 
 On the morning of the 24th, General Jackson fell back 
 slowly to Strasburg. The enemy made no attempt at pursuit, 
 but contented themselves with watching him safely out of the 
 neighborhood, and then themselves fell hack to Winchester, 
 and blocked the road between that pi, (re and Strasburg, to pre- 
 vent General Jackson from advancing upon them again. 
 
 The blow inflicted upon the invading army was most effectual, 
 idvance was checked, and for several weeks it was com- 
 pelled to pause and reorganize before it could resume hostile 
 operations. This delay was highly advantageous to Genera] 
 Jackson. From Strasburg he retired to Mount Jackson, and 
 immediately set aboul reorganizing his army. Reinforcements 
 were sent to him, and he was soon ready for service again. 
 
 It was about this time that General Jackson first exhibited, 
 in a remarkable degree, that wonderful rapidity of movement 
 for which he afterwards became so celebrated. His army had 
 just reached Mount Jackson after a weary march of forty-six 
 
 miles, when he was informed that the enemy was advancing 
 
 up the Valley. This was on the 22d of March. Determining 
 
 heck their movement -, he wheeled about, and by a forced 
 
fr W 
 
 march of forty miles reached Kernstown the next day, struck 
 a powerful blow at Hanks' army, and within the next thirty-six 
 hours was again at Mount Jackson.* 
 
 It was the design of the confederate authorities, after the 
 army of General Johnston was moved to the Peninsula to meet 
 McClellan, that General Jackson should remain in the Y; 
 hold Banks in check, and be ready, if necessity should require 
 it, to move to the assistance of General Johnston. To this cud 
 he was slightly reinforced. General Jackson, however, had 
 other and more extensive designs. 
 
 After having reorganized his forces and completed his ar- 
 rangements, Genera] Hanks moved out of Winchester, and ad- 
 vancing leisurely up the Valley, occupied the village of Edin- 
 hurg a few miles from Mount Jackson. Soon after this he 
 advanced towards the confederate position. General Jackson 
 was not yet ready to fight him, so he retired slowly before him 
 as far as Harrisonburg in Rockingham county. Here he 
 wheeled abruptly to the left, and marching east, occupied 
 Swift run gap, a pass in the Blue Ridge, on the eastern border 
 of Rockingham county. This position was one of great 
 strength, and could have been held successfully against any 
 force which the enemy could bring against it. It enabled 
 General Jackson either to advance upon the enemy and offer 
 them battle, to interpose his forces between Banks and the 
 town of Staunton or the Central railroad, to prevent their 
 passing cast of the Blue Ridge unmolested, or to move his 
 force to Richmond if necessary. 
 
 General Banks advanced cautiously as far as Harrisonburg, 
 and occupied the town. «IIe threw forward a small portion of 
 
 * The surprising rapidity with which he moved, soon became an univer- 
 sal theme of conversation, and gave rise to many amusing incidents. Upon 
 one occasion a wag remarked that "Stonewall Jackson was a better leader 
 than Moses;" and upon being asked his reason for this assertion, replied 
 
 [I took Moses fortj 3 1 brough the - 
 
 while Jackson would have ' double-quicked ' them through it in ti 
 
r* 
 
 ;it skirmishing 
 and the • 
 ■ affairs west of wle mmintainssceraed 21 
 critical ever j moment. In fro-, Jackson 
 
 ■my of G Banks, in numbers vastly superior to 
 
 wn, while the advance of Fr< i 
 
 ing heavily upon the small force uncli rBriga- 
 dier-gi Edward Johnston^ wWfcb ww retiring in the direct 
 
 tion of Staunton. Fremont was evidently advancing for the 
 purpose of entering the Valley arid assisting 
 
 act promptly ; m ;it 
 
 m a plan, the conception of wtiich was only 
 
 equalled by the brilliancy of its executiofi. He determined 
 
 to leave General Ewell with his divi h the enemy, 
 
 while with the remainder of 'the army he would i 
 
 nton, and at a suitable moment fall upon I 's ad- 
 
 vanced column under General Milroy, drive it back, and then 
 returning, would re-unite his forces with those of Gel 
 Ewell, and drive i at of the Valley. 
 
 Wishing to unite nis command with that of General 
 mont, Genera] the 4th of May, evacuated Harrison- 
 
 and fell back to a point lower d Valley : thus 
 
 giving General Jackson more freedom in the execution of his 
 plan of operations. 
 
 rapidlj oeral Jackson, on the 
 
 evening of the T - ': of May, united his fore..- with tho 
 ral Edward Johnston, four miles west of Buffalo gap, 
 fourteen from Staunton. This movement wa 
 .Milroy had hi it, and was falling back bi fore the com- 
 
 bined < Jackson and Johnston. The next da; 
 
 pf May, the army was pushed forward and came up with Mil- 
 al the vill cl county. 
 
 Her. had halted, ; to be reinforced thai 
 
 by < r< ueral Fremont. Ui or him. 1" i - : ] 
 
 pointed in thai , ition. 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 ral 
 
 The enemy's force numbered 8,000 men. That of Generel 
 
 Jack- i to it. The federal^ occupied the 
 
 ^pwn -,of McDowcli, Ad jflith their artillery commanded the 
 
 turnpike, (the only dijJctapproach to the place,) which just 
 
 ', runs through a narrow mountain 
 :i r^ronuoiterifl£ their position, General J&< 
 foljtf i'ur: ; ; wbuld require ; g.vnt sacrifice of Irs men to ad- 
 p upon the tcfcni^R the lumpike, and at once resolved to 
 occupy one of rafe hill- in^ie neighborhood, from which he 
 ■ raid i mmand the federal position. Accompanied by Gene- 
 al - .. ret onnoisance of Sutlington'a hill, 
 
 which he de y. General Milroy observing 
 
 this, l'esolvdvjo ; 
 
 rp i' nv. \-- f ff u ;;1 Johnston were ordered to occupy the 
 hill al once, anwsueceeded in doing so. Th 
 
 1 :'nd Connor, and ; I 
 ■ i rmed facing the I sott on 
 
 the left and Coij rij 'it. Wishing to d 
 
 ■otj^ f> o'clock in the afternoon i Colo- 
 
 nel ;• irt to turn 
 
 ,mm ihe battle had fairly opened, Colonel Connor 
 brcug: ; ty ids brigade to the assi tance of Colonel Scott, and 
 fornied his line at right angles to the pi 
 order ncmy from outflanking Rim. Soon 
 
 th<k 1 ! g an 5 General Taliaferro' b brigade of General 
 
 brought into action to the relief of their 
 flic: . 
 
 The battle ended at 9 o'clock at nicdit, t' \ having 
 
 back at all points. The confederate loss was 
 ed killed, wound . General 
 
 the gallant C 
 
 of the ! 
 
 . The 
 army remained on the field during the night. 
 
 iy i he next morning il n . ered thai 
 
 7 
 
50 LIK1 
 
 had abandoned the town an<4 fle^^wattls Pendleton county. 
 
 hfp|9ni<l pursued tin ■: 
 far as Franklin. II re the cuoml|^fcai^fc>rccd by thet»opsgf 
 
 ■ nt. halted and bcgan^u fortify their posit 
 The j ursuit here ended. *# 
 
 The results of this oxpeditioifowcrc ^n bifcry way sati 
 Km in ■ill's advaneed cuqjs had breu defeat*^, f|< 
 march checked. lie had S#ffiq|-ed ii^k/rff^oi: 
 
 ammunition, .^0u Enfield >JpL and ^Ji/iie mus- 
 60 1" 7") cavalry saddle*, and a hire >, 
 The country was painfully e$d]Jfcwi(h^M*diAhe threa t- 
 ect of affairB west of th 
 were turned towards the gallant army in th 
 in vain to pierce the gloom that seemed io ovcr.-hadow them. 
 The first gleam of light that came ovcr-t^je oistant hills, was 
 the news of the victory at McDowell, wlych was an^punced by 
 General Jackson in the following grace fl^p and eliamoteri.-tie 
 
 despatch : • • 
 
 Vamkv P 1. "I 
 
 \'ni lS t n u 
 
 To GmeralS. Cooper: God blessed our arras with viutoi^at McDgpeeli 
 
 yester —M ' ^_ 
 
 T. J. J kcKnwjTWr mtoa\. 
 
 ■ a small force to watch the enemy, < teneral Ja> I 
 to the SJienandoah mom 
 it, marched rapidly to Harrisonburg, where he reuB 
 his ■ including General 10 'ward Johnstifr' 
 
 which he had brought with him), with those of Generfl E*rell. 
 The first part. of the plan had been carried out with SUQ 
 and (J meral Jackson now resplved to turn his attention to 
 al Banks, whose position in the Valley invited an attack. 
 • [ officer had committed the great error of dividing bis 
 forces, and thus enabling General Jackson to attack them in 
 detail. While Jackson was busy with Milroy, Shields had 
 d through the Pdue Eftidge and effected a junction with 
 Greneral McDowell at Fredericksburg. Thin weakened Banks' 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. " I 
 
 \s ol" 
 
 column by 8, GOO - teries^f i : but 
 
 still the remainder of his fo much larger than General 
 
 Jackson's entire army. A force of several regiments was 
 stationed at Frjfc Royal*, eighteen miles from "Winchester, 
 while the main column, numbering from twelve to fourteen 
 thousand men. was be! ween Stuasburg and Winches! 
 
 Perceiving the error committed by General Banks and re- 
 [ng to profit) }jf it, Geieral Jack, -mi moved for. 
 tack him at once. General Ewell was ordered to fail upon the 
 force at Front Royal, while General Jackson, witli the I 
 the I aid iiifei'jm.e between Sir:. ad that point, 
 
 thus cutting off all communication between the two columns of 
 the federal army, and rendering them powerless to a 
 other. After tjic capture of the force at Front Royal, the 
 combined army would fall upon Banks and drive him out of 
 the Valley. 
 
 On the 23d of May. General Ewell's division reached Front 
 Royal. The enemy had here a force <»f several regiments, 
 which occupied a strong position. General Ewell made a- 
 vigorous attack upon them and soon drove them from their 
 position, capturing the 1st Maryland (U. S.) regiment of in- 
 fantry and the 2nd Vermont cavalry — in all about 1,500 men — 
 and a section of artillery. 
 
 While this was going on, General Banks was at Strasburg. 
 oon as he heard of the capture of Front Royal, he broke 
 up bis camp and retreated rapidly to Winchester. The forces 
 of Generals Jackson and Ewell having formed a junction with 
 i each other, the army was hurried forward in pursuit of Banks, 
 and on the morning of the 24th. came up with him at Middlc- 
 tqprn between Strasburg and Winchester. Hurling his forces 
 upon the federal column, General Jackson pierced its centre, 
 and forcing the wings apart, drove them in confusion from the 
 field; one wing retreating towards Strasburg and the other 
 towards Winchester. Detaching General Taylor's brigade to 
 
 rnn>u-' th'l portion of the eueTOj which had lb'd Wma-iTip 
 
 
burg, G 3m i in pursuit of the. other. 
 
 with the enemy, and by a vigo- 
 
 moralieation, 
 
 tem and took mai dfc . % 
 
 .' the cavalry ahea 
 
 al Jackson hurri( i with the infantry 
 
 and artillery. General Banks was with the wing of his army 
 
 that ■J , -i«l fled towards Winchester. Ail aipirg the road the 
 
 away their ari 
 
 thing that could encumber them in I were 
 
 road and abandpnj ur.Ht. Pi were 
 
 n by the confederates at every hundred yards, and the 
 
 greatest terr"or and confusion marked the enemy! A: 
 
 the neighborhood of Winchester was reached, and here 
 
 the pursuit ended for thetoight. 
 
 he morning of the 25th, General Jackson ad- 
 vanced upon the enemy, who, having rallied during the night, 
 end- i ad a short distance outside of Win- 
 
 er. The was brief, but The enemy 
 
 to burn in their The 
 
 ursuit 
 
 of th atinued. tinsburg, 
 
 General ! e at Wjll . and re- 
 
 into Mi eneral Jackson pursued him t< 
 
 . where he halted. Send in ion of his army to 
 
 Martinsburg to capture I I and destroy the Balti- 
 
 and Ohio railroad, he moved with the remainder of the 
 
 y, which he oecu- 
 
 of May, driving the I forces thtje 
 
 The plan of (ieinral Jackson had been 
 
 entirely i il. Bank had been driven out of Vir- 
 
 ginia witl - in killed and wounded and about 3,000 
 
 . General Jackson captured ten 
 * of arms, twelve pieces of artiller; indredj 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 58 
 
 Backs of sal!, four hjindrer! wagons, a large nutrttcr of hi 
 one hundred thousand dollars' wortrl%f nH&ia»ics, hospital 
 stores, surgicaj instruments and luxuries fojRffe sick, and com- 
 missary and quartermaster stores in abuncftrn'ec. A pa' 
 
 tores had to be destroyed, but the greater portion General 
 Jackson brought off in safety. 
 
 ]Le annouuced Ids success to the government as follows/ 
 
 Wi ih. 
 
 To G die l:i?t three il.-iv - - lessed our 
 
 arms with hrillianl succ>ss. On Frjday the federals B.1 Fr ni Royal were 
 I one section of artillery in addition to many priso ler . cap- 
 tured. On JS.mirdBk-j&nnks' main»4tluiun, whiKr retreating^from Slras- 
 burg to Winchester, was pierced ; jne rife part retreating towards Stras- 
 burg. On Sunday thewther part wasjfouTed al . At Last accounts 
 
 Br^adier-general George II &tuari was pjfrssiog them with cavalry and 
 artillery, and capturing many. amount of ordnance, medical and 
 
 other stores have fallen into our hand-. 
 
 T. J. Jackson, Major-genera^ 
 
 The defeat of General Banks' army and its flight lint 
 land. the approach of^jreneral Jackson to the 
 
 Potomac, threw the government *and people of the \ 
 States into a fever of excitement. The*^lest rumors pre- 
 vailed every where that General Jackson was advancing upon 
 Washington and that the city was in great danger. The fede- 
 ral secretary of war telegr^hefc to the governor of Massa- 
 l all the troops forward that you can immedi- 
 ately. Banks completely routed. * * * * Intelligence 
 from various quarter's leaves no doubt that the enemy in great 
 force are advancing Bpon Washington. You will please or- 
 ganize and forward immediacy all the volunteer and militia 
 force in your state. 
 
 A '.' f perfect terror prevailed every where. Men 
 
 wore long and anxious face-: and the questions, " Wh 
 Jack •Has he taken Washington?'' were upon 
 
 - The f<>ree at Fredefticksburg was intended to be ma 
 
arrival of the r 
 
 era! ,"-'!. eld>),Jfco|^<>in we(,'lellai!, who wi e Etich- 
 
 It' tlii.- hftti been done, it would have caused a great 
 
 iiiv, if not real misfortune to the confederate army 
 
 at that place. But no sooner had the m ws of Jackson's ad- 
 
 the PotHR^eaehed "'" ' hi, than ( J eiicral 
 
 Meflbwell was wit lulraliw^m the Uappahayinockand hroiight 
 
 hington for Che defence of the c Fr.i mont 
 
 rrdered to move his from Western Virginia across 
 
 the mountains and unite them . icral 
 
 Shields, which was to move up from McDowell'4 army, ; 
 
 .;•!: the Blue liidge and nt^et him in tin- Valley. This 
 would throw a strong forcedih Jaekson" reatf and while he was 
 endeavoring to elude or^efeat it, a third c in would m^o 
 forward from the Potomac and hem him in. 
 
 General Jackson's army had. Within the brier period of 
 
 v-two days, marched from Staunton to McDowell, where 
 
 a batl een fought, thence to Franklin, thence over the 
 
 Shenandoah mountains to Harrisonburg, and thence down the 
 
 Valley to the Potomac, engaging the enemy nearly all the way 
 
 betwivii the l:;.-t two p.»int. in all a distance of nearly two 
 
 hundr miles, and was greatly in need of rest. In 
 
 ion to this, it Was burdened with an enormous train, con- 
 taining th ,ured fVim itoc cneifly. 
 
 It was in this condition that Gen heard that 
 
 Fremont and Shields were advancing rapidly to cut off his 
 
 t up- the V&lley. It was necessarj^to move with the 
 
 speed in order to prevent the enemy from intercepting 
 
 him. His 'position was never, d%-ing his continuance in the 
 
 Valley, as critical as at the present moment, and he was never 
 
 hecrful and undaunted than now when tjje clouds seemed 
 
 gathering so darkly around him. If he comkl reach Strasburg 
 
 befor< G * emont, who was hastening towards that porntj 
 
 aid be able to send his train and prisoners up the Valley 
 
 in safety, and to* turn upon Fremont if he desired to do ap. 
 
TIIOMAS J. JACKSON. 55 
 
 Wheeling his army about, General Jackson left tke Poto- 
 mac late in the day on the 30th of May. His line (including 
 his wagons and prisoners) was twelve miles long. The fatigue 
 which the men had undergone in the pursuit ■ had 
 
 greatly exhausted them, hut no sooner did they know that 
 " Old Jack" thought it necessary to retreat with speed, than 
 fatigue was forgo; ten, and they pushed on cheerfully. Du- 
 ring the march, General Jackson was informed that Fremont 
 was pressing hotly upon him, and accordingly increased his 
 speed. » 4$ 
 
 The march of the two armies to Strasburg, was literally a 
 race between them. At last Strasburg was reached on the i -< 
 of Ji#e; the army having marched since lateon tho 30th of 
 May, (a day and a hall.) a distance of fifty miles, burdened 
 with an immense train of mrteen hundred wagons, a large pirk 
 of artillery and over three thousand prisoner* This v, ] 
 
 march, together with their other movements, gained for the 
 troops the title of " Jackson's fbot cavalry." , 
 
 Wl|en General .{fecks. on entered Strasburg, the advarna d 
 de of Fremont's army was almost within sight of the 
 town. Determining to check his progress^ General Jar 
 halted the main body of his anny, and moving forward with a 
 small portion, came up with F . •,: engaging 
 
 advanced gun ; elled it to retire and halt for the 
 
 night. During the n army left Strasburg and con- 
 
 tinued the retreat up the Valley^* The next day Fremont en- 
 tered the town, and finding tfia my had ■ 
 him the slip, pushed on in pursuit of tliem. This was Mon- 
 day, the 2nd of June. ^ *• ^. #91 
 
 A new Uaiujcr now threatened General J While 
 
 Fremont was pressing on with $fr#l in ^Mkf^t^ he was in- 
 formed fhai the colitfcn«of General Shields,- which had i: 
 u]i from Frederick : the Blue llidge, and was 
 
 at Lurav in Page county, thus occupying # a position which 
 WOUJfd enable it to fall upon General Jackson's Left flank and 
 
t£ inconvenience. To avoid this column, it was 
 
 li with greater spci d and get in front of it, 
 
 and G • re.-olved to do. Day and night he 
 
 on, rarely halting for food or I 
 
 1 tfiniuhc retreat, the niai' of the army wa* prdtected by 
 
 iry. and a small force of infantry, u e cnlvalric 
 
 A-iii)V — now;; br ..neral. Daily skinnishi»g occurred 
 
 id the enemy — the latter always being 
 
 repulse 
 
 On tin of the ito-of June, the aripy reached Har- 
 
 ris lit now made a bold dash at Jackson's rear, 
 
 ii tween his I 
 mand of General Ashby. The en^my were greatly ^ 
 in unnih.. rs, hut were driven back^vith a heavy loss. In dps 
 ral A>hby was killed!^ ^ 
 
 a aband 
 tdf#Mfcrp : k'\ and wheeling to the loir, marched to Port Ra- 
 il lie, a little, villa. 
 I and [five tTu 
 The town of Pert Republic is situated at the conllieni 
 the >i>utl*%nd S^uth rivers, which form the Sht'nandi.ah ; the 
 
 and the latter north. On the 
 ••8hen i. Kt Kepubfie army of 
 
 ; ve thousand nieii. and 
 on the west side wi enorals Fremont, (about 
 
 twenty tfctousand strong), ;*yd Jajcksun. The Shenandoah and 
 lj%ih of jjs t^jjfctaHlpl'#ere greiiUy swollen, and could uot be 
 lint but at I'ort Republic. The position of 
 General J^fafllV '■ but he resolved to take 
 
 advantage o§^tli0« ay-ann attaek its 
 
 Columns >ep<ratel«.befo«^rp|iy could unite against bun. Gene- 
 ral 1-Veiiiont had 60 dent 
 
 in than Turner .'■ 
 
 .> lion, :ivA - i 
 
 ii:-. a iittle. village twelve%iiles distant, "wpere be resolved 
 
 It and give the en< my battle. 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 57 
 
 of defeating General Jackson. His military career had been 
 throughout the war so very unsuccessful, that his only hope of 
 le favor of his government, lay in defeating Jack- 
 son. The confederate army reached the west bank of the 
 Shenandoah, opposite Port Republic, late on the night of the 
 Ttli of June. The army halted there, and General Jackson, 
 fcaff and several- officers crossed over to Port Republic, 
 where they spent the night. 
 
 Early in the morning, on the 8th of June, the cavalry and 
 a section of artillery from General .Shields' army entered the 
 town. Hastily mounting his horse. General Jackson, accom- 
 panied by his staff, rode towards the bridge by which he had 
 fell the river the night before. Upon reaching it ho found 
 ry had taken i ;i of it, and planted a piece 
 
 of artillery to sweep it in order to prevent his troops from cross- 
 
 upon it. Nothing daunted by this unpleasant d 
 General Jackson rode up boldly to the officeAin command of 
 the gun, and asked sternly : 
 
 " Who told ; ace this gun here, sir ? Remove it and 
 
 plant it on yonder hill I 
 
 As he spoke, he pointed to an eminence some distance off. 
 The officer bowed, limbered up his piece, and prepared to move 
 . When he had started, the Southern officers wh 
 
 . and putting spurs *to them, dashed off rapidly 
 
 the bridge. The federal officer n the trick, and 
 
 iy iinlimbering his ape and canis- 
 
 the general and his staff, which whistled harmlessly 
 
 over their heads. Uf|on reaching his army. General Jackson 
 
 sent a small Arce to the bridge and drove the enemy from it. 
 
 lie haa suubely readhed his army whqn he was informed 
 
 that •' Fremont iifcing from Ham . and 
 
 at th »l General Shields were seen on 
 
 the ■ 
 
 Dc • junction of these forces. Gen 
 
 along the hank 'il' ill. 
 
 
RAL 
 
 . and detaching a«jtortion of the i; with 
 
 Shields. I : i with 
 
 f the arm , fall 
 
 ad drive 
 ing the day a brif 
 
 . and the enemy held in cl ne- 
 
 at Gfene m would eith 
 
 rmy, or be forced across the Sh< 
 
 i v no afPtnpt to cross it; but remained ; 
 • 
 Ewell set out art once, and 
 
 miles from the river, drew 
 - forces in line of battle ami | 
 whp were directly in hiB front. His lino was f( on a 
 
 j . ich to some e . 
 
 and enabled \im> artillery to pour a dei into the 
 
 enemy's ranks. 
 
 The battle began early in the moi;. 
 of the two armies. During the cnti ed furiou 
 
 ' rare and bri RtJfliiig upon his 
 
 ■; -ity in numbers, Fren 
 
 lioK-h 
 
 d quickly 
 ' and pr< y the nun . .•..'■ deral 
 
 dually ad 1 liisPW'.-. al Ewell 
 
 ; bel and when night cloe< 
 
 keen driven D! 
 
 • fedeVal army i# this lent 
 
 ;md : thft of the 
 tot over two hum! 
 During the night, G< neral Jacksonjvithj 
 troops, and reunited, tin m with the rest of the army. He left 
 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 50 
 
 a small force in Fremont's front, with orders to fall back slowly 
 before him, and after crossing the river at Port Republ 
 burn the bri< ! 1 1ms prevent him from cro I ren- 
 
 der:!', to the federal column on the opposite 
 
 • 
 Ha . General Jackson resolved %p fall 
 
 upon General Shields and defeat him. Early on the morning 
 
 his force 
 my. 
 Gen had formed his linWf battle about a mile 
 
 outsi ""public. His right rested upon the r 
 
 ided for about half a mile over an open wheat 
 field. His left rested upon the point of a low ridge which 
 skirted the field at that side, and was partially protected by a 
 copse of Upon this ridge, and upon some slight emi- 
 
 nences in the river bottom, he had posted his artillery, which 
 commanded the road and the open plain over which the South- 
 . nee to attack him. The federal position 
 irably chosen, and the country in which GeneralJack- 
 i had to operate was by no means favorable to him. 
 
 the troops crossed the river, Generar Jackson led 
 
 insttheej liich they advanced 
 
 swept by a murderous lire of artillery and infantry, but 
 
 moving on steadily th< ally drew nearer to the enemy's 
 
 ■Sncs an I I them hotly at all points. The battle con- 
 
 ■ ■ two hours. At the expiration of 
 that tin: ; -J^} r threw forward a section of artillery for 
 
 the left wing of the Southern line, 
 
 I very severely from the fire in front. 
 
 It was a critical period of th< at this 
 
 ■oilier direct' , nemy 
 
 the flue i r 
 
 n, Gener%l Jackson discovered 
 
 that the battery, which had been posted nea] n the 
 
 •mt any infantry fluppnrt. Tic at once 
 
 
 % 
 
LII T KAL 
 
 1 
 
 ordered General Taylor to make a circuit to the right with his 
 le, to advance rapidly through nd fall upon 
 
 the battery and capture it. Taylor mi 
 
 from the woods at the moment tfc 
 
 tillery was advanced upon their shed upon the 
 
 and driving the cannoneers from it. secured the guns. Then 
 
 turning them upon the Btartled foe, he p< 
 
 into their ranks. At the same moment, other ti 
 
 come up from Port RMublic, the whole Iii 
 
 tne enemy and drove them from the field. Until the 
 
 their battery, the enemy, who were Western men, fou 
 
 unusual gallantry ; but as soon as the ret i 
 
 and fled in the voidest confusion — tl red. 
 
 They were pursued by the cavalry for fifj Erec- 
 
 tion of Lu 
 
 During the n^ht after his defeat, Gem lont had 
 
 restoring order among his troops, and th ! 
 
 ing, as soon as the sound of cannon in hi that 
 
 on Lad fallen upon Shield;-, advanced to 
 
 Distance. The small <•< ft to 
 
 watch him, ! , slowly before him, skirmi 
 
 Passing over the :i 
 
 been sent on \> 
 
 stroyed the 1 
 
 communication between the two thet^ 
 
 retreat of Shield's arm; 
 
 the we b, and, bA<; I 
 
 nder any assistance to his ; ' ' >d ndcr 
 
 victo 
 
 In tl)'- battle of ', ; ut 1,000 
 
 killed and wounded, anuViOO prisoners, anil six ^)iec 
 tillery. •nfedeml K) killed a 
 
 General Jackson U 
 
 <! in the followmgdespatch : 
 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 61 
 
 Nej 
 
 To S. 
 Vnrt Republic, was this day routed with the 1: 
 till-. 
 
 aed) x 
 
 )\ 
 
 This most astonishing campaign in the Valley wonfo 
 ral Jackson and his gallant arm ^nutation, 
 
 became a terror to the enemy; and -waSiKmioned wil 
 in every land where valor and skill are h< 
 with one i ranked among tin 
 
 \ and comparisons were instituted 
 the great Napoleon, in which General dackson did not 
 in the least. 1 
 
 ley with the first campaign of . - of Ijffc , and re 
 
 ber that %<• army of General Jackson - 
 of voluntt 
 service at all, and 
 
 I of " re hardsMp 
 
 war, we shall find that the comparison is just. 
 
 The army fell hack from ber on the 11. 
 
 and retiri Mount 
 
 tracing its it the battle of Kernstown on 
 
 Retiri :t to Mount Jackson, it rested for a bri< 
 
 until, upon the em 
 Swift rim gap. On the 7th of May i'. . >\\W 
 
 . fell upon Fr 
 
 : . Then ', it returned to t] 
 
 falling suddenly upon Gei 
 
 n^roils and over three thousand pri 
 
 human, it returned to th 
 efforts of the federal ■ 
 
that ha 
 
 •■ hundred n 
 
 ■ 
 immi done :tl1 
 
 and 
 
 of the^prli! 
 
 .-.c^wplislii'd "■ th 
 
 my. I • 
 
 11 pas e Blue J .11 of the 
 
 red from 
 On the liitlAf Jim . 
 
 • down the Y f 'ount 
 
 loah county. 
 In vii iral Jackson \ 
 
 rein i lis encou ith Frem 
 
 tit him. 
 
 ^ti iich a 
 
 ■ 
 
 : , to COO]: 
 with Lee in di : ainy. 
 
 ■ess- 
 Lee, nftt 
 m'a ■ Dt6 had 
 
 lat McDowell's corps, 
 itemed to reinforce McClellap, was retained for 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 63 
 
 the protection of Washington. General Lee having deter- 
 mined to carry out the latter portion of I order^den- 
 eral Jackson to march at once to istance. Leaving 
 a merely nominal force to deceive the e General ^ack- 
 son left the Valley on the 20th day of June; and 
 towards ' while Fremont lay at Mount 
 I ignorance of^his movement, and bu 
 ; his position, in order to resist th< 
 which he fancied w\it to i 
 upon him. The movement i very 
 ■ 
 concerning it. The troo] 
 
 it. The; 
 no information to any one during the m 
 as to their destination, the names of their coimnamk • 
 from what pi. were to riu ' I 
 
 $0 
 Thi ise to an amusing incident, i . 
 
 . one of the men belonging to^ Hood's 
 (which had lx sent to Jack- 
 
 son,") left the ran cherry tree in a 
 
 [boring field. . ppening to be near, ob- 
 
 served this, and riding up to the^fcan, asked : 
 1 • "\ i 
 
 lied the mat coolly. 
 " To what command do y _ fl* 
 
 "Id 
 
 - ■ | tneral in 
 
 ■ 
 
 man with the 
 ler had no 
 turning to hii 
 
 rs yesterd we were not to know 
 
 >■ 
 
 
to take I 
 plafll In i with the fidelity 
 
 were executed. 
 At the troop mbarked on the cars, and 
 
 ;+ ' in Lou : 
 
 >ved across the country, and on the 
 d' ue readied the little village of Ash- 
 
 land in Hanover coJpt; 'i miles from Richmond, driving 
 
 hich were stationed ik jdacc. 
 
 three o'clock on the morning of the 26th of Jul 
 ral Jackson left Ashhuid and mov< Is Hanover court- 
 
 house. From this point he horc gradually towards the Chi 
 •intil he haiLuincovered the front of Brig;'.' 
 
 ;-_> iipon the bank of that stream where 
 
 ;, ]P nG -^Mpk turnpike. General Branch : . 
 
 .;i', and moving down, uncovered the front 
 of 1 1 A.. P. HillTat the Meadow bridfi 
 
 (P now bore towards the Panmnkey, keeping 
 •i in the direction of the enemy's lines. Moving rapidly, 
 he reached the neighborhood of the Old Church in 
 
 :;ftfctd the rear of the en 
 be right, or the purpose 
 
 of cutting off thei A. 1\ Hill crossed the 
 
 low bridges, drove the enemy from 
 
 bood of Mechanicsville, and 
 
 of the river by the rest of the 
 
 jVt ; !. the 
 
 en back to Gaines' Mill, 
 
 upon the 
 rem . p ition in the neighborhood of 
 
 dri\ During the battle* a larg of the 
 
 , ise of outfl 
 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 the confederate left, and this render ituation of the 
 
 southern army very critical. It, was known that Gtencra' 
 Jackson had been ordered to gain the enemy's rear and cut off 
 his rj but as yet nothing had been hoard from him. 
 
 The enemy's column approached rapidly through the w<»ds. 
 In a short time the confederates would he completely out- 
 flanked. At this moment a sheet of flam? bursPfrom the 
 woods before them, and a storm of balls swept through the 
 hostile ranks. The enemy paused in >n 
 fire was hurled upon them mov than before. * 
 
 A wild and joyful cry rang along the southern lines, and the 
 shout of "Jackson ! Jackson !" was passed from man to man. 
 The conjecture was correct. Two or three brigades nad been 
 sent on in advance by General Jack'son, and had arrived upon 
 the scene of conflict just in time to dec^ethe f4fc of the hat- 
 tie. The enemy were driven from t ; brushed through 
 the woods and forced into the fields around Qold llarrjor. 
 Rallying his troops here. General McQellan nrepared for his 
 i rate effort on the north hank- of th* Chickahominy. 
 
 trcely had lie formed his line of battle, when a terrific 
 fire was opened upon him from his rear. General Jackson had 
 now come up with his army, and the retre*at of the enemy 
 towards the "White House was entirely cut off. Qaickly brie 
 his troopg into ac Jackson made, a tierce and im- 
 
 us attack upon the enemy, and the battle, which began 
 
 at four o'clock in the afternoon, rtipid*witn fury at all points 
 
 until long ale nerjjl McQjfdlan had massed all »tff 
 
 my on thai . , and his 
 
 I iian thai in any of the previous 
 
 boMfes. All of His efforts were in vain. ack at all 
 
 fled from the field, a 
 
 if (»' Chickahominy. 
 
 ipl down 
 r, and obtaining p ■■ ■ fcidn 6f ''> 
 
 

 •~.f. ' IKBKAL 
 
 York rivt r railroad, cut off MoClellan's communication with 
 hi.-; transports in the Pamunkey, ami destroyed his telegraph. 
 the movements of th with intercepting 
 
 'lellan on the south side of the river been at well executed 
 as ^iose of Gen the "Young Na- 
 
 B had another and a darker p ige added to it. 
 On Suilfiay night, June 2iMh. 1 the 
 
 on sent to prevent 1 
 the James river. The pursuit was morn- 
 
 ing. Crenera] Jaclwln grossed to the south 
 ahominy, and followed in the trail of the enemy by the Wil- 
 sburg road and Savage station. Be i ame op with them :it 
 White oJfe swamp about eleven o'clock in the morning. They 
 had crossed the stream, however, burnt the bridge behind I 
 and to prevent rke ^instruction of another, had posted some 
 forty or fifty jpicces of artillery on the bank of the Bwamp. 
 Bringing upjiis own artillery, General Jacks 
 engagement with nhem. While his artillery was engaged with 
 neniy, he Yuovcd his infantry to a point lower down the 
 swamp, and began the construction of a bridge. Although 
 his men worked upon it with energy, the brid 
 until the federal ^rtfllery had been withdrawn and night was 
 coming on. Genial Jackson th> d his troops and 
 
 moved towards the enemy. ^ 
 
 Later in the evening A. P. il.;l met and repul 
 
 thee: :der'« Jp*n, (Glendale.) McClelim then fell 
 
 to Malvern hill, ajid the coniV . . _•, pressed on in 
 
 ait. 
 On Tuesday, the 1st of July, was fought the desperate and 
 bloody battle of Malvern hill. In this engagement Geaeral 
 immanded the left of the southern line, and General 
 Magruder the right. 
 
 The federal array held apposition of great strength ; and 
 although it could no; -he carried by assfctft, I ■ k of the 
 
 confederates Luflictecbj*uch a severe loss upon the enemy, and 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. G7 
 
 demoralized their army to sucli an extent, that General Mc- 
 Clellan was forced to abandon Malvern hill, which he had de- 
 termined to hold permanently, not daring lo subject his army 
 to another attack from the confederates, lest it should be utterly 
 ruined, lie abandoned the hill during the night and fell back 
 to the James river. . 
 
 In this battle General Jackson had a very naiteow £S. 
 He was reconnoiiering the position of the enemy, fjrhen a shell 
 fell and exploded between the forelegs ofJuS horse, foqjunateiy 
 without injuring either the horse or 
 
 The plan of General ve in one or two instances, re- 
 
 sulting from the neglect of subordinates, had been successfully 
 uted. General Jackson had promptly and ably seconded 
 
 him in all of his efforts, and the assistance that he rendered 
 
 1 
 during the brief bur eventful campaign of the Chickahominy 
 
 was incalculable. 
 
 After being so completely outgeneraled, by Jackson, Fre- 
 mont was removed From his command, and succeeded by Major- 
 general John : better known, '•Proclamation 
 
 The defeal of McClellan's army ha\Hg put an curl to 
 paign in the Peninsula, the federal government resolved to 
 make another effort to capture Richmond, by advancing Gene- 
 ral Pope's army . Rappahannock and Rapidan. G 
 ral Pope moved his army across the mourn.: 
 
 .' the RapidanAind thus : cele- 
 
 brated campaign in Virginia, ft . • 
 
 This General Tope had held, previous to his appearance in 
 iiia, the command of a division in I army under 
 
 ral Halleck, and had rendered In 
 his 1 
 
 disa] I. . . 
 
 liariu cx.^i,oit {T) procured hid the cumuiunu oi EremonVa a 
 
■ 
 
 ^From hi 
 
 . absurd proclama 
 
 ii» mor< 
 enching. 
 hat in his previous ca 
 "4et> ai but the ' 
 
 a. glorious victory \\i 
 the 
 
 >n from which li 
 but tardy measures of retaliation adopted ' 
 
 rnment. Thefpeoplc and in which 
 
 i severely from the infamous ci 
 their "Northern '.his army 
 
 will ever be remembered in \ that they 
 
 won by their , m 
 
 ■ red that tm? army of ' 
 mdition to givaUrim tmy further r, 
 determined to march upon General Pope, whose arm 
 being greatly augmented every day. and drive him out of Vir- 
 ginia. The plan that he adopted was a bold one, and would 
 be attended with considerable risk. But the si if the 
 
 try at tin 
 
 Witt the bulk of th< and 
 
 in front and towards his flanks, while 
 Gem I cross the mountains, get into 
 
 Pope's rear, and tl*n marcl^iu to' M 3eize his lines 
 
 of communication with Washington and out oil' his supplies. 
 The mo\ (\ to General Jackson v.a ! with 
 
 I risk, as the enemy might, at any time, by a rapid cl 
 of position, cut him off from the army of Lee, and 
 
 age the whole plan <>f the campaign. R< i ol 
 to put this plan into exequtiqp, nnd fettling assured tl. 
 could place the fullest reliance upon G< ral Jf ( bUity 
 
 nci;: 1 Lee began^o p^ 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. . •,.' 
 
 the campaign. General J. „ as sent ahead with his c^ks 
 
 to watch General Pope and bold him in check until there- 
 maipder of the army could arrive from Richmond.. "-The ; 
 of General Pope having atly increased, am 
 
 med a very threatening attitude, it was found necGssarvto 
 him a blow which should keep him quiet until General JA» 
 (huld bring up his army. 
 
 Accordingly General Jackson, on tha 8th of Jane, advam 
 his forces to meet General Pope. Crossing the Kapidan and 
 advancing about a o the county of Culpeper, the: 
 
 halted for the night. * 
 
 Hearing that the co:. - had cro Etapidan and 
 
 were advancing to meet him, General ard a 
 
 corps under General Banks to resist thi 
 vance. On the 9th of -An i'orcc 
 
 ported t o I • . ■ " General 
 
 Ewell's division to meet them. 
 
 Advancing for albout tin il tool: position on the 
 
 :a Orange courthouse to Culpeper courthouse. 
 
 His left Hank rested on the Southwest mountain, and bis artil- 
 
 was placed in advan; i positions. A..- 
 
 formed his line, General Ewell saw the advanced fore 
 the enemy, consisting of a large body of cavalry and several 
 pieces of artillery, about a inj|e in front of him. Expo 
 that, as they were advancing to meet him, they would > 
 the attack, he waited some time for I • on. 
 
 Finding that the enemy was nol dip ised to attack him, Gen- 
 eral Jack Ived to advance upon thdfiay Early's bri 
 (of l^rell's division) was thrown tjgp-ard thj he woods f 
 and attacked the enemy's right flank. , r 
 Tb- ■ an at four o'clock in i; aoon, and 
 . * The cavalry, which constituted the 
 . . v . i the 
 line Jfi 
 | i. 'd* the ifst division, coiujil^lc'i 
 
70 
 
 npp: 
 
 .'1 by which it was advan 
 heavy fire upon it with their long 
 
 i 
 
 *£ - division was moving forward; his 
 
 shattered, tnd he was wounded in the side. He 
 
 he field and died in about an hoar. 
 
 Tin first division having come up. the line bore down hea\ ily 
 
 ml later in the evening, a poltfon of the di- 
 
 eral A. 1\ Hill, (who was now Jack- 
 
 rought into action. General Jai 
 wfeole line. The enemy r< ornly, but 
 
 ras rising and lighting up the h he* 
 
 . rays, they fell back in haste and abandoned the held. 
 ■ I for two mi 
 The artillery in this battle was most conspicuous throughout 
 the day. The opposing batteri s would nhlimbs 
 
 anything but grap > and can 
 Southern artillerists could distinctly hear 
 ot tin infantry supporting the federal 
 this t< nversation. The enemy's batteries were 
 
 in those opposing them; but notwithstand- 
 n of the Sou that 
 
 .jelled to change their pot 
 five different tim 
 
 a thick wood-, about two miles from 
 the bat t b ftAirral Jackson advanced his artillery to 
 
 woods and thellcd ifcfcn during the night. The neUt day 
 
 ; very quietly, the enemy making no demonstration, 
 and on the 1 1 ih they sent in a flag of truce, asking permission 
 to bur\ their dead, ami thj da I ming that 
 
 d all that he desired, Gene^ Jackscti, 
 on the •T^Ut of the 3 11th, withdroj* hia troops and ^retired 
 
THOMAS J. JAl'K&K. 7 J 
 
 across the Rapidan. His army lay a1i<i^| wilhrn ir 
 range of a large f<#ce of the enemy, and yet so skillful'!;, 
 so successfully was the retreat effected tl|p.t the federals knevi 
 nothing of it until the next morning, wfen they found that the 
 Southern forces had disappeared. 
 
 In the battle of Cedar Run the enemy had fifteen thousand 
 men engaged, and were commanded b ! s Pope, Mc- 
 
 Dowell, Seigle and Banks. They d a bloody defeat. 
 
 Their loss was very heavy in killed and wounded, and h^sjBfh 
 estimated at from two to three thousand. Certainly it was xcty 
 severe. General Gordon, commanding one of their brig 
 speaks of his loss as follows.: "I carried into action less 
 1,500 nun. 1 lost in about thirty mifwtes 4li(>. killed, won 
 and mksing. ,* * * * As I approached, the enemy re- 
 ceived me with a rapid and destructive lire. For at least 
 thirty minutes this terrible fire continued. Companies were 
 left without officers, and men were falling in every din 
 from the fire of the enemy. * * * * It was too evident 
 that the spot that had witnessed the destruction of one i>r- : 
 would he, in a few minutes, the grave of mine. I had lost 
 more than thirty in every hundred of my comma 
 
 General Crawford, another of their officers, says in his re- 
 port : "The whole woods b me sheet of fire and storm 
 of lead. The enemy's infantry was crowded into the timber, 
 and into some underbrush at our right, and theu mowed our 
 poor fellows down like grass. The overwhelming numbers of 
 the enemy forced us to fall back, but only when not a field 
 officer remain 
 
 Surely, if the rest of the federal army suffered in '\\ same 
 proportion, the estimate of its a above, is very 
 
 moderate. The enemy also lost ah • hundred prisoi 
 including one of tl ide commander —General Prince — 
 
 over fifteen hum! | uns, 
 
 twelve wagun loads of ammuniti qfcffagon loads of 
 
 new clothing. 
 
:it» 
 
 i 4^< the foil 
 
 ■ 
 
 'lOtll' 
 
 ■ 
 command, which 
 
 T. J. 
 ' G. 
 
 .iplicil to 
 
 ■is in t! 
 
 . 
 James. era] Mc- 
 
 he had assembled 
 ile him to 
 
 had 
 J 
 
 I him. 
 
THOMAS J. .1 73 
 
 I to gain Pof^s rear, and cut 
 him off from Washington, whil I ; 
 
 "s front, would draw 
 
 oft' his attention from t] 
 
 On tin. . he Rapi- 
 
 At tl > 1 uKr 
 
 the river. lish- 
 
 i appeared on the 
 little village rson- 
 
 Warrenton springs in Fauquier 
 
 but the 
 
 stream swellii rains 
 
 g fallen unable to 
 
 was periloui in th 
 an Phi even-* 
 
 Rappahann 
 
 with L 
 
 I 
 
 • 1 perplexed the 
 
 body of troops . 
 in. Th< 
 
 o watch and 
 Irawn up 
 
 . 
 

 % 
 
 sor£ on tho me: up the river to- 
 
 Hill, in tne'coiml The 
 
 i i oi' 
 1 i cover t: 
 
 ikson, who wj ille. 
 
 be army sed the li 
 
 it wheeh d the right, a 
 
 rugged and um; the Rap; * int 
 
 tout fifteen miles 
 of the stream was exceedingly difficult, . 
 successfully 
 
 there. Avowing the 1 I march;. 
 
 lanes, the corps hall 
 in Fauquier county. G 
 ak of the eh 
 The -next morning, the 26 th, the 
 direction of Thoroughfare gap, i ail- 
 
 ' roi 3 through the Bull run mount 
 
 o encouu 
 Fortunately I 
 men r.. 
 
 u-. othing to 
 
 ; 
 i 
 
 declared, in h sport, that he 
 
 :, fully aware of i I 
 
 •■ . ■ . 
 ;> upon record. . his rear entirely un] 
 
 : 
 
 which, he 
 
 d." \ mere handful of men could have cl 
 
 it have prevented, Jackson's advam i least 
 
 half a dozen points. Tho truth is, however, that the move- 
 
 *k 
 
THOMAS J. J VCK 
 
 • of General Jackson rapid, and t 1 tipns 
 
 of the cavalry under General ! and 
 
 the en iy covered those move... 
 
 ral Pope was i if them, until General Jack- 
 
 son had fl :M\ 
 
 Arriving at. Gainesville, the corps whe 
 marched to J : alum, on the Ori adrift 
 
 the military . eft there 
 
 Several trains of cars, returni also 
 
 captured. One, h : 
 
 graphed tl .'ia. Those com- 
 
 pom the O] tion returned from the from 
 
 which rm. 
 
 the enemy had shed a'large depot of 
 
 suppli . ed Generals Trim- 
 
 to proceed thithi I occupy the place. 
 
 By midnight t 1 ptured the entire 
 
 force stationed there. At Junction the enemy had 
 
 iense depot of supplies. The confederates 
 ed on extensive bakery, which was capable of turning 
 out 15,000 loaves of bread daily, several thousand barrels of 
 flour, large quantities of corn and oats, two thousand barrels 
 of pork, one thousand barrels of beef, fifty thousand pounds 
 of bai rains of . large loads of stores, and 
 
 locomot: 
 The- next da; . after leaving General Ewell at 
 
 >w, General Jackson occupied J with the rest of 
 
 his cor 
 
 The federal authorities at Washington, upon receiving in-* 
 of the capture ( 1 that it 
 
 . and looked 
 
 igade, composed of fii 
 ment . neral Taylor, was sent from Alex- 
 
 andria "to chftBe the rebels away." The brigade left the 
 
76* 
 
 car^at Bull run brid 11 o'clock on the morni 
 
 the 27th, and moved rapi junction, 
 
 were allowed to approach within a few hmndred yards of the 
 around the junction, not having met with 
 :ivc a line of skii 
 . cv came within range of 
 opened upon them, driving them hills, 
 
 which sheltered them from the fatal storm. Throwing forward 
 *his infantry, General Jackson drove them : 
 refuge back to .Cull run. Cros 
 ford, thej fled toward . ille. hotly pursn 
 
 . i'lery of General ; which infli* 
 
 loss upon ihum. The purr-nit was continued b 
 ville, the enemy flying in ■ st confusion. Th 
 
 was almost annihilated. General Taylor /was wour 
 so was n ery officer in 1 
 
 General H< f McClellan' 
 
 reached General Pop and lay at R 
 
 tion. nb was Received of the capture of Brisfcow. Gene- 
 
 ral Heintzelm formed that a "raid" had 
 
 made upon the railroad, but he si i that the 
 
 movement mi 
 
 his whoL irp en- 
 
 late in the day, in whi( were 
 
 repulsed with con back foi 
 
 tance. • The officer in imrai land during the a1 
 
 : : • I 
 
 Not wishing to exp< 
 
 1 when the en< my should i 
 on had ordered General Ewell to i on un- 
 
 dmaketl 
 their : i ojoin I 
 
 . < reneral 
 I 
 ral Jai 
 
THOMAS J. JIU'K- 77 
 
 In the meantime. General Lee hav i informed of the 
 
 success of Jackson's movements, had advanced with the re- 
 mainder of the army to his assistance, intei: 
 "lit ire force in the 
 
 had b rasing the enemy during Jackson's march, now 
 
 3wep1 around from the river and marched towards Thorough? 
 gap. 
 Startled by the news that General Jackson had gainedhis 
 rear. General Pope awoke to a sense of his danger, and preparA 
 to meet it. ' reneral Jackson was in the very heart of the country 
 occupied by the federal troops, cut off, for the time, from all as- 
 
 oice from the army of General Lee, and in dan 
 completely hemmed in by the den I the en 
 
 uiation was desperate, and to a commander of less genius, 
 been fatal. General Pope saw this and resolved 
 to endeavor to profit by it. Sending Rickett's division to oc- 
 cupy and hold Thoroughfare -gap, and tl 
 from receiving istance or effecting a retreat through it. 
 
 oved up from Fauquier with his army, for the pu 
 forcing his way through Jackson's line, and r< 
 communications with "Washington. The federal army had 
 been reinforced by a portion of the troops of I Mc- 
 
 Clellan. and the rest of that army was on the P 
 on its w,:\ t<> join Pope. Relying upon hi 
 General Pope moved forward with rapidity. His column 
 advancing upon the front of General Jackson. M< • 
 troops were approaching in his rear, and Burnside, who was 
 ling from Fredericksburg, was marching upon his i: 
 situation n perilous in the extr 
 
 His forces did not c ■' more than 20,00 I 
 
 were aim i their extraordinary marches, and 
 
 his Bupply of food was 
 
 ■ n 
 unahi ip up with him in his a<i 
 
 & 
 
I 
 
 oxtr >roughfan lirty mi 1 
 
 ;: and hia ov, 
 had occupied e and it was by no 
 
 i force 
 ■ ■ 
 a only l ■ either to 
 
 ould come up', or : 
 
 unter th r 
 
 overv and cut to pieces before Longstreet could come 
 
 up; if I . to run the risk ui* having hia inter- 
 
 i <1 by the column which wa 
 
 d would '. 
 enemy w< n upon him, and it was or him 
 
 to de< once. The dark 
 
 around the heroic general, the more brilliantly 
 shine on , and never was this more 
 
 in at this moment. Without he rc- 
 
 and resist the h on as 
 
 I 
 
 moved oft' in the diree- 
 . 
 
 Bull run, he halt* d his 
 
 witn< ssed the heroic . 
 
 main body 
 of tl hort- 
 
 ' in he co 
 
 ■mould be 
 
 11 upon the ene 
 
 .cod to re- 
 view an open way by which he could move into 
 the Valley. His troops marched all night over a rough and 
 
THOMAS J. JACKtCN. 7V 
 
 rugged country. The morning of Thursday, the 28th of July, 
 found them drawn up along the banks of Bull run, weary and 
 hungry, and awaiting the advance of the enemy. U s 
 that they had caught the spirit of their I 
 their armur, bu 
 
 the coining conflict. ' The right of the line v 
 
 ♦ ■ ■ •. " a^kson's o 
 ral Taliaferro ; .P. Hill's 
 
 held tiie lefl ; th - 
 
 in order to reopen his communica 
 
 • 
 run ;. - on. Th 
 
 chosen for the y the 
 
 bridge and the Sudley lord. ■ 
 
 . 
 ral Stuaqt, encou [lie • 
 
 on the i - iii 
 
 of the 1st division, u 
 
 them. A lumn, 
 
 under m .Jack- 
 
 son's position, and a d encount at hand. 
 
 General Ji 
 
 to follow him, i the eneni; up with 
 
 lien 
 and 
 were 
 
 i 
 
 ft' upon the old b 
 
 • col- 
 . . h artillery combat at Ion 
 but gradually the distance between the two arm: ::cd, 
 
;eral 
 
 y were withi 
 
 :. the division of < 
 illantly*and i lly repulsed. Hi!! 
 
 • :i. aiid the battli 
 The federal tn n in- 
 
 ed by th xs, that Jack-*!) had ■ : aught 
 
 • aii <lft !: only 
 
 mined efl [late him. In- 
 
 spired P/ tii .ml with 
 
 times they advanced to force the Soutl 
 
 I: with terrific fury, 
 continued to rage furl rradu- 
 
 Finally the field, 
 
 >ck the battle was over. 
 >uted possession of the field, havin; 
 enemy at all points. 
 Alt! ie battle had been so severe, G 
 
 ion to that of the enemy, being be- 
 >0 and 1,000 killed and pounded. But anion-' these 
 Crimble and Taliaferro, two gallant < ■>' 
 wounded, and the brave old Bwell, whose very presence was a 
 tow th to the army, lost a I 
 
 The enemy' »een accurately ascertained, but 
 
 was very heavy. 
 
 nee, and the I r »ops, wearied l>y 
 pent ii in resting upon their arms, await- 
 • the rem he conflict the next day. 
 
 While the, battle was ' roveton, stirring events 
 
 were tion. 
 
 Jackson had gained Pope's rear. 
 Longi treet had been ordered to move with :-\)vvd to his assist- 
 1 Thoroughfare gap late on the -Tth of Au- 
 i found it occupied l»y the enemy. 
 
 ■ in abrupt opening in the range of the 
 '■ an! run mount; ; • tries from one hundri cl to 
 
 
THOMflTJ. JACKSON. 81 
 
 two hundred y;- Is. A swift mountain stream rashes through 
 the p bank winds a rugged and road 
 
 and the tr. railroad. On 
 
 the mount e up perfectly perpendicularly, and on the 
 
 right the thick timber and undergrowth render it impossible 
 for any but til a fool bold upon it. 
 
 • iks into insignificance w 
 
 compi by a 
 
 maunl road; . ; 
 
 "on 
 i 
 
 • I 
 
 ; it. On 1 
 
 ... i 
 
 : from the gap, on the east 
 
 and 1 
 
 :dioroj?ghfaro one of the most brn> 
 
 and reflects the highest cr 
 bra\ • bo effected it. It 
 
 a loss of only three men woud 
 Lthin supporting distance of General J: 
 son, General 3 et moved to the neighborhood of Sud- 
 
 ley church and took position on the left. TIic plan of C 
 
 arly accomplished. He had moved his 
 3 enemy and had gotten into their 
 I hardships and privati merable, 
 
 but tl far from depressing it, had inspired it with an 
 
 enthusiasm tl >le. 
 
 .he 29th of August dawned beautifully over 
 
 Jttos of such fearful strife. General Jackson's corps oc- 
 
 ion a little in advance of that which it had held 
 
 during the previous evening. All of General Longstreet'e 
 
 % 
 

 is not compl- 
 
 d the 
 
 non 
 
 m in 
 
 | 
 
 > . 
 
 ral Jackson, and soon afterwards extend 
 line. Gerieri t Lee, late in 
 
 enemy were receiving strong reinforcem 
 Hood (of Lor. to move with his division 
 
 a demon- ight. II ■ 
 
 ..aged witl 
 when the id driven them three-quai 
 
 al command 
 cbjpp his I'm • ally. 
 
 ace, Gen I ■ '• his 
 
 ■troops with grtet on both 
 
 wing r igor. 
 
 Abou left the con- 
 
 federate for Id. 
 
 Th > the number' 
 
 diet. The enemy ac- 
 knowledg I id wounded. The 
 
 Pope'g army, in the 
 and men, 
 : all ;l toti • 
 D;i night General L< he troops to fall 
 
 back Plains, ; 
 
 there and ofl day. 
 
 by the troops in occup; positions 
 
 them. Thf.y were greatly in need of rest,, and very much 
 
THOMAS J. JAGXSON. 
 
 weakened by abstinence fr< k and 
 
 listed condition, they i morrov il the 
 
 greatest battle that had^pt be t in America. 
 
 The mornin '. ast came 
 
 army n< 
 ferent from any that it had yel The line le ex- 
 
 tended for o\ '\ way hi 
 
 crescent. Jackson's corps he; d attended, 
 
 . the Sudl . on Bull run. . I 
 
 k of the Manassas independent .' ilr • for a por- 
 
 tion of the way, and thence s appoint on the Warrenton 
 
 turnpike about a -mile and aha! • '. he 1st 
 
 division (now commanded by G : the light; 
 
 Ewell's division (under General Ln thejcenl re, and A. 
 
 P. Hill on the left. Frolfc J. it, es aded Long- 
 
 t's line, which formed the i v I -etch- 
 
 ing ' , between 
 
 Jackson's and Longstrcet's lines, a strong force of artillery 
 was posted upon an eminence which commanded a lar|e por- 
 tion of the field. 
 
 The enemy, in order to engage Genera^ Lee, had now to 
 conform his line to that of the Southern army. Consequently 
 the federal line took the form of a crescent, the centre (gr 
 
 ing at Groveton, and the wings inclining obliquely 
 te right and left. General Heintzel Id the federal 
 
 right and General McDowell the left, while the o ' Gen- 
 
 eral Fitz John Porter and Siegel, and Reno's division of Burn- 
 y, formed the centre. 
 Thus the advantage lay with General Lee. The confede- 
 pecially the corps of ' I occupied 
 
 the s nemy fought the first bat 
 
 id the fed?ra.l army the ground held i ; . 
 
 ion. 
 >ral artillery ted on the hi) ■ 
 
 
84 LXBUTBM INT-GBKBKAt 
 
 About twelve o'clock ' was opfei ' ' ween th-? 
 
 of the two armies — f : 
 
 c 
 A litl r two o'cl 
 
 ry and b 
 i's line. Advai 
 artillery to within mui | 
 
 •h was )■ I effect, 
 
 tly ii'er this a second column of the 
 third, advanced to support I '■ 
 a deadly fire upon them, and un 
 edly broke and ran, and it rcquirol all of the eff 
 
 a to rally them again. < T .. 
 to the left, and 
 
 columns. The battle was going Wn 
 were doino; effective service, bul 
 
 Le. Shot and shell tore through 
 
 n scores to the • 
 line nemy and throwing them into ec e • 
 
 order was givgn to charge, and the inf own 
 
 with tl trlwind, drove the bewildered foe from 
 
 the field at the point of the bayonet. Thus in half a 
 the forces of < i md Morell, the mo 
 
 of the fe driven in c 
 
 tier force of confederates. 
 
 . ih, it will be rem 
 
 Ball run to the Warren: in 
 
 I during ' His 
 
 : h:id advanced more rapidly than hi 
 moved around by the Pittsylvania horn ■ 
 emeray towards the turnpike and dr : ~. ) down upon Gen- 
 
 eral Longstreet's position; thus clearly demo; '..•• the 
 
 : Lee's f 
 
 yLot: 
 
 troop ■ once throw: (J 
 
 was advancing upon the enemy. The fe^Urahi were bi 
 
TH01IAS J. JACK! 
 
 heavily reinforced, and dens "\ were 
 
 in. Dsshh 
 left flank of i* 7, which Was in front of him, , 
 
 them furiously before him. 
 While Longstreet outfl rove the enem 
 
 Jackson pressed heavily upon their right. The two wiv 
 the crescent line i * awing nearer together and 
 
 enclosing the eneniy between them. Si 
 
 those irresistible charges which have become s , the 
 
 ' veterans of Jackson and Longstreet broke the 
 umns and chased, them from the field. D t the 
 
 of his troops, with his whole soul gl 
 of battle, General Jackson exhibited the g >ism. 
 
 Under the guidance of such a 
 an example, it is no wonder that h 
 
 Lo darkness the ba 
 
 driven at all points, and after nine o'clock th 
 
 and fled ingloriously across Bull run. So v. 
 flight that it v ile for th< 
 
 with them. 
 
 General Pope abandoned his wounded without making any 
 provision for them. '' 'e kindly car* 
 
 federate commander, until the federals could attend 
 The enemy's loss in this second battle of ?\ 
 The confederate loss was much 1 
 unknown to me It i: 1 convinced 
 
 truth of 1, that the enemy's losses on tl 
 
 28th. h of August, nui 
 
 • 
 
 A 1 ^nce of food, the 1 for 
 
 four days, was issued to the army on th g of the 
 
 It co ; beef without br 
 
 occupied i' 
 Trom ;hese General L 
 Ahem, al Jackson was ordered to turn th. . 
 
 
! at nigh 
 it valley, field. 
 
 >ken night' 
 
 On the em 
 
 ' beenemj 
 
 >tect the of theij trains from 
 
 Iria. 
 
 !1 village in Fail 
 Centreville to Fairfax courthouse. The federal troops having 
 commanders, i out from 
 
 and fell upon Hill's division, T . son's 
 
 ice. After a brief, but di iuted 
 
 and driven in confusion towards Alexandria, 1 iy of 
 
 their number and all of their artillery. Gent rney 
 
 and Stevens were killed — the former left dead on the field. 
 The confederate loss was very slight. 
 
 In this enemy lost v. 
 
 five thousand men killed, wounded and pr" mil- 
 
 lions of dollars worth of stores and other property, over thirty 
 ss of can . The coi 
 
 about five th aen. The enemy had 
 
 r the 
 ( campaign had been, in 
 
 ■ 
 On I ber, the corps of General L< 
 
 tny, for the fi 
 allowance of food. 
 
 ton, 
 mac and enter fl 
 s have been attributed to hi 
 I lie, as inducing him to p. Th.e 
 
 1 to liberate iind hold 
 ate of Maryland, believing that the condition of affair? 
 
 t 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 
 
 warranted such a step: 2nd, that he simply wished to capture 
 the column of federal tro ioned at Harpers Ferry. 
 
 Much fruitless discussion has been 1 in by the friends 
 
 of these opp i positions, and it may seem out of place 
 
 to mention them hero, but for the compl of this narra- 
 
 tion it will be necessary to refer to them briefly. , This I 
 do further on, hat I accept the latter pro- 
 
 position as embo n of General Le 
 
 1 "otomac. 
 
 On the od of S .-. moved 
 
 Grermantown in th< ion of Le ■ the 
 
 at Draii [rg the 1 
 
 On Friday, the 5th of September, he i the Poto 
 
 and took 
 
 Tli 
 
 The n 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 ret his entrance into that 
 
 it. The ithcrn n. 
 
 lion occuj nfederal 
 
 fc 
 
 t 
 
i 
 
 - 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 i 
 . 
 
 while a pur- 
 
 iid into P 
 
J. JACKSON. 
 
 Th North was now thrown into a perfect fever of ex- 
 
 citers ion of Maryland had filled the entire 
 
 Union with th g .prise and terror, and these feelings 
 
 were heightened by the advance of General Lee in the dim: 
 tion of li -n. It was rumored tl inter- 
 
 :nia !>v;>; Lozen different directions. The 
 
 of General Pope had crowded in confusion into 
 the lines of Washington, and mutinous and demoralized, re- 
 fused in under that, general. There was bul 
 
 who could bring order out of such confusion, and that 
 man Clellan. Nothing in the history of the 
 
 ed by ( reneral 
 
 ■ re period in which 
 
 he hel ommand of the federal army. I ver sue 
 
 of his undertakings. He was defeated in i 
 
 , and in a majority of the minor i ents, 
 
 driven with loss and in dismay from the Chickahominy to the 
 
 ery occasion. Yet in 
 of all the lie confidence which his troop 
 
 r wavered, and his influence over them never 
 diminished. Undoubtedly he wa ! the most skillful commander 
 
 o*ld boast of, hut he had the 
 atend against Lee, Johnston and Jackson. 
 The failure of the Peninsula campaign had placed General 
 llellan in I ite with hi . rid it was with 
 
 moned him to the command of 
 the • mi. Yielding to the necessity of the occasion, 
 
 . I reneral McClellan at 
 
 the head of ore. Hastily reorganizing the 
 
 •ny, and leavin - the 
 
 raced 
 g the arn 
 
 •uth. Hia 
 
 the inva 
 
 i ' 
 
: 
 
 The 
 . which •• 
 • 
 
 into tin 
 ■ rong force und it. Ilili. The 
 
 < reneral I>. II. U 
 th mountain . 
 would 
 
 llili, :m<i 
 ire. 
 
 : : 
 
 Lirection of Hagcrstown. 
 ond Booi 
 marched to the Potomi 
 On the 12th, th< ntered Marti 
 
 of the aj 
 
 I 
 
 . 
 ace. 
 While 
 
 . an the direql 
 was to occupy I 
 
 le of the 
 
 A linl at which he halted, Ueneral 
 
 ■ him in ■ 
 tain whether 
 
 . and dui I, but 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 01 
 
 unanswered, and ared thai 
 
 to occupy the : failed. no wn thai 
 
 McClellan wa: 
 and it wa 
 
 ■ 
 
 The moi 
 I. An answer w • the 
 
 Loud« : Walker had 
 
 eard fr< 
 
 ■n repes ted, and Mel 
 land' ■ * . • He had succeeded, a) luntering 
 
 diffii : 
 
 il force stati H 
 
 ral Jackson at once ad d ii 1 the 
 
 His line was drawn com tePo- 
 
 ■ to the Shenandoah. A. P. ! ! 
 
 the I si : the left. 
 
 Thus the enemy were ed within the 
 
 i make a more effectual resistance, 
 idoned a number of outworks and retired within their prin- 
 cipal defence . Jacksn 
 ibandoned wi 
 It was now very late in 
 solved to defer the text mon: ; 
 he sent to Generals McLa 
 
 • next mornii 
 with the followin age : 
 
 e occupi d line of en- 
 
 with th< I, will capture the 
 
 in the m< 
 
 I | ! | 
 
TPN^NT- 
 
 vance with his division and storm the federal entrenchini 
 The order was obeyed with alacrity 3 Hill an 
 
 within two hundred yards of the enemy's works, a whiti 
 g out from them. General Hill at once- sent for 
 an ail to enquire the cause of I 
 
 the sword of General Whil eorn- 
 
 mand of the federal trooj. 
 who had been mortally wounded dur 
 firing I the troops entered and I >n of 
 
 The terms of the surrend - kson 
 
 ivere most liberal. The offi 
 
 private property, and they, taki his privil 
 
 carried off a large portion of the public j -ther 
 
 with a number of negroes, whom thev 
 with them from the North. Manv of these negroes were re- 
 
 :ed by their owners, who lived -unding 
 
 try. and recovered. Seventeen wagons w heoffioers 
 
 to carry off their baggage, and were detained for a long time, 
 and then returned in :i very dan.; i. The men 
 
 were paroled and allowed to depart, and 
 
 General Jackson capture 1 a: Ha 
 and Brigadier-general Wh 
 
 smail arm ms, and amount of 
 
 ammunition and The I iss in killed and 
 
 That of the confeder 
 -.'nt. 
 
 lowing di 
 
 Sepl 
 
 sterday God crowned our arms with another brilliant 
 
 White and 
 ] 1,000 troop: 
 
 In ad 
 
FAS J. JACK- <K] 
 
 son equipage. Our loss is very small. The meritoriou-, conduc 
 and men will be mentioned in a more detailed r 
 
 I am, colonel, your ob , ant. 
 
 T. J . Maj. Gen. 
 
 Col. R. II. ChiHon, A. A. G. 
 
 While these events were transpiring at Harpers Ferry. 
 :s of equal importance were occurring in Maryland. 
 column of General D. II. Hill had been left to guard the 
 passes of the South mountain. On the 14th of September, 
 General McClellan came up with General Hill and eng 
 him. Seeing Hill so sorely pressed, and feeling 
 Harpers Ferry would fall the next da ral Lee moved 
 
 up with Longstreet's column to his assistance*. The ei 
 were held in check, and during the nig i drew 
 
 towards the Potomac, halting on ;' nka of the 
 
 creek, near the village of Sharpsburg. 
 
 It was expected that Harpers Ferry would fall on the I 
 and if this . en the case, the object of the camp: 
 accomplished, the army of General Lee could have 
 across the Potomac without fighting ttles of Boonsl 
 
 or Sharpsburg. But the obstacles were more for 
 had been anticipated; and as Harpers F 
 when McClellan came up with D. H. Hill, it was 
 fight him in order to cover the operations of Gei> ^on ; 
 
 and upon finding that the feder 
 
 after leaving Boonsboro', Genera) Lee it won! 
 
 necessary to fight McClellan again in order to cheek hia 
 vance, and secure he Potc = 
 
 cordingly sent orders to General Jackson to i 
 The army had beei< 
 ■ 
 men, whi< sen indulged in to 
 
 thirty thousand r; 
 
 ■ the march from the JRapidan began. 
 On ' "ral Jac] 
 
* 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
THOiJ 
 
 i rrific fore 
 division (uti vton) in a desperate attempt to \ 
 
 • oofederate left flank, and from this division the 
 . id to Jackson's own. The Southern troops wen 
 oat-numbered, i fficiency. Tl 
 
 concentrated his i is for his attempt to turn <■ 
 
 ral L fro hours ; nd a half thc.b^i 
 
 had bec;, both 
 
 and fiha - rans, borne down 
 
 . began to giv 
 red to Genera 
 
 a frc- enemy, and - 
 
 I 
 
 ger the I 
 
 ■ 
 I 
 
<>u.- 
 
 ; 
 
 - i 
 
 .an. 
 
 . the in- 
 
 . 
 
 ternoon, and i 
 ted for two hours. Al 
 iiill with the rest of Ja 
 force on 
 
 Mien, whil were 
 
 tt fifteen 
 
 they endeavored, I 
 
 tern line. In this 
 
 il. The artillery poured a de- 
 
 • it filling up thega] ashed 
 
 their advance 
 
 i 
 
 V. P. 
 
 rd with his hardy 
 
 mi upon the them 
 
 i clock, resulted in 
 
 . with broken .and sli: inks, 
 
 tided. 
 n back at all 
 a of the field, 
 in this 1 • about 7,000 mei 
 
 . .; I B anch killed, and Generals An- 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 97 
 
 enemy lost about 25,000 men, including Generals Hooker, 
 Hartsuff, Duryec, RiPchardson, Sedgwick, French, Sumner, 
 Dana, Meagher, Ricketts, Weber and Rodman wounded. They 
 claimed to have won a great victory. This, as has been seen, 
 was untrue. They were defeated at every point. 
 
 On Thursday morning the enemy were not to be found. 
 They had abandoned their position during the night, and. had 
 withdrawn a short distance from the field. During the day 
 several "flags of truce" came in from the enemy, asking per- 
 mission to bury the dead. The requests were refused, bei 
 they did not come from General McClellan. All of the 
 wounded, except those who were too badly hurt to be removed, 
 were carried from the field, and the army remained in posses- 
 sion of the battle ground during the entire day. At i 
 General Lee withdrew his troops, and, recrossing the Potomac, 
 retired into Virginia. 
 
 In order to defend his passage -of the Potomac, General Lee 
 I General Pendleton, with forty or fifty pieces of artil- 
 lery and three brigades of infantry, at Botcler's mill, near 
 Shepherdstown, on the right bank of the river. After the 
 army had crossed, this force, supported by another, all under 
 General A. P. Hill, was left to watch the enemy, while the 
 main body of the army retired a few miles beyond Shepherds- 
 town. 
 
 On Friday, the 10th, the enemy appeared in large force, on 
 the opposite side of the river, and wishing to decoy them over, 
 General IT i 11 withdrew his main body from sight and left a 
 very weak force confronting them. 
 
 On the next day, (Saturday, the 20th of September) the 
 -.il commander crossed a large column and made an effort 
 ipture the little band. As soon as the enemy ha I 
 fairly over, General Hill advanced his troops, and f 
 
 .- upon them, drove thorn across the river with great 
 
 was their confusion and fright, that, 
 
 although the river wr* scar^'Hy more than knee deep, many 
 
MRfTKXANT-ORNRRAL 
 
 • drowned in crossing. The confederates poured a with- 
 ering fire into them, and the ■ 
 
 rally black with their corpses, and, ii is paid, the water was 
 red with their blood for a mi' the ford. The enemy 
 
 ►0 men, and the confederates 250. 
 After recrossing the Potomac, Genera] Leo withdrew his 
 army to Martinsburg and began the work of reorganise 
 
 S jlera were picked up and brought in, and the army gradu- 
 ally resumed its former proportioi , 
 
 The campaign in Maryland had been eminently succe 
 In commencing the narration of it, I asserted that i: 
 era! Lee's object to capture the federal force at Harpers Ferry. 
 U this assertion be true it is impossible to deny that the cam- 
 pi was successful. But if it was the object of General Lee 
 to liberate the state of Maryland, the campaign was a failure. 
 .in the absence of official information, wr can only speculate 
 i the probable designs of -General Lee; but with the plain 
 facts before us, I think we can arrive at a very fair estimate 
 of the object ral Lee in invading the state of Mary- 
 
 land. 
 
 "When his army readied Pleasant Valley, General Lee had 
 
 -lice of two routes leading into Maryland: be could cross 
 
 the Potomac either near Seneca falls, or in the neighborhood 
 
 of Poolsville. By crossing at the former place, he would be 
 
 rapid march would be enabled to 
 the only railroad leading to the city, -mhI cut off its com- 
 munications with the North. If forced to retreat, the way 
 
 Montgomery county. lie would then 
 a portion of Maryland where he would be surrounded by friends, 
 and where thousands would ilock to his standard. He could, 
 in case of necessity, aid the city of Baltimore and Lower Ma- 
 ryland in throwing off the federal yoke ; and if he could hold 
 the army of General Pope within the lines of Washington, be 
 would have every reason to hope for success. But if he should 
 enter the itate by the latter route, he would be in a section 
 
THOMAS J. JACK 99 
 
 hostile to him, far removed from the federal capital and 
 
 friends of the South, and with a large federal army between 
 
 himself and Southern Maryland. The liberation of M 
 
 must necessarily be a slow progress and Accompanied with very 
 
 great risk. In the present condition of affairs, the South was 
 
 not prepared to attempt it. But a tempting prize la 
 
 the grasp of the confederate commander. The stronghold of 
 
 Harpers Ferry, with its large garrison and Immense cjuanl 
 
 of stores, might, by a bold in>. 
 
 rison would thus, for a time, be lost to the federal service, and 
 
 -rores, of which the South stood greatly in need, se< 
 to her. To capture Harpers Ferry General Lee resolved, and 
 for this purpose the army entered Maryland. 
 
 At Frederick city, General Lee issued a proclamation, invi- 
 ting the Marylanders to rise in of their liberties. An 
 accomplished writer, who is not an admirer of General 
 says that " his proclamation at Frederick, offering | 
 to the Marylanders, is incontrovertible evidence of the fact 
 that the object of the campaign was to occupy and 
 state." I admit that at first this seems to be true. But a 
 closer examination of the subject must convince every unpre- 
 judiced person that the proclamation of General Lee affords 
 no such evidence. In this proclamation General Lee nowhere 
 
 rtffl his intention to occupy and hold the state. lie 
 the people of the South sympathize with Maryland, and wish 
 to see her freed from the tyranny of her foes, and adds: "In 
 obedience to this wish our army has come among you a' 
 prepared to assist you with the power of its arms in regai 
 the rights of which you have been de 
 
 In this announcement I c ''ere see the assertion i 
 
 determination to liberate the state or to occupy and hold it. 
 
 ral Lee s "prepared" to assisl 
 
 people, but does not say that it his purpose to remove the 
 ral yoke from Maryland. It was necessary for the an 
 place th* Marylanders in a condition to rise before they roufa 
 
100 MiTfjnujcT-aF.Miur, 
 
 avail themselves of the offer ; and this had not been done. Of 
 course, if they should rise against the federals it would be a 
 great gain for General Lee. I do not think that he expected 
 them to rise, and I ara convinced that his proclamation was 
 r the purpose of deceiving the enemy as to his real 
 intentions — a measure which he could embrace with pei 
 propriety. The permanent occupation of Maryland would 
 • been of incalculable value to at what good 
 
 would have resulted from the occupation of the Western por- 
 tion of it, sixty miles from Baltimore, with a large hostile army 
 between Washington and Frederick, I am at a loss to discover. 
 The proclamation, which those who pronounce thi3 campaign 
 "a failure," hold upas such ''incontrovertible evidence" of 
 the truth of that assertion, was issued on the 8th of Septem- 
 ber 1862. On the morning of the 10th, the army left Frede- 
 rick and moved towards Hagerstown, thus increasing the dis- 
 fcween itself ami Washington and its friends, but 
 nearer to iTarpers Ferry. Surely General Lee could 
 not expect his proclamation to be scattered through the state, 
 and tl of the South to flock to him from a distance 
 
 ing from nixty to one hundred and twenty miles, in the 
 toe of two days. And if he had wished them to rise, 
 should he have moved his army farther from them. It 
 ■iainly more reasonable to su> tat in this case, he 
 
 would have moved nearer to Washington, and either have 
 ed the Monocacy . or have prevented the passage 
 
 or' it by the army of General McClellan, which, he knew, was 
 '. ring to advance upon him. Every movement of his army 
 swards Harpers Ferry, and affords "incontrovertibl 
 donee" that it was his object to capture that place. Of the 
 events which would have followed the capture of Harpers 
 .Ferry, I am, of course, unprepared to speak ; but I do not 
 believe that General Lee expected to fight either at Boons- 
 
 • delay in the capture of Harpers 
 Ferry, necessitating a protection of Jackson's operation?!, and 
 
THOMAS J. J ' IO7I 
 
 the rapid advance of McClellan, forced 
 
 places, and added new laurels to the wr< read} en- 
 
 circled his brow." 
 
 The assertion of the enemies of General Lee, must, fcb 
 
 round, when opposed I ■ and unpreju- 
 
 diced statement of facts. 
 
 In support of my argument, I append the- following extract 
 from a letter written to the London u Times," by a corres- 
 pondent, who was furnished by General Lee I such 
 information, as it was proper to reveal, concerning the cam- 
 paign. He Si 
 
 "It is generally stated that the conf< 
 culated upon a rising in Maryland directly their army entered 
 that state. Nevertheless, everybody to whom I spoke on the 
 subject ridiculed the idea of ever having thought that any 
 such rising would ever take place, until either Baltimore 
 in their hands, or they had at least est ' bed position in 
 that, country, as it was well known that the inhabitants of 
 Wash rick counties were far from 1 
 
 mous in their opinions, and that in many districts 
 Unionists were considerably in the maj 
 
 After remaining in Mar!,! irae, General Lee 
 
 removed his army to Winchester. The enemy occupied 
 pers Ferry and the left bank of the Potomac ns far as 
 liamsport, occasionally throwing bodies of troops into Virginia, 
 bile the army lay at Winch . . ' ■ a was 
 
 charged with the duty of watching the enemy. About the 
 middle of October, General McClellan crossed his arm; 
 Harpers Ferry and >•' -ecu- 
 
 pied Charlestown in Jefferson county, irneysvill 
 
 Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 
 curred along the lines daily. On tin r the 
 
 enenv . from the Potomac towards Mai 
 
 ral Jackson at once advanced upon them and dr< 
 
 ■tops the river. Remaining v command for 
 

 102 
 
 in . 
 ■ 
 . md burning bri 
 
 run, in ' point 
 
 ■ 
 
 r ed. 
 'an lay idly v 
 in 0' 
 
 equipped than those of the confedei i ul lie had 
 
 suffered too severely from his Bkill ai 
 troops, to wish to attack him a 2j 
 
 Ilellan repeated orders to advan< 
 ral Lee, but he contrived to evade 
 knowing that his safety lay in inaction. At last, h 
 ceived peremptory ord< e, he moA body 
 
 of his army cast of the Blu< ling the 
 
 in advance. II..- i the 
 
 the Blue Ridge, hold the army ol 1 Lee in 
 
 check, and force that officer either to remain in the Vail- 
 to move and pass the moun to Staunton, -while he 
 
 would send a column to attack Richinom 
 
 .■, ell laid, but Jiot le the penetration 
 
 of G- Han put his troops in 
 
 General Jackson wai ■•■hind 
 
 in, to prevent him from occupying themoun- 
 
 ty pursuit of Lon that might 
 
 d on. General ■'■ 
 
 u fused him as to his intenl I pre- 
 
 d him from occupyii 
 
 ■ I '•;. superior skill 
 ral Ja< ■ had outgeneralled 
 
 him . 
 
 ilpeper. When the plans of the enemy were fully devel- 
 
 
THOMAS J. JACK. - L03 
 
 oped, General Jackson withdrew his troops, passed the moun- 
 tains and rejoined General Lee. The Federal army continued 
 to move on and reached Warrenton. Here I VfcClellan 
 
 was deprived of his command by his government, and 
 cceded by General Bi0-..-\' 
 
 General Burnside rinding that General Lee was determi 
 to prevent him from passing (lie Upper Rappahannocl 
 solved to move his army lower down, a 
 
 at Fredericksburg, to throw himself be lond and 
 
 sral Lee. He at once ' a to move his army down the 
 tahannock, hoping by attrac 
 direction to accomplish this nn> resy. But > 
 
 ra] Lee wi s watchii g him closely, and assoo 
 
 s to the ■ < ■',' the federal command 1 his 
 
 army rapidly towa irg. 
 
 aeral Sumner commanded the advance corps of ' 
 Burnside's army, and when he arrived opposite Fi 
 burg, demanded of the m d council ler of 
 
 vas on the 21 >vember. Too cit; 
 
 thorities, acting under instructions from General Lev. 
 to comply with the demand. General Burnside hurried for- 
 ward with the remainder of his army, but when be rev 
 the hills of Stafford, oppo idericksburg, he found the 
 
 army of General Lee occupying the heights in the rear of the 
 town. 
 
 General Burnside determined to make the Rappahannock 
 ise of operations against Richmond, and fortified his po- 
 sition. The hills in the r< dericksburg were si rongaL 
 by the confederal Tor some timi o ar- 
 mie^roy watching each other. gi 
 
 On the 11th of December, General Burnside crossed the 
 Rappahani : occupied Fredericksl 
 
 The army of Genera bills which lie 
 
 in the rear of the town, and which enclose it in almost a serai- 
 circle, the centre i :ut four miles from the river. The 
 
 O 
 
104 v:ral 
 
 to a great extent 
 ::. Immediately i 
 
 . the bluffs I and 
 
 or undergrowth. As the range of hills exi 
 
 rd, the t#t : they become 
 
 The left was within rifle range of the 
 town, and by far the strongest point of the line. The centre 
 and 1 many ad 1 
 
 them of which they were deprived on the left. 
 The left was I General Long Jack- 
 
 son wi right. The order of the various divi- 
 
 sions, proceeding from left to right, waa as follows: Ander- 
 son's on the extreme left, afterward-; Ransom's, Mc] 
 Pickett's and Hood's — these comprising L >rps ; 
 
 and Taliaferro's of Jackson's corp.;. The 
 Stuart were posted on the i 
 of the line, which ng the hills from Fredericks- 
 
 burg (on the left,) to the Massaponax creek (on the right.) 
 Eweii's (now under Early) and D. H. Hill's divisions had been 
 stationed near Port Royal to prevent a passage of the river at 
 that point by the enemy, and as soon as Burnside revealed his 
 
 ick. They reached the held about 
 
 o( the battle, and took position on 
 
 tin- right to act as a support to the rest of Jackson's corps. 
 
 About nine o'clock on the morning of the 13th of Do 
 her, the enemy i column to attack General 
 
 JjAsonV ■ Lheir movement being partially concealed 
 
 . erhung the entire iield. General A. P. 
 Hill had bee I with hi- at Hamilton 
 
 (jpgs — the centre of the confederate line — and upon this point 
 was directed, 
 soon as the enemy were seen approaching, General Stu- 
 art moved forward his horse under Major Pelham, 
 and opened an enfilading fire upon them, doing great execution. 
 At tho same tiroe the troops of General Hill became hotly on- 
 
 
J. JACK50S. • 105 
 
 gaged. The confederates had the advantage in position, but 
 the ' outnumbered them. Twice the enemy furi- 
 
 ously assailed General Jackson's position. Once, two of Hill's 
 idea were driven back upon his second line, and the enemy 
 d ; in occupying a portion of the woods on the crest. 
 But their S»OC s of. short duration, for Early hurrying 
 
 forward with a part of his division, fell upon them with fury, 
 drove them from the hill and across the plain below, and only 
 I is pursuit when his men came under the fire of the 
 A batteries on the opp le of the river. The 
 
 of the enemy's column, extending beyond Hill's front, took 
 n of a copse of woods in front of the position of 
 General Hood, but were quickly driven from it with loss. 
 Soon after the repulse of the attack on the right, the enemy 
 j a furious charge upon- the Southern left under General 
 LongstreeL ' ached gallantly — the Irish division 
 
 being in the advance. These troops fought operation, 
 
 but in vain. From Marye's hill. Walton's guns and Mel 
 infantry hurl ful fire upon them, and swept them back 
 
 with torn and shatl the town. About dark the 
 
 enemy made i jsault upon the hill, supported by a ter- 
 
 rible m the federal batteries on the opposite side of the 
 
 repulsed and driven into, the town. 
 The losses sustained by ny in these several attacks 
 
 were ver and the remnants of that splendid army, 
 
 which had so vaunting d the Rappahannock, crowded 
 
 ight into Fredericksburg in the greatest demoralization 
 and confusion. They ran through the streets and cower 
 tht^ella, refusing to go back to the field again. 
 
 *Hai(JPfen^ral Lee opened his guns upon the town that night, a 
 ■ he destruction of the greater portion of 
 the 
 
 i reneral B • 01 1< rt for a s< - ond 
 
 upon the confederate lines, but the troops refused t< 
 
 1 riting thi 1 to bins, 
 M 
 
 ■ 
 
L06 i.iEnrN iNT-aENBRAi 
 
 induced him to recall his order.-. The day was spent in bury- 
 
 Ebr the wounded. On Monday, the 
 
 . the enemy continued in Fred' ;. but made no de- 
 
 ■ 1), and at night, under the cover of a orm, 
 
 recror-sed the river. 
 
 The confederate loss in this engagement was about 1,800, 
 including Generals T. B. R. Cobb and Gregg. Tin- en: 
 loss has been estimated at from twenty to twenty-five thon 
 men, including Generals Bayard and Jackson killed, and sev- 
 generals wounded, and 1,626 prisoners. 
 During the battle, General Jackson was conspicuous for his 
 gallantry. Just j>efore the battle began, he rode along the 
 lines dressed in a handsome new uniform, the gift of a friend. 
 It was his habit to dress very plainly, and his men had grown 
 tomed to watch. for their general just before the battle 
 .'. never failing to recognize him by the old slouched hat 
 and the faded gray uniform, when too far oil to distinguish his 
 features. Never before had they failed to shout until the 
 heavens rung, when they saw him approach. Now they glanced 
 carelessly at the officer in the handsome uniform, and gazed 
 tiently up and down the lines, wondering why " Old Stone- 
 wall" did not ; After he i, ed them, it became 
 known to tlnjm that the officer in the lino uniform was their 
 general, and they , exclamations of regret 
 at haying suffered him to pass them without cheering him. It 
 is related of him, that as the action began, he was standing by 
 tral Lee, watching the advance of the enemy. The gal- 
 lant Pelhain was bravely contending against a heavy fire from 
 the federal batteries. Turning to General Jackson, GejMral 
 Lee exclaimed : 
 
 " It is inspiriting to see such glorious courage in one so 
 young." 
 
 General Jackson replied in his quiet, firm way : 
 " With a IYlham upon either ilank, I could vanquish the 
 world." 
 
 ■ 
 
THOMAS J. JACESOS". 107 
 
 Shortly after this, General Longstreet asked him,'smilii 
 as he pointed to the federal column which was approaching to 
 attack the right : 
 
 ''Are you not s • s you have before 
 
 you, down there?" 
 
 "Wait till they come a little nearer," 
 
 hall either scare rue. or I'll iem." 
 
 At a critical period of the engagement. General Lee sent an 
 aid with an (>: GeneralJackdon. The 
 
 ing fur him in the midst of a h my, when 
 
 he heard some <>ne exclaim: 
 
 •• Dismount, sir ! dismount ! You will certainly he killed 
 there:"' 
 
 Glancing around, he saw GeneralJackson I upon his 
 
 back, upon the ground, while the balls were whistling all 
 around him. Alighting, he gave him General Lee's order. 
 Making the officer lie down by him, General Jackson read the 
 age, and turning over wrote a reply. Handing it to the 
 aid, he resumed his original position in the coolest and most 
 unconcerned manner imaginable. 
 
 During this battle there was witnessed a spectacle, wl 
 although it was now so familiar to the men, was unsurpi ; 
 ny seen that day. Riding forward a short distance in 
 front of the army, and uncovering his head, and raising his 
 to Heaven, General Jackson prayed the God of battles to 
 ith the army that day. The troops looked on with 
 encd hearts, and it would have fared badly with the wretch 
 could have dared to make light of such a scene in the 
 prMence of one of Jackson's men. 
 
 After the battle of Fredericksburg, the army continued to 
 ion on the hill-, awaiting tin- advance of the 
 enemy. General Jackson ' himself in looking aft' 
 
 • make them 
 During the second of the first congress, (earlj 
 
 1863) the president was authorised to confer upon a certain 
 
! 
 
 num' 
 
 on as this law was 
 
 ■il Jackson (among othe. - w rank. 
 
 in April, the movement leral Hooker, now in 
 
 command of the federal army, 
 
 LCter, and it became evi I -i bittle - 
 
 • fought. 
 One evening late in \.pril 
 with a member ving 
 
 that a grejtt battle was pro- 
 
 i d, he became unu Sud< 
 
 was Bileni for some moinei. humbly and i 
 
 rently, "My trust is i . spirit of the 
 
 warrior r tin him, he raised . : s full hei 
 
 and i" I proud!-, 
 
 enthusiasm — >l 1 Wish they i 
 
 Having determined to cr< 3S tl 
 Hooker began to put his plan inl Ith of 
 
 April he crossed a column at Deep run I "edoricksbi 
 
 »nl of Gi Early's position. After severe skir- 
 
 og, Barl; this column t i close tothesl 
 
 of the river. Hop 
 
 an at Deep run, and thus 
 
 ral Hoot r leaving at Falmouth, 
 
 mty- 
 five miles up the Rappahannock. he river. The 
 
 n at Deep run • t to the 
 
 side. It was General Hooker's in trong 
 
 t to submit to an attack in his rear, or I i '• • his v 
 on tl rvania hills and come out and fight him i 
 
 I, where he hoped that his superior numb 
 him the victory. v leral Leo should ad- 
 
 vance to nioet him, Sedgwick w: • "r at Fn 
 
 icksburg and fa ink. In 
 
 ** 
 
THOMAS J. JACKS 109 
 
 ral Lee's communications ~with Rich;. m of 
 
 assistance, General Stoneraan, with the cavalry,' was to fall 
 suddenly upon the Fredericksburg and Central railroads, de- 
 stroy them, and then do what other damn go he could. 
 
 About noon on the 29th of April, G informed 
 
 that a large force of the enemy had crossed the Rappahan- 
 nock atKelley's and Ellis' fords, and v, , dsEly's 
 and German na fords od idan. V 
 Anderson's division (Posey's andM il . med 
 for some time at, these points to to Fred- 
 ericksburg. Unable to stand before th 
 heavy columns, they retired to Chancel 
 determined to make a stand. General Wri >>nce 
 ordered to their assistance, and re le at 
 daylight on the morning of the 30th. General .' 
 comcup during the night, and havic 
 information respecting the strength of the enemy 
 to fall back to a point five miles nearer > rg, where 
 the road leading from United 
 
 road) crosses the Oran; plank road. 
 
 point was reached about eighl 
 General Anderson, disposing his forces in line of 
 solved to hold his position until h 
 from General Lee. II! 
 
 men, while Hooker brought with .him nearly his 
 ■ enemy halt ille. 
 
 The held by the 
 
 . 
 Oh : of one I 
 
 four 
 
 nr or 
 
 I 
 
 # 
 
: 
 
 '■■ 
 
 1st of 
 u the 
 
 by the 
 
 i, and 
 
 " D Uji 
 
 incellorsi ille, and 
 
 i 
 I 
 pa ota Th 
 
 \t mornii 
 
 e punishment upon Gei 
 
 ■]• il Jackson to turn his right 
 
 , . .iv in wh drive 
 
 him • upon < 
 
 ■ hold 
 tion in tin 
 
 3 
 
 socute 
 
 me up 
 
 «. upon the 
 
 . 
 
 of General • while Ma- 
 
 rnpike. The 
 . Hill and held in r 
 
 to l» ity might In a 
 
 I with 
 i line. 
 
w 
 
 11 1 
 
 two miles from Chancellorsville. The enemy wore admirably 
 posted along a line of thick woods in the rear of a large, op 
 space. Advancing bis troopa rapidly, General Jackson en- 
 them, and s'oon the action becan> the 
 
 whole front, and continued Tor about an hour. At the expira- 
 tion of that time General Jackson order t G« rier I Wright to 
 file his brigade off to the left of the plank road, and moving to- 
 wards the enemy's right, to fall upon them at I I 
 General Posey would continue to engage them in I 'lo- 
 ving on in the direction indicated. General v 
 the track of the Orange and Fredericksburg railroad, and k< 
 up that road until he reached an iron furnace i 
 from Chancellorsville. He was met here by I :-f, 
 who was mano&uvering in the neighborhood, and in 
 the enemy were poa between tl 
 Chancellorsville, and half a mile from the fun 
 now completely in the rear of the force which Ge ■ 
 was engaging in front, and, changing his dire; i me 
 with them. After a sharp engagement h in 
 ring them from the woods into the open country around 
 Chaneellorsville. Receiving a reinforcement of artillery £r< 
 .i Stuart, he soon drove them a 
 d into the woods on the opposite side. Night coming on, 
 the firing ce:. 
 
 soon as Wright commenced his vigorous attack u 
 enemy's flank and rear, the federal troops in front of General 
 J- ,i to gh id when nighl came 
 
 n driven back to Chancellorsville. 
 eral Wri now ordered to a point on the pi 
 
 ^^■oad, • iron fun d the main b • my 
 
 pas re. 
 
 The nigh 
 
 og or protection of any kind, one of hi 
 him J;:, cape, and ■<■- -r - inch 
 it. During the nigl fttl 1 
 
I 
 
 * 
 
 turn it 
 
 \ in front • ith him 
 
 L P. Hill, 
 
 around the ' 
 
 Wildern 
 
 upon the works which 
 
 and droi 
 aring heavily upon them, General Jack- 
 
 sed them I 
 i - -,< ■• dark, and the battle en 
 
 o 
 ,i|iK-ti'lv between :!fr cii'Miiy^k 
 all hope of their escape. 
 
 :■• nt^ite 
 
 . in the fl . a coun- 
 
 ;nd yet in spit 
 
THOMAS .). ./ACKfuX. 118 
 
 all these obstacles, General Jackson, with a smaller force. 
 penetrated tli I the fortific: 
 
 the enemy froi in confusion, and doubled up th 
 
 wing upon their centre. In this engagement General A. P. 
 Hill was slightly wounded. 
 
 AJfter the battle closed. General Jackson, ac d by 
 
 taff, a portion of General Hill's staff and his couriers, rode 
 Forward to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. Before 
 leaving bis lines he gave orders to fire upon any one approach- 
 ing by the road. Upon finishing his observations, and discov- 
 ering the enemy's skirmishers approaching, he turned to ride 
 back, forgetting, doubtless, the orders that he had given. As 
 the party came near the Southern lines, they were mistaken 
 for a body of federal cavalry and fired upon. General Jack- 
 sou was struck by three balls. One entered the left arm, two 
 inches below the shoulder joint, shatt< ringthe "none and sever- 
 ing the principal artery: another entered the same arm be- 
 tween the elbow and the wrist, passing out through the palm of 
 the hand, and the third entered the palm of the right hand, 
 about the middle, and | through, broke two of the b 
 
 This occurred about 8 o'clock in the evening, on the plank 
 road, about fifty yards in advance of the enemy. One of 
 ral dackson's staff and two couriers were killed, and 
 another staff officer wounded by this discharge. General ■'• 
 •■>ii at once fell from his horse, and was caught by Captain 
 alley. He said to him calmly, as that officer knelt by 
 him : " All my wounds are by own men." 
 
 The firing was now r< by both armies, GeneralJack- 
 
 , , ■ > I upon a litter, an' ' for the rear. 
 
 ' ad to be carried along the line of fir of the 
 
 litter be; thrown 
 
 and, adi 
 and 1 \ 
 
 for the Li 
 such a In directed I l< a> c him 
 
1 14 LIEITKNANT - 
 
 until it Blackened, and for five minutes he was left alone, ex- 
 
 the fearful storm of halls that swept tTie field thi 
 all ;.. tund him. When the firing Blackened, lie was placed in 
 ;m ambulance and carried to the hospital near Wilderness run. 
 
 As he was being carried from the field, frequent or.qu 
 were made by the men, "Who have you there?" lie turned 
 to tli' t, who was with hi aid : 
 
 "Do not tell the troops I am wounded." 
 He lost much blood, and but for the a] i of a tourni- 
 
 quet, would have bled to death. F< Imost 
 
 pulseless. At one time he thought li" wa <!;. tour- 
 
 niquet was applied. 
 
 General Hill being disabled by his wound. General Stuart 
 was sent for, and took command of 3 The 
 
 next day, the enemy wove routed and driven from Chancellors- 
 ville to the banks of the Rappahannock. On the same day 
 1 . ral Sedgewick crossed at Fredericksburg, and carried the 
 hills in the rear of the place. On Monday (4th May,) 
 General Lee, moved back with a portion of his army, and drove 
 Sedgewick across the river. Having disposed of Sedgewick, 
 ttoed upon Hooker, who \ ■ to the 
 
 banks of the Rappahannock. A . torm delayed his 
 
 tnent, and Hooker taking advantage of it, retreated a 
 the river. After General Jack carried to the hospital, 
 
 and had recovered slightly from t^ - prostration caused 
 
 if so much blood, Drs. Black, Coleman, McGuire 
 and Walls, the surgeons in attendance upon him, held a con- 
 sultation with reference to his wounds, and decided that ampu- 
 
 i w.as necessary. Dr. McGuire approached the Gc: 
 and asked him : 
 
 "If we find amputation necessary, shall it I ice?" 
 
 General Jackson replied promptly, and firmly: 
 "Yes! certainly — Dr. McGuire do for me whatever you 
 .think right." 
 
 The operation was performed while the General wa^ under 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 115 
 
 the influence of chloroform, and he bore it well. Sometime 
 afterwards, he stated to a friend that his sensations in taking 
 chloroform were delightful, tb.it he was conscious of everything 
 that was done to him, that the sawing of his bone sounded like 
 the sweetest music, and every: feeling was pleasant. 
 
 As soon as General Jackson was wounded, ho sent infor- 
 mation of the sad event to General Lee. The messei 
 reached his headquarters about four o'clock on Sunday morn- 
 ing, and found the commander-in-chief resting upon a bed of 
 straw. Upon being informed of General Jackson's misfortune, 
 he exclaimed : 
 
 "Thank God it is no worse: God be praised lie is still alive." 
 Then he added; " Any victory is a dear one that deprives us 
 of the services of Jackson, even for a short time." 
 
 The officer who brought the, information remarked that he 
 believed it was General Jackson's intention to have pressed 
 the enemy on Sunday, had he been spared. General Lee said 
 quietly: "These people shall be pressed to-day." Rising and 
 -ing, he partook of his simple meal of ham and crackers 
 and set out for the field. The history of that day proved that 
 he remembered his promise. 
 
 After the defeat of Hooker, General Lee addressed to Gene- 
 ral Jackson, the following noble letter, which is characteristic 
 of him: 
 
 "General: I have ji red your note informing me that you- 'were 
 
 wounded. I cannot express my regret at the occurrence. Could I have 
 dictated events, I should have ehosen for the good of the country, to have 
 been disabled in j 
 
 "I congratulate' you upon the victory which is due to your -kill and on- 
 
 When this note was read to him, (it is said.) General Jack- 
 son exclaimed v\ith emotion : 
 
 "Far better for the Confederacy that ten Jacksons should 
 fallen, than one I. Then he added, calmly and hum- 
 
 Wy: "General Lee should give the glory to GooV' 
 
116 LHJ1 BfcAL 
 
 day morning] for a short while. During the 
 
 ry cheerful. Pointing to his mutilated left b 
 
 I One of his :: 
 •• Many people would regard this as a great misfortune. T 
 i it as one of the greatest ^lesa my life/ 4 
 
 The officer replied : W, AI1 things work together for good to 
 tho<e that love God." 
 
 "Yes! yes!" was the earnest reply. ''That's it." 
 
 He sent for Mrs. Jackson, who was in Richmond. 
 
 He asked many questions about the battle of the previous 
 day, and spoke cheerfully of the final result. Turning to a 
 friend, he said : 
 
 "If I had not been wounded, or had had an hour more of 
 daylight, I would have cut off the enemy from the road to 
 United States ford, and we would have had them entirely sur- 
 rounded, and they would have been obliged to surrender, or 
 cut their way out; they had no other alternatives My 1: 
 may sometimes fail in driving the enemy from a position," he 
 added with a smile; "but the enemy always/fail to drive my 
 men from a position." 
 
 He spoke in the highest terms of the conduct of General 
 Rhodes during the battle, and said that he had fairly won his 
 major-general's commission, which ought to date from the day 
 of the battle. General Jackson had conferred this rank upon 
 him, on the field, and the president afterwards confirmed it. 
 He complained during the day of the effects of his fall from 
 the litter, though as yet, they were not visible. 
 
 On Sunday night he slept well. 
 
 On Monday he was carried to Chancellor's house, near 
 tation. He was still cheerful, and questioned t 
 around him as to the battle of Sunday. "When he was told of 
 the grand charge of his old "Stonewall brigade," led by | 
 General Stuart in person, how with the shout " charge and re- 
 member Jackson!'' they pressed on, in that irresistible ad- 
 vance, over the dead and the dying, and how with torn and 
 
THOMAS ,l. JACKSON. .1 17 
 
 mangled ranks, they drove the enemy from the field, his eyes 
 flashed, his breast heaved, and he exclaimed with deep emo- 
 tion: 
 
 "It was just like them ! it was just like them ! They are 
 a noble body of men." 
 
 Afterwards he remarked that, "the men who live through 
 this war will be proud to say to their children, 'I was one of 
 the Stonewall brigade.'" lie also said that the term " Stone*- 
 wall" belonged to his old brigade, rather than to himself, and 
 insisted that it should be colled by it. lie was very much af- 
 i by the news of the death of his friend. General Pax- 
 ton. 
 
 During his sufferings, his mind very frequently ran upon re- 
 ligious subjects. Speaking with one of his staff as to whether 
 those who were miraculously cured by Jesus, ever had a return 
 of the disease,' he exclaimed: 
 
 "I do not think they could have -returned, for the power 
 was too great — the poor paralytic would never again shake 
 with palsey. Oh! for infinite power." 
 
 While he was being carried to Guinea's, he complained of 
 the intense heat, and asked that a wet cloth might be placed to 
 his stomach. This was done, and he seemed to be greatly re- 
 lieved. On Monday night he slept well. 
 
 On Tuesday he seemed to be better and ate with relish. 
 During the day he asked his surgeon : 
 
 '•'Can you tell me from tin." appearance of my wounds, how 
 long I will be kept from the fiel 
 
 lie was told that he was doing remarkably Well, and if he 
 continued ; : would not lie long. Soonaftci thtshe 
 
 ssed a wish to set; the members of his staff, hut was 
 vised w co do so, as he needed repi 
 
 On Wednesday his wounds seemed to be improving. It had 
 • i that he should go to Richmond to-day, hut a 
 gain prevented it. At night he slept very badly, lli^ sur- 
 geon, who had been without sleep for three nights, was advi- 
 
- ' . - . , ERAL 
 
 . and while he was asleep, General .1 
 
 icknes . and ordered his servant to pla 
 
 ?toraach. Anout daylight, the surgeon was 
 
 awakened by this servant, who informed him that the General 
 
 pain. Upon examination it was found that 
 
 ia 1 id set in, resulting from his exposure on the night 
 
 took weak and exhau 
 the disease increased alarmingly. 
 On Thursday Mrs. Jackson arrived from Richmond. This 
 
 improve under 
 faithful j if his wife. He was in pain during the 
 
 all pain had left him. Still hi 
 ratiph. 
 On Friday he was free from pain, hut the prostration in- 
 
 away, and he grew fee ery hour, 
 
 morning it was evident to all that he was sink- 
 apidly. Mrs. Ja -informed of this, and reqi 
 
 ke it known to hei ad. 
 
 Upon this day be was very calm and cheerjfuland endeavor- 
 around him. Turning to his wife, he said to 
 rly: 
 u l know you w uld glad for me, but 1 am 
 
 I! !)>» nol be sad — I hall recover. 
 
 Pra^ ' member in your prayers to use the 
 
 • 
 
 the i vent of his death, to return to her 
 . and added: 
 "You have a kind, good father. But there is no one so 
 kind and good as your heavenly father." 
 
 Iturini his illness he manifested towards all around him and 
 
 to his wife, a greater degree of gentleness and ten- 
 
 ial with kirn. It was the calm sternness 
 
 place to the outgushings of a pur.' 
 
 uirgeons told his wife that he could 
 
THOMAS •]. J e'K 119 
 
 not live move than two houi informed liim of the fact. 
 
 He replied that he was willing to die, and added: 
 
 "It will be infinite gain to bo translated to heaven, and be 
 with Jesus'." 
 
 It had ever been with him, a cherished wish to die on the 
 sabbath, and now Gotl was about to grant his wish. 1; 
 been his custom to see that religious services were held r 
 larly in his camp, ami early on Sunday morning, lie asked who 
 was to preach to the men that day, and upon learning 
 they would not be deprived that day of their accustomed 
 vices, seemed satisfied. 
 
 After parting with his wife, and his ling 
 
 messages to the various Generals with whom lie n as- 
 
 sociated, and to his men, and e . that he had 
 
 frequently mentioned before, that General Ewell should suc- 
 ceed him in the command of his corps, and hife desire to be 
 buried in Lexington, Virginia, he became slightly delirii 
 Occasionally in his wanderings, he would speak of some reli- 
 and then give an order. Among his last w 
 ivas heard to exclaim: 
 
 "Order A. P. Hill to prepare for action." "Pass the in- 
 fantry to the front." "Tell Major Hawks to send 
 provisions to the men." "Let us cross over the river, and 
 rest under the shade of the trees." 
 
 ii he sank gradually, and at fifteen minutes after three 
 '•:, in the afternoon of th Mi y, he expired 
 
 peac< fully. H'i< soul had dark river and wa 
 
 heaven. The brief but eventful 
 f this great and good man was ended, and now i;. 
 :h year, he was lost to his count: 
 much. 
 
 The mnding of C m filled the 
 
 army with the most profound andun 
 
 vitcdly, and b 
 M stout-hearted veteran*, -who 
 
120 LIB1 rBNANT-G] NER \i. 
 
 ions innumerable, and dangers the 
 d appalling, without a murmur, wept like children \ 
 told that their idolized general was no more. The death of 
 Jackson was communii • the army by Gei 
 
 a th" following order: 
 
 HBADQ4 kBTBl s Vi MM \. I 
 
 ) 
 
 Order* No. Gl. 
 
 "With deep grief the Commanding genera] announces to the arm;, 
 dcv.th of Lieutenant-general T. J. .larks.;:, w'.io expired on the loth in^t., 
 at quarter past three P. M. The daring, skill an r and 
 
 good soldier, by the decree of an All-Wise Providence, are now lost to us. 
 But while we mourn his death, we feel that hi- pirit li!! live.-, and will in- 
 spire the whole army with his indomitable courage, and unshaken confi- 
 dence iu God, as our hope ami strength. Let his nai i itchword to 
 his corps, who have followed him to victory on so man] ii< Ids. Let his of- 
 ddiers emulate his invincible determination to do everything in 
 the. defence of our beloved country. 
 
 R. E 'leral. 
 
 Throughout the country the news of the woundi .m- 
 
 ral Jackson had carried the greatest grief and alarm. The 
 people had learned to look upon him as the great champion of 
 the South, and they were filled with serious apprehension, 
 when they contemplated the probability of losing his services. 
 bo hear from him, was everywhere mani- 
 fested'; for ther ' was not a heart in the South that did not 
 throb more warmly, when the name of "Stonewall Jackson" 
 was mentioned. A week of long andanxious suspense passefl 
 
 , and at last, when all were, to a certain degree pre; 
 fir it, the news came that the idol of the South wis no i 
 The first information of the death of General Jackson was 
 telegraphed to the governor of Virginia, and then hurried all 
 over the land, carrying sorrow wherever it went. 
 
 ()i morning the li : .i was announced 
 
 that th" remains of General Jackson would 
 during the day, and the mayor of the city at once requested 
 ■I! pi fsona to suspend business nftcr ten o'clock, in token of 
 
MAS J. JACKSON. 12X 
 
 their respect for the departed hero. All stores, workshops, 
 the government departments, and all places in which 
 Was performed, were closed. Flags were hung at half mast, 
 and a deep silence reigned over the capital of Virginia. 
 Largecro i the streets, and in spite of the intense heat, 
 
 waited patiently for the arrival of the c:rs from Fredericks* 
 burg. 
 
 Shortly .:■ o'clock in the afternoon, the special train 
 
 containing the precious burdm,. moved slowly into the city. 
 Only the solemn peals of tl as they tolled their mourn- 
 
 ful knell, brok silence that reigned ov hing 
 
 At the depot the coffin was removed from the cars, nd 
 placed in a hearse to be carried to the? mansion of tne g 
 nor. The escort which received it, consisted of Major-, 
 ral Elaey and tate Guard of Virginia'^ with .• •• >rs 
 
 shrouded in ua g, the forty-fourth North Carolin d 
 
 the first "V (after which came thi h( 
 
 ral Jackson's staff) the city authorities and citizen on 
 foot. 
 
 The remains were escorted to the mansion of the eovei 
 and placed in tl • reception parlor. The lid of the c 
 removed, the i of the Confederacy, which had neves 
 
 • been u ,■ I For any purpose, was thrown over it, ai ! a 
 singly wreath o ' lure! laid upon the lifeless breast. Du 
 the evening his . iends were allowed to visit the body. The 
 only change thai ras perceptible, was that the feature 
 somewhat smalki than they were in life. But there 
 the firm, grave expression which had always dwelt there, ami 
 above all, there rested upon the lifeless countenance, an ex- 
 pression of ha ipiness and peace, so perfect and so int< 
 that the gazer wa: awed and thrilled by it. 
 
 During I the body was embalmed, and a plaster 
 
 tal that they might be preserved 
 
 in ni-i 
 
122 LIKrTKNA.VT '.UXKKAI. 
 
 The next day, all the honors that his native state could Lavish 
 
 upon her noble son, were heaped upon him. At cloven o'clock 
 
 his body was removed from the executive mansion, and con- 
 
 ; with appropriate ceremonies to the capitol of Virginia. 
 
 The procession was formed in the following order, the troops 
 marching with reversed arms : 
 
 A "br;i=s band. 
 
 ' The 10th regiment of Virginia infantry. 
 
 ' The 3Gth regiment of Virginia infantry. 
 
 The State guard of Virginia. 
 
 Major-general Pickett and staff, mounted. 
 
 A battery (6 pieces) of artillery. 
 
 A squadron of cavalry. 
 
 THE HEARSE, 
 
 containing the coffin, 
 
 With Major-general Ewell, Brigadier-generals Winder, Churchill, Corse, 
 
 Stuart, (G. H.) Kemper and Garnett. and Admiral Forrest of 
 
 the navy, as pall bearers. 
 
 The favorite horse of General Jackson, fully caparisoned and led by his 
 
 servant. 
 The members of the old " Stonewall brigade,'' who were present in the city. 
 
 A band of music. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Major-general Elzey and staff. 
 
 The officials of the military department of Henrico. 
 
 A carriage containing the president of the Confederate Si 
 
 The members of the cabinet on foot. 
 
 The he%ds of bureaux, and their clerks, on foot. 
 
 The governor of* Virginia and his aids. 
 
 The state officers and clerks. 
 
 The mayor and city authorities. 
 
 The judges of the state^ind confederate courts. 
 
 Citizens on foot. 
 
 
 The procession moved from the executive mansion, down 
 Governor street into Main, up Main to Second, through Sec- 
 ond to Grace, and down Grace to the capitol square. 
 
 The streets were filled with large crowds. The mournful 
 ege moved on in silence, which was only broken by the 
 solemn strains of music, and the discharge "1' artillery :it ta- 
 ils of half -an hour. Tears rolled down many cheeks, and 
 
THOMAS J. JACKSON. 123 
 
 hundreds who had known General Jackson only bj tl 
 
 deeds, wept as though mourning for a brother. Su h an uni- 
 versal outburst of grief had neVer beea witnessed in Virginia, 
 since the death of Washington. 
 
 Uponthe arrival of the procession at the square, the column 
 was halted, the body removed and borne into the eapitol, where 
 it was laid in stale in the hall of the house of representatives 
 of the Confederate States. 
 
 At least twenty thousand persons visited the hall to behold 
 the remains of the hero that day. 
 
 The next morning the remains were placed on a special train 
 and conveyed to Lynchburg. It was hoped that General Ja k- 
 son would be buried in Hollywood cemetery, near Richmond. 
 There Virginia has prepared a last resting place for her hon- 
 ored children. There rest the asltes of Monroe and Tyler and 
 many of the good and brave of this revolution, and it was 
 hoped that there too would rest the dust of General Jackson. 
 But it was his wish to sleep in his dearly loved home in the 
 Valley, and thither all that remained of him was carried. On 
 Wednesday morning the remains passed through Lynchburg. 
 Minute guns were fired, bells were tolled, and a large proces- 
 sion of citizens followed the body through the city. 
 
 On Thursday afternoon they reached Lexington. They 
 were met at the canal by the corps of cadets, the professors of 
 the Institute, and a large number of citizens, and escortt 
 the Institute barracks. 
 
 The hotly of General Jacks*n was placed in the old lecture! 
 room, which had once been his. Two years ago he had left it 
 an humble and almost unknown man ; now fee returned to it 
 with the hero's laurel wreath encircling his brows, and en- 
 shrined forever in the hearts of his countrymen. AVith the 
 exception of the heavy mourning drapery with which it was 
 hung, the room was just as he had left it. It had not been 
 occupied during his absence. The body was deposited just in 
 front of the chair in which )\f u«Pd fe, &it. It*Wft8 a beautiful 
 
UP • ERAL T. 
 
 and a i ■■•• 
 ■! it. 
 
 Gm fired e\ ; the 
 
 deepest u'vi' f i xhifeited by 
 
 The next day, the loth o enera] Jackson wasbnried 
 
 in the cemetery at I- . where n of his 
 
 fir-.t wife nnd child. 
 
 # 
 
 He has gone, hut his spirit i .'•till ■• 
 may it animate each heart and ; 
 struck, for the freedom of the land. 
 
 There in the beautiful \ Virginia, with which 
 
 name is so imperishably com. n. lies 
 
 Around him " the everlasting hills" keep eternal guard, and 
 the deep and unwavering love of his stricken, but still _ 
 ous mother, watch' s with tender devotion o\ 
 shall roll away, empires crumble into i 
 away, bul the memory of Jackson will still shir.;' out in all its 
 clear and, radiant splendor. And when tl tat trump 
 
 filial] sound, and the dim light of the resurrection morn shall 
 break away the gloom which 01 I ■• the world, Virg 
 
 whose pure "heart heats but for God and d 
 found still watching by the tomb of J 
 
 And yet, he is not Virginia's alone : God gave him to the 
 world. 
 
APPENDIX: 
 
 As everything connected with the name of JACKSON is 
 oious to the South, it may not be out of plat 
 several interesting incident-;. 
 
 Colonel Ford, an officer of the federal array, relates 
 lowing incident which occurred at Harj .' : 
 
 " "While we were in conversation," he says, "an oro 
 rapidly across the bridge and said to General Jackson, ; T am 
 ordered by General McLaws to report 
 McClcllan is within six miles with, an immense army." - : 
 took no notice of the orderly apparently, and continued 
 conversation; but when the orderly had ( 
 
 I alter him, v, ' tion, 'Has McCle 
 
 train or drove of cattle?' The reply was 
 sou remarked that he could whip any army 
 lowed by a flock of cattle, alluding to tin . of 
 
 hisn; 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Moore, of Richmond, in a sermon in memory 
 of Jackson, narrates the following incident: 
 
 •us to the first battle of Manassas, wlo 
 Under Stonewall Jackson h 
 
 tell on the groin isted and iaint. The 
 
 hour arrived for setting th< tfficer 
 
 of the day went ■■ 
 men are 
 
 said tin 
 amp to-night.' A 
 
126 APPENDIX. 
 
 round that lonely camp, titinel for that 
 
 brave, but weary and silent body of Virginia her. 
 when odorious morning broke, the soldiers awoke fresji and 
 ion*, :ill m the noble vigils kept over 
 
 their si umbo 
 
 A correspondent of the Knoxvill as follows 
 
 of an interview with Jackson a few days before his death: 
 
 "After a visit td the Rappahannock army, the writer of 
 this made a parting call on < •<•;. :ral Jackson in his ti nt. As 
 the last words, some refereiKje w;i.s made 
 to what oar ladies are doing. ' Yes,' said he, 'but they must 
 not entice the men away from the army. You may tell them 
 so for me. We are fighting For principle, for honor, for every 
 thing we hold dear. If we fail, -vthing. We shall 
 
 tlien be slaves — we shall be worse than slav hall have 
 
 nothing worth living for.' ' 
 
 The Central Presbyterian publishes a letter written to a 
 friend by G neral Jackson about army ehaplains. It says: 
 
 •• Denominational distinctions should be kept out of view — 
 and not touched upon. And a- a general rule. I do not think 
 that a chaplain who would preach denominational sermons 
 should be in the fcrmy. His congregation is his regiment, and 
 imposed of various denominations. 1 would like to see no 
 questions asked in the army what denomination a chaplain 
 to, bul lei the question be, does he preach the gospel? 
 The neglect of |Jje spiritual interests of the army ma} b< 
 from the fact that not half of my regiments have chaplains." 
 
 Ai'ur the death of General Jackson, the officers and men of 
 the "Id •• Stonewall brigade" met and passed a series of reso- 
 lutions, which were but a feeble expression of their feelings. 
 The followin nl of their proceedings : 
 
U'PEXUIX. 12" 
 
 Cams Paxton, (near Fredericksburg, Va.) ] 
 May 16, 1863. / 
 
 At the appointed hour there was a full attendance of officers 
 
 and men of the brigade. 
 
 The meeting v. as organized by the selection of Co' 
 Charles Ronald, 4th Virginia, as president, and Adjutant 
 Robert W. Hunter, as secretary. 
 
 On motion of Captain 11. K. Douglas, a Committee of three, 
 consisting of Colonel Nadenbousch, 2nd Va., Major "William 
 Terry, 4th Va., and Adjutant R. W. Hunter, 2nd Ya., was 
 appointed tor prepare appropria tions. The committee 
 
 retired, and. after consultation, reported through Adjutant 
 Hunter, the following preamble and resolutions, which were 
 unanimously adopted : 
 
 Whereas, it has phased Almighty God, in tin •■• of 
 
 supreme, but unsearchable wisdom, .to strike down, in the midst 
 of his career i f honor and usefulness, our glorious hero, Lieu- 
 tenant-general T. J. Jackson, the officers and men of thi 
 gade, which he formerly commanded, who have followed him 
 through the trying scones of this great struggle, and win 
 the 1 of Providence, under his guidance, have been 
 
 enabled to do some good in our country's cause; who hived 
 and cherished him as a friend, honored him as a great and 
 good man, laboring with hand and heart and mind for our 
 present and future welfare ; who obeyed and confided in him 
 as a leader of consummate skill and unyielding fortitude, and 
 who now mourn his loss, unite in the following tribute of rc- 
 to his memory : 
 
 Resolved 1. That in the death of Lieutenant-general J; 
 son the world has lost one of its best and purest men — our 
 country and the church of God "a bright .jmd shining light" — 
 the army one of its boldest and most: daring leaders, and this 
 brigade a firm and unwavering friend* 
 
 llcsolved 2. Thai General .lacks. mi has closed his noble 
 r by a death worthy of his life, and that while wc mo.irn 
 for him, and feel thai no other leader can bi 
 has been, yet we arc n or dispirited, I H more. 
 
 •mined to do our whole duty, and, if need be, to . 
 
 Resolvfcd J. l 1 h 
 
 ■ 
 comm . try of war be requested to order th 
 
 

 
 
 
 'uant-